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ES, SMITHSONIAN _INSTIT | ; = < = = = z< 4 = < = eae z 5 =f A z 5 z 2 5 \ ry » 2 2 an « 2) ” | wo a w 2 2 = WR go \ am fr “ wo y ¢ : ‘ , 7 ge Le ae : ough fy oy 14 fang oy 4 » eaetar 4 (seman Se ‘exaeeees Gr Pemeevcar: {= bz Ce Cc kosy oy Sete fi S4CS COMMERCIAL PLPOHERTE'S | ‘i wnt FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISS|ONER Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. (G54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICES HAROLD E. CROWTHER, CHIEF A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the sourcé is appreciated. The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 21, 1957. 5/31/60 CONTENTS COVER: On the British Columbia coast of Canada, herring churning in a purse- Seine net as it is drawn tighter to concentrate the fish for brailing. Results of Exploratory Shrimp Fishing off Washington and Oregon (1958), by Dayton L. Alverson, Richard L. McNeely, and Harold C, Johnson Fish Flour for Human Consumption, by June H. Olden Sanitation Aboard Fishing Trawlers Improved by Using Chlorinated Sea Water, by Arvey H. Linda and Joseph W. Slavin RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: Ocean Perch Filleting Machine Successfully Fillets Yellow Perch Laboratory Work on Frozen Salmon Steak Standard Completed TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: Alaska; Hearing on Commercial Fishery Regulations for 1960 American Samoa: Tuna Landings, January-October 1959 California: Pelagic Fish Population Survey off Coast of South- ern and Central California Continued (M/V Alaska Cruise 59A7, and Airplane Spotting Flights 59-15 and 59-16) Barracuda and White Sea Bass Survey off Southern California Coast Continued (M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 59S6) ae OE Radioactive Contamination in Fish and Shellfish to be Monitored Canned Fish: Consumer Purchases, September 1959 Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January- August 1959 Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: Skipjack Tuna Behavior Studies off Hawaii Con- tinued (M/ V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 46) Studies Show Separate Stocks of Albacore Tuna North and South of the Equator in Central Pacific Ocean Consumption: Survey of Fish Consumption in Public Eating Places Completed Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Department of Defense Purchases, January-October 1959 Federal Aid Funds for Sport Fish and Wildlife Resto- ration Allotted to States for Fiscal Year 1960 Fish Flour: Potential Commercial Value Fishways: Problems of Passage of Fish over Oxbow Dam Dis- cussed at Conference Great Lakes: Lake Superior Advisory Committee Reports on Fish- ery Trends Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research: Lake Erie Exploratory Smelt Fishing Experimental Trawling for Smelt in Lake Erie Yields Commercial Quantities (M/V Active Cruise 6) Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Survey of Eastern Lake Superior Continued (M/V Cisco Cruises 7 and 8) Page 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 41 4) 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Great Lakes Fishery Investigations (Contd.): Western Lake Erie Biological Research Continued (M/V George L. Cruise 8) Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey Continued (M/V Siscowet Cruise 8) Gulf of Mexico Gear Research Program: Shrimp-Trawl Underwater Performance Studies Con- tinued (M/V George M. Bowers Cruise 24) King Crab: United States and Japan to Expand King Crab Re- search in Bering Sea Lenten Promotion; "It's Fish 'n' Seafood Time" Will be Theme for 1960 Maine Sardines: Sardines Offered for Studies on Effect of Cholesterol Buildup as Cause of Heart Attacks Marketing Surveys to Improve and Expand Markets for Fishery Products National Fish Week: "Fish for Health’ Message Broadcast by Assistant Secretary Fish 'N' Sea Food Parade" Participation by U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research: Electrical Trawl-Fishing Tests Observed with Under- water Television (M/V Cape May) North Atlantic Fishery Investigations: Survey of Stocks of Juvenile Haddock on Georges Bank and Vicinity Completed (M/V Delaware Cruises 12 and 13) North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program: Exploratory Shrimp Fishing off Central Alaska (M/V John N. Cobb Cruise 44) Oysters: Effect of Copper Barriers on Oyster Meats Studied Production on Atlantic Coast in 1959/60 May Hit New Low United States Oyster Production, 1958 with Com- parisons Salmon: Alaska's 1959 Salmon Pack Low, But Escapement Fair Bristol Bay Red Salmon Run Prediction for 1960 South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Exploratory Trawling Survey off South Carolina and ‘ Georgia Coasts (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 19) Spotted Sea Trout: Tagging to Determine Growth Rates and Migration Standards: Two Hearings Held on Frozen Salmon Steak Standards = = a= == == = = = = = s= = January 1960 Washington 25,D.C. Vol. 22, No.1 ee reer e reer ——EEE——————_————— RESULTS OF EXPLORATORY SHRIMP FISHING OFF WASHINGTON AND OREGON (1958) By Dayton L. Alverson,* Richard L. McNeely,** and Harold C. Johnson***% SUMMARY The ocean pink shrimp fishery off Grays Harbor, Wash., which began in 1956, expanded rapidly following the introduction of mechanical shrimp peelers. Land- ings in Washington increased from 40,000 pounds in 1956 to an estimated 6.5 mil- lion pounds in 1958. To further help the growth of that fishery, four exploratory cruises were conducted off the coasts of Washington and Oregon during 1958 with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. Explorations extended from Cape Beale, Vancouver Island, B.C., to Newport, Oreg. During the four cruises a total of 233 otter-trawl drags was made at depths ranging from 49 to 275 fathoms. Off the Washington coast, good catches were made between Destruction Island and LaPush; and moderate catches were made north- west of Cape Flattery. Off Oregon, commercial concentrations of ocean pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) were located west of Tillamook Head, Manhattan Beach, and Cape Lookout. Trawling off Tillamook Head yielded catches at rates up to 2,800 pounds heads-on shrimp an hour. Drags between 61 and 90 fathoms resulted in the highest catch rates, although fishing was also productive between 91 and 120 fathoms. Green mud or green mud and sand bottom characterized areas in which gor | shrimp catches were made. Bottom temperatures ranged between 42.1 and 4 ’ degrees F. in the areas fished. Fish taken during shrimp trawling includ: ¢ \ ominantly smelt, small ''soles" and eelpouts. On one occasion 4,000 pounds h were taken in a half-hour drag. A fishery for ocean pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) began off Grays Harbor, Washington, in 1956. Expansion of the fishery followed the introduction and suc- cessful use of mechanical peeling machines in the fall of the same year. The ma- chines lowered the cost of processing and increased the capacity of processing plants. Subsequently, the demand for shrimp increased, and catches of ocean pink shrimp in Washington increased from 40,000 pounds in 1956 to 2.3 million pounds in 1957 (Robinson et al 1958). Preliminary data indicate that the ocean pink shrimp eatch for 1958 exceeded 6.5 million pounds. An excellent demand for the ''cocktail-size'' shrimp resulted in an increase in the number of vessels participating in the fishery: from 5 trawlers in 1957 to about %* Chief, North Pacific Fisheries Exploration and Branch of Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research, Gear Research. Division of Industrial Research and Services, aot Electronic Scientist ; U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist Seattle, Washington. 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 25 trawlers in 1958. It was soon evident that the relatively small area being trawled would not fulfill the needs of the expanding industry. For this reason, four explora- tory cruises were conducted during 1958 aboard the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel John N. Cobb (fig. 1) outside the area of the known commercial fishing grounds. The cruises, carried out in cooperation with the fish- eries agencies of the States of Washington and Oregon, were designed to acquire information concerning sizes, quantities, and availability of shrimp in- habiting offshore waters from northern Washington to central Oregon. The 1958 exploratory shrimp work began in March and terminated in November. BACKGROUND The earliest shrimp fishing on the Pacific Coast of the U- nited States reportedly began in San Francisco Bay during 1869 (Bonnot 1932). Italian fish- ermen with small beach seines fished the shallow waters of the southern bay for two species of small brown shrimps (Crangon franciscorum and Crangon nigricauda). Several years after the inception of that fishery, Chinese-American fishermen introduced a set net which proved superior to seines and became the major method of capture. The brown shrimp fishery has persisted since its inception, and production varied between 0.25 and 1.7 million pounds annually (California Division of Fish and Game 1949). Until recent years, California shrimp fishing remained an "inside" fishery and failed to expand to coast- al regions, except for a small pot fishery for spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) that was attempted by Monterey fishermen during the early 1930's. Difficulties in fish- ing deeper than 100 fathoms, the depth at which the shrimp were found, and heavy trap losses due to a severe storm proved costly, and that fishery was eventually discontinued. Fig. 1 - The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fish- ing vessel John N. Cobb. A fishery for the two species of pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani and Pandalus borealis) began in Puget Sound in about 1888 (Smith 1937), and as in the early Cali- fornia fishery, beach seines were used to make the catches. Beam trawls pulled by steam tugs soon replaced seines, and after the turn of the century the fishery ex- panded rapidly. Smith (1937) reports that over 429,000 pounds of Pandalid shrimp were landed from Puget Sound in 1903, and catches remained good between 1903 and 1915. Between 1915 and 1922, the catch fell off and remained at a low level until the development of an offshore shrimp fishery in 1956. PREVIOUS EXPLORATORY FISHING: Shrimp explorations conducted by State and Federal research agencies have played an important role in initiating the off- shore shrimp fisheries of the Pacific Coast. Between 1950 and 1953, the California Department of Fish and Game carried out offshore shrimp explorations between Los Angeles and Crescent City, Calif. (Squire 1956). Those explorations located com- mercial concentrations of ocean pink shrimp in six areas. Best catches were made off the northern part of the State between Bodega Bay and Crescent City. January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 The Oregon Fish Commission initiated shrimp explorations in the fall of 1951. A total of 80 drags was made between the Columbia and Rogue Rivers (Pruter and Harry 1952) and catches of ocean pink shrimp were reported from "practically all areas explored where the bottom consisted of green mud and where the depths ranged between 60 and 80 fathoms.'' That report suggested that shrimp were present in sufficient quantities to support a commercial fishery. Explorations off the west coast of Vancouver Island were begun in 1955 by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Using a small otter trawl, 150 experimental drags were made at depths between 48 and 112 fathoms. Best results were reported off the mouth of Nootka Sound, west of Esteban Point, Vancouver Island. The inves- tigators concluded, however, that ''shrimp were not present in sufficient quantities to support a fishery" (Butler and Dubokovic 1955b). Investigations conducted by the Canadians along the east coast of Vancouver Island resulted in reports of commer- cial concentrations of shrimp in the bays and the inlets of this area (Butler and Le- gare 1954, Butler and Dubokovic 1955a). During the fall of 1955 and the spring of 1956, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Fisheries, conducted explorations to determine the species and availability of shrimp off the Washington coast (Schaefers and Johnson 1956), Exploratory fishing was carried out between Cape Alava and Willapa Bay. Excellent catches were made off Grays Harbor at depths between 60 and 85 fathoms. A further contribution resulting from those ex- plorations was the introduction of the Gulf shrimp trawl as an efficient gear for capturing ocean shrimp on the Pacific coast (Stern 1957). The exploratory work conducted by those fisheries agencies led to the develop- ment of the commercial shrimp fisheries, and ocean pink shrimp are now harvested off the coasts of California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. FISHING METHODS AND GEAR A Gulf of Mexico-type flat trawl, 43 feet a- long the footropel/ and of 13-inch mesh was the principal gear used in the explorations (fig. 2). The trawl, similar to that described by Schaefers and Johnson (1957), was towed froma single warp using a 25-fathom bridle. Doors used with this net measured 23 by 5 feet and weighed 160 pounds each. No ''dandyline'’ gear was used as the net was attached directly to the back of the doors by 2-foot extension straps (fig. 3). The gear was set and hauled directly over the stern of the vessel. The cod end was hauled to the stern with a lazyline as the net was re- trieved, and the catch was hoisted aboard. A 72-foot Gulf of Mexico-type semiballoon trawl was occasionally used. That nethas been described by Greenwood(1959). The net was rigged ina manner similar to standard West Coast otter trawls, with single warps to each door, but only 12-foot extensions were used between the net and the doors. Trawl doors used with the net measured 33 by 8 feet and weighed 385 pounds each. i/ All net sizes given in this report represent footrope lengths. Fig. 2 - A 43-foot Gulf of Mexico-type shrimp trawl drying in the rigging of the M/V John N. Cobb. The sorting table is shown below the net. 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 Three fathoms of towing warp were used for each fathom of depth (a ''scope" ratio of 3 to 1). Towing speed averaged about 2.8 knots, and drags were normally 30 minutes long. Catches were spilled onto a sorting table on the stern of the vessel and fish, miscellaneous invertebrates, andtrash were removed. Theshrimp were then washed and weighed. Random samples of shrimp were taken from the catches for study by biologists of the Washington Department of Fisheries or the Oregon Fish Commission or were collected for them by vessel per- sonnel. In planning and conducting the explorations, consideration was given to bottom characteris- tics shown on the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts. Studies of previous investigations showed that trawling in areas between 40 and 90 fathoms on green mud or mixed green mud and sand bottom yielded best catches of ocean pink shrimp. Such areas were, there- fore, intensively investigated. Exploratory drags were also made in waters deeper than 90 fathoms in attempts to determine the availability of other species of shrimp. Fig. 3 - Port-side otter board showing method of net attachment. Note lazyline attached to upper door shackle. Information on the bottom type and bottom water tempera- ture immediately above the bottom was obtained at the end of each drag. Oceano- graphic data collected during the cruises are available from the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries North Pacific Exploration and Gear Research field station at Seattle 2, Wash. AREAS OF EXPLORATION The cruises covered a region that extended approximately 250 miles north and south along the Washington and the Oregon coasts and to a maximum of 38 miles off- shore. The continental shelf in the region explored, averages about 20 miles in width and contains large portions exceeding 50 fathoms with terminations close to 100 fathoms (Shepard 1948). Sandy bottom predominates near shore, while mud, mud and sand, and occasionally gravel characterize the bottom at depths between 50 and 100 fathoms. A broad bank, extending approximately 50 miles seaward, lies south and west of the Swiftsure Lightship at depths of 60 to 80 fathoms. Large boulders limit trawl- ing in the area. A deep trough breaking the continental shelf extends from Cape Flattery in a southwesterly direction (figs.5,6,and7). Sections of the trough range from 150 to 200 fathoms in depth. From Cape Flattery south to the Umatilla Lightship, the con- tinental shelf is about 10 miles in width, and from a depth of about 50 fathoms it slopes steeply into the trough. January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 From the Umatilla light to Destruction Island, the shelf broadens and the slope between 50 and 100 fathoms is gradual with more area available for trawling. The shelf narrows briefly near Point Grenville and then broadens again and is about 30 miles in width as far south as Willapa Bay. Between Cape Flattery and Columbia River, the offshore slope (deeper than 100 fathoms) is relatively steep andirregular. Off the mouth of the Columbia River, the continental shelf is broken by a promi- nent submarine canyon that extends inshore to about 60 fathoms. The side slopes of the canyon are steep but can be trawled in many areas. Between the Columbia River and Cape Falcon the shelf broadens to about 30 miles, narrowing again south of the Cape. From Cape Falcon to Cape Foulweather, Oreg., the slope of the continental shelf becomes more gradual and a considerable area suitable for trawling exists be- tween the 100- and the 300-fathom contours, FISHING RESULTS Ocean pink shrimp were the only species found in commercial quantities during the four cruises. Larger pandalid shrimps--sidestripe (Pandalopsis dispar), spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros), and coonstripes (Pandalus hypsinotus)--were few innum- ber. The brown shrimp (Cran- gon sp.) was present in many catches but never in commer- cial quantities. Ocean pink shrimp were caught in commercial quanti- ties off the coasts of Northern Washington and Central and Northern Oregon. Best catches off the Oregon coast were made west of Tillamook Head. Fish- ing in that area yielded catches at rates up to 2,800 pounds heads-on Shrimp an hour. Catches of commercial signifi- cance were also made west of Cape Lookout and Manhattan Beach. (Fig. 4.) Off the Washington coast, good catches of ocean pink j “@ ~=—s shrimp were caught between Pl : j Destruction Island and LaPush. piser Taian Gaus about to be spilled onto the sorting table on the deck Seal aa rn ee ae DEN NaEN Flattery. During the four exploratory cruises, 233 drags were made at depths ranging from 49 to 275 fathoms. For convenience, the region explored has been divided in- to three areas: Cape Beale, Vancouver Island, to Point Grenville, Wash.; Point Grenville to Cape Falcon, Oreg.; and Cape Falcon to Newport, Oreg. The position and number of each tow is shown in figures 5, 6, and 7. Drags have been arbitrarily numbered from north to south. The following discussion is generally confined to drags which yielded promising results. bottom in that area is generally free of snags, and in most areas sampled, consists of green mud or green mud and sand. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No: 1 7 $ iY "yr 2 y \pacuena rawr VANCOUVER ISLAND & Ss ¢ He ae oe Par e SWIF TSURE LIGHT SHIP PORTAGE HEAD ‘ (POINT OF THE ARCHES * (CAPE ALAVA \B3 UMATILLA LT. SHIP WASHINGTON DESTRUCTION | LEGEND: SHRIMP TRAWL DRAG —— —— | SNAG ENCOUNTERED —— —* PT GRENVILLE =~ Fig. 5 - Exploratory shrimp drags made by the John N. Cobb between Cape Beale, Vancouver Island, and Point Grenville, Wash. --1958, January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 2/ Best catches were made between LaPush and Point Grenville, Wash.— Of 29 drags made in that area during May 11 drags caught heads-on pink shrimp at rates ranging from 400 to 1,500 pounds an hour--averaging about 200 to the pound.3/ The shrimp in the area were most concentrated between 61 and 70 fathoms, anddrags made in shallower or deeper water were not commercially productive. Moderate catches of ocean pink shrimp were made during May about 20 to 30 miles off Cape Flattery. Six drags (numbers 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, and 23) made in that area, at depths ranging from 68 to 107 fathoms, resulted in heads-on shrimp at catch rates of 233 to 650pounds anhour. Average shrimpcounts ranged from 102 to 135 heads-on shrimp per pound. Other drags made inthe same general area and depth range were less productive. The area west of Cape Flattery appeared to offer a po- tential for commercial use, although catches contained considerable amounts of fish. One drag (number 2) made west of Cape Beale in 64 to 66 fathoms resulted ina catch of 200 pounds of ocean pink shrimp that averaged 107 count, but other drags in the area did not produce commercial quantities of shrimp. Thirty pounds of side- stripe shrimp (56 shrimp to the pound) were taken west of Cape Beale (drag 3), and represented the largest catch of that species made during the explorations. A number of drags were made in the deep-water trough running southwest from Cape Flattery and on the offshore continental slope. No commercial concentrations of shrimp were found in those deep-water tows. POINT GRENVILLE TO CAPE FALCON (fig. 6): A total of 81 exploratory drags was made between Point Grenville, Wash., and Cape Falcon, Oreg. Fishing activi- ties were concentrated in the area between Columbia River and Cape Falcon, be- cause most of the northern part of the area was investigated during 1956 (Schaefers and Johnson 1957). No snags were encountered during exploratory trawling at depths shallower than 100 fathoms, although the net was fouled several times when trawling in deeper water. Best shrimp catches during the explorations were made between the Columbia River and Cape Falcon, Oreg., where a total of 74 exploratory drags was made. The largest catch (drag 121) in the area resulted in an hourly rate of 2,804 pounds of heads-on shrimp that averaged 100 count. A 72-foot semiballoon trawl was used for that drag which was made west of Tillamook Head in 82 to 83 fathoms. Seven- teen other drags made during March and April at depths from 70 to 91 fathoms, be- tween Columbia River and Cape Falcon, yielded heads-on shrimp at rates from 600 to 1,350 pounds an hour. Those shrimp ranged in size from 88 to 126 a pound. Six of the latter drags (numbers 99, 103, 119, 123, 126, and 149) were made with the 72- foot semiballoon trawl. The majority of the larger catches inthe area were obtained in a relatively narrow depth range, i.e., between 82 and 86 fathoms. Catches between Point Grenville and the Columbia River were generally poor, and deep-water tows through that area and south to Cape Falcon yielded only trace amounts of shrimp. CAPE FALCON TO NEWPORT (fig. 7): A total of 83 exploratory drags was made between Cape Falcon and Newport, Oreg. The bottom was clear inareas fished, and only 2 snags were encountered. Good catches of pink shrimp were made in the general area off Cape Lookout during June at depths between 90 and 114 fathoms. Seven drags (numbers 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 185, and 186) in that area produced heads-on shrimp ranging from 81 to 138 per pound, at rates from 380 to 850 pounds an hour. Four other drags in the Same area and depth range were less productive. 2/Subsequent to exploratory work conducted in 1958 the commercial fishery expanded to include this area, as well as the grounds off northern Oregon. 3/Counts given in this report are the number of whole shrimp (heads-on) per pound. 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 PT. GRENVILLE WASHINGTON LEGEND: SHRIMP TRAWL DRAG ———- — SNAG ENCOUNTERED ——fty Area of shrimp explorations . 2 SS fall 1955 and spring 1956 WS ABERDEEN COLUMBIA RIVER X COLUMBIA LT. SHIP 7o, Oe O3joq2OWO! OREGON om Qos, SS tl 1o9\|!0 el EN WZ 120 6 TILLAMOOK HEAD CAPE FALCON Fig. 6 - Exploratory shrimp drags made by the John N. Cobb between Point Grenville, Wash., and Cape Falcon, Oreg. --1958. January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 124 @.CAPE FALCON rt 40' ) ! | MANHATTAN BEACH LEGEND: Shrimp Trawl Drag = —— Snag Encountered = — 164] . (CAPE Se fice MEARES 1 call i r S , ) i D } : F ™ \ “CAPE LOOKOUT ’ 20 co——————— 20 3B t ‘ \ = ! ' | i i] { phoms 9 200 Fe-- \29 ( \g00 | i 203 Wp } i wer? iJ | 20/ iq x 202/ ¥ /204 ngoh? Rea 205/ | | ! ; /|) feos | , OREGON ae? \eo7 \ _ 208/ 209 / I 45 leo \ iu / i en jez ve ' \ : a \eia \ ere a15/, 216 / pa oe i | | é 217 9 / if § y pee sy M / 218] 219 «, i / 22 9, pera) / ae /' 222 6 : 2 | Zee? CAPE FOULWEATHER [2307 227/ \ og 226 f & ees 229 7 = SS ; Ps 232 } 23 q 4 aed 40° ‘ i i ; NEWPORT \ 40 P t 20 1 Ly Fig. 7 - Exploratory shrimp cruise made by/the John N. Cobb between Cape Falcon and Newport, Oreg. --1958 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 West of Manhattan Beach, the three best drags (numbers 153, 158, and 159), at depths from 96 to 105 fathoms, resulted in ocean pink shrimp catches at ratesfrom 440 to 600 pounds heads-on per hour. The count ranged from 109 to 175 shrimp per pound heads on. Four drags (numbers 215, 224, 225, and 226) west of Cape Foulweather in 76 to 99 fathoms also yielded a fair sign of pink shrimp. Catch rates for those drags ranged from 200 to 450 pounds heads-on per hour with sample counts ranging from 129 to 170 shrimp per pound. CATCHES AS RELATED TO DEPTH, BOTTOM TYPE, AND TEMPERATURE Results of previous exploratory cruises (Schaefers and Johnson 1957, Pruter and Harry 1952, Squire 1956) off the west coast of North America show that concen- trations of ocean pink shrimp most frequently occur at depths ranging from 40 to 90 fathoms. The larger catches of shrimp during the 1958 explorations were caught within that range, but several drags at depths down to 115 fathoms also yielded good catches, and shrimp were not found in abundance at depths of less than 60 fathoms (table 1). Highest catch rates were obtained at depths between 61 and 90 fathoms, and moderate yields were obtained at depths between 91 and 120 fathoms. Rates at Which Shrimp Were Caught at Various Depth Intervals Off the Washington and Oregon Coasts During 1958 Explorations1l/ Drags Total Hours Total Catch Catch Made Fished (heads on) rate/hour [ETH Koy ock-] ann) | NICS nn en 7 ie CaS SIRO) SoG = ae Table 1 - 51-60 4.0 61-70 35 1755 71-80 30 15.0 81-90 57 28.5 91-100 23 11.75 101-110 iie/ 8.5 111-120 5 2.5 121-130 6 3.0 131-140 3 1.5 141-150 6 3.0 151-275 30 15.0 1/ Does not include 13 drags during which gear failure or damage was noted. Data in table 1 summarize information from various times of the year and over a considerable geographic range. Ocean pink shrimp may be concentrated within a narrow depth range on one bank, while on nearby grounds they may be found at dif- ferent depths and over a greater depth range: best catches between Destruction Is- land and LaPush were made at depths between 61 and 70 fathoms, and good catches to the north and west of Swiftsure Lightship were taken at depths ranging from 68 to 107 fathoms. Vertical movements of shrimp probably occur seasonally, resulting in changes in their availability to the fishing fleet. Such movements, however, are not demon- strated by the data from these explorations. Evidence of vertical movements of pink shrimp in response to diurnal changes has been noted during comparative night and day drags that resulted in ''excellent catches during the day and poor catches at night'' (Schaefers and Johnson 1957). That pink shrimp move off the bottom at night was also demonstrated by nighttime midwater trawl catches off Vancouver Island by the John N. Cobb (Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S., 1956). Green or gray mud bottom was associated in past studies with areas inhabited by pink shrimp, and in all drags where 50 pounds or more of shrimp were caught January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Lal during the 1958 cruises, the bottom consisted of green mud or green mud mixed with sand or clay. Bottom temperatures varied between 42.1 and 46.7 degrees F. No apparent re- lation was noted between catches of pink shrimp and differences in bottom water temperature within that range. INCIDENTAL CATCHES OF FISH . Catches of fish ranged from a few pounds to 4,000 mounds! Smelt (Osmeridae), eelpouts (Zoarcidae), small rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), and slender sole (Lyopsetta exilis) dominated incidental catches of fish in numbers and were taken in most drags. Catches of marketable food fish were usually small, although some drags west of Swiftsure Lightship yielded several hundred pounds of mixed Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus), and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Other species common in the catches included turbot (Ath- eresthes stomias), dogfish (Squalus acanthias), ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei), hake (Merluccius productus), and skates (Raja sp.). APPENDIX A detailed fishing log, showing geographic position, depth, date, catch, and re- lated data for each drag, is available as an appendix to the reprint of this article. Write for Separate 574, which shows Table 2--Fishing Log--Shrimp Trawl Drags Made off the Washington and Oregon Coasts--M/V John N. Cobb, 1958. LITERATURE CITED BONNOT, PAUL 1932. The California Shrimp Industry. California Di- vision of Fish and Game, Fisheries Bulletin No. 38. BUTLER, T. H., and DUBOKOVIC, G. V. 1955a. Shrimp and Prawn Prospecting on the British Columbia Coast, June to December 1954. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Circular No. 35 (February). 1955b. Shrimp Prospecting in the Offshore Region of the British Columbia Coast, June to August 1955. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station Circular No. 39 (November). BUTLER, T. H., and LEGARE, H. E. J. 1954. Shrimp Prospecting in Regions of the British Columbia Coast, November 1953 to March 1954. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Circular No, 31 (April) . CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME 1949. The Commercial Fish Catch of California for the Year 1947 With an Historical Review 1916- 1947. Fisheries Bulletin No. 74. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, U. S. 1956. Promising Results With Midwater Trawls by John N. Cobb (Cruise 27). Commercial Fish - eries Review, vol. 18, no. 8 (August), p. 39. GREENWOOD, MELVIN R. 1959. Shrimp Explorations in Central Alaskan Waters by M/V John N. Cobb, July-August 1958. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 21, no. 7 (July), (Separate No. 553.) PRUTER, ALONZO T., and HARRY, GEORGE Y., JR. 1952. Results of Preliminary Shrimp Explorations off the Oregon Coast. Fish Commission of Oregon, Research Briefs, vol. 4, no. 1 (December). ROBISON, ROBERT; WARD, DALE; andPALMER, ARTHUR 1958, 1957 Fisheries Statistical Report, Washington Department of Fisheries. SCHAEFERS, EDWARD A., andJOHNSON, HAROLD C, 1957. Shrimp Explorations off the Washington Coast, Fall 1955 and Spring 1956. Commercial Fish- eries Review, vol. 19, no. 1 (January), (Sep- arate No. 465). SHEPARD, FRANCIS P, 1948. Submarine Geology, Harper and Brothers, Pub- lishers, New York, pp. 117 and 119. SMITH, RICHARD T, 1937. Observations on the Shrimp Fishery in Puget Sound. Washington Department of Fisheries, Biological Report No. 36 D. SQUIRE, JAMES L., Jr. 1956. Development of the Pacific Coast Ocean Shrimp ishery. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 18, no. 9(September). (Separate No. 447.) STERN, JOSEPH A. 1958. The New Shrimp Industry of Washington. Pro- ceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Tenth Annual Session (November), pp. 37-42. 4/A catch of 4,000 pounds of dogfish was taken during drag 10. Other drags took lesser amounts of incidental fish. Ss 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 FISH FLOUR FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION By June H, Olden* ABSTRACT A review of the scientific literature on fish flour; references to the original literature are appended. INTRODUCTION Economically underdeveloped countries have long needed an inexpensive source of animal protein for human consumption as a help in preventing malnutrition. The use of fish offers a possible way of alleviating this deficiency. A difficulty arises, however, in that in many of the countries where inexpensive protein is needed most, the means of preservation are least available. One approach to the solution ofthis problem is to dehydrate the fish in order to phevent spoilage, In the category of dehydrated fish is edible fish meal, or fish flourl/, Research programs therefore have been undertaken in several countries to produce a tasteless, odorless, white fish flour for use as a source of the required protein. In this report, the following topics are discussed: problems encountered inthe use of fish flour, nutritional importance, acceptance tests, and processes of man- ufacture. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED Some of the problems in using fish flour as a protein supplement are preserva- tion, consumer reaction, and cost. The first two problems directly contribute to cost, since the process that makes the flour resistant to deterioration and renders it tasteless and odorless--and thus acceptable to the consumer-~-increases the cost. PRESERVATION: The keeping quality of fish flour depends primarily on the low oil content of the final product to prevent it from becoming rancid. The pro- ducer, in order to supply the needs of people in various countries, must furnish a flour that can resist deterioration when stored at high temperatures and under ad- verse conditions. One of his essential problems, then, is to make a product that is low in oil, CONSUMER REACTION: In countries where people object to a strong fish fla- vor, the flour must be refined, deodorized, or manufactured in such manner that the final product is substantially flavorless (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1954), The product should be of such quality that it can be incorporated in quickbreads, cakes, cookies, cereals, pastries, and baby foods without lowering the appeal of these foods to the consumer. COST: One of the difficult problems to overcome is that of cost. A factor in cost that must be kept in mind is the loss in weight of the product due to removal of moisture and oil from the raw material, Owing to this removal, less than one- fifth as much fish flour as the weight of the raw material is produced. This means in general that the cost of fish flour is more than five times the cost of the raw material, since processing costs must be included as well. The high cost of producing fish flour for human food, in contrast to the rela- tively low cost of producing fish meal for animal feed, results from the palatatility, sanitation, and aesthetic requirements of the consumer, Where fish flour must toria erk, Special Services Unit, Branch of Technology, Division of Industrial Research and Services, U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash. 1/ Authors often use the terms fish meal and fish flour synonymously . January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 meet the strictest aesthetic requirements, costs will necessarily be high, since only the more costly portions of the fish can be used. Van Veen (1959)2/reports: "A good defatted and deodorized fish flour, ona protein basis, should not cost to the consumer in underdeveloped countries much more than he would pay for dry skim milk in the same area. As for the U. S. A. we have been assured by an American firm that a partially deodorized fish flour costs about 36 to 38 cents a kilogram3/, We think that a price of 24 to 40 cents per kilo- gram is realistic." NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE In any process of manufacture, the nutritional value of a food product may be reduced. Thus, there may be loss of vitamins and minerals, and the protein may be made less digestible. Irving, Smuts, and Sohn (1952) compared white fish flour (86.2 percent protein) with bread as to true digestibility and obtained the following data: white fish pro- tein 95.6, bread 93.8, and white fish protein and bread 92.1. Analyses of bread made from enriched and unenriched brown flour and a com- parison with daily requirement are shown in table 1 (Fishing Industry Research In- stitute 1958). Table 1 - Analyses of Bread Made from Enriched and Unenriched Brown Flour and com parison with Dail a Biological Mfatenal and Requirement [Footsie | Calcium | Phospions [Thiamine [ Niacin [Riboflavin value of pilchard fish flour and pil- Brew breads memati OULD Biel elitelleliicl ie: lejie chard meal is 2%-enriched brown bread . shown in table 2 (Willmer 1955). Note: From Africa, 1958. In order that a standardized stable fish meal may be produced that is equal in chemical and biological value to the fish from which it is derived, Levin(1959) suggests: (1) the product must be made from the whole fish with no division of products into fish meal and fish solubles, (2) the fish must be defatted and dried at temperatures that will not damage the product, and (3) the fish meal must be Pilchard meal, factory produced standardized on the basis of biological val- Pilchard fish flour, prepared in laborato ote: From Eighth Annual Report of the Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape : Town, South Africa, 1955. Pe } ue. Both an animal as- say that is accepted by nutritionists as a measurement of protein quality and a biological measurement of the identified growth factors should be obtained. The bulk or fiber content of the diet often may be a determining factor in the digestibility of protein incorporated in that diet (Nutrition Reviews 1955). Sure (1957a) reports that fish flour was used in rat-feeding studies to deter- mine the influence of this product on growth and protein efficiency. Smallamounts of defatted fish flour were added to milled wheat flour, white corn meal, and polish- ed rice. Gains in body weight and protein efficiency obtained were superior to those obtained in the past with dried nonfat milk solids, dried buttermilk, defatted soy- bean flour, brewers! yeast, cultured food yeasts, and peanut meal. He also reports (1957b) that rats used in feeding tests in which small amounts of defatted fish flour were added to whole yellow corn, whole wheat, whole and 2/ Personal communicationfrom A. G. van Veen, Chief, Food Processing and Preparation Branch, Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, June 18, 1959. 3/ 2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram. 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viole 22e NOs! milled rye, grain sorghum, and millet showed definite increases in body weight. The greatest responses were secured with grain sorghum, millet, and whole yellow corn. ACCEPTANCE TESTS Experiments on consumer acceptance of fish flour have been conducted ina number of countries, including Chili, Thailand, and Mexico. CHILI: Each day for 6 weeks, 140 school children in Chili received, as part of their school lunch, a 90-gram bread roll made from wheat flour containing 10-per- cent fish flour. Taste, smell, form, and consistency of the bread were normal, and the bread was only slightly darker than is that made from ordinary flour. There were no rejections or complaints by the children, and no digestion trouble occurred (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1954). THAILAND: An experiment, the results of which have not been published as yet, was carried out in the village of Nongkorn, Ubol Province, Thailand, to test the acceptability of fish flour by the people of the village. About 600 persons were given a daily ration of 15 grams of fish flour to supplement their scant intake of protein. This flour was made from "'platu'' and ''slipmouth" fish. About 5 tons of flour can be produced from about 28 tons of fish per day. Smaller fish, which previously had little or no market, can be used for the fish flour. If this experiment proves successful, the flour will be made available to all villages of the province (FAO Bulletin No. 2). MEXICO: Levin (1959), citing the work of Frederico Gomez ("Studies on the Use of Deodorized Fish Flour in Malnutrition,'' Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil, September 1958), reports that at a hospital in Mexico, the value of fish flour has been studied for two years, using methods of measurement such as nitrogen balance studies on children--comparing a corn-bean diet plus 10-percent fish flour with the same diet plus the nitrogen equivalent in the nonessential amino acid glycine. The results indicate that fish flour is of value as a dietary supplement. PROCESSING Over the years, many methods for making fish flour have been tried. These methods are basically quite similar to those for preparing fish meal (in fact, as was indicated earlier, some authors use the terms fish meal and fish flour synony- mously), but greater attention is given to the sanitary and aesthetic aspects. As also was indicated earlier, one of the major problems that must be resolved is the oxidation of oil in the fish flour. Since the ordinary methods of producing fish meal leave considerable oil in the material, the product generally is not suit- able for human use unless the starting material is very low in oil content. For this reason, attention now has turned largely to a process of manufacture based primarily on solvent extraction. This process, of which there are a number of variations, is effective in removing oil. TENTATIVE SPECIFICATIONS FOR SOLVENT-EXTRACTED FISH FLOUR: Food and Agriculture Organization and UNICEF, agencies of the United Nations, de- veloped the following ''Tentative Specifications for Solvent Extracted Fish Flour Defatted and Deodorized.'' These Specifications, dated June 12, 1957, remain in ef- fect, although they are still tentative: "1, Starting material shall be edible fish of a known species and in a condition fit for human consumption at the start of the process. The material to be processed January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 shall be whole fish or whole degutted fish, or degutted fish with heads and tails re- moved. "2. Handling of the fish from catch to end of processing shall be done with sanitary precautions ordinarily applied in producing human food. The fish may be dried either during the process of solvent extraction or by a preliminary stage of air drying. In either case, temperatures shall be kept sufficiently low to avoid pro- tein damage. In general, temperatures in excess of 212° F. will result in definite damage. Lower temperatures may cause some damage under certain circumstances. "3. Finished flour shall meet the following specifications: "Protein (Nx6.25): content 70 percent minimum, digestibility 90 percent min- imum, biological value 70 percent minimum. "Amino Acids: Minimums of lysine 9.5 percent, tryptophan 0.9 percent, methi- onine 3.0 percent, cystine 1.0 percent (all as percent of protein). "Moisture: maximum of 8 percent. "Fat: maximum of 0.4 percent. "Ash: maximum of 18 percent. "Particle size: 100 percent of the flour shall pass a 100-mesh screen. "Color: not darker than a light gray or tan; ordinary bread baked with 1 part fish flour and 11 parts of ordinary white wheat flour will not show appreciable dar- kening. "Odor and Taste: the flour shall have no more than a faint fish odor and taste; and when baked in bread as described above shall have no detectable fish taste or odor. "Storage stability: after 6 months storage at temperatures prevailing in the area of intended use but not exceeding 100° F., and when packed in closed fiber or metal containers or in polyethylene bags, the flour shall show no spoilage as judged by rancidity, mold growth, deterioration in biological value or 'flavor reversion'as judged by the criteria listed under odor and taste. "Bacteriology: the flour shall be free of B. coli, Salmonella, and pathogenic anaerobes. The total bacterial plate count shall be not more than 2,000 per gram. "Safety: no additives, preservatives, or solvent residues are permitted. Safety tests in at least one species of animal shall be done according to requirements of the appropriate official agency of the country where the flour is to be used. (Note: FAO and WHO advisory groups have recommended 6-months studies in rats using diets in which the fish flour is the sole source of protein, and the test should in- clude one reproductive cycle. If there is any reason to suspect safety hazards, more elaborate tests and additional species of animals may be required. These recommendations pertain principally to products intended as supplementary foods for infants and children.) '4. Chemical methods shall be those of the American Official Agricultural Chemists or equivalent ‘official’ generally-accepted methods. Amino acids may be determined microbiologically using generally accepted methods such as those de- scribed in Barton-Wright, E. C. ''The Microbiological Assay of the Vitamin BCom- plex and Amino Acids," Pitman Publishing Corp., New York (1952), or chromato- graphically by the Moore and Stein procedure. Bacteriological methods shall be 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 official methods of the American Bacteriological Association, the American Public Health Association, or equivalent accepted methods. Biological value may be de- termined by the Miller-Bender or the Mitchell methods." PRODUCTION: Some of the countries producing fish flour are South Africa, Canada, Great Britain, France, and the United States. Closely allied products are manufactured in India, Germany, and Russia. The process varies somewhat from country to country. References listed in the appended bibliography should be con- sulted for details on actual manufacture. SOUTH AFRICA: Scientists in South Africa have reported that they have de- veloped a process for making tasteless and odorless fish flour, which now is being used to enrich brown bread (Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, FAO 1957). The flour has a moisture content that varies between 2 and 3 percent. It is light brown in color and contains no additives. The Fishing Industry Research Institute (1958) re- ports that the product is stable because of its low content of oil. This fish flour has been incorporated to the extent of 5 percent in bread, bis- cuits, and rusks made of wheat flour (Fishing Industry Research Institute, S. Africa 1958). When the present plan is in full operation, about 5,000 tons of fish flour will be used each year (Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, FAO 1957). CANADA: Guttmann and Vandenheuvel (1947) report that the fish flour manu- factured at the Halifax Technological Station is almost white, odorless, and tasteless and contains 2 to 3 percent moisture, 2 to 5 percent ash (mostly calcium phosphate), negligible amounts of lipids, and 94 to 98 percent protein on a dry, ash-free basis. GREAT BRITAIN: British Patent 727,072 provides a method of powdering fish that is reported in Food Manufacture (1955) to be economical and to result ina product that is tasteless and odorless. FRANCE: In France, the preparation of fish meal for human food consists pri- marily in eliminating oil from the fresh fish. It is reported in Food Manufacture (1956) that the fish flour produced by this method is tasteless and odorless. UNITED STATES: A plant in New Bedford, Mass., which uses an azeotropic solvent method, is apparently the only company in the United States producing fish flour at the present time. Whole fish--any species of any oil content--are process- ed into a fish flour reported to contain 70 to 80 percent protein and less than 1 per- cent oil. This company reports that their product can be processed to reduce its odor and flavor or to retain its odor and flavor, depending on the taste of the con- sumer, and it has good keeping qualities. The determining factors in producing the fish flour at a profit are cost of fish, cost of fuel, and cost of labor (Viobin Cor- poration 1956). A fish-processing company with branches in Eastport and Rockland, Me., re- cently announced plans to produce fish flour on a large scale. A spokesman for the firm reported that the flour will be suitable for use in such foods as bread and crackers (The Fish Boat 1959). Anyone contemplating the manufacture of fish flour in the United States should first contact the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to make certain that his prod- uct can meet food requirements. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines a food as adulterated if it consists in whole or in part of any filthy, putrid, ©: decomposed substance or if it is otherwise unfit for food. It is the view both of the “ood and Drug Administration and of the consumer that the viscera of the lareer sn are filthy and otherwise aesthetically objectionable. Similarly, the head, scales, and tail of large fish are January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 considered unfit for food. The Food and Drug Administration has not objected to the presence of tails and viscera in small herring canned as sardines as long as the feed content of the viscera is eliminated. Another requirement of the Act is that food shall not be prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may become contaminated with filth or whereby it may be rendered injurious to health. In view of the above considerations, the use of whole fish or fish containing viscera with feed in the intestines, even though heads and tails are removed, would be objectionable in the manufacture of fish flour or fish meal for human consump- tion. The Food and Drug Administration would not take exception to the use, for this product, of small herring that were free of feed and subject to all the conditions that control the use of herring in the canning of sardines. INDIA: Mohanty and Roy (1955) used the meat of sharks and rays to prepare a hydrolyzed fish-protein powder--a cream-colored, flourlike powder containing 85 percent protein. They report that hydrolyzed fish-protein powder is soluble in wa- ter, that it keeps well, and that it is useful as a food for hospitalized patients and those suffering from malnutrition or duodenal and ventricular ulcers. GERMANY: Shenstone (1953) describes a process for making Wiking Eiweiss, a soluble albumen made from fish that can be used as a substitute for egg white. Good-quality fillets of white fish are required for the preparation of this product. He reports that the final product is a slightly gray, odorless and tasteless, easily digestable powder. It may be used in aerated bakery goods, sugar confectionery, ice cream, mayonnaise, custard powder, and pharmaceuticals. RUSSIA: Schimkat (1955) describes a method of producing dry protein from in- expensive varieties of small fish in the U. S.S. R. He states that the protein is a water-soluble, cream-colored powder with very little fishy flavor and that it con- tains 70 to 80 percent protein, up to 10 percent minerals, 0.5 percent oil, and up to 10 percent moisture. SUMMARY 1. Some of the problems encountered in the use of fish flour are preservation, consumer acceptance, and cost. 2. The nutritional aspects of fish flour are currently under study. 3. Fish flour is reported to meet consumer acceptance, 4. The basic process used in the manufacture of fish flour is solvent extraction. 5. A stable, tasteless, odorless, nearly white, edible fish flour is reported to have been produced. BIBLIOGRAPHY ALLISON, J. B., and ASSOCIATES Fish Meals. British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 1957. Notes on the Fish Meal and Fish Flour. Nutri- 11, no. 42. tion Division, FAO, United Nations, March. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1957. The Determination of the Nutritive Value and 1957. Fish Flour--A Weapon Against Protein Malnu- Safety of Fish Flour. WHO/FAO/UNICEF, trition, Commercial Fisheries Review, United Nations, October. Washington, D. C., vol. 19, no. 4 (April), Demis ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1958. Protein nutrition, Annals of the New York DABSCH, VICTOR M, Academy of Sciences, vol. 69, January 10. 1957. Description of the Dabsch Process (''System Daco") for Processing Fish Flour for Human BENDER, A. E, and HAIZELDEN, SHEILA Consumption (released through FAO, Janu- 1957. Biological Value of the Proteins of a Variety of ary 3.) 18 DREOSTI, G. M., and VAN DER MERWE, R. P. 1956a. Factors Influencing Rate of Extraction. Tenth Annual Report of the Fishing Industry Re- search Institute, Cape Town, South Africa, April 1 - December 31, pp. 34-36. 1956b, "Hold-up" fat, Tenth Annual Report of the Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape Town, South Africa, April 1 - December 31, pp. 36-37. FISHING INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1958. Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape Town, South Africa, Memorandum No. 89. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1954, FAO's Work on the Utilization of Fish Meal in the Human Diet, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Fisheries Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 3, (July - September), pp- 120-122. 1958. The use of Fish Flour as Human Food. Proceed- ings of Nutrition Society, vol. 17, no. 2. FOOD MANUFACTURE 1955, Powdered Fish Production. Food Manufacture, vol. 30, no. 6 (June), p. 262 (British Patent 727,072). 1956, Fish Meal for Human Consumption, Food Manufacture, yol, 31, no. 4(April), p. 159. GUT A., and VANDENHE F. A. 1957. The Production of Edible Fish Protein (Fish Flour) from Cod and Haddock. Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Progress Re the Atlantic Coast Stations, No. 67, ber, pp. 29-31. rts of iovem — INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL, FAO 1957. South Africa Fish Flour Used for the Enrichment of Bread. Current Affairs Bulletin No. 19 July, p. 11. IRVING, J. T., SMUTS, D. B., and SOHN, E, G, 1952, The Biological Value and True Digestibility of the Proteins Contained in White Fish Flour, the Standard Loaf and Standard Loaf Supple- mented by White Fish. South African Medi- cal Journal, vol. 26, pp. 206-207. LEVIN, EZRA 1959, Fish Flour and Fish Meal by Azeotropic Solvent Processing. Food Technology, vol. 13, no. 2 (February), pp. 132-135. W. W. 1959, Certain Enzymes Can Provide Human Food and General ¥eed Products from the Trash Fish of the Sea, Texas Engineering Experiment Sta- tion News, March. MOHANTY, G. B., and ROY, A, B, 1955. Hydrolyzed Fish Protein from the Flesh of Waste Fish, Science, vol. 12, no, 3132 (January 7), pp. 41-42. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Violly 2/25 sNow el NUTRITION REVIEWS 1955. Protein Digestibility. Nutrition Reviews, vol. 13, no. 5 (May), pp. 156-157. RAND, N. T., and ASSOCIATES 1958. Biological Evaluation of Fish Products for Pro- tein Quality. Presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Assn. , Ithaca, N. Y., August 6. SCHIMKAT, U. 1955. Dry Protein From Cheap Small Fish. Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, no. 2 (February), p. 50 (in German). SHENSTONE, F. S. 1953, Egg White and Yolk Substitutes: Wiking Ei- weiss. Food Preservation Quarterly, vol. 13, no, 3 (September), pp. 45-50. SOMER, JOSEPH S, - The study of the Value of Fish Flour on Humans, SURE, BARNETT 1957a. The Addition of Small Amounts of Defatted Fish Flour to Milled Wheat Flour, Com Meal and Rice --Influence on Growth and Protein Efficiency. The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 61, no. 4 (April 10), pp. 547-554, 1957b. The Addition of Small Amounts of Defatted Fish Flour to Whole Yellow Com, Whole Wheat, Whole and Milled Rye, Grain Sorghum and Millet. I - Influence on Growth and Pro- tein Efficiency, IL - Nutritive Value of the Minerals in Fish Flour. The Journal of Nutri- tion, vol. 63, no, 3 (November 10), pp. 409- 416. THE FISH BOAT 1959, Maine Firm Plans Fish Flour Plant. The Fish Boat, vol. 4, no, 2 (February), p. 9. UNITED NATIONS 1956. Notes on Fish Flour for Human Consumption. WHO/FAO/UNICEF, United Nations, March. 1958, The Use of Fish Flours as Human Food, Nu- trition Division, FAO, United Nations, Pro- ceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 17, no. 2. Note on Protein Supplements for Children. Nu- trition Division, FAO, United Nations. VAN DER MERWE, R. P. 1956, Removing Fish Oil from Activated Carbon. Tenth Annual Report of the Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape Town, South Africa, April 1 - December 31, pp. 37-38. VIOBIN CORPORATION 1956. Fish Flour - A Review of Progress, Viobin Corporation, Monticello, Ill., July 1, 4 pp. WILLMER, J. S. 1955, Evaluation of a Sample of Edible Fish Flour, Eighth Annual Report of the Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape Town, South Africa, April 1, 1954 - March 31, 1955, p. 36. January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW atts) SANITATION ABOARD FISHING TRAWLERS IMPROVED BY USING CHLORINATED SEA WATER By Arvey H. Linda* and Joseph W. Slavin* ABSTRACT Chlorine, having proved effective as a sanitizing agent in fish-processing plants, was used for improving sanitation aboard fishing vessels. Sodium hypochlorite equipment was installed on a commercial fishing trawler for chlorinating the sea water used aboard this vessel. The equipment operated satisfactorily, and the chlorinated sea water was effective both in washing off slime and blood from eviscerated fish at sea and in washing and clean- ing the hold of the vessel in port. INTRODUCTION Much has been done in recent years to improve sanitation in fish-processing plants. Today, the use of antibacterial compounds, disinfectants, detergents, and equipment made of stainless steel, plastic, or other impervious materials has re- sulted for the most part in a high degree of sanitation in fishery plants. Little has been done, however, to duplicate this aboard the fishing vessel. In most cases the closest approach to cleanliness consists of washing the hold and pen boards of the vessel with plain sea water, or in some cases with harbor water, without any anti- bacterial or other suitable cleaning compounds. The use of sea water for this pur- pose is far from satisfactory: slime and other organic material are not adequately removed, and by building up in the hold, they stimulate the growth of spoilage or- ganisms. Under such conditions, the landing of high-quality fish is difficult, espe- cially if the vessel is at sea for a long period of time. In 1958 a project was started at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries tech- nological laboratory at East Boston, Mass., to develope a simple, inexpensive, and effective means for improving washing methods on fishing trawlers. Since chlorine has proved effective as a sanitizing agent in fish-processing plants (Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada 1947, Food Industries 1950, Hess 1950, Hurley 1949, and Kaylor 1949), it was used in this project to improve the sanitation on a commercial fishing trawler. Chlorinated sea water was used on the vessel instead of plain sea water for washing eviscerated groundfish at sea and the hold of the vessel in port after the fish were unloaded. The effectiveness of the chlorinating equipment was evaluated by industry and by members of the laboratory staff. The following is a report of this study. It contains information on the chlorinating equipment used and the experimental tests conducted. Conclusions and recommendations are also given concerning the use of chlorinating equipment on the vessel. CHLORINATING EQUIPMENT The equipment used consisted of a motor-driven sodium hypochlorite metering pump, a storage drum, and chlorine-test equipment. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT: Metering Pump and Motor: The sodium hypo- chlorite metering pump and motor were mounted on a common base. This pump is of the diaphragm type and is belt driven by one-eighth horsepower, direct-current, electric motor. The length of the pump stroke may easily be adjusted in order to meter the desired amount of sodium hypochlorite into the line through which the saline wash-water passes. The flow of sea water through the line may vary from 20 to 60 gallons per minute. Storage drum: A55-gallon container was used for storing the sodium hypochlo- rite solution. This particular type of drum was selected because of its rugged con- struction, which is necessary to withstand the rough handling aboard the vessel. * Mechanical Engineer, Fishery Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research and Services, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, East Boston 28, Mass. 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 Chlorine-Test Equipment: A chlorine colorimeter was used to determine the concentration of free chlorine discharged from the salt-water line. This colori- meter consists essentially of a set of calibrated color standards representative of the different concentrations of free chlorine in the chlor- inated sea water. To de- termine the concentration of free chlorine, one adds a prescribed amount of sta- bilizer and reagent toa sample of the treated sea water. The resulting color is then matched with the color standards in order to determine the chlorine con- tent of the sample in parts per million. A simpler and less expensive kit consist- ing of chemically-treated paper strips may also be used to determine the chlor- ine content. = 8 ; Installation of Equip- Fig. 1 - Sea water chlorinating equipment aboard a fishing vessel. ment: On most New England trawlers, the compartment situated below the wheelhouse offers an ideal place for locating the chlorinating e- quipment. To conserve space, the metering pump and motor were mounted on one wall bracket and the two storage tanks on separate wall brackets below this pump (fig. 1). The plastic hypochlorite discharge line from the metering pump was con- nected into the side of the salt-water line, on the discharge side of the deck wash- water stop valve. In future permanent installations, a check valve should be instal- led between the wash-water stop valve and the hypochlorite connection on the wash- water line to prevent any of the caustic hypochlorite from attacking the sea-water pump or related piping. The desired equipment arrangement is shown in figure 2. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS PROCEDURE: The chlorinating equipment described previously was assembled at the laboratory and installed on a commercial fishing trawler (fig. 1). The hypo- chlorite metering pump was set to inject a 14-percent sodium hypochlorite solution into the wash-water line at a rate that resulted in a concentration of 50 to 60 parts per million (p.p.m.) of free chlorine in the salt water. This water was used for washing both the eviscerated fish at sea and the hold of the vessel at the end of each trip. Chlorinated sea water was used aboard this vessel for six regularly-scheduled trips. During that period information was obtained on the operation of the chlorin- ating equipment. Observations were also made concerning the sanitary condition of the fish hold and the quality of the fish landed. RESULTS: Operation of Chlorinating Equipment: During the entire period of the test, the chlorinating equipment operated satisfactorily and required little at- tention. It was found that during continuous operation of the unit, 30 to 60 gallons of a 14-percent sodium hypochlorite solution was consumed during a 10-day trip The consumption of sodium hypochlorite was reduced to about one-half this amount, however, by operating the metering pump intermittently instead of continuously. This intermittent operation was accomplished by installing a switch in the wheel- house, which made it possible to use the unit only during the period that the fish were being washed at sea or that the hold of the vessel was being washed in port. 21 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW January 1960 *uorzeTTeIsut Gurlazeut aytIo;yoodAy umtpos Jo ynoAR] TeIeuey - Z *6rq oTyeUIBYOS Surquin[d Yyo9q-uoO asoH raze M-YSeM Ja}jeM ea aUuTT] a}tZOTYOodAH_ ie Pets}9N — aaTeA YOEUD aATEA eulT Ta}eM-YseM JJO-3NYS a7eyH a1ZZON wr asIeYOSIG IAATIS IOIOW ‘DO ‘q- ‘dy g yuel, aseiois Surgqny, o4se[d dumnq 3 ULI91IIN\I a[pueH 10}daIag SULIa}aIN BytIOTYOodAY 22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Volse2 27 Nowe In general, the chlorinating equipment was found to be quite satisfactory for use on a commercial fishing trawler. Sanitation and Condition of the Fish: The chlorinated sea water was effective in washing the fish and the hold of the vessel. It was observed in washing the evis- cerated fish that the chlorinated sea water rinsed the blood and slime of the fish more effectively than did plain sea water, resulting in the deposit of cleaner fish in the hold of the vessel. Also, the chlorine seemed to minimize the staining of the fillets that ordinarily results from bleeding caused by forking the fish. The concen- trations of free chlorine of 50 to 60 p.p.m. used in washing the fish did not affect the odor or color of the fish. This substantiates the results of a previous study where it was found that concentrations of free chlorine up to 150 p.p.m. and 2,000 p.p.m. did not adversely affect the flavor and color of fish, respectively (Castell 1947). In washing the hold of the vessel, the chlorine dispersed quite rapidly and did not affect personnel working in the fish hold. The chlorinated sea water also satis- factorily removed fish slime and blood from the storage pens and pen boards. The crew of the vessel commented that the pen boards were easier to wash with the chlorinated sea water than with plain sea water. It was also observed that after washing, the hold had a noticeable pleasant, clean odor, which remained during the greater part of the trip. It is well known that even slight differences in the handling and icing of individ- ual fish on the vessel may offset any increase in quality resulting from improved cleanliness. In view of this and because of slight differences in the methods of han- dling and icing the fish on the test vessel, objective tests were not conducted to de- termine if any extension in the keeping quality of the catch resulted from the use of chlorinated sea water on the vessel. Examination of the fish landed by the test ves- sel, however, showed that during the period that chlorinated sea watér was used, the instances of bilgy and spoiled fish were reduced over previous trips when only sea water was used for washing the fish and the hold of the vessel. An interesting side effect was noticed by the crew of the test vessel regarding the use of chlorinated sea water. They observed that the chlorinated sea water re- moved the slime from the deck of the vessel more effectively than did untreated sea water. As a result, the slipperiness of the deck was reduced considerably over that of previous trips when chlorinated sea water was not used. This is an important improvement in safety. There may be some concern about the possible corrosive effects to the vessel resulting from the use of chlorinated sea water. No evidence has been found to in- dicate that corrosion is accelerated by the use of sea water containing chlorine in relatively low concentrations of 50 to 60 p.p.m. Apparently, the free chlorine is immediately neutralized upon contact with the organic matter in the hold and, there- fore, little or no residual chlorine is left to attack the hull of the vessel or bilge pumps and other equipment. Chlorinated sea water has been used aboard two Bos- ton fishing trawlers for one full year and on several other New England fishing ves- sels for shorter periods of time. No corrosion of the vessel or related equipment has been observed, other than that which normally occurs due to the presence of salt water. Also, the use of chlorinated sea water has been approved for use onves- sels having pen boards and hold linings made of an iron-aluminum alloy. It is felt therefore, that if the installation plan outlined in this report is followed, no corro- sion should occur as a result of using chlorinated sea water aboard the vessel. SUMMARY Chlorine, having proved effective as a sanitizing agent in fish-processing plants, was used for improving sanitation aboard the fishing vessel. Equipment was installed January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 on a commercial fishing trawler for chlorinating the sea water used in washing the eviscerated fish at sea and the hold of the vessel in port. The operation of this e- quipment was evaluated during six regular trips of this vessel. The chlorinating equipment operated satisfactorily and required little attention. Also, the consumption of a 14-percent sodium hypochlorite solution used for chlor- inating the sea water was very low, varying from 30 to 60 gallons for a 10-day trip. This amount can be further reduced by operating the metering pump intermittently instead of continuously. The chlorinated sea water was effective in washing away the slime and blood from eviscerated fish at sea and in washing the hold of the vessel in port. The free chlorine had no effect on personnel working in the hold of the vessel or on the odor or color of the fish. No objective tests were conducted to determine quality differences. Observa~ tions indicate, however, that there were fewer bilgy and spoiled fish landed by the vessel when chlorinated sea water was used than there were on previous trips of this vessel when plain sea water was used for washing the fish at sea and the fish hold in port. LITERATURE CITED CASTELL, C. H. 1947. The Effect of Chlorine Solutions on the Color and Flavor and Preservation of Fish Muscle. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Progress Reports of the Atlantic Coast Stations, no. 40, November, pp. 7-9 FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA 1950. The Use of Chlorine Disinfectants in Fish Plants. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Progress Reports of the Atlantic Coast Stations, no. 40, November, pp. 9-11. FOOD INDUSTRIES 1950. Break Point Sanitation Boosts Fish Quality. Food Industries, vol. 22, no. 3, March, pp. 178-180. HESS, ERNEST 1950. Bacterial Fish Spoilage and Its Control. Food Technology, vol. 4, no. 12 (December), pp. 477-480. HURLEY, STANLEY P. 1949, Sanitation Problems in the Fishing Industry. Food Technology, vol. 3, no. 12 (Decem- ber), pp. 416-419. KAYLOR, JOHN 1949, Sanitation in the Fisheries. Modern Sanitation, vol. 1, no. 6 (October), pp. 32-36. FISH FACT About one-third of the protein consumed daily should come from animal sources such as fish and shellfish to complement in- complete proteins. A single average serving of fish and shellfish supplies enough complete proteins to satisfy the daily requirement. The edible portion of fish consists of about 18 percent protein and contains all the essential amino acids. 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 OCEAN PERCH FILLETING MACHINE SUCCESSFULLY FILLETS YELLOW PERCH A lot of Great Lakes yellow perch shipped from Vermilion, Ohio, was success- fully filleted by an ocean perch filleting machine in Gloucester, Mass. The filleting machine had beenreceived from Germany in mid-September 1959 and installed in a Gloucester, Mass., fillet plant. The machine was designed to fillet fish 7-14 inches in length. The yellow perch from Lake Erie have a minimum legal length of 83 inch- es, and a maxi- mum commercial length of about 11 inches. The fish that were sent from Vermilion meas- ured about 83 to 9 inches long. The trial fil- leting was quite successful in that about 85-90 percent of the fillets were free from bones. The necessary trimming concern- ed cutting off afew rib bones, fins, and tag ends. The yield of fillets was about 51 percent Fig. 1 - German ocean perch filleting machine used for tests on filleting of yellow by weight. This perch: machine only cuts single fillets. It was estimated that the machine will cut about 1,000 pounds of fillets an hour with two persons feeding the machine and one person packaging. The capacity of the machine is limited by the speed of the feeding lines. The feeding line consists of an endless belt of nylon gutters into which the fish are placed head forward and back to the left. The head is cut off with a circular stainless steel knife while the fish are held in the before-mentioned gutter. The fish are then carried to the filleting part, and are dropped head forward, back up into a gutter. The fish are carried forward principally by means of two rubber belts, one on each side. The first operation of filleting is slitting the belly from head end to tail by means of a vertical circular knife. The entrails are pulled out by means of a stainless steel tooth-edged circular pulley. The fish are then car- ried forward to a flat inverted ''V'' which spreads the fish and pressure is applied to the belly walls from on top. Two circular knives cut the fillets while the fish is held on this distance piece. The frame drops below the knives to a belt which car- January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 ries heads and frames away. The fillets are carried by a second belt to the pack- aging table. The machine is very well built and should be satisfactory for filleting Great Lakes yellow perch. The price of the German filleting machine is $27,500 landed, duty paid, ex- dock United States port of entry. Allmachines are installed by factory-trained tech- nicians who also train the operating personnel with all details as to service and maintenance of the equipment. The cost for the services of such technician is $25 a day, plus living expenses and travel expenses within the United States. Note: For the name of the filleting machine and the name and address of the United States distributor, write to the Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. LABORATORY WORK ON FROZEN SALMON STEAK STANDARD COMPLETED The laboratory work on the frozen salmon steak standard is essentially com- plete. This standard will be in effect by early in 1960. After the completion of the written standard, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries carries out a grading survey to test the applicability of the standard. Based on the examination of 391 sample units (249 retail size units and 142 institu- tional-size units) taken from processors! warehouses the following findings were noted: (1) The average point score for the retail size units was 82 points, and for the institutional-size units 88 points. These data indicated that the quality of the insti- tutional-size pack was significantly better than the retail-size pack. (2) The principal factor contributing to the Grade ''B" and ''Substandard" clas- sification was flavor, primarily rancidity of the fatty portion. (3) The percentage glaze, free drip, and cook drip were not considered as fac- tors of quality in grading of the frozen salmon steaks inasmuch as meaningful re- lationships could not be established. An example of the close liaison maintained between the standards development and product inspection groups is demonstrated by the following: The control of net package weights was found to be a serious problem in this survey. Our inspection personnel-in following up on this problem during routine checking of net weight noted that the glaze water used in glazing salmon steaks was occasionally at some elevated temperature at the start of the steaking operation. As the steaking progressed, the temperature of the glaze water was continuously lower- ed until equilibrium temperature was attained. Adjustment for glaze pickup to meet net weight requirements if based on the initially warmer glaze water, resulted in underweight as the glaze water temperature dropped, due to the greater pickup of glaze at these lower temperatures. Thus, in order to control the percentage of glaze and thereby glaze allowance and net weight, the inspector found it necessary to routinely check glaze water temperature in order to protect the processor against excessive overweights or underweights. 26 agg] SO OP ten oo Alaska HEARING ON COMMERCIAL FISHERY REGULATIONS FOR 1960: The first public hearing on commer- cial fishery regulations was held by the new State of Alaska when the Fish and Game Commission met at Juneau, Novem- ber 18, 1959. Comments on proposals for management of the fisheries for 1960 were heard. This will be the only hearing on 1960 regulations. It is expected that early promulgation of final regulations will fol- low the hearings so that they may take effect January 1, 1960, which is the date the State assumes management responsi- bility from the U. S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries. If the proposals for 1960 are adopted, these changes will occur: (1) any seiner over 50 feet cannot operate in the State's waters, and the rule extends the limit to include vessels operating west of False Pass; (2) trawling for king crab is ban- ned, and this means fishing for kingcrabs will be limited to pot fishing; (3) drum seining (banned by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in previous years) will be illegal in 1960; (4) preseason regis- tration, similar to State of Washington regulations, will be required by April 15 and transfer of gear will be allowed only by the approval of the Commissioner. American Samoa TUNA LANDINGS, JANUARY-OCTOBER 1959: During October 1959 tuna landings by Japanese and South Korean vessels fish- ing for the tuna cannery in American Samoa amounted to about 2.3 million COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW =IRENDS3 =a AND EDFVELO Wh ViolaZ2 ino! ———— a, yet-—————___ TY + TY oe Steevie pounds. This amount was 27.4 percent or 885,000 pounds under the landings for Species Sith Jany=Oc# , 5 int 1959)|0 1958 WAOQMESR) MSs . - t [Albacore Yellowfin _. {2,07512,637117,359 nel LOH 500 3.618 x ded 78 826 at eek ruin Note: Most of these tuna were landed by Japanese vessels; a_small amount by South Korean vessels. October 1958. The ten-months 1959 tuna landings of 21.8 million pounds were down 8.1 percent from the 23.7 million pounds landed in the same period of 1958. PELAGIC FISH POPULATION SURVEY OFF COAST OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL CALIFORNIA CONTINUED: M/V "Alaska"' Cruise 59A7-Pelagic Fish; The coastal waters off Baja California from Turtle Bay northward to Punta San Miguel were surveyed (Au- gust 22-September 9, 1959) by the California De- partment of Fish and Game research vessel Alaska to sample young sardines for determining the rela- tive abundance and distribution of fish resulting from the 1959 spawning. Other objectives were to sample adult sardines, Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel, and anchovies; to collect live sardines for the genetic studies conducted by the U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora- tory at La Jolla; to tag barracuda; to collect speci- mens as requested by other investigations; and to troll for albacore while en route to Turtle Bay. California A total of 63 night light stations was occupied. Sardines were collected at 24, Pacific mackerel at 21, anchovies at 18, and jack mackerel at 15. Sardines were sampled throughout the survey area and were not confined to definitive areas as in previous surveys this year. Of the 24 sardine samples 12 contained 1959 year-class fish and most ranged in size from 80 to 115 mm. standard length. Two samples of young sardine, one col- lected in Turtle Bay and one in Todos Santos Bay, consisted of smaller fish ranging in standard length [from 34 to 70 mm. January 1960 A total of 205 miles was scouted between sta- tions at night and 68 schools were sighted. Of this total 11 were identified as anchovy, 5 as sardines, Os Sardines, 1959 year class only. © - Sardines. S Ay SVPt. San Miguel A ~ Pacific mackerel. @@ - Jack mackerel. x- Northern anchovy. - Vessel track. -—>-"~ \ \ San. Martin I! vd) xa \ & - ox™ \ ‘\ Blanca Pt. San Benito 1s.) @ M/V Alaska Cruise 59-A-7 Pelagic Fish(August 22-Septem - ber 9, 1959). and 52 unidentified. Visual scouting con- ditions were poor with choppy seas prevalent during the first portion of the cruise and ad- verse bioluminescence prevailed through- out the survey area. A total of 119 California barracuda was tagged with type ''G'' spaghetti tags--50 fish were caught at San Martin Island and 69 were captured in the Cape Colnett-Punta San Telmo area. All fishwere released in the Cape Colnett-Punta San Telmo area. Two tagged barracuda weré’recaptured at San Mar- tin Island after being at liberty 108 and 112 days, respectively. Initially the two fish were tagged off Cape Colnett, approximately 30 nautical miles north of the recapture area. No albacore were taken on the offshore trolling track while en route to Turtle Bay. Airplane Spotting Flight 59-15-Pelagic Fish: The inshore area from the Mexican border to Dav- enport was surveyed from the air (September 15- 17, 1959) by the Department's Cessna 170 (1359D) to determine the distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 Poor visibility hampered observations between Point Dume and Morro Bay and the first storm of the central California season made observation north of Monterey Bay impossible. In general, pelagic fish schools were scarce in the region surveyed, Monterey Bay, Santa Monica Bay, and the area off Sierra Nevada Point being the only places where school groups were observed. As had been the case during the two previous sur- veys, a moderate concentration of anchovies was seen in the northern portion of Monterey Bay. This group consisted of 238 typically thin, spread out, shallow-water schools, extending from the Pajaro River to the town of Santa Cruz and seaward to ap- proximately the 20-fathom curve. The water in this portion of Monterey Bay was quite dirty, rang- ing in color from gray-brown to brick-red. In ad- dition, 50 large, deep, unidentified schools were seen due west of Moss Landing; 6 were four miles offshore and 44 were 10 miles off at the outer lim- it of the bay. = Davenport 238A 44206) Monterey 2@\Piedras Blancas Point Morro Bay Pt. Conception Santa Barbara Santa Monica all ANCHOVY AND BONITO LEGEND: A - ANCHOVY NUMBER 2 UNIDENTIFIED NUMBER. ANCHOVY SCHOOL, UNIDENTIFIED. SARDINE NUMBER. PORPOISE. - PACIFIC MACKEREL. Airplane Spotting Flight 59-15 (September 15-17, 1959). A small group of '"breezing"’ schools was en- countered two miles off Sierra Nevada Point. No accurate count or species identification was possible. On the morning of September 15, near Rocky Point in Santa Monica Bay, it was possible to ob- serve a large number of bonito feeding on a con- centration of small anchovies. The anchovy schools had broken up into many very small, tight balls and the area seemed to be completely underlaid with bonito, which could be seen flashing below and through the small anchovy spots. It was ap- parent that in only a matter of time the anchovies would be completely decimated. Many of the spots became noticeably smaller during the time the air- plane was overhead. The erratic and frantic be- havior of both the anchovy schools and the bonito made it impossible to estimate the magnitude of 28 either group although the activity was going on within an area approximately one-half mile square. The Department's research vessel Dolphin was in the area at the time and personnel aboard were able to make positive identification of the species and describe the phenomenon as seen from the surface. Aside from the aforementioned schools, the fol- lowing were observed during the flight: 2 small sardine schools off the Coronado Strand; 2 large porpoise schools (several hundred individuals) 2 to 3 miles off Laguna Beach and Newport Beach; 1 large anchovy school near the Huntington Beach pier; 4 unidentified schools near the Redondo Beach barge; 4 thin Pacific mackerel schools south of Malibu pier; and 2 small anchovy schools justnorth of Morro Rock. Airplane Spotting Flight 59-16-Abalone: The Channel Islands area was surveyed from the air on September 20, 1959, by the California Depart- ment of Fish and Game's Beechcraft to observe locations of commercial abalone fishing and to photograph the Department's abalone experimental stations. a 7a We niaaenaee eaten Oe \ ES | Airplane Spotting Flight 59-16-Abalone (September 20, 1959). Conditions were favorable for aerial observa- tion and photography, although surf conditions a- mong the northern Channel Islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz and Anacapa were rough for the divers. Diving boats were observed only in the vicinity of San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands and only 1 of 8 observed was active and had a diver on the bottom. No boats were observed among the southern Channel Islands (San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara and San Nicholas). Kelp growth appeared to be good around the is- lands compared to conditions observed in March 1959, although in some areas along the landward side at Santa Catalina and San Clemente, kelp growth was sparse. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review September 1959 pp. 20 and 22, and December 1959 p. 39. HK Fk BARRACUDA AND WHITE SEA BASS SURVEY OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COAST CONTINUED: M/V "N. B. Scofield" Cruise 59S6-Barracuda- White Sea Bass: The southern California waters, from COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viole22 SNorel .Goleta south to the Horseshoe Kelp off Long Beach and certain offshore islands were surveyed (Septem- ber 15-23, 1959) by the California Department of Fish aud Game researchvessel N. B. Scofield. The objec- tives were: (1) to tag and release barracuda; (2) to ex- plore for currently unexploited groups of barracuda; (3) to explore for small white sea bass in inshore waters; (4) to develop methods of catching small white sea bass in suitable condition for tagging; and (5) to tag white sea bass and either hold them in shipboard tanks and/or release them. Trolling lines were the principal gear employed for locating barracuda schools: 4 to 8 lines, fished at varying depths, were trolled continously through- out the trip when traveling at trolling speeds. Legend: % - Night light stations. A - Gill net stations. o ~ Barracuda observed. @ - Barracuda taken. M/V Scofield Cruise 5956 Barracuda-White Sea Bass (Sep- tember 14-23, 1959). When at anchor for the night gill nets wereused, conditions permitting. A floating gill net of vari- able mesh was fished from the stern of the vessel while an anchored net of 3-inch mesh was fished independently of the vessel. Other fishing methods included rod and reel em- ploying live bait or artificial lures; a 1,500-watt night light suspended over the water at the stern of the vessel; dip-netting and brailing. California barracuda were taken at only one station during the trip, a spot 3.8 miles north of Point Dume. The barracuda were captured ina 3-inch cotton gill net, set at right angles to a kelp ‘bed, in approximately 45 feet of water. All but January 1960 one of the fish were taken within 18 inches of the lead line. One other barracuda was hooked on live bait at this location but was not landed. The only other barracuda observed on the trip were several fish seen swimming about at the night light station at Santa Barbara. Because of the scarcity of barracuda the entire trip was devoted to barracuda fishing and no con- certed effort was made to take white sea bass. Water temperatures were fairly uniform through- out the trip with night lows of 18 C. (64,4 F.), and the daytime highs ranging up to 21.6 C. (70.9° F.). The warmest temperatures during the cruise were encountered at Santa Catalina Island, where the range was from 21.3 to 22.5 C.(70.3 to 72.5 F.). Bonito were the most abundant species in all areas visited with the largest specimens obtained at Santa Cruz Island. It was difficult to remain and chum in any area for any length of time with- out attracting a school of these fish to the boat. In all, 20 different species of fish and 2 species of invertebrates were caught. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1959 p. 21. sk oe 23 Begs ae RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION IN FISH AND SHELLFISH TO BE MONITORED: Increased concern for the possible hazards of atomic energy on Californ- ia's ocean fish and shellfish has prompted the California Department of Fish and Game to establish a position to deal with radioactive contamination, the Department announced on October 16, 1959 The new position, supervisor of ra- dioactive monitoring and surveillance, will be filled by an expert in biochemis- try, chemistry, and game and marine invertebrate zoology. ; "The increased activity in the radio- active field in California makes it neces- sary that the Department determine what is happening to the fish and game resources,’ the Department stated. "The fact that aquatic and marine or- ganisms have a unique property of con- centrating radio-active materials makes this area one of very great concern." Several areas of concern have al- ready made themselves apparent, he noted. Certain shellfish off northern California are reported to have radio- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 active levels many times over the back- ground level of their environment. Some mollusks of southern California likewise are reported to have ''warmed up." The Department will work with other State agencies, particularly the Depart- ments of Public Health, Water Resources Agriculture, and Industrial Welfare. An- alytical work will be carried out in co- operation with the California State Dis- aster Office. The Department's program 'will be under the Marine Resources Branch in Sacramento. Canned Fish CONSUMER PURCHASES, SEPTEMBER 1959: Canned tuna purchases by household consumers inSeptember 1959 were 956,000 cases, of which 58,000 cases were imported. Bytype of pack, domestic- packed tuna purchases were 187,000 cases solid, 615,000 cases chunk, and 96,000 cases gratedor flakes. The average pur- chase was 2.0 cans atatime. About 30.8 percent of the households bought all types of canned tuna; only 1.8 percent bought the imported product. The average retail price paid for a 7-oz. can of domestic solid or fancy was 35.3 cents and for a 63 oz. can of chunk 27.7 cents. Imported solid or fancy was bought at 29.4 centsacan. Sep- tember purchases were lower than the 966,000 cases bought in August by 1.0 per- cent; retail prices inmost cases were slightly higher. During September household consum- er purchases of California sardines were 35,000 cases; and 32,000 cases imported sardines. The average purchase was 1.6 cans at atime for California sardines and 1.9 cans for imported. Only 1.4 percent of the households bought canned California sardines and 2.3 percentimported. The average retail price paid fora 1-lb. can of California sardines was 24.0 cents, and for a4-oz. canofimported 25.0cents. Retail prices were lower for both California and imported canned sardines. September pur- chases of California sardines were higher than the 34,000 cases bought in August by 2.9 percent. 30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canned salmon purchases in Septem- ber 1959 were 198,000 standard cases, of which 103,000 cases were pinks and 44,000 cases reds. The average pur- chase was 1.2 cans at atime. About 14.2 percent of the households bought all types of canned salmon; 7.0 percent bought pinks. The average retail price paid for a 1-lb. can of pink was 58.5 cents and for red 89.0 cents. Septem- ber purchases were down about 1.5 per- cent from the 201,000 cases bought in August. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January -August 1959 Total shipments of metal cans for fishery products during January- August 1959 amounted to 79,870 short tons of steel (based on the a- mount of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans) as com- pared with 78,679 tons in the first eight months of 1958. Canning of fishery products in August 1959 included tuna, Maine sardines, salmon, shrimp, and jack and Pacific mackerel. Shipments of metal cans rose 2.8 percent from July to August 1959, but dropped 15.8 percent from August 1958 to August 1959. Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel. i Central Pacific Fishery Investigations SKIPJACK TUNA BEHAVIOR STUDIES OFF HAWAII CONTINUED: M/V “Charles H. Gilbert” Cruise 46: The study of the behavior of tuna in Ha- waiian waters was continued (September 15-October 18, 1959) by the fishery Vol: 22, No. 1 research vessel Charles H. Gilbert of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies Biological Laboratory at Honolulu. Tuna Behavior Studies: Four skipjack schools were fished for experimental purposes and also to obtain live fish for use in pond studies. Observations were made on tuna behavior during the alter- nate use of various bait species (moi- iao mixture, mullet, nehu, tilapia), and when the tuna encountered squid, a nat- ural food. Three 6-pound skipjack were inoculated with thorazine and 11 others were confined without drugs. Two drug- ged fish and 5 controls were transferred to the Kewalo pond where maximum sur- vival was 41 hours. The single dolphin captured died at sea. California Current Extention Survey: Bathythermograph casts were made at 3-hour intervals throughout the survey and with each cast water samples were collected for salinity determinations. The salinities were determined aboard ship. The results were used to define the general track in the western area. In addition, five water samples were frozen for inorganic phosphate analyses. The salinity distribution indicated that the northern type water (salinity greater than 35.0 7/090) had penetrated into the waters surrounding the major islands of the Hawaiian chain. The is- lands in the southeastern portion of the archipelago were completely encom- passed by this northern type water, whereas in the northwestern sector high salinity water was located only on the northern side of the islands. The Cali- fornia Current Extension was relatively narrow and pronounced south of the is- land of Hawaii becoming wide and dif- fuse to the west. A total of 29 bird flocks was sighted during the current survey. At least 10 of these flocks were not actively feeding and were observed flying high above the water surface. Live-bait fishing with tilapia as chum was attempted on 1 yel- lowfin tuna, 1 mahimahi, and 3 skipjack tuna schools. Only one of the skipjack schools responded to the chum and was successfully fished with a catch of 142 fish. Fifty-four were tagged with the Floy dart tag andreleased. The January 1960 skipjack ranged in size from 10-18 pounds. Long-line gear was fished at 3 loca- tions. The catches were considered poor, both in terms of numbers and spe- cies caught. The total catch consisted of 1 yellowfin, 2 big-eyed, and 1 skip- jack tuna, 1 striped marlin, 2 sailfish, 4 white-tip sharks, 4 great blue sharks, 4 mahimahi, and 1 Alepisauris. Temperature Discontinuity Studies: Five $-hour surface plankton hauls with a 1-meter net were made across a tem- perature discontinuity encountered south of the island of Molokai. The temperature gradient consisted ofal-degree (80.0 F. to 81.0 F.) change in surface tempera- ture which occurred within 5 minutes of traveling at 8-9knots. Additional data col- lected were subsurface temperatures at close intervals withthe bathythermograph and water samples for both inorganic phos- phate and salinity determinations. Sampling for Serological Studies: Twenty-four 0-60 meter plankton sam- ples, from whichtunalarvae will be © - BT POSITION c= PLANKTON TOWS LONGLINE STATIONS — - BIRD FLOCKS V7 > 34.9 SURF. SALINITY \<34.5 SURF SALINITY YF - YELLOWFIN BE -S8IGEYED SJ —SKIPJACK SM - STRIPED MARLIN SF - SAILFISH COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 separated, were preserved and frozen in 10-percent formalin, 70-percent methan- ol, and sea water. Whole blood samples from eight skip- jack were preserved and frozen in a gly- cerol-citrate solution. Meat samples from 10 skipjack were frozen and returned to the laboratory. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1959 p. 27, and November p. 30. mK Ok OK oe AK STUDIES SHOW SEPARATE STOCKS OF ALBACORE TUNA NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR IN CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN: _ A study of the sexual maturity and the time and area of spawning of albacore tuna in the central South Pacific Ocean indicates that the stocks north and south of the equator are separate. This study by the Honolulu Fisheries Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries is based on the exam- ination of gonads collected from albacore landed in American Samoa. SK — SHARK DO - DOLPHIN Z ° TEMPERATURE g U5 iY yy Yi, = A J POLE & LINE FISHING 0 TAGGED 54 SJ ME 155° M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 46 (September 15-October 18, 1959). 32 Albacore are landed in American Samoa throughout the year. A continu- ous series of samples could thus be ob- tained for the study of seasonal varia- tion in gonad development. In July 1957, arrangements were made to obtain gon- ad samples from seven randomly-select- ed albacore from each landing. Gonads from both sexes were collected to as- sure complete randomness in sampling. A total of 1,772 pairs were collected during the period July 1957 to Septem- ber 1958, At the laboratory the gonads were weighed. No further work was done with the testes. The ovaries were sectioned, examined by microscope, and the stage of development recorded. A sample of 25 of the largest ova were measured. The relative stages of maturity of the ova were examined with respect to the time of capture. The proportion of ovaries in the "late development" stage increased from July 1957 to a maximum in December-January and declined to a minimum in May 1958. The proportion increased in June 1958, The annual spawning cycle is thus tentatively de- fined. The areas of capture, considered a- long with the relative stages of maturity of the ova, indicate that the South Pacific albacore probably spawn between 10° 8. and 20 S. latitude between 140 W. and 170° E. longitude, the eastern and west- ern limits of the area from which sam- ples were received. Those samples of fish caught between 20 S. and 30 S. latitude had ovaries which were not in advanced stages of development. While there may be some intermin- gling of albacore stocks across the e- quator, the November- March (southern summer) spawning season in the South Pacific, as contrasted to the suspected May-August (northern summer) spawn- ing season in the North Pacific, suggests that the stocks in the two hemispheres may be separate. This separation is further suggested by the scarcity of fish between 20° N. and 10 S. latitude as re- vealed from catches of both commercial and research vessels. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Volk 122, Nori In addition, tagging experiments have shown Pacific-wide albacore movements in the Northern Hemisphere, but no tag- ged albacore released in the North Pa- cific have been recaptured in the South Pacific. The results of the albacore gonad sampling in the South Pacific and studies of the distribution and size composition of albacore in both hemispheres, along with data available from other research activities and from commercial fisher- ies, all support the hypothesis that there are separate albacore stocks in the two hemispheres and that their distribution approximates a mirror image. Consumption SURVEY OF FISH CONSUMPTION IN PUBLIC EATING PLACES COMPLETED: A survey of the consumption of frozen processed fish and shellfish in institu- tions and public eating places in ten se- lected cities has been completed and submitted by the contractor to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, The survey provides basic marketing data to aid the fishing industry in its con- tinuing efforts to increase the consump- tion of fish and shellfish. In the course of this study, approximately 4,400 inter- views were obtained in order to deter- mine the proportion of establishments January 1960 using frozen processed fish, shellfish, and fish portions; quantities purchased according to species; sources of sup- plies; attitude as to the quality and con- dition of the merchandise received from the suppliers; ideas on packaging and profitability of serving frozen processed fishery products; methods of cooking; awareness and usage of government- inspected fishery products; reasons for not using frozen processed fishery prod- ucts; and other information which might be developed during the interview. Four classes of establishments were defined for this study and included: es- tablishments primarily engaged inserv- ing foods to the general public (restau- rants, cafeterias, etc.); establishments serving food to limited groups of people (schools, industrial plants, commercial enterprises); establishments serving foods to captive groups of people (hos- pitals, prisons, etc.); and miscellaneous establishments (drug stores, lunch coun- ters, clubs). The results of the survey will be pub- lished in 11 sections, one for each ofthe cities anda Technical Appendix describ- ing the methods usedinthe study. Inter- views for this project were made in the following cities, Atlanta, Ga.; Chicago, Ill.; Cleveland, Ohio; Denver, Colo.; Houston, Tex.; Los Angeles, Calif.; Omaha, Nebr.; Portland, Ore.; Spring- field, Mass.; and New York City. The work was sponsored by the Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and was fi- nanced with funds provided by the Salton- stall-Kennedy Act to increase production and markets for the domestic fishing in- dustry. The actual field interviews and tabulations were performed by a New York City research firm at a cost of $57,000. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1958 p. 37. Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY-OCTOBER 1959: Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products For the use of the Armed Forces under COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 the Department of Defense, 1.9 million pounds (value $1.1 million) of fresh and frozen fishery products were purchased in October 1959 by the Military Subsis- tence Supply Agency. This exceeded the Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, October 1959 with Comparisons Reema VALUE nies sniaaeas| October 1958 [1959 [1958] 1959 [ 1958 bia $1, 000' quantity purchased in September by 10.6 percent and was 29.1 percent higher than the amount purchased in October 1958. The value of the purchases in October 1959 was up by 14.9 percent as compared with September and 24.2 percent more than for October 1958. During the first ten months of 1959 purchases totaled 19.4 million pounds (valued at $10.0 million)--an increase of 0.3 percent in quantity but lower by 9.3 percent in value as compared with the similar period of 1958. Prices paid for fresh and frozen fish- ery products by the Department of De- fense in October 1959 averaged 54.6 cents a pound, about 2.0 cents more than the 52.6 cents paid in September and 2.1 cents less than the 56.7 cents paid during October 1958. Canned Fishery Products: Salmon was the principal canned fishery product pur- Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, October 1959 with Comparisons QUANTITY VALUE Product] October | Jan. -Oct. |October 1959 1 1958 | 1959 [1958 [1959 [1958] 1959 1/Unavailable. chased for the use of the Armed Forces during October this year. In the first 10 months of 1959, purchases of canned tuna were lower by 33.8 percent, canned salm- on lower by 75.9 percent, but canned sar- dine purchases increased elevenfoldas compared with January-October 1958. Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some lo- cal purchases not included in the data given; actual to- tal purchases are higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtainable. ooooo000! 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Federal Aid Funds for Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration Allotted to States for Fiscal Year 1960 Federal Aid funds totaling $20.6 million, which includes the last of the five Pittman-Robertson "backlog" allotments of almost $2.7 million each, have been apportioned to the states for their fish and game restoration programs for the year end- ing June 30, 1960, the Secretary of the Interior an nounced on November 18, 1959. Fish restoration funds for fiscal year 1960 amount to $5.3 million; game restoration, $15.3 million. The program is administered by Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Apportionments of Federal Aid Funds to States for Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration, Fiscal Year 1960 Sport ee Nlabamacr ee Te ae $100, 569. 39 | $278, 169. 87 263,500.00 | 790,000.00 94,220.77 | 334,814.01 EMS eee 15,962.61] 244,807.77 A .akercrinh a ieeias 263,500.00] 715,651.11 EST RU ENS 117,618.54 | 351,939.01 ERE PONE. 52,700.00] 79,000.00 a aes 52,700.00} 79,000.00 AeA RAS Sie abs 106, 843.39 | 222,612.58 pee ee BAe 100, 499.30 | 256,548.51 52,700.00 | 79,000.00 Baer enue 83,269.54 | 296,603.43 Sheers 154,089.16 | 394,056.93 mtg ad 139,962.69 | 417,762.83 Shee es 89,789.30 | 310,712.66 Sas f pee eae 83,751.76 | 300,296.72 \Kentucky......... . | 82,924.33 | 249,518.82 uisiana,......... | 57,324.44 | 261,916.05 aine .. ‘ ... | 52,700.00 | 170,568.56 arylandlye ear) sa sycoge . | 52,700.00 | 105,732.40 epecnany SE . | 52,700.00 | 82,929.89 Michigan), ... 2... 214,605.89 | 487,518.57 Minnesotat/........ | 263,500.00 | 368, 367.80 Mississipp} Se oon 64 6 || eencee ses || Pasko issourit/ » 2... eyes 136,064.65 | 347,067.67 Outana. (aie . . | 123,173.59 | 473, 192.84 Nebraska. ......... | 74,045.23 | 274,876.58 Nevada...... .....| 72,928.50 | 296,096.40 New Hampshire ...... | 52,700.00] 79,000.00 NewiJerseyiayememekelic ne 52,700.00 99, 289.38 New Mexico. ....... | 88,700.54 | 350,799.04 New York ......... | 148,425.26 | 608,667.74 INorth (Carolinas 2). =. << 87,252.12 312, 438.10 North Dakota ....... | 52,700.00 | 231,876.75 Ohiow te Gis. wis ...... | 154,402.37 | 444,084.00 Oklahoma ......... | 110,363.30 | 266, 308.45 Oxregonveyreyisn ct cicl site Motte 111,651.99 Pennsylvania. . . «2 © ee | ao tie cae. Rhodevisland'. <<. <= fs 52,700.00 South Carolina. . aie 54, 638.58 South Dakotas << 2) 0 <1« « 63, 679.06 MierMemee aden. suis feye to 127,556.15 MexaSivelsinoments! dicks + - « | 263,500.00 Wtahiierey «vemetre HOO DD 70,748.64 Wermont is) esileiiei is KelceiveiKe 52,700.00 Virginia siejieite 81,724.27 Washington isi’ et ili eile 3 98,507.82 308, 869, 39 West Virginia .......| 52,700.00] 194, 397.3 Wasconsin=/5) ale) sheieeuene 197, 180.32 331, 460.62 WiyOm'indgir,wearmcuouetane 83,515.09 312, 323.89 1/Portion of funds in the aggregate sum of $523, 221.99 temporarily withheld pending receipt of acceptable certification of paid hunting license holders. Vole Z2ea Nod These funds are derived from Federal excise taxes collected from the manufacturers--an 11- percent tax on sporting guns and ammunition for the restoration of game (Pittman-Robertson Act, approved September 2, 1937) and a 10-percent tax on fishing rods, reels, creels, and artificial lures, baits and flies (Dingell-Johnson Act, approved Au- gust 9, 1950). Both taxes apply on the manufac - turer's price. Guam, which became eligible for Federal Aid in 1958, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands each receive $12,000 a year for game restoration pro- grams and $10,000 each for fish restoration. Federal Aid money is matched by state money on the basis of $3 Federal Aid to $1 state funds, although in actual practice the states carry out all projects with their own funds, and are reimbursed for up to 75 percent of project costs. To obtain the benefits of the Federal grants, the states submit project proposals to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. When Federal Aid projects are approved by the Bureau, the states fish and game departments proceed to carry out the plans, spending their own funds. The states then submit reimbursement claims for 75 percent of the costs of the project, either periodically or at the completion of the work. All equipment, lands, and structures become the property of the states. All project workers are hired by the states and are state employees. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1958, p. 34. Fish Flour POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL VALUE: Edible fish flour might well be our most nutritionally-important, economi- cally-valuable, and politically-significant fishery product of the future. At the fall 1959 meeting of the Ameri- can Fisheries Advisory Committee in Newport News, Va., the members, their wives, and guests were served chocolate chip cookies made with an ordinary pack- age mix to which 2 tablespoonsful of whole menhaden edible fish flour were added. None of those present were aware of the addition of fish flour until the con- cluding speaker told them about it, be- cause the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries! home economists had made certain that the cookies with fish flour looked, tasted, and crumbled exactly the same as cookies any homemaker might make with the same packaged mix. The January 1960 nutritional difference, however, was tremendous. "Tf you ate the same number of cook- ies as I did,'' the speaker told them, "amazingly enough we got nearly one- fifth of our daily requirement of animal protein." The fish flour is made tasteless, near- ly white, and odorless by removing the last trace of fish oils. The flour will keep nearly indefinitely as samples have been stored at room temperature for more than a year without spoiling. Fish flour, which is more than 80 per- cent high-quality protein, can benefit both the fishing industry and the consum- er. Industry could prepare fish flour during times when raw fish are in abun- dant supply for future use when supplies are short. Fish flour, properly dryed and defatted, can be shipped and stored easily and inexpensively. In addition, it provides a low-cost additive to other food preparations. The consumer would benefit because nearly two-thirds of the world's population have a need for more animal protein. Feeding overpopulated nations appar- ently is not a problem that must be faced only by certain countries. In the future this may be a world-wide problem. The products of the sea apparently hold the answer. It has been estimated that the potential of our oceans is 500 million tons of food annually. A problem remaining after harvesting this potential is one of processing to insure that the harvest is suitable, readily available, and given op- timum utilization for food. A satisfac- tory fish flour offers a solution to this problem. Fishways PROBLEMS OF PASSAGE OF FISH OVER OXBOW DAM DISCUSSED AT CONFERENCE: During the late summer and fall 1959 months, the Idaho Power Company and Federal and State fishery agencies have been considering what temporary or permanent facilities should be used in COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 passing anadromous fish at the Hells Canyon and Oxbow Dams. The fishery agencies had contemplated releasing adult fish in the forebay of the Hells Canyon Dam so that they can swim upstream to Oxbow Dam. This would permit the two tributaries just below Ox- bow Dam to continue producing anadrom- ous fish runs and reduce excessive haul- ing of adult fish. The remaining fish bound for spawning areas above would then be collected at the permanent up- stream migrant facilities at Oxbow Dam and hauled above Brownlee Dam to pro- ceed to their ancestral spawning area. It was agreed at a conference held at Washington, D. C., on June 11, 1959, that the Idaho Power Company and the fishery agencies would consider a pro- posal of the Company to modify an exist- ing order of the Federal Power Com- mission. The Company proposes pass- ing fish from Hells Canyon Dam direct- ly to the Brownlee Reservoir, thus elim- inating from production the tributary streams entering the Snake River below the Oxbow Dam. The principal reason for making this proposal is to cut the cost of fish handling. Several alterna- tive methods of passing fish have been under consideration since the meeting. The Company, however, has informed the Federal Power Commission by letter of September 4, 1959, that the cost of facilities proposed by the fishery agen- cies exceeds their proposed method of handling the fish by about $1,700,000 for original construction cost and exceeds the annual operating cost by $200,000. The Company has requested a final de- termination by the Commission in the matter and has requested that a hearing be set at the earliest possible date. Great Lakes LAKE SUPERIOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORTS ON FISHERY TRENDS: The Lake Superior Advisory Committee met about mid- November in Baraga, Mich., to ‘‘advise the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission on matters pertaining to sea lam- prey control, lake trout rehabilitation, and other related matters.’’ Representatives were present from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, the Great Lakes Fisheries Commis- 36 sion, U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and U. S, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. It was reported that progress in the control of the sea lamprey has been ef- fected by three methods--mechanical barriers, electrical barriers, and the newer chemical treatment. Much of the control work centered in Michigan and Wisconsin streams and significant reductions have been made in some areas, Because of the rapid progress in the development and application of methods to control the lamprey, the Com- mission is actively engaged in means of rehabilitating the lake trout. The lake trout commercial fishery in the Isle Royaland Minnesota areas was smaller for 1959, the poundage of large trout was less, and the total catch was down, accord- ing to a representative from Minnesota. The small one- pound trout was down but the two- and three-pound trout seemed to be plentiful. Even though there were some encouraging reports of trout in Lake Superior, experts warned not to view the future with optimism, The Superior lake trout production of about 1.5 million pounds in 1958 was 69 percent less than the 1950 pro- duction, and 38 percent less than the 1956 catch. To assist in the rehabilitation program, the U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is operating two research vessels in Lake Superior. The vessels are experimentally fishing with mesh gill nets and especially designed trawls. This will give information on the younger age-classes of trout, some of which already indicates a severe shortage of young age trout. Fishing over the known spawning grounds gives information on the extent of fall spawning. In past years eggs have been obtained from Lake Superior for use in the hatcheries, but native fish are now so hard to find, other sources are being sought. In some hatcheries brood stocks are being developed and collections from vari- ous inland lakes have been started by Federal and state agencies, Minnesota will attempt to carry out spawn-taking opera- tions in three inland lakes along the Gunflint Trail area. The lakes are Musquash, Daniels, and Saganaga. Trap and gill nets are used. In addition, the research section planned to use an electrical shocking device to capture mature trout on the spawning grounds. The work will be carried out at night. Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research LAKE ERIE EXPLORATORY SMELT FISHING: The Great Lakes Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research program of the U. S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries is assisting the commercial indus- try of the Great Lakes by trying to find new fish- ery resources. Also included are ways of fishing the resources found by the introduction and devel- opment of suitable gear. A major project, undertaken in cooperation with the Ohio Division of Wildlife, has involved ways and means of profitably catching commercial quan- tities of smelt in Lake Erie. Using the Bureau- chartered M/V Active, experiments have been con- ducted with Gulf of Mexico-type trawls and with the adaption of trawling gear to existing Great Lakes fishing vessels. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 These efforts have been successful. During the fall of 1959, 7 tons of smelt were landed in one day which shows that trawling for that species in Lake Erie has commercial possibilities. ae OK OK OK EXPERIMENTAL TRAWLING FOR SMELT IN LAKE ERIE YIELDS COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES: M/V "Active'’ Cruise 6: Commercial quantities of smelt were taken throughout the deeper waters of east central Lake Erie, between Fairport Harbor, Ohio, and Erie, Pa. , during a 17-day cruise (Septem- ber 22-October 8, 1959) of the U.S. Bureauof Com- mercial Fisheries chartered vessel Active. The purpose of the cruise was to gather additional infor- mationonthe smeltfishery potential and to at- tempt commercial-scale production. —— ouNDARE. —— oe v.s CANADA ke 3 ga \ = — Bede rand = 7 K LA \\ \GZ ae 2 “a Zw ce Ww i OAshtabula OH / fo} ' 1 ' ' ' © Fairport } M/V Active Cruise 6 (September 22-October 8, 1959), Forty-one trawl tows with a 50-foot two-seam balloon trawl, fitted with a one-inch mesh cod-end, produced over 52,000 pounds of smelt and small amounts of burbot, yellow perch, and herring. The best fishing results were obtained in 11-, to 13- fathom depths from Ashtabula to Conneaut, Ohio, where catch rates of smelt (8 to 20 to the pound) ranged from 2,200-5,000 pounds an hour, the best day's fishing yielded 14,000 pounds of marketable smelt. Smaller concentrations of smelt found northwest of Erie, Pa., produced trawl catches up to 1,500 pounds an hour. Gear damage was light. Four days fishing were lost due to bad weather and winds up to 40 miles an hour. The adverse weather had little observed effect upon the smelt concentrations. Surface schools of emerald shin- ers were observed in the Conneaut and Erie areas. No seine sets were attempted. Surface water temperatures were observed to be considerably cooler than during cruise 5 witha range of 66 F. to 68.5 F. Bottom temperatures ranged from 48° F. to 58 F. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Reyiew, December 1959 p. 49. COD January 1960 Great Lakes Fishery Investigations SURVEY OF EASTERN LAKE SUPERIOR CONTINUED: ~ M/V “Cisco” Cruise 7: During the cruise the Cisco operated in southeastern Lake Superior from Marquette to Batchawana Bay, as in cruises l, 3 and 5. Standard gangs of gill nets were set at 20 fath- oms off Marquette; 15 fathoms in Shelter Bay; 35 fathoms in Munising Bay (2 gangs); 25, 50, 75, and 100 fathoms off Grand Marais; and 25, 35, 50, and 70 fathoms in Whitefish Bay. In addition, a stand- ard gang minus the larger mesh sizes (4 to 6 inch- es) was set at 5 fathoms in Munising Bay. Research vessel of the Service's Great Lakes Fishery In- vestigations. The gill nets set off Marquette took only 5 lake trout, 5 burbot, 8 smelt, and 4 lake herring. The nets in Shelter Bay caught an unusually large num- ber of longnose sucker (255), and little else (3 lake trout, a few whitefish, smelt, herring, a single bur- bot). The catch in the shallow set in Munising Bay was dominated by yellow perch (95) and round white- fish (56). Small numbers of whitefish, longnose sucker, white sucker, smelt, and one rainbow trout were also taken. The catch from the deeper sets in Munising Bay consisted mostly of Leucichthys hoyi (average 150 per set) and whitefish (30 per a plus a few smelt and 3 lake trout. A total of 25 lake trout was taken in gill nets at 25 fathoms and one at 50 fathoms off Grand Marais. One of these trout bore a fin-clip indicating it was stocked. Chub catches off Grand Marais were light at 25, 50, and 100 fathoms (45, 75, and 100 chubs, respectively) and moderate at 75 fathoms (141). Catches were mostly L. hoyi at 25 fathoms, L. reighardi at 50 fathoms, and L. kiyi in the deep- er sets. ew L. nigripinnis and lake herring were taken at all depths. The only other species taken off Grand Marais were burbot (4 at 25 fath- oms) and smelt (2 at 25 fathoms). No lake trout were caught in gill nets set in Whitefish Bay. Chub catches were light at 25 and 35 fathoms (36 and 80, respectively), heavy at 50 fathoms (364) and moderate at 70 fathoms (129). L. hoyi made up 86, 80, and 65 percent of the catches at 25, 50, and 70 fathoms, respectively, but was slightly less numerous than L. reighardi at 35 fathoms. L. kiyi, L. nigripinnis, and L. zeni- thicus were caught in only small numbers. Other species were smelt (92 at 25 fathoms), alewife (only one), and an occasional burbot, white sucker, perch, and pygmy whitefish. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 Trawling operations: were carried out at depths ranging from 3 to 10 fathoms off Marquette, 15 to 25 fathoms in Shelter Bay, and 10 to 20fathoms off Grand Marais. No age-group 0 lake trout were netted. Catches were mostly ninespine stickle- backs (more than 1,500 per 10-minute tow off Grand Marais) and slimy sculpins, plus a few smelt fry, trout-perch, and age-group 0 alewives. The ale- wives were taken from a sandy bottom about 3 miles southeast of Marquette and are believed to be the first young alewives taken from Lake Supe- rior. Surface water temperature averaged about 14°C. (57.20 F.) at the beginning of the cruise and 13° C. (55.45 F.) at the end. Extremes were 15.6 C. (60.0 F.) and 12.8 C. (55.0° F.). The metalim- nion for the most part continues to be well defined in deep-water areas. Cruise 8: Activities of the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries research vessel Cisco during October 13-29, 1959, were severely restricted due to extremely bad weather. The primary objective of this cruise was to ascertain the general status of the spawning stock of lake trout in the Marquette, Mich., area of Lake Superior, by setting gill nets on known spawning reefs. Four lifts, each of about 4,500 feet of large-mesh (4- to 6-inch) gill net, were made. Only two lake trout, both ripe males, were caught on the reefs. These meager data, of course, suggest a very small spawning stock. Nets set in this area in 1952 and 1953 took 157 and 65 pounds of spawning lake trout per 1,000 feet of gill net, respectively, while nets set this cruise took 0.5 pounds of spawning lake trout per 1,000 feet of net. Moderate numbers of longnose suckers, and a few burbot and whitefish (the largest 9 pounds) were also caught in the large-mesh nets. Small amounts of 14- and 2-inch mesh attached to the large mesh took round whitefish (up to 35 per lift), smelt, and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), The stom- achs of all species but the dace were examined for lake trout eggs, and none were found. Standard gangs of gill nets were set at 25, 50, 75, and 100 fathoms off Marquette. The 25- and 50-fathom sets were for 1 night, but the deeper sets were out for 6 nights before they could be lifted. Four lake trout were taken at 25 fathoms, 3 at 50 fathoms, 3 (1 siscowet) at 75 fathoms, and 1 (a siscowet) at 100 fathoms. None of these lake trout were in spawning condition. There were no chubs taken at 25 fathoms, but the chub catch was moderately large (194) at 50 fathoms. At 75 and 100 fathoms the chub catches were large (998 and 343, respectively), possibly because the nets were in the water longer. The chubs were mostly Leu- cichthys reighardi (70 percent) at 50 fathoms, and L. kiyi at 75 and 100 fathoms (82 percent and 87 percent, respectively). Other species were L. hoyi (50 fathoms) and L. nigripinnis (100 fathoms). Also taken in the standard gangs were lake herring (40 each at 75 and at 100 fathoms), burbot (23 at 25 fathoms, 1 at 75 fathoms, and 30 at 100 fathoms), and smelt (30 at 25 fathoms). Trawls were towed at 20, 25, and 30 fathoms in Shelter Bay. No O-age class lake trout were caught. Slimy sculpins, ninespine sticklebacks, and trout- perch comprised most of the catches, There were 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW also afew small smelt and whitefish or re- lated species. Complete hydrographic data were collected at a regular station in Shelter Bay. Surface water cooled rather rapidly during the cruise, and by the end of the cruise the water became vertically homo- thermous, or nearly so, indepths less than 30 fath- omg. Sur fa ce water temperatures ranged from Gi2merG(43s0 ae tonic. (5255s Ee) Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Reyiew, November 1959 p. 27, and December 1959 p. 52. ok ok ok ok WESTERN LAKE ERIE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONTINUED: M/V "George L.'' Cruise 8: Habitat conditions and fish compositions were measured by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel George L. at the 7 "index" stations in western Lake Erie during the tirst two weeks of October 1959. Scales were taken from samples of commercial landings during the last 2 weeks at several ports on the south shore, Surface-water temperatures dropped from 70° to 60 F. between October 5 and October 15. Al- though habitat conditions appeared normal, trawl catches of fish were low. Little food was found in the stomachs of yearling or older yellow perch. This situation was not unusual, however, since a large percentage of perch examined after August 1 had been empty. Catches of young-of-the-year yellow pike were light. Apparently they were becoming too large to be caught efficiently by trawl. Young yellow pike began to appear in trap nets in the Sandusky area in fairly large numbers during October, and by the end of the month they averaged slightly more than 10 inches long. The samples of yellow pike, sheepshead, yellow perch, and white bass obtained from the commer- cial catches were adequate, but so few blue pike, cisco, and white fish were caught in October that good samples of these species could not be obtain- ed. The combined catches of ''money'' fish--blue pike, yellow pike, cisco, and whitefish from Lake Erie in 1959 were the lowest on record. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959 p. 50- He OK OK OK Vol. 22, No. 1 WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR FISHERY SURVEY CONTINUED: M/V "Siscowet" Cruise 8: A study of the abun- dance and distribution of spawning lake trout in western Lake Superior was conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Siscowet during October 13-29, 1959. Gangs of large-mesh nets (5- to 6-inch mesh stretched meas- ure) were set over spawning grounds known to have been productive in earlier years. Attached to each gang were two small-mesh nets (13- and 24-inch mesh) to learn the abundance of other species on the spawning grounds. Each gang consisted of ap- proximately 3,000 feet of large-mesh nets and 600 feet of small-mesh nets. A total of 44,700 feet of large-mesh and 7,050 feet of small-mesh nets was lifted during the cruise. The spawning grounds were as follows: Sand Is- land Shoal, York Island Shoal, Oak Island Shoal, Devils Island Shoal, Rocky Island Shoal, Cat Island Shoal, Manitou Island Shoal, Outer Island Shoals (two separate shoals were fished), and Bad River Reef. Two sets were made each on York, Devils, and Rocky Island Shoals, and one set was made on each of the remaining shoals. Table 1 lists the number of spawning trout taken from each set and the number and identity of as- sociated species taken in the small-mesh nets. All of the 20 spawning lake trout captured were males 22.6 to 33.5 inches long. Sixteen of them were tagged and released. Stomach samples were col- lected from the associated species for future ex- amination in the laboratory. Stomachs examined on the vessel contained no lake trout eggs. Spawn-taking operations on Gull Island Shoal and adjacent areas by the Wisconsin Conservation Department took place concurrently with the Sis- cowet's operations. A total of 194 trout were taken in this operation, only 30 of which were females; 100 fish were tagged and released by Wisconsin Conservation Department and Bureau personnel. The water temperature during the cruise varied from 44.7" F. on Sand Island Shoal to 49.5 F. on Manitou Island Shoal. Table 1 - Lake Trout and Other Species Taken from Gill Nets Set on Various Spawning Shoals During the Lake Trout Spawnin Period Lake Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Reyiew, December 1959 p. 51. Date Location Depth bisa Burbot| Northern JOE prevent [Ggiaia ala Glnmaba Glo ic ct. 14 |York Isle Shoal..... 4-7 = 16 | Devils Isle Shoal. ... 8-11 1 19 | Cat Isle Shoal. ..... 4-8 2 19 | Rocky Isle Shoal.... 4-8 = 20 } Manitou Isle Shoal... 4-29 3 20'| Oak Isle"Shoaly . 2... 4-9 = 22 |N. Outer Isle Shoal .. 4-9 2 22 |W. Outer Isle Shoal. . ao = 24 | Devils Isle Shoal. ... 8-9 10 24 | Rocky Isle Shoal.... 4-13 2 28 | York Isle Shoal. .... 4-8 = 28 | Sand Isle Shoal..... 4-9 = 29 | Bad River Reef .... 8-9 = _ AE (& ES, North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research ELECTRICAL TRAWL-FISHING TESTS OBSERVED WITH UNDERWATER TELEVISION: M/V “Cape May”: Tests of electrical trawl-fishing by the commercial re- search vessel Cape May were observed by U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies gear specialists utilizing Bureau underwater television equipment. The tests were made on the southern part of Stellwagen Bank in 11-15 fathoms from September 21 to October 6, 1959. The underwater television camera was suspended on a chain bridle from the top square of a modified No. 41 trawl looking forward toward the mouth of the net: The positive electrode was attached to the headrope of the trawl and was hung directly off the bottom in view of the television camera. The negative electrode was trailed on a cable into the cod end. The electronic apparatus of high-power output aboard the M/V Cape May was connected by a heavy rubber - jacketed two-conductor cable to the two V-shaped copper pipe electrodes. Bas- ically, the electronic system charges and discharges a large bank of capaci- tors through ignitrons at the desired pulse amplitude, width, and frequency. Because of limitations of visibility, due to turbid water and the narrow angle of camera view, it was not possible to observe the total area in which the elec- tric field was effective. Only the area Vol. 22, No. 1 of very strong fields close to the positive electrode was seen. The electronic pul- sing unit was switched on when fish ap- peared on the television monitor screen, and all of the species within the camera's field were stunned immediately. While fishing at standard trawl speeds, obser- vations were made on the reaction of various species of fish, including yel- lowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), skate (Raja sp.), and dogfish (Squalus acanthias). The yellowtail flounder and the skate consistently curled up under the influence of the electrical field; flounder from head to tail, and the skate from wing-tip to wing-tip. At one period during the operation, fish were not in evidence on the monitor screen. However, when the electronic unit was switched on, stunned fish (hake) were seen drifting by the camera in an inverted posi- tion into the mouthof thenet. Thesefish continued to enter the net as longas the electric unit was in operation. A photographic record of fish behavior was obtained from the television monitor screen, North Atlantic Fishery Investigations SURVEY OF STOCKS OF JUVENILE HADDOCK ON GEORGES BANK AND VICINITY COMPLETED: M/V "Delaware" Cruises 12 and 13: Two cruises were made (September 23-Oc- tober 27, 1959) by the U.S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries researchand explora- tory fishing vessel Delaware to survey young -of-the-year haddock and older had- dock populations on Georges Bank, the Gulf of Maine, Browns Bank, and the area be- tween Georges Bank and Southern Long Is- land, N. Y. The annual census, made by biologists from the Bureau's Woods Hole Biologi- cal Laboratory showed that the 1959 year-class, spawned mostly in February and March this year, does not appear to be a particularly strong one. Juvenile haddock were much less abundant on the eastern part of Georges Bank than they were in 1958, about the same as in 1958 on Browns Bank, but somewhat more a- bundant in the South Channel area. On January 1960 the average the 1959 haddock year-class does not appear to be as strong as the one produced in 1958. Fish of the 1959 year-class will be large enough to be taken by commercial boats with legal, large-mesh nets late in the summer and fall of 1961. The Service's research vessel Delaware. The 1958 year-class, due to enter the fishery in the summer and fall of 1960, was found to be abundant during the 1958 census cruises. A reassessment of the strength of this year-class will be made on the basis of the number of one-year old fish in the samples collected in Sep- tember-October 1959 cruises. When an analysis of samples has been completed an announcement will be made regard- ing a revised estimate of the strength of the 1958 year-class. The success of this 1958 year-class is particularly important to the New England groundfish industry, currently finding haddock at its lowest level of abundance in many years. Since about 1948 haddock populations on Georges Bank consisted of strong broods in even- numbered years and weaker ones in odd numbered years, but this sequence was broken when 1956 turned out to be a poor year for the survival of young fish. Since the intensive fishery depends on frequent successful broods to keep up the supply of fish on the banks, the relatively weak 1955, 1956, and 1957 year-classes have COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 considerably diminished the number of fish available to the New England trawl- ers. Fortunately the abundance of cod has increased somewhat as the abundance of haddock has decreased, and Bureau biologists state that this species should be relatively abundant for another year or longer. North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program EXPLORATORY SHRIMP FISHING OFF CENTRAL ALASKA: M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 44: Ex- ploratory shrimp fishing operations were conducted off the central Alaska coast between October 14-November 13, 1959, by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries' exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. a A total of 101 exploratory drags was made in the area from east of the Pye Islands to and including Prince William Sound at various depths between 20 and 233 fathoms. Except when snags were encountered, drags were of 30 minutes duration. All drags were with a 40-foot, flat, Gulf-of-Mexico-type shrimp trawl on a 5 feet x 23 feet 150-pound doors using a single warp and a 20-fathom bridle. Pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and sidestripe shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) were found in all waters fished at depths deeper than 40 fathoms. The largest catches during the explorations were made during two drags outside of Day Harbor: one drag, 13 miles north of Resurrection Cape, in 68-84 fathoms, yielded 330 pounds (heads on) of mixed pink and sidestripe shrimp; and another drag, 8 miles south southeast of Whid- bey Bay, in 55-59 fathoms, also resulted in a catch of 330 pounds of mixed shrimp. Poor bottom conditions in both areas limited the length of drags. Twelve oth- er drags in various localities produced from 100 to 300 pounds of shrimp each, and the remaining 87 drags yielded less than 100 pounds each. 44 | LEGEND: | LOCATION OF SHRIMP TRAWL ORAG — e COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viol 22ts NOME oe? e4c Ore surracto e 7 ALASKA 146°}00 "M/V John N. Cobb Cruise No. 44 (Oct.-Novy. 1959), A total of 600 pounds of marketable Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus) was taken in a drag 16 miles east of the Pye Islands in 90-102 fathoms. The ma- jority of the incidental fish catches, how- ever, were predominantly nonmarketable fish such as turbot, pollock, eulachon, and sculpins, and miscellaneous inverte- brates, including various starfish, sea anemones, and tanner crabs. (See map above.) WES Oysters EFFECT OF COPPER BARRIERS ON OYSTER MEATS STUDIED: The presence of copper in the experi- mental oyster drill barrier used in Chin- coteague Bay, Va., to surround oyster beds poses a problem of possible in- creased copper in the oyster meats. Many samples of oysters have been collected by shellfish biologists of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries at graduated distances from the barrier, and the meats examined. No excessive accumulation of the metal, whether they came from inside or directly outside the barrier-enclosed large beds, was re- vealed. However, in very small enclos- ures and in laboratory aquaria, the im- pounded oysters exposed to copper ap- peared to be greener in color than the controls. Precise analysis of the meats of these latter oysters will be made for copper content to evaluate the visual tests first used to check copper intake. PRODUCTION ON ATLANTIC COAST IN 1959/60 MAY HIT NEW LOW: The Atlantic Coast 1959/60 oyster season will probably go into the record as the year of lowest production of oys- ters. The Atlantic Coast industry, north of Chesapeake Bay, has reached a new low. Practically no oysters will be pro- duced from the entire Delaware Bay sys- tem and the Long Island yield will befar January 1960 below its 1950/51 level. Even, the Chesapeake oysters will be less abun- dant than they were in 1958/59 and far below five years ago. A heavy summer death rate in the Lower Chesapeake Bay in Virginia is the major factor in this decline in yield., Coupled with a limited supply of oysters on the public beds in Maryland, the pros- pects are gloomy indeed. This scarcity of oysters has resulted in high prices for all shell stock and in rapid price increases for shucked stand- ards, selects, and extra selects. The prices for these grades are the highest on record. Some packers and repackers predict even further increases, although some report buyer resistance. While this difficult picture character- izes the Atlantic Coast, the Gulf and Pa- cific Coast oyster growers and packers indicate a somewhat more stable pro- duction equal if not in excess of 1958/59. This could well mean that the total financial return this season will be as high as 1958/59, even though the over- all production will drop. KOK kk ok UNITED STATES OYSTER PRODUCTION, 1958 WITH COMPARISONS: Over a period of nine years (1950- 1958), United States production of oys- ters has declined steadily. Production Table 1 - United States Production of Oyster Meats, 1958 with Comparisons 1958 | 1957 1954 6 6 G°0 152 174 Rhode Island . . 3 112 Connecticut. .. 244 443 1,067 | 1,708 2,720 | 7,329 4,194 | 4,340 14,144 | 20,363 20,090 | 21,224 1,086 1,009 2,562 217 66,397 | 71,658 | 81,922 | 76,415 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45, of oysters during the 1950-58 period has been relatively stable in the east coast areas south of Delaware, the Gulf of Mexico area, and on the West Coast, but the drop has been very sharp for the oyster-producing areas located in Dela- ware Bay; Great South Bay, Long Island, N. Y.; Long Island Sound; Narragansett ‘Bay in Rhode Island; and Buzzards Bay in Massachusetts. Production of oysters in northern California increased sharply following the large-scale planting of Ja- panese oyster seed in 1955-56. lth, ALASKA'S 1959 SALMON PACK LOW, BUT ESCAPEMENT FAIR: Salmon As of October 11, 1959, Alaska's salm- on pack amounted to only 1,770,795 cases (48 1-lb. cans) as compared with a total of 2,989,290 cases packed by October 1, 1958, Alaska's pack of salmon in 1959 was the lowest since 1900. There were slight increases in 1959 in the Alaska pack of sockeye or red salmon and king salmon, but sharp declines in the pack of pink salmon (637,714 cases as com- pared with 1,583,198 cases) and chum salmon (410,758 cases as compared with 758,891 cases). In Southeastern Alaska there was a slight gain over the cycle year (1957) in pink salmon, but a disas- terous decline in the pack of chums. In Central Alaska both the pink and chum salmon packs were down drastically, particularly pink salmon (only 165,681 cases in 1959 as compared to 809,937 cases in 1958). The severe drop in the pack of pink salmon was not reflected in the escape- ment. The salmon escapement to the salmon streams although far from ex- cellent, was relatively good as compared with the pack. me OK OK HK AK BRISTOL BAY RED SALMON RUN PREDICTION FOR 1960: Representatives of the Alaska Depart- ment of Fish and Game, Fisheries Re- search Institute of the University of Washington, and the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries met in Juneau 46 November 11, 1959, to consider the pos- sible size of the red salmon run in Bris- tol Bayin 1960. Background information which was available to the three agencies and ''pooled" for the study included the number and age of red salmon which had spawned in past years, the abundance of young salmon which had migrated to the ocean in recent years, and the abundance of immature red salmon in the ocean in recent years. As a result of the varying indications derived from these data two estimates were made. The first was based on the average relationship be- tween number of spawners and the re- sulting run, and the second was based on the abundance of young salmon migrating to sea combined with the abundance of im- mature red salmonintheocean. Thefirst method resulted in the prediction of arun of 18 million red salmon in Bristol Bay in 1960 and the second method of a run of 35 million red salmon. The actual 1960 run can be expected to deviate con- siderably from either prediction, although the three agencies believe that the most probable total run will be between these two estimates. Most of the difference in the two pre- dictions lies in the estimates for the Kvi- chak River. In 1956 there was an unusu- ally large number of spawning red salmon in this system and the Bristol Bay runin 1960 will depend primarily on the success of this spawning and the proportion that re- turns in 1960as 4-year-old fish. The fisheries agencies emphasized that the estimates will be effected by the size of the Japanese high-seas catch in 1960. The run of red salmon in Bristol Bay will be decreased in proportion to the take of red salmon on the high seas by Japanese fishermen. Fishery Program EXPLORATORY TRAWLING SURVEY OFF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA COASTS: M/V “Silver Bay Cruise 19: The sec- ond in a series of cruises to assess the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol 22. sNon: commercial fishing potential off the South Atlantic Coast was made by U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartered fish- ing vessel Silver Bay between October 14- 29, 1959. During the cruise 70 trawl tows were made in 5-50 fathoms between Lit- tle River Inlet, S. C., and Brunswick, Ga. Trawling gear consisted of 60/80-foot (60-foot headrope and 80-foot footrope) and 64/84-foot two-seam shrimp trawls equipped with 6-inch rollers and 54/74- foot fish trawls equipped with 24-inch rollers. All trawls were fished with tickler chains. Shrimp: Most of the fishing was con- ducted inside of the 20-fathom curve (60 drags), along the outer edge and adjacent to known shrimping grounds. Thirty-six drags inside of 10fathoms yielded white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) in 9 drags, brown shrimp (P. aztecus) in 15 drags, and pink shrimp (P. duorarum) in 12 drags. All three species were present in the same drag on two occasions. The highest catch rate for a combination of these shrimp species was 17 pounds (heads-on) per hour. Twenty-four drags between 10 and 20 fathoms caught small numbers of pink shrimp in 6 drags and a single brown shrimp. Average sizes for whites, browns, and pink shrimp ran 21-25 count (heads-off). Rock shrimp (Sicyonia) were most frequently en- countered between 10 and 20 fathoms; however, the best catch (10 pounds) was made in 50 fathoms. Fish: Fish catches were small over the entire area. Porgy or scup, croak- er, and spot made up the bulk of the catch which generally ran below 100 pounds an hour, although a one-hour drag in 19-21 fathoms caught 1,750 pounds of porgy, vermillion snapper, and sev- eral miscellaneous species. A few red snapper and grouper were taken in two of the six drags between 40 and 50fathoms. Catches of upto 30 pounds of flounder (fluke) were also made inthis range. Biological material representative of the area was collected and preserved for future study bya member of the staff of the Bureau's Biological Laboratory, Bruns- wick, Ga. January 1960 Daytime tows. Nighttime tows. Light attraction station. ° Charleston Oye Brunswick ; 81°./ Spotted Sea Trout TAGGING TO DETERMINE GROWTH RATES AND MIGRATIONS: A study to determine growth rates and migrations of spotted sea trout (Cynoscion nebulosus) off the west coast of Florida by tagging is being conducted by The Marine Laboratory of the Uni- versity of Miami. Returns indicate that the tagged spotted sea trout do not travel far from the point of release. A total of 3,759 sea trout have been tagged, of which 220 tags have been re- turned from fish released in the Fort Myers, Cedar Key, and Appalachicola, eate ‘ 4 0 ae) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 Fla., areas. All but 4 of the tagged fish were caught within 30 miles of the tag- ging site. The longest migration of a single fish was from Appalachicola, Fla., to Grand Island, La., or about 265 miles west from the tagging area. Two types of tags are being used in the experiments. One is an internal small green oval plastic tag that is in- serted in the body cavity of the fish and is found when the fish is cleaned. The second type is a yellow plastic tube about two inches in length attached to an inter- nal tag. The plastic tube protrudes from the body of the fish to aid in detection. 48 Standards TWO HEARINGS HELD ON FROZEN SALMON STEAK STANDARDS: Two open meetings were scheduled for final hearings on the United States Standards for Grade for Frozen Salmon Steaks. The meetings were conducted by technologists of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries prior to promul- gation of the Standards in the Federal Register early in 1960. An invitation to attend the hearings was extended to packers, brokers, distributors, users, and others interested in the grade stand- ards for frozen salmon steaks. The first meeting was scheduled No- vember 23 at Seattle, Wash. The second meeting was held on November 30 at New York City. 4 GOOD FISHING PREDICTED FOR POTOMAC RIVER AND CHESAPEAKE BAY IN 1960: In 1960 fishing for striped bass (rock- fish) in the Potomac River and Chesa- peake Bay promises to equal and per- haps exceed the record-breaking 1958 harvest, according to a prediction made by State and Federal biologists. Striped Bass A biologist of the Maryland Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory reported that a whopping crop of Potomac River 13-year-olds should reach the legal 12- inch minimum size by Aprilor May 1960, His observations have been confirmed by other observers. Support for the bonanza prediction came in the last two weeks when the biologists and his assistants, looking for fish to tag, noted an unusually large proportion of 10- and 11-inch striped bass in Potomac River pound nets. Scientists had seen indications of a very large crop during 1958/59 winter- trawling and tagging operations, but felt more evidence was needed before making a prediction. A creel census during the summer helped when it revealed anglers were plagued with undersized fish. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22; No. 1 The good news is a fringe benefit of a three-year project involving scientists from the Maryland Laboratory, the Vir- ginia Fisheries Laboratory, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Completing its first year, the coop- erative research is attempting to sketch the life history of the striped bass ina typical Chesapeake Bay estuary, and to discover how fast this species are caught and by whom. 2 Biologists are checking Potomac Riv- er fish concentration areas with trawls, tracking fish by releasing tagged fish, and noting where they are caught, and collecting size and abundance data by creel census and commercial catch rec- ords. Since the winter of 1958/59, 3,600 Potomac River striped bass have been tagged with oblong yellow plastic tags fastened with nylon thread through the hind part of the fish's back. Each tag is worth $1 to the fisherman who mails the tag plus details on where, when, and how the fish was taken to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Laboratory in Beau- fort, N. C. About 1,000 tags have been returned, leaving tags worth about $2,600 on fish yet to be caught. Returns to date suggest that while some Potomac River striped bass ven- ture far afield, most tend to stay put in home waters. The 1959 winter-trawling program, which lasted three weeks, upset the pre- vious suspicion that striped bass con- centrate only in deep holes in cold weath- er. Instead, scientists netted fish spread widely over a 35-mile stretch of river, at depths of 30 to 100 feet. The fish were quite active in_spite gf water tempera- tures from 34 to 37 F. The 1959 summer creel census yield- ed useful data on the sports catch al- though it was primarily intended to test data-gathering methods. A full-scale census will be undertaken in the summer and fall of 1960. The Maryland Laboratory director said the Potomac River project is an example of what can be accomplished January 1960 through interstate and interagency co- operation. Without such, a really full- scale study of the striped bass fishery would be years in the future. ''This program is the first really adequate at- tempt to provide fishery management with worthwhile tools needed badly," the Director stated. He added, ''If the striped bass' tend- ency to stay in home waters, such as the Potomac River, is verified, a possible outcome could be that agencies could manage the River as a unit independent from the Chesapeake Bay fishery. Fu- ture researchinthe larger bay will ben- efit considerably from experience gained in the Potomac River. Thetwo bodies of water have a remarkable resemblance." Tuna PURSE SEINING FOR TUNA OFF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1959 SUCCESSFUL: In 1951, a New England bluefin-tuna project was initiated by what is now the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to determine the feasibility of establish- ing a commercial tuna fishing industry in the New England region. In that and succeeding years, a number of types of gear were used in extensive areas off that area's coast. By 1954 it had been established that bluefin could be taken in commercial quantities, at least dur- ing the summer months, with purse-seine gear in inshore waters. The Bureau, having thus established the availability of the tuna and having found an efficient gear with which to cap- ture them, made an offer to loan any commercial fisherman a seine net, ac- cessory gear, and technical advice if that fisherman would convert his vessel to tuna seining and make available to the public any pertinent information. There were no takers. The resource lay un- tapped. But in 1958, a Provincetown, Mass., fisherman with a small otter trawler became interested in the project and ac- cepted the Bureau's 1954 offer. During the first season of operation, catches of sufficient size were made to indicate the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 commercial feasibility of this fishery. Between July 24and October 4, 1958, 38 sets were made and a total of 179 short tons of bluefin tuna was landed. The vessel spent the winter of 1958/59 trawling and recommenced the coopera- tive tuna-seining operation on August 2, 1959, again using the Bureau-owned equip- ment. Withacrewof nine men and in 21 trips, the small vessel had taken a total of 696 tons of tuna by the end of the season on September 26--inaninshore areain the vicinity of Provincetown, Mass. fo United States Fishing Fleet1/ Additions AUGUST 1959: A total of 36 vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued first documents as fish- ing craft during August 1959--adecrease of 22 vessels compared with the same monthin 1958. The Gulf area led with 14 vessels, while the South Atlantic area was second with 8 vessels, followed by the Pa- cific area with 7 vessels. . S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing | Craft by Areas, August 1959 able 1 - Oo .0 1010. 0 Go (UNbbeerY) Gg 5-6 66.0 New England. - Middle Atlantic . Chesapeake .. - South Atlantic . . a N'ntinpowpw!l vw Note: Vessels have been assigned to the various areas on the basis of their home ports. During the first eight months of 1959, a total of 358 vessels were issued first documents as fishing craft-- 142 below the same period of 1958. Most of the decline oc- curred in the Gulf area where 96 fewer ves- sels were documented in 1959 than in 1958. 1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. 2 ok ok ok ok Table 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued irst Documents as Fishing Craft by Tonnage, August 1959 eee ee 50 SEPTEMBER 1959: A total of 41 vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued first documents as fishing craft during September 1959-- a decrease of 24 vessels compared with the same month in 1958. The Gulf area continued to lead with 15 vessels. The Chesapeake area was second with 9 ves- sels, followed by the Pacific area with 7 vessels. able 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft by Areas, September 1959 Area 1959] 1958 | 1559] 1958] 1958 | New England Middle Atlantic Chesapeake ae a = 7 1 i Baa Ee ed EC EE EE the basis of their home ports. During the first nine months of 1959 a total of 399 vessels were issued first documents as fishing craft-- 166 below the same period of 1958. Ves- sels receiving first docu- ments from the Gulf States area dropped 114 below the 1958 nine-month period. re) United States Fishery Landings, January-September 1959 Table 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft by T September 1959 Landings of fish and shellfish in the United States during the first 9 months of 1959 totaled over 3.6 billion pounds-- about 11 percent higher than for the same period of 1958. Menhaden landings amounted to 1,851 million pounds dur- ing the first 9 months of 1959--a gain of 534 million pounds compared with the same period the preceding year. Land- ings of jack and Pacific mackerel increased along the Pa- cific Coast by 7 and 10 million pounds, respectively, during the nine-months period, In the South Atlantic and Gulf States, shrimp landings exceeded those of the previous year by 9 million pounds. In New England, whiting landings also re- corded a rise of 9 million pounds, During the first 9 months of 1959, landings of haddock and ocean perch in New England were down 8 and 13 mil- lion pounds, respectively. There was also a 16-million- pound decline in the yield of industrial fish in this area. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW |, 1/Preliminary . Viol 22. Now 1 Table 1 = United States Fishery Landings of Certain Species for Periods Shown, 1959 and 1958 V/ Total Species Period 1959 1958 1958 Slee ieleh Gls OUOUDSt)sraratohens Maine ec leletelatal= Boston ... Gloucester... MAINE). cl eleletelens Boston, 2 ccc Gloucester..... Total haddock, . Halibut 2/; Wash, and Oreg. . (AVASRa)eyojel eter (ore Mame. ...ccec- Alaska (season Mackerel, Calif.:— yack#yeyeisetetevcis Pacific ieinic slelels Maine vretelelerelohe ISOStOn eres ctleneveiiels) Gloucester..... Bedford (meats Shrimp (heads-on); South Atl, & Gulf, Washington. .... OFEZonre ie) etelcists Alaska vatevaleversis . | 9 mos. Sete Whiting: Maina laistelaloyells SOSTOUSyetevete}ot ats Gloucester..... 15,700 4,862 236,400] 269,004] 307,378 Others (not listed) 3/Excluding menhaden. 4/Landed weight. 2/Dressed weight. January 1960 Table 2 - United States Fishery Landings by States for Periods Shown, 1959 and 1958 V/ Total Period 1959 1958 1958 Mierershenel (LeOOORIDS*)eierarettere Maine yatetetel sits : Massachusetts 2/: Bostonuepererctercre Gloucester..... New Bedford ... Provincetown .. 100,334 185,102) 89,103) 111,669 17,957) 25,754 Total Mass. .. Rhode Island 3/.. . New York 8/..... New Jersey 3/ ... North Carolina 3/ . South Carolina 3/ . GeOrgiayireye)eiicic Florida 3/...... Aiabamalee eee ississippi 3/ ... Louisiana 37..... FREXASIS/Metatovelolete Ohio (Mar.~Aug.) . Oregon 2/,...... ington 2/,... 392,496 334,500 42,100 Atlantic, Chesapeake, South Atlantic, and | Gulf States (menhaden 9 mos, Herring (season OVED) eel onelele Salmonlyeperer eels Total of all above items 3,614, 100}3,319,824/4,308,537 Others (not listed 1/Preliminary. 2/Landed weight. 3/Excluding menhaden. 4/Includes catch of anchovies, jack and Pacific mackerel, Pacific sardines, squid, and tuna. Data on tuna are for the season to October; data on Pacific sardines are fora ten-months period. 5/Dressed weight. 6/Data not available. Note: Data principally represent weight of fish and shell- fish as landed except for mollusks which represent th weight of meats only. 3 Maine herring landings through the end of August amounted to 83 million pounds--down 23 million pounds as compared with the same period in 1958, Landings of Pacific sardines through the end cf October lagged nearly 103 million pounds behind the same period the previous year. California land- ings of tuna also decreased--down 33 million pounds, Total landings of Alaska salmon dropped from 239 million pounds in 1958 to 142 million pounds--the smallest catch since 1900. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 Landings of menhaden, Alaska herring, and industrial fish in Maine and Massachusetts used in the manufacture of meal and oil comprised 57 percent of the production during the first 9 months of 1959. This was 11 percent more than for the same period of 1958, U. S. Foreign Trade EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEPTEMBER 1959: Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and processed fish and shellfish into the U- nited Statés during September 1959 in- creased by 11.2 percent in quantity and 13.7 percent in value as compared with August 1959. The increase was due primarily to higher imports of ground- fish fillets (up 5.9 million pounds), and frozen tuna other than albacore (up 2.7 million pounds), andto a lesser degree, an increase in the imports of canned salmonandfrozenshrimp. The increase was partly offset by a drop in the im- ports of freshand frozensalmon(down 0.8 million pounds) and canned tuna in brine (down 0.4 million pounds). United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, September 1959 with Comparisons Fresh, frozen, & processed 1/ Fish & shellfish: Processed only 1/ (excluding fresh & frozen’ 1/ Includes pastes, sauces, other specialties. 3.3 clam chowder and juice, and Compared with September 1958, the imports in September 1959 were up by 3.1 percent in quantity and 0.4 percent invalue due to higher imports of canned salmon (up 2.1 million pounds) and fillets other than groundfish (up 1.6 million pounds). United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in September 1959 were high- er by 68.0 percent in quantity and 137.5 percent in value as compared with August 1959. Compared with the same month in 1958, the exports in September 1959 were higher by 129.1 percent in quantity and 192.3 percent in value due to sharply higher exports of relatively high-value 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW canned salmon and a 112-percent in- crease in exports of California sardines. KOK OK OK OK GROUNDFISH FILLET IMPORTS, OCTOBER 1959: During October 1959, imports of groundfish and ocean perch, classified as fillets, into the United States totaled 11.5 million pounds. Canada was the lead- ing country with 7.9 million pounds or 69 percent of the October 1959 total. Ice- land was second with 3.2 million pounds. Imports from five other countries made up the remaining 376,000 pounds. The sharp decline in October 1959 of imports of the above species classified as fillets was due to a recent United States Customs Court ruling which held that fish fillet blocks imported in bulk (15 pounds and over) are dutiable at one cent a pound under Tariff paragraph 720 (b) rather than at 1g cents or 23 cents a pound under Tariff paragraph 717 (b). This ruling became effective on Septem- ber 15, 1959. Thus data on imports of groundfish fillets since that date are not comparable with previous data. During the first ten months of 1959, imports of groundfish and oc ean perch, classified as fillets, but not including fish blocks since September 15, into the United States totaled 137.6 million pounds. Canada, with 70.7 million pounds accounted for 51 percent of the 1959 ten- months total. Imports from Iceland (36.7 million pounds) represented 27 percent of the total, while Denmark followed with 14.0 million pounds or 10 percent, and Norway with 10.3 million pounds or 7 percent. Seven other countries made up the remaining 5.9 million pounds or 5 ercent. Note: See Chart 7 in this issue. 2k ok ok ok IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA: The quantity of tuna canned in brine which may be imported into the United States during the calendar year 1959 at the 123-percent rate of duty is 52,372,574 pounds. Any imports in excess of the quota will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem. Vol. 22, No. 1 Imports from January 1-November 28, 1959, amounted to 49,966,082 pounds, according to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs. The quota for 1958 of 44,693,874 pounds was reached on No- vember 20, 1958. we OK OK OK OK U. S. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Summary: During the first nine months of 1959, the most important United States imports--tuna, shrimp, fish meal, and groundfish and ocean perch fillets --exceeded the quantities received during the same 1958 period. The most important exports--canned sardines, canned salmon, canned shrimp, canned squid, and fish oils--were above the quantities shipped during the same peri- od of 1958. Imports: GROUNDFISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS: Imports of cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and ocean perch fil- lets and blocks for January-September 1959 were 0.4 percent above those ofthe like period of 1958. Cod fillets, up 16 percent; fillets of haddock, hake, etc., up 17 percent; blocks down 9 percent; and ocean perch fillets, down 25 per- cent. Canadian shipments of fillets and blocks were 19 percent below those of January-September 1958. TUNA, FROZEN: During January- September 1959, imports of frozen alba- core were down 22 percent from the like 1958 period; imports of other species of tuna were up 37 percent. Total im- ports of frozen tuna from Japan were 4 percent below the nine months period of 1958. Ecuadoran shipments of tuna were more than four times those for the like period of 1958. Shipments from Peru for the first 9 months of 1959 ex- ceeded the previous record annual high. Included in the Peruvian and Ecuadoran figures were tuna caught and transshipped by United States flag vessels. TUNA, CANNED IN BRINE: Imports during January-September 1959 were a- bout the same as for the comparable period of 1958. A 21-percent decline in canned albacore shipments was offset January 1960 by an 8 percent rise in other canned tuna. The increase in imports of canned alba- core in brine from countries other than Japan was due in part to large shipments from Spain. SHRIMP: During January-Septem- ber 1959, receipts were 33 percent a- bove those of the like period of 1958. Most of the leading suppliers shipped shrimp in greater quantities. Shipments from Hong Kong were stopped until some acceptable method was devised to pre- vent shrimp from the Chinese mainland from being included in such shipments. Forty-nine countries are presently ex- porting shrimp to the United States. CANNED SARDINES: Due to larger receipts from Portugal, Norway, and Denmark, imports of canned sardines in oil during January-September 1959 were up 16 percent over those of the like peri- od of 1958. Imports of canned sardines not-in-oil continued at low levels. SALMON: Lower shipments of canned salmon in the first 9 months of 1959 from Canada were nearly offset by greater shipments from Japan. Imports offresh or frozen salmon, nearly all from Cana- da, were down 26 percent from the first 9 months of 1958. FISH MEAL: Imports for January- September 1959 were 50 percent above those for the comparable period of 1958. Peru, whichhas beenincreasing its pro- duction of this product at a high rate in recent years, was the principal foreign supplier. FISH SOLUBLES: With Denmark pro- viding 76 percent of this product, imports for the first nine months of 1959 were 255 percent above those of the like peri- od of 1958. OTHER IMPORTS: During January- September 1959, the following products were received in substantially greater quantities than during the same period of 1959; tuna loins and discs, up 59 per- cent; canned lobsters, up 49 percent; fresh and frozen sea scallops, up 40 per- cent; canned crabmeat, up 37 percent; oysters (mostly canned), up 18 percent; and fresh or frozen frog legs, up 18 per- cent. Imports of fresh or frozen lobster COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 were up about 4 percent. The following products were received in lesser quan- tities: fresh and frozen flounder fillets, down 10 percent; and sperm whale oil, down 33 percent. Exports: CANNED SARDINES, NOT IN OIL: Exports during the first nine months of 1959 were about 4 times those of the same period of 1958. The most important customer for this product con- tinued to be the Philippines which took 33 percent of the total. CANNED SALMON: During January- September 1959, the United Kingdom took nearly 5 times more canned salmon than during the comparable period of 1958. The Philippines accounted for most of balance. Total exports were up 336 per- cent. SHRIMP: Canned exports January- September 1959 wereup 46 percent over the first nine months of 1958. fresh and frozen exports were up 20 percent. The larger part ofthese products were ship- ped to Canada. CANNED SQUID: During January- September 1959, exports were 47 per- cent above those of the like period of 1958. FISH OILS: Totals for the first nine months of 1959 indicate that United States exports of fish oils have rebounded from the low-level of exports in 1958. The largest export market for fish oils was northern Europe. Canada, also a sub- stantial market, took 77 percent less than during the like period of 1958. Jan- uary-September 1959 exports were 113 percent more than in the same period of 1958. Virginia BIOLOGISTS ESTIMATE SPORT FISHERY CATCH IN CHESAPEAKE BAY: Sport fishermen had to fish for 10 or 12 hours during 1959 to catch as many croaker as they did during one hour in 1956-57, but the fish they caught were generally of a larger size, according to 54 information collected by a biologist at the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory. This es- timate of availability was obtained through interviews with sport fishermen and through log books voluntarily kept by them. "Most fishermen realize that there has been a sharpdropinthe numbers of croaker, and also changes in the abun- dance of other salt-water fishes,'' the biologist stated. ''Catch record informa- tion obtained from log books and inter- views make it possible to follow and com- pare these changes through a season and from one year to another. Those who have been keeping a log of their salt- water fishing trips should now send them to the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory for tabulation." The records show that spot were caught in great numbers in 1959. Fishing for them was 2-3 times better in 1959 than during the 1958 season, though the fish were somewhat smaller in size. Good catches were made from July to the end of the season in lower Chesapeake Bay, whereas, in 1958, there was a late and short run of spot in the same waters. Flounder or fluke catches during 1958 were running about 10 times higher than during 1956-57, and were three times higher in 1959 than in the 1956-57 sea- sons. Gray sea trout catches tell astory of continuing decline within Chesapeake Bay. Croaker, spot, gray sea trout, and fluke have been the mainstays of the sport catch for many years, but the swellfish or puffer joined this group during 1959. Previously reported only as an incidental portion of the sport catch, swellfish may rank ahead of gray sea trout, fluke, and croaker when the 1959 catch data is com- pletely tallied. Perhaps more fishermen are becoming aware of the fine flavor and texture of swellfish and are taking them home instead of throwing them a- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voll 22) Nor a way. Swellfish are marketed as ‘sea squab" and appear on the menus of some of the best restuarants. * kK Ok OK LARGE-SCALE BLUE CRAB TAGGING PROGRAM UNDER WAY: [In the largest blue crab tagging pro- gram ever conducted in Chesapeake Bay, biologists of the Virginia Fisheries Lab- oratory released approximately 4,000 tagged crabs in Tidewater Virginia from May 15 to October 16, 1959. Many of the tagged blue crabs have been caught by crab fishermen and close to 500 tags have been returned to the Laboratory. A reward of 25 cents ispaid for each tag and the person returning the tag is told when and where the tag was placed on the crab. The biologist in charge of this program emphasizes the need for the prompt return of all tags by those who find them. Of all the crabs released in the: York River, only four were caught outside the River, while most of them stayed within ten miles of the spot where the tag was placed on them. Tagged crabs seem to move in no special direction during the summer months. Some males have been caught 6 or 7 times in the same pot and large numbers have been caught more than one time. Crabs are being tagged and released in the York, Rappahannock, James, and Back Rivers tributary to the Bay in the hope that the biologists will be able to de- termine where the crabs caught in the win- ter dredge fishery originate, and at what time they move into the dredging area. On October 16, 1959, biologists tagged and released 500 blue crabs in the Po- quoson-Messickjarea. It willbe of extreme interest tocommercial crab fishermenas wellas to biologists to know what propor- tion of the winter catch originates from each Virginia river. Therefore, all Ches- apeake Bay commercial fishermen are requested to assist the Laboratory by noting the location of the catch and re- turning tags promptly. @ January 1960 Wholesale Prices, November 1959 The November 1959 wholesale price index (120.7 percent of the 1947-49 average) for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) was down only 0.3 percent from the pre- ceding month. However, compared with November 1958 the drop was sharper--5.9 percent. Because of lower wholesale prices for frozen dressed halibut and salmon and Great Lakes whitefish, the drawn, dressed, and whole finfish subgroup price index declined 4.3 percent from October to November 1959. The drop was offset slightly by a small increase in the wholesale price for dressed large haddock at Boston and fresh Great Lakes yellow pike. Haddock landings in New England continued light. Compared to November 1958, prices in November 1959 were down 15.2 percent for fresh large haddock, 8.8 percent for frozen dressed halibut, 3.2 percent for large and medium red king salmon, and 16.7 percent for round whitefish at New York. Fresh Lake Superior dressed whitefish prices were unchanged and fresh Great Lakes yellow pike prices were up by about 40.0 percent. Thenet result was a drop of 5.Opercent in the index for this sub- group from November 1958 to November 1959. Fresh processed fish and shellfish wholesale prices in mid-November 1959 were higher by 4.0 percent from the preceding month. Higher wholesale prices for small had- dock fillets (up 5.9 percent), fresh shrimp at New York City (up 3.9 percent), and fresh shucked oysters (up 3.7 percent) raised the price index of this subgroup for the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 second straight month. From November 1958 to Novem- ber 1959, the fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup index declined 3.4 percent. Lower prices for small had- dock fillets (down 6.2 percent) and fresh shrimp (down 19.8 percent) more than compensated for a sharp increase of 16.6 percent in the prices for fresh oysters. Supplies of oysters on the East Coast were reported below normal. Peeling shrimp in a breaded shrimp plant, Coral Gables, Fla. From October to November 1959 the wholesale price in- dex for frozen processed fish and shellfish was unchanged, The first increase in many months for frozen headless 26- 30 count shrimp at Chicago (up 1.2 percent) equalized lower prices for frozen haddock fillets (down 2.3 percent) and fro- Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products: ....... . ~ Drawn, , Dressed, or Whole Thole Finfish; Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh... .. Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz. Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz, Whitefish,L, Superior, drawn, fresh ..... Whitefish,L. Erie pound or gill net, rd., fresh Yellow pike, L. Michigan& Huron, rnd,,fresh . Processed, Fresh (Fish & ‘Shellfish):; ...... Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb, tins. . Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh . Oysters, shucked, standards Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish):. ...... Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib. pkg. .... Haddock, sml,,skins on, 1-Ib. pkg... . Ocean perch, skins on, 1-Ib. pkg. . .. Shrimp, lge, (2630 count), 5-Ib, pkg. . . . CanuedjRisherysProducts:esrn ciromelicn cuten on cache Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48cans/cs, ... Tuna, Ir, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (61/2 oz.), ASICANS/|CSauea He tetasiisl arouse hee oie ee Sardines, Calif., tom. pack, No. 1 oval (15 02.), ASiCANS/CSyWa Med cere: seca? We. wulecietneh oo clea Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No, 1/4 drawn (8=3/4/0z) 51 00lcans/css eye) a sels ees Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, November 1959 With Comparisons Point es Henares aaah Pricin ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned). .......2e. 1/ Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fish- ery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices, Indexes (1947-49=100) Sept. | Nov. “eae 1959 | 1958 121.1] 121.6] 128.3 147.2 | 153.8 [ 159.9 Noy. 1959 10.80 | 10.80 56 zen flounder fillets (down 0.7 percent). A sharp drop of 21.5 percent occurred in the wholesale price index for this sub- group from November 1958 to November 1959. Declines of 27.4 percent for frozen shrimp, 21.6 percent for haddock, 9.9 percent for ocean perch, and 9.1 percent for flounder fillets at Boston reflected better supplies of both domestic and imported products. Canned fish prices in November 1959 were the same as in October and September. Stocks of all items in the sub- group, except tuna, were smaller as of the end of November 1959 than they were a year earlier. The pack of California COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 sardines in 1959 is forecast at only one-third or less of thet 1958 pack. The Maine sardine pack as the 1959 season end- ed on November 30 was about 350,000 cases below the pack of 1958, which was only fair. Although there was a small amount of salmon packed in November 1959, it did little to- wards relieving the shortage of this canned product. The November 1959 canned fish price index was up 2.2 percent from November 1958, Higher prices for canned pink salm- on (up 13.9 percent) and canned Maine sardines (up 6.4 per- cent) were offset by lower prices for canned California sar- dines (down 9.6 percent) and for California light meat tuna (down 9.1 percent). FROM PIGFISH TO PORPOISE Porpoises are dolphins because they are members of the dolphin family, the Delphinidae. Most of the technical books list the particular species found off southeastern United States as dolphins. But they are more commonly called porpoises because they have long been known by that name all along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. To many scientists in this country and to almost all European zoologists, porpoises are somewhat different animals from the ones we are acquainted with. The "true" porpoises are small (only 5 or 6 feet long), blunt-headed (instead of long-snouted), and have spade-shaped (instead of conical) teeth. Nevertheless, they too are usually included in the family Delphinidae, though some-authorities have placed them in a family of their own. One of these ''true'' porpoises is the most common member of the dolphin family in European coastal waters, holding the position there that our bottlenosed porpoise (or dolphin) holds along the coast of the United States. The Old World porpoise has been well known to fishermen in those waters for a long time. The name ''porpoise"’ is hundreds of years old. It has been traced back through the Old French porpeis to the Latin porcus pisces, meaning pigfish or hogfish. It is interesting to note that even today porpoises (or dolphins) along the United States coast are sometimes called "herring hogs'' by American fishermen, many of whom believe, quite mistakenly, that these aquatic mammals eat their weight in fish every 24 or 48 hours. weight a day.) (In point of fact they eat only about 5 percent of their Fishermen and seafaring men who migrated to this country from Europe or England found a small cetacean abundant in these waters. It was similar to the porpoise they knew along the European coast--at least it had a similar ap- petite for fish--so they simply transferred the name to this New World "'fishhog."' The net result is that we have two common names for each of the three spe- cies of small cetacean that are common in southeastern United States waters. The bottlenosed dolphin is our (common) porpoise. The longsnouted dolphin, which occurs farther offshore, is called the spotted porpoise. And the wide-ranging and attractively-marked common dolphin is known as the saddleback porpoise. (Mar- iner, December 1958.) ais January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 ——————rrre a International EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AREA BRITISH-NORWEGIAN FISH TALKS BREAK DOWN: The discussions in London in mid- October 1959 between British and Nor- wegian Ministers regarding trade in fish and fish products within a European Free Trade Area broke down. The discus- sions centered on a proposal by Norway that fishery products be treated as ordi- nary industrial goods within the area. This proposal has caused great concern to the British fishing industry, which fears that the British market would be flooded with foreign fishery products. The Norwegians are seeking easier access to the British market for Nor- wegian fish products in return for the opening up of the Norwegian market for industrial goods under the new agree- ment. Last summer when the proposals were submitted at the Stockholm con- ference, it was decided to leave the mat- ter open for future discussion; hence the London meeting. At the time the British argued that while a reduction and elimi- nation of the tariff on canned fish was possible there was a difference in the case of frozen fish. The present British tariff on most fish products is 10 percent. The distant-water trawler owners de- sired that any concessions made ontar- iffs should be matched by some ressur7 ance regarding the fisheries limits prob- lem. The Hull Fishing Vessel Owners! As- sociation says: ''Our direct interest in connection with this proposed agreement is that if it permits additional quantities of fish or fish products to be exported from Norway to this country it willaffect our own market. "The proposal of the Free Trade Area Outer Seven would involve an immediate or a progressive abolition of the ten per- cent ad valorem duties on all imported wet fish. Until we know what fish it is proposed should be allowed in we are not in a position to comment."' (The Fishing News, October 23, 1959.) FIRST SOUTH AMERICAN ATLANTIC REGIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPLOITATION OF THE SEA A regional International Fisheries Conference was held in Montevideo, Uruguay, September 28-30, 1959, under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization. The conference was attend- ed by delegations from Uruguay, Argen- tina, Brazil, and two representatives of FAO. The meeting (termed as highly suc- cessful by the participating technicians) re-emphasized the importance of in- creased scientific and commercial ex- ploitation of the South Atlantic. Neces- sity for unification of efforts and joint studies among the three countries was also hightlighted. A Uruguayan partici- pant in the conference stated that the four most important final recommendations adopted at the conference were the fol- lowing: (1) To intensify studies and investiga- tions about tuna fishing in order to obtain larger catches and to find out more about the migration habits of tuna; (2) To share the services of the shrimp fishing expert recently contracted by the Uruguayan Government with Argentina and Brazil, each country paying one year's salary of the technician; 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): (3) To intensify jointly the whale fish- ing industry and request from the FAO on a regional basis the services of an expert to advise the three countries; (4) To decide on a joint commercial policy which would insure all three countries the highest possible earnings from their fishing industry. The delegates were pleased with the progress made at the conference and both commercial and scientific interests expressed satisfaction that a closer re- gional understanding of the whole fish- eries' complex had been achieved. A spokesman for the Uruguayan delegation stated that the findings of this confer- ence will be used as a basis for a joint working plan which will eventually bene- fit each country by increased yields from the fishing industry and at the same time assure equal costs and profits andavoid repetition of scientific endeavors. The need for additional technicians was repeatedly stressed and it was de- cided to make all future requests for FAO technicians on a regional basis, thus decreasing the cost of the expert's services to each country. This conference appears to be indica- tive of recent intense interest displayed in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay to in- crease the fishing potential, an effort based to a great extent on the increasing meat shortage in those countries. (Unit- ed States Embassy in Montevideo, Octo- ber 5, 1959.) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION TENTH SESSION OF CONFERENCE: The Tenth Session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations (FAO) con- vened at Rome, October 31, 1959. The Conference of the FAO, which was established in 1945, is the chief legislative and policy-making organ of the Organization. Its membership com- prises 76 countries. The chief aims of the FAO are to raise the levels of nutri- Vol. 22; No. 1 tion and standards of living of the people under the jurisdiction of the Member Governments; secure improvements in the efficiency of production and distribu- tion of all food and agricultural products; and to better the conditions of rural popu- lations. This session of the Conference con- sidered, among other things, the world situation and outlook in respect to food and agriculture; food production in re- lation to population trends; economic position of farm populations; problems of agricultural development in underde- veloped countries and a proposed Free- dom-from-Hunger Campaign. It also determined the budget for the next bien- nial period. The Conference meets every two years in regular session and may meet in special session if necessary. OCEANOGRAPHERS CALL FOR WORLD FISH CENSUS How many fish are there in the sea, and where they are and how their numbers can be increased to feed the ever- increasing human population of the earth were practical questions in the background of one session of the Inter- national Oceanographic Congress at the United Nations in September 1959. But no one among the 500 experts from 38 countries knew the answers. The great need for human nutrition is protein and fish is a rich source of proteins. If they could be raised as beef on fertile watery farms and ranges their numbers could be increased enormously and the fish themselves would grow to much larger size. But their growth and numbers are limited by the amount of food they can find. Increasing fish production requires an increase in the microscopic fish food called plankton on which fish life depends. A plankton census must precede a fish census, Studies of plankton made by the Scottish Oceanographic Laboratory were reported to the Congress. These micro- scopic plants and animals occur in astronomical numbers in most sea water. More than 50,000 samples of plank- ton were analyzed annually and each was separated into about 100 different species to discover where each is most plentiful. A plankton map of the North Sea and the nearby parts of the Atlantic and Arctic oceans will soon be pub- lished as a guide to the fish-feeding grounds, Extension of such a map to the entire ocean and toa world fish census is being discussed as a major project in the near future for one of the international organiza- tions such as UNESCO or the International Council of Scientific Unions. Meanwhile there have been some suc- cessful transplantations of young fish over long oceanic distances to better feeding grounds, This was done for the European plaice with a large increase in the catch at the new location. The striped sea bass has been suc- cessfully transferred from the Atlantic to the Pacific. But every attempt to grow Atlantic shore oysters in the Pacific has failed. Much research will be needed on sea plants and small animals before any effect can be expected on the catch of edible fish, A professor of Cambridge University in England re- ported to the Congress on the fantastic forms that have developed among fishes of the great deeps of the ocean-- fish with mouths that extend half the length of their bodies, stomachs that can be extended to permit a fish to devour January 1959 International (Contd.): a fish larger than itself, and luminous bait that some fish carry before them on long antennae-like organs to attract their food. The reason for the existence of these queer fish is unknown but the professor claimed that the abso- lutely unchanging environment in the dark depths of the sea would permit mutation to run wild over millions of years. In the deep trenches that sink a mile or more be- low the great plains of the sea bottom, the odd species that develop in one trench may be quite different from those in a neighboring trench. WHALING RUSSIA ASKS NORWAY AND NETHERLANDS TO RECONSIDER WITHDRAWAL FROM CONVENTION: A Soviet Foreign Ministry Note (No. 79/osa) of October 12, 1959, forwarded to the United States Government for de- posit identical Soviet notes of October 3, 1959, to Great Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, and Japan. These notes con- cern the Soviet attitude toward the with- drawal of Norway and the Netherlands from the International Whaling Conven- tion of 1946. A translation of the note to Great Britain follows: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics presents its compliments to the Embas- sy of Great Britain and has the honor to state the following: "The Government of the Union SSR has examined questions connected with the whaling industry in Antarctica and the situation created as a result of the withdrawal of Norway and Holland from the International Convention on Regula- tion of the Whaling Industry of 1946. "As is known, 20 whaling flotillas have been working in the Antarctic dur- ing past years, among this number nine Norwegian flotillas and one Dutch flotil- la, which obtain approximately half of the whaling quota established in the Con- vention. It is not by chance, therefore, that Article X of the Convention states that it comes into force on condition of the obligatory participation of Norway and Holland. Under these conditions the withdrawal of Norway and Holland from the Convention signifies the dis- ruption of the cooperation, which has developed successfully for more than 10 years in the field of protection of the reserves of whales, and the beginning of unregulated exploitation. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 "The question arises whether or not everything has been done to avoid those undesirable consequences for the supply of whales in the Antarctic which willtake place as a result of the situation which has developed, "In analyzing the proceedings of the London Conference of five countries which took place at the end of June of this year, it is necessary to acknowledge that efforts were made on the part of a number of countries, in particular on the part of Norway, to reach an agreement acceptable to all within the framework of the Convention on the basis of known recommendations accepted by the same countries in the conference in London in November 1958. As the result of this conference and the conferences which preceded it, some approximation of points of view occurred which, however, did not result in final agreement with respect to the distribution of the general quota for whaling among the main countries which carry on whaling in the Antarctic. "In this connection, the Government of the Union SSR cannot but express its concern, since scientific data show that the state of the reserves of whales inthe Antarctic continues to remain acute, and the beginning of unregulated whaling with the present season will inevitably lead to their rapid reduction to a level at which whaling will become entirely unprofita- ble for many countries. Under these circumstances it will in the future be still more difficult to reach agreement on protection of reserves of whales in the Antarctic and on rational conduct of whaling. "The Government of the Union SSR considers that all possibilities have not yet been exhausted for reaching agree- ment on the basis of the aforementioned 1958 London recommendations. The Soviet Union for its part is ready to co- operate fully in strengthening interna- tional collaboration in the matter of pro- tection of reserves of whales and the rational conduct of whaling on the basis of the 1946 Convention, "In connection with this the Govern- ment of the Union SSR hopes that the Governments of Norway and Holland will find it possible to reconsider their 60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): decision to leave the Convention and will devote efforts to reaching agree- ment between the countries which con- duct whaling in the Antarctic. Sucha step on the part of Norway and Holland would without doubt be welcomed by all participants of the Convention. ''At the same time, the Government of the Union SSR is compelled to state that, if the force and authority of the Convention, which have been weakened by the withdrawal from it of Norway and Holland, are not restored by the be- ginning of the whaling season in the An- tarctic, the Soviet Union, under these new conditions, will be guided by the Convention in the conduct of whaling in the Antarctic, with the position and prac- tice of other countries taken into ac- count and having in view the interests of the Soviet whaling industry." Angola FISH MEAL PLANT INSTALLED BY NORWEGIAN FIRM: A Norwegian firm has equipped an entire fish-meal plant at Porto Alexan- dre in Angola. The capacity of the plant is 150 metric tons a day, according to the journal Norway Exports, The con- tract price was £80,000 (US$224,000). The Norwegian firm installed the An- golan plant and is providing technical assistance for six months after the plant starts operating. The firm's connection with the An- golan fish-meal industry started in 1956 when some meal from that area, sun- dried by many small plants, was reject- ed by the German market. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing In- dustry Review, September 1959. * Vol. 22, No. 1 Argentina IMPORT SURCHARGES REMOVED ON LARGE FISHING VESSELS: The Argentine Government has is- sued an executive decree (No. 13,287 of October 22, 1959, published in the Boletin Oficial of November 3, 1959) which elimi- nates surcharges and prior deposits on the importation of deep-sea fishing ves- sels. The free-entry privilege applies to vessels which are imported and reg- istered in the country within a period of 360 days from the date of the decree. The decree establishes that three Government departments (the Direccion Nacional de la Marina Mercante y Puer- tos, the Direccion General de Pesca, and the Prefectura Nacional Maritima) must certify in advance that each pro- posed importation is suitable as a deep- sea fishing vessel. Following this pro- cedure, the Secretariat of Industry and Mining and the Secretariat of the Navy must prepare in each case a document for submission to Customs certifying that the proposed importation is eligible for free entry under the decree. The free entry will not be applicable to types of vessels which can be produced in "technically adequate conditions'' by lo- cal industry. The two Secretariats will decide whether the proposed importation can be satisfactorily produced in the country. The decree answers repeated com- plaints by spokesmen of the Argentine fishing industry that development of the industry has been held up for years by restrictions on importation of vessels, among other factors. Most of the pres- ent Argentine deep-sea fishing fleet (some 26 vessels) is antiquated and ill- equipped. Although credit is very tight in the Argentine market at present, it is believed that some of the fishing com- panies will be able to take advantage of this decree. The decree does not re- quire the vessels to be imported be new. January 1960 Australia CANNERIES SET TUNA PRICE FOR 1959/60 SEASON: The tuna canneries owned by a Syd- ney, Australia, firm and located in Eden and Narooma, New South Wales, will pay 6d. per pound (about 5.6 U.S. cents a pound or US$112 a short ton) for raw tuna delivered to the canneries in the 1959/60 season. The canneries will take a minimum of 1,200 tons. Addition- al purchases will depend on market con- ditions as the season progresses. Good signs of bluefin tuna were re- ported outside the 100-fathom line south- east of Lakes Entrance, Victoria, the latter part of July and early in August. These tuna were mainly in the 40-60 pound size group, the Australian Fish- eries Newsletter reported in its Septem- ber 1959 issue. HK OK OK OK OK EXPORTS OF SPINY LOBSTERS CONTINUE TO RISE: During the year ending June 30, 1959, Australian spiny lobster exports (prac- tically all went to the United States) rose 14 percent in quantity. The value (about US$7 million) was over five times the value of spiny lobster exports to the United States ten years ago. The Australian Ministry of Primary Industry in releasing these figures said that the number of men and vessels en- gaged had increased in all spiny lobster fishing areas, but that the fishermen had been forced to operate over larger and larger areas and in many cases were fishing out to the 60-fathom line, the United States Embassy in Canberra re- ported on October 16, 1959, Hk KK Xk LAND-BASED WHALING SEASON ENDS: Two of the five Australian coastal whaling stations obtained their 1959 permitted quota in August and ceased whaling for this season. Byron Bay commenced on June 3 and finished on July 28, having taken COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 150 whales in 56 days, compared with 120 whales last year in 57 days. Moreton Island, which commenced the season on June 8, finished on Au- gust 9, having taken 660 whales in 63 days, compared with 600 whales last year in 65 days. At Norfolk Island, where whaling commenced on June 12, 87 whales had been taken to August 8. At the same date, Cheynes Beach, which commenced on May 18, had taken 148 humpbacks and 6 blue whales. Also as at August 8, Carnarvon, which commenced on May 17, had taken 332 humpbacks, 6 blues and 1 fin whale. (The Fisheries News Letter, Sept. 1959.) kK NEW SPECIES OF SHRIMP FOUND IN DEEP WATER BY EXPLORATORY VESSEL: A species of shrimp not previously known in Australian waters was caught by the Government-chartered survey vessel Challenge in the Australian Bro- ken Bay-Norah Head area in 145-155 fathoms. The shrimp survey is being conducted by the Australian Fisheries Division. The species was later identified by, a marine biologist as ''most certainly" of the genus Hymenopenaeus. He said that if it proved to be a new species, it would be named after the Challenge. The shrimp has an average body length of 73 inches, bright pink body, and tail- fin marked with deep red. A species of Hymenopenaeus is trawled commercial- ly in the United States where it is known as royal-red shrimp (Hymenopenaeus robustus). Three other new species of shrimp commercially unimportant, were also found in June and July 1959. Concentrations of Parapenaeus aus~- traliensis were found in Stockton Bight mixed with king shrimp. P. australien- sis is orange- red with a red tailfin, grows to about 63 inches, and is very tasty. It may still be found in commer- cial quantities. P. australiensis is near- ly always found with king shrimp in the 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Australia (Contd.): proportion of about 2 to 3. Its optimal habitat seems to be the range between 45 and 65 fathoms, and it does not occur further inshore. The larvae have been found in plankton catches indicating that this shrimp spawns much earlier than all Australian commercial species. The red shrimp (Aristaeomorhpa foliacea) was taken by the Challenge in the Broken Bay~Norah Head area. This shrimp, which was a record for New South Wales, was found 45 years ago by the Commonwealth research trawler Endeavour in the vicinity of Gabo Island. This species seems to be common be- low 110 fathoms for it has been captured on nearly all tows on the Continental Slope. It is not certain, however; wheth- er it does not school well above the bot- tom, in which case it may have been en- countered on the net's way up. Further work is necessary to establish whether it can be taken in commercial quantity. In July, the Challenge worked first in the Norah Head-Newcastle area, then north to Port Stephens and back to Sidney. A run of good weather enabled fur- ther deep-water work to be carried out off Norah Head-Newcastle. Several royal-red and one red shrimp were tak- en, but there was no sign of shrimp in quantity. The shelf slope was steeper and rougher in this area. King and red shrimp were caught off Newcastle in 30 to 50 fathoms, but com- mercial vessels had ceased fishing for lack of sufficient quantities, although large catches had been obtained a month earlier. Leaving Sydney, the Challenge work- ed off Botany Bay and then Jervis Bay. There the water temperature was 2° C. lower than a month earlier and the num- ber of shrimp taken was even less. A considerable time was spent look- ing for suitable bottom in depths over 80 fathoms from east of Ulladulla to Jervis Bay. The bottom in this area seemed to be all very rough and the slope from 90 fathoms was extremely Molon22)5) Nowe steep and cut by deep gutters. None of the area covered was workable. The Challenge then worked in Shoal- haven Bight, and off Lake Illawarra and Cronulla, before returning to Sydney. Small catches of school shrimp were made off Crookhaven River entrance, Several commercial vessels were work- ing in this area and catches had been better several days previously. Generally speaking the catches show- ed that there was a poorer indication of king shrimp in the deeper water than there had been about a month earlier. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter, Sep- tember 1959.) Sh doe ee oe NEW TYPE SPINY LOBSTER FISHING VESSEL: An unusual type spiny lobster fishing vessel, under construction at Hamilton Hill, Australia, is expected to do the work of two conventional vessels. The vessel is being built by the captain-own- er for his own use. The new vessel will be steered by two hemispherical metal shells around each propeller. By closing the shells the boat will go astern. Instead of pulling spiny lobster pots up over the side, specially designed gear will automatically pull the pots up over the sloping stern. Hexagonal floats and thin steel cables will be used. A winch, recessed to take the six-sided floats, will wrap the cable neatly around the float as it is revolved. The bases of the pots can be quickly detached, the spiny lobsters removed, and freshly-baited bases clipped on. A 300-case freezing chamber will be added later. The double-skinned, steel, 41-foot boat, with twin Diesel engines, was de- signed jointly by a Fremantle marine designer and the owner. HOOK OK OK Kk January 1960 Australia (Contd.): SNAPPER CATCHES IMPROVED BY USING TRAPS: Use of traps instead of line fishing for snapper has been producing heavy catches in Western Australia from the Shark Bay grounds. The Fremantle Fisherman's Co- operative Manager said at the end of July 1959 that Co-operative boats had already caught almost 500,000 pounds of snapper. Among the big catches reported were 67,000 pounds taken in 11 days' fishing by the new aluminium alloy vessel Lady of Fatima, 54,000 pounds by Miss Phoe- nix, 26,000 pounds in each of three trips by Kingfisher, and 26,000 pounds by Pro- ton. In mid-August, the snapper was be- ing sold direct from the boats to mer- chants at an average price of about 18 U.S. cents a pound. (Australian Fish- eries Newsletter, September 1959.) nat Belgium MINIMUM EX-VESSEL FISH PRICES ESTABLISHED: The Belgium Ministry of Agriculture has approved the 1959/60 minimum prices for fish sold at wholesale mar- kets on the Belgian coast. The prices were fixed by the Rederscentrale (Fish- ing Companies Association) of Ostend at 2.4-4.5 U. S. cents a pound according to the size and quality of the various species. These minimum prices for fish went into effect on September 28, 1959. The Rederscentrale is working out a mini- mum price system for shrimp and sprat. The following species are sold ata minimum price of 5.00 Belgian francs per kilo (about 4.5 U. S. cents a pound): cod (over 60 cm. or 23 inches); haddock (over 35 cm. or 14 inches); coalfish (over 60 cm.); pollock (over 60 cm.); ling (over 60 cm.); whiting, large (over COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 30 cm. or 12 inches); gurnard, large (over 35 cm.); Sea bream, large (over 35 cm.); dogfish, large (over 60 cm.); plaice (over 30 cm.); dab (over 30 cm.); and ray, large (over 50 cm. or 20 inch- es width of wings). The following species are sold ata minimum price of 4.00 Belgian francs per kilo (about 3.6 U. S. cents a pound): coalfish, small (from 30 to 60 cm. or 12-24 inches); pollock, small (from 30 to 60 cm.); ling, small (from 30 to 60 em.); whiting (from 25 to 30 cm. or 10- 12 inches); brill, small (over 50 cm.); conger eel; gurnard, small (less than 35 cm.); sea bream, small (less than 35 cm.); catfish; flatfish, small (from 25 to 30 cm.); dab, small (from 25 to 30 cm.); plaice (from 25 to 30 cm.); witch (over 28 cm. or 11 inches); ray (from 35 to 50 em.); grey gurnard (over 28 cm.); latchet (over 28 cm.); mackerel; and herring. The following species are sold ata minimum price of 3.00 Belgian francs per kilo (about 2.7 U. S. cents a pound): houndfish, small (from 50 to 60 cm.); dogfish, small (from 50 to 60 cm.); sand dogfish (over 50 cm.); flounder (over 30 cm.); cat ray (from 30 to 35 cm.); small herring; and pilchards. The following species are sold ata minimum price of 2.60 francs per kilo (about 2.4 U. S. cents a pound): small mackerel and herring for canneries. Whenever the wholesale prices offer- ed at the Belgian coast are lower than the fixed minimum prices, the fish will be purchased at those minimum prices by the Government Purchase Program of the Ministry of Agriculture, and sold to the fish mealindustries. (United States Consul in Antwerp, October 7, 1959.) Canada CONSUMPTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS IN 1956 AND 1957: In terms of edible weight the consump- tion of fishery products in Canada in1957 amounted to 13.4 pounds per capita--un- changed from 1956. In both years, Ca- 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): nadians consumed 7.2 pounds of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish, 4.5 pounds canned fish and shellfish, and 1.7 pounds of smoked, salted, and pickled fish. In the United States per capita con- sumption of fishery products in 1957 amounted to 5.6 pounds of fresh and fro- zen fish and shellfish, 3.9 pounds of can- ned fish and shellfish, and 0.6 pounds of smoked, salted, and cured fishery prod- ucts--or a total of 10.1 pounds, edible weight. He ok oe ok oe NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERY TRENDS, 1958-59: Stormy weather, a shortage of bait, and a scarcity of cod on Newfoundland's inshore fishing grounds in 1958 are giv- en as the causes of the worst cod fish- ery in 20 years. Consequently, most fishermen were barely able to qualify for the minimum unemployment insur- ance (C$9.00 per week for 15 weeks). Due to the scarcity of cod, exporters of salted fish were unable to supply their markets before the year's end. There were few developments of any consequence in the fishing industry which would cause optimism. Efforts made to obtain financial aid from the Canadian Government for fishermen were unsuc- cessful. There was some legislation which may be helpful in the future, but afforded no immediate relief, except for modest employment in some areas. These included the construction of 20 fishing stages, the introduction of four portable bait lockers which are said to have proven successful, and the purchase of two refrigerator trucks to transport bait from freezing plants to holding lockers. Production of frozen fillets in 1958 increased over 1957 for all species ex- cept cod. Had it not been for the large increase in production of frozen fillets the fisheries most likely would have been a complete failure. The outset of the 1959 fishery had prospects of being a repetition of the previous year due to adverse weather Vol. 22, No. 1 conditions and heavy ice. However, after a late start landings began to pick up. It is now considered that the 1959 fishery may be the best in the past five years due to an excellent cod trap fishery dur- ing July and August. The industry as a whole should enjoy a healthy and profit- able year in 1959, and should give en- couragement to more fishermen to re- turn to the sea. As in 1958, there were few develop- ments offering encouragement to the in- dustry or the fishermen as a whole. Probably the most noteworthy was the purchase of a freezing plant at Fortune, which was closed for nearly three years, by a Chicago, I[1l., firm. The reopening of this plant means the re-employment of from 200-250 persons, when operating at full capacity. The Newfoundland Associated Fish Exporters! Ltd. (NAFEL) exclusive li- cense to export salted cod expired on July 31, 1959. While there were fears in some circles that if order was not retained in the marketing of salt fish, havoc in the industry might occur, this apparently has not proven to be the case so far. Since NAFEL lost its charter, it has continued to function as an exporter of salted fish. According to official sources there has been little change in the organizational patternof NAFEL, and the majority of fish producers are con- tinuing to use its services. With a view toward improving the quality of processed fish, which would benefit the industry, the Canadian Gov- ernment passed the Meat and Canned Foods Act and the Fish Inspection Act, both of which became effective in New- foundland on July 1, 1959. In July 1959 the Canadian Government announced, without giving any advance notice, that it was relinquishing the ad- ministration of the fish-culling regula- tions in Newfoundland. Subsequent to this announcement the Provincial Gov- ernment stated that it was not in a posi- tion at present to take over this work due to lack of trained personnel and funds. This state of affairs has caused much concern to the fish trades group who have declared that without culling regu- lations the fishing industry has been January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 Canada (Contd.): placed in a precarious state. Many are afraid that some producers may include inferior quality with choice fish destined for ''high class'' overseas markets, thus causing a loss of the market. It is be- lieved that when the Newfoundland Pro- vincial House of Assembly meets again it will be pressured by the Fish Trades Association and other interested groups into taking some action to rectify the present situation, Landings, 1957-58: Total fish land- ings for the year 1958 amounted to 464 million pounds, valued at C$11,272,000, as compared with 576 million pounds, valued at C$13,639,573 in1957, adecrease of 19.4 percent in quantity and 17.4 per- centinvalue. In1958, asin1957, cod, had- dock, caplin, and squid were responsible for a further decline in total landings. Landings of cod totaled 300 million pounds in1958, as compared with 401.6 million pounds in 1957, a decrease of 25.4 percent. Landings of haddock declined by 30.1 percent with 30.8 million pounds in 1958, as compared with 44 million pounds in 1957. Caplin (used for bait) dropped Table 1 - Newfoundland's Offshore 1958 Fishing Fleet and Landings, Total Landings Vessel tye Round Weight Se Danish seiners Long liners 17.0 percent as they failed to appear in the usual large quantities, and squid, a- nother form of bait, registered the larg- est decrease in total landings. Only 1.6 million pounds of this favored bait were landed, as compared with 5.8 million pounds in 1957, a drop of 72.7 percent. The only noticeable increases register- ed among the major species were for ocean perch, sea dabs, and grey sole. Landings of ocean perch were up 58.2 percent, 25.4 million pounds being taken, as compared with 16.1 million pounds in 1957, Landings of sea dabs and grey sole increased by 17.4 percent over 1957. Herring, used primarily as bait, also registered an increase in total land- ings of 30.8 percent over the 1957 catch. Landings of salmon, most valuable spe- cies on a per pound basis, continued to increase, 2.2 million pounds were land- ed in 1958, as compared with 2.0 million pounds in 1957, an increase of 9.6 per- cent. There were no laws or regulations enacted during 1958, affecting the New- foundland fishery. (United States Con- sulate in St. John's, Newfoundland, re- ported on October 7, 1959.) ek oe oe oe PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS OF MARINE OILS: If the Canadian fish landings late in 1959 are at all satisfactory, the produc- tion of marine oils for 1959 will exceed the 5.7 million Imperial gallons produced in1958. Production of bothcodand Brit- ish Columbia herring oil was higher through July 1959 as compared with Jan- uary-July 1958. In 1958, as compared with 1956 and 1957, increasing amounts of marine oil were used in the manufacture of mar- garine, and decreasing amounts in the manufacture of shortening. In 1959 the amount of marine oil used in those prod- ucts was much lower than in 1958, be- ing replaced largely by cheaper vegetable oils and lard. During January-August 1959, only 11.7 million pounds of marine oils were used in margarine and shorten- ing as compared with the use of 24.8 mil- lion pounds during the comparable peri- od of 1958. In 1956 and 1957 Canada was a net ex- porter of marine oils and in 1958 im- ports and exports about balanced. In 1959, as a result of the large over-all supply of fats and oils, Canada was a heavy exporter of marine oils. During the first eight months 1959, as com- pared with the comparable period in 1958, larger supplies of cod-liver and herring oils moved to the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively. Imports in1959 were much lower than in 1958, the largest decrease being in fish and marine animal oils from the United States. (See tables 1, 2, and 3 on follow- ing page.) 66 Table 1 - Canada’s Production of Marine Oils, 1956-58 and January-July 1958-59 Atlantic: Godloulereisicie ciel elevoheretete Herringiolles ciovelsrereislerere Other (sealSvetc:)\crreveiss British Columbia: Herring Ole ecicrencictolers COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW a 297,877 630,540 1/ 1/ al 056 2/ 557,566 2/938,562 955,443 1,569,102 } 1.614,008 | } 1.614,008 | 066 Vol225sNoe 4,127,761 2,180,510 4,127,761 2,180, 4,725,903 510 824,576 3,135,953 5,696 | 5,696,863 _| Total Exports wJalsveloiciohale To United States........ Sielehcler a: ete tchevelets} «fevers: o)e UInpenialiGalions)iy.varvelersvetevercta 321,106 r 257,099 443,893 601,550 571,585 TotaliEXports sis aie ieee TolUnited!Stares.vetavaxeleiels 1,735,893 739,236 56,196 277,733 20,100 20,100 Whale Oil: PLOtALEXDONES|o yeveleleverers ce MoAUnited/ States) srersleleletel= 109,546 H 356,715 53,724 87,290 Other Fish Oik otal EXports|sjsa cteleleteeve To United States ........ WMOtaliE-XPOrtS.iwlelclelelarsvers Total to United States .... Table 3 - Canada’s Imports of Marine Oils, 1956-58 and January-May 1958-59 Products Cod Liver Oil: Total ImportS........e- From United States ...... Whale and Sperm Oil: 423 420 371,201 1,641,896 213,102 193,312 868,169 2,392,118 501,224 301,983 813,992 818,407 1,064,038 January-May Year Year Year 1959 1958 1958 1957 1956 €[e/,036),0) v'16 0) 6}'s sa\/e)\eyeiKoh.a0\'0\0')s! ele (dmperial Gallons!/) (15. sos) o so isle e Oeste 80,328 16,674 231,081 122,031 134,117 - 11 11 537 396 28,889 TotaliImports’ ./aereic+ «ele 13,391 6,912 21,225 24,497 From United States...... 11,703 3,898 10,199 1,118 - Other Fish and Marine Animal Oils: AROLAMIMDOLES |e) e\els\ereieiele re 109,312 982,341 1,409,910 301,874 From United States...... 107,419 966,937 1,375,162 280,563 Total Imports all Marine Ba Gc 203,031 1,065,927 1,662,216 448,402 Total from United States .. 119,122 970,846 1,385,372 282,218 1/One Imperial gallon is equal to 1.2009 U. S. gallons. Kk ke ok January 1960 Canada (Contd.): REFRIGERATION STANDARDS FOR FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AMENDED: Regulations on refrigeration under section 5.4.9 of Canada's Specification 32-GP-141A--the voluntary standard for fresh and frozen fishery products are being amended. The fishing indus- try was not unanimous on this change, but a majority favored it. The amend- ment will read: "5.4.9 Frozen fish or processed fish shall be con- tinuously maintained at the lowest practical temperature during frozen storage. A tempera- ture not higher than -10° F, is recommended. Delivery of frozen fish, acceptable under this Specification, if made by railway transport, shall be made under maximum icing procedures which are as follows for the winter and summer seasons: "Apri] 1 to November 30 inclusive: Initial- ly ice to capacity with crushed ice and 30 per- cent salt about 24 hours before loading com- mences, and re-ice to capacity after loading completed. Endorse billing: - 'Re-ce in transit, to capacity, at all regular icing stations with crushed ice and 30 percent salt.' "December 1 to March 31 inclusive: Initial- ly ice to capacity with crushed ice and 30 per- cent salt about 24 hours before loading com- mences, and re-ice to capacity after loading completed. Endorse billing: - 'Re-ice in transit, to capacity, at all regular icing stations with crushed ice and 30 percent salt, only when car requires total 1,500 pounds or more ice.! "In the railway transport of fresh fish accept- able under this Specification, maximum icing procedures of the rail cars will be observed with the mixture of crushed ice and 10 percent salt in summer and crushed ice alone in winter. "Delivery of frozen or fresh fish, acceptable under this Specification, if made other than by railway transport, shall be made by a carrier using good commercially practical refrigeration." The change from the previous word- ing of the Specification consists of the addition of the specific instructions for re-icing for railway shipments. Many shippers now use these same icing in- structions but, once the Specification has been officially amended, these instruc ~- tions will be mandatory for moving prod- ucts inspected under this Specification by rail. # ok ke ok Ok SMALL-TYPE GILL-NET BOAT BUILT FOR FRASER RIVER SALMON FISHERY: The forerunner of a possible trend in smaller size gill-net boats for the Fraser COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 River salmon fishery was viewed recent- ly. For the past few years the move has been to larger gill-netters of about 35 feet in length; however, this isn't the case with the Agnes T, built by a Steves- ton, British Columbia, shipyard. The Agnes T is 30 feet long with a beam of 85-feet, has the popular new style wheelhouse which provides more comfort and visibility, and boasts auto- matic steering equipment with power drum and steering controls at the stern. The vessel is powered by a 140-hp. gas engine. (Canadian Trade News, Septem- ber 1959.) Colombia NEW FISH FREEZING PLANT INSTALLED: A new fish-freezing plant has been installed in the Colombia Pacific Coast port of Buenaventura. The plant was expected to begin operations in Novem- ber or December 1959. The new freezing plant has a storage capacity of 500,000 pounds and a freezing capacity of 30 metric tons, plus space for drying 30 tons of cod. The plant cost about US$191,000 (at rate of exchange 7.84 pesos equal US$1), employs 300 per- sons, and is supplied by 50 fishing ves- sels with a complement of 250 fisher- men. Cuba JOINT CUBAN-JAPANESE TUNA PROCESSING FIRM DENIED NEW INDUSTRY STATUS: A Cuban Ministry of Treasury reso- lution published in Official Gazette No. 195 of October 15, 1959, denied new in- dustry'' benefits to the Cuban firm Pes- queras Internacionales, S. A. (Interna- tional Fisheries Incorporated). Thefirm originally requested these benefits on July 5, 1957. The Treasury resolution admitted that some of the firm's seafood products, such as sausages and hams manufactured from fish and shellfish, were considered new to Cuba as far as presentation and preparation were con- 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Cuba (Contd.): cerned. However, they were deemed not to be too dissimilar from products already manufactured by various firms in Cuba which have been packing fish and shellfish items over many years. As far as is known, no production of hams or sausages by the referenced firm for Cuban consumption ever took place. Those tuna loins which were manufactured from the tuna catch of the Japanese tuna clipper Sumiyoshi Maru, were exported to the United States for final processing. The Treasury ruling is not expected to affect seriously the operations of the Cuban-Japanese firm, the United States Embassy in Habana reported on November 12, 1959. Denmark FISHERIES TRADE FAIR HELD IN COPENHAGEN: The Third International Fisheries Trade Fair was held in Copenhagen from September 25-October 4, 1959. The number of visitors totaled 70,000, or about 10,000 more than the previous fair. There were many visitors from European and overseas countries. Sales effected at the fair were reported to be in excess of 200 million kroner (US$29 million). Exhibitors from several European countries as well as from Japan and the United States were represented. The American exhibitors included one Diesel engine firm of Peoria, Ill., a fork lift truck firm from Portland. Ore., a New Orleans, La., firm with shrimp process- ing machinery, and an outboard motor Company of West Bend, Wis. The Fourth International Fisheries Trade Fair in Copenhagen is planned for 1962. (United States Embassy in Copenhagen, October 14, 1959.) ote: see Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1959, p. Si. Vol. 22, No. 1 Egypt FISHERIES TRENDS, OCTOBER 1959: In February 1959, the Egyptian Govern- ment announced the establishment of a High Council for Fisheries to be headed by the Vice President, and to include representatives from the Ministries of Agriculture, Industry, Supply, Economy, and Coast Guard. The move was an at- tempt to coordinate the policies of these various ministries, each of which had some interest in fishery problems. It was expected that the Council would co- ordinate and develop plans for research and expansion of the Egyptian fishing in- dustry. The importance of fish in Ancient Egypt is shown by this model of the Nile God (Hapi) on which are fish, water fowl, and lotus flowers. Statue is in Agricul- tural Museum, Cairo. Original statue dates back to about 2,000 B, C. The Government took a number of positive steps in 1959 to implement plans for the development of the fishing industry. It appears to have concen- trated its efforts on improving the pro- duction of the inland-water fisheries. January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 Egypt (Contd.): It has reopened the channels leading from Lakes Edkou and Monzalah to the sea. The decreased water salinity re- sulting from this action is expected to increase the catch in those two lakes, which provided about 35 percent of the total fishery landings in 1958. Another step taken by the Govern- ment has been to grant, through the Ag- ricultural Bank, loans to fishermen's cooperatives. These loans are expect- ed to reach £E195,000| (US$560,000) in 1959, and will probably be increased in 1960. By enabling the fishermen to cb- tain easier credit with which to buy boats, nets, and maintain their equip- ment, it is hoped catches will increase. Further, the Government has con- tinued to try to improve internal dis- tributing facilities. During the past year it added a number of refrigerator trucks to transport fresh fish from Suez to Cairo. During a part of 1958, four Yugoslav fishing vessels, under contract to the Egyptian Government, carried out ex- ploratory and research work in Egyp- tian waters. Two of the vessels oper- ated in the Red Sea and two in the Med- iterranean. The latter finished their work early in 1959 while it is under- stood the former are continuing their operations. According to an official of the Hydrobiological Institute, the re- sults have not yet been fully studied, although the prospects for significant catches of tuna in the Mediterranean area west of Alexandria to the Libyan border were reported as discouraging. In March 1959, the Japanese fishing research vessel Shoyo Maru arrived in Alexandria. The vessel did work in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, with the principal object of discovering whether or not commercial catches of tuna might be found. Again, the results were dis- appointing in the Mediterranean, and only slightly less so in the Red Sea. It is believed that the failure of the Yugo- slav and the Japanese vessels to find significant quantities of tuna has con- siderably dampened earlier hopes for the establishment of a tuna fishing and processing industry. Meanwhile, efforts appear to be con- centrated on research being carried out, with Food and Agriculture Organization assistance, inthe inland lakes. It is un- derstood that the results of this research are much more promising. There have been no significant de- velopments of changes in the size or composition of Egypt's fishing fleet dur- ing 1959. The present fleet consists of approximately 485 small motor fishing vessels and probably about 1,500 small sailing vessels (excluding the inland lake boats). The total absence of larger trawl- ers, both for shrimp and fish, continues to be one of the principal factors limiting possibilities for significantly increasing the production of Egypt's ocean fishing industry. In 1958 Egypt imported twice as much fish and fish products as she exported-- imports #£E389,316 (US$1,118,000) and exports #£E186,161 (US$535,000). In previous years Egypt imported much larger quantities of fish and fish prod- ucts (461,068,570 or about US$3,069,000 in 1957). Egyptian exports, principally shrimp, have increased considerably, up from £E92,719 in 1957. Egypt is ex- pected to continue to restrict imports and encourage exports of fishery prod- ucts. Aside from the Yugoslav and Japa- nese research assistance mentioned, the only countries known to have an ac- tive interest in the development of the Egyptian fishing industry, and these on a very small scale, are Greece and Ja- pan. Greece has a small interest in the sponge fishing industry, and several private Greek interests in the past have expressed a willingness to participate in establishing fishing operations. Ja- pan has shown an interest in assisting in the establishment of economically- feasible fishing operations and process- ing plants. Except for the possible es- tablishment of a sardine canning factory which would use Japanese equipment and technical assistance, it is believed no other foreign investment plans exist. Whether foreign assistance remains 70 Egypt (Contd.): confined to research, the provision of processing equipment and technical ad- vice will depend to a large extent on the Egyptian Government's general policy regarding private foreign investment. In addition to the sardine canning factory, it is believed the Government plans to increase the size of its RedSea fishing fleet, and establish a number of small freezing and storage plants for the use of fishermen along the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez coasts. The plants will not be on a large scale. Another plan is to establish a shark-liver oil processing plant in the Red Sea. Even if these plans materialize in 1960, it is doubtful they will have much immediate effect on the country's fishing industry. The prospects for any large increase in Egypt's over-all fish production in 1960 are not bright; however, inland wa- ter catches may increase somewhat. Any such increase will probably be con- sumed locally. In the long run Egypt's fishing in- dustry may have considerable potential. If more coordinated and intensive re- search indicates the existence of fish resources that lend themselves to com- mercial exploitation, the development of the industry will depend upon (1) the acquisition of modern efficient fishing vessels and the training of local fisher- men in their use, and (2) the continued improvement of local distribution and processing facilities. From the point of view of foreign trade, the expansion of shrimp production would appear to be the most promising and should yield the highest returns. (United States Consu- late in Alexandria, October 6, 1959.) Ghana UNITED STATES FISH CANNERY AND GHANA GOVERNMENT JOINTLY EXPLORING GULF OF GUINEA FOR TUNA: A United States west coast canner and the African Repub- lic of Ghana are jointly conducting fishery explorations in the Gulf of Guinea off central Africa. The objectives of the ex- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 plorations are: (1) to assess the fishery resources of the coastal and high seas waters adjacent to Ghana; (2) to stimu- late a new Ghana fishery for pelagic species if they are found to be available in sufficiently large concentrations; (3) to study the possibilities of establishing a tuna processing and freezing plant in Ghana; (4) to study the biological and oceano- graphic conditions existing in the waters of the Gulf of Guinea and along the shores of the Gold Coast. The diet of the Ghana people consists mainly of fish and marine products as a source of protein. Beef is not raised in Ghana due to the lack of grasslands and the presence of the tsetse fly. As a consequence the six-million Ghanians in their diet rely very heavily on fishery products. Unfortunately, the fishermen of Ghana cannot fulfill the growing requirements of the nation. Importation of fishery products is not practical from a financial standpoint. Asa consequence more fishery development is needed within the country. The Government of Ghana, in an effort to alleviate the present status, has teamed up with a United States fish can- ner. Together they will ascertain the potential of the coastal fisheries as well as the pelagic offshore stocks. From this arrangement Ghana will be able to learn more efficient means of catching fish. On the other hand, the United States canner also has an interest in the pelagic fishes of the Gold Coast. If the explorations disclose an abundance of tuna and tuna-bait fishes in the vicinity of Ghana, the canner will begin tuna fish- ing operations there. Some of the fish caught would supple- ment the local landings and the remainder will be shipped to the canner’s new cannery being built in Puerto Rico. Eventu- ally, the canner plans to vvild a cannery in Ghana. Tne vessel employed for the explorations is the 220-ton capacity tuna clipper Columbia, Manned by a crew of eight United States fishermen and a fisheries scientist, the Co- lumbia arrived in Ghana to commence operations on Novem- ber 3, 1959. The remainder of the crew consists of five fish- ery technicians from the Ghana Fisheries Department. While exploring African waters for the next several months, the Columbia will sail from Takoradi, Ghana: Throughout the cruise biological and oceanographic obser- vations will be made in conjunction with fishing. Some of the scientific objectives are: (1) to study the salinity, tempera- ture, current, and thermocline distribution within the Gulf of Guinea over a period of several months; (2) to further relate these oceanographic phenomenon with the distribution of var- ious types of fishes; (3) to collect, identify, and study the dis- tribution of inshore and pelagic fishes; (4) to contribute knowledge to the biology of the yellowfin and skipjack tunas. The studies will include food habits, growth rate, size com- position of schools, population structure, and fecundity. A special effort will be made to collect larval tunas and find tuna spawning areas by means of plankton tows. CQ Honduras REVISION OF FISHING LAW PLANNED: As the result of certain clauses con- tained in the Honduran Law of Fishing, commercial fishing in Honduran waters by foreign vessels was virtually sus- pended during July 1959. On August 15, however, Acuerdo No. 1351 was issued by the Executive Branch of the Govern- ment of Honduras whereby the Minister of Natural Resources is given authority to consider and grant temporary permits to fish in spite of the restrictive clauses of the Law. This Acuerdo also stipulates January 1960 Honduras (Contd.): that revision of the existing law is to be considered by the session of Congress which convened in November. With a view towards acting upon this last stipulation of the Acuerdo, the Min- istry of Natural Resources is drafting a revised Fishing Law and preparing the Regulations to the Fishing Law, states an October 19, 1959, dispatch from the United States Embassy at Te- gucigalpa. Hong Kong FISHERIES TRENDS, SECOND QUARTER 1959: During the second quarter of 1959, Hong Kong marketing cooperatives han- dled 187,492 piculs (about 25.0 million pounds) of fresh marine fish and 23,712 piculs (about 3.2 million pounds) of salt- ed fish landed. During the same period, 4,190 piculs (about 559,000 pounds) of shrimp were handled by the Fish Mar- keting Organization, The average price in the second quarter of 1959 for fresh fish was HK$0.70 per catty (about 9.2 U. S. cents a pound). Shrimp sales were not recorded by the marketing organization after June17 as they were no longer eligible for the United States market. During 17-day period in June only 246 piculs (about 32,000 pounds) were sold. Widespread irregularities in exports to the United States were brought to light and the U.S. Treasury Department refused to approve further imports from Hong Kong pending establishment of a new certification pro- cedure. The Chinese Communists continued to harass fishing boats from Hong Kong when they left Hong Kong waters. During a Legislative Council Budget debate the Deputy Colonial Secretary made some suggestions for improving the fishing fleet. In mentioning the low- er landings in 1958, he suggested a new type of ocean-going trawler that could COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 fish in ''safe'' international waters and thus ensure continuity of supplies. Cost per boat would approximate HK$500,000 (about US$87,500). The only staple food in which Hong Kong is self-sufficient comes from its fishing fleet, the United States Consulate in Hong Kong reported on October 15, 1959. Iceland SOVIET UNION BUYS 2,800 TONS OF ICELANDIC FROZEN FISH FILLETS: On October 23, 1959, the Icelandic newspaper Thjodviljinn announced that the Soviet Union had agreed to purchase 2,800 metric tons of frozen fish fillets. The Ministry of Commerce had announced on August 6 that the Soviets were con- sidering the purchase of 6,000 tons of frozen fillets to bring their purchases up to the 32,000 tons provided for in the trade agreement. Although the Soviet purchases of fro- zen fish fillets are still 3,200 tons below the amount provided for in the trade a- greement, the purchase of 2,800 tons should enable Iceland to close out its 3- year trade agreement with Russia on De- cember 31 with payments about in bal- ance. India TWO SMALL SHRIMP CANNERIES IN OPERATION: A small shrimp cannery in the fall of 1959 started to can shrimp in the small fishing village of Malpe, Mangalore, South Kanara, India. The equipment of the plant was designed and locally fabri- cated by its manager, a United States- educated fisheries engineer. The can- nery at Maple has an output of about 3,000 cans per 8-hour working day, and is the second cannery in operation in India. A somewhat larger cannery, located at Cochin, started packing shrimp in September 1958 and its capacity is rated 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW India (Contd.): at 12,000 cans per 12-hour working day. Both of the canneries put together are expected to pack annually nearly 2 million cans, valued at about Rs. 3 mil- lion (US$628,000) to the canners, for ex- port to the United States. (The Bombay East Indian, October 1, 1959.) lreland TERRITORIAL FISHING LIMITS TO BE MEASURED FROM BASE LINES INSTEAD OF SHORELINE: The Eire Government has given no- tice that from January 1, 1960, the ter- ritorial fishing limits around the Irish coast will operate on the base-line sys- tem. This means that the limit line will be measured from base lines drawn from headland to headland and will not be measured from the shoreline. However, Irish vessels will be per- mitted to fish the grounds excluded to non-Irish craft by the introduction of the system, Irish fishermen have been pressing for base-line limits. The Eire Government, in a note ex- plaining the reason for their action, stated that the old system gave rise to many difficulties. The new one would give the State jurisdiction over a great- er sea area. (The Fishing News, Octo- ber 23, 1959.) * a fh, Japan AGREEMENT ON SAFE FISHING SIGNED WITH COMMUNIST CHINA: The conclusion of a safe fishing a-~- greement between the Japan-Communist China Fisheries Council and the China Fisheries Association was announced on October 29, 1959, in Peiping by a joint declaration of the two contracting par- ties. A Japanese member of the stand- ing committee of the Japan-Communist China Fisheries Council, signed the a- greement for the Japanese side. Vol. 22, No. 1 The agreement designates two ports on the mainland, Lien Yun Kang and Wu Sung Kou, as ports of refuge for Japa- nese fishing boats in case of typhoon, shipwreck, accident, or sickness. The Japanese named the ports of Nagasaki, Tananoura, and Yamskawa. Severe re- strictions are placed on the activities of Japanese boats and men while in Chinese Communist ports, and it is specified that the agreement does not apply to cases of sickness which are of an epidemic nature. The Japan-Communist China Fisher- ies Council has applied to the Japanese's Maritime Safety Board of the Ministry of Transportation for official approval of the arrangement. In view of the fact that the agreement deals with humanitarian questions that are ''non-political in na- ture,'' approval is expected in the near future. From a practical standpoint the Japanese consider the agreement to be advantageous, because their boats fre- quently fishin Communist China's coast- al waters while few Chinese boats ap- proach the shores of Japan, the Ameri- can Embassy in Tokyo reported on No- vember 1959. %K OK OK OK OK BUILDING OF REPLACEMENT FISHING VESSELS STEPPED UP: An increase in building of replace- ment fishing vessels in Japan is aiding that country's shipbuilding and related industries. Most of the new vessels are for tuna fishing. Due to the stabilization of the tuna industry, construction tonnage has increased to almost three times as much as previous years and shipyards and ironworks are said to be holding orders for the coming six months. Compared with construction tonnage of 25,463 in 1958, by September 1959 it had reached 49,850 tons, almost twice as much. One reason for this increase in construction is the fact that a con- siderable amount of money is loaned out by financing institutions. Another reason is that many fishing vessels have reached both fishing companies and in- dividual owners have shifted from off- shore waters near Japan to distant fish- ing and direct exports or landings of catches of foreign ports or bases in the Atlantic. January 1960 Japan (Contd.): As far as the number of vessels is concerned, there does not seem to be much difference from 407 as of Septem- ber 15, 1958, and 420 vessels as of Sep- tember 1959. But while there was a drop of 34 wooden fishing vessels, there was an increase of 47 steel vessels in the first nine months of 1959. Each firm and vessel owner is trying to im- prove equipment and the efficiency of the fishing vessels, and at the same time a tendency is noticeable for build- ing larger vessels. For instance, three Pelagic two-boating trawling near Shizuoka, Japan, firms are building tuna vessels of the 500-2,000 ton class. According to the shipyards, all the shipowners are try- ing to figure out how the fish hold can be made larger in order to utilize the ship's tonnage to the maximum. For this pur- pose, they are making the engineroom smaller and the weight of the main en- gine lighter. In the first nine months of 1959, vessels built or building for the skipjack tuna fishery totaled 123 as com- pared with 62 vessels built or building by September 15, 1958. The Japanese Fishery Agency com- ments that the present condition does not necessarily indicate similar activi- ties in 1960 and some quarters in the industry seem to be of the opinion that construction tonnage may be beginning to decrease. (Suisan Tsushin, Octo- ber 30, 1959.) One Japanese firm on November 5, 1959, was reported to have ordered two vessels of 480 tons each from a ship- yard in Shizuoka Prefecture. Construc- tion of these two vessels is part of the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ¢s) company's plans to expand its tuna fish- ery. After completion these vessels will be based at Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture. (Fisheries Economic News, November 5, 1959.) se ok oe oe ok CANNED SALMON SALES TRENDS: The Japanese Canned Salmon Sales Company commenced the second-period sale of canned salmon early in Novem- ber 1959, and in addition to 225,000 cases of canned pink salmon, about 370,000 cases of red, silver, and chum salmon Shows nets-being hauled in. were expected to be sold for export to Britain. Including those sold during the first period, the total sold to Britain in 1959 is estimated to be 1,100,000 cases. Also, about 40,000 cases (tall cans) of pink salmon for the United States and some 110,000 cases for areas other than Britain, United States, and Canada were expected to be sold. With the 40,000 cases of tall cans and 250,000 cases of No. 2 cans, a total of 490,000 cases of canned pink slamon was sold to the Unit- ed States. (Suisan Tsushin, November 4, 1959.) BS Ens ert Se ee EXPORTS OF SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS TO THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY-JUNE 1959: During the first six months of 1959, Japanese exports of 37,300 metric tons of frozen tuna to the United States were valued at US$10,531,000, an increase of 29.9 percent in quantity and 26.1 percent in value, as compared with the same pe- riod in 1958. Canned tuna exports (4,578 74 Japan (Contd.): tons) to the United States January-June 1959 were valued at US$4,614,000, a de- crease of 47.5 percent in quantity and 35.2 percent in value from the first six months of 1958. Exports of other can- ned fish (mostly salmon and oysters) in January-June 1959 were up Sharply (33.7 percent in quantity and 21.6 percent in value) from the same period in 1958. However, exports of fish and marine- animal oils were down 91.4 percent in quantity and 70.4 percent in value the first six months of 1959 from the same period of 1958. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, October 14, 1959.) Japan's Exports of Selected Fishery Products to the United States ous June 1959 1959 coc ~june 1958 tema Tons) . . (US$1, 000) . HK OK OK MARINE-ANIMAL OIL EXPORTS, SUPPLY, AND UTILIZATION: Exports: Japan's exports of edible marine-animal oils (fish-liver and whale oils) dropped only 2.3 per- cent from 1958 to1959. How- ever, exports of inedible marine-ani- mal oils (sperm-whale oil) in 1959 of 11,000 metric tons were low- er (33.2 percent) than the exports of 16,471 tons in 1958. able 1 - Japanese, rine~Anima Oil Exports,4/ 1958-59 (Metric Tons) Edible: Cod liver oil . Shark liver oil Fish liver oil . Whale oil... st elaanlas Sperm -whale oil] 11,000 16,471 1/Preliminary estimates. Supply and Utilization: During Japa- nese fiscal year 1959 (April 1959-March 1960), out of an estimated total supply of 177,670 metric tons of marine-animal oils (edible and inedible), 98,470 tons or 55.4 percent will be exported 41,900 tons will be used for industrial products, and 37,300 tons will be consumed in the man- ufacture of edible margarine and short- ening. (United States Embassy dispatch from Tokyo, dated November 11, 1959.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW J Marcarite al Ini P Margarine and] Industri peta Shortening “| Ex Total i cae BEEZ 300 | 41,900 [98, 470 177, 670 Vol. 22, No. 1 Table 2 - Japanese Estimated Utilization and Supply of Marine-Animal Oils, Fiscal Year 1959 April 1959-March 1960 (Metici Tons) nyarnenee 2,000 | 84, 140 )107, 240 Sperm -whale oil 11,170] 35,470) Korea FISHING INDUSTRY SUFFERS SEVERE DAMAGE FROM TYPHOON: Typhoon Sarah swept across south- ern Korea on September 17, 1959, and left behind an estimated 669 persons missing and almost 800,000 persons homeless. Property damage, not yet all officially listed, is estimated to have exceeded US$100 million. Hardest hit was the Korean fishing in- dustry which had been gradually develop- ing under joint Republic of Korea-United States overseas mission (International Cooperation Administration) assistance to the point where it had become capable of supplying Korea's need for fisheries products and to provide a surplus for export. United States fisheries technicians report that prior to 1959, a total of $3,217,000 had been provided to reha- bilitate the Korean fisheries program; and that current year's operations pro- vide an additional $480,000 in direct support from Defense Support Appropria- tions and $659,000 from counterpart funds. Estimated damage to fisheries instal- lations in Kyong Sang Namdo Province, hardest hit by the typhoon, has been list- ed as at least 2,652,850,000 hwan ($5,305,700). Because communications with many of the areas have not yet been re-established, this total loss may rise much higher. Two other provinces, less seriously affected, may bring the total loss to the fishing industry of Korea to $18,000,000. One major phase of the United States Aid program has been to assist the Ko- January 1960 Korea (Contd.): rean Fisheries Associations to rebuild, remodel, or modernize the vessels in Korea's fishing fleet. On the basis of presentinformation over 3,000 boats in- cluding 16 of the powered vessels which were replacing former craft were de- stroyed. Seven other powered vessels were lost, and 15 were partially destroy- ed. Vessels lost, damaged, or destroy- ed include many new craft built with USOM funds and on which the construc- tion had been completed but the boats were awaiting the delivery of motors already in the warehouses. Damages to Government facilities for fisheries research, demonstration, inspection, processing, and warehousing inthe Pusan areaamounted to 58,000,000 hwan ($116,000) and much of this was constructed or operated as part of the fisheries program. An additional 24,000,000 hwan ($48,000) was reported from various branch research stations and hatcheries in the Mokpo and other outlying areas. Until September 17, 1959, the USOM fisheries program for Korea had ex- pected to report unusual progress in implementing its current program. Ty- phoon Sarah has made it necessary for the Korean fishermen--and the United States aid program to the Korean fish- eries industry--to make a fresh start. Already this is being done, with special survey teams in the disaster area to in- vestigate what can be salvaged and to meet with the various fisheries guilds to help them develop ways to finance the reconstruction. Relief aid is already moving into the disaster area, anda formal request for long-range aid as- sistance has been forwarded to Washing- ton, the United States Embassy in Seoul reported on October 21, 1959. He OK HK OK 2k FISHING INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT LISTED FOR DUTY-FREE ENTRY: The Korean Ministry of Finance is- sued two ordinances (Nos. 174 and 175) on October 20, 1959, which revised the existing provisions in Ordinances Nos. 54 and 55 for exemption of customs du- ties on certain imports. Public Notice No. 197 of October 20, 1959, issued by the Ministry of Finance spells out in de- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 tail the specific machinery and equip- ment entitled to duty free treatment for each important and essential industry. Duty free items concerned with the fish- ing industry are as follows: Equipment for Fishing Fleet: Fishing boats (50 gross tons up, under 5 years boat-age); fish detectors; direction find- ers; engines; whaling guns; net hoisters; fish pumps; and fishing nets (synthetic fibre products only). Fish Canneries: Vacuum seaming machine; can washing machine; shell re- moving machine; filling machine; vacu- um can inspecting machine; can drying machine; magnetic sterilizing machine; magnetic thermometers; can-lid making machine; and generators. Agar-Agar Industry: Compressors; centrifugal separators; dryers; filtering machine; agar-agar packing machine; agar-agar cutters; and generators. grinding machine; dryers; sieves; sepa- rators; distilling apparatus; electric cur- rent inducting and adjusting equipment; temperature regulator; and generators. (United States Embassy dispatch from Seoul reported November 3, 1959.) _<> ———— ——— i aw => Libya TUNA LANDINGS UP FOR1959 SEASON: Landings of tuna at principal Libyan ports during the 1959 season totaled a- bout 1,950 metric tons and the season was considered a successful one. The landings by ports are as follows: Zuara, 400 tons; Marsa Zunga, 280 tons; Zansur, 300 tons; Sidi Billiman, 420 tons; Kliton, 300 tons; and Misarata, 250 tons. Additional supplies of tuna were re- ceived by a tuna canning company lo- cated in Zuara from Japanese tuna fish- ing vessels. These supplies enabled the cannery to extend its canning season for three months or until December. As arule the Libyan coastal fishing season ends in August. The tuna landed by the Japanese were smaller, but the meat was whiter and 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Libya (Contd.): the Zuara cannery believed the tuna packed from the Japanese fish would be attractive to the Americans in Libya. One problem remained unsolved regard- Vole 22: eNoe a: tends to declare as having pioneer or protective status. The new list increases the number of industries likely to qualify from 31 to 34 and products from 174 to 189. Includedinthe list of products pro- posed for pioneer status are: Fish, includ- Tuna fishing with set nets off coast of Libya. Net extends almost two miles from shore. Fishermen use barges first to put out a wire skeleton, held in position by anchors, and then fix the net over the wire.. This takes 60 fisher- men 2 to 3 weeks, Catches per haul vary from 12 to 500 tuna. ing the landings of Japanese tuna--that is the customs duties to be assessed by the Director of Customs. (United States Embassy dispatch from Tripoli report- ed October 12, 1959.) Malaya FISHERY AND WHALE PRODUCTS PROPOSED FOR PIONEER STATUS: On October 1, 1959, the Malayan Federation promulgated its eighthnotice of products and industries which the Minister of Commerce and Industry in- ing crustacea, molluscs, cetacea (whales), and preparations thereof. (United States Embassy dispatch from Kuala Lumpur, October 6, 1959.) 29 Mexico EXPORT DUTIES ON FISHERY PRODUCTS CHANGED EFFECTIVE AUGUST 8, 1959: Export duties on some of Mexico's fishery products were reduced effective August 8, 1959 (announced in the Diario Official on August 4, 1959). January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77 Mexico (Contd.): Mexico's Export Duties on Fishery Products Effective August 8, 1959, with Com 040-00-02 | Oysters in the shell 040-00-06 | Tortoise shell turtles 040-00-99 | Live animals, edible; from salt or fresh water, not specified Fresh abalone whole, with or without shell Fresh abalone fillets, re- frigerated or frozen 041-00-03 | Clams, without shell, fresh or refrigerated 10 0.03 041-00-09 | Shrimp, fresh or refriger- ated, from Gulf of Mexico 1/0.003 041-00-10 | Shrimp, fresh or refriger- ated, from the Pacific 041-00-13 | Crayfish, "moro," fresh, re- frigerated or frozen 041-00-14 | Crayfish, other than "moro," fresh, refrigerated or frozen 041-00-19 | Crabs, fresh, refrigerated or frozen 041-00-22 | Lobster, fresh, refrigerated or frozen 041-00-27 | Oysters, shucked, fresh, re- frigerated or frozen 041-00-32 | Goose barnacles, fresh, re- frigerated or frozen 041-00-96 | Crustaceans, not specified, fresh, refrigerated or frozen Mollusks, notspecified, fresh, refrigerated or frozen Fresh-water fish, not speci- fied, fresh, refrigerated or frozen 041-00-97 041-00-98 Salt-water, not specified, fresh, refrigerated or frozen 041-00-99 042-00-00 042-00-02 | Driedshrimp, peeled or not, even if pulverized Abalone, salted Clams, shucked, salted Oysters, shucked, salted Sel Octopus, salted 5 - Crustaceans or mollusks, not specified, smoked, salted, in brine, or dry 10 - Fish, not specified, smoked salted, in brine or dry 10 - 15 clits 1/Listed in tariff as 0.30 pesos per 100 net kilograms. Equivalent in US$. Hee se ok ole 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 Mexico (Contd.): EXPORT DUTIES INCREASED ON RED SNAPPERS, TURTLES, AND CRAYFISH: The Mexican Government has in- creased export duties on red snapper, marine turtles, and fresh-water cray- fish (Diario Oficial, October 21, 1959). In U. S. cents per gross pound the ex- port duties now are about 1.2 cents for red snappers, 1.0 cent for turtles, and 2.8 cents for fresh-water crayfish. The increases in duties were effect- ed by increases in the official prices. It is not expected that these increases will have any appreciable effect on ex- ports. In 1958 Mexico exported about 255 metric tons of red snapper, 32 tons of marine turtles, and one ton of fresh- water crayfish. All of these products were shipped to the United States. MERIDA AREA SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Landings of shrimp from the Gulf of Mexico during the third quarter of 1959 in the Campeche-Ciudad del Carmen area exceeded the total catch of the second quarter by ap- proximately 50 percent. A sudden drop in the price of shrimp in the Brownsville, Texas, market virtually elim- inated the profits earned from this increase. Table 1 - Landings of Shrimp at Carmen and Campeche, July-September 1959 Carmen Campeche ie eismevelieb eke cue) aie eptemberin.y.tctensncusss Motaleiontetcasheuete The price drop was due largely to the high inventories in the United States. Heavy catches by United States ves- sels off the Texas coast added to the problem. The new price levelis actually not as low asit mightseem, since prices have remained relatively high for the past two years. Previous to that, however, prices averaged about the same as September prices and lower. Table 2 - Exports to U. S. of Selected Fishery Products from all Ports in the Merida Area, July-September, 1959 Product The local effect of this change in the market has been to further reduce the number of marginal-profit boats operat- ing in the Carmen-Campeche area. At present production levels, a fair profit may be earned even at the lower prices, provided that the operation is properly financed. However, in the Carmen area especially, many owners who entered the shrimp business during its highly profitable days backed by very little capital are finding it increasingly difficult to finance their operations. Forced to resort to excessively expensive credit facilities with interest rates as high as five percent per month, these owners suffer most from the reduced profit margin. In Campeche, however, the ef- fect is not as severe since the majority of the shrimp boat owners are local business men whose financial situ- ation is more stable and whose livelihood does not depend completely on the shrimp catches. The increased volume of production on the Yucatan Penin- sula during the July-September quarter-had little or nothing to do with the self-imposed white shrimp ban along the Cam- peche coast for two months last spring. The catches during the last quarter were primarily pink and brown shrimp, al- though signs of a new crop of small white shrimp recently appeared, On October 18, a group of Mexican Federal Government technicians were visiting Ciudad del Carmen as their first stop in a tour of the Yucatan Peninsula aimed at the study of the various problems of the regional economy. The group, which included representatives of several Govern- ment departments, made the investigation under the di- rection of the Secretariat of the President. Meetings were held in Carmen with representatives of the shrimp industry and it was reported certain recommendations concerning their difficulties will be made by the Government later. It appears that the executive branch of the Government may be taking more of an interest in the problems of the shrimp industry. Shrimp production for the third quarter of 1959 totaled about 4.0 million pounds in the Carmen-Campeche area, The comparable figure for the previous quarter was 2.6 million pounds. (United States Consulate in Merida, Octo- ber 23, 1959.) ok ok Kk SHRIMP FISHERIES TRENDS, OCTOBER 1959: The Mexican shrimp fishing industry, particularly the vessel owners, in Octo- ber 1959 were discouraged over the drop in shrimp prices. Reports from the Pa- Fig. 1 - New shrimp trawler (built in November 1958) ap- proaching dock at shipyard in Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. cific Coast indicated a decline in white shrimp production for the Guaymas- Mazatlan fleets. During the latter part of October some of those vessels began fishing for brown shrimp, as fishermen January 1959 Mexico (Contd.): believed that the season for white shrimp was over. Because of the size and price of brown shrimp, the vessel owners claimed to be losing money on catches of that species. At the westcoast port of Salina Cruz, catches began picking up towards the end of October with landings consisting mostly of brown shrimp. Boat owners complained of low prices. Trips yield- ing less than 4,000 or 5,000 pounds of headless shrimp were reported to be in the red. Three Salina Cruz vessels fish- ing off Guatemala were forced into San Jose, Guatemala, for allegedillegal fish- ing in Guatemalan waters on October 25, 1959. Fig. 2 - Portion of shipyard at Mazatlan devoted to con- struction of steel vessels. In the Carmen-Campeche area of the Gulf of Mexico landings averaged less than 2,000 pounds a trip in October. At Carmen during the first half of the month about half of the landings were pink shrimp. Of the remaining half, white shrimp accounted for about twice as much as brown shrimp. The white shrimp picked up at the endofthe month and were reported running ahead of the 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79 pinks, with browns insignificant. Sizes were averaging about 50 percent 26-30 count to the pound or larger. - gs Ge ees ~s " ~ Ryser NH Fig. 3 -Small shipyard near Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, show- ing three partially completed 66-foot wooden shrimp vessels. At Campeche landings were about 95 percent pink with white accounting for most of the remainder. Sizes were run- ning larger than at Carmen with better than 75 percent being 26-30 count or larger, the United States Embassy in Mexico City reported on November 6, 1959. Morocco FISHING VESSELS AND GEAR: In 1959, according to statistics pub- lished by the Moroccan Bureau of Mer- chant Marine and Sea-Fishing, the fish- ing fleet consisted of 147 trawlers (aver- age 56 tons), 312 sardine seiners (aver- age 18 tons), and 2,120 small trawlers and line boats (average 3.4 tons). In ad- dition to the fishing vessels, six tuna trap nets (madragues) operated on the Moroccan coast. At the two principal Moroccan Fishing Vessels and Gear ————————————— ee EE SION ESSE Std OSE ee ee ene Chalutiers et chalutiers-sardiniers) | (sardine fleet, sardiniers)](3.4 tons average, palanqri hammedia (ex-Fedale) asablanca 80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Morocco (Contd.): sardine fishing ports of Safi and Agadir, nylon twine is being used more frequent- ly in the seine nets. (United States Con- sul in Casablanca, October 5, 1959.) Hk OK ok Kk ok SARDINE FISHERY TRENDS, THIRD QUARTER 1959: Marketing Moroccan canned sardines continues to be a matter of selling ata profit in France at 5,800 to 6,200 French francs (about US$11.81-12.63) per case and at a loss elsewhere at about 3,000 Moroccan francs (about US$7.14) per case. Canners seem now to be coming to terms with reality and are curtailing production to the approximate size of the French duty-free quota of 600,000 cases. In doing so, they face the op- position of the Government, which wish- es to keep Moroccan sardines on the world market. The canners and the Government have settled upon a com- promise of 1,300,000 cases, which, add- ed to the 650,000 cases left over from the 1958 season, make 1,950,000 cases to be sold, more than two-thirds of which will probably have to be sold at a loss. No effective measures have been taken to reduce the high cost price of Moroccan sardines in order to bring it down to a competitive level. At the beginning of September 1959, only 40 factories were active and many were canning mostly mackerel, which is sal- able abroad. According to a Casablanca commer- cial newspaper, a price of 3,500 francs (about US$8.33) per case has been offer- ed by Soviet Russia but with ''conditions fixed by the buyers which partly nullify the additional value offered." The dispute between the fishermen and the fish meal and oil industry about the price of sardines has not yet been settled. It had been agreed that the price of sardines for byproducts factor- ies would rise during the season from 8 to 11 francs per kilo (0.86-1.2 U.S. cents a pound or $17-24 a short ton). The factory owners later backed down on the agreement, due to the decline in prices for fish meal on the world mar- ket. The matter is now in the hands of Vol. 22, No. 1 the Ministry for Industry, and fish are being sold for 9 francs a kilo (about 0.97 U. S. cents a pound or $19 a short ton). The fish meal industry has grown con- siderably in the past two years due part- ly to the closing of many canneries, and considerable investments have been made in equipping some 7 or 8 new plants, the United States Embassy in Rabat report- ed on October 20, 1959. Note: Moroccan franc valued at 420 francs to US$1 and French franc at 491 francs equal US$1. Netherlands ANTARCTIC WHALING FLEET DEPARTS AFTER SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTE OVER WAGES: The wage dispute between the Union for Seamen and the Netherlands Whaling Company, which threatened to delay the departure of the factoryship Willem Barendsz and its fleet of catcher vessels to the Antarctic whaling grounds, has been settled for the 1959/60 season. The old labor agreement has been extended for this coming season. Wages were not lowered as was the original intention of the Company and agreement was reached concerning the premium to be paid the seamen on the basis of the whale oil pro- duced. Earlier in 1959 the Dutch Whal- ing Company, in anticipation of a lower blue-whale unit quota, had announced its intention of seeking a new agreement with the seamen for lower wage levels. As the Netherlands is now no longer bound by the International Whaling Commission quota, the Company plans to increase the whale catch from about 700 blue-whale units to 1,200 blue-whale units. The Willem Barendsz was delayed in sailing on the scheduled date of Octo- ber 31 due to a delay in completing the installation of a new deep-freezing unit. However, the whaling fleet was reported to have left on November 4 and was ex- pected to arrive on the Antarctic whaling grounds in time to operate the full 107 days as scheduled. (United States Em- bassy in Amsterdam reported on Octo- ber 23, 1959. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December, pron. ae pa January 1960 Netherlands (Contd.): IMPORTS OF MARINE OILS, JANUARY-JUNE 1959: During the first six months of 1959, imports of marine oils (include oils produced at sea by Dutch fishing and -June 1958-59 Netherland's Imports of Marine Oils, United States. . United Kingdom West Germany - Iceland Norway... .- - Portugal... . Union of South ing and whaling fleets. 3/Value estimated |1/Values converted at rate of 3.775 guilders equal US$1. 2/Represents fish and whale oil production by Dutch fish- ] Norway! COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 whaling fleets) amounted to 35,599 metric tons, an increase of 46.1 percent as compared with the 24,366 tons imported in the same period of 1958. Values were up about 33.7 per- cent in the first six months of 1959 from January-June 1958. The approximate value per metric ton for imported marine oils declined from about US$217.27 in the first half of 1958 to about 195.79 per ton in January-June 1959. (Report of October 3, 1959, from Agricultural Attache with U. S. Em- bassy, the Hague.) EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS, 1957-58: Norwegian exports (includes products delivered directly from fishing grounds) of fishery and marine-animal products during 1958 amounted to 632,770 metric tons, valued at US$165.2 million. As compared with 1957, the exports in1958 were lower by 12.7 percent in quantity and 11.5 percent in value. The decline in Norway's exports of fish and fish and marine-animal byproducts was due largely to the failure of the 1958 winter herring fishery. Products derived di- rectly from the herring fishery (exclusive Norway Product Metric Tons 30, 080 1,242 26,984 1,000 Kroner 14, 377 57, 138 2,925 316 26, 375 Stockfish (dr (dtied) Klipfish (salted and dried) Herring (salted) .-..... Fish (salted) . 5 6 Herring (salted and smoked) Cod roe (salted) Total dried, salted, and Smoked 150, 849 71,762 24,056 36, 040 21,772 108, 201 15, 154 42, 193 20,058 57,936 8, 114 62, 883 8, 381 23,255 3, 257 9,942 2, 324 156, 449 2, 880 2, 897 Canned fish (all kinds) 39, 133 155, 906 42, 881 Fish and Whale Meal: Herring meal eiifel Fish meal, ground fish ..... Sea weed meal.... Fish liver meal Whale meal P Total fish and whale meals , 89, 437 16,527 6, 360 1,025 7,810 1,159 102,976 120, 468 16,032 14,231 2,495 7,342 1,061 920 7,190 10,106 129,754 153,067 202, 174 141, 697 Refined hardened oils and fats, inedible and edible .... 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Norway (Contd.): of herring oil and herring oil refined in- to hardened oils and fats) declined from 290,169 tons in 1957 to 218,128 tons in 1958, or about 24.8 percent. Pakistan NEW WHOLESALE FISH MARKET AT KARACHI OPENED BY PRESIDENT: On October 2, 1959, the New Karachi wholesale fish market was opened by the President of Pakistan. The Minis- ter of Food and Agriculture made the introductory speech in which he outlined the status of the fish harbor and reveal- ed for the first time publicly the Martial Law Regulation which had been signed on September 29, 1959, whereby no one is permitted to sell or otherwise dis- pose of fish, fresh, dried, or salted, ex- cept at places designated by the Central Government. This provision of the Mar- tial Law applies only to wholesale auc- tions. Retail sales and sales by hawkers will be unaffected. After the Minister's speech, the President's speech empha- sized mostly the food and nutritional value of fish and the necessity for de- veloping fisheries as a means of in- creasing food supply. The President then went out into the sorting room of the wholesale market. In the undredged channel there were several small gaily decorated fishing boats which could navigate the channel, and it had been arranged that one fish- ing vessel would tie up alongside and discharge its cargo which in turn would be sorted. The President watched the unloading and sorting, inspected the weighing system, and departed. The market was officially open. The market did not actually start auction operations until October 6, at which time 60 metric tons of fish were disposed of. The quantity has increased, and on October 9, 140 tons were sold of which about half were fresh and the oth- er cured or processed, The daily ca- pacity had been estimated at 120 tons, Vole 22. Nos The channel at the waterside where fishing boats were to land their catch has not been dredged to sufficient depths and catches continue to be landed else- where and brought into the market by camels, rickshaws, and trucks, so that the planned smooth flow from the ships to the sorting room and into the auction room has not yet been effected. The Government has stated that the fish harbor will be in full operation by the middle of 1960. Following is the status of the installations in the fish harbor, and the anticipated date of com- pletion as set forth by the Government: Jetty built on the reclaimed land com~- pleted; wholesale fish market, com- pleted; oil pier, completed; Fishermen's Cafe, completed; building for storing, display, and sale of fishing equipment, completed; four sheds to be used for making and mending nets as well as the fishermen's rest house, completed; the sea food cafe, construction completed but not open pending a decision as to who will operate; two cold storage plants, 120 tons each, completed; one chip-ice plant and 2 block-ice plants with combined ca- pacity for freezing 40 tons a day, com- pleted; research station (marine fish- eries laboratory), January 1960; dredg- ing, April 1960; boat basin, workshop, and slipway for repair of vessels, no estimated date of completion but con- struction will not begin until after dredg- ing has been completed; curing yard, no estimated date of completion but con- struction is to begin early in 1960. Priv- ate enterprise area, 37,000 square yards have been earmarked for private indus- try and 7 plots have been allotted. Con- struction has started on one freezing plant. No date of completion indicated. The other 3 freezing plants, the 2 can- ning plants, and 1 shark-liver plant are just now placing orders for machinery, and road network, the major portion of network completed. The Martial Law Regulation No. 75 promulgated at the time of the opening reads as follows: "No person shall sell or otherwise dispose of, within the Federal Capital, fish whether fresh, dried or salted except at such place or places and in such manner as the Central Government may from time to time by notification in the official Gazette direct... ." January 1960 Pakistan (Contd.): Under this regulation only the Kara- chi Fish Harbor, West Wharf, has been designated as the place for disposing of fish. Official press handout hails this reg- ulation as a welfare measure for the general fishing community and the con- suming public by breaking the monopoly of the 11 auctioneers known as ''mole- holders'' and who are said to "resort to malpractices of various sorts,'' so that "the fishermen do not get an adequate return for the labor involved in sea fish- ing.'' It also is touted as a means of in- creasing the foreign exchange earnings of the country by preventing the wastage of fish in transit and in handling as well as by improving the quality of processed fish. (United States Embassy report, Karachi, October 16, 1959.) Y @ NEW LAW MODIFIES RESTRICTIONS ON EXPANSION OF FISH MEAL PLANTS: The Peruvian Supreme Resolution No. 217 of December 1, 1956, which prohibited the establishment of new fish meal plants or the expansion of existing plants, has been superseded by Supreme Decree No. 09 of October 9, 959% Peru At the same time, the Decree also modified Article 25 of Supreme Decree No. 12 of December 5, 1958, in sucha way as to impose certain limitations upon the establishment or expansion of plants. Under the Decree of October 9, 1959, licenses will be issued only for land installations and for plants whose capacities do not exceed those of exist- ing plants. Applications will be accept- ed only from individuals or entities hav- ing sufficient economic means to com- plete a project, and they must own their own fishing vessels. Licenses will not be issued for the operation of new plants in three specified zones, and closed sea- sons will be established by the Ministry of Agriculture as necessary for conser- vation, There are other provisions re- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 lating to the use of licenses within one year of issuance, and to inspection. Plants already in operation have 12 months from date of publication of the October Decree in which to bring their operations into accord with the Decree. Licenses limit tonnage to that which can be processed in 20 hours a day and 300 days a year. In regard to the requirement that plant operators must own their own vessels, vessels normally engaged in supplying fresh fish for consumption, freezing, or canning have been diverted to anchovy fishing, causing a severe shortage in the supplies of edible fish. The vessel ownership requirement is designed to correct the shortage of fresh fish by preventing diversion of boats to the presently more lucrative fishery for the reduction plants. (United States Em- bassy reported from Lima on October 19, 1959.) Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959, p. 95. CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY-JULY 1959: Portugal's exports of canned fish dur- ing January-July 1959, amounted to 38,605 metric tons (2,117,000 cases), valued at US$19.8 million as compared with 32,868 tons, valued at US$17.7 mil- lion for the same period in 1958. Sar- dines in olive oil exported during the first seven months of 1959 amounted to 27,858 tons, valued at US$13.5. Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-July 1959 _| anuary~July 1959 S$ Portugal During January-July 1959, the lead- ing canned fish buyer was Germany with 8,506 tons (valued at US$4.2 million), followed by Italy with 5,385 tons (valued at US$3.1 million), United States with 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Portugal (Contd.): 3,614 tons (valued at US$2.5 million), Great Britain with 3,426 tons (valued at US$1.6 million), and Belgium-Luxem- bourg with 2,540 tons (valued at US$1.2 million). Exports to the United States included 1,585 tons of anchovies, 406 tons of tuna, 1,536 tons of sardines, and 28 tons of mackerel. (Conservas de Peixe, September 1959.) Ae OK OK OK OK CANNED FISH PACK, JANUARY-JULY 1959: The total pack of canned fish for January-July 1959 amounted to 17,679 metric tons as compared with 17,849 tons for the same period in 1958. Can- ned sardines in oil (9,257 tons) account- ed for 52.4 percent of the January-July 1959 total pack, up by 1.0 percent from the pack of 9,164 tons for the same pe- riod of 1958, the September 1959 Con- servas de Peixe reports. Portuguese Canned Fish Pack -July 1959 Olive Oil: Sardinelike fish Anchovy fillets OK OK OK OK FISHERIES TRENDS, JANUARY-JULY 1959: Sardine Fishing: During January- July 1959, the Portuguese fishing fleet landed 28,440 metric tons of sardines (valued at US$2,983,756 ex-vessel or about $104.90 a ton). July 1959 landings of sardines totaled 11,353 tons valued at US$1,288,174. Can- neries purchased 53.2 percent or 6,040 tons of the sardines (valued at US$693,217 ex-vessel or about $114.77 a ton). A to- tal of 5,276 tons was purchased for the fresh fish market, and 37 tons were salted. Other Fishing: The January-July 1959 landings of fish other than sardines were principally 16,044 tons of chin- Vol. 22, No. 1 chards (value US$1,093,495) and 3,015 tons of anchovies (value US$275,061). (Conservas de Peixe, September 1959.) South-West Africa FISHING INDUSTRY IMPORTANT TO ECONOMIC LIFE: The South-West Africa fishing indus- try, centered around Walvis Bay and Luderitz, has grown rapidly and makes a significant contribution to the Terri- tory's economic life. It brings in over US$25 million worth of business a year and employs some 4,000 persons. Six modern canneries and freezing plants permit efficient production of canned pilchards (sardine), fish oil, and fish meal. South-West Africa's Production of Selected Products and Byproducts and White Fish Landings, 1957-58 [eee al . (Short Tons) . Ae 000 Lbs.) . i, 808 1, 374 3,698 1, 777 1, 882 In 1959 the permissible pilchard-ma- asbanker catch was increased by 50,000 tons to 300,000 short tons. This bodes well for the industry because there has been greater demand for fish meal and oil as well as for canned fish. Competi- tion from the United States and Japan has been keen, however, particularly for canned fishinthe Philippine market. Al- though canned spiny lobster production has fallen off, the United States market for frozen spiny lobster tails has kept the spiny lobster industry healthy and it has processed about 20 million pounds ayear. (Canadian Foreign Trade, November 7, 1959.) OK KK NEW VESSEL FOR SPINY LOBSTER RESEARCH BUILT: A 74-foot vessel (Similar to the Trachurus and Kunene built for the Union of South Africa Fisheries Divisions) January 1960 South-West Africa (Contd.): has been built at Luderitz for the South- West Africa Administration for spiny lobster research. Luderitz, one of South-West Africa's two fishing centers, has six large spiny lobster processing factories represent- ing a capital investment of about US$8.4 million. More than 1,000 fishermen and factory workers are dependent on the industry and during the past few years have suffered as a result of a sharp drop in the yearly catch. The Adminis- tration has a laboratory and three scien- tists in the town, but its only available vessel has been the 65-foot patrol boat Nautilus II. The head of the Fisheries Section of the South-West Africa Administration said that the new vessel, which was to be named Angra Pequena, would cost about $112,000 to build and equip. She would be powered by twin Diesel en- gines each developing 170 hp., and, like the other South-West Africa fishery re- search vessels, would be a twin-screw craft. She would have a speed of at least 11 knots. In addition to a large labora- tory, she would have accommodations for 13 crew and scientists. In addition to its proposed work on spiny lobsters, the South-West African Administration is making a substantial contribution to pilchard research with two modern vessels, the 82-foot Namib and the 70-foot Kuiseb, and a team of seven scientists. Another project being undertaken by the Administration is the building, at a cost of $98,000-$112,000, of new labo- ratories at Walvis Bay. (The Austra- lian Fishery Newsletter, September 19598) SH SS Spain CANNED TUNA EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES INCREASE SHARPLY: Since the inauguration of the new ex- change rate on July 22, 1959, there has COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 been a sharpincrease in exports of can- ned albacore tuna from Spain to the Unit- ed States. From July 22-August 31, 1959, a total of 1,345,685 pounds (value US$489,403) of canned albacore tuna and 58,918 pounds (value $22,014) of other canned fish were exported to the United States. Total exports in 1958 to the Unit- ed States of all types of canned fish a- mounted to 1,757,572 pounds, valued at US$556,456. Two factors are believed to have con- tributed to increased exports to the Unit- ed States during July and August 1959. First, and believed to be of primary im- portance, is the adjustment in the ex- change rate of 60 pesetas to the dollar. Previously canned fish exporters had been allowed premiums of up to 8 pesetas on the official rate of 42 pesetas to the dollar, bringing the previous effective rateupto amaximum of 50 pesetas to the dollar. The second factor mentioned as a boost to export sales is the poor catches of summer albacore tuna by the Japa- nese fishermen which resulted in de- creased exports by Japan of canned white meat tuna to the United States. Spanish fish canners were optimistic over prospects for exports during the remainder of 1959, although their opti- mism was based primarily on the hope that albacore catches would continue to be plentiful. Sales to the United States of canned fish exceeding US$1 million are forecast for the year 1959. In commenting on the monetary stabi- lization program, one canner stated his belief that the program will be success- ful in the longrun, and cited the increased exports of canned fish as evidence of short-run success in one sector. He added that the program must work, if industries such as fish canning are to survive. (United States Consulate in Vigo, reported September 11, 1959.) 86 Sweden EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS TO EAST GERMANY RESUMED: Negotiations between officials of the Swedish West Coast Fishermen's Organ- ization and East German authorities have resulted in the resumption of Swedish fish exports to East Germany. First shipments, it is said, will consist of de- liveries from the 4,500 metric tons (about 100,000 cases) of herring stored in plants in southern and western Swe- den. Later it is hoped to export fresh fish. It is reported in the Goteborg press that the agreement provides that during the remainder of 1959, Sweden will be able to export 6,315 metric tons of fish (herring, eel, cod fillets, salmon, etc.) to East Germany as well as 1,825,000 cans of sprat and 100 metric tons of specialities for a total value of 6,500,000 crowns (US$1,257,000), This amount will be in addition to the 9 millioncrowns (US$1,740,000) provided for in the 1959 barter agreement with East Germany, ac- cording to an October 27, 1959, dispatch from the United States consulin Goteborg. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 19595 p. 97%. Taiwan FISHERY LANDINGS INCREASED IN 1958: Salt-water and pond fish production by Taiwan in 1958 amounted to 229,667 metric tons--10.3 percent above 1957. The goal for 1959 is 242,000 metric tons. It was reported recently that pro- duction through July 1959 reached 136,045 tons and, despite flood damage to fish ponds, the 1959 production is ex- pected to exceed the target. Flood damage to fisheries was esti- mated officially at NT $76,375,000 (about US$2,117,000), almost all of which con- sisted of claimed damage to fresh-wa- ter ponds and to brackish coastal ponds near Tainan. A fisheries expert in Sep- tember reported that the few fresh-water ponds in the flooded area had been re- paired and restocked, at a total outlay to the Federal Agency of less than NT$4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 million (US$111,000), and that most of the coastal ponds were better left unre- paired, since they obstruct drainage and are illegal. Thus, pond-fishery produc- tion has been little set back, and the a- bundance of water for ponds around Tao- yuan, which frequently go dry in late sum- mer, will probably assure an increased catch there. Certain funds were made available for rehabilitation of boats and fishing harbors. Taiwan's fishing has expanded so fast that coastal and inshore trawling grounds are becoming less profitable, and the trawlers are tempted to wander afield. They stray occasionally within reach of Communist Chinese gunboats and are taken into custody. Though they are usually released, the Government has attempted to minimize incidents by set- ting limits to those parts of the Taiwan Strait and China Sea in which they can operate. The trawlers have regularly ignored the limits but, after the most recent incident last spring, the Navy be- gan more rigid enforcement, and the trawlers have complained to the author- ities that, unless restrictions are re- laxed, the offshore and deep-sea fish- ery catch will shortly begin to decline. (United States Embassy dispatch from Taipei, October 22, 1959.) a SoS Thailand SHRIMP INDUSTRY BEING DEVELOPED: The first shipment of frozen shrimp from Thailand to the United States took place in April 1959. The packer, with headquarters in Bangkok, has a complete processing and packing plant located in the Government freezer there. The fa- cility offers a holding capacity of 3,500 tons. The one company is the only packer operating in the Government warehouse at present. The initial ship- ment of shrimp (packed in 5-pound car- tons) was the first frozen product ever shipped from Thailand. The Thailand packer expects to pack about 500,000 pounds during its first year of operation. It supplies fishermen with nets, and has secured services of Japanese technicians to teach native fish- January 1960 Thailand (Contd.): ermen how to fish for shrimp with modern equipment. The packer obtains mostly white shrimp, but has secured some tiger- stripe shrimp. Most of the catch has been jumbo size with very little small- er than 10-to-the-pound. The fishing season usually lasts about nine months. (Frosted Food Field, October 1959.) Tunisia FISHERY TRENDS, OCTOBER 1959: In July 1959, the Director of the Tunisian Office National de Peche visit- ed Italy where he arranged for the pur- chase of two used trawlers. He also concluded final construction details on 4 new trawlers being built in Italy as a part of the United States aid program to Tunisia. Two of these are to be de- livered in February 1960 and two more in March. Two additional used trawlers may be purchased in Italy. The dinar- franc disparity continues to plague the Tunisian fishing industry which is also affected by Portuguese, Spanish, Japa- nese, and even Moroccan competition. Tuna landings during the 1959 sea- son, which ended in mid-July, were ab- normally small. Only 200 metric tons were landed as compared to average annual landings of 1,000 tons. The light landings in 1959 may be attributed to any one or a combination of the follow- ing factors: nonappearance of tuna in Tunisian waters; depletion of tuna schools in the Mediterranean as the re- sult of overfishing, and the fact that only two Spanish captains were avail- able to set the fish traps for the Sidi- Daoud tuna canneries, Tunisia's largest. The Spaniards have been replaced by less experienced Tunisian trap captains. The catch of sardines and sardine- like fish for the season which begins in late May and ends in November was poor as of early October. It is report- ed that price-wise Tunisia can now ex- port to the French market, but that the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 quality of Tunisian sardines is poor and French buyers are offering sales resist- ance. The principal reason for this is the poor handling techniques of the Tu- nisian fishermen, the fact that refrigera- tion is generally unavailable, and fish are delivered to the canneries in poor condition. However, it has been noted that total exports of salted and canned fish and shellfish increased about 21.6 percent during the first half of 1959 (264,706 dinars or about US$630,000) as compared to the similar period of 1958 (217,696 dinars or about US$518,000). (United States Embassy dispatch from Tunis, October 16, 1959.) Grae Turkey PLAN TO ACTIVATE FISH MEAL AND OIL PLANT IN 1960: The Turkish Meat and Fish Organiza- tion established Turkey's first fish meal and oil plant in Trabzon in 1958 and plan- ned to begin operations in the 1958 sea- son. The plant building and installation of machinery was actually completed, but activation has been delayed. Now the Meat and Fish administrators are planning to put the plant into operation early in 1960. This plant will produce industrial fish oil and fish meal. The main types of fish utilized will be por- poise and mackerel. A small amount of fish oil is pro- duced with primitive methods by the fishermen of the eastern Black Sea re- gion. When they catch a porpoise, they boil it, skim off the oil, and use the meat scrap as fertilizer, as they have no fish meal reduction equipment, according to an October 6, 1959, report from the United States Agricultural Attache in Ankara, Union of South Africa PILCHARD-MAASBANKER LANDINGS FOR 1959 BREAK RECORD: The 1959 pelagic shoal fishing season off the Union of South Africa's Cape west 88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Union of South Africa (Contd.): coast closed at midnight on August 14, 1959, with a new record catch of 34,753 short tons, made up of 286,796 tons of pilchards, 19,484 tons of maasbanker, and 36,473 tons of mackerel. This catch was higher than that of the previous re- cord season in 1952, and exceeded the 1958 catch substantially. The decision to close the 1959 season two weeks before the expected closing date of August 31 was made on the rec- ommendation of the Fisheries Develop- ment Advisory Council which met at the end of July. At this meeting the Council was informed by the Union's Director of Fisheries that the pilchard~maasbanker quota had already passed the 276,723 tons landed to the end of August last year. Almost the entire pilchard catch, he reported, had been taken from the area south of Cape Town; smaller fish were being caught and the pilchards were showing signs of early spawning. On August 14, the notice closing the season was published in the Government Gazette. This closed the Cape West Coast to the catching of pilchards and maasbanker for canneries or fish meal plants for the period August 15 to De- cember 31, Plants were being overhaul- ed and refitted late in 1959 in prepara- tion for the next season which was due to start in January 1960. An outstanding feature of the 1959 season was the huge pilchard catch of 286,796 tons, more than the previous record of 214,533 tons set in 1958. The mackerel catch of 36,473 tons was also a record. But maasbanker landings of 19,484 tons were the lowest since 1947 when the industry had only just entered its period of intensive development. Products produced from the Union of South Africa shoal fish landings were 71,505 tons fish meal, 3,592,482 Imperi- al gallons fish oil, 925,000 pounds can- ned pilchards, 6,923,371 pounds canned maasbanker, and 12,781,276 pounds can- ned mackerel, In 1957 and 1958 maasbanker landings were boosted by brief periods of heavy catching. In 1959, however, there was no Vol. 22, No. 1 maasbanker run, although boats moving between St Helena Bay and the Cape Pen- insula fishing waters kept a close watch for the shoals. Another feature of the season was the appearance of Hout Bay as a shoal fish- ing center. Its proximity to the best fish- ing areas proved extremely advantageous to its 2 fish meal factories which, witha reduction plant capacity of only 15 tons of raw fish an hour, handled some 20 per- cent of the quota fish catch. The 2 Saldan- ha Bay factories, also reasonably well placed, handled about 20 percent of the catch; 7 large factories on the southern shores of St. Helena Bay processed 55 percent and 5 percent was handled by the factories at Lambert's Bay and Thorn Bay. It is estimated that 95 percent of the pilchard catch was taken from the waters south of Cape Town by a fleet of 150 boats, most of which had to travel several hours to and from the fishing area. In 1959, for the first time, the Divi- sion of Fisheries attempted a forecast of the pilchard catch. The forecast was ex- ceeded by 50,000 tons. The estimate was, however, based on one instead of three months! autumn temperature observations; and the low maasbanker catch with subse- quent concentration on pilchards was an unexpected factor. According to the Fish- eries Division, temperature observations made during the autumn of 1959 indicate a reasonably good season'' in 1960. The Divigion is now analyzing its observa- tions and hopes to give a more detailed forecast of the 1960 catch. With the big catch of pelagic shoal fish in Cape waters and likely landings at South-West Africa's Walvis Bay of 300,000 short tons, fish landings in the Union and South-West Africa are almost certain to be the highest ever. The pe- lagic shoal fish catch will alone exceed 630,000 tons; the indications are that trawl fish landings will again pass 100,000 tons; and line fishing, including a good catch of snoek, should add another 40,000 tons to bring the total to more than 770,000 tons--56,000 tons above the re- cord 714,000 tons of 1958. (The South African Shipping News and Fishin ng In- dustry | Review, September 1959. <= <—Pt WHITING (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA 10 MQs, 1959 - 159.1 10 | 1958 - 143.5 12 1958 - 173.2 10 mgs. 1959 10 |, 1958 12 1958 96.8 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC U/tA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM- paris: In Thousands of Tons PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL (California) MENHADEN (East and Gulf Coasts) CUMULATJVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 10 mgs. 1959 10 1958 - 17.6 1958 - 23.2 10 gS. 1959 - 1,007.4 10 |, 1958 - 684.3 12 1958 - 763.6 v JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC PILCHARD (California) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, AUG, - NOV, - 28.7 1958/59 SEASON, AUG, - NOV, - 89,5 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL - 101.6 10 mgs. 1959 - 124.9 1958 13! 1958 - 156. LEGEND: ———— 1959/60 ——— 1958/59 raat AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC} JAN FEB MAR _APR_ MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS * In Milli LEGEND: U.S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS as U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS — 1959 ee 1958 CUMULATIVE DATA 10 mgs. 1959 - 298.6 10 | 1958 - 282 12 1958 - 322.2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS !/ MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2/ 2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH. MIDDLE WEST HOLDINGS! JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 3/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., W.S., MINN., |OWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS. WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC * Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products. January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99 CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS In Millions of Pounds RECEIPTS wi AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET NEW YORE COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS! (Fresh and Frozen) CITY 1958 - 151 1958 - 164.0 T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS AT NEW YORK CITY. RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1959 - 84,5 iN 1958 - 85.3 12 1958 - 92.3 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC BOSTON COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS SEATTLE WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, & IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1959 - 101.7 hy 1958 97.0 1958 - 105.7 38 34 30 26 22 18 LEGEND: 14 050 ——= 1958 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FISH MEAL FISH OIL In Thousand In Millions of Gallons CUMULATIVE DATA 959 - 250.2 10 Ms, 1959 - 21.4 1958 - 201.6 10 | 1958 - 18.9 1958 - 247.7 12 1958 - 22.0 N UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TAN. FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS In Thousands of Standard Cases LEGEND: MACKEREL 2! - CALIFORNIA TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA —— 1959 CUMULATIVE DATA nd IL bs «= 1959 - 9,435.0 1958 - 9)696 1958 - 11)154.5 ol JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 1959 SEASON - TOTAL - 1958 SEASON - TOTAL - 10 MgS. 1959 - 2.2 10 , 1958 - 53.7 12 1958 - 53.7 1,770.8 0 - JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/ ~ SARDINES—' (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES n igs ee aA: Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt. 12 . SARDINES... .. 100 4 drawn 32 oz. SHRIMP....... 48 oS 5 oz. RUINAT fray ante aiaite 48 #3 tuna 6&7 oz. PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval 15 oz. SALMON...... 48 1-Ib. tall 16 oz. ANCHOVIES... 48 4-1b. 8 w JAN FEB _MAR_APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING. SARDINES - CALIFORNIA SHRIMP - GULF STATES eee | 1959/60 1958/59 {220 CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, AUG, - NOV, ~ 274,4 1958/59 SEASON, AUG, - NOV, - 378.2 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL - 864.0 1959/60 SEASON, AUG. - OCT, - 443.9 1958/59 SEASON, AUG. - OCT. - 1,706.3 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL ~ 2,222.6 FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY : AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY January 1959 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101 CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS “ F FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 10 MQS. 1959 - 56.6 10 1958 - 155.9 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC A/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM- PARABLE WITH 1958. SHRIMP FROM MEXICO (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 10 Mgs. 1959 - 40,2 10 1958 - 40.0 12." 1958 - 47.4 10 mgs. 1959 - 53.4 JO | 1958 - 41.0 1958 - 56.1 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY. JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANE FEB MAR MAPREMAYEUUNEWULYSAUGHSERTOCTANOVEDEC (is pee ) SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS esh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 10 QS. 1959 - 58.4 10 , 1958 - 32.7 1958 - 38,6 CUMULATIVE DATA 959 - 200.5 1958 - 161.6 1958 - 198.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH CANNED SARDINES (in Oil and in Brine) in Oil and not in Oil CUMULATIVE DATA 10 . 1959 - 17.3 10 me 1958 - 24.4 12 1958 - 28.2 CUMULATIVE DATA 10 Mgs. 1959 - 55.6 10 | 1958 - 53.7 1958 - 58.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 i xe FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U, S, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG- NATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. FL - FISHERY LEAFLET. SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SSR. - FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENT|FIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIMITED DISTRIBUTION), SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-2119 - Ohio Landings, July 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2120 - New Jersey Landings, July 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2129 - Fish Meal and Oil, August 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2130 - North Carolina Landings, August1959, 3 pp. CFS-2132 - Texas Landings, July 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2137 - Massachusetts Landings, July 1959, 5 pp. CFS-2139 - Rhode Island Landings, July 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2141 - Maine Landings, August 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2142 - Mississippi Landings, July 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2145 - New Jersey Landings, August 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2146 - Ohio Landings, August 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2148 - Frozen Fish Report, September 1959, 8 pp. CFS-2150 - South Carolina Landings, August 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2151 - Georgia Landings, August 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2152 - Florida Landings, August 1959, 7 pp. CFS-2154 - Shrimp Landings, June 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2156 - Alabama Landings, July 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2157 - Louisiana Landings, April 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2160 - Rhode Island Landings, August 1959, 3 pp. CFS-~-2164 - California Landings, May 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2168 - Louisiana Landings, May 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2178 - Fish Sticks and Portions, July-Sep- tember 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2196 - Mississippi River Fisheries, 1958 An- nual Summary, 7 pp. CFS-2199 - Lake Fisheries, 1958 Annual Summary, Livpps FL-336pp - Commercial Fisheries Outlook, Octo- ber-December 1959, 46 pp., illus. Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised): SL- 3 - Massachusetts, F SL-25 - Wisconsin (Great Lakes Area), 1959. SL-28 - Michigan (Great Lakes Area), 1959, SL-30 - Pennsylvania (Great Lakes Area), 1959, SL-42 - Kentucky (Mississippi River and Tributar- ies), 1959, ISHERY PUBLICATIONS ae ee PE OE POR SEE ET SEES a —2- — Ti 5 Ss — Firms Canning, 1958 (Revised): SL-108 - Salmon Eggs for Bait. SL-109 - Caviar and Fish Roe. SL-110 - Oysters. SL-116 - Food for Animals, From Marine Animal Products, SL-117 - Pacific Sea Herring. SL-118 - Groundfish Flakes, SL-119 - Squid. SL-120 - Anchovies. Firms ee 1958 (Revised): SL-151A - Fish Solubles and Homogenized Con- densed Fish, SL-152 - Oyster Shell Products. SL-153 - Fish Glue, SL-154 - Seaweed Products. SL-155 - Marine Pearl Shell Buttons. SL-156 - Pearl Essence. SL-159 - Fresh-Water Mussel-Shell Products. SSR-Fish. No. 294 - Progress Report on Alaska Fishery Management and Research, 1958, 32 pp., illus., June 1959. A review of the work of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in as- sistingthe Alaska fisheries during 1958. One section describes activities in the Alaska salm- on fishery by regions. Another section sum- marizes progress in the marine fisheries, with details on the herring, crab, shrimp, and clam industries. The inside back cover shows sta- tistical tables on the Alaska canned salmon pack for 1958. Principal mission of the Bureau in Alaska is to achieve maximum sustained pro- duction of fishery products by maintaining the presently-fished populations at highest levels and bringing into production species not now being utilized, say the authors in summary, SSR-Fish. No. 308 - Survey of the United States Shrimp Industry, Volume II, 176 pp., illus., June 1959. Shrimp supplies for the anticipated increase in future consumption will depend on their continued abundance in waters presently fished, on the discovery of new fishing grounds, and on expanded imports, according to this re- port. Among the topics covered by volume II are trends in distribution of shrimp; market channels; market agents; a survey of wholesale and retail distribution; packaging, storage, transportation, and quality preservation and con- trol of shrimp; market communications; con- sumption patterns; nutritive value; statistics on apparent consumption; and ex-vessel, wholesale, and retail prices. The final chapter presents conclusions and recommendations aimed at the future well-being of the industry. The first vol- ume provides a comprehensive examination of shrimp grounds, vessel construction, fishing op- erations, processing plant efficiency, and proc- essing costs (SSR-Fish, No. 277). January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 103 SSR-Fish. No. 310 - Northeastern Pacific Alba- core Survey, Part 1--Biological Observations, by Joseph J. Graham, 36 pp., illus., July 1959. Sep. No. 570 -Second World Fishing Boat Congress: PartI- Observations of a United States Government Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist; Part Il- Observation of a United States Government Fishery Technologist; and Part Ili - Fish Quality Stressed. Sep. No. 571 - An Economic and Financial Study of the Fluke Otter-Trawl Fishery of New Jersey. Sep. No. 572 - A Report to the Shellfish Industry. Sep. No. 573 - Equipment Note No. 2--Pacific Coast Drum Trawling. Alaska Fisheries Briefs, Fish and Wildlife Circu- lar 59, 21 pp., illus., processed, September 1959, A collection of articles intended to ac- quaint the fishing industry of Alaska andneigh- boring regions with some of the aspects and preliminary results of investigations which are being undertaken by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and its contractors in Alaska, In- cludes the following: 'Pink Salmon Migrations Along the Alaska Peninsula," by Fredrik V. Thorsteinson; ''Salmon Migrations in Southeast- ern Alaska," by Wallace H. Noerenberg; ''The Unexpected Appearance of Pink Salmon in the Kvichak River,'' by Clarence D, Becker; ''Grav- el Removal and the Fisheries," by Robert Mc- Vey; and "Estimating Abundance of Salmon Fingerling,'' by Howard S. Sears. Galveston Biological Laboratory Fishery Research (for the year ending June 30, 1959), Circular 62, 130 pp., illus., processed, September 1959, Summarizes the research work accomplished at the Galveston Biological Laboratory during the last fiscal year. Describes in detail inves- tigations on the shrimp fishery, estuarine ecol- ogy, industrial fishery, and red tide; effects of engineering projects; and special projects such as the bait shrimp fishery of Galveston Bay, seasonal barnacle attachment in East Lagoon, and the Gulf V plankton sampler. Of particular interest is the assessment of the value and ex- tent of the industrial fishery. The rapid expan- sion of this fishery will aid the industry by pro- viding off-season raw material and employment to the menhaden fishery and by utilizing the fishing capacity of shrimp trawlers during peri- ods of shrimp scarcity. ; Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1957-58, Circular 57, 92 pp., illus., processed. Sport fishery research is concerned with fish prop- agation research such as trout and salmon cul- ture, and warm-water fish propagation; fishery management research on public waters, like those of the National Park Service which have been used as outdoor laboratories for studies of lake and stream productivity and experimental management techniques; and research on envir- onmental influences which affect the welfare of the fish. This report discusses progress dur- ing 1957-58 on fish management research, fish disease research, fish nutrition research, and research on fish cultural methods. Number Title MNL-1 - Cuba's Fishing Industry, 1958, 10 pp. MNL-2 - List of Ship Owners and Operators in Peru's Fishing Industry, 5 pp. MNL-3 - Legislative Actions Affecting Commer- cial Fisheries, 86th Congress, Ist Ses- sion, 7 pp. THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. O, BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII. A Population Study on the So-Called Makajiki ~ (Striped Marlin) of Both Northern and Sontliern Hemispheres of the Pacific. I--Comparison of External Characters, by Tadao Kamimura and Misao Honma, English translation, 6 pp., proc- essed, (Translated from Report of the Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 8, March 1958, pp. 1-11.) ditions in the Southern Hemisphere, by Misao Honma and Tadao Kamimura, English transla- tion, 12 pp., processed. (Translated from Re- port of the Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 8, March 1958, pp. 12-21.) Pacific Ocean, by Misao Honma and Tadao Kamimura, English translation, 8 pp., process- ed. (Translated from Report of Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 6, March 1957, pp. 84-90.) THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED: (Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products, June, July, and August, 1959; 6, 6, and 7 pp., respectively. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 400 E. Lombard St., Bal- timore 2, Md.) Receipts at Baltimore by spe- cles and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and total receipts by species and comparisons with previous years; for the months indicated. California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, August i 3 september 1959; 13 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish, mackerel, and anchovies; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, and anchovies; market fish re- ceipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California imports; canned fish and fro- zen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for can- nery fish; American Tuna Boat Association auc- tion sales; for the months indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale Market Prices, August [059, 15 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife 104 Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, 11.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; and United States Great Lakes production, 1958 for the month indicated, Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of Fishery Products, September 1959, 6 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments from New Orleans; whole- sale prices of fish and shellfish on the New Or- leans French Market; sponge sales; and fishing imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex., for the month indicated, Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, September and October, 1959; 4 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Cris- field, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and More- head City; together with cumulative and com- parative data; for the months indicated. New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, Sep- tember 1959, 22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Common- wealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery ports, and pre- sents food fish landings by ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery prod- ucts in New Engiand warehouses; fishery land- ings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massa- chusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Port- land and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at Bos- ton, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the New Eng- land Fish Exchange; for the month indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Month- ly Summary for July and August 1959, 21 and _ 20 pp., respectively. (Market News Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes sum- maries and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at New York City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen products, and marketing trends; for the months indicated, (Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, Sep- tember 1959, 9 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seat- tle 4, Wash.) Includes landings and local re- ceipts, with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and As- toria (Oreg.) wholesale dealers; also North- west Pacific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp landings; for the month indicated. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voli22:0Nosa Shrimp Marketing at Chicago--Receipts, Whole- sale Prices, and Trends, 1940-58, by G. A. Al- bano, 37 pp., processed. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Wash- ington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) A review of shrimp marketing at Chicago including receipts for the years 1940-58 and wholesale prices since 1948. An analysis of trends and developments in shrimp marketing prefaces the statistical part of the report. Data covering a 10-year period on cold-storage holdings, United States shrimp landings by areas, imports, availability and dis- position of shrimp supplies, and other informa- tion are shown. The report also includes a re- print of the United States standards for. grades of frozen raw breaded shrimp. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND WASHINGTON 25, D. Cy Age and Growth of the Redfish (SEBASTES MA- RINUS) in the Gulf of Maine, by George F. Kelly and Robert S. Wolf, Fishery Bulletin 156 (From Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), 35 pp., illus., printed, 30cents,1959. The primary objective of this paper is to present age- growth information on the redfish or ocean perch population of the Gulf of Maine. This information was needed for the intelligent planning of a re- search program concerned with determining how this valuable fishery should be managed. Validity of the use of the otolith in age-growth studies of the redfish is demonstrated. According to the report, otoliths accrue one opaque and one hyaline band a year. The opaque band begins to form in April, the hyaline band inSeptember. Otoliths preserved in ethanol maybe read whole, although those from larger fish are more easily read after they are sectioned, Otoliths stored dry must be sectioned forreading. Redfishlarvae can be collected in surface waters throughout the period of spawning, ApriltoSeptember. The fry descend into mid- depths as they grow and first appear on the bottom in August. Redfish reach an average length of about 50 mm. intheir first year of life. The sexes grow at virtually the same rate until the tenth year, after which the male grows more slowly than the female. Redfish of the Gulf of Maine grow more slowly than those of northern European waters. While domi- nant age classes appear in the collections of young fish, they are not obvious in samples of older, com- mercially available fish. Effects of Fertilizing Bare Lake, Alaska, on Growth and Production of Red Salmon (O, NERKA), by Philip R. Nelson, Fishery Bulletin 159 (from Fish- ery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), 31 pp., illus., printed, 25 cents, 1959. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ALABAMA: An Economic Evaluation of the Commercial Fish- January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE during 1956, by Paul Bryan and C, E. White, Jr., Contribution No. 116, 5 pp., printed, (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Confer- ence, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, pp. 128-132.) Southeast- ern Association of Game and Fish Commis- sioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. ALGAE: An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of “British Coastal Waters: Part I--Introduction and Chlorophyceae, by R. W. Butcher, Fishery Investigations Series IV, 91 pp., illus., printed. £1 5s (about US$3.51). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London W. C. 2, England, 1959. Covers methods of investiga- tion, laboratory culture, taxonomic features, classification, ecology and distribution, and tax- onomy of motile, unicellular algae found in in- shore waters of the British Isles, ''Even a pre- liminary examination of the community of mi- nute colored organisms has revealednew struc- tures and new species of outstanding importance in the phylogeny of certain groups. Some have been shown to produce toxic compounds. . .oth- ers might be of value in the general nutrition of animals, ...'' states the author. AMINO ACIDS: "The Amino-Acid Composition of Some British Food Fishes," by J. J. Connell and P. F. How- printed. The Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London S. W. 1, England. ANGOLA: Subsidio para um Catalogo dos Nomes Vernaculos dos Peixes Marinhos de Angola (Supplementary Catalogue of Common Names of Marine Fishes of Angola), by Pedro da Franca, Notas Mimeo- grafadas de Centro de Biologia Piscatoria (Mi- meographed Notes from the Fishery Biology Center) no. 5, 1959, 38 pp., processed in Portu- guese, Ministerio do Ultramar, Rua Dr. An- tonio Candido, 9, Lisbon, Portugal. ANTIBIOTICS: Experiments in the Use of Antibiotics in Fish Preservation, by J. M. Shewan and J. Stewart, D.S. 1. R. Food Investigation Memoir No. 1203, 15 pp., printed. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., London S. W. 1, England, 1958, "Inhibition of Bacteria from Marine Sources by Aureomycin," by N. K, Velankar, article, Pro- ceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 47B, 1958, pp. 87-96, printed, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, India. BACTERIOLOGY: "Bacteriology,'' article, Food Investigations 1957 (Report of the Food Investigation Board-- Great Britain), pp. 21-23, printed. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., London S. W. 1, England, 1958. Reports the results of bacteriological ex- aminationoffreshand spoiling iced fish, ice used in chilling of fish, fish after han- ling, and fish fillets, The study covers young cod caught in the waters of the Faroes and the North Cape and discusses types of organisms found and their frequencies. Studies of FLAVOBACTERIUM PISCICIDA Bein I--Growth, Toxicity, and Ecological Considera- tions, by Samuel P. Meyers, Morris H. Baslow, Selwyn J. Bein, and C. Edith Marks, 6 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Journal of Bacteriol- ogy, vol. 78, no, 2, August 1959, pp. 225-230.) Journal of Bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore 2, Md. BIBLIOGRAPHIES: Bibliography of Theses on Fishery Biology, by Robert M. Jenkins, 83 pp., processed, $1. Sport Fishing Institute, Bond Bldg., Washington, D. C. A compilation of graduate theses on fishery bi- ology and related subjects. Includes a short section on commercial fisheries. BIOCHEMISTRY: Studies on pH of Fish Muscle--Variation in pH of Fresh Albacore Muscle on the Locality Examined (Studies on the Tuna Meat--I), by Toshiharu Kawabata and others, 9 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract. (Reprintedfrom Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 18, no. 3, August 1952, pp. 124- 132.) Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6- Chome, Tokyo, Japan. BRAZIL: Notas Sobre o Crescimento, o Tubo Digestivo e a Alimentacao da Gitubarana, SALMINUS HILARIT Val., 1829 (Notes on the Growth, Digestive Tract, and Food of Salminus hilarii Val., 1829), by Melquiades Pinto Paiva, 23 pp., illus., print- ed in Portuguese, National Museum of the Uni- versity of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, D, F., Brazil. BYPRODUCTS: "Experience and Methods of Controlling Odors Associated with Fish Byproducts Plant at Gloucester,'' by Leonard D. Mandell, article, Journal of Boston Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 45, 1958, pp. 366-368, printed. BostonSo- ciety of Civil Engineers, 88 Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass. "Fish Byproducts,'' article, Food Investigation 1957 (Report of the Food Investigation Board-- Great Britain), pp. 21-22, printed. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., London S. W. 1, Eng- land, 1958. Discusses the value of fish meal as an ingredient in animal feed and some of the technological problems encountered in its pro- duction. Reports on the need for valid quality assessment tests; progress in the identification of chemical components of offensive odors; and results of experimental work done at afish-meal pilot plant. CALIFORNIA: California Fish and Game, vol, 45, no. 4, Octo- ber 1959, 141 pp., Ulus., printed. Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., 106 Sacramento 14, Calif. Includes, among others, the following articles: ''California Sturgeon Tagging Studies,'' by Harold K. Chadwick; ''The Use of Probability Sampling for Estimating An- nual Number of Angler Days,'' by Norman Abram- son and Joyce Tolladay; and ''Striped Bass In- troduced into the Colorado River," by J. A. St. Amant, CANADA: Canadian Fisheries Annual, Vol. 8, 1959, 128 pp., illus., printed. National Business Publications, Ltd., Gardenvale, Quebec, Canada. Includes these feature articles: ''Canada's Fisheries in 1958,'' by Mark Ronayne; ''World Fisheries in 1958," by D. B. Finn; ''Canadian Fisheries Re- search in 1958," by J. L. Kask; and ''Trends and Developments in Fishery Package Design," by Leonard Arthur Wheeler. In addition, spe- cial sections contain complete statistics of Canada's commercial fisheries, a directory of fishing companies and their products, buyer's guide, and a list of Federal and Provincial Gov- ernment fishery officials. Fisheries Statistics of Canada (Nova Scotia), 1957, 65 pp., printed in French and English, C$1. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta- tionery, Ottawa, Canada, September 1959. Con- sists of tables giving the quantity and value of fish and shellfish landed in Nova, Scotia, 1939- 1957; the quantity and value of fishery products by species and fisheries districts, 1956-1957; and capital equipment employed and number of persons engaged in the primary operations by fisheries districts, 1956-1957. "The Freshwater Fisheries of Manitoba," by J. E, Steen, article, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 3, September 1959, pp. 8-10, illus., printed. Di- rector of Information and Educational Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, Al- though often considered an exclusively agricul- tural province, Manitoba possesses an impor- tant fresh-water fishery, with 5,000-6,000 fish- ermen landing about 30 million pounds of fish annually, valued at 5-7 million Canadian dollars, Of 75 different species inhabiting the province's lakes and rivers, 15 are of commercial impor- tance. These include principally pickerel, whitefish, sauger, pike, and tullibee. Supervi- sion and inspection of the fishery is maintained by Provincial and Federal agencies, Progress Reports of the Pacific Coast Stations, no. 113, 18 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Sep- tember 1959. Among the articles included are: "The Use of Condensed Herring Solubles in Turkey Poult Rations,'' by B. E. March and oth- ers; ''Observations on Adult Pink Salmon Be- haviour" and "Note on the Behaviour of Pink Salmon Fry," by W. Percy Wickett; ''The Oc- currence of Lesser Lancet Fish (Anotopterus harao Zugmayer) in the Northeast Pacific Decan; "by G. T. Taylor; and ''The Primary Productivity and Fertility of the Northeast Pa- cific and the British Columbia Coastal Waters," by J. D. H. Strickland, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22; Now i CANNED FISH: Crystals in Canned Sea Foods and Fish, by C. A, eieeh and R, P, Farrow, Circular 18-L Re- vised, 4 pp., printed. Washington Research Laboratory, National Canners Association, 1133 20th St., N. W., Washington, D. C., September 1959. Discusses the occasional appearance in canned fishery products of crystals of magnesi- um ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, or stru- vite. These crystals are harmless, odorless, and tasteless and are formed after canning from substances naturally present in the fish. Identi- fication can easily be made since the struvite erystals are soft and can be dissolved by boiling in vinegar or lemon juice. CHILLING AND FREEZING: "Research on Chilling and Freezing of Fish," by Af. F. Bramsnaes, article, Saetryk af Kulde Dansk Koleteknisk Tidsskrift, vol. 12, no. 6, 1958, pp. 61-64 and vol. 13, no. 1, 1959, pp. 5- 9, printed in Danish. Fiskeriministeriets For- s¢égslaboratium, Copenhagen, Denmark, COD: "Dos Brotes de Envenamiento por Consumo de Bacalao Salado en Puerto Rico" (Two Cases of Poisoning from Eating Salted Codfish in Puerto Rico), by A. T. Masi and others, article, Bole- tin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, vol. 46, no. 5, May 1959, pp. 465-471, printed in Spanish with English summary. Pan American Health Organization, 1501 New Hampshire Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. "The Technological Characteristics of the Baltic Sea Codfish,'' by P. M. Pozhagina, article, Izvestia Akademii Nauk Latviiskoi, no. 3, 1954, pp. 85-91, printed in Russian. Latvijas Pa- domju Socialistiskas Republikas Zinatnu Aka- demija, Riga, Latvia. CONSERVATION: Environmental Conservation, by Raymond F. Dasmann, 307 pp., illus., printed, $6.50. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 4th Ave., New York 16, N. Y., 1959. The Status of Legal Restrictions in Fish Conser- “vation, by R. W. Eschmeyer, 8 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings 38th Convention, International Association of Game, Fish and Conservation Commissioners, 1949.) Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn,, 1949. DENMARK: 3 Fiskeriberetning for Aret 1958 (The Ministry of sheries Annual Report for 1958), 151 pp., illus., printed in Danish with English summary. Fiskeriministeriet, 1 Kommission Hos G, E, C. Gad, Copenhagen, Denmark. A report on the Danish fishing industry for the year 1958, In- cludes data on number of fishermen employed; fishing vessels; gear and nets; landings of fish and shellfish; trout produced in ponds; produc- tion of canned, smoked, and filleted fish; pro- duction of fish meal and oil; and foreign trade in fishery products, January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. DEODORIZATION: Deodorization and Storage of Fish, Shellfish, and Meat, by Seiji Tada, Japanese Patent No. 1583, March 7, 1958, printed. Japanese Patent Of- fice, Tokyo, Japan. DIRECTORIES: Scandinavian Fishing Year-Book, 1958-59 (Year- Book and Directory for the Fish Trade), edited by Jorgen Frimodt, 416 pp., illus., printed, 50 kroner (US$7.50). Jorgen Frimodt, 59-61 Ny- havn, Copenhagen K, Denmark. A well-organ- ized and useful handbook for the international fishing trade. Contains chapters on the world catch and production of fish and shellfish, Euro- pean fishing in the Atlantic, fish names in vari- ous languages together with their scientific names, seal hunting in the Arctic, and world whaling. Sections on Denmark, Faroe Islands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and United Kingdom con- tain articles on the fisheries, addresses of em- bassies and legations, names of importing and exporting firms, lists of builders and repair yards for fishing craft, and other trade data. In- cluded are lists of importers and exporters throughout the world. The appendix contains a list of port-distinguishing letters of fishing ves- sels and a directory of individual vessels under registry of the above-mentioned countries, also contains a large map of fishing banks and ports of the North Atlantic. ELECTRICAL FISHING: "The Electric Mid-Water Trawl," by Jay Russell, article, Maine Coast Fisherman, vol. 13, June 1959, p. 12, printed. Maine Coast Fisherman, 22 Main St., Camden, Me. ENZYMES: "Enzymes Process Fish," article, Chemical and Engineering News, vol. 37, April 13, 1959, p. 27, printed. Chemical and Engineering News, A- merican Chemical Society, 1801 K St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C. FISH CULTURE: "The Significance of Fish Culture as an Integral Part of Rural Economy in Indonesia," by M. Ah- jar and R. Tasripin, paper, Proceedings Indo- Pacific Fisheries Council, 6th Session, Septem- ber 30-October 14, 1955, Section II, pp. 303-306, printed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand, 1956. FISH LIVER: "A Comparative Study of Nucleotide Metabolism in Fish Liver," by R. J. Forrest and R. G. Hansen, article, Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 37, June 1959, pp. 751-762, _ printed, Ce edien Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, Division of Administration, The Na- tional Research Council, Sussex St., Ottawa, Canada. FISH LIVER OIL: Deodorization of Fish-Liver Oil, by Masakuni Kanai, Japanese Patent No. 3632, May 12, 1958, printed. Japanese Patent Office, Tokyo, Japan, FISH MEAL: "The Effect of Prolonged Heating on Various Nu- tritive Factors in Fish Meal," by A. N. Rowan, article, Annual Report, Fishing Industry Re- search Institute, April-December 1956, no. 10, pp. 28-29, printed, Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape Town, Union of South Africa, 1957. "New Fish Meal Tested in Broiler Rations,"' by Elbert J. Day and James E, Hill, article, Poul- try Science, vol. 38, May 1959, pp. 556-099) printed. Poultry Science Association, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kans. "The Origin and Elimination of Offensive Odours in Fish Meal Production,'' byHans H. Kurmeier, article, The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, vol. 14, no. 9, Septem- ber 1959, p. 53, printed. Odhams Press, South Africa (Pty.) Ltd., Box 2598, Cape Town, Union of South Africa. Discusses the causes of offen- sive odors produced during the manufacture of fish meal and the ineffectiveness of the present method of elimination by water scrubbing. The author describes a new process which involves precipitation of the undesirable substances by means of mixing with boiler fluegas. FISH OILS: "The Fungicidal Activity of the Unsaturated Fat- ty Acids and Quaternary Salts Prepared from Fish Oils,'' Boris Sokoloff and others, article, American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Il. FLORIDA: Reconnaissance Survey of the Bathymetry of the Straits of Florida, by Violet B. Siegler, Techni- cal Report no. 59-3, 12 pp., illus., processed. The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla., 1959. Straits of Florida Physical and Chemical Data, May 1957-November 1958, by M. P. Wennekens and others, Technical Report 58-5, 83 pp., illus., processed, The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla., 1958. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries (Supplementary References to 1957 Publications Not Previously Included), 324 pp., processed, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Car- acalla, Rome, Italy, 1959. FAO Picture Sheet No. 9--Fishing Boats, 2 pp., ilfus., printed. Food and Merion tears Organiza- tion of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. A poster-size sheet showing photos of fishing vessels in many coun- tries. The theme of the text is ''The Better the Boat, the Greater the Catch,'' and describes the technical problems met by FAO experts in ef- forts to improve the fisheries in a number ofun- developed nations, 108 Fishing Gear Used in Spanish Coastal Lagoons, by Fernando Lozano Cabo, General F eee Council for the Mediterranean, Studies and Re- views No. 9, November 1959, 35 pp., illus., processed. GFCM Secretariat, Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. This study was originally present- ed at the Fifth Meeting of the General Fisher- ies Council for the Mediterranean, Rome, Octo- ber 13-18, 1958, as technical paper no, 26, De- scribes fishing methods as practiced in fresh- and salt-water lagoons in Valencia, Murcia, Galicia, and other parts of Spain. The small sec- tion of text is followed by a large number of prints reproducing both contemporary photos and some quaint wood-cuts taken from Historical Dictionary of National Fishing Gear, by Antonio aner Reguart, published between 1791 and1795 in Madrid. Types of gear include seines, sar- dine gill nets, trammel nets, cast nets, shrimp nets, eel spears, clam dredges, eel traps, per- manently-installed traps made of reeds, and eel tanks, Report of the Technical Meeting on Costs and Earnings of Fishing Enterprises, 8-13 Septem- ber 1538, 195 pp., processed, Economics and Statistics Branch, Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Includes proceedings, papers pre- sented, and discussions held under each of five agenda items covered during a meeting of qual- ified experts in fishery economics held in Lon- don. The agenda items consisted of: purposes of cost and earnings studies in fisheries--the point of view of government and other public authorities and those in the fishing industry; con- cepts, definitions, and conventions in different countries, and general conclusions; merits of different kinds of investigational methods; meth- ods of analysis of collected accounts; and effect of regulation of the fisheries on costs and earn- ings of fishing enterprises. FREEZING: "Fish Freezing: Methods and Equipment in Com- mercial Use,'' by Joseph W, Slavin, article, In- dustrial Refrigeration, vol. 137, no. 3, Septem- ber 1959, pp. 18-19, 22-24, illus., printed. In- dustrial Refrigeration, Nickerson & Collins Co., 433 N, Waller Ave., Chicago 44, Il. Reviews current methods of freezing, handling, storage, and packaging of the 350 million pounds of fro- zen fishery products produced in the United States annually. ''Differences in the composition of the various species of fish harvested in the U- nited States, and the differences in marketing re- quirements have necessitated consideration of the specific individual product in the selection of packaging materials and in the design and appli- cation of equipment for freezing and cold stor- age,'' states the author in summary, "Freezing and Cold-Storage," article, Food Inves- tigation 1957, pp. 10-12, printed, Department ot Scientific and Industrial Research, Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., London S, W. 1, England, 1958. FRESH-WATER FISH: "Some Young Fresh-Water Fishes of New York," by Edward C, Raney, article, The New York COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, Nov 1 State Conservationist, vol. 14, no. 1, Aug,-Sept. 1959, pp. 22-28, illus., printed, single copy 50 cents. The Conservationist, Room 335, State Campus, Albany, N. Y. Describes the early stages in the life history of some of New York's fresh-water fish: the pike family, eel, bullhead, sucker, white perch, carp, yellow perch, and pike perch, The bass family, smelt, shad, sheepshead, striped bass, salmon, and trout are also described. ‘(GROUND FISH: A Report on Dehydrated Ground Fish, by Wil- liam A. Snyder, 2 pp., printed. (Reprintedfrom American Fur Breeder, April 1959, pp. 14, 44,) American Fur Breeder, Fur Farm Publications, 405 E. Superior St., Duluth, Minn, HALIBUT: Regulation and Investigation of the Pacific Hali- but Fishery in 1958, no. 27, 20 pp., illus., print- ed. International Pacific Halibut Commission, Seattle, Wash., 1959. A brief report of the ac- complishments of the Commission during 1958 covering its historical background, activities during the year, 1958 regulations, statistics of the fishery, catch per unit of fishing effort, com- position of the catches, growth studies, tagging experiments, and studies of halibut below com- mercial size. HERRING: "Om Bestanden av Atlanto-Skandisk Sild" (On Ocean Supply of Atlantic and Scandinavian Her- ring), by J. J. Marti, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 45, no. 38, September 17, 1959, pp. 522-525, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. The Influence of Gibbing on the Ripening of Maat- jes Cured Herring, by A. F. M. G. Luijpen, 91 pp., printed in Dutch with English summary. Jacob Catslaan 28, Driehuis (Velsen), The Netherlands, 1959. "Sammenliknende Unders¢kelser Vintersild-Se- songen 1959 over Fangstresultatene ved Bruk an Snurpengter av Kunstfibre Nylon/Terylene) Kontra Snurpen¢ter av Bomull" (Comparison of Research on Winter Herring Catch 1959 Season with Use of Purse Seine of Synthetic Fiber A- gainst Purse Seine of Cotton), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 45, no, 40, October 1, 1959, pp. 550- 558, printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Post- giro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. "Vintersildfiskets Lgnnsomhet 1958" (Production of Winter Herring Fishery 1958), by Georg Op- pedal, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 45, no. 37, September 10, 1959, pp. 502-511, printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR: The International Geophysical Year in Retrospect, by Wallace W. Atwood, Jr., Department of State Publication 6850, 8 pp., illus., printed, 10 cents. (Reprinted from the Department of State Bulle- tin, May 11, 1959.) Public Services Division, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, Washington 25, D. C., July 1959. (For sale by January 1960 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION !SSUING THEM, the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton 25, D. C.) IRRADIATION PRESERVATION: Experiments on the Irradiation of Fish with 4 Mev Cathode Rays and Cobalt Gamma Rays, by J. M. Shewan sal enlaistonseDsoslsks Food Ti- vestigation Memoir No. 1204, 16 pp., printed. Department of Scientific and Industrial Re- search, Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., Lon- don S. W. 1, England. A paper presented at the Second United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, June 3, 1958. "Production and Identification of a Green Pig- ment Formed During Irradiation of Meat Ex- tracts,'' by J. B. Fox, Jr., Theodora Strehler, Carl Bernofsky, and B. S. Schweigert, article, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 6, September 1958, pp. 692-696, printed. Journal of Agricultural and Food and Chemis- try, American Chemical Society, 1801 K St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C. JAPAN: Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, vol. 10, no. 1, May 1959, 84 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with summaries in English. Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Uni- versity, Hakodate, Japan. Contains, amongoth- ers, the following papers: ''An Experiment on a Mid-Water Trawl. VI--Practical Fishing Experiment,'' by Kiichiro Kobayashi and Naoichi Inoue; ''Studies on the Fishing Grounds," by Tatsuaki Maeda and others; ''Biochemical Stud- ies on Squid Meat Food Poisoning. III--The Ef- fect of Amines of Squid Meat on the Activity of Human Serum Acetylcholinesterase,"' by Kiichi Murata and Atsushi Iida; "Studies on the Fish- ing Grounds," by Sakuzo Nishiyama and others; "Quality of Flatfish from Hakodate, Part 3-- The Factors Deciding the Quality. 1--Relations Between the Quality and Features, Ecological and Morphological," by Keiichi Oishi; and "Chemical Studies on Marine Algae. XII--The Free Amino Acids in Several Species of Ma- rine Algae,'' by Mitsuzo Takagi and Mitsuo Kuriyama, F Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido U- niversity, vol. 10, no. 2, August 1959, 90 pp., — illus., printed in Japanese with English abstracts, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hak- odate, Japan. Contains, among others, these articles: ''Biochemical Studies on Squid Meat Food Poisoning. IV--The Inhibition of Human Serum Acetylcholinesterase by the Amines of Squid Meat, Beef, and Hog Flesh,'' by Kiichi Murata and Atsushi Iida; ''Results of Fishing Experiments with Trinal Gill Nets,'' by Hideo Nakamura and Giichi Kawasaki; ''Quality of Flatfish from Hakodate, Part 3--The Factors Deciding the Quality. (2) Relations Between the Quality and Ordinary Chemical Constituents," by Keiichi Oishi; and "Utilization Value of Fish- es Caught Abundantly in Waters Around Hokkaido as Raw Material for Fish Jelly Products ('Kam- aboko! or 'Chikuwa')--I,"' by Eiichi Tanikawa and Yutaka Fujii. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109 Statistic Tables of Fishing Vessels (as of the end of 1958), General Report No. 11, 239 pp., illus., printed in Japanese and English. Japanese Fisheries Agency, Tokyo, Japan. An annual report containing data on the various types of Japanese fishing craft, both powered and nonpowered, as obtained by a fishery reg- istration system. Statistical tables are shown by type of engine, type of fishery, and prefec- ture. According to the report,''statistics seem to show that the Japanese fishing fleet has not only restored its prewar status but increased its capacity rapidly after the War." Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 8 pp., ftaaes printed. Tokai Regional Fisher- ies Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo- ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1958. KELP: "Kelp, Giant Among the Algae,'' by Hazel Moh- ler, article, Nature Magazine, vol. 52, no. 8, October 1959, pp. 406-408, illus., printed. A- merican Nature Association, 1214 16th St., N. W., Washington 6, D, C. A clear exposition of the natural history and practical uses for the Mac- rocystis, Nereocystis, and other common forms of kelp which grow so plentifully along our Pa- cific Coast. The Macrocystis is not only the longest of all known plants, sometimes attain- ing a length of 1,000 feet, but it also acts as a natural buoy to warn vessels of nearby shoal water. A reportedly succulent pickle can be made from the Nereocystis, Kelp of various types, formerly harvested for its iodine content, is now used in the manufacture of sodium algi- nate, a gelatinous binder and emulsifying agent, agricultural fertilizers and animal feeds. And in nature, kelp not only provides food for countless aquatic animals but also purifies the waters and enhances the oxygen supply. KENTUCKY: Annual Report, Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Fiscal Year 1952-53, 13 pp., proc- essed. Department of Fish and Wildlife Re- sources, Frankfort, Ky. KENYA: Report on Kenya Fisheries, 1958, 20 pp., printed, 2s (about 28 U. S. cents). Ministry of Forest Development, Game and Fisheries, Fisheries Division, Nairobi, Kenya, 1959. Reviews the work done on inland fisheries development, a fish culture farm, a trout hatchery, and the trout rivers. The section on sea fisheries cov- ers fresh, frozen, and chilled fish; marketing and cold storage; retail facilities; dried fish; green turtles; and crawfish. Fishing investiga- tions and gear development are discussed and several tables on imports and catch statistics are included. LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE: A/CONF.13/37, vol. I: Preparatory Documents (Geneva, Feb. 24-Apr. 27, 1958), 340 pp., print- ed, US$3.50, Apr. 1959, (Sales No.: 58.V.4, Vol. I). United Nations, New York, N. Y. (For sale by International Documents Service, Columbia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, 110 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, OBTAINED THE N. Y.) Includes information on economic de- velopment of fisheries; comments by govern- ments on law of the sea; fishing methods; and territorial waters. MARINE RESEARCH: The Airplane as an Instrument in Marine Re- “search. Part One: Dinoflagellate Blooms, by Robert M. Ingle, Robert F. Hutton, Harry E. Shafer, Jr., and Robert Goss, Special Scientific Report No. 3, 27 pp., illus., processed, Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Laborato- ry, St. Petersburg, Fla., September 1959, NEW ZEALAND: Report on Fisheries for 1958, 41 pp., printed. Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1959. A comprehensive report on New Zealand's fisheries containing sections on spiny lobsters, fishing vessels and personnel, fish landings by ports and species, methods of capture, foreign trade, fish-liver oil, whaling, rock oysters, dredged oysters, whitebait fishery, and fresh- water fisheries, Also discusses fresh-water and marine research, Fishing Industry Adviso- ry Council, and Legislation. A list of scientific names of fish and shellfish is included with a number of statistical tables giving detailed data on the fisheries. NORTH ATLANTIC AREA: Seefischerei und Fischereipolitik im’ Nordatlan- tischen Raum (Marine Fisheries and Govern- mental Fishery Policy in the North Atlantic Area), by Wilhelm Blanke, 232 pp., illus., print- ed in German, DM 45 (about US$10.72). Verlag Krogers Buchdruckerei, Hamburg-Blankenese, Germany, 1959. After a brief reference to the extent of the commercial fisheries throughout the world, this book discusses the participation of various nations in prosecuting the fisheries in all areas of the North Atlantic. It describes quantities of fishery products harvested, trade in fishery products, and the nature of facilities used such as number of vessels, kinds and a- mounts of gear, harbor facilities, etc. The book also attempts to give some idea of govern- ments! policy with respect to fisheries. It mentions aid given to the fishery industry inthe form of research, subsidies, etc., and also men- tions international treaty aspects of govern- ments' relations in the North Atlantic Area, This picture and the extent of individual com- mercial fisheries in the North Atlantic is given for 22 nations, each in a separate section in Part II of the book. Many of these individual sections were written by contributors from the country concerned, which should help in pro- viding a sound and accurate description on the subject for each country. --W. H. Stolting NUTRITION: "Nutritive Value of Canned Meat," by P. L. Sa- want and N, G. Magar, article, Journal of Scien- tific and Industrial Research (India), vol. 17C, 1958, pp. 189-191, printed. Journal of Scientif- ic and Industrial Research, Old Mill Rd., New Delhi 2, India, Describes how canned fish was COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 BUT USUALLY MAY BE packed in hot peanut oil and stored at 27°, See and 43° C, for 4to 12 months. Results showed that soluble protein, amino acids, thiamine, riboflavine, and niacin all decreased; the changes were greater with longer time and higher tem- perature. The peroxide number of the muscle fat and of the covering oil increased after 4 months! storage. Nutritive Value of Fish from Michigan Waters, by Ruth L. Ingalls and others, Technical Bulle- tin 219, 24 pp., printed. Michigan State College, Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Mich., May 1950. printed in Japanese with English abstracts. (Re~ printed from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 19, no. 12, April 1954, pp. 1168-1175.) Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba- kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. OCEANOGRAPHY: The Floors of the Oceans I--The North Atlantic, “by Bruce C. Heezen, Marie Tharp, and Mau- rice Ewing, Special Paper 65, 134 pp. of text and 11 charts, illus., printed. The Geological Society of America, 419 W. 117th St., New York 27, N. Y., April 11, 1959. PARASITES: Studies on Helminth Parasites from the Coast of Florida. IlI--Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes from Tampa and Boca Ciega Bays, by Franklin Sogandares-Bernal and Robert F. Hut- ton, Contribution No. 19, 10 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Journal of Parasitology, vol. 45, no. 3, June 1959, pp. 337-346.) Florida State Board of Conservation Marine Laboratory, Maritime Base, Bayboro Harbor, St. Peters- burg, Fla. POISONOUS FISH: Report of a Survey of the Fish Poisoning Prob- Iem in the Marshall Islands, by A. F. Bartsch, R. H. Drachman, and E, F. McFarren, 128pp., illus., processed. Division of Sanitary Engi- neering Services and Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of State Services, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington 25, D. C., January 1959. PRESERVATION: "Technical Aspects of the Commercial Use of Anti-Microbial Chemicals as Food Preserva- tives,'' by M. Ingram, article, a and Industry, no. 18, May 2, 1959, pp. I : printed. Chemistry and Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London S, W. 1, England, Torry Research, 1958, on the Handling and Pres- ervation of Fish and Fish Products (Report of the Director of the Torry Research Station), 39 pp., printed, 2s. 6d. (about 35 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13a Castle St., January 1960 Edinburgh 2, Scotland, 1959, Describes accom- plishments in research during 1958 on improve- ment in quality of iced fish, freezing and cold- storage, smoke curing, drying, canning, fishery byproducts, bacteriology, and biochemistry. In- cludes work on objective assessment of fresh- ness, preservative ices, air-blast freezing, electrostatic smoking, ''browning" of dehydrated fish, reduction of free liquor in herring packs, fish meal pilot plant, marine bacteriophages, fish muscle enzymes, and many others. PROTEINS: "Biological Value of the Protein in Some Seafoods Used in Spain," by A. Pujol and G, Varela, arti- cle, Anales de Bromatologia, vol. 10, 1958, pp. 437-478, printed in Spanish. Sociedad Espanola de Bromatologia, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain, "Proteins in Fish Muscle. 15--Note on the Prep- aration of Actin From Cod Muscle with Potassi- um Iodide," by J. R. Dingle, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 16, March 1959, pp. 243-245, printed. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. RADIOACTIVITY: "Studies of the Radioactive Materials in the Ra- diologically Contaminated Fishes. IV--Group Separation Analysis of the Radioelements in a Contaminated Bigeyed Tuna, Parathunnus Mebachi," by Kazuo Shirai and Masamichi Saiki, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scien- tific Fisheries, vol. 23, no. 11, 1958, pp. 723- 728, illus., printed in Japanese with English ab- stract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher- ies, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigan- dori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. RESEARCH VESSEL: "The Design of a Research Stern Fishing Trawl- er--Part II," by J. C. Esteves Cardoso and C. R. Caldiera Saraiva, article, World Fishing, vol. 8, no. 10, October 1959, pp. 59-60, 63-64 ? illus., printed. World Fishing, John Trundell, Ltd., St. Richards House, Eversholt St., Lon- don N. W. 1, England. Part Il of a paper read at the meetings of the Institution of Naval Ar- chitects held in Lisbon in June 1959. Presents a detailed, critical description of the design and expected performance of a research vesselbeing built for the Portuguese Association of Trawler Owners. Discusses the main characteristics of the vessel--over~all length 186 feet, 3 inches; beam 35 feet; depth 15 feet/21 feet; displace- ment 1,300 metric tons; and hold capacity 4,340 cubic feet of frozen fish or 5,944 cubic feet of wet fish. The general arrangement includes a deckhouse with lateral passages to facilitate conveying the catch to the hold. The design features a large broad hanging stern withsmall immersion and a large breadth fore and aft at the waterline to ensure stability. Economy of weight is achieved by the extensive use of weld- ing and the installation of a versatile high-speed power plant. The electrical installations are run by alternating current, except the winch COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW haba motor, which is run by direct current, A high- speed twin-engine Diesel plant provides pro- pulsion, giving full power for trawling and tow- ing. Drawings of the vessel's layout and pro- pulsion system are shown. SALMON: Food of Salmonid Fishes of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean, by George H. Allen and William Aron, Reference 57-21, 27 pp., illus., process- ed. Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash., August 1957. SALMON: "The Salmons! Growing Problem in B. C.,"' arti- cle, Trade News, vol, 10, no. 4, October 1957, pp. 8-9, illus., printed. Director of Informa- tion and Educational Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Discusses the con- struction of fishways, pipelines, and control dams to solve the problems posed to the British Columbia salmon fisheries by the discharge of industrial wastes into waterways and the con- struction of hydroelectric dams. SALMON EGGS: "Egg Lipids of a Salmon, Oncorhynchus keta I-- Fatty Oils from Salmon Eggs, By Koichi Zama and others, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, nos. 6 and 7, 1958, pp. 569-572, illus., printed in Japa- nese with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Dai- gaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. SARDINES: "Experiments in Cooking Sardines--II,"' by R. Meesemaecker and Y. Sohier, article, Food Manufacture, vol. 34, May 1, 1959, pp. 193-196, 204, printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Ltd., Eden St., London N, W. 1, England. SCALLOPS: A New Fishery for Scallops in Western Florida, by Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., and Robert M. Ingle, 4 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Eleventh Annual Session, November 1958, pp. 75-78.) Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Fla. Offshore and Newfoundland Scallop Explorations, by L. M. Dickie and L. P, Chiasson, Gener Series Circular No. 25, March 1955, 4 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada. To assess the prospects of an offshore scallop fishery, the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada in cooperation with the Department of Fisheries, began explorations on the banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in 1953. Three vessels were chartered for this work and commercial fishermen were encour- aged to fish these areas, Explorations continued for about one year, but results did not indicate any extensive scallop beds on the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia Banks. SEAWEED: "Chemical Studies on Volatile Constituents of Seaweed. On Volatile Constituents of Digenia 112 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM T OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. simplex,'' by Teruhisa Katayama, article, Bul- letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish- eries, vol. 24, no. 3, 1958, pp. 205-208, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. "Studies on the Bleaching and Utilization of the Seaweed 'Gulaman-Dagat' (Gracilaria confer- voides), by J. I, Sulit, L. G. Salcedo, and P. C. Panganiban, paper, Proceedings Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, 6th Session, September 30- October 14, 1955, section II, pp. 280-283, proc- essed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1956. "Studies on the Vitamins of Seaweeds. I--Folic Acid and Folinic Acid,'' by Akio Kanazawa and Daiichi Kakimoto, article, Bulletin of the Japa- nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, nos. 6 and + S958, pp. 073-577, Llus., printed in Japanese with English abstract, figure, and tables. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher- ies, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. SEINING: "Danish Seining at Cheticamp,'' by G. J. Gillespie, article, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 3, September 1959, pp. 3-5, illus., printed. Director of In- formation and Educational Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. The story of the fishermen of a small community on the west coast of Cape Breton Island who have worked together with a fishery cooperative to increase production fourfold within the past decade, With the development of Danish seining, the door has been opened to an ever-expanding diversified fishery. If this method of fishing can be utilized for catching cod and haddock, in addition to the usual flatfish, a secure future lies ahead for the Nova Scotia fishing industry. SHARKS: Shark Attack, by V.M. Coppleson, 281 pp.,, illus., printed. Angus and Robertson, Ltd., 89 Castle- reagh St., Sydney, Australia, 1958. SHRIMP: Notes a TRACHYPENEUS (TRACHYSALAM- BRIA) SIMILIS (Smith), in the Tortugas Shrimp Fishery, by Bonnie Eldred, Contribution No. 26, 2 pp., printed, (Reprinted from the Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science, vol. 22, no. 1, 1959.) Florida State Based of Conser- vation, Marine Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Fla. Preliminary Analysis of Tortugas Shrimp Sam- pling Data, 1957-58, by Robert M. Ingle and oth- ers, Technical Series No. 32, 43 pp., illus., printed, Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Fla., Sep- tember 1959. A report on surveys conducted in compliance with a Florida Statute passed in 1957, aimed at conservation of the pink spotted shrimp of Dry Tortugas, Twelve sampling sta- tions were established in the controlled area off the Florida keys. When the results of sam- pling show that shrimp in the area are smaller than 50 to the pound (heads off), the area is COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Volo 22. Noe # E FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE closed to commercial fishing. The greater part of this report consists of statistical tables showing detailed findings of this continuing sur- vey. SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS: "Some Notes on Fisheries in American Samoa, Fiji, and New Caledonia," by H. Van Pel, arti- cle, SPC Quarterly Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 3, July 1959, pp. 26-27, illus., printed, single copy 30 U. S. cents. South Pacific Commission, Box 5354, G. P. O., Sydney, Australia. SPOILAGE: "Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea: 6--Vari- ations in the Landed Quality of Trawler-Caught Atlantic Cod and Haddock During a Period of 13 the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY: History of Fish and Fishing in Norris--A TVA Tributary Reservoir, by Charles J. Chance, Contribution No. 116, 12 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Twelfth An- nual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, pp. 116-127.) Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. Norris Reservoir, the first TVA tributary reservoir, completed in 1936, has a spillway surface area of 34,200 acres. Earliest fish inventory records indicated the presence of 65 indigenous species. Although several species were unable to cope with the reservoir environment, game and com~ mercial, species generally have prospered in the reservoir. Fish tagging studies conducted annually on Norris for 14 years indicate the relative rate of harvest and the degree of dis- persion of each species within the reservoir, THAILAND: Fisheries Statistics of Thailand, 1958, 53 pp., illus., processed in Thai and English. Statistics Section, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand, September 1959, Contains statistical tables showing land- ings of marine and fresh-water fish and shell- fish with comparative data from previous years; price data for fresh and salted fish; fish pond production; foreign trade in fishery products; registered Thai fishing vessels; fishing gear; revenue from fishing industry; maps of fishing grounds; and other pertinent data, TRADE LIST: The Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., has pub- lished the following mimeographed trade list. Copies may be obtained by firms in the United States from that office or from Department of Commerce field offices at $2 each. Oils (Animal, Fish, and Vegetable)--Importers, Dealers, Producers, Refiners, and Exporters, January 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin, 20 pp. (September 1959). List the names and addresses, size of firms, and types of products handled by each firm. Includes firms dealing in fish oils, fish liver oils, sperm oils, and whale oils. Oils (Animal, Fish, and Vegetable)--Importers, Dealers, Producers, Refiners, and Exporters, Japan, 24 pp. (August 1959). Lists the names and addresses, size of firms, and types of prod- ucts handled by each firm. Includes firms deal- ing in fish liver oils, fish oils, and whale oil. TRAWLING: "Surface and Mid-Water Trawling," by A. F. Aalberg, article, Kalomiehin Viesti, nos. 1 and 2, February 6 and March 16, 1958, printed in Finnish. Kalomiehin Viesti, Kotka, Finland. TUNA: Biochemical Study on Tuna, 7 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan, September 1959. A paper presented at the Tuna Conference between the United States and Japanese Governments. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, An- nual Report for the Year 1958, 121 pp., illus., printed in Spanish and English. Inter-Ameri- can Tropical Tuna Commission, Scripps Insti- tution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. Con- tains the annual report of the Commission, which discusses the program and progress of investigations and publication of research re- sults and a report of the Director on investiga- tions during the year 1958. The Director's re- port presents the compilation of current sta- tistics of total catch, amount and success of fishing, and abundance of the fish populations; present status of the tuna populations; potential fishing power of the tuna fleets; and other stud- ies of tuna catch statistics. It also covers re- search on tuna population structure, migrations, and vital statistics; other aspects of tuna bi- ology and behavior; investigations of physical, chemical, and biological oceanography and tuna ecology; and investigations of biology, ecology, and life history of bait fishes. Study on Green Flesh, 23 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan, September 1959. A paper presented at the Tuna Conference between the United States and Japanese Governments, "Study on the Green Meat of Tuna," by Shuichi Hirao and others, article, Bulletin of the Japa- nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 8, 1958, pp. 671-675, illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. Venezuela, eries Division during the financial year 1958, including general statistics and information on supplies of fishing gear; fish production, con- sumption, and exports for 1957; boat building and mechanization of craft; fisheries research; and the crocodile industry. A section on the fisheries of Uganda by regions contains infor- mation on the industry at Lakes Albert, George, Edward, and Kyoga. Accomplishments in fish farming are also discussed. Other parts of the report concern game conservation. UNITED KINGDOM: The White Fish Industry, 46 pp., illus., printed, The White Fish Authority, Lincoln's Inn Cham- bers, 2/3 Cursitor St., London E. C. 4, Eng- land. An informative booklet for pupils and teachers dealing not only with white (or demer- sal) fish proper, but also with pelagic fish (oth- er than herring) and with shellfish. Describes the history and scope of the British fishing in- dustry, the species and quantities caught, fish- ing methads, fishing vessels and grounds, fish- ery research, distribution, processing, storage, marketing, and nutritive value. Usa Re: Fishes--Dnieper River, by Aleksandr Ivanovich mbroz, 206 pp., Wlus., printed in Russian, (An individual may borrow the copy on deposit atthe Central Library, Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. through his locallibrary.) Fishes--Russia, by P. G. Borisov and N. S. siannikov, 283 pp., illus., printed in Russian. (An individual may borrow the copy on deposit at the Central Library, Department of the In- terior, Washington 25, D. C., through his local library.) VENEZUELA: The Marine Communities of Margarita Island, by Gilberto Rodriguez, Contribution No. 236, 44 pp., illus., printed. (Reprintedfrom Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Ca- ribbean, vol, 9, no. 3, September 1959, pp. _ 237-280.) The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. An analysis of the composition and ar- rangement of the littoral and sublittoral com- munities in a representative area of the Carib- bean. Includes a summary of the most common forms of marine plants and invertebrates of Margarita Island, VESSELS: British Trawlers, by H. M. Le Fleming, 64 pp., illus., printed, 2s. 6d. (about 35 U. S. cents). Ian Allan, Ltd., Craven House, Hampton Court, Surrey, England. A directory of trawler owners and vessels in the United Kingdom. A short in- troduction describes the three classes of trawl- ers, methods of fishing, and types of engines used in trawlers. UGANDA: Annual Report of the Game and Fisheries De- VIETNAM: Selected Articles on Fishing Industry in North ment Printer, P. O. Box 33, Entebbe, Uganda, 1959, Part Ill describes the work of the Fish- Vietnam, JPRS: 655-D, 8 pp., processed. U.S, Joint Publications Research Service, Suite 300, 205 E, 42nd St., New York17,N. Y., April 14, 114 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, 1959, Photocopies may be purchased from the Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C.) Includes translations of the following articles from Non Lam, no. 1, January 1959: ''How to Increase the Catch of Salt-Water Fish,'"' by Hoang Xuan Hai; and "Fresh-Water Fish Breeding During Winter- Spring Season," by Nguyen Sung, VIRGINIA: Treasures from the Sea, The Virginia Seafood Industry, by Robert 8, Bailey, Educational Se- ries No. 10, 24 pp., illus., processed. Virgin- ia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, Va., 1959, Easy and informative reading for the lay- man, this booklet tells the story of Virginia's fisheries from colonial times until the present day. Information is given on changes in value and composition of the catch, details of finfish, shellfish, and sport fisheries; and the role of the public in conservation and proper utilization of fishery resources. Tables and drawings depict average annual values and catches of five species between 1931-55, 1956 landings by gear, and other statistical data concerning Virginia's fishing industry. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 1 WHALES: "Treating and Processing of Whale Meat to Meat Products,'' by Otto Roemmele, article, Die Fleischwirtschaft, vol. 10, 1958, pp. 833-835, printed in German, Die Fleischwirtschaft, Verlagshaus Sponholz GmbH, Kockstrasse 50-61, Berlin SW68, Germany WHALING: wae Operations in the Antarctic, Season 1958/59," article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, vol, 48, no, 9, September 1959, pp. 452-464, 467-468, 471-476, illus., printed in Norwegian and English. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, Sandef- jord, Norway. A survey of the whaling opera- tions in the Antarctic in the season 1958/59 prepared for and submitted at the meeting of the International Whaling Commission in Lon- don in June 1959. Covers the most important regulations governing pelagic whaling in the season 1958/59 and gives the number of factory- ships and catching boats which have been en- gaged in pelagic whaling since 1945/46 and average gross tonnage. The catch and oil pro- duction of the individual expeditions, the output of byproducts, and related statistics concerning the whaling operations in the Antarctic during the season 1958/59 are presented. CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.): Treasury Department: Bureau of Customs: OAwere Proposed Antidumping Regulations 95) 6 Further Ruling on ''In Bulk" and ''Iminediate Con- tainer" for Fish Blocks 96 .. FISHERY INDICATORS: hs 4 Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States NE om Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries OS) ers Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fishery Products Page FISHERY INDICATORS (Contd.): 99 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fish- ery Products at Principal Distribution Centers EE" Ac Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U. S. and Alaska TOOT Tore Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products VOLS vara Chart 7 - U. S, Fishery Products Imports 102... RECENT FISHERY PUBLICA‘WIONS: 10 2a Fish and Wildlife Service Publications LOA ete Miscellaneous Publications Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Joswick, and Vera Eggleston KOK OK KK Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho- tographer for each photograph in this issue, Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. Cover page--Information Services, Dept. of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada; p. 41--Peter J. Haas, Racine, Wisc.; p. 43--Basil L. Smith System, Phila- delphia, Pa.; p. 55--J. Pileggi; p. 68--Pat Morin, FAO; pp. 73 and 76-- FAO; pp. 78 and 79--Wm. H. Mills, Sinaloa, Mexico. January 1960 Page 48 49 49 50 50 51 52 52 52 53 54 55 57 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 115 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Striped Bass: Good Fishing Predicted for Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay in 1960 Tuna: Purse Seining for Tuna off Massachusetts in 1959 Successful United States Fishing Fleet Additions: August 1959 September 1959 United States Fishery Landings, January-September 1959 U.S. Foreign Trade: Edible Fishery Products, September 1959 Groundfish Fillet Imports, October 1959 Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota U.S. Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery Products, January-September i959 Virginia: Biologists Estimate Sport Fishery Catch in Chesapeake Bay Large-Scale Blue Crab Tagging Program Under Way Wholesale Prices, November 1959 FOREIGN: International: European Free Trade Area: British-Norwegian Fish Talks Break Down First South American Atlantic Regional Technical Conference on Exploitation of the Sea Food and Agriculture Organization: Tenth Session of Conference Oceanographers Call for World Fish Census Whaling: Russia Asks Norway and Netherlands to Reconsider Withdrawal from Convention Angola: Fish Meal Plant Installed by Norwegian Firm Argentina: Import Surcharges Removed on Large Fishing Vessels Australia: Canneries Set Tuna Price for 1959/60 Season Exports of Spiny Lobsters Continue to Rise Land-Based Whaling Season Ends New Species of Shrimp Found in Deep Water by Exploratory Vessel New Type Spiny Lobster Fishing Vessel Snapper Catches Improved by Using Traps Belgium: Minimum Ex-Vessel Fish Prices Established Canada: Consumption of Fishery Products in 1956 and 1957 Newfoundland Fishery Trends, 1958-59 Production, Imports, Exports of Marine Oils Refrigeration Standards for Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Amended Small-Type Gill-Net Boat Built for Fraser River Salmon Fishery Colombia: New Fish Freezing Plant Installed Cuba: id Joint Cuban-Japanese Tuna Processing Firm Denied New Industry Status Denmark: Fisheries Trade Fair Held in Copenhagen Egypt: Fisheries Trends, October 1959 Ghana: 4 United States Fish Cannery and Ghana Government Jointly Exploring Gulf of Guinea for Tuna Honduras: Revision of Fishing Law Planned Hong Kong: Fisheries Trends, Second Quarter 1959 Iceland: Soviet Union Buys 2,800 Tons of Icelandic Frozen Fish Fillets India: ; Two Small Shrimp Canneries in Operation Ireland: Territorial Fishing Limits to be Measured from Base Lines Instead of Shoreline Japan: Agreement on Safe Fishing Signed with Communist China Page 86 86 86 87 87 87 89 89 91 92 92 92 92 93 93 94 94 FOREIGN (Contd.): Japan (Contd.): Building of Replacement Fishing Vessels Stepped Up Canned Salmon Sales Trends Exports of Selected Fishery Products to the United States, January-June 1959 Marine-Animal Oil Exports, Supply, and Utilization Korea: Fishing Industry Suffers Severe Damage from Typoon Fishing Industry Equipment Listed for Duty-Free Entry Libya: Tuna Landings Up for 1959 Season Malaya: Fishery and Whale Products Proposed for Pioneer Status Mexico; Export Duties on Fishery Products Changed Effective August 8, 1959 Export Duties Increased on Red Snappers, Turtles, and Crayfish Merida Area Shrimp Fishery Trends, July-September 1959 Shrimp Fisheries Trends, October 1959 Morocco: Fishing Vessels and Gear Sardine Fishery Trends, Third Quarter 1959 Netherlands: Antarctic Whaling Fleet Departs after Settlement of Dispute over Wages Imports of Marine Oils, January-June 1959 Norway: Exports of Marine Products, 1957-58 Pakistan: New Wholesale Fish Market at Karachi Opened by President Peru: New Law Modifies Restrictions on Expansion of Fish Meal Plants Portugal: Canned Fish Exports, January-July 1959 Canned Fish Pack, January-July 1959 South-West Africa: Fishing Industry Important to Economic Life New Vessel for Spiny Lobster Research Built Spain: Canned Tuna Exports to United States Increase Sharply Sweden: Exports of Fishery Products to East Germany Resumed Taiwan: Fishery Landings Increased in 1958 Thailand: Shrimp Industry Being Developed Tunisia: Fishery Trends, October 1959 Turkey: Plan to Activate Fish Meal and Oil Plant in 1960 Union of South Africa: Pilchard-Maasbanker Landings for 1959 Break Record Union of South Africa and South-West Africa: Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Trends, July and August 1959 Three New Pilchard Research Vessels USS Res Fishery Research Submarine Used to Observe Underwater Behavior of Trawl Salmon Catches and Hatcheries United Kingdom: British Queen Promises Continuation of Aid to Fishing Industry Import Controls on Freshand Frozen Salmon Removed Use of Antibiotics as a Fish Preservative Under Study by Scientists Yugoslavia: Contracts with Japan for Year's Supply of Frozen Tuna Tuna Fishing Methods Taught by Japanese FEDERAL ACTIONS: Department of the Interior: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: Frozen Cod Fillets Voluntary Standards Proposed Contents Completed Page 114. INT.DUP. ,D.C.59-¢ 6409 CANNED SALMON FEATURED IN COLOR FILMS AND RECIPE BOOKLET Canned salmon can be the basis of good meals and intriguing and entertaining motion pictures. A three-unit story of salmon--two 14-minute sound-color films anda recipe booklet in color-- were released January 15, 1960. The titles of the films, Salm- on - Catchto Can, and Take a Can of Salmon, are descriptive of the subject matter. The first begins with the life cycle of the salmon and the three common ways of catching them and ends with get- ting the salmon into the can. The second "takes a can of salmon" and shows the attractive meals as housewives in six typical Ameri- can cities prepare them: Alaska is the site of filming of most of the first picture. Gill- netting, trolling, and purse-sein- ing for salmon are shownin some detail. There are also scenes on salmon biology which should be especially interesting to science classes in grade or high schools. These are followed by several in- plant sequences showing the canning of the product. Salmon Cabbage Vinaigrette In the second film, six typical American cities are visited. Each visit is in- troduced by some exceptionally good pictures of the better-known landmarks. The cities are San Francisco, Seattle, Miami, Chicago, New Orleans, and New York. A favorite recipe, based upon historical or other characteristics of each city is de- veloped in the film. For example, in San Francisco a can of salmon is utilized in an old Chinese recipe. In Seattle a can of salmon is converted into an attractive outdoor meal, All of the recipes shown in the Take a Can of Salmon film, and many others, are included in the recipe booklet which, ir ineidentally, bears the same name as the film. The motion pictures are so arranged that they can be used for two 14-minute showings or used in sequence for a 28-minute show. These films, as are most other Bureau films, are cleared for use on television. The films andthe recipe booklet are sponsored by the Canned Salmon Institute, Inc., and produced by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, under contract with Sun Dial Films, Inc.,and M. P. O., both commercial motion picture producers in New York City. The films will be distributed on a free-loan basis through Bu- reau sources and the Bureau's 170 cooperating film libraries throughout the coun- try. Applications forloan should be sent to the Visual Education Unit, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Post Office Box 128, College Park, Md. A catalog of other available fishery educational films is obtainable from College Park or from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C. You can buy the recipe Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. There isa 25-percent discount on orders of 100 or more copies sent to one address. L R ‘ : ( & bes Ce hes fen C ton C ¢ (0, Cc — COMMERCIAL BEW EE ta! FISHERIES ue cee ee hee | "FEBRUARY 1960 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICES HAROLD E. CROWTHER, CHIEF A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: Joseph Pileggi, Editor H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. a printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 21, 1957. 5/31/60 27 29 34 34 CONTENTS COVER: Aclam dredge with a load of hard clams being hoisted aboard the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries chartered vessel Silver Bay. Exploratory clam dredging was conducted off the North Carolina Coast during an exploratory fishing cruise which was completed on Decem- ber 13, 1959. (See p. 42 of this issue.) The Pound-Net Fishery in Virginia: Part 2 - Species Composition of Landings Reported as Menhaden, by J. L. McHugh Possibilities for Applying Fish Oil to Ore Flotation, by M. E. Stansby RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: Composition of Fish and Shellfish Control of Drip in Chilled and Frozen Fishery Products Fish Flour Research Low Storage Temperatures Help Maintain Fillet Quality Proposed Standards for Grades of Frozen Raw Headless Shrimp Under Review Purified Fish-Oil Fractions to be Made Available for Research TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: American Samoa: Tuna Landings, January-November 1959 Byproducts: U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles Supply, 1950-59 U. S. Production of Fish Meal, Fish Solubles, and Homongenized-Condensed Fish U. S. Imports of Fish Meal, and Fish Solubles, January-October 1958-59 California: Biologists Predict Normal Stocks of Dungeness Crab Pelagic Fish Population Survey off Coast of Southern and Central California Continued (M/V Alaska Cruise 59A8, and Airplane Spot- ting Flight 59-17) Aerial Census of Commercial and Sport Fishing Continued (Airplane Spotting Flights (Abalone) 59-18 and 59-19) Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January- September 1959 Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: Research on Identification of Tuna Larvae Crabs: Chesapeake Bay Blue Crabs Scarce in 1959/60 Winter Croakers: Biologists Survey Chesapeake Bay for 1959 Year- Class Virginia Biologists Seek Breeding Areas in Atlantic Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Department of Defense Purchases, January- November 1959 Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research: Western Lake Erie Surv2yed for Commercial Fish Stocks (M/V Active Cruises 7 and 8) Page 35 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey Continued (M/V Siscowet Cruises 9 and 10) Gulf Fishery Investigations: Migrations of Shrimp Shrimp Larval Studies Bait Shrimp Production, Galveston Bay Industrial Fishery Studies Maine Sardines: Canning Season for 1959 Closes with a Short Pack Canned Stocks, November 1, 1959 Maryland: Controllable Pitch Propeller on Hydraulic Dredge Vessels May Reduce Soft-Clam Harvesting Costs Little Falls Fishway Nears Completion North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research: Survey of Deep-Water Whiting Abundance in Winter off New England (M/V Delaware Cruise 60-1) Oceanography: a) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Receives Grant for Research Vessel Oregon: Use of Monofilament in Salmon Gill Nets Prohibited Oysters: Observations on Condition of Maryland's Grounds Observations on Oyster Set in Maryland Waters, Summer-Fall 1959 Salmon: Columbia River Catch Normal in 1959 Hearing on Fish-Handling Facilities at Oxbow Dam South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Hard Clams Found in Commercial Quantities off North Carolina Coast (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 20) South Carolina: Fisheries Biological Research Progress, October- December 1959 Striped Bass: Maryland has Record Catch in 1959 United States Fishery Landings: January-November 1959 Landings in 1959 Exceeded 5 Billion Pounds U. S. Foreign Trade: Edible Fishery Products, October 1959 Groundfish Fillet Imports, November 1959 Wholesale Prices, December 1959 Contents Continued Page 120 February 1960 Washington 25, D.C. Vol. 22,No.2 THE POUND-NET FISHERY IN VIRGINIA Part 2 - Species Composition of Landings Reported as Menhaden! By J. L. McHugh* BACKGROUND Pound nets have been the most important fishing gear for food fishes in Virgin- ia waters of Chesapeake Bay since 1880 (Reid 1955) and the history of this fishery to a great extent reflects the varying fortunes of the fisheries of that State. Since 1929 the average annual catch in pound nets in Virginia has been about 50 million pounds, roughly 20 percent of which was reported as menhaden. Actually these men- haden include varying quantities of other fish species, sometimes predominantly young food fishes, too small to market as human food. This part of the pound-net catch is sometimes used as industrial fish, but in many parts of the Bay it is sold as bait for crab pots. It is commonly referred to as ''scrap fish,'' and for convenience this term has been used here to denote that part of the pound-net catch not sold for hu- man consumption. Concern has been expressed at various times that this harvest of small fishes is wasteful, yet no really effective action has been taken to deter- mine the facts needed for an intelligent appreciation of the situation. Reid (1955) has reviewed the tribulations that accompanied introduction of pound nets to Virginia waters. Early reports of the Virginia Commission of Fish- eries emphasize the ''destruction'' caused by these nets, and in 1914 a "cull law" was enacted designating minimum sizes of fishes that may be caught (Code of Vir- ginia, Section 28-45). It soon became apparent that the value of this law was lim- ited, for most undersized fish were dead before culling could be done, and it was suggested on various occasions that an increase in mesh size, or closed seasons at certain times, would offer more practical solutions. Almost as soon as these remedial measures have been proposed they have been challenged by others. Some of the objections seem reasonable, but there is an obvious thread of self-interest running through all the controversy that has been generated, and none of the arguments is supported by indisputable facts. Culling is far from a practical solution: it would be impossible in bad weather; even under the best of conditions it would be time-consuming, and many fishermen would not be inclined to make the effort for a gain that was not immediately apparent; and most fish probably would not survive the rough handling that would ensue. An increase in mesh size, although it has been a popular remedy on many occasions, is opposed by many fishermen on the grounds that fish would gill in the nets. Closed seasons, when they have been proposed seriously, have been suggested for midsummer, when pound-net catches are at a minimum and relatively unprofitable, and the ben- efits to be gained would be at a minimum, too. The conviction that an increase in mesh size would allow many small fish to escape, though opposed by many fishermen who believed that gilling would interfere 1/Contributions from the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, No. 89. % Formerly Director, Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, now Chief, Division of Biological Research, U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries. 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 seriously with their operations, was sufficiently strong that in 1928 the General As- sembly of Virginia directed the Commission of Fisheries to conduct experiments with various mesh sizes. This was done (Houston 1929) by arrangement with cer- tain fishermen who placed panels of 23- and 3-inch stretched mesh in their nets, and the following conclusion was drawn: "It is claimed that mesh larger than an inch bar (2 inches stretched) will gill fish to an extent to make it impracticable. The experiments, as reported, bore out this contention."' In the absence of better documentary evidence, it can scarcely be maintained that the matter was settled adequately. Declines in Virginia fisheries since World War II, economic as well as biologi- cal in origin (McHugh and Bailey 1957), brought the question to the fore once again, and in 1952 the General Assembly instructed the Commission of Fisheries and the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory ''to determine the proper size mesh for nets in fixed fishing devices.'' The proponents of this bill failed to recognize the full implication of their directive, which, if it is to be complied with in full measure, will require knowledge of the effects of mesh-size changes upon the future supply of fish. This, in effect, is already one of the objectives of the work of the Virginia Fisheries Lab- oratory, progress toward which, although steady, has been slow by reason of limited funds and personnel and the need for more comprehensive programs of research in neighboring states, where these species are also exploited. Samples of scrap fish after they have been culled by fishermen from pound-net catches in the lower York River and off York Spit were examined in 1954 and 1955, primarily to study size- and age-composition of the menhaden catch (McHugh, Ogles- by, and Pacheco 1959). When convenient, other species in this scrap were measured and weighed. In 1958 a special effort was made to examine samples of scrap at weekly intervals throughout the fishing season, and all species in a half-bushel sam- ple were measured and weighed individually. If more than 100 fish of a species were present, the excess usually were counted but not measured or weighed, andthe total weight of that species was estimated from the weight of the first 100. Lengths were measured from tip of snout to fork of caudal fin, or in fishes like hogchoker, croaker, or gray sea trout, to the end of the longest caudal rays. In 1958 also, the total weights of individual food fish species and total weights of scrap landed were obtained whenever possible, for comparison of the numbers and able 1 - Species Composition of Scrap Fish Samples from Pound-Net A Catches, Lower York River, Virginia, 1954, Obtained by Adding weights used as human food or : Numbers of Fishes in all Samples Examined as industrial fish and bait. = Percentage of Scientific Racine Samples in 1954 SAMP Name : Which Species LES of Fish Occurred Brevoortia tyrannus The 1954 study was made Alosa pseudoharenqus by a graduate student as a term ae henna Ase awSLA AUS . - ps - eal erring pisthonema oglinum project. He identified 21 spe Baro Gis Gia Santhus cies in 21 samples, but lumped i Peprilus alepidotus alewife and glut herring, and itchi Anchea mitehih . . ynosci1on reqgalis butterfish and harvestfish, It Laiostoniie Gran thiris is fairly obvious that he failed i Bairdiella sura to recognize thread herring as i Trichiurus lepturus a distinct species, for although faranx crysos +4 ps es eee) : g Micropogon undulatus it figured prominently in 1955 Paralichthys dentatus and 1958 catches, it was not : Trinectes maculatus listed in 1954. Thread herring cee a undoubtedly were confused with Sphaeroides maculatus river herrings, for this cate- i Asse mediouns Osa Sapidissima gory was recorded for every eS mae sample examined in 1954, al- i Opsanus tau though later experience, and February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 _ previous knowledge of the migrations of river herrings, have shown that these spe- cies Ee disappear from catches in July, whereas thread herring do not appear omposition o p Pp. Catches, Lower York River, Virginia, 1955, Obtained by Adding Numbers of Fishes in all Samples Examined Scientific Name Samples in Which Species Occurred evoortia tyrannus Poronotus triacanthus Cynoscion regalis Opisthonema oglinum Anchoa mitchilli 93 57 Alosa pseudoharenqus } Gray sea trout Thread herring Mitchill's anchovy Alewife Glut herring Alosa aestivalis Alosa mediocris Stenotomus versicolor 42 21 Bairdiella chrysura 25 64 Leiostomus xanthurus 23 Peprilus alepidotus 15 Trichiurus lepturus 8 Micropogon undulatus 7 Vomer setapinnis 4 Centropristes striatus 2 1 1 1 1 Trinectes maculatus Prionotus sp. Sphaeroides maculatus Menidia menidia y until June and remain until fall. Table 1 therefore does not show all species necessarily in their proper order of importance, and contains 22 species instead of the 21 recognized in the original work. 1955 SAMPLES A few samples in 1955 were examined by the author, but most by a summer assistant who had difficulty distinguishing be- tween alewife, glut herring, and hickory shad. Therefore, these species are grouped in table 2, and may not be in proper se- quence according to numbers or frequency of occurrence. In 14 samples of scrap, 20 species were recognized. It is interest- ing that moonfish (Vomer seta- pinnis), fairly common in 1955, did not appear in pound-net catches in 1954o0r 1958. Sampling in 1955 was in some respects not as representative as in 1954 and 1958, fornocatches were examined from August 13 to November 26. 1958 SAMPLES Sampling in 1958 was more thoroughly and carefully done, and identifications were checked for accuracy. In 25 samples, 33 species were recognized (table 3.) Table 3 - Species Composition of Scrap Fish Samples from Pound-Net Catches, Obtained by Adding es and Weights of Fishes in all Samples Examined Lower York River, Virginia, 1958 Brevoortia tyrannus re 662 Butterfish Poronotus triacanthus 57, 106 Thread herring Opisthonema oglinum 403 56 23,005 Cynoscion regalis 260 72 20, 663 Caranx crysos 226 36 12,588 Leiostomus xanthurus 219 80 13,555 Alosa pseudoharengus 207 28 12, 873 Alosa aestivalis 177 32 29 , 984 Trachurops crumenophthalma 107 36 3,973 Bairdiella chrysura 88 72 6, 274 Anchoa mitchilli 80 20 142 Pomatomus saltatrix 34 32 2, 852 Trinectes maculatus 34 36 1,238 Micropogon undulatus 25 12 2, 468 Stenotomus versicolor 22 28 1, 836 Peprilus alepidotus 11 24 769 Alosa mediocris. 8 16 2,070 Alosa sapidissima 4 12 1,193 Callinectes s sapidus 4 12 248 Centropristes striatus striatus 3 12 359 Urophycis regius 3 | 8 112 Striped anchovy Anchoa hepsetus 3 8 37 Silverside Menidia menidia 3 8 22 Paralichthys dentatus 3 12 221 Sphaeroides maculatus 2 8 221 Lagodon rhomboides 1 4 Si Orthopristis chrysopterus 1 4 63 Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 1 4 81 Atlantic needlefish Strongylura marina 1 4 5 Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus 1 4 106 Common sea robin Prionotus carolinus 1 4 12 Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum i 4 346 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 For most samples, also, records were obtained of total weight of each species caught, so that the numbers and weights of each species used as food or discarded as scrap could be estimated (table 4). The 17 samples summarized in table 4, taken from ‘Table 4 - Estimated Total Numbers and Weights of Each Species in a Series of 17 Pound- Net Catches Made from April 7, to October 15, 1958, in the Lower York River or off York Spit, Vi i Species 1/Estimated numbers of food fishes w were derived from total weight of catch multiplied by average numbers of commercial- size fish per pound. Estimated numbers of scrap fish and their total weights were derived from numbers and weights of scrap in each sample, and the total weight of scrap fish in each catch. 2/ Number of mixed fishes not included. catches in the lower York River or off York Spit from April 7 to October 15, 1958, show that roughly equal weights of food and scrap fish were landed, but that more than four times as many fish were discarded as scrap. Many scrap fish were of species that usually are not used as food, such as menhaden, thread herring, blue runner, anchovy, scad, and silver perch, but some important food fishes, such as butterfish and spot, were more numerous in scrap than in food-fish landings. Seasonal variations in species composition and in numbers and weights of scrap fish in pound-net samples, weighted according to total catch of scrap, are given in tables 5 and 6 (which appear on page 5). In early spring, only menhaden, ale- wives, and glut herring were found, but a variety of species entered the catch as the season progressed. Some species appeared for a while and then disappeared, some occurred only spasmodically, others were caught regularly once they put in an appearance. Samples taken at regular intervals may not be truly representative of the relative abundance of the different species, because some fishes, like ale- wives and blue runner, remain in Chesapeake Bay for only a short time, while oth- ers, like menhaden, are available for most of the year. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 These may have included some scup, spot, gray sea trout, croaker, bluefish, har- vestfish, shad, flounder, puffer, rockfish, amberjack, drum, whiting, mackerel, mul- let, spotted sea trout, Spanish mackerel, white perch, and others. These samples are not necessarily representative of the pound-net catch in the whole area of Tide- water Virginia, for our observations have shown that each locality has its own char- acteristic complex of species. Alewives, for example, are the most important Table 5 - Estimated Cat ch, by Numbers, of Scrap Fish in Pound-Net Catches in the Lower York River, Virginia, 19581 Sept Species ae ember JMenhaden....... Glut herring ..... YN 6 Gis O-oso:b 40 97 46) 347 6,840) 8,090/6,140)3,370} 916) 2, SWadeodane doo : 64 40 97 63 iM Aly so oaodos > Hickory shad..... es (SOO sco mon = IBluefishiere cis «|= > IS VAMEMNS op eo god B = Hogchoker....... = Gray sea trout.... c Blve gill erates > Harvestfish...... 2 Thread herring... = INCI 66555 00 S Spotted hake ..... = WA) 5 oo00000n0 = Bay anchovy ..... = 6 430) 97 a oa - 80) - 83) 118)7,200 40) - 3 , 880} 1,460/1,845 7 40) - 46 2 65} 785 cs ty NITED G2 h-o op OCD 0 DOC 0 Gh or Oo a Q LoOC0IMSIP So bon DOC Ses wo wo > i=} pert bet por errnrs o < 34) 321 19) cs So o to Silverside....... WAC) ooo oe a Black sea bass.... Atlantic needlefish . Blue runner...... Bigeye scad...... Striped anchovy... (Common sea robin , Northern puffer... Number of nets 60 hon 0-0 00-0 ' oJ i) a a iz} Si ' 1 Hoo 0 a wo wo o is nw ARN Ca) eNO Teh tie te 0 oe 0 i p Fi t June 22 {30 = = ~ = = “ = aol feo | i || 4s = = = = Ae (TEN Si 2 aS Da ed TW pee! ae of serep aah for each day prorated according to weight of each species in sample. eS eae = Less than one pound. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 species by weight in Virginia's pound-net catch, but they were of less importance in our samples from the York River, partly because early spring catches were not ad- equately sampled. Butterfish ranked tenth in importance by weight in 1957, but they were one of the most important species in York River samples in 1958. On the oth- er hand there is general similarity between pound-net catches as recorded by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (Power 1959) and the 17 samples from the York River in 1958. SPECIES COMPOSITION OF POUND-NET LANDINGS One of the first steps in a study of industrial and unmarketable food fishes isto determine what species are represented, and in what quantities. According to lat- est published figures pound nets in Virginia caught at least 42 species in 1957 (Pow- er 1959). This is a minimum estimate, for certain categories in the official listing, such as alewives, catfish and bullheads, and some others, include more than one species, and scrap includes many species that are not used locally for human food, hence are not listed in official statistics. Investigations reported here showed that at least 35 species occur in pound-net scrap (table 1 to 3), at least 13 of which are not marketed in Virginia for humanfood. Table 7 (seep. 7) lists allspecies known to occur in pound-net catches in Virginia, based on 1957 landings (Power 1959), sam- ples of scrap examined in 1954, 1955, and1958, and observations made by various staff members of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory while sampling catches. Scrap-fish landings vary not only locally within the Bay and its estuaries, but also annually. It has been pointed out already that moonfish were found in our sam- ples only in 1955. Cutlassfish, fairly common in 1954 and less common in 1955, were absent in 1958. Several other interesting changes are suggested by the figures in tables 1 to 3, but it would require more information to determine their signifi- cance. There is good reason to believe, for example, that young croaker figured much more prominently in scrap in the past when the species was more abundant, and the decline in frequency of their appearance in samples from 1954 to 1958 is suggestive that the recent increase in abundance is only temporary, a conclusion supported by other evidence (W. H. Massmann and A. L. Pacheco, personal com- munication), It is convenient to treat scrap fish under two main headings: nonfood or indus- trial species, measurements and weights of which have considerable biological sig- nificance because the entire catch was represented in each sample; and food fishes, data from which are somewhat less useful because culling is variable, depending on the magnitude of the catch, prices, and other factors. NON-FOOD FISHES Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus): Atlantic coast, 1957: 1,327,595,000 pounds, valued at $16,771,000. By far the most important scrap species was menhaden, which made up nearly two-thirds of scrap catches by numbers and by weight, and was the only species that occurred in every sample ex- amined. By weight, menhaden are an important component of pound-net landings in Virginia. Ac- cording to official statistics (Power 1959) more than 25 million pounds were landed in 1957, about 46 percent of the entire pound-net catch, and nearly 10 percent of the total menhaden catch of the State. Menhaden landings as reported for pound nets probably are a collective term for all scrap fish, hence only about 16 million pounds actually were menhaden, and the remaining 9 million pounds included a variety of species as listed in table 7 (p. 7). Most menhaden caught by pound nets in Virginia “ALL mS ue UL co) njajeid oe SI JIM aoualsa e du fo} ue Ul s paspa [Mouyc 4 1 Ara UST} Ij jou punod k ou} T 1 xa duo 3 | It 194} JO S}[Nsaa 3y} 9 qe[iea id i L 1yHeUL U 1099 yoeg “7T i Y Vv sell ° let = M J 12) ouerj}sts Isse a L/t i = x x = sn UB ITIO ar we Sny IN TIexes S SOE | E ee = JI1Itotjua : TEMECE OTe a ae x a: En woo “Buu | | | - ee apa sauces : n}eia : : : K = ee = : a - x STSUSUT eS Sa : : 2 aai8 3 : . Udo tde]d s ISTIE ‘sos : - = x LON GU EELS ist aH iene ma a [eal x aides SiGe Saeed uouluioa ‘ rejaid nL x x sAryo & snoo00y | | v = : Re eT x Suet [etpare > shure ele Sean eulageu UW sSuray oe ea x a SiTuo fee x x ATTEOS wan on fon nyoprda eorueiqe Bowe. peau : | a : : : : : Aiemaeciten 7 eu Jawo, SO "ysts91p90N {0} | | | 3 st | : = | ua somos OAS HY USHDTPo [ea] x TU0|qo woz do L x antquio.108 a = , : - os : nduinq sn. Bey aes nerinea : = Ee ae x 3a}do were OO snd dra uiajyse: oypet Iauwo. 2. ey ne | : | : - 22404 x sn suaja A auesya. o1que iS “Jere W ee nb ends sv qnyo ‘ ons uIIe oj sn Ss TRURTTV “ yor , : ne a oyuey 2 aayon x Ul UOZ. po jarayxoe | = es W eo) vy ‘uoa Ss x s sod wos39 yst W ayd 137 y}.tou ‘ aan = e y : < x — Lice) Tpojaet aazesa 4S x cant Jnoeur s xUBIE! Pes ye = 2 is BS x utjso & 2}09UT WV ‘USTJ yoo] | a a z pinbs x Ss ulauoyys IL eas ‘kK: Pp4reziy 4 Eaameaae ENING jod s wou eo “3 a STUeO ee a TaREGLES : 2 : ci : g x puaeshz naisn onueyy ergy : a : : [ x eur kudal y ‘apis bits} x yoprda ae es : oO ~—— yds peat JAaAlt sn ye sn i Bl 2 [om : x tae Smain ystjdop Susdoous : = - a = ica x x Haeqirur zunenbs ie yjoours = CINE eeNEEE te ate . = x oer Tue [Ng auurey peay BSa}00U eayaor as : = = 2s x umu T1o0tpa uowuro x snjye oanayd sidaq Wiser = x x Epes oe BSO1V aecereese : | : : : z : —_BUITSSIpria! sor , uy | , als = umo.g x mnbalewer eae Enlysues000 : : | snptds aoyo oydoT Jaju uo] ‘ 3) : | | ae as ' eae yzeYS x tdsty sn S$ e1ejny see eam x x stiesaq wotosouk- fe) paezzid ipeUS x poles juBoeuO ee | x Pee pajjod : eee x Sevesison Tasuo a : : : ie 4 x FETS elt u IO ‘ ice e Bw) sa uli 7 Waats ‘ Ot 30 Ssdou - = - : _ ee 5 SAIS nae Bag x sturoro (ouaeto 09 aa ta : : scare }e sn. Ss 19S 16) x umnao sd Saar uoUrULO jno.} wes x x a 5 ae ae — : 9 adomuoe, wae ‘ulqoa as x x snje NYVTOSE. ae ae : | mG 2 ey aus Ess x x A uo. para ear ee x = MEUSSTS) : | Ss | | . : a = akaliq dnog a 28 = at pa conesenan ® x on STEGiat aniq ‘41a peos x x eTiafourd ce oe — , = : amis Bes x ordre snanye I WUE} “1a 01D x __snseu Ue Seine & Sour owey x snqeT1o erate £9 - | | - : seve esulys x snyjueo 30 WOpo} aqrym ‘ BIqoD a x Twady ST ydouryy Ayjaa pajjod x x tydaoyo Sere io “ x x sn EGO. Ay yng 4 e x x s sna youod ae a TesTASE] TIA z2}4n OEE é a = 5) x snqe: BR] snjeydaac q 1a}e043 : : Ee | | 4 weg x Be OE eydaooseq asou x x sojnga nae oe : : 109 NUTTO. sapt eq MOO 1 y : : a2 [els sn wee Paz) eopror9euds a : } : o BLLSNPUL £00,q enaaida 10g uIO nyouryors ; : : 3 | : | | | : fy D2 jore loskayo nye copasee f cara) Ue ey x x er a3e}7es ie oe : a oe Pacer pa x a SEs annie Leva eesnne aureN o O 09 eee x x sny en ides § ae 2 8S6 1jiqua wo dg x snyju oooh 2 H I pue ‘ = T9S YSsIjUut snjeu Sa nas a eget ‘p66 eee x Os qUEDEE a Tul sa awe td x oyoue! exes aan 2 : = oenb BU. sno900 ja qeao ete 1q-dea = fe) yea snjas CARE | sa : 2g jo /T8? ao 3s 2 . : Ls ous yelajsn so TT TyourUr oyouy Pp akaat eulwexdq Burtdorgs a yoieo pur endua eyeuoz rake a = urpue THUM 2 JO [eso zeyopn: cee) a ee pue'y [eros Pe Ss sid pnasd e qays ‘4 uouy bes Bh ee SOV aap Aeq Fee S61 uo wane pue TyHWUaTOS Eek. mt seq ‘eruisa = | TM A Uy} 8}9N — = N uourwo q qusneD Satoads - L 91981 COMMERCIAL FISHERIE are young fish (McHugh et al 1959) pre- dominantly age-group II (in their second year of life) inspringandearly summer, and age-group I (for their first year) in late summer andfall. In 1958, age- group I fish were exceedingly abundant in Virginia: small schools were seen everywhere inthe estuaries through spring and summer, and mass mortali- ties, a common phenomenon when a spe- cies becomes unusually abundant, were reported from many areas; these fish showed up in late summer as a dominant feature of pound-net catches in the York River area, although they were of a size that could escape through the meshes of the nets quite easily, and very few older fish appeared in samples after mid- August. The excellent catches in the menhaden purse-seine fishery in 1959 undoubtedly included large numbers of fish of the 1958 year-class. Growth of these fish in length and weight, and their relative importance in numbers and total weight each monthin 1958, are illustrated in figure 1. Samples of the 1958 year- Vol. 22, No. 2 S REVIEW October A September NU Uy class, caught in experimental trawls or taken by other methods, are included as polygons enclosed by broken lines ona different verticalscale. They show that pound nets in the lower York River take only larger fish of the incoming year class. Percent fsreguerncy iil Thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum): Almost half the samples examined in 1955 and 1958 contained thread her- ring, which first appeared in catches early in June and disappeared late inSeptember. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) observed that this species appeared in the Bay about 50 /00 /50 200 250 300 350 Fork flerigth in millimeters Fig. 1 - Frequency distributions of fork lengths of men- haden in samples of scrap fish from pound-net catches in the York River area, Virginia, 1958. Shaded zones em- phasize the progression of size groups to the right as the season advances, and illustrate the growth of successive age groups of fish. Broken lines represent samples of young fish caught in experimental trawls. Thread herring taken in 1958 were mid-May and left during October, that its spawning habits were almost completely unknown, and that fish taken in spring were thin and poor, whereas in fall they were fat. quite uniformin size, but although mean fork length increased only slightly from spring to fall, weights increased substantially (fig. 2,p.9). Gonads offish caught in June were mostly in prespawning condition. In July mostfish were spent or recover- ing from spawning, or were apparently immature, probably having recovered com- pletelyfromalate spring or early summer spawning. In August and September all gonads were spent or in a resting condition. Apparently thread herring, like most other fishes, become thin and poor at spawning time but recover and fatten February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 quickly. The increase in weight from spring to fall is substantial, of the order of 20 percent. Fe- males were about 5 mm. (4 -inch) longer than males, on the average. Blue runner (Caranx crysos): aN je) =Ii5 This small fish, a member of the jack family, was prominent in S ly i.) 8 i) [cla or as w 9 | Percent frequency V8o ~ S pound-net catches in 1958, but re- latively unimportant in 1954, and absentin1955. Itdidnot appear in 1958 until after the middle of Au- gust, hence its absence in1955 may have been caused by inadequate sampling, fornosamples were ex- amined in that year between Au- h \ ok £0 100 /50 O 50 /00 Fork Jength (mm) Werght @.) « es Fig. 2 - Frequency distributions of fork lengths and weights of gust 13 and November 26. Hilde thread herring in samples of scrap fish from pound-net catches brand and Schroeder (1928) res in the York River area, Virginia, 1958. ported that marketable sizes (3 to 1 pound) were takeninsmall numbers at Lynnhaven Roads, Va., but that smaller fish, 5 to 8 inches long, were less commonthan Caranx hippos, the common jack, of about thesame size. Thismay meanthat young blue runner penetrate farther into the Bay than older fish or thancommon jacks, or that young were especially abundant in 1958, for no larger fish andnocommon jacks were known to be takenin the catches sampled. Blue runner were seeninthe Fulton Fish Market, New York City, in September 1958, and dealers there say that there is a limited market for them, especially among south- ern Europeans, who find them sim- ilar to the ''sardine"' of the Medi- terranean Sea. Blue runner in scrap from York River pound nets ranged in forklengthfrom about 105 to 185 mm. (4 to 7inches), and thus cor- responded in size to the 5- to 8- inch (total length) fish reported by Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928). Those seen in the New York City market in 1958 were of similar size. All fish examined in 1958 were immature, and size-frequen- cy distributions (Fig. 3) suggest 450 /00 /50 200 Yoo /s0\ that two successive age groups Fork /ength (ram) Wergh?t (F.) dominated the catch: the first, with modal length increasing from Fig. 3 - Frequency distributions of fork lengths and weights of blue 150 to 170 mm., in August and runner in samples of scrap fish from pound-net catches in the York Tks River area, Virginia, 1958. Shaded zones illustrate the presence of September, the second 125 to 130 two size groups of fish. mm.,in September and October. 3 s % ‘ 8 S = 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus): Atlantic coast, 1957: 57,206,000 pounds, valued at $686,000. Alewives apparently are less important in the York River fishery than elsewhere in Virginia, and those caught in this area are not sold or processed in any great numbers as human food. Incertain areas, especially the Rappahannock River, consid- erable numbers are salted or pickled, and the roe is separated and canned. In 1958 few alewives appeared in York River pound-net catches after the end of April. In fork length these fish fell into three groups (fig. aa (eae Tyce cas mlpaal ska aN ie Glut ae y Alew/ te Numbers of #/sh Gist eee aos GS (a eel Leak WW aby A 50 /00 ~" 750 200 250 300 O0 40 J/00 /§0 200 250 300 350 Fork Js/ength (mm) Weight (9) Fig. 4 - Frequency distributions of fork lengths and weights of alewife and glut herring in samples of scrap fish from pound-net catches in the York River area, Virginia, 1958. 4), with modes at 125, 195, and 235-260 mm. (5, 8, and 9-10 inches), and 20, 85, and 170 to 250 g. (35 3s and 2-2 pound), and probably were 1, 2, and 3 or more years old, respectively (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928). Glut herring (Alosa aestivalis): Atlantic coast, 1957: landings included in figures for alewife. ps Glut herring entered and left the pound-net fishery in spring perhaps a little later than ale- wives. Those examined in scrap samples in 1958 ga were larger on the average than the alewives (fig. 4). They fell into two groups according to size, with ymodes at about 160 and 245 mm. fork length (63 to 10 inches), and 50 and 180 g. (%- to£-pound), and probably were 2 years and 3 years and older, respectively. Glut herring and alewives were among the most important pound-net species in spring, but because the fishery is seasonal they were later superseded in rank by others. Bigeye scad (Trachurops crumenopthalma): This small jack was almost as prominent in 1958 York River pound-net catches as blue runner, and entered the fishery at about the same time. This may explain its absence from 1955 samples which did not cover the late summer period. In 1954, however, samples were taken weekly until the end of September yet no scad were seen, which suggests that the species was less abundant, and certainly less available, than in 1958. Like the blue runner, this is _ —-»~»~w»y»yy ye February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 primarily a southern fish, and its appearance in Chesapeake Bay may be sporadic, for Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) sawit only once. In 1958 scad were fairly uni- form in size, but smaller fish were more frequent in October (fig. 5). Fork lengths ranged from about 105 to 160 mm. ( 4 to 63 inches), and weights from 15 to 70 g. (3 to 25 ounces). Bigeye scad of about this size were seen in the New York City market in September 1958, where they, like blue runner, are favored by certain customers because they resemble Med- iterranean ''sardines."' SS rs S AN) It is somewhat surprising that south- ern species like scad and blue runner should be unusually abundant in the Ches- apeake and Middle Atlantic regions in 50 /00 /50 ORREZOMN G0. 1958, for water temperatures along the Fork sergth (rar) Werght (g) coast were reported to be unusually low Fig. 5 - Frequency distributions of fork lengths and weights all summer. The 1958 menhaden purse- Of bigeye scad in samples of scrap fish from pound-net Beinewishery wasjunusually,successtulvin ) coon so nc 7ons Haver area, Virginia, 1958 Chesapeake Bay but poor farther north. Perhaps scad and blue runner, like men- haden, became concentrated in the Chesapeake region rather than spreading out a- long the Middle Atlantic coast because water temperatures were too low farther north, Numbers Of ¢ifsh scehohs non i) Silver perch (Bairdiella chrysura): This species appeared quite frequently, but us- ually in small numbers, in York River catches (fig. 6). Although silver perch are abundant in Virginia and the meat is of good flavor, demand is negligi- ble, probably because the fish are small. All sil- 2 ON eisai =a al aR Pee aan /5 - 4 Jo Sept P| , ; -Oct ver perch caught in York River aN SP >| iz 7] pound nets were included in OO scrap. They were probably in SS yall say pean nl their third summer (Hildebrand |\ YENR g NR : SHG and Schroeder 1928) with aver- S ee age length less than 175 mm. SIF mi il (7 inches) and average weight 8 O aA anes ad AVN os DBAS less than 75 g. (¢ ~pound). S Joe 4 May + al h 0 i1li): Se os LL 4 Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) oe ara mes het sal Nw ) GNA 5 : ig 40 /00 J/50 200 O 40 /00 /£0 This anchovy is one of the Total length (mm) Weight @g) most abundant fishes in Chesa- Fig. 6 - Frequency distribution of total lengths and weights of silver perch in samples of scrap fish from pound-net catches in the York EX. River area, Virginia, 1958. The broken line in June-July represents a sample from the York River pound-net fishery examined in 1955. SS peake Bay, undoubtedly important as food for many | ——— | summer most spot in scrap [ Ss = May = = samples were young, nearing 0 /OF = 7] IF —4 7 the end of their first year of 8 FF Hohe oe i = S|) i ite. S o SS Ss 8 JO} = = AL = Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix): aL FER. Z| ————— aI Atlantic coast, 1957: 3,742,000 yea leeeltoiinsdl BI rAt Bip pounds, valued at $493,000. 50 /00 /50 s N =e y Fig. 9 - Frequency distributions of fork lengths and weights of spot in samples of scrap fish from pound-net catches in the York River area, Virginia, 1958. Shaded zones emphasize the progression of size groups to the right as the season advances. Young bluefish were relatively important in 1958 samples of scrap from the York River, but less important in 1954. Their absence in 1955 may have been related to the pattern of sampling in that year for no sam- ples were examined in late summer and fall. On the other hand, almost all bluefish in 1954 and 1958 were taken in May, June, or July, months equally well sampled in 1955. Bluefish are erratic in their movements, and their occurrence in the Bay in 1958 may have been governed by the same unusual temperature conditions that brought blue runner and bigeye scad to these waters in apparently unusual numbers. It has been reported that in 1958 bluefish were less abundant along the Middle At- lantic coast and appeared later than usual. Bluefish in scrap were rather uniform in size, about 150 to 210 mm. (6 to 8 inches) fork length, and 45 to 125 g. (;9- to ¢-pound). Average size tended to de- crease through the fishing season, probably because younger fish appeared later. Croaker (Micropogon undulatus): Atlantic coast, 1957: 18,918,000 pounds, valued at $1,943,000. Young croakers were encountered in 7 out of 21 scrap fish samples in 1954 and ranked eleventh in number. In 1955 they were found in only 2 sam- ples out of 14, and in 1958 in only 3 out of 25, and ranked fourteenth in number in both years. Total lengths of 32 fish from scrap samples examined in 1955 and 1958 ranged from 145 to 245 mm. (6 to 9 ; inches) and weights reached a maximum of 165 g. (3 -pound). Young croakers probably were more common in scrap in previous years when the species was more abundant, and their scarcity in 1958 was not unexpected in view of the absence of yearlings, born in fall and winter of 1957-58, from the wa- ters of Chesapeake Bay and the estuaries in 1958, as observed by W. H. Massmann and his associates at the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory. Large catches of croakers were made in the spring of 1958, and it would be expected that small fish, if they had been present, would have been culled from these hauls. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 Scup (Stenotomus versicolor): Atlantic coast, 1957: 34,108,000 pounds, valued at $2,008,000. This species does not enter Chesapeake Bay in great numbers, and most Virginia landings are caught in the ocean by trawlers. Nevertheless, a few are taken by pound nets in the lower part of the Bay, and some of these enter the scrap. Scup oc- curred in about 1 of every 4 samples examined in 1955 and 1958, but not at all in 1954. Catches were distributed more or less randomly through the fish- ing season, but there were striking seasonal changes in size and probably age of fish in 1958 (table 8). Those taken in June and July (fork length 4 to 54 inches) probably were in their sec- ond year of life, those caught in fall (fork length 7 inches) probably in their third year. Table 8 - Frequency Distributions of Fork Lengths and Weights of Scup (Stenotomus versicolor) in Pound-Net Scrap, York River, Virginia, 1958. Fork Dench Numbers of Fish Ww ea June July] Sept. -Oct. Numbers of Fish eigh G. 15 20 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Many other species, some valued as food, others of little appeal, occurred in relatively small quantities in pound-net scrap (tables 1 to 7). If our examination of samples from the York River was at all representative, none of these minor species is caught in sufficient quantity to offer any great threat to the resource, but catches of some others, particularly butterfish, gray sea trout, and spot, are sufficiently large so that investigation of the effect of such removals upon future stocks of adult fish would be desirable. Some of the investigations now under way at the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory are laying the groundwork for solution of this problem. fot oo Deol 0 0 epee 0 Tf toed & & 0-1-0 eos io 0-p D0 0-0 F-0O 0 FB oD Op) bei 8 ob tet rsp CUCStSi Sa a teat ht Te th a te) aay At os 0 Tv 0-0 eo 0 ebsroan ct ob Tibet ew Tati ob oo Ue eat Hens of 0 0-0-0000 oO 000-0 00 It is pertinent to ask whether scrap fish now caught by pound nets and other fish- ing gear in Virginia are being put to best economic use. As long as there is no great shortage of protein food in the United States, preferences and prejudices will control economic value of fish to a great extent, but it appears that much of the choice as to whether a fish is scrap or human food rests with the primary producer or the mid- dleman, and the consumer has little or no opportunity to choose. One cannot help but wonder whether some enterprising middleman might not profit, and the consumer benefit also, by experimental marketing of some of the scrap fish we have described, like blue runner, bigeye scad, silver perch, or hogchoker. It seems to be established that these fishes are quite palatable, and ojections on the basis of size seem rather incongruous when such species as butterfish, equally small, apparently are in great demand. Displayed in attractive packages, as frozen-dressed panfish, irrespective of species, these now-despised varieties might find a ready market. Economic ef- fects of fluctuations in abundance of individual species would be minimized by sell- ing under a general, rather than a specific, name, and other species that appear only spasmodically might be marketed equally well. One rather formidable obstacle to development of methods to allow small fish to escape the nets, or to utilize scrap for human food, is presented by the crab-pot 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 fishery. Demand for scrap as bait is so strong that at times we were unable to se- cure samples for scientific study. Yet there are several ways in which a steady and more convenient supply of bait could be provided, e. g. by freezing menhaden in blocks of suitable size, or developing a prepared bait of uniform quality and high attraction power. If such developments are not forthcoming there may be no unani- mous support for scientific measures designed to create an optimum sustained yield of food fishes, no matter how well-founded such measures might be. Some of the conclusions drawn in this investigation may be too sweeping in view of the limited area of sampling and the knowledge that many species are not distrib- uted uniformily through the waters exploited by the pound-net fishery. Catches in other areas certainly should be examined if this study is to continue, and it would be well also to secure information on relative quantities and species composition of scrap taken in haul seines and other gears. LITERATURE CITED BIGELOW, HENRY B, and SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bull. 74, viii + 577 pp. HILDEBRAND, SAMUEL F, and SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C, 1928, Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 43, part 1, 366 pp. HOUSTON, HARRY R. 1929, Biennial Report of the Commission of Fisheries of Virginia for the 30th and 31st Years, July 1, 1927, to June 30, 1929. Division of Purchasing and Printing, Richmond, Va., 23 pp. MANSUETI, ROMEO and PAULY, RALPH 1956. Age and Growth of the Northern Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus maculatus, in the Patux- ent River, Maryland. Copeia, 1956, no. 1, pp. 60-62. McHUGH, J. L. and BAILEY, ROBERT S,. 1957. History of Virginia's Commercial Fisheries. Va. Jour. Sci., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 52-64. McHUGH, J. L.; OGLESBY, R. T.; and PACHECO, A, L. 1959. Length, Weight, and Age Composition of the Menhaden Catch in Virginia Waters. Limnol. and Oceanogr., Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 145-162. NESBIT, ROBERT A, 1954. Weakfish Migration in Relation to Its Conserva- tion. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Spec. Sci. Rep.--Fisheries, no. 115, 81 pp. NEVILLE, WILLIAM C, and PERLMUTTER, ALFRED 1941, A Study of Certain Marine Fishery Problems of Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, U, S. Bureau of Fisheries and Board of Supervisors, Suffolk County, N. Y., 36 pp. PACHECO, ANTHONY LOUIS 1957. The Length and Age Composition of Spot, Lei- ostomus xanthurus, in the Pound-Net Fishery of Lower Chesapeake Bay. M. A. Thesis (Un- published), Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, Va., 34 pp. PERLMUTTER, ALFRED 1939, An Ecological Survey of Young Fish and Eggs Identified from Tow-New Collections. In: A Biological Survey of the Salt Waters of Lon Iand, 1938. Part 2. New York Cons. Dept. Supp. to 28th Ann. Rept., pp. 11-71. POWER, E, A. 1959. Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1957. U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Stat. Digest 44. U. S. Govt. Printing Off., 429 pp. REID, GEORGE K,, Jr. 1955. The Pound-Net Fishery in Virginia. Part 1- History, Gear Description, and Catch. Com- mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 17, no. 5, pp- 1-15. (Also sep. No. 400). February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 POSSIBILITIES FOR APPLYING FISH OIL TO ORE FLOTATION By M. E. Stansby* ABSTRACT This is a report of a trip made to iron-ore-concen- tration plants in Michigan and Minnesota for the pur- pose of learning what possibilities there are for using fish oils in the flotation of ore. INTRODUCTION In an attempt to apply fish oils or fish-oil derivatives to the flotation of ores, especially iron-ores, the U. 5. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has been carrying on cooperative research since 1955 with the School of Mines and Metallurgy, University of Minnesota. Results of this research have shown that fish-oil fatty acids can be highly effective for such flotation, Withiron ore, fish-oil fatty acids (because of their high degree of unsaturation) are especially effective in a reverse type of flotation in which the silica is floated away from the iron in place of the more usual flotation of the iron from the silica, The principal deposits of iron ore in the United States are located in Minnesota and in northern Michigan, with the deposits in Min- nesota being the more important. In June 1959, a visit was made to several iron-min- ‘ ing concerns and their research laboratories iy sey A SA No in Michigan and Minnesota. The objectives J toate Set tal of this visit were: (1) tolearn whether or Fig. 1 - Experimental ore flotation employing AGE IAS MICKA POCGCHS WO COMGOMmeAs saree sel Ae Dot Sree Sao ting iron ore is being expanded and, accord- aa re ea acy ingly, whether or not the possibility of using fish oils as flotation agents is increas- ing and (2) to engender further interest by the iron ore-concentration industry in the Bureau's fish-oil research program, possibly to the extent that the research laboratories of the industry might investigate the use of fish oils. SREY Gres pee ee Deak Mae aa The purpose of this report is to describe the findings of this trip and to inform the fish-oil industry of future possibilities for marketing their product for the flo- tation of ore. ; EARLY USE OF FISH OIL IN ORE FLOTATION It has been known by Bureau personnel and the fish-oil industry that many years ago fish oils were employed as flotation agents for concentrating various ores, but no specific details were available. From a metallurgist at one concern, information was obtained on such early use of fish oils at a phosphate-flotation plant in Florida that had for many years been using menhaden and sardine fatty acids. In 1937, however, the price of fish- oil fatty acids reached about 12 cents a pound, which the management considered to be too expensive for their operation. They therefore looked into the use of tall-oil fatty acids, which had been tried earlier without success. Since tall oils in 1937 were selling for only about 2 cents a pound, research was carried out with them *Laboratory Director, Fishery Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research and Services, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash. 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 and, eventually, a way of using tall oils was found, This concern then changedfrom fish-oil to tall-oil fatty acids. In 1938, another concern, in Cuba, who employed this same metallurgist, used fish-oil fatty acids for the flotation of manganese ore. In that year this concern changed to tall-oil fatty acids because the latter was much lower in price. MICHIGAN IRON ORES In Marquette County, Mich. (on the upper Michigan peninsula), specular heme- tite ores, or specularite, were mined extensively from 1871 to 1937. By the latter date, most of the ores of higher grade had been exhausted, and many mines were abandoned, In 1947, a large iron-mining company began investigation of the possi- bility of reclaiming, by flotation, some of the lower grade iron ores still available in this region in large quantities. Eventually a joint operation was set up byseveral large iron-mining concerns. A small plant with a capacity of 300,000 tons of con- centrate a year was opened at Humboldt, Mich., followed shortly, in 1956, by con- struction at Republic, Mich., of a plant with a capacity of 600,000 tons a year. The capacity of the Humboldt plant is now being doubled, and that of the Republic plant is being considered for doubling. In addition to these two, a concentration plant with a capacity of 750,000 tons a year is operated by another company at Groveland, Mich. Much of the output of this plant is concentrated by spiral gravity methods, but a part of the output is con- centrated by flotation. As an example of the quantity of fatty acids used in these operations, one plant uses 1.2 to 1.5 million pounds annually. SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOTATION AGENTS: Several desirable characteris - tics for fatty acids to be used for flotation of iron ore were mentioned by industry personnel, A Jow titer {concentration of a substance in solution) is desirable, pref- erably 1 to 6 C, (33.8 - 42.8 F.). The desirable iodine value will depend upon the particular flotation process employed. At the Republic plant, values between 110 to 140 were considered optimum; some success had been obtained with fatty acids having iodine numbers as low as 100, but the higher range is considered tobe preferable. The Republic and Humboldt plants currently are using tall-oil fatty acids as flotation agents. POSSIBILITY FOR MARKETING FISH OILS FOR MICHIGAN SPECULARITE of agent to obtain selective flotation does not appear to be critical. It was for this reason, undoubtedly, that flotation was applied on a large scale to these ores, since little research in finding a flotation procedure was required. Because the charac- teristics of potential flotation agents are not critical, the principal item that pur- chasers of these materials are apt to consider is price. Fish-oil fatty acids that can be prepared and sold at prices competitive to tall-oil fatty acids (currently selling at 7} to 83 cents a pound f.o.b. factory in Florida or West Virginia, with cost of transportation adding 1} to 12 cents a pound to these costs) should have a good chance for use in the ore-flotation industry. These prices are less than those at which most fish oils are currently selling. Some fish oils that are selling at 4 cents a pound, however, could very likely be processed to fatty acids and still be competitive with tall oil, This is particularly true if the bulk (nonfractionated) fat- ty acids can be employed with these types of ores and if the fish-oil fatty acids are found to be highly efficient. The Bureau is running tests on the efficiency of bulk fatty acids from some of the cheaper fish oils for specularite flotation and conse- quently for possibly greater recovery of this highly important and strategic Amer- ican resource. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 The possibility that the odor of fish oil would be objected to by the ore industry remains to be settled. Direct inquiry as to whether this would be a factor resulted in negative replies. One metallurgist who 25 years ago used fish-oil fatty acids for flotation said that he never had any complaints based upon odor during his use of those materials. Others in the field of iron-ore concentration stated that they would anticipate no serious drawback to the use of fish-oil fatty acids based upon odor. In contrasting to this opinion is the fact that at a commercial flotation plant one of the metallurgists pointed out the lack of odor in the tall-oil fatty acids and commented unfavorably on the odor of some fish-oil fatty acids with which he had been experimenting. MINNESOTA IRON ORES NONMAGNETIC TACONITE ORES: The Mesabi Range in Minnesota has been the principal source of iron ore in the United States for many years. It has contain- ed relatively large quantities of high-grade iron ores that can be used without con- centration, but they are approaching exhaustion. The high-grade ores are mixed with much vaster quantities of lower grade ores, which are just starting to be con- centrated by a magnetic process. Two huge magnetic-process plants costing sev- eral hundred million dollars each are now in operation. Not all of the ores of low- er grade in the Mesabi Range can be used in this magnetic process, since only the taconite ores possessing magnetic properties are suitable. A considerable quanti- ty of nonmagnetic taconite ore is available, some of which has considerably higher iron content than have the magnetic ores presently being utilized. Furthermore, many millions of tons of these nonmagnetic taconite ores of relatively high iron content have been shoveled away from the surface in order to get at the ores of higher grade beneath. These intermediate-grade nonmagnetic taconite ores are placed in piles containing as much as 7 million tons awaiting the time when they can be concentrated. In addition to the problem of how the nonmagnetic taconite ores could be con- centrated, a more serious barrier to such use has existed. Iron ores are a low- priced commodity, worth only about 7 dollars a ton at the mine. Of this amount, sometimes as much as 2 dollars a ton or more has to be paid for various state taxes. A special concession was made by the State of Minnesota in the case of the magnetic taconite ores of very low iron content whereby most of those taxes were waived in order to permit the ores to be utilized. No such tax concession has exist- ed for the so-called semitaconite ores, including the nonmagnetic type. Until those taxes were waived, the cost of any type of concentration was far in excess of what was economically feasible. The Legislature of the State of Minnesota in June 1959 altered the tax laws to place the nonmagnetic semitaconite ores in the same preferred tax class as the magnetic taconites. Thus, for the first time, the utilization of this type of ore is feasible. Two means are available for concentration of the nonmagnetic taconites, They can be roasted and thereby converted to the magnetic form, which can be magnet- ically concentrated, or they can be subjected to flotation. Flotation is the simpler, possibly cheaper process. Yet it has the disadvantage that some of the nonmagnetic taconites are not readily separated by the usual flotation processes, so the choice of the best flotation agent may be highly critical. Current research with fish oils in flotation of these nonmagnetic semitaconite ores should show whether fish oils are sufficiently efficient to warrant their use. In June 1959, personnel at two concerns were definitely planning to concen- trate nonmagnetic taconite ores, Neither concern was ready to go into operation even on a pilot-plant scale, for they were still carrying out laboratory investiga- 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 tions. One of these firms seemed to be inclined toward flotation rather than roast- ing; the other one was inclined toward roasting but had not made a final decision. It would seem that fish-oil fatty acids might have a better chance for applica- tion as ore-flotation agents in the concentration of Minnesota nonmagnetic taconites than in the concentration of Michigan specularites, owing tothe greater importance in the former case of the efficiency of the reagent. At present, however, there are no plants operating a flotation plant for the nonmagnetic taconites, so this is a pos- sibility contingent upon favorable future developments. MAGNETIC CONCENTRATES: Another possibility for future application of fish oils inore flotation would occur if future developments in the iron-ore industry should require a further removal of silicafrom the iron-ore concentrate than is possible by magnetic methods, The iron and steel industry has been requiring ore of lower and lower silica content. If this trend continues, a point will eventually be reached where the only possibility for achieving the required low content of silica will be to use flotation after magnetic concentration. One of the operators of plants for the magnetic separation of iron ore is convinced that this use of flotation will eventual- ly be adopted. For such a use, the inverse process employing fish-oil fatty acids would be ideal. In the inverse flotation procedure, silica is floated from the iron ore. Be- cause silica is already quite low in a magnetically-concentrated ore, this inverse process would be the most efficient way to effect the separation. This combined magnetic and flotation concentration of ore will not be adopted in the near future. Therefore, there is no immediate possibility of selling fishoils for such a process. If, however, this procedure becomes a reality, it is likely to offer the greatest possibility for introducing fish oils into ore flotation, NONFERROUS ORES Although most of the research in the Bureau's cooperative program with the University of Minnesota's School of Mines and Metallurgy has dealt with iron-ore flotation, some preliminary tests with nonferrous ores indicate that fish oils might have application in the flotation of other materials. For example, good results were obtained in flotation of fluorite ores. Since flotation is more firmly establish- ed as a concentration method for nonferrous ores, the fish-oil industry should not overlook the possibility of marketing their oils for such nonferrous flotation pur- poses, SUMMARY 1. Problems in concentrating iron ore vary enormously from one geographical area to another, Consequently, the possibilities for applying fish oils as flotation agents differ in the various ore-producing areas. 2. Possibilities for applying fish oils to flotation depend on whether the present or the future is béing considered, For the present, fish oils may have little ad- vantage over other ore-flotation agents, since price appears to be the factor deter- mining the choice of agent used. If the future is considered, however, possibilities for the use of fish oils are greater, since there is likelihood that they will be eval- uated on the basis of the efficiency of their action rather than on the basis of their price, 3. Flotation is an expanding means for concentration of Michigan specularite ores, and three plants are in commercial production, This ore is highly amenable, however, to being concentrated by flotation. Probably only the currently cheapest fish oil would have a chance for use, February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 4, Owing to changes made in June 1959 in Minnesota tax laws, it now has be- come feasible to consider concentration of certain nonmagnetic taconite ores, Al- though these ores are much more difficult to float than the Michigan specularite ores, many leaders in the iron-ore concentration industry are considering flotation operations. Inthese difficult operations, fish oils may wellhave advantages. 5. It is the view of some leaders in the industry that the magnetically-concen- trated iron ore may eventually have to be further concentrated. Personnel in one of the concerns currently operating huge magnetic concentration plants tend to the view that in some years hence flotation will be used in conjunction with magnetic concentration. In such an operation, the use of fish oils in the reverse process where Silica is floated from the iron ore may present the best possibility. 6. Need exists for the fish-oil industry to further acquaint the iron-ore indus- try with the properties of fish oil that might be useful in the flotation of iron ore. 7. The possibilities for applying fish oils as ore-flotation agents in noniron- ore concentrations should not be overlooked. These possibilities include, for ex- ample, the use of fish oil in the flotation of phosphate and fluorite ores. Note: The author gratefully acknowledges the aid given by Fred D. DeVaney, Pickands Mather & Company, Duluth, Minn.; Stephen E. Erickson, The M. A. Hanna Company, Nashwauk, Minn. and R. W. Livingston, Jones andLaughlin Steel Corporation, Calumet, Minn.; Ossi E. Palasvirta, Oliver Inon Mining Company, Duluth, Minn.; Gordon H. Pal- lanch, Pickands Mather & Company, Research Laboratory, Hibbing, Minn.; L. L. Erck and Walter Nummela, The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, Ishpeming, Mich. LOBSTER'S PROTECTIVE SYSTEM If a lobster is seized by the claws, it can throw off the arms bear- ing the claws ata point between the second and third segments of the arms. If the shell on some part of an arm is crushed and the lobster is bleeding, it will often cast off its claw at this point. At the joint be- tween the second and third segments of the arm the claw breaks off easily and thereis a specialarrangementfor preventing bleeding. How- ever, if the arm is broken in some other spot much bleeding occurs. After the old claw is thrown off a soft bud grows out from the second joint of the arm, and when the lobster molts the new claw increases greatly in size and becomes covered by a shell. It takes three or four molts, however, for a new or regenerating clawto reach its normal size again. The smaller legs also may be cast off but not so readily as the large claws. These small legs and other appendages, such as the feel- ers and the swimmerets, also can be regenerated. 22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 “ 7 > = RESEARCH ZY, IN SERVICE LABORATORIES Z Qratraanneme rs COMPOSITION OF FISH AND SHELLFISH In the composition studies conducted in 1959 at the U. S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle, Wash., major attention was giv- en to marine fish of the Pacific Coast. One study on meals was completed, and plans have been made to start the investigation of shellfish beginning with Dunge- ness crab. Three investigations have been completed. The work on halibut showed it to be uniformly low in both oil and sodium and high in protein. A survey of the sodi- um content of fish meat indicates that salt-water fish in general are not significant- ly higher in sodium content than are fresh-water fish provided they have not been in contact with brine or other sources of sodium. In a study of fish meals, it was found that the carbonate content was less than 2 percent and ranged as low as 0.5 percent. Shellfish meals on the other hand showed large variations, reaching 25 percent for shrimp and 75 percent for clams. The first two reports were presented at national meetings of scientific associa- tions and all three have been submitted for publication. Three projects are nearing completion. A long-term study of Pacific ocean perch and several other species of rockfish show a uniform composition regard- less of species, season of capture, and area of capture. A similar study on sole, including 10 species, shows a wide variation in composition. They are muchlower in protein and higher in sodium than are rockfish. Much of the analytical work for the Terminal Island project on a sampling method for tuna was done in this labora- tory. Three other projects are well under way or planned for the near future. The composition of tuna is being studied. Two series of albacore, one of skipjack, and several bluefin and yellowfin specimens have been analyzed. Of all fish tested, tuna meat is highest in protein and lowest in sodium, but it shows a large fluctuation in oil content. A proposed three-year program on the study of silver salmon has been started. Samples have been prepared from 4 series of specimens obtained during the 1959 fishing season. Plans have been made to start investigations on the composition of shellfish, beginning with Dungeness crab in January. CONTROL OF DRIP IN CHILLED AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS Free liquid or juice that exudes from fishery products during refrigerated storage or during the defrosting of the frozen product may be (1) water native to the product, (2) water picked up during handling and processing, and/or (3) water added as a protective glaze. When present in excessive amounts, the free liquid may be- come a problem to the fish producer, buyer, and consumer. The general objectives February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 of this project are to investigate the factors that affect water retentivity of various frozen fishery products and to find means of determining the amount of native water in contrast to amounts of water picked up during processing or added as glaze. The first phase consists of determining some of the constituents of thaw drip or juice that exudes from defrosted cod fillets that have been frozen and storedfor various time intervals at 0 F. and +20° F. The constituents being determined in- clude total solids, total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, ash, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfate. Results are still insufficient to draw any con- clusions at this time. FISH FLOUR RESEARCH For research being conducted on fish flour at the Bureau's Technological Lab- oratory, College Park, Md., samples of whole fish, fillets, and the remaining fillet waste were obtained from a single lot of ocean perch. These samples were frozen separately and half of each was processed into fish flour by an acid precipitation technique. The remaining half of each of the samples was processed into fish flour by an azeotropic distillation technique by the VioBin Corporation at Monticello, Ill. The ocean perch fillets first were ground while still frozen and then were proc- essed into a coarse, dry form in the pilot plant. This material then was extracted three times with a patented solvent, dried thoroughly in an air stream, autoclaved, dried again, and milled. This process was repeated using the whole fish and then again using the fillet waste. Samples of each of the flours were taken aseptically during the final drying stage for bacteriological analyses. Total plate counts and E. coli determinations will be conducted to aid in evaluating the ''sanitary condition" of the product. The fish flour pilot plant is only one of the installations of the VioBin Corpora- tion at Monticello. There is a commercial-scale batch fat extractor for the final defatting of dried beef pancreas, beef liver, and fish meal. Each of the above prod= ucts first is dried using the azeotropic processing technique either in the pilot plant at Monticello or in one of several other plants. The beef products are sold to pharmaceutical houses for the preparation of enzymes, etc., and the latter product is milled and sold as fish flour. Fish flour made from fish fillets is sold to phar- maceutical houses and all other fish flours are sold for export. Apparently there is at least a limited market for fish flour at the present time. --By Caroline H. Kurtsman, Technological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, College Park, Md. LOW STORAGE TEMPERATURES HELP MAINTAIN FILLET QUALITY Frozen pollock fillets lose quality very rapidly at high storage temperatures, according to a preliminary report from the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory in Gloucester, Mass. Temperatures of ete Cue and -20° F. have been used in tests on one-pound packages of pollock fillets. The fillets became completely inedible in less than two 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viol. 22); No: 2 months when stored at 10° F. At 0° F. this product had a storage life of about six months, or more than three times that of the fillets stored at the higher tempera- ture. At lower temperatures the keeping quality is increased even more signifi- cantly. For example, pollock fillets stored at -20° F. for six months showed no measurable change in quality. The results of these tests, which are still in progress, emphasize again the : ‘ : fe) : : importance of storing fish at temperatures of 0 F. or lower in order to insure the marketing of a high quality product. Also, the results show that the necessity for low-temperature storage increases as the length of the storage period is increased. PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF FROZEN RAW HEADLESS SHRIMP UNDER REVIEW Two series of industry meetings were held during October 1959 with producers, us- ers,andmarketers offrozenrawheadless shrimp, and scientists of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to discuss the first draft of the proposed standards for Federal grade offrozenrawheadless shrimp. The first meetings were held in Brunswick, Ga., and Tampa, Fla. Two weeks later, meetings were held in New Orleans, La., and Corpus Christi, Tex. Approximately 40 industry members attended the four meetings. The spirited discussion of the draft of the proposed standards provided the back- ground needed for further revision. A new working draft, along with a draft copy of Instructions to the Inspector, was sent out to the 16 Bureau inspectors working in shrimp breading plants. Through the cooperation of these inspectors and of the plants in which they are stationed, the standard can be given a thorough in-plant ap- plication and evaluation prior to the preparation of the final draft. It was expected that the provisional draft would be ready for publication in the Federal Register during February 1960. PURIFIED FISH-OIL FRACTIONS TO BE MADE AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH Following up successful research findings by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on the usefulness of fish-oil fractions in reducing high blood-serum cho- lesterol levels in animals, Assistant Secretary of the Interior Ross Leffler an- nounced on December 29, 1959, the details of a stepped-up research and technical assistance program. He explained that the plans include making available to interested medical and pharmaceutical researchers relatively large samples of purified fish-oil fractions and the screening of 25 species of edible and industrial fish to determine whether the types of fatty acids present in those fishes are those useful in dietary and med- ical treatment of elevated cholesterol levels. Other investigators are studying the effects of highly unsaturated oils on fat utilization by the body as well as the amount of dietary fish oil necessary to cause a useful reduction in serum-cholesterol levels. Nutritional advisory services by the Bureau on fish oils and edible fish products are being made freely available to dieticians and medical researchers engaged in formulation of special anticholesterol diets. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 The Director of the Bureau stated that his staff has received many expressions of interest from researchers in utilizing fish oils and fishery products for human Chemical Products from Marine Oils —— soll sae —S = ‘ POLYUNSATURATED a : EPOXYACETOGLYCERI DES FATTY ACIDS 7 (Chemical (Pharmaceutical intermediates) products) MONOGLY CERI DES POLY HY DROXY (Plasticizers) FATTY LSI DS (Resins) SATURATED FATTY ACIDS QUATERNARY SODIUM | FATTY = ALCOHOLS, == (Chemical intermediates) _ AMMON | UM ALKYL i jE SALTS SULFATES (Concentration (Special soft (Sanitizing (Concentration of metal ores) leather tanning agents) of metal ores) processes) feeding trials. Large quantities of these oil fractions have not been available. To remedy this situation, the Bureau is undertaking the preparation of such oil frac- tions utilizing a pilot-scale centrifugal molecular still and will make oil samples a- vailable, free of charge, to responsible researchers. The key findings of recent research which the Bureau hopes will encourage full-scale clinical testing by responsible medical staffs are (1) the abundance of what are known as "unsaturated" fatty acids in the body oils of many species of fish, (2) proof that the feeding of these "unsaturated"! fatty acids to test animals reduced the highly elevated content of cholesterol in their blood sera to ''normal" levels, and (3) that the more "unsaturated" the fatty acid used, the more effective it was innormal- izing levels of serum-cholesterol. This latter finding was of most immediate interest to fishery researchers since fish-oil fatty acids contain up to six points of unsaturation as compared to two points of unsaturation in linoleic acid, the active cholesterol-depressant agent in vegetable oils. Use of a properly prepared concentrate of these highly unsaturated fatty acids from fish would permit effective anticholesterol treatment with a minimum of add- ed fat intake. Bureau technologists pointed out that these unique "soft fat'' features of fish oils make fishery products especially valuable for inclusion in diets designed to bring about a better nutritional ''balance'' between the hard and soft fats in the A- merican diet. Many medical authorities have pointed out the desirability of in- creasing soft fat consumption while reducing the consumption of hard fats as a pos- sible means of controlling blood-cholesterol levels. BOSAh 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW a BY) at Port Huenemegto 20.9° C. (69.6° F.) at Todos Santos Bay. The average temperature north of Point Dume, was 1952 ..C. (66. Ge B!s)landhll SiGe (67.5 F.) south of the point. Airplane Spotting Flight 99-17-Pelag- ic Fish: The inshore area from the Ti- juana River to Fort Ross was surveyed from the air (October 13-16, 1959) bythe Department's Cessna 180 (3632C) to de- termine the distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools. Weather and visibility varied from excellent north of Santa Monica Bay to very poor south of that point. Because February 1960 of low clouds, smog and haze, only spot- ty observations were possible south of Point Dume. No fish schools were seen. Conditions for aerial observations were very good between Point Dume and Point Arguello, but only 6 schools (all bonito) were observed. They were about one mile offshore between Gaviota and El Capitan. All were quite large, and moving slowly in a '"mill'' formation. In San Luis Obispo Bay 55 poorly de- fined anchovy schools were scattered a- round the Avila piers in 2 to 4 fathoms of water. No other fish schools were seen south of Monterey Bay. A total of 73 anchovy schools was counted in Monterey Bay. All were be- tween the mouth of the Pajaro River and Santa Cruz Point inside the 10-fathom contour. Although not positively identi- fied, 90 additional schools were seen in the Bay. These were mostly very large and deep and centered about 3 miles south of Needle Rock Point. An additional 15 very large unidentified schools were ob- served 2 miles northwest of Ano Nuevo Point. Many small, fragmentary, anchovy spots were found between Ano Nuevo Point and Pescadero Creek. Alsopres- ent in the area were: a large number of unidentified non-schooling fish, several large ''pods"' of sea lions, thousands of gulls, and 12 large basking sharks. The unidentified fish seemed to overlay the entire area and appeared to be about 12 inches in length, pale milky-gray in col- or and quite slow in their movements. The various groups of sea lions contained many hundreds of individuals, some of which seemed to be actively feeding while others were moving leisurely in the gen- eral direction of Ano Nuevo Point. The 12 large basking sharks were very close to shore off Pescadero Creek. Only 11 anchovy schools were spotted north of Pescadero creek--10 over Four Fathom Bank just north of the Golden Gate, and one was one-half mile off Point Reyes Beach. The water in the extreme inshore area from Pedro Point to Bodega Head was ex- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 tremely dirty ranging from gray-green to a dark purple-brown. I Sa I AERIAL CENSUS OF COMMERCIAL AND SPORT FISHING CONTINUED: Airplane Spotting Flight 59-18-Aba- lone: The Channel Islands were sur- veyed from the air on October 23, 1959, by the California Department of Fish and Game Beechcraft to observe locations and numbers of commercial abalone div- ing boats. Four diving boats were observed in operation at Santa Rosa Island in the vicinity of Johnson's Lee where red ab- alone (Haliotis rufescens) predominate. Three diving boats were observed at Seal Cove on San Clemente Island. In addition to these conventional diving boats a mothership and four skiffs were observed at this location. This is the first time a skiff-type of operation, which utilizes hookah-type diving gear instead of "hard hat'' has been observed among the Channel Islands. Kelp growth showed considerable in- crease along the west coasts of Santa Rosa, San Clemente, and Santa Cruz Is- lands since the last observation flight September 20, 1959. Observations were confined to Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente Islands. Clearance could not be obtained from the military to fly over Anacapa and San Miguel Islands and fog obscured San Nicolas Island. (See chart p. 30.) Airplane Spotting Flight 59-19-Aba- lone: The shoreline from Ft. Bragg to San Francisco was surveyed from the air by the Department's Cessna 182 to estimate the numbers of abalone sport fishermen, clam diggers, and shoreside sport anglers. Observations were not complete as 2 small sections of coast were blanketed by tongues of fog extending over the coast from a solid bank at sea. One was the 6-mile section of coast from just below Big River to just north of Albion. The 30 San Miguel COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 Anacapa ——-—-— Flight route. Palo Alto? Fig. 2 - Airplane Spotting Flight 59-19 (November 1, 1959), to estimate numbers of abalone sport fishermen, clam dig- gers, and shoreside sport anglers. other was the 10 miles of coast just north of Stewarts Pt. The Sunday afternoon flight was on a relatively warm day for the central California coast this time of year. There was a minus tide at sunset, the surf was definitely below average and the wind was light and variable; thus conditions were almost ideal for the sportsmen. This survey did not include Tomales Bay. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January-September 1959 Total shipments of metal cans for fish- ery products during January-September 1959 amounted to 93,049 short tons of steel (based on the amount of steel consumed in the manu- facture of cans) as compared with 94,284 tons in the same period of 1958. Fish February 1960 and shellfish canning activities in Sep- tember 1959 were beginning to drop off seasonally from the high levels reached in July and August. Packs of salmon and Maine sardines were light in Septem- ber and the pack of California sardines was way below predictions due to dis- putes over ex-vessel prices and scarcity of fish. Canned packs of tuna and shrimp in September of this year were good. Shipments of metal cans declined 0.3 per- cent from August to September 1959 and were down by 15.6 percent from Septem- ber 1958 to September 1959. Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of stee] consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel. Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations RESEARCH ON IDENTIFICATION OF TUNA LARVAE: Several studies concerned with vari- ous aspects of the life history of the tunas, such as investigations of matura- tion and fecundity of adults, identifica- tion, distribution, abundance, and ecology of the larvae and juveniles, are being made by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries! Honolulu Biological Labora- tory. Since the studies require methods for sampling larvae and juveniles that will yield both qualitative and quantita- tive results, various types of nets (in- cluding small plankton nets and mid- water trawls with a mouth-opening of 1,200 square feet) have been used. Ex- change of larvae and juveniles with vari- ous research institutions in the Pacific have augmented the number of speci- mens available for study. In addition, the laboratory received, on a loan basis, the collection of young Scombroids made from the Danish research vessel Dana during several cruises to the At- lantic and around the world between 1911 and 1938. On the basis of morphological features, positive identification has been made of the following tuna and tuna-like larvae: skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellow- fin (Neothunnus macropterus), black COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 skipjack (Euthynnus yaito, E. allettera- tus), and the frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard). Yet to be identified are larvae of albacore (Thunnus germo), big-eyed (Parathunnus sibi), bluefin (Thunnus thynnus, T. orientalis, and T. maccoyi), and closely related forms such as the dogtooth tuna (Germo nuda). In addition to studies of morphologi- cal features, other attempts at identifi- cation of larvae include the use of paper partition chromatography and serologi- cal techniques. It is possible to identify the adults of albacore, big-eyed, frigate mackerels (two species not distinguished), yellowfin, skipjack, and black skipjack through chromatography. However, this technique has technological limitations for use with larvae. Serological tech- niques, being conducted on Honolulu Bio- logical Laboratory samples at the Seat- tle Biological Laboratory, await evalua- tion. Better methods for capture of tuna larvae and juveniles are being developed. A high-speed sampler will be tested in the tropical waters of the Pacific during the spring of 1960. Nine out of 23 hauls with a midwater trawl yielded 39 juve- nile tuna from those waters. Modifica- tions of the trawl to increase its effi- ciency are being made. It will be used in an attempt to collect albacore tuna larvae next summer. A pumping system permitting continuous sampling from a vessel underway is also being considered. Installation of an aquarium system aboard the Bureau's researchvessel Charles H. Gilbert, in which attempts will be made to fertilize tuna eggs and rear larvae and juveniles, is planned for the near future. It is anticipated that studies utilizing specimens and samples presently avail- able to Laboratory personnel, alongwith those from the future sampling programs, will result in: (1) identification of the important species of tuna and tuna-like larvae and juveniles; (2) increased knowl- edge concerning the life history of the tunas; and (3) a better understanding of the ecology, distribution, and abundance of the larvae and adults. <2, 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Crabs CHESAPEAKE BAY BLUE CRABS SCARCE IN 1959/60 WINTER: Beginning December 1, 1959, and for the following three months, over 150 Virginia vessels and motorboats, man- ned by more than 400 men, dredged for blue crabs in Chesapeake Bay. Dredg- ers were expected to be disappointed if they anticipated a large harvest for, ac- cording to marine biologists of the Vir- ginia Fisheries Laboratory, blue crabs would probably be scarce and dredge- boat catches would be near the record low. The forecast of a low catch was ac- tually made in December 1958, follow- ing observations that the 1958 brood was Blue Crab very small. As additional evidence that the crop was small, the soft and peeler- crab catch at Tangier Island was about one-half normal size in the summer of 1959. Tangier Island usually produces about one-half of Virginia's soft crabs. Crabs reach commercial size a year after hatching, and are usually at least 18 months old when caught by the win- ter dredges. Since 1950, catches have been above average in 5 winters and be- low average in 4. After this winter the score will be even. Crab dredgers have been disappointed with their catches the last three winters. Last year the hibernating crabs bedded down among millions of blue mussels which promptly attached themselves to the crabs, often 200 or more mussels per crab. Thousands of blue mussels were brought up by each dredge haul, and extra deck hands were hired to clean the crabs before they could be landed. Normally, the mussels set in the spring Volz 22 sNorme grow to about one inch and then die dur- ing the heat of late summer. But in1958, it is believed that the mussels survived because of the coolness of the summer. Most of the dredgers had never encoun- tered as many mussels in previous years. During a survey of the crab-dredging grounds in October 1959 from aboard the Laboratory's research vessel Pathfinder, the biologists found many dead mussels and only a few live ones, indicating that last year's problem will probably not be encountered this winter. A bright ray of hope for the future for the blue crab industry was seen in Octo- ber 1959 in a big crop of fingernail-size crabs, caught during one of the regular monthly surveys by Laboratory scientists. These crabs, hatched in mid-summer, will produce a better-than-average catch the winter of 1960/61. Se. Croakers BIOLOGISTS SURVEY CHESAPEAKE BAY FOR 1959 YEAR-CLASS: Fishery biologists from the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory aboard the re- search vessel Pathfinder, ranged over 1,000 miles of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries during mid-November in search of the 1959 brood of croakers. They covered both Virginia and Mary- land waters and were assisted by biolo- gists from Maryland's Chesapeake Bay Laboratory. The purpose was to meas- ure the success of the 1959 spawning of croakers which began in the fall of that year. ''For the past two winters we have found young croakers in the rivers dur- ing the late fall but later on they were killed off, apparently by the unusually severe cold which persisted for several days keeping temperatures below freez- ing," the Virginia biologist in charge of the survey reported. Croakers are known to spawn in the ocean outside of the Capes and the young come into Chesapeake Bay in fall and winter and move up into fresh water where they spend the first few months of their lives. When Virginia's scientists February 1960 surveyed the entire Bay in the spring of 1959 they located no young croakers anywhere. Although the Bay produced some fish of large size, 1959 croaker fishing was very poor, as had been pre- dicted by the Laboratory's biologists. For instance, sport fishermen had to spend eight hours fishing during the sum- mer of 1959 to catch as many croakers as they had landed in one hour in pre- vious seasons and the commercial catch was generally low. "The future of the croaker fishery depends on successful spawning in the ocean and survival of young fish that migrate into the Bay,'' the biologist em- phasized. Although croakers leaving the Bay in fall are full of eggs, it is known that they do not deposit them until they reach ocean waters. In December 1959 explorations were started in the Atlantic in an attempt to locate areas where eggs are laid and where larval croakers may be found. One of the objectives of these research programs is to explain why the numbers of croakers available to fisher- men varies so widely over the years. Work already completed indicates that all croakers caught by commercial and sport fishermen together has little ef- fect on depleting numbers present in the Bay. Apparently the change in numbers is chiefly influenced by natural causes, but more work is necessary before we can know what factors affect croaker populations the most. Virginia Fisheries Laboratory's research vessel Pathfinder. On the 1959/60 surveys, biologists from Virginia's marine laboratory will carry on a cooperative study of menha- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 den spawning with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and will also re- lease numerous drift bottles for study- ing ocean currents in conjunction with the Woods Hole Institution of Oceano- graphy. Although this last phase of the program is intended primarily for ocean- ographers, the information obtained a- bout ocean currents will also be helpful in clarifying puzzling questions about the movements of very young fishes. Drift bottle current studies will also yield more detailed knowledge about the movements of inshore currents which is necessary in dealing with the problems of the disposal of radioactive wastes and other pollutants in the sea. VIRGINIA BIOLOGISTS SEEK BREEDING AREAS IN ATLANTIC: A search for croaker breeding grounds was made December 7-10, 1959, by the research vessel Pathfinder of the Vir- ginia Fisheries Laboratory. Areas in S ~ I ae >) ~ Croaker ~ ~=- (Micropogon undulatus) the lower part of Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean were surveyed. A total of 30 stations was occupied in areas ex- tending 60 miles along the Atlantic coast south of Cape Henry, Va., and 50 miles out to sea. The ship hove-to at desig- nated stations every 10 miles to take wa- ter samples, record water temperatures, and to release drift bottles for ocean current studies. Plankton tows were made with large plankton nets and a spe- cially-designed deep-water sampler. "Most of the work was done at night," the chief biologist reported, ''because the chances of larval fish being near the surface are greater at that time.'' Bot- tom plankton samples were collected with a Gulf III plankton-sampler (de- veloped by the Galveston Biological Lab- oratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Fisheries), a medium-speed sampler used for towing near the bottom. This is the first exploration made specifically to locate areas where the croaker spawns and larval croakers de- velop. The biologists anticipate making trips every month during 1960 to estab- ‘ lish the time and place of spawning not only for croaker, but also for menhaden, spot, grey sea trout, and other fish. LY Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1959: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Department of Defense, 1.4 million pounds (value $0.7 million) of fresh and Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, November 1959 with Comparisons | November | Jan.-Nov. | November | Jan.-Nov. | | 1959 [1958 | 1959 | 1958 Pee (le OUOMLDSS) Eee . . ($1, 000) 1,443] 1, 499 |20, 876|20, 881 908 a713 | 10, 748] 11, 96 frozen fishery products were purchased in November 1959 by the Military Sub- sistence Supply Agency. This was lower than the quantity purchased in October by 25.8 percent and 3.7 percent under the amount purchased in November 1958. The value of the purchases in November 1959 was lower by 32.9 percent as com- pared with October and 21.5 percent less than for November 1958. During the first eleven months of 1959 purchases totaled 20.9 million pounds (valued at $10.7 million)--about the same in quantity, but lower by 10.2 percent in value as compared with the similar peri- od in 1958. Prices paid for fresh and frozen fish- ery products by the Department of De- fense in November 1959 averaged 49.4 cents a pound, about 5.2 cents less than the 54.6 cents paid in October and 11.2 cents less than the 60.6 cents paid dur- ing November 1958. Vol. 22, No. 2 Canned Fishery Products: Salmon was the principal canned fishery product purchased for the use of the Armed Forces during November 1959. In the first elev- en months of 1959, the purchases of canned tuna were down 40.5 percent, canned salmon lower by 67.5 percent, and canned sardines were up about eight- Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, November 1959 with Comparisons QUANTITY VALUE an. -Nov. 1959 | 1958 . (1,00 : fold as compared with the same period in 1958, ge eS ‘Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some lo- cal purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are higher than indicated because local pur- chases are not obtainable. Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research WESTERN LAKE ERIE SURVEYED FOR COMMERCIAL FISH STOCKS: M/V "Active" Cruises 7 and 8: Exploratory fishing for commercial fish stocks in west.central and western Lake Erie (between Fairport and Port Clinton, Ohio), was continued by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartered fishing vessel Active between October 20 and November 23, 1959. Cruises 7 and 8 were planned to obtain additional information on the availability of smelt and other fish stocks to commercial fishermen. Fishing operations during both cruises were hampered by high winds, rough seas, and hazard- ous ice formations, Fish concentrations were found to be widely scattered over the entire area and no commercial scale catches were taken. A total of 31 trawl tows were completed in the 2-12 fathom depth range with a 50-foot, 2-seam balloon trawl net with 13-inch and 2}-inch mesh cod ends. Individual trawl catches, which did not exceed 100 pounds per tow, were composed of mostly yellow perch and emerald shiners with smaller amounts of smelt, white bass, gizzard shad, alewife, whitefish, carp, and catfish. One seine set was made in Fairport Harbor on sizable ec ho-sounder indications with a 300-foot by 10- foot beach seine. All but a few pounds of emerald shiners escaped through the seine's one-inch mesh. Surface water temperatures recorded during the cruises ranged from 59 F. in late October to 36 F. February 1960 at the termination of cruise 8. Bottom tempera- tures recorded were found to vary little from the surface temperatures indicating that thermal strat- ification of the lake waters had disappeared prior to cruise 7. Cruise 7 was interrupted on October 25 at Ver- milion, Ohio, for the purpose of demonstration of trawl gear to observers representing the Ohio Commercial Fishermen's Association and Ohio Sportsmen's and Conservation organizations. Cruise 8 was the last exploratory fishing and gear research cruise scheduled for calendar year 1959. The M/V Active returned to Port Clinton, Ohio, November 23 for winter storage. Great Lakes Fishery Investigations WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR FISHERY SURVEY CONTINUED: M/V "Siscowet'" Cruise 9: Abundance and dis- tribution of spawning whitefish and the physical characteristics of whitefish spawning grounds were studied by U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries personnel aboard the research vessel Siscowet during November 9-21, 1959. Gangs of approxi- mately 3,000 feet of large-mesh nets (5- to 6-inch mesh, stretched measure) and 300 feet of small- mesh nets (13- and 24-inch mesh) were set over spawning grounds. Through the guidance of com- mercial fishermeninthe area, the following grounds were selected: Outer Island Shoals (west side), Cat Island Shoal, Big Bay on Madeline Island, Presque Isle Bay on Stockton Island, and Rocky Island Shoal. The bottoms of the various grounds were: Outer Is- land Shoals, small boulders and sand; Cat Island Shoal, broken bed-rock; Big Bay, smooth bed-rock; Presque Isle Bay, small boulders and sand; Rocky Island Shoal, large boulders. The catch of spawning whitefish was meager at all locations. The largest catch was 19 whitefish (16 males, 3 females) on Rocky Island Shoal in wa- ter 33 to 9 fathoms deep. Two large-mesh nets floated about 1 foot below the surface in water- 33 fathoms deep took no fish. Whitefish taken at other locations were as follows: Outer Island Shoals (33-7 fathoms), 2; Cat Island Shoal (33-8 fathoms), 5; Presque Isle Bay (5-13 fathoms), no catch; Big Bay (4-7 fathoms), 5. All of the whitefish were ripe males except 1 ripe female taken at Big Bay. Twenty-one of the fish were tagged and released at the point of capture. The whitefish taken on the spawning grounds were relatively small. They varied from 17.3 to 23.7 inches long and averaged 19.8 inches. Lake herring and menominee whitefish dominated the catch in the small-mesh nets at each location. Lesser catches were made of longnose suckers and burbot. The average weight of the 195 lake herring taken in the 23-inch mesh nets was 0.7 pound. All of the mature lake herring and menominee white- fish were ripe and appeared to be in spawning con- dition. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 A short gang of chub nets (24-inch mesh) was set in 45 fathoms between Madeline and Stockton Islands to investigate the spawning of chubs (Leu- SIGN sp.). Only 14 chubs were captured (12 L. hoyi, 2 L. zenithicus. One L. hoyi was spent and 11 were nearly ripe. The L. zenithicus were not ripe. Almost all of 78 lake herring in this lift were nearly ripe. Bathythermograph casts showed water to be homothermous down to 45 fathoms. Surface tem; peratures varied from 37.4 F.at Big Bayto41.8 F. at Outer Island Shoals. Cruise 10: This cruise (November 23-Decem- ber 26, 1969) explored the distribution of the lake herring during the spawning season and collected eggs from certain species of chubs (Leucichthys sp.). Gill nets were fished south of Stockton Is- land, and trawl tows were made south of Stockton Island and in Pike's Bay. A recording echo-sound- er was operated over large areas among the A- postle Islands to learn more of the areal and ver- tical distribution of the lake herring at different periods of the day and night. Concentrations of fish were recorded by the sounder in nearly all areas visited among the is- lands. The heaviest concentrations appeared at about 15 fathoms in water 25 to 50 fathoms deep. Vertical distribution was practically the same day and night. During thenight some of the fish seemed to move along the 15-fathom level from deeper wa- ters to inshore areas where they appeared just a- bove bottom. It was assumed that fish that made traces on the sounder chart were lake herring as commercial nets were taking up to 3 tons per lift. Trawl tows by the Siscowet failed, however, to take lake herring in these areas. Four night-time trawl tows were made south of Stockton Island at depths ranging from 7 to 45 fathoms. The sounder recorded fish concentrated on or near the bottom only at depths of 15 fathoms or less in this area. Tows made at 7 to 21 fathoms caught predominately smelt, trout-perch, and slimy muddlers. Twenty-eight whitefish (6 to 19 inches) and 7 lake trout (6 to 15 inches) were taken inthree 12-minute tows. No lake herring were captured. A 12-minute trawl tow made at 45 fathoms took 82 L. hoyi and lesser numbers of slimy muddlers, eaeotnecd muddlers, and ninespine sticklebacks. One lake herring was captured in this tow. The sounder recorded no concentration of fish on or near the bottom at this depth. Two night-time trawls tows made in Pike's Bay at depths of 18 to 20 fathoms. The sounder record- ed heavy concentrations of fish just off the bottom but they could not be positively identified as lake herring. The catch from two 12-minute tows con- sisted mainly of smelt and slimy muddlers. Four lake herring, 2 lake trout, 1 whitefish, and 1 L. hoyi were also taken. Fi Gangs of gill nets (2}- and 23-inch mesh) were set south of Stockton Island at 51 to 53 fathoms to capture spawning chubs (Leucichthys sp.). A set made on November 23 captured 161 L. hoyi, 4 L. kiyi, 20 L. zenithicus, 611 lake herring, and 48° burbot. Eggs were collected and fertilized from all ripe L. hoyi and L. kiyi. About 75 percent of the L. 36 hoyi were green, 15 percent ripe, and 10 percent spent. Fifty percent of the L. kiyi were ripe and 50 percent green. All of the L. zenithicus were green and all of the lake herring were ripe. A set over the same grounds on December 2 captured 243 L. hoyi, 4 L. zenithicus, 272 lake herring, and and 8 burbot. At Teast 95 percent of the L. hoyi were green and only 6 individuals were spent. All of the L. zenithicus were green and all lake herring were ripe or spent. Chub eggs were taken to the Wisconsin Conserva- tion Department fish hatchery at Bayfield where they will be held to the eyed stage. At that time they will be transferred to the hatchery at North- ville, Mich., for hatching and study. Bathythermograph casts showed homothermous conditions down to 53 fathoms. Surface tempera- tures ranged from 35.5” F. at Pike's Bay to 37.8°F. south of Stockton Island, Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1960 p. 38. <—o Gulf Fishery Investigations Following are some of the highlights of the stud- ies conducted by the Galveston, Tex., Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries during October-December 1959. MIGRATIONS OF SHRIMP: As of the fourth quarter of 1959, 27 of 7,084 pink shrimp stained and released in Barnes Sound, Fla., in early July 1959, were recovered. All were recaptured in Barnes Sound, excepting one caught at the entrance to Lit- tle Card Sound, immediately north of Barnes Sound. Results of this experiment suggest that the range of some pink shrimp populations is quite restricted. Preliminary analysis of growth rates of Barnes Sound recoveries (predominately females) indicates an increase in mean carapace length of approxi- mately 3.0 mm. a month. Mean carapace length at release was 19.5 mm. This represents a weight in- crease of from 115 to 87 count, heads off, during the first month after release. During November 2-6, a total of 16,638 pink shrimp were stained with fast green and released in the Shark River area of Everglades National Park. The purpose of this experiment was to de- termine if pink shrimp nurtured in that locality contribute to the Tortugas fishery, to the Sanibel fishery, or perhaps to both. As of the end of 1959, four marked specimens were recovered by com- mercial shrimp vessels on the Tortugas grounds, the first of these was taken 35 days after being released. None were reported taken on the Sanibel grounds. As the fourth quarter of 1959 closed, staining equipment was being transported to Bahia Honda Key for a shrimp marking operation to be conduct- ed in Hawk Channel in the Atlantic southwest of Marathon. The purpose is to determine whether or not pink shrimp migrate from the Atlantic Ocean to the Tortugas grounds. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Mole 225 None STAINED SHRIMP 50° REWARD Shrimp have been marked with blue, green and red biological stains — in order to obtain information on migrations and growth. The color appears only on both sides of the head (in the gills) as shown in the illustration. Look for color here A reward of 50% will be paid for stained shrimp when returned with the following information: 1. Exact piece the shrimp was caught. 2. Date the shrimp was caught. NOTIFY BY MAIL THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, P.O0.BOX 3098, GALVESTON,TEXAS, OR CONTACT ANY FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE AGENT OR REPRESENTATIVE. Stained shrimp must be verified by Fish and Wildlife Service biologist before poyment. The stains used ore approved for this use by the Food and Drug Administration. Typical poster distributed in shrimp ports in Gulf States to encourage the return of stained shrimp by fishermen, deal- ers, and processors. Several collections of gravid female shrimp were made in support of the project concerned with identification of larvae. Ripe females brought to the laboratory were placed in containers and ob- served in hopes they would spawn viable eggs. On October 7, a single female seabob (Xiphopeneus kr¢yeri) was caught in a trawl haul at one of the Gulf sampling stations and returned to the labora- tory where she spawned. Overnight trips to off- shore spawning grounds (15-25 fathoms) southeast of Galveston were made on October 22, and Novem- ber 19. Over 100 ripe brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) were collected each trip and brought back to the laboratory where several spawned. Plank- ton samples taken on the spawning grounds were found to contain penaeid nauplii and later stages. These should aid in assembling a complete series of larval instars. SHRIMP LARVAL STUDIES: In addition to maintaining a small number of miscellaneous shrimp species (Eusicyonia sp., Xiphopeneus kr¢y- eri, and Hippolytidae, species Trachypeneus sp., unknown), three of commercial importance, Pen- aeus aztecus, P. duorarum, and P. setiferus have been maintained in substantial numbers in the labora- tory under conditions of varying diet, tempera- February 1960 ture, and lighting for a period of more than six months. Although molts have occurred at regular intervals and examination of casts of recently molted shrimp have revealed that copulation did occur on several occasions among individuals held in the aquaria, we have had no success inducing these shrimp to attain a spawning condition. In fact; it has been noted that shrimp brought into the laboratory with partially mature gonads actually have them regress after remaining in the labora- tory for as long as a month. Only those shrimp possessing mature gonads at the time of capture have spawned in the laboratory, usually very short- ly after arrival. It was from such individuals that early larval stages of two species of shrimp were obtained. Because of the lack of success in obtaining spawn from shrimp maintained under artificial conditions for long periods of time, the number being kept in the laboratory has been reduced some- what. Efforts are now being directed toward se- curing females most likely to spawn immediately after being deposited in laboratory tanks. On October 7, one ripe female seabob, Xipho- peneus krd¢yeri, was taken during a regular off- shore slaniion collecting trip. Held in a fifteen- gallon plastic aquarium, it spawned the following day. The eggs, only slightly heavier than sea wa- ter, were carefully siphoned from the bottom of the aquarium and transferred to two four-liter beakers for closer observation. Continuous ob- servations were recorded as the eggs hatched and the larvae developed through five naupliar instars into the first protozoea. On October 24, the day following their capture, several gravid brown shrimp, P. aztecus, spawned in the laboratory. Two days later one female taken during the same collecting trip was observed while in the act of spawning. Unfortunately, high microorganism densities proved detrimental to the developing eggs and larvae; consequently, only a few individuals reached the first protozoeal stage. As in the October Xiphopeneus spawn, a continuing record was kept and specimens of each larval stage were preserved. Gravid brown shrimp were again brought into the laboratory on November 20. Spawning began the following day and continued over the next three days, resulting in a large number of eggs being obtained. Several instances of abortion were noted during this period. By carefully planning and mak- ing adequate preparation beforehand, much of the contamination experienced during previous spawns was avoided. As a consequence, a large number of eggs hatched and hence a larger number of nauplii were carried through to the first protozoeal stage. Specimens of each developmental stage were again preserved and all observations and other pertinent data recorded to provide for later description of the species during the stages ob- served. Preliminary work toward a detailed description of successive developmental stages in the lite his- tory of P. aztecus has begun. Accurate drawings and tracings are being made with the aid of camera lucida, stained mounts, and photo-micrographs which were taken of both living and preserved or- ganisms. Staining, clearing, and mounting tech- niques have been satisfactorily worked out and a COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 number of specimens have been permanently mounted for ease and convenience of study, and for future reference. Comparative study of early stages of species made available thus far will be- gin shortly. BAIT SHRIMP PRODUCTION, GALVESTON BAY: The statistical canvass of bait-shrimp deal- ers and suppliers in the Galveston Bay area con- tinued on a routine basis. Estimates of total pro- duction (volume consumed) and gear effort expend- iture indicate vigorous growth of the local bait- shrimp industry. Whereas, approximately 676,000 pounds were handled during the two-year period ending May 30, 1959, about 419,000 pounds were landed and sold commercially during July through November 1959. Brown and white shrimp were by far the dominant species taken, the latter being the more important on a year-round basis. INDUSTRIAL FISHERY STUDIES: Age deter- minations of menhaden by scale analyses were com- pleted for the 1958 menhaden samples collected at Moss Point, Miss. One-year-old fish comprise 54.8 percent of the specimens, compared to 23.3 percent for this age group in 1957. Two-year olds declined from 66.8 percent in 1957 to 20.5 percent possibly reflecting the small percentage of one- year olds in 1957. The percentage of three-year olds increased from 9.0 percent in 1957 to 19.4 percent which might be expected from the very high percentage of two-year-old fish in 1957. Young of the year (zero's) increased from 0.3 percent to 2.8 percent. Most of these fish were taken in late summer, The remaining 2.4 percent were made up of 4- and 5-year olds. During October 1959, croaker (Micropogon un- dulatus) contributed approximately 40 percent by weight to the industrial fish catches sampled, spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 10 percent, and white trout (Cynoscion nothus) 14 percent. These three spe- cies made up roughly 64 percent of the catches sampled during that month. The remaining 36 per- cent was made up of numerous other species in varying amounts. During November croaker roughly contributed 60 percent of the weight of the catches sampled; spot, 6 percent; and white trout, 7 percent. Com- bined, these three species made up 72 percent of the total weight of the catches sampled. The spe- cies list now includes 63 families and 141 species. The industrial fish catches sampled during Oc- tober and November were taken in waters between Gulf Shores, Ala., to the east and Timbaiier Bay, La., on the west. Ninety-seven percent of all catches sampled were made between Gulf Shores and the mouth of the Mississippi River, and 67 per- cent of the catch was made between the mouth of Mobile Bay and a line running from Horn Island down the eastern shore of Chandeleur Island to the mouth of the Mississippi River. Most fish were caught in waters of 3 to 7 fathoms during October and November with the peak at 4 fathoms. Studies of the life histories of several important species contributing to this fishery have been lim- ited to a weekly catch sample for length, weight, and spawning condition studies. Personnel assigned to this project have been occupied with sampling for species composition, gathering catch statistics, and working up the data to a form usable for publi- cation. 38 The study of the demersal fish utilized for in- dustrial products such as pet food, mink food, and fish meal for animal foods is being carried on in much the same manner as described in previous reports this year, except that starting December 1, 1959, sampling intensity was reduced. Sampling as of that date was reduced to two days a week to prepare past data for publication and to allow more time for other phases of the study. As many vessels as possible are sampled during the two days each week. In order to mini- mize any bias due to the days of the week sampled, it is tentatively planned to advance the sampling time to two calendar days each week. For instance, it will be done on Monday and Tuesday this week, Wednesday and Thursday next week, and Thursday and Friday the third week. The cycle will start over again the fourth week. In case no vessels land on the days scheduled, the following day's landings will be sampled. During October 68 vessels were sampled. Their total catch was 1,874,213 pounds. The average weight per catch was 27,562 pounds. During No- vember, 53 landings were sampled. They had a combined weight of 960,101 pounds. The average catch was 18,115 pounds. This made a total for the two months of 121 vessels sampled, a total of 2,834,314 pounds of fish, and an average catch of 23,424 pounds per vessel. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1959 p. 38. ‘Maine Sardines CANNING SEASON FOR 1959 CLOSES WITH A SHORT PACK: The Maine sardine packing season of- ficially closed at midnight December 1, 1959, with atotal canned pack of approx- imately 1,750,000 cases (100 33-o0z. cans), which was far short of the industry's preseason goal of 2,100,000 cases. The subnormal pack will result ina complete sellout of stocks by all canners before the 1960 season gets under way next June with shortages of many types and varieties occurring by midwinter, the Maine Sardine Council predicts. The comparatively small carryover from the 1958 pack would not make up the deficit in the disappointing pack in 1959. The short pack was due to an uncer- tain, spotty, and thoroughly unsatisfactory fish supply. The small-size herring were late in arriving onthe coast and there was limited production in June, which is nor- mally one of the best months of the year. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 From then on, it was a case of continu- ous uncertainty which was topped off by failure of the usual fall run of highly desirable can- ning fish to ma- terialize. Many plants closed in mid-October and those that kept open through No- vember enjoyed only sporadic op- erations. ea The ''western" and "eastern" areas produced a major percentage of the fish while the tra- ditionally steady supply in the middle area from Milbridge to Rockland failed for the first time in years. The situation was not an abnormal one for the 1950's as shortages also occurred in 1951 and 1955. Scientists blame poor spawning and survival conditions rather than any major or permanent dislocation of the fish supply. The market for Maine sardines is normal with prices firm, and is expected to continue so for an indefinite period. Atotal of 35 plants operated for vary- ing lengths of time during the season with but few of them getting the sizable pack necessary for efficient operations. Gen- erally speaking it was also a poor year for the sardine fishermen. * Ok KOK OK CANNED STOCKS, NOVEMBER 1, 1959: Distributors! stocks of Maine sardines totaled 296,000 actual cases on Novem- ber 1, 1959--16,000 cases or 5.1 percent less than the 312,000 cases on hand No- vember 1, 1958. Stocks held by distrib- utors on July 1, 1959, amounted to 176,000 cases, andon April 1, 1959, totaled 254,000 cases, according to estimates made by the U. S. Bureau of the Census. Canners' stocks on November 1, 1959, totaled 1,001,000 standard cases (100 33 - oz. cans), adecrease of 36,000 cases (3.5 percent) as compared with November 1, 1958. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 Table 1 - Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributor's and Canners' | Stocks, November 1959 with Comparisons!/ [1959/60] 1958/59 ype Ursely Ti/i oe 11/1/58] 1/1/59 59 O77 : 1,000 Distributors Actual 197 176 Cases 1,000 Canners Standard 1,001 1,037 474 PMO) Cases2 1/Based on marketing season from November 1-October 31. 2/100 33-07. cans equal one standard case. .The 1959 pack (from the season which opened on April 15, 1959, and ended on December 1, 1959) amounted to about 1,750,000 standard cases as compared with 2,100,000 cases packed in the 1958 season. The pack for the 1957 season totaled 2,117,151 standard cases. The total supply (pack plus carry- over on April 15, 1959) at the canners' level as of November 1, 1959, amounted to 2,121,000 standard cases or 6.3 per- cent under the total supply of 2,263,000 cases as of November 1, 1958. Canners' shipments from April 15, 1959, to No- vember 1, 1959, amounted to 1,120,000 cases as compared with 1,226,000 cases during the April 15-November 1, 1958, period. Ie Maryland CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER ON HYDRAULIC DREDGE VESSELS MAY REDUCE SOFT-CLAM HARVESTING COSTS: ‘A Maryland State shellfish biologist cooperating with a private shipyard on December 18, 1959, disclosed an equip- ment improvement which promises to reduce soft-clam harvesting costs by 20 percent. The shellfish biologist of Maryland’s Chesapeake Biologi- cal Laboratory has tested satisfactorily a controllable-pitch propeller which cuts power needs of a typical clam rig in half. He proposed the development of this new powering sys- tem to a number of propeller manufacturers and a Connecti- cut shipyard engineered the final product, which is now being field-tested. If further tests confirm the excellent results from preliminary tests, the propeller will be on the market in the spring of 1960. The new propeller eliminates one of the two large power plants presently required on most of Maryland’s soft-clam vessels. One of the engines propels the vessel while the other drives a powerful water pump which literally blows clams out of the bottom mud in the Chesapeake Bay. The pump engine must work at high speed to develop the necessary water pressure, but the boat itself should move very slowly. The biologist combined the two requirements by using one engine to serve both purposes; the ‘‘flattened’’ blades of the propeller bite only small slices of water on each turn, even with the engine running fast enough to drive the water pump. When clam harvesting operations are fin- ished, the clammer disengages the water pump, adjusts the propeller bite to a sharp angle, and heads home at a normal cruising speed, Besides eliminating an engine (usually 80-120 hp.) and its initial high cost, the propeller will cut gasoline consumption by about 20 percent, the biologist believes. The deadweight of the boat will also be reduced, storage space will be gained, and engine maintenance costs should be lower. The design was made purposely simple enough to withstand long-term high-load clam harvesting operations, the biologist said. It has been tested aboard the Laboratory’s research vessel John A. Ryder. In 1959, the number of licensed clam boats in Maryland was 222, The year’s harvest will be about 300,000 bushels, worth $1.2 million, or more than the rest of the Nation’s combined output of soft clams. The Director of the laboratory states that while their re- search doesn’t ordinarily extend to design and development of commercial harvesting gear, their extensive studies of clams and the new clam dredge have made them unusually awdre of the young industry’s problems, 3k ok Sk ook) ok LITTLE FALLS FISHWAY NEARS COMPLETION: After many years of effort by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Mary- land fishery agencies, the proposed fish- way at the new Corps of Engineers dam at Little Falls on the Potomac River near Brookmont, Md., is rapidly becom- ingareality. It was over 80 percent com- plete in October 1959, and is expected to be ready for operation in the spring of 1960. 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research SURVEY OF DEEP-WATER WHITING ABUNDANCE IN WINTER OFF NEW ENGLAND: M/V Delaware Cruise 60-I: To de- termine the abundance of whiting (Mer- luccius sp.) in deep water during the winter months was the purpose of a Jan- uary 5-31, 1960, scheduled cruise to the Georges Bank area and the continental shelf south of Block Island of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries! ex- ploratory fishing vessel Delaware, Fishing tests along the Continental Shelf south of Block Island were to be made with both bottom and midwater trawls. <> = Se Oceanography WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION RECEIVES GRANT FOR RESEARCH VESSEL: A $3 million grant from the National Science Foundation for the design and construction of a new oceanographic re- search vessel was announced Novem- ber 25, 1959, by the Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution, a private nonprofit research organization. This is the largest gift or grant the Institution has received in its 29 years of existence. In 1930, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation provided about $2 million to the Institution to erect its first laboratory, to design and build a research vessel, and to employ a small professional staff. Since that time other grants have made it possible for the Institution to increase its scien- tific staff to about 135 investigators and a total staff of nearly 400. The Institu- tion's fleet consists of 5 seagoing ves- sels and three aircraft, while its shore facilities include two large laboratories. The Board of Trustees recently a- dopted a major development program for the Institution, which hopes to raise $38 million for the Endowment Fund, to Vol. 22, No. 2 increase its staff, provide more fellow- ships, endow four Chairs in oceanography, build a third laboratory, and renovate its fleet. ‘The Institution designed and built the research vessel Atlantis in 1931. Today that famous vessel Still is the only U- nited States deep-sea vessel especially designed for oceanographic work. The vessel has sailed some 1.5 million miles in all oceans and is out to sea some 250 days each year. Apart from the fact that the ship is old and may soon have to be laid up, the Atlantis has grown too small. One of the difficulties in oceanography has been that students do not have the opportunity to go to sea. The new vessel will have accommodations for 19 scien- tists as opposed to 9 on board the Atlan- tis and most of the Institution's other ships. It is expected that a number of students will be taken aboard the new vessel. In addition to the Atlantis, the Institu- tion has had the use of other ships-- yachts, fishing boats, naval vessels, etc. Most of these vessels were acquired to fill an immediate need and were adapted to do the job as well as possible. Such conversions are costly to accomplish and to operate and less efficient than specially designed ships. The selection of the new vessel has resulted from a close examination of the needs of modern oceanography. A com- mittee has worked hard to develop aship, 175 feet long, that would incorporate the unique qualities and features necessary for the Institution's work. For instance, it is planned to control the rolling of the ship with tanks whose liquid contents are synchronized to the rolling period of the ship. A center well in the hull will make it possible to lower instruments from below decks, while a bow propulsion unit will enable precise maneuvering of the ship. An underwater observation chamber will be placed in the bulbous bow and the ship will be able to creep along at very slow speeds when desired. She will have a range of 7,000 miles at 12 knots. Also, the ship is to be as quiet as possible in machinery and propulsion so as to have as little ship February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 noise as possible while making under- water sound studies. About ten winches are planned--some will be used to lower equipment for shallow depths while oth- ers will be capable of reaching to the o- cean bottom. The new ship will have high standards of living quarters. The new vessel will be the best equip- ped research ship afloat and is expected to be the most modern in design. Her superior facilities will enable her to carry out the increasingly complex phases of modern oceanographic field work. Nan Oregon USE OF MONOFILAMENT IN SALMON GILL NETS PROHIBITED: On December 8, 1959, the Oregon Fish Commission voted to prohibit the use of monofilament gill-net mesh in Oregon. This action will tie in with the state of Washington's present ban on monofila- ment nets. Monofilament, in use for sportfishing lines for several years, has only recent- ly been woven into gill nets. It is more effective than conventional linen or ny- lon nets because it is practically invis- ible in water and permits effective use in daylight hours. Oregon and Washington fishery biolo- gists stated that use of the nets possibly could increase catches and necessitate other restrictions on the already severe- ly restricted Columbia River gill-net fishery for salmon. Oysters OBSERVATIONS ON CONDITION OF MARYLAND'S GROUNDS: A three-agency biological check of Chesapeake Bay’s pub- lic oyster bars yielded some good news and some bad, Mary- land’s Chesapeake Biological Laboratory reported on Decem- ber 18, 1959. The Laboratory, the Maryland Tidewater Fisheries Com- mission, and the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries co- operated in checking representative productive oyster bars from upper Chesapeake Bay to the Virginia line. The senior shellfish biologist of the Laboratory reported the following: Favorable Observations; The Bay’s oysters are healthy. Those above the Chesapeake Bay Bridge are especially fat and have grown rapidly because rains during the summer of 1959 held off and allowed the upper Bay to become saltier than usual. Upper Bay oysters thrive and fatten in such con- ditions. In addition, no sign was seen of the heavy oyster mortalities such as have recently plagued nearby states, Scientists noted the best set of baby oysters in Tangier Sound since 1945. Unfavorable Observations: The set of oyster spat above the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was again very poor. The shell- fish biologist states ‘‘The last good set there was in 1955 and that is what they are working on now. The Western Shore north of Cove Point showed near zero set for its sixteenth consecutive year.’’ ‘‘The adult oyster population, therefore, is decreasing steadily in these regions, as it is in many other Maryland areas,’’ The survey was made aboard the Commission’s survey vessel, Maryland. Samples were taken by dredge from oys- ter bars in the Bay, the Choptank River, Potomac River, and parts of Tangier Sound. Data collected from 121 locations showed the pattern of the 1959 oyster set typical of recent years. Very few bars had enough young oysters to provide useful seed. Many beds have a low rate of replacement, and most of the bottom area which produced oysters 50 yéars ago has no young oys-~ ters. It was noted that while Maryland benefited in the upper reaches of Chesapeake Bay because of the dry spring and summer, Virginia’s oyster crop suffered up to 50 percent mortality from a fungus which prefers unusually high sal- inities. In addition, the biologist stated, Virginia benefits from a rainy summer, when the upper bay generally has poorer oysters. The scientist emphasized that the late fall 1959 survey was of broad open waters only; surveys in the spring of 1959 of tonging bars in tributaries revealed good sets of Bay oys- ters in several areas. The survey was the twentieth annual look at the oyster beds wherein Maryland research and man- agement agencies cooperated. a OK OK aK OBSERVATIONS ON OYSTER SET IN MARYLAND WATERS, SUMMER-FALL 1959: Except for Smith Creek, the summer and fall 1959 oyster- spat setting on test shells planted in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay waters was a little better than the 1958 set, but with no periods of heavy setting such as sometimes occur, Survival and growth of oysters were good in most areas. No evidence of unusual mortality was found except for an accumulation of oyster shells on Cinder Hill in Holland Straits. Many of these shells can be accounted for as a result of oxygen-de- pleted water invading the area in late 1958 when a fish kill and kill of crabs in pots also occurred. Oysters were fair to fat in the upper half of the Bay but generally poor elsewhere at the time of the survey. By mid-October the Chesapeake Bi- ological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., stopped observing the set on test shells as there was little likelihood of any further set beyond that period since water temperatures in mid-Oc- tober fell rapidly to levels at which oysters do not spawn. The primary purpose of test-shell exposure is to deter- mine the time and relative intensity of oyster setting on similar clean shell surfaces at a given location. The a- mount and type of fouling at different seasons also are shown. Counts of spat on test shells do not represent the commer- cial set present at the end of the season because many of the newly-attached spat are smothered or otherwise de- stroyed. A marked spell of lower temperatures in mid-June 1959, following abnormally high temperatures in late May and ear- ly June, is believed to have caused a loss of early larvae and a delay in the start of the first wave of general setting. A period of exceptionally heavy rains in July may also have ac- counted for the dispersal and loss of larvae at that time. Fouling by barnacles and Bryozoa generally was light except 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW for a July barnacle set in Hooper Straits and the beginning of a heavy fall barnacle set during October in the Bay, lower Patuxent River, and Piney Island Swash. A survey of oyster bars in Chesapeake Bay, Tangier Sound, Choptank River, and Potomac River was made in the fall of 1959 in cooperation with Maryland’s Department of Tidewater Fisheries and the U, S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This showed a generally better set than that of last year but again no heavy sets were found. Practically no setting occurred at the head of the Bay and along the western shore above Flag Pond (Calvert County). Catches on natural cultch generally ranging from about 20 to 150 per bushel were found along the eastern side of the Bay be- low Kent Point, the western side below Cove Point, in the lower Choptank River, Tangier Sound, and the extreme upper and lower parts of the Potomac River. The highest count recorded was 890 spat per bushel on newly-planted shells off Pry Cove in Holland Straits, The smaller tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, where setting usually is heaviest, were not examined. Especially in the southern half of the State, many of the spat were from a late set and were quite small. For that reason fur- ther counts were postponed until spring 1960 when the spat would be larger and less difficult to recognize in the field. (Special Oyster Bulletin, 59-29E, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md.) Salmon COLUMBIA RIVER CATCH NORMAL IN 1959: The commercial catch of salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River in 1959 was quite comparable to that of recent years, about 7.05 million pounds. The spring chinook run was down, summer-run chinook were in relatively good abundance, and although the fall chinook catch was the lowest on record, the escapement of fall chinook was quite good as compared with recent years. Egg takes of fall chinook at U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service hatcheries were second only to the record year of 1958. There has been an encouraging return of adult silver salmon to the Service's new Eagle Creek hatchery. Three new hatcheries, constructed under the Columbia River Fisheries De- velopment Program went into operation in the fall of 1959; they are the Gnat Creek hatchery in Oregon and the Kala- ma and Abernathy hatcheries in Wash- ington. ok OK Ok HEARING ON FISH-HANDLING FACILITIES AT OXBOW DAM: The Federal Power Commission grant- ed the Idaho Power Company a hearing Vol. 22, No. 2 on an existing order which prescribes the construction of permanent fish-han- dling facilities at Oxbow Dam in the Pa- cific Northwest. The hearing took place on December 7, 1959. The Department of the Interior noti- fied the Commission that it did not see the need for the scheduled hearing. The Department recommended that the Com- mission direct the company to proceed with the construction of the facilities al- ready ordered for the Oxbow Dam power- house and that appropriate plans be de- veloped for passing both upstream and downstream migrants at Hell's Canyon Dam. The Company advocates the elimina- tion of the fish protective facilities at Oxbow Dam and the construction of sim- ilar facilities at their lowermost dam, Hells Canyon. In so doing, the streams tributary to the Hells Canyon reservoir would be taken out of production and the fish would be subjected to a longer. truck- hauling trip which, in turn, would subject them to greater hazards. S; South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program HARD CLAMS FOUND IN COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES OFF NORTH CAROLINA COAST: \M/V ‘Silver Bay Cruise 20: Explora- tory clam and scallop dredging and fish and shrimp trawling operations were conducted off the North Carolina coast during the 23-day cruise of the U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries chartered fishing vessel Silver Bay, which ended on December 13, 1959. CLAMS: Preliminary test fishing, us- ing a 14-tooth Fall River clam dredge, from 10 miles west of Beaufort Inlet to Cape Lookout, N. C., yielded catches of hard clams (Mercenaria sp.) that indi- cate the presence of an extensive com- mercial clam bed from about 4 miles west of the inlet to Cape Lookout. This area (see Chart A p. 43) had been pre- viously tested with a hydraulic dredge with unsatisfactory results. Catch rates February 1960 Legend: @ - Live clams. © - No live clams - Commercial > concen! tration Chart A - M/V Silver Bay Cruise 20. varied from 0 to 63 bushels per 30-min- ute drag throughout the area. Simu- lated commercial fishing using a sin- gledredge at 34 39.7'N.lat., 76 38.3' W. long. (about two miles east of the inlet) in 4 to 6 fathoms, produced 45 bushels of large (3" to 4") hard clams in 6 hours. Dredging inthe vicinity South and Southwest of Cape Lookout Bight produced clams at varying rates up to 5 bushels per hour. Seven sta- tions south of Drum Inlet yielded large quantities of dead shells, but no live clams. Clam sizes varied from 2" to 5", but were predominantly large or chowder size (over 3"). One bushel yielded approximately one gallonof meats. SCALLOPS: Atotalof14 drags were made with an 8-foot scallop dredge (see Chart B). No new areas were lo- cated. Meat yield from sampling drags made in the previously reported area east of Core Banks ran approxi- mately 33 pints per bushel--about 30 percent lower than during September 11959". SHRIMP: Nocommercially- significant catches of shrimp were made during the cruise. A few white, brown, and pink shrimp were caught in some of the shallower trawl tows. FISH TRAWLING: A 54/74-foot two- seam fish trawl utilizing 6-inch wood- en rollers and constructed of 43 inch stretched-mesh netting was used at 31 trawling stations. Twenty-five of the drags were made between Cape COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 Legend: @ - 14-tooth clam dredge - B-ft. scallop dredge 54-ft, fish trawl. s e@ - 60-ft. shrimp trawl. o- Chart B - M/V Silver Bay Cruise 20 (Nov. 21-Dec. 13, 1959). Fear and Cape Lookout, N. C. Mixed fish catches were highest in the 12-14 fathom depth range with catches rang- ing from 350 to 3,400 pounds per hour. Fig. 1 - A load of hard clams on the deck of the M/V Silver Bay. Catches consisted primarily of small croakers, porgies (Stenotomus), and butterfish (7-8 per pound). Large anchovies were numerous in some of the drags. 44 South Carolina FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRESS, OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1959: Oyster Research: The majority of South Carolina oysters are produced be- tween the tides, but there are a few areas in the State where subtidal oysters are growing. These subtidal oysters are in areas of low salinity where the in- roads of boring sponge have been con- trolled by fresh water. The seven-year cycle of extreme drought ended in 1947. Since then rain- fall has been near normal. During the drought years the deep-water oyster beds gradually deteriorated. Now that salinity over the deep-water beds has returned to a more favorable low, the Bears Bluff Laboratories is undertaking a fairly large-scale rehabilitation of one of these oyster beds in the Ashepoo Riv- er. The potential deep-water beds in that river have been located and ranges for determining their exact position have been set up in the marshes upstream from the Interacoastal Waterway almost to Bennetts Point. This covers a dis- tance of approximately 3,000 yards. Intertidal oysters from a higher sal- inity area near the mouth of Ashepoo are now being moved to these deep-water beds. It is projected that several hun- dred bushels of seed will be moved month- ly, so that the effect of seasonal trans- plantation can be noted. The entire pro- gram is planned sufficiently large to demonstrate the feasibility of rehabili- tating the State's deep-water beds. It is realized that successful planting largely depends on continuing normal precipita- tion. Damage to oysters in South Carolina as a result of Hurricane Gracie was ap- parently rather light and scattered. It is probable that this damage, evident in the form of excessive mortality in cer- tain areas, was due in part to wave action associated with the ebb of the storm tide and in part to the excessive rainfall dur- ing the several weeks following the storm. Despite this rainfall, however, a heavy set of spat extending into the first week of October was noted in most areas. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 Data accumulated over the past sev- eral years comparing the mortality, growth, and periods of best growth of oysters in the Laboratories' oyster pond and in racks under the Laboratories dock in outside waters, has been tabulated and consolidated. Shrimp Research: Experimental trawl - ing was carried out regularly throughout this quarter. Comparison was made of trawl catch records for November 10- December 8, 1958, and the same period in 1959, using catch per unit of effort as a measurement of abundance of croaker, spot, and commercial shrimp. Trawl stations were grouped into three cate- gories: rivers, sounds, and offshore. Catch data was then tabulated to deter- mine relative abundance at each of these areas for the 1958 and 1959 periods. This analysis reveals that spot and brown shrimp, very abundant in the sounds and offshore in 1958, were few in number at all locations in 1959. On the other hand, croaker and white shrimp were found to have increased quite mark- edly in the rivers in 1959, and to a lesser extent in the sounds. The great increase in white shrimp possibly is the result of the high precipitation and corresponding- sly lower salinities observed during 1959. It is more likely, however, that the com- parative abundance of white shrimp in 1959 represents the comeback of the spe- cies following the killing winter of 1957/58, during which practically all the brood stock was destroyed. Pond Culture: A shallow, one-quarter acre experimental salt-water pond at Bears Bluff was drained December 1, 1959, just after the onset of cold weather. It was found that the drop in temperature had resulted in the total mortality of the commercial shrimp which had been stock- ed in the pond. The harvest was small-- only 64 shrimp were collected when the pond was drained. Presumably the sus- ceptability to predators and low tempera- tures caused the failure of the shrimp crop in the pond. When the pond was re- filled, the stocking of fluke in it was be- gun in an attempt to cultivation of that species. To date, a number of Southern fluke and small forage fishes have been released in the pond, and stocking will continue into next year. February 1960 The three commercial shrimp ponds built in the marshes near the upper end of St. Helena Sound, all suffered damage from Hurricane Gracie. In two of them the dams were completely breached, the flood gates washed away, and extensive repairs will be necessary. The third pond, more sheltered from the wave ac- tion of the hurricane, withstood the storm, but its dikes were completely inundated by hurricane tides, thus making the har- vest from the pond suspect. Tke pond was harvested with difficulty in November 1959. The difficulties encountered were largely engineering. The results werenot spec- tacular, but were sufficiently good to en- courage further attempts at pond cultiva- tion of shrimp as acommercial venture. (Progress Report No. 42, Bears Bluff Lab- oratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959 p- 59; October 1959 p. 36. Striped Bass MARYLAND HAS RECORD CATCH IN 1959: The 1959 commercial catch of striped bass (or rockfish) was thelargest in Mary- land history, reports the State's Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md. The supply of this fish also looks good for 1960. The catch for the first nine months of 1959 was 3.8 million pounds, or 0.9 mil- lion pounds greater than the 12-months total for 1958. The 1958 catch was one of the best years previously reported. The catch during the summer quarter (July, August, September), a traditional- ly slow period, was just above 0.5 mil- lion pounds in the Chesapeake Bay and tributaries, 50 percent greater than in the same 1958 quarter. Although the haul seines take the lion's share, only four-fifths of the gear was in use in 1959. The unusual summer catch followed rec- ord catches in the winter and spring of 1959) The record catch verifies a prediction made last winter by the Laboratory, which also predicts that 1960 should equal or exceed 1958 and possibly 1959. If this COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 occurs, Maryland commercial fishermen will have three years of good striped bass catches. The striped bass catches follow a gen= eral upward trend despite a continuing relatively stable commercial fishery and a mushrooming sports effort. Only one jarring note has popped up to date. The Director said ''We've heard that sports fishing luck has been spotty. Some an- glers did well, but others complained that fishing was poor in 1959. "One thing is certain, as revealed by the commercial catch: the fish were out there to be caught--winter, spring, and summer. "No one can say with certainty whether the over-all angling catch was poor or not,'' the Director continued, ''because Maryland has no state-wide system for determining the sports catch. There is urgent need for accurate data on our tremendous and important recreational fishery. With such data, the research agency can vastly improve understanding of Maryland's fisheries, improve fish crop forecasting, and effectively aid in developing the wisest and best use of Maryland's fish." He has proposed a starting point for gathering such information, by licensing for-hire boats and requiring regular catch reports. The proposal will be pre- sented to the 1960 session of the Mary- land Assembly. ZA Se a United States Fishery Landings JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1959: Landings of fish and shellfish in the United States during the first 11 months of 1959 were about 9 percent more than for the same period of 1958. Landings, amounting to 4.3 billion pounds, were 336 million pounds more than in the same period of 1958, indicating that the domestic catch of fishery products for the year 1959 would amount to about 5.05 billion pounds. The principal increase in production occurred in the landings of menhaden-~estimated to reach 2.2 billion pounds by the end of 1959. Such an increase (approxi- mately 636 million pounds) over the 1,5-billion- pound catch of 1958 would also exceed the record menhaden catch of 2.1 billion pounds established in 1956. A gain was also re- ported in the production of Alaska herring--up 21 million pounds over 1958. The Alaska salmon fishery, however, 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wolly 275 ING) 174 Table 1 - United States Fishery Landings of Certain Species Table 2 - United States Fishery Landings by States fate eee OM Periods Shown, 1959 and 1958 1/ for Periods Shown, 1959 and 1958 | bee low esis Shown aoa and a aay ee nn Pron lGteaiskea) Gol ab. fae | Species Period 1959 1958 1958 Period 1959 1958 Riots. oie (Le O00MDSS) fare tere ie Anchovies, Calif, Maine.... BoStonwer. jvevenens Gloucester’... .. see ee Massachusetts 2/: Boston ...ce Gloucester. .:.. New Bedford ... Provincetown .. Motalicods siovete Haddock: Maine........-| 10mos, 3,000 3,600 oH 997| Rhode Island 3/,.. BBOSLOMsyeteiohereie ust (ela 67,900 78,593 81, 509 New York WS ieee GIOUCeSter/sereis olmak ene 11,900 9,415 9,798|New Jersey 3/ . i North Carolina 3/ , Total haddock, . | South Carolina 3/ . Halibut 2/; Georgia crane emerane Wash, and Oreg. . 16,088| Florida 3/...... Assia vse | 20,000] Alabama ....... Mississippi 3/... Total halibut .. 39,200] _35,600| 36,088 eee Ey Herring: Texas 3/.....4. Maine........| 10mos.| 109,100! 154,100] 170,977|Ohio (Mar.-Sept.) . Alaska . Year 110,000] 88,801] _88,801]Oregon 2/7,...... Industrial fish: Washington 2/. . Maine & Mass, 3/| 11 mos.| 102,400] 123,600] 126,388] California 2): Mackerel, Calif,: Certain species 4/ ackina eie eee Onmmos® 24,800 19,406 99'066|_ Other vives ve sie Pacific yer ccrten sve] Ones 33,100 15,710 27,648 Menhaden,......| Year 185,000 1,549,098 {Ocean perch; Rhode Island, Middle Maine........| 10mos.| 65,300! 63,847] 71,068] Atlantic, Chesapeake. BOStOMS | -pe\reiiatele!=| impel Liuae 3,000 2,439 South Atlantic, and Glolicestersre riers | lle 57,000| 72,595 oe States (menhaden ONLY) «0 2 cic 06 Total ocean perch 125,300! 138,881] 148,644] Alaska: Salmon; Halibut 5/,..... Wash, 4/......| 10mos.| 36,400] 49,118] 54,363] Herring ...... Ores a/tee cree gore 4,700 1,136 8,179| Salmon....... Alaska wve.stss.| Wear 141,700 | 241,255] 241,255| Shrimp . arene Sardines, Pacific .[thruDec.11 63,300 | 189,296] 207,446 oe all above items - Scallops, sea, New O 'S (not listed Bedford (meats 11 mos, | _17,500| 14,330] 15,253 Grand total... Shrimp (heads-on): 1/Preliminary. South Atl, & Gulf.| 10 ” 182,300 | 161,344] 195,938 F Een eeaiaaes WER ie Hon ce 10 ss oe yee 67180 4/Includes catch of anchovies, jack and Pacific mackerel, Oren Ore r=pecis os 2 2,700 1,395 Pacific sardines, squid, and tuna. Data on tuna are Alaska ......+ 10 ” 11,500 6,293 through December 5 and on Pacific sardines through Squid, Calif......] 9 " 15,700 4,862 December 11. Data on squid are for first nine months. Tuna, Calif... .. .thru Dec, 5 299,810 5/Dressed weight. Whiting: 6/Data not available. Maine........| 10 mos, 23,577 Note: Data principally represent weight of fish and shell- Boston,.......| 11” 581 fish as landed except for mollusks which represent the Gloucester..... Total whiting 11” 58,603 weight of meats only. experienced a disastrous year with the catch falling to a- bout 142 million pounds--nearly 100 million pounds be- Total of all above items. . Others (not listed Grand total ... 4,263,600 |3 927 754 4,735,834 1/Preliminary. 2/Dressed weight. 3/Excluding menhaden. 4/Landed weight. 83,100 3,431,924 1,303 = low the 1958 level and the lowest since 1900. Compared with the same period of the previous year, California tuna landings through December 5, 1959, a- mounting to 266 million pounds, were down 34 million pounds and the catch of Pacific sardines through Decem- ber 11--63 million pounds--was 126 million pounds less February 1960 than the 1958 landings. In New England the catch of had- dock was down 9 million pounds compared with the first eleven months of 1958 and landings of industrial fish (used in the manufacture of meal and oil) fell 21 million pounds during the same period. Landings of ocean perch and Maine herring, for which ten-months figures are available, were also down sharply. Landings of shrimp were about 24 million pounds greater than in 1958. Most of the increase occurred in Louisiana, Texas, and Alaska. Landings in Florida were down sharply. ba Se a Se LANDINGS IN 1959 EXCEEDED 5 BILLION POUNDS: The United States domestic fish catch in 1959 exceeded 5 billion pounds for the second time inhistory, according to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The record was 5.3 billion pounds in 1956; the 1958 catch was 4.73 billion pounds. (Landed weight, except that mol- lusks are weight of meats only.) oN FIDELIA went: BROWNSVILLE TEX a Shrimp trawlers docked at Brownsville, Tex. The catch of menhaden in 1959 of 2.2 billion pounds exceeded the previous record of 2.1 billion pounds landed in 1956. For the first time, the landings of fish used for other than human food ex- ceeded that used for human food. The larger catch in 1959 was due to the big increase in the catch of menha- den. Menhaden is the Nation's most im- portant industrialfish. The 1959 harvest of that species was more than half a bil- lion pounds greater than the 1958 har- vest, and more than offset, in poundage, the decreases inlandings of salmon (100 million pounds), California sardines (130 million pounds), tuna (35 million pounds), Maine herring (45 million pounds), ocean COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 perch (13 million pounds), and haddock (9 million pounds). The ''other than human food" category includes menhaden (which in 1959 made up 43 percent of the total United States landings), Alaska herring (2 percent), other species used for pet and other an- imal food, and mussel shells manufactured into buttons. U. S. Foreign Trade EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, OCTOBER 1959: Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and processed fish and shellfish into the U- nited States during October 1959 increased by 18.1 percent in quantity and 16.3 per- |cent in value as compared with Septem- ber 1959. The increase was due prima- rily to higher imports of groundfish fil- lets and blocks (up 14.2 million pounds), and frozen shrimp (up 7,8 million pounds), and to a lesser degree, an increase in the imports of canned tuna in brine. The increase was partly offset by a 0.4-mil- lion-pound decrease in the imports of lobster and spiny lobster. United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, October 1959 with Comparisons [Quantity Value Year 1958 (Millions of Lbs.)}| (Millions of $) Item ports: Fish & shellfish: Fresh, frozen, & processed 1/. . xports: Fish & shellfish: Processed only (excluding fresh 112. 8] 98. 3}956.8] 29.9} 27.9 | 278.4 Compared with October 1958, the im- ports in October 1959 were up by 14.8 percent in quantity and 7.2 percent in value due to higher imports of ground - fish fillets and blocks (up 5.7 million pounds), frozen albacore and other tuna (up 4.6 million pounds), and frozenshrimp (up 3.8 million pounds). Lower imports of lobster and spiny lobster (down 1.2 million pounds) partially offset the in- creases. 48 United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in October 1959 were lower by 18.2 percent in quantity and 50.0 per- cent in value as compared with Septem - ber 1959. Compared with the same month in 1958, exports in October 1959 were lower by 44.7 percent in quantity and 67.2 percent in value because of the light pack of California sardines and Pacific salmon available for export to foreign markets. Exports of Pacific salmon to the United Kingdom from the 1959 pack were made prior to October this year. ve ook *K te te SK, KS GROUNDFISH FILLET IMPORTS, NOVEMBER 1959: During November 1959, imports of groundfish (including ocean perch) classi- fied as fillets into the United States a- mounted to 4.3 million pounds, according to data obtained from the U. S. Bureau of Customs. Canada was the leading supplier with 2.5 million pounds, or 58 percent of the month's total. Iceland was next with 1.5 million pounds. Imports from six other countries made up the remaining 302,000 pounds. During the first eleven months of 1959, imports of groundfish and ocean perch classified as fillets (but not including fish fillet blocks since September 15, 1959) into the United States totaled 141.7 mil- lion pounds. Canada, with 73.2 million pounds accounted for 52 percent of the 1959 eleven-months total. Imports from Iceland (37.0 million pounds) represented 26 percent of the total, while Denmark followed with 14.1 million pounds, or 10 percent, and Norway with 11.4 million pounds, or 8 percent. Seven other coun- tries supplied the remaining 6.0 million pounds, or 4 percent. Note: See Chart 7 in this issue. Wholesale Prices, December 1959 The December 1959 wholesale price index (122.7 percent of the 1947-49 average) for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) continued to vary over a narrow range as compared with the preceding month (up 1.7 percent) and the previous nine months. The December 1959 wholesale price index was down 9.0 percent compared with the same month of 1958, The over-all wholesale price index in April 1959 stood at 122.7 percent and during the April-December COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 22eu Nosed 1959 period has varied from a high of 123.5 percent in June to a low of 119.8 percent in August. The December 1959 wholesale price index at 122.7 percent was the lowest since 1955 (122.6 percent), Due to substantially higher wholesale prices for large drawn haddock at Boston and fresh round whitefish at New York, plus slight increases for frozen halibut and salmon, the drawn, dressed, and whole finfish subgroup price index increased 5.2 percent from November to December 1959. The increase was partially offset by lower wholesale prices for fresh yellow pike and Lake Superior drawn whitefish at Chicago. Compared with December 1958, prices were lower by 12.8'percent, All of the subgroup items were lower in December 1959 as compared with the same month in 1958. Prices for large drawn haddock at Boston were down 30.3 per- cent, Lake Superior whitefish down 38.0 percent, frozen hali- but lower by 7.5 percent, fresh yellow pike down 9.2 percent, frozen king salmon down 2.2 percent, and round whitefish lower by 2.7 percent. Fig. 1 - Unloading fish from a trawler at the Boston Fish Pier. Fresh processed fish and shellfish wholesale prices in December 1959 were up slightly (0.4 percent) from the pre- ceding month, Higher primary wholesale prices for fresh haddock fillets (up 8.9 percent) more than offset a drop of about 1/2 cent a pound in fresh shrimp prices at New York, Shucked oyster prices were unchanged from November to December. From December 1958 to December 1959, the subgroup index declined 9.1 percent, with prices for had- dock fillets down 21.0 percent and fresh shrimp down 26.7 percent. Higher shucked oyster prices partially offset the lower prices for shrimp and haddock. The wholesale price index for frozen processed fish and shellfish in December 1959 was about unchanged from the preceding month. Frozen headless shrimp at Chicago advanced (2.1 percent) for the second straight month and more than compensated for a 2.4-percent drop in frozen haddock and a 0.7-percent drop in flounder fillet prices. In December 1959 a sharp drop (23.7 percent) occurred in the wholesale price index for this subgroup as compared with the same month of 1958. The decrease was due to sharply lower prices for frozen shrimp down 29,5 percent, at Chicago, haddock fillets (down 24.4 percent), ocean perch fillets (down 12.9 percent), and flounder fillets (down 9.7 percent). Primary broker prices for canned fish in December 1959 increased by a fraction of one percent due to a 50-cents a case increase in the California sardine price as compared with November 1959. -The pack at the end of the season on December 31, 1959, of 745,000 cases was down 67 percent from the 2,256,000 cases packed in 1958, Other subgroup canned fish prices were unchanged from November to De- cember 1959. Fish canning activity was confined largely to tuna in December. Nearly all canned items were in lighter supply at the end of 1959 as compared with the end of 1958. Increases in the primary prices for canned pink salmon (up 13.9 percent) and Maine sardines (up 3.3 percent) from De- cember 1958 to December 1959 resulted in an increase of 5.6 percent in the canned fish subgroup index. Higher prices for those two items were partially offset by lower prices for California tuna (down 1.8 percent) and California sardines (down 3,1 percent), February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, December 1959 With Comparisons Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing [Unit ($) (1947-49=100) Dec, | Nov. Dec, Nov, | Oct. | Dec. 1959 1959 1959 1959 | 1959 | 1958 AE EPEISH Gc SHEE EISH (bresh, hRozen)) 6c Gannied))s) 1) tiie)! s\ tel) eile! <) ©) ke) (eli feliiel el © 122.7 | 120.7 | 121.1 | 134.8 eSiehVOZent EiSHEL yy NOCUCES irom tell neln einen rciclilell oils : 136.4 Drawn yDressedsorswioleynintishiswieye) eine) fe) eles Miele line mene nna 154.8 Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh... . Boston lb. 163.9 Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. | New York | 1b. 96.4 Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz. | New York | Ib. 171.3 Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh . . . . . | Chicago lb. 115.3 Whitefish, L. Erie pound or gill net, rnd., fresh | New York |b. 177.0 Yellow pike, L, Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh . | New York | lb. 138.4 Dracosaoal Ingen Gaines Wnesbigny 6 5 6 bo ohio on 6 6 os one Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb, tins . . | Boston lb. 49 Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh . . | New York |b, 65 Oysters, shucked, standards ...... . . | Norfolk gal.| 7.00 134,0 | 128.9 | 148.0 153.1 | 144.6 | 211.0 102.7 98.7 | 139.0 173.2 | 167.1 | 148.5 . Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish):. ....... Fillets: Flounder, skiniess, 1-lb. pkg. . . . . | Boston lb. Haddock, sml,, skins on, 1-lb. pkg. . . | Boston tb. ol Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb. pkg. . . . | Boston lb. 27 Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), 5-lb. pkg. .. .. lb Canned Fishery Products: ........ 6 0 0:00 A nota Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. .. Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6~1/2 o02z.), 43 GEMS/ER, gue Ab g-6 Gol Bowe aL OO MOONS Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, No. 1 oval (15 02.), 43 @MmiS/ES5 6 65-6 0 6 B10 00.0 660 6 010 Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawn CRYEoA) WNC SG So 55050000000 i/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs. These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service "Fishery Products Reports" should be referred to for actual prices. aoe for figures previously published: Indexes for September 1959: Fillets, flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg., 96.8. a Wholesale Indexes for Fishery Products, 1957-59 (1947-49) = 100) FRESH ANO FROZEN FISHERY PROOUCTS. SALES CONTESTS FOR WHOLESALERS DESCRIBED IN NEW LEAFLET The Small Business Administration has recently issued a leaflet on sales contests for wholesalers. A well-planned contest can boost the salesmen's morale as well as increase the firm's sales. The five steps, outlined in this leaflet, that are involved in setting up a successful contest are: (1) establishing the purpose, (2) deciding on a scoring method, (3) selecting a theme and prizes, (4) promoting, and (5) awarding the prizes. ALL FISH AND SHELLFISH o~s, F af ‘ Rubee ID Write to the Small Business Administration, Washing - ton25, D.C., for a free copy of Sales Contests for Whole - salers, Small Marketers Aids No. 47. “DS ee JFMAMJJASONDJ FMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1957 1958 1959 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 2 International EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION CONVENTION INITIALED BY SEVEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: The Convention for the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), to go into force on July 1, 1960, was initialed by Cabinet Ministers of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain, Austria, Swit- zerland, and Portugal on November 20, 1959, at a two-day meeting in Stockholm. Initialing of the 400-page document fol- lowed a last minute British decision ex- tending free trade status to frozen fish fillets on certain conditions. The ''Outer Seven'' or EFTA repre- sentatives issued a communique em- phasizing that establishment of EFTA was viewed as only a step toward an a- greement among all 18 members of the Organization for European Economic Co- operation (OEEC), which also includes the six nations now joined in the Euro- pean Economic Community or ''Common Market," namely West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Lux- embourg. Under the EF TA Convention, import tariffs inforce on January 1, 1960, are due to be reduced 20 percent as of July 1. Subsequent tariff cuts, at the rate of 10 percent a year, are designed to achieve a free internal market among the Outer Seven after a 10-year transi- tion period. Following the Stockholm conference, the respective governments were slated to examine every provision in the con- vention, with the final signing expected to take place in mid-December. There- after, each of the national assemblies will consider ratification of the pact. According to a dispatch appearing in the Oslo newspaper Arbeiderbladet for November 21, the dispute between Great Britain and Norway over the position of frozen fish fillets withinthe Outer Seven Vol. 22, No. 2 area was not settled until the last minute. During the negotiations, Norway won ac- ceptance of its principal objective, that all industrially processed fish products, including frozen fish fillets and frozen shrimp, should be considered as indus- trial products and thus enjoy free trade status within the Outer Seven area. At the end, British negotiators agreed to raise the joint Scandinavian quota for frozen fishexports to Great Britainfrom 20,000 to 24,000 metrictons a year over a transition period of ten years. Atpres- ent, these exports total about 6,000 tons a year. Should frozen fish exports ex- ceed the accepted quota to such a de- gree that they seriously disturb internal distribution in Great Britain, the whole question is to be re-examined. And if new negotiations fail to bring a solution, Britain reserves the right to impose im- port tariffs on all frozen fish from Scan- dinavia, including Norway. The British Board of Trade President as well as the Norwegian Commerce Minister expressed the view that such an extreme development is virtually incon- ceivable. And the Norwegian Fisheries Minister said the British quota should allow for a natural expansion of the Nor- wegian fish filleting industry until 1970. (News of Norway, November 26, 1959.) Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1959, p. 46. FISH MEAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MANUFACTURERS HELD IN SPAIN: Representatives from 16 countries at- tended the International Fish Meal Manu- facturers Conference in Madrid, Spain, during the latter part of October 1959. By a unanimous vote it was decided that an International Association should be formed. This Association will be pri- marily for the purpose of promoting the exchange of scientific and technical in- formation and of examining all matters February 1960 International (Contd.): which are of general interest to the in- dustry, such as standards of quality and International regulations and legislation. The President of the United Kingdom Fish Meal Manufacturers Association will be the Association's first president, and the Secretariat will be provided by the United Kingdom. (Fishing News, November 6, 1959.) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION REPORT OF THE TENTH SESSION OF THE FAO CONFERENCE: On October 31, 1959, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations convened its Tenth Conference in Rome, Italy. Eighty-six nations participated in the proceedings of the Con- ference. Among these nations were a number from Africa who were admitted to membership or asso- ciate membership. Guinea, Cyprus, Nigeria, So- malia, Cameroon, and Togo were elected new mem- bers, the membership of all but Guinea being con- tingent on the attainment of independence in 1960. Chad, Gabon, Madagascar, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyassaland, Senegal, and Soudan were the new associate members. The Conference, which is the chief legislative and policy-making organization of the FAO, had COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW before it a wide variety of tasks including consid- eration of program of work and budget for 1960 and 1961; discussion of the state of food and agriculture throughout the world; constitutional, legal, and ad- ministrative matters; and such special topics as the proposed Freedom from Hunger Campaign and the Mediterranean Development Project. The meet- ings lasted three weeks and ended on November 20, 1959. 51 B. R. Sen, of India, was reelected Director- General of FAOfor a four-year term. A 1960-61 budget of $21,536,850 was adopted, of which $1,491,605 was allocated to the Fisheries Division for the two-year period. The U. S. Delegation to the Conference consist- ed of agriculture, fishery, forestry, nutrition, pro- gramming, and fiscal specialists from various Government departments, as well as representa- tives from industry. United States fishery advisers on the delegation included Sidney Shapiro, Chief, Branch of Special Reports, U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries; Wilbert M. Chapman, Director of Research of the American Tunaboat Association; and Charles N. Carry, Executive Director, Cali- fornia Fish Canners Association. At the Conference's first plenary meeting, Richelieu Morris, of Liberia, was elected chair- man. Commissions were then established to work on the various activities of the FAO. Commission I dealt with such matters as the world food and ag- riculture situation, the Freedom from Hunger Cam- paign, and the Mediterranean Development Project. Commission II dealt with the current and future activities of the various technical divisions of FAO. Commission III was concerned with constitutional, administrative, and financial problems. The work of the fishery advisers on the U. S. Delegation was conducted primarily in the Technical Committee on Fisheries, established under Commission II. Technical Committee on Fisheries: The first meeting oO e Technical Committee was held on November 3, at which time it adopted the agenda and appointed A. L. Pritchard of Canada, Chairman, and T. S. Leach of the United Kingdom and S. F. Humphrey of Australia, Vice Chairmen. Repre- sentation at the meetings of the Technical Com- mittee was excellent, delegates from 46 countries being present. At the opening session of the Fisheries Commit- tee, Dr. D. B. Finn, Director of FAO's Fisheries Division, made a general statement emphasizing future programs. Key points in his talk were the Fig. 1 - United States Delegation to FAO's 10th Conference held in Rome, Italy. 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): need for resource appraisal and for establishing fishery administrative systems in underdeveloped countries. He also noted that there is a lack of skilled personnel available to conduct FAO's fish- eries programs. R. H. Fiedler, Chief of the Pro- gram Coordination Service of the Fisheries Divi- sion, discussed the Expanded Technical Assistance Program. The meeting then proceeded with a re- port by Allan Tubb, Executive Secretary of the In- Violls a2 None Technology, and Economics reported on their pres- ent and future programs of work. United States Proposals for World Conferences: The Technical Committee recognized the value of holding world conferences in various fishery fields as a potent means of furthering the objectives of FAO. The reports of such conferences of experts form the basis for creative action, and determine the direction that future activities should take. Fig. 2 - Delegates at the opening Plenary Session of FAO's 10th Conference held in Rome, Italy. do-Pacific Fisheries Council (IPFC). He was fol- lowed by Mr. Girard, Executive Secretary of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean (GFCM). At subsequent sessions of the Technical Committee, the Chiefs of the Branches of Biology, Two major proposals by the U. S. Delegation for world conferences were accepted and written into the report of the Technical Committee. The first proposal, dealing with a world conference on the tunas and related species, was received favorably, February 1960 International (Contd.): and the Committee requested the Director-General to go into the possibility of organizing this symposi- um ag a joint activity of the Fisheries and Nutrition Divisions, subject to the availability of funds. Regional Fishery Organizations: The Commit- tee requested in a resolution that the Director- General explore the possibility of establishing a regional fishery consultative body for West Africa, similar to the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council and the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterrane- an. Another resolution requested the Director- General to study the possibility of creating a re- gional fisheries commission to serve the Govern- ments of the American countries of the South At- lantic in a form similar to that of other FAO re- gional fisheries councils or commissions, REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE IN FISHERIES: At the fifth meeting of the Tech- nical Committee on Fisheries, the delegates ap- proved a report, which was then presented to Com~ mission II. Subsequently the report was adopted with minor changes by the Conference. The report is as follows: 204. Fisheries: The Conference considered that the proposed program of work in the field of fisheries was well conceived and that, within the limits of the funds available, a balanced selection had been made of the fields of activity undertaken. It therefore approved the projected activities as set out in Documents C 59/3 and C 59/FI/4, sub- ject to the comments which follow. 205. The Conference emphasized that the Di- rector-General should endeavour to select for con- tinuous work those bio!» gical, economic, techno- logical, and other activities which are fundamental to the aims of the Organization. It was in this con- text that the Conference considered in detail the proposed program. 206. The Conference laid considerable stress on the need for an integrated approach to fishery problems. It noted with satisfaction that all the branches of the Fisheries Division were collabor- ting intimately incarrying out the program and ex- pressed the hope that these working relationships would continue, 207. The Conference suggested that the Direc- tor-General, in reviewing future trends should en- deavor to ensure that adequate resources were made available to the Fisheries Division to enable it to meet more fully the increasing demands by many Member Governments for services arising from growing concern with fisheries development, taking into account the over-allneeds of the Organ- ization. 208. The Conference recognized that the hold- ing of expert meetings in various fishery fields was one of the most potent means of furthering the objectives of the Organization; in this connec- tion, the comprehensive reports emerging from such meetings, for instance, those on Costs and Earnings of Fishery Enterprises, on the Econom- ics of Fisheries, on Boats, and on Gear had bro- kennew groundand formed the basis for newcrea- tive thought and action and for the direction that future activities and research should take. This COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 was also the case with the meetings on Fishery Cooperatives and on the Biology of Sardines, the printed reports of which were not yet available. The Conference also endorsed and commended the extensive use of consultants as an effective means of dealing with the very wide range of subject matter covered by the Fisheries Division. 209. The progress of the Expanded Technical Assistance Program was noted with statisfaction, but the downward trend in requests from govern- ments for assistance inthe field of fishery econom~ ics was regretted, in view of the importance of this discipline in evolving fisheries development pro- grams. Closer technical supervision of recipients of fellowships was suggested. The Conference noted that the Organization was likely to be invited by the UN Special Fund to act as Executing Agent for two fishery projects in the near future, andthat this would place an additional load on the profes - sional staff of the Fisheries Division. 210. Fisheries Biology: The Conference noted with regret that due to lack of funds certain docu- ments of the greatest value, such as Fishing Gear of the World, and the Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, were published in English only and that this situation was likely to persist for the ensuing biennium. The Conference therefore requested the Director-General to avoid the recurrence of similar situations either through an increased over-all budget allotment for publi- cations, or a suitable revision of the publications program in order that all documents published be available simultaneously in the three official lan- guages of FAO. 211. The Conference endorsed the work being carried out and the program proposed in the field of fisheries biology. The Conference commended the progress made in the development of a meth- odology for collecting and storing information over a very wide field, and recognized that by these methods the production of a wide series of documents was made possible. The Conference also endorsed the proposal to publish in English the Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries (hitherto an internal document), in printed form through the medium of a commer- cial publisher, as an exceptional measure. The Conference also approved the preparation and issue of a series of manuals on a wide variety of biological and oceanographic subjects. 212. It was noted that during the biennium a number of fruitful expert meetings and training centers had been held; these included the World Scientific Meeting on the Biology of Sardines and Related Species, and the Training Center on the Methodology and Techniques of Research on Mack- erel (Rastrelliger), the reports on which had proved particularly timely and valuable. The Con- ference approved, subject to the availability of funds, the continuation of a series of such meet- ings in the ensuing biennium especially dealing with important species of fish. The program for 1960/61 already included one on the Biology of Tuna, and a second, a Symposium on Fish Culture which would embrace biological, technological and economic aspects of the subject matter. A meet- ing on Hilsa should be held in the ensuing or a suc- ceeding biennium if funds permitted. 213. Some delegations recommended further regional fishery studies such as that on the Me- 54 International (Contd.): kong River Basin; other delegations stressed the need for FAO assistance with the establishment of a training and research institute in inland fish- eries at an appropriate place in the area. Some delegations also recommended that the problems arising from pollution of marine and inland waters should receive special attention. The Conference requested the Director-General to give these mat- ters the attention that available staff and funds would permit. 214, The Conference commended the collabora- tion which the Organization had developed with oth- er international governmental and nongovernment- al organizations, specifically the relations with UNESCO and the International Scientific Unions, on fishery aspects of oceanographic research, es-~ pecially in the Indian Ocean, It also noted with pleasure the acknowledgment contributed by the Observer from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, of fruitful collaboration with that body. 215. Fisheries Technology: The work accom- plished in the field of fisheries technology was commended and the programs in the fields of fish processing and of fishing craft and gear were en- dorsed. The Conference noted that during this biennium the Second World Fishing Boat Congress had been held during the biennium with successful results. 216. The Conference requested the Director- General to examine the methods being used in the production of the World Fishery Abstracts, espe- cially with respect to its relation with other pub- lications, and with due regard for the audience for which these Abstracts were intended. The Con- ference, however, suggested that no radical changes should be introduced without consulting with Mem- ber Governments. 217. The Conference endorsed the practical field work in fishing gear and methods technology performed during the biennium, and appreciated the initiation of research work in this field, that had already led to valuable results. 218. The Conference noted the initiation of studies on the safety of life at sea, where applica- ble to fishing craft, with special reference to the question of stability, expressed the hope that this matter would be kept under continuous review, and requested the Director-General to’explore the pos- sibility of establishing a standing committee to consider these matters so as to provide criteria for the consideration of Member Governments. 219. The Conference recognized the value of the work being undertaken on the design of fishery research vessels. It was suggested, however, that in order to relieve the pressure on the small staff available for this work, activities accepted by the Organization should be restricted to the organiza- tion of expert meetings, the exchange of informa- tion and, where specifically required by Member Governments, and as the budget allowed, to design studies to serve as a basis for further work by fishing vessel designers outside FAO, and to ad- vice on plans submitted. 220. The Conference noted with approval the development of recent work on the improvement COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW VOls 225 NOs eS of traditional methods of fish processing and the development of new fishery products. It also re- quested the Director-General to look into the pos- sibility, subject to the availability of funds, of organizing a symposium on the Nutritive Value of Fishery Products as a joint activity of the Fisher- ies and Nutrition Divisions. 221, Fisheries Economics and Statistics: The Conference was gratified with the work carried out in fishery economics, statistics and related fields, endorsed the program proposed, and noted that the work was fundamental to any sustained fishery. It hoped the work would be intensified, especially in regard to fishery institutions and services, cooperatives and statistical methods. The Conference noted the small number of profes- sional staff members engaged in this field and the breadth of the subject matter covered, and hoped that the number of staff allocated to this sector would not fall below the minimum essential to car- ry on the work. 222, Some delegations hoped that the Fisheries Economics Branch of the Fisheries Division would be strengthened from both the budgetary and per- sonnel points of view, so as to be able to carry out satisfactorily the intensified work mentioned above, 223. The Conference recognized the fundamen- tal importance of economics and statistics as an indispensable basis for the entire work of the Fish- eries Division, and that its effective operation re- quired that the biological, technological and eco- nomic experts should operate on a coordinated basis to conduct a thoroughly rounded fisheries program. In this context, some delegations stress- ed the desirability of retaining the Fisheries Sta- tistics in the Fisheries Division, but agreed upon the desirability of maintaining close contact with the Statistics Division. 224. The Conference noted with appreciation the progress reported in the improvement and simplification of fishery statistics, took note of the Report of the Expert Meeting on Fishery Sta- tistics in the North Atlantic area (Edinburgh, 1959), and recommended that this work should be follow- ed up in the terms of the following resolution: Resolution No. 23/59 FISHERY STATISTICS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC AREA THE CONFERENCE: Notes with satisfaction that the Expert meeting on Fishery Statistics in the North Atlantic Area, organized by FAO, co-spon- sored by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fish- eries, and heldin Edinburgh, Scotland, 22-30 September 1959, has agreed on recommen- dations to governments and international organizations designed to improve and con- siderably simplify the collection and report- ing of fishery statistics inthe North Atlantic area, Accepts the recommendations of the Meeting that FAO should transmit its re- port to the governments and international organizations concerned with the request February 1960 International (Contd.): that they consider implementation of the recommendations contained in it, Accepts further that FAO should, indue course, publish a fully documented edition of the report, Welcomes the suggestion of the Meeting for the establishment of a Continuing Work- ing Party on Fishery Statistics in the North Atlantic Area to keep under continuous re- view the progress made in the implementa- tion of the recommendations of the Meeting, consult with the officers of governments and of international organizations with respect to difficulties encountered and, keeping in mind the actual state of fishery statistical services in the different countries, make suggestions for further national and inter- national action in its field to governments and international organizations as appropri- ate, Agrees that the Working Party should consist of one governmental expert each nominated by the Governments of Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, Iceland and the United Kingdom, one expert each nominated by the Secretary-General of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and the Executive Secretary of the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, one expert nominated by the Director-General of FAO, and such additional experts as may benom- inated by the Working Party itself, and Authorizes and requests the Director- General to establish the Working Party in accordance with Article VI of the Constitu- tion and to arrange, as requested by the Meeting, for the FAO Fisheries Division to function as secretariat for the Working Party. 225. The Conference commended the highly ef- ficient performance of the Fisheries Division inthe Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, not only as to its timeliness of issue and technical soundness, but also as to its convenience of format and increasing cov- erage, all of which were of the greatest value to Member Governments. The Conference noted that the staff producing the Yearbooks was also engaged on other essential activities of the Division, and that the efficiency of their work was enhanced by their close contact with other fishery specialists in the Division. 226. The Conference in endorsing the proposed program of work on fishery economics, statistics and related fields, specially referred to the pro- posal to hold a technical meeting on financial as- sistance to fishery industries, in order that ad- ministrators of credit and subsidy schemes in Member Countries should have an opportunity of exchanging experience and of reviewing methods of handling such matters. 227, The Conference endorsed a recommenda- tion of the Fourth FAO Regional Conference for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 Asia and the Far East for holding, under the Ex- panded Technical Assistance Program, a Seminar in Fish Marketing in the Indo-Pacific Region at the invitation of Malaya, as soon as funds per- mitted. 228, Activities in the Regions: The Con- ference approved the Report of the Indo-Pa- cific Fisheries Council (IPFC) on its work in 1958/59 (C 59/FI/2) and endorsed the pro- gram of the IPFC for the next biennium subject to the availability of funds. It recognized that the sub- ject matters to which the IPFC had directed its attention had a great deal in common with those that fell within the responsibility of the outposted fishery officers in the region, and that the staff of the Fisheries Division, in servicing the Council, were thereby enabled to carry out more effective- ly the Organizations fisheries program in the region, 229. Some delegates from the Indo-Pacific region asked that the attention of the Director- General be drawn to the need for assisting Mem- ber Governments in strengthening fishery adminis- trations and research services, in order to develop a sound institutional and scientific basis for the development of the fisheries in the region. 230. The Conference approved the Report of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediter- ranean (GFCM) on its work in 1958/59 (C59/FI/3), and endorsed the program of the GFCM for the next biennium. 231. The Conference noted the growing volume of the work in the Regional Fishery Office for Europe and the Middle East, due not only tonormal Fepresentational work in the region, but also to the growing output of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, and to the formation of the European Inland Fishery Advisory Commission. The Conference therefore approved the Director- General's proposal to strengthen the staff of this office by the appointment of an additional Regional Fishery Officer to be stationed in Cairo; this ap- pointment had originally been recommended by the 4th FAO Near-East Regional Conference, Damas- cus, 1958. 232. The Conference requested the Director- General to explore the possibility of setting up a fisheries consultative body for the Near East. 233. The Conference noted with approval that effect had been given to the decision at the 9th Ses- sion of the Conference to form the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission. Fourteen coun- tries had already indicated their interest in taking part in the work of the Commission, which would hold its first meeting in Dublin in April 1960, at the invitation of the Government of the Republic of Ireland. 234, The Conference noted that the post of Re- gional Fishery Officer in Africa authorized by the Ninth Session of the Conference had been filled. Delegates from West African countries expressed their interest in the establishment of a regional fisheries consultative body in West Africa, and in the following resolution, which it adopted, the Con- ference requested the Director-General to explore this possibility: 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): Resolution No. 24/59 REGIONAL FISHERY CONSULTATIVE BODY WEST AFRICA THE CONFERENCE: Considering that the States and Territo- ries of the West African Region members of FAO are desirous of developing the fisher- ies of that area, Noting that these States and Territories have many common problems connected with such development and that they wish to co-operate amongst themselves inplan- ning and carrying out work that will forward such development and also to exchange fish- eries information in order to keep abreast of new knowledge, and Noting further how successful the Indo- Pacific Fisheries Council and the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean have been in developing fisheries in the Indo-Pacific and the Mediterranean areas respectively, Requests the Director-General to ex- plore the possibility of establishing a body in the western part of the African Region to serve that area in a manner similar to that in which the IPFC and the GFCM serve their areas. 235. The Conference noted that the outposted fishery staff in the Latin American Region, as authorized at the Ninth Session of the Conference, had been strengthened by the appointment of a Re- gional Fishery Officer at Rio de Janeiro. 236. The Conference noted that only two notifi- cations of acceptance of the draft agreement for the establishment of a Latin American Fisheries Council had so far been deposited. This matter is reported further in paragraphs 632-633 of this Re- port. 237. The Conference now took the view that in Latin America smaller groups of States might more readily find matters of common interest in the field of fisheries, in contrast to the wide scope of the earlier proposal for a Latin American Fish- eries Council, which had been open to all the States in Latin America. The Conference, in this context, adopted the following Resolution introduced by Argentina on behalf of the Delegations of Argen- tina, Brazil and Uruguay: Resolution No. 25/59 REGIONAL FISHERIES CONSULTATIVE BODY WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC THE CONFERENCE: _ Considering that Agreement for the estab- lishment of the Latin American Fisheries Council has not been ratified by the neces- Vol. 22, No. 2 sary number of countries to enable the Council to come into being, Observing that the American States of the South Atlantic (Argentina, Brazil, and Uru- guay) have expressed particular interest in co-operating among themselves on common problems in order to promote fuller use of the marine resources in the Western-South Atlantic in accordance with sound economic and scientific principles, to coordinate stud- ies, research and techniques and to deter- mine their common needs, Recognizing that the general objectives of the proposed Latin American Fisheries Council could best be achieved within a limited area comprising a number of coun- tries which, through their geographical lo- cation, have problems in common and which are disposed to coordinate their activities in order to advance the development of their fisheries industries, Requests the Director-General to study, together with the Governments of the Ameri- can countries of the South Atlantic concern- ed, the possibility of: (a) Creating a Regional Fisheries Com- mission to serve the said zone ina form similar to that of other FAO Regional Fisheries Councils or Com- missions, and (b) Developing a coordinated project of fisheries technical assistance in the said region and advising the Govern- ments concerned on the best way of implementing the same. 238. Future Trends: As regards futuretrends, the Conference requested the Director-General to take into account the following suggestions if, at some future time, additional funds should become available. 239. Greater emphasis should be placed on the institutional and structural aspects of fisheries generally. 240. Work should be intensified in the fields of fish marketing and distribution, fishery co-opera- tives; and, in particular, detailed study should be made of productivity in marine and inland fisher- ies and of the problem, of the protection and con- servation of marine fishery resources. 241. Work on the appraisal of fishery resources should be intensified and the problems of exploita- tion examined from the biological, economic, and technological points of view. 242, A series of forecasts by continents of the trends of output over the ensuing ten years should be undertaken, if possible. 243. The Conference noted the opportunities which were available to Member Governments for contributing to freedom from hunger by promoting increased consumption and production of fish and fish products; it stressed the increasing signifi- February 1960 International (Contd.): cance of the fisheries in those parts of the world which still suffered from malnutrition, especially for those people whose diets lacked high quality protein. It suggested, therefore, that within the general work of FAO to promote freedom from hunger, considerable attention should be paid to fisheries. --By Sidney Shapiro, Chief, Branch of Special Reports, Division of Industrial Research and Services, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D, C. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1958, p. 52. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE FIFTEENTH SESSION OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES: The Fifteenth Session of the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), held at Tokyo, ended November 20, 1959. Representatives of the 37-nation trade agreement group achieved further prog- ress in removing barriers to world trade. Balance-of-Payments Import Restrictions: A drive to eliminate discrimination against American and other dollar area exports was the highlight of the Session. The urgency of moves in this direction was touched off by the strong declaration of the United States at the opening Ministerial Meeting. The restoration of ex- ternal convertibility to the main trading currencies of the world has removed any balance-of-payments justi- fication for discriminatory restrictions by countries whose export earnings are largely in convertible cur- rencies, The drive to eliminate discrimination was greatly aided by the International Monetary Fund’s decision of October 23 calling for removal of discriminatory restrictions with all feasible speed. This decision, which was made available to the Contracting Parties at the Session’s opening, supported the strong statements against discrimination and restrictions made by the United States and other ministerial level speakers. The Contracting Parties adopted a report which con- cluded that discrimination in trade on balance-of-pay- ments grounds should quickly be ended. It indicated that the justification for such discrimination had been almost completely eliminated by convertibility of cur- rencies. The United States and many other countries also stressed the need to reduce the use of all import quotas by countries emerging from balance-of-payments diffi- culties. Several countries took important steps to relax their trade controls and reduce discrimination during the Ses- sion. Among them were the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Other countries (including Australia, New Zealand, Malaya, Rhodesia and Ghana) were able to point to re- cent measures of a similar character. Previously scheduled balance-of-payments consul- tations were held with six contracting parties: Australia, Japan, the Federation of Malaya, Norway, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and Sweden. Expansion of International Trade: Three committees on the expansion of international trade, which have been meeting during the intersessional period, met again during the Session. Committee I, on tariff reductions, submitted final recom- mendations setting forth the rules and procedures to be fol- lowed in the tariff conference to be held in Geneva in 1960- 61. This conference will be divided into two phases: (1) The principal emphasis in the first phase (September through COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 December 1960) is to be on tariff negotiations and renegoti- ations incident to the formation of the European Economic Community. (2) The second phase, beginning in January 1961, is to be devoted to an exchange of new concessions a- mong contracting parties and to negotiations with countries acceding to the GATT. Committee II conducted its second round of country-by- country consultations on agricultural policies. The consult- ing countries were Burma, Ceylon, Malaya, Indonesia, and Rhodesia and Nyasaland. During the coming year there will be further rounds of consultations, at the end of which the Committee will report on the effects of agricultural protec- tion upon international trade. The presentation of United States agricultural policy is scheduled for February 1960. (Fishery policies will be included with agricultural policies in some instances.) Committee III is seeking ways of expanding the export earnings of the less developed countries as a means of ac- celerating their development and making them less depend- ent upon foreign aid. In a preliminary report, the Commit- ‘tee identified some of the obstacles to increased trade en- countered by the less developed countries in foreign mar- kets. These obstacles include high revenue duties, prefer- ential arrangements, import quotas, and restrictive state trading, in addition to high tariffs. The Contracting Parties approved the Committee’s recommendation that individual governments examine such measures of theirs as may im- pede the trade of less developed countries. Avoidance of Market Disruption: During the discussions at the ministerial level the United States drew attention to the fact that sharp increases in imports, over a brief period of time and in a narrow range of commodities, can have serious economic, political, and social repercussions in the importing countries. He pointed out that the problem is to find the means to ameliorate the adverse effects of an abrupt invasion of established markets while continu- ing to provide steadily enlarged opportunities for trade. The subsequent discussions made it evident that the ap- nrehension that such situations might arise had led some countries to maintain or impose import restrictions against particular imports from some countries, The question was discussed in Plenary Session and it was agreed that, in view of the complex nature of the prob- lem, the question should be deferred until the Sixteenth Session. Meanwhile, the Executive Secretary will pre- pare a factual report for the Contracting Parties. At the Sixteenth Session the Contracting Parties can consider whether to establish a panel of experts to examine the problem or whether some other method of approach is likely to be more appropriate. Regional Market Arrangements: The Contracting Par- ties received reports on three movements toward regional economic integration. The Swedish ministerial representative reported on the negotiations for a European Free Trade Association (EFTA) which Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Swit- zerland, and the United Kingdom--the so-called Outer Seven--are negotiating. He said that the EFTA countries would continue to be bound by their GATT obligations in carrying out arrangements for progressive abolition of tariffs and quota restrictions on trade among the member countries. The first step in this process is to take place on July 1, 1960. He assured the Contracting Parties that EFTA does not intend to use quantitative restrictions in order to create a preferential trading system. Delegates to Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay and ob- servers for Argentina and Bolivia spoke about the plans of these countries to establish a free trade area. They referred to the draft treaty prepared at Montevideo last September, which is to take final form in February 1960. The delegates pointed out that the proposed free trade area was intended to increase trade and help raise living stand- ards, and that improvement in economic conditions in Latin America would lead to increased trade with other countries. A spokesman for the Commission of the European Eco- nomic Community (EEC) or ‘‘Common Market’’ gave the Contracting Parties an account of the progress of the EEC during 1959. He noted that the provisions of the Rome 58 International (Contd.): Treaty regarding reduction of customs duties and relaxa- tion of quota restrictions in intra~EEC trade had been carried out on schedule, and that many tariff reductions had also been extended to the products of outside countries. He stated that the Commission hopes to submit proposals on agricultural and fishing policy to the EEC Council of Min- isters before the end of 1959. He said that the EEC draft external tariff was receiving urgent attention, so that it would be ready in ample time to allow for preparation for the 1960-61 tariff conference, The representative spoke of the EEC’s interest in helping countries in the process of economic development. Other Items: Specific commodity problems were pur- sued bilaterally and informally by the United States Dele- gation at the Fifteenth Session with a number of other dele- gations, including those of Japan, France, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany, Norway, Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, The conversations are expected to result in the relaxation of some import restrictions on certain United States products in the very near future. INTERNATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CONGRESS FISH BEHAVIOR STUDIES COULD INCREASE YIELD: A school or "congregation" of cod is a social organization with one dominant male and a whole hierarchy of inferior or less aggressive males set in an es- tablished scale, according to Dr. H. O. Bull of England, who reported to the In- ternational Oceanographic Congress at the United Nations, New York City, in September 1959. ''Each male defends his chosen territory against invasion by other males but females can wander freely throughout the social order," he said. At spawning time, each female is pursued in a courtship dance with a male that may last for fifteen minutes before the eggs are laid and fertilized. "Such studies of the psychology and social behavior of the commercial food fishes are essential if the fish harvest is to be increased,'' said Dr. Bull of the Dove Marine Laboratory where he has been studying cod in a tank 20 feet long, 5 feet deep, and 5 feet wide. The grunt- ing noises made by the male during court- ship, for instance, can be clearly picked up by microphones and could be used to locate schools of cod. Dr. Bull recom- mended that ocean fish be studied by close observation of their behavior in aquariums to lay the basis of more suc- cessful large-scale fisheries. "There are three things that make an ocean fish suffer: light, temperature, and too little salt in his bath. All three increase his rate of respiration and his COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 heartbeat,'' reported Professor H. H. Friedrich, Institute for Marine Research at Bremerhaven in Germany, to the Oceanographic Congress. The fish can- not stand the combination of bright light in warm water and either get away or succumb. Tropical fish stay away from the surface for this reason and most fish seek the cooler and darker waters well below the surface. Dr. Friedrich said that, on the other hand, the habits of many ocean fish are related to the phases of the moon so that they seem to be sensitive even to faint light. Echo-sounding devices that are used by trawlers to measure the depth of the water and to locate schools of fish by their echoes do not bother the fish. They seem not to notice them, but when sounds are used as signals for feeding time, the fish do respond to them. Dr. N. K. Panikkar, Chief of the Fish- eries Development Office in New Delhi, India, chairman of one of the meetings at the Oceanographic Congress, cited re- search on fish behavior as of prime im- portance to any country that depends on seafood for part of its food supply. In India there are usually large catches of sardines, mackerel, and shrimp, but the fish population fluctuates widely. In one year, 200,000 metric tons of sardines are caught while in the next year there may be almost none. The reasons are unknown. The psychology of fish behav- ior and habits needs international re- search, Professor Trygve Braarud of the Insti- tute for Marine Biology of Oslo Univer- sity, Norway, reported on the production of plants in the ocean, but plants so small that they are like grains of dust. The a- mount of production of these microscopic plants is at least equal tothe production of all the land plants put together. He ‘said that these plants--phytoplankton-- contain many valuable minerals and vi- tamins and even antibiotics and that the explanation of fish aggregation may be partially due to the prevalence of these organisms, ''There exists in the sea," he said, ''areas like land deserts which can be explained by this phenomenon." He called for further researchin this field as a possible food resource for men, land animals, and fish. February 1960 International (Contd.): INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION EFFECTS OF FISHING EFFORT VERSUS CLIMATIC CHANGES ON FISH STOCKS EVALUATED: The controllable effects of fishing should be compared with the uncontrollable forces of nature in studying the ef- fects of climatic-temperature changes. This is the advice to fishery managements given in a report on the commercial yields of Pacific, Atlantic, and North Sea fisheries to the Fisheries Research Board of Canada by F. Heward Bell and Alonzo I, Pruter of the International Pacific Halibut Commis- sion. Their report points out that in their opinion inadequate provision has been made in some instances for changes in the amount of fishing, in economic conditions, or in the ef- ficiency of the fishing fleets. Halibut “‘It has been usually believed that abundance has been little affected by fishing, natural fluctuations appearing to transcend by far the effects of man. However, lately this belief is being challenged. Hodgson, supported by Cushing and Burd (1957), provides some evidence that fishing has reduced the size of herring stocks. ... For some demer- sal species, particularly the flatfish such as the Pacific halibut, sole, or brill the stocks seem to have been more responsive to fishing than to natural fluctuations.’’ Determination of stock sizes and their maximum utili- zation cannot be adequately resolved until fishing versus environmentally-induced changes in fish populations are each placed in their proper perspective, say the authors. Regarding the possible effects of air and water tempera- tures on fish stocks, the report points out that on the north Icelandic offshore coastal area there is a long-term resem- blance between sea-surface temperature and air tempera- ture, but over short terms of 10 to 20 years the trends may be very dissimilar and frequently in opposite directions. Extremely cold or unusually warm air temperatures dur- ing one month or over a limited period of the year were un- likely to be immediately reflected in midwater or bottom temperatures in the oceanic regions where halibut spawn, and where the eggs and larvae appear to spend their early existence. = Even within a restricted coastal area, such as that of North Iceland, long-term sea-surface temperature trends in some months may be very different between locations in close proximity. In the examination of fishery statistics bearing on these matters, the authors suggest that wherever possible catch per unit of effort values should be used rather than pro- duction (landing) values. They declare that the current belief, that the yield or size of stocks of demersal fish in the Barents Sea have been mainly influenced by long-term climatic changes, must be re-examined, “‘Fishing in such distant waters, particularly Greenland, has been made possible due to the technological developments of the past 30 to 40 years. Mechanical refrigeration, oil rather than coal for generating steam, dieselization, depth finders, electronic positioning, and many other navigational devices, all have aided in the profitable expansion of the range of fisheries. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 ““The warming of the waters may have played a far less important role than is generally accepted in affecting the pattern of stock changes and of annual yields. Also, while it is true that warming of the seas could increase productivi- ty through enhanced growth, increased recruitment or migra- tion of adults, it is also true that the more clement weather would facilitate fishing.’’ Stressing the need for caution in judging the past, present, and the future productivity of the Pacific and Atlantic cod, the authors consider that some coincidence between climate and yields should not be allowed to militate against a bal- anced understanding of the manifold forces affecting the fish- eries. On conditions in Faroe and Iceland they quote A. D. McIntyre, of the Scottish Home Department, who reported in 1952 on an extensive analysis of the Scottish trawl and line catches of halibut from various North Atlantic areas for the years 1930 to 1949, ‘McIntyre observed that on the Faroe grounds the Scottish trawl catch per unit of effort had declined in 1942 and 1943 from the higher 1940 and 1941 level in spite of the relatively low wartime fishing intensity by Aberdeen ves- sels, and it was concluded that the higher 1940-1941 level could be projected back to good brood years of 1937 and 1938, ‘'The 1940-41 high trawl catch per unit of effort could also be projected forward to a higher Scottish liner catch per unit of effort in 1943 and 1944 from older fish of the same year-classes. A similar situation was observed on the Iceland grounds for Scottish vessels, except that the projection into the liner catch per unit of effort was not ap- parent until 1945-1946.’’ McIntyre, the report goes on, used only the fishing in- tensity and yields of the Aberdeen fleets in judging the ef- fects of fishing upon the several stocks. ‘‘The Aberdeen fleet’s Icelandic production varied from 4 to 45 percent of the annual total by all countries during the period of study, 1930-1949, not including the war years, ‘The data presented by McIntyre should not be consid- ered indicative of the total forces to which these stocks have been exposed. It would be the changes in the total a- mount of fishing and the combined catches by vessels of all nations to which the stocks would be responsive.’’ The authors conclude, on the available evidence, that the effects of man’s removals on the stocks appear to tran- scend any long-term effects that natural fluctuations may have had. They add: ‘‘The hypothesis that fishing, not nat- ural forces, has been the major factor affecting the stocks appears well founded.’’ (The Fishing News, October 16, 1959.) INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON COMMISSION FRASER RIVER SOCKEYE FISHERY, 1959: The 1959 Fraser River sockeye catch of 3,390,000 fish was 46 percent greater than the catch in any previous cycle-year in 56 years, according to the Internation- al Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. Also the escapement of 970,000 fish was up almost 300 percent over that of the previous cycle-year in 1955 and consid- erably greater than that recorded previ- 60 International (Contd.): ously for any other year of that four- year cycle. The record Fraser sockeye run in 1959 was a continued demonstration that the Fraser River sockeye runs are ra- pidly being restoredto the abundant num- bers prevailing prior to the slide at Hell's Gate Canyon in 1913. The Hell's Gate fishways combined with scientifi- cally-designed fishing regulations and a fundamental research program are now proving their worthin millions of dollars of increased income to Puget Sound and Fraser River fishermen. Inthe 1958 cycle-year the Fraser Riv- er produced a total runof 19 million sock- eye. This was the largest run on that cycle-year in the 85-year history of the commercial fishery and the largest run ofany year since the famous run was al- most destroyed by the Hell's Gate slide in1913. By1918 the cycle-year pack had declined to 70,000 cases, but in 1958 the cycle pack was 1,223,000 cases worth $49 million, anincrease of $46 million in value as compared with 1918. The International Pacific Salmon Fish- eries Commission was established by a Convention between the United States and Canada in 1937 to rehabilitate the Fraser River sockeye fishery and to man- age the fishery after eight years of re- search to the end that the fishery would be preserved and the allowable catch di- vided equally between Canadian and Unit- ed States fishermen. In 1957 the Con- vention was amended to place Fraser River pink salmon under similar juris- diction by the Commission. MARINE OILS INCREASE IN 1960 FORECAST FOR WORLD PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS: World production of marine oils (in- cludes whale and sperm whale oils and fish and fish-liver oils) will be up about 2.9 percent and world exports will be up about 6.2 percent in 1960 as compared to 1959. The U.S. Department of Agri- culture's Agricultural Marketing Service in its November 1959 issue of The Fats and Oils Situation (1960 Outlook Issue) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 forecasts that world production of ma- rine oils will be 1,050,000 short tons as compared with 1,020,000 tons in 1959. The forecast for world exports of ma- rine oils in 1960 is 775,000 tons as com- pared with 735,000 tons in 1959, Table 1 - Estimated World Production and Exports of Marine Oils (Averages 1935-39 and 1950-54, Annual 1955-60) 19593/| 1958] 1957] 1956 . - (1,000 Short Tons) World production} 1,050 | 1,020 ]1,030/1,025]1,110]1,060 World exports 775 730{ 760| 730} 745} 725) 694 1/Includes whale and sperm whale oils and fish and fish-liver oils 2/Forecast. 3/Partly forecast. Marine Oils [19602/ 990 1,055 710 MARINE RESOURCES SURVEY OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN AREA The Scripps Institution of Oceanog- raphy (La Jolla, Calif.) research ship Stranger is now in the Southeast Asian area for a two-year survey of marine resources of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. The work is supported by an International Cooperation Adminis- tration grant. The survey work of the ship is plan- ned in conjunction with a Regional Train- ing Course in Marine Sciences at Nha- trang, South Viet-Nam, sponsored by the Republic of Viet-Nam and the United Na- tions Educational, Scientific, and Cultur- al Organization Science Cooperation Of- fice for South-East Asia. Practical ex- perience will be offered to the partici- pants in the course on board the Stranger. NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION TENTH ANNUAL MEETING: Following an invitation from Norway, the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Interna- tional Commission for the Northwest Atlan- tic Fisheries will meet in Bergen the week of May 30, 1960. The Annual Meeting will be preceded by meetings of the Stand- ing Committee on Re- search and Statistics and of groups of advisers to panels on May 24-28, MORE COUNTRIES FISH IN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC: To the countries which have begun fish- eries in the Convention Area during re- February 1960 International (Contd.): cent years is now to be added East Ger- many. Trawlers with Rostock on the Baltic as their home port in 1959 land- ed several cargoes, mainly redfish or ocean perch and cod, fromthe Labrador- Grand Bank area. It is expected that this fishery will increase in the near future. Reports from Vigo, Spain, indicate that the Spanish trawl fishery in the Grand Bank area in 1959 yielded better results than in 1958. In 1959 trawlers from Poland began fishing in the Northwest Atlantic (Labra- dor region) for redfish or ocean perch, The report from the fishery states that excellent results were obtained. SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION ON MARITIME RESOURCES SIXTH MEETING HELD IN QUITO: The Sixth Ordinary Meeting of the Permanent Commission on Maritime Resources of the South Pacific and the Second Meeting of the Commission's Scientific Advisory Committee were held in Quito from November 12-19, 1959, with delegates from Chile, Peru, and Ecuador in attendance. Addressing the inaugural session of the Commission, Chile's Ambassador to Ecuador praised the progress attained in the scientific investigation of the fish and whale in- dustries, ''proving what can be done with international cooperation." ''It is the hour for abandoning outdated conceptions of isolationjand for entering an era of in- terdependence,'' the President of the Ecuadoran delegation added. Reports of the three delegations in- dicated considerable cooperative study of the problems of exploitation and con- servation of marine resources. Ecua- dor reported establishment of a library of scientific and technical publications for use of the Commission and establish- ment of a National Fisheries Institute. The Scientific Advisory Committee rec- ommended the acquisition of a special laboratory vessel for the Commission's investigation of whales, and the prepara- tion of a dictionary of scientific terms in the fishing industry. In the closing COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 session the Commission elected Dr. Galo Leoro Franco, of Ecuador's Foreign Min- istry, as its permanent Secretary Gen- eral. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1957, Demeon TUNA SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BUILD NEW TUNA FISHING VESSELS: Several southern European countries are building tuna vessels. In addition to six tuna clippers under construction in Genova, Italy, Portugal is also building six tuna vessels. At present Portugal is operating two large tuna vessels. Both Italy and Portugal will fish for tuna in the Atlantic Ocean. France, too, is pushing construction plans for tuna vessels. At Dakar, French West Africa, about 9,000 tons of tuna were landed dur- ing the first quarter of 1959. Five Dakar packing plants used about half of the land- ings and the remainder was shipped to France. (Suisan Tsushin, November 19, 1959.) UNITED NATIONS SECOND CONFERENCE ON THE LAW OF THE SEA TO OPEN ON MARCH 17, 1960: The Second United Nations Conference on tne Law of the Sea will convene in Geneva, Switzerland, on March 17,1960. It is hoped that the task of the Conference will be completed by April 14, 1960. Should it prove impossible for the Con- ference to finish its work within that four- week period, arrangements can be made to enable the Conference to continue through the following week, April 19-22, 1960. Preparations for the Conference are being made by the United Nations Secre- tariat, which expects to circulate to the invited Governments, specialized agen- cies, and intergovernmental bodies a draft agenda and draft rules of procedure for the Conference, as well as certain recommendations concerning the method of work and procedures, and other ques- tions of an administrative nature. Attention is drawn to the terms of paragraph 3 of the resolution which in- vites all states members of the United 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): Nations and states members of the spe- cialized agencies to include among their representatives experts competent in the matters to be considered. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1959, p. 49. WHALING COUNTRY QUOTAS FOR 1959/60 ANTARCTIC SEASON: The Norwegian Government has ap- proved a recommendation from the Nor- wegian Whaling Council that Norway's quota for the 1959/60 Antarctic whaling season shall be limited to 5,800 blue- whale units. (One blue whale equals 2 fin, 1+ humpback, and 6 sei whales.) Altogether 8 Norwegian expeditions, one less than last season, are participating in Antarctic whaling. They are using a total of 77 catcher vessels as compared with 100 during 1958/59, including 7 ves- sels operating out of the Norwegian land station at Husvik Harbor. The factory- ship Suderdy and its 6 catcher vessels, which took part in last season's whaling, have been bought by S the Norwegian Whal- ing Association and will not participate. Norwegian expedi- tions and the Husvik land station vessels will have a com- bined complement of 4,210 men, or 497 fewer than in the 1958/59 season. Another 1,975 Norwe- gian whalers will be working for British and Argentine companies. ~ Also engaged in the Antarctic whaling this coming season are expeditions from four other countries, including 6 Japa- nese, 3 British, 2 Russian, and 1 Dutch, plus two land stations--1 British and 1 Argentine, using a total of 158 catcher vessels. There will thus be altogether 20 expeditions, same as last season, as- sisted by 235 catcher vessels, as against 256 in 1958/59. While Norway has with- drawn the 11,000-ton Suderdy, the Soviet Union is sending its new 40,000-ton Sovi- etskaya Ukraina, accompanied by 20 catcher vessels. At a conference in London nearly a year ago, the five major whaling nations Woll22 9 None? reached tentative agreement that the Sovi- et Union should be allocated 20 percent of the international quota for a period of 7 years. On the basis of a maximum catch equivalent to 15,000 blue-whale units, the Soviet Union should thus be entitled to 3,000-units. At subsequent conferences, Norway, Great Britain, Japan, and the Netherlands failed to work out agreement on distribution of the remaining 80 per- cent of the whaling quota. In view of this development, Norway withdrew from the International Whaling Convention as of July 1, 1959, and the Netherlands later followed suit. Thus, the International Whaling Convention now includes only three nations--Great Britain, Japan, and the Soviet Union. Norway for many years has been a strong advocate of measures to preserve the Antarctic whale stock. When efforts for aggreement failed the Norwegian Whal- ing Councilurged a national quota of 5,800 units, to yield approximately the same catch as last season. The quota for the Japanese expeditions has officially been fixed at 5,036 units. The British quota, though not officially announced, is known to be 2,500 units. And the Dutch company operating the Willem Barends expedition plans to catch the equivalent of 1,200 units. If the Soviet expeditions stay with- in the approved 3,000 units, the combined national quotas would total 17,500 units. The over-all quota set by the 18-member International Whaling Commission for 1959/60 would thus be exceeded by at least 2,500 units. Marine biologists are of the opinion that to preserve the Antarctic whale stock the maximum quota for all nations should be limited to 10,000-11,000 blue-whale units. Protection of the blue-whale stock, they maintain, is especially important. According to a statistical survey, publish- ed in the last issue of Norsk Hvalfangst- Tidende (Norwegian Whaling joa the number of blue whales caught in the Antarctic during 1958/59 constituted only 4.4 percent of the total catch, as against 84.2 percent during the 1931/32 season. The International Whaling Commission in 1959 decided to let the Antarctic fin and sei whale hunt start on December 28, one week earlier than in former years. For blue and humpback whales the open- ing dates were set at February 1 and Jan- February 1960 International (Contd.): uary 20, respectively. The entire sea- son could thus last 102 days, extending to April 7, 1960. Land stations, whose vessels catch only sperm whales, are not covered by the quota arrangement. From October 1 to April 1 they can catch an unlimited quantity. (News of Norway, November 26, 1959.) Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959, p. 93 and January 1960, p. 80. WORLD FISHERIES LANDINGS INCREASED THREE MILLION TONS IN 1958: The world’s total commercial fisheries landings in 1958 increased 3 million metric tons over 1957, according to the Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, vol. IX, released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Japan, with a catch of 5.5 million tons, continued to be the largest producer of marine fishery products. The Yearbook, published jointly with a yearbook on sta- tistics on international trade in fish, covers the catch of fish from 1953 to 1958. The total 1958 catch was 33.7 mil- lion tons live weight, almost 13 million tons more than in 1938 or 1948, just before and after World War Il. Russia reported the highest catch in her history, at 2.6 million tons. The 1958 total includes a rough estimate of six mil- lion tons for production of sea and fresh-water fish by Mainland China, This figure has been released by the Government of that country and represents a 100-percent increase over its reported catch in 1957. Asia had 50 percent of the world’s total catch. Japan contributed 17.2 percent of the Asian total. European fishermen, excluding those from Russia, caught more than 22 percent, and North Americans about 10 percent. The U.S.S.R. reported catches amounting to more than 8 per- cent of the world total. Africa contributed 5 percent, an outstanding increase over last year. Seven countries each caught more than one million tons in 1958 and accounted for almost 60 percent of the world total. Japan’s 1958 catch reached a level she had hoped to realize by 1960. The United States, Mainland China, and the U.S.S.R. each caught between 2 and 3 million tons of sea fish in 1958. Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom, and India each produced about one million tons. Korea, one of the great prewar producers with a catch of 1.8 million tons in 1938, produced less than 500,000 tons. Herring, menhaden, sardines, and anchovies were the most important group of fish, accounting for 20 percent of the world catch. Sixteen percent were fresh-water fish, more than double the amount caught before World War II. Cod, hake, and haddock accounted for more than 13 per- cent of the total. In most groups catches were above prewar level. However, this still was not the case for salmon, trout, and smelt, which are commercially im- portant though not a very large group in quantity. About one-half the 1958 total catch was marketed fresh or frozen; about one-quarter was cured by drying, smoking, salting, or marinating; about 14 percent was used to make fish meal and oil; 9 percent was canned; and the small remain- der was used for other purposes, se Kk KK OK OK TRADE IN 1957 EXCEEDED ONE BILLION DOLLARS: International trade in fish in 1957 went over the US$1 billion mark, according to the FAO Yearbook of Fishery COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 Statistics, vol. VIII. The Yearbook, published jointly with a volume on the actual landings of fish, is the first on in- ternational trade (fish exports and imports) published since 1953. It covers the years 1953-57, with 1948 given as comparison. Trade is broken down into frozen, dried and salted fish, smoked and canned fish products, and fish oils and meals. There was a Sharp upswing in the fish-meal indus- try. Exports of fish meal, which is used primarily for ani-~ mal feeding, have increased from $13 million in 1948 to $80" million in 1957. Major exporters of fish meal, who have taken the lead due to the expansion of the fish~meal industry in their countries, are Angola, the Union of South Africa and South-West Africa, Canada, Peru, Denmark, and Norway. Major markets for fish meal include the United States, whose imports increased from $4.6 million in 1948 to $9.5 million in 1957, and the United Kingdom whose imports went from $3 million in 1948 to $24 millionin 1957. Western Germany increased her imports of fish meal from $300,000 in 1948 to $20 million in 1957. Exports of fresh and frozen fish went up 150,000 metric tons from 1953 through 1956. The greater position of this trade was in filleted fish rather than whole fish, reflecting the growth of the frozen fish fillet industry. In dollars, it increased by nearly 50 percent, from $170 million to $232 million. In Africa leading exporters of fish were Angola with a $17 million trade, Morocco with $26 million, and the Union of South Africa with $37 million. Canada led North America with a $136 million export volume, The United States exported only $32 million, but imported $270 million worth of fish--one quarter of the world total. In South America, Peru did a $20-million export busi- ness. Asia was led by Japan with an export of $145 million. Thailand was second with $33 million. Norway topped Euro- pean fish exporters with $164 million worth, followed by Ice- land with $55 million, Denmark with $43 million, the Nether- lands with $32 million, and Portugal with $37 million, Salted cod exports and production have both expanded by 40 percent since 1948. Leading exporters were Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, and Norway. Chief importers of dried cod were Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Although production had been maintained in salted herring and sardines, there was a 20-percent drop in exports since 1948. Eastern Europe was the major importer of salted her- ring and sardines. Chief exporters are Canada, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, The canned fish industry exported $265 million worth. of that total, 20 percent was Pacific salmon; 40 percent canned herring, sardines, and anchovies; 20 percent tuna and bonito; 10 percent shrimp, lobsters, and oysters; and 10 percent mis~ cellaneous products, Argentina JAPANESE FREEZERSHIP TO OPERATE FROM ARGENTINE PORT: The Japanese tuna freezer -fishing vessel Yoshino Maru arrived at the Argentine port of Mar del Plata on No- vember 16, 1959, with 150 metric tons of tuna. The vessel left Japan on Au- gust 26 and fished for tuna en route to Argentina. After leaving Japan, the ves- sel fished in the Pacific along the equa- tor and caught 70 tons of yellowfin, blue- fin, albacore, and big-eyed tuna. Heretofore it was believed that there were no tuna off the Argentine coast, but 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Argentina (Contd.): the vessel found them 300-500 miles offshore in the Atlantic. The modern Japanese flag vessel is 180 feet long, has a beam of 29.5 feet, and is powered with a heavy-duty 1,150-hp. Diesel en- gine. The hold capacity is about 440 metric tons of frozen fish and freezing capacity is 17 tons daily. Equipped with all modern navigation aids, the vessel can cruise at 11.5 knots. She is manned by 8 officers and a crew of 50. The Japanese vessel is under con- tract to a Mar del Plata fishing firm which plans to use the vessel to obtain frozen fish for the Argentine market. Following the unloading of the tuna caught en route to Argentina, the vessel was scheduled to sail early in December for its first trip from Argentina of about 50 days. High seas Coastal Zones: Bahia Bilancayr. -) eicmccecnem ene 307.6 299.3 1,504.6 Il, Biai8} 50) Quequen, Necochea ....... 1,189.0 1 Gotiee SAOODRO) 4,616.6 Marsdel Pllatal spacer cae cc cemene 11,954.9 36,699.5 34,814.4 Rawson? 774.5 oes creme romana .9 254.5 pan Antonio, Oeste... oe ners ill 89.0 San Blas, Patagonia ...... -3 78.3 Ure spArrOyOSu mmememcremers elt. oO 187.1 Se AoOeche uo GHCanibondkoMoNe .6 = RMD tne Sh cron 6 93mo Shellfish: IpbWednWEKSENS)” G5 on Go dala Oo ot 6 Coastal Zones: Bahiaspilancav acc ccmeackeneisuctre Quequen, Necochea Mar del Plata Rawson CeO OO, OO Oo God! a 16 San Blas, Patagonia Tres Arroyos Oe thee th On Om ats OFF UL yYD4O D=OeONO DF ROTO eke. wile le weeklies Total Shellfish Grand Total (e e\_ le) Jel ye) Veto! ie) ve. «ite ie Julian, and Santa Cruz. Source: Direccion General de Pesca Table 1 - Argentine Marine Landings of Fish and Shellfish by Fishery Zones, January-March 1958-59 and Annual Totals 1957-58 Ae 12 Months | 12 Months 1959 1958 1958 1957 Siiolbelvena eae Metric Lons) i. see 1,973.6 1/Includes Comodoro Rivadavia, Gral. Madariaga, Puerto Madryn, Puerto Deseado, Rio Gallegos, Rio Grande, San Conservacion de la Fauna, A Viole 22eeNon 2 The Yoshino Maru is the second Jap- anese vessel fishing under contract to the Argentine fishing industry. The first vessel, the Eisei Maru (landed first trip December 17, 1958), has been tuna fish- ing for about one year for the Mar del Plata Fishing Canning Association, Due to the lack of credit facilities, it would be difficult for the Argentine fishing in- dustry to build and finance vessels of the Japanese type. (The United States Em- bassy in Buenos Aires, November 17, 9/59)5) gle sk ok ok KK OK cK OK OK LANDINGS OF FISH AND SHELLFISH: Marine landings of fish and shellfish in Argentina amounted to 71,655 metric tons in 1958, just 69 tons less than the 71,724.3 tons reported in 1957. The principal marine species of fish caught in Argentina during 1958 and1957 5,485.8 25,185.6 25,248.6 gentine Government. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 Argentina (Contd.): ary-March 1959 with a decrease of 2,970 tons as compared with the same were hake--27,822 and 25,529 metric period in 1958. tons, respectively. Mackerel and an- Table 2 - Argentine Marine Landings of Fish and Shellfish by Species, January-March 1958-59 and Annual Totals 1957-58 oe 12 Months | 12 Months P 1959 1958 1958 1957 TRGGLNON eee SEE 8.0 | 10,186.7 ,817. Sea bream (besugo)....... [: 473.2 1,649.8 1,004.4 Mackerel and mackerel-likeL I ZIZI9ES IS OPAC ST 21,240.2 Conger eel (corvina) ...... 439.7 1,261.4 873.4 Hake (Merluccius hubbsi) : 5,641.2 27,822.0 25,529.4 SIT abrs ko ena enh teas hy mak Mente et sive’ ve 6 : 3,967.4 0.9.0 6 6.5100 69 O16 dip 0 ° 6,646.3 eo 8 © © © © © © © © 2 Sluice, Groom 5 666465565 6.6 Shrimp, large (‘langostinos'') . WMSSEIS ¢ 6660060606000 06 (elomernenotstouel sales, 1/Includes caballa, cornalito, and pejerrey. Source: Direccion General de Pesca y Conservacion de la Fauna, Argentine Government, Table 3 - Argentine Marine and Fresh-Water Fishery Landings, J January-March 1958-59 and Annual Totals 1957-58 | : January-March 12 Months 12 Months fiype ot bisheny 1959 1958 1958 1957 Marine fish and shellfish.... River and lake fish: ROO Cieabettis iiss Bee) ie! Uevsive Industrial usel/ Premosote Total River and Lake Fish . Total Marine and Fresh-Water 1/Consists of ''sabalo" (Prochilodus platensis), related to shad. Source: Direccion General de Pesca y Conservacion de le Fauna, Argentine Government. chovy were the other important species 2 The leading shellfish products were --By Ing. Daniel ©, Alvaredo, mussels and shrimp. Temperly, F.C.G.R., Argentina During January-March 1959, shell- Hk OK OK 2k Xk fish production increased as compared with the same period in 1958. But total MACKEREL AND ANCHOVY marine fish production decreased 2,182 LANDINGS AT MAR DEL PLATA: metric tons, or 12.5 percent, during the The port of Mar del Plata is the most first three months of 1959. importance fishery port in Argentina. Two of the important species land- Argentina's total marine and fresh- ed at that port--mackerel and an- water fishery landings in 1958 decreased| chovy--show considerable fluctua- slightly as compared with 1957. The tion in landings from season to season. downward trend continued during Janu- (See tables 1 and 2.) 66 Argentina (Contd.): Table 1 - Mackerel Landings at Port of Mar Del Plata 1958/59 | 1957/58 | 1956/57 | 1955/56 | 1954/55 | 1953/54 Metric Tons COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 Table 2 - Anchovy Landings at Port of Mar Del Plata | Month | 1958[1957] 1956] 1955 [1954 9,015 /11,994 --By Ing. Daniel O. Alvaredo, Temperley, F.C.G.R., Argentina hie co, Fone WF es ER? BES SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS: Landings: Since 1956 there has been a steady drop in shrimp landings in Ar- gentina. Landings in the first two months of 1959 were only half the amount landed during the first two months of 1958. Table 1 - Argentina’s Shrimp Landings, 1956-58 and January-February 1958-59 1959 1958 1958 | 1957 | 1956 sheilehellars)'eNetelreir« MUUO UM ES) Sa aie a gad Shrimp, large . Shrimp, small. Exports: Shrimp exports to the United States began in 1952 with 5,000 pounds, rose to 227,000 pounds in 1953, and to 530,000 pounds in 1954. A price break in the United States market in 1953-54 and some quality problems resulted in no shipments to the United States in 1955, Exports were resumed in 1956, when 22,000 pounds were exported to the Unit- ed States, followed by exports of 320,000 pounds in 1957, 914,000 pounds in 1958, and 419,000 pounds during the first six months of 1959. (See table 2.) Fleet: Argentina has about 25 vessels active in the shrimp fishery as of Novem- ber 1959. These vessels are about 66 feet in over-all length and are powered with 6-cylinder 160-hp. Diesel engines. According to reports, there are no im- mediate plans for the expansion of the fleet in the near future. Ix- Vessel and Export Prices: In No- vember 1959 Argentine shrimp vessels were paid about 25 pesos a kilogram (about 14.2 U. S. cents a pound) for heads- on shrimp counting between 15 and 30 to the pound, the only sizes exported by Ar- gentina. Ex-vessel prices for medium shrimp (31-50 count) were 12 pesos a kilogram (about 6.8 U. S. cents a pound) and for small shrimp (over 50 count) 8 pesos a kilogram (about 4.5 U. S. cents a pound). The price of processed headless shrimp (15-30 per pound size) for export Table 2 - Argentina’s Shrimp Exports, 1956-58 and January-June 1959 Jan.~June 1959 1958 =1(1,000 bet) ene Country of Destination United States .... 1/Less than $500. Note: Export data for 1952-1955 are from United States import statistics; for 1956- 1959 from Argentine official export statistics. February 1960 Argentina (Contd.): loaded aboard reefer ships at Buenos Aires was about 55 U.S. cents a pound, which includes all costs except the profit to the exporter. Actual export prices in November 1959 averaged about 60 U.S. cents a pound for large shrimp. Export taxes amount to 10.5 percent, levied on the exporter's gross proceeds. Since the shrimp prices dropped in the United States market, the export trade is not very attractive to Argentine exporters becauseof the low margin of profit for the processor-exporter. (Unit- ed States Embassy in Buenos Aires, No- vember 18, 1959.) Australia SPINY LOBSTER INDUSTRY, FISCAL YEAR 1958/59: Exports: Australian exports of both frozen tails of and boiled whole spiny lobsters--7,673,199 pounds--set a new record in fiscal year 1958/59 (July 1958-June 1959) for both quantity and value. Spiny lobster tail exports in 1958/59 of 7,092,217 pounds were 22 percent more than in 1957/58. Al- most all of the tails were exported to the United States and other dollar areas. Dollar earnings from frozen tail exports in 1958/59 were ™ estimated at US$6.9 million as compared with $5.9 million the previous fiscal year--up 17 percent. Although prices dropped on the United States market, good prices were received for most consignments in 1958/59. Western Australian consignments accounted for 82 percent of total shipments. Table 1 - Australian Exports of Spiny Lobsters, 1957 /58-1958/59 INew Guinea/ Pacific Islands In the absence of more precise information as tothe value of exports from other States, the average for Western Aus- tralia, as in past years, has been applied to all shipments. However, as lots of South Australian tails normally bring higher prices, this average price may be too low. Probably final figures will show that export earnings will exceed sev- en million dollars, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 In Western Australia, midget and small tails accounted for approximately 57 percent of total State exports in 1958/59. For the year 1957/58, midgets represented 28 percent of total exports from Western Australia, whereas they constituted 29.4 percent of all 1958/59 exports from that State. At the same time the quantity of smalls export- ed has fallen from 30 percent to 28 percent. There has also been a decline from 22 percent to 19.3 percent in the quan- tity of medium tails exported from Western Australia. This size of tail brings the highest prices on the United States market. In South Australia, small and midget tails together account- ed for 25 percent of total tail exports and medium accounted for a similar amount. The other two sizes, large and jumbo, totaled 23 percent in Western Australia and 50percent in South Australia. This difference in percentages of sizes exported from those two States is, to a large extent, a result of the differ- ence in size of the two species of spiny lobsters exploited in those States, The southern crayfish (Jasus lalandii), which is obtained in South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania, is in general a larger spiny lobster than the Western Australian spiny lobster (Panulirus longipes) which constitutes the major portion of the Western Australia catch. Table 2 - Australian Exports of Spiny Lobsters by States, 1956/57 -1958/59 1958/59 1957/58 1956/57 Tails [Whole] Tails [Whold [Sane cota eae |71092 5,035 Size details from States other than South and Western Australia are not yet available. Production: Australian spiny lobster production in- creased substantially in the main fishing grounds in Western Australia. Victoria and Tasmania together also showed an increase over the preceding year of approximately 700,000 pounds. In South Australia and New South Wales, production fell. However, total Australian production exceeded the pre- vious year’s total by nearly 4.5 million pounds. In all spiny lobster fishing areas the increasein the num- ber of men and vessels in the fisheries, together with gener- ally good weather, resulted in higher production. Owing to this increase in the competition for spiny lobster, the fisher- men have been forced to fish over a large area; in many cases they are now fishing out to the 60-fathom line; and at the same time operating a larger number of pots than several years ago. The South Australian Director of Fisheries attributed that State’s lower production to bad weather, Table 3 - Australian Spiny Lobster Production, 1952/53-1958/59 Year Wales |Victoria]Tasmania Total » + -(1,000 Lbs. Live Weight). --.... 749 471 523 473 438 510 3, 045 543 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Australia (Contd.): The New South Wales Superintendent of Fisheries advised that the drop in production of 54,000 pounds was due to change- able conditions in inland waters during the fishing season, “The Western Australia Director of Fisheries reported that, although a greater number of men and boats operated, excellent weather conditions in all areas, which permitted the fishing fleet to work consistently throughout the season, were mainly responsible for the large increase in produc~ tion. The Victorian Director of Fisheries said the marked in- crease over the previous year was due mainly to good weath- er from January to June 1959. The Tasmanian Secretary for Fisheries reported that good weather, and an active demand for live spiny lobsters in both Sydney and Melbourne, intensfied the activities of fishermen both in old established areas and the new areas on the North West and Central West Coasts. The production data in table 3 are subject to revision. There seems little doubt, on the basis of quantity of tails ex- ported, that the data are underestimated and that 1958/59 production may exceed 26 million pounds live weight (Aus- tralian Fisheries Newsletter, October 1959). TWO VESSELS PLAN TO EXPORT TUNA CATCHES TO UNITED STATES: Australia's two leading tuna vessels, Fairtuna and Tacoma, which fish from Port Lincoln, South Australia, are in New South Wales for the earlier tuna season there. The respective owners of the vessels intend to export their tuna catch, frozen whole, to the United States west coast. Export is being handled for them on a management/cost basis. Pending export from Sydney, the fish will be held in freezers there. After the New South Wales tuna sea- son, Fairtuna and Tacoma will return to Port Lincoln to fish. Australia's tuna canneries in New South Wales had received 157 tons of the season's tuna to mid-September 1959, then bad weather spoiled fishing. A new tuna clipper, Estelle Star, is almost ready for fishing. On September 15, a vessel about 300 tons, flying the Chinese Nationalist flag, was seen apparently long-lining tuna a- bout 10 miles inside Rolley Shoals, 180 miles west of Broome, Western Aus- tralia. (Australian Fisheries Newslet- ter, October 1959.) me ok ok Kk oe Vol. 22, No. 2 USE OF AIRPLANES FOR FISH SPOTTING INCREASING: There are now four planes regularly employed in Australia spotting fish. Fishermen of Lakes Entrance, Vic- toria, took delivery at the end of August 1959 of a £5,000 (US$11,300) Piper Su- per Cub aircraft imported from the Unit- ed States. They bought the plane prima- rily for Australian salmon (Arripis trut- ta) fishing. When a worthwhile school is sighted, the plane calls the fishing boats by radio. A fishery firm and canner of Sydney was the pioneer of commercial fish spot- ting by plane in Australia, and still regu- larly employs the Piper Cub aircraft which came to Australia on the Fijian tuna clipper Senibua in 1950. The plane pilot is paid a retainer and a bonus based on the amount of fish landed. At Lakes Entrance, an Auster plane is owned and operated by an owner of a salmon boat. In Western Australia, an Auster plane, owned privately by a cannery operator, is also used by him to spot ''salmon"' schools for fishermen who supply his canneries. A whaling company of Albany uses a chartered plane, as required, to spot whales. The pioneer of whale spotting by plane in Australia was the company that op- erated the station at Point Cloates. Since they took over the former Austral- ian Whaling Commission station at Car- narvon and concentrated all their whal- ing from that port, they have not used aircraft, but they have an arrangement with an airline that when it next has a helicopter available, it will be used for experimental spotting of whales. (Aus- tralian Fisheries Newsletter, October 1959.) February 1960 British East Africa LAKE VICTORIA FISHERIES SERVICE UNDER HIGH COMMISSION TO END: The Central Legislative Assembly of the East Africa High Commission voted on September 8, 1959, to hand over the responsibilities and assets of the Lake Victoria Fisheries Service to the individual territories--Kenya, Ugan- da, and Tanganyika. oe eh COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 generally speaking with inland waters some regulations to bind the common users were necessary if the fisheries were to survive, and that ''this is the first retreat from common sense on the basis of interterritorial cooperation." Officers of the Lake Victoria Fisher- ies Service will, in most cases, be trans- ferred to the various territorial govern- ments. Assets will be taken over by the Lake Victoria, Kenya. A floating screen about 200 feet long constructed from papyrus rushes is poled out into the lake a short distance from shore. Two ends are drawn together forming a trap out of which surface -swimming fish cannot escape. The date for winding up the Fisheries Service is upon repeal of the Act estab- lishing the Service, but no later than June 30, 1960. The decision was based on practical considerations, according to the Administrator of the East Africa High Commission, who said that treat- ing the fisheries on a territorial basis would be preferable on account of the different requirements of the individual governments. The Economic Secretary of the High Commission, who moved the motion to split up the fisheries service, stated that the Lake Victoria Fishing Board had some time ago reached the conclusion that in terms of dealing with its fisheries, Lake Victoria represented a number of lakes within a lake. Both the Kenya Minister for Finance and Development and the Kenya Minister for Commerce and Industry described the measure as a ''retrograde step." The Minister for Commerce and Indus- try stated that history had shown that territorial governments where required for continuation of specific functions; other assets will be sold and the money raised used in conjunction with Colonial Development and Welfare funds for proj- ects at the East African Fishery Research Organization (a High Commission func- tion) at Jinja, Uganda. (United States Consul in Nairobi, September 11, 1959.) 2 BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNED SALMON PACK LOWER IN 1959: The 1959 canned salmon pack byBrit- ish Columbia canneries of 1,089,799 cases (48 1-lb. cans) was down sharply from the near-record of 1,900,025 cases (revised) packed in 1958. Although the 1959 pack was much lower than that for 1958 and the 1955 pink and sockeye cycle year, it was considered to be fair by the Canada 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): A Canadian purse seiner, one of the more important types of British Columbia fishing vessels, sailing out to seek the schools of salmon. Species Fors Sockeye (red). Spring (king) . . 15,760 10,550 Steelhead 3 aus 1,254 1,205 IBlueback .... 10,134 OS Coho (silver) .. 214,029 120,424 Banke ond caniebial ots 451,802 230,636 biologists concerned with the conserva- tion of the salmon of the Fraser River system. Price disputes between the salmon fishermen and canners early in the 1959 season curtailed the catch of sockeye salmon and resulted in a loss of about 200,000 cases. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1959, p. 61. He OK OOK OK eA KF BRITISH COLUMBIA EX-VESSEL AND CANNED SOCKEYE SALMON PRICES UP SHARPLY: From 1950 to 1959 ex-vessel prices paid to British Columbia fishermen have increased 55.0 percent and during the same period the export price of canned Table 1 - Pack of British Columbia Canned Salmon, 1954-59 1,406,100 sockeye salmon has advanced 45.8 per- cent, according to the Fisheries Associa- tion of British Columbia. British Columbia Sockeye Salmon Ex-Vessel and Export Prices Ex-Vessel or Fishermen's Price (Canadian ¢ Export Selling Price C$/48-lb. Case February 1960 Canada (Contd.): WEST COAST SALMON INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1959: The dominant features of the 1959 Canadian west coast salmon fishing season were: a two-week strike which tied up the fishing industry during the latter part of July and the first part of August; an unusually high catch of Fraser River sockeye salmon for an off-season year; and the high price for canned salmon resulting from short supply and the increased price for raw fish. Another significant fea- ture was the fact that less than ten percent of the salmon migrated through Johnstone Straits as compared with a much larger percentage in 1958. The 1959 Canadian salmon pack, measured in 48-pound cases, was about 1.1 million cases. Of this amount, 253,000 cases were sockeye--the most valuable species, Authorities believe that had the two-week strike not taken place, the pack would have been about 200,000 cases more. On the other hand, the price for salmon has reached an all-time high in the export market. Canners as of mid-Octo- ber 1959 reported prices of C$46 a case (48-pounds) for sockeye salmon, This has resulted in some protests from British purchasers who last year were paying $37 to $40 for the same product. Canners attribute this year’s high price to the increased prices they must pay fishermen for salmon (31¢ a pound for sockeye) and to the small catch, which re- sulted from (a) a two-week strike during the middle of the season; and (b) an off-cycle year for salmon. A large percentage of the British Columbia salmon pack is exported. In 1958, 1.5 million cases of the nearly 2-million- case pack were exported. The United Kingdom is tradition- ally the best market for the West Coast salmon pack. In 1958 the Netherlands took much more than usual because of the then low price. In 1958 a large proportion of salmon came through Johns- tone Straits (Canada) destined for the Fraser River, which permitted Canadian fishermen to catch them in that area without the necessity of dividing the catch with the United States fishermen under the terms of the Canada-United States North Pacific Salmon Convention. On the basis of scale anal- ysis of samplings of the catch which show racial origin, less than ten percent of the sockeye took this unusual migratory diversion in 1959. Local authorities believe that the cause of the unusual migratory diversion last year was the fact that the Japanese Current struck the west coast of Vancouver Is- land at a point north of its usual course, causing salmon to mill about the northern end of Vancouver Island rather than about the southern end. Authorities state that in 1959 this unusual ocean condition did not exist and that therefore the salmon followed a more usual migratory pattern. Failure of the packers and the Union to reach agreement on the price of raw fish resulted in the complete paralysis of the fishing industry for two-weeks from July 25 to August 9--the peak period of the fishing season. Most estimates agree that C$4 million were lost as a result of the strike. The two-year contract which ended the strike provided the following prices for raw fish: Salmon Species 19581/ . . (Canadian Cents a Pound). . BO CKEV EM reieici sitet sl iteiene 32 31 28 AMV RN Ss saeco veoterlbcts 11 102 94 Coho, steelhead, red spring, blueback.... 22 21 16 1/Old contract. 3k 3k) iki oki ok SALMON CATCH BY SPORTS FISHERMEN IN BRITISH COLUMBIA INCREASING: An increasing number of sports fish- ermen are fishing British Columbia wa- ters, principally for silver (coho) and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW al king (spring) salmon. British Columbia is pushing its tourist industry and salm- on fishing is one of the local attractions. For example, sports fishermen account- ed for 204,550 salmon in 1953, as com- pared with 408,900 salmon in 1958. The increasing pressure placed on the fish- ery by sports fishermen has made it nec- essary for the Canadian Department of Fisheries to maintain special records on the sport catch effort. This is ac- complished by sending questionnaires to sports fishermen as well as by checking with various fishing stations which rent boats to sports fishermen. There has also been a notable increase in the number of small boats suitable for salmon fishing purchased within the last two years by British Columbia residents. Moreover, many United States tourists bring their own boats to British Colum- bia, either by trailer or by water. As a result of the increased pressure on the fishery, the Canadian Department of Fisheries is gathering and assessing information to assist in evaluating con- servation and management needs to en- sure that the present salmon stocks are utilized and protected to a safe, sustain- ed productivity level. se fe Sle 3K Kk OK OK Ok BRITISH COLUMBIA WHALING IN 1959: The whaling company operating out of Winter Harbor Station, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, landed a record num- ber of whales during the April-Septem- ber 1959 season. But the total tonnage was below that for 1958 due to the rela- tively large number of small whales caught. The 1959 catch by the company's six catchers of 869 whales consisted of 369 finback, 185 sei, 260 sperm, 28 blue, and 27 humpback whales. The catch of blue whales, which are among the largest and are the most valuable, exceeded ex- pectations. The catch of whales in1958 was 774 and in 1957 it was 635 whales. The depressed world market for whale oil reduced the net profit from the 1959 operations to about the break-even level, the United States Consulin Vancouver re- ported in October 16, 1959. (See photo- graph on the following page.) 72 Canada (Contd.): COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW . ; a , ie he / ie , ‘< Fé Ee . ; {2 H 2” oe ae , a ¥ ot Y 7 A swirl of smoke clouds the harpoon as the gunner fires the harpoon at the humpback whale off the port bow of a Canadian whale catcher. When whale is captured, air is pumped into the carcass to keep it afloat. Voli 224 3Noe 2 tm fi It is marked with flagged and lighted buoys to be picked up later and towed to the factory, % oe oe ok XK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE POLICY DECLARATIONS INCLUDE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: Policy declarations of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce for 1959-60 in- cluded the following: ''Commercial Fish- eries: Fisheries are a basic industry of Canada that provide a livelihood for a large number of people, both directly and through secondary industry. The Chamber emphasizes the need for sup- port of policies for the protection, con- servation, and development of the fish- ery resources of our inland and coastal waters. Such policies require adequate recognition of pollution problems and adequate safeguards in relation to for- estry and water-power developments. The importance of protecting Canada's offshore fishing interests is emphasized. "Water: To encourage the maximum utilization of our water resources, Gov- ernment should continue to prosecute with vigour all hydrometric surveys, should carefully appraise the needs of fishing, irrigation, navigation, and other interests concerned. Special attention should be devoted to pollution problems, solutions for which are becoming increas- ingly urgent. The Chamber believes in February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 Canada (Contd.): statistical information available through the services of the Bureau of Statistics the development of a program for the with regard to Newfoundland fisheries, establishment of a national policy for catch and prices for fish and fish prod- the control, conservation, and develop- ucts, flow of total gross and net incomes ment of water resources for multiple from fishing, and incomes of fishermen purposes on which all interests canunite | including earnings from all other occupa- and on which a maximum of local and tions. provincial autonomy is assured." se ose osle se ok 1K 3K 3K OK OK sk sk sk ose ook ook oh OK cK OK Kk Ok FISH FLOUR DEVELOPMENTS: FISHERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ae canadian Dea Research Board of Cones aa nological station at ifax has closed one chapter in its de- INC LUDED IN REPORT OF ROYAL velopment of fish flour, but has announced a new fish flour COMMISSION ON PRICE SPREADS: prolee that promises even erceter perenne baie is Ip q = nal research experiment--exploring the abundant stocks o: Recommendations for improvement herring and alewives as the raw material for a new type of of Canadian fisheries are included ina fish flour. report released on December 3, 1 959, The original project with cod and haddock was a success. by the Royal Commission on Price Not only has the fish flour produced from cod and haddock S d P dip P li A iDYS= fillet waste atthe Halifax station proven to be of good quality, preads appointe i arliament in e but it has another quality that was heretofore missing. The cember 1957. latter factor evolving from the last stage of the experiment involved a special treatment of the product that makes it easily mixed in liquids such as milk or water. One of the -man i i as ap- problems had been the difficulty in suspending fish flour in The SEVEN as Commission We Ip liquid, but the new treatment has corrected that. There is pointed to study the extent and the causes | now more uniform suspension and the fish product be- of the spread between prices received comes as easily suspended in milk or water as does ordinary : flour, by producers of food products of agri- 2 = 9 Capping off the fish flour experiment was the recent work cultural and fisheries Onsifgial and the which indicated that the product, which is roughly 90 percent prices paid by consumers for those food protein, has a nutritive value equivalent to egg albumen, products which is the standard used in nutritional assays. The station’s venture into the herring-alewife field as a . . . = source of fish flour has met with good results so far. While The investigation was the natural out it is true that herring fish flour is not as white (it is slight- come of two conditions prevalent in 1957. | ly grayish) as the product made from coaland iowa it At the time prices for fisheries and farm is, for all practical purposes, tasteless and odorless. commodities had been falling for a num- Experiments so far also indicate excellent fish flour can . . be produced from alewives. Work is being carried on to ber of years with a resulting decrease measure the nutritional value of the new products. Analyses in the farmers! and fishermen's share of the amino acid content of the new flours will be followed 5 . tion ssays mad b of the national income. Pye eae asaya: mace on rats Development of fish flour was a postwar project sponsored : 0 1 P by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- The Commission's report lists among | tions. It was undertaken by many of the world’s leading fish- the causes for increased prices to con- ery research laboratories, including the station at Halifax. : 5 The program was prompted by a desire to supply under- sumers, higher freight rates, labor costs, | privileged nations with a cheap supply of animal protein. promotional activities, and rising real There was another reason too for emphasis on the work in 4 2 countries in the Western Hemisphere. For instance, dietetic estate costs. On the other hand the studies showed that in Canada and the United States there = = = was need for additional proteins in some diet formulations, Commission reports as causes for de especially for people engaged in heavy manual work, post- clining prices to commodity producers operative patients, and elderly people. One of the simplest . 2 A uses of the product has been as an additive to bread and the following: overproduction, reduced REreRIB: per capita consumption, inefficient mar- ms LTTE Ae Oe ae aes : . aw mater. or [18 our made fromcod an a ock is keting, and lack of quality products. the trimmings from fish filleting (but not the heads). In the case of herring and alewives the whole fish is used. From the latter species byproducts other than fish flour are also Specific recommendations covering being developed. fisheries were as follows: a Federal Fish M ees A t h f Abundance of herring and alewives on the east coast of 1s arketing Act to pave the way tor Canada gives the current experiment an added attraction. fish marketing arrangements similar That is the economic feature which, in all probability, would e 2 make production of the flour cheaper than the ‘‘white fish’’ to compulsory agricultural marketing flour. (Canadian Trade News, October 1959.) boards; establishment of a fish grading system and grade definitions for products processed and sold Fiictouletictcl by fishermen; and improvement of 74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): SWORDFISH VESSEL TRIES NEW ELECTRONIC HARPOON: A new electronic harpoon, which is a modified version of one originally de- veloped by a West German fisheries scientist, was demostrated aboard the swordfish vessel Terry and Gail off the Nova Scotia coast in the summer of 1959, Using the new harpoon showed that in 11 hours of fishing at the height of the season, 13 swordfish were sighted, 13 were killed, and 11 were landed. The two escapes were said to be the result of faulty barbs. The modified version of the electronic harpoon which has been developed by the research staff of a United States com- pany uses a 250-volt charge which is carried by cable (replacing the former rope) to the harpoon head. The shock instantly kills the swordfish which means that it can be landed in a matter of afew minutes as compared with the average of 30 minutes to 3 hours using the old technique. It is also reported that kill- ing by shock leaves the meat of the swordfish in better condition than if caught after a wild struggle. Ceylon SHRIMP FISHERY: The catch of shrimp in Ceylon is estimated to be about 0.5 million pounds annually. Small shrimp are available in local markets, but the catch is not con- sidered important enough by Ceylon's Department of Fisheries to show it sep- arately in official statistics. The small catch of shrimp is taken in lagoons or near shore with cast nets by wading fishermen. Imports during 1958 amounted to about 1.7 million pounds of dried shrimp, mainly from India. No shrimp is exported. A research officer provided under the Colombo Plan to the Department of Fisheries has conducted a survey of shrimp fisheries for over two years. His survey located some of the shrimp Vole 223 No. 2 breeding grounds, but the survey was discontinued in favor of an investigation of the spiny lobster resources in the wa- ters around Colombo. Development of a fishery for shrimp is not included in the program of fisher- ies development under the Ten-Year Plan. Under present conditions it is unlikely that Ceylon will become an exporter of shrimp to the United States in the near future. (United States Embassy in Co- lombo, December 4, 1959.) Colombia MARKET FOR FROZEN TUNA INCREASING: Frozen tuna was available in Barran- quilla, Colombia, during most of Novem- ber 1959. As the best grade of tuna re- tailed at only two pesos a pound (about 29 U. S. cents a pound at the free rate of exchange), it represented a saving to workers on their food bills. The tuna has been accepted by all sectors of Bar- ranquilla, not merely in lower-class neighborhoods. As a result, distributors are now found in nearly all parts of the city, including the better residential areas. The tuna has been supplied by the Japanese fishing vessel Seiun Maru. The fish canning firm engaged in the marketing of tuna recently made state- ments indicating that the marketing of tuna will greatly increase and will be ex- tended throughout Colombia. The firm plans to introduce 500 tons of tuna month- ly into the country. The fish will be un- loaded on both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. (United States Embassy report from Barranquilla, December 4, 1959.) France LOBSTER TAILS PACKED IN VACUUM-SEALED PLASTIC BAGS ABOARD VESSEL: The French vessel Francoise Chris- tine is the world's first craft equipped with an installation for packing spiny- lobster tails in vacuum-sealed plastic February 1960 France (Contd.): bags. Launched in February 1959, the vessel sailed for Port-Etienne in Mau- ritius a few weeks later. Two specialists, a packaging expert and an engineer, accompanied the craft on her first trip but remained onboard only 15 days until the crew had been trained to handle the vacuum-sealing plastic-packaging machinery. Although the actual catch and packing on the first trip was not revealed, it is estimated that average production per trip will be around 25 metric tons. The Francoise Christine uses trawl nets for catching the spiny lobsters, which are cut, packed in plastic bags, vacuum- sealed, and then frozen. Freezing is carried out in three tun- nels with a capacity of three tons per 24 hours. The tails are then stocked ina cold storage hold with a temperature of -9° F, The hold has a capacity of 25 tons. The Francoise Christine can also carry live spiny lobsters in tanks with a capacity of 70,000 to 80,000 lobsters. A second craft, Le Charleston, which will be longer, 99 feet instead of 90 feet, will have a larger capacity, and willsoon be ready to operate. It is estimated that the two vessels will, between them, pro- duce from 200 tons to 250 tons of frozen products annually, equal to 500 tons of live spiny lobsters. Special crushing equipment crushes the discarded edible part of the body for use in the making of lobster bisque. (World Fishing, November 1959.) -S- French Guiana FISHERIES EXPANSION INCLUDED IN PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN: Expansion of fisheries is included in a new economic development plan for French Guiana. Various parts of the plan have been under discussion for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 some time and final completion was scheduled for December 31, 1959. The three principal objectives of the plan as it concerns fisheries are: (1) to assure sufficient fish for consumption in French Guiana; (2) to exploit the shrimp grounds off the Guiana coast and develop at Cayenne a packing and shipping indus- try for shrimp; and (3) to build a plant for the manufacture of fish meal (for fertilizer and animal feed) by utilizing a fish known as ''poisson limon,'' which is found in coastal waters and the estu- aries of French Guiana. This species is plentiful on the muddy bottom and is not utilized as food at the present time. (United States Consulate, Martinique, November 10, 1959.) aS z German Federal Republic CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION FOR FISH MEAL IMPORTS REQUIRED: An ordinance passed by the Hamburg Senate on February 14, 1958, ''for the protection against the danger of intro- duction of salmonella through feedstuffs of animal origin imported from abroad," concerns West German imports of fish meal as well as other animal feeds. This ordinance forms a part of uniform Ger- man state legislation in this field, the provisions of which are applicable to all fish meal imports into Germany. Although the United States exports very little fish meal to West Germany or any other country, an understanding of the regulations may Save present or future United States exporters from loss- es. One misconception on the part of United States fish meal exporters is that the ''certificate issued by the competent authority'' mentioned in the ordinance (Section 2) means a certificate issued only by the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture. Officials of the Hamburg Hygienic Institute state that such certificates is- sued by competent Federal or state au- thorities are equally acceptable, but that they must be written in German. While such a certificate does not eliminate the necessity of inspection at the port of entry, German customs authorities may 76 German Federal Republic (Contd.): turn back an uncertified shipment. Ship- ments found to be infested with salm- onella may be sterilized under customs supervision at the port of entry and thereafter admitted. (United States Consulate dispatch from Hamburg, No- vember 23, 1959.) Be co eR th APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISHERIES, FISCAL YEARS 1958/59 AND 1959/60: Appropriations by the West German Federal Government for fisheries for the fiscal year beginning April 1959 and ending March 31, 1960, amounted to a- bout US$4.1 million. Appropriations for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vola z25Nowe2 Guatemala SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS: The Guatemalan shrimp fishery has developed slowly, due principally to the fact that there are no areas on the Pacific Coast where most of the shrimp resources occur. Informed observers estimate that eventually Guatemala can produce between 1-3 million pounds of headless shrimp a year. According to reports no shrimp exports have been made since August 1959, The break in the United States market has made it more profitable to sell the catch local- ly. Local retail outlets are now disposing of about 20,000 pounds of frozen shrimp a month, or all of the current pro- duction, No official statistics on shrimp landings are maintained, but according to estimates by observers, landings (heads- off weight) in 1956 and 1957 totaled 30,000 pounds, rose to 100,000 pounds in 1958, and were close to 300,000 pounds during the first 10 months of 1959. For 1959 it is estimated that about 75 percent of the catch was Penaeus schmitti from the Caribbean Sea and about 20 percent was Penaeus Stylirostris from the Pacific Ocean, The remaining 5 percent was a mixture of various species of Penaeus from both the Pacific and the Caribbean, West Germany's Appropriations for Fisheries, Fiscal Years 1958/59 and 1959/60 a Se a SND OO Hearn eny Fiscal Year 1956/590/ 1,000 US$ 1,000 Deutsche Marks 1,000 Deutsche Marks Diesel fuel subsidy for luggers and cutters ......... 4,000 959 3,000 Temporary medium-term loans for cutters and luggers 480 115 750 Revolving loan fund forbuilding and modernization of cutters 350 84 AMoyelpitany Way coy hia betel crise ne SEPMANARERER a a rons (5, 000) | (4, 198) Loans from amortization of ERP investments for construction of factory-trawlers .... Eyelet 6, 000 1,438 Subsidy of interest rates of commercial ‘loans ‘for building and modernization of luggers, cutters, and factory -trawlers . 400 96 Subsidy of interest rates of commercial loans for building of central freezing and distribution facilities ..... 100 24 Subsidy of interest rates of commercial medium and short- term loans for trawler companies in financial distress . . 100 24 Management advice program for the cutter fishing Companies! ye Papii ics cial ot eOieialie i ales) talee te OF DROP ORO 100 24 Exploratory fishing and gearreseatch ..........-. 800 192 Contribution to the Scientific Commission for the explora- (NYL CVF KE ose FS i5ig diced orc_O 6.6 o.0 'a G Deb 150 36 Operation and maintenance of the fishery, research vessel Am tony Dohrn cts veleteieneieemee ions & SNA 6 p65 olla get 805 193 ederal Fisheries Resear itute, Hamb clud 1,997 479 Construction of new building for InstituteS/ ....... (300) (2) Construction of new pling for Biological Institute, Helgoland3/(imny cmeworsucie nicl ann Coun: Par) = = Testing of fishery pro roducts stlelloMciteMteM(stteiicmctlomiemtsn tteate &) 2 Operation and maintenance of Federal Fisheries Policing and Protection Service of 3 vessels ........ eiell's\ = 1,941 465 Construction of third fisheries protection vessel4/ ..... = = Contributions to International Organization: International Council for Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagenyarnite canes spores oie chive) ist. cit smiemontsh tollre 24 6 Overfishing Convention of 1946, London ......... 3 1 International Council for North Atlantic Fisheries .... 10 2 1/Fiscal Year April-March. 2/Total cost of project DM4,449,000 (US$1, 066, 000). 3/Total cost of project DM4, 700, 000 (US$1, 127, 000). 4/Total cost of project DM2, 997,000 (US$718, 000) vessel placed in Service in 1957. fiscal 1959/60 were lowered by about US$200,000 from fiscal year 1958/59 appropriations. Funds for fisheries in- cluded subsidies on fuel oil for inshore craft, loans for construction and mod- ernization of fishing vessels, subsidies on loans made to the fishing industry by commercial banks, and funds for opera- tion of and construction of facilities for the Federal Fisheries Service. o0o00ogo0g0g0000 As of November 9, 1959, theré were three shrimp ves- sels fishing in the Caribbean Sea and one in the Pacific Ocean. However, there were 3 more boats tied up for repairs in the Caribbean and one vessel under repair in the Pacific and scheduled to go into operation before December 1. A recently-arrived trawler-freezer was scheduled to start Pa~ cific operations immediately. In the spring of 1959, the Caribbean shrimp trawler fleet built up to 12 boats, but fishing slacked-off and 6 of the vessels returned to the United States. The fleet as of Novem- ber 1959 consisted of two double-rigged (rigged for fishing two shrimp trawls simutaneously) trawlers, 60 and 68-feet in length, two old Biloxi-type luggers about 45 feet long (only February 1960 Guatemala (Contd.): one operating), and two smaller craft about 35 feet in length (neither of which was active). The trawler-freezer now in the Pacific operated there for about five weeks during the spring of 1959, then transferred to the Caribbean for a short period and returned to the United States for repairs, This vessel is a 78-foot converted purse- seiner. She is double-rigged and has glucose~brine freezing equipment. The other two vessels are standard-type shrimp trawlers. No shrimp trawlers are under construction in Guatemala, but there are numerous and varied plans for bringing in more trawlers. Much will depend on the price of shrimp in the United States. The Guatemalan Caribbean coast is extremely limited in area and so are the shrimp nursery grounds, Guatemala’s Pacific coast, where most of her shrimp potential lies, is definitely handicapped in not having a port where vessels can get shelter, load and unload cargo, and obtain repairs, There are only two shrimp fishing companies operating in Guatemala, with only one exporting shrimp in any a- mount. Practically all of the shrimp exported to the United States during 1959 were fresh. The fresh shrimp were packed in plastic bags with ice and transported by air. Air freight to Miami or New Orleans costs 5 U. S, cents a pound. Maximum plane capacity was 10,000 pounds per trip, but frequent trips were made with less than capacity loads. Local wholesale prices run 75 U. S, cents a pound for shrimp 20 count and larger. Counts of 21-25 and over wholesale at 60 cents a pound. Very few shrimp over 30 to the pound are landed in Guatemala. There are neither export controls nor export taxes. There is a municipality (severance) tax of 3 U. S. cents a pound, but an effort is being made to have this removed or reduced, There is one small shrimp freezing plant in Guatemala. It is located at Champerico on the Pacific coast. Freezing is done in a cold room with a reported capacity of 5 tons daily. The plant also has a daily flake-ice capacity of 2 tons and a storage capacity of 5 tons. (United States Em- bassy dispatch from Mexico, November 18, 1959.) Iceland HOPES TO INCREASE SALES OF FROZEN FISH BLOCKS TO U. S.: _ A United States Customs Court ruling has altered the tariff or customs classi- fication of frozen fish fillet blocks, and effective September 15, 1959, fishblocks made from groundfish are dutiable un- der Tariff paragraph 720 (b) at either 123 percent ad valorem or one cent a pound, depending on whether or not the blocks are packed in bulk or in contain- ers weighing with contents, less than, or more than 15 pounds each. The def- inition of immediate containers'' by U. S. Bureau of Customs is the "outer cardboard carton holding the 4 or 5 fro- zen fish blocks.'' Therefore, fishblocks are now dutiable at 1 cent a pound in- stead of 1% cents under the quarterly COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77 fillet quota and 23 cents if imported over the fillet quota. Also, imports of fish blocks now do not fall under any quota provisions. An article in the Icelandic newspaper Morgunbladid of November 10, 1959, points out that the lower U.S. tariff reg- ulations now in effect on frozen fish blocks should result in more exports of Icelandic fish blocks to the United States. The article also stated the Customs ruling represented a tariff reduction of approximately $300,000 a year for Ice- landic shippers, based on 1959 sales of fish fillet blocks to the United States. The export of fish fillets in block form (11 to 13 pounds per block) to the United States was begun in 1953. Morgunbladid's reporter asked the director of the Icelandic freezing plants corporation what effect this would have on the sale of fish to the United States. "He stated that it would facilitate and, it was hoped, increase the sale of fish to that country. This makes the Ameri- can market more favorable for us Ice- landers, in comparison with other fish markets. ... He wished to point out that advertising was unavoidable in order to maintain and develop markets in the United States. The market could un- doubtedly be increased by means of suit- able, sensible advertising but, unfortu- nately, the funds which the corporation could use for advertising were very limited. "The market for fish in the United States is good,'' said the director, ''and it will undoubtedly increase consider- ably. The consumption of fish in the United States is still very low and, even if the consumption of fish per capita does not increase, the population does so by approximately 3 million per year. In or- der to meet that increase the Americans have to obtain additional fish amounting to approximately 15,000 tons per year." ORs 605 Oy rink fed Se hd ors FISH-FREEZING PLANTS NEED MORE TRAWLERS: Some of Iceland's outlying ports have obtained loans for the building of local freezing plants and there are now 38 such 78 Iceland (Contd 5) )E plants in Iceland. These plants are now turning to the Government for help in ob- taining the fishing vessels necessary to ensure raw material to keep the plants operating. The twelve 250-ton trawlers ordered in 1958 from East Germany form part of this scheme and 3 of these were ex- pected to be delivered before the end of 1959. In addition, 8 larger trawlers are to be ordered from West German yards for delivery in 1960-61. A definite com- mitment has been made for 4 of these trawlers and favorable terms are re- ported to have been obtained. Considerable dissatisfaction has been expressed over the performance of the first of the East German 250-ton trawl- ers, which was delivered to an Icelandic north coast firm. It is claimed that the East German trawlers have a very small capacity for their size and that thay are not really suitable for the purposes for which they were bought--fishing in home waters. (The Fishing News, November 6, 1959.) St ee CORO, ere aS as 7S AS FISHERY LANDINGS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Icelandic fishery landings during January-September 1959 were 15 per- cent higher than in the same period of 1958 and 29 percent higher than during Icelandic Landing by Species, January -September 1959 with Comparative Data 1959 1958 1957 IF lounders: Pllaic ee rsrsneyeniemen ike 768 536 Oot oa? E 212 153 6 neo) Oeceoe.c 629 362 5) RoOuciomaen 143 156 eS. Oko OtD.0)O 33 19 ROMS AG eso 751 666 ise edaculsiet diieytaiane 558 602 dtd ideo oo ofo 203, 457 | 221, 127 SO coh oO a O'S 12,672| 14,558 abit, Syshicnersects 1,779 3,063 8, 429 SSL 85, 687 OOO Ole bc0 8, 898 2, 364 159,916 105, 342 1,314 1,974 em ea ss 1/Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are landed drawn. a, 16) 0) /eviehiel jemivin 6, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wool, GA, No. 2 January-September 1957. Cod and had- dock landings were down, but landings of herring, oceanperch, andflounder were upin1959. (Aegir, November 1, 1959.) Ty sh ath te Oh 3K) ski ok Sk sk FISHING FLEET TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1959: Since the stevedores at Grimsby, England, on October 26, 1959, lifted their ban on unloading fish from Iceland- ic trawlers, those vessels have report- ed good returns on their catches. The Icelandic trawlers have also received high prices at other British ports and in West Germany. In November, the Icelandic trawler fleet was concentrating on the cod fish- ery off Iceland and Greenland. However, three trawlers were reported making good catches of ocean perch on new grounds discovered by the Germans. The City of Reykjavik on November 3, 1959, authorized a loan of about Ikr. 10 million (about US$615,000) in foreign currency to start the program of con- verting from steam to Diesel the trawl- ers owned by the Reykjavik City Trawl- er Company. It is expected that the In- golfur Arnarson will be the first vessel to be converted starting in the spring of 1960. Complete conversion will cost about Ikr. 5-7 million (US$308,000- 431,000) per vessel. After conversion, operating costs will be reduced and the hold capacity.increased from 250 metric tons to 300 tons. For several months a controversy has raged over the many alleged short- comings of the 250-ton trawlers built in East Germany. Three of the trawlers delivered in 1958 have been tied-up in Akureyri for repairs. According to re- ports, the aluminum lining of the fish holds is inferior and all the concrete ballast has had to be replaced. In addi- tion, all the auxiliary engines of East German manufacture are reported to have broken down, Five East German shipyard experts have been in Iceland to try and correct the faults in the ves- sels. (The United States Embassy in Rey- kjavik reported on November 11, 1959.) Note: Iceland kroner converted at rate of Ikr. 16.26 equal US$1,. February 1960 Iceland (Contd.): NONGOVERNMENTAL 1960 TRADE AGREEMENT WITH EAST GERMANY INCLUDES FISH: The nongovernmental trade agree- ment between Iceland trade associations and East Germany was renewed in Ber- lin on November 10,1959. The agree- ment provides for exchange of goods of about US$5 million each way or about the same as in 1959. On November 14, 1959, it was an- nounced that the East Germans would purchase 10,000 barrels of Iceland south coast herring. Normally East Germany has taken about 15,000 barrels of salted herring from the south coast fishery, but due to unfavorable weather and scar- city of fish to November 12, it has been difficult for Iceland to fulfill commit- ments for herring exports. (United States Embassy from Reykjavik dated November 20, 1959.) Italy FISH CANNERS ASK RESTRICTIONS ON JAPANESE CANNED TUNA IMPORTS: Italian fish canners and dealers are asking the Government to restrict im- ports of Japanese canned tuna in oil. The Italian Government is studying the effect of Japanese canned-tuna-in-oil imports on the Italian fish-canning in- dustry. A concrete proposal was ex- pected to be made during Japan-Italy trading negotiations under way the latter part of 1959 Ke OK OOK ok Ok JAPANESE FROZEN TUNA INCLUDED AMONG FREE TRADE ITEMS: Italy is expected to include Japanese frozen tuna with items of free trade, and canned salmon and crab meat with bar- tered products. In the past, Japan's fro- zen tuna exports to Italy were bartered for Italian rice and for this reason tuna exports to Italy were limited on the basis of the quantity of rice imported by Japan to about 10,000 metric tons a year. Ital- ian tuna imports from Japan amounted COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 to 11,738 tons in 1958. However, in 1959 Japan's imports of Italian rice were re- duced because of continued bumper crops and frozen tuna imports by Italy were cutback accordingly. But including tuna by Italy with items of free trade may mean an increase in imports of Japanese tuna. Japanese exporters are in favor of raising the quota of frozen tuna exports to Italy to 20,000 tons a year. (Fisheries Economic News, November 10, 1959.) ty oO fy ph te KK OK Kk OK TUNA INDUSTRY: The Italian Association of Fishing In- dustries states that Italy's principal ports for imported frozen tuna are: Venice, Bari, Naples, Genoa, Trapani, and Paler- mo. During the past year or so, Italy has been receiving direct landings of tuna by Japanese tuna vessels, but it also re- ceives imports from Norway and one or two other European countries. There are about three leading proc- essors of imported tuna. One is located in Genoa with a plant in the vicinity of Venice; another is also located in Genoa but has plants in Chioggia (Province of Venice), Favignana, and Formica; and the third one is located in Rome witha plant at Bari. One of the two firms lo- cated in Genoa that processes imported tuna, through a subsidiary, operates Italy's largest ''tonnare’’ (areas where tuna are fished with fixed nets from shore) at Favignana and Formica, two small is- lands off the northwest coast of Sicily, in the Province of Trapani. Tuna caughtin those islands is processed there. Tuna is also caught off Sardinia by another Italian firm. (United States Embassy report from Rome dated December 13, 1959.) Bos BERING SEA TRAWLER FISHERY TRENDS: The Kinyo Maru, one of two fish-meal factoryships and fleets licensed in 1959 by the Japanese to operate in the Bering Sea, in mid-October 1959 was reported to have left the fishing grounds after at- taining its production goal. The fleet, led by its factoryship, produced 13,000 metric tons of fish meal and some 2,000 Japan 80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): tons of fish solubles, fish oil, frozen fish, etc.--a grand total of 15,000 tons of products. The fleet exceeded the 1958 production of fish meal by 4,530 tons and was scheduled to dock at Hako- date, Hokkaido, the latter part of Octo- ber. The second fish-meal factoryship fleet, Tenyo Maru, owned by two Japa- nese fishery firms, returned to Tokyo early in November. This was the first year ,of operation in the Bering Sea for this fleet, but it attained its production goal of 8,000 tons of products, mostly fish meal. In 1960 four Japanese fish-meal fac- toryships and fleets are expected to op- erate in the Bering Sea. Two fleets will be operated by one fishery firm and will consist of the factoryships Kinyo Maru and Nissho Maru. Another fishery com- pany, the one that operated the Tenyo Maru in 1959, will use a new mothership. A fourth fleet is being planned by still another fishery firm which expects to use as a factoryship the Gyokuei Maru, a 9,971-ton vessel which has been used as a tanker for Antarctic whaling, (Suisan Tsushin, November 6, 1959.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1959, p. 76. CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTS, JANUARY-JULY 1959: For the first seven months of 1959, Japanese exports of canned fishery prod- ucts were 6.8 percent greater than inthe same period of 1958, The increase was mainly in salmon. Japanese Exports of Canned Fishery Products, January - uly 1958 and 1959 994, 117 1,046,201 614, 412 1, 349, 500 296, 692 1,058, 107 213,081 189, 328 | 4, 634, 237] 4,340, 365 338, 992 885, 461 111,757 Other aquatic products . . Grand Total Vols 22505Now 2 CANNED PACK OF MACKEREL-PIKE: The Japanese Export Canned Macker- el-Pike Fishery Association has an- nounced the pack of canned mackerel- pike as of November 15, 1959: in tomato sauce 65,582 actual cases; in water 387,574 cases; and in jelly 500 cases-- total 453,656 cases. Since the canned pack quota has been established at 650,000 cases, there was still 196,344 cases to be packed to reach the quota. FREIGHT RATES TO UNITED STATES FOR CANNED GOODS INCREASED: Rates per ton that are 5 percent high- er became effective on October 1, 1959, for ocean freight shipments of canned goods from Japan to United States At- lantic and Pacific ports: To Pacific Coast: $24.50--all canned products 21.00--pet foods To Atlantic Coast: $30.00--all canned products 26.25--pet foods. Kok ok ok Ok EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Exports of fishery products by Japan during September 1959 were valued at US$21.4 million--higher by 20.9 percent from the August exports of $17.7 million and up 91.1 percent from the same month in 1958. January-September 1959 fishery prod- ucts exports were valued at $117.7 mil- lion, an increase of 12.6 percent as com- pared with January-September 1958. Fishery products exports in the first nine months of 1959 made up about 4.9 percent of Japan's exports of all prod- ucts. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, November 6, 1959.) sh We ste ste gle eK ok Ok OK PLANS MADE TO ADVERTISE CANNED TUNA IN UNITED STATES: Early in 1959 the Japanese had an- nounced that ¥50 million (US$139,000) would be used to advertise canned tuna in the United States. Half of the money February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 Japan (Contd.): was provided by the Japanese Govern- ment and the other half by the Japanese canning and freezing industries. The Fishery Agency and the International Tuna Society have been studying how to spend the money. A plan for using one- half of the amount has been announced and it was expected to be implemented late in December 1959. The money is tobe spent as follows: 1. Newspapers - ¥6,038,377 (US$16,800). Will be concentrated in northeastern states. Ads for Japanese canned tuna will appear 3 times in 14 newspapers, including the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune. 2. Trade paper - ¥774,132 (US$2,150). Ads will appear 4 times in the weekly Supermarket News. 3. Recipe leaflets - ¥5,687,838 (US$15,800). About 200,000 colored leaflets will be distributed at super- markets. 4, Distribution of general informa- tion - ¥12,500,276 (US$34,700). Articles and information on tuna will be provided to newspapers and magazines and also to retail stores. These will be brought to the attention of food editors by per- sonal interviews, telephone, and mail. Ba ES SS a ES Canned Tuna Exports by Country of Destination, January-June 1958-59 1959 1958 1958 . . . «(1,000 Actual Cases)... . 39 144 6 1,469 | 1,582 3, 129 1/Includes all types of packs--in oil, in brine, etc. FISHING INFORMATION ON 1959/60 WINTER ALBACORE SEASON: According to a forecast by the Fisheries Laboratory of Tokai University, Shimizu, albacore tuna was expected to show up late during the winter of 1959/60 off Japan. It was expected that they would first show 1,200 miles ENE. of Nojima Cape around 37903'-39900!' N. and 1639-164° E., about mid-November 1959, for only a very short time. There was also hope that the main run of the albacore would show up 700-750 miles NE. of Nojima Cape, or around 389-400 N. and 1619-1629 E., from mid-November up to mid-Decem- ber 1959. Formerly about 30 albacore boats used to fish from Shizuoka-ken ports beginning late in October. But in 1959 through mid-November practically none were in operation. It was expected that the boats would shift from mackerel- pike or saury fishing to albacore fishing toward the end of November 1959. The canners of Shizuoka district were wait- ing for the winter albacore to show up. A research institute of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, released in Novem- ber 1959 information on winter albacore fishing conditions off Japan. "Oceanic Conditions: In the sea area east of the Sanriku (central part of Hon- shu), water temperatures are similar to the same period in 1958. Kurile currents’ are more powerful and lower tempera- tures are noted in general. The Black Current is running in a northeasterly direction near Kinkazan Island (off Miya- gi Prefecture) and the water temperature of 18° C. (64.4° F.) is reaching 40° north latitude. A large warm current extends northward between 149°-154° east longi- tude and this pattern is expected to con- tinue. The cold current is powerful east of 160° east longitude and no warm cur- rent is seen to be protruding into the area, "Fishing Conditions: Because of a powerful cold current coming from the north, the southward movement of win- ter albacore tuna is expected to be ear- lier than usual. In the sea area north of 38° north latitude at 149°-152° east 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): longitude and 153°-154° east longitude, schools are expected to appear gradual- ly and it is promising as a principal fish- ing area for offshore hook-and-line fish- ing. Conditions east of 160° east longi- tude do not warrant hook-and-line fish- ing judging from oceanic conditions. The promising fishing area for long* line fishing is expected to be at 164 166° east longitude and 29°-32° north latitude with water temperatures ranging 19.8°-22.3° C. (67.6°-72.1° F.), (Fish- eries Economic News, November 21, 1959.) ok OK KOK RATE-OF-CATCH FOR ATLANTIC TUNA DROPS: A substantial drop in the rate-of- catch of Atlantic tuna by Japanese fish- ing vessels is reported. Early in De- cember 1959 a fleet of 20 to 40 long- line vessels was engaged in the Atlantic tuna fishery. Japanese vessels started fishing Atlantic tuna almost three years ago. The first year an average daily catch of 4,000 kan (16.6 metric tons) per vessel was reported. The next year it dropped to 2,000 kan (8.2 tons), but this was assumed to be natural for this type of ocean fishing. But in 1959, particu- larly since October, the catch has de- clined further. For instance, one ves- sel caught only a daily average of 1,200 kan (5 tons) and another only 670 kan (2.8 tons). But in spite of the drop in catch rates, a Japanese fishery firm was planning to send two large tuna vessels--one 470- tons and another 1,100 tons--in January to the Atlantic for the first time. All other large Japanese fishery companies have tuna vessels fishing tuna in the At- lantic. * OK ok ok SOVIET FISHERIES MISSION VISITS JAPAN: A four-man Soviet fisheries mission arrivedin Japanon November 17, 1959, for approximately three weeks of in- spection of Japanese fishery facilities, The group com- prised the chief of the Kamchatka Fish Conservation Bureau; a staff member of the Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Vol. 22-Now 2 Fisheries and Oceanographic Laboratory; the chief of the Inshore Exploratory Fishing Group; and an interpreter attached to the Maritime Province People's Economic Council. Their itinerary took them to Hokkaido from No- vember 20 to 27 for visits to salmon hatcheries and other fishery installations, after which they went to Na- gasaki, Shimonoseki, and Yaizu to gather information on mackerel and tuna fishing. The exchange of such missions has been recommended in each of the past three years by the annual conference of the Japan-Soviet Convention on Northwest Pacific Fish- eries. In 1957 the exchange did not materialize because of delays in the Soviet response to Japanese communi- cations, In 1958 each side sent about a dozen of its fish- ery experts, and the reconnaissance tours were conducted on a large scale in both countries. In 1959 Japan sent only four men, headed by the research chief of the Japa- nese Fisheries Agency, and the group confined its activi- ties largely to an inspection of salmon-fishing operations in Kamchatka over a three-week period in August-Septem- ber. The reciprocal Soviet mission was naturally concerned principally with salmon, especially with salmon-hatching activity in Hokkaido and with Japan’s procedures for enforc- ing the conservation regulations established by the Japan- Soviet Fisheries Commission, Soviet accusations of Japa- nese violations of those regulations caused the Japanese delegation much trouble at the last annual meeting of the Commission, The 1959 mission, like that which came to Japan in 1958, also showed an interest in whatever information it could obtain about the operating techniques in other major Japa- nese fisheries. Reports indicate that since 1958 the Soviet fishery for saury off Japan’s coast has been put on a commercial basis and there are strong indications that the Russians intend to move on a large scale into fisheries for mackerel, tuna, and bottom fish in areas which are now dominated by the Japanese. At their first press conference in Tokyo on November 23, the Russian Mission’s spokesman reported that Soviet salmon production in Kamchatka in 1959 was 25 percent under the plan because of the effects of the Japanese high- seas fishery. In Hakodate, at another press conference on November 28, it was pointed out that the Soviet fisheries had made a very poor catch, especially of pink salmon; also that the U.S.S.R. might find it necessary to shut down salmon fishing in Kamchatka altogether in 1960, but that this would have little effect unless the Japanese also took steps to cut down their catch as much as possibie, (United States Embassy in Tokyo, December 3, 1959.) %K 3K Ke ok ok YELLOWFIN TUNA EXPORT PRICE TO UNITED STATES FIRMER: In November 1959 landings of tuna from the Indian Ocean consisted of few- er yellowfin tuna but more "bluefin Indo" and albacore tuna. This has firmed up the export price of frozen yellowfin to the United States. The price in Novem- ber 1959 was US$255 f.o.b. a ton (gilled and drawn fish of 20-80 lbs.) or about $10 higher than in August. The landed price of fresh yellowfin was about ¥98 a kilo ($247 a short ton). The higher Jap- anese export price is also attributed to a sharp decline in the transshipments of Atlantic tuna to the United States since August 1959. February 1960 Japan (Contd.): TRANSSHIPPED ATLANTIC FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES DECLINE: Japanese transshipped frozen Atlan- tic tuna exports to the United States that began in August 1958 have dropped off sharply because of the large percentage of rejects at United States west coast canneries in April and May 1959. On the other hand, there has been a sub- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 it is fishing to assist in assembling oceanographic data, In recent years the tuna catch ratio in the Indian and Pacific Oceans has been on the decline and exploitation of new fishing grounds has extended into the At- lantic Ocean. All operating Japanese tuna vessels have expressed concern over decreased catches and increased operating days to catch a full load of tuna. Japanese Frozen Atlantic Tuna Direct Exports and Transshipments, 1959 d a ts) eee Japanese fishing vessels: Direct landings by Yugoslavia France 2/Short tons for shipments to United States, and metric tons for other countries. stantial increase in direct landings of frozen Atlantic tuna at ports in Yugo- slavia, France, and Africa. More re- cently direct landings in Colombia, the Canary Islands, Spain, and Libya were beginning to materialize. Further de- velopment of those new markets is ex- pected in 1960. STATUS OF TUNA STOCKS IN INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS: The Director of the Tokau University Fisheries Research Institute issued the following statements about the status of tuna stocks in the Indian and Pacific Oceans: (1) In recent years large-size tuna caught in the Indian and Pacific Oceans are decreasing in number and more small and medium fish are being caught. It is, therefore, necessary to change fishing methods to catch more medium and small size fish. (2) Small and medium size tuna have more mobility and the location of fish- ing grounds changes according to oce- anic conditions. Ocean conditions are deemed important and each Japanese vessel is requested to report on its posi- tion and water temperatures in the area This condition is attributed to the fact that the catch of large fish is down and catch objectives should be shifted to small and medium fish which are more abundant than large fish. Schools of small and medium tuna are usually thick, but they are so sensitive to water tem- perature that a very small variation in the Indian Ocean brings about a change in their location. Accordingly, selecting fishing grounds becomes more difficult without proper oceanographic data. Despite the fact that tuna fishing op- erations have been going on for the past few years in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, there are few data available on seasonal changes in ocean currents in the sea areas where tuna fishing grounds exist. At present about 140 tuna vessels be~ longing to Shizuoka and Mie Prefectures are furnishing data which will be useful in assessing tuna fishing conditions. But in view of the great expanse of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the data furnished are not adequate and the Fisheries Re- search Institute is calling upon vessels belonging to other prefectures to coop- erate and is planning to put the collec- tion of data on a nation-wide basis. we ok ok kK OK 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION UP SHARPLY: There has been a sharp increase in fishing vessel construction in Japan, according to fishing vessel construction data for the first half of 1959 compiled by the Fisheries Agency. Actual con- struction of steel fishing vessels total- ed 12,153 tons (30 vessels) in 1957, 18,412 tons (71 ships) in 1958, and17,212 tons (103 ships) for the first half of 1959. Of the total for January-June 1959, tuna vessels amounted to 9,794 tons (29 craft), about twice as much as tuna vessel con- struction for 1958 of 4,731 tons (19 craft). Most of the increase in fishing vessel construction is in tuna vessels. (Fisheries Economic News, Novem- ber 23, 1959.) *K OK OOK Ok EMIGRATION OF FISHERMEN TO ECUADOR PROPOSED: Nagasaki Prefecture, westernmost prefecture of Japan, is planning to send a large number of fishery emigrants to Ecuador, South America. It has asked the Tokyo Fisheries College's scientific research mission, which was expected to leave Japan for Ecuador, to make an investigation. The mission is sched- uled to use its training ship Umitaka Maru, 1,450 tons, for an investigation of the Galapagos Islands. Nagasaki Prefecture requested the mission to make a study of resources, fishing methods, and fishing seasons of shrimp, sardines, and tuna in Galapagos waters. (Suisan Tsushin, November 9, 1959.) Latvia FISH FACTORYSHIP ADDED TO FLEET: The fishing fleet in Latvia now in- cludes a new "floating fish processing factory'' or factoryship, according to a report in Fiskets Gang (November 12, 1959), a Norwegian fishery trade peri- odical. The vessel, which is one of Latvia's best and most modern for catching and processing fish at sea, de- parted in November 1959 on its maiden Volk 1225 No» 2 trip, according to a November 27 news item in Vodnyj Transport. The factory- ship was built ina shipyard in Niko- laevsk. JAPANESE-MALAYAN TUNA FIRM SLOW GETTING STARTED: The joint Japanese-Malayan tuna fishing enterprise, which was establish- ed at Peran, Malaya, in the summer of 1959, is slow getting started. The con- struction of a cold-storage plant was under way in November. Of the two fish- ing vessels scheduled to start fishing for the firm, only one, the Koshin Maru, 99 tons, of Mie Prefecture, has already been chartered. The company hopes to be in full operation by April 1960, when canned tuna for export to Southeast Asia, and fish sausage and fresh tuna for local consumption will be produced and on sale. Malaya > ee Mexico PROGRAM INSTITUTED FOR SALE OF FISH AT ESTABLISHED PRICES: Considerable public and press discus- sion in Mexico was evident during the summer of 1959 regarding the effort of the Federal Government to assure more reasonable prices of fish to the ultimate consumer. The Direccion General de Pesca has instituted a program where- by fish may be sold at established prices, either to the principal fish market in Mexico City (the Ferreria), or else- where. The principle opponents of the program have been some of the fishdis- tributors. Some of the fishermen are not too pleased with the plan, as they must bringin some of what has hitherto been considered inferior fish which bring lower prices in order to assure suffici- ent fish on the market. Despite these difficulties, it would appear that the Government program assures the fisher- man the opportunity of selling his fish at an established price whenthere is an February 1960 Mexico (Contd.): Ps CAMPANA NACIONAL PAO AUMENTO DEL CONSUMO DE PESCADO A Chilean "Eat-Fish" poster--one of several used in Mex- ico to increase the consumption of fish. abundance of fish and whenthere are in- sufficient fish, apparently the fisherman can Sell the fish to markets other than the principal market in Mexico City, if he believes it is to his advantage. (Unit- ed States Consulate dispatch from Vera- eruz, dated October 12, 1959.) SHRIMP INDUSTRY, NOVEMBER 1959: Shrimp landings at Mexican east and west coast ports January-July 1959 totaled 77.8 million pounds (heads-on), 48.7 percent more than the landings in the similar period of 1958. Landings on the west coast were up 47.1 percent and those on the east coast rose 53.2 percent. Table 1 - Mexican Shrimp Landings (heads-on), January-July 1958-1959 Vessels Registered for Shrimp Fishing: During January- July 1959, a total of 7,619 fishing craft was registered for shrimp fishing in Mexico. Of this total, only 1,198 were ves- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 sels of over 10 tons. Due to possible duplication, it is esti- mated that there were only about 1,000 active shrimp trawl- ers operating January-July 1959. Fishing craft 10 tons and under are largely dugout canoes powered by oars, sail, or outboard motor and used for fishing in the inland bays and lagoons. ee Table 2 - Shrimp Fishing Craft Registered in Mexico, January- SULy, 1959 Gut | Coast Total Pacific Coast TST OMOnEerenalatelisuaiiene UUSSOMONS are eteaeiotcis 585 51-100 tons .. n'o4 155 101 tons and over’ Current Ex-Yessel Prices: Ex-vessel prices shown in table 3 are for Salina Cruz (west coast) and Ciudad del Car- men (Gulf of Mexico) and are current as of November 5, 1959. At that time in those two ports there was no price differential on the basis of species or color, This, of course, is unusual and reflects United States market conditions. In Mazatlan and Guaymas white shrimp commanded a higher price than brown. Table 3 - Ex-Vessel Shrimp (heads-off) Prices, November 5, 1959 ane me ludad del Carmen . (U.S. Cents Per Pound) . Size (Number/Lb., Headless) At Salina Cruz and Cuidad del Carmen, November 1959 costs (in U. S. cents per pound) for packing, processing and shipping were: pack- ing material, 3; export duty and other charges, 4; ocean freight to United States, 3; hauling charges, 1/2; storage charges, 1/2; association dues, 1/4. In addition, for grading, packing, and freezing at Salina Cruz costs were 7 cents a pound and at Cuidad del Carmen 3-1/2 cents a pound. At Salina Cruz there is also a cost of 1-1/2 cents a pound for freight to port of embarkation. Total costs at Salina Cruz were 19.75 U. S. cents a pound and at Ciudad del Carmen 14.75 U. S. cents a pound. Packing, Processing, and Shipping Costs: Export Prices: On shipments from the Carmen-Campeche Gulf of Mexico area, export prices for shrimp are based on f.o.b. Brownsville, Tex., prices minus 15 U. S. cents a pound. Export prices at Salina Cruz are also based on Brownsville prices minus 20 U. S. cents a pound. Table 4 - Export Prices for Frozen Shrimp f.o.b. Mazatlan, November 1959 Size White Shrimp (Headless Count Qeuman limita: Brown Per Pound [a t 2nd Shrim ) s | ni alk ) SEEN Ses (U..S. Cents a Pound) .... (Uidexsel Olesen ici ciel oie 72 67 62 [Underslsrerencier-reue 72 67 58 WEA) So asco acon 72 67 58 UD ns ow OGG o ed 56 51 49 PAS-SO oS cinodacpe 47 42 42 BS“) Ge Soo ooo DN) 38 35 35 ELE OO Roe to len ek iets 33 30 30 RUHR) o GG aa ep bo oS 28 26 26 ere HS na ooo mS 26 23 21 ee ae 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Mexico (Contd.): At Mazatlan on the central west coast of Mexico, Novem- ber 1959 export or f.o.b. prices for frozen shrimp (as deter- mined by deducting sales commission of 7 and 8 percent in the United States, freight, and border crossing fees) varied from 72 U. S, cents a pound for under 15 count first quality white shrimp to 21 U, S, cents a pound for 66 and over count brown shrimp. Exports: Mexican shrimp exports during the first nine months of 1959 totaled 41.8 million pounds of frozen shrimp, valued f.o.b. at 315.4 million pesos (US$25.2 million). Ex- ports of fresh, canned, and dried (mostly fresh) shrimp a- mounted to only 10,000 pounds, valued at 76,000 pesos (US$6,100). The bulk of the frozen shrimp exports were shipped to the United States. Of the 109,000 pounds shipped to other countries, a large percentage went to Nicaragua and some to Guatemala and Jamaica. Nearly all of the fresh shrimp exports of 9,500 pounds were shipped to the United States. Of the canned shrimp exports of 440 pounds, half were shipped to the United States and the other half almost equally divided among Guatemala, Spain, France, and Canada. (United States Embassy dispatch from Mexico, November 5, 1959.) Morocco LANDINGS OF FISH AND SHELLFISH, 1958: During 1958 landings of fishand shell- fish in Morocco amounted to about 355 million pounds. Landings of sardines made up 76.8 percent of the total. Other varieties of importance were about 17 million pounds of bluefin tuna (in- cludes small amount of skipjack), about Bluefin tuna ~ Quantity 1,000 Lbs] 272,844 Atlantic bonito Skipjack tuna 132 Mackerel & Spanish mackerel L Table 1 = Morocco's Landings of Fish and Shellfish, 1958 species Latin Namel/ Sardinia pilchardus Engraulis eucrassicholus Thunnus thynnus Sarda sarda \KKatsuwonus pelamis Scomber scombrus & S, colias Common Name Sardine or pilchard Anchovy Auxis bisus Frigate mackerel 5,393 uthynnus alletteratus Little tuna 260 Merluccius merluccius Hake 571 Merluccius senegalensis Hake 4,367 Pomatomus saltatrix Bluefish 7,227 Xiphias Swordfish 486 agellus sp. Sea bream 4,327 Trachurus trachurus Horse or jack mackerel 4,011 Sargus vulgaris annularis 2 260 Chrysopterus aurata = 57 Sciaena aquils Maigre 1,299 Lichia vai igo = 539 Trigia sp. Gurnards 1,084 (Orcynopsis unicolor & Lichiaaraia | - 482 Morone sp. Bass or white perch 133 Mugil sp. Mullet 121 Mullus surmulutus Surmullet 721 ‘onger conger & Muraena helena Conger & morey eels 345 nguilla valgaris Common eel 15 Alosa alosa & A, pinta Shad 378 [Scorpaena scrofa & S. poreus Scorpionfish 64 Salpa salpa = 371 Rhombus maximus = 22 Solea solea Common sole 614 Raja sp. Skates & rays 791 Mustelus or Squalus sp. | Sharks or dogfish 701 (Cadus luscus Zeno falser = 65 Eusytharus lingustula Loligo & Sepia sp. | Squid or cuttlefish 1,128 (Barapensens anguostris | Shrimp 2,064 \Palinurus vulgaris & P. mauritanious | Spiny lobster 45 Homarus vulgaris Common lobster 25 |Nephrops novegious Norway lobster 27 Mytilus edulis | Mussel 156 Unclassified fish or shellfish 6,398 Total 355,305 [T/Some uncertainity as t correct spelling of latin names, obvious misspellings Inoriginal data corrected ts correspond tw United States usage Vol. 22, No. 2 2 million pounds of bonito and little tuna, and close to 22.5 million pounds of com- mon mackerel, Spanish mackerel, and frigate mackerel. In addition, the 1958 landings included 7.2 million pounds of bluefish, 2.1 million pounds of shrimp, and 4.9million pounds of hake or whiting. About 3 million pounds of tuna are canned and a small amount frozen-- mostly exported to the French Customs Zone. Most of the tuna was caught by sardine purse seiners, but about one- third was caught by madragues (fixed nets leading out from shore). There are nine madragues fished in Moroccan territorial waters. (United States Con- sulate, Casablanca, November 30, 1959.) Nicaragua SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, APRIL-JUNE 1959: Shrimp landings in Nicaragua fell off considerably during the second quarter of 1959 and the Collector of Customs re- ported only 107,000 pounds, valued at US$46,316, exported during that period. About 90 percent of the exports went to the United States. A French-owned concern is going ahead with plans for a modern fish proc- essing and packing plant in Bluefields, on the Caribbean Sea coast of Nicaragua, and plans to buy some fishing boats in the United States. (United States Em- bassy at Managua reported on Novem- ber 10, 1959.) FROZEN FILLET SALES UP FOR 1958/59: The Norwegian cooperative sales organization Norsk Frossenfisk A/L reports a total production of 19,546 metric tons in 1958/59 (July-June), with a gross sales value of nearly Kr. 67 mil- lion (US$9.4 million). Fillet sales were 12 percent higher than in 1957/58, and total exports increased by about Kr. 5 Norway February 1960 Norway (Contd.): million (about US$700,000). Exports to the United States alone were valued at Kr. 25 million (US$3.5 million) as against only Kr. 7 million (about US$1 million) in the preceding year. Meanwhile, Norway's second largest frozen fish producer has announced plans to expand the capacity of its fillet plant at Hammerfest, North Norway, from 5,000 to 10,000 tons a year. This will provide jobs for some 1,000 plant work- ers, aS compared with about 450 at present. Under a Government bill submitted to Parliament early in November, the North Norway Development Fund would be authorized to guarantee a Kr. 12.5 million (US$1.8 million) loan to Nor- way's second largest frozen fish pro- ducer. The loan would help to finance the plant expansion, held to be of great importance to the economy of western Finnmark. Skok we ke KOK KK ok OK RESEARCH VESSELS SEEK FISH IN DISTANT WATERS: The Norwegian ocean research ves- sel G. O. Sars left the port of Aalesund early in December 1959 to search for the whereabouts of herring in the North Atlantic. After locating the main shoals, G. O. Sars will follow the herring on their eastward migration to spawn off the Norwegian coast. During the second cruise, expected to start January 1960, the vessel was to be joined by another research vessel, the Johan Hjort, which in December was surveying fishing grounds off West Af- rica, Initial reports indicated that those waters offer very good conditions for factory trawlers. Meanwhile, two Sunnmore fishing op- erators are actively planning to partici- pate in the rich sardine fisheries off Ghana, possibly on a year-round basis. As a first step they have joined Ghana interests in setting up a Ghana-register- ed fishing firm. (News of Norway, De- cember 10, 1959.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 Poland FISHING INDUSTRY SEEKS NEW FISHING GROUNDS IN ATLANTIC: With a marked decline in the Baltic fisheries over the past few years, Po- land has turned her attention to search- ing for new distant-water fishing grounds. At the present time Poland is landing something over 80,000 metric tons of Baltic-caught fish and about 125,000 tons of fish caught in the North Sea and off the Norwegian coast. The heavy building program for fish- ing vessels, and the fact that the first of the new series of factoryships is due to go into production in 1960, means how- ever that landings are likely to be in- creased. By 1965, Poland plans to be landing 260,000 tons of fish annually, and nearly twice that amount ten years later. That is, she will have the capa- city to do so, if she can find the fish. Besides the Baltic and the North Sea, Poland is interested in the north and central Atlantic. But earlier this year the Jan Turlejski left Gdynia on an ex- perimental voyage to test the possibility of using bottom trawls along the coast of West Africa. Fishing off Port Etienne, Mauritania, about 10 tons of various species of fish were caught in four days of fishing, and this was considered suc- cessful enough to make the trip worth- while. During May 1959, a second expedition left for Labrador Banks. Three trawl- ers, all oil-burning steam vessels of 500 tons, took part, much of their fish- ing equipment being supplied by East Germany, who also offered technical advice. The expedition took 31 days and about 200 tons of ocean perch were caught. The third expedition in 1959 left in July for a 3-month voyage to be made by.a 79-ft. cutter to the Bay of Biscay to fish for tuna. The results of this ex- pedition will not be known for some- time. (World Fishing, November 1959.) 88 Portugal CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY-AUGUST 1959: Portugal's exports of canned fish during January-August 1959, amount- ed to 43,349 metric tons (2,373,000 cases), valued at US$22.3 million, as compared with 38,267 tons, valued at US$20.4 million, for the same period in 1958. Sardines in olive oil exported during the first eight months of 1959 totaled 31,294 tons, valuedat US$15.1 million. Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January -August 1959 Species V ardines in olive oil. . . #3 ardine & sardinelike fish in brine . una & tunalike fish in olive oil . Anchovy fillets 1 43, 349 22,263 During January-August 1959, the leading canned fish buyer was Germany with 9,494 tons (valued at US$4.7 mil- lion), followed by Italy with 6,300 tons (valued at US$3.6 million), United States with 4,133 tons (valued at US$2.9 mil- lion), Great Britain with 3,732 tons (val- ued at US$1.7 million), and Belgium - Luxembourg with 2,751 tons (valued at US$1.3 million). Exports to the United States included 1,731 tons of anchovies, 586 tons of tuna, 1,725 tons of sardines, and 29 tons of mackerel. (Conservas de Peixe, October 1959.) ok OK OK Ok cK CANNED FISH PACK, JANUARY-AUGUST 1959: The total pack of canned fish for January-August 1959 amounted to 25,290 metric tons as compared with 26,336 tons for the same period in 1958. Can- ned sardines in oil (15,667 tons) account- ed for 61.9 percent of the January-Au- Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-August 1959 Metric+/ 1,000 Cases Tons Product Olive Oil: Sardines Sardinelike fish Anchovy fillets Tuna 25, 290 1,448 Sr Tota] Meanie en ane 1/Net weight. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vole’ 22) Now 2 gust 1959 total pack, up by 8.3 percent from the pack of 14,468 tons for the same period of 1958, the October 1959 Conservas de Peixe reports. HOOK OK OK OK COD FISHING FLEET HAD POOR SEASON: By early November 1959 the Portu- guese cod fishing fleet has returned from the fishing grounds off Newfoundland and Greenland and confirmed earlier reports of a poor catch. The Delegate of the Por- tuguese Ministry of Marine, who accom- panied the fleet, stated that the yield per hour of trawling in the Greenland area has declined from 4.19 metric tons in 1955 to 2.45 metric tons at present. The catches of the trawl-line vessels declined from about 4.13 tons to 2.79 tons per hour fishing per vessel. The drop in the catch per unit of effort is causing grave con- cern to the Portuguese cod fishing indus- try, the United States Embassy in Lisbon reported on November 19, 1959, Kok ok KK FISHERIES TRENDS, JANUARY-AUGUST 1959: Sardine Fishing: During January- August 1959, the Portuguese fishing fleet landed 45,242 metric tons of sardines (valued at US$4,696,590 ex-vessel, or about $103.80 a ton). August 1959 landings of sardines totaled 16,802 tons valued at US$1,712,834. Canneries purchased 59.6 percent, or 10,019 tons, of the sardines (valued at US$1,048,661 ex-vessel or about $104.67 a ton) during August 1959. A total of 6,770 tons was purchased for the fresh fish market, and 3 tons were salted. Other Fishing: The January-August 1959 landings of fish other than sardines were principally 19,591 tons of chinchards (value US$1,334,087) and 3,031 tons of anchovies (value US$276,522). (Conser- vas de Peixe, October 1959.) Sem ee ce FISHERY LANDINGS IN PORTUGAL, MADEIRA, AND THE AZORES, 1958: Landings of fish and shellfish (exclu- sive of the whale and cod fisheries) in Portugal, Madeira, and the Azores in February 1960 Portugal (Contd.): 1958 amounted to 275,223 metric tons (about 606.8 million pounds), valued at Portugal: Fish: Tuna & similar . Anchovy & sprat Spanish & common mackerel . Cachucho & besugo Pargo & common sea bream Scabbardfish Tima & similar Spanish mackerel . Chinchards .... . Pargo & common sea bream Scabbardtishwmteusieitaiiel ions Tuna & similar .. Spanish mackerel . COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 112,554 tons landed in 1957. However, the landed value of sardines in 1958 was down sharply (about $88.39 a metric ton as compared with $115.93 a ton in 12, 192 28, 720 14, 819 88, 425 9,075 331,096 24,093 48, 418 14, 358 128, 476 10,580 38, 146 27, 361 85, 907 6, 878 375,151 19, 672 56,555 8,999 110, 410 146, 194 2_| 885, 853 40, 196 53 16 46 2 Crabs, nbrtere, & other crustaceous .. Squi ee and other molluskse 5 Grand Total: Portugal Madeira and ‘Azores no 275,223 | 906,769 | 31,740 | 263,805 974, 475 33,895 : Values converted at rate of 1,000 seus) equal US$35. Values less than US$500 US$31.7 million. The 1958 landings were up about 4.3 percent in quantity from the 263,805 tons (about 581.6 mil- lion pounds) landed in 1957, but dropped in value by 6.9 percent from the 1957 value of US$33.9 million. Sardine land- ings in Portugal in 1958 of 131,088 tons were higher by 16.5 percent from the 1957) from the preceding year and re- flected the slump in world markets for many Canned fish products in 1958, Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1959, p- 73 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Portugal (Contd.): SARDINE LANDINGS NEAR RECORD IN 1959: During the fall of 1959 catches of sardines were good and the Portuguese canneries were active. After a late start, sardine landings improved and the total landings for 1959 will be close to a record, Landings of sardines dur- ing the last 15 days of October amount- ed to 14,150 metric tons, valuedat about US$1,127,000. Exports of canned fish were good, but due to a shortage of tinplate, stocks on hand were declining as of November, the United States Embassy in Lisbon reported on November 19, 1959. Ryukyu Islands LANDINGS AND IMPORTS, 1958: Fishery landings in 1958 in the Ryu- kyu Islands amounted to 15,786 short tons, excluding 7,785 tons of skipjack tuna. Many Japanese vessels now exploit productive East China sea-fishing grounds within 250 miles of Okinawa. These fish are taken to Japan, then Vole22ea Nowa shipped back to the Ryukyus for consump- tion in frozen or processed form. Imports in 1958 totaled 8,121 short tons, valuedat ¥$2.3 million, as follows: frozen, 2,617 tons; dried and salted, 1,628 tons; dried skipjack sticks, 191 tons; canned fish, 3,685 tons. (Forei Commerce Weekly, November 2, 1959.) Spain VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Fish Exchange: Landings at the Vigo, Spain, Fish Ex- change for the third quarter of 1959 totaled 21,636 metric tons, or 5,165 tons more than the second quarter of 1959 and 3,855 tons more than the same quarter of 1958. The value of landings during July-September 1959 at the Exchange totaled US$3,723,000 (calculated at the current rate of exchange of 60 pesetas to the dollar), a decrease in dollar value from the pre- vious quarter of about 10 percent, and about 22 percent below the same quarter of 1958. Hake, small hake, and horse mackerel were the most plen- tiful species landed in the July-September 1959 period, and in total the most valuable. The albacore tuna season, that began favorably in June and July with landings running well ahead of those for 1958, finished the third quarter at a slightly lower level than for the same period of 1958 (4,230 tons as compared with 4,567 tons). Sardine landings, after a slow start in June and July, were more plentiful in August and especially in September than they had been in several years. The catch for the quarter totaled 5,574 tons as compared with 2,011 tons for the same quarter of 1958. Fish Canning and Processing: Fish bought for canning dur- ing the third quarter from the Vigo Fish Exchange reached the seasonal peak at 6,575 tons, an increase of 4,919 tons over the second quarter of 1959, and 880 tons more than the third quar- ter of 1958. Production of fish meal and other byproducts rose from 2,314 tons during the second quarter to 3,467 tons for the July-September quarter, and an increase of 1,665 tons over the third quarter of 1958. Increased purchases at the Exchange by the canning indus- try reflect the adequate supply of albacore and the increased availability of sardines over 1958. The low price paid for alba- core early in the season did not hold as canners’ demand for albacore increased. The average price per kilo paid in Sep- tember was 14.92 pesetas (about 11.3 U. S. cents a pound or US$226 a short ton). The substantially increased purchases of fish for the by- products industry reflected an attempt by the fish meal in- dustry to meet internal consumption needs, a fourth of which was estimated to have been met in 1958 through imports. As reported previously, import licenses for fish meal im- ports are not being granted until the National Fisheries Syn- dicate certifies that national production cannot meet demand, In addition, the processors have been able to purchase large quantities of sardines of inferior quality not suitable for can- ning, raw material which had previously been lacking, the United States Consul in Vigo, Spain, reported on October 13, 1959. Note: Exchange rate for Spanish peseta was changed from 42 pesetas per US$1 on July 1, 1959. February 1960 Sweden HERRING EXPORT AGREEMENT REACHED WITH CZECHOSLOVAKIA: The Swedish west coast fish organi- zation, which handles the export of fish from the west coast of Sweden to Com- munist countries, has entered into an agreement with Czechoslovakia calling for immediate delivery of 350 metric tons of frozen herring and 500 tons of winter herring to be delivered in Janu- ary 1960. (United States Consulate in Goteborg, December 1, 1959.) ek ook ok ok HERRING SALES TO EAST AND WEST GERMANY INCREASE: Swedish exports of herring to East Germany of about 4,500 metric tons that accumulated in cold storage plants dur- ing a temporary export stop to East Ger- many (ended late in October) were com- pleted about the end of November 1959, according to a Swedish west coast fish- ermen's organization. A spokesman for the organization describes the fall 1959 demand for her- ring in East Germany as good and sales presented no difficulties. The only prob- lem was catching the fish. Swedish herring was also in very good demand in West Germany where high prices were being paid. This en- couraged Swedish fishermen, who oper- ate large trawlers, to proceed to Cux- haven when fully loaded and land their herring direct. The reason for the large West Ger- man demand for herring is said to be a result of the poor herring catches made by the West German fishermen in the English Channel. Except for some bad weather during November which consid- erably reduced the Swedish herring catches off the Norwegian south-west coast at the Egersund Bank in the North Sea, the fishing there has been good. With the return of good weather later in November there were about 100 Swedish vessels fishing on the Egersund Bank, states a November 24, 1959, dispatch from the United States Consulin Goteborg. KK KK Ok COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 NEW FISHERY RESEARCH VESSEL PLANNED: The keel of a new steel Swedish fish- ery research vessel was due to be laid at the beginning of 1960 at the naval yard at Karlskrona. It is expected it will be possible to deliver the vessel in the fall of 1960. Its main dimensions are as fol- lows: length over-all 30.25 meters (99.2 feet); length between perpendiculars 25.50 meters (86.7 feet); breadth 6.40 meters (21.0 feet). An official of the Swedish Fisheries Board in a press interview said that in addition to the vessel's survey duties it will also serve as a Supply ship for her- ring fishermen in the North Sea. Experimental handling and processing of fish will be part of the work of this vessel, and for that purpose there will be two fish holds. In this field collaboration has been established with the Swedish Institute for Preservation Research which cooperated in planning quick-freezing equipment. The ship laboratories (one large one for biological and hydrographical exami- nations and one small one for bacterio- logical research) will be placed in the forepart of the superstructure on the main deck in order to obtain maximum use of daylight and ventilation. This lo- cation also has the advantage of minimum movement while at sea. The new survey vessel will have two separate echo-sounding units construct- ed for different frequencies. The larger unit, comprising a recording echo-sound- er, a magnifying glass, and a periphone, will be installed in the navigation cabin, and the smaller unit, comprising only a recording echo-sounder, will be located in the laboratory. Further, a marine radar, will be installed. (United States Consulate in Goteborg, November 30, 1959.) i *K OK OK OK OK PLANT BEING BUILT TO MAKE FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE: A plant for the manufacture of a pro- tein product made from fish or fish waste and containing a food content consisting chiefly of albumen will be erected at Bua, 92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Sweden (Contd.): a fishing village near Varberg, Sweden, according to a report in the Goteborg press. Production of the preparation is expected to commence early in 1960. From 12-15 persons will be employed in the manufacturing process at the out- set. The manager of the factory will be the Hungarian engineer who invented the process. The product will be exported to un- derdeveloped countries through the Food and Agriculture Organization. (United States Consulate, Goteborg, Novem- ber 17, 1959.) —_—— Union of South Africa EAST GERMANY AND YUGOSLAVIA PURCHASE FISH MEAL AND OIL: The Chairman of the South African Fish Meal Producers Association re- turned to Cape Town in November 1959 from a 23-month sales trip abroad and reported that he had obtained orders for fish meal and oil--US$1,396,000 from East Germany and US$698,000 from Yu- goslavia. (United States Consulate, Pre- toria, November 25, 1959.) Be oe Hon CO We ook ook ook ook FROZEN FISH DEMAND GROWING: A Union of South Africa firm has hired a frozen food expert to assist in the promotion of sales of all its frozen products. It will be one of the expert's duties to tour the Union and possibly the Rho- desias advising retailers generally on the best way of handling frozen products, and of promoting rapid sales. His ef- forts are being backed by radio and newspaper advertising. Among the new products recently put on the market by the firm are frozen breaded fish portions and frozen cur- ried fish cakes, both of which are prov- ing very popular with South African housewives. Vol. 22, No. 2 Throughout Southern Africa in the past two years there has been a big swing towards frozen food products, and more and more products will reach the house- wife in that form. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re- view, October 1959 SEALING OPERATIONS: From estimates of numbers on land, it is believed that the total number of seals of all ages inhabiting South African Cape rookeries does not exceed 50,000, one third of which are young animals, the South African Division of Fisheries reports. The term ''Cape rookeries' is intended to cover those islands and rocks on which seals congregate~7 Elephant Rock, Jacob's Reef, Robbesteen, Duiker- klip, Seal Island, Geyser Rock, and Quoin Rock, A flourishing fur-sealing industry has been developed. The industry is mainly concerned with the export of raw pelts and has neglected the byproducts. The number of pelts taken during winter seal- ing has increased from 27,087 in 1950 to 3,317 in 1955; So far the annual take of seals has prevented any large-scale recruitment to the adult classes and there is no spe- cial need to control the population on any basis other than the usual commer- cial one of annual killing for profit. The report states that male seals are much larger than females, the for- mer reaching a body weight of from 450 to 800 pounds, the latter fluctuating be- tween 200 and 300 pounds. Young seals are seldom heavier than 100 pounds. Seals are seldom found in large num- bers at sea, small groups composed of two or three animals being most fre- quently encountered, Larger concentra- tions of seals occur only when prey is particularly abundant. Their food con- sists of fish, squid and crustaceans. The remarkable growth of the Union's commercial fisheries obscures any im- pact that the seals may be having on re- February 1960 Union of South Africa (Contd.): sources of small fish. It is considered unlikely that the seals compete Serious- ly with modern fish techniques (electron- ic shoal-location and the use of lampara seine nets), nor do they affect the com- mercial catch to any great extent. Where fishing grounds are artificial- ly depleted, the seal, as a better organ- ized predator, is able to compensate for lack of prey by adjusting its diet and hunting elsewhere. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re- view, October, 1959. THREE PADDLE-WHEEL VESSELS BUILT FOR OYSTER-SHELL INDUSTRY: Three of the most unusual vessels ever built in South Africa have been launched from a Cape Town shipyard. A shallow-draught dredger and two barges propelled by paddle wheels will ger Movement of Dred Dredger a v Pa} 3 = oy i) iY) (a) Fig. 1 - Side view of dredger digging oyster shells and loading them mechanically onto the barge, which will take them to the plant. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 gather oyster shells from a deposit esti- mated at tens of millions of tons in the Langebaan Lagoon. Behind this vast deposit lies one of the great marine mysteries of the Cape West Coast. Some time in this lagoon extension of Saldanha Bay, many years ago a species of red oysters, Ostrea atherstonei, thrived and abounded in countless millions. This species can still be found in small quantities on the Cape coast, but some change in water temperature or silting killed it off in the Langebaan Lagoon. The oyster shells of Langebaan--in a 16 square mile area, 30 and more feet deep--form one of the largest known de- posits in the world, approached in ex- tent only by a deposit in Denmark and another in Chesapeake Bay in the United States. The Langebaan shells have been gath- ered for 50 years and more, but their real value has only been realized in the past 7 or 8 years. The shell beds, about six miles up the lagoon, are large flat deposits cov- ered by a thin layer of silt and intersect- ed by channels. They have been worked by a 90-year old converted lighter, which gathers the shells for washing and sun- drying ashore. These Shells are then crushed and the grit and powder is des- patched in hessian bags. Production has reached 300 tons a month, all of it sold in the Union. This will now be stepped-up to 2,000 tons a month to meet all local requirements and perhaps also leave a surplus for ex- port abroad where the market, like the Langebaan deposit, is almost unlimited. To increase production, the South African firm is re-equipping its oyster- shell business. In addition to the three paddle-wheel vessels, a new factory was erected, The two barges, which were launch- ed last in September, are flat-bottomed vessels of welded steel construction. They have flat plate and cone section hulls, are each 58 ft. long, 21 ft. 4 in. wide, 5 ft. deep, and are designed to op- 94 Union of South Africa (Contd.): erate in only 2 ft. 8 in. of water. Self- trimming vessels, they are designed to maintain an even keel while loading and carrying shells fed from the dredger. Eachbargeis equipped with two paddle wheels. Fig. 2 - Wide-beamed 58-foot long paddle-wheel barge with shallow draft used for loading and carrying oyster shells in South Africa. Each barge will carry 56 tons of shells in 24 containers measuring 4 ft. by 4 ft. by 6 ft. 6 in. Two types of con- tainer will be tried, one of metal fram- ing with wire mesh to allow the shells to drip and one of solid plate with per- forated plate bottom also to permit drip. These containers will be carried ina spa- cious hold 16 ft. 9 in. wide by 25 ft. 1 in. long. The barges are utility craft. Buoy- ancy will be maintained by a watertight forepeak, a watertight compartment be- low the simple wheelhouse, and by water- tight compartments aft around the two paddles. The barges will probably be crewed by one man, who may be assisted by crew carried to and from the dredger. This dredger, which is 51 ft. long, is similar in basic design and construction to the barges, but has a closed engine- room, raised bridge, and spacious ac~- commodation for the crew. The main paddle drive will be by a 40 hp. electric motor through double chain reduction with a tramway control- ler on the bridge. But the dredger's paddles are for auxiliary movement only as she will warp her way across the oyster beds and will only use them for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 occasional movements to other beds, to and from the factory jetty, or for trot- ting her moorings. Thus the main func- tion of the engine will be to generate electricity for motors driving the dredg- ing plant and for lightirg. Dredging of the beds will be by a grab bucket dredging crane, mounted on the foredeck. This crane will have a 20-ft. boom and all-round revolving slewing gear. The receiving hopper of the dredg- er is arranged so that, when slewing from dredging, the crane will not have to luff. From the grab bucket the shell will fall into a hopper and from this into a three-stage vibrating shell-washing plant below deck, which will remove sand and other foreign matter. After washing, the shell will be lifted in stainless steel buck- ets and fed through a telescopic chute aft down to the containers in the barge. It is planned that initial recovery will be 56 tons of shell in an eight-hour work- ing day. While the dredger works into the beds, the barge will le aft receiving the shells through the chute. In the mean- time the other barge will be discharging at the factory dock. At about 3 p.m. each day this barge will leave the jetty ar- riving at the dredger an hour later. The full barge will arrive at the dock about 5 p.m. and will stand all night to allow the shells to drip dry into thebilges. The next morning the dock crane will un- load the vessel and replace the empty containers. A second stage would be to increase the dredging crane rate so that the barges change twice a day. Containers will be emptied on the dock into a slow-moving slat conveyor 14 ft. wide which will in turn feed the first shore plant bucket elevator at the entrance to the factory building. From the elevator the shell will be fed to four shell-louvred steel drying bins, each with a capacity of 56 to 60 tons. This will enable each load from the dredger to stand drying for four days before proc- essing. The bins will discharge to a bucket- conveyor elevator which will feed a ham- mer mill crusher. From this crusher the shell grit and powder will go to over- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Union of South Africa (Contd.): head sieve screens which will divide it into grit, fines, and powder. Large- size overtailings will be returned by spout to the crusher feed. Crushed and sorted shell will be piped to grading bins for feeding to the automatic packing and weighing machines below. These machines will pack it into paper valve bags, each containing 100 pounds of shell grit, fines, or powder. A feature of the factory and dredging plant is that all conveyors, elevators, chains, elevator and conveyor sections, and electric motor drives will be identi- cal and interchangeable. (The South Af- rican Shipping News and Fishing Indus- try Review, October 1959. wh th Oe MR ote *k ok ok ook OK WHALING LAND STATION SEASON IN 1959 SUCCESSFUL: The Union of South Africa's 1959 off- shore whaling season off the Natal and Zululand coasts (East Africa) extended from mid-April to mid-October 1959. During the season 1,829 whales were caught and yielded 6,285 long tons of whale oil, slightly more than 3,800 long tons of sperm oil, 71,000 short tons of whale meal, and 345 short tons of whale meat extract. As compared withthe 1958 season production in 1959 increased by about 100 tons of whale oil and the yield of whale meal and extract was substan- tially higher. The South African whaling firm ex- perimented in 1959 with asdic equipment fitted to one catcher and utilized aircraft for spotting and plotting purposes. The firm is more than satisfied with the re- sults of these innovations, but it is doubt- ful that next season will see an increase in this type of equipment. It is believed that it will take two years of comparison to convince the conservative management that asdic should be fitted to all catchers of the whaling fleet. (United States Con- sul in Durban, December 1, 1959.) 95 U.S. S. R. GOOD FISHING GROUNDS FOUND IN DAVIS STRAIT OFF WEST GREENLAND: Rich fishing grounds off the coast of West Greenland in Davis Strait have been discovered by the Soviet fisheries re- search vessel Muksun. The 400-mile stretch from Cape Farewell on the south- ern tip of Greenland to Disco Island on the west coast has been found to abound in cod, ocean perch, wolffish, and floun- ers. The Muksun, whose catch on some days exceeded 12 metric tons, reported that the new grounds could be fished by all types of fishing vessels. Purpose of the expedition undertaken by the Muksun, which carried scientists from the Baltic Sea Fisheries and Ocea- nographic Research Institute, was tomap the ocean bed and concentrations of fish with a view to obtaining the most effici- ent trawling operations and improving techniques. The maps prepared by the Muksun's oceanographers, it is expected, will help fishermen of many countries in exploit- ing the rich fisheries off the coasts of Greenland. (World Fishing, November 1959.) Je gle se cle ok oK Ok OK OK OK TUNA FISHING IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN INITIATED: The Soviet Union has begun its first trial fishing for tuna in the Pacific Ocean, according to a report in Fiskets Gang (November 12, 1959), a Norwegian fish- ery trade periodical. The original news item appeared in Leningradskaja Pravda (October 18). The first Russian specially-built long- line vessel for tuna fishing left port ear- ly in the fall of 1959. The 800-ton ves- sel has a Diesel motor of 600 hp. It is 151 feet long and almost 30 feet in breadth, and is equipped with special winches and fishing gear consisting of 74.6 miles of long line. The vessel can remain at sea for two months and has a crew of 25, 96 We S.-OmRen(Gontds)) In all there are 12 tanks on the ves- sel calculated to hold 120 metric tons of tuna plus freezer space. Two of the tanks are for the livers of sharks, which are often taken on the tuna lines. ft United Kingdom CONTAMINATION IN OYSTERS ERADICATED BY NEW TREATMENT: The British health authorities are permitting the sale of oysters harvested from suspected contaminated areas pro- vided the shellfish are cleansed in tanks in accordance with the Ministry of Agri- culture and Fisheries Laboratory's rec- ommendations. A number of British oyster planters have installed and are operating cleansing tanks. The largest cleansing plant is in West Mersea. The plant consists of three double 20 feet by 5 feet by 2 feet 6 inch- es reinforced concrete tanks laid side by side, with two sheds for housing wa- ter-circulating pumps, ultraviolet lamp batteries, weir tanks, and cascade towers. Double reinforced concrete tank capable of treating 10,000 oysters at One time. These and all the auxiliary equipment necessary to operate the plant--trays for the oysters, bagging equipment, and pumps and hoses for refilling the tanks-- are enclosed by a 6-foot wooden fence. The plant covers some 400 square yards and costs between £1,500 and £2,000 (US$4,200-5,600). Oysters are brought into the enclo- sure in baskets and are carefully tipped (so that none of them are damaged) on to a clean concrete surface at the head of the tanks. There they are givena COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 thorough washing to remove all the mud. Then they are placed in 5 feet by 2 feet wood framed trays with wire netting at the bottom--500 to a tray, no more. The trays are placed in the treatment tanks which have already been filled with clean sea water. Each double tank will hold 20 trays; so that the total number of oysters that can be treated simultane- ously in that plant is 30,000. Water is then circulated by the pumps installed in the sheds. It is drawn from the bottom of the tanks through pipes in- to overhead tanks in the sheds. In the tanks it passes at a very shallow depth over a weir and under ultraviolet lamps. Then it is carried to cascade towers in which it drops some 3 or 4 feet and is aerated in the process. From the towers it is led back to large diameter pipes running round the top edges of the treatment tanks. From small diameter branch pipes, fitted at intervals in the large one, the water spurts upwards and inwards--for oxy- genation--back into the tanks. After 48 hours in the treatment tanks, the oysters are completely cleansed. They then have to be lifted from the trays and bagged for transport to market. (The Fishing News, October 16, 1959.) 6 JAPANESE-VENEZUELAN TUNA FISHING OPERATIONS IN CARIBBEAN: The joint fishing venture in Caribbean waters by Japanese and Venezuelan in- terests is popular in Venezuela, accord- ing to a report from Japan. Two Japa- nese long-liners have been fishing in the Caribbean under an agreement between the Chiba Prefecture Fisheries Promo- tion Company of Japan and Venezuelan interests. The Japanese invested 49 per- cent and the Venezuelans 51 percent in the joint undertaking and Chiba Prefec- ture has supplied the two 85-ton fishing vessels and crews. The Prefecture is saidto have agreed to construct two more fishing boats at a cost of US$222,222 Venezuela February 1960 Venezuela (Contd.): with construction scheduled to begin by the end of 1959. The Venezuelans report that demand for tuna caught by the Japanese is heavy and steadily growing. steele 904 Oe ok ook OK ok ook TUNA VESSELS FISHING OFF BRITISH WEST INDIES: Several Venezuelan fishing vessels, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97 ing for tuna about 15 miles southwest of the British West Indies Island of Grenada, According to the West Indies Fisheries Bulletin of September/ October 1959, the tuna are iced aboard the vessels and landed in Venezuela. Catches are re- ported to average 50 tuna a day per boat, with occasional daily catches of 100 tuna. any Se oe | from 60-80 feet over-all length, are fish- WHALE'S TEMPERATURE AND HEART BEAT RECORDED Two Woods Hole scientists obtained a cardiogram and temperature observa- tions of a 45-foot whale earlyinDecember1959. For years scientists have tried vainly to obtain such information of the largest existing animals. A marvelous opportunity occurred when a 50-ton male finwhale beached at Provincetown, Mass., on the tip of Cape Cod and stayed alive for several hours. Warned by a Woods Hole observer, Dr. John W. Kanwisher of the Woods Hole Oce- anographic Institution and Dr. Alfred W. Senft of the Marine Biological Laboratory hastily collected equipment and took the measurements until shortly before the whale died. The cardiograms showed a pulse beat of 25 per minute (human--72 per minute) and the estimated relative size of the heart as about 500 pounds, compared tosome 250 grams (8.8 ounces) for ahumanheart. Dr.Senftalso determined how the heart sits inthe chestand the time interval fromthe pacemaker of the heart to the con- traction of the ventrical. The electrodes necessary to measure the small electric currents whichoccur in connection with the contraction of the heart muscle were improvised by Senft by using some sharpened welding rods. These were stuck some 8 inches through the whale's blubber in positions similar to those used for a human cardiograph. The observed voltages did not differ markedly from those of man's heart, despite the size differences. Of course, it must be kept in mind that the beached whale was not a particularly happy one. As the whale's condition deteriorated there were changes in the cardiogram not unlike those seenin humans when the oxygenation is impaired. It appeared that the whale suffered a conduction block, a common defect in man's heart. H While the cardiograms were made, Kanwisher obtainedtemperature measure- | ments and collected respiration samples from the whale's blowhole. Kanwisher | has worked for years onthe temperature regulation of animals and has worked on | questions suchas: ''How does a whale keep warm in polar seas'' and "how does he lose heat when swimming fast''? A whale has no sweat glands and cannot take its overcoat (blubber) off. Asin the case of the heartbeat of the large whales, obser- vations have been unsuccessfully tried for years. The Provincetown whale had aninternal body heat of 92° F., while the fins and tails had a temperature of 50° F. Initially, the dorsal fin (used as a radiator) was much warmer. Gas samples taken from the whale's breath showed that the animal's lungs were not functioning well. The whale extracted only one-third as much oxygen from the inhaled air as humans do. The heart specialist Dr. Paul Dudley White, who has spent much time and ef- fort to obtain cardiograms of large whales, was informed of the successful obser- vations and offered to give his opiniononthe records. Accordingly, Senft and Kan- wisher met White in Boston, together with a representative of an instrument manu- facturing company. It was emphasized that the obtained information is but one phase in a continuing program of observations and thatmuch more work remains tobedone. Accordingly, a program was initiated to make future plans for an ex- pedition and to determine what sort of equipment should be readily availableto pre- vent on the spot improvisation. 98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION LIST OF FOOD ADDITIVES GENERAL- LY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE ISSUED: Federal Register of November 20, 1959. A list of food additives or substances human diet. generally recognized as safe appeared in an order issued by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration and published in the Title 21—FO0D AND DRUGS Chapter I—Food and Drug Adminis- tration, Department of Health, Edu- cation, and Welfare SUBCHAPTER B—FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS PART 121—FOOD ADDITIVES Subpart B—Exemption of Certain Food Additives From the Require- ment of Tolerances SUBSTANCES THAT ARE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE Pursuant to the authority vested in the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (secs. 409, 701, 72 Stat. 1785, 52 Stat. 1055, as amended 72 Stat. 948; 21 U.S.C. 348, 371), and delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs by the Secretary (23 F.R. 9500), and after having considered all comments on the proposed order published in the FEDERAL REGISTER Of December 9, 1958 (23 F.R. 9511), containing a list of sub- stances regarded as generally recognized as safe within the meaning of section 409 of the act, the Commissioner has con- cluded that the substances in that list with the exception of carbon black, char- coal, oleic acid, linoleic acid, titanium dioxide, and ultramarine blue, are gen- erally recognized as safe. Therefore, it is ordered, That the food additive regula- tions (21 CFR Part 121 (24 F.R. 1095)) be amended by adding thereto, under Sub- part B, the following new section: § 121.101 Substances that are generally recognized as safe. (a) It is impracticable to list all sub- stances that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use. However, by way of illustration, the Commissioner regards such common food ingredients as salt, pepper, sugar, vinegar, baking pow- der, and monosodium glutamate as safe for their intended use. The lists in para- graph (d) of this section include addi- tional substances that, when used for the purposes indicated, in accordance with good manufacturing practice, are re- garded by the Commissioner as generally recognized as safe for such uses. (b) For the purposes of this section, good manufacturing practice shall be defined to include the following restric- tions: (1) The quantity of a substance added to food does not exceed the amount rea- sonably required to accomplish its in- tended physical, nutritional, or other technical effect in food; and (2) The quantity of a substance that becomes a component of food as a result of its use in the manufacturing, process- ing, or packaging of food, and which is not intended to accomplish any physical or other technical effect in the food itself, shall be reduced to the extent reasonably possible. (3) The substance is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient. Upon request the Commissioner will offer an opinion, based on specifications and intended use, as to whether or not a particular grade or lot of the substance is of suitable purity for use in food and would generally be regarded as safe for the purpose in- tended, by experts qualified to evaluate its safety. (c) The inclusion of substances in the list of nutrients does not constitute a finding on the part of the Department that the substance is useful as a supple- ment to the diet for humans. (d) Substances that are generally rec- ognized as safe for their intended use within the meaning of section 409 of the act are as follows: CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES Ascorbic acid. Ascorbyl palmitate. Calcium ascorbate. Calcium propionate. Erythorbic acid. Potassium sorbate. Propionic acid. The order became effective on Decem- ber 20, 1959. The order also points out that inclu- sion of substances as nutrients does not constitute a finding that the sub- stance is useful as a supplement tothe The order as it appeared in the Fed- eral Register follows: Sodium ascorbate. Sodium propionate. Sodium sorbate. Sorbic acid. Tocopherols. BuFFERS AND NEUTRALIZING AGENTS Acetic acid. Aluminum ammonium sulfate. Aluminum sodium sulfate. Aluminum potassium sulfate. Ammonium bicarbonate. Ammonium carbonate. Ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium phosphate (mono- and di- basic-). Calcium carbonate. Calcium chloride. Calcium citrate. Calcium gluconate. Calcium hydroxide. Calcium lactate. Calcium oxide. Calcium phosphate. Citric acid. Lactic acid. Magnesium carbonate. Magnesium oxide. Potassium acid tartrate. Potassium bicarbonate. Potassium carbonate. Potassium citrate. Potassium hydroxide. Sodium acetate. Sodium acid pyrophosphate. Sodium aluminum phosphate. Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium carbonate. Sodium citrate. Sodium hydroxide. Sodium phosphate (mono-, di-, tri-). Sodium potassium tartrate, Sodium sesquicarbonate. Sulfuric acid. Tartaric acid. EMULSIFYING AGENTS Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and digiycerides from the glycerolysis of edible fats or oils. Mono-.and diglycerides from the glyceroly- sis of edible fats or oils. Monosodium phosphate derivatives of mono- and diglycerides from the glycerolysis of edible fats or oils. Propylene glycol. February 1960 MISCELLANEOUS Papain. Phosphoric acid. Acetic acid. Propane. Aluminum sodium sulfate. Propylene glycol. Aluminum sulfate. Triacetin (glyceryl triacetate) . Butane. Tricalcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate, tribasic. Sodium carbonate. Caramel. Sodium phosphate. Carbon dioxide. Sodium tripolyphosphate. Carnauba wax. Citric acid. Glycerin. Glycerol monostearate. Helium. Magnesium carbonate. Magnesium hydroxide. Monoammonium glutamate. Nitrogen. NONNUTRITIVE SWEETENERS Calcium cyclohexyl sulfamate. Calcium saccharin. Saccharin. Sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate. Sodium saccharin. Product Tolerance Specific uses or restrictions ANTICAKING AGENTS Aluminum calcium silicate In table salt. In baking powder. In table salt. Do. Do. Magnesium silicate. Tricalcium silicate CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES Benzoic acid ‘ONjpercent==--"------2-c--=—--— === Butylated hydroxyanisole_-_..- Total content of antioxidants not over 0.02 percent of fat or oil con- tent, including essential (volatile) oil content, of food. Butylated hydroxytoluene-__---.--- d Caprylic acid____.-----_--- In cheese wraps. Dilaury! thiodipropionate__--.--..---_ Total content of antioxidants not over 0.02 percent of fat or oil con- tent, including essential (volatile) oil content of the food. (Gum pualactaenes n-ne seen ace ccee 0.1 percent (equivalent antioxidant | In edible fats or oils. activity 0.01 percent). Nordibydroguajaretic acid__-_----..-_ Total content of antioxidants not over 0.02 percent of fat or oil con- tent, including essential (volatile) oil content of the food Potassium bisulfite. --- Potassium metabisulfite. Not in meats or in food recognizable as 8 source of vitamin B,. Propy! gallate. t over 0.02 percent of fat or oil con- tent, including essential (volatile) oil content of the food. Sodium benzoate__..-..-----.-------- Oseper con (henson see este nnescccncenee| Not in meats or {n foods recognizable as a source of vitamin By. 0. Sulfur dioxide- ‘Thiodipropioni t over 0.02 percent of fat or oil con- tent, including essential (volatile) oil content of the food, EMULSIFYING AGENTS 0.02 percent. In coJa type beverages. 0.0015 percent_ As fiimigant for cashew nuts. As migratory substance from pack- aging materials when used as a Ethyl formate __-- Magnesium stearate_-_ stabilizer. In foods for special dietary use. Egg whites. NUTRIENTS Copper gluconate. Cuprous iodide. a Hable salt as a source of dietary ie. Potassium iodide.----------------- noel Leos CO kscccccccseanccedssererasseane= Do. SEQUESTRANTS ! Isopropyl citrate Sodium thiosulfate_ In salt, Btearyl citrate. --..-.-.-------. 1 For the purpose of this ist no attempt has been made to designate those sequestrants which may also function as chemical preservatives. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99 NUTRIENTS Ascorbic acid. Calcium carbonate. Calcium oxide. Calcium pantothenate. Calcium phosphate (mono-, di-, tribasic). Calcium sulfate. Carotene. Ferric phosphate. Ferric pyrophosphate. Ferric sodium pyrophosphate. Ferrous sulfate. Iron, reduced. i-Lysine monohydrochloride. Niacin. Niacinamide. D-Pantotheny] alcohol. Potassium chloride. Pyridoxine hydrochloride. Riboflavin. Ribofiavin-5-phosphate. Sodium pantothenate. Sodium phosphate (mono-, Thiamine hydrochloride. Thiamine mononitrate. a-Tocopherol acetate. Vitamin A. Vitamin A acetate. Vitamin A palmitate. Vitamin B,,. Vitamin D,. Vitamin D,. di-, tribasic). SEQUESTRANTS For the purpose of this ist, no attempt has been made to designate those seques- trants which may also function as chemical preservatives) Calcium acetate. Calcium chloride. Calcium citrate. Calcium diacetate. Calcium gluconate. Calcium hexametaphosphate. Calcium phytate. Citric acid. Dipotassium phosphate. Disodium phosphate. Monocalcium acid phosphate. Monolsopropyl citrate. Potassium citrate. Sodium acid phosphate. Sodium citrate. Sodium diacetate. Sodium gluconate. Sodium hexametaphosphate, Sodium metaphosphate. Sodium phosphate (mono-, di-, tribasic-). Sodium potassium tartrate. Sodium pyrophosphate. Sodium tartrate. Sodium tetrapyrophosphate. Sodium tripolyphosphate. Tartaric acid. STABILIZERS Agar-agar. Carob bean gum (locust bean gum). Carragheenin. Guar gum. Effective date. This order shall be- come effective 30 days from the date of its publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER. (Sec. 701, 52 Stat. 1055, as amended; 21 U.S.C. 871. Interprets or applies sec. 409, 72 Stat. 048; 21 U.S.C. 348) Dated: November 13, 1959. [SEAL] Geo. P. LARRICK Commissioner of Food and Drugs. 100 WARNING ISSUED ON USE OF TERM "CHOLESTEROL" IN LABELING OF COMMON FOODS: Addition of unsaturated fats andoils to. the otherwise unchanged ordinary diet will not reduce blood cholesterol and prevent heart attacks and strokes, the Food and Drug Administration announced on December 10, 1959. Representations to the public that salad oils, shortenings, oleomargarine, and similar products have value for these purposes are false and misleading and will cause such prod- ucts to be misbranded, according to a statement of law-enforcement policy published in the Federal Register of De- cember 10. The Commissioner of Foodand Drugs said there is widespread interest in the possible relationship between blood cho- lesterol levels and heart and artery dis- eases. As a result, he explained, ref- erence to the term ''cholesterol"' in the labeling of common foods now being of- fered to the public may have the effect of a claim of special value for prevent- ing or treating these diseases. The Commissioner added: "Scientific investigations of fatty sub- stances as a possible factor in lowering blood cholesterol and preventing heart COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 disease should be continued, and this policy statement does not interfere in any way withlegitimate research and clinical evaluation of unsaturated fats in the diet. It is our responsibility, however, to point out that the public has been misled into relying prematurely on data whichare still experimental, incomplete, and con- tradictory, and to head off false and mis- leading promotions based on such data." Cholesterol is a substance that is manufactured in the body and has an im- portant function in many of the body tis- sues. It is also present in animal fats and oils such as butter, lard, bacon, and meat fat. The blood level of cholesterol is controlled largely by synthesis in the body and is affected very little by the a- mount present in our foods. The agency further pointed out the view of nutrition scientists that it is impracticable for a person to add enough unsaturated fats to an other wise unchanged diet to bring about any significant change in blood cholesterol. Increased weight, they add, is the only result that is likely to be a- chieved by increasing the intake of fats. The policy statement, based on an ex- tensive survey of leading medical au- thorities, published in the Federal Reg- ister, follows: Title 21—FOO0D AND DRUGS Chapter I—Food and Drug Adminis- tration, Department of Health, Edu- cation, and Welfare SUBCHAPTER A—GENERAL PART 3—STATEMENTS OF GENERAL POLICY OR INTERPRETATION Status of Articles Offered to the Gen- eral Public for the Control or Re- duction of Blood Cholesterol Levels and for the Prevention and Treat- ment of Heart and Artery Disease Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Under the authority vested in the Sec- retary of Health, Education, and Welfare by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (sec. 701(a), 52 Stat. 1055, as amended; 21 U.S.C. 371) and delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs by the Secretary (23 F.R. 9500), and pur- suant to the Administrative Procedure Act (sec. 3, 40 Stat. 237; 5 U.S.C. 1002), the following statement of policy is issued. § 3.41 Status of articles offered to the general public for the control or re- duction of blood cholesterol levels and for the prevention and treatment of heart and artery disease under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (a) There is much public interest and speculation about the effect of various fatty foods on blood cholesterol and the relationship between blood cholesterol levels and diseases of the heart \and arteries. The general public has come to associate the term “cholesterol” with these diseases. A number of common food fats and oils and some other forms of fatty substances are being offered to, the general public as being of value in the control or reduction of blood cholesterol levels and for the prevention or treat- ment of diseases of the heart or arteries... (b) The role of cholesterol in heart and artery diseases has not been estab- lished. A causal relationship between blood cholesterol levels and these diseases has not been proved. The advisability of making extensive changes in the nature of the dietary fat intake of the people of this country has not been demon- strated. (c) It is therefore the opinion cf the Food and Drug Administration that any claim, direct or implied, in the labeling of fats and oils or other fatty substances offered to the general public that they will prevent, mitigate, or cure diseases of the heart or arteries is false or mis- leading, and constitutes misbranding within the meaning of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (Sec. 701, 52 Stat. 1055, as amended; 21 U.S.C, 371. Interprets or applies sec. 403 (a), 52 Stat. 1047; 21 U.S.C. 343 (a) ) Dated: December 7, 1959. [sea] Gero. P. LaRRICK, Cominissioner of Food and Drugs. February 1960 Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES FROZEN RAW BREADED FISH PORTIONS VOLUNTARY STANDARDS PROPOSED: Frozen raw breaded fish portions (in- cluding raw breaded fish sticks) volun- tary grade standards are proposed by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies. The regulations are proposed for adoption in accordance with the authori- ty contained in Title II of the Agricultural Marketing Act of August 14,1956, as a- mended. Functions under that Act pertain- ing to fish, shellfish, and any products thereof were transferred to the Depart- ment of the Interior by section 6(a) of the Fishand Wildlife Act of August 8, 1956. The proposed standards, if recommend- ed to the Secretary of the Interior for adop- tion and made effective, will be the first is- sued by the Department prescribing volun- tary grade standards for frozenraw bread- edfish portions. The proposed regula- tions were publishedin the December 5, 1959, issue of the Federal Register. The proposed standards include prod- uct and grade description; factors of quality, including ascertaining the grade, evaluation of flavor, odor, appearance, absence of defects, andcharacter; def- initions and methods of analysis; lot certification tolerances; and score sheet. The frozen raw breaded fish portions are described as uniformily-shaped un- glazed masses of cohering pieces (not ground) of raw fish meat coated with suitable, wholesome batter and breading, at least 3/8-inch thick. Standards for fried or cooked breaded fish sticks have been in effect for some time. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101 | Treasury Department FROZEN TROUT FROM JAPAN NOT BEING SOLD AT LESS THAN FAIR VALUE IN U. S.: The U. S. Department of the Treas- ury has determined that frozen brook trout from Japan are not being sold in the United States at less than fair value. This was announced in the December 22, 1959, Federal Register. The notice points out that a complaint was received that frozen trout from Japan were being sold to the United States atless than fair value within the meaning of the An- tidumping Act of 1921. The ruling as published in the Federal Register of De- cember 22, 1959, follows: Office of the Secretary [AA 643.3] FROZEN TROUT FROM JAPAN Determination of No Sales at Less Than Fair Value DECEMBER 11, 1959. A complaint was received that frozen trout from Japan were being sold to the United States at less than fair value within the meaning of the Antidumping Act of 1921. I hereby determine that frozen trout from Japan are not being, nor are likely to be, sold in the United States at less than fair value within the meaning of section 201(a) of the Antidumping Act, 1921, as amended (19 U.S.C. 160(a)). Statement of reasons: It was deter- mined that merchandise similar or iden- tical to the merchandise sold for ex- portation to the United States was sold for home consumption in Japan in suf- ficient quantities to form an adequate basis of comparison. The comparison disciosed that purchase price was not less than home market price, after ap- propriate adjustment for higher costs of packing on sales to the United States. This determination and the statement of reasons therefor are published pur- suant to section 201(c) of the Antidump- ing Act, 1921, as amended (19 U.S.C. 160(c)). [SEAL] LAURENCE B. ROBBINS, Acting Secretary of the Treasury. 102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Eighty -Sixth Congress (Second Session) CONGRESS RECONVENES: The sec- ond session of the 86th Congress con- vened January 6, 1960. The first ses- sion adjourned September 15, 1959. All legislation before the House and Sen- ate during the first session remained in its status as of adjournment and is subject to further consideration dur- ing the second ses- sion. Bills intro- duced in the first session do not have to be reintroduced. Bills reported out ofa committee or passed by one body of Con- gress remained in status quo and do not have to retrace legislative steps during the second session. FISH SPAWNING PROTECTION IN SALMON RIVER: S. 2586 (Church and Neuberger), bill pend- ing before the Senate Interstate and Foreign Com- merce Committee; introduced in Senate August 24, 1959, during the first session of the 86th Congress. Amendment introduced in Senate January 19,1960, proposes to further strengthen original bill by pro- hibiting the licensing of any dam on the Salmon River, Idaho, whether or not such dam would prove more or less restrictive to the passage of salmon than existing down-stream structures; referred to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com- merce. As amended, the bill would keep the Salm- on River open and unobstructed until the fish pas- sage problem has been satisfactorily solved. INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE COMMITTEE INVESTIGATIONS OF FISHERIES AND RELATED MATTERS: S. Res. 243 (Magnu- son), a resolution to authorize the Senate Commit- tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to exam- ine, investigate, and make a complete study of several matters, including fisheries and wildlife; referred to the Committee on Interstate and For- eign Commerce; introduced in Senate January 14, 1960. NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER: S. 2840 (Beall and Byrd), a bill to create a Federal plan- ning commission to conduct a study of the possible establishment of a National Fisheries Center in the District of Columbia; to the Committee on the Dis- trict of Columbia; introduced in Senate January 18, 1960. Also identical bills H. R. 9691 (McMillan), in- troduced in House January 18; and H. R. 9722 (Aspinall) and H. R. 9727 (Broyhill), both intro- duced in House January 19, 1960. OCEANOGRAPHY: H. R. 9361 (Pelly) a bill to advance the marine sciences, to establish a com- Wol® 225 "Noh 2 prehensive 10-year program of oceanographic re- search and surveys; to promote commerce and navigation, to secure the national defense; to ex- pand ocean resources; to authorize the construc- tion of research and survey ships and facilities; to assure systematic studies on effects of radioactive materials in marine environments; to enhance the general welfare and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries; in- troduced in House January 6, 1960. The bill, titled "The Marine Sciences and Research Act of 1959" provides for a 10-year program relating to objec- tives expressed in Senate Resolution 136, intro- duced June 22, 1959, and adopted by Senate July15, 1959. Identical bill S. 2692, introduced in Senate September 11, 1959. The bill would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to carry out the following activities: make grants of funds to qualified scientists, research laboratories, or institutions in furtherance of oceanographic studies; initiate and carry outa program for the replacement, modernization, and enlargement in the number of oceangoing vessels used for research, exploration, and surveys of marine resources; construct and operate shore facilities and laboratories to effectively support the vessels provided for in preceding item; coop- erate with other agencies and departments in con- ducting oceanwide surveys; conduct studies con- cerning the relation of marine life to radioactive elements; conduct studies of the economic and legal aspects of commercial fisheries and the u- tilization of marine products; request and obtain cooperation from other governmental agencies and several states having an interest in marine sciences; and take such action and carry out other activities which will accomplish the purposes of this Act. For carrying out the provisions of this Act, funds are authorized in addition to other ap- propriations to the Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries during the 10-year period beginning with July 1 of the first fiscal year following approval of this Act by the President. Bill also includes au- thorizations for work by the Department of Com- merce, Department of Health, Education and Wel- fare, Office of Education, Department of the Navy, National Science Foundation Division of Marine Sciences (established by bill), and Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. SEAWEEDS (GROUND, POWDERED, OR GRAN- ULATED) ON FREE IMPORT LIST: Senate Report No. 1020, Free Importation of Ground, Powdered, or Granulated Seaweeds (January 13, 1960, 86th Congress, 2nd Session, Report from the Commit- tee on Finance to accompany H. R. 5887), 2 pp., printed. Report contains purpose and provisions of the bill, committee recommendations, changes in existing law, and Paragraphs 1540 and 1722 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended. Committee en- countered no opposition to the bill and recommend- ed passage of the bill. SHRIMP CONSERVATION CONVENTION WITH CUBA: S. 2867 (Magnuson), a bill to give effect to the Convention between the United States and Cuba for the conservation of shrimp, signed at Havana August 15, 1958; referred to the Committee on In- terstate and Foreign Commerce; introduced in Senate January 20, 1960. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 103 TRANSPORTATION POLICIES: S. Res. 244 to transportation, Federal policies on consolida- (Magnuson), a resolution to authorize the Commit- tions and mergers in the transportation industry, tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to exam- and other related matters; referred to the Commit- ine, investigate, and make a complete study of tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce; intro- transportation regulation, Government assistance duced in Senate January 14, 1960. > HORS d'OEUVRES AND CANAPES These canapes suggested by the home economists of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries should be appealing, attractive,and appropriate for parties. GULF COAST SHRIMP BOIL Tie spices in a piece of cheesecloth. To the water add onion, garlic, lemon, salt, and bag of seasonings; ‘ 2 teaspoons whole cloves bring to a boil. Add shrimp; cover and return to the 3 sfuypecled, Sones eee auaris water __, boiling point. Simmer 3 to 5 minutes, depending on f medium onions, sliced size. Remove from heat and let stand in spiced water 2 pounds packaged (raw, frozen) 2 2 b hole allsp: 2 1 tablespoon whole ice li _ i 4 - £ cloves. 9a for 3 minutes. Drain and chill. Serve garnished with i 4 i1teaspoons crushed red peppers lemons, sliced 4 ‘ 4 2° teaspoons whole black peppers cup salt the whole spices and lemon slices. Yield: about 80 spiced shrimp. TUNA PINEAPPLE DIP 1 can (6+ or 7 ounces) tuna 3 tablespoons pineapple juice 1 can (9 ounces) crushed Dash salt pineapple Dash nutmeg 1 package (8 ounces) cream Potato chips cheese Drain tuna. Flake. Drain pine- apple and save liquid. Soften cheese at room temperature. Combine all in- gredients except potato chips; blend into a paste. Chill. Serve ina bowl sur- rounded by potato chips. Makes about lpint of dip. CRAB SALAD IN PUFF SHELLS 1 pound crab meat 4 teaspoon celery salt 1 cup chopped celery 1 teaspoon salt 2 teaspoons lemon juice Dash pepper 2 teaspoons grated onion 3 cup mayonnaise or 2 tablespoons chopped sweet pickle or salad dressing Remove any shellorcartilage from crab meat. Combine all ingre- dients. Cut tops from puff shells. Fill each puff shell with approximately 2 teaspoons salad. Makes approximately 3 cups salad or fills 60 puff shells.- PUFF SHELLS Sift flour and measure. Add saltand siftagain. Combine but- ter and boiling water in saucepan; melt over low heat. Add flour all at one time and stir vigorously until mixture forms a ball and leaves the sides of the pan. Remove from heat. Add unbeaten eggs, one at a time, beating thoroughly after each addition; con- tinue beating until a stiff dough is formed, Drop by teaspoonfuls on well-greased cooky sheets, 153 x 12 inches. Bake in a very hot oven, 450” F., for 10 minutes; reduce heat to 350° F., and continue baking about 10 minutes longer. Makes approximately 60 puff shells. SMOKED SALMON CANAPES 4 cup flour 3 cup boiling water Dash salt 2 eggs 4 cup butter or margarine Drainfish and grindtwice. Cream the cheese and mayon- 1 can(7 ounces) smoked salmon 3 teaspoon salt naise. Blend in fish, celery, and seasonings. Remove crusts ! Package (3 ounces) cream 1 teaspoon prepared . : . eese from bread. Cut each slice into 3 strips and toast. Spread > tablespoons mayonnaise or mustard 16 slices bread salmon on toast strips. Garnish with parsley. Makes 48 | dressing Chossedtpaeley canapes. $cup chopped celery 104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wolt 22a No wez LEGEND MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND —- 1959 CUMULATIVE DATA c |] 1) mgs. 1959 - 851.8 n cf 1958 - 910.8 12 1957 - 946.6 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA 140 CUMULATIVE DATA 11 MQS. 1959 - 266.2 120}} 11 “ 1958 - 216.1 12 1958 - 326.0 100 80 60 40 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FLORIDA CUMULATIVE DATA » 1959 - 186.8 1956 - 153.8 1958 - 169.1 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CUMULATIVE DATA 11 MQS. 1959 - 437.2 11, 1958 - 550.2 12 1958 - 593.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT 0 NOV_DEC V/ONLY PARTIAL~-INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS. _ INDICATORS oe Zo CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES In Millions of Pounds NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1959 - 4 nN 1958 - 340.7 12 1958 - 346.4 MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG CUMULATIVE DATA mgs. 1959 - 927. SEPT OCT NOV DEC n 1958 - 565. 1958 - 577. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CUMULATIVE DATA 1959 - 18,3 1958 - 19,1 1958 - 19,1 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC OREGON CUMULATIVE DATA 10 MQS. 1959 - 46.9 10 12 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105 CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES In Millions of Pounds : HADDOCK LEGEND: OCEAN PERCH (Maine and Massachusetts) (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1959 - 94.4 VW a 1958 - 101.6 i 11 QS. 1959 - 130.4 n W,«(1958 = 142.3 12 1958 - 105.4 Wl yose =: Vasa: JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1 SHRIMP (Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast) —— WHITING (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQs. 1959 - 192.6 12 1958 - 173.2 11 MQS. 1959 - 102.8 11, «(1958 - 101.5 12 1958 - 102.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM- PLETE. In Thousands PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL (California) MENHADEN (East and Gulf Coasts) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE 12 mgs. 1959 - 1,099.1 11 MQS. 1959 - 32.9 138 = ee 1" N3a9 2 23:2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC In Thousands of Tons PILCHARD TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH (California) CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL - 35.0 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL 102.5 CUMULATIVE DATA V1 mgs. 1959 - 132.1 wk 1956 - 144.4 1958 - 156.4 LEGEND: ———" 1959/60 ——— 1958/59 AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22; No. 2 CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS In Millions of Pounds LEGEND: U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS 260 240 — — 220 200 aS 180 160 140 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC eee 059 ee 1958 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS 2/ NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS / 80 : =e 60 50 NS 40 30 20 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC T/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE |SLAND, AND CONNECTICUT 2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH. GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGs2! MIDDLE WEST HOLDINGS2 =z JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 3/OH10, INO., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS. 4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN. CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC * Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107 CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS _In Millions of Pounds COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS=! 1/ z RECEIPTS —’ AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK 22 CUMULATIVE DATA CITY 12 MQS. 20 |] (3 "# 18 16 14 12 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL 1MPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS ‘2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA. AT NEW YORK CITY. RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 - 93.1 12 gs 1958 - 92,3 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC BOSTON COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS SEATTLE WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, & IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 - 106.7 12 1958 - 105.2 LEGEND: 1950 ee = 1958 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FISH OIL In_ Millions of Gallons CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 11 MQs. 1959 - 261.0 11 mgs. 1959 - 22.5 58 - 212.8 . ° Wu lesa Pay 11 |, 1958 - 20.1 12 : 1958 - 22.0 N UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC i JAN. FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 108 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 Vf CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS In Thousands of Standard Cases : 2 TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA RESEND: MACKEREL 2! - CALIFORNIA _—_— jo50 CUMULATIVE DATA .——= 1958 CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1959 - 10,013,4 11 mgs. 1959 - 553.1 11, 1958 - 10;362.4 ~ i 1958 - 348.3 12 1958 - 11,154.5 a 404.4 APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA - 1,770.8 W IS. 1959 - 3.4 1959 SEASON W " 1956 - 53.7 TOTAL 12 1958 - 53.7 1958 SEASON JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OcT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC < 1/ _ SARDINES—' (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES CUMULATIVE DATA Ue een eed — = Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt. SARDINES.... + drawn 32 oz. bs 5 oz. #4 tuna 6&7 oz. PILCHARDS.,.. # 1 oval 15 SALMON 1-lb. tall 16 ANCHOVIES... 4-b. 8 ) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC INCLUDING SEA HERRING. SARDINES - CALIFORNIA 3 veeuse SHRIMP - GULF STATES 59/60 |... CUMULATIVE DATA 1956/59 |220 CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, : is 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL aH AUG. - DEC, ~ 320.5 1958/59 SEASON, 1958/59 SEASON, OTA ze J AUG. - DEC, ~ 440.8 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL ~ 864.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE g AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109 CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS uf LEGEND: FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH Fresh and 3 (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA ——— 1058 CUMULATIVE DATA 11 MQS. 1959 - 141.7 11 MQS. 1959 - 61.8 i W «1958 - 146.7 W 1958 - 59.6 1958 - 155.9 12 1958 - 65.1 JAN_FEB_ MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM- PARABLE WITH 1958. SHRIMP FROM MEXICO (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE D, 11 MgS. 1959 11 mgs. 1959 - 61,0 "1 ws 1958 - 48.6 WU Ness 12 1958 - 56:1 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UANBSEEBREMARSABREMAVARUNERURYAAUGHSERITOGTANOVEDEG Or ee ) SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS resh an rozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 11 Mgs. 1959 - 60.8 Mo, (1958 - 38.4 12 1958 - 38,6 CUMULATIVE DATA + 1959 - 213.3 1958 - 179.0 1958 - 198.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR_APR_ MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC . 5S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH CANNED SARDINES (in Oil and in Brine) in Oil and not in Oil CUMULATIVE DATA 11 Mgs. 1959 - 19.7 11, 1958 - 26.6 12 1958 - 28.2 CUMULATIVE DATA W « 1959 - 63.6 |_ 1 7 1958 - 57.3 12 1958 - 58.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 110 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Volk 2255Nos 2 (Se = =_ — -, < FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV!CE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERV- ICE, WASHINGTON 25, 0. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG- NATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FASHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS, WE - WILDLIFE LEAFLET. SSR.- FISH. SPECIAL STourroaie REPORTS--FISHERIES LIMITED DISTRIBUTION). SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-2144 - Texas Landings, August 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2147 - Massachusetts Landings, August 1959, 5 pp. CFS-2149 - North Carolina Landings, September 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2153 - Fish Meal and Oil, September 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2158 - New York Landings, August 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2159 - New Jersey Landings, September 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2161 - South Carolina Landings, September 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2162 - Georgia Landings, September 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2163 - Shrimp Landings, July 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2166 - Maine Landings, September 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2167 - Florida Landings, September 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2169 - California Landings, June 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2170 - Alabama Landings, August 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2172 - Texas Landings, September 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2173 - New York Landings, September 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2177 - North Carolina Landings, October 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2180 - Frozen Fish Report, October 1959, 8 pp. CFS-2181 - South Carolina Landings, October 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2185 - Rhode Island Landings, September 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2187 - New Jersey Landings, October 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2197 - Ohio Landings, September 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2202 - New England Fisheries, 1958 Annual Summary, 7 pp. CFS-2203 - Chesapeake Fisheries, 1958 Annual Summary, 7 pp. CFS-2204 - Manufactured Fishery Products, 1958 Annual Summary, 7 pp. Canned Fish Consumer Purchases: FL-478k - September 1959, 31 pp. —— RECENT © 2 FISHERY PUBLICATI 29g Re A a th Es se S=SeZ, ONS eS a Pe A ea Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised): SL- 1 - Maine, 1959. ee SL-19 - Louisiana (Coastal Area), 1959. SL-29 - Ohio (Great Lakes Area), 1959. SL-31 - New York (Great Lakes Area), 1959. WL-379 - Suggested List of Printed Publications on Fish and Wildlife Subjects, 2 pp., November 1958. SSR-Fish. No. 276 - A List of References on the Biology of Shrimp (Family Penaeidae), by Ed- ward Chin and Donald M. Allen, 146 pp., Janu- ary 1959. Fish Recipes for School Lunches, Test Kitchen Series No. 5, 27 pp., printed, 1959 (Revised). A booklet of recipes for quantity cookery of fish and shellfish in school cafeterias. Includes rec- ipes for baked dishes, chowders, salads, and sandwiches with a number of variations on the basic ingredients of each recipe. Planned for 100 portions. Sep. No. 574 - Results of Exploratory Shrimp Fish- ing off Washington and Oregon (1958). Sep. No. 575 - Fish Flour for Human Consumption. Sep. No. 576 - Sanitation Aboard Fishing Trawlers Improved by Using Chlorinated Sea Water. Sep. No. 577 - Research in Service Laboratories (January 1960): Contains these articles--"'O- cean Perch Filleting Machine Successfully Fil- lets Yellow Perch," and ''Laboratory Work on Frozen Salmon Steak Standard Completed." THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY (Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products, September and October 1959; 7 pp. each. (Mar- ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, 400 E. Lombard St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Re- ceipts at Baltimore by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and total receipts by species and com- parisons with previous years; for the months indicated. California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, October 1959, 13 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish, mackerel, an- chovies and sardines; pack of canned tuna, mack- erel, anchovies, and sardines; market fish re- ceipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California imports; canned fishand frozen February 1960 shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; American Tuna Boat Association auction sales; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale Market Prices, October to59, 13 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Il.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month indi- cated. Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of Fishery Products, October 1959, 6 pp. (Mar- ket News Beraices U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, 609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shelifish on the New Orleans French Market; sponge sales; and fishery im- ports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex., for the month indicated. Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selecte reas 0 irginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, November 1959, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for the Virginia areas of Hamp- ton Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cam- bridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumulative and comparative data; for the month indicated. New see Fisheries--Monthly Summary, Octo- ber 1 , 22 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery ports, and presents food fish landings by ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery products in New England warehouses; fishery landings and ex- vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts (Bos- ton, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Reckland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the New England Fish Exchange; for the month indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Month- Ty Summary for September Toss 22 pp. (Market News Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, im- ports entered at New York City, primary whole- saler prices for frozen products, and marketing trends; for the month indicated. (New York) List of Primary Brokers and Import- ers of Fishery Products and Eypucducis? New York City, 1959-1960, 16 pp. (Market News COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 111 Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) (Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, Octo- ber 1959, 9 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seat- tle 4, Wash.) Includes landings and local re- ceipts, with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and As- toria, (Ore.) wholesale dealers; also Northwest Pacific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp landings; for the month indicated. Use of Chemical Barriers to Protect Shellfish Beds from Predators, by V. L. Loosanoff, C. L. Mac- Kenzie, Jr., and L. W. Shearer, 9 pp., process- ed. (Biological Laboratory, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Milford, Conn., 1959.) This paper, which was presented at the July 1959 meeting of the National Shellfisheries Associa- tion, describes new, cheap, simple, but effec- tive chemical method of controlling enemies of mollusks grown for human consumption. The method and its ramifications and modifications are designed to control boring gastropods, such as oyster drills and Polinices, starfish, crabs, and other enemies of commercial mollusks, pri- marily by preventing their invasion of shellfish grounds. The basic idea of the method is com- paratively old, having been advocated and de- veloped by the senior author since 1946. It is founded on the principle of surrounding the beds with "barriers" or ''belts'' containing chemicals which either stop, repel, or kill undesirable forms. On the Identification of Chum Salmon Stocks in the North Pacific by Means of Scales, Part I, by Tetsuo Kobayashi and Shin-ichi Abe, 34 pp., processed, limited distribution. (Translation of INPFC Doc. 207, Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery, August 1958.) Pacific Salmon Investigations, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd., Seattle 2, Wash., October 17, 1958. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASH- INGTON 25, D. C. Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, ed in the Aleutians, 1936-38, by Victor B. Schef- fer, North American Fauna No. 61, 420 pp., illus., printed, $1.25. "Food-Fish Farming in the Mississippi Delta,'' by Malcolm C. Johnson, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 21, no. 4, October 1959, pp. 154-160, printed, single copy 25 cents. Presents the novel but potentially lucrative idea of rota- tion of crops of rice with crops of fish. After several crops of rice have been harvested by which time the land has become less productive, the fields are flooded to a depth of 18 inches or more with fingerling catfish, bass, or buffalo- fish. At the end of two years, the fish are har- vested and the fields replanted with rice. Ad- vantages of this system are increased soil fer- tility, increased rice yields, cash fish crops, recreational value, a long-range increase in 112 human food, and soil that doesn't blow away while it is lying fallow. The U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service is a sponsor of an experiment sta- tion to be built in,Arkansas to assist farmers in refining and standardizing techniques in this type of pond fishery. Food of the Squawfish PTYCHOCHEILUS OREGO- NENSIS (Richardson) of the Lower Columbia ~ River, by Richard B. Thompson, Fishery Bulle- tin 158 (From Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), 20 pp., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1959. Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Fish Eggs and Larvae Off California and Baja California, by Elbert H. Ahlstrom, Wahery B Bulletin 161 (From Fishery Bulletin of ‘the Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, vol. 60), 44 pp., illus., printed, 35 cents, 1959. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT MAY BE THE OR GANIZATIONS ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICA- TIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE OR- GANI ZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ALGAE: The Marine Algae of the Labrador Peninsula and ~ Northwest Newfoundland (Eeologe and Distribu- tion), by Robert T. Wilce, Bulletin ‘No. 158, 107 pp., illus., printed, C$1.50. National Museum of Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa, Canada, 1959. Some Features of Marine Algal Distribution in Norway, by T. Braarud (Reprinted from Acta driatica, vol. VIII, No. 15, 8 pp., printed in English with summary in Serbo- Croatian. In- stitut za Oceanografiju i Ribarstvo, Split, Jugo- slavia, 1958. ANTIBIOTICS: "Antibiotic Residues in Fish Iced with Chlortetra- cycline Ice and Effect of Normal Cooking Pro- cedures on These Residues,"' by J. W. Boyd, B. A. Southcott, and H. L. A. Tarr, article, An- tibiotics Annual, 1956-1957, pp. 1002-1005, printed. Antibiotics 1 Annual, 1956-1957, Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., 30 E. 60th St., New York 22, INE Ye "The Use of Antibiotics for the Control of Spoil- age in the East Coast Fisheries. Part 1--Intro- duction and the Use of Antibiotics in Gutted Cod and Haddock Aboard Trawlers," by C. H. Cas- tell and M. F. Greenough, article, Canadian Fisherman, vel. 45, no. 10, October 1958, pp. 6-8, printed. Canadian Fisherman, National Business Publications, Ltd., Gardenvale, Qu::- bec, Canada. "The Use of Antibiotics for the Control of Spoil- age in the East Coast Fisheries. Part 2--The Effect of Antibiotics on the Keeping Time of Fil- lets,'' by C. H. Castell and M. F. Greenough, ar- ticle, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 45, no. 11, No- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 vember 1958, pp. 20-22, printed. Canadian Fisherman, National Business Publications, Ltd., Gardenvale Quebec, Canada. AUSTRALIA: Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Re- search, vol. 10, no. 2, October 1959, 143 pp., _ illus., printed. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Commonwealth Sci- entific and Industrial Research Organization, 314 Albert St., East Melbourne, C. 2, Australia. Features, among others, articles on: ''The Nat- uralization of the Pacific Oyster in Australia," by J. M. Thompson; and ''The Status of the School Shark Fishery in South-Eastern Austra- lian Waters," by A. M. Olsen. The Freshwater Fishes of New South Wales, by ~ John S. Lake, Research Bulletin No. 5, 25 pp., illus., printed. State Fisheries, Chief Secre- tary's Department, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1959. The Status of the East Gippsland Bream Fishery, by John K. Ling, Fisheries Contribution No. 8, 20 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries and Game Dept., 605 Flinders St., Melbourne C. 3, Aus- tralia, November 1958. CANADA: Progress Reports of the Atlantic Coast Stations, no. 72, 39 pp., illus., printed in French and _ English. Queen! s Printer and Controller of Sta- tionery, Ottawa, Canada, September 1959. Con- tains, among others, these articles: "Growth and Parasites of Cod during a Year in Captivi- ty,'' by A. C. Kohler; ''Constituents of Salt Cod Pickle,'' by F. W. an Klaveren and E. Vaillan- court; ''Squid Inshore in Newfoundland and on the Grand Bank, 1953 to 1958," by H. J. Squires; "Drift-Netting for Herring along the SouthCoast of Newfoundland," by S. N. Tibbo; and ''Fat Hy- drolysis in Frozen Fish. 2--Relation to Pro- tein Stability,"' by Doris I. Fraser and W. J. Dyer. Summary Report on Fishery Investigations and Groundfish Landings in Newfoundland during — 1957, by A. M. Fleming and Marjorie E. Prouse, Circular No. 5, 41 pp., processed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, St. John's, Newfoundland, 1958. Variations dans le Quebec de 1'Abondance An- nuelle des Poissons Originaires des ires des Grands - Lacs (Variations in Quebec in the Annual A- bundance of Fishes Originating in the Greek, Lakes), by Vadim D. Vladykov and G. Beaulieu, Contribution No. 70, 9 pp., illus., printed in French. (Reprinted from The Naturaliste Cana- dien, vol. LXXXV, Nos. 6-7, June-July 1958.) Department of Fisheries, Rm. 127, E. eae Quebec, Canada. COLD STORAGE: "Studies on the Discoloration in Fish Meat during Freezing Storage. I--A Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Ferrous and Ferric Forms of Myoglobin in Their Mixed Solution,"' by Y. Sano and K. Hash- imoto, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Societ of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 6-7, 1958, pp. 519-523, illus., printed in Japanese with February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113 THESE PUBLICAT/ONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba- kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. "Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. XXXIX-- Changes in Muscle of Yellowtail (Seriola quin- queradiata) during Cold Storage,'' by U. Simidu, H. Terashima, and W. Simidu, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 6-7, 1958, pp. 586-590, illus., print- ed in Japanese with English summary. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. COLUMBIA RIVER: Summary Report on the Indian Fishery at Celilo Falls and Vicinity, Columbia River, 1947-1954, 25 pp., illus., processed. Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Portland, Ore., August 1955. DISEASES OF FISH: Tuberculosis in Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout, by James W. Wood and Erling J. Ordal, Contribution No. 25, 38 pp., illus., printed. Fish Commission Research Laboratory, Rt. 1, Box 31A, Clackamas, Ore., December 1958. ELECTRICAL FISHING: "Erfahrungen uber Leitfahigkeitsmessungen und Hartebestimmungen im Rahmen der Elektro- fischerei und Gewasserbonitierung" (Experi- ence in Measuring the Conductivity and Deter- mining the Hardness of Water in Connection with Electrofishing and Evaluation of Water), by G. Buhse, article, Der Fischwirt, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 160-161, printed in German. Deutscher Fischerei-Verband, Neuerwall 72, Hamburg 36, W. Germany. "Gefahren und Schutzmassnahmen bei der Elek- trofischerei'' (Dangers and Protective Meas- ures in Electrofishing), by A. Hosl, article, Der Fischwirt, vol. 8, no. 1, January 1958, pp. 16-18, printed in German. Deutscher Fischerei- Verband, Neuerwall 72, Hamburg 36, W. Germany. "Neuartige Thunfischangel in der Elektrofisch- erei'' (New Type of Tuna Hook in Electrofishing), by K. Schultz, article, Schiff und Hafen, vol. 10, no. 9, September 1958, pp. 752-754, printed in German. C. D. C. Heydorns Buchdruckerei, Uetersen bei Hamburg, W. Germany. "Vorschriften fur die Errichtung und den Betrieb von Elektrofischereianlagen in Binnengewas- sern'' (Regulations for the Installation and Op- eration of Electrical Fishing Gear in Fresh- water Areas), article, Allgemeine Fischerei Zeitung, vol. 83, no. 15, August 1958, pp. 293- 294, printed in German, Bayer, Landwirt- schaftsverlag, G. m. b. H., Marsstrasse 22, no. 4, December 1954, pp. 1-10.) Chas. E. Tut- tle Co., 28-30 So. Main St., Rutland, Vt. Nutritive Value or Toxicity of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids. I, by Takashi Kaneda and Seinosuke Ishii, 9 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted frorn The Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 41, no. 3, 1954, pp. 327-335.) Department of Biochemis- try, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University, Bunyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Nutritive Value or Toxicity of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids. II, by Takashi Kaneda, Hisae Sakai, and Msroauk epIshit 13 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from The Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 42, no. 5, 1955, pp. 561-573.) Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Uni- versity, Bunyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Studies on the Nutritive Value of Lipides. XII-- Nutritive Value or Toxicity of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (3), by Takashi Kaneda, Hisae Sakai, and Seinosuke Ishii, 8 pp., illus., printed in Japa- nese with English abstract. (Reprinted from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 20, no. 7, November 1954, pp. 658-663.) Japanese Society of Scientific Fish- eries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigan- dori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. FISH CULTURE: Trout and Salmon Culture (Hatchery Methods), by Earl Leitritz, Fish Bulletin No. 107, 169 pp., illus., printed, $2. Printing Division, Documents Section, North Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif., 1959. A practical hand- book for acquainting the new hatchery employee with the rudiments of fish culture, and also to serve as a reference for experienced personnel. "During the past 10 or 12 years, applied science and mechanics have revolutionized fish hatchery operations,'' asserts the author. This text de- scribes such advances as the uses of newchem- icals in treating diseases in hatcheries, eradi- cating undesirable fish populations, artificial spawning, new methods of transporting fish and eggs, and the employment of labor-saving de- vices such as fish loaders, self-graders, incu- bators, and dry feeds. FISH LIVER OILS: printed in Japanese with English summary. (Reprinted from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 19, no. 5, 1953, pp. 700-702.) Japanese Society of Scientific Fish- eries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigan- dori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. Munich 2, W. Germany. FISH MEAL: "Screening Before Milling of Fish Meal Reduces the Proportion of Fine Particles, by R. M. Duncan, article, Food Industries of South Africa, vol. 12, no. 3, August 1958, pp. 24-26, printed. Food Indus- tries of South Africa, P. O. Box 4245, Cape Town, Union of South Africa. FATTY ACIDS: Nutritive Value of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids and the Origin of Toxicity of Fish Oils, by Takashi Kaneda, Hisae Sakai, and Seinosuke Ishii, 11 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract. (Reprinted from Journal of Japanese Society of Food and Nutrition, vol. 7, 114 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION |SSUING THEM. An address entitled ''Canada and the Absten- tion Principle,'' by Honorable James Sinclair, former Canadian Minister of Fisheries, is also included in the report. Sinclair's remarks on this important subject are very penetrating. "Tests Show Bulk Storage of Fish Meal Success- ful," article, Feedstuffs, vol. 30, no. 32, Au- gust 1958, p. 78, printed. Feedstuffs, Miller Publishing Co., 2501 Wayzata Blvd., Minneap- olis 5, Minn. FISH OILS: --W. H. Stolting "Los Aceites de Pescado en la Industria de Pin- FLOATING TRAWLS: turas--I" (Fish Oils in the Painting Industry-- Parts I and II), by J. Huesa Lope, article, Grasas y Aceites, vol. 8, no. 5, 1957, pp. 226- 229, printed in Spanish. Instituto de la Grasa y sus Derivados, Avenida de Heliopolis, Sevilla, Spain. Nutritive Value or Toxicity of Oils of Salted and Dried Fishes, by Takashi Kaneda, Hisae Sakai, and Seinosuke Ishii, 7 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract. (Reprinted from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scien- tific Fisheries, vol. 20, no. 7, 1954, pp. 664- 669.) Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori, 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. "Entwicklungsstand und Einsatzbedingungen Pe- lagischer Schleppnetze"' (State of Development and Working Conditions of Floating Trawls), by G. Kajewski, article, Fischereiforsching, vol. 1, no. 1, August 1958, pp. 1-4, printed in German, Institut fur Hochseefischerei und Fischverar- beitung, Rostock-Marienehe, E, Germany. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: La Peche en Italie et la Distribution du Poisson “(The Italian Fishery and the Distribution of Fish), by Paolo Pagliazzi, Technical Paper No. 60, 2 pp., processed in French. General Fish- eries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. La Preparation des Catalogues des Noms de illus., printed in Japanese with English sum- mary. (Reprinted from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 19, no. 4, 1953, pp. 537-550.) Japanese Society of Scien- tific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: Biological and Economic Aspects of Fisheries Management, edited by James A. Crutchfield, 166 pp., processed. University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Proceedings of a conference on biological and economic aspects of fisheries management held under the auspices of the Col- lege of Fisheries and the Department of Eco- nomics of the University of Washington at Seat- tle, February 17-19, 1959. Economists, fisher- ies biologists, and members of the commercial fishing industry attended the sessions. The re- port, which contains the papers delivered and summary notes of the discussions, faithfully de- scribes the transactions. After a brief discussion of the background for the conference, it launches immediately into the topics of the various sessions which covered: (1) biological and economic aspects of fishery man- agement; (2) halibut fishery management; (3) salmon management in Alaska; and (4) interna- tional trade policies and their relation to fisher- ies. At times the discussions became very live- ly. As a result much thought-provoking infor- mation is set down. Such factors are covered as the effect of management regulations on the conduct of efficient operations in managed fish- eries, the need to limit entry of individuals into certain fisheries, the effect of certain controls on processing and marketing operations, the ef- fect of certain types of controls on costs and profits in the industry, etc. Poissons et la Methode de la Geographie Lin- guistique (The Preparation of Catalogs of Fish Names and the Linguistic Geography Method), by Vojmir Vinja, Technical Paper No. 55, 6 pp., processed. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1958. The State of Food and Agriculture, 1959, 206 pp., illus., printed, US$2. Food and Agriculture Or- ganization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. (For sale by International Documents Service, Columbia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) Reviews the world food and agriculture situation during the year ended June 30, 1959, with particular emphasis on the underdeveloped nations. Includes a short sec- tion on fishery production which notes that the world catch for 1958 was considerably higher than in 1957. A slightly longer section on fish- ery policies mentions international conferences concluded or ratified during 1958/59, govern- ment assistance to fisheries, and utilization of fishery resources in less-developed countries. Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1958 (Production “and Fishing Craft raft), vol. IX, 454 pp., illus., proc- essed in English, French, and Spanish, $4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Rome, Italy, 1959. (Sold in United States by Columbia University Press, International Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) As in previous years, this edition con- tains fishery statistics on catches, production of preserved and processed commodities, fishing craft, and whaling from all countries. The maps and graphs section of the Yearbook has been further expanded by the addition of diagrams showing the world catch by continents and the catches of the larger producing countries for a number of years. The total world catch of fish- ery products for 1958 is estimated at 33.7 ———— February 1960 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM, million metric tons compared with 30.6 million tons for 1957. GEAR: ""A Simple Rig for Multiple Trolling with Reels and Wire Lines,'' by W. A. King-Webster, ar- ticle, World Fishing, vol. 8, no. 11, November 1959, pp. 25-26, 60, illus., printed. Outlines a new type of gear being tested in trolling for pelagic fish by the Trinidad Fisheries Depart- ment. This method utilizes a high speed man- ual reel attached to a bamboo outrigger, enabl- ing one vessel to operate many more lines si- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 115 cular No. 53, 4 pp., processed. Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, October 1959. The fif- teenth in a series of annual circulars dealing with the prospects of the British Columbia her- ring fishery. These forecasts are made to aid in the formation of effective management pol- icies and to help the industry use the resources more economically. The data are derived from prediction of the carry-over from the estimated abundance in the previous season and the ex- pected new recruitment. multaneously than was previously possible by IDAHO: hand hauling. Statewide Fishing Harvest Survey, 1957, by For- rest R. Hauck, Federal Aid to Fisheries Proj- GENERAL: ect F18-R-4, 11 pp., processed. Department of Seefischerei in Gegenwart und Zukunft (Sea Fish- ing Now and in the Future), by C. Birkhoff, 153 pp., illus., printed in German. Nordwestdeuts- cher Verlag Ditzen und Co., Bremerhaven, W. Fish and Game, Boise, Idaho, August 15, 1958. INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR: "The IGY World Data Centers for Oceanogra- Germany, October 1957. Deals with the prob- lems, methods, and vessels of the world fishing industry together with a dictionary of fishery technological terms. Topics covered include: the sea, the source of food of the future; neces- sity of extension of our fish catching areas; fish catching with traps and stationary nets; lineand hook fishing; cutter, seine net, tuna, and drift- net fishing; trawling, both side and stern; whal- ing; catching equipment and methods of tomor- row; and the floating trawl. Also contains in- formation on: electrofishing; fish detection; the history of factoryships; factory trawlers and motherships; operation of a fishing fleet; fish harbors; from catching to consumption; and the future of fishing. HALIBUT: Halibut--Observations on its Size at First Ma- turity, Sex Ratio and Length/Weight Relation- ship, by Bennet B. Rae, Scottish Home Depart- ment Marine Research No. 4, 1959, 19 pp., illus., printed, 7s. 6d. (about US$1.05). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland. Investigations on com- mercial and research vessels in the North At- lantic have shown that male halibut normally spawn for the first time at sizes ranging from 28 to 40 inches and females from 39 to 54 inch- es. Spawning takes place mainly in April and May but evidence of an earlier spawning, based on the occurrence of well developed roes infish caught in December 1952, is discussed. In the early years of the halibut's life, male and female fish are present in equal numbers but with in- creasing age and size the females outnumber the males and all the large fish of 60 inches and ov- er were found to be females. The length/ weight relationship is studied. Halibut of the same length may vary greatly in weight. This is due to various factors including anatomical, season- al, and regional differences. The significance of these results is considered in relation to the halibut fisheries, and the need for conservation of such a valuable resource is noted. HERRING: Prospects for the 1959-60 British Columbia Her- ring Fishing Season, by F. H. C. Taylor, Cir- phy,'' by J. R. Lumby, article, Texas Journal of Science, vol. XI, no. 3, September 1959, pp. 259- 269, illus., printed, single copy $1.25. Texas Journal of Science, Box 7984, University Station, Austin, Tex. JAPAN: Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 24, June 1959, 91 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English summaries. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others, these articles: ''Some Studies on Set Net Fishing Ground," by M. Nomura; ''Stud- ies on Trawl Net. IlI--Observation of the Con- figuration of a Trawl Net Using a Large Sized Model," by S. Takayama, T. Koyama, and H. Taketomi; and ''Prevention of the Adhesion of Canned Salmon Meat,'' by T. Takahashi and M. Takei. Collected Reprints, 1958 (from the Tokai Region- al Fisheries Research Laboratory), 251 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English sum- maries. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chua-ku, Tokyo, Ja- pan. Contains, among others, these reprints of articles published by Laboratory scientists out- side the publications of the Laboratory: ''Fluc- tuations in the Fishery for Young Sardine off Shichiri-Mihama, Kii Peninsula (One of the Data Relevant to Fluctuations of the Sardine Stock in Japanese Waters),'' by Z. Nakai; ''A Trial on Estimating the Abundance of Population of the Pacific Saury, Cololabis saira (Brevoort)'' and "On the Availability of the Sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, Population Caught by Drift Gill Nets in the Western Japan Sea," by T. Doi; ''An Attempt for Determining the Swimming Speed of Fish Schools by the Fish Finder (Preliminary Report),"' by S. Kawada, Y. Tawara, and C. Yosh- imuta; ''An Attempt for Detecting the Swimming Course of Fish Schools at a Set Net Fishing Ground by Fish Finder (Preliminary Report)," by S. Kawada and Y. Tawara; ''On the Change in Strength of Netting Cords Immersed in the Sea. Il--Relation Between the Strength of Tarred Synthetic Cords and the Temperature, and Com- parison of Power of These Cords Changing When 116 Immersed in the Sea,'' by Y. Shimozaki and Y. Nozawa; ''On the Nature of the Streaming Bire- fringence Observed in the Aqueous Extracts of Squid Muscle. II--Dissolution of 'Myosins' in the Aqueous Extract," by M. Migita and J. J. Matsumoto; "On Purified M-Actomyosin of Squid Muscle," ''Some Notes on M-Actomyosin of Squid Muscle," "On Actomyosin of Squid Mus- cle from Salt-Extract. Preparation of Acto- myosin," ''On the Protein Composition of Squid Muscle,'' and ''The Effect of ATP on the Vis- cosity of Squid Actomyosin,"' by J. J. Matsu- moto; ''On a Specific Behavior of 'Myosins' of Squid Muscle. I--Precipitability of 'Myosins'," by M. Migita and others; "Influence of Urea up- on the Binding of Some Ionic Dyes to Proteins," by M. Migita and S. Otake; ''A Comparative Study on the Extractability of Muscle Proteins of Some Animals,'' by M. Migita, J. J. Matsu- moto, and N. Aoe; ''Study on the Green Meat of Tuna. I--Quantitative Differences of Vitamin B Group and Minerals Between the Green and the Normal Meat of Precooked Tuna," ''Study on the Green Meat of Tuna. II--Quantitative Differ- ences of Vitamin B Group and Minerals in Kid- ney Between Green and Normal Bodies of Yel- lowfin Tuna,'' and "Study on the Green Meat of Tuna. IlI--A Simple Method to Distinguish Greened Body from Normal One Before Cook- ing,’ by S. Hirao and others; ''The Pantothenic Acid Content of Fish and Shellfish" and ''The Folic Acid Content of Fish and Shellfish,"' by H. Higashi and others; ''Fat and Vitamin A in the Intestine of Lamprey, Entosphenus japonicus COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 present day interest in physical sciences and space-age technology, the natural sciences have been relegated to a position of relative unim- portance by the public. This article is one of the series published by the Beaudette Founda- tion, established in 1958 to encourage and en- gage in research in the neglected field of ma- rine biological systematics, ecology, and geog- raphy. Contains extracts from the writers'logs of the voyage of the Stella Polaris from the Gulf of Panama to Jalisco, Mexico, in the spring of 1959. Significant observations are recorded of marine plants, coralline algae, and organic pro- duction resulting from coastal upwellings. MARINE VEGETATION: Guide to Marine Vegetation Encountered during Herring Spawn Surveys in Southern British Columbia, by Donald N. Outram, Circular No. 44, 18 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, December 1957. MARYLAND: Exploratory Survey of Tidewater Bottom, Somer- set County, Maryland (A Preliminary Report), by J. H. Manning and H. T. Pfitzenmeyer, Re- sources Study Report No. 12, 6 pp., illus., print- ed. Maryland Department of Research and Ed- ucation, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., February 1958. NETS: Monofilament Nylon Web for Salmon Gill Nets, Martens," by J. Yamada; "The Softening De- terioration of Fish Sausage. I--Some Chemical and Microscopical Aspects,'' by H. Uchiyama and T. Tanaka; ''The Softening Deterioration of Fish Sausage. II-- Microbiological Studies of the Softening Deterioration,"' by M. Yokoseki, H. Uchiyama, and T. Mamizuka; "The Softening Spoilage of Fish Sausage. III--An Anaerobic Starch Digestion by Bacillus circulans isolated from Softened Part of Fish Sausage and Other Bacillus species," by H. Uchiyama, M. Yoko- seki, and K. Motohashi; ''Studies on the Internal Spoilage of Fish-Jelly Products. I1l--Measure- ment of Oxidation-Reduction Potential in Fish- Jelly Products," by M. Yokoseki; and "Chemical Properties of Oils in Gamma-Radiated Fish Meat and Products. Part I," by T. Kaneda, H. Sakai, and S. Ishii. LAKE TROUT: Mortality of Trout Caused by Hooking with Arti- ficial Lures in Michigan Waters 1956-57, by David S. Shetter and Leonard N. Allison, Mis- cellaneous Publication No. 12, 15 pp., illus., printed. Michigan Department of Conservation, Institute for Fisheries Research, Ann Arbor, Mich., August 1958. MARINE SCIENCE: "Field Notes from the 1959 Eastern Pacific Cruise of the Stella Polaris,'' by E. Yale Daw- son and Palmer T. Beaudette, article, Pacific Naturalist, vol. 1, no. 13, November 10, 1959, illus., printed in English with Spanish summary. The Beaudette Foundation for Biological Re- search, Box 482, RFD 1, Solvang, Calif. With 1959, by P. J. G. Carrothers, Circular No. 54, 4 pp., processed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, October 1959. Describes a new type of nylon monofilament netting, Perlon, used ex- perimentally by the commercial salmon gill-net fleet out of Steveston, B. C., in the summer of 1959. This type of netting has the advantage ov- er the multifilament nylon netting of being less visible in the water. Greater catches were re- ported with the Perlon than with multifilm ny- lon netting. However, disadvantages such as knot slippage must be overcome before the new type netting can be fully accepted for salmon gill nets. "Uber Einige Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung von Randparallelen Maschen fur Leitwehre und Flu- gel'' (Experience with the Use of Parallel Mesh- es along the Rim for Leading Nets and Wing), by K. Schmidt, article, Deutsche Fischerei Zei- tung, vol. 5, no. 4, April 1958, pp. 105-107, illus., printed in German. Neumann Verlag, Radebeul, Dresden, E, Germany. NEW YORK: The Present Program of the Marine Fisheries Unit of the New York State Conservation Depart- ment and a Proposed New Program, by Alfred Perlmutter, 10 pp., processed. Marine Fisher- ies Unit, New York State Conservation Depart- ment, Freeport, New York, June 14, 1957. OCEAN PERCH: "Red Flesh in Redfish, Sebastes marinus," by W. Templeman and E. J. Sandeman, article, Journal February 1960 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 15, no. 4, July 1958, pp. 695-700, printed. Jour- nal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Ottawa, Canada. Redfish Distribution in the North Atlantic, by W. Templeman, Bulletin No. 120, 173 pp., printed, C$1.75. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta- tionery, Ottawa, Canada, 1959. PARASITES: A New Microsporidan Parasite from the Pink ~ Shrimp (PENAEUS DUORARUM), by Edwin S. Iversen and Raymond B. Manning, 3 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 88, 1959, pp. 130-132.) Librarian, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins, Colo. PLANKTON: The Chaetognatha of the Eastropic Expedition, with Notes as to Their Possible Value as Indi- cators of Hydrographic Conditions, by Paul N. Sund and James A. Renner, 44 pp., illus., print- ed in Spanish and English. (Reprinted from In- ter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Bulle- tin, vol. 3, no. 9). Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif., 1959. SALMON: On the Causes of Fluctuation in the Number of of State, Washington 25, D. C. The Food of Pacific Salmon in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, by L. D. Andrievskaya, Transla- tion Series No. 182, 16 pp., illus., processed. (Translated from Materialy po Biologii Mor- shovo Perioda Zhizni Dalnevostochnykh Lososei, 1957, pp. 64-75.) Fisheries meeeanen Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1958. SARDINES: "Metodos de Cozimento das Sardinhas I'' (Methods of Cooking Sardines, Part I), by F. Lopez-Ca- pont, article, Conservas de Peixe, vol. 13, no. 146, May 1958, pp. 20-22, printed in Portuguese. Conservas de Peixe, Reguerao dos Anjos 68, Lisbon, Portugal. SEA LAMPREY: Distribution of Sea Lamprey Ammocoetes in Michigan Tributaries of Lake Superior, 1955- 1957, by Thomas M. Stauffer and Martin J. Han- sen, Miscellaneous Publication No. 11, 25 pp., illus., printed. Michigan Department of Conser- vation, Institute for Fisheries Research, Ann Arbor, Mich., August 1958. SEALS: The Economics of Seals in the Eastern Canadian Arctic, by I. A. McLaren, Circular No. I, pp., processed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Arctic Unit, Montreal, Canada, 1958. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 117 SHAD: Distant Recaptures of Shad (ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA) Tagged in Quebec, by Vadim D. Vladykov, Con- tribution No. 54, 18 pp., illus., printed in Eng- lish with French summary, 50 Canadian cents. (Reprinted from Le Naturaliste Canadien, vol. LXXXII, no. 10, October 1956.) Department of Fisheries, Rm. 127, E. Bldg., Quebec, Canada, 1957. SHRIMP: Prawn Investigations in Eastern Australia, by A. A. Racek, Research Bulletin No. 6, 57 pp., illus., printed. State Fisheries, Chief Secre- tary's Department, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1959. A Shrimp Survey by the "Investigator No. 1," April 1953, Circular No. , 0 pp., processed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, May 1953. SPAIN: nie Industrias Derivadas de la Pesca, Ano 1956 (Fish- ery Industries, 1956), Deposito Legal M. 7619-- 1958, 128 pp., printed in Spanish. Instituto Na- cional de Estadistica, Madrid, Spain. Covers Spanish canning, curing, and byproducts indus~ tries. Gives data on plants, number of employ- ees, products produced, raw material and spe- cies used, and other data for 1956. Investigacion Pesquera, vol. XIV, August 1959, “135 pp., illus., printed in Spanish with English summaries. Instituto de Investigaciones Pes- queras, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain. In- cludes, among others, these articles: ''Consid- eraciones Acerca del Crecimiento de la Caballa (Scomber scombrus L.) en el Mediterraneo Es- panol--Parte I servations in Regard to Growth of the Horse Mackerel in the Spanish Mediterranean), by Carlos Bas Peired; and "Aparicion en la Costa Sudatlantica Espanol de Atunes Marcados en Noreuga"' (Appearance on the South Atlantic Coast of Spain of Tuna Tagged in Norway), by Julio Rodriguez-Roda. TARIFF AND TRADE: United States Import Duties Annotated for Sta- tistical Reporting (For Use in Preparing Im- port Entries and Withdrawals), with Classifi- cation for Countries (Schedule C) and United States Customs Districts and Ports (Schedule D), January 1, 1960 Edition, 672 pp., processed, $4. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) A sim- plified guide for use by importers in reporting information to collectors of customs from which monthly reports on foreign trade are compiled. The guide is a reproduction of United States Import Duties (1958) in tariff paragraph arrange- ment but annotated to include the statistical de- tail and the new 8-digit statistical reporting numbers required to be reported on the entry forms starting January 1960. A convenient 118 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAFLABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, index of commodities is included for finding the appropriate tariff paragraph. The new guide is intended to facilitate supplying the sta- tistical requirements on entry forms by pre- senting the requirements in terms of the Tariff Act rather than in terms of the very different Schedule A arrangement as in the past. TRADE LISTS: The Office of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department of Com- merce, Washington 25, D. C., has published the following mimeographed trade list. Copies may be obtained by firms in the United States from that office or from Department of Commerce field offices at $2 a copy. Oils (Animal, Fish, and Vegetable)--Importers, Dealers, Producers, Refiners, and Exporters-- Chile, 9 pp. (October 1959). Lists the names and addresses, size of firms, and types of prod- ucts handled by each firm. Includes firms dealing in fish oils and whale oils. TROPICAL FISH: The Status and Distribution of the Fishes of the ~ Family Microdesmidae in the Western Atlantic, by C. Richard Robins and Raymond B. Manning, Contribution No. 214, 4 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 48, no. 9, September 1958, pp. 301-304.) The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. TUNA: Techniques Used in the Tagging of Yellowfin and ki jack Tunas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean during 1955-1957, by Gordon C. Broad- head, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif. TURKEY: Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. 7, no. 11, November 1959, 33 pp., illus., printed in Turkish with table of contents in English. Con- tains, among others, these articles: ''Fishing in Greece and Turkey's Fish Export to this Country," by Cihat Renda; ''Trawl Fishing (Part Il),'' by Ilham Artuz; ''The Necessity of Quality Control in Fish Canning Industry," by A. Baki Ugur; and "Sponge Fishing on the Aegean Coasts,'' by Tosun Sezen. TURTLES: The Green Turtle (CHELONIA MYDAS MYDAS) “in Florida, by Archie Carr and Robert M. Ingle, 6 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Ma- rine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 9, no. 3, september 1959, pp. 315-320.) The Lab- oratory, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. Records the first documented observations of nesting emergences of the Atlantic green turtle on the coast of North America. Eggs from one nest were hatched and the young are now in collections of the University of Florida. The possibility of using such Florida-oriented hatchlings in any future restocking project is discussed. UNITED KINGDOM: printed, 4s. (56 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Sta- tionery Office, York House, Kingsway, London W. C. 2, England, 1959. Consists principally of statistical tables showing the quantity, total val- ue, and average value of fish and shellfish pro- duction in England and Wales by species, re- gion, and method of capture for 1958. Break- downs of catches by vessels 40 feet and over, demersal landings, and pelagic landings are in- cluded. Data on foreign trade are shown. In- formation on the number of fishermen, vessels, and vessels by stations, methods, and gross tonnage are also given. VENEZUELA: "La Pesca Fluvial en el Desarrollo de la Econ- omia Rural" (Inland Fishery in the Development of the Rural Economy), by Felipe Martin Sala- zar, article, El Agricultor Venezolano, vol. 23, no. 210, July 1959, pp. 13-17, illus., printed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Caracas, Venezuela. A comprehensive article covering fish culture, fishery conservation, and other aspects of the inland fisheries of Vene- zuela. VESSELS: "Motor Tuna Clipper Balbaya," article, Marine Engineer and Naval Architect, vol. 81, October 1958, pp. 367-368, illus., printed. White Hall Technical Press, Ltd., 4 Catherine Place, Lon- don S. W. 1, England. "A Nuclear Whaler,'' by G. W. Brokaw and oth- ers, article, Nuclear Engineering, vol. 3, No- vember 1958, pp. 47-52, illus., printed. Tem- ple Press, Ltd., Bowling Green Lane, London E. C. 1, England. VIRGIN ISLANDS: The Commercial Fishery of St. John, Virgin Is- lands, by C. P. Idyll, no. 8903, 14 pp., process- ed. The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla., November 1959. Covers a short survey of the commercial fishery of St. John as a part of the study of marine resources of that area, The principal objectives of the survey were to dis- cover how much commercial fishing was being done, whether there appeared to be any signs of depletion of the fish stocks, and whether the commercial fishery was likely to affect sport fishing. Recommendations are that the com- mercial fishery should be encouraged to expand, that statistics of catch and fishing effort should be kept, and that marketing facilities should be created. WALRUS: The Walrus in the Canadian Arctic, by A. W. Mansfield, Circular No. 2, 13 pp., processed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Arctic Unit, Montreal, Canada, 1959. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 119 WASHINGTON: YEARBOOKS AND DIRECTORIES: Washington State Department of Fisheries, 68th mnual Report, 1958, pp., illus., printed. Washington State Department of Fisheries, 4015 20th Ave., W., Seattle 99, Wash. This report includes information on the activities of the De- partment of Fisheries during 1958 in the fields of fish farming, marine farming and stream im- provement, and enforcement, Sections are also included on otter trawling, offshore trolling in- vestigations, the herring fishery, coastal inves- tigations, Columbia River fisheries, contribu- tions of the Columbia River, sports fishery, and salmon escapement during 1958. Special- ized problems are dealt with in chapters on the menace of dogfish shark, commercial clamming, coastal pink shrimp fishery, program for oys- ter culture, oyster reserve management, oyster reproduction, and oyster rehabilitation research. Reprinted in its entirety is an article, "Salmon of the Pacific,'' by R. D. Hume, published orig- inally in 1893. A considerable portion of the re- port is devoted to the 1958 fisheries statistical report containing data on commercial landings and fishway counts. WHALING: "Newfoundland Whaling,'' by Bruce Woodland, article, Trade News, no. 12, no. 4, October 1959, pp. 3-5, illus., processed. Director of Information and Educational Service, Depart- ment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Gives a short account of whaling in Newfoundland, past and present. The loss by fire of a processing plant at Hawkes Harbour leaves only one plant on the Island, at Dildo, Trinity Bay, which con- fines its operations to processing the meat of pothead and Minke whales and small quantities of oil. The history of whaling in Newfoundland began in the early seventeenth century with the colonization by Sir Richard Whitbourne. The industry represented a major segment of the economy of Newfoundland during most of the nineteenth century but began to decline with the development of petroleum resources. Atpres- ent, whaling is regulated by the International Whaling Convention of 1946, to which Canada is signatory. The licensing of whaling factories which operate only as shore-based installations, is the responsibility of the individual provinces. Food, The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1959, 750 pp., illus., printed, $2.25. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C. (For saleby the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) A comprehensive report on the production, proc- essing, distribution, marketing, and preparation of foods, together with principles of nutrition and Government regulation of the food industry. Each chapter is written by an expert or experts in that particular food field, and the chapters are grouped under section headings of foodback- grounds, nutrients, health, needs, quality, prep- aration, costs, trends, learning, and programs. Included in the chapver on food quality is asec- tion on ''Fish and the Fishing Industry,'' by An- drew W. Anderson, Assistant Director of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The author discusses the nutritive value of fishery products, the program for establishing standards for fishery products, and the operation of avol- untary inspection system in the industry. He describes the activities of the Department of the Interior in behalf of the fishing industry and in the interest of the consuming public. Mention is made of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 and the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of 1954 and the ac- complishments achieved by their implementation, towards both the prosperity of the fishing and allied industries and the welfare of the consum- er. There are several illustrations showing world catch of fishery products, 1957; utilization of the U. S. commercial catchin1958; estimated value of fishery products, 1957; a purchasing guide showing available forms of marketing fish; and other similar data. YUGOSLAVIA: Morsko Ribarstvo (Marine Fisheries), no. 9, Sept. 1959, 20 pp., illus., printed in Yugoslavian with the contents of main articles in English. Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Gagata 3, P. O. B. 185, Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains, among others, the following articles: 'Influence of the Inten- sity of Fishing upon the Composition of Fish Colonies,'' by Sime Zupanovic; and ''Influence of the Forest upon the Production in Coastal Waters," by Miljenko Buljan. Morsko Ribarstvo (Marine Fisheries), no. 10, YELLOW PERCH: "Management, by Elmer Herman and others, Publication 228, 12 pp., illus., printed. Wis- consin Conservation Department, Madison 1, Wis., 1959. October 1959, 20 pp., illus., printed in Yugo- slavian with the contents of main articles in English. Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Gagata3, P.O. B. 185, Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains, among oth- ers, the following articles: ''The Behaviour of Phytoplankton during Fertilization Experiments," by Tereza Pucher-Petkovic; and ''Experimental YELLOW PIKE: The Walleye, Its Life History, Ecology, and Management, by Wallace Niemuth, Warren Churchill, and Thomas Wirth, Publication No. 227, 12 pp., illus., printed. Wisconsin Conser- vation Department, Madison 1, Wis., 1959. Tank for Live Bait,'’ by Radosna Muzinic. Also contains a report on the catching of Clupea sprattus by using submarine lighting, nets, and aspirators in the Caspian Sea; and a report, by Kresimir Sepic, from the X--International Con- gress of Refrigeration held in Copenhagen, Au- gust 19-26, 1959. =n S —, 120 Page 50 50 50 51 57 58 59 59 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 2 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) FOREIGN: International; European Free Trade Association: Convention [nitialed by Seven European Countries Fish Meal: InternationalConference of Manufacturers Held in Spain Food and Agriculture Organization: Report of the Tenth Session of the FAO Conference General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: Fifteenth Session of the Contracting Parties International Oceanographic Congress: Fish Behavior Studies Could Increase Yield International Pacific Halibut Commission: Effects of Fishing Effort Versus Climatic Changes on Fish Stocks Evaluated International Pacific Salmon Commission: Fraser River Sockeye Fishery, 1959 Marine Oils: Increase in 1960 Forecast for World Production and Exports Marine Resources Survey of Southeast Asian Area Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission: Tenth Annual Meeting More Countries Fish in Northwest Atlantic South Pacific Commission on Maritime Resources: Sixth Meeting Held in Quito Tuna: Southern European Countries Build New Tuna Fishing Vessels United Nations: Second Conference on the Law of the Sea to Open on March 17, 1960 Whaling: Country Quotas for 1959/60 Antarctic Season World Fisheries: Landings Increased Three Million Tons in 1958 Trade in 1957 Exceeded One Billion Dollars Argentina: Japanese Freezership to Operate from Argentine Port Landings of Fish and Shellfish, by Ing. Daniel O. Alvaredo Mackerel and Anchovy Landings at Mar Del Plata, by Ing. Daniel O. Alvaredo Shrimp Industry Trends Australia: Spiny Lobster Industry, Fiscal Year 1958/59 Two Vessels Plan to Export Tuna Catches to United States Use of Airplanes for Fish Spotting Increasing British East Africa: Lake Victoria Fisheries Service Under High Com- mission to End Canada: British Columbia Canned Salmon Pack Lower in 1959 British Columbia Ex-Vessel and Canned Sockeye Salmon Prices up Sharply West Coast Salmon Industry Trends, 1959 Salmon Catch by Sports Fishermen in British Columbia Increasing British Columbia Whaling in 1959 Chamber of Commerce Policy Declarations Include Commercial Fisheries Fisheries Recommendations Included in Report of Royal Commission on Price Spreads Fish Flour Developments Swordfish Vessel Tries New Electronic Harpoon Ceylon: Shrimp Fishery Colombia: Market for Frozen Tuna Increasing France: Lobster Tails Packed in Vacuum-Sealed Plastic Bags Aboard Vessel French Guiana: Fisheries Expansion Included in Proposed De- velopment Plan Page 75 76 76 77 92 FOREIGN (Contd.): German Federal Republic: Certificate of Inspection for Fish Meal Imports Required Appropriations for Fisheries Fiscal Years 1958/59 and 1959/60 Guatemala: Shrimp Fishery Trends Iceland: Hopes to Increase Sales of Frozen Fish Blocks to U.S. Fish-Freezing Plants Need More Trawlers Fishery Landings, January-September 1959 Fishing Fleet Trends, November 1959 Nongovernmental 1960 Trade Agreement with East Germany Includes Fish Italy: Fish Canners Ask Restrictions on Japanese Canned Tuna Imports Japanese Frozen Tuna Included Among Free Trade Items Tuna Industry Japan: Bering Sea Trawler Fishery Trends Canned Fishery Products Exports, January-July 1959 Canned Pack of Mackerel-Pike Freight Rates to United States for Canned Goods Increased Exports of Fishery Products, January-September 1959 Plans Made to Advertise Canned Tuna in United States Fishing Information on 1959/60 Winter Albacore Season Rate-of-Catch for Atlantic Tuna Drops Soviet Fisheries Mission Visits Japan Yellowfin Tuna Export Price to United States Firmer Transshipped Atlantic Frozen Tuna Exports to United States Decline Status of Tuna Stocks in Indian and Pacific Oceans Fishing Vessel Construction Up Sharply Emigration of Fishermen to Ecuador Proposed Latvia: Fish Factoryship Added to Fleet Malaya: Japanese-Malayan Tuna Firm Slow Getting Started Mexico: Program Instituted for Sale of Fish at Established Prices Shrimp Industry, November 1959 Morocco: Landings of Fish and Shellfish, 1958 Nicaragua: Shrimp Fishery Trends, April-June 1959 Norway: Frozen Fillet Sales Up for 1958/59 Research Vessels Seek Fish in Distant Waters Poland: Fishing Industry Seeks New Fishing Ground in Atlantic Portugal: Canned Fish Exports, January-August 1959 Canned Fish Pack, January-August 1959 Cod Fishing Fleet Had Poor Season Fisheries Trends, January-August 1959 Fishery Landings in Portugal, Madeira, and the Azores, 1958 Sardine Landings Near Record in 1959 Ryukyu Islands: Landings and Imports, 1958 Spain: Vigo Fisheries Trends, July-September 1959 Sweden: Herring Export Agreement Reached with Czechoslovakia Herring Sales to East and West Germany Increase New Fishery Research Vessel Planned Plant Being Built to Make Fish Protein Concentrate Union of South Africa; East Germany and Yugoslavia Purchase Fish Meal and Oil Contents Completed Page 121. February 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 121 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Union of South Africa (Contd.): tH Gs Frozen Fish Demand Growing 2 iia. Sealing Operations Siva. Three Paddle-Wheel Vessels Built for Oyster- 101 Shell Industry 95 .. Whaling Land Station Season in 1959 Successful U.S. S. R.: 101 GY 5 4 Good Fishing Grounds Found in Davis Strait off West Greenland 102... 95 .. Tuna Fishing in the Pacific Ocean Initiated 1047 United Kingdom: 104 .. ta 6 4 Contamination in Oysters Eradicated by New 105 .. Treatment 106... Venezuela: SGieon. Japanese-Venezuelan Tuna Fishing Operations in Oe Caribbean Kl a6 Tuna Vessels Fishing Off British West Indies NOU 5 3 HEY S56 FEDERAL ACTIONS: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: 108i Food and Drug Administration: OO Breas SBie-n List of Food Additives Generally Recognized as THK) 5.6 Safe Issued i) Ae 100) =. Warning Issued on Use of Term "Cholesterol" U2 ee in Labeling of Common Foods RATER PETE EE HUE Ss iii FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.): Department of the Interior: Fish and Wildlife Service: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: Frozen Raw Breaded Fish Portions Voluntary Standards Proposed Treasury Department: Frozen Trout from Japan Not Being Sold at Less than Fair Value in U. S. Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session) FISHERY INDICATORS: Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fishery Products Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution Centers Chart § - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U. S. and Alaska Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: Fish and Wildlife Service Publications Miscellaneous Publications ANTIGENS MAY IDENTIFY SALMON RACES The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Seattle, Wash., tested blood samples from 110 Bristol Bay red salmon and 65 red salmon taken by the research vessel Pioneer on the high seas in the North Pacific in1958. Results of thetests showcertain antigens to be present in 98 percent of the American fish. In previous tests these same antigens were found to be absent from 98 percent of the Asian fish. The incidence of these antigens in the 1958 Bristol Bay reds confirmed past findings. Fifty-two of the 65 bloodsamples taken from salmon collected on or west of the present abstention line in the Pacific Ocean by the Pioneer in 1958 were determined to be characteristic of salmon of American origin, Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, se oe se ke oe HK ok Kk ook OK Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom Helen Joswick, and Vera Eggleston Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho- tographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. P. 33--Bob Bailey, Va. Fisheries Research Laboratory; Cover & p. 43-- J. B. Rivers; pp. 47-48--J. Pileggi; p. 69--Kenya Information Office; pp. 70 & 72--Information Services, Dept. of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada; and p. 85--FAO photo. INT.DUP.,D.C.60- 68756 CANNING INDUSTRY CELEBRATES 150TH ANNIVERSARY This is the year the Canning Industry celebrates its 150th birthday, and it seems only appropriate to light a special birthday candle for William Underwood the man who started canning in the United States. During Napoleonic Wars, French armies traveled far from home base. The foreign lands they invaded often were stripped of forage by retreating enemies to such an ex- tent that the problem of feeding the troops was acute. Armies suffered more casualties %, from bad food and starvation than from ene- Swf ‘Gs US my muskets. im i ad. = Y = wo The French Government offered a prize mm \ \ VA! iw ES of 12,000francs to the person who could de- we) NU Pe velop a methodof preserving food effective- é ly. Nicholas Appert, a Parisian confection- | 2 . er, pickler, and vintner took up the exciting N FOR 150 YEAR challenge. He workedatit forl4 years, and finally in 1809 he was successful. He found a method of preserving food so that it would keep, and in 1809 Napoleon presented him the award of 12,000 francs. Appert packed his food like vintage wines, in bottles. He partially cooked the food, then placed it in bottles which were corked, wired, and submerged in boiling water. Without knowingit, he had sterilized food, stopping bacterial spoilage. The process worked, but the fragile glass containers often broke in transit. A year later, in1810, an Englishman named Peter Durand added a contribution to the infant preserving business. Durand took a clue from medieval workmen who in the 13th century had discovered that by dipping a sheet of iron into molten tin, they could stop corrosion and rust. Durand developed the ''canister,'' an iron con- tainer plated withtin, with a solderedcover. He packed his ''tin canister'’ with meat and soon one Britisher, then another, and another were eating his canned or ''em- balmed'' meat as they jokingly called it. In a pickling establishment in London at that time worked an ambitious young man named William Underwood, who was much intrigued by this new development of canning food. His ambition and adventurous spirit caused him to leave England and sail to America in 1817, eventually settling in Boston. Here, where vessels were sailing every day for distant ports, and taking with them large stores of provisions and food, 30-year-old William Underwood started a canning plant at the edge of Boston Harbor, on what is now called Russia Wharf. The year was 1821, and the company which Underwood started is still owned by the Underwood family, and is America's oldest canning company. William Underwood began his business by putting berries and fruit in glass jars. People were suspicious, however, of these new ''preserved foods.'' They couldn't believethat foodin jars could stay fresh and sweet for any length of time. But William Underwood found good customers for preserved foods among the sea- going men who needed provisions for long voyages around the Horn and to distant ports. It was in 1939 that Underwood first used canisters to hold his variety of pre- served foods. Inthe old ledgers of the Underwood Company, the number of canisters sold each day appears on page after page, but at one point a clerk who tired of con- tinually writing that long word ''canister'' abbreviated it to''can,'' and that is how the word ''can'' came into being. In those early days, the enterprising Underwood Company packed oysters and lobsters and salmon, some of which were sent to the West Coast where a great gold rush was going on. In fact, the first gold to reach the East Coast from Cali- fornia arrived in an emptied Underwood salmon can. Today the same company packs 16 specialized products, including sardines in tomato sauce, sardines in mustard sauce, sardines in salad oil, clam chowder, clam juice, and whole soft- shell clams. ef a. [ F y.. nu: AYLY63X fst es 1; deny aay my feng exe ill (= lll (ss ll cz J (CS ll 22 COMMERCIAL BREW EE FISHERIES ae Fo ue Say Pee a : ea MARCH 1960 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior W ashington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICES HAROLD E. CROWTHER, CHIEF A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. May 21, 1957. The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, 5/31/60 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 CONTENTS COVER: Packing and inspection line of a large, modern breaded shrimp packing plant in Tampa, Florida. This particular phase of the shrimp industry has become impor- tant only in the past several years. Most of the breaded shrimp plants in the United States, like this one in Tampa, have contracted for the U. S. Department of the Interi- or voluntary inspection service (USDI). Most of the frozen breaded shrimp packed and sold today is produced under USDI inspection. RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: Developing Inspection Aids for Salmon and Halibut Development of New Standards for Pacific Coast Fish Bacteriological Standards for Frozen Foods Under Study Fish Oils Have Unique Fatty Acid Composition New Products from Fish Oils Refrigerated Sea Water Lengthens Storage Life of Whiting TRENDS ANB DEVELOPMENTS: American Samoa; American Samoa Tuna Landings, 1958-59 Byproducts: U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles Production, 1959 California: Aerial Census of Commercial Abalone Fishing Con- tinued (Airplane Spotting Flight 59-23) Pelagic Fish Population Survey off Coast of Central California Continued (M/V Alaska Cruise 59A9 and Airplane Spotting Flight 59-21) Rockfish Studied off Southern California Coast (M/V Nautilus Cruise 59N5) Canned Fish: United States Pack, 1958-59 Cans~--Shipments for Fishery Products, January- November 1959 Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: Tilapia Culture as Source of Live Bait for Tuna Fishery Successful Crabs: Maryland Samples Winter Blue Crab Population for Clues to Future Harvests Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Department of Defense Purchases, January- December 1959 Fisheries Loan Fund: Fisheries Loans Approved October 1-December 31, 1959 Hawaii: Higher Skipjack Tuna Landings in 1959 Bear out Pre- diction by Biologists Maine Sardines: Canned Stocks, January 1, 1960 Marine Conservation: Sea Life Conservation Program Discussed at Wildlife Conference New England; Landings of Food Fish Lower, Industrial Fish Higher in 1959 Page 25 26 26 37 38 38 39 39 41 -Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice--Part 1 - Preliminary Observations on Ma- chine-Peeling Characteristics and Product Quality, by Jeff Collins -Braided Synthetic Twines and Their Use in the New England Trawl Fishery, by Michael Ruggiero TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Oysters: Virginia Biologists Discover Cause of Oyster Mortali- ties in Chesapeake Bay Shrimp: California's Landings Higher in 1959 South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Commercial Beds of Scallops Found off Florida East Coast (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 21) Tuna: Tagged Bluefin Tuna Cross Atlantic United States Fishing Fleet Additions, October, November, and December 1959 U.S. Foreign Trade: Edible Fishery Products, November 1959 Groundfish Fillet Imports United States Fish Oil Exports Set Record in 1959 Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery Products, 1959 Shrimp Imports, 1959 U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions, 1959 Washington: Experimental Plantings of Eastern Hard Clams in Puget Sound Waters Successful Governor Concerned over Outcome of Law of the Sea Conference Wholesale Prices, January 1960 FOREIGN: International: Fishing Fair and Nautical Exposition to be Held in Italy, June 25 to July 10, 1960 Food and Agriculture Organization: Expert Group Urges Greater Study of Radiation in Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries International Joint Commission (United States and Canada): Proposed Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project Effect on Fisheries Slight International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission: Salmon Fishing Regulations for 1960 in Convention Waters Trade Agreements: United Kingdom-Tunisia Agreement Includes Fishery Products Angola: Fishing Industry Suffers from Lower Landings and Exports Fund Established to Support the Fishing Industry Contents Continued Page 109. March 1960 PROCESSING AND QUALITY STUDIES OF SHRIMP HELD IN REFRIGERATED SEA WATER AND ICE Part 1 - Preliminary Observations on Machine-Peeling Characteristics and Product Quality By Jeff Collins* ABSTRACT Preliminary information is given on (1) the peeling characteristics of shrimp held in refrigerated sea water, (2) the leaching effect on shrimp of the washing action of the machine peeler, and (3) the effect of certain holding and processing variables on the quality of the canned product. BACKGROUND Two processors at Wrangell, Alaska, installed mechanical peelers in the win- ter of 1957-58, thus introducing to Alaska a mechanized process for shrimp can- ning. Along with these de- velopments, industry ex- pressed interest in the re- frigerated-sea water system as a method for holding the shrimp prior to processing. \ Considerable literature is available detailing the characteristics of the re- frigerated-sea water sys- tem for holding fish. This generally indicates that there are considerable ad- vantages inherent in the system for certain fish. However, only limited in- formation (Higman and Idyll 1952; Higman, Idyll, and Thompson 1953; Roach and Harrison 1954) has been published on the hold- ing of shrimp. Fig. 1 - Portable laboratory refrigerated-sea water unit. The literature indi- cates that the advantages of the system for holding shrimp may include (1) a greater freedom at sea to fish more distant grounds, (2) less crushing and. breakage, (3) *Chemist, Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research and Services, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies, Ketchikan, Alaska. 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 reduced labor costs, both on the vessel and at the plant, and (4) a safety factor to the plant operation in that a more consistent and economical processing schedule can be maintained. Before the potential advantages of the system could be evaluated, it was first necessary to determine whether shrimp held in refrigerated sea water would mechanically peel satisfactorily, since no large-scale production of the small shrimp is feasible in Alaska without the aid of the mechanical peeler. The primary objective of the work reported here was to investigate the peeling characteristics of pink shrimp held in refrigerated sea water. Secondary objectives were to make a preliminary study of (1) the changes in the composition of the shrimp due to the leaching action of the water used in machine peeling and (2) the effect of refrigerated sea water on black discoloration of the canned shrimp. PEELING CHARACTERISTICS In the investigation of peeling characteristics, tests were carried out using a portable laboratory refrigerated-sea water unit in a commercial processing plant in Wrangell. EQUIPMENT AND METHOD OF PROCESSING: In this subsection, refrigerated sea water is defined, and the tank that was used for holding the refrigerated sea wa- ter, the machine for peel- ing the shrimp, and the method of processing them are described. The nor- mal plant procedure for holding the shrimp in ice is also given. Refrigerated Sea Wa- ter: Refrigerated sea wa- ter is a watery solution for holding fish or shellfish at about 30° F. It consists of a water-cooling medium, a tank to hold it, anda source of refrigeration. Since "refrigerated sea water" has been applied to several variations, the standard system and holding condi- tions described inthis and subsequent papers is defined as follows: Refrigerated sea water (RSW) is the system in which an artifically-prepared solution of 3-percent (by weight) sodium chloride (canner's grade) dissolved in potable water is held in a tank constructed of an inert material and maintained at 30° t 1° F, by means of mechanical refrigera- tion, suitable circulation of brine, and suitable insulation. Shrimp is held at a 1 to 1 ratio of shrimp to brine unless otherwise indicated. This ratio is optimum for shrimp in that it allows the brine to submerge the shrimp and only enough excess for proper circulation. Fig. 2 - >nrimp being removed from an aging bin prior to machine -peeling. Holding Tank: The portable laboratory holding tank used (fig. 1) was construct- ed by coating the inside of a 55-gallon steel drum with white Fiberglass-Fiberlay. Copper tubing (100 feet in length and } inch in diameter) was tightly wrapped on the outside of the drum and sealed to it with a thermomastic. The drum was then in- sulated with 3 inches of glass wool and covered with sheet metal. The refrigeration was supplied bya 3-horsepower compressor with Freon 12 passing through an March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 expansion valve. The brine was circulated from the bottom center of the drum (false bottom with screened outlet) in polyvinylchloride pipe (¢ inch in diameter) through a 1/8-horsepower peeve tone magnetic circulator and Aire Mae Te LIL TAUIW. WACRGCIST back into the top of the drum if}, through a perforatedperiph- «© © yf M if ft La Y. WS eral spreader pipe located just under the surface of the poe: 5 \NG x y ‘ ( ig fe A\ ie WEY brine. The unit had a work- ing capacity of 200 pounds of refrigerated sea water and 200 pounds of shrimp. Icing Procedure: The shrimp are normally un- loaded at the plant on the same day that they are caught. For optimum ma- chine-peeling, such shrimp require a controlled aging period to release the meats from the shells prior to peeling. Aging is accom- plished by layering the shrimp with flake ice in 4 by 8 foot wooden bins to a depth of about 3 feet. After 40 to 48 hours, the shrimp are transferred from the bins to the machine peeler. Fig. 3 - Shrimp in the process of being machine-peeled. Peeling Machine: The particular peeling machine used was a Model A peeler manufactured by the Peelers Company. Processing: After the shrimp were machine-peeled, the meats dropped onto a continuous stainless-steel woven|belt and passed through a covered steam box for 90 seconds. The meats, after being given this precook, passed through a rotating tunnel blower, where loose shell was removed, and onto a table for final inspection prior to seaming and retorting. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS: Pink shrimp (Pandalus sp.) were used, since they are the species that make up the bulk of the shrimp that are machine-peeled in Alaska. In this ptudy on machine peeling, three experiments were performed. Experiment 1: Three hours after being caught 200 pounds of pink shrimp were placed in refrigerated sea water and held for 18 hours. These shrimp, although of excellent quality and easily peeled by hand, did not peel properly by machine, since the shells had not released from the meats sufficiently. Experiment 2: The shrimp were held in refrigerated sea water for 40 hours. After this length of time, the shrimp were still of excellent quality, were easily peeled by hand, and were peeled satisfactorily by machine. Experiment 3: The shrimp were held for 40 hours in 6-percent brine (Roach and Harrison 1954). Although these shrimp did not appear to be markedly different from those in the previous run, the operator of the machine found that the shrimp peeled slightly better. It was his opinion that shrimp held for 40 hours in either re- frigerated sea water (as defined here) or in 6-percent brine would peel satisfactor- ily in the machine given enough shrimp to adjust the machine properly. 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 LEACHING ON PEELER Since the shrimp were sprayed with a large volume of water during the peeling operation (fig. 3), it was of interest to determine the extent of leaching of certain soluble constituents under these conditions. For this study, (1) fresh hand-peeled shrimp, (2) shrimp held in refrigerated sea water for 40 hours and then hand-peel- ed, and (3) shrimp held in refrigerated sea water for 40 hours and then machine- peeled were frozen for later analysis. These analyses were for total chloride, total nitrogen (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 1955), and total volatile base (Stansby, Harrison, Dassow, and Sater 1944). change in Certain Shrimp Constituents as a Result of Holding Shrimp in Refrigerated Sea Water (RSW) and Peeling Them by Machine —— eee eee Tota Total Total Treatment of Sample Chloride Volatile Nitrogen Content A Mg.N/100 g. Fr LOL oie Fresh, hand-peeled shrimp ... Shrimp held 40 hrs. in RSW then hand-peeled Shrimp held 40 hrs. in RSW then machine-peeled The data are shown in table 1. They indicate that leaching did occur when shrimp were machine-peeled. As can be noted from the table, for example, most of the salt that was absorbed when the shrimp were held in refrigerated sea water for 40 hours was leached out during the subsequent peeling operation. Both the total volatile pane and the total nitrogen content also decreased as a result of ma- chine-peeling.1 BLACK DISCOLORATION The black discoloration of canned shrimp has been a problem of long stand- ing. It is generally accepted that the use of poor-quality shrimp will result in a discolored product. From the published literature on the use of refrigerated sea water for the holding of fish, it was expected that shrimp so held would be of better raw quality than when held in ice (time of holding being the same). It also seemed possible that discoloration might be less for shrimp held in refrigerated sea water. Therefore, preliminary tests were carried out during the peeling experiments, previously described, in order to determine the relative effect that aging in ice or aging in refrigerated sea water would have on black discoloration. In these experiments, shrimp held either in ice (the normal plant procedure) or refrigerated sea water were processed both with the addition of citric acid prior to retorting, which was the normal plant procedure, and without the addition of citric acid but with the addition of brine. The acid, if used, was added by flooding the cans, prior to seaming, with 4.8-percent sodium chloride brine containing 0.36-percent citric acid. All cans were then stored at room temperature and subsequently ex- amined at various intervals up to 7 months. The darkening characteristics for the cans processed without citric acid are arranged in order of increasing tendency to darken as follows: I/It might be argued that the data are artifacts caused by moisture uptake rather than a true leaching. Moisture, of course, is absorbed by the meats, but if the "loss of constituents" is caused only by moisture uptake, then the ratios of the initial to the final values of the three analyses would be constant and equal to each other. Since this was not the case, leaching must also have occurred. March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 Holding Conditions Relative Darkening Iced shrimp, 40 hours aging, good quality very Slightly dark RSW shrimp, 18 hours aging, 3-percent Biiently dark brine, good quality RSW shrimp, 40 hours aging, 3-percent moderately dark brine, good quality RSW shrimp, 40 hours aging, BC ratclodack 6-percent brine, good quality y Iced shrimp, 40 hours aging very dark poor quality In the samples processed with the addition of citric acid, the acid prevented darkening except for one ice-held sample that was of borderline freshness. QUALITY Although observations in the course of the present work indicated that holding shrimp in refrigerated sea water yielded a product of satisfactory quality, the work was carried out under favorable conditions that may not always be obtainable. Quantitative data are therefore needed regarding the effect of holding and process- ing variables before the relative usefulness of refrigerated sea water can be eval- uated for Alaska shrimp. Accordingly, data on such factors will be presented in subsequent reports in this series of articles. CONCLUSIONS 1, Pink shrimp machine-peeled satisfactorily after being held 40 hours in re- frigerated sea water containing either 3-percent or 6-percent brine. 2. Salt, total volatile base, and total nitrogen contents of the shrimp were re- duced by the leaching action of water during machine-peeling. 3. When shrimp were canned without the addition of citric acid, black discol- oration increased with (1) loss in quality of ice-held shrimp, (2) time of holding in refrigerated sea water, and (3) increased brine concentration. Adding citric acid prevented darkening except for one ice-held sample of borderline freshness. 4. Before the relative usefulness of the refrigerated-sea water system can be evaluated for Alaska shrimp, quantitative data are needed regarding the quality of the product as affected by holding and processing variables. Note: The author wishes to express his appreciation to Messrs. B, Engdal and H. Sundberg for their helpful discussions and for making the facilities of the Harbor Seafoods Company at Wrangell, Alaska, available for these experiments. LITERATURE CITED ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS ings Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 1955. Official Methods of Analysis. Eighth Edition, 6th Annual Session, pp. 114-121. 1955, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, P. O. Box 540, Benjamin Franklin ROACH, S. W.j}and HARRISON, J. S. M. Station, Washington 4, D. C., Analyses num- 1954. Use of Chilled Sea Water and Dilute Brines in bers: 2.22, 2.23; and 18.7 respectively. Place of Ice for Holding Shrimp Aboard a Fishing Vessel. Fisheries Research Board of HIGMAN, J. B.; and IDYLL, C. P. Canada, Progress Reports of the Pacific 1952. Holding Shrimp in Refrigerated Sea Water. Pro- Coast Stations, no. 98, pp. 23-24. ceedings, Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Insti- tute, 5th Annual Session, pp. 41-53. STANSBY, M. E.; HARRISON, R. W.; DASSOW, J.3 and SATER, M, a ‘ ; and THOMPSON, J. 1944, Determining Volatile Bases in Fish. Industrial 1953. Further Experiments in Holding of Fresh Shrimp and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edi- in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice. Proceed- tion, vol. 16, no. 9 (September), pp. 593- 596. 2ZLABLABAKAAA 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 BRAIDED SYNTHETIC TWINES AND THEIR USE IN THE NEW ENGLAND TRAWL FISHERY By Michael Ruggiero BACKGROUND The chemical revolution, which has brought about many changes in many indus- tries, has also reached the fishing industry. Its effects can be seen on the decks and in the enginerooms of every vessel of the fishing fleet as well as in every fish- ery shore installation in the form of improved products, supplies, and materials. The introduction of synthetically-produced or improved fibers is only one part of this major revolution, but a part which will become increasingly important in the future. Development of practical applications for synthetic fibers was speeded greatly by World War II research, but development of applications useful to the fishing in- dustry was slower, carried out by trial and error, and conducted largely by using materials originally developed for other applications. In the New England trawl fishery, in spite of the recent trend toward increased use of synthetics, natural fi- bers still provide the bulk of the raw material for twine and webbing manufacture. Synthetic twines were first introduced to the fishing industry shortly after the war by netting manufacturers who spun and twisted synthetic filament into conven- tional-type twines. These twines proved to be excellent trawl materials owing largely to their increased strength and longer life as compared with natural twines; but many trawl-fishermen felt that the added advantages were outweighed by the added capital expenditure required, and most webbing made from spun and twisted filament has been used by nontrawl segments of the industry--particularly by seine and gill-net fishermen. It has become apparent to trawl fishermen, however, that there were definite advantages to be gained from the use of synthetic twines, pro- vided the initial cost of the twines could be reduced to compare more favorably with that of the natural-fiber twines currently in use. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIDED-TWINE INDUSTRY Trawl fishermen soon found a partial answer to their quest for less expensive synthetics in the 3- to 4-fathom braided cords which could be obtained from sur- plus Armed Forces parachutes, air-drop cargo nets, and other devices. Applica- tion of these surplus synthetic braids to trawl construction was the beginning of a new approach to the manufacture of trawl twines and webbing. The braided materi- al, although too thick for extensive use in nontrawl segments of the fishing indus- try, was ideal for construction of New England-type trawls. It, however, could not be handled by conventional net-making machinery. Net sections had to be made by hand and were primarily limited to cod-end sections by the size of braid available. New and better, but equally inexpensive, sources for braided synthetics were needed. Waste material from tire, upholstery, fabric, thread, and firehose manufac- turers was tried next. This waste material was hand-braided into a number of sizes of twine suitable for all sections of typical New England trawls, but little at- tention was paid to blending the yarns or to the uniformity of the final braid and the resulting product did not prove to be as practical as that obtained from Government surplus. Greater selectivity in waste buying and blending was necessary. Emphasis was then placed on the use of conventional net-making machinery to replace hand labor. This increased the necessity for obtaining a relatively unvaried *Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Branch of Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research, Division of Industrial Re- search and Services, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass. March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 N SLPS RGR ELLA phan sha = Fig. 1 - Synthetic braids and twines in common use aboard trawlers ot the New England Fleet: (A) Westerbeke's No. 2 heavy nylon braid; (B) Lambeth Rope Company heavy nylon braid; (C) Westerbeke's No. 1 medium nylon braid; (D) Levine Marine Supply heavy nylon braid; (E) Armed Forces surplus Para-cord No. 550; (F) Levine Marine Supply Heavy nylon -Dacron braid; (G) Grimsby's heavy Terylene twisted twine; (H) Grimsby's light Terylene twisted twine; (I) Linen Thread Company No. 200/3 twisted nylon twine; (J) Linen Thread Company No. 400/3 twisted nylon twine; (K) Armed Forces surplus cargo netting No. 1,000 nylon braid; (L) Levine Marine Supply heavy Dacron-nylon braid; (M) Levine Marine Supply heavy braid; (N) Armed Forces surplus "'Para-cord" No. 400 nylon braid. 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 source of waste supply for the manufacture of uniform braid. A suitable waste sup- ply was found to be available from the tire-cord industry. Tire-cord manufacturers use high-quality synthetics; their specifications are rigid; and lot samplings are performed routinely to determine adherence to standards for several important qualities. An abundant supply of cord, rejected for tire manufacture, but suitable for twine manufacture is one result of the strict adherence to rigid specifications designed to maintain tire quality. PRESENT CONDITION OF THE BRAIDED-TWINE INDUSTRY At the present time, braided netting suppliers: (a) purchase waste tire cord; (b) braid the cord and knit it into webbing by machine; (c) cut the webbing into trawl sections. The only exception to that procedure occurs with heavy braids for cod ends. These are still knit by hand. Compared with spinning, braiding is a simple operation, and the cost of braids made from manufacturing waste is far below the cost of twisted twine made from original synthetic filament. In many cases the cost of the finished braid produced by the braid suppliers is less than the cost of the original raw filament used by the tire-cord manufacturers. CONSTRUCTION Two general methods of manufacture are employed by the twine industry-- braiding and spinning. Braiding consists of weaving the assembled fibers, known as yarn or strands, so that they are crossed and recrossed and each strand passes alternately over and under the others. The tightness of the braid is determined by the number of picks per inchl/ and by the tension placed on the strands. Full utilization of the strength of the fibers is not realized with braided twine, but the method combines economy with the added strength of synthetic materials so that the finished product provides a stronger twine than was available using natural-fiber twines of equivalent weight at a cost that approaches that of the natural fibers. Spinning consists of drawing out a ribbon of parallel fibers and twisting this ribbon into a cylinder. The fibers become tightly compressed against one another during this process and the resulting friction between the fibers holds them in place when the structure is pulled under tension. Compactness is determined by the de- gree of twist. The structure resulting from this process, being cylindrical, pos- sesses maximum attainable strength for the amount and kind of fiber used. CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIDED TWINES Differences in construction result in differences in physical characteristics of the braided twine, and these determine the behavior of the twines in use, the degree of mesh contraction, and the wearing ability of the twines. The type of fiber, amount of twist in the plys or strands, and the compactness of the twine (picks per inch) can have wide variation and can result in different characteristics in the final product. The construction details of a commonly-used Armed Forces surplus braided twine and a braided twine manufactured specifically for the trawl fishery from tire-cord waste (fig. 2) are given in table 1. The Armed Forces surplus braided cord chosen for comparison was originally designed for cargo netting, to be used in dropping supplies by parachute. It is made up of filaments plyed together with a very low twist. These are then plaited together in a loose fashion to form a very flexible braid capable of high-shock absorptive i/FPicks per inch: A textile term used in describing compactness or fineness of cloth or cord. Defined as the number of times a specific strand enters the braid in a measured inch of that braid. March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 ability, high elastic recovery, and great strength. Cod ends made from this mate- rial have a longer useful life than those made from any of the other twines obtained. The braid, being flex- ible, and the compo- nent filaments being so formed and positioned that they are almost parallel to one anoth- er, causes the outer filaments to curl when broken, thereby pro- tecting the inner fila- ments from further damage. Breaking of the outer filaments does not weaken the braid below a useful level because of the Government surplus braid i Rebar h: re Commercial-brand braid from excessive initial : Sree contest strength of the braid material. Fig. 2 - Representative braided nylon twines described in table 1. Because of the looseness of the braid ("low number of picks per inch"'), the sur- plus air-cargo netting braid often becomes infiltrated with sand and dirt. This of- Table 1 - Construction Details of Two Representative Braided ten CEM the braid to swell Nylon Twines to a maximum of twice the Goasinnaeon Surplus Commercial-Brand Cord] Original diameter thereby Characteristic Nn HED Manufactured from | contributing greatly to a de- Cargo Cord Tire -Cord Waste 0 é 0 mae 43.83 38. 89 crease in mesh size in those 96 48 sections where the braid is e ie subjected to the greatest 220/84/4 840/140/3 wear and exposure to sub- TPI Z-twist in single ply: ----.| 1.26 12. 10 strate (table 2andfig. 3). TPI S-twist in 4-ply 3.38 na Siete an 2oPly 8.08 9.0 Braids made from tire- cord waste are made from yarns having a very high twist in both the filament plys and the yarns because of the extreme compactness required by tire manufacturers. The commercial braid made from tire waste and chosen for comparison with the surplus ule No. Trips | Avg. Mesh Size drop cargo-netting ; a Made ‘After Use braid, is tightly plaited i Poe eee 4.39 inches 4.31 inches orgs ° a fe} iO. (containing a high num 2 Oo jm 4,41 inches 15 4.31 inches ber of picks per inch) 3 4.39 inches 15 4.32 inches and is therefore more 4 Myles cans net 4.63 inches 4,23 inches oa oO. compact but less flexi *5 a th 0 Aes nches 3.61 inches ble than the surplus 4,39 inches 17 3.28 inches material. It more near- es inches Ara oe a 4,50 inches -O1 inches ly resembles natural 4.26 inches 3.84 inches fiber twine in those 4.45 inches 3.60 inches characters. Thisbraid /[1i/Figures used were obtained from certification records and after-use data gathered * « = during 1954-58. tends to maintain a rel *Net still in use at time of measurement. atively stable mesh size, not being susceptible to the degree of swelling noted in surplus braid. In use, the commercial braid tested reacted in a manner similar to natural-fiber twine andhad considerable stretch when subjected to heavy stress and wear. 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 After-use measurements of two cod ends were made for comparative purposes. One cod end was constructed of Government surplus cargo netting. The other was made of a commonly-used commercial tire-cord waste braid. The results (fig. 3) showed that the meshes of the cod end made of Government surplus material Government Surplus Commercial-Brandg ©tracted most in the area of the Nylon Cargo Cord Waste Tire-Cord greatest wear and strain whereas the Braid cod end made from the commercial braid contracted most in an area where After 19 Trips After 21 Trips the wear and strain were less than maximum. ADVANTAGE OF SYNTHETIC TWINES IN THE NEW ENGLAND TRAWL FISHERY Synthetic fibers most commonly used in the New England trawl fishery are nylon, dacron, and rayon. Chiefad- vantages of these fibers result from their ability to withstand the effects of micro-organism attack, their high ten- sile strength, and their low level of : Bs moisture absorption. The synthetic fi- (Before-use 4.32") (Before-use 4.69") bers lose a greater amount of strength through knotting than do natural fibers, mo: _ Peano neers om eyprpediends ao but even with this loss, their strength See doi htamiatan ca oe iter use. igure: Reloe generally remains above the unknotted sections (before-use figures) refer to entire cod-end. Note strength of natural fibers. that the area of maximum contraction varies with the con- struction material. (m = meshes) c ) d * e n d s The most efficient gear is one which: (a) has the lowest initial cost; (b) has the longest useful life; (c) has the low- est maintenance costs; and (d) catches the most fish--is the most effective device for capture. Initial Cost: The initial cost of a section of synthetic trawl webbing is still higher than that of an equivalent-size section of natural-fiber webbing, but the costs are more nearly equal now than in the past. Useful Life: The useful life of synthetic webbing is many times longer than the useful life of natural-fiber webbing largely owing to the susceptibility of the natural- fibers to bacterial-induced rot. This longer life could contribute to a substantial saving in gear bills. Maintenance Costs: Maintenance of synthetic fibers is simpler and usually cheaper than maintenance of natural-fibers and consists mainly of preventing over- long exposure to sunlight. The need to dry the nets frequently is done away with when using synthetics. There is also less need for extensive repair when using synthetics as they are more resistant to the force of heavy catches and the blows and snagging effects of- ten encountered in everyday operation. Effectiveness: The effectiveness of synthetic-fiber gear compared with natu- ral-fiber gear has been the subject of considerable debate. In the gill-net fishery many cases of increased effectiveness have been cited for synthetic nets. Less supporting evidence is available for trawl gear, but it must be assumed that syn- thetic trawls are, at the very least, as effective as natural fiber trawls. March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 USE OF BRAIDED TWINES AND WEBBING IN THE NEW ENGLAND TRAWL-FISHING INDUSTRY Synthetic twines and braids are still used on only a restricted scale in the New England trawl fishery owing to the hazards involved in the trawling operation. In "hard-bottom" fishing for cod and haddock, the bottom sections of the trawls are of- ten subjected to ''tear-ups'' that may carry away whole sections of webbing--syn- thetic or natural-fiber--making a complete trawl of synthetic webbing somewhat im- practical. Top wings, squares (overhangs), and cod ends are therefore often made of synthetic webbing, but natural-fiber webbing is used frequently for the more vul- nerable parts of the net--the lower wings and bottom belly (table 3). In the flounder fishery, con- ducted primarily on sand bottom, synthetic webbing is more suit- able than natural-fiber webbing because it can withstand the ef- Table 3 - Fibers Used for Trawl Construction in the New England Fishing Fleet in 1958 (Based on a Survey Conducted in May 1958 30 fect of greater loads of sand with- 55 . " . Ws 30 out tearing up. Sanding up isa 32 56 serious source of net loss with 32 44 32 54 natural-fiber nets. Experience has shown that it is often preferable to use cotton or manila for lacing and hanging nets to avoid the distortion of a section of webbing which other- wise often results following a hang-up. Use of manila- or cotton-lacing or hanging twine creates a weak point which carries away before serious damage is done to the webbing. Trawls constructed wholly of 3/16-inch braided nylon cord were recently used in trawling over bottom considered too rough for natural-fiber nets in recent trial- trawling for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico by the exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay, under charter to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Perform- ance of the gear was considered satisfactory with only minor tear-ups recordedand with negligible loss of webbing. Synthetic fibers will continue to be used in the New England trawling industry in the future, and, as their cost decreases, they will undoubtedly contribute to a greater and greater extent to the over-all efficiency of that fishery. Their place has been assured by industry acceptance of the results of practical application. : A ian = eee SILOS FOR FISH MEAL STORAGE In Norway, it has been found that bulk storage of fish meal in grain silos is more practicable and cheaper than storage in bags. Distribution costs are also reduced. The meal should be stirred occasionally, which also ensures thorough mixing resulting in a meal of uniform quality. It seems preferable to divide the silos into smaller storage cells (Informationen uber die Fischwirtschaft des Auslandes, June/July 1958). 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 RESEARCH IN SE. RVICE LABORA Tories * Lepper ee ae DEVELOPING INSPECTION AIDS FOR SALMON AND HALIBUT In the development of quality standards for fishery products, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' technological laboratories have recognized the need for selecting criteria which reflect actual differences in quality use of the product. Factors such as dehydration, packaging voids, size and number of pieces, trimming defects, and number of blemishes are easily described and tabulated in the standard or a Supplementary manual for the inspectors. In preparing inspection manuals for the frozen halibut steak standard and the proposed standard for frozen salmon steaks, the Seattle Technological Laboratory of the Bureau found that descriptions of defects relating to appearance, color, or shape were insufficient for orientation and guidance of inspectors. After consider- ing possible use of models, sketches, and illustrative material, color photographs of steaks typifying these factors were selected for study and trial. Two sets of 5'' x 7'' color prints, numbering 10 prints in a set for each standard, were prepared to illustrate criteria for appearance, workmanship, discoloration, blemishes, and other visual factors considered in the standard. Frozen steaks demonstrating the various defects were selected by laboratory personnel; photographs were taken and the prints prepared by a professional photographer. The cost for each set of prints was a fraction of the cost estimate for preparation of wax or plastic models. The use of color, proper lighting, and modern color-print techniques yielded a photographic print which reproduces visual factors and defects in a most realistic manner, To date, experience in the laboratory and the use of the color photographs for demonstration purposes have indicated considerable value for their use as an in- spection aid. Ease of use and portability are outstanding assets of the photographs in addition to their reasonable cost. Negatives are stored for future duplication when needed. The experience of both the film manufacturer and the photographer indicate good stability of the dye pigments used in the prints even if subjected to considerable sunlight during use. It is believed that further studies over a longer period will enable the laborato- ry to select graded samples demonstrating defects at various score levels for photo- graphic reproduction. Thus, for those factors in which visual identification and com- parison are important, the laboratory can assist the inspector in uniform application of criteria through the help of modern photographic techniques. ey Sag ot DEVELOPMENT OF NEW STANDARDS FOR PACIFIC COAST FISH Towards the end of 1959, the Seattle Technological Laboratory of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has completed the exacting work in the preparation of three new standards applicable to Pacific Coast fish. These standards are to be promul- gated in the weeks to come and cover frozen salmon steaks, frozen cod fillets, and March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 frozen ocean perch fillets. The salmon steak standard includes all species of Pa- cific salmon and was developed after frequent consultation with the industry and a grading survey of 391 samples of commercially packaged salmon steaks. Both the cod and ocean perch fillet standards were initiated by the Technologi- cal Laboratory, Gloucester, Mass. These preliminary drafts were revised after close cooperation with the Seattle laboratory to include the applicable Pacific Coast species. Interchange of personnel, samples, and laboratory data between the two laboratories in addition to consultation with industry in each area has assured the development of unified standards best suited to the needs of processors, distribu- tors, and consumers, BACTERIOLOGICAL STANDARDS FOR FROZEN FOODS UNDER STUDY Bacteriological standards for frozen foods were discussed in an October 1959 meeting of officials and members of the industry organization--the National Associ- ation of Frozen Food Packers and representatives of the Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States--primarily Federal and State officials connected with regulatory and control agencies. A number of reports were presented on recent developments in bacteriological methodology and statistical treatment of bacteriological data. Four agencies, in- cluding the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, reported on data obtained from bacteriological examination of plant-line samples of various frozen foods. There was a lengthy discussion following the papers, centering around such problems as: (1) Does the frozen food industry really need bacteriological standards? (2) What type of standard, thatis, which of the various ''indicator''organisms suchas total plate count, coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, or staphylococci, best meet the requirements of a bacteriological standard? (3) What are fair and workable limits for each of these classes of microorganisms? And (4) what are the best test methods to rec- ommend for each of these indicator organisms? It isnot surprising, considering the controversial nature of the subjects under discussion, that no definite decision was reached regarding the use of bacteriologi-~ cal standards for frozen foods. It was recommended that more data be collected by all the interested groups and that another meeting be held to further consider the problems involved. a Sng FISH OILS HAVE UNIQUE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION Research on the fatty acid composition of fish oils has not been carried far enough by chemists of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to give more than a very general idea as to species variation. Actually most fish have a reasonably similar composition with respect to fatty acid distribution such that the following information on fatty acid distribution of ''fish in general'' probably applies to most species. Whereas there is probably a relatively small difference in composition of fatty acids in fish from one species to another (a difference the Bureau has only be- gun to investigate), there is a huge difference in fatty acid composition of fish oils as contrasted to that of oils from vegetable or animal sources. Most fish oils contain 20- to 30-percent saturated and 70- to 80-percent un- saturated fatty acids. At first consideration this may appear to be less unsatura- tion than in common vegetable oils (e.g., corn oil, which contains 85-percent un- 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 saturated vs. 15-percent saturated fatty acids), The place where fish oils are out- standing is in the large proportion of highly unsaturated fatty acids. Thus about half of the 70 to 80 percent of the unsaturated fatty acids of fish oils contain 3, 4, 5, or 6 double bonds, whereas corn oil contains only 1 and 2 double-bonded fatty acids. Usu- ally 20 percent or more of the total fatty acids of a fish oil have 5 or 6 double bonds. Since it is the total unsaturation (which is proportional to the number of double bonds present) which governs the cholesterol depressant effect of an oil, the fishoils have a much higher potential action in this respect than do the vegetable oils. As has been indicated, there are enough results on variation in composition of fatty acids in different species of fish to give a good appraisal of the different spe- cies. Species of herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, mullet, sardines, anchovies, and tuna generally contain between 5 and 25 percent oil in the meat with a high vari- ability from sample to sample even of the same species. Probably the degree of un- saturation of the variety of sardine canned from California pilchard is the greatest, but it is not known if it is sufficiently higher than that of the others to make any ma- terial difference. Most tuna oils are also highly unsaturated, but canned tuna usual- ly contains added vegetable oil which more than compensates for any advantage that tuna oil otherwise might offer. Of the different species of salmon, pink salmon-- one of the least expensive varieties--has a high degree of unsaturated fatty acids. Most of the common species of fish have relatively low oil content in the range of 0.5 percent to 5 percent. Such species as cod, haddock, halibut, flounder, sole, and ocean perch, as well as the various shellfish are in this category. Such species are valuable in making up diets high in protein and low in oil. What oil does come from the fish is highly unsaturated, though the amount may be so small as to have little or no significant cholesterol-depressant effect. Bureau research to learn the fatty acid composition of different species of fish is in its early stages. In the next few years it is expected that information will be available to provide more complete answers on the fatty acid composition of many varieties of fish. << SR ot NEW PRODUCTS FROM FISH OILS During 1959, research has been carried out at the Seattle Technological Labora- tory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on the development of new prod- ucts from fish oils along with investigations relative to determining the different quantities of the component fatty acids found in commercial fish oils. Major atten- tion was given to two products, namely, monoglycerides and acetoglycerides. Gas- liquid chromatography was the principal technique investigated with respect to fatty- acid composition, used in such commercial products as shortenings, emulsifiers, and plasticizers. Such compounds prepared from fish oils may have unique properties in themselves such that they may prove to be valuable in similar commercial products. Experimentally, it was shown that fish-oil monoglycerides could be easily pre- pared by a chemical reaction involving the triglyceride oil, glycerine, and a catalyst. An investigation was made to determine the optimum reaction time for the conditions of the process in order to give a high yield of the product, and at the same time to minimize the possible destruction of the high degree of unsaturation present in the original oil. March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 Acetoglycerides were prepared from the monoglycerides. Results gave little evidence for loss of unsaturation due to the conditions of the reaction. The aceto- glycerides were found to be much more amenable to purification by distillation than were the monoglycerides. The acetoglycerides were very light in color and substan- tially free of odor. This was also true for the monoglycerides. PURIFICATION OF FISH OILS: The principal objections to the commercialuse of fish oils by most industries are that ''fishy'' odors are often imparted to the final product, such as in paints and soaps, and that the products are often unstable andare easily oxidized. The latter is a result of the chemical make-up and reactivity of fish oils. An investigation was carried out on the applications of liquid-liquid extraction and molecular distillation of menhaden oil in an effort to produce an oil that possess- es improved qualities. Results showed that menhaden oil could be greatly improved from the standpoint of odor and color. Work is continuing to determine the stability of the refined oil. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: Gas-liq- uid chromatography is a method of analysis, which involves the vaporization of mix- ture components in a liquid-partitioning column, and chromatographing or separa- ting the components of the mixture by carrying them through the column in an atmos- phere of an enert gas, suchas helium. The column is packed with solid particles supporting a nonvolatile partitioning liquid. Separation is accomplished on the basis of differences in partition coefficients for each separate component. As a result of recent advances in gas-liquid chromatography, a tool is nowavail- able for the first time for the complete separation and quantitative analyses of the constituent fatty acids in fish oils. Work during the past year has included the adap- tation of certain published techniques to the analyses of major commercial fish oils. The major part of this work was devoted to determining the most satisfactory con- ditions for the operation of our chromatographic equipment, in order to resolve the some 35 or more individual component acids. This work is continuing. yi Sng oo REFRIGERATED SEA WATER LENGTHENS STORAGE LIFE OF WHITING Whiting kept in refrigerated sea water have a much longer storage life than when kept in ice, according to tests made by the Gloucester Technology Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The meat of the whiting, although pleasant tasting, is soft-textured and is apt to lose its fresh quality rapidly even when stored inice. This change is a serious matter to the processing plant when- ever it is necessary to hold large quantities of the fish prior to processing. Because refrigerated sea water has proved successful as a medium for holding other species of fish on the Pacific coast, the Laboratory studied the suitability of this method for holding whiting. The tests revealed that whiting held in sea water at 30° F. was kept fresh long- er than when stored in ice. An expert taste panel declared that 30° F. sea water kept whiting at a high quality level about twice as long as the same fish iced. This improvement in the handling of a low-cost, abundant species is important to both industry and the consumer. at Sang ot 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW American Samoa Tuna Landings, 1958-59}; GuBRies P 1959 1959 | 1958 i ry j cr 1 - Total 2,957 13,118 |27,488 | 28,848 Note: Most of these tuna were landed by Japanese vessels; a small amount by South Korean vessels. Byproducts U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES PRODUCTION, 1959: During 1959, fish meal and scrap production (based on information from . S, Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, 1958-59 aan 1959 1958 Prelimina Revised Pee. (Ouantity ier Product Herring (Al askaararanlei ements 8,440 Maines caciem on 4 2,946 3, 389 Menhaden..... ui 222, 009 158,074 Sardine, Pacific. . ue 3,170 10,756 Tuna and mackerel ut 20, 806 ood Unclassified... . y 18,025 22,516 do o8ns 275, 396 1,717,784| 1,553, 346 MEST, Cg Seat 5.0 233,433 207 ,094 Menhaden..... 20, 504, 635 | 17,064, 818 Sardine, Pacific 222, 803 740, 806 Tuna and mackerel 564,018 627,171 Other (including 1,175,786 Fish solubles 24,418, 459 | 21,977, 223 Homogenized- " . . |Gallons | 29, 894, 692 | 20,980, 221 condensed fish . | Pounds | 57,238,000] 50,552, 000 Note: Preliminary data based on information from firms which accounted for 91 percent of the 1958 production. The total production of fish meal in 1958 amounted to 248, 140 tons. | Vol. 22, No. 3 firms which accounted for 91 percent of the 1958 production) amounted to 275,000 short tons--a gain of 48,000 tons as com- pared with 1958. The marine-animal oil yield amounted to 24.4 million gallons-- 2.4 million gallons above 1958. Imports of fish meal and scrap during 1959 totaled 133,000 tons--33,000 tons more than in 1958. A sharp increase of 82.8 percent in the imports of fish solu- bles also occurred from 1958 to 1959. Exports of fish and fish-liver oils total- ed 144.5 million pounds during 1959--a gain of 50.5 million pounds as compared with 1958. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1959, Drei California AERIAL CENSUS OF COMMERCIAL ABALONE FISHING CONTINUED: Airplane Spotting Flight 59-23-Abalone: The shoreline from Monterey to Morro Bay and the Channel Islands of Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anaca- pa, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, and SanClem- ente was surveyed from the air on December 5, 1959, by the California Department of Fish and Game Twin Beechcraft to locate specific areas of commercial abalone diving. Storm warnings had just been posted from Pt. Sur to the Mexican Border and gusts up to 70 m.p.h. in the Oxnard-Ventura region were report- ed. From Monterey south to Morro Bay no diving boats were observed. A kelp cutter was operating below Pt. Sur in the cove at Pfiffers Point and sev- eral schools of unidentified fish were seen south of Pt. Sur. Clearance from the military could not be obtain- ed to fly over San Miguel Island but it was certain that no diving activity was in progress there be- cause of the rough weather. Among the Channel Islands, one diver was seen operating at San Clemente. March 1960 = Pfeiffer Point San Luis Obispo Morro ~ Bay. SS YS NS y SS NS \ \ Pt, Conception Airplane Spotting Flight 59-23-Abalone (December 5, 1959). A kelp cutter was operating at Santa Barbara Island. Kelp growth along the mainland and among the islands had increased considerably since the flight on September 1959. Note: Also see Commercial Figherieg Review, January 1960, p. 28, and February 1960, p. 29. He ok ok ok OK PELAGIC FISH POPULATION SURVEY OFF COAST OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA CONTINUED: M/ V ''Alaska'' Cruise 59A9-Pelagic Fish: . The coastal waters off central California from Point Reyes to Santa Barbara were surveyed (October 21- November 9, 1959) by the California Department of Fish and Game research vessel Alaska to sample young sardines for determining relative abundance and distribution resulting from 1959 spawning. Other objectives were to sample adult sardines, Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel, and anchovies; to transport live fish to San Francisco for behavior studies being conducted by the California Academy of Sciences; to collect live sardines for genetic studies conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries laboratory at La Jolla; and tocollect specimens as requested by other investigations. A total of 79 light stations was occupied. Sar- dines were collected at 11, anchovies at 12, jack mackerel at 6, and Pacific mackerel at 5. A total of 390 miles was scouted between sta- tions. Only 11 schools were sighted, all unidenti- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 fied. Although not densely schooled, large numbers of Pacific saury and atherinid ''smelt'' were ob- served between most stations from Point Reyes to San Simeon Bay. South of San Simeon Bay, ''smelt" and California bonito-were seen in moderate num- bers. Unfavorable winds were encountered during the first half of the trip, but the weather from Octo- ber 31 until the completion of the cruise was ideal. The almost total absence of wind and rough seas made it possible to achieve thorough coverage of the area from San Francisco to Point Conception. San Francisco Monterey X\ Piedras Blancas Legend: on Sardines, 1959 year class o - Sardines, adult A~- Pacific mackerel gw - Jack mackerel 3% - Northern anchovy San Miguel I-€5 SS Sta. Rosa I¢ M/V Alaska Cruise 59A9-Pelagic Fish (October 21-No- vember 9, 1959). Adult sardines (180-235 mm.) were sampled at 5 stations from Pigeon Point to San Luis Obispo Bay and young sardines (68-137 mm.) were taken at 7 stations from Santa Cruz Harbor to just north of Point Conception. Airplane Spotting Flight 59-21-Pelagic Fish: The inshore area from the Mexican border to Pied- ras Blancas Point was surveyed from the air (No- vember 16-17, 1959) by the Department's Cessna 180 (3632C) to determine the distribution and abun- dance of pelagic fish schools. Although weather and visibility conditions were fair to good, only 20 anchovy schools were seen. 18 Sixteen thin schools were found close to shore be- tween the Standard Oil dock at Morro Bay and Oro Flaco Lake. The remaining 4 schools were off southern California, 2 small ones at the end of the Huntington Beach pier and 2 large ones, accompa- nied by many birds and two gray whales, one mile south of Pt. Dume. In addition, a large school of porpoises was seen between Point Dume and Point Mugu. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 Good weather during the entire cruise permit- ted a maximum of fishing time. Although several baskets of set-line gear were available, most fishing was done with rod and reel. Many areas had to be tested before desirable spe- cies were encountered. On one occasion, a basket of set-line gear with 100 baited hooks was set in 85 fathoms off Anacapa Island, but the catch was poor considering the time spent in setting and re- Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1960, p. 27. trieving the gear. Depths from 16 to 108 fathoms were fished. A fair abundance of small- and medium-sized vermi- lion rockfish was found in approximately 32 fath- oms off the north side of Santa Barbara Island. Both immature and mature fish were taken making it possible to determine the size at which they first mature. In addition, scales and otoliths were saved from each specimen for age determination, and sets of ovaries were preserved for fecundity stud- ies. ROCKFISH STUDIED OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COAST: M/ V ''Nautilus'' Cruise 59N5-Rockfish: The area around Anacapa Island, east end of Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Island and off Isthmus Cove, Santa Catalina Island, was surveyed by the Califor- nia Department of Fish and Game's research ves- sel Nautilus to obtain vermilion rockfish (Sebasto- des miniatus), one of the most important market species in southern California, for life history studies, and to obtain other rockfish species. In all, 15 species of rockfish were taken. The most important, aside from the vermilion rockfish, were bocaccio (S. paucispinis) and whitebelly rock- fish (S. vexillaris). Ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps), up to 22 inches long, were frequently taken in nearly all the areas fished. There appeared to be vast quantities of pelagic red crabs, Pleuroncodes planipes, in the areas fished off southern California. Most of the fish had been feeding heavily on them. In many cases, tiny kelp scallops, Chlamys latiaurata, were at- tached to these pelagic za crabs. Canned Fish UNITED STATES PACK, 1958-59; The United States pack of fish and shellfish for human consumption de- clinedin 1959 as a result of sharply re- M/V Nautilus Cruise 59N5-Rockfish (November 9-18, 1959). United States Pack of Certain Canned Fish Products, 1959 and 1958 Product 1959 Standard Pounds Cases Pounds Tuna: Ca forma: (is i ciea a lenemaie wisbt Brazil could increase its exports of shrimp sharply. processing plant located at Maracana, Brazil (near mouth of the Amazon River), Table 1 - Brazil’s Exports of Processed Shrimp, 1957-58 and January-June 1959 was completed. It was originally sched- |_ uisditor Compledona miunenioas Mie SEE plant has modern machinery and equip- | |_Destination ment, including freezers with a capacity of 132,000 pounds of fish. It has a fish canning capacity of 100,000 cans a day United States — and is expected to employ 300 workers. Bee Wane The plant is equipped with a powerhouse, ice-making machinery, and space for canning and printing labels. In addition, the new plant has space and equipment Malaya & Singapore . Mozambique for processing Newfoundland cod. The shrimp: total investment was Cr$87 million (about | | Union of South Africa US$458,000) of which Cr$60 million (a- Bees Indies... bout US$316,000) was financed with Gov- Labanon ernment aid. (United States Consulate alee report from Belem, December 4, 1959.) 1] Values for 1957 and 1958 omitted due to uncertainty as to exchange rate. INote: Values conyerted at Cr$199.50 = US$1 7 OK OK OK + Current Export Controls or Taxes: Shrimp may be freely exported from Brazil, provided that the exporter obtains an export license from the Foreign Trade Department (CACEX) SHRIMP FISHING INDUSTRY: of the Bank of Brazil anda Sanitary Certificate (‘‘Certificado Although Brazil, with a coastline of about 3,500 nautical de Sanidade’’), certifying to the good condition of the shrimp, miles, has fishing grounds suitable for shrimp fishing, es- from the Ministry of Agriculture. Although there is no Feder- pecially along the coast between Rio de Janeiro and Rio al export tax on shrimp, some states levy export taxes (e.g., Grande do Sul, it has no organized shrimp industry. There Santa Catarina has a 5 percent tax) on shrimp exports, are no boats under the Brazilian flag built and equipped specifically for shrimp fishing. Shrimp fishing is carried on in any type of vessel and, more frequently than not, with inadequate equipment. Lack of adequate cold-storage fa- cilities, even in such major fishing centers as the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Santos, make it necessary for much of the shrimp catch to be sold unfrozen either in the retail B fish outlets or in the open-air markets. Shrimp exports urma from Brazil are negligible. Landings: The landings of shrimp in Brazil in 1958 a- SHRIMP INDUSTRY: mounted to 18,557 metric tons valued at Cr$434.5 million According to estimates by the Burma (US$2.2 million) ex-vessel, as compared with 20,667 tons f Fish 5 ffied valued at Cr$315.4 million (US$1.6 million) in 1957, and Department of Fisheries (no official 17,305 tons valued at Cr$285.1 million (US$1.4 million) in statistics areavailabl e), annual 1956. o ° shrimp landings total 1,000-1,500 met- f ? Vessels: There are no modern vessels fishing specifi- i = cally for shrimp in Brazil. However, the Brazilian Minis- ric tons valued at about US $ 35 2 000 try of Agriculture is considering the purchase of a shrimp $45 ,000. vessel in collaboration with the Oceanic Institute of the University of Sao Paulo, In addition, a private firm being organized in Rio de Janeiro hopes to purchase three small The Burma Defense Services Insti- shrimp vessels and begin operations before July 1, 1961. tute has a j oint venture agreement with Ex-Vessel Price: As most shrimp caught in Brazilian a Singapore firm to prov ide 14 trawl- waters is consumed on the domestic market and because of C a : inadequate refrigeration facilities, the price per kilo varies eis) to fish the Lim gat Island area (about rom day to day, Excess shrimp is dried and salted for re- 80 miles off Mergue Coas ye The Sing- tail in grocery stores. The ex-vessel prices may vary from . = Cr$50 per kilo (about 11.4 U.S, cents a pound) for the small- apore firm receives 35 percen t of er and less desirable varieties to Cr$200 per kilo (about the catch. 45.5 cents a pound) for large whites. It is believed that companies purchasing large and medium white shrimp ex- vessel for export pay about Cr$150 per kilo (about 34,1 cents No shrim p are exported and there spend): ae no present plans to expand the Exports: Export prices for frozen shrimp in December hrimp fish es Embass 1959 were about Cr$200 per kilo (about 45.5 cents a pound) is 12 = u/c (United Stat y for large and medium whites; however, prices often vary report from Rangoon, Decem Joverre oil Gs considerably due to the instability of the cruzeiro. Be- 1959.) cause of the inflation iod th hh whi ili ary perio! rough which Brazil is DODODOoOoDOD March 1960 Canada DANISH SEINE FISHERY FOR FLOUNDERS SUCCESSFUL: Starting in the spring of 1959 on the west of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Danish seine-net fishing operations have paid off far beyond expections, it is reported in the Canadian Department of Fisheries journal Trade News of December 1959. Six boats have already been fitted (Sep~ tember 1959) with the gear, and two more are to join them. The seining operation is relatively simple. It consists of surrounding a large area of sea bed with two very long COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ropes--each is almost a mile in length--and a net, in such a way that when the ropes are pulled in and the area enclosed by them becomes smaller, fish on or near the bottom are 43 that date until June 13, 1959, he had landed close to 200,000 pounds of flounders. Soon the pioneer fishermen’s colleagues had their boats equipped with Danish seines. By the middle of June, six Cheticamp boats were on the grounds, Right from the be~ ginning the operations paid off. Catches have been running as high as 50,000 pounds in five days. Some boats have had daily catches as high as 25,000 pounds, At 3-1/2 cents a pound, 25,000 pounds of flounders is a profitable operation for a boat under 60 feet in length with a crew of four men, The Cheticamp fishermen have voluntarily adopted a 5-1/4 inch mesh which enables small fish to escape. This mesh size adopted by the Cheticamp seiners is larger than the 4-1/2 mesh adopted by the 12~member countries of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, HEAD-LINE Pox SOS ES The net used in Danish seining. Set out with wings stretched wide apart, the net catches fish in a manner similar to that of the otter trawl as it is drawn along the bottom. driven into the center where they are collected by the mov- ing net. It can be operated only on grounds that are smooth and free of strong current and obstacles. It was in 1951 that the Newfoundland Government first conducted investigations to determine if that method of fish- ing could be employed in Newfoundland waters. A Danish seine fishing ground for gray sole was discovered on the province’s south coast, and commercial exploitation began in 1952. In 1953-1954 fishery scientists, using the Newfoundland exploration vessel Matthew II, continued the research off Newfoundland and in Gulf of St. Lawrence waters west of Cape Breton. Results in the latter case were excellent. Near the shore of Cape Breton is a deep channel, the west- ern side of which slopes gradually toward the Magdalen Is~ lands, In the area was found a large expanse of sea bottom suitable for Danish seining. Experimental sets made in depths up to 40 fathoms produced excellent catches varying from 4,000-9,000 pounds of gray sole and sea dab, It was this technological investigation that sparked Nova Scotia’s interest in the seining technique, Potentiality of that type of fishing in Nova Scotia waters was immediately evident to the Industrial Development Service of the Depart- ment of Fisheries and also the Fisheries Division of the Nova Scotia Department of Trade and Industry. One of the first steps was the acquisition of Danish sein- ing equipment, and the first unit was put into operation out of Queensport, Nova Scotia. The provincial department hired an Icelandic fisherman to instruct fishermen in the use of the gear. In cooperation with the Federal Department’s Industrial Development Service, the provincial fishery agency success~ fully prosecuted the initial project. The two agencies com- bined to produce a suitable winch for hauling the gear. Con- structed originally with two automobile rear~axle units, the winch is now being manufactured near Pictou. The original design has been modified and it is now a highly efficient piece of machinery. One of the pioneers of Danish seining in Cheticamp is the master of the Lady of Fatima. He fitted his boat during the winter and on May 1 he was off to the fishing grounds, From On top of that the catch is carefully culled aboard so that unmarketable fish can be thrown back into the sea to be fished another day. Since seining was started in this area the vessels have been averaging between C$650 and C$700 a trip. Average landings have been in the vicinity of 20,000 pounds. One vessel in 10 trips landed 192,967 pounds of flounders, for a total fare of C$6,690. In seven trips another vessel landed more than 128,000 pounds to bring the skipper and crew nearly C$4,400. Colombia TUNA LANDINGS IN BARRANQUILLA: Fresh tuna landed by the Japanese tuna long-liner Seiun Maru helped re- duce retail food costs in Barranquilla, Colombia, during December 1959. The vessel delivered over 200 metric tons of tuna to its shoreside affiliate, for dis- tribution throughout the city at the auth- orized price of two pesos (about 26 U. S. cents) a pound. The Seiun Maru was due to return to Japan for overhauling, but will be re- placed by another vessel from Japan. (U. S. Consulate report from Barranquil - la, December 30, 1959.) 44 Costa Rica SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Landings: Shrimp landings in CostaRicaincreased sharply beginning about June 1958 and totaled about 1.5 million pounds for the 12 months ending May 1959. The sharp increase in the landings in 1958 and continuing into 1959 was due to an in- crease in the shrimp fishing fleet from 17 vessels active prior to June 1958 to 28 Diesel-powered vessels active as of November 1959. In August 1959 a peak total of 33 vessels was engaged in shrimp fishing. About 10 vessels are 55 to 60 feet in length and the remainder 25 to 40 feet. About 20 shrimp trawlers (varying from 45 to 60 feet in length) are re- ported under construction in Puntarenas. But it is probable that many of them may not be completed because of lower catches and prices. All the shrimp catch is taken in the Pacific Ocean and the fishing grounds are limited to three small areas. Due to the small areas available for shrimp fishing, it is believed that the landings of about 1.5 million pounds from June 1958 to May 1959 represent the peak production possible from Costa Rica’s Pacific coast and future landings will probably level off to a total somewhat smaller, Table 1 ~ Shrimp Landings in Costa Rica, 1956-58 and Jan.-Oct. 1959 Shrimp landed in Costa Rica are not classified as to spe- cies in official records, Observers estimate that about 99 percent of the catches consist of Penaeus occidentalis and P. stylirostris with about two-thirds of the landings consisting of P, occidentalis. The remaining 1 percent of the landings consists of P, vannamei, P. californiensis, and P. brevirostris. The small brown shrimp which are consumed locally are princi- pally Xiphopeneus riveti. Landings of large headless shrimp for the first 10 months of 1959 amounted to 1 million pounds, or about 26.7 percent more than the 790,000 pounds landed in 1958. The landings in 1958 were over three times the 191,000 pounds of large shrimp landed in 1957 and about 86.6 percent higher than the landings made in 1956. able 2 - Costa Rica’s Shrimp Landings by Months, 1958-59 At the vessel level shrimp is sold in only two categories--large headless shrimp and heads-on small or 'brown'’ shrimp. These two types are not broken down any finer at the vessel level. Ex-Vessel Prices: Ex-vessel prices on November 16, 1959, for large headless shrimp were three colones (47 U.S, cents) a pound for head- less large shrimp and one colon (16 cents) a pound for small shrimp with heads on. (The free rate for the colon is 6.63 to one U.S. dollar, but due to export controls the rate on ex- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 ported shrimp averages 6,27 colones to one dollar.) In Au- gust 1959 the price of large shrimp was reduced from 3.50 to 3.00 colones (59 to 47 cents) a pound. No reduction was made in the price of small shrimp. Production Costs: The cost of catching shrimp in Costa Rica as of November 1959 (based on average monthly land- ings of 5,000 pounds of headless shrimp per vessel per month, but catches were averaging less in the fall of 1959) amounted to about 33 U.S. cents a pound. Per vessei the gross profit was about US$750. The cost of depreciation and insurance has been omitted from the calculations be- cause finfish caught and landed by the shrimp vessels is believed to be valuable enough to take care of those costs, Table 3 - Estimated Monthly Costs for Catching Shrimp in Costa Rica with a Modern 60-Foot Trawler 1/ Averaging 5,000 Pounds of Large Headless Shrimp a Month, November 1959 Cost per Lb. Colones US$ in U.S. ¢ Crew share 2/.. Fuel and oil ... cert tet Sale of shrimp. . . |15,000 ras [ Profit....... .| 4,690 an ere a Valued at 250, 000 colones (about US$40, 000). ote: Values converted at rate of 6.27 colones = US$1. The crews consist of 4 or 5 men who furnish their own food. Crews are paid on a percentage basis of the catch. This percentage varies between 25 and 33 percent in ac- cordance with the quality of the boat. The better boats pay the smaller percentage. Fuel and oil in table 3 is figured on the basis of 2,000 gallons of Diesel at 99 centavos (16 cents) a gallon and al- lowing 1 centavo (0.16 cents) for oil costs for each gallon of Diesel oil used. Ice in table 3 was on basis of 140 blocks of ice at 9 colones ($1.44) per block. In table 3 under gear are included nets, boards, cables etc. This includes one new net a month which seems some- what high, but perhaps with double-rig this may be true. Processing Costs: The cost of a pound of frozen head- less shrimp landed in Miami, Fla., in November 1959 was about 68.4 cents a pound and breaks down as follows: 47 U.S. cents was paid to the vessels; 5 cents for dock charges, grading, and packing; 3.5 cents for cartons, cases, and strapping; 2.5 cents for glazing, freezing, and storage; 1.0 cent for transportation from Puntarenas to San Jose; 2.5 cents for loss in exchange control (35 percent of export dollars are converted at 5.60 colones and 65 percent at the free rate of 6.63 colones to US$1); 1.4 cents for export tax of 2 percent (normal export price is 70 cents a pound); and 5.5 cents a pound (net weight) for air freight to Miami. To New Orleans the freight amounts to 7.7 cents, Table 4 - Costa Rica’s Exports of Frozen Headless Shrimp, 1956-58 and January-June 1959, from Costa Rican Econ Coury of Destination | 15a | 1958 1957 cee 000} US$ fees 000} US$} 1,000 uss 1,000] US$ 1.000 1,000} _Lbs,}1,000) Lbs,/1,000 P18] a = = ea March 1960 Costa Rica (Contd.): Table 5 - Exports of Frozen Shrimp from Costa Rica to United States, 1956-58 and January-June 1959 from U.S. Customs com | 1959 | warty eer 1,000 Use 1,000} US$ }1,000 suse 1,000 one “Lbs, 1,000 ‘Lbs. 1,000] Lbs.|1,000 “Lbs, 1,000 . 435 | 227 Shrimp Exports: Shrimp exports from Costa Rica are prin- cipally to the United States. Official Costa Rican statistical records of exports to the United States in some years vary considerably from United States Customs records. Official Costa Rican exports of frozen headless shrimp to the United States for January-June 1959 show 506,000 pounds (U.S, Cus- toms records for same period, 853,000 pounds). The value of shrimp f.o.b. Costa Rica (based on Costa Rican statistics for January-June 1959) was 48.2 U.S, cents a pound as com- pared with 59.7 cents for the 1958 exports. However, the f.o.b. value of 48.2 cents a pound for January-June 1959 was 5.9 and 4.3 cents a pound above the 1956 and 1957 values,” respectively. The large shrimp are exported as white.shrimp,. Probably 90 percent of the exports and landings are shrimp of the size 20 headless shrimp to the pound or larger. There are practically no exports of 30-count headless shrimp, except in the peeled and deveined category. (United States Embassy report from Mexico, November 27, 1959.) Cuba SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, DECEMBER 1959: During 1958 Cuban shrimp landings were about 2.7 million pounds (heads-off) and exports (almost all to the United States) amounted to 390,000 pounds (head- less). Following the change in the Cu- ban Government, the shrimp industry since November 1959 has been gradually absorbed by the National Institute of Ag- rarian Reform, which apparently will convert it into a cooperative enterprise operated by the shrimp fishermen. ~ The shrimp fishing fleet in 1959 was estimated to consist of 25-30 vessels. All are Diesel-powered and average a- bout 45 feet in length over-all. The present fleet is believed to be adequate to exploit the shrimp fishing grounds known at present. No construction of new shrimp fishing vessels is under way and future plans under the Agrarian Re- form plan are unknown. Prior to the present unsettled condi- tion of the shrimp fishing industry, the fishermen were paid 23 U. S. cents a pound for heads-off shrimp. Very small shrimp brought 10 cents a pound to the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 fishermen. Costs of sorting, packing, freezing, storing, and other handling a- mounted to about 15 U. S. cents a pound. There are no export controls or taxes applicable to the export of Cuban shrimp. The new Cuban Government is anxious to encourage industries with export possi- bilities in order to lessen its dependence on the sugar crop. The future of private enterprise in the shrimp and other seg- ments of the fishing industry is uncer- tain. The largest shrimp-producing firm had its vessels and shore facilities taken over in November 1959 and the remain- ing vessels and facilities were absorbed in December. It remains to be seen what impact these measures will have on shrimp landings, prices, quality, and exports. (United States Embassy report from Ha- vana, December 1, 1959.) Denmark FISHERIES IN THE EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AREA: An analysis of the trade problems con- fronting Danish fisheries as a result of Denmark's membership in the European Free Trade Area (United Kingdom, Switz- erland, Portugal, Austria, Norway, Swe- den, and Denmark) is contained in an ar- ticle (''The Market Plans'') in the 1960 edition of the Fisheries Yearbook pub- lished by the Danish Ministry of Fisher- ies. The article discusses: (1) negotia- tions toward the EFTA; (2) position of fish within the EFTA; (3) present treat- ment of fish imports by members of the EFTA; and (4) Danish fish exports to EEC and EF TA nations. After the negotiations within the Or- ganization of European Economic Coop- eration (OEEC) for a broad free trade area came to a stop, those OEEC nations remaining outside the European Econom- ic Community (EEC) or Common Market feared that their exports to the EEC would be adversely affected. This was especial- ly true for the industrial nations, and thus it was England and Sweden who took the initiative in forming the EFTA. Originally, Denmark feared that the establishment of two market areas would 46 Denmark (Contd.): lead to a trade war between them. Then Denmark would be dangerously situated with one of its two principal customers (England and Germany) belonging to each area. Inthelater negotiations toward the EFTA, Denmark managed to have it firm- ly established that the EF TA would first and foremost strive for renewed negotia- tions with the EEC for acloser connection with it. During the negotiations toward the EFTA Denmark supported the Norwegian propos - al that frozen and canned fish preserves, fish meal and fish and whale oil be treated as industrial products, and that a special agreement be negotiated concerning fresh fish and other fish products. Denmark also emphasized the Danish and Faroese inter- est in the removal of the United Kingdom duty on fresh fish. A meeting of ministers was necessary to iron out several of the important dif- ferences over fish with the result that the following products will be treated as in- dustrial goods within the EFTA: (1) can- ned and half-frozen fish, crabs and shell- fish; (2) frozenfish fillets; (3) frozen, peeled, deep sea shrimp (prawn); (4) fats and oils from fish andsea animals; (5) fish flour; (6) fish solubles; and (7) meal from algae, seaweed, etc., for use as animal fodder, With regard to frozen fillets the negotia- tions were extremelydifficult. Denmark and Norway placed great importance on ob- taining free entry to the British market. In 1958 Danish and Norwegian exports of fro- zen fillets to the United Kingdom were only 3,500 metric tons and 1,000 tons, respec- tively, but there is no doubt that the future will bringa great increase in the consump- tion of fillets. After the greatest reluc- tance from the British side an arrange- ment was finally agreed upon that the Brit- ish customs duties and import taxes would be abolished on the condition that imports from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden would be increased gradually and not exceed 24,000tons ayear by January 1, 1970. If imports exceed 24,000 tons before that time, the United Kingdom, unless a spe- cial agreement concerning trade is reach- ed by the Council of the EFTA, can with- draw the tariff concession in order to re- duce imports to this amount. Great Brit- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viole 22) sNonsS ain has also reserved the right to reopen the question of a tariff on frozen fillets if the conditions of competition should be fundamentally altered (and by this was meant a broadening of fishing rights in territorial waters). Denmark and Nor- way have not been able to acknowledge this condition insofar as there may be a broadening in agreement with internation- ally-recognized rules. With respect to the fish and fish prod- ucts which are not to be treated as indus- trial goods under the treaty, which include fresh, salted, or smoked fish, and frozen fish other than fillets, it is provided in the treaty that the purpose shall be to provide for an increase in trade in these products so that there will come about a reasonable degree of reciprocity for those nations whose economy to a great extent is depend- ent upon the export of these fish products. Before January 1, 1961, the Council of the EFTA is to undertake an investigation of the various conditions governing trade in these products, naturally with the purpose of increasing freetrade. The Council is also empowered to transfer individual fish products to that group which is treated as industrial products. Naturally these results are not wholly what Denmark would have wished, but it is important to note that the Council of the EFTA will, inthe course of the coming year, investigate the question of the inclusion of freshfish. It isnecessary that the Danish fisheries industry make its position on this question clear, because the tariff conces- sions which can be obtained within the EFTA if fresh fish is eventually accepted as an industrial product are largely con- fined to the existing United Kingdom duty of 10 percent. Quantitative restrictions against the import of fresh fish exist, practically speaking, only in Sweden and Denmark. One must remember that if fresh fish is treated as an industrial prod- uct, then the other rules of the treaty will also apply to freshfish, namely, the right of free establishment of business. The Faroes and Greenland for the time being will remain outside the EFTA, but can join merely by an announcement from the Danish Government. To assess the significance of the pro- visions of the EFTA treaty concerning fisheries one must first be fully acquainted with the present treatment of fish by the March 1960 Denmark (Contd.): members of the EFTA. As mentioned a- bove, quantitative restrictions play only a small part but customs duties vary con- siderably from nation to nation. Inthe United Kingdom there is an ad- valorem tariff which averages about 10 percent onfresh and canned fish. For lob- ster and shrimp the dutyis 30 percent. On fish flour the duty is usually 10 percent, but herring flour is customs free. In Norway there is generally no tariff on fresh, frozen, or salted fish, buton canned fish there arevarying duties, gen- 1960 erally at about the same level as in Den- mark. In Sweden fresh fishis largely customs free but on canned fish there are consider- ably higher duties thanin Denmark. Swe- den also has aspecial import tax on fillets of cod, whiting, and haddock, etc., of 45 Swedish oreperkilo. In Switzerland there are duties on all fish products and the in- cidence varies from 0.50 Swiss francs per 100 kilosto 120Swiss francs. On the prod- ucts which have special interest for Den- mark such as fresh, iced, and frozen fish and fillets, the duty is 0.50 Swiss francs; on trout itis 15 Swiss francs per 100kilos. On canned fish the duty varies from 2 to 120 Swissfrancs. Bynegotiations with Switz- erland, however, it has been agreed that the prevailing customs duties on all types of fish products except trout will be liquidated according to the rules for industrial goods under the EFTA. In Austria there is noduty onfresh, iced, orfrozenfish. There is a20-percent duty on smoked eel and salmon. Thereisa 15-percent duty on fish canned in oil. On other canned fish products the duty varies considerably averaging about 540 shil- lings per 100 kilos. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Table 1 ~ Danish Proposed4/and Actual Exports of Fishery Products to East Germany, 1956-1960 1959 1957 i 261 159 2,058 [ 2,116 | 2,695 Se Se 1/Agreement became effective on July 20, 1956, and was extended through 1957-60 annually. 2/Danish kroner converted to U. S. dollars at rate of 6.9 kroner = US$1. 47 The duties in Portugal have scarcely so much interest but it canbe mentioned that they are about 2 Danish kroner per kilo on canned fish. The duty on cod is minimal. (U. S. Embassy report from Copenhagen, December 29, 1959.) FISHERY PRODUCTS INCLUDED IN TRADE AGREEMENT WITH EAST GERMANY: Following negotiations held in Copen- hagen and East Berlin, anew unofficial trade agreement for the calendar year 1960 was concluded on November 13, 1959 ’ between four Danish Trade Associations and the East German Chamber of Foreign Commerce. Similar trade agreements have been made since 1956, Fishery prod- ucts make up about 21.7 percent (US$3.3 million) of the total Danish exports to East Germany of about US$15.4 million under the agreement. No fishery prod- ucts exports by East Germany are in- cluded in the agreement. (U.S. Embassy dispatch from Copenhagen December 22, 19519") FISHING INDUSTRY HAS RECORD YEAR IN 1959: Preliminary statistics on Denmark's fishing industry for 1959 indicatea rec- ord year for total landings, exports, and investments. However, the Danish per capita consumption of fishery products remained unchanged from 1958 at about 27.6 pounds. In 1959, landings amounted to about 1,453 million pounds, valued at 365 mil- lion kroner (US$53 million) as compared with 1,312 million pounds, valued at 335 48 Denmark (Contd.): million kroner ($48.5 million) in 1958. The landings consisted of 1,389 million pounds of fishand crustaceans, 48.5 mil- lion pounds of mussels, and 15.4 million pounds of pondtrout, increases of 125.7, 13.2, and 2.2 million pounds, respective- ly, over 1958. Most of the increase was in landings of species used for reduction. The fish meal and oil plants purchased 904 mil- lion pounds as compared with 838 mil- lion pounds in 1958. These plants pro- duced 156.5 million pounds of fish meal (145.5 million pounds in 1958), 41.9 mil- lion pounds of fish oil (37.5 million pounds in 1958), and 50.7 million pounds of fish solubles (33.1 million pounds in 1958). The fish filleting firms processed 127.9 million pounds in 1959, an increase of 10 percent over the preceding year. Exports in 1959 increased to 562.2 mil- lion pounds from 489.3 million pounds in 1958. The exports in 1959 were valued at 419 million kroner ($60.8 million), an in- crease of $5.8 millionfrom 1958. Export markets for fishery products were gener- ally firm, except the fish meal and solu- bles, which suffered from increased com- petition in world markets. Exports of frozen pond trout, especially to the Unit- ed States, reportedly found a better mar- ket in 1959. Investments in the fishing industry were at anall time high due primarily to the program for replacing part of the fleet withsteelcutters. The totalvalue of the Danish fishing fleet in 1959 was 288 million kroner ($41.8 million), up 22 percent from 1958. in — 58 Israel MODERN VESSELS FOR FISHING FLEET: Three large, modern vessels will be added to Israel's fishing fleet in 1960, according to the October 23, 1959, issue of the Jerusalem Post as reported in Fiskets Gang, a Norwegian fishery trade periodical. It is expected they will in- crease Israel's fish supply by thousands of tons annually. At present, about 23,000 metric tons are consumed in Is- rael of which 13,000 tons are taken in local waters and the balance imported. Ein Gey, small harbor on sea of Galilee. Fishermen emp- tying their nets. Israel in recent years launched large vessels to harvest the resources of the Atlantic. The first of the three vessels will be specially constructed for fishing in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and will join the small fleet of fishing craft which operate from a harbor well up in the Red Sea. The vessel will be able to freeze and store 100 tons of fish. The second vessel will operate in the Atlantic Ocean and will join vessels fish- ing for a joint Israeli- Japanese tuna fish- ing company. This vessel will have freezing and storage space for 300 tons of fish. Tuna which reached the Israeli market from that company's first catch were received favorably by consumers. At present tuna and other ocean fish are reaching the market in limited quantities because the product is being held back in cold-storage warehouses to prevent a price decline. In this connection, poul- try producers have exerted certain pres- sures on the Government since they con- tend that a flood of tuna on the market would adversely affect poultry prices. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 22) Now 3 The third vessel will operate off the coast of West Africa. This vessel also will have freezing equipment and, in ad- dition, an installation for the manufacture of fish meal and dried fish. Israel hopes that much of the increased catch will be exported to various Medi- terranean countries, especially Italy and Yogoslavia. The local market is unable to absorb significantly more fish without a drastic cut in the imports of fish from the several Scandinavian countries. When such a reduction occurred a short time ago, it affected the exports from Israel to those countries. Scandinavian coun- tires exchange their fish for Israel's oranges andcitrus products, etc. Israel's Government has, further- more, recently decided to increase imports of fish from Scandinavian countries. a lay, > eT) wd Italy IMPORT RESTRICTIONS LIFTED ON FRESH OR FROZEN FISH AND CRUSTACEANS FROM DOLLAR AREA: Effective January 15, 1960, some 200 additional commodities may be imported freely into Italy from the dollar area. In- cluded among the products freed from quota restrictions were fresh and frozen fish and crustaceans. Asaresult, Italian consumers may be able to buy United States goods whose importation has been curtailed fof many years. This action by the Italian Government will place United States exporters of competitive products on an equal basis in the Italian market with exporters of other countries. The complete list of products freed from quantitative import restrictions is not yet available. Remov- al of these limitations represents a fur- ther step by Italy inthe direction of elim- inating discriminatory and other quan- titative import restrictions. March 1960 Jamaica MANY FISHING CRAFT MECHANIZED THROUGH GOVERNMENT LOAN SCHEME: ~The very effective mechanization of fishing boats promoted by the Fisheries Department of the Government of Ja- maica, under which upwards of 500 out- board engines have been installed infish- ing canoes, is stressed in a report is- sued by the Food and Agriculture Or- ganization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. The report, which has been prepared by the Chief of the Fishing Boat Section, Fisheries Division, FAO, points out that the mechanization of Jamaican fishing craft has been made possible by the Ja- maican Government Loan Scheme. "The Fisheries Department of the Ja- maican Government has imported out- board engines and made them available to local fishermen on very easy terms," the Chief of FAO's Fishing Boat Section stated at an interview held at the FAO Rome headquarters after his returnfrom the West Indies. ''The fisherman has only to make a first payment of 10 per- cent on the price of the engine and then has 18 months in which to pay the bal- ance. Furthermore, he is able to buy ready-mixed gasoline free of duty, but an extra shilling (14 U. S. cents) per gallon is charged while the fisherman is paying for the engine." The FAO expert has made a number of recommendations for the further de- velopment of fisheries in Jamaica, based on his observation of fishing craft, gear, equipment, methods and so on, during his visit to the island at the invitation of the Government. These recommenda- tions include proposals for the design and construction of experimental types of fishing boats which, equipped with in- board engines, living quarters, and ice holds for storing fish, would be able to operate at more distant fishing grounds, staying at sea for several days; the in- troduction of new fishing methods; em- ploying an engineer to investigate the possibilities for developing fishing ports and improving beach landing facilities for fishermen; and employing a gear COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 technologist to test out new fishing methods. "For instance, little is known at pres- ent of the bottom conditions on the dis- tant banks and in the deep waters and I think it would be a good idea to equip some of the vessels regularly plying these waters with echo-sounders, so that ob- servations of the bottom conditions and of the presence of fish could be reported to the Fisheries Department,'' the FAO expert declared. "There is a need to consider such lo- cal conditions and to experiment with various fishing methods before a suita- ble new type of fishing boat could reason- ably be introduced,'' he continued. ''We have, therefore, recommended that two 35-foot prototype boats should be built to test out new fishing methods and to determine whether they are of the right design from the point of view of opera- tion, economy of running, and so on. We have also proposed that these boats could be used, along with other craft, by amas- ter fisherman-gear technologist to car- ry out experimental fishing. We arenow designing the boats at the request of the Jamaican Government, and have suggest- ed that they should be built in Jamaica, preferably withthe advice and assistance of a naval architect from FAO. "Tf the prototype boats turn out to be an economic proposition and point the way to bigger fish landings in Jamaica," added the FAO expert, ''then they may well provide an example which could be followed by the authorities in other is- lands in the Caribbean." Another proposal made is that, with the introduction of larger craft and new fishing methods, a number of young in- telligent fishermen should be trained to handle the boats and carry out fishing with new types of gear and equipment. The expert concerned with the training of such fishermen would, at a later date, organize training centers to spread knowledge and technological ''know-how." In the course of his report, the FAO expert commented that the designs and shapes of the present popular fishing craft, such as the dug-out canoes, are extremely good. 60 Jamaica (Contd.): "They have a sharp bow and flat run and a shape which conforms with mod- ern ideas of hull design," he pointed out. "When they are equipped with outboard motors, the canoes sail at high speed be- cause of their good shape. A speed of 10 knots is not uncommon. Such high speed is necessary because there is no ice-storage in the small craft. "Unfortunately it is expensive to run craft at such high speeds because it means high consumption of gasoline," he added. ''I have not said this in the re- port but I hope that somebody one day will develop an outboard running on kero- sene or Diesel oil which would cut down running expenses." Apart from the introduction of new boats and new fishing gear, equipment, and techniques, the FAO expert has sug- gested that an increased catch could be made by the use of more pots per fish- erman. As he points out, power-hauling of pots in deep water might increase the number of pots operated per man. There are also possibilities of extending the life of pots by using metal frames, ny- lon lines, and plastic floats, if tests should prove this an economic proposi- tion. At present, there are estimated to be some 6,500 fishermen using 2,900 craft in Jamaica. It is believed that these fishermen land something over 7,000 tons of fish annually. This falls far short of local demand for fish and some 14,000 tons of salted cod and other proc- essed fish are imported each year, so that there is a considerable market open to the local fishermen if they can in- crease their catch. ATLANTIC TUNA EXPORTS TOP 50,000 TONS: The Japanese Export Tuna Freezers' Association has recently issued data on actual and planned direct exports of fresh and frozen (mostly frozen) tuna Japan COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 from the Atlantic for the present export year (April 1959 through March 1960)-- a total of 182 trips with 50,763 metric tons of tuna. Japanese Direct Exports of Fresh andFrozen Atlantic Tuna Uni : i : Number of Trips Ponce, Puerto Rico Undetermined Initial plans for this export year called for 120 trips for transshipment to the U- nited States, but the plan has been cut- back to 50 trips. (Suisan Tsushin, De- cember 24, 1959.) se sk ok ook ok KK oe ok OK EXPLORATORY TUNA FISHING IN CARIBBEAN SEA: In December 1959, information on ex- ploratory tuna fishing operations by the Japanese Fisheries Agency's research vessel Shoyo Maru (600 tons) in the Car- ibbean Sea was released. | / | The vessel fished six times in six | days and obtained average catches of 3 tons a day. Catches comprised yellow- : fin, albacore, big-eyed, and species of swordfish. The ship used 200 baskets of long line for each setting. After completing exploratory fishing é operations, the vessel was expected to visit Ponce, Puerto Rico, then proceed to Samoa, via the Panama Canal. After exploring fishing grounds between New Zealand and Australia, the vessel was scheduled to return to Japan in March 1960. (Fisheries Economic News, De- cember 24, 1959.) March 1960 Japan (Contd.): FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS, 1959: The Ministry of International Trade and Industry has revealed Japan's 1959 frozen tuna exports (including trans- shipments to the United States from an intermediate port and directlandings in foreign countries) amounted to about 152,000 metric tons. Exports by country of destination were: American Samoa 12,000tons, New Hebrides 3,000 tons, Italy 12,000 tons, France and Dakar 10,000 tons, Yugoslav- ia 10,000 tons, Argentina 500 tons, the United States 100,000 tons (albacore 30,000 tons and yellowfin 70,000 tons), and other countries 4,500 tons. Exports of yellowfin tuna were heavy in 1959 as compared with the previous year. Also exports to Yugoslavia were considerably greater. EXPORT QUOTA FOR FROZEN ALBACORE MAY NOT BE MET: The Japan Frozen Food Exporters' Association has opened the frozen alba- core tuna export quota for the period January-March 1960, and the quota for the export year is to be 30,000 tons, as originally planned. In opposition to the common-sense opinion that the 30,000- ton goal cannot possibly be attained be- cause of the poor summer albacore catch, the opinion is heardin some quarters that the quota can be filled by aheavy produc- tion of long-line albacore frozen aboard the fishing vessels, without dependence on pole-and-line albacore tuna catches. According to this way of thinking, the number of tuna long-liners, which was 140 in 1958, rose to 190 in 1959, and there has been about a 30 percent increase in the number of boats fishing the Indian Ocean albacore grounds. Catch rates have also risen, and it is held that ex- ports of 15,000 tons are possible in the period from December 1959 to March 1960, as compared with 11,200 tons in the same period last year. Actual ex- ports up to December 1959 were about 13,000 tons, and if transshipments from the Atlantic and exports of loins made COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 from the winter albacore catch are taken into the calculation, it is claimed that the 30,000-ton quota can definitely be filled. If this is so, then the evaluation of the albacore pole-and-line fishery that has prevailed hitherto will change markedly, and with the desire for in- creased production of canned albacore, itis conceivable that the near future may see a rational division of the catch, with bait-boat fish being taken by the canners and with long-line fish going to the freezers. Many persons, however, estimate that frozen albacore exports for the export year will end up at about 25,000 tons, figuring that the 30,000-ton quota cannot be filled with long-line frozen fish (in- cluding mothership fish) unless monthly landings for the next three months aver- age 4,000-5,000 tons, while it is gener- ally estimated that they will be at most about 60 percent of that. In any case, it is a fact that the rela- tive importance of shipboard-frozen fish in frozen albacore exports has increased greatly since 1958, and if the poor sum- mer albacore fishing continues another year, there is no room for doubt that long-line frozen albacore will come to occupy a predominant position. (Nikkan Suisan Tsushin, December 21, 1959.) FROZEN ALBACORE TUNA EXPORT QUOTA FOR JANUARY-MARCH 1960 ESTABLISHED: As a result of discussions at a meet- ing of the Steering Committee of the Ja- panese Export Frozen Tuna Fisheries Association, 6,000 short tons was estab- lished as the quota for frozen albacore tuna for the period January-March 1960. Shipments of frozen albacore increased since December 1, 1959, and as of De- cember 15 amounted to some 2,800 tons. At and around the end of each year, land- ings become heavy. A number of tuna vessels were expected to be back from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans with ato- tal of about 5,000-6,000 tons by the end of 1959, and it is natural to expect that exports too will increase. For exports to the United States, prices are quoted 62 Japan (Contd.): as $310-320 per short ton f.o.b. (Fish- eries Economic News, December 23, 1959.) PROSPECTS FOR WINTER ALBACORE TUNA FISHERY POOR: Northeastern Japan canners were helped financially in 1959 with the skip- jack tuna season, but lost money onsum- mer albacore tuna and saury. During the late fall of 1959, they were pinning their hopes on the winter albacore fishery, but judging from the catches up to December, good catches cannot be expected, and it is predicted that high prices will prevail because of a scarcity of fish. Two ves- sels from Kesennuma were fishing in early December, along with 3 or 4 Mie Prefecture vessels, but the grounds off Chosi and the more southerly grounds were showing signs of poor fishing, and it is expected that the tuna canners will suffer from high prices due to a scarci- ty of raw material. Cormorant fishing on the River Nagara Each year the winter albacore sea- son extends from late November to March, but in 1959 the Mie Prefecture fleet was late in going fishing, as were the Yaizu, Shimizu, Izu, and Miyagi fleets, and it looked as if it would be the mid- dle of December before all would be ac- tive. At the end of November, a 140- gross-ton vessel and a 169-gross-ton vessel from Kesennuma sailed to find albacore, and depending on their results, 3 or 4 more vessels were due to sail. As of December 15, 35 vessels from Mie COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ViolAe2Z2 Noss Prefecture, 20 vessels from Shizuoka Prefecture, and 15 vessels from Miyagi Prefecture were expected to be live-bait fishing for albacore. The fishing grounds 700 to 800 miles east of Choshi, which produce winter albacore in normal years, were not yielding the expected catches, and fish were also scarce in the Midway area, on which the larger vessels had been placing their hopes. In the face of these pessimistic indi- cations, the canners appear to have near- ly given up their hope of making up for the poor summer albacore catch by means of the winter fishery. At the port of Kesennuma this year, the price of sum- mer albacore was US$328 to $354 per short ton, and the canners, whose break- even point is said to be $275 a ton, lost $76 per ton on their raw material cost. Adding the cost of labor, packing, and storage, raw fish bought at $313 a short ton meant a loss of $1.95 to $2.25 a case, it is said. According to reports reaching Japan- ese canning circles, the U. S. albacore fishery took about 30 percent more fish in 1959 as compared with 1958 and A- merican fishermen reduced their price. This situation in the United States has been reflected in a weakening of demand from the American market. In any case, export albacore canning cannot help los- ing money on both the summer and win- ter albacore fisheries. Furthermore, because of the three years of poor alba- core catches in succession, vessel own- ers are changing their ideas about alba- core pole-and-line fishing, and it looks as if the winter albacore fishery, as an off-season employment for skipjack ves- sels, may be at a turning point. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, December 9, 1959. WINTER ALBACORE TUNA FISHERY TRENDS, DECEMBER 1959: Because mackerel-pike fishing con- tinued good at a remunerative price in December 1959, the shifting of Japanese fishing vessels to winter albacore fish- ing was delayed. Also, vessels from Shizuoka Prefecture, with the exception of a few, which ordinarily play an im- portant part in the winter albacore fish- March 1960 Japan (Contd.): ery were preparing to sail for the more stabilized yellowfin fishing areas in the South Pacific. Albacore fishing vessels actively fishing in the 1959/60 winter were expected to be less than the num- ber that fished a year ago. A large California canner was report- ed actively buying frozen albacore in De- cember 1959. The Japanese export mar- ket has maintained a strong tone and climbed to $310 from $290 a short ton f.o.b. Some of Japanese tuna vessels were returning from the Indian Ocean in De- cember with a fairly good quantity of albacore tuna. The mentioned packer is reported to have purchased about half of those landings--2,500-3,000 short tons. (Excerpts from several news stories in Japanese Press.) As of mid-December a total of 20 tuna vessels were fishing albacore tuna near Madagascar in the Indian Ocean--10 from Misaki and Tokyo, 5 each from Shizuoka and Mie Prefectures. The average daily catch by each vessel was 4-5 metric tons. The size of the fish caught was getting larger. These vessels were ex- pected to be back in Japanese ports in February. se cle osle ooke ok KOK OK OK OK WINTER ALBACORE TUNA PROSPECTS IMPROVE BUT PRICES STILL HIGH: Although it was reported that this- winter's Japanese live-bait albacore tuna fishing around 27 N., east of 160 E. was very poor, considerable hope was held for the long-line fishing around 30 N. It was expected that landings from that area would increase after mid-January. The trends for this season are: (1) the bait-boat albacore which usually start landing around December 20 did not show up at all, and although about 20 boats from Mie and Shizuoka Prefectures were on the grounds, there was no report of their catching fish; (2) on the other hand, the albacore long-lining south of the Kii Peninsula, which usually begins COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 to produce catches in January, began pro- ducing landings in the last 10 days of No- vember 1959, and through December an average of 20 tons a day was landed at Katsuura and Yaizu. The boats from northeastern Japan, which do the greater part of the winter bait fishing, were slow in shifting from saury fishing, and were not expected to be in full operation until the end of De- cember 1959. Boats from Kagoshima, Tosa, and Wakayama, which usually en- ter the albacore long-line fishery after the latter part of January, were reported to have stopped yellowfin tuna fishing on southern grounds and to be planning to enter the albacore fishery earlier this year. According to the Tokai University Fisheries Laboratory, prospects are poor for the albacore bait-boat fishing off northeastern Japan. The fish landed by long-liners in De- cember 1959 were large--40 to 55 pounds each--and their quality was good, so that they were suitable for Japanese canners. The ex-vessel price was 125 to 135 yen per kilogram (US$316 to $339 per short ton). With the export price at US$310 to $320 f.0.b. Japan, the freezers could not buy fish at prevailing ex-vessel prices. Because the Japanese canners were disappointed in the skipjack tuna catch off northeastern Japan in the autumn of 1959, they were looking to the winter al- bacore fishery to supply them with raw material after they finished tangerine packing. It was reported that they were already stocking up on long-line alba- core and frozen clipper fish, so informed sources believe that the albacore ex- vessel price will hold up even if the win- ter long-line fishery has good catches. (Suisan Tsushin, December 23, 1959.) KK OK OK 3K TUNA FISHERY TRENDS, 1959: The Japanese 1959 summer albacore tuna season (which was also very poor in 1958) ended with an unprecedentedly low catch, causing considerable concern to Japanese tuna fishery interests. This fishery, which is carried on from April to July, would in ordinary years produce landings of about 40,000 metric tons at 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): its most important base of Yaizu, but in 1958 only half that amount was landed, and in the summer of 1959 only about 10,000 tons were landed. Because of the poor fishing prospects, ex-vessel prices rose steeply the latter half of the season and reached 160 yen a kilogram (US$405 a short ton), In spite of the high prices, most of the combination bait-boat long-liners made little money. Most of the vessels gave up albacore fishing early and switched | to the skipjack tuna fishery. The unre- liability of albacore fishing resulted in a decline in the number of vessels oper- ating in that fishery. This meant there was insufficient scouting of the offshore grounds and the schools were not located. A large number of tuna long-liners moved to the Atlantic grounds. In recent years all fishing grounds of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific have been thor- oughly exploited, catch rates are trend- ing steadily downward, and operating costs are steadily rising. The vessels operating in the Atlantic engage in di- rect exporting and their operating costs are reduced. Late in 1959 a number of vessels from Shimizu and Yaizu went to the Atlantic. In 1959 there was atremendous growth of the fish-sausage market in Japan. Since tuna is used in that product, it has added another level of demand for tuna and has contributed importantly to the stabilization of the tuna fishery. It is hoped that similar new uses for skipjack tuna can be found in order to stabilize the price of that fish, which has fluctu- ated considerably because it is used largely for the traditional dried skipjack products. (Suisan Keizai, December 27, 1959.) se ke keke KOK OK OK OK PROPORTION OF ALBACORE IN ATLANTIC TUNA CATCHES CLIMBS SHARPLY: Japanese Atlantic tuna fishing opera- tions have from the beginning produced mainly yellowfin tuna, but the latter part of 1959 a sharp increase in the propor- Vol. 22, No. 3 tion of albacore in the landings has at- tracted attention. One vessel witha catch of 200 tons in December had 90 percent albacore, and another which land- ed 350 tons had 70 percent albacore. (Sui- san Tsushin, December 28,1959.) & te Se KOK OK OK OK RESEARCH VESSEL TO EXPLORE TUNA RESOURCES OFF WEST AFRICA: The Japanese Fisheries Agency's re- search vessel Shoyo Maru (604 tons gross) this year will explore the tuna resources off the Dakar and Gold Coast areas of West Africa. The vessel has finished her ex- plorations in the Caribbean seaand was expected to return to Japanin March 1960, exploring tuna resources in the South Pa- cific and around Australia en route. Up- on her return, she was expected to go into drydock for overhaul and will begin her next long cruise in August 1960. The budget for the Shoyo Maru's op- erations off West Africa has already been determined, and will finance 87 days of explorations. She will survey anarea off the Ggld Coast between 10° N. and WO {Shr DP 1a ite) clo) oW- and other West African areas at U5) IN; too25) 9 Nez Ome to 40° W. In each of these areas 25 long- line stations will be fished. In addition to exploring the fishing grounds, the Shoyo Maru will determine market conditions and advertising possi- bilities for consumption of tuna products in France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and Egypt. Her schedule calls for departing Tokyo August 1, proceeding via Colombo to Capetown (September 11), to the Gold Coast area and Dakar (October 20), to other West African areas, and thence to Marseilles (November 11), Venice, Ri- jeka, Port Said, Suez, Singapore, and back to Tokyo (January 19, 1961). (Sui- san Keizai, December 27, 1959.) * KOK KOK TUNA VESSELS FISHING IN CAROLINE-MARSHALL ISLANDS AREA: About 45 small Japanese vessels were fishing for tuna in the South Pacific a- round the Caroline and Marshall Islands in mid-December 1959, according to an March 1960 Japan (Contd.): announcement by the Fisheries Research Institute, Tokai University. Catches were made up of small or medium size yellowfin tuna. The actual fishing area was around Palau. A,belt of water with temperatures of 23,7 =B9.2° ©, (S850 > 84.6 EF.) was formed around Truk and Ponape and fishing became more intense there. Also along the east coast of Aus- tralia in the Coral Sea, good fishing was reported with yellowfin, big-eyed, and white marlin mixed in catches. Like- wise, yellowfin and big-eyed fishing east of 125° west longitude, south of 5° south latitude was noticeably improving at that time. (Fisheries Economic News, De- cember 12, 1959.) RULES FOR LICENSING CANNED TUNA EXPORTS TO THE U. S. The Japanese Ministry of Internation- al Trade and Industry announced these rules for licensing canned tuna exports to the United States during January-No- vember 30, 1960. (1) Canned tuna exported to the United States is limited to tuna in brine, tuna spreads, and animal foods. (2) The quantity to be licensed for export will be in proportion to actual records of canned tuna (in brine, in oil) exported to the United States, January 1, 1950-December 31, 1955. (3) The quantity will be converted to the equivalent of tuna No. 2 cans (7 oz., 4 doz. to case). Can sizes other than No. 2 will beconverted as follows: Tuna No. 1 cans, 2 doz. to case=0.94; tuna No. 3 cans, 4 doz. to a case=0.48; tuna 2 kilo (4.4-lb.) cans, half dozen to case= TESTG): Destinations: 50 states of the United States, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Panama Canal Zone, Guam, American Samoa, Wake, Midway, Canton Island, and Enderbury Island. (Fisheries Economic News, December 7, 1959, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 TUNA INDUSTRY PLANNING SKIPJACK FISHING OFF BRITISH NORTH BORNEO: A large Japanese company has reveal- ed a plan to establish a tuna-fishing base on Shamil Island, about 60 miles east of Tawao in British North Borneo. This project is said to have originated from the mission of Japanese fisheries, min- ing, paper, and oil men to North Borneo in May 1959. The Japanese company has, since May, been in touch with the local authorities in North Borneo, who are said to be actively favoring the project. Offi- cials of the company's export and can- ning departments were expected to go to North Borneo to conduct final negotia- tions. As reported in Tokyo, the plan calls for establishing a cannery capable of producing 500 cases of canned tunaa day together with cold-storage facilities. Five 40-ton live-bait tuna vessels are to be sent to the base initially, anda produc - tion of 8,000 to 10,000 metric tons of skipjack tuna a year is envisioned. The business will be carriedon by a Jap- anese corporation, the product will be almost entirely exported to the U- nited Kingdom and the United States, and the local Government will derive benefit from the operation through ex- port duties. Waters off Shamil Island are known to the Japanese tuna industry as rich year- round skipjack grounds from experience before World War II, when there was a small Japanese tuna fishing base there. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, Decem- ber 11, 1959.) FISHERY LANDINGS HIGHER FOR FIRST HALF OF 1959: Tne Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in its January-June 1959 report showed total landings for Japan- based fisheries of 2,120,000 metric tons, a 3-percent in- crease over the corresponding period of 1958 and the highest of the past seven years. Major species showing important increases were mackerel scad (46 percent), Alaska pollock (23 percent), skipjack tuna (54 percent), bluefin tuna (100 percent), and common squid, which hit a new high of 44,144 tons, about 1.8 times the January-June 1958 land- ings. On the other hand, there was a decline in produc- tion of sardines (13 percent), anchovy (22 percent), Atka mackerel (40 percent), and sand launce (34 percent). Alba- core landings were 25,276 tons or 26 percent below the first six months of 1958 poor landings, because of the fail- ure of the summer live-bait fishery. The skipjack tuna catch of 85,450 tons represented a further increase over 66 Japan (Contd.): the January-June 1958 unusually large landings of that spe- cies and set a new record. Japan-based landings of yellow- fin tuna were down 3 percent to 41,496 tons, the second year of decline after five years of steady increase, reflecting the shift of many large tuna boats to the Atlantic, where they land or transship their catches in or to foreign ports, Despite the poor early summer albacore catch, the live- bait tuna fishery’s over-all catch for January-June 1959 of 97,285 tons was up 11 percent as compared with the same period of 1958, Total landings from the tuna long-line fishery were 155,670 tons, 12 percent above January-June 1958 and more than double the 1953 production. The spring herring fishery in Hokkaido, which has been declining rapid- ly in recent years, was an almost total failure, and herring production for the period was only 15,268 tons. As a con- sequence, dried herring roe, a traditional Japanese New Year's dish, was selling at the unheard of price of 590 yen (about US$1.40) per 100 grams (about 0.22 lbs.). There was not much general change in fish prices during the first half of 1959. The over-all average price for all species in the wholesale markets of the six largest cities was up about 4 percent to 11 U. S, cents a pound, while the corresponding average price in the markets of 83 pro- ducing areas was down about 3 percent to 6 U. S. cents a pound, Prices for herring, anchovy, and saury rose; sardine and round herring held steady; and mackerel scad and mackerel were lower than in 1958, Among the tuna species, skipjack at 6.5 U. S. cents a pound ($130 a short ton) was down 22 percent, bluefin at 26.6 U. S. cents a pound ($532 a short ton) was up 11 percent, albacore at 13.7 U. S, cents a pound ($270 a short ton) was up 14 per- cent and yellowfin at 11.7 U. S. cents a pound ($234 a short ton) was 11 percent higher than in 1958, Fresh and salted salmon prices were up by 22-36 percent, shrimp was up 8 percent, oysters were up 14 percent, and gelidium sea- weeds, the raw material for agar-agar, were 42 percent higher than during the first six months of 1958, RAN eres ie Ca Ag a FS STERN TRAWLERS PLANNED FOR FISHING OFF AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA: The Shimonoseki Branch of a large Japanese fishing company has announced that as part of its 1960 operating plans it will build two 1,500-ton stern trawl- ers and will enter upon the development of new fishing grounds off Africa and Australia. Two other large fishing com- panies have also been announcing vari- ous plans for the construction of large trawlers for fishing in new distant areas. This is the result of crowding on the grounds of the East China Sea and re- strictions in the North Pacific salmon fishery. Since the company building the two large stern trawlers has been heavi- ly engaged in North Pacific salmon fish- ery, restrictions in that fishery have had an adverse effect on its operations, The company is expected to ask the Japanese Fisheries Agency for permits to build these two stern trawlers early this year. Construction will cost about 600 million yen (US$1,680,000); the trawl- ers will be started in March, launched COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vola 22 ae NOs in May, and completed in June. (Suisan Keizai, December 27, 1959.) NEW FISH-MEAL FACTORY- SHIP FOR BERING SEA: The fish-meal factoryship Soyo Maru (10,900 tons gross), which a Japanese fishing company has under construction at Sasebo, Japan, was scheduled to be launched on January 15 and completed by mid-March. With the construction of this ship, there will be four fish-meal factoryships operating in the Bering Sea in 1960--Kinyo Maru, Renshin Maru, Soyo Maru, and Gyokuei Maru. (Suisan Tsushin, December 26, 1959.) FACTORYSHIP DUE TO BEGIN EXPERIMENTAL OPERATIONS FOR PACIFIC HERRING IN APRIL: A Japanese factoryship herring fish- ery will be started in April 1960 in the North Pacific. The industry is laying plans to carry out a Bering Sea-Bristol Bay experimental herring fishing opera- tion on a small scale when the fish meal factoryships begin fishing in April. The plan is to send out 2 or 3 herring fishing boats with the four fish-meal fleets sched- uled for operation in 1960 and carry on herring fishing in addition to the usual fishery for bottom species for reduction into fish meal. The Japanese have not fished for the Bristol Bay herring in the 14 years since the war and the fishery is at present an unknown quantity. Therefore, although it is known that herring occur there, nothing is known of their abundance. For this reason, the companies will carry on experimental operations in connection with the fish-meal fleets, rather than or- ganize special herring fleets, and depend- ing on the results of the experimental fishing, this fishery may take a place as the third northern Pacific fishery. (Sui- san Keizai, December 18, 1959.) 3K 3K OK OK XK FROZEN CUTTLEFISH EXPORTS TO ITALY: Five firms in Hokkaido, Japan, are re- ported to have succeeded in concluding March 1960 Japan (Contd.): an agreement to export 500 metric tons of frozen cuttlefish worth about US$83,333 to Italy. The first shipment was expected to be made early in 1960. Frozen cuttle- fish will be used for baitin Italy. (Fish- eries Economic News, December 17, 1960.) * ok SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Japan has produced in recent years from 47,000 to 55,000 metric tons of shrimp annually, of which about 5 percent has been exported. The shrimp landings comprise many species and represent for the most part incidental catches from a variety of fisheries. There does not seem to be any possi- bility of a great increase in production and export of shrimp from the domestic fisheries. Shrimp Fishery: Although more than a dozen species of shrimp are caught by Japanese fishermen, the only distinc- tion made in the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is between the ‘‘kuruma’’ shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, and ‘‘other shrimp.’’ Shrimp is an important incidental catch in a variety of Japanese trawl fisheries, but there is no fishery of any importance primarily devoted to catching shrimp. Shrimp landings are reported from all of the coastal Prefectures of Japan and are recorded in the catches of 16 different types of fishing gear, all of which al- so take other kinds of fish. For example, the East China Sea trawl fishery is an important producer of large shrimp, the “‘taisho-ebi’’ (Penaeus orientalis), but even during the peak winter season only 30-40 percent of its catch is shrimp. Table 1 - Japanese Shrimp Landings and Value, 1956-58 and First Eight Months of 1958-59 Other Shrimp 1/Value unavailable. . ie Shrimp are produced by a variety of trawl fisheries, em- ploying vessels of many types and sizes, from less than 5 tons to over 100 tons gross, The number of powered ves~ sels in the classes that can be regarded as potential shrimp producers is morethan 36,000. Nearlyhalf ofthe Japanese shrimp catchis, however, takenby vessels ofthe category called ‘‘small poweredtrawlers etc.’’ There are approxi- mately 11,500 vessels in this category in the Inland Sea region, which accounts for about 40 percent of Japan’s to- tal shrimp catch. Nearly all of these vessels are smaller than 5tons gross, andabout 8,000 of them are under 3 tons. Recent Japanese statistics show no trend of marked in- crease or decrease in the numbers of vessels in any of these categories of trawlers which catch shrimp in Japan, nor are there any organized plans for constructing or decommissioning important numbers of such vessels, Prices: According to a Japanese Fisheries Agency source, it costs about 8,000 yen (US$22.40) per ton to freeze shrimp. Refrigerated storage charges runaround 9.8 yen (2.7 U.S. cents) per 10 kilograms (22 lbs.) for 15 dayg at -10°C., (14°F.) and 30 percent more at -20°C. (-4-F.). This is said to be an average charge, but cold storage charges vary greatly depending on demand, A large number of species and sizes are landed and several species are regularly marketed both alive and dead, with the live shrimp commanding a premium price. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 As with other fish and shellfish landed in Japan, sales are by bid and the prices vary considerably from day to day and also between various lots offered on the same day. The average price of large ‘‘kuruma”’ shrimp in the Tokyo market in July 1959 was 62 U.S, cents a pound (headless). January 1960 wholesale prices at the Osaka market for this species were about 350-600 yenper kilo~ gram (44-75 U.S. cents a pound), but the Tokyo price is running about 95 U.S. cents a pound for headless shrimp. According to monthly average price data for the past two years, the price of this shrimp in mid-winter is gen- erally about two or three times the mid-summer price. January 1960 prices for the ‘‘kuma-ebi’’ (Penaeus Mmonodon), another large species of shrimp, at Tokyo and Osaka wholesale markets were approximately the same as for the ‘‘kuruma.’’ Other wholesale prices were 70 to 90 U.S. centsa pound for the ‘‘shiba-ebi’’ (Metapenaeus joyneri) , 23 to 38 U.S, cents a pound for white shrimp (PRasiphaea siradg), and 8 to 16 U.S. cents a pound for red shrimp (Penaeopsis akayebi). Catches in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea 1959/60 winter fishery for ‘‘taisho-ebi’’ are so far only about 10 percent of the 1958/59 winter’s catch, and the ex-vessel price was averaging 68 U.S. cents a pound. At this price level, it is said that all of the shrimp is sold on the domes- tic market, and these shrimp cannot be profitably exported until the price drops to about 50 U.S, cents a pound (head- less), according to trade sources. In 1958 the average prices for the year in the markets of the producing areas were 91 U.S, cents for ‘‘kuruma’”’ shrimp and 19 U.S, cents a pound for other kinds of shrimp, Corresponding prices for the wholesale markets of the six largest cities were 95 U.S. cents and 47 U.S, cents a pound, On December 8, 1959, the first deliveries of the season of ‘‘taisho-ebi’’ to the Tokyo central market sold at 83 U.S, cents a pound for large (6 to the pound) and 51 U.S. cents for small (11 to the pound) shrimp. Shrimp Exports: According to the Japan Frozen Food Exporters’ Association, average export prices in October 1959 were US$1,440 a short ton for ‘‘taisho-ebi’’, US$1,300 for ‘‘prawns,’’ US$1,298 for ‘‘shrimp,’’ and US$1,116 for cooked and peeled shrimp. These prices are very close to the respective averages for these categories for the period April to October 1959, and prices have reportedly not changed greatly since October 1959. According to the Min- istry of International Trade and Industry, the over-all aver- age frozen shrimp export price for the period from January- October 1959 was US$1,393 a short ton, as compared with US$1,251 for the same period of 1958. Table 2 - Japanese Exports’ of Frozen Shrimp by Country of Destination, 1956-58 ountry of Destination United States .. Hawaii.... Ryukyus... Hong Kong CEVECEG Go6 Go United Kingdom Australia..... {/Total exports for Jan.-Oct. 1959 amounted to 6,438,000 lbs., valued at US$4,455,560. 2/Value less than $500. Japanese exports of dried shrimp have declined in recent years, canned shrimp exports show no particular trend, but exports of frozen shrimp, after rising gradually from 1956 to 1958, appear to have increased considerably in 1959. This may reflect the good catch of ‘‘taisho~ebi’’ in the East China and Yellow Seas in the winter of 1958/59, and if this is the 68 Japan (Contd.): able 3 - Japanese Exports ¥/ of Dried Shrimp by Country of Destination, 1956-58 Sountry of Destination 1/Total exports for Jan.-Oct. 1959 amounted to 716,000 Ibs., valued at US$272,370. case, exports may decline again if the poor catches of the early part of the 1959/60 season continue. At any rate, it appears that despite the strong domestic demand for shrimp in Japan, there is a considerable quantity available for export when market conditions are favorable. Summary: Shrimp production from Japan-based fisheries has increased in recent years, but the increase has not been spectacular. There are probably no important shrimp re- sources in areas accessible to Japanese~based vessels that are not already under intensive exploitation, and therefore no great increase in the landings is anticipated. The most likely way in which the large Japanese trawling fleet could contribute to an important increase in the world’s supply of shrimp would be for some of the Japanese fishing industry’s plans for foreign-based operations--in such areas as the Mexican west coast, the Bay of Bengal, or Venezuela--to materialize. An interesting plan for the large-scale culture of the large shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) in abandoned salt beds of the Inland Sea is scheduled to be put into operation in 1960, under the technical direction of the former research chief of the Japanese Fisheries Agency. It is claimed that an economically feasible method has been perfected for raising ‘‘kuruma’’ shrimp from the egg to marketable size, andthe promoters reportedly plan onattaining an annual pro- duction of 3,000 tons at the end of three years and of 10,000 tons after the project has been under way for five years. A large part of this production is intended for export. (United States Embassy report from Tokyo dated January 11, 1960.) HK OK Kk OK Kk FISH-CULTURE COMPANY TO RAISE SHRIMP: A Japanese fish-culture company, jointly financed by two large Japanese fishing companies, is expected to begin operations in April 1960 to raise ''kuru- maebi'' (a species of shrimp), with a former Fisheries Agency director as its president. The company expects to produce about 240 metric tons in about half a year from a brood stock of about 24 tons of shrimp. The shrimp are for domestic consumption and for export to the United States. (Suisan Tsushin, De- cember 15, 1959.) sek Kk *K 3k COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viol! 225 Now 3 SHRIMP FISHING VESSELS SOLD TO MEXICO: Two Japanese shrimp fishing vessels, the No. 8 Hajime Maru (110 tons gross) and the No. 16 Myojin Maru (160 tons gross) departed Japan for Mexico in mid- November 1959. They sailed from Ha- waii on December 23 and were scheduled to reach Acapulco in mid-January for delivery to a Mexican firm under the su- pervision of a Japanese trading firm. A Japanese fishing firm was asked by two Japanese trading companies to procure the two vessels and sail them to Mexico. The initial arrangement was a sales contract for the two shrimp vessels, and the terms of the contract would be ful- filled with delivery of the vessels in Mex- ico. However, the Japanese fishing com- pany that sailed the vessels has been asked by a Japanese businessman and the Bank of Tokyo to take this opportunity to enter into an operating agreement with Mexicans, and about January 10 the Di- rector of the Japanese fishing company was expected to go to Mexico. Depending on the results of his investigations, the Japanese fishing company is said to be inclined to undertake the operating agree- ment (Suisan Tsushin, December 24, 1959). wR Be nt rk ook ok ok ok PET FOODS MADE OF FISH EXPORTED TO UNITED STATES: Japanese exports of pet foods (made mostly with tuna) to the United States were up Sharply in 1959. As of Novem- ber 30, 1959, exports amounted to more than 400,000 cases, far in excess of the 200,000 cases shipped in 1958. The price towards the end of the year was about $5.00 a case f.o.b. Japan. Ex- porters in Japan indicate that sales con- tracts will double again in 1960. (Fish- eries Economic News, December 19, 1959.) ok ok ook Ok ok TRAWLERS FISHING IN NEW AREAS: Because of difficulties and restric- tions on trawling west of 130° east lon- gitude, the Japanese trawler industry is seeking new trawling areas. March 1960 Japan (Contd.): Trawling west of 130° is afishe ry centered around the East China Sea west of 135° east longitude, but it is under an unstabilized operational condition, af- fected by relations with Red China. The catch by large trawlers is steadily de- clining in the area, i.e., the catch of 17,600 tons in 1958 was 2 percent less than the previous year and 45 percent less than in 1953, Under the circumstances, one of the large Japanese fishing companies with- drew its large trawlers from the South China Sea and west of 130° east longi- tude and sent them to operate along the northwest coast of Australia (two ves- sels of the 500-ton class) and west coast of Africa (one vessel of the 1,000-ton class). Some of the catch caught off Af- rica is being landed in Greece. This same company plans to build a trawler of the 2,000-ton class in 1960 at a cost of about US$1,388,889 and operate it in the Atlantic. Another Japanese company sent large trawlers of 500 tons to 1,000 tons to Ar- gentina, Australia, New Zealand, and Africa. This company is operating joint undertakings mostly with local interests, and in 1960 it intends to build more trawlers of the 1,000-ton class. U.S.S.R. MAY PROPOSE ENLARGEMENT OF NORTHEAST PACIFIC SALMON TREATY AREA: In December 1959 the Japanese Gov- ernment informed the Soviet authorities that Japan hopes to open the fourth an- nual meeting of the Japan-Soviet Fish- eries Commission on February 2, 1960, and at the same time presented the Jap- anese section's proposed agenda. The U.S.5.R. has unofficially expressed an intention during the negotiations to take up the questions of enlargement of the treaty area in the northeast Pacific and illegal operations by Japanese fishing vessels. This intention on the part of the U.S.S.R. has not been confirmed. An informed Japanese source had the following to say about this report: ''In the first and second years' negotiations, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 arguments on conservation and on the sharing of the harvest were developed within the framework of 100,000-metric- ton and 80,000-ton quotas, but at the third annual conference in 1959, Prime Minis- ter Kishi, speaking for the Japanese side, proposed to accept an 80,000-ton quota in 1960 in return for a 90,000-ton quota in 1959, and thus the Japanese side it- self destroyed the former basis of nego- tiations. This produced conditions under which it would be natural to consider that the boundaries of the treaty area might be changed, and there will be nothing strange about the U.S.S,R.'s making such a proposal. From the point of view of conservation of the resource, the present treaty line is nonsense. However, when it comes to talking about the division of the harvest, more importance should be attached to the decision of the Soviet au- thorities to close all salmon fishing in Kamchatka."' (Suisan Tsushin, Decem- ber 28, 1959.) Mexico EXPORT DUTIES ON PACIFIC COAST SHRIMP AND SPINY LOBSTERS REVISED: Effective January 1, 1960 (Diario Ofi- cial, December 31, 1959), Mexico lowered export duties on fresh shrimp and onfro- zen shrimp originating from the Pacific (with the exception of Salina Cruz, Oax- aca, and Santa Rosalia, Baja California, which follow the rates for the Gulf of Mexico) and increased export duties on spiny lobsters. The new rates were ef- fected by changes in the official prices from 1,700 pesos to 1,223 pesos per 100 net kilograms (about 61.8-44.4U.S. cents a pound) for shrimp and from 12.20 pesos to 13.50 pesos per gross kilogram (about 44.3 to 49.0 U. S. cents a pound for spiny lobsters. The new rates in terms of U- nited States cents are as follows: Old Differ- ence . (U. S. Cents a Pound) . New Item Shrimp, fresh or iced, net MSGI 6 Sono) G0 Od O10 06 Shrimp, frozen, net weight . . Lobster, spiny, fresh, ice t. . 11.337 15.754 | -4.417 -0.795 3.274 | +0.337 Practically all of Mexico's shrimp exports (about all frozen) are exported 70 Mexico (Contd.): to the United States. It is estimated that about 67 million pounds of frozen shrimp were exported to the U. S. during 1959. The present decrease was granted at the request of the West Coast industry which had been complaining of losses due tothe decline in the United States market. Spiny lobster exports, which normally run around 2 million pounds a year, are also practically all to the United States. Most of the lobsters come from Baja California and the majority are exported cooked whole in ice. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1958, pete 5 Sak, tele teat tarts WEST COAST SHRIMP INDUSTRY ASKS FOR GOVERNMENT AID: Contrary to the somewhat optimistic outlook made earlier in 1959 for Mexi- co's west coast shrimp fishery, the in- dustry almost reached the point of finan- cial stagnation at the end of 1959 due primarily to (1) an approximate 35-per- cent decrease in prices in the United States market and (2) an increase in the proportion of small size shrimp in the catches. Latein 1959 some small shrimp- producing firms in northern Sinaloa ports were forced to tie up their boats and larger Operators in Guaymas and Mazat- lan who claimed to be losing from 2,000- 3,000 pesos (US$160-240) a metric ton were reported ready to tie up their fleets if Federal Government assistance was not forthcoming soon. Shrimp processors, the fishing fleet owners, and others directly interested in the industry held urgent meetings in November 1959 in an effort to determine ways and means to continue shrimp fish- ing operations in the northern Gulf of California. They were in general agree- ment that assistance would have to come from the Federal Government in the form of (1) a temporary cancellation or reduction of the ad valorem export tax on shrimp; (2) a reduction in the price of Diesel fuel which was increased sharply this year; (3) relief from contracts with fishermen's cooperatives requiring that an established sum be paid for shrimp catches; and/or (4) a direct subsidy. Petitions to the Federal Government were COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 made for such assistance and there was some indication that serious considera- tion was being given to them in Mexico City. The Mexican shrimp industry seemed to realize that it could help itself, how- ever, by agreeing to limit its catches to larger-size shrimp as it became appar- ent that the change in the closed season in 1959 had not been helpful in producing increased numbers and larger sizes of shrimp. (U. S. Consulate report from Nogales, December 31, 1959.) Sle se ole ve ook HK OOK OOK OK ook WEST COAST SPINY LOBSTER CATCH DOWN FROM 1958/59 SEASON: The spiny lobster fishery (season from October 1 to March 15), located in Mexico's State of Baja California, gotoff to a slow start this season and expecta- tions are that the 1959/60 catch will be considerably below that of 1958/59. As of mid-January 1960, the catch was esti- mated to be aown 20 percent. The rea- sons for the low catch are: (1) storms and general bad weather; (2) the fact that there was a delay in obtaining permits from the proper governmental au- thorities; (3) an alleged delay in re- ceipt by the fishery cooperatives of credit from the Banco de Fomento--an allegation, however, which the bank says is not accurate; and (4) alleged lack of interest on the part of the fisher- men because of their large debt to the bank. They are said to be reluctant to go out because they feel they have nothing to gain. The Regional Federation of Fishing Cooperatives (Federacion Regional de Cooperativias Pesqueras) who do almost all the lobster fishing have an indebted- ness of some 9 million pesos (US$721,000) to the Banco Nacional de Fomento which is to be gradually paid off by deductions from receipts from the sale of lobsters. In addition, each year at the beginning of the season the cooperatives must bor- row further sums for equipment and sup- plies. This year the bank reports that 80 percent of the sums borrowed have been amortized. (United States Consul- ate dispatch from Tijuana, dated Decem- ber 24, 1959.) 7M) ¢ March 1960 Morocco FISHERY TRENDS, FOURTH QUARTER 1959: At the beginning of the fourth quar- ter of 1959, Operation Fish (the Moroc- can Ministry of Health campaign to in- crease domestic fish consumption) was extended from Rabat to Casablanca. The drive started with much publicity on Oc- tober 10, 1959, with speeches and public appearances of officials, roving loud- speakers, and great quantities of fish at ten cents a kilo (4.5 cents a pound). The initial momentum was reduced some- what a few days later when the supply of fish ran out. However, by the end of November, Casablanca was taking de- liveries of ten tons a day. Increased do- mestic sales should do something to solve the dilemma of the fishing indus- try whereby the export of fresh fish is strictly limited because the canners fear that the fish will be canned overseas and thereby reduce their own sales, and on the other hand, not enough markets can be found for either Moroccan canned or fresh fish. The industry was also helped by the October devaluation of the Moroccan franc. The 650,000 unsold cases of sardines reported in the third quarter of 1959 are said to have been sold along with all of the catch of this season. While devaluation has eased sales, the long-run effects cannot yet be clearly seen. While canned sardines remain the basic element in the Moroccan fishing industry, signs are increasing that more diversification is taking place. Fish byproduct plants are taking up to 70 percent of the catch in Agadir. It has been announced that edible fish meal has been put on sale in all the pharma- cies in the country. More mackerel is being canned and sold on the local mar- ket, and plans are being made to increase foreign sales. The total fish catch in 1959 was not spectacular. Storms drove the fish away from Agadir and Essaouira into regions farther north such as Safi, where the fishing was good until COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 late in 1959. Although quantity was good, quality was not up toprevious canning standards. Another tuna net (madrague) has been installed, this one in the Tangier region, There are now ten fixed tuna nets operating off the Moroccan at Cap Negra. coast. (United States Embassy report from Rabat.) er Netherlands TWO STERN FISHING TRAWLERS ORDERED FROM SHIPYARD: A Dutch shipyard at Landsmeer has received an order for the construction of two stern-fishing trawlers. The ships will have the followingdimensions: length over-all,163 feet 9inches; length between perpendiculars, 143 feet 8 inches; breadth 27feet 1l inches; depthtomaindeck, 20 ft. 4 inches; and depth to tweendeck, 13 feet 6 inches. The keel of the first vessel has been laid; this vessel is scheduled for launch- ing early in 1960. It will be powered by 72 Netherlands (Contd.): twin Diesel engines, each developing 500 hp. They will drive controllable-pitch pro- peller through a reduction gearbox. The hydraulically-driven trawl winch will COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 skippers can finalize the fishing proce- dure. Although it is known that certain difficulties encountered abroad have been solved after many experiments, the adop- tion of foreign systems is not always feasible as Netherlands trawlers gener- New Dutch stern-fishing trawler--163 feet long; Diesel powered. be placed abaft the wheelhouse and the fishing gear will be hauled from gallows placed at the stern. Living accommoda- tion will be provided for a complement of 15. When hauling the net the danlenos will come up to the quarters under the gallows. The net is then lifted by the trawl winch with a heaving line running through blocks fitted to the crosstrees, the net being brought to the upper deck viaarampatthe stern. A hatch in the upper deck is then opened, through which the fish reaches the working deck below. Each of the two samson posts aft is fitted with a heavy derrick which en- ables the net to be lifted up still further, so that all the fish is emptied out. They also serve to position the net in readi- ness for shooting. Cleaning and sorting of the fish is carried out on the second deck, a conveyor belt being installed for the transport of the fish to the forward part of the vessel, where hatches give access to the fish hold. A processing plant will be installed on the tweendeck and there is enough room for the instal- lation of a fish-meal plant. The correct positioning of the gallows, the blocks, andfurther equipment for the rapid hauling and shooting of the net is still being studied. A scale model has been made with the aid of which the builders in cooperation with a number of trawler ally use different types of nets, while in addition, the foreign systems and forms of stern are patented. (World Fishing, December 1959.) Norway GOVERNMENT AID TO COD FISHER- MEN FOR 1960 REDUCED: Representatives of North Norway's cod fishermen's organizations and the Norwegian Ministry of Wages and Prices reached an agreement in December 1959 on the amount of Government aid to be extended to the cod fishermen of the area during 1960. Under the terms of the a- greement, the Ministry will seek an ap- propriation of 10 million kroner (US$1.4 million) to support the prices received by the fishermen and an appropriation of 2 million kroner ($280,000) to finance certain marketing expenses of the mar- keting organizations. It was further a- greed that the Government will subsi- dize 20 percent of the cost of the fishing tackle expenses and 10 percent of the cost of the bait. Finally, it was agreed that the Government would raise the guaranteed minimum wage from 75 kron- er (US$10.50) to about 100-125 kroner ($14,00-17.50) per week, and that it will abolish the turn-over tax on the sale of fish and fish products. The cod fisher- men are reportedly somewhat dissatisfied March 1960 Norway (Contd.): é 2) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 Medium -size dual-purpose commercial fishing vessel at dock, Os, Norway. with the amount of the aid, but it was ap- proved by Norges Raafisklag. In 1959 the Government supported cod prices with an appropriation of 34 million kroner (US$4.8 million). Ac- cording to an official of the Ministry of Fisheries, the total value of Government aid to North Norway cod fishermen in 1960 (price supports plus subsidies, etc.) will be about 28 million kroner (US$3.9 million), the United States Embassy in Oslo reported on December 24, 1959, ea ee ok ook ok Ok ok HERRING FISHERMEN RECEIVE MORE AID: Representatives of the Norwegian her- ring fishing industry and. officials of the Ministry of Prices and Wages have re- cently reached agreement on prices for the catch and the amount of Government aid during the 1960 herring fishing sea- son. Because of the failure of the her- ring fisheries in 1958 and 1959, the fish- ermen are in a difficult financial posi- tion and consequently demanded more support than in previous years. The following are the main points of the agreement: buyers will pay the same prices as in 1959, but the fishermen will be permitted to draw 20 million kroner (US$2.8 million) from the Price Fund for price supports--the fishermen had drawn 16 million kroner (about US$2.2 million) in 1959 and sought 35 million kroner (US$4.9 million) in 1960; the Government for the first time will subsidize part of the costs of repairs and equipment--the amount of the subsidy will be 20 percent; and the fisherman's minimum wage, which is guaranteed by the Government, will be increased from 75 to 100 kroner (US$10.50 to 14.00) a week. According to an official of the Ministry of Fisher- ies, the agreement met the demands of the fishermen by only little more than half. (U, S. Embassy report from Oslo, December 18, 1959.) Sd fa Eh £5 FS REPORT TO PARLIAMENT OUT- LINES VITAL NEEDS OF FISHERIES: Recommendations for policies to guide the future development of Norwegian fish- eries were the subject of a two-day de- bate in Parliament in December 1959. Speakers of all parties expressed gen- eral support for the Fisheries Commit- tee's report on the comprehensive pro- posals drafted by the Brofoss Commis- sion. The Fisheries Minister also re- ceived considerable backing for his views 74 Norway (Contd.): which on several points differed from those of the Parliament's Fisheries Com- mittee. In his statement to Parliament, the Fisheries Minister said a series of Government bills would be drafted to in- corporate some of the proposals for short-range measures to help fisher- men and the fishing industry. The debate was opened by the Labor- ite chairman of the Fisheries Committee and manager of the report on the Brofoss Commission recommendations. The most important points in the committee report were as follows: 1. The target of the fisheries policy should be to assure fishermen an ade- quate annual income, preferably above the income level in other industries. The long-range objective should be to create a profitable fishing industry with- out state support. But during the trans- ition period it would be necessary to provide suitable subsidies. 2, It is of the greatest importance for the fishing industry to obtain easier cred- its, lower operating expenditures, and more liberal tax arrangements. 3. In order to assure continuous sup- plies of raw materials for the frozen fil- let industry, loans and condemnation subsidies are required to make the pres- ent fishing fleet more modern and effi- cient, without a general expansion. 4. To equalize the supply of raw ma- terial in poor fishing periods, the regu- lar fishing fleet should be supplemented with specially-built ocean-going vessels, including trawlers. 5. In certain districts it is necessary to establish fishing firms which will use trawlers and other special vessels to procure raw materials in distant waters. 6. Parallel with these proposals for the fishing industry, concerted efforts should be made to develop other indus- tries in the coastal districts of Norway. In his statement to Parliament, the Fisheries Minister maintained that the traditional coastal and seasonal fisheries COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 in coming years would offer little or no possibility for increasing the profitabili- ty or the production of the fishing indus- try. Future opportunities, he declared, lie in fisheries in distant ocean areas. But this will require larger vessels, in- cluding trawlers, and a start towards acquiring experience in this type of fish- ing. He also said, scientific investigations indicate that the failure of Norway's coastal fisheries in recent seasons was principally caused by a reduction in the influx of fish. For that reason, he argued, modernizing the present fishing fleet could not be counted on to increase the coastal fish catch. The solution is to acquire a fleet of ocean-going fishing vessels, especially large trawlers. The Fisheries Minister expressed great confidence in the future opportuni- ties for Norway's postwar developed fish fillet industry, especially in view of the acceptance of frozen fish as tariff-free products within the ''Outer Seven"' free trade area. In this connection, the min- ister declared it should be feasible to double the combined output of Norway's fish-filleting plants from 25,000 to 50,000 metric tons a year. Such an expansion would in large measure solve the prob- lem of seasonal unemployment in coast- al districts. But if domestic vessels are unable to supply enough raw material for the filleting plants, he warned, it may be- come necessary to consider whether to permit foreign fishing vessels to deliver their catches in Norwegian ports. Many speakers agreed that a gradual switch to trawlers and other large fish- ing vessels would be highly desirable. At the same time, however, moderniza- tion of the coastal fishing fleet should not be neglected. The Fisheries Com- mittee asserted that the fish catch could be increased by rationalizing and mod- ernizing the coastal fleet. It was em- phasized that the Committee by no means was opposed to an expansion of deep-sea and year-around fisheries. The com- mittee report gives a green light to the frozen fish industry to acquire larger vessels, including trawlers, if these prove to be more profitable. (News of Norway, December 17, 1959.) March 1960 Panama SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Panama’s shrimp fishery (shrimp exports rank second in value of all Panamanian exports) has been undergoing some severe tests during 1958 and 1959, Like the United States, Mexico, and Ecuador she overbuilt her fleet dur- ing the 1956-58 boom. One of the particular inducements was the excellent run of pink shrimp early in 1957, The industry was expecting even a better run in 1958, but it failed to appear in that year and in 1959. The failure of the pink shrimp run in 1958 and 1959, coupled with the price break in the United States market, has caused con- siderable retrenchment in Panama. The fleet has been and is continuing to be reduced, and several of the freez~ ing companies have combined or are combining their op~ erations to reduce production costs. It is believed that most of the shrimp vessel owners currently are losing money. Over half the 1958 exports were peeled and deveined ‘titi’? (seabobs and another smaller species), Owing to price problems very little ‘‘titi’’ as of mid-November 1959 were being processed. Panamanian boats in September 1959 encountered, off Punta Mala, pink shrimp in areas suitable for trawling in depths of 35-40 fathoms. Catches were good, 3,000 - 5,000 pounds of heads-off per 7-day trip, but prices have not been satisfactory. In the past the pink shrimp fish~ ing season has been from December to March or April. Landings: Panamanian landings include heads-off white shrimp and heads-on and heads~-off pink, titi, and tiger shrimp. There is no precise breakdown according to the categories listed. Table 1 - Panama's Landings and Value of Shrimp, 1956-58 and January-June 1959 Landings (All Species) imated. 2/Unavailable. With the intense fishery that has been going on in Panama for the past several years it appears that the white shrimp potential, providing those years are representative, does not exceed about 4 million pounds a year. The species breakdown of white shrimp landings runs approximately as follows: 80 percent Penaeus occidentalis; 15 percent P. stylirostris; and about 5 percent P, vannamei and P. californiensis. Shrimp Fishing Fleet: As of mid-November 1959 there were reported to be 161 shrimp trawlers in Panama. This is a decline of about 50 boats from the peak number fishing in 1958. Industry sources claim that there are less than 150 boats actually fishing. It is expected that about 16 boats will soon depart for operations in Colombia-and perhaps a few to Nicaragua. The Panamanian shrimp fishing fleet increased from 10 vessels in 1950 to a high of 205 vessels in 1958, All vessels are Diesel-powered. About 25 vessels are be- tween 40-50 feet. All of the newer vessels run 60 feet in length and it is estimated that there are more than 100 in that class. The remainder are between 50 and less than 60 feet in length. During the latter part of 1959 there were no shrimp ves- sels being built in Panama, Panama has had two very lean years as far as shrimp vessel operations have been con- cerned and the shrimp fleet started to decline around mid- 1958. If shrimp prices continued to hold at November 1959 levels, the number of vessels in the fleet was expected to decline still more. ; Shrimp Processing Costs: Production costs for shrimp in Panama vary considerably depending upon the quantity handled and the efficiency of the plant. For white shrimp COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 the costs are as follows: ex-vessel price 65 U.S. cents a pound. Unloading, carting, grading, packing, and freezing, 6-10 cents a pound; and for cartons, cases, and strapping, 2.5 cents a pound. Shipping costs from Panama City are a- bout 3.65 cents a pound and from Cristobal about 3.25 cents a pound (gross weight). Total cost of frozen shrimp aboard ship at U. S, port is about 80 U. S. cents a pound, Ex-Yessel Shrimp Prices: Ex-vessel prices for Pana~ manian headless white shrimp were 65 U. S. cents a pound, Practically all of the white shrimp fall in the three top sizeg--20 and under count. The price for pink headless shrimp was 35 cents a pound up to mid-November, but dropped to 33 cents a pound at the end of November 1959. The ex-vessel price for headless ‘‘titi’’ shrimp was 10 U.S. cents a pound, The above prices are paid according to the type of shrimp. No differential in price is made according to the size of the shrimp. Processors, however, are now trying to discourage the vessels from bringing in the smaller sizes of pink shrimp because the processors are losing money on counts over 35 shrimp to the pound, Export Prices: The export prices as of November 20, 1959, f.o.b. Panama for five-pound packages (jumbled pack) were: white shrimp headless 80 U.S. cents a pound for shrimp under 20 count to the pound, Practically all of Pana- ma’s landings and exports of white shrimp are 20 count and under; pink shrimp, headless, 60 U.S, cents a pound for 16 to 20 count with a 5-cent drop for each smaller size group to 30 cents for 50to 60count; "'titi,"' peeled and deveined, a flat 35 U.S. cents a pound, ‘4 The Government of Panama, on the advice of a FAO fish- ery research expert, has set up, staffed, and equipped a marine fishery research station where research on Pana- ma's shrimp resources is being carried out. FAO expert catching shrimp samples in a mangrove swamp. [Table 2 - Panama’s Frozen Shrimp Exports to United States, 1956-58 and January-June 1959 1/From United States import data; other figures are from Panama export data. 2/Not available, Note: Export value f.o.b. Panama in U. S. cents per pound: 1958--69.4¢; 1957 -- 74.8; 1956--74. 1¢. Exports: The Panamanian official export statistics ap- proximate fairly closely the United States import data. Dur- 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Panama (Contd.): ing 1958, Panama exported about 230,000 pounds more shrimp than originated in Panama. It is estimated that about 130,000 pounds of shrimp from Colombia and 100,000 pounds from Nicaragua were processed in and exported from Panama to the United States in 1958. (U. S. Embassy dispatch, dated November 30, 1959, from Mexico.) Peru EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Exports of principal marine products by Peru in January-September 1959 a- mounted to 242,265 metric tons (valued at US$31.4 million). Fish meal exports (184,090 tons) for the first nine months Vol. 22, No. 3 Exports: Practically all of Peru’s landings of heads-off under 20 count size shrimp are exported to the United States. Exports totaled 503,000 pounds in 1958, 736,000 pounds in 1957, and 359,000 pounds in 1956. Exports of fishery products from Peru are subject to permit issued by the Bureau of Fish and Wildlife of the Ministry of Agriculture, and licensing by the Ministry of Finance and Commerce, In practice such authoriza- tions are readily obtainable for most fishery products. Export taxes are as follows: Law No. 10545, April 16, 1946 (amending Article 1 of Law 9506): 10 percent ad valorem tax on the difference between officially-fixed production cost per short ton of 907.184 kilograms, net weight, and the price in the United States (Pacific coast), less freight and insurance. (Aver- age prices as reported by Peruvian consuls in the United States to the Peruvian Ministry of Finance and Commerce). Law No. 9466, December 18, 1941: Additional 10 percent ad valorem tax on all export products, applicable when ex- port price exceeds by 25 percent the officially-fixed pro- duction costs (payable on the excess). Calculation of pro- duction costs for tax assessment purposes: For the assess— ment of export taxes according to Laws Nos. 10545 and 9466, the following basic production costs are currently used: eruvian Exports of Principal Marine Products, January-September 1959 uly-September 1959 of 1959 were up about 140.0 percent as compared with the same period of 1958 and 379.6 percent as compared with Jan- uary-September 1957. Exports of marine products other than fish meal were also up sharply during January-September 19 OK OK Ok SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Landings: The Peruvian fishery for salt-water shrimp is limited to a narrow strip about 30 miles long near Tumbes, off the northern tip of the country. A survey of the shrimp resources made in 1955 predicted that the area could pro- duce from 600,000 to 900,000 pounds of heads~off shrimp an- nually. Fresh-water shrimp taken from lakes and streams are consumed entirely in Peru. In 1958 the estimated land- ings of heads-off salt-water shrimp amounted to about 509,000 pounds, or about 32.8 percent below the 758,000 pounds landed in 1957, but 31.2 percent higher than the 1956 landings of 388,000 pounds. Heads are removed on board the vessel. Table 1 - Peru's Landings and Exports of Heads-Off Shrimp 1,000 Lbs. S09 758 388 Note: vate converted to US$ as follows: 285 : 5 88 550 242, 265 L/Frorbs values converted at 28. 27 Soles equal US$1 for 3rd quarter of 1959. 2/F.o.b. values converted at 27.36 soles equal US$1 for the first nine months of 1959, Production cost per short ton of 907.184 kg., net Frozen shrimp weight (Soles) (‘‘Langostinos’’) - Supreme Resolution, Sept. 4, 1953...... Soles 9,300 (US$339.45) Law No. 7540, June 30, 1932 (Unemployment tax): cent ad valorem tax on all exports from Peru, 1 per- Law No. 10811, March 3, 1947: 2.00 soles (7.3 U.S. cents) per metric ton gross weight. (Payable on exports from all Peruvian ports). Supreme Decree of March 6, 1942 (As amended by Sup- reme Decree No. 71, July 22, 1955): All exports through the ports of Callao, Matarani, and Mollendo are subject to the payment of a port charge of US$1.60 per metric ton, weight or volume. Exports through other Peruvian ports pay a charge of US$0.30 per metric ton, weight or volume, Law No, 11537, December 18, 1950: 2 percent tax on the cost of ocean freight, as shown in the bill of lading. Appli- cable on all exports. Fishing Fleet: As of November 1959 there were only two companies with a fleet of 13 vessels engaged in the Peruvi- 1956-1958 “US$1, 000 184 300 116 1,000 Lbs. 503 736 359 Million Soles 4.5 Doe/ 2.2 1958, 24.49 soles equal US$1; 1956 and 1957, 19.0 soles equal US$1. March 1960 Peru (Contd.): Table 2 - Peruvian Production Costs of Frozen Shrimp, November 1959 reezing & ice used on vessels : 1/Estimated for under 20-count size shrimp. ote: Peruvian soles converted to US$ at rate of 27, 397 oles to US$1 an shrimp fishery--6 of the vessels are 40-42 feet and 7 are 36-38 feet in length. The shrimp vessels are all e~ quipped with Diesel engines of 50-105 hp. The fleet of shrimp vessels was built in Peru and are all Peruvian- flag vessels. There are no plans at present for building any new shrimp vessels. Production Costs: Costs of producing frozen heads-off shrimp for export in November 1959 were about 49.2 U.S. cents a pound in Peru. Dockside cost of the headless shrimp was 34.8 U.S. cents a pound, and other costs in- cluding containers, labor, freezing, export duties, and the ice supplied to the vessels, amounted to 14.4 U.S. cents a pound, or almost US$982 a short ton. Costs for ocean freight, warehousing, and handling costs at the U. S. port of entry, and broker’s commission of about 7-1/2 percent amounted to 19.3 U.S. cents a pound, Philippines USE OF FLOATING FISH CANNERIES AND VESSELS RECEIVED FROM JAPAN: The Philippine Legislative Committee on Good Government has revealed that the two floating fish canneries received as part of Japanese reparations payments late in 1958 from Japan have never been used. The investigation by the Commit- tee brought out that the floating fish can- neries plus six fishing vessels had been awarded to an Iloilo farmers' cooperative marketing association and that the coop- erative had no plans to use the equipment. The fish canneries and the six fishing vessels are valued at about US$2,250,000. As a result of the investigations, the Reparations Commission Chairman has announced the withdrawal of the award of the vessels to the cooperative and that they would be awarded to concerns able to utilize them properly. He also an- nounced that several Philippine firms were interested in removing the canning equipment from the two floating fishcan- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW We neries for use in establishing canning plants ashore. The two large vessels would then be converted for use in the interisland trade Four of the six fishing vessels have been completed by the Japanese and in December 1959 were anchored in Tokyo Harbor because the farmers! coopera- tive lacked the funds to bring them to Manila. (U. S. Embassy Report from Manila, December 18, 1959.) AA! clk cts “A, 3k) sk ook ook) ook NEW FISHERY RESEARCH VESSEL ACQUIRED FROM JAPAN: Philippine officers and crew members were in Japan early in January 1960 to take delivery in February of the first fishery research vessel built in Japan (built under Japanese reparations pay- ments) for the College of Fisheries of the University of the Philippines. The crew will take special training in the op- eration of the vessel and its laboratories. A separate group of the University fac - ulty members has been touring Japan and other countries to study the administra- tion and curriculum of fishery colleges, fish processing laboratories and plants, and fishery market cooperatives. It is hoped that these endeavors will give new impetus to the Philippine deep-sea fish- ing industry. The research vessel is the first of two being built in Japan for the Philippines. The other, which is expected to be de- livered in the near future, will go to the Government's Bureau of Fisheries. (U.S. Embassy Report from Manila, January 8, 1960.) can “ee wares Portugal CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Portugal's exports of canned fish dur- ing January-September 1959, amounted to 51,804 metric tons (2,830,000 cases), valued at US$26.6 million, as compared with 43,410 tons, valued at US$23.1 mil- lion, for the same period in 1958. Sar- dines in olive oil exported during the first 78 Portugal (Contd.): nine months of 1959 amounted to 37,662 tons, valued at US$18.2 million. -September 1959 Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, Janua Species fe hel elie tvire. 6 ee During January-September 1959, the leading canned fish buyer was Germany with 11,429 tons (valued at US$5.7 mil- lion), followed by Italy with 7,497 tons (valued at US$4.3 million), United States with 5,158 tons (valued at US$3.5 million), Great Britain with 4,485 tons (valued at US$2.1 million), and France with 3,219 tons (valued at US$1.6 million). Exports to the United States included 1,996 tons of anchovies, 783 tons of tuna, 2,242 tons of sardines, and 37 tons of mackerel. (Conservas de Peixe, November 1959.) le sk kesh K OK OR OK CANNED FISH PACK, JANUARY -SEPTEMBER 1959: The total pack of canned fish for Jan- uary-September 1959 amounted to 37,498 metric tons as compared with 35,632 tons Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-September 1959 Metric P roduct Tons! Sardinelike fish AMChOVytilLets memset reietiel is) sien le Tina .ireiici teh et oh tds eae bed 37,498 for the same period in 1958. Canned sar- dines in oil (26,932 tons) accounted for 71.8 percent of the January-September 1959 total pack, up by 23.2 percent from the pack of 21,866 tons for the same peri- od of 1958, the November 1959 Conservas de Peixe reports. Kk 3K ok ok ok FISHERIES TRENDS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1959: Sardine Fishing: During January-Sep- tember 1959, the Portuguese fishing fleet COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 landed 69,765 metric tons of sardines (valued at US$6,994,224 ex-vessel or a- bout $100 a ton). September 1959 landings of sardines totaled 24,523 tons valued at US$2,158,504. Canneries purchased 59.3 percent, or 14,553 tons, of the sardines (valued at US$1,415,443 ex-vessel or about $97.26 a ton) during September 1959. A total of 9,572 tons was purchased for the fresh fish market, and 398 tons were salted. Other Fishing: The January-Septem- ber 1959 landings of fish other than sar- dines were principally 22,944 tons of chinchards (value US$1,514,817) and 3,032 tons of anchovies (value US$276,591). (Conservas de Peixe, November 1959.) se oe ook ok ok ba Sa TUNA FISHERY LIMITED TO FEW TRAPS AND TWO MODERN CLIPPER-TYPE VESSELS: The Portuguese landings of tuna are derived primarily from five coastal fish traps located along the Algarve coast and two modern 840-gross-ton clipper-type vessels which fish in the Atlantic and land wherever there is a market. Catches of tuna are landed at several ports, but primarily at Villa Real de Santo Antonio and Tavira. The traps (4 are near Tavi- ra and 1 near Cape Santa Maria) are fish- ed from May to August, or during the period when the bluefin tuna are migrating to and from the Mediterranean. The tuna clippers have been converted from Diesel- powered submarine chasers and fish the year-around. These two vessels often land catches in Italy and France. The tuna landings are almost entirely canned in the Villa Real de Santo Antonio area, The canners purchase foreign- caught tuna when supplies from the Por- tuguese fishermen are not available. (U.S. Embassy Report from Lisbon, December 18, 1959) : © South-West Africa PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY TRENDS: The busiest and most successful sea- son in the ten-year history of the South- March 1960 South-West Africa (Contd.): West Africa Walvis Bay pilchard fishing industry closed at the end of October 1959 with a record catch of 300,000 short tons. The South-West Africa catch added to the record total of the South African fish- ery brings the total pelagic shoal fish COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW as) start with, this company obtained very good results, and later on, after the Span- ish Civil War, two other companies were established. It is important to differentiate between the cod-fishing activities started by these three companies and that done by the" par- ejas.''. Pair trawling was started on the catch for the Union and South-West Africa | Newfoundland grounds in 1939, with very in 1959 to 642,000 short tons, 86,000 tons higher than the record catch of 1958. According to reports from South-West Africa, 3 of the 6 processing factories reached their quotas and closed down early in October, 2 had closed down by the middle of the month, and the sixth was expected to reach its quota at the end of October. The September catch was 49,703 tons of which 154 tons were maasbanker. This catch yielded 6,179,000 pounds of canned fish, 10,876 tons of fish meal, and 2,317 tons of fish-body oil. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re- view, November 1959.) aa a COD FISHING INDUSTRY: For many years one of the staple foods of Spain has been salted and dried cod. Many examples can be seen in that coun- try of stone troughs in which the Phoeni- cians salted fish. Spain The early history of the Spanish and Portuguese cod fisheries on the New- foundland banks was very similar, and traces of their exploitation can still be seen in the place names of the Newfound- land coast. The Spanish gave up fishing in that area about three centuries ago; however, they did not stop eating salted cod, and started to import it from Nor- way, Iceland, the Faroes, Newfoundland, and Scotland. After World War I attempts were made to re-establish Spain's position as a cod-fishing nation, and in 1927 a fish- ing company was established in San Se- bastian. Operating with two trawlers to poor results. But when these vessels re- commenced operations in 1949 they did much better, and in the 1959 season 72 "bareja'' vessels were due to fish in New- foundland waters. By August 1960 the San Sebastian firm will own 19 trawlers--14 Diesel vessels and five oil-burning steamships. Their sizes range from the 1,190 g.r.t. (gross registered tons) of the steam vessel Eus- kal Erria to the 1,350 g.r.t. of the motor- ship Tornado, and the total tonnage owned by the company amounts to approximately 24,000 g.r.t. This company also manages two proc- essing plants, one in Pasejes (Spanish Basque country) covering 230,000 square feet and complete with two wharves, driers, storage rooms, general stores, etc. The other plant is in El Ferrol, and covers some 170,000 sq. ft. The second firm owns 4 trawlers and has two more ordered from Seville ship- yards. The 4 in operation are all Diesel- powered, each of 975 g.r.t. This company also owns a plant in Chapela-Vigo, simi- lar to those of the first company. The third firm located in Corunna owns 12 trawlers, all Diesel-powered and ranging from 1,250 to 1,363 g.r.t. The total tonnage of this fleet is about 16,200 g.r.t., and the company owns one plant in Corunna. This is the largest and most modern of the Spanish cod plants. Of the firms operating ''pareja'' ves- sels in the cod fisheries, one firm ap- pears to be the most important. This firm is an industrial complex with two other associated companies and manages 120 fishing vessels. The plant operated by the industrial complex covers anarea of 323,000sq. ft. 80 Spain (Contd.): with an annual production of 12,000 met- ric tons of dried cod. The companies in the industrial complex also have interests in wholesale, freezing, fish meal, insur- ance, and other fishing activities. There are several other firms oper- ating ''pareja'' vessels in North Ameri- can waters. These companies sell their catches to many small plants established in Corunna, Vigo, Gijon, and Pasajes. In general, the trawlers make two trips each year. The first is from Jan- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW uary or February to June, and the sec- ond from July or August to November or December. The ''parejas"' begin their trips in March or April, and make their last trip during September or October. Some of the ''pareja'' vessels return to Spain as soon as their holds are filled with salt fish, while others transfer their catches to specially chartered cargo ves- sels and continue to fish. In spite of the development of her own cod-fishing fleets, Spain continues to im- port dried and salted cod, 14,293 metric tons being imported from January to No- vember 1958. The total consumption in Spain is thought to be about 70,000 met- ric tons annually, but for some reason the Spanish liking for this food has fallen noticeably since the end of the Spanish Civil War. Kk ok ok ok ok oK oki ok oe ok TUNA FISHERY, 1958: Two species of tuna make up the bulk of the Spanish tuna landings. The alba- core tuna (Germo alalunga) is caught by vessels based in northern and northwest- ern Spanish ports. The main ports for this species are: Bermeo, Vigo, Aviles, Gijon, Zumaya, La Coruna, Santona, On- darroa, Santander, Lequeitio, and Vivero. In 1958, the landings at the four leading ports amounted to 5,700 metric tons at Bermeo, 5,000 tons at Vigo, 4,600 tons at Aviles, and 3,000 tons at Gijon: Land- ings at each of the other ports exceeded 1,000 tons, but were less than 2,000 tons, Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is land- ed principally at ports located in the south Vol. 22, No. 3 of Spain. The ports with the largest catches: in 1958 were: Barbate, San Fernando, Tarifa, and Ceuta. The landings amount- ed to 4,200 tons, 2,300 tons, 1,500 tons, and 1,000 tons, respectively. (United States Consulate, Vigo, report of Decem- ber 17, 1959.) Bow OFFSHORE SHRIMP TRAWLING INCREASED IN 1959: Shrimp trawling for large shrimp in Surinam's offshore waters began in Oc- tober 1958. Prior to that date commer- cial shrimp fishing was confined largely to inshore waters for the small seabob. Offshore shrimp trawling was started with two trawlers. Four more vessels were added to the fleet in March 1959 and three more in August 1959. By 1960, the American-owned company, which has ex- clusive rights to Surinam shrimp exports, expects to have a fleet of 25 trawlers. Most of the trawlers are 65 feet in length and equipped with 150 hp. Diesel engines. Surinam Landings made by the offshore shrimp vessels for the 12-months period ending October 1959 amounted to about 300,000 pounds of pink shrimp. Exports during that period were about 279,000 pounds (all to the United States except for a very small quantity to Curacao), valued at a- bout US$210,000 at the primary receiver level in New York City. Prices to the vessels in November 1959 were 42 U. S. cents a pound for heads-off shrimp. There are no export taxes on shrimp exports from Surinam, Although the A- merican owned shrimp fishing and proc- essing firm holds the exclusive right to export shrimp from Surinam, the Surin- am Government retains the right to issue export licenses for shrimp, fish, and fish derivatives for up to 88,000 pounds a year, except that licenses for export of dried shrimp cannot exceed half this amount. (United States Consulate report from Paramaribo, November 18, 1959.) March 1960 U.S.S.R. EIGHT FISHERY CENTERS TO BE ESTABLISHED IN KURILE ISLANDS: A Moscow broadcast is reported to have announced early in December 1959 that the Soviet Union has decided to es- tablish eight fishery centers in the Ku- rile Islands in 1960. The centers will be established under the seven-year fish- ery plan. In addition to mackerel-pike fishing bases, processing and distributing plants will be constructed. Mackerel- pike fishing by the Soviet Union has been carried out for the past 2 or 3 years in the Pacific with motherships. Itis thought that setting up of shore facilities will co- ordinate activities of vessels, mother- ships, and land facilities. (Fisheries Eco- nomic News, a Japanese periodical, De- cember 4, 1959.) mK OK OK OK NEW FACTORYSHIP HEADS WHALING FLEET: On October 10, 1959, the Slava whal- ing fleet left the Black Sea port of Odes- sa for its 14th season in the Antarctic. The Slava whaling fleet now consists of the old flagship Slava and 12 new high- speed Diesel-electric whalers. The second and new fleet set sail a few days later. This is the Soviet U- kraine fleet, a fleet of 20 whalers with the new factoryship whaler Soviet U- kraine as flagship. S This new vessel was built in less than three years at the Nosenko Shipyard, Ni- kolayev, on the Black Sea, and is the world's biggest ship of its kind, having a displacement of 44,000 tons--15,000 tons more than the Slava. _ The Soviet Ukraine is 716 feet over-all (218 meters), has a beam of 92 feet (28 meters), and ''stands as tall as a 12- to 14-story building." It is equipped with mechanized proc- essing lines and scientific laboratories. Its skipper said of this ship: "The Soviet Ukraine is on a level with the very latest in shipbuilding. More than a thousand designers and some 500 fac- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 tories of the Moscow, Latvian, Kiev, Len- ingrad, Kharkov, Khabarovsk, Rostov, and other Economic Councils took part in designing and supplying equipment for ie The Soviet Ukraine can freeze some 100 metric tons of whale meat and livers daily, and store 1,800 tons of frozen prod- ucts in its cold storage section. There are 265 well-appointed one- and two-berth cabins for the crew. * (World Fishing, December 1959.) NEW FLOATING FACTORYSHIP FOR CRAB AND FISH PROCESSING: A floating crab and fish processing ves- sel is being built in Leningrad for future operation in the North Pacific Ocean. It is to be equipped with the most modern machinery and is the first vessel of that type to be built in the U.S.S.R. It is a welded vessel with a gross ton- nage of 14,000 tons. The length is over 524 feet, with a breadth of almost 66 feet. It will be Diesel-powered and manned by a crew of 130, plus 507 workers for the fish-processing operations. All processing operations for crab and fish will be mechanized with new continu- ous cookers for crab, machines for pack- ing crab in parchment paper, etc. The vessel can remain at sea for two months during which time it can pack 25,000cases of canned crab, 50,000 cases of canned fish and salmon, plus substan- tial amounts of canned fish roe and fish meal. The vessel also has possibilities for processing brisling and sardines. (Fiskets Gang, December 10, 1959; trans- lation from Russian newspaper Vodnyi Transport, November 24, 1959.) We Bd ENS eS Ee NEW HERRING FACTORYSHIP PLANNED: The Russian newspaper Vodnyi Trans- port, November 28, 1959, carries a re- port and a photograph of the model of the first herring factoryship to be built inthe U.S.S.R. 82 U.S.S.R. (Contd.): The new factoryship will be welded, with two decks, have a displacement of 15,000 tons, length of 145 meters (475.6 feet), and a breadth of 20 meters (65.6 feet). The main engine, of 6,250 hp., will give the vessel a speed of 14.5 knots. The ship is designed for anchoring in depths up to 300 meters (164 fathoms). In addition, there will be fenders and similar equipment which will permit trawlers alongside the vessel to unload in a relatively high sea. The new her- ring factoryship will be completed in 1961, (Fiskets Gang, December 24, 1959.) skool ook ah ‘ K ok ok Ok NEW HERRING FISH MEAL AND OIL FACTORYSHIP: The new floating herring oil factory- ship Lamut, 4,982 gross tons, is being completed by a shipyard in Japan for Sudoimport, Moscow, according to Dansk Fiskeritidende (November 27, 1959), a Danish fishery trade periodical. The ves- sel is designed for a speed of 12.5 knots and a processing capacity of 120 metric tons of herring per day. United Kingdom BAG-NET DEVELOPED FOR TRANSFERRING CATCHES AT SEA: The trawler Northern Sea tied up at Grimsby, England, and ended an experiment which may revolutionize fishing developments in the British industry. The trawler had taken part in the successful transfer of fish from one trawler to another in the open seas off Bear Island. The owning company has been exploring the possi- bilities of transfers for some time and has considered many Suggestions. They decided that the best system was for fish to be floated off in special nets. Shaped like huge ‘‘sausages,’’ the nets were braided with a mesh smaller than fishing-net mesh. One end was tied up like a trawl’s cod end, and the ‘‘sausage’’ was dropped down the fish hold hatch and the other end secured open. Gutted fish was dropped into the open end and when filled, the ‘*sausage’’ held about a ton of fish. It was tied up at the top and lowered over the trawler’s side, secured to a buoy. Several ‘‘sausages’’ were strung together by lines. As soon as the '’sausages’’ went over the side of the Grimsby trawler Northern Wave, a radio message was Sent to the Northern Sea, then about three miles away. The ‘‘sausages’’ were only in the sea about 20 minutes before being sighted and within an hour the Northern Sea had the fish stowed away, and was on the way home. The experiment opens up several possibilities, Trawlers owned by the same company could fish an area while another vessel acted merely as a carrier. Trawlers just starting COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 fishing could transfer their first few hauls to another ship a- bout to leave for home, as with the Northern Sea, and this method would enable ships to stay at sea several days longer without deterioration in catches. It could also point the way to trawlers fishing in packs and delivering their catch to a mothership which could quick- freeze the fish. At the same time the mothership could refuel the trawlers with oil and ice when they decided to fill up their own fish holds and go home, Tne picking up of catches of trawlers about to return home is the most immediately feasible idea and it may lead to own- ers forming an association among themselves to allow trans- fers to be made between all ships of one particular port. The captain of the Northern Sea, commenting on the scheme when he arrived home, said; ‘‘We arranged everything over the radio the previous night and I was about three miles away from the Northern Wave when the ‘sausages’ were re- leased. We had no difficulty in sighting or hoisting aboard. The weather was good but I can see no great difficulty in car- rying out a transfer in winter. It may be a little more diffi- cult but I think it can be done all right.’’ The transferred fish was landed only six days after being caught and was in good condition. Buyers noted how clean it was, probably because it had had a second washing in the sea during the transfer. Samples were sent to the fisheries research laboratories at Hull for expert examination (Canadian Fishermen, Decem- ber 1959.) se ke ose ook ok *k OK OK K XK EARNINGS OF INSHORE VESSELS, 1958: The British White Fish Authority car- ries out annual surveys of the costs and earnings of inshore fishermen. Summar- ies of total costs and earnings derived from the 1958 survey were included in the Authority's Annual Report for 1958/59 published in July 1959. Since then, fol- lowing further analysis of the returns, more detailed information has become a- vailable. The results of 460 vessels were in- cluded in the 1958 sample--237 in Scot- land, 223 in England and Wales; the to- tal value of fish landed by these vessels represented slightly less than one-third of the total inshore catch. The vessels were drawn from every major inshore fishing district, and from no less than 139 different ports. The size of vessel appears to deter- mine, in general, the size of the net sur- plus and the level of crews' earnings. Small vessels of under 30 feet in length, which are more common in England and Wales than in Scotland, showed an aver- age profit of B52 (US$145.60) for the year and anaveragecrew wage of L371 (US$1,038.80). At the other end of the scale 60-69 foot vessels showed an av- erage profit of £1,318 (US$3,690.40), and a crew wage of E716 (US$2,004.80). The March 1960 United Kingdom (Contd.): average net profit per stone could not be computed for all vessels as the weight of fish landed could not always be given. For vessels where the information was given the average profit per stone was 94d. (10.8 U. S. cents), a little less than it was in 1957. Operating costs continued to rise in 1958, but oil, the cost of which absorbed 6.2 percent of total earnings, and ma- rine insurance, which absorbed 3 per- cent, were botha little lowerthan in 1957. Vessels and engine repairs at 5.3 per- cent of total earnings and gear upkeep and repairs at 10.2 percent were among the principal items showing increases. The kind of fishing pursued is not uni- form all around the coast and the differ- ent methods used result in different de- grees of profitability. The table shows the average operating results for ves- sels in each area. The relatively pros- perous fishing area of East and North- East Scotland illustrates the success of the seine-net vessel; whereas the re- sults shown for Eastern England reflect the port sprat seasons which have be- come a feature of East Coast fishing dur- ing the last year or two. Earnings of Inshore Vessels, 1958 Per | Ss a+ e Trew PSs Subsidy forms an important part of ves- sel earnings andin1958 averaged 7.7 per- cent of total earnings, or an average ad- dition of over E1 (US$2.80)aweektocrews'! wages. Because of the greater incidence in England and Wales of fishingfor shell- fish, which is not subsidized, the averages for England and Wales and Scotland sepa- rately show considerable differences, (World Fishing, December 1959.) Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1958 p- 101. Shoe Sh Be oe K OK OK kK OK COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 FISHERMEN TRAINING AND LOAN PROGRAM FOR NORTHWEST SCOTLAND INITIATED: Because the British Government does not believe that the fishing grounds in The Minch are as productive as they should be, and hence do not make as big a contribution to the economy of the Western Islands as they could, the Gov- ernment is attempting to revive the fish- ing industry in the Outer Hebrides. The Minch is the strait between Northwest Scotland and the Outer Hebrides. To en- courage young Scotsmen who live in the Outer Islands to become fishermen, a new training program has been drawn up. It will provide up to six months duty on an East Coast fishing boat working in The Minch area. If a man has already com- pleted such a period of training or has had other experience, under the terms of the program he can continue with another six months of training on a special train- ing fishing vessel of the Scottish Home Department. It is hoped that trainingcan start on east coast vessels in The Minch by spring 1960. In conjunction with the plan to select and train fishermen, loans will be extended to persons interested in fishing to enable them to acquire new boats. Loans for new boats from 40-70 feet in length can be obtained from the Scot- tish Home Department. The loans can be made up to 60 percent of the approved cost of the boat and a grant of at least 25 percent will be available, leaving only 15 percent of the cost to be raised by the new fishermen. The Macaulay Trust and the Highland Fund are prepared to assist suitable fishermen to raise even the 15 percent of their share. One of the con- ditions of the loans is that if a grant or loan is made, the applicant ''undertakes by means of the proposed boat to dili- gently and vigorously prosecute fishing as working owners." (U. S. Consulate report from Glasgow, January 6, 1960.) dy eth cde Bh 60 ok oe ok ok ok RESTRICTIONS REMOVED ON FRESH AND FROZEN FISH IMPORTS FROM DOLLAR AREA: Effective February 1, 1960, quantita- tive controls were removed by the United Kingdom on imports of fresh and frozen 84 United Kingdom (Contd.): fish from the dollar area. This action opens the United Kingdom market to fro- zen halibut and other fresh and frozen fish from the United States. Lifting of import restrictions on fresh and frozen fish removes the last vestige of import controls on fishery products im- posed by the United Kingdom to conserve short dollar balances following the end of World War II. Limitations on canned salmon were eased in 1957 and complete- ly liftedin 1958. Other canned fish were removed from import control on June 8, 1959, Freshand frozen salmon were freed from control on November 9, 1959. Imports of halibut by the United King- dom from the United States have been re- stricted under the controls in effect follow - ing the end of World WarlII. The United States supplied up to 3 million pounds of frozen halibut to the United Kingdom in some prewar years. As a result of Brit- ish efforts to conserve dollars in post- war years, imports of halibut from the United States have been completely re- stricted. The lifting of these limitations on trade will broaden the market for U- nited States west coast halibut producers. 6 NEW FISH MEAL PLANT IN OPERATION: The Uruguayan Government-owne fishing company (Servicio Oceanografico Uruguay Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol.-22, No.3 y de Pesca) started operations in its new fish meal plant on January 13, 1960. The machinery for the new plant, which was donated by the United Nations, was im- ported from the United Kingdom, the U- nited States Embassy in Montevideo re- ported on January 15, 1960. FROZEN TUNA IMPORTS FROM JAPAN: Yugoslavia is said to have signed contracts for Japanese exporters for annual imports of about 7,000 metric tons of tuna from Japan. This year's deliveries are scheduled for October 1959-May 1960. Yugoslavia, in the past, has been importing fro- zen tuna from Turkey for the winter operations of itscanneries. In 1959, however, no business talks were concluded with Turkey and tuna fish- ing was carried out in the Black Sea on a small seale by Turkey: Yugoslavia is reported importing a- bout 9,000 tons of tuna a year and about half is re-exported to Italy. Yugoslavia As part of its expansion plans for tuna fishing in summer in the Adri- actic Sea, fishermen in Yugoslavia are learning long-line tuna fishing tech- niques from Japanese expert fisher- men (Suisan Tsushin, December 18, 1959.) YS” Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Joswick, and Vera Eggleston Xe OK OK eK Photograph Credits: tographer for each photograph in this issue. Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho- Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and photographers are unknown. Cover--Shoreline Enterprises of America, Tampa, Fla.; p. 48--J. O. Traung, HAO; p..s7-slb. Vv. Burns, HAO; p. o8=—h) L., Cyprien, HAO; p. 73--W. H. Stolting; p. 75--Pat Moren, FAO. March 1960 Za 2 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION POLICY ON EFFECTIVE DATE OF FOOD ADDITIVES AMENDMENT: The food additives amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (72 Stat. 1785 et seq., U.S.C. 342, 348) is scheduled to become fully effective on March 6, 1960, according to a state- ment of policy issued by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration and published in the December 31, 1959, Federal Reg- ister. Extension of time for compliance by food and chemical manufacturers with the requirements of the Food Additives Amendment are covered. However, the effective date may be extended on a product-by-product basis for a time not to exceed 12 months ''on the basis of a finding that such extension involves no undue risk to the public health and that conditions exist which necessitate the prescribing of such an additional period." After this amendment becomes fully effective, any food in interstate com- merce may contain a food additive as de- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ACTIONS 85 fined in section 201(s) of the act only un- der certain prescribed conditions. In order that decisions on requests for extension could be published before March 6, 1960, requests and supporting data were tobe submittedby February 1, 1960. Although there are many chemicals com- monly used in foods whichare generally recognized as safe, there are numerous others for which safe tolerances must be established by regulation. The Agency said it is not possible at this time to determine whether tolerances willbe established for them before the Food Additives Amendment willbecome fully effective. Manufacturers, distributors, users, and food law enforce- ment officials needed to know the status of those additives under the amendment prior to March6, 1960, so that they would know whether they maybe employed after that date. The Agency pointed out that all food additives had to be cleared for use be- fore the March 6 date unless an exten- sion was granted. Use of a foodadditive without a formal authorizing regulation or an extension of time after March 6, 1960, will cause the food containing it to be adulterated and illegal for shipment, the Agency added. Title 21—FO0D AND DRUGS Chapter I—Food and Drug Adminis- tration, Department of Health, Edu- cation, and Welfare SUBCHAPTER B—FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS PART 121—FOOD ADDITIVES Subpart A—Definitions and Proce- dural and Interpretative Regula- tions STATEMENT OF POLICY WITH REFERENCE TO EFFECTIVE DaTE oF FooD ADDITIVES AMENDMENT Under the authority. vested in the Sec- retary of Health, Education, and Wel- fure by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos- metic Act (sec. 6(c), Public Law 85-929; 72 Stat. 1789; 21 U.S.C., note under sec- tion 342 (1958 amendment) ), the follow- ing statement of policy is issued: § 121.85 Statement of policy with refer- ence to effective date of food addi- tives amendment. (a) The food additives amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (72 Stat. 1785 et seq., 21 U.S.C. 342, 348) is scheduled to become fully effec- tive on March 6, 1960. However, this date may be extended on a product-by- product basis for a time not to exceed 12 months ‘‘on the basis of a finding that such extension involves no undue risk to the public health and that conditions ex- ist which necessitate the prescribing of such an additional period.” (b) After this amendment becomes fuliy effective, any food in interstate commerce may contain a food additive as defined in section 201(s) of the act only if: (1) The additive and its use, or in- tended use, conform to the terms of a regulation that provides for an exemp- tion from the requirements of the food additives amendment for any food addi- tive, and any food bearing or containing such additive because it is intended solely for investigational used by qualified ex- perts; or (2) There is in effect, and the additive and its use or intended use are in con- formity with a regulation issued under section 409 prescribing the conditions under which such additive may be safely used. 86 (c) Many chemicals commonly used in foods are generally recognized as safe. A number of them have been listed in regulations in this chapter. However, there are food additives in common use that are not generally recognized as safe and for which tolerances must be estab- lished by regulation. It is not possible at this time to determine whether toler- ances will be established for them before the food additives amendment will be- come fully effective. Manufacturers, distributors, users, and food-law en- forcement officials need to know the status of these additives under the amendment prior to March 6, 1960, so that they will know whether they may be employed after that date. (d) The Commissioner of Food and Drugs is prepared to consider requests for an extension of the effective date of the law, for specific additives. The fol- lowing criteria, among others, will be used in evaluating and acting upon such requests: (1) The effective date of the amend- ment can be extended for a specific ad- ditive only upon a finding, based on a study of the available facts about the additive and its toxicity, that such ex- tension will involve no undue risks to the public health and that conditions COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW (2) There should be evidence about the amounts of the additive present in the food and about its chronic toxicity before an extension is granted. (3) Extensions will not be granted for a food additive if appropriate tests show the production of cancer in test animals at any dosage leve}t, nor will they be granted if such tests show alarming symptoms other than cancer in any dos- age, unless experimental data show a level of feeding to test animals that is safe to the animal and provide a satis- factory margin of safety for the levels in the human diet. (4) Where a regulation provides for the presence of an additive in certain foods at a given level, and the other cri- teria of this statement of policy are met, the effective date may be extended for other similar uses of the additive. (5) Extension should be granted only for those uses of a food additive which had been employed prior to January 1, 1958. (6) Notice of the decisions of the Food and Drug Administration on requests for extensions will be published in the FEp- ERAL REGISTER. (e) Each request for an extension should be addressed to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, and should give: Vol. 22, No. 2 (1) The name and chemical composi- tion of the food additive for which ex- tension is requested. (2) A statement of the uses of the food additive for which extension is re- quested and evidence that these uses were recognized prior to January 1, 1958. (3) Information about the physical or technical effect produced by the additive, and the quantity needed to produce such effect. (4) Information about the quantity of the additive expected in or to be added to the food. (5) Available information which indi- cates that hese amounts of the additive in food will not jeopardize the public health. (6) A statement of the reason(s) why a tolerance has not previously been requested. (7) In order that decisions on requests for extensions may be published before March 6, 1960, requests and supportirg data should be received by February 1, 1960. (Sec. 701(a), 52 Stat. 1055; 21 U.S.C. 352(a). Interprets or applies secs. 402, 409, 72 Stat. 1785, 1789; note under 21 U.S.C. 342; 21 U.S.C. 348) Dated: December 23, 1959. exist that necessitate such extension. [sEAL] Geo. P. LaRRICK, Commissioner of Food and Drugs. PROPOSED SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF FOOD ADDITIVES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE: A list of food additives or substances generally recognized as safe appeared in an order issued by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration and published in the Federal Register of November 20, 1959. The order became effective on Decem- ber 20, 1959, under the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In the February 2, 1960, Federal Reg- ister the Agency published a supplemen- tal list of food additives which it pro- poses to include in the regulation and askedfor comments prior to inclusion of the supplemental list in the regulation. Included in the supplemental list are chemical preservatives, buffers and neutralizing agents, nonnutritive sweet- eners, nutrients, stabilizers, anticaking agents, and a group of miscellaneous ad- ditives. The supplemental list includes about 52 substances, and for some sub- stances limits are designated. Also in the February 2 Federal Regis-| ter, the Agency also amended the food ad- | ditives regulations by adding a list of substances employed in the manufacture of food-packaging materials for which prior sanctions have been granted. In- cluded in that list are certain antioxi- dants, antimycotics, driers, drying oils, plasticizers, release agents, stabilizers, and a few others--about 82 substances. LIST ISSUED OF SPICES, SEASONINGS, ETC., RECOGNIZED AS SAFE: A list of spices, seasonings, essential oils, oleoresins, and natural extractives that are generally recognized as safe for intended use, within the meaning of sec- tion 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, was published by the U. 8. Food and Drug Administration in the Jan- uary 19, 1960, Federal Register. The order became effective upon publication. The common name and the botanical name of plant source is given in the list. Included are about 70 spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings (leaves, roots, barks, berries, etc., including pep- per, parsley, paprika, etc.); 128 essen- tial oils, oleoresins, and natural extrac- tives, including distillates; and 3 miscel- laneous additives. - March 1960 Treasury Department COAST GUARD STANDARDS FOR NUMBERING OF UN- DOCUMENTED VESSELS ISSUED: Certain regulations pertaining to the numbering of undocumented vessels have been issued by the U. S. Coast Guard and published in the December 29, 1959, is- sue of the Federal Register. They be- came effective on March 15, 1960. The purpose is to publish procedures with respect to numbering of undocumented vessels under the Federal Boat Act of 1958; to provide for temporary exemp- tions from numbering requirements in order to allow states which have under active consideration or have nearly per- fected their numbering systems addi- tional time in which to obtain approval; and to reduce the fee for an original number from $5.00 to $3.00, which is based on the cost for administration of the Coast Guard numbering system. The Federal Boat Act of 1958 in- cluded provisions for establishment of a new system of numbering small un- documented vessels propelled by ma- chinery of 10 or more horsepower, using the navigable waters of the United States. The Act permits the several states to have concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Government over the navigable waters within their respective boundaries and to enforce their respec- tive laws on all the waters within such boundaries whether they be intrastate waters or navigable waters of the United States. The states can assume the re- sponsibility for numbering undocumented vessels and for the passage and enforce- ment of laws regarding small boats. If a state does not assume responsibility, U. S. Coast Guard regulations will apply in that state. The new Coast Guard regulation des- ignated 46 CFR 171.01-6 is to provide a temporary exemption until July 1, 1960, for all undocumented vessels principally used within a particular state in which it is found that such state's system for numbering is under active consideration or nearly perfected for approval and may be approved by July 1, 1960. This tem- porary exemption may be permitted so that the assumption of functions with re- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 spect to numbering by a particular state may be accomplished in an equitable manner. The new regulation (designated 46 CFR 171.10-2) describes the procedures for making application for a Coast Guard number on and after April 1, 1960. Ar- rangements have been made with the Post Office so that applications (Forms CG-3876 and CG-3876A) will be avail- able at all First Class and Second Class Post Offices throughout the United States and at designated Third and Fourth Class Post Offices in those states in which the undocumented vessels must be numbered by the Coast Guard. No appli- cations will be accepted before April 1, 1960. The amendment to 46 CFR 171.10-25 revises the procedures for obtaining a duplicate certificate of number in event the original certificate of number is lost or destroyed. Arrangements have been made with the Post Office so that appli- cations for duplicate certificates of number (Form CG-3919) will be avail- able at all First and Second Class Post Offices throughout the United States and at designated Third and Fourth Class Post Offices in those states in which vessels must be numbered by the Coast Guard. No applications will be accepted before April 1, 1960. No application will be processed without a special fee stamp attached thereto and postmarked. Thirty states have enacted legislation to set up their own registering and num- bering systems but all have not yet been formally approved by the Coast Guard. Additional states probably will act but the Coast Guard will take over the re- sponsibility in those which do not con- form on April 1, 1960. Bes fn8 £33. SS 9 COURT OF CUSTOMS AND PATENT APPEALS CONSTITUTIONALITY OF TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT UPHELD: The U. S. Court of Customs and Pat- ent Appeals on December 16, 1959, is- sued a ruling upholding dismissal of the suit by a West Coast tuna canning firm, which sought to have the Trade Agree- ments Act declared unconstitutional. 88 The five-judge court unanimously upheld the decision of the U. S. Customs Court, which had dismissed the firm's suit. The tuna canning firm had asked that tariff reductions negotiated with other countries under the Act be declared null and void because the Act amounted to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative powers by the Congress to the President, and because the tariff-cutting agreement actually was a treaty with a foreign na- tion which should have been ratified by the Senate. The Court, in an opinion by Judge I. Jack Martin, rejected both arguments. It cited Supreme Court decisions which it said approved Congressional delega- tion powers which are limited and which indicate the intent of Congress. The Court held that in the 1934 Act "the Congressional policy is pronounced very clearly. The stated objectives are to expand foreign markets for the prod- ucts of the United States... ." The Court said: ''These objectives are in their nature no different than those" of the Tariff Acts of 1890 and 1922 which the high court has upheld. Decisions of the Customs and Patent Court can be appealed to the Supreme Court. Eighty -Sixth Congress (Second Session) Public bills and resolutions which may directly or indirectly affect the fisheries and allied in- dustries are reported upon. Introduction, re- ferral to committees, pertinent legislative ac- tions, hearings, and oth- er chamber actions by the House and Senate, as well as signa- ture into law or other final disposition are covered. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viole 2/2), SNon AMERICAN SAMOA PROBLEMS: Senator Bart- lett introduced into the Congressional Record of January 13, 1960, an article written by Senator Long of Hawaii on problems in American Samoa. Thear- ticle mentions that assistance is needed in develop- ing a more adequate economy in American Samoa. Enlargement is needed of the present fish cannery which employs 450 people. One of the greatest needs is for financial assistance in providing fish- ing vessels capable of competing with vessels used by other fishermen in American Samoa waters. The article further states that the Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries should provide assistance in a future aid program to American Samoa. COLOR ADDITIVES IN FOODS: The House Com- mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce held hearings February 10 and 11 on H. R. 7624 (Harris) and S. 2197 (Hill & Goldwater), color additive a- mendments to the Food and Drug Act. FISHERIES ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1959: House disagreed to certain Senate amendments to H. R. 5421 (MacDonald)--passed House August 26, 1959, and passed and amended in Senate September 11, 1959--to provide a program of assistance to cor- rect inequities in the construction of fishing vessels and to enable the fishing industry of the United States to regain a favorable economic status, and for other purposes. Conference on the bill was re- quested with the Senate and House and Senate con- ferees were appointed. IMPORTED COMMODITY LABELING: The House on February 2, 1960, passed by a voice vote H. R. 5054 (Herlong), a bill to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 with respect to the marking of imported articles and containers, as amended. Provides that imported articles removed from original container, repacked, and offered for sale in a new package or container, shall be marked to show the country of origin. Bill referred to the Senate, where no com- panion bill has been introduced to date. INCOME TAX LAW REVISION IN FAVOR OF FISHERMEN: H. R. 10305 (Wilson), a bill to ex- tend to fishermen the same treatment afforded farmers in relation to estimated income tax; to the Committee on Ways and Means; introduced in House February 9, 1960. Similar to H. R. 604 (Pelly), H. R. 1925 (King of Calif.), and S. 774 (Magnuson); all introduced during first session of the 86th Con- gress. INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS: H. R. 10401 (Kirwan), a bill making appropriations for the De- partment of Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, and for other pur- poses; filed on February 12, 1960 (H. Rept. 1264). The House passed the bill by a voice vote on Feb- ruary 16, 1960. Included in the bill is an increase of $4,090,800 for the Fish and Wildlife Service, primarily to replace permanent appropriations from receipts, including duck stamps, which will no longer be available for operations, enforcement, or research, Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1961, Part I (Hearings January 12, 13, 14, 26, 27, and 28, 1960, before a Subcom- mittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, 2nd Session, on March 1960 appropriations for the Department of Interior except Bonneville Power Administration, Bureau of Rec- lamation, Southeastern Power Administration, and Southwestern Power Administration), 1027 pp., printed. Includes hearings on operations of the Fish and Wildlife Service and also specifically the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1961, Part Il (Hearings Janu- ary 21, 22, and 25, 1960, before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Repre- sentatives, 86th Congress, 2nd Session, on appro- priations for several related agencies of the De- partment of the Interior, including the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, Smith- sonian Institution, and Transitional Grants to Alas- ka), 517 pp., printed. LAW OF THE SEA: Public hearings were held by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 20, 1960, at 10:30 a.m. in the New Senate Office Building, Washington, D. C., on four conven- tions and an optional protocol on the Law of the Sea: Executive J, ''A Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone;'' Executive K, ''A Con- vention on the High Seas;'' Executive L, ''A Conven- tion on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Re- sources of the High Seas;'' Executive M, ''A Con- vention on the Continental Shelf;'' Executive N, "An Optional Protocol of Signature Concerning the Com- pulsory Settlement of Disputes." FISH AND WILDLIFE: Miscellaneous Fish and Wildlife Legislation (Hearings May 5, June 3, 30, July 1, and August 4, 1959, before the Subcommit- tee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, United States House of Representatives, 86th Con- 2398, 4402, H. R "5813, R. 5814, H. of each bill, and statements, reports, and recom- mendations of representatives of Government and industry. Also includes individual views and com- ments on bills, and various statistical tables. Of special interest to commercial fisheries are the hearings on H. R. 4402, a bill to provide for the construction of a salt-water research laboratory at Seattle, Wash.; H. R. 350, a bill to provide for the construction of a fish and wildlife marine laboratory and experiment station in the central Gulf coast area of Florida; H. R. 5954, a bill to clarify a pro- vision in the Black Bass Act relating to the inter- state transportation of fish and for other purposes; OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEYS: H. R. 10412 (G.P. Miller), a bill to establish a public policy with re- spect to oceanographic surveys, and to provide for coordination of the efforts of Federal agencies with respect to oceanographic surveys; to the Commit- tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries; introduced in House February 15, 1960. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 SHRIMP CONSERVATION CONVENTION WITH CUBA: H.R. 9917 (Bonner), a bill to give effect to the Convention between the United States and Cuba for the conservation of shrimp, signed at Havana, August 15, 1958; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries; introduced in House Janu- ary 26, 1960. Identical to S. 2867 (Magnuson), referred to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce; introduced in Senate January 20, 1960. SHRIMP IMPORTS: H. Res. 442 (Boggs), a resolution directing the Tariff Commission to make an investigation of the effect of the existing cus- toms treatment of shrimp upon the domestic shrimp industry; to the Committee on Ways and Means; in- troduced in House February 8, 1960. The House Committee on Ways and Means an- nounced on February 9 its approval of a Commit- tee resolution directing the Tariff Commission to make an investigation of the effect of the existing customs treatment of shrimp upon the domestic shrimp industry. The Committee resolution is identical to H. Res. 442. TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: H. Con. Res. 503 sense of Congress that the United States should not grant further tariff reductions in the forthcoming tariff negotiations under the provisions of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1958, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means; introduced in House January 25, 1960. Identical to H. Con. Res. 512 (Bailey), H. Con. Res. 513 (Berry), H. Con. Res. 515 (Dent), H. Con. Res. 516 (Dorn of S. C.), H. Con. Res. 517 (Fisher), H. Con. Res. 518 (Gross), H. Con. Res. 519 (Hemphill), H. Con. Res. 520 (McIntire), H. Con. Res. 521 (Mason), H. Con. Res. 522 (Oliver), H. Con. Res. 523 (Smith of Kan.), H. Con. Res. 524 (Stratton), and H. Con. Res. 525 (Utt); all introduced in House January 26, 1960. Also identical to H. Con. Res. 527 (Mack of Wash.), introduced January 27; H. Con. Res. 554 (Saylor), introduced February 1; H. Con. Res. 560 (Tollef- son), introduced February 2; H. Con. Res. 580, in- troduced February 4; and H. Con. Res. 583 (Hays), introduced in House February 8, 1960. TRANSPORATION: S. 3048 (Magnuson), abill to amend the Interstate Commerce Act with respect to reasonable differentials in favor of joint rates for through transportation by rail and water, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce; introduced in Senate Feb- ruary 16, 1960. VESSELS ADMEASUREMENT SIMPLIFICATION: ‘S. 2916 (Magnuson), a bill to simplify the admeas- urement of small vessels; to the Committee on In- terstate and Foreign Commerce; introduced inSen- ate January 26, 1960. Also identical bill H. R. 9916 (Bonner); to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries; in- troduced in House January 26, 1960. 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Volje22. Noses CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES In Millions of Pounds MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA ey CUMULATIVE DATA mgs. 1959 - 120 gs 1958 - 38 100 80 60 40 20 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FLORIDA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1959 ~ 205.8 12 1958 - 170.8 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 12 mgs. 1959 12 1958 - JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC V/ONLY PARTIAL-~INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS. NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK CUMULATIVE DATA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 936.9 12 1958 - 577.5 CUMULATIVE DATA __]12 mgs. 1959 - 1 12 MS 1988 = 184| JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC OREGON CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 - 51,5 12 1958 - 57.8 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES In Millions of Pounds HADDOCK (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA OCEAN PERCH (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1959 - 136.4 12 RS 1958 - 148. SHRIMP 1/ 5 WHITING (Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast) ——_, (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE CATA 12 MQS. 1959 - 103.9 12 8 1958 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM- poets In Thousands of Tons MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL (East and Gulf Coasts) (California) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE 12 mgs. 1959 1960 - 3 1959 12 1958 12 MOS. 1959 B 0 “JAN-FEB PILCHARD (California) CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL - 35.0 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 12 1958 - 102.5 LEGEND: ———"_ 1959/60 ——=— 1958/59 AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol 22, Now 3 CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS 1 Le 1960 — —] 1 1959 12 MOS. 1959 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS !/ MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2/ Mo ft) = JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC T/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE |SLAND, AND CONNECTICUT 2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH. 4/ MIDDLE WEST HOLDINGS2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC S/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS. GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS 56 48 40 32 24 16 8 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC * Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products. March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS In Millions of Pounds RECEIPTS ay AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGs2! CUMULATIVE DATA 1 MQ. 1960 - 11.8 1 1959 - 11.3 12 MOS. 1959 - 163.5 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA. AT NEW YORK CITY. RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA STORAGE HOLDINGS CHICAGO" CORP STORES 1 MQ. 1960 - 8.4 1 1959 - 6.0 12 MOS. 1959 - 92.5 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SEATTLE ‘ BOSTON WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, & IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen) COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS CUMULATIVE DATA 1 3.0 6.0 06.7 12 MOS. 1959 - 1 LEGEND: JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FISH MEAL FISH OIL, In Thousand In_ Millions of Gallons CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MgS. 1959 - 275.4 12 MQS. 1959 - 24.4 12 1958 - 247.7 12 1958 - 22.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC w JAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW In Thousands of Standard Cases TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 - 10,709.0 12 1958 - 11 ol JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 - 1959 - 5.3 [13 ace 1958 7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC / SARDINES2 (Estimated) - MAINE 800 700 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING. SARDINES — CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL - 755.0 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL = 2,222.6 0 at AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY LEGEND: — jo50 ——s= 1958 Vol. 22, CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS MACKEREL cif CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA No. CUMULATIVE 1959 SEASON TOTAL 1958 SEASON TOTAL Variety SARDINES..... PILCHARDS... SALMON ANCHOVIES... STANDARD CASES No. Cans 100 48 48 48 48 48 0 . JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Designation Net Wgt. } drawn 32 oz. a 5 oz. #3 tuna 6&7 oz. # 1 oval 15 oz. 1-lb, tall 16 oz. 4-lb. 8 oz. SHRIMP - GULF STATES TOTAL CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, AUG. = JAN, ~ 331.3 1958/59 SEASON, AUG. - JAN, - 448.4 1958/59 SEASON, - 864.0 o AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95 CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds | FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH Fresh and Frozen) GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS Vv LEGEND: 059 Sa ee} CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 67.9 12 es 1958 - 65 12 MQS. 1959 - 144.9 12 1958 - 155.9 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM- PARABLE WITH 1958. SHRIMP FROM MEXICO (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1959 - 68.7 12 MQS. 1959 - 48.7 12 gs 1958 - 56.1 12 1958 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 12 aS 1958 CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 - 235.9 12 1958 98.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC —- JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC . 5S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH (in Oil and in Brine) CANNED SARDINES in Oil and not in Oil CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1959 - 22.2 12 es 1958 - 2 CUMULATIVE DATA 12 49s. 1959 12 1958 OCT _NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 Alay LLG a. Ts, CE oe a= FI — age H AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- 1CE, WASHINGTON 25, 0. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG- NATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS, SSR. - FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENT|FIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIMITED DISTRIBUTION). SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-2155 - Mississippi Landings, August 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2171 - Fish Meal and Oil, October 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2174 - Massachusetts Landings, September 1959, 5 pp. CFS-2176 - Mississippi Landings, September 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2182 - Alabama Landings, September 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2183 - Georgia Landings, October 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2186 - Florida Landings, October 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2188 - Maine Landings, October 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2189 - New York Landings, October 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2190 - Texas Landings, October 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2198 - North Carolina Landings, November 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2200 - Ohio Landings, October 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2201 - New Jersey Landings, November 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2205 - Pacific Coast States Fisheries, 1958 Annual Summary, 6 pp. CFS-2206 - South Carolina Landings, November 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2207 - Georgia Landings, November 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2209 - Frozen Fish Report, November 1959, 8 pp. CFS-2210 - Fisheries of the United States and Alaska, 1958 Annual Summary, 15 pp. CFS-2211 - Rhode Island Landings, October 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2216 - Florida Landings, November 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2218 - Ohio Landings, November 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2219 - Rhode Island Landings, November 1959, 3 pp. FL-471 - Edible Crabs, by Charles H. Walburg, 4 pp., illus., 1959 (Revision of FL-71, July 1945). FL-487 - Spiny Lobster Gear and Fishing Methods, by C. E. Cope, 20 pp., illus., June 1959. De- scribes the spiny lobster fishery in the Florida “RECENT ~ £ FISHERY PUBLICATIONS 694g ek a et 8s 40 tp ew mm dette 4s OA. area. Includes details of boats and deck fittings used, current gear and methods, former gear and methods, and approximate costs of spiny lobster gear (1959). Some excellent drawings accompany the text. SL-107 - Firms Canning Fish and Shellfish Special- ties, 1958 (Revised), 5 pp. SL-162 - Firms Producing Fish Sticks and Por- tions, 1959 (Revised), 2 pp SSR-Fish. No. 289 - Counts of Red Tide Organisms, Gymnodinium breve, and Associated Oceano- graphic Datafrom Florida West Coast, 1954-57, by John H. Finucane and Alexander Gradovich, 224 pp., illus., March 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 297 - Lake Superior Limnological Data, 1951-57, by Alfred M. Beeton, James H. Johnson, and Stanford H. Smith, 183 pp., illus., April 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 305 - Stream Catalog of Eastern Section of Ketchikan Management District of Southeastern Alaska, by John Wilson Martin, 398 pp., illus., April 1959. Stream descriptions, maps, historical records, and salmon escape- ment data are compiled for 117 salmon streams in the eastern section of the Ketchikan fishery management district. Each stream is located geographically by latitude and longitude, and by orientation to prominent land masses. Thespe- cies of salmon utilizing the spawning grounds and estimates of the escapement magnitude each year for many years are given. SSR-Fish. No. 306 - Reclamation of Indian and Abrams Creeks in Great Smoky Mountains Na- tional Park, by Robert E. Lennon and PhillipS. Parker, 26 pp., illus., May 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 311 - Bristol Bay Oceanography, August-September 1938, by Felix Favorite and Glenn Pedersen, 35 pp., illus., August 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 316 - Lethal Doses of Several Com- mercial Chemicals for Fingerling Channel Cat- fish, by Howard P. Clemens and Kermit E. Sneed, 11 pp., September 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 317 - Age Size Composition of the Menhaden Catch Along the Atlantic Coast of the United States, 1952-55 (with a Brief Review of the Commercial Fishery), by Fred C. June and John W. Reintjes, 70 pp., illus., August 1959. Includes a brief description of menhaden purse- seine fishing gear, methods, and seasons; a summary of the major features of the 1955 At- lantic Coast purse-seine fishery; a description and analysis of the methods of sampling the catches; and tabular data resulting from the catch-sampling program. March 1960 SSR-Fish. No. 319 - Effect of Field Polarity in Guid- ing Salmon Fingerlings by Electricity, byH. Wil- liam Newman, 18 pp., illus., September 1959. Sep. No. 578 - The Pound-Net Fishery in Virginia: Part 2 - Species Composition of Landings Re- ported as Menhaden. Sep. No. 579 - Possibilities for Applying Fish Oil to Ore Flotation. Sep. No. 580 - Research in Service Laboratories (February 1960): Contains these articles-- "Composition of Fish and Shellfish;"' ''Control of Drip in Chilled and Frozen Fishery Prod- ucts;'' ''Fish Flour Research;"' ''Low Storage Temperatures Help Maintain Fillet Quality;"' "Proposed Standards for Grades of Frozen Raw Headless Shrimp under Review;"' and ''Purified Fish-Oil Fractions to be made Available for Research," THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES U. S FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, O. Cc. Number Title MNL-4 - Newfoundland's Fishing Industry, 20 pp. MNL-5 - Danish Fisheries, 1959, 12 pp. MNL-6 - Mexico's Fish and Shellfish Canning In- dustry, 1958, 23 pp. THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE FOR REFERENCE ONLY FROM THE U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. 0. BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII. Attempts at Estimating the Abundance of Fish Pop- ulation from the Data of Tuna Long-Line Fish- ery. I--A Few Considerations on the Variations in Distribution of Catch per 1,000 Hooks, by Akira Suda, English translation, 15 pp., process- ed. (Translated from Report of Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 7, 1958, pp. 105-126.) Comparison Between Survey Map by 14.5 Ke. Fish- Finder and That by 200 Ke. Fish-Finder with Sharp Beam on Same Area, by Tomiju Hashi- moto and Yoshinobu Maniwa, English translation, 5 pp., processed. (Translated from Technical Report of Fishing Boat, no. 12, October 1958, pp. 149-155.) The Daily Vertical Migration of Pelagic Fish, by S. G. Zusser, English translation, 32 pp., proc- essed. (Translated from Behavior of Fish and Commercial Exploration, V.N.I.R.O., Trudy v. 36, pp. 83-105.) THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED: California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, November 1959; 13 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery re- ceipts of tuna and tunalike fish, mackerel, an- chovies, and sardines; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97 areas; California imports; canned fish and fro- zen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; American Tuna Boat Association auction sales; for the month indicated. Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of Fishery Products, November and December, 1959, 6 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shell- fish on the New Orleans French Market; sponge sales; and imports at Port Isabel and Browns- ville, Tex.; for the months indicated. Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, December 1959, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for the Virginia areas of Hamp- ton Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cam- bridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumulative and comparative data; for the month indicated. New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, No- vember 1959, 24 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Common- wealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery ports, and pre- sents food fish landings by ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery prod- ucts in New England warehouses; fishery land- ings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massa- chusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Port- land and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at Bos- ton, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the New Eng- land Fish Exchange; for the month indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Month- or October Ii F pp. (Market ly Summar ews Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at New York City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen products, and mar- keting trends; for the month indicated. (Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, Novem- ber and December 1959, 8 and 9 pp., respective- ly. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wild- life Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) Includes landings and local receipts, with ex- vessel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and Astoria (Ore.), whole- sale dealers; also Northwest Pacific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp landings; for the months indicated. 98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 Federal Administration of the Fishery Industries of Alaska, by C. Howard Baltzo, 11 pp., Novem- "Improvements in a Microprojector for Fish Scales," by Elmer S. Phillips and Dwight A. ber 1959. (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries, Box 2481, Ju- neau, Alaska.) A term-end report on Alaska's commercial fisheries and the accomplishments of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in their devélopment. Covers the historical back- ground of the Alaska fisheries; the development of the salmon, halibut, sablefish, herring, clam, shrimp, and crab industries; and latent fisher- ies such as bottomfish, cod, oysters, and whal- ing. Discusses the historical role of Govern- ment administration in the Alaska fisheries and functions such as fishery research, river basin studies, technology, exploratory fishing, and vessel loans. Since Alaska has now achieved Statehood, the responsibility for control and regulation of the fishery conservation program was assumed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game at Juneau on January 1, 1960. Webster, article, The Progressive Fish-Cul- turist, vol. 22, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 24-29, illus., processed, single copy 25 cents. Variability of Skipjack Response to Live Bait, by Heeny S. H. Yuen, Fishery Bulletin 162 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, vol. 60), pp. 147-160, illus., printed, 20 cents, 1959. In this study, observations made from commercial skipjack live-bait fishing boats, operating from Honolulu, revealed that catch rates for each school of skipjack had a general pattern; the rates rose to a peak and then de- clined with elapsed fishing time. Peak catch rate and duration of fishing after the peak were selected as measures of biting response and were compared with data on location, the weath- er, time of day, and stomach contents. Large skipjack feeding on fast-swimming fish seemed to show a better response to chum (live bait) than did those feeding on slow-swimming fish. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND i MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE OR- Changes in Tuna Landings of the Hawaiian Long- line Fishery, 1948-1956, by Richard S. Shomura, Fishery Bulletin 160 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), pp. 87- 106, illus., printed, 20 cents, 1959. This study was undertaken to determine the cause ofa change in species dominance in the catch of the Hawaiian long-line fishery from yellowfin to big-eyed tuna during the period 1948-49. The available commercial catch records showed that the reversal in species resulted from a shift by the larger vessels of the fleet from fishing grounds in the leeward waters of the northern islands to grounds located in the windward wa- ters of the southern islands. ILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ALGAE: Notes on Algae of Quebec, by Lewis H. Flint, Bulletin No. 19, printed. Service de Biogeo- graphie, University of Montreal, Montreal, Can- ada, AMINO ACIDS: Contributions of Hudson and Connecticut Rivers to New York-New Jersey Shad Catch of 1956, by _ Kenneth J. Fischler, Fishery Bulletin 163 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), pp. 161-174, illus., printed, 20 cents, 1959. Early Development and Metamorphosis of the Ten- Pounder, ELOPS SAURUS Linnaeus, by Jack W. Gehringer, Fishery Bulletin 155 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 59), pp. 619-647, illus., printed, 30cents, 1959. "Experimental Introductions of Fresh-Water Ale- wives,'' by Robert E. Vincent, article, The Pro- gressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 22, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 38-42, processed, single copy 25 cents. Food of the Pacific Sardine (SARDINOPS CAE - RULEA), by Cadet H. Hand and Leo Berner, Jr., Fishery Bulletin 164 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), pp. 175- 184, illus., printed, 15 cents, 1959. The Goldeye, AMPHIODON ALOSOIDES (Rafines- que), in the Commercial Fishery of the Red Lakes, Minnesota, by Marvin D. Grosslein and Lloyd L. Smith, Jr., Fishery Bulletin 157 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, vol. 60), pp. 33-41, illus., printed, 15 cents, 1959. "The Free Amino-Acids of Fish. II--Fresh Skeletal Muscle from Lemon Sole (Pleuronectes microcephalus),'' by N. R. Jones, article, Jour- nal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 10, May 1959, pp. 282-286, printed. TheSociety of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, Lon- don S. W. 1, England. ANIMAL FEED: Animal Feed from Herring Waste, by Friedrich Jahn, East German Patent No. 11,819, June 23, 1958. Patent Office, German Democratic Re- public, East Berlin, Germany. ANTIBIOTICS: "K Metodike Prigotovleniia Biomitsinovogo L'da"' (Method of Preparing Biomycin Ice), by E. A. Smotriaeva, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. Sly March 1958, pp. 53-56, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, Four Continent Book Cor- poration, 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. To obtain uniform distribution of antibiotics in ice, tests have been conducted with biomycin (simi- lar to aureomycin) prepared in U.S.S.R. Anti- biotic ice can be prepared in blocks and flakes. Flake ice is more convenient to use, for in quick freezing of a thin layer of water the anti- biotic is more uniformly distributed. In unequal distribution of the antibiotic, small doses of it, found in individual sections of the block, stimulate the actionof microflora instead of suppressing March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION |SSUING THEM. it. In this work, agaroid was used to aid uni- form distribution of biomycin. "A New Fluorometric Determination of Chlorte- tracycline in Ice, by Tetuo Tomiyama and Yasuo Yone, article, Food Technology, vol. 13, July 1959, pp. 370-373, printed. Food Tech- nology, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Ill. "Opyt Primeneniia Biomitsina Dlia Sokhraneniia Svezhei Ryby"' (Test on the Application of Bio- mycin for Preserving Fresh Fish), by E. A. Smotriaeva and others, article, Rybnoe Kho- ziaistvo, no. 12, December 1958, pp. 49-51, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, Four Continent Book Corporation, 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. During 1956-1957 tests were carried out on the application of biomycin in preserving fresh sprats and cod. Sprats were immersed in an aqueous solution of biomycin, 50 mg. /liter concentration and preliminary- cooled to0 C. The fish was removed from the bath after 5 minutes and covered with crushed biomycin ice. A second group of fish, cooled in ice water and overspread with ordinary ice, served as control. After ice melted, the fish was kept at +5 C. Microbiological analysis, after 8-day storage, showed that titration in culture of test fish was a million times less than in control fish. Also, that nitrogen content of volatiles in the test fish was half of that inthe controlled. BIOCHEMISTRY: "Determination of Trimethylamine Oxide in Fish Muscle," by J. Bystedt, L. Swenne, and H. Q. Aas, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 10, June 1959, pp. 301-304, printed. The Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London S. W. 1, England. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: "Effect of Unsaturated Acids and Fish Oils on Plasma and Tissue Lipides from Hypercholes- teremic Rats,'' by James J. Peifer and W. O. Lundberg, article, Federation Proceedings, vol. 18, part I, March 1959, p. 300, printed. Raieeation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 Wisconsin Ave., N. W., Bethesda, Md. CALIFORNIA: Sportfishing Regulations and Law Digest, 1959, 31 pp., illus., printed. California Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento, Calif. CANADA: The Canadian Fish Culturist, no. 25, October 59, 59 pp., Llus., printed. The Queen's Print- er and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Contains the following articles: ''The Effect on Fisheries of Man-Made Changes in Fresh Wa- ter in the Maritime Provinces," by A. L. Prit- chard; ''The Effects on Fisheries of Man-Made Changes in Fresh Water in the Province of Quebec,"' by Vadim D. Vladykov; ''The Effects of Power, Irrigation, and Stock Water De- velopments on the Fisheries of the South Sas- katchewan River,'' by R. M. Miller and M. J. Paetz; and "The Effects on Freshwater Fish- eries of Man-Made Activities in British Co- lumbia,'' by P. A. Larkin and others. The above papers were presented atasymposium on "The Effects on Fisheries of Man-Made Changes in Fresh Waters," held during the eleventh meeting of the Canadian Committee on Fresh Water Fisheries Research, sponsored by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada in as- sociation with the annual meeting of the Board, January 3, 1958. "Survey of Saskatchewan Fisheries," by J. E. Steen, article, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 5, No- vember 1959, pp. 3-5, us., processed. Di- rector of Information and Educational Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. A detailed discussion of the fisheries of Saskatch- ewan, the third largest fresh-water fishery in Canada. In 1958, more than 11 million pounds of fish, with a record market value of C$2 mil- lion, were landed in the waters of this western province. According to the author, the accel- erated demand for fish in the United States is chiefly responsible for the increase in produc- tion in recent years. About 75 percent of Sas- katchewan's catch is exported to the U. S. --on- ly about 10 percent is consumed locally and the remainder is sold to other Canadian markets. Nearly 135 lakes in the province are fished commercially, with whitefish the principal spe- cies landed. Problems of transportation have been the chief difficulty in marketing the prov- ince's fish. Shipping by air in recent years has helped to solve these problems. The prov- ince's fisheries are administered by the Fish- eries Branch of the Saskatchewan Department of Natural Resources. The Branch has aided the industry by such work as encouraging the development of mink ranches near lakes, con- trol of carp, and the introduction of new and more commercially-valuable species into pro- vincial waters. CHILE: Decreto con Fuerza de Ley No. 34 de 12 de Mar- zo de 1931 Sobre Pesca (Decree with Force of Law No. 34 of March 12, 1931 on Fishing), 11 pp., processed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agri- cultura, Direccion General de Produccion Agraria y Pesquera, Departamento de Fomento de Pesca y Caza, Valparaiso, Chile. Informaciones Estadisticas sobre Pesca, Anos 1955, 1956, 1957 (Statistical Data on Fisheries, Years 1955, 1956, 1957), 67 pp., illus., process- ed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura, Di- reccion General de Produccion Agraria y Pes- quera, Departamento de Fomento de Pesca y Caza, Valparaiso, Chile. "El Langostino Chileno" (The Chilean Langos- tino), by Elda Fagetti G., article, Boletin Infor- mativo del Departamento de Fomento de Pesca Gaze no. 69, May 1 , pp. 10-12, processed Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura, Direc- cion General de Produccion Agraria y Pesquera, Departamento de Fomento de Pesca y Caza, Val- paraiso, Chile. 100 COMMERCIAL F OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, ISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE No. 1584 de 30 de Abril de 1934 (Rules and Reg- Crab, by D. H. B. Ulmer, Jr. and others, 25pp., ulations of the Decree with Force of Law No. 34 of March 12, 1931 on Fishing; Decree No. 1584 of April 30, 1934), 27 pp., processed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura, Direccion General de Produccion Agraria y Pesquera, De- partamento de Fomento de Pesca y Caza, Val- paraiso, Chile. "Trabajos Realizados por la Comision Nacional de la Merluza" (Accomplishments of the Na- tional Hake Commission), by Fernando de Buen, article, Boletin Informativo del Departamento de Pesca y Caza, no. 67, March 1959, pp. 7-15, processed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricul- tura, Direccion General de Produccion Agraria y Pesquera, Departamento de Fomento de Pes- ca y Caza, Valparaiso, Chile. Vedas y Otras Disposiciones Referentes a Pesca y Caza (Seasons and Other Requirements Per- taining to Fishing and Hunting), 15 pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura, Direccion General de Produccion Agraria y Pesquera, Valparaiso, Chile. Instructions for officials responsible for enforcing the laws and regulations of fishing and hunting. COD: "Noruega y las Grandes Pesquerias de Bacalao" (Norway and the Great Cod Fisheries), article, Boletin Informativo del Departamento de Fo- mento de Pesca y Caza ormation Bulletin of the Department of Fish and Game Development), no. 69, May 1959, pp. 4-7, processed in Spanish, Ministerio de Agricultura, Direccion General processed. University of Maryland, Seafood Processing Laboratory, Crisfield, Md., April 1959. "Studies on the 'Browning' of Canned Crab Meat (Paralithodes camtschatica Til.). I--The Dif- ference in the Chemical Composition of Normal and Browned Canned Crab Meat,"' by Yoshio Nagasawa, article, Bulletin of the Japanese So- ciety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, nos. 6and 7, 1958, pp. 535-540, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Dai- gaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. CRABS: The Abundance of Crabs in Chesapeake Bay, by David G. Cargo and L. Eugene Cronin, Ref. No. 59-41, 8 pp., illus., processed. Maryland De- partment of Research and Education, Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., September 1959. CRAWFISH: "An Illustrated Key to the Crawfishes of Louisi- ana with a Summary of Their Distribution With- in the State,'' by George Henry Penn, article, Tulane Studies in Zoology, vol. 7, no. 1, April 23, 1959, pp. 3-20 illus., printed. Meade Natural History Library, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. DELAWARE RIVER: A Brief Report on the Study of Governmental Or- ganization for the Water Resources of the Del- aware River Basin by the Maxwell Graduate de Produccion Agraria y Pesquera, Departmento School, pimecnee University, 30 pp., illus., de Fomento de Pesca y Caza, Valparaiso, Chile. Recent Studies of Decomposition in Frozen Raw Cod (Lecture delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Inspection and Consumer Service, De- partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, Novem- ber 3-7, 1958), by L. M. Beacham. Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. COOKERY: Canadian Fish Cook Book, 97 pp., illus., printed, C$1. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta- tionery, Ottawa, Canada, 1959. A handbook pub- lished by the Ministry of Fisheries on how to buy, prepare, and serve all kinds of Canadian fish and shellfish at every season of the year. Includes instructions on storing fish in the home and preparing it for cooking. Also contains a variety of recipes for baking fish both whole and in fillets and steaks, oven steaming, broiling, panfrying, deep fat frying, cooking in water, and cooking in milk. Presents instructions for pre- paring shellfish, dried, smoked, and pickled fish, appetizers and cocktails, soups and chow- ders, sauces, casseroles, luncheon and supper dishes, salads, sandwiches and snacks, and for canning and freezing fish. Attractively illu- strated with many photographs, several of which are in full color. CRAB MEAT: Processing Methods for the Preparation of Chilled Gpabaest from the Atlantic Coast Blue printed. ater Research Foundation, Maxwell Graduate School, Syracuse University, Syra- cuse, N. ¥., 1959. FATTY ACIDS: "Chemical and Kinetic Studies on the Autoxida- tion of Fatty Acid Esters," by O. S. Privett, article, Annual Report of the Hormel Institute 1956-57, pp. 7-12, printed. The Hormel Insti- tute, Austin, Minn., 1957. "Investigation of Chemical Reactions of Fish Oil Fatty Acids,"' by Hermann Schlenk, article, An- nual Report of the Hormel Institute 1956-57, pp. 94-57, printed. The Hormel Institute, Aus- tin, Minn., 1957. "A Rapid Method for the Study of the Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Cholesterol Metab- olism in Rats," by Jens G. Hauge and Ragnar Nicolaysen, article, Acta Physiologica Scan- dinavica, vol. 45, 1959, pp. 19-25, printed in Swedish. Department of Physiology, Karolin- ska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. FISH JELLY: "Studies on the Internal Spoilage of Fish-Jelly Products. IlI--Measurement of Oxidation-Re- duction Potential in Fish-Jelly Products," by Motonobu Yokoseki, article, Bulletin of the Jap- anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 9, 1959, pp. 765-769, illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Sui- san Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. FISH MEAL: Fish Meal, by Geo. E. Tunnicliffe and Matthew Weatherstone, German Patent No. 952,680, No- vember 22, 1956. Patent Office, German Fed- eral Republic, Bonn, Germany. "Fluctuations in Moisture Content of Fish Meal," by G. H. Stander, article, Annual Report, Fish- ing Industry Research Institute, April-Decem- 7 ber 1956, vol. 10, p. 23, printed. Fishing In- dustry Research Institute, Cape Town, Union of South Africa, 1957. Treating Protein Meal of Marine Origin, by An- ton J. S Marstrand, British Patent No: 810, 689, March 18, 1959. British Patent Office, London, England. FISH OIL: "A Study of the Odor Problem in Fish Oils," by J. R. Chipault, article, Annual cepa of the Hormel Institute 1956-57, pp. 50-54, printed. The Hormel Institute, Austin, Minn., 1957. The Use of Fish Oils for Fatliquoring Leather. Ill--Suitability of Ocean Perch, Herring, Salm- on, and Menhaden Oils in Fatliquoring, by Vic- tor Mattei and William T. Roddy, 14 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, vol. LIV, No. 11, November 1959, pp. 640-653.) Tanners' Council Research Laboratory, Uni- versity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. In this study, fatliquoring with ocean perch, herring, salmon, and menhaden oils produced leathers with about the same amount of extractable grease and the same firmness as did fatliquor- ing with cod oil. There was some evidence that the surface of leather fatliquored with the oil of cod was softer than that fatliquored with the oils from other fish. FLOATING TRAWL; "Model Tests of 6 x 6 Fathoms Floating Trawl," article, Fiskaren, vol. 35, no. 32, August 6, 1958, p. 3, printed in Norwegian. Fiskaren, Stradkaien 6, Bergen, Norway. FLORIDA: Summary of Florida Commercial Marine Land- ings and an Analysis of the Catch and Effort of Certain Species, 1958, by Albert Rosen, no. 59- 4, 56 pp., illus., processed. The Marine Lab- oratory, University of Miami, Virginia Key, Miami 49, Fla., October 1959. Presents a sum- mary of Florida's commercial landings of ma- rine products and effort data for 1958. The fisheries for shrimp, mullet, Spanish mackerel, red snapper, menhaden, and other species are covered. Discusses the mechanics of the fish ticket program, which was devised to improve the accuracy and detail of data collected, to measure the relative changes in fishing intensity by type of gear, and to measure the catch per unit of effort by different gear types. Includes a number of statistical tables giving data on landings and value of catches by species during 1958. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, vol. 2, no. 7, July 1959, 174 pp., processed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, vol. 2, no. 8, Aagaat 1959, 166 pp., processed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, Sar $ no. 9, November 1959, 233 pp., processed. Food and Agriculture Organi- zation of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. PENEIDAE et PANDALIDAE Presentant un In- teret Economique en Adriatique (Peneidae and Pandalidae of esaorate Importance in the Ad- riatic), by Otmar Karlovac, General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Working Paper No. 40, Fifth Meeting, October 13-18, 1958, 4 pp., processed. GFCM Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. During experimental trawling in deep waters of the South Adriatic various spe- cies of adult crustaceans, up to now unknown in this region, were identified. Situation of the Fishing Industry in Italy, Partic- ularly Regarding Distribution, by Paolo Pag- Taal GECM Stadies and Reviews No. 8, 24 pp., processed. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean Secretariat, Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, October 1959. Presented as tech- nical paper no. 60 at the Fifth Meeting of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterrane- an, Rome, October 13-18, 1958. Covers the mechanization of the Italian fishing fleet, quan- tity and value of fishery products landed between 1951 and 1957, imports of fishery products, and national per capita consumption of fish. To- wards increased production and consumption of fishery products in Italy, the author recom- mends "activities designed to: increase the commercial potential of the producers, who will sooner or later be grouped into an association, having as its aim a better legal code and better equipped fish-sale points; obtain a better trans- port system in order to ensure a wider distri- bution of fishery products throughout the coun- try; lead to a better distribution of demand in time, a demand which today is concentrated on certain days for reasons quite other than the consumer's choice." The Food and Agriculture Organization has pub- lished reports describing that Agency's activi- ties under the Expanded Technical Assistance Program for developing the fisheries of many countries. These reports have not been pub- lished on a sale basis, but have been processed 102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. only for limited distribution to governments, Rapport au Gouvernement de la Tunisie sur la libraries, and universities. Food and Agricul- Situation de la Flotte Chalutiere Tunisfenne _ ture Organizations of the United Nations, Viale (Report to the Government of Tunisia on the delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Situation of the Tunisian Trawler Fleet), by Peter Gurtner, FAO Report No. 864, 45 pp., Report to the Government of Pakistan on a New illus., processed in French, 1958. Fish Harbour for Karachi, by A. van den Berg and H. van Pel, FAO Report No. 26, Part One - Report to the Government of Saudi Arabia on Ex- text, Part Two - plans, 60 pp. and 15 charts, SS Ss Commercial Fishing Operations processed, March 1952. in the Red Sea, by Gonzalo G. Ferrer, FAO Re- port No. 877, 26 pp., illus., processed, 1958. Informe al Gobierno de Colombia sobre el Fo- mento de la Industria Pesquera (Report to the | Rapport au Gouvernement du Maroc sur les Government of Colombia on the Development of Doohea dans les Eaux Interieures (Report to the the Fishing Industry), by Valentin Paz-Andrade, | Government of Morocco on the Inland Waters FAO Report No. 509, 15 pp., processed in Fisheries), by Wm. A. Dill and M. J. Girard, Spanish, June 1956. | FAO Report No. 888, 15 pp., processed in French, | 1958) Informe al Gobierno de Chile sobre Mani ula - cion, Elaboracion y Distribucion de Pescado | Informe al Gobierno de Paraguay sobre los Re- (Report to the Government ofChileonMandling, | — cursos Penqierca de sus Acums Contiienelae Processing, and Distribution of Fish), by Niels P. | (anoscimtherCoveriment ° Paraguay on Fish- Hansen, FAO Report No. 535, 39 pp., illus., ery Resources in its Territorial Waters), by processed in Spanish, January 1957. | C. J. D. Brown, FAO Report No. 900, 54 pp., | illus., processed in Spanish, 1959. Report to the Government of Turkey on Fisher | Biology, by Olav Aasen, FAO Report No. 540, | Informe al Gobierno de Chile sobre la Pesca con 40 pp., illus., processed, November 1956. ment of Chile on the Fishery with Smaller Ves- Informe al Gobierno de Chile sobre Biologia Pes- sels), by Charles Olesen, FAO Report No. 907, quera (Report oa tiSseoyereraent a Chile on 57 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1958. ishery Biology), by Fernando de Buen Lozano, Informe Sumario al Gobierno de la Republica Ar- FAO Report No. 973, 54 pp., illus., processed in “CTT, "sobre Ia Industria de la Pesca Mari- j ; tima en Argentina (Summary Report to the Gov- Report to the Government of Turse on Fishing See of Argentina on the Ma- Boats, by Howard I. Chapelle, FAO Report No. rine Fisheries Industry in Argentina), by 706, 106 pp. and 45 charts, processed, 1957. Jorge d'Alarcao, FAO Report No. 912, 129 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1958. Informe al Gobierno del Ecuador sobre el Pro- yecto y Construccion de Ia Estacion en Report to the Government of India on Fish Mar- mental para la Elaboracionde Pescado de Manta | ~ keting in Bomba , Madras, and Mysore States, Yi sobre los Metodos de Elaboracion de Pes- yF. H. Barlind, FAO Report No. , 106 pp., cado (Report to the Government of Ecuador on processed, 1958. the Planning and Construction of the Experi- mental Station for Processing Manta's Fish and Report No. 1 to the Government of India on Fish- on the Methods of Processing Fish), by K. Hoy- ing oats, by Paul B. Ziener and Kjeld Ras- dal, FAO Report No. 720, 65 pp., illus., proc- mussen, FAO Report No. 945, 138 pp., plus essed in Spanish, 1958. | many drawings and photos, processed, 1958. Rapport au Gouvernement du Liban sur la Peche Report to the Government of Pakistan on Fish (Report to the Government of Lebanon on Fish- Marketing in West Pakistan, by C. Eriksen, eries), by Jean Gaudilliere, FAO Report No. O Report No. 980, 15 pp., illus., processed, 780, 151 pp., processed in French, 1958. 1958. Report to the Government of Brazil on wieneat Rapport au Gouvernement du Liban sur le De- Bioio , by Finn Devold, FAO Report No. 5 veloppement des Peches dans les Eaux Interi- pp., lllus., processed, 1958. eures (Report to the Government of Lebanon on the Development of its Inland Waters Fisheries), Report to the Government of tndia on the Organi- by M. J. A. Timmermans, FAO Report No. 984, zation and Operation of Training Centres for 33 pp., illus., processed in French, 1959. Fishermen, 57 P. A. Lusyne, FAO Report No. 806, 44 pp., illus., processed, 1958. Report to the Government of Kenya on the Sea Fisheries of Kenya, by J. A. Crutchfield, FAO Informe al Gobierno de Mexico sobre Consumo y Report Nc No. 330-3 6 pp., processed, 1958. Distribucion del Pescado en los Mercados (Re- port to the Government of Mexico on the Con- Report to the Government of Pakistan on Hilsa sumption and Distribution of Fish in the Mar- Fishery and Fish Passes, by G. B. Talbot, FAO kets), by John Fridthjof, FAO Report No. 843, Report 1008, i7 pp., illus., processed, 1959. 23 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1958. March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 103 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. FOOD PRESERVATIVES: "Food Preservatives: Toxicological Considera- tions,'' by J. M. Barnes, article, Chemistry and Industry, no. 18, May 2, 1959, pp. 557-559, printed. Chemistry and Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London W. 1, England. This paper con- siders the toxicology of benzoic acid, sulphur dioxide, nitrites, sodium diacetate, propionates, and sorbic acid as preservatives for human food. FRANCE: "L'Exploitation des Eaux du Bassin de Thau" (Exploitation of the Waters of Lake Thau), by F. Doumenge, article, Revue de 1'Economie Meridionale, vol. VII, no. 27, July-September 1959, pp. 243-266, illus., printed in French. Centre Regional de la Productivite et des. Etudes Economiques, Faculte de Droit, Montpellier, France. Lake Thau, on the Mediterranean Coast of France, has a permanent link with the sea. Thus, its fisheries and effect on fisheries in the sea, are quite important. France Peche, vol. 4, no. 34, Special Number, November 1959, 136 pp., illus., printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France. Includes articles on: "1959 Panorama of World Fishing;" "Ex- ports of Japanese Tunny-Fish to the U. S. A. Create Difficulties,'' by Jules Molard;. "The World Scientific Congress on the Biology of the Sardine and Allied Species," by Robert Lenier; "Fishing in Israel,'' by R. Ruppin; ''Japanese Tunny-Fishing Methods," by Robert Lenier; "Organization of an Insurance Scheme for Coastal Fishermen in Canada," by L. S. Mc- Arthur; ''Nomenclature and Technology of Equipment for the Fishing Industry'' (compre- hensive coverage of various aspects of vessels and gear); ''Technical Fish Index;"' and ''The Locating of Fish with Echo-Sounders." FREEZE-DRYING: "Freeze-Drying Looks Up,'' by Paul W. Patton, article, Food Engineering, vol. 31, June 1959, pp. 78-80, printed. Food Engineering, McGraw- Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 18, N. Y. FREEZING: "The Freezing of Fish in Railway Freezers," by A. Piskarev and A. Kaminarskaya, article, Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, No. 5, 1959, pp. 30-33, illus., printed in Russian with English summary. Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, c/o Four Continent Book Corp., 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. FRESH-WATER FISH: "Composition of Certain Species of Fresh-Water Fish. IIl--Comparative Data for 21 Species of Lake and River Fish,'' by Claude E. Thurston and others, article, Food Research, vol. 24, no. 5, September-October 1959, pp. 493-502, print- ed. Food Research, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory St., Champaign, Il. GENERAL: lated from Trudy Vsesoiuznoi Konferentsii pe Voprosam Rybnogo Khoziaistva, 1951, pp. 529- 534) U. S. Department of State, Washington 25, Dic. Where Does the Shoreline Begin,? by Frede- rick A. Kalber, Jr., 3 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from Delaware Conservationist, Summer 1959, pp. 4-6.) Board of Game and Fish Com- missioners, Dover, Del. GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: Jahresbericht uber die Deutsche Fischwirtschaft, 1958 (Yearbook of the German Fisheries, 1958), 307 pp., illus., printed in German withsumma- ries in English, DM 25 (about US$5.98). Verlag Gebr. Mann, Berlin, Germany, October 1959. A review covering all phases of the German fish- eries in 1958. Each chapter is followed by a summary in English and all statistical tabula- tions have English subcaptions. Issued by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry which includes the Fisheries Directorate. Part I contains information on fishery policy in 1958, the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, landings, the fishing fleet, and consump- tion of fishery products. Part II includes infor- mation on cruises of the fishery protection ves- sels and fishery research vessel, the vocational seamen's association, the work of the German Scientific Commission for the Exploration of the Sea, and fishery research. Part III presents data on the German deep-sea fishery in 1958, the lugger herring fishery, cutter deep-sea and coastal fisheries, fresh-water fisheries, the fish processing industry, publicity campaign for seafish in 1958/59, promotion of fish marketing, and elasticities in the demand for fishery prod- ucts. Part IV, included in the yearbook for the first time, gives data on foreign fisheries and whaling. HADDOCK: The Planktonic Stages of the Haddock in Scottish "Waters, by Alan fille, Scottish Home Depart- ment, Marine Research No. 3, 23 pp., illus., printed, 7s. 6d. (about US$1.05). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland, 1959. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS: International Fisheries Convention of 1946, The Permanent Commission Report by the Presi- dent on the Seventh Meeting theld in Dublin, No- vember 1958), 35 pp., processed in French and English. Office of the Permanent Commission, Rm. 419, 3 Whitehall Place, London, S. W. 1, England, 1959. Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the Permanent Commission held at Dublin from November 25 through 28, 1958. In- cludes, among other topics, discussion of appli- cation of the present mesh provisions; reports from the liaison committee of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea; proposal to increase the mesh size in trawl nets in the northeastern part of the Convention area; a- mendment of Article 7(2) of the Convention (use of cod-end covers); report by the Infractions Committee; request for contribution by the Per- manent Commission to the funds of the Internation- 104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, al Council for the Exploration of the Sea; and rela- tions with other international organizations. (International North Pacific Fisheries Commis- sion) Annual Report for the Year 1958, 123 pp., illus., printed. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, 6640 N. W. Marine Drive, Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada, 1959. This is the fifth consecutive annual report issued by the Commission since it was established by Con- vention between Canada, Japan, and the United States on June 12, 1953. It consists of three parts: a report of accomplishments of the Com- mission's annual meeting, held in Tokyo from November 4 through 10, 1958; a summary ofad- ministrative activities during the previous year; and progress reports on research conducted by the member governments under the Commis- sion's program. For the first five years of op- eration of the Commission, abstention from fishing by certain contracting parties on the salmon, halibut, and herring stocks of the east- ern North Pacific was operative without neces- sity of an annual determination as to continued qualification of the stocks originally specified. At the 1958 Annual Meeting, however, the Com- mission undertook a review of the qualification of stocks in question for continued abstention. No recommendation for a change in the stocks under abstention was made. Progress in re- search on the salmon questions raised by the Protocol has been outstanding. Knowledge of the distribution and intermingling of the several salmon species from the two continents is in- creasing steadily, although quantitative data on intermingling is meager. The great extent of the area of intermingling and the many com- plexities of intermingling by species and bytime make the problem of confirming or changing the provisional line, in order to divide more equitably the salmon stocks from Asia and North America, a difficult one. Studies of the stock of king crab of the eastern Bering Sea were con- tinued by Japanese and United States scientists. Research has not yet progressed sufficiently, however, to indicate whether or not joint con- servation measures are required. IRRADIATION PRESERVATION: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Preservation of Foods nizing Radia— tions, July 27-30, 1959, SOF op illus., process- ed. Department of Food Technology, Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass. Includes the Conference program, panel participants, foreign delegates, and list of ob- servers, as well as the speeches and papers read during the Conference. While none of the papers deals directly with irradiation of fishery products, all are of vital interest to fishery technologists as well as industry members, Probably most pertinent are those papers on: "General Considerations Relating to Food Ir- radiation," by Bernard E. Proctor; ''Direct and Indirect Effects of Radiations,'' by Samuel A. Goldblith; ''A Program for the Evaluation of the Possible Toxicity of Irradiated Foods," by Irvin C. Plough; and ''The Effects of Ionizin, Radiations on the Nutritive Value of Foods,' by Merrill S. Read. ISRAEL: Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 1 (21), Septem- ber 1959, 28 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew with English abstracts. Fishermen's Bulletin, P. O. Box 699, Haifa, Israel. Includes, among others, these articles: ''Trawl Boat Expenses in For- eign Currency," by M. Kramer and S. Lipstadt; "Savings Gear Experiments with Trawl Nets (1958-59),"' by E. Gottlieb; and "Trawler and Trawl in Action, III," by M. Ben-Yami. JAPAN: Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, no. 4, August 1959, 92 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English sum- maries. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher- eries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba- kaigandori 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Contains, among others, these articles: ''Fish- ing Conditions for Squid off the Oki Islands. lll--Effect of the Surface Current on Formation of Fishing Grounds," by Shumpei Kojima; "On the Spawning of the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis T. & S. I--Structure of the Spawning Shoal and Spawning Behaviour," by Rikizo Ishida; ''Studies on the Discoloration in Fish Meat During Freezing Storage. Il--A Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Ferrous and Ferric Forms of Myoglobin in Tuna Meat,'' by Yoshihiko Sano, Kanehisa Hash- imoto, and Fumio Matsuura; "Effectiveness of Dip in Iced Chlortetracycline (CTC) -Containing Sea Water on Keeping Quality of Mackerel A- board Ship and Determination of CTC Residue on the Fish," by Tetuo Tomiyama and Yasuo Yone; ''Gas Content of the Blood in Response to that of Medium Water in Fish. II--Comparison of the Responses in Several Species,'' by Yasuo Itazawa; and ''Change of Free Amino Acids Dur- ing the Manufacturing Process of 'Katsuwobushi' (Dried Bonito),"' by Shoji Konosu and Yoshiro Hashimoto. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish- eries, vol. 25, no. 5, september 1959, 83pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English summaries. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o To- kyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6- chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, a- mong others, articles on: ''Studies on the Estimate of the Distribution Density of Salmon Population on the High Seas," by Kisaburo Taguchi; ''The Measurements of Tension on the Salmon Drift Net. I,''by Yasusi Kondo and Makoto Suzuki; ''Studies on the Method for Testing the Spoilage of Food. X--Errors Involved in Ota's Method for Determi- nation of Histamine," by Atsushi Tsuda, Kenji Mori, and Tetuo Tomiyama; ''On the Browning of of Dried Fish Products," by Chiaki Koizumi, Soi- chi Kurobe, and Junsaku Nonaka; ''Studies on the Influence of Treatments Immediately After Catch- ing upon the Qualityof Fish Flesh, I--Examina- tions on Killing and Storing Methods for Keeping Quality of Mackerel, Dace, and Carp,'' by Yasu- hiko Tsuchiya and others; ''Studies on the Influence of Treatments Immediately After Catching Upon the Quality of Fish Flesh, II--Further|Examina- tions of Treatments on Keeping Quality of Fish," by Yasuhiko Tsuchiya and others; ''Studies on the Influence of Treatments Immediately After Catch- March 1960 LAKE TANGANYIKA: THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM T COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105 HE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. ing upon the Quality of Fish Flesh. Il--Effect of Several Treatments on Keeping Quality of Bass Meat,'' by Yasuhiko Tsuchiya and others; and "Studies on the Proteinase of Pyloric Caeca. Il--Preparation of Crystalline Proteinase of Tunny Pyloric Caeca by Ion Exchange Resin," by Yoshihisa Togasawa and Teizo Katsumata. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish- eries, vol. 25, no. 6, October 1959, 98 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English summa- ries. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kai- gandori 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. In- cludes, among others| these articles: ''Studies on the Kinematic Behaviour of the Ground Rope of the Trawl Net. I,'' by Tasae Kawakami and Otohiko Suzuki; ''Annual and Monthly Variation of Fishing Condition and Distribution of Yellow- fin Tuna in the Arabian Sea,'' by Jun Nakagome; "Annual and Monthly Variation of Fishing Con- dition and Distribution of Black Marlin in the Arabian Sea,"' by Jun Nakagome; ''Studies on Movements of Albacore Fishing Grounds in the North West Pacific Ocean. II--Influence of Fluctuations of the Oceanographical Conditions upon the Migration and Distribution (Pattern) of Albacore in the Winter-Summer Period and Its Fishing Grounds in Southern Waters Off Japan," by Motoo Inoue; ''Enhancing Effect of Starch on Jelly Strength of Fish Meat Jelly. Ill--Model Experiments with Synthetic Resin Particles," by Minoru Okada and Atsuko Yamazaki; ''Enhancing Effect of Starch on Jelly Strength of Fish Meat Jelly. IV--Relation between Properties of Starch and Reinforcing Ability,"' by Minoru Okada and Atsuko Yamazaki; ''Enhanoing Effect of Starch on Jelly Strength of Fish Meat Jelly. V--Application of Modified Starch to Kamaboko Manufacture,'' by Minoru Okada and Atsuko Yamazaki; ''Studies on the Method for Testing the Spoilage of Food. XI--A New Method for Determination of Histamine in Tissues," by At- sushi Tsuda and Tetyo Tomiyama; ''Compara- tive Studies on Two Hemoglobins of Salmon. Il--Crystallization and Some Physical Proper- ties,'' by Kanehisa Hashimoto and Fumio Mat- suura; "Studies on the Proteinase of Pyloric Caeca. IlI--Preparation of Crystalline Pro- teinase of Bonito Pyloric Caeca,'' by Yoshihisa Togasawa, Teizo Katsumata and Masashi Ishik- awa; ''Studies on the Food Poisoning Associated with Putrefaction of Marine Products. VIII-- \ Distribution of 1-(-)-Histidine Decarboxylase | among Proteus Organisms and the Specificity of Decarboxylating Activity with Washed Cell Sus- pension of Proteus morganii with Special Ref- erence to the pH, by Toshiharu Kawabata and Shigeru Suzuki; and ''Studies on the Food Poison- ing Associated with Putrefaction of Marine Products. IX--Factors Affecting the Formation of 1-(-)-Histidine Decarboxylase by Proteus morganii,"' by Toshiharu Kawabata and Shigeru Suzuki. Note sur la Peche au Ndagala au Lac Tanganika (Note on the Ndagala Fishery of Lake Tanganyi- ka), by A. Collart, 16 pp., illus., printed in French. (Reprinted from Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge, vol. 47, no. 4, 1956.) Direction de 1'Agriculture des Forets et de 1'Elevage, 7, Place Royale, Brussels, Belgium, 1956. Peche Artisanale et Peche Industrielle au Lac Tanganika (Traditional Fishery and Industrial Fishery of Lake Tanganyika), by A. Collart, 100 pp., illus., printed in French. Directionde l'Agriculture des Forets et de l'Elevage, 7, Place Royale, Brussels, Belgium, 1958. LEGISLATION: State Boat Act, 11 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Suggested State Legislation--Program for 1959, pp. 53-63.). The Council of State Governments, 1313 East 60th St., Chicago 37, Ill. Describes a model code developed by the Committee on Suggested State Legislation of the Council of State Governments. This code is designed to complement Public Law 85-911, which provides that after April 1, 1960, all motorboats not hav- ing marine documents from the U. S. Bureau of Customs must be numbered for purposes of identification. MACKEREL: "© Priniatii Mer po Prekrashcheniiu Vylova Molodi Stavridy, Trachurus" (On Measures of Ending the Catching of Young Mackerel), by Iu. P. Zaitsev, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 4, April 1958, pp. 12-13, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, Four Continent Book Cor- poration, 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. "Sezonnye Izmeneniia V Promysle Stavridy, Trachurus, V Chernom More'' (Seasonal Changes in the Mackerel Fishery in the Black Sea), by T. G. Liubimova, article, Rybnoe Kho- ziaistvo, no. 5, May 1958, pp. 13-15, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, Four Continent Book Corporation, 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. The large mackerel fishery in the Black Sea was organized in.1953. During the pastfive years there have been explorations, surveys, and checks on the distribution, feeding, and nursery grounds, migration, and catching tech- niques. Analysis showed that between 1954- 1957 hauls have diminished to half. The entire life cycle of large mackerel proceeds within the boundary of the Black Sea. In spring, mackerel migrate to northern Caucasus and to the Crimea sections for spawning. During their advance toward the northwestern part of the Sea, mack- erel feed intensively, often stopping for a long time to devour large groups of anchovy. While spawning, in June-July, mackerel keep insmall groups, and landings are light. After spawning, mackerel go to the shore area in the south- eastern part of the Sea. Here mackerel are caught in drop nets. For the winter, the fish migrate to Anatolii Beach. Records show that Black Sea mackerel have been found to be from 2-13 years of age and in sizes of 25-44 cm. Between 1949-1957, small mackerel completely disappeared. Older and larger fish, from six years and over, predominate, and in the past few years their sizes have been from 30-48 cm. This accounts for the shift and maximum catch- es during the spring and summer months. Since older groups of mackerel remain on the 106 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM. feeding grounds for a shorter period and mi- grate earlier for the winter, the fall fishery in the Caucasus has diminished. Efforts are being directed now to concentrate the catching and utili- zation of mackerel during their spring migration. MARKETING: Sales Contests for Wholesalers, by Henry D. Ost- berg, small Marketers Aids No. 47, August 1959, 4pp., illus., printed. Small Business Administra- tion, Washington 25,D.C. Practical suggestions for sales contests are presented. A well-planned contest canboost the salesmen's morale as wellas increase thefirm's sales. The five steps, outlined in this leaflet, that are involved in setting upa suc- cessful contestare: (1) establishing the purpose, (2) deciding ona scoring method, (3) selecting a theme and prizes, (4) promoting, and (5) award- ing the prizes. NUTRITION: "Nutritional Values and Vitamins of Norwegian Fish and Fish Products," by Torleiv Taarland and others, article, Tidsskrift for Hermetikin- dustri, vol. 44, 1958, pp. 405-412. Tidsskrift for Hermetikindustri, Stavanger, Norway. OCEANOGRAPHY: Annual Report of the Oceanographic Institute, Fiscal Year 1958-1959, 20 pp., processed. The Oceanographic Institute, Florida State Univer- sity, Tallahassee, Fla., November 1959. De- scribes the functions and activities of the Ocea- nographic Institute during the fiscal year July 1, 1958 to June 30, 1959. Emphasis is placed on research projects completed or currently un- der way. PARASITES: Parasites of the Commercial Shrimps, PENAEUS AZTECUS Ives, P. DUORARUM Burkenroad, and P. SETIFERUS (Linnaeus), by Dwayne Nathaniel Kruse, 22 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from Tulane Studies in Zoology, vol. 7, no. 4, October 19, 1959, pp. ig3=1445 Florida State University, Oceanographic Institute, Tallahassee, Fla. PERU: La Pesca en el Peru en 1958 (Peru's Fishery in ~ 1958), by Javier Iparraguirre Cortez, Serie de Divulgacion Cientifica No. 12, 14 pp., process- ed in Spanish. Dirreccion de Pesqueria y Caza, Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima, Peru. A sta- tistical report on Peru's fishery in 1958, in- cluding data on fish freezing, fish canning, fish meal and oil, production of fish and shellfish by species and ports, volume and value of fish- ery products consumed in the city of Lima, na- tional consumption of domestic and imported fish, supplies of fish in the city of Lima, utili- zation of fish landed, imports of fishery prod- ucts, exports by type of product and country of destination, and landings of whales. PORPOISES: Auditory Perception of Submerged Objects by Porpoises, by W. N. Kellogg, 6 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Americ a, vol. 31, no. 1, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 3 ERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE January 1959, pp. 1-6.) Florida State Univer- sity, Oceanographic Institute, Tallahassee, Fla. Echo Ranging in the Porpoise, by W. N. Kellogg, 7 pp., iia’ phinted: {Reprinted from Science, vol. 128, no. 3330, October 24, 1958, pp. 982- 988.) Florida State University, Oceanographic Institute, Tallahassee, Fla. Perception of ob- jects by reflected sound is demonstrated for the first time in marine animals. QUALITY: "Improvement in Quality of Iced White Fish-- Boxing at Sea and Stowage in Chilled Sea Wa- ter,'' article, Food Investigation 1957, Report of the Food Investigation Le (Great Britain), pp. 6-7, printed. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., London S. W. 1, England, 1958. SANITATION: The Care of the Trawler's Fish, by C. L. Cutting, | G. C. Reay, and J. M. Shewan, D. S. I. R. Food Investigation Leaflet No. 3, 14 pp., printed, 9d. (about 10 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London W. C. 2, England, 1953. SEA LIONS: "Sea Lion Hunt," by Vincent Sollecito, Alaska Sportsman, vol. 26, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 8-11, 42-46, illus., printed. Alaska Sportsman, Alaska-Northwest Publishing Co., Juneau, Alaska. Recounts the trip of the vessel "Arctic Maid" to the islands of southwestern Alaska, in the Kodiak area, to hunt for predatory sea lions. The voyage was financed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which supplied three biologists to study these mammals which are considered a menace to the salmon and halibut fisheries. The objectives of the hunt were to determine whether the sea lion population could be cut down, and to find out if the kill would be com- mercially profitable. SEA ROBIN: "The Sea Robin,'' by Alfred Perlmutter, article, The New York State Conservationist, vol. 14, no. 3, December-January 1959-60, pp. 12-13, illus., printed. New York State Conservation Dept., Arcade Bldg., Albany, N. Y. Describes the sea robin--a neglected food and sport fish. Although the sea robin is covered with bony plates and has sharp spines on the fins, the meat is tender and succulent and has long been prized by some Europeans. A series of photos shows the sea robin "from fantasy to frying pan in six easy steps." SEA TROUT: A Contribution to the Biology of the Spotted Weak- “ish, CYNOSCION NEBULOSUS. (Cuvier), from Northwest Florida, with a Description of the shery, by Edward F. a oan Durbin CL Tabb, Fockuical Series No. 30, 23 pp., illus., printed. The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, Virginia Key, Miami49, Fla. Describes the material and methods used ina study of the spotted sea trout (weakfish), the commercial fish- ery and landings, the sport fishery, gear selectiv- March 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, ity, age and growth, spawning, size andage atfirst maturity, food, and ecology. SNOOK: Aspects of the Biology of the Common Snook, ~CENTROPOM UNDECIMALIS (Bloch) of South~ west Florida, by Alfred V. Volpe, Technical Series No. 31, 35 pp., illus., printed. The Ma- rine Laboratory, University of Miami, Virginia ‘Key, Miami 49, Fla., June 1959. SPAIN: "Ante la I Asamblea de Cofradias de Pescadores" (Preparations for the First General Assembly of Fishermen's Trade Unions), article, Boletin de Informacion del Sindicato Nacional de la Pesca, no. 13, October 1959, pp. 6-29, illus., printed in Spanish. Sindicato Nacional de la Pesca, Paseo del Prado, 18-20, 6a Planta, Madrid, Spain. Presents a summary of preparations for the First Assembly of Spain's Fishermen's Trade Unions, held in Madrid November 24-28, 1959. Explains the establishment of various commit- tees and thereby describes much of the structure of the Spanish fishing industry. SPANISH MACKEREL: Aspects of the Biology and the Fishery for Span- ish Mackerel, SCOMBEROMORUS MACULATUS (Mitchell), of Southern Florida, by Edward F. Klima, Technical Series No. 27, 37 pp., illus., printed. The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, Virginia Key, Miami 49, Fla., June 1959. Describes the methods and material used ina study of the Spanish mackerel fishery of Florida, its taxonomy, commercial and sport phases, and gear selectivity. A section on biology discusses an analysis of stomach contents, spawning, size at maturity, and age and growth of the Spanish mackerel, SPOILAGE: A Note to the Fishing Skippers Regarding the Factors that Hasten Deterioration of Fish in the Boats at Sea, Circular New Series No. 1, 6 pp.,_ printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Fisheries Experimental Station, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 1953. Spoilage Problems in Fresh Fish Production, by C. H. Castell, Bulletin No. 100, 25 pp., printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. SURINAM: L. V. V. in 1957 (1957 Annual Report of Depart- ment of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries), 216 pp., illus., printed in Dutch. De- partment of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries, Paramaribo, Surinam. The section of this report covering fisheries includes infor- mation on management and organization; produc- tion, import, and export of fish and fish products; research; development of the fishery and related information. TRANSPORTATION: "The Road Transport of Sea Products," by M. Duclos, article, Revue Generale du Froid, vol. 35, no. 9, September 1958, pp. 863-865, printed in French. Association Francaise du Froid, 129 Boulevard St. Germain, Paris, France. "Transport of Fresh Fish by Rail: Individual Shipment, Grouping and Ungrouping,"' by J. B. Verlot, article, Revue Generale du Froid, vol. 35, no. 9, September 1958, pp. 865-868, illus., printed in French. Association Francaise du Froid, 129 Boulevard St. Germain, Paris France. TROUT: Tackle Talk and Trout, 18 pp., illus., printed, single copy 50 cents. U.S. Trout Farmers' Association, Box 55, Buhl, Idaho. Describes briefly the four main species of U. S. trout-- the rainbow, brook, brown, and native cutthroat. Tells how to catch, care for, and cook trout and presents many helpful illustrations. U. S. Mountain Trout, 7 pp., illus., printed, sin- gle copy 25 cents. U.S. Trout Farmers! As- sociation, Box 55, Buhl, Idaho. A well illu- strated handbook describing the handling, cook- ing, and serving the ever-popular mountain trout. TUNA: "Le Comité Interprofessionnel du Thon Fixe le Cadre de la Campagne de Péche 4 1' Albacore" (The Inter-Professional Committee on Tuna Plans for the Albacore Fishing Season), by L. Plouas, article, La Péche Maritime, vol. 38, no. 980, November 1959, pp. 675-676, printed in French. La Péche Maritime, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. VITAMIN A: "Isomers of Vitamin A in Fish Liver Oils," by Patricia S. Brown, William P. Blum, and Max H. Stern, article, Nature, vol. 184, no. 4696, Octo- ber 31, 1959, pp. 1377-1379, illus., printed. Nature, MacMillan & Co., Ltd., St. Martin's St., London W. C. 2, England. 108 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 22, No: 3 CALIFORNIA LAMPREYS Three kinds of lampreys are found in California. These are the Pacificlamprey, the brook lamprey, and the river lam- prey. Lampreys are sometimes confused with eels, and are often called "lamprey eels.'' The true eels are bony fishes. Lam- preys may be distinguished from eels and all other true fishes by the possession of a circular sucking mouth without func- tional jaws, the lack of paired fins, and the presence of seven external gill openings on each side close behind the head instead of the single gill opening of true fishes. The eggs hatch into a larval form which is blind, toothless and worm-like. A fleshy hood overhangs the mouth. The Pacific lamprey is the lamprey most commonly seen in its adult form. The adults attain a length of around two feet and average SEA LAMPREY two to three inches in diameter at greatest girth. They are brown, (PETROMYZ0N MARINUS) gray, or blackish in color and quite slippery and slimy to the touch. They are common in coastal streams from Southern California to Un- alaska, and are most easily observed during spring upstream migra- tions. MOUTH OF SEA LAMPREY Adults normally migrate upstream from the ocean during the spring and spawn in gravel, excavating a circular depression by removing stones from thenest sites by means of their suck- ing discs. The adults die after spawning. The eggs hatch in a few weeks, and the young lampreys burrow into the stream bottoms where they spend their entire larval existence. The young are believed to feed on materials they strain from the oozy materials on the bottom, Although the exact duration of this stage is not known, it is believed to last three to four years. The larvae grow gradually, reaching a size of up to 10 inches. As they mature, the fleshy hood surrounding the mouth disappears, and the disc-like sucking mouthparts edged with small, sharp teeth develop. The eyes become functional. This form is parasitic and may attach itself to fishes, rasping a hole through the body covering and feeding upon the body fluids. Such attacks are often lethal to fish under 12 inches in length, which are unable to rub off or otherwise disengage the lampreys. Adult king salmon in the Klamath River often bear lamprey scars or evenattachedlampreys. However, the fish apparently survive and are little damaged. The young lampreys usually migrate tothe ocean during the winter or spring. In the ocean, the lampreys maintain their parasitic mode of life, attacking various species of fishes. They have even been known to attach themselves to whales, as evidenced by the resulting scars. - The Pacific lamprey appears to be little utilized for food today, probably more due to prejudice than taste. Professor J. O. Snyder, famed ichthyologist, told of eating lampreys cooked over a green willow grate by Indians in Humboldt County, and said that the meat of these lampreys was rich in oil and very good eating. They are also eaten smoked. Here is a new experience awaiting the curious epicure. One author states, "In atonement for its unsightly appearance and destructive behavior, the lamprey has partly re- deemed itself by delighting the appetites of epicures for centuries. History tells us that the wise King Henry I of England did so love the lowly lamprey that he met his inglorious death by eating too many at one sitting." Lampreys are looked upon with disfavor because of their habit of parasitizing desirable game fishes. Although the a- mount of mortality the Pacific lamprey causes in fish populations is not known, the occurrence of parasitic lampreys in California is in no manner comparable to the explosive invasion of the Great Lakes by the Atlantic sea lamprey. The barrier of Niagara Falls originally excluded the Atlantic sea lamprey from most of the Great Lakes (with excep- tion of Lake Ontario). However, when man provided access for shipping through the Welland Canal, he also left anopen door for the lamprey. The situation on the Pacific Coast is entirely different. The parasitic lampreys have inhabited the waters of the area for thousands of years. There is no problem of invasion of virgin areas, and the fish populations are adjusted to their presence. The Pacific lamprey spends its entire parasitic existence in salt water and, as a rule, does not feed in fresh water. However, in at least three instances, the construction of dams across coastal streams has resulted in the interruption of normal downstream migration of lampreys to the sea. In such cases, they have heavily parasitized fish present. After several seasons, the lampreys have died off, although a landlocked population is established in Copco Lake, Siskiyou County. In general, the only means of control presently known is the blocking of adult runs from migration upstream to spawning areas. This is usually accomplished by providing an overhanging lip on a dam, over which the lampreys cannot climb be- cause of loss of suction, Establishment of electrical barriers has likewise been tried in other parts of the country. The development of selective poisons for lamprey control is now in the experimental stage and shows considerable promise. The brook lamprey is much smaller, averaging about five inches in length. It occurs from Europe through Siberia to Alaska, and thence southward to Central California, In most areas of California, it is less abundant than the Pacific lamprey. The adults are comparable in size to the larvae of the Pacific lamprey, and the two are not readily distinguished by casual inspection. In general, its life history pattern is believed to be similar to that of the Pacific lamprey, except that it is not parasitic. Upon changing to an adult, it ceases feeding and growing. The teeth become small and dull or fragmented, and the digestive system becomes nonfunctional. This change takes place during late summer or fall, and the winter is passed in this stage. The following spring, after spawning, death occurs. From the limited knowledge ofits life history and habits, it appears to be of little or no economic importance. The river lamprey is a small parasitic form occurring in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region, San Francisco Bay, and in the Sacramento Rive: upstream atleast to Mill Creek, TehamaCounty. Itis the least abundant of the three species found in California. It also occurs in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Mature specimens attain an average length of about seven inches. Little is known of its habits or behavior. (Outdoor California, July 1959.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) March 1960 Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Australia: 41 .. Survey Seeks New Shrimp Fishing Grounds 41 .. Scallop Catch up in Tasmania Brazil: 42 Fish Processing Plant Completed 42 Shrimp Fishing Industry Burma; 42 Shrimp Industry Canada; 43. Danish Seine Fishery for Flounders Successful Colombia: 43 Tuna Landings in Barranquilla Costa Rica: 44 .. Shrimp Industry Cuba; 45 Shrimp Fishery Trends, December 1959 Denmark: 45 . Fisheries in the European Free Trade Area eu G Fishery Products Includedin Trade Agreement with East Germany 47 .. Fishing Industry Has Record Year in 1959 Ecuador: 48 Japanese Fisheries Research Vessel Studying Marine Resources 49 .. Shrimp Industry Egypt: 50 Shrimp Industry Trends, November 1959 El Salvador: 50 Shrimp Industry Expands France: 51 . Tuna Freezership to Operate off French West Africa German Federal Republic: 51 .. Another New Factoryship Stern-Fishing Trawler Completed 53 . Stern Trawlers Offer Advantages 53 . Fishing Industry Trend Is to Large Trawlers 54 . Heat-Treating Process for Bacteria-Contaminated Fish Meal Developed 54 .. New Maneuverable Trawl Tested Successfully Greece: 55 .. Stern-Fishing Factoryship Trawler Ordered from Belgium Hong Kong: 55 Fisheries Trends, July-September 1959 India: 55 . Government Delegation to Seek Japanese Aid in Development of Deep-Sea Fisheries 56 .. Russian Fresh-Water Fishing Expert to Aid Fisheries Israel: 58 Modern Vessels for Fishing Fleet Italy: 58 .. Import Restrictions Lifted on Fresh or Frozen Fish and Crustaceans from Dollar Area Jamaica: BE) 6 Many Fishing Craft Mechanized Through Government Loan Scheme Japan: 60 .. Atlantic Tuna Exports Top 50,000 Tons 60 .. Exploratory Tuna Fishing in Caribbean Sea 61 . Frozen Tuna Exports, 1959 61 é Export Quota for Frozen Albacore: May Not Be Met 61 Frozen Albacore Tuna Export Quota for January- March 1960 Established 62. Prospects for Winter Albacore Tuna Fishery Poor 62 . Winter Albacore Tuna Fishery Trends, December 1959 63 Winter Albacore Tuna Prospects Improve but Prices Still High 63 Tuna Fishery Trends, 1959 64 Proportion of Albacore in Atlantic Tuna Catches Climbs Sharply 64 Research Vessel to Explore Tuna Resources off West Africa 64 Tuna Vessels Fishing in Caroline-Marshall Islands Area 65 Rules for Licensing Canned Tuna Exports to the U. S. 65 Tuna Industry Planning Skipjack Fishing off British North Borneo 65 .. Fishery Landings Higher for First Half of 1959 66 .. Stern Trawlers Planned for Fishing off Africa and Australia 66 New Fish-Meal Factoryship for Bering Sea 66 Factoryship Due to Begin Experimental Operations for Pacific Herring in April 66. Frozen Cuttlefish Exports to Italy Gave Shrimp Industry 68. Fish-Culture Company to Raise Shrimp 68 . Shrimp Fishing Vessels Sold to Mexico 68 . Pet Foods Made of Fish Exported to United States Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Japan (Contd.): Trawlers Fishing in New Areas U.S. S. R. May Propose Enlargement of Northeast Pacific Salmon Treaty Area Mexico: Export Duties on Pacific Coast Shrimp and Spiny Lobsters Revised West Coast Shrimp Industry Asks for Government Aid West Coast Spiny Lobster Catch Down from1958/59 Season Morocco: Fishery Trends, Fourth Quarter 1959 Netherlands: Two Stern-Fishing Trawlers Ordered from Shipyard Norway: Government Aid to Cod Fishermen for 1960 Reduced Herring Fishermen Receive More Aid Report to Parliament Outlines Vital Needs of Fisheries Panama: Shrimp Industry Peru: Exports of Marine Products, January-September 1959 Shrimp Industry Phillippines: Use of Floating Fish Canneries and Vessels Received from Japan New Fishery Research Vessel Acquired from Japan Portugal: Canned Fish Exports, January-September 1959 Canned Fish Pack, January-September 1959 Fisheries Trends, January-September 1959 Tuna Fishery Limited to Few Traps and Two Modern Clipper-Type Vessels South-West Africa: Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Trends f Spain; Cod Fishing Industry Tuna Fishery, 1958 Surinam: Offshore Shrimp Trawling Increased in 1959 U.S.S. R.: Eight Fishery Centers to Be Established in Kurile Islands New Factoryship Heads Whaling Fleet New Floating Factoryship for Crab and Fish Processing New Herring Factoryship Planned New Herring Fish Meal and Oil Factoryship United Kingdom: Bag-Net Developed for Transferring Catches at Sea Earnings of Inshore Vessels, 1958 Fishermen Training and Loan Program for Northwest Scotland Initiated Restrictions Removed on Fresh and Frozen Fish Imports from Dollar Area Uruguay: New Fish Meal Plant in Operation Yugoslavia: Frozen Tuna Imports from Japan * "FEDERAL ACTIONS: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Food and Drug Administration: Policy on Effective Date of Food Additives Amendment Proposed Supplemental List of Food Additives Gener- ally Recognized as Safe List Issued of Spices, Seasonings, Etc. as Safe Treasury Department: Coast Guard: Standards for Numbering of Documented Vessels Issued Court of Customs and Patent Appeals: Constitutionality of Trade Agreements Act Upheld Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session) , Recognized a Seen INDICATORS: Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fishery Products Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution Centers - + Chart 5 - FishMealand Oil Production - U.S.and Alaska - Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports ‘RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: + Fish and Wildlife Service Publications + Miscellaneous Publications INT.DUP.,D.C.60—- 70143 "BETTER MEALS' PROMOTION SLATED FOR REPEAT IN 1960 The ''Better Meals Build Better Families'' promotion introduced for the first time by the Bureau of Advertising of the American Newspaper Publicities Asso- ciation September 14-26, 1959, is slated for a repeat in 1960. The decision to repeat this pro- motion was predicated largely on the tremendous support given to last year's campaign. Here are a few statistics on the 1959 campaign recently re- leased by the sponsors: 973 newspapers with 86 percent of the readership in the United States and Canada tied-in; 350 to 400 newspapers kicked off the event withspecial sections; 225 news- papers ran special cookbooks; 100 newspapers ran recipe sections; almost all of the cooperating newspapers ran some ''Better Meal'' recipes; 250 newspapers ran special consumer contests; 175 mayors and many governors proclaimed special Better Meals'' weeks; retailers gave widespread heavy support to the promotion, notably in their use of the ''Better Meals'' emblem in their advertising; all lead- ing chains, co-ops, and voluntaries tied-in; all major food trade associations en- dorsed it; and follow-up surveys in 15 representative market areas showed that 62 percent of the consumers recognizedand remembered the ''Better Meals Build Better Families" slogan. The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries tied-in with last year's ''Better Meals" promotion through issuance of a special fisheries marketing bulletin as part of its continuing consumer education program in cooperation with the com- mercial fishing industry. This food-editor bulletin contained six kitchen-tested fish recipes and nutritionally-balanced menus developed by the Bureau's home economists. This bulletin also contained a variety of nutritional facts regarding fishery products. The Bureau expects to issue a tie-in bulletin again this year to assist homemakers in menu planning to ''build better families through better meals.'' The fishery trade can cash-in on the 1960 campaign by building its ad- vertising during this promotional period around the ''Better Meals Build Better Families" theme. = ated 14 rahe) cer’ ll &= ese ce Wz ml ia | i COMMERCIAL BE i i wt i wl nt Bio WE RGE J i ait ey ol. 22, No.4 APRIL 1960 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior Washington, D.C - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISS/ONER BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICES HAROLD E. CROWTHER, CHIEF A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. reference to the source is appreciated. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 21, 1957. 5/31/60 COVER: In the foreground is the tuna cannery of a large Terminal Island, Calif., fish- packing firm. Considered the world's largest fish cannery, it has a daily capacity of 15,000 standard cases of 48 halves on an eight-hour shift. The two unloading docks in the foreground on the right can accommodate 4 large tuna vessels at one time. Thaw- ing tables can be seen at the cannery end of the unloading docks. The cannery em- ploys 800 and has 8 packing lines. Daily unloading capacity is about 700,000 pounds or 350 tons of raw tuna. Page 1 .Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice--Part 2 - Comparison of Objec- tive Methods for Quality Evaluation of Raw Shrimp, by Jeff Collins, Harry Seagran, and John Iverson 6 ..Shrimp-Waste Meal: Effect of Storage Variables on Pigment Content, by J. E. Rousseau, Jr. 11 .-New Technological Laboratory for Fisheries Research in Gloucester, Massachusetts Page Page RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): 14 Composition of Rockfish Salmon: 14 .. Irradiation Preservation of Pacific Cod Fillets 27 King Salmon Run of Central California Rivers TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: Largest Since 1954 16 Marine Biology Laboratory in Randolph (Mass.) Shad: High School 28 Chesapeake Bay Shad Run Delayed by Cold California: Water 18 Crab Distribution and Abundance Studies Con- Shrimp: tinued (M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 59S-7-Crab 28 Comprehensive Economic Study Begins and Airplane Spotting Flight 59-22-Crab) Standards: 19 Investigation of Abalone Resources Continued (M/V 29 Hearings on Proposed Standards for Frozen Rav Nautilus and Diving Boat Mollusk Cruise 59N4-Aba- Headless Shrimp Tone; Mollusk Cruise 59M3-Abalone) Tagging: 21 Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, 1959 29 Radioactive Fish Tag Use Licensed by Atomic En- Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: ergy Commission 21 Hawaii's Skipjack Tuna Landings Higher in United States Fishing Fleet Additions: January 1960 30 January 1960 21 New Underwater Observation Chamber Added U. S. Foreign Trade: to Research Vessel 30 Edible Fishery Products, December 1959 Conservation: 31 Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota 21 Fish and Wildlife's Role in Nation's Economy 31 Wholesale Prices, February 1960 Discussed at Meeting Virginia: Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: 32 Fish Eggs and Larvae Surveys in Ocean Waters 22 Department of Defense Purchases, 1955-59 Continued 22 Department of Defense Purchases, January 1960 FOREIGN: Inspection of Fishery Products: International: 23 Over 42 Million Pounds Packed in 1959 Under Pacific Halibut Commission Government Inspection by South Atlantic and 33 Halibut Regulations for 1960 Gulf States Fishery Plants Food and Agriculture Organization: Marketing: 33 U. S. Proposals for World Conference on Tunas 23 Edible Fishery Products Marketing Prospects, and Nutritive Value of Fishery Products Ac- First Quarter 1960 cepted North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Marine Oils: Research: 34 Estimated World Production, 1957-60 24 Winter Distribution of Whiting Studied (M/V North Pacific Fur Seal Commission: Delaware Cruise 60-1) 34 Third Annual Meeting North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations: 35 Organization for European Economic Cooperation 26 Contract Let for Design of New Fishery Research to be Reorganized Vessel to Replace Albatross III Australia: Oceanography: aa 35 Good Catches on New Shrimp Grounds Reported 26 National Oceanographic Expedition by Coast and 36 Restrictions on imports of Some Fishery Products Geodetic Survey Vessel Removed Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission: 36 Shrimp Industry 27 Commission Meets with Advisory Council 37... Tuna Fishery Has Good Season Contents Continued Page 97 = -— = = = = = = == S Washington 25,D.C. Vol. 22, No.4 PROCESSING AND QUALITY STUDIES OF SHRIMP HELD IN REFRIGERATED SEA WATER AND ICE Part 2 - Comparison of Objective Methods for Quality Evaluation of Raw Shrimp By Jeff Collins,* Harry Seagran,* and John Iverson** ABSTRACT A report on the suitability of certain ob- jective tests as quality indices for raw shrimp held in refrigerated sea water and in ice. BACKGROUND The technical literature indicates that a refrigerated sea-water system has several potential advantages over an icing system. In the first study reported in the present series on the pos- sible use of refrigerated sea- : water with Alaska shrimp ‘ (Collins 1959), it was found that pink shrimp machine - peeled satisfactorily after being held in refrigerated sea-water and yielded a prod- uct of satisfactory quality. Before the relative usefulness of refrigerated sea-water could be evaluated, however, data were needed on how the quality of the shrimp is affected by holding and processing vari- ables. = Tae For this work, objective methods of assessing quality were necessary. Many ob- jective tests--such as total volatile base, total volatile acid, trimethylamine, and so Fig. 1 - An Alaska shrimp boat showing the beam trawl on deck. on--have been proposed, each one of which gives certain information. The purpose of the present work was to find which of these various tests is the most suitable for the objective evaluation of the quality changes of shrimp held in refrigerated sea- water as well as in ice. *Chemists, Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research and Services, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries, Ketchikan, Alaska. **Formerly Chemist, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Technological Laboratory, Ketchikan, Alaska. 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 EXPERIMENTAL The general experimental approach was (1) to hold shrimp for a period of time in refrigerated sea-water and in ice, (2) to make measurements at intervals of time by various objective tests and by a subjective test as well, and (3) to determine which of the objective tests yielded the most information in the light of the findings of the subjective test. Details of the experiment follow. MATERIAL: About 120 pounds of whole fresh pink shrimp (Pandalus species) were obtained from Wrangell, Alaska. The shrimp were landed within a few hours of capture, iced overnight, and shipped via air to the laboratoryon the following morning. The shrimp were then briefly rinsed in cold fresh water and allowed to drain fora few minutes. HOLDING METHODS: Iced: The drained shrimp were mixed with crushed ice (about 2 to 1, ice to shrimp ratio), placed in an insulated ice chest in perforated containers, and held up to 10 days. The shrimp were re- iced daily. Ren serated Sea Sea Water-- "Closed": The whole drained shrimp were held by the nor- mal refrigerated sea-water method (Collins 1959) except that the shrimp were held in this time series up to 8 days in a closed system. That is, 1.5 kg. (2.2 pounds) of shrimp and 1.5 kg. (2.2 pounds) of brine were placed in No. 10 (C-enamel) cans, seamed, and then submerged and held in the refrigerated sea-water tank. The cans were essenti- ally filled. . scscroieeensamnt — : s Refrigerated Sea Water-- Fig. 2 - Gathering the beam-trawl net prior to brailing the catch. "Open : A stainless-steel kettle containing the shrimp and brine was suspended in the refrigerated sea-water tank. Circulation of the brine in the kettle was obtained by use of an external cen- trifugal pump. In this 'open'' system, the only deviation from the normal refrig- oie seaswater system was that of temperature. The temperature varied between and 35° F. (rather than the normal 29°-31° F.). The purpose in maintaining comparative samples in ''closed'' and "open" sys- tems was to determine what effects (if any) the limitation of oxygen would have on the results of the tests employed. It is recognized that at least initially the closed system is not anaerobic. During storage, it is likely that such a system becomes less aerobic, and as a result, the over-all spoilage products may include products of anaerobic processes. If the results of the tests employed do not reflect a dif- ference between systems, the closed system would be employed in subsequent se- ries on refrigerated sea-water-holding variables, since more exact control of ex- perimental conditions are possible. whole shrimp, for each of the methods of. holding, was eae peeled by hand. The unwashed meats were homogenized in an electric blender, vacuum-seamed in 3- pound, flat, C-enamel cans, and held in a plate freezer at -20 F. April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 ANALYTICAL METHODS: The following analyses were carried out on these samples: total nitrogen, oil, total solids, ash, total chloride (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 1955), total volatile base (Stansby, Harrison, Dassow, and Sater 1944), total volatile acid (Friedemann and Brook 1938), trimethylamine (Dyer 1945), amino nitrogen (Pope and Stevens 1939), and glycogen (Van Der Kleij 1951). Nonprotein nitrogen was obtained by extracting the homogenized meat three times with 5-percent trichloroacetic acid and determining the total nitrogen content (AOAC 1955) of the centrifuged and filtered extract. A glass electrode was used to determine the pH of a 2-to-1 mixture of distilled water and homogenized meat. In addition to these objective tests, the whole, raw, cold shrimp at each time interval were subjectively judged for odor prior to being peeled. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The analytical data obtained using these objective tests on the shrimp held in ice or in refrigerated sea-water are given in table 1. ‘able i - Analytical Data on Pink Shrimp Held in Ice and Refrigerated Sea-Water (R Using Various Objective Quality Assessment Methods g ae Trimethyl- Total Total | Corrected |Method | Time | Total | Nonprotein | Amino Moles Volatile amine Solids |“ Chloride teen Glycogen Daysia| perio r-is (Percentj...... ig. wea. --.+ (Percent), - As%NaCi| ..... (Percent). Control (0) 3.008 0.800 0.333 1.08 0.98 8.15 Ice 1 2.781 0.703 0.279 1.06 0.76 7.68 x 2 2.578 0.590 0.222 1.14 0.72 7.83 uy 3 2.300 0.442 0.161 1.06 0.64 8.10 Ms 4 2.318 0.446 0.175 1.08 0.69 8.40 i 5 2.239 0.387 0.140 1.08 0.72 8.24 ie 6 1.992 0.303 0.108 1.12 0.69 8.25 it 8 2.014 0.251 0.082 1.07 0.53 8.35 a 10 1.921 0.240 0.060 1.08 0.51 8.29 RSW (open) 1 2.568 0.514 0.190 0.94 0. 7.98 x 2 2.279 0.478 0.143 0.94 0. 8.20 ut 3 2.098 0.429 0.140 0.94 0. 8.20 Y 4 2.058 0.390 0.133 0.92 0. 8.44 x 5 1.982 0.409 0.140 0.92 0. 8.35 wy 6 2.042 0.437 0.165 0.94 0. 8.20 8 0,479 0.94 0. 8.43 -0 0. 7.70 -8 0. 7.95 9 0. 8.06 oi 0. 8.33 0 0. 8.25 9 0. 8.32 0 0. 8.35 The samples that had been held in ice were noted as being completely freshfor 5 days, as being somewhat stale on the 6th day, as possessing a very slight off-odor on the 8th and 10th day, and as being definitely spoiled by the 13th day. The limit of acceptability could probably be set at about the 7th day. The long acceptability period of the shrimp held in ice in this experiment was undoubtedly due to the very thorough icing condition employed. By the subjective test, the samples held in refrigerated sea water were con- sidered to be fresh at the time of examination on the 4th day of storage. Sometime thereafter, between the 4th and 5th day, the compressor of the refrigerated sea- water unit malfunctioned, causing a significant rise in temperature for a period of several hours. As a result, on the 5th day, shrimp in both of the refrigerated sea- water systems had a definite spoilage odor. A direct comparison of the ice-held and refrigerated sea-water-held shrimp was not possible because of the malfunction. However, certain of the objective quality tests picked up this malfunction, whereas others did not. Of the various ob- jective spoilage tests, only volatile base, volatile acid, and trimethylamine values correlated well with the subjective ratings or picked up the malfunction. Trimethyl- amine seemed particularly good as a spoilage test for all samples. The pH values indicated a slight upward trend over the storage period but were of insufficient mag- nitude to be of any value as a spoilage test. Glycogen values showed aslight 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 upward trend to a maximum after about 2 days and then a very gradual drift back down to about the initial value. In fresh pink shrimp, about 25 percent of the total nitrogen is nonprotein nitro- gen and about 40 percent of this nonprotein nitrogen is alpha amino nitrogen (free amino acids). All three nitrogen fractions (total, nonprotein, and amino) decreased in the shrimp during the holding period in ice. The continuous washing action of melting ice is thought to cause a true leaching of the initial nonprotein nitrogen and a further leaching of this material as it is formed through enzymatic hydrolysis of protein. For the shrimp held in refrigerated sea-water, the total nitrogen also de- creased, but at a slower rate than did that of the shrimp held in ice. The nonpro- tein and amino nitrogen fractions decreased to a minimum at the 4th day and then slowly increased for the re- CS mainder of the holding time. \ It appears that in the re- ¥ frigerated sea-water sys- tem, a condition exists such that after the initial leach- ing period (to the 4th day here), the total nonprotein nitrogen accumulates through enzymatic hydroly- sis of protein at a faster rate than it is utilized by bacteria. Total solids and cor- rected ashl/ tended to de- crease over the holding period, whereas oil showed little change. The salt up- take of the shrimp in the re- frigerated sea-water system was rapid, equilibrium being reached within 3 days. Fig. 3 - Brailing the catch from the beam trawl. With respect to the refrigerated sea-water systems employed in this study, it was observed that the odors for the shrimp held in the "'open'' system were slightly different from the odors of those held in the ''closed'' system, and the shrimp held in the open system spoiled at a faster rate than did those held in the closed system. Although it is recognized that there are certain differences in aerobic and anaerobic spoilage which may account for the slight differences in odor noted, it was con- cluded that the different rates of spoilage, as determined by the objective tests, were caused by the differences in temperatures between the two systems. The objective tests appeared to apply equally well to the detection of spoilage in either system and to the detection of that in ice. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The purpose of this study was to determine which of 13 objective tests would adequately serve as spoilage indices and provide for general characterization of shrimp held in refrigerated sea-water and in ice. In addition, information was re- quired on any differences which might arise between the quality of shrimp held ina "closed" or "open" refrigerated sea-water system. From the data obtained, the following objective tests were concluded to be suit- able: (1) trimethylamine and volatile acids, as indices of bacterial spoilage; (2) 1/Corrected ash: total ash minus NaC1, April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 amino nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and total nitrogen, as indices of enzymatic action; and (3) total solids and total chloride, for general characterization. The "closed" system will be used in subsequent studies, since no differences were found by the methods employed in this study between shrimp held in the two refrigerated sea-water systems (except those caused by temperature differences). LITERATURE CITED ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS 1955, Official Methods of Analysis. Eighth Edition, 1955, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, P. O, Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 4, D. C. Analyses Num- bers: 2.22, 2.23; 13.19, 1812; 18.5; 18.7; 18.8; and 2.23, respectively. COLLINS, J. 1960. Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice. Part I ~ Pre- liminary Observations on Machine Peeling Characteristics, and Product Quality. Com- mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 22, No. 3 (March), pp. 1-5. (Also see Separate No. 581.) DYER, W. J. 1945, AminesinFishMuscle. I. Colorimetric Deter- mination of Trimethylamine as the Picrate Salt. FRIEDEMANN, T. E., and BROOK, T. 1938. The Identification and Determination of Vola- tile Alcohols and Acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 123, pp. 161-184. POPE, C. G., and STEVENS, M. F. 1939. The Determination of Amino-Nitrogen Using a Copper Method. The Biochemical Jour- nal, vol. 33, pp. 1070-1077. STANSBY, M. E.; HARRISON, R. W.; DASSOW, J.; and SATER, M. 1944, Determining Volatile Bases in Fish. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edi- tion, vol. 16, no. 9 (September), pp. 593- 596. VAN DER KLEIJ, B. J. 1951. A Rapid Determination of Glycogen in Tis- sue. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 7, pp. 481-482. MANATEE FOR AQUATIC VEGETATION CONTROL ? The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council are explor- ing the possibility of introducing man- atees (sea cows) in- to Ceylon and Thai- land to controla- quatic vegetation, In the United States manatees are most abundant in Florida waters, though their range is said to cover much of the Gulf of Mexico coast; they occur also on the northern coast of South America. Unfortunately, little is known of their age at maturity, maximum size, longevity, and tolerances for temperature variations and transportation over long distances. If successful, this would be true bio- logical control of aquatic weeds, a problem in many parts of the world. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 SHRIMP-WASTE MEAL: EFFECT OF STORAGE VARIABLES ON PIGMENT CONTENT J. E. Rousseau, Jr.* ABSTRACT One of the potential uses of shrimp-waste meal is as a supplement in the ration of hatchery-raised trout. The astaxanthin present in the meal gives trout a desirable color. This paper reports (1) a study of a method of analysis of the pigment and (2) the effect of storage variables on pigment losses and the development of oxidative rancidity. The ben- efits to be derived from addition of antioxidants were investigated. INTRODUCTION Astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment present in certain insects and crustacea, has been identified as being one of the principal dietary pigments causing coloration in trout (Goodwin 1954), Hatchery-raised trout usually lack this natural and desirable coloration unless a source of the pigment--for example, salmon eggs or shrimp-- is included in the diet. The use of such supplements in production-type rations, how- ever, has not been a common practice because of limited supply or prohibitive cost. Recent feeding tests now have shown that meal prepared from Alaska shrimp waste also would impart a natural coloration to young oe trout (Sinnhuber 19551’), This finding indicated a po- tential outlet in trout-hatch- ery feeds for the consider- able amount of waste being discarded annually by the Alaska shrimp industry. Astaxanthin, in common with other carotenoids, is destroyed readily by heat, air, and light. The pigment thus may become a limiting factor in the value of meal when used for the purpose of coloring trout. There is consequently a need for information as to the effect of stor- age variables on the destruction of the pigment. A problem exists also in the ana- lytical determination of the astaxanthin. Fig. 1 - Spectrophotometric determination of astaxanthin in Alaska shrimp- waste meal. The purposes of the work reported here therefore were as follows: 1. To study the method of analysis of the pigment. 2. To determine the effect of storage on loss of the pigment and the develop- ment of oxidative rancidity in Alaska shrimp-waste meal, which has a relatively high oil content (Brown 1959), and to compare concurrently the effectiveness of antioxidants in retarding these changes. *Formerly Chemist, Fisheries Experimental Commission of Alaska, Fishery Products Laboratory, Ketchikan, Alaska. 1/R. O, Sinnhuber, Food Technology Department, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon. Unpublished observations. April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW t METHOD OF PIGMENT ANALYSIS The primary interest in the work reported in the present paper was the effect of storage on the pigment in Alaska shrimp-waste meal. As often happens in stud- ies of this kind, however, a suitable method of analysis must be available before the principle objectives can be attained. The procedure used in the analysis of the pig- ment is described, and the suitability of the procedure is discussed. PROCEDURE: The pigment in shrimp-waste meal is determined as follows: 1. Place an accurately weighed sample of shrimp-waste meal of about 2.5 grams in a 100-milliliter centrifuge tube. 2. Add 50 milliliters of acetone. (Baker's analyzed reagent was used in the present work.) 3. Shake the tube mechanically for 15 minutes. 4, Centrifuge the resulting mixture at about 650 times gravity for 5 minutes. 5. Dilute an aliquot suitably for spectrophotometric absorption measurement, 6. Pipette a sample into a 1-centimeter silica absorption cell, 7, Determine the absorption of the acetone extract at a wavelength of 470 milimicrons. (A Model DU Beckman spectrophotometer was used.) 8. Express the absorbency of a ee eer acetone extract of 5 grams j : i, of the meal as the pigment index, EY a SUITABILITY: The simple procedure for acetone extraction and spectrophoto- metric analysis just described is not specific for astaxanthin, since other pigments absorbing in the region of 470 millimicrons also will contribute to the total absorp- tion and be measured as astaxanthin. One of the oxidation products of astaxanthin is another carotenoid, astacin, for example, whichhas a similar absorption spectrum but which has been shown to be ineffective in producing color when included in the diet of hatchery trout (Goodwin 1954). Tests therefore were carried out to obtain evidence for the identity of the pigment in shrimp-waste meal and, in addition, to estimate what percentage of the pigments extracted by acetone was made up of as- taxanthin. In this way the applicability of the simple extraction procedure to the analysis of astaxanthin in shrimp-waste meal could be evaluated. Procedure: To identify the pigment in shrimp-waste meal, we followed essen- tially the methods of Goodwin and Srisukh (1949). These methods consisted of a phasic analysis by partitioning the pigment between 90 percent (V/V) aqueous metha- nol and petroleum ether (b.p. 30° to 60° C.), separation of the pigments on alumina, and determination of the absorption spectra of the chromatographed solutions in car- bon disulfide. Results and Discussion: The pigment was found to be mainly epiphasic a prop- erty of astaxanthin when partitioned between 90 percent (V/V) aqueous methanol and petroleum ether (b.p. 30° to 60° C.). Astacin, an artifact of astaxanthin, is hypo- phasic between these solvents. Chromatography of the pigment in petroleum ether solution on alumina (Merck, acid washed, for chromatography) indicated that the pigment was esterified astaxanthin, since it was eluted readily with 5 percent (v/v) acetone-petroleum ether. A more polar solvent, 2 percent (V/V) glacial acetic acid- ethanol, was required to elute free astaxanthin from alumina (Goodwin and Srisukh 1949), Astacin, which is more strongly absorbed, would not be expected to be eluted 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 under either of the aforementioned conditions (Goodwin and Srisukh 1949). A de- crease in absorbency after chromatography indicated that the astaxanthin fraction constituted approximately 75 percent of the pigment of the unchromatographed ex- tract. The simple acetone-extraction procedure therefore overestimates the as- taxanthin content of shrimp-waste meal. Absorption spectra of the chromatographed extracts exhibited one absorption maximum at a wavelength of 502 millimicrons in carbon disulfide. This compared favorably with the reported absorption maximum for esterified astaxanthin, namely, 503 millimicrons. The absorption maximum for astacin is 510 millimicrons in car- bon disulfide (Goodwin and Srisukh 1949). Attempts to obtain additional evidence for the identity of the pigment by means of color tests (Karrer and Jucker 1950) were unsuccessful. Pigment from shrimp-waste meal that had been heated over an extended period exhibited absorption at 470 millimicrons; the spectra departed, however, from the characteristic spectrum of astaxanthin in this solvent. Although these meals would have a low pigment content, the analyses could be misleading. Consequently, the development of chromatographic techniques for routine analysis would be desirable. The development of such a method would probably take considerable time, so the simple acetone-extraction procedure was adopted to follow the changes in pigment content of the meals. STORAGE TESTS Three experiments wererun that had as their objective the determination of the following: 1. Level of antioxidants needed for retention of pigment. 2. Effect of antioxidants and a synergist on pigment retention and retardation of oxidative rancidity. 3. Effect of antioxidants in meals of different moisture content. Shrimp-waste meals used in these experiments were dried in a forced-convec- tion oven. Fresh, unground shrimp waste was placed on shallow trays and dried for 6 hours at 65° to 75° C. (149°-167° F.). The dried material was ground in a Hobart grinder. DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANTS FOR PIGMENT RETENTION: Procedure: Samples of shrimp-waste meal weighing 10 grams were treated with either BHT (2,6-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxytoluene) or Santioquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) at levels of 0, 0.02, 0.08, 0.32, and 0.64 percent in the meal. This was accomplished by spraying and blending into the 7 ; - ox 7 meal acetone solutions containing Mth ae Ne Me eee | the respective concentration of the — = antioxidant. The latter samples Retention of Piqment at End of: were transferred to shallow dish- His: es and placed in a current of air 56 for 1 hour to evaporate the ace> 56 tone. The samples then were 2 placed in an oven maintained at 61 50° C, (122° F.) and analyzed in- itially and at weekly intervals for content of pigment. : Results: Results of the test DNobidetemitied: are given in table 1. Santoquin was April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 effective in retarding pigment losses, whereas BHT-treated samples were similar to controls. The effectiveness of Santoquin appeared to increase with increasing levels of antioxidant in the meal. These results paralleled, in part, previous work on the protection of carotene in alfalfa (Thompson 1950). In the latter study, how- ever, BHT exhibited some antioxidant activity. EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND A SYNERGIST ON PIGMENT RETENTION the same oven, an antioxidant effect is observed in the untreated controls.) Samples were taken initially and at weekly intervals for pigment analyses and reaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), the reaction with TBA to serve as a measure of oxidative rancidity (Yu and Sinnhuber 1957 and Ryan and Stansby 1959). Table 2 - Retention of Pigment in Shrimp-Waste Meal After Storage at 609 C. (140° F.) Antioxidant Added at the 0.02- 4 3 Pease yelanoiioal Amount of Pigment Retained After’ 33 Results: Results of these tests 30 a are given in table 2. Only those 61 49 samples that contained Santoquin of 50 exhibited a decrease in the rate of destruction of pigment. In ad- dition, Santoquin, but not BHT, was effective in limiting oxidative rancidity (table 3). Since BHT is reportedly an effective fat antioxidant, these results were not expect- ed. A probable explanation for the ineffectiveness of BHT was suggested by the re- port (Anonymous 1957) that BHT tends to steam distill at elevated temperatures. 60 Antioxidant Added at the 0.02- TBA Color (E1% ) Percent Level in the Meal 1 cm BHT eek 0 0 (0) . 405 x" 3 5 5 Q : + 10) 10) 0 . 9 ‘3 ; zi 5 (0) + (0) 0 5 6 0 ° : 5 + + 0 . 5 . b 0 9 6 10} 10} + 5 5 6 5 0 6 fs 0 xP + : 5 . E 0 : 9 + 10) te O 5 0 6 rf 6 9 + + st e A : S A O A EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS AT DIFFERENT MOISTURE LEVELS IN MEALS: A third test was therefore carried out using closed containers and a lower tempera- ture, and included the effect of level of moisture in the meals. Procedure: Shrimp-waste meals containing 4-~percent and 10-percent moisture were treated with either BHT or Santoquin at 0.02-percent level. Samples weighing able 4 - Percentage Retention of Pigments in Shrimp-Waste Meals of 20 Sioa were placed in CHAE Different Moisture Contents During Storage at 38° C. (100.4 F.) 8-ounce jars and held at 38° C. eg ae gee a etention of Piqment initi ; initially and at weekly intervals \ [| i Week | 2 Weeks | 3 Weeks| i a = <<) for pigment and TBA analyses. 96 Results: Results are given =. in tables 4 and 5. The samples containing 4-percent moisture exhibited lower rates of pigment 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 loss and less color development in the TBA reaction. The samples containing 10- percent moisture exhibited more rapid rates of decrease in pigment and a marked initial increase in TBA color. of Different Moisture Contents During Storage at 38° C. TBA Color (E ) 1 cm t Percent 4 0.289 0.284 0.321 0.311 0.267 0.335 0.311 0.313 0.326 0.419 0.694 0.812 0.419 0.504 0.622 0.439 0.657 0.760 Table 5 - 2-Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) Reaction for Shrim -Waste Meal 100. 4° F.) After 8 weeks, absorption spectra of the acetone ex- tracts of the meals were obtain- ed. The pigment content of the control and BHT treated 10- percent moisture samples had decreased considerably, and in addition, the spectra in acetone ince solution were not characteristic 0.312 of astaxanthin; thus absorbency ere at 470 millimicrons as an index of astaxanthin content could be 0.772 rae i : misinterpreted. Since extensive destruction of pigment in the controls and BHT-treated samples had occurred at the end of 8 weeks, such meals would be identified visually as nontypical. It neverthe- less would appear desirable to employ chromatographic analysis that would allow both a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the pigment in shrimp-waste meal. SUMMARY Details of a method of analysis sufficiently accurate for the present immediate purposes are given, and evidence that the pigment in Alaska shrimp-waste meal is mainly esterified astaxanthin is presented. Santoquin, but not BHT, was effective in decreasing both the rate of pigment destruction and the development of oxidative rancidity, the latter as measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid reaction. Citric acid exhibited no synergistic effect with either Santoquin or BHT under the conditions of this study. LITERATURE CITED ANONYMOUS 1957. TENOX BHT in Fish Meals. Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., Kingsport, Tenn. Customer Service Report. BROWN, RUSSEL L, 1959. Protein Analysis of Shrimp-Waste Meal. Com- mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 21, no. 2a (Supplement), February, pp. 6-8. GOODWIN, T. W. and SRISUKH, S. 1949. The Biochemistry of Locusts. I, The Carote- noids of the Integument of Two Locust Species (Locusta migratoria migratoriodies R. & W. and Schistocerca gregoria Forsk). The Bio- chemical Jounal, vol. 45, pp. 263-267. 1949. Some Observations on Astaxanthin Distribution in Marine Crustacea. The Biochemical Journ- al, vol. 45, pp. 268-270. KARRER, P., and JUCKER, E. 1950, Carotenoids. Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, N. Y., pp. 237-239. RYAN, BOYD A. and STANSBY, M, E, 1959. Technical Note No. 49 - Measurement of Ran- cidity in Fishery Products by 2-Thiobarbituric Acid Method. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 21, no, 1 (January), pp. 21-23. (Also Separate No. 536.) THOMPSON, C. R. 1950. Stability of Carotene in Alfalfa Meal. Effect of Antioxidants. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 42, pp. 922-925. YU, T. C., and SINNHUBER, R. O. 1957. 2-Thiobarbituric Acid Method for the Measure- ment of Rancidity in Fishery Products. Food Technology, vol. 11, pp. 104-108. April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 NEW TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH IN GLOUCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS To meet the needs of the New England fishing industry and to form a center for long-range technological investigations of our marine resources, the U. 8. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries opened a new Technological Laboratory in Gloucester, Mass., towards the latter part of 1959. Back in 1945 a senior technologist was assigned to the New England area to find out what the fishing industry needed in the way of technological research. The result of his study was the estab- lishment of a small laboratory on the Boston waterfront which direct- ed the efforts of a few professional people to the development of a sat- isfactory method of freezing fish at sea. From this small beginning there was shaped the present staff of 14 professionals trained inchem- istry, biochemistry, engineering, fishery technology, and related fields. This seasoned team has recently moved from the ramshackle build- ing that housed the laboratory in East Boston to the new quarters in Gloucester. Fig. 1 - View of the office wing from the reception hall of the Gloucester Laboratory. The entire laboratory program is oriented toward pr dviding the knowledge nec- essary for industry to attain its goal of producing fishery products of a quality as close to that of the freshly-caught fish as is possible. To accomplish this, the technological research program is divided into three major work areas dealing with: (1) the development of standards and specifications for fishery products, (2) preservation and engineering studies both on the vessel and a- shore, and (3) chemical studies on the composition of fish and fishery byproducts, proteins, and flavors and odors. A team of four chemists and a fishery aid are concentrating on the development of U. S. Standards for Grades and the preparation of Federal Specifications for fishery products. Surveys of current in- dustry production practices and analyses of products form the basis for the develop- ment of standards for quality characteristics and effective testing methods. The resulting standards serve as a quality gauge in wholesale buying and selling andas- surance to the consumer of an attractive high-grade product. Regular meetings with members of industry at various stages of this program's development have provided opportunity for partnership in the discussions and evaluation of standards as they are prepared. Fig. 2 - Library section at the new laboratory. 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 The Federal Specifications which are developed under this program also as- sist industry and military and civil agencies by standardizing Federal purchases. This allows industry to compete for contracts on an even and fair basis, and at the same time as- sures Federal consumers of good quality fish at competitive market prices. Recognizing that improved quality results in increased sales and improved handling in decreased costs, the Preservationand Engi- neering group is working to im- prove the quality of fishery prod- ucts through all phases of han- dling--from the time the fish is caught until the finished product reaches the consumer. At the present time preservation studies are being conducted on the time- temperature tolerance of frozen fishery products and on new methods of chilling and freezing fish at sea andashore. The time-temperature-tolerance project is concerned with investigations of the ef- fects of various combinations of temperature, storage time, relative humidity in the storage room, and other factors experienced during distribution on the quality of fishery products. In addition, frozen-storage studies are being conducted onnew products from presently underutilized species of fish as a means of establishing new markets for such products. This group is also investigating methods of chilling groundfish in refrigerated sea water as a pos- sible method for extending the edible shelf life of these fish, to provide more efficient handling, and to level out production. Fig. 3 - The conference room overlooking the Annisquam River. Engineering projects at the laboratory include the design of pilot-model refrigerated sea- water installations for use at the processing plant or aboard a fish- ing vessel, studies on the freez- ing of fishery products, and on methods of improving plant and vessel sanitation. These investi- gations are designed to provide information that will better the economic position of both vessel and plant operators. Fig. 4 - Installation of furniture in the organic chemistry laboratory. Chemical investigations into the fundamental quality factors of fishery products are the responsibility of the composition and utilization group. Problems under in- vestigation include the composition of fish, the chemical constituents of the odor and flavor of fish, and the relation between protein denaturation and textural changes during the frozen storage of fish. The objective of the composition studies is to provide a knowledge of the con- stituents in fish and of the factors, such as, season and areas which may affect April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 them. Information produced from these studies will permit the processor of fish- ery products to accurately calculate his yield and costs. It will also enable the nu- tritionist and dietician to make recommendations regarding the components of nor- mal and special diets. Studies of flavor and odor have as their immediate objectives the identification of those compounds that comprise the flavor and odor of fresh fish, and fish that has deteriorated during storage. The ultimate objective of the investigation is to gain an insight into the chemical processes involved during flavor and odor deteri- oration so that steps can be taken to prevent these reactions and thereby permit fish products to retain their attractive fresh flavor. Another undesirable change that occurs during frozen storage is an increase in toughness of the meat. This problem is under scrutiny in a study of the fundamental order of arrangement of the molecules comprising the protein of fresh and frozen fish. A solution to this prob- lem will be an important contribution to the efforts of industry to increase the ac- ceptability and demand for their frozen fish products. Another responsibility of this laboratory is that of maintaining supervision of the U. S. D. I. Voluntary Inspection and Grading program in the New England Re- gion. A team of some 14 highly-trained inspectors sample more than 50 million pounds of fishery products annually, thus assuring that the consumer obtains top quality merchandise. Just about every form of frozen, canned, fresh, raw, cooked, uncooked, breaded fish and/or shellfish is inspected at one time or another by this laboratory's inspectors. Executing Bureau contract research projects and a special service-to-industry project for furnishing direct technological assistance to industry members rounds out a complete technological service. CHANGE IN MOISTURE PERCENTAGE Those unacquainted with the reduction of fish are sometimes sur- prised at the manner in which percentage of moisture varies during the process of evaporation. To illustrate the point, we might take two ex- treme examples. For our first one, suppose that we have 100 pounds of a material containing 2 percent moisture, which means that it contains water in the amount of 2 pounds. Now let us evaporate exactly one half of the water, which would leave 1 pound of it. An analysis of the material then ‘would show that it contains 1.0 percent moisture, about what we would expect. For our second example, suppose that we start with 100 pounds of material containing 98 percent moisture. The material then would con- tain water in the amount of 98 pounds. Again let us evaporate one half of the water, which would leave 49 pounds of it. What amount of mois- ture does the material now contain? Reasoning from the first example, we might hazard 49 percent as a rough off-hand guess. Actually, it would contain 96.1 percent, as the following calculation shows: 98-49)(100) _ SS = eae = 96.1 percent Thus care must be taken in mentally estimating changes in moisture content. 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 COMPOSITION OF ROCKFISH Rockfish are valuable nutritionally because of the large proportion of high-qual- ity protein they contain. These protein-rich fish are very low both in fat and in so- dium content. These characteristics make rockfish valuable for use in special diets as well as in normal diets. Rockfish are economically important in the fresh and frozen fish industry of the Pacific Coast. The total catch of rockfish landed in Washington, Oregon, and California in 1956 was 26 million pounds. During the same year the amounts of some other species of fish landed in the same area were Pacific salmon 54 million, flounder 52 million, halibut 22 million, and Pacific cod 10 million. The part of the rockfish that is eaten represents about one-fourth of the whole fish. The remainder of the fish is used to feed mink, trout, poultry, and livestock. Because all of the rockfish is used to feed either human beings or animals, it is im- portant to have a true picture of the nutritive value of (1) the edible meat or fillets, (2) the trimmings, and (3) the whole fish. Chemists at the Seattle Technological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries have determined the composition of nine species of rockfish. The fish they analyzed represented differences in size of fish and in method by which the fish were preserved until they were analyzed. The chemists wished to determine the composition of the more important species of rockfish and to discover if the com- position varied in relation to these differences in species, size, and treatment. The composition of the different species of rockfish was found to be quite uni- form regardless of the size of fish or whether they were frozen, iced, or prepared as frozen fillets. The nonedible parts of the rockfish were found to contain more than 5 percent of oil and more than 5 percent of ash. The protein content of these parts was found to average more than 16 percent. Rockfish, which are low in cost and abundant on the west coast of the United States, constitute a highly nutritive source of protein food. IRRADIATION PRESERVATION OF PACIFIC COD FILLETS The storage life of Pacific cod fillets that had been subjected to pasteurization dosages of irradiation and then held at refrigerator temperatures was increased by about three times compared with unirradiated fillets stored at the same temperature. A pasteurization level of irradiation is a level at which most of the bacteria present April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 are destroyed but does not completely sterilize the food. Pasteurized food must be stored under refrigeration. Chemical and bacteriological tests made on irradiated fish during storage indi- cate that the changes taking place in fish after irradiation are different from those that take place in unirradiated fish. This can be attributed to the fact that irradiation alters the type and number of bacteria that survive, and apparently changes the man- ner in which spoilage takes place. The usual laboratory tests for freshness cannot be used to judge the quality of irradiated fillets of Pacific cod. The judgment of an experienced taste panel therefore was used to compare the quality of the irradiated samples and determine their storage life. These studies were undertaken by chemists at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Seattle Technological Laboratory in cooperation with the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces as a part of their program for determining the potential value of ionizing radiation for the preservation of fishery products. All of the irradiated samples tended to have a slight radiation odor and flavor, which is described by most tasters as scorched or burnt. The taste panel could not distinguish among samples of cod fillets that had been subjected to pasteurization at several low levels of irradiation. Samples of Pacific cod that had been subjected to large doses of irradiation, however, were judged to be unacceptable. The approximate storage life of the various samples of cod fillets stored at B20 to. 35 F. was as follows: Control sample (no irradiation)........... 1 to 2 weeks 0.1-, 0.2-, 0.23-, and 0.46-megarad samples. .6 to 9 weeks ONieme rargades ample Smearmeiten ition meri eiimicioleiicnrs 6 to 12 weeks Note: Megarad = 1 million Rads. Rad = The quantity of ionizing radiation which results in the adsorption of 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material at the point of interest. Erg = Unit of energy. 1-foot pound = 1, 356,000 ergs. IT'S FISH 'N' SEAFOOD TIME The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is cooperating with the Commercial Fishing Industry in its first annual industry-wide Lenten Promotion. The theme of the 1960 Lenten promotion, which peaks March 2 to April 17, will be "It's Fish 'N' Seafood Time." Menu va- riety will be emphasized in advertising, publicity, and merchandising material. The Bureau has developed and distributed a variety of educational and informational materials for use during this year's Lenten promotion. This includes: A fish-fact bulletin for newspaper food editors and oth- er food publicists; five school lunch bulletins; bulletins for restaurant and institutional use; black and white food photographs for use by the newspaper food editors; and two special animated public service tele- vision spots, in 60-, 20-, and 10-second versions, for distribution to the major television stations in the United States. In addition, Bureau marketing specialists and home economists will be appearing on radio and television. Bureau materials will stress menu variety, ease of preparation, nutritional value, and other health benefits accruing from increased use of fish and shellfish in the diet. 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 Marine Biology Laboratory in Randolph (Mass.) High School Students in the sophmore class at Randolph High School in Randolph, Mass., a suburb of Boston, are making contri- butions to marine biology and oceano- graphy through a recently well-organized oceanographic laboratory at the school. The laboratory and its procedures were set up by biology instructor Kenneth Sher- man, a former employee of the U.S. Fish- and Wildlife Service's Division of Bio- logical Research. The Randolph High School laboratory copies the research methods and problem-solving techniques of the Service's biologists. It is hoped the laboratory will aid in the develop- ment of oceanographic scientists for the a Fig. future, and at the same time contribute in some small way to ocean science. The emphasis on ocean research is recent. Here is a frontier of science to challenge the imagination of any alert student. Problems concerning every basic biological concept are present. Here is an environment that presents a great opportunity for original investiga- tion. Little or nothing is known concern- ing a large number of common marine organisms, especially those which have no particular commercial importance. The physiology, morphology, and ecology of only a small number of marine organ- isms is now generally understood. There are many gaps in our knowledge concern- ing the fishes and other marine organisms of the North Atlantic coast. As a result 1 - Several members of the Randolph High School oceanographic laboratory staff at worl« (left to right) Fred Hubble and Robert Merritt are examining plankton collected for their productivity studies. George Fahey is busy checking through the literature concerning the distribution of the tomcod, while Peter McGrath is shown grinding down a bone (otolith) taken from the skull in an effort to observe the growth pattern of annual rings similar to those found in a tree. Everett Schaner is examining the gonads as part of his fecundity study of the same fish. April 1960 of this lack of knowledge and increased interest in the oceans, the Randolph High School oceanographic laboratory was formed. The laboratory has given the participating students a unique op- portunity to become familiar with re- search methods and problem-solving techniques. The laboratory began with a small group of students with high aptitudes and a genuine curiosity concerning the oceans. The students were selected on a competi- tive basis. The five classes of sophomore biology students were given two lessons one e =] Fig. 2 - Peter McGrath weighing a tomcod as part of his age and growth study. concerned with the cycle of life in the o- cean with particular emphasis on its ori- gin, economic importance, and untapped resources. The students were then re- quired to complete a report of approxi- mately 1,500 words entitled, ''The Cycle of Life in the Oceans,"' using at least three different reference books. Those students that produced the most compre- hensive reports were later interviewed and from this group 10 who showed a gen- uine curiosity, interest, and aptitude were selected to become staff members of the laboratory. The students were then encouraged to familiarize themselves with the oceano- graphic literature. They discussed their findings at a meeting where it was gen- erally held that while there were a great many excellent problems to work on, many were impractical from the stand- point of available equipment, time, and the difficulty of securing adequate sam- ples. It was decided to begin the studies with readily available fish which not only provided interesting problems but also the opportunity to secure valuable scien- tific data. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 The investigations currently in prog- ress are concerned with the food habits, fecundity, growth, and distribution of some marine fishes of the Atlantic Coast. One of the studies includes the tagging of the commercially-important cod, Gad- us callarinas, in an effort to determine the distribution pattern, A 16-foot 18- horsepower motorboat is used for tag- ging along the coast. Another project is concerned with de- termining the distribution patterns of the haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinis, by attempting to use the infestation pattern Fig. 3 - Everett Schaner removing the ovaries of a ripe fe- male tomcod. Later he will determine the total number of eggs contained by this individual as part of his fecun- dity study. of attached parasites as natural tags. Students are also working on other prob- lems. The food habits of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes american- us, the tomcod, Microgadus tomcod, and the Atlantic cod, Gadus callarias, are under investigation by individual students. While some fish are collected by hand- lining from the laboratory's 16-foot boat, others are obtained from cooperative fishermen in the local ports of Boston, Cohasset, Scituate, and Hull. Much of the field work is done outside regular school hours. Fecundity studies requiring careful dissection and measurement of the gon- ads of the tomcod are in progress, Stu- dents are carefully examining, weighing, and classifying the stomach contents of this fish as part of another project. Still another group is concerned with deter- mining the rate of growth of the tomcod. They are studying the various hard bony parts and have found that close examina- tion of the otolith bones, which are found in the skull, reveal the presence of annual rings, similar to the growth pattern found in a cross-section of some north temper- ate trees, which they feel will be useful in age determination of this fish. 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 Fig. 4 - Fred Hubble (left to right) and Robert Merritt examine samples of plankton taken from surface tows off the coast of Hull Bay, Mass. George Fahey is busy checking the feeding habits of the tomcod for possible correlation with the plankton productivity investigation. Plankton tows are taken when possi- ble for use in productivity studies of the local coastal area and also for possible correlation with food habits of the fishes under investigation. Samples of sea wa- ter are analyzed at the laboratory peri- odically for phytoplankton, dissolved oxygen, and salinity determination. Bibliographic work is done by a spe- cial library staff of the laboratory which secures the necessary reference books for the various student project leaders. The students plan to visit the Oceano- graphic Institutes at Woods Hole, Mass., in the near future. There they will dis- cuss their own work with scientists ac- tively engaged in similar projects for the Hydrographic Office of the Navy and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Through these studies, participating students gain a more comprehensive un- derstanding of scientific methods and principles. There are also good indica- tions that a number of these talented stu- dents could conceivably contribute in some small way to a better understand- ing of basic biological principles. California CRAB DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V "N. B. Scofield" Cruise 59S7- Crab: The California coastal waters from San Francisco to Oregon were surveyed (October 15-November 23, 1959) by the California Department of Fish and Game's research vessel N. B. Scofield to deter- mine the distribution, abundance, com- position and condition of market or Dun- geness crabs within traditional fishing grounds. Other objectives were to con- duct exploratory crab fishing in areas lightly exploited by the fishing fleet and to determine the comparative meat yield of hard and soft crabs. Fifty-two traps of uniform sizes, with- out escape ports but in every other re- spect--including baits--comparable to those of the commercial fishery, were employed in depths of 7 to 35 fathoms in 60 separate settings of 16 to 18 traps each. Otter boards and mudlines were utilized on trawling nets of 33- and 5- inch mesh in 17 exploratory locations at depths of 28 to 120 fathoms. Crabs were captured at each of the 60 trap string lo- cations. Crabs were taken in 16 of the 17 ex- ploratory trawls. While net sizes, cable meter tests, and technical difficulties af- fected certain catches, distributional data indicated legal crabs were in depths of 28 to 120 fathoms. April 1960 CALIFORNIA oint Delgada Legend: ® - 5-9 fathoms + - 10-18 fathoms @ - 20-29 fathoms A - 30-38 fathome COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW me ~ Trawl sites M/VN. B. Scofield Cruise 59S7-Crab (Oct. 14-Nov. 25) 1959). Soft crabs were increasingly abundant to the northward. Experiments designed to determine the comparative meat yields of hardand soft crabs showed that soft crabs yield 30 per- cent less cooked meat thanhardcrabs of the same live weight and size. A Nansen bottle, reversing thermome- ter, and bathythermograph were utilized to gather oceanographic and environmental data relevant to the crabfishery. Airplane Spotting Flight 59-22-Crab: The California coastal waters from Half Moon Bay to Point Arena were surveyed from the air on December 3, 1959, by the Department's Cessna 182 to determine the 19 \Fort Ross Legend: Numbers - String of traps. - Location of traps. Flight report Cessna 182, 59-22-Crab (Dec. 3, 1959). fishing locations and relative densities of the central California crab fleet. While conditions for aerial observation were generally good, rising swells and an increasing sun angle diminished visibility from Bolinas Point southward. Inall, 158 strings of traps were count- ed. The most intensive concentrations oc- curred from Point Reyes to Bolinas Bay. Amajority of the settings were well off- shore, many indepths of 30-35 fathoms. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1959, p. 13, March 1959, p. 31, and July 1959, p. 25. Sea isk) Isic} ok INVESTIGATION OF ABALONE RESOURCES CONTINUED: M/V "Nautilus" and Diving Boat 'Mollusk" Cruise 59N4-Abalone: The abatone investigations were continued from September 9-October 25, 1959, by the California Fish and Game Depart- ment's research vessel Nautilus and diving boat Mollusk in waters off the southern California 20 shoreline from Redondo. Beach south to San Diego, and Santa Catalina Island. The objectives were (1) to film underwater sequences; (2) to check aba- lone study stations off Santa Catalina Island; (3) to check areas of commercial diving along coast; (4) to check areas of skin diving along coast; (5) to establish coastal stations for study; (6) to collect specimens of the threaded abalone, Haliotis assim- ilis; and (7) collect and ship black abalone (H. cracherodii) to the Hawaii Department of Fish and Game for transplanting at Oahu. Due to dirty water it was not possible to film the artificial habitat (streetcars) in the Redondo Beach area but pictures were taken of the artifi- cial reef at Emerald Bay, Santa Catalina Island. These motion pictures were for inclusion in a De- partment film. The abalone study stations on Santa Catalina Island were checked. Pink abalone tagged in 1958 were recovered and rates of growth were deter- mined. Tags attached in October 1958 appeared to be successfully resisting corrosion and wear. In some instances growth of encrusting algae on the tags was quite heavy. In general the tagged abalone had not moved from the areas in which they had been released; most had not added appre- ciable growth; some had not grown at all. The most striking observation was the almost complete absence of kelp (Macrocystis) in the sta- tion areas. At Station No. 1C on Santa Catalina Island, red abalone (H. rufescens) planted in 1956 were found to have moved into deeper water, ap- parently in search of food. Areas along the coastline were checked in an attempt to assess commercial and sport diving pressures. However, during the entire cruise water conditions were unfavorable for diving and observations were limited. Stations were estab- lished as indicated on the accompanying map. Legend: _ Established e stations, @ - New stations. Long Beach Newport Beach San Clemente Abalone Cruise 59N4 and 59M3 (Sept. 9-Oct. 25, 1959). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 22, No. 4 Approximately 400 small (3 to 3 inches in di- ameter) black abalone (H. cracherodii) were col- lected and shipped via air to Hawaii. The Hawaii Department of Fish and Game planted them ina restricted area on the island of Oahu. The investigation was successful in finding specimens of H. assimilis, the threaded abalone. These were located just north of Portuguese Bend. The Nautilus remained at San Pedro at the con- clusion of this part of the cruise and the Mollusk was taken by trailer to Morro Bay where field studies were continued. Diving Boat ''Mollusk"' Cruise 59M3-Abalone: Investigations were continued in Morro Bay from November 10-December 10, 1959, by the Depart- ment's diving boat Mollusk to (1) check abalone study stations; (2) observe conditions on commer- cial abalone grounds; and (3) tag abalone for growth and habitat studies. OCambria 4 Radar Station, Pt. Estero Abalone Cruise (M/V Mollusk only) (Nov. 10-Dec. 10, 1959). Rough weather limited diving activities to 3 days during this one-month cruise period. Observations revealed a large number of 8-inch abalone in this area and almost all (between 400-500) showed new shell growth. This growth occurred since August 1959 when previous dives were made. Nereocystis has returned and is abundant. It extends over a greater area than in the years before its disap-~ earance. te: Also see Commercigl Figheries Review, December 1959 p. 40. April 1960 Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, 1959 Total shipments of metal cans for fish- ery products in 1959 amounted to 115,453 short tons of steel (based on the amount of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans) as compared with 123,602 tons in 1958, a decline of 6 percent. Shipments of metal cans in 1957 amounted to 114,560 tons and in 1956 totaled 112,532 tons. MAN FOR 150 (EAR? The drop in the shipment of cans for fishery products from 1958 to 1959 was due primarily to sharply lower packs of Pacific salmon, California and Maine sar- dines, anchovies, andshrimp. However, the 1959 pack of tuna set a new record. The over-all pack of principal fishery products (salmon, sardines, tuna, shrimp, anchovies, and mackerel) amounted to a- bout 514.2 million pounds, lower by about 6.2 percent from the 1958 pack (548.4 mil- lion pounds) of the same products. Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans, the’ data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel. Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations HAWAII'S SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS HIGHER-IN JANUARY 1960: Preliminary figures on Hawaii's land- ings of skipjack tuna of 144,000 pounds in January 1960 indicate an increase of 40,000 pounds as compared with January 1959. Data are supplied to the U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries Biologic- al Laboratory at Honolulu by the tuna packing industry and the Hawaiian Divi- sion of Fish and Game. Length measurements made on the fish as they are landed at the cannery showed the catches were composed of 4- to 20-pound skipjack with modes at 6, 9, and 20 pounds. Although the sample was small (226 fish), the presence of the 20-pound mode during a mid-winter COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW month is somewhat unusual. 21 The fish- ermen reported that there were numer- ous small schools, and that the fish were often wild and difficult to catch. a bi Ed Ed es NEW UNDERWATER OBSERVATION CHAMBER ADDED TO RESEARCH VESSEL: During January 1960 a new bow ex- tension, incorporating an underwater observation chamber, was added to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries! research vessel Charles H. Gilbert while she was in a West Coast Shipyard. The vessel now equipped for underwater observations from both the stern and the bow, will conduct tuna behavior studies off the coasts of California and Central America in April before returning to Honolulu. Since 1957, the Bureau's Honolulu Biological Laboratory has been develop- ing equipment and techniques for direct underwater observations of tuna be- havior. The first installation aboard the Charles H. Gilbert involved a diver with an aqua lung positioned on an overside ladder. Improvements in the underwater observation techniques led finally to a chamber within the hull of the vessel. By means of visual observations, supple- mented with movie and still camera rec- ords, studies were made during actual fishing operations, both standard and un- der various experimental situations. Conservation FISH AND WILDLIFE'S ROLE IN NATION'S ECONOMY DISCUSSED AT MEETING: The role of fish and wildlife in our present economy was explored on Janu- ary 14, 1960, in a meeting between the Secretary of the Interior and representa- tives of oil companies and conservation associations. This is the second such meeting, the first having been held about a year and a half ago. After a welcome by the Secretary, the discussions were launched by aseries of remarks by oil company officials, each 22 explaining what his company was doingin the field of fish and wildlife conservation. These explanations were followed by discussion of such subjects as the need for future study, planning, and methods of expediting the exchange of informa- tion between the companies and the con- servation groups. sae Palen Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, 1955-59: Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: During the calen- dar year 1959 purchases of fresh and frozen fishery prod- ucts by the Department of Defense for the use of the Armed Forces amounted to 22.7 million pounds, valued at $11.6 million, This amount was slightly higher (0.6 percent) in quantity, but was lower by 9.5 percent in value as compared with the preceding year. Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery products in 1959 by the Department of Defense aver- aged 51.3 cents a pound, lower by 5.8 cents a pound from the 1958 average of 57.1 cents. This was due mainly to lower market prices for most fishery products in 1959. For the five-year period 1955-59, purchases varied between a high of 26.6 million pounds in 1956 to a low of 22.5 million pounds in 1958, Prices paid per pound jumped sharply from the over-all average of 43.7 cents a pound paid in 1955 to the peak price paid in 1958. Canned Fishery Products: Purchases of canned fish- ery products in 1959 were down sharply from the preceding year. Purchases of canned tuna (3.7 million pounds) were down 37.2 percent from the 5.9 million pounds purchased in 1958, canned salmon purchases dropped 67.5 percent, or from 3.3 million pounds in 1958 to 1.1 million pounds in 1959. However, purchases of canned sardines in 1959 of about 1.1 million pounds were up 315 percent from the preceding year and close to seven times the purchases made in 1955, Canned salmon purchases made in 1959 were the lowest in five years, but the pack was the lowest in history. Canned tuna purchases, although down from 1958, were the second highest purchases made in the period 1955-59, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol22) Now DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY 1960: the Department of Defense, 1.5 mil- lion pounds (value $737,000) of fresh and frozen fishery products were pur- chased in January 1960 by the Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This was lower than the quantity purchased in December 1959 by 15.7 percent, but was 0.5 percent above the amount pur- chased in January 1958. The value of the purchases in January 1960 was lower by 15.9 percent as compared with December 1959 and 12.7 percent less than for January 1959. Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, January 1960 with Comparisons Prices paid for fresh and frozen fish- ery products by the Department of De- fense in January 1960 averaged 49.2 cents a pound, about 0.2 cents less than the 49.4 cents paid in December 1959 and 7.5 cents less than the 56.7 cents paid during January 1959. The lower average price for purchases this Jan- uary aS compared with January a year ago was due to a sharp drop in fillet, shrimp, and scallop prices. Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, 1955-59 Product 1,000 Lbs, $1,000 Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products 22,651 | 11,624) 22,511 Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, 1955-59 Quanti ede ea iG 1957 1955 Product Salmon .... . Sardinesiyo7)<) stele 3,111] 2,798 1,051 215 236 143 % ok ok ok ook [= [= | = | | 1,000 Lbs.| $1,000 {1,000 Lbs, 1957 1956 1955 $1,000 }1,000 Lbs.| $1,000 }1,000 Lbs.) $1,000 | 12,080] 26,610 | 13,413] 24,989 Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the only canned fishery product purchased in quantity for the use of the Armed Forces during January this year. Purchases of canned tuna in January 1960 were up about 17 percent from January a year ago. How- ever, the value of the canned tuna purchases this year was only 42.4 cents a pound as compared with 49.7 cents in January 1959. Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some lo- cal purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are higher than indicated because local pur- chases are not obtainable. April 1960 Table 2 - Canned citer, Products Purchased by Military ae [January |Jan.-Dec.| January [Jan. -Dec.| 1960 | 1959 1959 1959 ace re 0) .. Inspection of Fishery Products OVER 42 MILLION POUNDS PACKED IN 1959 UNDER GOVERNMENT IN- SPECTION BY SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES FISHERY PLANTS: Inspection and grading services for fishery products be- came the responsibility of the U. S. Department of the Inte- rior on July 1, 1958. Inspection and grading services are available on a fee basis to processors who meet the existing voluntary Federal standards of quality for fishery products. A U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries inspection corps has been given specialized training and assigned to the fish- ery plants throughout the country which requested voluntary continuous inspection of their products. This service pro- vides that an inspector or inspectors be stationed at each plant during all shifts of the processing operation. The in- spector (a) checks plant personnel and equipment for sani- tation, (b) checks the raw material for wholesomeness, (c) checks the processing of the finished products, and (d) selects finished product samples for grading. When the final inspection of the finished product is made, he will issue cer- tificates attesting to the grade or quality and condition of the lot. He also furnishes plant management with a daily inspec~ tion report commenting on the sanitary conditions and the re- sults of the products inspection. Continuous inspection services assure the processor and purchaser of satisfactory compliance with the require- ments for wholesomeness of the raw materials used and of Sanitation established for the handling and processing oper- ations. Twenty-nine plants have applied and are now under con- tinuous inspection. Of this total, 14 are located in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. From July 1, 1958 (when con- tinuous inspection of fishery products was started by the U.S. Department of the Interior) through December 1958, a total of almost 11.4 million pounds of fishery products was packed by 10 plants in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Of this amount, almost 11.2 million pounds was frozen raw In Pkgs. of Less than 2 Lb: Product Shrimp, frozen, raw: Breadedivamenemeneit= Peeled & deveined. ote: Plants covered in 1959 were located: 2 in Ga. 1/ Packed by less than 3 plants and included with "breaded." 2/ Includes small quantity of "peeled & deveined" and "in shell" products packed by less than 3 plants. 3/ Included with "breaded" because packed by less than 3 plants. 4/ Includes specialty shrimp products, crab meat, crab meat stocks, devilled crabs, crab patties, lobster cutlets, lobster steaks, lobster tails, breaded oysters, breaded scallops, cooked fish sticks, red snapper tenderloin, snapper aap swordfish, ‘and breaded trout fillets. 5 in Fla COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 breaded shrimp. In 1959, 14 plants in those states were packing under continuous inspection and in the 12 months of that year a total of 42.3 million pounds of products was packed, Of that total, 36.2 million pounds was frozen raw breaded shrimp. Marketing EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS MARKETING PROSPECTS, FIRST QUARTER 1960: United States civilian per capita con- sumption of fishery products in 1959 is estimated to have been 10.7 pounds, a little more than a year earlier. The rate for the fresh and frozen products was a- bout the same as in 1958, but there was some increase for the canneditems. Cur- rent supplies appear adequate to main- tain consumption by civilians at about the same rate this winter and early spring as last. A probable gain for the fresh and frozen fishery products is likely to counterbalance a decline for the canned. Retail prices of fishery products aver- aged somewhat lower than in 1958, when they were record high. Ex- pectations are that prices in the next few months will likely be relatively stable, though averaging lower than a year earlier. The catch of food fish and shellfish was more than atenth lower in 1959 than in 1958. The reduction was prin- cipally in the species that are canned. Commercial landings were at the low point of the year in the winter and started increasing seasonally in early spring. Fishery Products Packed in South Atlantic and Gulf States Plants Under U, S. D. I. Inspection In Pkgs, of 2 Lbs. & Over Total Quantity Pkg'd 12 Mos. July Dec. 1958 1959, 1958 No. (1 ae Quantity Plants | ‘Tbs. (1,000 Lbs.) 36,159 |2/11, 154 a 2: 703 catfish, flounder, breaded fish fillets, raw and 1 in La., and 6 in Tex. 24 Production of canned fishery products was around 20 percent lower last year than in 1958. Tuna and mackerel were the only major canned products for which output was higher in 1959. The pack of salmon was a third less than in 1958 and the smallest since 1898. Production of canned salmon has been on the downtrend, particularly in the past decade, because of the scarcity of fish. About a sixth fewer Maine sardines and two-thirds fewer California pilchards were packed last year. Per capita consumption of canned fishery products was maintained at a somewhat higher rate in 1959 than in 1958 by moderately larger imports and by drawing on the large stocks which were on hand at the beginning of 1959. Accordingly, supplies of the canned prod- ucts available for distribution in the next several months are noticeably lower than a year earlier. The stocks of frozen edible fishery products were larger this February 1 than last. Stocks represent the primary source of frozen fish and shellfish sup- plies until the seasonal pickup in the commercial catch in early spring. Imports of fishery products were mod- erately larger in 1959 than in 1958. In- creases occurred both for the fresh and frozen and the canned products. Exports were up substantially from 1958 because of the sharply increased movement abroad of the canned products--particularly of California pilchards, salmon, and squid. Prospects for the next several months are that imports of fishery products will continue at a high rate, but exports will likely be substantially lower than in the winter and spring of 1959. This analysis appeared in a report prepared by the Agricultural Marketing Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, and published in the former agency's February 25, 1960, release of The National Food Situation (NFS-91). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration: and Gear Research WINTER DISTRIBUTION OF WHITING STUDIED: M/V “Delaware” Cruise 60-1: To in- vestigate the winter distribution of whit- ing in deep water was the objective of a January 1960 cruise by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Delaware. The cruise was divided into two phases. PHASE I: Although bad weather ham- pered fishing operations, 31 successful tows were made in depths ranging from TRAWL STATION EMD Pos\T SSS START position NANTUCKET M/V Delaware Crise 60-1, Phase I (January 5-15, 1960). 40 to 154 fathoms in selected areas lying near or along the edge of the northern and eastern parts of Georges Bank and in Wilk- inson and Murray Basins. In spite of ef- forts to choose appropriate areas for trawl- ing, three tows resulted in some damage to the net. Of the better catches was anestimated 2,500 pounds total catch for the No. 36 trawl with liner at trawl station No. 24, with 5,000 and 7,000 pounds for two sub- sequent tows with the large whiting net in the same area at trawl stations Nos. 25 and 26. These catches consisted of an estimated 2,000, 4,000, and 5,000 pounds of whiting, respectively, with hake (Urophycis chuss) making up most of the remainder of the catches. The total catch from the three stations in- ‘cluded less than 500 pounds of other fish. |These and other tows used the same type of equipment as described above, and were of 45-minute duration, April 1960 All of the whiting were M. bilinearis; no M. albidus were taken. In cooperation with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's study of sur- face currents, 288 drift bottles were re- leased at 48 locations, and a number of bathythermograph casts were made dur- ing both phases of this cruise. PHASE II: The Delaware found com- mercial concentrations of whiting (M. bilinearis and M. albidus) in an area ex- tending from lat. 019 03'N , long,, 70°15! 30" W. to lat. 39°33' N., long, 72°08! W., at a depth of 100 fathoms. In five of the 1-hour exploratory tows, a catch of 15 tons of marketable-size whiting was ob- tained. The species composition of these commercial tows was predominantly of the common commercial whiting. CANYON >, HUDSON M/V Delaware Cruise 60-1, Phase II (January 19-30, Bey, In the best fishing area, there was a relatively small amount of hake (Urophy- cis chuss) mixed in with the whiting. Two night tows were made in the area: one tow in the 100-fathom depth had a yield of 5,000 pounds; the other in a 175- fathom depth had 1,000 pounds. Other sections of the area surveyed produced whiting and hake in lesser amounts. A total of 44 tows were made. During night fishing, nylon gill nets, fished vertically from the surface to a depth of 15 fathoms, were used. Results showed that it is possible to use this method for attempts to sample mid-depth zones; however, fish were not caught dur- ing these experimental tests. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 Echo-sounder observations indicated considerable quantities of fish near the bottom but none at midwater trawling depth; therefore, midwater trawling was not attempted. Approximately 1,300 whiting (M. albid- us) were preserved. by freezing and were turned over to the Woods Hole Biological Laboratory for detailed study. Other preserved specimens included several tilefish (Lopholatilus ciemaueleonuiceEe) of various sizes. GEAR AND METHODS: A No. 36 trawl (60' head rope, 80' foot rope, 3'' small mesh liner) was used as a try-net. When favorable signs of whiting resulted from tows made with this net, a large com- mercial whiting trawl (76! head rope, 96! foot rope, 2'' mesh, 13'' cod end) was towed in the same area. By this method of operation, it was possible to avoid in- curring excessive damage to the large whiting trawl during exploratory tows and to compare the fishing effectiveness of the two nets. NEXT TRIP: The M/V Delaware left Gloucester, Mass., February 11, 1960, for Cruise 60-2. The cruise was to be divided into three phases. The first and third phases were to be conducted under the direction of the Bureau's Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., and con- sist of hydrographic and trawling tran- sects along the coast from Cape Hatteras to Martha's Vineyard. During the second phase, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research was to con- duct deep-water trawling to extend the area of exploration for red crabs (Ger- yon quinquedens) and other deep-water species of fish and shellfish, investigated during M/V Delaware Cruise 59-7 off the Middle Atlantic area. The vessel was scheduled to make port in Norfolk, Va., after the first phase and to return to Gloucester on or about February 29, 1960. 26 North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations CONTRACT LET FOR DESIGN OF NEW FISHERY RESEARCH VESSEL TO REPLACE "ALBATROSS III:" The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries has selected a firm of Boston naval architects to provide architectural serv- ices for the design and construction of a new fishery research vessel to replace the Albatross III. The Albatross III was deactivated in March 1959, because of excessive costs of repair and mainte- nance. Included in fiscal year 1961 Fed- eral Budget is an item of $2,055,000, earmarked for the Bureau's new research vessel. The Bureau's plans call for a vessel 175-180 feet over-all length witha beam of 33 feet, developing 1,600-1,800 hp. and a speed of about 14 knots. Equip- ment will include laboratories and other facilities necessary to carry out the re- search and survey work required of the new vessel. The vessel will conduct fish- ery research in the Northwest Atlantic, with the major emphasis on groundfish species. It is expected that plans and specifi- cations will be completed in time to a- ward contracts for construction late in 1960. Oceanography NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC EXPEDITION BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY VESSEL: The survey ship Explorer began an extensive eeeansgeapti: expedition en route from Seattle, Wash., by way of the Panama Canal to Norfolk, Va., February 1, 1960, the Director of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce, announced recently. This modern oceanographic cruise will be the first full-scale expedition of its kind by the Survey since historic oceanographic surveys were made by the ship Blake, in the early 1880's. The Explorer will extend her normal transfer time from the West to the East coast by more than two months in order to investigate various oceano- graphic features along the route. The 220-foot long ship is being reassigned for service along the east coast of the United States and will be replaced in the Alaska survey fleet by the new ship Surveyor which will soon be commissioned at San Diego. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 The expedition is being supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation and is a cooperative venture with 12 or more organiza- tions participating. The Fish and Wildlife Service and the Geological Survey of the U. S. Department of the Interior are vitally interested in this expedition. A geological survey of the Swan Islands will be undertaken; and, for the Fish and Wildlife Service, dredgings to re- cover bottom-dwelling animals will be made in the Caribbean and in the Straits of Florida. Mammals, reptiles, and insects will be collected on the Swan Islands for the U. S. National Museum of the Smith- sonian Institution. An attempt will be made to capture live animals on these islands for the Na- tional Zoological Park. Samples of ocean bottom sediments to be tested for radioactivity will be collected for the U. S. Public Health Service for use in its radio chemical surveillance program. The U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory at San Diego will have on board a deep-sea camera for photographing the ocean bottom off the West coast of Central America where the Russian oceano- graphic ship Vityes reported the bottom to be cov- ered from 80 to 100 percent with nodules of manga- nese which were also high in nickel and cobalt. It is hoped that the northern boundary of this potential ore deposit can be determined by the deep-sea camera studies. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California is also cooperating in the expedition. Observations will be made at 11 posi- tions off the coast of Oregon in cooperation with Scripps and with Oregon State College. At each station water samples will be obtained to study the distributions of salinity, dissolved oxygen, phos- phate, and temperature; all data of importance in determining the oceanographic regime or make up off this coast. In addition, surface water samples will be obtained from which it is hoped that sus- pended sediment will help oceanographers learn what happens to Columbia River water once it en- ters the Pacific. Scripps has provided a magnetometer which will be towed behind the Explorer from San Diego to Norfolk. This instrument will provide a continuous record of the earth's magnetic field along the ship's track. This information, coupled with records of the bottom topography, will add considerably to man's knowledge of the intricate magnetic field of the earth. If the magnetometer discovers unsus- pected or unexplained magnetic "hills" or ''val- leys,"' the ship's plans are such that extra time can be taken to survey the area in more detail. Throughout the entire expedition current drift bottles will be dropped at regular intervals with cards enclosed asking the finders to inform the Coast and Geodetic Survey where the bottles have been recovered. It is hoped that these bottles will provide clues to the circulation of the waters along the Pacific Coast of North and Central America, of the western Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico, and will add to our knowledge of the mighty Gulf Stream. The ocean's temperature will be taken at hourly intervals throughout the trip. An instrument will April 1960 be lowered which will provide the oceanographers with a profile of temperature versus depth. Oceanographic observations similar to those off the Oregon coast will be made at regular inter- vals in the Pacific, the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and along the Atlantic Coast. The bottom sediments along the route will be studied by means of cores and dredges. The shelf around the United States Swan Islands will be ex- tensively studied. These limestone islands capa small bank that drops off abruptly to the north to depths of over 3,000 fathoms (18,000 feet) in the Cayman Trough. An objective of these investiga- tions is to attempt to ascertain whether these islands are related to the complex of cays (small islands) and banks off Honduras or if the origin is structural and related to the massive Cayman Trough. It is hoped that dredging for rock on the steep slopes south of the Florida Keys will provide in- formation on the structure of this interesting area. Of special interest will be measurements of the speed and direction of the Gulf Stream, not only at the surface but at depths down to about 1,500 feet. Observations of this important "river in the sea" will be made at the same location at which Lieu- tenant Pillsbury, commanding the Coast Survey Steamer Blake, made his classic observations some 70 years ago. The new observations will be made with modern equipment and greatly improved techniques in contrast to the crude and time-con- suming methods of Pillsbury's day. The hills and valleys of the ocean bottom will be under constant surveillance by means of elec- tronic echo-sounding equipment aboard the Ex plorer. Divers from the Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey explore the ocean bottom, the fish, and marine plant life around the Swan Islands, and plan to photograph the various instruments in use as they are lowered from the Explorer. Oceanographic activities have been carried onby the Coast and Geodetic Survey since its earliest years. This latest effort will be an extension of pioneering work in the development of equipment and techniques for making oceanographic investigations. « \ Seabees Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission COMMISSION MEETS WITH ADVISORY COUNCIL: In concluding the two-day meeting in January 1960 of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission with its Advisory Council, Chairman Laurance S. Rockefeller said that the Commission is well on its way to completing the job as- signed to it by the Eighty-Fifth Congress. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 The meeting was called by the Chairman to gather the advice of the Advisory Coun- cil in assisting the Commission to be- come aware of and evaluate the various problems of meeting present recreation- al needs facing the nation on a Federal, state, and community basis, and antici- pating those needs for the years 1976 and 2000. The meeting in Washington brought to- gether the eight Congressional Commis~ sioners and seven Presidential appointees of the Commission, with the 25 citizens and 14 Federal liaison officers who make up the Advisory Council. Charles E. Jackson of the National Fisheries Institute is the Commercial Fisheries representative on the Advisory Council. Jackson said, "It is inevitable that commercial fishing rights will be involved in long-range recreational plan- ning. I am impressed with the broad- minded views of the Commission and Council on the necessity of solving con- 'flicts of interests and the need to con- | sider all economic uses of natural re- sources like fisheries and forestry." Salmon KING SALMON RUN OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA RIVERS LARGEST SINCE 1954: The largest king salmon spawning run since 1954 in the central California val- leys has been recorded in 1959/60 by the California Department of Fish and Game. The Director said some 480,000 salmon spawned in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system, the most important king salmon spawning area on the West Coast. In 1954, the number was 482,000. The 1959/60 mark is well ahead of the previous year's 290,000 king salmon spawners and approaches the 500,000 which the Department has said is the number needed to maintain the commer- cail and sports fisheries at a high level. Previous high in this decade was attained in 1953 when 597,000 spawners were es- timated. 28 The 1959/60 spawners are progeny of those fish which spawned in the 1955/56 winter--the time of the big flood. While the count this year is the best in five years, the Director said some losses clouded an otherwise bright pic- ture. Most important of these occurred in the Yuba River where the production of some 3,500 salmon, of a very excel- lent run of 10,000, was lost below Da- guerre Point Dam because of water ma- nipulation which resulted in the strand- ing of salmon nests and ripe salmon. Shad CHESAPEAKE BAY SHAD RUN DELAYED BY COLD WATER: Late in February 1960, Virginia fish- ermen were waiting impatiently for the 1960 run of shad in the lower part of Chesapeake Bay. But Virginia Fisheries Laboratory scientists pointed out that the seasonal shad run to the rivers would not take place until water temperatures reached about 45 F. A cold February has kept river temperatures 5 F. too low and few shad had appeared as of the end of that month. Studies made earlier by Virginia fish- eries biologists showed that the greatest catches in the York River system have been when water temperatures ranged between 45° and 59° F. Almost no shad have been caught in the York River at wa- ter temperatures below 40° F. In cooperation with the Virginia Fish- eries Laboratory, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries will again collect catch records on the York River and its tributaries. Fishermen have already been sent log books in which to record their catches and the Bureau biologists will be on the River about mid-March in order to interview shad fishermen and tag fish. From last year's tagging program, the scientists were able to estimate that 310,000 shad entered the River to spawn COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 Previous studies done by the Bureau and Virginia biologists has led to the conclusion that overfishing has not been a serious problem in the York River sys- tem during the past 20 years and that further protective legislation is not war- rented at this time. Thus, shad fisher- men have been able to legally catch as many fish as they could use or sell. Last year's records indicate that the average weight per buck or male shad was 2.3 pounds and for female or roe shad, 3.2 pounds. In 1959, pound nets took about 3 percent of the total catch; fyke nets, 2 percent; haul seines, less than 1 percent; stake gill nets, 48 per- cent; and drift gill nets 46 percent of the catch. The age of the shad, as deter- mined from scale samples, showed that the catch was predominantly 3- and 4- year old buck shad and 5-year old roe shad. The oldest fish sampled was 7 years old. Fishermen have been requested to keep careful records of their catches and to return all tags recovered from fishes as soon as possible. A fishery research biologist from Bureau's Beaufort Lab- oratory, reports that about 300 shad were tagged on the spawning grounds in 1959 in an attempt to determine if York River shad return to the same stream to spawn in successive years. Fishermen were re- quested to keep a special look-out for these tags to enable the biologists to com- plete this phase of their work. Shrimp COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC STUDY BEGINS: A comprehensive economic study of domestic shrimpindustry production has been inaugurated by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The study will deal with an intensive analysis of com- petitive conditions in the industry. A declining trend in catch per vessel and increased foreign competition were noted inanearlier study. These trends will be studied in more detail. and about half of these were caught by the _1/ Published as Special Scientific Report-Fisheries Nos. fishermen. 277 and 308, Survey of the United States Shrimp In- dustry . April 1960 The objectives of the long-range study are to determine the position of the do- mestic shrimp industry in relation to foreign-based shrimp industries; to ex- amine economic trends in the domestic shrimp industry; to analyze special prob- lems retarding productivity; to recom~- mend measures to solve or mitigate such problems. The first phase of this study will be done by the University of Florida under a contract from the Bureau. The objec- tives of this phase are to assess the ef- ficiency of vessel and boat operations in the principal shrimp fisheries of the South Atlantic States and the Gulf of Mex- ico area; and to appraise each fishery as a potential source of supply, bearing in mind the factor mentioned above and port facilities, labor available, naviga- tional hazards, shore facilities for proc- essing, refrigeration, and transport. This phase of the study will be conducted in the shrimp fisheries in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Information already available in the files of the Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries, data from Federal Trade Com- mission studies, and from vessel docu- mentations at the Bureau of Customs will be available for the study. The reason for the study is the eco- nomic distress in which the shrimp in- dustry now finds itself, despite the fact that it holds first place in dollar value of all United States fishery products. During World War II and the early post- war years, the domestic shrimp indus- try prospered. The shrimp catch, which was 143 million pounds in 1938, jumped to 200 million pounds by i951. Since then it has consistently held to more than 200 million pounds but at no time has it reached the 1954 peak of 268 mil- lion pounds. Improved processing and better mar- kets led to an expansion of demand and, in turn, location of some new fishing grounds, a sharp increase in the number of fishing vessels, and improvements in both equipment and methods of fishing. Even with more vessels at work, there has been a decline in total landings since COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 1954. This decline in average rate of catch per vessel has resulted in an in- crease in unit costs of production. The contract with the University of Florida is financed with funds made a- vailable by the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of 1954. Under the contract terms not more than $16,400 will be spent on Phase I of the study. This phase is to be com- pleted by December 15, 1960. Standards HEARINGS ON PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR FROZEN RAW HEADLESS SHRIMP: Five open meetings were scheduled in March for hearings on the proposed United States Standards for Grade for Frozen Raw Headless Shrimp. The meetings were held in Jacksonville, Fla., New Orleans, La., Corpus Christi, Tex., Los Angeles, Calif., and Chicago, Ill., and conducted by technologists of the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, An invitation to at- tend the hearings was extended to pack- ers, brokers, distributors, users, and others interested in the grade standards for frozen raw headless shrimp. ay Tagging RADIOACTIVE FISH TAG USE LICENSED BY ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION: On February 16, 1960, the Atomic En- ergy Commission issued a license to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for the use of a new low-level radioactive fish tag to be used in Southeastern Alaska herring migration studies. The new tag, like the old type, is inserted in the body cavity of the herring, but being radio- active, is much more speedily and ac- curately recovered by special detectors at the processing plant. Thousands of herring will eventually be tagged, re- leased, and then caught again at a later date by fishermen who deliver them to the processing plant. Fish tagged with the radioactive ''belly insert tag'' are 30 immediately detected at the plant, re- covered, measured, and aged. In this way the strength of year-classes or pop- ulations, and the migrations of these fishes may be determined for manage- ment purposes, It is not known at pres- ent when the tagging program will get under way. It is unlikely that the public would ever come into contact with the new tag because of many precautionary measures. Even so, the tags areof such low-level radioactivity that no hazard exists. QC United States Fishing Fleet 1/ Additions JANUARY 1960: A total of 16 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued first documents as fish- ing craft during January 1960--adecrease able 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft by Areas, January 1960 | January _| Total | 1960 | 1959 Area 1959 Pir nbkourre’ mee Omen Note: Vessels have been assigned to the various areas on the basis of their home ports. i o of 13 vessels able 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft anuary 1960 Number compared with the same month in 1959. The Chesapeake a- rea led with 5 vessels, fol- lowed by the Gulf with 4, and the South Atlantic with 3. The Pacific, the New England, and the Middle Atlantic areas accounted for the remaining 4 vessels. 1/ Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 U. S. Foreign Trade EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, DECEMBER 1959: Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and processed fish and shellfish into the U- nited States during December 1959 in- creased 12.5 percent in quantity and 6.4 percent in value as compared with No- vember 1959. The increase was due pri- marily to higher imports of groundfish fillets and blocks (up 2.4 million pounds), frozen albacore and other tuna (up 9.8 million pounds), and to a lesser degree, an increase in the imports of Canadian lobsters and fillets other than groundfish. The increase was partly offset by a 3.4- million-pound decrease in the imports of canned tuna in brine, fresh and frozen salmon (down 3.4 million pounds), and canned salmon (down 1.6 million pounds). United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, December 1958 with Comparisons [Quantity | Item PRecember ear Year [1959 | 1958] tose | 1959 | 1958 | 1958 Imports: (Millions of Lbs. (Millions of $). “Fish € & shellfish: Fresh, aaine processed! 97.8|78.9 |956.8| 28.2 | 23.4 |278.4 ee ae ERS & frozen... 5.5} 4.4] 41.2 1.2 1/ Includes pastes, "sauces, clam chowder, and juice, and other specialties. Compared with December 1958, the imports in December 1959 were up 24.0 percent in quantity and 20.5 percent in value due to higher imports of frozen al- bacore tuna (up 7.1 million pounds), groundfish fillets and blocks (up 7.8 mil- lion pounds), and canned tuna in brine (up 3.6 million pounds). Compensating, in part, for the increases was a drop of about 3.5 million pounds in the imports of frozen tuna other than albacore, fresh and frozen salmon (down 1.1 million pounds), and canned salmon (down 1.0 million pounds). Fish & shellfish: Processedl/only United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in December 1959 were lower by 43.0 percent in quantity and 66.7 percent in value as compared with No- vember 1959. April 1960 IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA: The quantity of tuna canned in brine which may be imported into the United States during the calendar year 1960 at the 124-percent rate of duty had not been determined as of March 14, 1960. The quota for 1959 was 52,372,574 pounds. Any imports in excess of the quota are dutiable at 25 percent ad val- orem. Imports from January 1-February 27, 1960, amounted to 5,168,179 pounds, ac- cording to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs. GO Eugene f COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Wholesale Prices, February 1960 WHOLESALE PRICES, FEBRUARY 1960: In February this year wholesale prices for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 121.8 percent of the 1947-49 average were about unchanged from the preceding month, Increases in wholesale fresh and frozen shrimp prices were just about offset by lower prices for drawn and filleted haddock, From February a year ago to this Febru- ary over-all wholesale fishery products prices were down by 8.9 percent due to lower prices for a majority of the i- tems that make up the index, particularly haddock and shrimp. The weaker market for haddock at Boston, which has been evident during past few months, continued into Febru- ary this year, Landings of both large and small haddock through February this year were lower than in the same period a year ago, but the sharply higher inventories of frozen haddock fillets and other fillets continued to depress the market for fresh fish at New England ports. The drawn, dressed, and whole finfish subgroup index declined one per- cent from January to February this year due to a 5.1-per- cent drop in the price for large drawn haddock and a drop of about one cent a pound for frozen dressed halibut. These de- clines were just about offset by increases in wholesale prices for. frozen king salmon, round whitefish, and yellow pike. Compared with February a year ago, the subgroup index was down by 14.9 percent due to lower wholesale prices for all the items that make up the group. The sharpest price de- clines occurred in drawn haddock (down 43.2 percent) and in dressed halibut (down 12.0 percent). Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, February 1960 With Comparisons Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned). Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh... . Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz. Salmon, king, Ige, & med., drsd., fresh or froz, Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh... . Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20=1b. tins .~. Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh . . Oysters, shucked, standards Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg... . Haddock, sml,, skins on, 1-lb. pkg. . . Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb. pkg... . Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), 5-Ib. pkg. .. .. GannedrisherysEroducts:Sy se meled ici oineiiieiliol aitolayroutetanrelre - - |Seattle Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/es. Tuma, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 oz.), 29) GMB 5 0 0y040-0)0-de00N0 20°00 OTS 6 Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, No, 1 oval (15 o2z.), Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawa (G=38/4\0z2)) L00lcans/esi. st) «1s 2 os Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Pricing [Unit ($) ee « «je © 8 8 ee lel el el el Boston New York New York Chicago Los Angeles cs, Los Angele Indexes (194'7-49=100) Feb. 1960 Jan, 1960 131.8 124.9 New York |cs. |1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 16th of the month occurs, These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fish- ery Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices, 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Fresh processed fish and shellfish wholesale prices in February 1960 were down 0.6 percent from the preceding month, An increase of 5.3 percent in fresh shrimp prices at New York City was more than offset by a drop of 5.7 percent in fresh haddock fillet prices and a 5,4-percent drop in fresh shucked oyster prices. A decline of 11.0 percent oc- curred in the subgroup index from February last year to Feb~ ruary this year due to sharp price drops of 32.2 percent for fresh haddock fillets and 22.8 percent for fresh shrimp. However, during the same period shucked oyster prices rose 10.4 percent. The wholesale price index for frozen processed fish and shellfish in February 1960 was higher by 2.1 percent as com- pared with January this year. Frozen shrimp prices in- creased (about 3 cents a pound) and frozen ocean perch fillets were up about 1/2 cent a pound in February as compared with the preceding month. From February last year to February this year the subgroup index was down 19.8 percent, due pri- marily to a 26.2-percent decline in frozen haddock fillet prices and a 22.2-percent drop in frozen shrimp prices. In addition, frozen flounder and ocean perch fillets were lower by 9.7 percent and 11.3 percent, respectively. From January to February this year wholesale canned fish prices were unchanged, The index for the canned sub- group has moved over a narrow range of less than 1 percent since August 1959. As compared with February a year ago, primary canned fish prices in February this year were high- er by 5.1 percent. In February 1960, prices were up 10.0 percent for canned pink salmon, 6.4 percent for Maine sar- dines, and 8,4 percent for California sardines. However, canned tuna prices in February this year were down 1.8 per- cent from February a year ago. As of the end of February this year, canned tuna was the principal canned fish with sub~ stantial stocks, Stocks of Maine sardines were light. Stocks of both California sardines and Pacific salmon were extreme- ly light with 5-8 months remaining before new packs become available, Vol. 22, No. 4 Virginia FISH EGGS AND LARVAE SURVEYS IN OCEAN WATERS CONTINUED: The biologists of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, aboard the M/V Pathfinder continued surveying the ocean waters off Virginia's coast for fish eggs and larval fishes during January 1960. The biologists reported large numbers of what appeared to be larval menhaden in the water 30-40 miles offshore. On the first cruise to ocean waters in December 1959, large numbers of fish eggs were col- lected and an abundance of larval flounders less than ;~inch long. Hake larvae were also abundant, but only one larval croaker was collected. One of the puzzles which the Laboratory is trying to solve is the location of the spawning grounds and movements of croakers, spot, and otherimportant fish. Water temperatures off the coast in the third week of January were between40 and 45 F.and surface temperatures in Virgin- ia eastern shore inlets were about 34 F. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1960 p. 33. = TWO OF 1959'S "TWENTY BEST" SANDWICHES FEATURED FISH Since 1956, the National Restaurant Association andthe Wheat Flour Institute have sponsored an annual National Sandwich Idea Contest and ''August is Sandwich Month"! pro- motion. More than 800 entries were received in 1959 from From these the 20 best restaurant owners and employees. new ideas for sandwich combinations were picked and pre- sented at the National Restaurant Convention at the Navy Pier in Chicago. The sandwich ideas were scored on the basis of practicability, suitability to various types of res- taurant service, appearance, newness, and flavor. Two of 1959's ''twenty best'' sandwiches featured fishery products, whereas 5 of the 20featured fish in 1958. April 1960 —— = FOREIGN 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 International PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION HALIBUT REGULATIONS FOR 1960: Fishing for halibut will begin May 1 in all North Pacific areas except in waters west of the Shumagin Islands, ac- cording to the recommendation of the International Pacific Halibut Commission to the governments of the United States and Canada, The 1960 regulations are almost the same as those in effect in 1959. In light of the scientific findings and discussions with the industry, the Commission is rec~ ommending to the two Governments the following regula- tions for the 1960 season: Fishing areas shall be the same as in 1959: Area 1A-- south of Heceta Head, Oreg.; Area 1B-~between Heceta Head and Willapa Bay, Wash.; Area 2--between Willapa Bay and Cape Spencer, Alaska; Area 3A~~between Cape Spencer and Shumagin Islands; Area 3B--waters west of Area 3A, including Bering Sea. Opening date for halibut fishing in all areas except Area 3B shall be May 1 (at 6:00 a.m.). Opening date for halibut fishing in Area 3B shall be at 6:00 a.m. April 1. In Area 1A there shall be one fishing season, without catch limit, extending from May 1 to 6:00 a.m. October 16 or to the closure of Area 3A, whichever is later. In Area 3A there shall be one fishing season, with a catch limit of 30 million pounds, commencing on May 1 and terminating at the time of attainment of the catch limit. In Area 3B there shall be one fishing season, without catch limit, extending from April 1 to October 16 or to the closure of Area 3A, whichever is later. In Area 2 there shall be two fishing seasons throughout the entire area. In Area 2 the catch in the first season shall be limited to 26.5 million pounds. The second fishing season in Area 2 shall begin at 6:00 a.m. September 11, for a period of 7 days without catch limit. In Area 1B there shall be two fishing seasons, identical in duration to those in Area 2, and without catch limits, The grounds in Area 2 off Masset at the north end of Queen Charlotte Islands and off Timbered Islet off the west coast of Prince of Wales Island in southeastern Alaska, which were closed for a number of years prior to 1958, shall be open to fishing in 1960 as in 1959, The Halibut Commission is responsible to Canada and the United States for the investigation and regulation of the halibut fishery of the northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Its specific function is the development-of the stocks of halibut to levels that will permit the maximum sustained yield, and its decisions regarding regulations are based upon the findings of its scientific staff. During the past 28 years of Commission management, there has been progressive improvement of the stocks and an increase in annual yield. The annual catch which had declined to 44 million pounds in 1931, the year before regu- lation, has averaged more than 66 million pounds during each of the past four years. The 1959 catch of 71.5 million pounds was worth nearly $13 million at the vessel level. The International Pacific Halibut Commission concluded its Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting late in February at its headquar- ters at the University of Washington, Seattle, with Chairman William M. Sprules of Ottawa, Ontario, presiding. Other members of the Commission are Andrew W. Ander- son of Washington, D, C., Vice Chairman, and Mattias Mad- sen and William A. Bates representing the United States; and Harold S, Helland and Richard Nelson representing Can- ada. Andrew W. Anderson of Washington, D. C., was elected Chairman and Dr. William M. Sprules of Ottawa, Ontario, Vice Chairman for the ensuing year. The Commission reviewed the past year’s fishery and the research conducted by its scientific staff at its meeting. It dealt with administrative matters and approved a research program for 1960. In the course of its sessions the Commis~ sion conferred not only with its staff, but also with represen- tatives of the halibut fishermen’s, vessel owners’ and dealers organizations, and with its Industry Advisory Group consisting of representatives of each of the foregoing segments of the in- dustry. The scientific findings and all suggestions for regu- lations in 1960 were discussed at these meetings. In addition the Commission also conferred with representatives of the federal enforcement agencies of both countries regarding * their plans for expansion of such activities on different sec- tions of the Pacific Coast. The Commission also announced that the 1961 Annual Meet~- ing will take place at Prince Rupert, British Columbia. Since in the past the United States and Canadian govern- ments have accepted the recommendations of the Commis~ sion without changes, it is fairly certain that the 1960 regu- lations as recommended by the Commission will be ap- proved by the two governments, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION U. S. PROPOSALS FOR WORLD CONFERENCE ON TUNAS AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FISHERY PRODUCTS ACCEPTED: The United States Delegation to the Tenth Session of the FAO Conference (held in Rome, October 31-November 20, 1959) reports that: "The Conference recognized the value of holding world conferences in various fishery fields as a potent means of fur- thering the objectives of FAO; the re- ports of these conferences of experts formed the basis for creative action, and determined the direction that future activities should take. 34 International (Contd.): "Two major proposals by the United States Delegation were accepted and written into the report of the Conference. The first proposal, dealing with a world conference on the biology of tunas, was received favorably by all delegates, and the suggestion was made that the confer- ence be held in Hawaii, because it is a major center for research of tunas, and has excellent facilities for a conference. In the absence of specific authority for the United States Delegation to issue an invitation, the time and place of this con- ference were left to the Director Gener- al to work out, in consultation with inter- ested governments. The other proposal, dealing with a symposium on the nutritive value of fishery products, was also re- ceived favorably, and the Committee has requested the Director General to go in- to the possibility of organizing this sym- posium as a joint activity of the Fisher- ies and Nutrition Divisions, subject to the availability of funds." MARINE OILS ESTIMATED WORLD PRODUCTION, 1957-60: World production of marine oils (in- cludes whale and sperm whale oils and fish and fish-liver oils) in 1960 is ex- pected to be about 3 percent above 1959 mainly because of a larger crop of whale oil from the 1959/60 Antarctic whaling season, Catch goals announced by the nations participating in Antarctic whaling total 17,500 blue-whale units, an increase of 2,200 units over 1958/59. The pro- duction of sperm oil this year is not ex- pected to rise, since prices received for the 1959 production were relatively low. Table 1 - Estimated World Production of Marine Oils, 1957-60 , «(1,000 Short Tons)... . 440 415 435 440 125 125 135 110 500 490 470 485 2/Partly forecast. 1/Forecast. Fish oil production may be up Slightly if the Norwegian winter and spring herring catch in1960 recovers from the low lev- els of 1958-59. (Foreign Crops and Markets, U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, January 28, 1960.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEAL COMMISSION THIRD ANNUAL MEETING: The North Pacific Fur Seal Commis- sion adjourned its third Annual Meeting | on January 27, 1960. The meetings were marked by a spirit of cooperation among the four participating delegations from Canada, Japan, U.S. S. R., and the United States. Each country on the Commission is represented by a Commissioner and Advisers. The Commission, which was established under the provisions of the 1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of the North Pacific Fur Seals, signed at Washington on February 9, 1957, had opened its third Annual Meeting in Mos- cow on January 25. The Commission has as its major responsibility investigation of the fur- seal resources of the North Pacific Ocean. The objective of this investiga- tion is to determine the measures which will make possible the maximum sustain- able yield from these resources, with due regard for their relation to the pro- ductivity of other living marine resources in the area. In accordance with plans de- veloped by the Commission at its first and second meetings, research agencies of the four Governments are carrying on research at sea, while United States scientists carry on research on the breed- ing grounds on the Pribilof Islands in the Eastern Bering Sea, and Soviet scientists do similar work on the Commander Is- lands in the Western Bering Sea, and on Robben Island in the Okhotsk Sea. The investigations are concentrated on dy- namics of the fur-seal populations, dis- tribution and migration at sea, feeding habits, and harvesting methods. In the course of its deliberation, the Commission reviewed the results of the 1959 scientific research programs of the four Member Governments--Canada, Ja- pan, the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- lics, and the United States--regarding the fur seals of the North Pacific Ocean, It particularly noted the favorable growth of the Robben and Kommondorski herb and the progress being made on the Pribilof herd management program in- troduced in 1957 to develop the maximum sustainable yield from that herd. The 1959 research work revealed that young April 1960 International (Contd.): tagged seals from the Pribilof Islands occurred in some numbers on the Com- mander Islands. A few Pribilof tagged fur seals even went as far afield as Rob- ben Island west of Sakhalin. The Com- mission also approved a coordinated plan for research during the 1960 sea- son. The Japanese Commissioner was elected Chairman of the Commission to serve through the next Annual Meet- ing and the U. S. S. R. Commissioner was elected Vice-Chairman. It was agreed that the next Annual Meeting of the Commission would be held in Tokyo beginning January 30, 1961. Investigations at sea will begin in early February 1960 on both sides of the Pacific. Investigations at the rook- eries will begin in the early summer as the seals arrive at the end of their an- nual migration to the breeding ground. Under the provisions of the Interim Convention, commercial harvesting of seals at sea is prohibited. All harvest- ing is done on the breeding grounds under the control of the United States on the Pribilof Islands, and under the con- trol of the Soviet Government on Robben Island and the Commander Islands. Notes See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1959, p. 46. ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION TO BE REORGANIZED At the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Organization for European Eco- nomic Cooperation and also at special meetings held in Paris, January 12-14, 1960, anagreement was reached by the 20 Organization for European Economic Cooperation governments to replace the OEEC with a new organization in which the United States and Canada could participate as full members, Under the present organization, both are associate members. Upon his return to Washington, Under Secretary of State Douglas Dillon, who represented the United States at the meetings, issued the following statement: COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 "|, At these special meetings the 20 governments reached decisions which are of great potential importance for the future of economic cooperation in the Free World. Agreement was reached to work together for the establishment of a successor organization to the OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation) in which the United States could participate as a full member and which would facilitate cooperation be- tween the industrialized nations of the Free World in meeting the major eco- nomic problems which will face the world during the coming decade. "As a result of the Paris decisions we also have reason to expect that a serious and successful effort will now be made to solve the problems of Euro- pean trade connected with the European Economic Community, and the European Free Trade Association--the Six and the Seven. We have obtained assurances that any solution will take full account of the interests of the United States and other countries in accordance with the princi- ples of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Also during the Paris meetings the governments of a number of capital ex- porting nations agreed to consult togeth- er on their efforts to provide develop- ment assistance to the less developed areas. This group will probably holdits first meeting in Washington in the near future." Australia GOOD CATCHES ON NEW SHRIMP GROUNDS REPORTED: Australia's chartered exploratory fishing vessel Challenge towards the end of 1959 reported the discovery of a shrimp fishing area off Cape Moreton. A report from the Challenge, covering work during the third week of November 1959, says: Shrimp were obtained in all depths between 20-32 fathoms, the most pro- ductive depths being 27-32 fathoms. In over 32 fathoms shrimp were obtained, but the ground carries large quantities of starfish. 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Australia (Contd.): One drag on November 19 of 60 min- utes yielded 70 pounds of king shrimp in a depth of 32 fathoms. Size range was from 3-9 inches and averaged 6-7 inches (heads on), Drags were made out to 80 fathoms but no shrimp were found. The area tested extends at least 15 miles from northeast to northwest of Cape Moreton. The Challenge later fished the area in company with 7 trawlers which had had difficulty in finding the ground. Catches for those vessels ranged from 400-700 pounds of king shrimp for the night. Some 170 pounds of king shrimp were taken by the Challenge using an American balloon trawl. Leaving Cape Moreton, the Challenge trawled east of Moreton, Stradbroke, and South Stradbroke Islands in depths to 80 fathoms. Only a small quantity of shrimp was taken. The area showed reasonably good trawlable ground which could hold shrimp, Between November 28 and Decem- ber 8 the Challenge worked from South- port to Tweed Heads, Byron Bay, and Ballina. The bottom between Southport and Tweed Heads seemed unsuitable for trawling, but off Ballina, in 44-45 fath- oms, 15 pounds of king shrimp were obtained, It was the best show of king shrimp found in over 40 fathoms. It was intended to work the area at night. The ground appeared to be hard. (Aus- tralia Fisheries Newsletter, January 1960.) ok OK OK Vol. 22, No. 4 RESTRICTIONS ON IMPORTS OF SOME FISHERY PRODUCTS REMOVED: In another step towards normal world trading, Australia has removed rstric- tions on imports of fresh, chilled, and frozen fish from the dollar area. Aus- tralia makes the fourth country (others are Italy, United Kingdom, and France) which liberalized restrictions on the imports of some fishery products from the dollar area during 1959 or early 1960. In November 1959, Australia lift- ed restrictions on imports of fresh and frozen salmon. He OK OK Fk OK SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Although the Australian Government and the fishing indus- try are interested in expanding both the shrimp catch and ex- ports, expansion of the shrimp industry has been slow. At an estimated catch level of 6.5 million pounds (heads on) in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1960, the landings would be down slightly from the preceding fiscal year total of 6.8 million pounds. Fishing Fleet: There are about 150 vessels engaged full time in the Australian shrimp fishery, These vessels range in size from 30-60 feet in length with motors up to about 350 horsepower. During the peak shrimp fishing season, the fleet increases to about 200 vessels. Prices being paid to the vessels for exportable sizes of shrimp (mostly 21-25 and 26-30 count) were from 39-42 U.S. cents a pound, Catches of shrimp are sold ungraded. Total costs for processing shrimp for export amount to about 23-24 cents a pound, including all costs to point of shipment other than stor~ age at point of export. This latter cost, if incurred, would increase the total cost by 1 or 2 cents a pound, Additional costs to the distributor’s level in the United States would in- clude ocean freight, insurance, handling, storage, and broker’s commission, Ex-Vessel Prices and Costs of Production for Export: Export Trade in Shrimp: Australian statistics do not list the value of shrimp exports as those exports are combined with exports of other shellfish in the export statistics. The Australian Fisheries Division of the Department of Primary Industry estimates that exports for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1960, will be about 450,000 pounds of headless shrimp, or about 5 percent higher than the 1958/59 fiscal year exports of 427,000 pounds. Export Controls and Taxes: There are no taxes or other export restrictions imposed on the shrimp exported from Australia. Under the Exports Regulations, shrimp must be processed in an establishment approved by the Government. The regulations prescribe certain sanitary requirements, freezing times, and maximum temperatures for freezing and storage. Inspectors for the Government in- sure compliance with the regulations. Table 1 - Australia’s Landings and Value of Heads-On Shrimp by Species, 1956/57-1958/59 Fiscal Year 1/ 1958/59...... TOST/5Bi. cree ciene T9S6/5i'« « eiaie,e 1/Fiscal year July-June. 2/Australian pounds converted at rate of US$2.24=1 BA, Species of Shrimp ota ee 46 37 30 April 1960 Australia (Contd.): Table 2 - Australia’s Exports / of Headless Shrimp, meciscaly Years HOBETE LOR IED —_ |agsa/s9 | 1957/58 | 1956/57 Summary: In view of the slow rate of expansion of the Australian shrimp fishery, it appears unlikely that shrimp exports to the United States will exceed the present level for some time in the future. (U. S. Embassy in Canberra, report dated December 11, 1959.) 2K OK OK TUNA FISHERY HAS GOOD SEASON: To December 10, 1959, one Austra- lian firm with canneries had received about 1,600 metric tons of tuna. The catch for the season came in bursts and the firm used more tuna in a shorter time than ever before. The newclipper Estelle Star was believed to be the top boat. Tuna were apparently moving south, being taken off Cape Howe. Some yellowfin showed up in the Eden area-- 300 boxes taken in Lakes Entrance area, were about 15-lb. fish. The tuna clippers Fairtuna and Ta- coma returned to South Australia, re- portedly with 20 tons of tuna. Some more of their tuna was held by another Australian firm (Sydney) which said they would merchandise it. An Austra- lian firm was paying 5d, a pound ($93 short ton) for tuna 15-80 pounds and 4d. a pound ($75 ton) for other sizes for landings at Pt. Lincoln or Adelaide, (Australia Fisheries Newsletter, Janu- ary 1960.) Brazil NEW SHORE-BASED WHALING STATION ESTABLISHED: A new Brazilian land-based whaling station is being installed in the northern part of the State of Rio de Janeiro, about 500 miles north of the whaling station at Imbituba, in the State of Santa Catarina. The station will operate from May to No- vember, or during the same periods as COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 other Brazilian land-based whaling sta- tions. According to information received from the International Whaling Commis~ sion in London, the estimated production of the new station will be 390 blue-whale units, derived from minke and sperm whales. EDN ay G4 British Guiana EXPANSION OF SHRIMP FISHERY CAUSES CONCERN: During the latter part of 1959 an in- creasing amount of attention was given by United States and Venezuela shrimp fishermen to the establishment of opera- tions in British Guiana. At the present time there is a corpora- tion in British Guiana that operates two vessels, and in addition accepts the catches of approximately 27 additional vessels (principally from Florida and Texas) fishing off British Guiana. During the past 10 months this corpo- ration has forwarded to the United States market 1.1 million pounds of frozen shrimp valued at about US$500,000. There are strong indications that a number of additional trawlers that have operated out of Venezuela are now Seri- ously interested in moving to new grounds because of various difficulties with the Venezuelan Government and merchants regarding their operations. There are applications for permis- sion to fish out of British Guiana origi- nating from this Venezuelan group for about 12 additional trawlers, and it also appears that more trawlers are gradual- ly coming in from Florida, probably a- bout 20 vessels. The Department of Fisheries of Brit- ish Guiana is extremely concerned that this influx of vessels could well cause a serious situation because of the large number of very young fish caught during shrimp fishing and because the fish are discarded thereby creating a serious waste of potential fish in British Guiana waters. Special concern is also caused by the shrimp vessels catching a large quantity of young red snappers which 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW British Guiana (Contd.): are an important source of food and in- come to that country. Fishing vessels operating out of Brit- ish Guiana come under local regulations which require owners or masters to ac~ cept Government personnel to accompa- ny vessels on voyages whereby techni- cians can observe at first hand methods and operations, and more particularly evaluate the proportion of fish being dis- carded from shrimp catches. (United States Embassy in Georgetown, Febru- ary 2, 1960.) Y NA British North Borneo TUNA FISHING COMPANY ESTABLISHED BY JAPANESE: A Japanese company has decided to establish a joint tuna fishing company in British North Borneo with its base on a small island 60 miles east of Tawau In February 1960 the Japanese company's freezership Guiyo Maru (3,800 tons) was expected to sail for Borneo. In the beginning, five skipjack boats will be used to catch an estimated 8,000 tons a year. The cannery, which will be set-up in conjunction with the fishing operation, is expected to pack 100,000 cases the first year. Thecapi- tal of the new company will be some $638,889. (Fisheries Economic News, January 30, 1960.) Cameroun! NEW NATION HAS PROMISING FISHERIES RESOURCES: The fishing industry has just recent- ly begun to be exploited in Cameroun. In spite of a relatively limited coast line (about 186 miles), Cameroun's maritime fishing industry looks quite promising, for the country is well endowed with numerous salt-water lagoons and the 1/Became an independent state January 1, 1960, and is located in the Gulf of Guinea. Formerly was part of French Equatorial Africa and a United Nations Trustee- ship under French rule. Vol. 22, No. 4 huge estuary of the Wouri River at Dou- ala. By the end of November 1959 ex- ports had already amounted to 422 tons. Fishing in Cameroun is practiced by about 1,500 natives composing two dis- tinct groups, those who work for Euro- pean-owned fishing companies and inde- pendent fishermen. The former fish by trawling, mostly for a type of sea perch called ''Otolithes.'' Other fish caught in Cameroun waters are sole, catfish, dol- phin, shark, ray, gurnard, hogfish, mul- let, conger eel, spiny lobster, shrimp, crab, tuna, barracuda, seapike, and carp. The independent fishermen use pirogues and fish with hand lines and cast net. More fish is being eaten locally in the south of Cameroun each year, which is usually dried and smoked before being marketed. The fresh fish market is pri- marily controlled by the European-own- ed companies. It is believed that as Cameroun turns more and more to its own resources, now that it is independent, one of the in- dustries which will expand is the fishing industry. (United States Embassy in Ya- ounde, February 15, 1960.) Canada BRITISH COLUMBIA FISH MEAL PLANTS CLOSED DUE TO POOR MARKET: In mid-December 1959, the independently-operated fish meal and oil plants in British Columbia announced that they would not reopen their plants following the Christmas holi- days due to the depressed world market for fish meal and oil. As of the end of January this year, the reduction plants remained closed with the exception of one fishermen’s coop- erative in Prince Rupert. The usual spring opening of the 1959 herring fishing sea~ son in British Columbia was delayed until early October due to a dispute between the plant operators and the fishermen’s union over the ex-vessel price for herring to be used for re- duction. The fishermen’s union had demanded a 14,6-per- cent increase over the 1958 price of $13 aton. The fish meal and oil plants rejected this offer and the union finally ac- cepted a two-year contract at the 1958 ex-vessel price, Her- ring fishing began on October 6, 1959. In spite of the short fishing season, landings of herring through December 19, 1959, amounted to 166,251 tons as compared with 174,576 tons landed during the normal-length season of 1958 up to that same date. Spokesmen for the British Columbia herring reduction in- dustry in replying to protests by the fishermen’s union point out that when the original contract was signed (probably 1958 or earlier), herring meal was selling at about $162 a April 1960 Canada (Contd.): ton and that when the shutdown was announced in mid-De- cember 1959, prices had dropped to about $115 a ton, Dur- ing that period world oil prices also declined. The spokes- men attributed the drop in prices for fish meal and oil to the sharp increase in fish meal production by Peru, the bumper crop of fish meal and oil produced in South and South- West Africa, plus increased use of vegetable oils. The Brit- ish Columbia producers claim that they cannot compete with the low-priced fish meal from Peru (about $110 a ton f.o.b. U.S. port in January 1960). In rebuttal to statements by the fish meal and oil plant spokesmen, the union has accused the companies of ‘‘inefficient production methods’’ and also the Canadian Government of failure to broaden the market for herring. The company spokesmen claim that high produc- tion and labor costs prohibit British Columbia from pro- ducing canned, pickled, and smoked herring products. The British Columbia fishermen were reported to be looking for aid from the Provincial and Federal Govern- ments to pressure the plant operators to resume produc- tion as well as to cov.sider granting a subsidy to permit economic operation, In the 1959 season through December 19, British Colum- bia plants produced 30,031 tons of fish meal and 4,328,220 Imperial gallons of fish oil as compared to 31,337 tons of fish meal and 3,955,508 gallons of fish oil through the same date in 1958; (United States Consul’in Vancouver, January 22, 1960.) Ok OK OK OK BRITISH COLUMBIA SHUCKED OYSTER PRODUCTION HIGHER IN 1959: The British Columbia shucked oyster production in 1959 amounted to 74,632 Imperial gallons (89,558 U.S. gallons), higher by 18.8 percent than the 1958 production of 62,834 gallons. Prices to producers in December 1959 were as follows for Imperial measures: half-pints, C$0.33-0.40; pints, $0.65- 0.80; quarts, $1.00-1.65; gallons, $4.00- 3.25, Table 1 - British Columbia's Oyster Meats Production, 1958-59 - ee Imperial Measures cine allons 1959] 390, 837 24, 849| 38, 845| 3,503 |74, 632 1958} 313,889 | 21,414] 18,492] 32,675] 3,241 |62, 834 Note: Imperial gallon = 1,2003 U. S. gallons Retail prices in Vancouver on Janu- ary 15, 1960, were C$0.52-0.55 for an Imperial half-pint container. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1959, p- 61. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 Chile "LANGOSTINO'' INDUSTRY: The most important shellfish landed in Chile is the 'langostino,"' or salt-wa- ter crawfish (Galatheus monodon), This shellfish is not closely related to either the shrimp or spiny lobster, but is con- sidered by the United States fishery trade to be a ''spiny lobster-type meat'' and is classified as suchin U.S. Customs records, The ''langostinos'' are caught in depths ranging from 50 to 100 fathoms, and the fishing season is from May to December. Landings of about 12.6 million pounds in 1956 increased to 25,1 million pounds in 1957, and to 28.3 million pounds in1958. The fishermen receive 65 U.S. cents a case of 13 kilos, or about 2.27 U.S. cents a pound for the whole ''langostinos."' Observers state that the recovery from whole 'langostinos'' in terms of the cook- ed, peeled, and deveined tail portion ex- ported to the United States is only about 15 percent. Exports to the United States of the cooked, peeled, and deveined 'langostino tails’ began in 1955 (about 5,000 pounds) and climbed to 441,423 pounds in 1956, and were almost 1 million pounds inboth 1957 and 1958, according to U. S. Cus- toms records, HK OK OK OK SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Most of Chile's shrimp catch is made in cold deep water (100 fathoms or more) and are sold in Chile as ''camarones." The shrimp run about 120 to the pound heads off and are caught usually from May to December. According to esti- mates, the landings in 1959 amounted to about 750,000 pounds, or about 11 per- cent lower than the 842,000 pounds re- ported for 1958. Landings both in 1958 and 1959 were about three times the land- ings made in 1956 and 1957. As of December 1959, 15 vessels were reported to be engaged in the shrimp fishery. These shrimp fishing vessels, of 20-50 metric tons hold capacity, range in size from 44 to 80 feet in length and are powered by 100 to 300 German-made Diesel engines. 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Chile (Contd.): Shrimp processing plants purchase heads-on shrimp from the vessels at $1.10 per case of 15 kilos (about 3.33 U. S. cents a pound). Based on a head- less shrimp cost of about 10 U. S. cents a pound, other costs of deveining, cook- ing, freezing, packaging, and transporta- tion bring production costs up to about 42 U.S. cents a pound. Exports from 1956-59 were all tothe United States and amounted to 163,636 pounds in 1958, 45,340 pounds in 1957, and 84,027 pounds in 1956, according to U. S. Customs records. The 1959 budget of the Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion (Government Development Corporation) included US$500,000 for use in facilitating the pur- chase of fishing boats. InOctober 1959, the Government announced that the Minis- try of Agriculture wouldimport motors and fishing equipment to be sold oncredit to fisheries cooperatives in the Prov- inces of Tarapaca and Antofagasta. The Government hopes to extend credit to other fisheries districts in the future. A United States citizen proposes to es- tablish a shipyard at Iquique for building fishing vessels of native wood. The pro- posed vessels will be combination trawl- er-purse Seiners about 66 feet in length with a hold capacity of 100 tons. There are no taxes on shrimp ex- ports, but the processing companies are taxed. A letter of credit is required to obtain an export license. Inspections for quality are made at the plant and the point of shipment. (United States Embassy in Santiago, December 17, 1959.) Cuba GOVERNMENT ASSUMES CONTROL OF FISHING COOPERATIVES: In a brief Resolution published in the Cuban Official Gazette No. 9 of January ary 14, 1960, the INRA (National Agra- rian Reform Institute) formally assumed control over all the Cuban fishing coop- eratives. Vol, 22, No. 4 This confirms previous reports that the INRA intended to enter more actively into the fisheries field. However, no of- ficial announcement has been made con- cerning the reported possibility that the National Fisheries Institute (Instituto Na- cional de la Pesca) would be completely absorbed by the Fisheries Department of the INRA. ok ok ok ok RESOLUTION ESTABLISHES MAXIMUM PRICES FOR MANY FISH AND SHELLFISH: The Cuban Ministry of Commerce Resolution No. 3, which appeared in Of- ficial Gazette No. 6 of January 11,1960, established maximum prices to the public on a number of listed fish and shellfish products. The National Fisheries Institute (In- stituto Nacional de la Pesca) of the Cuban Maritime Development Office previously had established a new ceiling price to be paid to fishermen of US$12 per case of 60 pounds for whole spiny lobster or for 20 pounds of spiny lobster tails, which was to become effective retroactively to June 15, 1959, This decision, published in Official Gazette No. 207 of Novem- ber 2, 1959, is being hotly contested by the spiny lobster packing plant owners who may be obliged thereby to pay the difference between the new price of $12 per case and the formerly-agreed price of $11.50 per case, retroactively to June 15, 1959. The stated purpose of these pricing regulations are said to be to improve the economic position of the Cuban fish- ermen as aclass. The regulations mili- tate quite definitely against the packing plant owners. The Cuban Government claims that the consuming public will al- so benefit from these pricing measures, Recently the INRA (National Agrarian Reform Institute) was reported to have expropriated approximately 300 fishing vessels in Las Villas Province. The INRA is proceeding to establish fisher- men's cooperatives and is operating ice plants and ''peoples stores'' in that area. The INRA is also reported to have inter- vened several packing firms in Manzanil- lo, Oriente, which will henceforth be op- April 1960 Cuba (Contd.): erated as cooperatives. A boatyard in Manzanillo is also reported to have launched the first fishing boat construct- ed for the INRA. The INRA apparently has not yet felt it expedient to attempt to expropriate fishing concerns in the Habana area where it might be expected that the INRA would encounter considerable resistance, especially on the part of the Habana fish- ing fleet skippers who display no inten- tions of willingness to turn over their privately-owned boats to any cooperative fishing organizations. INRA has report- edly paid in cash for all the fishing fa- cilities it has thus far expropriated, the United States Embassy in Habana re- ported on January 18, 1960. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959, p. 76. Denmark EXPERIMENTS ON FRESH FISH SHIPMENTS PLANNED: Two fish exporters located inEsbjerg, Denmark, have been selected by the Dan- ish Ministry of Fisheries to carry out experimental shipments of various kinds of fresh fish to France and Italy. The project is being financed by a grant of 25,000 kroner (US$3,621), and will be supervised by experts from the Minis- try's research laboratory. The project is comprehensive, and will include tests of various packing ma- terials, insulation materials, and mar- ket researches of the demand for the fresh fish in the area to which they are shipped. The shipments will take place over a period of several months so that the effect of air temperature on the fish can also be taken into account. The first shipment is scheduled to go to Boulogne, France, states a United States Embassy dispatch from Copenhagen dated Janu- ary 29, 1960. " COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 Egypt EQUIPMENT FOR NEW SARDINE CANNING PLANT RECEIVED: According to press reports from Egypt, the Japanese equipment for the sardine canning plant to be set up at Damietta arrived early in February at Port Said. The reports state that the cost of setting up the new canning plant will be about 100,000 Egyptian pounds (about US$284,000 at official exchange rate) and that the plant will be in opera- tion in September 1960. The canned sar- dines produced by the plant are destined for export, the United States Consul at Port Said reported on February 2, 1960. French West Africa TUNA FISHERY TRENDS, DECEMBER 1959: The 1959/60 tuna fishing season off French West Africa began on November 1, 1959, one month earlier than in 1958. This will be the fifth tuna fishing season in that area and landings are expected to be up sharply from the 1958/59 season. A Senegalese delegation, headed by the Director of Cabinet of the Minister of Rural Economy, participated on Sep- tember 30, 1959, in the Paris meeting of the Tuna-Fish Interprofessional Com- mittee. It submitted the 1959/60 season's program which involves a catch of 16,000 metric tons of tuna (about 7,000 tons land- ed in 1958/59 season) and which was a- greed to according to official sources. Of that quantity, 7,500 tons are to be processed in the 5 local canneries (against 4,500 tons in 1958/59), 2,500 will be frozen in the Dakar area and shipped to French mainland canneries, and 6,000 tons are due to be frozen in Dakar for sale in foreign markets. In connection with the latter, the Minister of Rural Economy mentioned in a press interview late in November that a United States tuna canning firm had made "'ex- tremely interested proposals regarding the United States market. . .with a possi- bility of offering an outlet for as much as 10,000 tons annually.'' He also re- ferred to a contract for the supply of 3,000 tons of tuna which had been placed 42 French West Africa (Contd.): by Italy, which groups the tuna clippers of France and Senegal. The possibility of substantially ex- panding the tuna canning facilities in the Dakar area has been under consideration. A mission of three top executives, two representing France's fishing interests and the third the Caisse Centrale de Credits Cooperatifs pour la Peche, came to Dakar in October to study the possi- bility of establishing a tuna cannery with a capacity of 1,000 metric tons a month. If this project materializes, Dakar would have the largest such factory in French West Africa and, reportedly, of all the European Economic Community (EEC) countries. The 1959/60 16,000-ton tuna catch quota reportedly represents half of the expected total for the area. The Sene- galese Governmentis most anxious to develop the tuna resources, the United States Consul at Dakar reported on De- cember 17, 1959. (& German Federal Republic FOUR STERN-FISHING TRAWLERS ORDERED BY FISHING COMPANY: West Germany's largest ocean fish- ing company has contracted with Brem- erhaven shipyards for seven Diesel- powered trawlers. Four of the new ves- sels will be of the stern-fishing type. Two of the stern-fishing trawlers will be about 219.8 feet in length with a 36.1- foot beam. Both of these vessels will be equipped for freezing fish and for fish meal production. The other two stern-fishing trawlers, reportedly, will differ significantly in construction and method of operation from the usual type of stern-fishing trawler, The other three conventional trawlers will be built for the herring fishery. All seven vessels will be placed in service in 1960 and 1961. (Fiskets Gang, January 14, 1960, Norwegian trade paper.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 Greece AGREEMENT REACHED WITH PORTUGAL FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TWO FACTORYSHIPS: The Greek Government announced late in1959thatan agreement had been reach- ed with Portugal for the construction of two factoryships. The vessels will be 84 meters (about 256 feetinlength) and will be paid for from the proceeds of 5,200 metric tons of Greek tobacco sold to Por- tugal. The vessels are tobe sold to two Greek fishing companies on very liberal terms. The value of each factoryship is estimated tobe about US$1,850,000. The contract with the Greek fishing compa- nies calls for repayment of the loans in eight annual installments. The contract terms, which call for very little actual capital outlay on the part of two Greek fishing companies who will operate the vessels, has been the cause of some criticism on the part of the Greek fishing industry. (Aleia, De- cember 17, 1959.) 7K OK OK OK IK FROZEN FISH PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS INCREASE: The four Greek fishing vessels that fished off the Northwest African Coast (Mauritania) during 1959 landed 3,900 metric tons of frozen fish. In addition, frozen fish imports of 2,269 tons (valued at US$645,000) from January-June 1959 were up by 449 tons from the 1,820 tons (valued at US$468,000) imported in 1958. For the whole of 1959, it is estimated that frozen fish imports will total 5,000 tons, valued at US$1,500,000. In 1960 it is estimated that 10 vessels under construction in foreign shipyards will be added to the fleet. With these ad- ditions to the fleet of vessels equipped for freezing fish at sea, landings of fro- zen fish in 1960 are expected to be about 12,000 tons and by 1961 should reach 18,000 tons. Some Greek fishing firms find the ex- pansion of the landings and imports of frozen fish a cause of worry. These firms have requested the Government to postpone new Ship building and curtailim- ports, the Greek fishing periodical, Aleia reported inthe December 1959 issue. tuna PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall ANCHOVIES... 48 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC T/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING. SARDINES - CALIFORNIA SHRIMP - GULF STATES LEGEND: ee | 1959/60 CUMULATIVE DATA ——— 1958/59 CUMULATIVE DATA _| 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL - 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL = 2,222.6 1959/60 SEASON, AUG. - FEB, - 338.4 1958/59 SEASON, AUG. - FEB, - 452.5 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL ~ 864.0 JAN 0 AUG SEPT FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY OCT NOV DEC April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET SLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM- PARABLE WITH 1958. SHRIMP FROM MEXICO (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 1 MQ. 1960 - 5,9 1 1959 - 5.1 12 MOS. 1959 - 68.7 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Tuna 7 (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 20.9 1 MQ. 1960 1 1959 12 MOS, 1959 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS. U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH (in Oil and in Brine) CUMULATIVE DATA 1 Mg. 1960 - 4.9 1 1959 - 5.8 12 MOS. 1959 - 69.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH (Fresh and Frozen) 1 MQ. ER 12 MOS. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CUMULATIVE DATA 1 MQ. 1960 1 1959 12 MOS, 1959 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS CUMULATIVE DATA 14g. 1960 - 4.0 1 1959 - 0.7 12 MOS. 1959 - 64.7 CANNED SARDINES in Oil and not in Oil CUMULATIVE DATA 1 MQ. 1960 1 1959 12 MOS, 1959 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 83 84 - Wf 4 z FIS —=— i fe so p23 - FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D, C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG-~ NATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. - STATISTICAL SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRO- DUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES SL REVIEW. Number Title CFS-2175 - Louisiana Landings, June 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2179 - Shrimp Landings, August 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2184 - California Landings, July 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2192 - Mississippi Landings, October 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2193 - Fish Meal and Oil, November 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2208 - Texas Landings, November 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2211 - Rhode Island Landings, October 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2213 - Maine Landings, November 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2214 - New York Landings, November 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2215 - North Carolina Landings, December 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2217 - Frozen Fish Report, December 1959, 8 pp. CFS-2221 - New Jersey Landings, December 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2224 - New York Landings, December 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2230 - California Landings, August 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2231 - Fish Sticks and Portions, 1959 Annual Summary, 3 pp. CFS-2233 - California Landings, September 1959, 4 pp. Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1959 (Revised): = SL~-4 - Rhode Island. SL-5 - Connecticut. Sep. No. 581 - Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice: Part 1 - Preliminary Observations on Ma- chine-Peeling Characteristics and Product Quality. Sep. No. 582 - Braided Synthetic Twines and Their Use in the New England Trawl Fishery. THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED, California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, December Toso; 14 pp. (Market Rea Senrice: a le ee he RO ws ONS & vn ff OES a, PETA Pes U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery re- ceipts of tuna and tunalike fish, mackerel, an- chovies, and sardines; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines; marketfish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eu- reka areas; California imports; canned fishand frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for can- nery fish; American Tuna Boat Association auc- tion sales; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale Market Picea November 1959, 13 pp. arket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wild- life Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month indicated. Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments “of Fishery Products, January 1960, 8 pp. (Mar- ket News ee as U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, 609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments from New Orleans; whole- sale prices of fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; sponge sales; and im- ports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex., from Mexico; for the month indicated. ye ed ee Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selected Areas o irginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, January Lh 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery land- ings and production for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the North Car- olina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and More- head City; together with cumulative and com- parative data; for the month indicated. New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, De- EGmiter 1959, 23 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Common- wealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery ports, and pre- sents food fish landings by ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery prod- ucts in New England warehouses; fishery land- ings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massa- chusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Port- land and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), April 1960 and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products. prices to primary wholesalers at Bos- ton, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the New Eng- land Fish Exchange; for the month indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Month- ly Summar for November 1 , 20 pp. (Market News Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at NewYork City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen products, and mar- keting trends; for the month indicated. Production of Fishery Products in Selected Areas of Alal ama, Floriia- Ouisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, 1958, by Peter DiMarco, 25 pp., processed, December 1959. (Available free from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609- 611 Federal Bldg., 600 South St., New Orleans, La.) The first part reports on trends and con- ditions in Gulf Coast fisheries during 1958 and gives a resume of the individual fisheries. For the shrimp fishery, a detailed account is pre- sented of total landings by states, extent of cov- erage of landings, composition of shrimp land- ings by species and sizes, prices, canning, im- ports, cold storage stocks and freezings, gen- eral trends and developments, Pacific Coast shrimp developments, new leaflet issued on shrimp gear, and voluntary breaded shrimp standards. Discusses production and market conditions for the oyster and blue crab fisher- ies, as well as imports of fresh and frozenfish and shellfish. The second part includes shrimp closed seasons in effect in the Gulf States dur- ing 1958, minimum shrimp size regulations, conversion factors and container capacities, and shrimp sizes. The second part also contains statistical tables showing total fishery products landings by areas and species, by species and months, by areas and species by months; fish- ery imports through the New Orleans Customs District and Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex.; and LCL express shipments from New Orleans for 1958 by months and destination. Also in- cludes tables showing monthly range of whole- sale prices of fishery products on the New Or- leans French Market; Gulf States weekly oyster and shrimp packs, 1957/58 season and packs by season 1953/58; summary of Gulf shrimp landings for selected areas, 1957-58 and 5-year averages; and fishery products market classifi- cations in the Gulf area. Production of Bighery Products in Selected Areas oO: Tginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, 19 y William N. Kelly, 46 pp., processed. (Available free from the Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. KingSt., Hampton, Va.) Reviews commercial landings of fish and shellfish and the production of crab meat and shucked oysters as reported by pro- ducers and wholesalers in the specific areas mentioned. Covers production of fishery prod- ucts by months and by localities, shrimp land- ings in certain North Carolina localities, and production of certain shellfish in selected areas of Virginia and Maryland. The statistics in this summary represent partial commercial fish- eries production only and do not show complete COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 commercial landings or production for a given area, individual state, or the Chesapeake Bay area as a whole. However, the data do give an indication as to the trend in fisheries production for the specific areas designated and do reflect the over-all production trend. (Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and michenies? Monthly Summary, Jan- uary 1960, 9 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seat- tle 4, Wash.) Includes landings and local re- ceipts, with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and As- toria (Ore.), wholesale dealers; Seattle's otter trawl landings and prices; Northwest Pacific halibut landings; receipts of canned fishery products; and Washington shrimp landings; for the month indicated. THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Number Title MNL- 7 - Mexican Fisheries, 1958. MNL- 8 - Portuguese Fishing Industry. MNL- 9 - Fishery Developments in the Philip- pines for 1958. MNL-10 - Swedish Fisheries for 1958. MNL-11 - Spanish Fish and Shellfish Industry, 1958. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT Of DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Take a Can of Salmon, Circular No. 60, 17 pp., illus:, printed, 15 cents, 1960. The recipes in this booklet tested in the Bureau's own test kitchens, are calculated to satisfy a wide range of tastes. There are ''Salmon Crepes Bayou," which might suit the gourmet hostess planning a small buffet supper; and then there are ''Salm- onburgers,'' a tangy snack easily prepared by the busy mother of small children. Most of the recipes are illustrated with beautifully planned color photos. The economy, versatility, and nutritional value of canned salmon are em- phasized in the booklet. "If overweight is a problem in your family, you'll be glad to know that equal portions of salmon and lamb chops contain about the same amount of protein but four ounces of salmon contain only 150 calories while four ounces of lamb chops contain 450 calories,'' suggests the author. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND TIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE OR- GANIZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READ- TLY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN, ALGAE: "Algae as a Source of Human Food," article, Nutrition Reviews, vol. 17, August 1959, pp. 238-240, printed. Nutrition Foundation, Inc., 99 Park Ave., New York 16, N. Y. 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM, ALGINATES: "Information and Evaluation of Alginates. I,'' by Willibald Diemari and Hans Hermann Weichel, article, Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, vol. 54, 1958, pp. 51-55, -79, printed in German. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, Wissen- schaftliche Verlagsgessellschaft m.b.h., Birk- enwaldstrasse 44, Stuttgart N., Germany. Sodium Alginate as a Blood-Plasma Substitute, by Masanobu Tomoda, Kiyoshi Iguchi, and Eichi Ikeda, Japanese Patent No. 4593. Japanese Patent Office, Tokyo, Japan, June 11, 1958. AMINO ACIDS: "Biological Availability of Amino Acids in Fish Meals and Other Protein Sources," by L. E. Ousterhout, C. R. Grau, and B. D. Lundholm, article, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 69, Septem- ber 1959, pp. 65-73, printed. Journal of Nu- trition, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Bi- ology, 36th St. at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa. ANIMAL FEEDING: "Sources of Unidentified Factors for Practical Poultry Diets. 1--The Value of Fish Meals, Meat Meals, and Fish Solubles for Chicks and Broilers;'"' ''2--The Value of Fish Solubles, Dried Whey, Dried Distillers' Solubles, and Certain Fermentation Products for Chick and Broiler Diets;'' and ''3--The Value of Fish Sol- ubles, Dried Whey, and Certain Fermentation Products for Turkeys,"' by J. D. Summers, W. F. Pepper, and S. J. Slinger, articles, Poul- try Science, vol. 38, July 1959, pp. 816-825, -854, and 922-928, respectively, printed. Poultry Science Association, Kansas State Col- lege, Manhattan, Kans. ANTIBIOTICS: "The Use of Aureomycin for Fish Preservation under South African Conditions," by D. L Georgala, Progress Report No. 38, 5 pp., print- ed. Fishing Industry Research Institute, Uni- versity of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Union of South Africa, February 1959. BARENTS SEA: Promyslovye R Barentseva Moria i Ikh Pitanie Rukovodstvo Dlia Plavsostava Tralovogo Flota) (Fishes in the Barents Sea), by K. Konstantinov, 47 pp., illus., printed in Russian. Poliarnyi Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Morskogo _ Rybnogo Khoziaistva i Okeanografii im. N. M. Knipovicha (PINRO), Murmanskoe Knishnoe Izd-vo, U. S. S. R., 1959. BIOCHEMISTRY: "On Actomyosin of Squid Muscle from Salt-Ex- tract Preparation of Actomyosin," by Juichiro J. Matsumoto, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 2, 1558, pp. 125-132, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. "Biochemical Studies on the Growth and Matura- tion of Fish Organs. Ill--Vitamin B,, Contents of Fish Organs,'"' by Yasuyuki Shimidf, article, Nankai-ku Suisan-kenkyusho Hokoku, vol. 6, 1957, pp. 18-24, printed. Nankai ku Suiken, Kochi, Japan. "Biochemical Studies on the Growth and Matura- tion of Fish Organs. VI--The Contents of Iron, Copper, and Zinc in the Ovaries of Yellowfin Tuna," by Shichiro Higasa and Akimi Suzuki, article, Nankai-ku Suisan-kenkyusho Hokoku, vol. 6, 1957, pp. 41-45, printed. Nankai-ku Suiken, Kochi, Japan. "Determination of Residual Quantities of Chlor- tetracycline in Fish,'' by G. B. Dubrova, Yu. A. Ravich-Shcherbo, and A. Ya. Onikienko, article, Voprosy Pitaniya, vol. 17, no. 4, 1958, pp. 53- 57, printed. Scientific Research Institute, Mech. Fish Ind., Leningrad, U.S. S. R. "On the Formation of Amine in Fish Muscle. IlI--Simple Method for the Detection of Hista- mine in Fish Muscle," by Fuyuo Ota, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 1, 1958, pp. 37-40, print- ed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Sui- san Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. "An Improved Cylinder Plate Assay Method for Determination of Chlortetracycline in Fish Tis- sues,’ by Tetuo Tomiyama, Atsushi Tsuda, and Yasuo Yone, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 1958, pp. 289- , printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. BYPRODUCTS: "Polarographic Studies on the Smell of Fish and Whale Meal and Oil," by Ikunosuke Okada and others, article, Journal of the Tokyo Universit of Fisheries, vol. 39, 1953, pp. -184, print- ed. The Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba- kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Preservation of Fish and Fish Offal for Oil and Meal Manufacture, by G. A. Carpenter and June Olley, Food Investigation Technical Paper No. 6, 27 pp., illus., printed, 1s.9d. (about 24 U.S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London W. C. 2, England, 1958. Preserving Herring for Flour and Oil Production, by Olav Retccarcs Norwegian Patent No. 92,375. Norwegian Patent Office, Oslo, Norway, Sep- tember 1, 1958. CALIFORNIA: California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 1, Janu- ary , 112 pp., illus., printed. California Dept. of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14, Calif. Includes among others, these articles: ''A Survey of Fish Transporta- tion Methods and Equipment," by Kenneth S. Norris and others; "The Morro Bay Otter Trawl and Party Boat Fisheries, August 1957 to Sep- tember 1958,'' by Richard F. G. Heiman and Daniel J. Miller; ''Observations on the Food Habits of Longline Caught Bigeye and Yellowfin April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND Wj LOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Tuna From the Tropical Eastern Pacific, 1955- 1956," by C. E. Blunt, Jr.; and "Recovery of Tagged Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus saliens),"’ by Bruce M. Chatwin and Craig J. Orange. CANADA: Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1957 (Canada ummary), vol. 1, part 3-A, 33 pp. (tables), printed in English and French, 75 Canadian cents. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, Canada, January 1960. (For sale by Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.) This report provides a summary of the Canadian fisheries and the information is arranged to show separately the three main fisheries areas--Atlantic, Pacific, and Inland. It includes data on the quantity and value of the catch of selected fishery products for Canada, 1956-57; production of frozen, smoked, salted, and pickled fish, canned fish and shellfish, and fishery byproducts, 1956-57; landings by trawl- ers, draggers, etc.; capital equipment in the primary fisheries operations; and employment in fish processing establishments. Also con- tains data on the quantity and value of exports and imports of fishery products; quantity and value of Canada's fishery products and byprod- ucts, by provinces, 1948-57; Canada's canned lobster pack by provinces, 1948-57; salmon pack of British Columbia, by species, 1948-57; and fishing bounties paid to vessels and boats in 1957. Fishing, a Bulletin for Commercial Fishermen, iilus., printed. Fisheries Branch, Province of Manitoba Department of Mines and Natural Re- sources, Winnipeg, Man., Canada. CANNED FOODS: "Subtilin and Nisin as Additives that Lower the Heat-Process Requirements of Canned Foods," by L. Leon Campbell, Esther E. Sniff, and R. T. O'Brien, article, Food Technology, vol. 13, August 1959, pp. 462-464, printed. ood Technology, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory St., Champaign, Il. CARP: Erganzende Histologische Untersuchungen Ver- schiedener Innerer Organe von Karpfen (CYPRINUS CARPI ach Verfutterung von Pathogenen Pseudomonasbakterien (Research on Bacteria ection arp), by Gertrud Durre, 31 pp., processed in German. Bayeris- chen Biologischen Versuchsanstalt, Munich, Germany, 1958. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: The Chemical Composition of Fish Tissues, by R. M. Love, . Lovern, and N. R. Jones, Food Investigation Special Report No. 69, print- ed. Department of Scientific and Industrial Re- search, London, England, 1959. CHILLING AND FREEZING: "Storage of Whole Atlantic Herrings in Cooled Sea-Water Before Freezing,"by.S. I. Gakicko, A. P. Bornovalova, and K. M. Fomiceva, arti- cle, typos Khoziaistvo, no. 12, December 1958, pp. -57, Ulus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, Kotel'nicheskaia Naberezhiaia D 1/15, Souizpechati Otdelu "'Zhurnal-Pochtoi," Moscow, Zh-240, U.S. S. R. CHINA: Studies in the Establishment of Chinese Fishery, by Chang Pao-Shu, printed in Chinese. Fisher- ies Association of China, No. 6. Lane 34, Kai- Feng St., 1st Section, Taipei, Taiwan, 1952. COD: "Changes in the Lipids of Cod During Storage in Ice," by J. A. Lovern, June Olley, and Helen A. Watson, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 10, June 1959, pp. 327- , printed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, The Society of Chemical Indus- try, 14 Belgrave Square, London S. W. 1, Eng- land. CONTAINERS: "What is Outlook for Aluminum Cans''? by L. P. Gotsch, K. W. Brighton, and E. F. Eike, arti- cle, Western Canner and Packer, vol. 128, June 1959, p. 54, printed. Western Canner and Packer, The Canner Publishing Co., 817 W. Market St., Louisville, Ky. DENMARK: The Danish Fish Inspection Service, by Poul Fr. “Jensen, 12 pp., printed. Department of Fisher- ies, Ottawa, Canada. A paper prepared for the Canadian Fish Inspectors' Annual Meeting, Ottawa, November 1958. ENZYME ACTIVITY: "Metabolic Patterns in Bivalves. XI--Xanthine Dehydrogenase in Venerupis philippinarum, Mactra sulcataria, Anadara iefiate: Ostrea igas, Meretrix meretr usoria, and Mytilus edith by Kiyoshi Tsuzuki, article, Journa of the College of Arts and Sciences, Chiba U- niversity, Natural Science Series, vol. P45 OE EP pp. 239-242, printed. Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION: "The European Free Trade Association," by Wilfrid Lavoie, article, Forei Trade, vol. 113, no. 2, January 16, 1960, pp. 25-28, print- ed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Station- ery, Ottawa, Canada. On November 20, 1959, The Governments of the United Kingdom, Den- mark, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Switzerland, and Portugal initialled a convention for the es- tablishment of a European Free Trade Assoc- iation. FARM PONDS: "Fish Farming Becoming Important Enterprise on Arkansas Farms," article, Feedstuffs, vol. 31, August 15, 1959, p. 78, printed. Feedstuffs, Miller Publishing Co., 118 So. 6th St., Minne- apolis 2, Minn. FERTILIZATION: Fertilization Experiments in Scottish Freshwa- ter Lochs. Teeciientane 954, by A. V. Hol- den, Scottish Home Department Freshwater and Salmon Fisheries Research 24, 42 pp., illus., 88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WiLDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. printed, 12s.6d. (about US$1.75). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2; Scotland, 1959. FISH BONES: "Softening Free Fish Bones by Chemical Agents," by M. Q. Khuda, S. Fazl-i Rubbi, and N. A. Khan, article, Pakistan Journal of Scientific Re- search, vol. 10, 1958, pp. 144-148, printed. Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science, Lahore, Pakistan. Saponi, Colori e Vernici, vol. 34, 1957, pp. 382-390, printed. Staz. Sperim. Olii e Grassi, Via G. Colombo 79, Milan 36, Italy. "Chemical Characteristics of Fish Oil Prepared in Vacuo," by L. Berzins, article, Trudy In- stituts Eksperimentalais Medicinas, kademija, Nauk Latvijas S. S. R., vol. 14, 1957, pp. 165- 167, printed in Russian. Latvijas Padomju Socialistiskas Republikas Zinatnu Akademija, Medicinas Eksperimentalais Instituts, Riga, Latvia. FISH FLOUR: "Composition of Dilis Fish Flour," by Angelina Alcaraz-Bayan and Ruth M. Leverton, article, Philippine Journal of Science, vol. 86, 1957, pp. 247-258, printed. Philippine Journal of Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines. In this study, raw fish flour was prepared by thoroughly powdering dried, washed, whole fish. Deodorized fish flour was prepared by extracting raw fish flour three or four times with alcohol and drying the residue at low temperature. FLOUNDERS: The Spawning of the Plaice (PLEURONECTES PLATESSA} in the Irish Sea, by A. C. Simpson, Fishery Investigations, series 2, vol. 22, no. 8, 32 pp., illus., printed, 9s.(about US$1.26). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kings- way, London W. C. 2, England, 1959. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Contribution a la Connaissance de la Faune Ben- thique dans la Zone Insulaire de I’Adriatique _ Moyenne (Contribution to the Knowledge of the "Stable, Odorless, Neutral Flavor Fish Flour," Benthic Fauna in the Insular Zone of the Cen- article, Food Processing, vol. 20, October 1959, p. 79, printed. Food Processing, Putman Pub- lishing Co., 111 East Delaware Pl., Chicago 11, Ol. tral Adriatic), by S. Zupanovic, H. Gamulin- Breda, and S. Alfirevic, Working Paper No. 39, 7 pp., illus., processed in French with English abstract. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organiza- FISH FOOD: The Possibility of Using the Radioactive Tracer Method for the Solution of the Food Selection tion of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1958. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Proceedings, 7th Problem in Aquatic Animals, by A. G. Rodina, 39 pp., processed. (Translated from Zoologi- cheski Zhurnal, vol. 36, 1957, pp. 33723039 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, England, 1958. FISH-LIVER OIL: "Shark-Liver Oil. Il--Recovery of Vitamin A by Different Digestion Methods," by S. Maqsood Ali, Abdul Haq, and S. Mahdihassan, article, Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Re- search, no. 1, 1958, pp. 156-157, printed. Paki- stan Council of Scientific and Industrial Re- search, Karachi, Pakistan. "Studies on the Fish-Liver Catalase. V--Opti- mum pH of the Fish-Liver Catalase," by Hironari Fukuda, Toshiaki Niguchi, and Akira Kurogi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 21, no. 10, 1956, pp. 1097-1099, illus., printed in Japanese with Eng- lish abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba- kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. FISH MEAL: "Spontaneous Heating of Fish Meal--1," byC. J.H. Van den Broek, article, Food Manufacture, vol. 34, September 1, 1959, pp. 349-353, printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Ltd., Eden St., London, NW. 1, England. FISH OIL: "Characters of Some Oils and Fats of Animal Origin. II--Oils and Fats of Marine Animals," by C. Carola, article, Olii Minerali, Grassi e Session, Bandung, Indonesia, May 13-27, 1957, Sections II and III, 223 pp., illus., printed. IPFC Secretariat, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand, 1958. In- cludes, among others, the following articles: "Experiments on Different Stocking Rates of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Nursing Ponds,'' by A. Vaas-van Oven; "Fertilization of Bangos Nursery Ponds with Commercial Chem- ical Fertilizer," by J. I. Sulit, R. S. Esguerra, and H. R. Rabanal; ''Age Determination of Alba- core by the Vertebral Method," by T. Otsu and R. N. Uchida; ''A Review on Age Determination on the Pacific Tunas," by S. Hayashi; ''The Growth and Age of the Yellowfin Tuna," by Y. Yabuta and M. Yukinawa; ''Fishing Gear Re- search,'' by H. Kristjonsson; ''A New Method of Handling Longline Gear--A Description of the POFI 'Tub! Gear," by H. Mann; ''Bangos Fry Trawl,"' by D. M. Bunag; ''Comparison of Fish- ing Efficiency between (a) Longline and 'Rawai' (Prawe), (b) Trawl and 'Dogol', and (c) Various Types of 'Pajang','' by R. A. Kartono; 'Indige- nous Types of Fishing Craft in Indonesia," by Salam; 'Mechanization of Fishing Craft and the Use of Improved Fishing Gear in Ceylon," by~ E. R. A. de Zylva; ''Processing and Storage of Salted Herring (Sardinella aes Cantor)," by J. I. Sulit and others; "Studies on the Pres- ervation of Marine Products by Combined Use of Salt and Preservatives," by S. Tetsumoto; "Fish Flour,"' by Lembaga Makanan Rokjat; and "Economic Aspects of Fish Processing," by Eddiwan. April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION |SSUING THEM. Ra rt au Gouvernement de Haiti sur la Pisci- a fare Ftabli d'Aprés les Donnees Fournies (Report to the Government of Haiti on Fishery Culture Established with Donated Funds), by S. Y. Lin and Shimon Tal, FAO Report No. 538, 26 pp., illus., processed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1956. The Use of Copper Naphthenate and Other Cop- er Soaps for the Treatment of Fishing Nets, y J. H. White and B. Komarovsky, Technical Paper No. 43, 8 pp., illus., processed in Eng- lish with French abstract. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1958. The Food and Agriculture Organization has published reports describing that Agency's activ- ities under the Expanded Technical Assistance Program for developing the fisheries of many countries. These reports have not been published on a sale basis, but have been processed only for limited distribution to governments, libraries, and universities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Cara- calla, Rome, Italy. Report on Fishculture Seminar in Indonesia, May 1-June 15, 1952, by W. H. Schuster, FAO Report No. 46, 9 pp., illus., processed, July 1952. Report to the Government of Finland on Possi-, il ee ae Development, by A. C. Taft, PP-, us FAO Report No. : 1953. -, processed, Re rt ge the Government of Yugoslavia on ae ish Canning Industry, by Rolv Vesterhus, FAO Report No. fos. 12 pp., processed, April 1953. Relatorio ao Governo de Brasil sobre as Pes- carias Brasileiras (Report to the Government of Brazil on the Brazilian Fisheries), FAO Re- port No. 144, 60 pp., processed in Portuguese, September 1953. x Report to the Government of Yugoslavia on the andling, Collection, Transport, Storage, and Refrigeration of Fish, by W. A. Mac um, eport No. 220, 61 pp., illus., processed, January 1954. Report to the Government of India on the Develop- ment of Inland Fisheries in West Bengal, by F. Botke, FAO Report No. 226, 29 pp., processed, February 1954. Report to the Government of Israel on Fishin Methods, by George 5. Napier, FAO Report No. 227, 14 pp., processed, January 1954. Report to the Government of Yugoslavia on the edecaain of Fish (especially Papalin, Clupea sprattus), by Ernst Tengberg-Hansen, FAO ce port No. 283, 27 pp., illus., processed, June 1954. Report to the Government of Liberia on Fishing Boats, Gear, and Methods, by Hubertus van Pel, FAO Report No. 322, 36 pp., illus., processed, November 1954. Report to the Government of Turkey on a Brief Survey of the Trawl Fishery out of Iskenderun, by Hilmar Kristjonsson, FAO Report No. 428, 20 pp., illus., processed, November 1955. Report to Pent s Irag on the Possi- bilities © eveloping the Sea Fishing Industry, by Gaiiianswheedeor FAO Report No. 438, 29 pp., illus., processed, February 1956. Report on the Third International Inland Fisher- ies Training Center, Bogor, onesia, Octo- ber 31-December 10, 5, by W. H. Schuster, FAO Report No. 489, 36 pp., processed, 1956. Informe al Gobierno de Nicaragua sobre Fomen- to de la Pesca Continental (Report to the Gov- ernment of Nicaragua on the Development of the Inland Fishery), by W. H. Schuster, FAO Report No. 607, 15 pp., processed in Spanish, 1957. Report to the Government of Turkey on Polic avd Development of Turkish Fisheries, by I. S. McArthur, FAO Report No. 618, 46 pp., illus., processed, 1957. Report to the Government of the Hashimite King- dom of the Jordan on Freezing, Co torage, Transportation, and Distribution of Fish, by Christen Eriksen, FAO Report No. 645, 8 pp., processed, 1957. Report to the Government of India on Fish Mar- keting in India, by K. F. Harding, FAO Report 652, 18 pp., processed, 1957. Report to the Government of Thailand on the De- velopment of Inland Fisheries, by Shao-Wen _ Ling, FAO Report No. 653, 53 pp., processed, 1957. Report to the Government of Iran on the Explor- atory Fishing Survey in the Bandar Abbas Re- gion 1955758), by H . Fibiger and K. Frederik- sen, FAO Report No. 676, 48 pp., illus., proc- essed, 1957. Report to the Government of Liberia on the De- velopment of Marine Fisheries, by Knud Fred- eriksen, FAO Report No. 715, 30 pp., illus., processed, 1957. Rapport Provisoire au Gouvernement d'Haiti sur les Peches Maritimes en Haiti (Interim Report to the Government of Haiti on the Sea Fisheries of Haiti), by M. H. Routh, FAO Report No. 721, 106 pp., illus., processed in French, 1958. Informe al Gobierno del Ecuador sobre el Desar- rollo de las Pesquerias Ecuatorianas (Report to the Government of Ecuador on the Development of the Ecuadorian Fisheries), by D. A. Quiroga Rios, FAO Report No. 745, 69 pp., illus., proc- essed in Spanish, 1958. 90 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Report on the South Pacific Fisheries Trainin See eee New Caledonia, by H. van Pel and P. Lusyne, FAO Report No. 753, 17pp., processed, 1957. Informe al Gobierno de Venezuela sobre la Eval- uacion de sus Recursos Pesqueros Marinos (Report to the Government of Venezuela on the Evaluation of its Sea Fishery Resources), by Clifford L. Peterson, FAO Report No. 754, 38 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1958. Report to the Government of Libya on the Pres- ent Situation of the Libyan TENCE Francois Bourgois, FAD Report No. 817, 76 pp., processed, 1958. A Second Report to the Government of Egypt on “the Fishery Investigations in the Nozha Hydro- drome, the Delta Lakes of Egypt, and on Work in Other Inland Waters, by H. J. Elster, FAO Report No. 911, 35 pp., processed, May 1958. Report to the Government of Uganda on Fish Marketing in Uganda, by J. rutchfield, FAO Report No. 998, 151 pp., illus., processed, 1959. Second Report to the Government of India--Fish Marketing in Madras, Bombay, and Mysore tates, by Carlos Gonzalez, PAO Report No. 1167, 84 pp., illus., processed, 1959. FREEZING: "Freezing and Cold Storage of Mackerel," by M. N. Moojani, J. R. lyengar, and D. S. Bhatia, article, Food Science, vol. 7, 1958, pp. 31-32, printed. Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore City, India. "The Jacketed System for Freezing Fish," by J. W. Slavin, J. A. Peters, and S. R. Pottinger, article, Quick Frozen Foods, April 1959, pp. 122-125, illus., printed. Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Publishing, Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5, N. Y. "Problem: Preventing Weight, Flavor Loss, Dis- coloring in Frozen Louisiana Oysters," by E. A. Fieger, A. F. Novak, and M. E. Bailey, article, Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 22, no. 4, November 1959, pp. 72-73, printed. Quick Frozen Foods, 82 Wall St., New York 5, N. Y. Describes a study of various treatments and freezing tech- niques to develop, if possible, a satisfactory meth- odof freezing Gulf of Mexicooysters. Theauthors state that "Although some of the procedures used, suchas vacuum packing, washing with common salt solution or phosphate solutions, resulted in im- proved quality of the frozen oysters, the results ob- tained do not necessarily suggest commercial freezing of Gulf of Mexico oysters." FREEZING FISH AT SEA: "Quick Freeze Factory Trawler," article, Jour- nal of Refrigeration, vol. 2, no. 3, May-June 1959, p. 66, illus., printed. Journal of Refrig- eration, Foxlaw Publications, Ltd., 19 Harcourt St., London W. 1, England. A newfactorytrawl- er, the Fairtry Ul, is described briefly, with de- tails of its engineering features and equipment, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW AVAILABLE FROM THE Vol. 22, No. 4 FISH AND WILDLIFE ERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE The factory unit on board handles washing, heading, filleting, skinning, weighing, wrapping, and quick-freezing of fish. The frozen blocks are passed by conveyor to holds kept at -10° F. The offal is converted to fish meal and the oil extracted from livers. The refrigeration ma- chinery has a capacity for freezing 30 tons of fish a day. FRESH-WATER FISH: Presnovodnye Akvariumnye Ryby (Fresh-Water Aquarium Fishes), by K. N. Demidov, 152 pp., illus., printed in Russian. Rostovskoe Knizh- noe Izdatel'stvo, Rostov-na-Donu, U.S. S. R., 1955. FROZEN FOODS: "The Influence of Temperature, Oxygen Partial Pressure and Light on the Shelf Life of Some Prepackaged Foods in Self-Service Stores," by R. Heiss, article, Bulletin de L'Institut Inter- national du Froid, vol. 39, 1959, pp. 854, 856, printed. L'Institut International du Froid, 177 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris 17, France. Tests indicate that the quality of frozen fish fil- lets can be prolonged by storage under nitrogen. The importance of inert gas storage increases as the fat content increases. Quick Frozen Foods, by J. L. Rogers, 330 pp., illus., printed, 50s.(about US$7.00). Food Trade Press, Ltd., 7 Garrick Street, London W. C. 2, England, 1958. A comprehensive ref- erence book covering, among other topics, the following: the frozen foods industry; the gen- eral technology of frozen foods; principles of refrigeration; and commercial application of refrigeration--blast freezers, contact freezers, immersion freezers, choice and commercial use of various types of freezers, and transport of frozen foods. Also includes information on packaging for frozen foods; the processing and freezing of fish and shellfish; precooked frozen foods; equipment and design of frozen food fac- tories; and the use of frozen foods in the home and in industry. FRY: Dwie Metody Polowow Dosciowych Narybku (Two Quantitative Methods of Fry Catching , by Bo- zena Wojciechowska, Ekologia Polska, Seria A, vol. 6, no. 6, 22 pp., illus., printed in Polish with English summary. Polska Akademia Nauk, Komitet Ekologiczny, Warsaw, Poland, 1958. GEAR: "A Comparison of Some Methods Used in Lobster and Crab Fishing," by H. J. Thomas, article, Scottish Fisheries Bulletin, no. 12, December 1959, pp. 3-8, printed. Fisheries Division, Scottish Home Department, Edinburgh, Scotland. "New Type Trawl Doors," article, World Fish- ing, vol. 8, May 1959, p. 58, printed. John rundell, Ltd., St. Richards House, Eversholt St., London, N. W. 1, England. GENETICS: From Pipefish to Seahorse--A Study of Phylo- genetic Relationship , by Earl 5. Hera > Pp- April 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM. 465-473, illus., printed. (Reprinted from Pro- ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ourth Series, vol. 29, no. 13, May 29, 1959). ornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. GROUNDF'ISH: Abnormally Coloured Groundfish Fillets, by J. P. ennessey, 4 pp., printed. Fish Inspection Lab- oratory, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. A paper prepared for the Canadian Fish Inspectors' Annual Meeting, Ottawa, November 1958. INSECTICIDES: La Toxicite du DDT ur le Saumon de 1'Atlanti- es (SALMO e) et les Alevins de ruite (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS Mitchill) (The Toxic Effect of DDT on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar Linne) and Trout Fry (Salvelinus Fontinalis Mitchill)), by Andre Gagnon, Contri- bution No. 60, 9 pp., illus., printed in French with English summary. (Reprinted from Cana- dian Journal of Zoology, vol. 36, 1958, pp. 479 - 487.) Departement des Pecheries, Quebec, Canada. "Orange-Red Flesh in Cod and Haddock," by E.G. | INSULATION OF TRAWLER HOLDS: Bligh and W. J. Dyer, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 16, August 1959, pp. 449-452, printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. GROWTH FACTORS: "Unidentified Chick Growth Factors," by J. A. Wakelam, article, Nature, vol. 184, July 25, 1959, p. 272, printed. Nature, MacMillan & Co., Ltd., St. Martin's St., London, W. C. 2, England. HERRING: "Chemical Studies on the Herring (Clupea haren- gus). I--Trimethylamine Oxide and Volatile Amines in Fresh, Spoiling, and Cooked Herring Flesh,"' by R. B. Hughes, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 10, Au- gust 1959, pp. 431-436, printed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, The Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London, S. W. 1, England. "Studies on the Phosphatide of Aquatic Animals. XIX--Lipids of the Body Tissues of Herring, Clupea pallasii,'' by Muneo Katada, Koichi Zama, and Hisanao Igarashi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 11, 1959, pp. 9-5-908, printed in Japanese with English summary. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. INDIA: 5 Report of Fishing Experiments in the Offshore aters of the Madras State, by V. John and oth- ers, 55 pp., illus., printed. Controller of Sta- tionery and Printing, Madras, India, 1959. Re- views the accomplishments of the Madras Fish- eries Department in experimental deep-sea fishing, particularly since 1954, when the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions loaned the State the services of a fishing expert and a naval architect, besides two Danish fishing boats. Covers the history of exploratory fishing off both east and west coasts of Madras; trawling surveys conducted between 1927 and 1931; the shark fishing industry; experimental hand-line fishing; shrimp trawling experiments; utilization of deep-sea catches; application of cold in preservation of fish both on- and offshore; handling and storage aboard vessels; and trans- port of fish on land. It also covers preserva- tion of fish by curing, pickling, smoking, and canning; and byproducts such as fish meal, fish oll, fertilizer from offal, and shark-liver oil. "Use of Aluminum Foils for the Insulation of Trawler Holds Equipped with Refrigerating Plants,'' by M. G. Legenk, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 1, January 1959, pp. -37, illus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, Kotel'nicheskaia Naberezhiaia D 1/15, Souiz- pechati Otdelu "'Zhurnal-Pochtoi,'' Moscow, Zh-240, U. S.S. R. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS: International Commission for the Northwest At- lantic Fisheries, Annual Proceedings for the _ Year 1958-59, vol. 9, 118 pp., illus., printed. International Commission for the Northwest At- lantic Fisheries, Halifax, N. S., Canada, 1959. This year's bulletin presents the Commission's administrative report for the year ending June 30, 1959, including financial statements; a report of the Ninth Annual Meeting, June 1-6, 1959; summaries of research during 1958 broken down by country; and a compilation of research reports by subareas for 1958. Also contains these selected research papers from the 1959 Annual Meeting: "ICNAF Mesh Regu- lations Operation of 10% Annual Exemption, Oc- tober 1, 1957 through March 31, 1959," b Lawrence H. Couture; ''Top Chafing Gear Stud- ies,'' by F. D. McCracken; ''Cod Investigations in Subarea 2--Labrador, 1950-1958," by A. W. May; and ''The Measurement of Fishing Power and its Relation to the Characteristics of Ves- sels. International Commission for the Northwest At- antic Fisheries, Statistical Bulletin for the Year 1957, vol.7, 67 pp., illus., printed. Inter- national Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Halifax, N. S., Canada, 1959. This bulletin is divided into two parts: Part 1 sum- marizes statistics on fishery landings in the Convention Area 1952-1957; and Part 2 includes statistics dealing with the fisheries in 1957. The presentation of the basic statistical data has again been designed to place emphasis on area and month of fishing. Contains a sum- mary of all the landings by species group, coun- try, and statistical subdivision; landings of cod, haddock, ocean perch, halibut, and flounder for each type of gear; and landings of each species by subarea. IRISH FREE STATE: Notes on the Irish Salmon Industry (1924/1955), by Arthur E. J. Went, 22 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from the Department of Agriculture 92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 4 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGAN}ZATION ISSUING THEM, Journal, vol. 53, 1957.) Fisheries Branch, De- partment of Agriculture, Dublin, Ireland. ITALY: Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia (Bulletin of Fishery, Fish Culture, and Hydro- biology), vol. 13, nos. 1 and 2, January-Decem- ber 1958, 365 pp., illus., printed in Italian. Laboratorio Centrale di Idrobiologia, Piazza Borghese, 91, Rome, Italy. Includes, among others, these articles: ‘Le Ricerche sulla Biologia della Pesca in Italia'’ (Research on Fishery Biology in Italy), by Carlo M. Maldura; and ''La Pesca a Strascico nell'Arcipelago Tos- cano" (Trawl Fishing in Tuscany), by Francesco Matta. LAKE ERIE: "New Life for Lake Erie,'' by Mark Ronayne, ar- ticle, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 7, January 1960, pp. 3-7, illus., processed. Director of Informa- tion and Educational Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Explains how the Canadian Department of Fisheries is seeking new ways to harvest Lake Erie's growing smelt stocks. While other species have been on the decline in recent years, the smelt population (a transplanted marine fish) has been increas- ing. Experimental fishing with mid-water trawls has had good results. LIGHT FISHING: "Underwater Electric Lamps for Light Fishing," by H. Kristjonsson, article, Current Affairs Bulletin, no. 25, August 1959, pp. 1-2, illus., printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Bangkok, Thailand. MALAYA: An Introduction to the Sea Fishes of Maye. by J. S. Scott, illus., printed. Ministry of Agri- culture, The Government Press, Kuala Lum- pur, Federation of Malaya. MARKING: Marking of Fish by Radioactive Cerium (Ce144-- Pr144), by N. P. Rudakov, 5 pp., processed. (Translated from pypnge Khoziaistvo, Septem- ber 1958, pp. 29-31.) Fisheries-Oceanography Library, Fisheries Center, University of Wash- ington, Seattle 5, Wash. MISCELLANEOUS: "The Uptake of Strontium by Marine Fish from Various Concentrations of Calcium andStronti- um in the Environment," by Ryushi Ichikawa and Yoshio Hiyama, article, Records of Oceano- graphic Works in Japan, vol. 4, 1957, pp. 55-66, printed. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. MUSSELS: Chemical Studies on MYTILUS EDULIS of the Vigo Estuary, by Lorenzo Rodriguez Molins and Jose Ramon Besada Rial, Boletin del Insti- tuto Espanol Oceanografico, no. 87, 29 pp., printed in Spanish. Instituto Espanol de Oceano- grafia, Ministerio de Marina, Madrid, Spain. NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA: "Fisheries in Netherlands New Guinea Make Steady Progress," by H. van Pel, article, SPC Quarterly Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 4, October 1959, p. 31, illus., printed, single copy 30 U. S. cents. South Pacific Commission, Box 5254, G. P. O., Sydney, Australia. To date, one inland and two sea fisheries stations have been established in Netherlands New Guinea and the first of a num- ber of motor fishing boats has been built and launched. Five different species of fresh-wa- ter fish have been introduced and are thriving in Netherlands New Guinea. NETS: "A Preparative Study with Trout for the Salmon Gill-Net,"' by Atushi Koike, Kenji Kanda, and Mitio Ogura, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 1, 1958, pp. 5-8, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. Re- sults of this study showed that repelling effect of colors upon the fish passage increased in the daytime in the order: blue-green< gray xe cutch-brown. In the twilight hour, this order was gray ) Radiation Preservation GOVERNMENT INCREASES RESEARCH ON RADIATION PROCESSING OF FOODS: Through the stimulus of the Interde- partmental Committee on Radiation Preservation of Foods, definite steps are now being taken to carry forward a national program of research and de- velopment on radiation processing of food. Thisimportant phase of the Presi- dent's Atoms for Peace Program was announced on March 28 by Deputy Ad- ministrator of the Business and Defense Services Administration, U. 8. Depart- ment of Commerce. He is Chairman of the nine-agency Committee. The Atomic Energy Commission has established a program of research and development on low-dose radiaton proc- essing of perishable foods to extend shelf life. During the next five years the A- tomic Energy Commission expects to spend approximately $5 million on this project. During fiscal years 1960 and 1961, $115,000 and $500,000, respectively are being devoted tothe program. Under the Atomic Energy Commission program, emphasis will be placed on basic studies in food chemistry, microbiology, whole- someness testing, preservation factors of shelf life extension and radiation proc- essing technology. : The Department of the Army has ap- proved a revised Army food irradiation program. Over a six-year period, the Army Research program will cost an estimated $5 million. It also proposes to construct a radiation food research facility to cost about $1.8 million. This facility will consist of a megacurie cobalt 60 gamma irradiator, variable voltage linear electron accelerator, and associ- ated facilities with emphasis on high- dose treatment of foods. The Departments of Agriculture, In- terior, and Commerce have conducted research and development in their re- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 spective areas and indicate they plan to continue their individual programs in co- operation with the Army and the Atomic Energy Commission, Interior's work is on fishery products. Research on the use of radiation for processing food must take into account the provisions of the several food regula- tory acts, such as those administered by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the Department of Agricul- ture. The wholesomeness and safety of radiation-processed food must therefore be established to the satisfaction of those agencies. Agencies represented on the Commit- tee are: Departments of State, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Health, Educa- tion and Welfare, Army, Atomic Energy Commission, Small Business Adminis- tration, and International Cooperation Ad- ministration. As the national research and develop- ment program on radiation processing of food progresses, the Interdepartmental Committee through its member agencies will encourage commercial adoption of this technology. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1959, p. 16. ©) Shes South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program EXPLORATORY TRAWLING OPERATIONS OFF SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST: M/V ‘Silver Bay Cruise 22: An ex- ploratory fishing survey was conducted along the South Atlantic Coast between Cape Hatteras, N. C., and Brunswick, Ga., during a 32-day cruise of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries char- tered fishing vessel Silver Bay, which ended on March 18, 1960, During the survey, 186 stations were made indepths ranging from 5-150 fathoms. FISH: Exploratory trawling produced maximum catches of 1,000 pounds of mixed fish per one-hour drag. Thebest catches were made outside the 15-fathom curve 30 and consisted mostly of porgies (Stenoto- mus), lizardfish (Synodus), sea robins (Prionotus), ling (Urophycis), small spots (Leiostomus), and croakers (Micropogon). Catches of flounders (Paralichth ay: weakfish or gray sea trout (Cynoscion), and kingfish or king whiting (Menticir- rhus) ranged from 0 to 75 pounds per tow. No appreciable difference was noted between the catch rates for the 45 day- time and 55 nighttime tows. SHRIMP: Rock shrimp (Sicyonia) were -present in small amounts in most drags Legend: - Day shrimp trawl. - Night shrimp trawl. Scallop dredge. Clam dredge. Dip net station. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 22eNoend 4-hour drag were made in 16-19 fathoms off Core Banks, N. C. These catches were exceptionally free of trash. One 80-pound bushel yielded 34 pints of meats. Subse- quent catches with a balloon trawl in 21 fathoms yielded approximately 4 pints of meats per bushel. From Cape Lookout, N. C., to Doby Sound, Ga., individual scal- lops were taken in depths ranging from 10 to 100 fathoms. A total of 57 tows were made. CLAMS: Fourteen clam drags off Cape Lookout produced hard clams (Venus mer- from Cape Lookout to Savannah in the 15-70 fathom depthrange. Individual pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) and white shrimp (P. setiferus) were found in the 10-20 fathom depth range. No concen- trations were observed. SCALLOPS: Catches as high as 15 bushels of scallops (Pecten gibbus) per Hd? 6 M/V Silver Bay Cruise 22 (February 16-March 18, 1960). cenaria sp.) at the rate of 1 to 5 bushels per hour. Limited explorations off the mouth of the Cape Fear River produced from zero to 24 clams per 15-minute tow in the 6 to 63-fathom depth range. The clams ranged from 4-53 inches in length and were equal in taste and texture to those previously located off Beaufort In- let, N. C. A total of 28 drags were made. May 1960 GEAR: Morethanhalf the drags were made with 41'/47', 4-inch mesh cotton balloontrawl fished with 44' tickler chain 6' chain doors, and 6! legs on a 25-fath- om bridle. One tow was witha70'/90', 23-inch mesh nylon fish trawl on 8! brack- et doors. For clams, a 14-tooth Fall River-type clam dredge was used. For scallops, a modified 8' Georges Bank- type scallop dredge with 2" rings and 13'' mesh liner was used. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960, p. 26 and February 1960, p. 42. South Carolina FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRESS, JANUARY-MARCH 1960: Oyster Research: To determine with reasonable accuracy progress of seed planted on a subtidal oyster bed in the Ashepoo River, individual oysters from three plantings and native oysters dredged from the area prior to planting were measured, numbered, and placed in cov- ered wire baskets. These baskets were attached to a wire cable which was then anchored on the bed, so that the baskets could be recovered easily. These oys- ters will be measured at intervals and records kept as to growth and mortality, according to Progress Report No. 43, Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Is- Jandias. iC. Salinities in the area of experimental planting have varied widely during Janu- ary-March--from 24.5 parts per thou- sand recorded January 12, to 11.6 parts per thousand on March 18, both from bot- tom samples. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Shrimp Research: The shrimp re- search continued on schedule throughout the quarter with experimental drags in inshore waters. Small white shrimp and croakers were particularly abundant, showing considerable increases over the same periods for 1958 and 1959. The a- bundance of white shrimp during the past winter should indicate a good catch for this species in the coming year, provided no great damage was caused by the cold snap experienced in March. White shrimp were 88 percent more abundant in experimental drags at eight regular stations during January-March 1960 than for the same period of 1959, and were over 97 percent more abundant than during the same quarter in 1958. “=—__ White shrimp Croakers were up 65 percent over last year and 82 percent greater than in 1958. Although spot showed no large increase, the average catch per unit of effort for this species was somewhat greater for the 1960 quarter than for the correspond- ing periods of 1958 and 1959. A new program for the study of com- mercial shrimp postlarvae was initiated at Bears Bluff in January of this year. As a part of this study, 73 standard plank~- ton tows were made during the quarter at regular stations throughout the shrimp survey area. A primary objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of ob- taining postlarval shrimp as seed stock for commercial ponds. It is also felt that research on postlarval shrimp will prove of great value in the future with re- gards to such matters as predicting year - ly abundance and distribution of commer- cial shrimps. Considerable numbers of Penaeus aztecus postlarvae were taken in plank- ton tows during late February and early March, particularly in the Calibogue Sound and North Edisto River areas. 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Shortly after the beginning of the cold spell in March, however, the numbers of these postlarvae declined suddenly at all stations. The extent of damage caused by the 6- 10° F. drop in water temperatures cannot at present be as- certained. Pond Cultivation: During the quarter, the Laboratories’ oyster pond was drained and a considerable amount of silt was washed out by means of a pressure hose. Silting poses a great problem to oyster cultivation generally, and is particular- ly troublesome in pond cultivation. Ex- periments with transplanted seed oysters were expected to be resumed in the oys- ter pond during the second quarter. Stocking of flounders and forage fish- es in a quarter-acre experimental pond continued during the quarter. A number of northern and southern fluke, and four- spotted flounders, were stocked in the pond from January through March of this year. Experimental work on the stocking of postlarval shrimp, using concrete tanks and a one-tenth-acre salt-water pond, is also in progress. Transportation RAILROADS ATTEMPTING TO MEET MOTOR CARRIER RATES FOR SHRIMP: The Southwestern Freight Bureau, Inc., has proposed trailer-on-flatcar service (TOFC) rates on frozen shrimp from Texas and Louisiana points to compete with charges of exempt motor carriers. Following is a list and a com- parison of rates: Competitive Exempt Truck Rates Origin Destination New Orleans, La. New Orleans, La. New Orleans, La. New Orleans, La. Galveston, Tex. Galveston, Tex. Galveston, Tex. Galveston, Tex. Brownsville, Tex. Brownsville, Tex. Brownsville, Tex. Brownsville, Tex. Memphis, Tenn. Chicago, Ill. Des Moines, Iowa Minneapolis, Minn Memphis, Tenn. Des Moines, Iowa Chicago, Ill. Minneapolis, Minn Memphis, Tenn, Des Moines, Iowa Chicago, Ill. Minneapolis, Minn The Texas and New Orleans Railroad, which serves Aran- sas Pass, Palacios, Port Lavaca, and Rockport, Tex., a8 well as Berwick, Houma, Lafayette, and Morgan City, La., Vol. 22, No. 5 will not be covered by this arrangement. This originating railroad for these places cannot count on sufficient volume of frozen shrimp or other commodities to construct facilities for profitable operation of this kind of service. The proposed rail rates apply on frozen shrimp in pack- ages subject to a minimum weight of 22,000 pounds based on the net weight of the shrimp. The weight of ice and pack- ages is transported free subject to a limitation that the weight thereof shall not exceed 30 percent of the weight of the frozen shrimp. Shipments in trailers are accepted only when the carrier has suitable equipment. The proposed rates are subject to diversion and reconsign- ment rules which provide that where instructions are received in sufficient time to be effected before the trailer is unloaded, the first diversion or reconsignment is without charge, the second is $5, and the third and fourth are made at $10 each, The railroads earlier established favorable rates into the northeast for shrimp in regular carload lots but have yet failed to attract any significant volume of shipments, This is another endeavor by railroads to meet exempt motor carrier competition. It is unusual for the railroads to charge on a net-weight basis, This points up the interest of railroads to attract shrimp traffic. Tuna TWO LARGE CALIFORNIA PACKERS OPERATING IN WEST AFRICA: One of the three large California tuna packers in the fall of 1959 bought an exist- ing cold-storage plant at Freetown, Sier- ra Leone, in West Africa, and is going ahead with plans to enlarge it into an At- lantic tuna fishing base. The company has come to an agreement with a large Japanese fishing company over the use of the base, and during February three Jap- anese tuna boats were expected to land fish at Freetown. The fish was tobe transshipped to the packer's plant in Puer- to Rico. The boats scheduled to land were No. 18 os Maru (100 tons of albacore), the No. 1 Koyo Maru (280 tons of albacore), and the - 2 Banshu Maru (770 tons of albacore), or a total of 1,150 tons. The cold-storage plant at Freetown was a small plant with only 150-ton capacity when purchased, but it has now been en- larged to an estimated 500-ton capacity. It is said that plans call for enlargement to 3,000-ton capacity soon. Another of the three large California packers is also going ahead with plans for a cold-storage plant at the new port of Eima outside of Accra, in Ghana. Japanese trading companies are also surveying West Africa areas at present with similar plans. <= <—et ot May 1960 United States Fishing Fleet Additions FEBRUARY 1960: ~ A total of 26 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued first documents as fish- ing craft during February 1960--a de- crease of one vessel compared with the Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft by — February 1960 neds [February | Jan,-Feb, | Total za 1959 New England . . Middle Atlantic . Note: Vessels have been assigned to the various areas on the basis of their home ports. same month in 1959. The South Atlantic and Pacific areas led with 7 vessels each. The Chesapeake area followed with 4 vessels, while the Middle Atlantic and Gulf areas were next with 3 each. The remaining 2 ves- sels were issued first documents in the Great Lakes and New England areas. Table 2 - Vessels Issued First ‘Documents as Fishing Craft by Tonnage, February 1960 Forty-two ves- sels were issued first documents during the first 2 months of 1960--14 vessels less than were reported during the same period of last year. Most of the decline was in the Gulf area which represented a de- crease of 9 vessels as compared with the same period in 1959. YIncludes both commercial and sport fishing craft. S U. S. Foreign Trade CANNED FISH AND SHELLFISH EXPORTS, 1959: United States exports of canned fish and shellfish have steadily declined in both value and quantity from 1955 through 1958. In 1959 there was a change and an increase took place in both quantity and value. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 Table 1 - United States Exports of Fish and Shellfish, 1955-59 Table 2 - United States Exports of Fish and Shellfish by Principal Products, 1958-59 Product a] 1959 mT 1958 Lbs. Ey Lbs. § (Canned fish Salmionwetey-tateers 13,825,940 |10,638,661| 9,226,711] 6,668,900) Sardines in oil . 1,271,215 292,713 645,419 164,42 Sardines not in oil|37,453,480 | 5,843,435/17,816,275| 3,231,400 INNES Goo OodaD 232,919 138,856 335,536 216,073 Mackerel...... 743,046 134,988} 2,307,753 332,835 Fish, not else- where covered A 326,474] 1,199,115 495,844) 17,375,127 | 31,530,809 |11,109, 480) [Canned shellfish: Shrimpmenyere cr 2,876,493 | 2,898,453] 2,161,451 | 2,548,019) SERGE) Ga oo dbo} 9,156,111 905,516] 5,583,257 500,711 Shellfish, not else- where covered . 598,769 466,587 595,664 372,123 Total canned Shellfish ..... 12,631,373 | 4,270,556 | 8,340,372 | 3,420,853 Kok ok OK EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY 1960: Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and processed fish and shellfish into the United States during January 1960 decreased by 16.4 percent in quantity and 12.1 percent in value as compared with December 1959, The decrease was due primarily to lower imports of groundfish and other fillets (down 7.6 million pounds) and fro- zen albacore and other tuna (down 8.6 million pounds), and to a lesser degree, a decrease in the imports of fresh and frozen salmon and shrimp. The decrease was partly offset by a 3.7+million-pound increase in the imports of canned salmon, United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, January 1960 with Compaen Item [ Year | January | Year | 1959 Gane of Lbs.) e(hnillies of $). Fish gad shellfish: Processed only1/ Elan chowder and juice, andl fexcluding fresh & fro 1/Includes pastes) sauces, other specialties. 34 Compared with January 1959, the im- ports in January this year were lower by 7.3 percent in quantity, but the value was unchanged. Lower imports of groundfish and other fillets (down 10.4 million pounds) and tuna other than alba- core (down 2.7 million pounds) were primarily responsible for the decrease. Compensating, in part, for the decreases were increases of 3.8 million pounds in the imports of frozen albacore tuna, canned salmon (up 3.9 million pounds), and lobster and spiny lobster (up 1.8 million pounds), United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in January 1960 were up by 20.6 percent in quantity and 20.0 percent in value as compared with De- cember 1959. Compared with the same month in 1959, the exports this January were higher by 173.8 percent in quantity and 125.0 percent in value. Total exports of processed fish and shellfish for calendar year 1959 were up about 65.0 percent in quantity and 41.2 percent in value as compared with 1958. Wage-Hour Fishery Exemption BREADED SHRIMP PROCESSING COMES UNDER EXEMPTION: With reference to Secretary of Labor Mitchell's order requiring shrimp bread- ing plants to pay Federal minimum wages under the Wage-Hour Law, Federal Judge Frank Scarlett recently rejected the La- bor Secretary's order. The Wage-Hour Law includes the fishery exemption, which the Wage-Hour Administrator and the Sec- retary of Labor, through aninterpretation, have triedto upset. The fishing industry has won a number of legal cases on the fishery exemption, but the Wage-Hour Ad- ministrator continues to bring court ac- tion in other jurisdictions. The Federal Judge's ruling applies not only to the firm in Thunderbolt, Ga., which was involvedinthe case, but also to other firms engaged in shrimp processing, A St. Simons Island, Ga., shrimp firm inter- venedinthe case onthe side of the Thun- derbolt, Ga., firm. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 225 Noni In his finding, the Federal Judge cited an exception allowed by Congress to the seafood industry and said if he found oth- erwise many packers might be put out of business since under the Wage-Hour Law employees may demand additional wages for the past two years. The Labor Secretary last year said that adding as much as 20 percent of bread to a seafood ended its exemption as intended by Congress. The plants add varying amounts of breading, often run- ning to about 50 percent. Wholesale Prices, March 1960 The March 1960 wholesale price index for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 123.4 percent of the 1947-49 average was up 1.3 percent from the preceding month, Supplies of many fresh fish and shellfish items were curtailed sharply in March due to extremely stormy weather and resulted in higher wholesale prices for many fresh fish- ery products. From March a year ago to this March the wholesale fishery products price index was down by 3.7 per- cent due primarily to lower fresh and frozen shrimp prices and frozen haddock fillet prices. The market for fresh haddock at Boston in March this year continued to be weak due to seasonally better landings and large inventories of frozen fillets, All other items in the drawn, dressed, and whole finfish subgroup were higher in March this year as compared with the preceding month with the exception of frozen dressed halibut, which was un- changed. The net result was an increase of one percent for the subgroup as a whole from February to March thie year, Compared with March 1959 the subgroup wholesale price in- dex was lower by 3.3 percent due chiefly to 12.4 percent lower drawn haddock prices at Boston and a drop of 12,4 per~ cent in frozen dressed halibut prices. Lower prices for these items more than offset increases in the wholesale prices for frozen king salmon, fresh-water drawn whitefish and round yellow pike, Fresh processed fish and shellfish prices in March this year were up by 5.7 percent from the preceding month due to a sharp rise (13.4 percent) in the wholesale price for fresh shrimp at New York and a lesser increase of about 1.9 percent in the price for fresh shucked oysters. These in~ creases in March more than offset a 15.8-percent drop in the fresh small haddock fillet price. From March last year to March this year the subgroup wholesale price index dropped ES go! May 1960 2.5 percent. Fresh haddock fillets were lower by 27.4 per- cent and fresh shrimp down by 11.5 percent in March this year as compared with March 1959. During the same period shucked oyster prices rose 14,9 percent. The wholesale price index for frozen processed fish and shellfish in March 1960 was down 1.0 percent from February. Frozen shrimp prices increased slightly (less than 1/2 cent a pound) and frozen ocean perch fillets rose by 3.6 percent in March from the preceding month. These increases in March this year over the preceding month were more than offset by an 8.0-percent drop in frozen haddock fillet prices. In March 1960 the subgroup wholesale price index was down by 18.5 percent from March a year ago. Lower frozen fillet COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 prices (particularly haddock which was down by 27.8 percent) plus a 21.0-percent drop in frozen shrimp prices were re~ sponsible for the decline. Primary wholesale prices for canned fishery products re- mained unchanged in March 1960 for the fourth straight month. Supplies of California sardines anddomestic canned salmon at the primary distributor level were about exhausted at the end of March. In addition stocks of Maine sardines were only fair and the only canned fish item in good supply was canned tuna. Compared with March 1959, primary canned fish prices were up about 5.1 percent this March due to higher prices for canned salmon and both California and Maine sardines. However, canned tuna prices were lower by 1.8 percent this March as compared with March 1959. Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, March 1960 With Comparisons Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Mar, | Feb. Feb. | Jan. | Mar. 1960 1960 1960 | 1960 1959 TAME SHiee SHE Te EL SHi(Ereshyhrozens 6 Canned) inc) cieiie) eile e)jelvelicl iene Jal leile) elie 121.8 | 121.9 | 128.2 Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products:. . . « » 2 +eecseecess ses e sree 134.9 | 135.1 | 148.8 Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: 147.2 | 148.7 | 153,6 Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh... . 120.9 | 127.4 | 149.2 Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. | New York 90.38 | 93.8 | 103.1 Salmon, king, Ige. & med., drsd., fresh or froz, |} New York 172.5 |171.9 | 168.5 Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh. . . . « | Chicago 185.9 | 159.9 } 166.1 Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. .... Fillets, haddock, smb, skins on, 20-Ib, tins . Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), headless, fresh . Oysters, shucked, standards . . «eee « Processed, Frozen, (Fish & Shellfish):. .... Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib. pkg. . . . Haddock, smL, skins on, 1=lb. pkg. . Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb. pkg... . Shrimp, lge. (2630 count), 5-Ib. pkg. . « -« Canned Fishery Products: ~ Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs, .. Tuna, lr, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02.), ARicans//CSaemomeleilelteMenielialten stloneieh cents Sardines, Calif., tom, pack, No, 1 oval (15 02.), - ABICATIS/CSepetiMele ietteliem iieiretentiene es eve Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawn (6=8/47072) sl 00)kcans/(cSaweiememelreiedente el ie eoce eee © & © © © © © © 2 eo © 28 eo © © ee eo Los Angeles] cs, Los Angeles} cs. New York Indexes (1947-49=100) Avg. Prices 1/ Unit ($) 161.9 166.5 134.5 139.5 | 148.0 | 161.6 112.2 | 106.6 | 143.8 163.9 |173.2 | 145.4 t_/ Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs. These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fish- ery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices, 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND CANADA) INTERNATIONAL PASSAMAQUODDY FISHERIES BOARD COMPLETES ITS INVESTIGATIONS: Members of the International Passa- maquoddy Fisheries Board met with the International Joint Commission on Janu- ary 13 to 15, 1960, in Boston, Mass. The purpose of the meeting was to explain to the Commission the probable effects of the proposed Passamaquoddy tidal power project upon fisheries of the area, prin- cipally in Passamaquoddy and Cobscook Bays in Maine and New Brunswick. Al- though the dams will eliminate several her- ring weir sites, and changes in water level will require relocation or reconstruction of others, effects onthe abundance of her- ring are expected to be negligible. Groundfish landings also will suffer little change, but haddock will be elimi- nated inside the impoundment, pollock landings will be reduced, and winter floun- der catches will increase. Clam produc- tion will be reduced, but scallop landings should increase. Lobsters may increase slightly in abundance, but conditions for holding lobsters in pounds will deterio- rate. Shipworm damage to wooden struc- tures will increase. These changes will be brought about from the effects of changes in environ- Fig. 1 - Passamaguoddy Fisheries Board and advisors. Photo taken at the January hearings; from left to right at the front table: Robert L. Dow, Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries; Dr. Giulio Pontecorvo, Department of Economics, Bowdoin College, Maine, and Board members M. B, Pike, Lubec, Maine, Dr. J. L. McHugh, U. S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries, and Dr, J. L. Hart, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. In the background, left to right, are W. F. Doucet, Canadian Department of Fisheries; Dr. R. W. Trites, R. A. McKenzie, and S, N. Tibbo, Fisheries Research Board of Canada; Dr, C. J. Sindermann and L. W. Scattergood, U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; D. F. Bumpus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; and L. R. Day, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. May 1960 International (Contd.) mental conditions. The project under consideration would create two pools, one of which would have an average wa- ter level about 6 feet higher than at pres- ent, the other about 5 feet lower. Be- cause the filling gates will be closed during about three-quarters of the tidal cycle, water circulation will be reduced. Seasonal variations in water temperature will be greater, and surface waters will be warmer in summer, colder in winter. Average salinity of the surface waters will decrease. These changes will in- crease the amount of ice cover in winter. Dissolved oxygen in the deeper waters will be reduced. New Brunswick ~:jP assam aquoddy, ; OS 0. A kp 5 Grandi" eeeneene neta eT oS MILES Manan I. ° Fig. 2 - Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project plan selected for detailed design. The possibility of harnessing the pow- er of the tides is a dream of long stand- ing. Small tide mills were not uncom- mon along the Atlantic coast of North America in the last century but these were simple affairs, driven directly by tidal currents, and quite inefficient in their utilization of the available forces. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 The Passamaquoddy project has been un- der serious consideration for more than 30 years, and the International Passama- quoddy Engineering Board has just com- pleted a detailed study of the engineering and economic aspects. HIGH POOL Gx Low poo C—) OUTBIDE ToTaL o ° e ° 2 ° * 8 zr 5 3 re ° z ° 2 w ° Fig. 3 - Total (Canadian and United States) herring land- ings in the high and low pools and in the part of the Quod- dy Region outside the proposed dams. Only a few places in the world have sufficient tidal rise and fall and suitable topography for practical utilization of the tidal power concept. The Bay of Fundy region, with the greatest tides in the world, is a particularly favorable spot. With completion of the Fisheries and En- gineering Boards! studies, this project has become a Serious possibility. --J. L. McHugh, Chief, Division of Biological Research U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1960, p. 38. LAW OF THE SEA SECOND CONFERENCE CONVENES: The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea was convened at Geneva, March 17, 1960. The opening meetings were devoted to the election of officers, adoption of the agenda, and adoption of the rules of procedure. Prince Wan Waithayakon of Thailand was elected President by acclamation and Dr. Jose Correa of Ecuador was elected with- out opposition as Chairman of the Committee of the Whole. Max Sorenson of Denmark was elected Vice-Chairman of the Committee of the Whole and Edwin Glaser of Rumania, Rapporteur, Committee of the Whole. Representatives|of the following coun- tries were elected as Vice Presidents: Albania, Argentina, Canada, China, France, Ghana, Guate- mala, Italy, Iran, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Switzer- land, U. S. S. R., United Arab Republic, United King- dom, and United States. These together with Prince 38 International (Contd.): Wan and Dr. Correa form the 19-man Steering Committee. Representatives of the following coun- tries were named to the Credentials Committee: Brazil, Chile, France, Greece, Indonesia, Liberia, Sudan, U. S. S. R., and United States. The agenda was adopted without change. The rules of procedure were also approved but with certain amendments proposed by the Mexican dele- gation. Of these the one of some significance, which was opposed by the United States delegation, concerns the question of reconsideration of pro- posals in the Committee of the Whole. Voting on proposals in the Committee of the Whole is by simple majority. Proposals which receive such majority are referred to the Conference Plenary, where a two-thirds vote is required for adoption. Proposals which fail to get a simple majority in Committee are dropped from further consideration unless a motion to reconsider is approved by the Committee. The provisional rules of procedure had provided that a simple majority was required for reconsideration; the Mexican amendment, as adopted by a vote of 41 to 30 with 7 abstentions, requires a two-thirds vote. Three proposals have been submitted to the Conference. The Soviet Union proposed on March 21 that each state be entitled-to fix the breadth of its ter- ritorial sea at any distance up to 12 nautical miles, and to have an exclusive fishing zone of 12 miles. If the territorial limit were set at less than 12 miles, the state might nonetheless have a 12-mile fishing zone. Mexico proposed on March 21 that each state be entitled to fix the breadth of its territorial sea at any distance up to 12 miles. In addition, each state would have a contiguous fishing zone, the breadth of which would be determined according to a formula set forth in the proposal. Nations choosing a territorial sea of from 3 to 6 miles would be granted a contiguous fishing zone 12 to 15 miles wide, as the case may be, for a total of 18 miles; nations choosing a territorial sea of from 7 to 9 miles, a contiguous fishing zone 6 to 8 miles wide, for a total of 15 miles; nations choos- ing a territorial sea of from 10 to 11 miles, a con- tiguous fishing zone 1 to 2 miles wide, for a total of 12 miles; and nations choosing a territorial sea of 12 miles would be granted no additional contigu- ous zone. Neither of these proposals makes any provision for continuation of traditional fishing activities of other states off foreign shores. The United States proposed on March 23 a 6- plus-6 plan, in which the territorial sea would be fixed at 6 miles and an outer 6-mile contiguous fishing zone would be established. In the outer zone, nations which had traditionally fished off foreign shores in areas within the 6- to 12-mile band would continue to do so, for ''the same groups of species. . .to an extent not exceeding in any year the annual average level of fishing carried on in the outer zone''’ during the five-year period imme- diately preceding January 1, 1958. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viole 225) Now Presenting the U. S. proposal, Arthur Dean, chairman of the United States delegation, said that the United States feels that failure to reach any a- greement at this Conference would be a ''serious and unfortunate mistake.'' However, in order to reach agreement, we feel we ''must refrain from pursuing our preferred solution," he continued. "The solution preferred by the United States which we believe to be in the interest of all nations, large and small, is a width of 3 miles and no more. The United States prefers that there be no exclu- sive fishery jurisdiction beyond the 3-mile limit. Efforts to maintain and maximize fishery pro- duction, a highly desirable objective, have, we be- lieve, little to do with arbitrary lines drawn by man in or on the ocean... "I find it hard to believe the logic, and the basic self-interest of nations, large and small, maritime and not-yet maritime, fishing and not-yet fishing, do not weigh heavily on the side of continuing to maintain the traditional 3-mile limit. "The United States adheres, has always adhered to this limit, and for this reason shall continue to do so if there is no agreement reached here." The Department of State announced on March 11 that President Eisenhower appointed Arthur H. Dean, New York City, as Chairman of the United States Delegation, with the personal rank of Am- bassador, to the Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Dean also served as Chairman of the United States Delegation to the first United Nations Con- ference on the Law of the Sea which was held at Geneva, February 24-April 28, 1958. Arthur L. Richards, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for Law of the Sea, serves as Vice Chairman to Dean. The Department also announced that President Eisenhower designated the Honorable Edward T. Miller, former member of the House of Represent- atives from the First District of Maryland as Al- ternate United States Representative, and as an ad- ditional Vice Chairman of the Delegation. The Congress was asked to designate two Con- gressional Advisers. Other members of the Delegation include: Alternate United States Representatives: Oswald S. Colclough, Vice Admiral, U.S. N. (Retired), Department of the Navy William C. Herrington, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of State. Arnie J. Suomela, Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife, Department of the Interior David W. Wainhouse, Minister-Counselor, American Embassy, Vienna. May 1960 International (Contd.) Raymund T. Yingling, Assistant Legal Adviser, Department of State. Advisers: Norman Armour, Jr., United States Mission to the United Nations, New York, New York. Frank Boas, Attorney, | Brussels, Belgium. Wilbert M. Chapman, Natural Resources Committee, San Diego, California. Ralph N. Clough, First Secretary, American Embassy, London. George J. Feldman, Attorney, New York, New York. Leonard Hardy, Captain, U. S. N., Department of the Navy. Wilfred A. Hearn, Captain, U.S. N., Department of the Navy. Harold Hoag, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. N., Department of the Navy. Nat B. King, American Consul General, Dacca, Pakistan. Harold E, Lokken, Manager, Fishing Vessel Owners Association, Seattle, Washington. John Lyman, National Science Foundation, William R. Neblett, Executive Director, National Shrimp Congress, Key West, Florida. Charles H. Owsley, Deputy United States Representative at the European Office of the United Nations and Other International Organizations, Geneva, Switzerland. G. Etzel Pearcy, Geographer, Department of State. Thomas D. Rice, Executive Secretary, Massachusetts Fisheries Association, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. Peter Roberts, Consul, American Consulate General, Seville, Spain. Harry Shooshan, Office of the Secretary, Department of the Interior. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 George H. Steele, Director, Fishery Products Division, National Canners Association, Washington, D. C. Fred E. Taylor, Office of the Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of State. William Terry, Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. William Witman, II, First Secretary, American Embassy, Paris. Edward E. Wright, Office of the Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for Law of the Sea, Department of State. Secretary of Delegation: Virgil L. Moore, Resident United States Delegation to International Organizations, Geneva, Switzerland. Technical Secretary: Ernest L. Kerley, Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for United Nations Affairs, Department of State. The Conference undertakes to resolve two high- ly important problems left unsolved by the 1958 conference--the breadth of the territorial sea and fishery limits. Representatives from about 89 countries were invited to participate. NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION FISHING TRENDS IN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC: Canadian landings from the International Com- mission for the Northwest Atlantic Area were 9 percent higher in quantity in 1959 than in 1958. This was due to increased landings of cod andhad- dock, whereas ocean perch or redfish landings fell far below those of 1958. Janu- ary 1960 compared to January 1959 showed a great increase in ocean perch landings and a somewhat smaller increase in cod landings, whereas haddock landings were far below those of January 1959. Cod landings from the trawl and trap fishery in Newfound- land and from the trawl fishery in the Gulf of St. Lawrence were highly satisfactory during the 1959 summer. Off Labrador the summer fishery for cod yielded exceptionally good catches. During late summer, ocean perch which had been scarce returned in fair quantities in the Gulf of St. Law- rence. During autumn--in spite of unfavorable weather conditions, the Newfoundland fisheries 40 International (Contd.): continued to consolidate their recovery from the very poor year of 1958. The Faroese fisheries off West Greenland stop- ped in 1959 by the endofOctober. The catch was not satisfactory, partly because of bad ice and weather conditions, and partly owing to a scarcity of cod. A joint Danish-Faroese-Norwegian fishing con- cern is planning a considerable development of its fishing plant in Faeringehavn, West Greenland, es- pecially to meet the increased demand for fillets. The third French campaign to the Northwest At- lantic was under way in October. The catches re- ported from the Labrador and West Greenland areas were, up to October, rather unsatisfactory. The French trawlers started in January on the first trip to the Convention Area in 1960. About 32 trawlers are expected to take part in the fish- ery this year. In 1959 a total of 34 trawlers took part in the fishery. During the latter part of the year's fishery, a considerable increase in size of the cod caught in West Greenland waters was ob- served, and due to this a more satisfactory fishery is expected in 1960. German trawl fishing mainly for ocean perch was carried out during the autumn of 1959 along the northeast shelf of the Newfoundland Bank with most satisfactory results, and with a catch per unit of effort about one-third higher than that from any other fishing grounds. The fishery was start- ed in this area following an exploratory trip by a German trawler to the area between Flemish Cap and Labrador. Norwegian hand-liners and trawlers returned from their last 1959 trip to the ICNAF area during October-November 1959. The fishery was carried out in West Greenland and inthe Newfoundland area; off Greenland mainly for cod for salting with only insignificant catches of halibut; off Newfoundland as a mixed fishery for cod and halibut. The last Spanish trawlers returned from the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ICNAF area in December; the fishery in 1959 was reported as being better than in 1958. The 1960 campaign was expected to start at the end of Janu- ary. Russian exploratory trawlers in 1959 worked off West Greenland and found rich fishing grounds for cod and ocean perch on the banks and their western slopes between Kap Farvel and Disko Is- land. Data for preparing a fishery chart of the area were collected. UNITED NATIONS UNITED KINGDOM FIRST TO RATIFY 1958 CONVENTIONS ON TERRITORIAL SEA AND FISHERY CONSERVATION: The United Kingdom has become the first country to ratify 2 of the 4 inter- national conventions adopted by the Unit- Viol, 22) No.) ed Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in April 1958, the United Nations Of- fice of Legal Affairs announced March15, 1960. British ratifications of the Con- vention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, and of the Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas, have been received at U. N. Headquarters. In addition, the United Kingdom's rat- ification of the Convention on the High Seas was received. It is the second rati- fication of this treaty, the first having come from Afghanistan. Each convention needs a total of 22 ratifications to bring it into force. A fourth treaty adopted by the 1958 Confer- ence on the Law of the Sea, dealing with the continental shelf, has not yet been ratified. It also needs 22 ratifications. The Convention on the territorial sea embodies the results of work of the 1958 conference on that subject but does not cover the width of the territorial sea, which was considered at a second U.N. conference in Geneva on March17. A- mong other things, this convention es- tablishes specific rules for the right of . innocent passage of ships through terri- torial waters, with separate references to merchant vessels, government-owned ships used commercially, and warships; and lays down the rights and duties of states through whose waters the ships pass. In addition, regarding the ''contiguous zone,'' the convention gives the right for each state to exercise controls regard- ing fishing, emigration, customs and san- itation within a 12-mile belt to prevent infringements of the territorial sea. The Convention on the High Seas among other things, provides for freedom of the high seas; specifies that ''states having no sea coast should have free access to the sea''; deals with the nationality and the flag of ships; regulates practices on the high seas, including such matters as assistance to ships in distress, piracy, and the ''right of hot pursuit'' of foreign ships; calls for measures to prevent the pollution of waters by oil or radioactive waste; and deals with the laying of sub- marine cables and damage to them. May 1960 International (Contd.): The Convention on Fishing and Con - servation establishes regulations on the conservation of fisheries onthe highseas, seas, lays down rules under which meas- ures promulgated by one nation are ap- plicable to other countries, and sets out arbitration procedures. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1960, p. 61; November 1959, p. 100; August 1959, p. 40; February 1959, p. 49; January 1959, pp. 54 and 71. TRADE AGREEMENTS ICELAND-EAST GERMANY TRADE AGREEMENT INCLUDES FISH: Iceland has concludeda new trade a- greement with East Germany, which in- cludes some fishery products exports from Iceland to East Germany. Thenew list does not mention the subject of fish- ing vessels which has been important among East German export items. The 1960 protocol had been under discussion for some time. The actual negotiations have been between the Icelandic Chamber of Commerce and the German Democrat- ic Republic Chamber of Foreign Trade. Some of the talks were held Septem- ber 21-22, 1959, in Berlin, but the 1960 protocol was signed November 20. A decline is noted from the 1959 a- greement in respect to salted herring. Last year's provided for 65,000 barrels, whereas the new agreement provides for only 50,000 valued at US$1.1 million, However, the possibility of purchasing additional herring is left open. By far the most important item in the agree- ment from the Icelandic side is the sale of at least 9,000 metric tons of frozen fish valued at $3.15 million. East Ger- many is apparently quite interested in purchasing Icelandic frozen fillets and also would have been willing to take more than the 2,000 metric tons of fish meal (valued at $340,000) provided for in the agreement. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1959, p- 54. WHALING WHALE OIL SALES: The Norwegian whaling companies have reported to the press that 100,000 long tons of whale oil had been sold. The Norwegian marine oil processors COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 have bought 40,000 tons, and 60,000 tons have been sold to a large British firm. The price was reported as L72 10s. (US$203) a long ton, or the same as the price paid by the British firm last year, but other unspecified conditions are re- ported to be more favorable for the sellers. The press article includes reports on other sales of whale oil which have been made: 50,000 to 60,000 tons from Japan to the same British firm that bought the Norwegian oil; the total British produc- tion also was sold to the same British firm, with the exception of 8,000 tons which have been sold to independent buy- ers on the European Continent; Japan had previously sold 13,000 tons. The sales of Japanese and British oil to the British firm are reported at the same price as the price paid for Norwegian oil. Total 1960 Antarctic whale oil produc- tion by the Norwegian expedition is pres- ently estimated at about 120,000 metric tons, or roughly the same as in 1959, (United States Embassy, Copenhagen, re- port of March 11, 1960.) He ke ok ok of NO WHALING IN CANADA THIS YEAR: The British Columbia whaling fleet and land station will not operate this year. Some 60 men employed on the boats and 90 in the plant have been advised that the operation will be suspended. Hunting and processing normally commences in April and continues for six months. At west coast Canadian whaling station skilled workers using flensing knives to strip off blubber. Giant calipers are used to measure whale, 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): It seems evident that the reason for not operating this year is the depressed world markets for meal and oil. LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE AREA AGREEMENT An agreement to create a Latin A- merican Free Trade Area was signed on February 18, 1960, culminating an intensive two-week conference in Monte- video. Representatives from Argentine, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay signed. Bolivia, although participating fully in the negotiations, did not signbut was granted four months to do so and still be considered a found- ing member. The agreement--to be known as the Treaty of Montevideo--will enter into force when ratified by at least three of the contracting parties. The Treaty includes several annexed protocols relating to: (1) norms and procedures for negotiating reductions in restrictions, (2) the establishment of a provisional committee to act for the Association until the Treaty is ratified, (3) the form in which ECLA and the In- teramerican Economic and Social Coun- cil are to provide technical advice, and (4) an exemption from Treaty require- ments for agreements among the signa- tories on the purchase and sale of petro- leum. Two Conference resolutions were signed at the same time as the Treaty. One grants Bolivia its four months to subscribe to the agreement as a found- ing member while the other calls for an informal meeting of Central Bank ex- perts to study possible payments ar- rangements. (United States Embassy, Montevideo, February 24, 1960.) FISHERY TRENDS, FEBRUARY 1960: Shrimp Fishery: The shrimp fishery in southern Argentina was over by early February with landings down sharply from the previous season. Ex-vessel prices were higher, ranging between 10 and 60 pesos per kilogram (5.4-30.7 U. S. cents a pound) according to size. The shrimp failed to appear in quantity Argentina Volse2 25 Non during the Argentine summer season. In the past, according to an article in an Argentine newspaper (La Prensa) of Feb- ruary 14, 1960, the shrimp vessels land- ed catches of up to 4 metric tons daily and landings were often limited because of the lack of processing capacity. This past shrimp fishing season, se- vere weather along the coast curtailed the fishery from November 1959 to Janu- ary this year. Fishing for shrimp in vol- ume began about 1945 in the Comodora Rivadavia area and also about 28 miles off the Rio Chabut. Since 1947 landings have decreased and the drop is attributed by some to overfishing by the up to 50 vessels fishing the above areas. Shark Fishery: In February the fish- ery for shark (cazon) had started and catches by the fleet averaged about 500 fish a day. These sharks were sold at 120 pesos (US$1.44) per fish, which is considered a good price. Tuna Fishery: The Japanese tuna ves- sel Yoshino Maru landed at Mar del Plata on February 6, 1960, with its first trip from an Argentine port. The vessel land- ed 9,828 albacore, 931 yellowfin, and 103 big-eyed tuna, 2,467 swordfish, 1,697 white swordfish, 18 other swordfish, and 162 sawfish. Prior to this trip the ves- sel had landed a trip in November 1959, caught while en route to Argentina from Japan. Another Japanese vessel, the Eisei Maru, landed tuna and other fish at Mar del Plata in 1959. (United States Embassy, Buenos Aires, February 16, 1960.) Australia FISHING INDUSTRY PROTESTS MARKETING OF SMALL SHRIMP: In January this year Australian fish- ermen and fish wholesalers united to protest the landing and sale of small shrimp (under 33-inches in length with heads on). The legal minimum sizes for shrimp were abolished by the Govern- ment in May 1959. At about the same time the mesh size for shrimp trawls was increased from 14-inch to 13- inch, May 1960 Australia (Contd.): In abolishing the minimum size for shrimp the Government acted on the ad- vice of its fisheries experts who claim that legal lengths have no conservation value since school shrimp don't spawn until 44-inches long and king shrimp un- til 9 to 11 inches long. The request to impose a minimum size limit on shrimp was made in a let- ter to the Chief Secretary's Department jointly signed by the president of the New South Wales Master Fish Merchants' Association and the secretary of the New South Wales Fishermen's Co-op Union Ltd. The letter said: ''At a meeting of the Committee of this Union with the Com- mittee of the Master Fish Merchants' Association, it was decided that we voice our joint protest against the abo- lition of a legal minimum size of prawns and both bodies hereby express their de- sire that the Department immediately impose a legal minimum length of 3 inch- es on prawns. "Tt is pointed out that with the recent glut of small prawns on the market it is the firm opinion of both bodies that a continuation of this policy will eventual- ly lead to a reduced quantity of prawns being available for catch, and consequent- ly the public will be excluded from prawn buying. Neither the Unionof Fishermen's Co-operative, the buyers, nor the actual consumer desires that this small prawn be allowed onthe market. (Fish Trades Review, January 1960.) 3 Brazil JAPANESE FISHING COMPANY CLOSES BRAZILIAN RETAIL STORES TEMPORARILY: The Japanese fishing firm, which has been operating out of Brazil since mid- 1957, sold its landings of fish at retail through 14 sales units in the City of Sao Paulo. The stands, small buildings with re- frigerating facilities, were set up at COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 strategic points throughout the city under a special two-year license granted by the city government. The license expired at the end of 1959 and was not renewed. As a result, the Japanese firm and its dis- tributors shut down and dismantled the fish stands. The catch from the compa- ny's fishing operations off the coast of Brazil, which totals over 400 tons of fish monthly, is now sold to wholesalers. The Japanese firm is dissatisfied with this arrangement, inasmuch as it is no longer able to control prices at retail levels, and has decided to rent space for retail stores at the locations where the fish stands used to operate. The company was planning to have a total of 11 outlets operational in late March or early April. According to an officer of the Japa- nese firm, the company is now consider- ing selling part of its catch of fish to the newly-created Centro Estadual de Abaste- cimento S. A. (State Supply Center) when that organization sets up facilities in various parts of the State of Sao Paulo. The Japanese company now has in op- eration the full complement of ten ves- sels. (United States Consular report from Sao Paulo, March 4, 1960.) A CANS Canada BRITISH COLUMBIA SALMON MIGRATION AND ESCAPEMENT DEVELOPMENTS 1959: Developments or trends of special interest as- sociated with the British Columbia 1959 salmon migration and salmon escapement include: 1. The low returns of chum salmon to northern coastal areas are of major concern, In some cases they are the poorest on record. Despite an almost complete ban on fishing, chum escapement to Queen Charlotte Islands was very light, generally less than the weak brood year and only slightly bet- ter than the light runs of 1955 on the east coast and a portion of the west coast of Moresby Island. Es- capement to streams of the Butedale area was the poorest on record, and in the Bella Bella area where fairly good runs were experienced four years ago a decline in the number of spawners was evi- dent this year. 2. On the other hand, some improvement in chum runs to the southern areas of the Province over the weak 1955 cycle year was quite generally in evidence. The volume of catch reflected this improved state and spawning ground supplies were much more satisfactory. 44 Canada (Contd.): 3. Pink salmon runs generally were substan- tially below expectations based on good spawning escapements two years ago. The Fraser pink run was the second smallest in the history of the fish- ery and where a return aggregating some 4 mil- lion fish was looked for on the Skeena, the actual run was of the order of 2.2 million fish. The less- er returns are attributed to adverse survival con- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol’ 225 Now oO the province's rapidly expanding tourist and rec- reational fields in the southern coastal areas, 5. No large sockeye run was in prospect and returns were pretty much of the order anticipated with the exception of the Fraser where improved runs prevailed, The aggregate catch was appreci- ably reduced in volume by the two-week fishing tie-up during the last week in July and the first week in August. Canadian purse-seiner brailing salmon out of the net. ditions at sea. The volume of catch at some points was curtailed because of the two-week tie-up of fishing gear during the period July 25-August 9. 4. The coho and spring salmon runs were of good average volume. This is reflected by catch statistics and spawning ground escapements. Both of these varieties continue as a major attraction in 6. Regulatory measures in the interests of con- servation were the most stringent and restrictive on record. These could not have been unexpected having regard to the degree of high efficiency, mo- bility, and skills being maintained by present-day fishing fleets and the fact that at best only moder- ate returning salmon runs were in prospect. British Columbia Salmon Catch, aie 22m 1959 ear | sockeye | Pink | cote | chim | 3 Coho 3,259,600 12,044,500 3,036,000 3,257,500 2,835,500 6,710,400 5,926,700 4,863,300 6,776,300 6,908,200 11,310,400 7,352,000 11,246,500 5,443,900 11,110,000 11,235,200 2,896,900 2,989,500 3,136,700 3,049,600 2,970,000 2,445,100 2,894,000 2,745,400 2,015,200 3,191,400 2,412,000 2,458,400 1,567,600 5,941,400 4,670,000 2,481,100 26,229,300 830,200 May, 1960 Canada (Contd.): 7. A significant development was the substantial catch gain in pinks made by trollers, particularly along the west coast of Vancouver Island, where the fish were still long distances from their spawning streams, and in the Alert Bay subdistrict. The trollers took 809,100 pinks or 11.9 percent of the total pink catch. In the Alert Bay subarea the troll pink catch comprised 20 percent of the subarea catch of this species. Because of the successful competitive effort with purse seines and gill nets in the Alert Bay area, trollers were required to ob- serve special weekly closed seasons for a 3-weeks! period at the height of the pink run in common with the net fishermen. 8. Improved volume of chum salmon escape- ment to the spawning streams between Vancouver Island and the mainland and to the Harrison- Chehalis streams on the Fraser is directly attri- butable to the ''four-ten" conservation formula, i.e., 4 days fishing followed by 10 days of closure, during the fall fishing season in all areas between Vancouver Island and the mainland, including Johnstone Strait, Gulf of Georgia, and Fraser Riv- er. A regular, progressive influx and distribution from the Johnstone Strait migration towards the many streams draining into the Straits of Georgia was attained and the enhanced spawning escape- ments should bear fruit four years hence. Cuba MEMBERS DESIGNATED FOR GULF OF MEXICO SHRIMP COMMISSION: Three representatives of the Govern- ment of Cuba have been designated to serve on the Commission for the Con- servation of Shrimp in the Eastern Zone of the Gulf of Mexico. The designation was made by the Ministry of Foreign Re- lations in Decree No, 2471, published in the Official Gazette No. 41 of March 1, 1960. = The members designated by the Cuban Government are Dra. Isabel Perez Far- fante, Director of the Fisheries Investi- gation Section; Dr. Jose Acosta Jimenez, Biologist; and Rene Buesa Mas, Tech- nician. In accordance with the Convention be- tween the United States and Cuba on the Conservation of Shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico, Cuba is responsible for desig- nating three members for the Commis- sion which is to be established to imple- ment the Convention between the United States and Cuba. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 The three United States members of the Commission have not yet been desig- nated. The purpose of the Convention be- tween the United States and Cuba is scien- tific research and the adoption of conser- vation measures affecting shrimp harvest- ed by fishermen of both countries in the Gulf of Mexico off the coasts of Cuba and Florida, where important shrimp areas exist. This is the ninth international agree- ment by means of which the United States is now cooperating with neighboring coun- tries in the conservation of fishery re- sources. OK Kk ok FOUR IMPORTANT FROZEN FISH PRODUCTS COMPANIES INTERVENED: Four important Cuban private frozen fish products companies in Habana Prov- ince have been intervened recently, ac- cording to a March 4 report from Cuba. The interventions were accomplished by resolutions issued by the Fisheries Di- vision of the National Agrarian Reform Institute (INRA) signed by a Naval Cap- tain of that agency, a delegate of the Of- fice of Cuban Maritime Development (Oficina de Fomento Maritimo Cubano), and the president of the Cuban National Fisheries Institute (Instituto Nacional de la Pesca), The ''Whereas'" clauses of one of the intervention orders attempted to justify the above action by claiming that the es- tablishment of fishermen's cooperatives at over 20 ports in the Island had forced the INRA to assume control of packing firms in anticipation of increased fish- eries production. It was further charged that it was ''common knowledge" that the fish and shellfish packing firm was func- tioning in an''abnormal''manner and'"'did not fully render the social and economic functions it should.'' The Naval Captain of the INRA also reportedly stated that the companies were working only one or two days a week. HK OK OK OK CLOSED SEASON ON SPINY LOBSTER AND BULL FROG SPECIES: The Cuban National Fisheries Insti- tute (Instituto Nacional de la Pesca) of 46 Cuba (Contd.): the National Agrarian Reform Institute (I.N.R.A.) imposed a closed season on the capture of the spiny lobster species, Panulirus argus, effective March 15, 1960, andonthe bullfrog species, Rana catesbeiana, effective April 1, 1960. The closed seasons will remain in ef- fect until cancelled by subsequent I.N.R.A. resolutions. The resolutions announcing the closed seasons appeared in the Official Gazet- te--that for spiny lobster in No. 42 of March 2, 1960, and that for the bullfrog species in No. 52 of March 16, 1960. Both were adopted upon the recom- mendation of the Director of the Fish- eries Investigation Center. (United States Embassy, Habana, reports of March 11 and 23, 1960.) Egypt SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Egypt's shrimp landings (heads on) have averaged about 5,318 metric tons annually for 1956-58. In 1959 estimates indicate landings were 450 tons higher. The motor fishing fleet of Egypt con- sists of 157 vessels (excluding 329 ves- sels engaged almost exclusively in sar- dine fishing). The percentage engaged in shrimp fishing is not known, There are in Egypt no modern shrimp vessels of the type used in the United States. In addition, there are large numbers (per- haps 700-1,000) of small sailing vessels which are engaged part-time in shrimp fishing. There are a number of plans, none of which have been implemented as yet, to either construct or purchase from abroad modern shrimp trawlers. Such plans do not call for more than 10 ves- sels during the next three-year period. Shrimp exports are subject to the same currency control regulations as other Egyptian exports. There is no ex- port tax on shrimp; there is, however, a quarantine inspection designed to as- sure the export of only wholesome prod- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viola e224 Nowe ucts, the charge for which amounts to approximately $4.88 a metric ton. (Unit- ed States Consulate, Alexandria, report of December 15, 1959.) German Federal Republic MARKET FOR FROZEN FISH AND OTHER FOODS EXPANDING: The frozen-food industry in Germany has devel- oped more slowly than in any other country in West- ern Europe. But it is now firmly established and progressing rapidly. In 1955, after studying the frozen-food industry in neighboring countries and in the United States, the Germans attempted to establish theirs on a bet- ter basis. It caught on and since then has grown steadily. In1956there wereonly 5,000 deep-freez- ers inGerman stores. At the beginning of 1959 nearly 20,000 units, many of them much bigger than the first ones, were in operation throughout the country, though only about 10 percent of the grocery stores have them. Comparing frozen-food consumption figures in certain other countries points up the great possi- bilities for expansion in the German market of 51 million people. Sweden, with a population of only seven million, has more deep freezers than Ger- many. The number of firms turning out frozen foods in Germany is rising rapidly;in 1955 there were only 17 but by 1958 there were 42. Despite this sub- stantial growth, German processors feel that pro- duction will not be able to keep pace with demand and that more and more frozen foods will have to be imported. There are also production and distribution prob- lems stemming from the newness of the frozen-food industry in Germany. The establishment of an ef- ficient delivery chain from warehouse to shop has proven difficult, as has maintenance of uniform quality. Table 1 shows the pattern of German frozen- food consumption in 1958. able 1 - West German Frozen-Food Consumption, 1958 ety o Eaiscellaneous foods .. The 2,000 tons of frozen fish consumed in 1958 were principally in the form of fillets; the more popular kinds are cod, ocean perch or rosefish, sole, and plaice, though frozen shellfish is also being sold in increasing quantities. It is expected that the growth of the frozen-food trade will bene- fit particularly the fishing industry because inland consumers will be able to have fish year-round. May 1960 German Federal Republic (Contd.): COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 Table 2 -Imports of Frozen Fish Fillets, 1957-59 Jan. - Sept. 1959 1958 1957 a egg Suan value _{Quantity| Value Country of Origin Netherlands . Communist China Other. . Total2/ 1/Less than US$1, 000. - =- = 9 - - - - - 1,804 2/Will not total since quantities less than $1,000 are included in totals. Note: Values converted at rate of 4.17 Deutsche Mark equal US$1. The import of most deep-frozen foods will be liberalized within the next one or two years andit is felt in trading circles here that it will be fairly easy to obtain import licenses during the inter- vening period. Development of the frozen-food market has boosted the consumption of frozenfish, especially fillets. There is a strong interest in imported ocean perchor rosefishandcod fillets, and an in- dication that frozen shellfish would also be popular; those products have been liberalized. Principal foreign suppliers at present are the Scandinavian ceaje (Canadian Foreign Trade, February 27, 1960 * kK OK OK NORTH SEA TESTS PROVE MERIT OF NEW MIDWATER TRAWL: A new type of the one~boat midwater trawl has been judged suitable for commercial fishing after a year-long trial in the North Sea. Promising catches of herring and sprat had been réported during experiments in 1959 with the new gear. The gear con- sists of a high-opening nylon net, hydrofoil otter boards, and an echo-sounder telemeter, with the oscillator attached to the head rope of the net for continuous trawl-depth position and fish detection. This new equipment allows fishermen a degree of accuracy in the operation far superior to former midwater methods, The gear trials were conducted by the Hamburg, West Ger- many, Institute for Fishing Methods and Gear Research for the Government, at the request of the Society of German Deep Sea Trawler Owners. Most of the technical development and experimental work at sea was planned and supervised by a gear technologist on the staff of the Fisheries Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Basically, the FAO expert states, the problem was to devise an economic way for the German trawler fleet to catch her- ring, sprat, or any other pelagic (midwater) fish swimming higher than the reach of bottom trawls. The main demand for such means came from the smaller deep-sea trawlers who are not able to reach the distant fishing grounds off Green- land, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Furthermore, it was de- sirable to extend the herring season throughout the year to supply the herring processing factories and the fresh fish markets. Herring trawling had heretofore been restricted to the yearly periods when herring were on the bottom. Midwater trawling with two boats, with the net towed be- tween them, is an accepted method among North Sea fisher- men. However, the two-boat method requires close coop- eration between the two crews, and becomes risky in crowd- ed fishing grounds, and in bad weather. It also is unsuitable for larger craft. The experiments with the new gear, for one-boat trawl- ing, began in December 1958. The first trips were mainly devoted to the technical development of the gear, with the catch being considered relatively unimportant. The basic problem in midwater trawling is to adjust the net accurately to the depth of the fish. This requires a con- tinuous indication of the depth of the net (so that proper ac- tion can be taken in time) and gear which can be quickly raised or lowered as desired. The quick manoeuvrability of the gear is obtained by the special design of the hydrofoil otter boards. The idea of the echo-sounder telemeter, which is now being put to com- mercial use for the first time, has been used experiment- ally by other scientific workers. The present experiments included the development of this method to commercial re- liability. The echo~sounder oscillator attached to the bosom part of the headrope to sound downwards indicates not only the depth of the net, but also the position of the ground rope and the fish in the net opening and below the net. The connect- ing cable to the echo-sounding unit in the wheelhouse of the trawler is handled on large craft by an automatic electric winch, This enables the fisherman to know the depth of the net, to check if the gear is operating properly, and to see if the fish are really in the path of the net. With some ex- perience, he should also be able to estimate the rate of catch from the fish traces in the net opening and so deter- mine the right time for hauling. Eight trips were taken with trawlers of 150, 600, and 1,400 hp. to develop and test the new gear. Trawling was done in the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Irish Sea at a towing speed from 3.5 to 4 knots. The opening height of the net was between 10 and 17 meters (32.8-55.8 feet), in depths down to 200 meters (109.3 fathoms), and with warp lengths up to 375 fathoms, Catches ranged up to 7 metric tons per haul, During a final 12-day trip with a large deep-sea trawler, in the English Channel and Irish Sea, the net burst with an estimated catch of 30 metric tons, Although most of this catch was lost, this trip yielded 100 metric tons, mainly of herring with small amounts of mackerel and coalfish, This catch sold in Germany for about US$14,500. This is not a tremendous catch for herring, the FAO expert stated. However, it was considered significant since the test was conducted prior to the early winter herring season, at a 48 German Federal Republic (Contd.): time wnen bottom-trawling fishermen were catching hardly any herring. The new gear is expected to become a valuable means of extending trawling to periods when the fish are off the bottom and beyond the range of conventional bottom trawls. This should lead to increased economy in trawling through fewer interruptions of fishing due to unsuitable fish distri- bution, better exploitation of fishing grounds, extension of certain fishing seasons, and even by making new areas and fish stocks accessible. Ghana MANY NATIONS FISHING OFF GHANA: Ghana, in Northwest Africa, is re- ported to have obtained promising re- sults in its investigations for expanding fisheries in its waters. Concentration is on tuna. The studies were carried out by a United States fishery firm in cooperation with the Government of Ghana. In addition to Japanese long-line tuna vessels, Russian, Norwegian, and French vessels are also reported fishing off Ghana in the Atlantic. The Soviet Union is reported to have carried out mother- ship-type tuna fishing off Cape Verde. A law prohibiting foreign fishing ves- sels to operate in the territorial waters of Ghana has recently been enacted. (Japanese Fisheries Economic News, March 4, 1960.) t Greece FROZEN FISH PRODUCTION INCREASED: Replying to a question put by a mem- ber of Parliament, the Greek Minister of of Industry stated that the production of frozen fish in Greece today reaches 5,000 metric tons and that it will reach 16,000-18,000 tons when all the freezer- trawlers under construction are oper- ating. The frozen fish will be used, on the whole, to meet Greek needs since local demand is good. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viola 225) Now 5 In January 1960, the freezer-trawlers Evangelistria I, Evangelistria II, Evan- gelistria III, Zephyros I, and Polikos worked off the coasts of Mauritania (Northwest Africa). The freezer-trawler Polikos com- pleted her maiden voyage fishing until January 20,1960--110 metric tons of fish were caught (average daily production 3.5 tons). The new factoryship Evangelistria IV was expected to leave Cornebourg (Vien- na) for Vraila, but was delayed because of bad weather. Preparations have been made to com- plete another three freezer-trawlers in Viarezzio, Italy; and still another two freezer-trawlers (Alieia, February 1960). Haiti ' NEW FISHING COMPANY DEVELOPING FISHING INDUSTRY: A new fish company is developing the fishing in- dustry of Haiti with the aid of a Food and Agriculture Organizationtechnical assistance fishery officer. The main difficulty has been that up to now the Haitian fishermen have found it very hard to mar- ket their fish. There are very few paved roads in the country--the rest are jeep or mule tracks-- which means that fresh fish never gets out of the coastal villages. What fish fishermen catch beyond their own needs, they salt and sell to professional trading women, known as Madame Sarahs, who come ondonkeys over the mountains. These women pay the fishermen 5 to 7 cents a pound for their fish, and often buy on credit, rather than cash. 4 Fig. 1 - Cuban vessel Santona chartered by FAO fishery expert to explore tuna fishing possibilities. Fishing bonito with pole and line and using water spray to attract fish in waters near Haiti. May 1960 Haiti (Contd.): The new company offered 10 cents casha pound for fish. In one instance, the fishermen, in two days, landed 1,200 pounds of fish. Their previous production was 300 pounds a week. A schoolmaster, recruited by the company to use his spare time buying fish, netted nearly the equivalent of his month's salary intwodays of fish buying. His commission was one cent a pound. The FAO expert from Canterbury, England, was sent at the request of the Haitian Government, to make a general survey of Haitian fisheries and proposals for fishery development. He decided on Fig. 2 - Part of a day's catch of bonito aboard chartered vessel Santona. Fish have been eviscerated and washed and are about to be iced down in the hold. two main lines of approach. First, to try and de- velop a large-scale industry for fish like tuna to increase the animal protein in the people's diets, and second, to help the small fishermen improve production by developing their fishing methods and providing them with a market. These aims were in accordance with the Government's policy of en- couraging new enterprises. Since Cuba, Haiti's next door neighbor, was landing some 12 million pounds a year of tuna, mostly bonito and albacore, the FAO expert thought that these fishcould also be foundinthe waters a- round Haiti, although the local fishermen were not fishingforthem. Onthe advice of the expert, the Haitian government chartered a Cuban bonito boat with askeletoncrew and the fishery officer went out and tested and plotted the tuna grounds to be ex- ploited. A second charter of the same boat was to demonstrate the commercial possibilities. Although the vessel operated at the end of the season, nearly three-fourths ton of bonito a day was caught. A very simple fish-drying station was set up at Mole St. Nicolas, the bay where Columbus first landed, and the dried salted fish were sold to the Haitian people. The new company fitted out the 45-foot boat bought from the Coast Guard--the first motorized boat ever to fish commercially in Haiti--with an insulated hold and small refrigeration unit, be- sides the gear necessary for bonito fishing. Then, to assure themselves of a continuous source of a COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 ‘variety of fish, they organized the fishermen in the scattered villages and began to collect fish from them. This April, the company plans to have its first try at the tuna. To collect the fish, the company has established eight centers onthe northern coast of Haiti's south- ernpeninsula, There, its agents have started buy- ing fish offered by the local fishermen, storing the fish in discarded domestic refrigerators packed with ice treated with antibiotics. The company's one boat has made regular rounds to deliver ice and to pick up the catch. Now the new company has obtained a loan from the National Bank of Haiti, and a second Diesel- driven boat has been put into operation. This will enable the company to set up further collecting centers and permit fishermen in other outlying areas to sell their catch more profitably. The new company has already opened three fish shops, one of which is particularly well equipped, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital. All are clean and fitted with refrigerators. The company at present brings in roughly 3,500 pounds of fish a week, and this will increase as further centers are opened up and the company's newly-acquired cold storage goes into operation. The gompany started exporting spiny lobsters, or crawfish, to the United States only last year. Now the company exports nearly 1,000 pounds of spiny lobster tails every two weeks. at i cad Hong Kong SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Shrimp landings in Hong Kong in 1958, according to data furnished by the Fish Marketing Organization of the Coop- erative Development Department of the Hong Kong Govern- ‘ment, amounted to about 6.2 million pounds valued at US$1.5 million wholesale, Landings for the first six months of 1959 of 785,000 pounds (valued at $207,000) were down sharply from the 3.5 million pounds (valued at $668,000) landed in the same period of 1958. Cost of Production for Export: No detailed information on cost of production for export is available. As of June 1959, frozen headless and deveined shrimp for export was valued at 51.5 U.S. cents a pound to point of shipment or f.o.b. Exports: Shrimp exports prior to January 1, 1959, were included with other fresh and frozen shellfish (crus- taceans and mollusks), During 1958 a total of 6.6 million pounds (value US$3.8 million) of fresh and frozen shellfish were exported, For the first nine months of 1959, exports of fresh and frozen shrimp (exclusive of other shellfish) were only 774,000 pounds, valued at $515,000. The United States was Hong Kong’s principal customer for fresh and frozen shellfish in 1958--shipments to the United States were about 4.1 million pounds, valued at $2.8 million, or a- bout 63,1 percent of the quantity and 74.0 percent of the val- ue of fresh and frozen shellfish exports. In addition to ex- ports of frozen shrimp to the United States, some quantities of dried, salted, or pickled shrimp were shipped. The U. S. Treasury Department in mid-1959 prohibited shrimp imports from Hong Kong because shrimp produced in Communist China was coming into the United States through Hong Kong. Thus exports of shrimp to the United States from Hong Kong ceased in June 1959. 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Hong Kong (Contd.) 1,000 Lbs an Lbs, | US$1,000 Table 1 - Hong Kong’s Shrimp (Heads On) Landings and Wholesale Value and Average Price Per Pound, 1958 and January-June 1958-59 ee ee eee anuary-June 1958 12 Months 1958 _Average Price US$1,000 Viol. 22) "No: 5 Average Price Average Price 1,000 Lbs. 7 6,201 Country of Destination 1,000 Lbs.| US$1,000 514 88 172 365 43 107 United States 2/,... Canada wseeeee ce Other ...+ee-+-- Export Controls and Taxes: As of 1959 there were no export controls or taxes on shrimp, (United States Consu- late, Hong Kong, report of December 9, 1959.) India SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The shrimp fishery of India has inthe past been confined largely to the shallow coastal waters (chiefly South India) and the catches are mostly small immature shrimp plus smaller quantities of the larger sizes. Biological surveys by the Government have indicated that the old- er shrimp inhabit the deeper waters. Evidence pointing to the presence of such shrimp in deeper waters has been af- forded by the catches of large shrimp by pilot fishing trawlers of the Indian Gov- ernment. Increased mechanization en- visaged under the country's Second and Third Five-Year Plans is expected to help develop marine fishing by extending operations far beyond the present limits, and to increase the volume and change the character of India's shrimp catch. Landings: Despite the relatively primitive nature of India's shrimp fish- ery, landings are considerable. (Term 'shrimp'' as used includes prawns and lobsters and no differentation is madein Table 2 - gies pri ay ga Kong's Exports of Shellfish, 1958 and Shrimp, elitiah, 1998 and Shen January september 22) ens a 1959 January~September Tea yesenemper 1950" | Ree See hss Fresh or Frozen Shrimp wy, Fresh or Frozen Shellfish Salted, Dried, or Pickled Shellfish 1,000 Lbs, 4,139 960 1,460 1/Classification was changed on January 1, 1959, to separate shrimp from other shellfish, 2/Imports of frozen, dried, or otherwise preserved shrimp from Hong Kong to the United States in 1958 amounted to 4,029,143 pounds, valued at US$2,803,015, and in 1959 totaled 640,000 pounds, according to U, S, Customs records, | the Government statistics.) According to official statistics, landings amounted US$1,000 1,000 Lbs. US$1,000 2,796 329 655 to about 20,000 metric tons during the first three months of 1959 and the total for the year was expected to be close to the 1958 landings of 85,200 tons. The landings for 1957 were reported to be about 136,812 tons and for 1956 close to 159,600 tons. In addition to the ocean catch, considerable quantities are caught in lagoons, estuaries, and fresh water for which reliable statistics are not a- vailable. No statistics on the value of the shrimp catch are maintained. Fishing Fleets: No data on the num- ber of vessels solely employed in shrimp fishing are available because of the fact that the use of a fishing vessel in India generally is not confined to catching any particular species but catches many types of fish. In 1959 there were about 95,000 nonpowered and about 1,600 mechanized vessels in the marine fishing industry. The mechanized vessels are divided a- mong the coastal states about as follows: 1,300 in Bombay, 200 in Kerala, 50 in Madras, 30 in Mysore, 25 in Andhra Pradesh, and 10 in Orissa. High priority is being given to the mechanization of fishing vessels, estab- lishment of vessel-building yards, the supply of improved fishing gear, and pro- vision of shore facilities for handling May 1960 India (Contd.): catches. The Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66) target for mechanized vessels has been tentatively placed at 5,000 vessels. Prices: The Ministry of Food and Agriculture states that ex-vessel prices differ widely from place to place andthe approximate average ex-vesSel price of shrimp is about Rs.25 a hundredweight (5.25 U. S. cents a pound). According to the Bulletin of Agricultural Prices, the market prices of shrimp in October 1959, averaged about Rs.84.00 (US$17.64) per 100 pounds at Bombay and Rs.68 ($14.28) per 100 pounds at Madras. India's Shrimp (Frozen, Canned, Dried, etc.) Exports, 1957-58 and January-June 1959 ountry of |Jan.-June 1959 1958 1957 Destination Other... 59 130 74 67 28 3, 832 | 1, 328] 10, 029 | 3, 649] 11, 680 | 3, 657 | INoter Rupees converted at rate of Rs.4.730 equal US$1 for 1958 and January-June 1959, and Rs.4.750 equal US$1 in 1957. Exports: Current export prices by types and sizes are not available, but export quantity and f.o.b. value statis- tics for the first half of 1959 indicate an average price of Rs.164 ($34.44) per 100 pounds, as compared to Rs.148 ($31.08) in 1957 and Rs. 172 ($37.16) in 1958. The average value of shrimp ex- ports (includes frozen, canned, dried, etc.) to the United States has been con- siderably higher than the average for exports to all countries--Rs.223 ($46.83) in 1957, Rs.242 ($50.82) in 1958, and Rs.224 ($47.04) in January-June 1959 per 100 pounds. The composition of shrimp exports compared to total shrimp production accounts for the wide differ- ence between average domestic market prices and average export prices. Taxes: There are no restrictions on the export of shrimp. However, the Government levies a tax of Rs.0.75 (about 16 U.S. cents) per 100 pounds on all shrimp exported from India. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 (Report of November 27, 1959, United States Embassy, New Delhi.) lran JAPANESE-IRANIAN FISHERY ENTERPRISE AMONG FOREIGN INVESTMENTS APPROVED: Among the foreign investment projects approved by the Iranian Government For- eign Investment Boardis a Japanese-Iran- ianfishery enterprise. Activities of the firm consist of fishing and exploiting fish and other edible marine animals inthe Per- sian Gulfand the SeaofOman. The center of activity will bein Abadan. The Board of Directors consists of five members, three tobe elected by the Plan Organiza- tion and the other two to be elected by the Japanese shareholders. The capital ofthe firmis 10 million rials (US$66,666), and it operates in partnership with the PlanOrganization. Two-thirds of the total capital (the initial capitalis 30 mil- lion rials) belong to the Plan Organization. The Foreign Investment Board, the chairman of which is the Governor of the Bank Melli, functions under the au- thority of Article II of the Law on the Attraction and Protection of Foreign Capital Investment of November 28, 1955. (United States Embassy, Tehran, March 2, 1960.) Japan FISHING INDUSTRY PREPARING FOR NEW EXPORT YEAR: With the Japanese 1960 fishery prod- ucts export year beginning on April 1, the associations of exporters of fishery products and the Government agencies concerned are reviewing the 1959 rec- ord and making plans for export quotas and their allocation for the coming year. As far as the plans for exports have been revealed, they indicate a cautious holding of the line at or below last year's level. Figures prepared by the Japanese Fisheries Agency for the use of the var- 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 5 Japan (Contd.): ned crab-meat export sales plans call for continuation of the 1959 levels with- ious consultative councils on exports out important changes. (United States show that in calendar 1959 the value Embassy, Tokyo, report of March 18, of Japan's fishery exports was US$233 1960.) million, an increase of about US$12 mil- lion over 1958. Because of the great aS ES ES SS Ee over-all increase in all of Japan's ex- ports, however, the relative weight of TY PE-OF-PACK RATIOS fishery products in the total aeclined | ESTABLISHED FOR CANNED TUNA: from 7.7 percent to6.8 percent. Interms A directors' meeting of the Japanese of value, frozen products accounted for Export Canned Tuna Manufacturers As- 20.2 percent of fishery products exports sociation held on February 29 agreed and pearls for 10.4 percent, both showing | that more than 40.percent of the tuna slight gains, whilethe relative impor- packed in 1960 should be white meat as tance ofcanned goods, driedand salted compared to 35 percent in 1959. As re- products, and fats andoils declined. gards the can type, the current ratio of No. 1 cans 20 percent, No. 2 cans 50 per- Plans for 1960 exports, which are well cent, and 2-kilo (4.4 lbs.) cans 30 percent along toward final determination, call for | would be followed in packing white meat 2.28 million cases of canned tuna for the and a new ratio of No. 1 cans 15 percent, United States market, a cut of nearly | No. 2 cans 40 percent, and 2-kilo (4.4 200,000 cases from last year's target. lbs.) cans 45 percent would be followed Exports of frozentuna to the United States | for light meat. In 1959 the ratio for light are slated to be held at or near the 1959 | meat was 15 percent No. 1 cans, 45 per- target levels of 30,000 tons of albacore cent No. 2 cans, and 45 percent 2-kilo and 30,000 tons of yellowfin to be ship- cans. (Japanese fishery periodicals of ped from Japanese ports. The quota for | March 1, 1960.) transshipments of yellowfin from the At- lantic to United States canners is set at BPE es fd 100 trips as compared with last year's target of 120 trips (which, as it turned PRODUCTION AND SHIPPING QUOTAS out, was not even approached in actual PROPOSED IN1960 FOR FROZEN TUNA: performance). Prepared cooked tuna The Japanese Export Frozen Tuna loins, which have been a troublesome Manufacturers Association held a direc- item in the past, would have been in- tors' meeting on February 26 to deter- creased to 4,000 tons, if the industry's mine Japanese production and shipping early views had prevailed, but it now quotas for frozen tuna. The proposed appears that last year's export level of quotas were to be presented at a general 3,000 tons will be continued. Production | meeting planned for March 9, 1960. At of canned sardines for export is report- | the directors' meeting it was agreed to edly to be cut to 755,000 cases, about establish an '' Atlantic Tuna Liaison Soci- 100,000 cases under last year because ety'' within the Association as a liaison of uncertain prospects in the Philip- group for those members who are en- pines, Japan's principal market. Can- gaged in Atlantic fisheries. The liaison ——— Se Japanese Production and Shipping Quotas for Frozen Tuna (Proposed for 1960 and Actual for 1959) States (including Canada): MoM IE G alco OU OO 6 OOO DLO One 29,900 short tons 29,700 short tons ! Vellowtinetrom, JApanh fiver ay sickens 30%000, 2 ‘ 35,000 "' y Yellowfin transshipped from Atlantic 100 trips 120 trips PIAL OTUMS! Wa ucerevichure eke tes 28 190s oiute Mo liolalell alia 2,980 short tons 2,980 short tons Shipment iquotajfor [tally sciesclelereleneue 15,000 metric tons Broadbill swordfish for United States 4,500 short tons 4,500 short tons May 1960 Japan (Contd.): group is to meet monthly to discuss random sales of Atlantic frozen tuna. On frozen tuna loins, an application has been filed for licensing 4,000 short tons. On frozen broadbill swordfish, the quota is being restudied before the general meeting because there is a strong demand from some members to increase it to 5,000 tons. (Japanese fishery periodicals of February 27, 1960.) ok ok kk CANNED TUNA CONTROL ORDER: On February 14, the Japanese Fish- eries Agency held a meeting of the Ex- port Fisheries Promotion Council to ad- vise on the ''Ministerial Order for the Control of Canned Tuna Sales Methods in the 1960 Export Year'' and received the Council's approval of the draft order. The draft is essentially the same as the regulatory provisions approved on Feb- ruary 1 by the general meeting of the Export Tuna Canners' Association. Its immediate objective is to apply to "'out- siders'' the same restrictions on pro- duction and sales that apply to members of the Association. The Ministerial Or- der will be in effect from April 1, 1960, to March 31, 1961. (Nikkan Suisan Tsu- shin, February 15, 1960.) HK OK OAK FIRM PLANS TO RAISE SHRIMP IN PONDS: A Japanese corporation, with head offices in Tokyo, is building Japan’s first hatchery and rearing plant for ‘‘ku- ruma’’ shrimp (Penaeus japanicus) in abandoned salt ponds at Takamatsu in Kagawa Prefecture, The complete rearing of shrimp from the egg to the adult stage is planned. The shrimp farm is also an example of a way to utilize a- bandoned solar-salt beds. Japanese aquiculture in shallow marine waters has been expanding rapidly. According to the 1958 fishery census, if 1953 is taken as 100, the 1958 production index for ‘‘nori’’ (laver) was 147, and for oysters was 150. However, ‘‘ku- ruma’’ shrimp rearing has been an exception in that the increase in production has been slight. There are various reasons why shrimp rearing has not developed, ‘but the principal ones are (1) the only source of young stock has been from natural spawning and it has been very difficult to obtain, and (2) the supply of rearing stock has been so limited that its price has been high. If seed shrimp could be obtained easily and cheaply, shrimp rearing would ex- pand, The president of the firm (former chief of the Research Division of the Japanese Fisheries Agency) experimented for more than 10 years at his laboratory in Chiba Prefec- ture on the complete rearing of ‘‘kuruma’’ shrimp and finally succeeded in complete artificial propagation from COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 the egg to the adult stage. Since there were prospects for commercial success, he formed last September a corpora- tion (capitalization 35 million or US$97,000) with the sup~ port of two large Japanese fishing companies. He plans to establish commercial facilities for hatching and rearing shrimp in abandoned salt beds on the Inland Sea of Japan. The company is planning also to supply larval and juvenile shrimp for rearing to coastal fisherfolk at reasonable prices. Thus the company’s operations will aid the develop- ment of shrimp culture and contribute to the prosperity of coastal fishery enterprises by solving the problems of dif- ficult supply and high prices of seed shrimp. The old salt beds which the company is to use for shrimp rearing are located west of Takamatsu, close to the large consuming area of Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe, The officers of the company made a personal survey of the old salt beds around the Inland Sea and decided that the 11 hectares (27 acres) of salt beds near Takamatsu was the most suitable place. The beds were purchased in January for 10 million ($28,000) and construction work was begun in February 1960 and-is proceeding rapidly. According to the plans, the total construction cost will be #40 million ($111,000). Facilities will include 89,000 square meters (957,996 square feet) of rearing ponds, 1,800 square meters (19,375 square feet) of nursery tanks, sea~water intake and drainage lines, filtering installations, a 60-ton water tank in addition to the existing 300-ton tank, refrigerated storage, feed preparation shed, laboratory, office, and living quarters. Construction was scheduled to be completed by the end of March 1960. The corporation will begin shrimp rearing in April. Ac- cording to operating plans, the eggs will be taken from breeding stock in that month (300,000-700,000 eggs per spawner) and will be placed in hatching tanks with apparatus for regulating the temperature. It is now possible to hatch and rear as many as 10,000 shrimp. The larval shrimp will de- velop in nursery tanks until June, then will grow to adult size in rearing ponds, and the first shipments will be ready for market in the autumn. It is planned to produce about 25 metric tons in 1960. The scope of the facilities will be in- creased progressively, and plans call for production of 225 tons in the second year, 3,000 tons in the third year, and 10,000 tons in the fifth year. For the present, the shrimp will be put on the domestic market, but future plans call for export to the United States. In order for any form of aquiculture to develop as a modern industry, it must have the following elements: (1) the organism to be reared must have a short culture period and have a high commercial value; (2) production in large quantities must be possible; (3) it must be possible to lower the cost of production by technical progress; and (4) it must be possible to lower production costs by large- scale production and still leave possibility for further ex- pansion. Most of the forms of aquiculture practiced at present do not have these factors, and they are not there- fore developing into modern industries. For example, “nori’’ (laver) cultureis producing a fairly large harvest, but the form of business organization is undeveloped and the industry has developed simply as an aggregation of very small enterprises (largely as a part-time occupation of coastal fishermen or farmers). On the shores of the Inland Sea the rearing of yellowtail has developed very rapidly in recent years, but because of the rapid increase in facilities and production, supply has exceeded demand, the price has dropped, and this year there are many operators who are losing money. Rainbow trout rearing, which has undergone an astonishing expansion in inland waters, is limited by environmental factors related to the water supply and is not suitable for a large-scale industry. The plan of the Japa- nese shrimp corporation for complete rearing of shrimp has all of the necessary elements. At present the total produc- tion of cultured shrimp is only 150 tons. All of the prefectures around the Inland Sea have been trying to find ways of utilizing the abandoned salt beds of that area. According to the Japanese shrimp corporation, out of a total of 1,400 hectares (3,459 acres) of abandoned salt beds, about 500 hectares (1,236 acres) offer the proper conditions for rearing ‘‘kuruma’’ shrimp. Just by turning the shrimp loose in the salt ponds, a production of 3.75 kilo- grams per hectare (3.3 pounds an acre) is possible. The corporation is encouraging the use of the abandoned salt beds for rearing shrimp, and plans to supply seed shrimp at rea- sonable prices. It is also offering its plans to the prefec- tures around the Inland Sea and to salt companies in the area, showing them how shrimp culture can offer a new use for the abundant unused land and disused salt beds around the Inland Sea coast, 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): The Japanese Fishery Agency has been working on its plans for developmental financing in the 1960 fiscal year. Included in the plans is a loan for the ‘‘kuruma’’ shrimp rearing facili-~ ties. Of the total capital of #52 million ($144,000), #20 mil- lion ($55,000) is scheduled to come from the Development Bank. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, February 16 and 19, 1960.) * OK OK OK FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTS, CALENDAR YEAR 1959: At a February meeting of the Japa- nese Export Fisheries Promotion Coun- cil, the following data on Japanese fish- ery products exports in calendar 1959 were presented: Product Frozen products Canned tuna (48 No. 2 canms/cs.) .... Canned salmon (96 No. 2 cans/cs.). . . Canned crab meat (48 No. 2 cans/cs.) . Canned sardines (48 oval No. 1 cans/cs.) Canned saury (48 oval No. 1 cans/cs.) . Other canned products Salted and dried products. Fish) andmarine\oils) 25) aeteue aon 2k Ok ok ok WINTER ALBACORE TUNA FISHERY TRENDS, FEBRUARY 1960: Landings of winter albacore were good during late February in the Shizu- oka District of Japan, but landings of other tuna, mostly big-eyed, dropped. Buying by canneries (which had been packing mandarin oranges--season was over) and freezing plants had become brisk since about the beginning of Feb- ruary. Each day 50 to 100 tons were landed at both Yaizu and Shimizu. The landed price once showed a slight decline, but as buying became active the price stiffened. At the end of February the ex-vessel price for albacore was ¥100-105a kilo (US$252-260a short ton) for prime fish and ¥80-90akilo ($202- 226a shortton)formarredfish. (Japa- nese fishery periodicals of February 26, 1960.) * OK OK KK 164,317 short tons 3,442,555 cases 2,758,104 " 760,663 " 6295700) * 741,067 " 1,326,625 " 147 ,276 lbs. 103,564 metric tons Viol 22, Now 5 FORECAST ISSUED ON TUNA FISHING CONDITIONS IN PACIFIC: The Kanagawa Prefecture Fisheries Experimental Station released the fol- lowing forecast ontuna fishing conditions in the Pacific in April-May 1960. The quantity given is the expected catch for a set of 18,000 hooks. In the East Pacific (5° N. lat.-10° S. lat., east of 150° W. long.): Yellowfin catch ratiois on the increase in the area between the equator and 5° N. lat., and although it will be low in April, in May it is expected to be 1.4 metric tons at the equator--2°N. lat.;1.8 tons at 20-3° 130,679 short tons 3,035,910 cases 2,482,843 " 681,758 687 ,789 957 ,144 1,038,586 204,176 lbs. N. lat.; and 2.3 tons at 30-4° N. lat. Al- though yellowfin fishing is on the decline in certain areas, in the area of the equa- tor--2° S. lat., and 49-59 S. lat., the catch will be 1.8 tons more than other areas. Big-eyed tuna fishing is poor at 39-5° S. lat., and on the decrease at 5°- 7°, but catch is higher than surrounding areas with 2.3 tons at 39-5° and 3.5 tons at 5°-7° in April, and about 2.3 tons in May. 2. TOYA NOBORIBETSU@ MAP OF JAPAN yooce MT.DAISETSUZAN en) ‘@SAPPORO LTOWADA t a LAKAN @AKITA NOBORIBETSU @HAKODATE MATSUSHIMA i NiIGTA Si e senoa? KANAZAWA ° ek & CHUZENJI @ beatin JAPAN ALPS Nato © OKAYAMA HiMEJ 1 B)WA FUKUOK Ae MYA JIMA os kroTg. eciFu gery iS rE enacovn Ey MAKES Toyo NAGASAKI BEPEU $4, TAKAMATSU OSAKA® © eel oe © MATSUYAMA MARR HAKONce _SYOKOHAMA UNTER tso ri % @KAMAKURA tom aTaMy KAGOSHIMA In the Central Pacific (5°-20° N. lat., 170° FE. long.-150° W. long.): Inthe area around 5°-13°N. lat., between the Mar- May 1960 Japan (Contd.): shall Islands and Fanning Island, big- eyed fishing is nearing the end of its good fishing period, and although in the usual year catches of 1.6 tons in April and 0.8 tons in May are obtainable Meee of 180° long., and 2 tons east of 180°, April this year 0.8 tons is the See catch west of 180°, and 0.4 tons in May. In the area east of 180°, 1.2 tons are ex- pected in April and 1.3 tons in May. gin the Central Pacific (GESNe late 10° S. lat., 170° E. long.-150° W. long.): In the entire area, yellowfin fishing is entering into a good fishing season. A- round the Gilbert Islands catches are ex- pected to be 1.6 tons in April and 2 tons in May. Inits eastern area 3.2 tons are expected and around Christmas Island 2.8 tons can be expected. Also 2.8 tons are expectedinthe area of the equator-- 5° Ss, lat., between the area south of Christmas Island and south of the Gilbert Islands; 1.6 tons near 59-10° S. lat., and west of 180°; and in the east, 2.4 tons are expected. South of the line piace three points, i.e., 10° S. lat., and 170 long., the equator and 175° W. long., 10° S. lat., and 160° W. long., the alba- core catch is expected to be high with 0.8 tons at the equator--5° S. lat., and 1.1 tons at 5°-10° S, lat. In the Central Pacific (109-300 S. lat., 170° EB. long.-150° W. long.): Good al- bacore fishing prevails in the area 10°- 15° S. lat., with 0.9 tons. Also albacore is on the increase between 229-309 S. lat., and the catch is either about the same or more, with 0.9 tons in Apriland 1.1 tons in May. In the area between the south and north fishing grounds, fishing is expected to be poor with 0.5 tons. (Japanese periodicals of March 5, 1960.) ok KOK Ok FINANCING FOR FISH-MEAL OPERATIONS IN NORTH PACIFIC: A number of Japanese fishing compa- nies have been seeking 800 million yen (US$2.2 million) to finance their fish- meal factoryship operations in the North Pacific. As a result of conversations on January 28 between the Japanese Fisher- ies Agency and the Development Bank, it appears that a decision will soon be made COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 to supply the 350 million yen ($972,000) requested by one of the fishing companies. The deciding factor in the firm's applica- tion was the fact that the tanker, which the company plans to buy from a Japanese oil company, was built with Development Bank financing and has already been part- ly paid for, so that the actual financing would amount to only about 120-130 mil- lion yen ($333,000-361,000). It looks as if the 300 million yen ($833,000) sought by another fishing company and the 150 million yen ($417,000) asked by a third company are out of the question for this year but will be recommended for inclu- sion in next year's financing for fish- meal factoryships. (Nippon Suisan Shim- bun, February 5, 1960. OK KOK OK FISH MEAL REMOVED FROM LIST FOR TRADE LIBERALIZATION: On January 29, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry re- moved fish meal from the list of items scheduled for liberalization after April 1960. Items scheduled for liberalization are placed on automatic allocation of for- eign exchange for import. The Ministry stated that the Peruvian fish meal price has dropped substantially, giving rise to fears that Japanese pro- ducers and fishermen would be adversely affected if imports increased. Late last year in 1959 a Japanese trading firm contracted to import 4,500 metric tons of Peruvian fish meal, and it was loaded on January 16, for ship- ment to Japan. The meal was scheduled to arrive at Nagoya around the end of February. The purchase was made be- fore the decision was made to remove fish meal from the list of items sched- uled for liberalization. Removal of fish meal by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry from the list of items slated for automatic al- location of foreign exchange has brought a feeling of relief to present North Pa- cific fish-meal factoryship operators-- small producers as well as to big fish- ing companies. (Nikkan Suisan Tsushin, January 30, February 3 and 8, 1960.) Kk Kk Ok OK 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): EXPORTS OF PET FOOD IN 1959: ~~ It is estimated that Japan sold about 450,000 cases of pet food to the United States in 1959. This is 10 times the ex- ports in 1958 and represents 90 percent of initial predictions of 500,000 cases. About 90 percent was made from tuna and skipjack and the other 10 percent from saury or mackerel-pike. Saury pet food, which was a new prod- uct introduced in 1959, has the advan- tage over tuna as far as the supply of raw material goes, and it is possible that it will greatly expand this year. However, according to informed sources, pet food made from saury is inferior in quality to that made from tuna. There is some uneasiness in Japan as to wheth- er or not it will be accepted by consum- ers in the United States. (Nikkan Suisan Tsushin, February 11, 1960.) Kok ok oe ok MACKEREL-PIKE FISHERY, 1959: ~~ Japan's 1959 catch of mackerel-pike or saury was 518,679 metric tons, sec- ond in recent years only to the 1958 landings of 557,667 tons. Of the 1959 catch, 136,301 tons were landed in Hok- kaido and 382,378 tons in the northern prefectures of Honshu. Utilization of the 1959 catch was 35 percent for reduction, 31 percent for freezing, 22 percent for marketing fresh, 8 percent for canning, and miscellaneous uses accounting for the remaining 4 per- cent. The total 1959 saury oil produc- tion was 23,310 metric tons, and 38,328 tons of pressed scrap resulted. He OK OK OK te YELLOW SEA ''TAISHO' SHRIMP CATCH POOR THIS YEAR: Japanese Taisho’ shrimp fishing in the Yellow Sea, in contrast to last year's big landings, is really poor this year. One Nagasaki dealer who had 18 sets of pair trawlers in operation this season reports that whereas last year he got 40,000 cases (average 150 shrimp to the case), this season his boats landed only about 40 percent of last year's landings. Vol. 22, No. 5 According to the Nagasaki Branch of another Japanese fishing company, it had 17 sets (34 boats) of trawlers working and got only about one-third of last sea- son's landings of around 50,000 cases. Since the ''Taisho'' shrimp season runs only to the first part of March, it is cer- tain that this season will be a poor one over-all. (Nikkan Suisan Tsushin, Feb- ruary 18, 1960.) JAPANESR GOVUNAANT a Republic of Korea FUNDS EARMARKED FOR SOUTH KOREA'S FISHERIES: The Combined Economic Board in South Korea in mid-March 1960 approved the release of counterpart funds for fi- nancing of irrigation projects, and also earmarked US$700,000 of International Cooperation Administration salable im- ports for fisheries supplies for South Korea's fishing industry. According to data released by the South Korean Office of Marine Affairs, a total of $17 million of United States aid funds has been allocated for fisher- ies development since 1953. The money was about evenly divided between invest- ment projects and imported supplies. The fishing industry suffered severe damages in the typhoon of September 1959, when nearly one-third of the total fishing fleet was destroyed. Second to housing, fisheries rehabilitation is re- ceiving highest priority in allocation of typhoon relief funds. (United States Em- bassy, Seoul, report of March 18, 1960.) OK OK OK AK FISHING INDUSTRY HIT HARD BY TYPHOON: The havoc of Typhoon Sarah which hit Korea in September 1959 is estimated to have cost the fishing industry fully one- fourth of the potential production of 1959. Out of a fleet of 37,000 fishing craft, 11,000 or nearly one-third were totally destroyed and numerous other vessels were damaged. With so many vessels out of commission during the fourth quarter, what is generally a highly pro- ductive season (especially for the an- May 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 Republic of Korea (Contd.): chovy and mackerel fisheries), 1959 marine production of 382,125 metric tons was off 3.3 percent from 1958 whereas developments before Sarah struck in September had warranted ex- pectations of peak postwar output. Despite the unavoidable decline in the production, 1959 exports of all va- rieties of marine products, valued at so a) P’YONGAN - PUKTO 100 MILES HAMYONG - NAMDO TRUCE LINE 7/26/53 } i ‘N ent ud ejon: ‘me, KYONGSANG-PUKTO ION @ Tatas \. ! St cas e@laegu KYONGSANG - NAMO0O Pusan 58 Republic of Korea (Contd.): US$4 million, were the highest since 1953, An unusually good crop this win- ter of laver (seaweed), which normally commands premium prices in Japan, portends continued progress of the ma- rine-products category as an important earner of foreign exchange--assuming an early normalization of Korean-Japan trade relations, for Japan has been the sole purchaser of Korean laver and the major customer for all categories of marine exports. Rehabilitation of the fishing industry is receiving high priority by a commit- tee concerned with typhoon reconstruc- tion. With over $1 million in United States funds and 681.5 million hwan ($524,000 at the rate of US$1=1,300 hwan allocated by the Korean Government, it is planned to construct 8,453 small craft (under 5 tons). A long-term, low-inter- est loan program is enabling individual fishermen as well as the fishery cooper- atives and associations to resume their operations. (United States Embassy, Seoul, report of March 3, 1960.) Mexico GUAYMAS SHRIMP FLEET TIE-UP SETTLED: The Guaymas (west coast) shrimp fleet, other than cooperative-owned ves- sels, was tied up because of a labor- management dispute from mid-January to March 20, 1960. Information has been received that the dispute was settled and the fleet was scheduled to resume fish- ing on March 22, sk ose ok aK ho . mS OF SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS, FEBRUARY 1960: An ex-vessel price increase in Ciudad del Carmen and Salina Cruz, the continued tie-up of the Guaymas fleet, bad weather in the Gulf of Mexico, and the threat of possible U- nited States import duties or quotas on shrimp were the topics of conversation in the Mexican shrimp industry in February. The National Chamber of the Fishery Industry held its annual meeting during mid-February at which it was de- cided to ask support of the Mexican Government to oppose proposed tariff or quotas on Mexican shrimp entering the United States. The Guaymas (West Coast) fleet, other than coopera- tive-owned vessels, has been tied up since about mid-Jan- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 5 uary and there were no signs in February of an early re- turn to fishing. The landings being made at Guaymas are mostly small brown shrimp. Mazatlan and Salina Cruz (both ports on West Coast) catches are reported to be holding up, although boat own- ers are grumbling about losing money. Toward the latter part of February, Salina Cruz ex-vessel prices were in- creased one U.S, cent a pound. This followed a five-cent rise a week earlier in Ciudad del Carmen (East Coast). Guaymas and Mazatlan prices did not change. Increased ex~vessel prices are not indicative of an improved mar- ket . They are the result of a local buyers’ dispute and probably are only temporary. Mexican Ex-Vessel Shrimp Prices, February 29, 1960 Salina Cruz (Brown) Jey. « (U.S. ‘Cents a b>) 63 = Ciudad del Carmen (Brown and Pink) Size (No. Shrimp to Lb.) In both Ciudad del Carmen and Salina Cruz, the ex- vessel price of white shrimp was two cents a pound a~ cross-the-board more than for browns, Salina Cruz was landing mostly large browns. Most of the catch was under 20 count shrimp. A succession of ‘‘northers’’ in the Gulf of Mexico kept shrimp vessels in port for many days during February. The Carmen landings-per-trip were about the same as in January, about 1,000 pounds of tails per trip. Cam- peche trips yielded less than during January and were about the same as those for Carmen, (The Carmen-Cam- peche landings per trip in January were reported to have been about 1.0 and 1.2 metric tons, respectively, but actu- ally they were 1,000 and 1,200 pounds, respectively). Carmen landings by species were the same as during January-~-about 50 percent pink, 35 percent white, and 15 percent brown. At Campeche the proportion of whites rose a bit to about 15 percent of the landings; pinks were about 85 percent; and browns were but a trace. A greater proportion of smaller shrimp showed up in the Carmen February landings as compared with January. Only about 45 percent of the February landings were 30 count and larger, while in January 60 percent of the land- ings were in that category. Campeche landings also dropped in size composition from about 80 percent 30 count and larger during January to about 70 percent in February. (United States Embassy, Mexico City, report of March 4, 1960.) Morocco TRADE AGREEMENT WITH JAPAN INCLUDES FISHING ITEMS: The Moroccan Bulletin Official of February 17, 1960, announced that the trade agreement of May 16, 1958, with Japan has been renewed. The renewal will extend from December 24, 1959, May 1960 Morocco (Contd.): to December 23, 1960. The only items involving the fishing industry are ex- ports of nylon and vinylon fishing nets (value $400,000), nylon and vinylonropes (value $75,000), and plastic floats (value $50,000) from Japan to Morocco. (Unit- ed States Embassy in Rabat reported on February 23, 1960.) Norway SUPPLEMENTARY SUBSIDY FOR COD AND HERRING FISHERIES APPROVED BY PARLIAMENT: Supplementary appropriations of 22 million kroner (US$3.1 million) to sub- sidize cod and herring fisheries have been approved by the Norwegian Parlia- ment. Of the total, 10 million kroner ($1.4 million) is earmarked for the north- ern provinces. (News of Norway, March 24, 1960.) STERN-FISHING TRAWLER TO BE BUILT FOR EXPERIMENTAL FISHING: The Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries has proposed construction of a 150-foot- long stern-fishing trawler, to cost about Kr. 3.2 million (US$448,000), for experi- mental fishing in North Norway. The tests should provide conclusive proof whether it is more efficient to operate the trawl from the sternrather than from the side of the trawling vessel. Meantime, a three~man committee, named to explore means of assuring the supply of raw material for fish filleting and freezing plants in Troms and Finn- mark, has recommended construction of three stern trawlers, to cost Kr. 5-6 mil- lion ($700,000-840,000) each. If tests Over a one-year period demonstrate their superiority over conventional side trawl- ers, the committee suggests it might be advisable to build up a fleet of 30 stern trawlers. This should provide enough fish to assure year-round operation and steady employment at all of the filleting and freezing plants in Troms and Finn- mark. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW — 59 A special type of stern trawler de- signed to meet Norwegian requirements has been extensively tested in the Ship Model Tank at the Norwegian Institute of Technology at Trondheim. The Ber- gen shipyard has developed an extreme- ly efficient nozzle rudder, with built-in propeller, which looks very promising. At low speeds, the novel combination system provides 30 percent more thrust than a propeller alone, and better steer- ing than a conventional rudder. (News of Norway, March 17, 1960.) HK OK OK OK OK WINTER HERRING FISHERY FAILS AGAIN: : The 1960 seasonal herring fishery off the coast of West Norway has failed for the third year in a row. When the season for the fat or high-priced winter herring was called off at midnight Feb- ruary 23, the total catch amounted to less than 200,000 metric tons. This is the poorest result since 1946 when fish- ermen landed only about 125,000 tons. The start of the spring herring eters on February 24, automatically reduced the price per ton, because of lower fat content. Only nine of the 450 purse-seiners which took part in the winter herring fishery managed to catch more than the 1,000-ton minimum required for profit- able operation. The rest finished the season deep in debt for gear and other equipment. The herring were too deep to be reached by purse Seine. Meanwhile, the Norwegian Prime Minister told Parliament that the gov- ernment will appoint a special commit- tee to propose measures for remedying the damage caused by the fishery fail- ure. The committee will also evaluate problems arising from the steadily di- minishing influx of herring. (News of Norway, March 3, 1960.) ook ok ok HERRING FISHERY FAILURE IS GRAVE CHALLENGE TO INDUSTRY: Failure of Norway’s winter herring fishery should serve as a challenge to seek new fishing grounds and new operating methods, the Norwegian Fisheries Minister said in a recent address at Bergen. It is up to us, he stressed, to take ad- vantage of the growing world demand for fishery products. 60 Norway (Contd.): A strong plea was made for switching from purse-seiners to trawlers in the herring fishery. If fishermen show will- ingness to adopt new operating methods, he said the State would facilitate acquisition of larger engines and trawling gear. Outlining a program for future development of the her- ring fishery, the Minister suggested that suitable purse- seiners, after installation of more powerful engines, should go over to trawling for herring in the North Sea, the Skagerak, the Norwegian Sea, and off Iceland. As a natural supplement to trawling, some of the purse-seiners might take part in the annual winter herring fishery off the coast of West Norway. Their participation, however, should be guided by biological and hydrographic conditions. Drift-netters, too, should seek out the herring in the open sea, thus becoming less depend- ent on shoals reaching coastal waters. From now on these operating methods should receive decisive consideration in building new fishing vessels, the Minister continued. Equally radical suggestions were recently offered by a Member of Parliament and Director of the North Norway De- velopment Fund, He urged year-round fishing activities, primarily to be conducted by ocean-going stern trawlers. In his opinion, this is the only way to provide enough fish for Norway’s large frozen fillet industry. Now able to operate but a few months a year at full capacity for lack of raw ma- terial, filleting plants are in serious straits. Until Norway’s own fishing fleet is big enough to assure year-round opera- tion of the filleting industry, he suggested that foreign fish- ing vessels be permitted to land their catch for processing at Norwegian plants. In his opinion, this would be a sensible division of labor. The Member of Parliament emphasized that industriali- zation of Norwegian fisheries must be accomplished without destroying chances for part-time fishing, which provides supplementary earnings for thousands of small farmers in North and West Norway. The main objective, he said, should be to extend the radius of operation, with far more vessels engaging in ocean fishing. Stern trawlers, 150-200 feet long, would be best suited for that purpose. These craft, however, are far too costly for most fishermen, unless they receive assistance from the State. Considering the vital im- portance of industrializing the fisheries, he felt such aid would be warranted, (News of Norway, March 10, 1960.) Pakistan ABOLITION OF DUTY ON FISHING EQUIPMENT AIDS PAKISTAN'S FISHERIES: Following the abolition of duty on im- ports of fishing equipment, thus putting it on a par with agricultural equipment, the marine boat-building business boom- ed in the East Pakistan ports of Chitta- gong and Khulna. In January, a fishing firm in Cox's Bazar started deep-sea operations, send- ing the catch to Chittagong in ''cold-stor- age'' vessels. Arrangements are being made for freezing, canning, and export- ing of fish from Chittagong and Khulna. The first shipment of frozen shrimp from East Pakistan to the United States was announced in November. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ViONs 12/2 NOSED: A new East Pakistan fishing firm is likely to be formed with help of Japanese capital and technical assistance, accord- ing to an announcement made by the new Government Food and Agriculture Minis- ter in Chittagong in January this year. (United States Embassy in Dacca, re- ported February 9, 1960.) ok ok ok ok DEVELOPING SHRIMP AND OTHER FISHERIES: Pakistan exports of frozen shrimp to the United States have climbed from 150,000 pounds in1956 to 471,000 pounds in 1957 and 637,000 pounds in 1958. Twelve commercial trawlers are under construction by private individuals. Previously no commercial trawlers were in operation in Pakistan. Bidding on fish at wholesale market at Karachi. Interest and enthusiasm in the de- velopment of fisheries resources is high both among Government officials and private individuals. United States Operations Mission- Pakistan has, through its aid in con- structing a modern fish harbor at Ka- May 1960 Pakistan (Contd.): rachi and encouraging the exploitation of fishery resources particularly by the private sector, been instrumental in the recent expansion of the fishing industry in Pakistan. Since October 1959, when the fish harbor and market was official- ly opened, an average of 100 metric tons of fish have been auctioned daily through the market. (United States consular dis- patch from Karachi, March 7, 1960.) Y Portugal FISHERIES TRENDS, 1959: The situation in the Portuguese fish- ing industry remained unchanged during the fourth quarter of 1959 as compared with the preceding quarter, and although final 1959 statistics were not available as of the end of January 1960, the results of the year are comparatively poor. While the various types of fishing which supply fresh fish for local consumption, princi- pally the trawl catch, had a satisfactory year, there was a decline in the sardine catch, and the cod season on the New- foundland and Greenland banks is re- garded locally as ''disastrous.'' The cod fleet returned with only about a 60-per- cent capacity load and owners sustained large losses. The bad weather which prevailed through Western Europe during the last quarter of the year tookits tollin Portu- guese fishing. Twotrawlers collidedand sank on October 22, with a loss of two lives. A large number of small fishing craft were damaged and a few lost, but the most serious economic effect was from the fishing days lost. For a num- ber of days the weather at fishing ports was so rough that the Portuguese Coast Guard forbade fishing. While the total number of such days was not large, it was a Serious maiter for the fishermen, who have no savings to fall back upon. The ''Fund for the Renovation and Equipment of the Fishing Industry,'' the extension of which was reported earlier, was authorizeda loan in November 1959, of 50,000,000 escudos (US$1,750,000) with which to continue its current operations. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 The sardine catch through August was about 14 percent less than in 1958. The 1958 catch, however, was one of the larg- est on record, so the comparison is some- what misleading. From trade and govern- ment information, however, it seems that the trend in the last four months of 1959 was downward, and that the 1959 catch will be lower than the recent average. Exports of canned fish, chiefly sar- dines, anchovies, and tuna were at a high level in 1959, partly reflecting the abun- dant 1958 sardine catch. Through Novem- ber, about 70,000 metric tons valued at $35.9 million were exported. Of these, about 76 percent were canned sardines. Portugal's anchovy exports to other Eu- ropean countries, notably France and Italy, increased significantly in 1959, Portugal faces a difficult problem with its supply of dried cod this year. On top of a poor year in 1958/59, the 1959 catch is estimated to be even worse, and the supply of dried cod available in world markets is limited. After the late return of the fleet from the banks in the third week of October, and the confirma- tion of the poor catch, the Secretary of State for Commerce called a press con- ference on October 27, 1959, regarding the cod supply. The Secretary assured the press that existing ceiling prices would be maintained and that steps would be taken to ensure a regular supply of dried cod. However, an increase was permitted on December 16, 1959, in the prices of the highest grade only of do- mestic and imported dried cod. He stated, there was no need for hoarding and speculation would be promptly and rigorously punished, The Government has from time to time since October 1959 announced the release of quantities of dried cod to dealers. Nevertheless, stores have only barely adequate supplies, and the press has reported frequent in- stances of attempted hoarding by dealers, and of under-the-counter and tied sales. The Government, for its part, is appar- ently making its best efforts to sustain an orderly flow of this key product--at ceiling prices--to consumers. Since the shortage developed toward the end of 1959, and other countries with cod in- dustries are concentrating more and more upon frozen fish, Portugal has been unable to obtain sufficient imported 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Portugal (Contd.): cod to take care of the shortage. Im- ports of dry and wet cod through No- vember 1959 were 22 percent less than imports in the first 11 month of 1959, the United States Embassy in Lisbon, re- ported on January 27. 1960. be ee FISHERIES TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1959: Sardine Fishing: During November 1959, the Portuguese fishing fleet land- ed 17,604 metric tons of sardines (val- ued at US$1,346,156 ex-vessel or about $76 a ton). In November 1958, a total of 26,767 tons of sardines was landed (val- ued at $1,603,930 ex-vessel or $60 a ton). Canneries purchased 41.6 percent or 7,332 tons of the sardines (valued at $633,530 ex-vessel or about $86 a ton) ’ during November 1959. A total of 10,044 tons was purchased for the fresh fish market, and 228 tons were salted. Other Fishing: November 1959 land- ings of fish other than sardines were principally 3,340 tons of chinchards (value $156,730). (Conservas de Peixe, January 1960.) sek ok ok CANNED FISH PACK, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1959: The total Portuguese pack of canned fish for January~November 1959 amount- ed to 56,142 metric tons. Canned sar- dines in oil (43,985 tons) accounted for 78.3 percent of the January-November 1959 pack, the January 1960 Conservas de Peixe reports. Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-November 1959 aoa LS Ho Sardinelike fish Anchovy fillets Kk OK ok Ok Vol. (225 No. 5 CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1959: Portugal's exports of canned fish Jan- uary-November 1959 amounted to 69,752 metric tons (3,801,000 cases), valued at US$35.7 million, as compared with 58,938 tons, valued at US$31.4 million, for the same period in 1958. Sardines in olive oil exported during the first 11 months of 1959 amounted to 52,906 tons, valued at US$25.6 million. Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-November 1959 Jan.-Noy. 1959 Species Sardines in olive oil ....... Sardine & sardinelike fish in brine Tuna & tunalike fish in olive oil . Anchovy fillets ackerel in olive oil Other fish During January-November 1959, the leading canned fish buyer was Germany with 15,115 tons (valued at US$7.6 mil- lion), followed by Italy with 9,628 tons (valued at US$5.4 million), United States with 6,758 tons (valued at US$4.6 million), Great Britain with 6,755 tons (valued at US$3.1 million), and Belgium-Luxem- bourg with 4,507 tons (valued at US$2,2 million). Exports to the United States included 2,464 tons of anchovies, 944 tons of tuna, 3,135 tons of sardines, and 40 tons of mackerel. (Conservas de Peixe, January 1960.) a South-West Africa DISPUTE OVER WAGES FOR SPINY LOBSTER FISHERMEN SETTLED: The dispute over higher wages for 300 Portuguese spiny lobster fishermen in Luderitz, South-West Africa, was set- tled in February. Details of the final settlement are not known. The fisher- men were seeking an increase from 9 shillings (US$1.26) per 100 pounds of spiny lobster landed to £1.4.0d. ($3.44). Other payments received by the fisher- men were not involved in the dispute. These include a bonus of 3-4 shillings (42-56 U. S. cents) per 100 pounds, wages of up to £50 (US$140) a month, and a food allowance of £8-£10 per month (US$22.40-28.00). <—s May 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 Sweden EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET CREATES EXPORT PROBLEMS FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS: In the light of the development to- wards increasing exports which the Swedish fishing industry has shown in the last years, it is natural that most of the problems for commercial fisher- men are on the international level, said the Swedish Minister of Agriculture in a speech on March 18 which was ''Fish- erman's Day'' of the Agricultural Week. The minister also said that apart from normal risks, which always exist because of the technical and economic development, the largest risk arising out of West German's connection with the European Common Market seems to be that this group gradually will in- troduce a common outer customs bar- rier. According to present plans, this would in a few years cause increasing sales difficulties for Swedish fish to West Germany, or seriously reduce the profit for that part of the fishing indus- try concentrating on this market. How- ever, this development, the minister stated, is very difficult to judge. The minister said further that in the Convention of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the special regula- tions pertaining to fishery are limited to a general aim. The purpose, he said, is to ease the development in the trade with fish and similar products, which give other member countries, whose economy is depending on such export, a reasonable reciprocity. The abolish- ment of customs protection, he said, af- fects the duties on canned fish products, and as respects frozen fish fillets, the EFTA Convention gives a certain room for increased Swedish export. From this point of view, he said, the EFTA Convention is more advantageous to the Swedish fishing industry than the pro- posed Nordic market, where the import fees would have been abolished immedi- ately. The EFTA Convention, on the other hand, provides for a gradual abol- ishment over a ten-year period. (United States Consulate in Goteborg, reported on March 22, 1960.) % OK OK OF TEN STEEL TRAWLERS ORDERED FROM EAST GERMAN SHIPYARD: A Goteborg firm has signed a contract with a shipyard in Brandenburg, outside of East Berlin in East Germany, for de- livery of 10 steel trawlers. The trawlers willbe of aspecialtype, called''Schweden- kutter'' (Sweden cutter), each with a total length of 104 feet and a width of about 22 feet. They will be equipped with 560- horsepower 4-stroke Diesel engines and will also have radar, echo-sounding de- vices, and radiotelephones. Two 16 kilo- watt generators will furnish each trawl- er with electricity for heating and cook- ing purposes. Auxiliary motors of 28 horsepower will also be installed. The loading capacity is 1,500 boxes of fish. Deliveries are scheduled to be made during a period of one year with the first trawler completed in the beginning of 1961. The transaction, which represents an amount between 5 and 6 million crowns (US$965,000-1,158,000) provides for in- creased export of Swedish fish to East Germany. A contract for export of 2,000 metric tons of North Sea herring during the month of July and 500 metric tons of mackerel has been signed. The background to the order for the ten steel trawlers is that Sweden's ex- port of fish to East Germany in the last years has been rather irregular. In Oc- tober 1959 for instance, export of fish to East Germany stopped because Sweden had discontinued importing fodder prod- ucts, brown coal, and grain from East Germany as provided for in the global compensation arrangement for 1959. As a result of the uncertain export oppor- tunities, Swedish representatives for the fishing industry sought to find other prod- ucts that Sweden could import from East Germany. There is at present a demand for modern steel trawlers in Sweden. Several orders have been placed outside of Sweden, for instance in Holland. No orders, however, have previously been placed in East Germany by Swedish fish- ermen. However, it is reported that Danish fishermen have contracted for a similar type trawler for delivery in the summer of 1960. 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Sweden (Contd.): The company that has contracted for the trawlers is canvassing Swedish fish- ermen Seeking to obtain sales contracts for the ten steel trawlers. (United States Consulate, Goteborg, report of March 8, 1960.) xe OK KOK FISHERY LANDINGS IN 1959: The total catch of Swedish fishermen in 1959 totaled 260,000 metric tons, val- ued at 163,000,000 crowns (US$31.5 mil- lion), compared with 238,000 tons (re- vised), valued at 154,000,000 crowns ($29.7 million) in 1958. This set new records both for quantity and value. West coast fishermen landed 75 per- cent of the total quantity and 70 percent of the total value. South coast fisher- men accounted for 14 percent of the quantity and 16 percent of the value, and the share of the east coast fisher- men amounted to 11 percent of the quan- tity and 14 percent of the value. The increase in quantity originates from the west coast; the increase on the east coast was significant, while the landings by south coast fishermen drop- ped by 2,200 tons. The value of the landings by west coast fishermen increased by 7,400,000 crowns ($1.4 million); the value for east coast fishermen increased by 400,000 crowns ($77,200) and the landings by south coast fishermen represented a gain of 1,200,000 crowns ($231,600). The increase in value on the southcoast, despite the reduced landings, is explain- ed by increased landings of more expen- sive fish, such as eel. In comparing total landings as far back as 1939 with 1959, it is noticeable that the catch during the 20 years has increased by more than 200 percent. In 1939, west coast fishermen landed 75,000 tons as compared with 192,000 tons in 1959; south coast fishermen land- ed 12,000 tons in 1939 as against 36,800 tons in 1959; east coast fishermen land- ed 32,000 tons in 1939 compared with 27,800 tons in 1959. Vole 225 NOD During the same period the number of full-time fishermen dropped from 13,600 to 9,500. The catch per fisherman in 1959 is three times as much as in 1939. Larger boats with powerful engines, modern and more efficient gear, and new fishing methods account for the largest part of the increase, but a more inten- sive use of craft and gear is alsoa factor. Exports of fish and fish products in 1959 also reached a new record and totaled 122,000 tons, valued at 76,500,000 crowns ($14.8 million). Direct landings in foreign ports, included in the above total, amounted to 80,000 tons, an in- crease of 17,000 tons and 7,000,000 crowns ($1.4 million) compared with 1958. Imports of fish and fish products in 1959, dropped to 47,300 tons, valued at 105,400,000 crowns ($20.3 million), com- pared with 49,200 tons, valued at 105,900,000 crowns ($20.4 million), in 1958. (United States Embassy, Goteborg, report of March 15, 1960.) Note: Values converted at rate of one Swedish crown equal $0. 193. Taiwan FISHERIES LANDINGS IN 1959: The 1959 fishery landings in Taiwan reached 246,327 metric tons, an increase of 7.25 percent over 1958 landings of 229,677 tons. The catch by categories as compared with 1958 is shown in the table. Taiwan's Fishery Landings, 1957-99 as Type of Fishery Inshore fisheries ... . Coastal fisheries! \ys ss Over 70 percent of the 1959 produc- tion was contributed by the deep-sea and inshore fisheries and the remaining 30 percent by coastal fisheries and fish cul- ture. This is in contrast to the produc- tion of 1952 in which the deep-sea and inshore fisheries accounted for only 40 percent of the total catch. The drop in May 1960 Taiwan (Contd.): landings from the coastal fisheries is attributed to the motorization of many sampans which placed them in the in- shore fisheries. Fish-culture produc- tion in 1959 was set back by the serious flood of August 7. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 The 1959 fishery catch exceeded the planned goal of 242,000 tons. The new goal set for fisheries production in 1960 is 255,000 tons. OUTLOOK FOR TUNA FISHING BRIGHT: Encouraged by the successful operation of the four 350-ton tuna long- 7 TAIcHUNGg * TAIWAN LEGEND e Cities @ Major Industrial Centers Selected Road Selected Railroad East-West Highway (Under Construction) Farmiand: A belt of planes and foot- hills up to about 50 miles wide, extending from the south tip, along the west coast, around thenorthand, and southward to Suao, SCALE 1'750,000 o 5 10 20 40 _-ePingiun ANG unganin SY), Wn Ro ae s XG As , EROS yl? Soo 66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Taiwan (Contd.): liners built in 1957, the fishing industry is planning the construction of two 550-ton tuna boats in1960. Export of frozentuna to the United States amounted to 688 tons in1959as compared to 146 tons in 1958. USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS IN MILKFISH PONDS: Withthe success- ful demonstration of the application of chemical fertilizers in milkfish ponds conducted by the Taiwan Fisheries Re- search Institute, the fish-pond operators in Taiwan have applied to the local Ferti- lizer Distribution Administration for a totalof 1,505 tons of ammonium sulphate and 587tons of superphosphate. The use of chemical fertilizers has proved to be more economical and sanitary than the use of natural fertilizers such as rice bran, soybean meal, or night soil. Ee T. P. Chen, Chief, Fisheries Division, oint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, Taipei, Taiwan. ter See Commercial Fisheries Review, p. 90. April 1959, Union of South Africa PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY OFF TO GOOD START: Both Maasbanker and pilchards have been caught in reasonable quantities in the first six weeks of the Union of South Africa Cape shoal fishing season, Ac- cording to reports from some factories, the January total is likely to be one of the best on record for that month, and the maasbanker or jack mackerel fish- ing early in February was a hopeful sign for the canners. Pilchards are once again being found south of the main concentration of proc- essing factories; the shoals are report- ed to spread over a wide area and catch- es have been made from near Dassen Is- land to False Bay. Maasbanker arebe- ing taken in the Saldanha and Lambert's Bay areas. An increase in the proportion of good canning fish may prove a boon to Cape factories. With the Peru production in Vols 22. NOnD 1959 adding nearly 20 percent to world fish meal output, the export price has taken a drastic plunge and may be some time recovering. The price drop is seri- ous, but, like other raw materials, fish meal could gain from it, according to the South African industry. For the Union, South-West Africa, and Angola the fish meal price drop may cause a tightening of fishing industry belts and an even greater emphasis on economy in fishing and processing. Hard as this may be at the moment, it could have a long- term beneficial effect both on producers and on the world demand for their product. In the ten years from 1948 to 1957 world fish meal production soared from 96,900 tons to 523,200 tons. Demand has grown with production and the high nutri- tive value of fish meal is being increas- ingly realized by farmers and animal feeds manufacturers. But the market has only been touched in the more devel- oped countries. A fall in price could bring in more buyers and the surplus of today could become a shortage of tomor- row as Peru reaches the limits of its production. Consumers coming in at the lower prices may stay with the increase which will have to come if fishermenand factory operators are to receive a fair return for their work and their invest- ments. (The South African Shipping News and eae Sulnsiny Revie Review, February 1960 U."S.°S. R: FISHING MOTHERSHIPS AND FACTORYSHIPS TO BE BUILT BY POLAND: A large number of 10,000-ton moth- erships for fishing vessels and 1,250 deadweight tons of fishing-processing vessels have been ordered from Poland by the U.S. S. R. This information appeared in an arti- cle in the Polish periodical Trybuna Ludu of February 29 which announced that Pol- ish shipyards had received the largest sin- gle order thus far placedin Poland by the U.S.S.R.for a totalof 122 ships amount- ing to 830,000 tons for construction during May 1960 Wa Sanseuken (Contd): 1961-1965, i.e., the period of the next Polish five-year planas wellas the five- year Polish-Soviet Trade agreement, which was expected to be signed soon. ft United Kingdom GOVERNMENT TO AID HERRING FISHERMEN WHEN CATCHES SOLD FOR FISH MEAL: In the House of Commons of the Brit- ish Parliament, the Secretary of State for Scotland was asked if "he was aware of the falling price of fish meal brought about by excessive and unrestricted im- ports of Peruvian fish meal; and what steps he is taking to protect herring fish- ermen, whose catches frequently go to fish meal, from bearing the losses in- volved." The reply was that the Secretary was aware that the increase in the production of fish meal in Peru has had a consider- able effect on the world market for fish meal. This has affected the operations of the Herring Industry Board, which has informed the Government of its dif- ficulties. Pending a full review of the situation, the Board has been told that, if neces- sary, the Government will meet its loss- es on its oil and meal arrangements up to £30,000 (US$84,000) during the period January 1-May 31, 1960, so that during COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 that period the schedule of prices which the Board pays to the fishermen for sur- plus herring which is sold for reduction may be maintained. (Report of March17, from United States Embassy, London.) 2 OK eK Ok AIRCRAFT CARRIERS AS FISHERY FACTORYSHIPS: Two aircraft carriers are to be used as factoryships to service the British deep-sea trawling fleet. The carriers have been purchased, along with an old repair ship, by a British company form- ed in London. Behind the venture is a firm of shipbrokers and managers, which has been working on the project for nearly a year. Capital amounting to more than £2.5 million (US$7 million) is behind the plan. The aircraft carriers are the Ocean and the Theseus, both 13,000 tons, and the repair ship, Ranpura (16,000 tons). Equipment from the latter will be used in the conversion of the carriers and thereafter she will be scrapped. Helicopters will be used to transfer catches from trawlers to the mother- ships, each of which will make four 90- day round trips in a year. On board the motherships the fish will be quick frozen. Products will be sold to distributors on a contract basis. The firm estimates that 50 trawlers will be required to service each carrier. Trawler owners seem to realize that the plan is an excellent one and that it would The 13,000-ton aircraft carrier Theseus to be used as factoryshipto service British deep-sea trawling fleet. 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW United Kingdom (Contd.): allow their vessels to spend more time on the fishing grounds. In addition to acting as factoryships, the carriers, each with a complement of 425, will act as servicing ships supply- ing the catching vessels with fuel, ice, and other requirements. They will have what are described as ''shore amenities" for the trawlermen. The trawlermen's trade union has been consulted on matters affecting pay and conditions. (The Fishing News, February 19, 1960.) 6 RESEARCH ON SARDINE STOCKS PLANNED: A British marine fisheries biologist is working in Venezuela on a year's as- signment for the Food and Agriculture Organization in order to assist the Gov- ernment of Venezuela to set up a re- search program to investigate the stocks of sardines and other commercial fish found in the Gulf of Cariaco and in other Venezuelan waters. Venezuela The present thriving sardine fishery in Venezuela produces fish for the can- ning factories and it is hoped that the research program willbe able to deter- mine to what extent the fishery may be developed without danger to the stocks. OK HK FISHERIES TRENDS, FEBRUARY 1960: The Venezueland Banco Agricola y Pecuario announced in February that the Fishing Cooperative of Zulia will re- ceivea loanof 1.5 millionbolivares (about US$485,000) for housing, nets, and other fishing equipment. The principal objec- tive of these loans, according to the Di- rector of the Bank, is to reduce the price of fish and help the small fisherman. The Bank also is planning to organize a cooperative of fishermen in eastern Venezuela which will also receive a credit of 1.5 million bolivares. Vol. 22, No. 5 The new marine biology institute will be inaugurated in the near future on the island of Margarita to study (1) Venezue- la's fishery resources, (2) the importance and possibility of modernization, (3) the possibility of new employment sources, and (4) the possibility of lowering the cost of living by introducing fishery products. Wholesale trawling by the large com- mercial fishing and canning companies again came under attack from small fish- ermen in December 1959. The latter claim that trawling is depleting their fish- ing grounds and thus affecting their live- lihood. The government, on the other hand, felt it necessary to extend its per- mission another four months (until April) for trawling in certain areas of Venezue- la's seacoast. Otherwise, a spokesman said, a fish shortage would occur and 3,000 employees in the industry would be without work. The government believes that one answer to the problem is the fishing cooperatives which would permit the small fisherman to compete with trawling gear. The first 50 tons of tuna were deliver- ed by Japanese fishing boats to a Vene- zuelan cannery during July 1959. The boats belong to a joint Venezuelan and Japanese company (majority of capital is Venezuelan). The company expects to deliver 30 tons of tuna to the Marga- rita cannery every 10 days. The cannery expects ultimately to supply the entire Venezuelan market at prices no higher than imported tuna. (United States Em- bassy in Caracas reported in a depatch dated February 15, 1960.) Viet-Nam REARING OF MILKFISH ON COMMERCIAL SCALE DEVELOPING RAPIDLY: The pond rearing of milkfish (chanos), which was started in Viet-Nam late in 1958, on a commercial scale, is develop- ing rapidly in Central and South Viet- Nam. During 1959 two rearing stations were developed by the Fisheries Direc- torate and over 100,000 milkfish fry were captured for rearing purposes. In 8 May 1960 Viet-Nam (Contd.): months, 10,000 fry will yield about 6 metric tons of prime marketable fish. A number of privately-owned com- mercial rearing ponds have now been built and others are under construction this year. All are designed similar to those built by the Inland Fisheries Cul- ture Service. As surveys reveal additional areas of fry concentration in coastal brackish waters, up to a million milkfish fry may be captured by 1962. In Taiwan, where the rearing of milk- fish has been conducted for the past 30 years, itis the most important pond fish and is one of the leading food fishes. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 The magnitude of the Taiwan milkfish industry may be judged by noting that be- tween 90 and 100 million fry are cap- tured annually for pond-rearing purposes with 118 million being the record catch. The pond-rearing area exceeds 13,000 hectares (about 32,123 acres). Pilot-rearing stations established during 1959 indicate that the vast man- grove swamp area of coastal Viet-Nam is admirably suited for milkfish rearing. The limiting factors will be the ability of the Fisheries Directorate to discover sufficient milkfish spawning areas and the development of techniques for catch- ing them in volume, the United States Overseas Mission to Viet-Nam reported on February 18, 1960. TESTS SHOW FISH AVOID FATIGUE Encouraging results have been obtained relative to the degree of fatigue fish experience during lengthy ascents of fishways. In the summer of 1959, tests were conducted by U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries biologists to examine the ability of salmonoids to make extended ascents of fish- ways with slopes of 1 on 8 and 1 on 16, ranged from 200 to 1,000 feet. Theseascents Whole blood extracts were obtained from each fish immediately following the exercise period. These samples were then analysed. In general the results imply that salmonoids do not be- come excessively fatigued in the ascent of either a 1 on 8 or 1 on 16 slope fishway even when the height achieved is up to 1,000 feet. Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Dlustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Vera Eggleston KK Ok Ok Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho- tographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. Cover--Pat Morin, FAO; p. 12, figs. 2 and 3--J. P. Cating; p. 27-- Basil L. Smith System, Phila., Pa.; p. 36--Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, New England Division; p. 37, figs. 2 and 3--(Canadian) Trade News, February 1960; pp. 41 and 44--Information Services, Dept. of Fisheries, Ottawa; pp. 48-49--M. Routh, FAO; p. 60--W. Williams, FAO. 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Committee for Reciprocity Information 1960 CONSULTATIONS ON FOREIGN IMPORT RESTRICTIONS: The Committee for Reciprocity In- formation (CRI) has invited public views on the use of import restrictions by oth- er countries which hamper the trade in United States products. Consultations are to be conducted during 1960 under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) with the following member countries which have imposed restric- tions for balance of payments reasons: May 1960 July 1960 October 1960 Austria Finland Australia Brazil France Burma Denmark Ghana Ceylon Greece Israel Chile India Norway Indonesia Malaya Sweden Japan Uruguay Turkey New Zealand Yugoslavia Pakistan Rhodesia/Nyasaland The consultations will afford the United States an opportunity to discuss modera- tion of particular policies and practices of other countries that have proved un- duly burdensome to United States ex- porters. United States firms or associations having an interest in exporting to the con- sulting countries may, asaresult of their experience, have information which would be useful to the United States Government inthe consultations. Such information as (1) import restrictions causing unneces- sary damage to commercial interests, (2) complex and arbitrary licensing pro- cedures, (3) inadequate information avail- able to traders on import regulations, or (4) discrimination in the treatment of goods available from the United States in favor of goods from other countries, is useful. Written statements concerning prob- lems caused by import restrictions in the countries listed were to be submitted to the Committee for Reciprocity Infor- mation, Tariff Commission Building, Washington 25, D. C. Statements were due April 15, 1960, for those countries consulting in May; May 15, 1960, for those countries consulting in July and are due August 15, 1960, for those coun- tries consulting in October. 2 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION A NUMBER OF REGULATIONS REGARDING FOOD ADDITIVES ISSUED: The food additives amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (secs, 409, 701, 72 Stat. 1785, et seq.; 21, U.S.C. 348, 371) became effective on March 6, 1960, accord= ing to a statement of policy issued by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration and published in the December 31, 1959, Federal Register. However, this date may be and has been extended on a product~by~product basis for a time not to ex- ceed 12 months ‘‘on the basis of a finding that such extension involves no undue risk to the public health and that conditions exist which necessitate the prescribing of such an additional period,’’ This means that hundreds of chemicals now found in foods must be approved by the Food and Drug Administra- tion before they can be used. Law applies to all food chem- icals introduced prior to January 1, 1958. Prior to that time any substance could be added to food and it couldn't be banned unless the Government proved it harmful. Now the chemicals may be used only if their manufacturer or promoters prove to the Food and Drug Administration that they are harmless, Food and Drug already has issued a number of orders listing food additives or substances generally recognized as safe, and other orders regarding food additives. In the Federal Register of November 20, 1959, a list of about 185 substances that are generally recognized as safe was issued. This order indicated that it is impracticable to list all substances that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use. However, by way of illustration, the A- gency regards such common food ingredients as salt, pepper, sugar, vinegar, baking powder, and monosodium glutamate as safe for their intended use. Also listed were certain chemical preservatives, buffers and neutralizing agents, emulsifying agents, nonnutritive sweeteners, nutrients, se~ questrants, stabilizers, anticaking agents, etc. Most of the chemicals or substances listed are used to improve the col~ or, flavor, texture, appearance, nutritional value, and keep- ing quality of foods. The order became effective on Decem~ ber 20, 1959. May 1960 A lst of about 70 spices, seasonings, essential oils, oleo- resins, and natural extractives that are generally recognized as safe for intended use, appeared in the January 19, 1960, Federal Register. This order became effective upon publi- A list of substances and chemicals supplementing the list published in the Federal Register of November 20, 1959, was proposed and published in the Federal Register of February 2, 1960. The proposal listed certain substances generally rec- ognized as safe within the meaning of the Act, and interested persons were requested to present their views. Included were certain chemical preservatives, buffers and neutralizing agents, nonnutritive sweeteners, nutrients, stabilizers, anticaking a~ gents, etc. The use in foods of certain additives for which tolerances have not yet been established or petitions therefor denied was authorized by an order published in the Federal Register of February 27, 1960. The listed additives may be used in food, under certain specified conditions, for a period of one year from March 6, 1960, or until regulations shall have been is~ sued establishing or denying tolerances or exemptions from the requirement of tolerances, in accordance with the Act. Effective upon publication. In the Federal Register of March 5 a correction to the order issued in the February 27 Federal Register appeared. The correction corrected the listing of certain items, Chemicals and substances (about 67 items) used in man- ufacture of paper and paperboard products for food pack aging were listed in a proposal issued and published in the Federal Register of Marchi. The substances listed in the proposal were those generally recognized as safe and those migrating to food from paper and paperboard products used in food packaging. Interested persons were requested to sub- mit their views. In the Federal Register of March 17 an order appeared extending the time during which certain container-lining ingredients may be used. The order authorizes continued use of lining ingredients comprising all categories of ma- terials entering into lining formulations, insofar as they may be food additives, on the ground that no imminent risk to health is involved and that additional time is needed to appraise the entire list. Also involved is the considera- tion that a minimum quantity of any of the materials will be imparted to food, consistent with good manufacturing practices. Effective on publication, Also in the March 17 Federal Register appeared an order extending the effective date for certain specified food additives as direct additives to food and certain addi- tives as indirect additives to food. Became effective on publication. Also in the same issue was an order author- izing the use in foods of certain additives for which toler- ances have not yet been established or petitions therefor denied, specifically substances migrating from adhesives used in food packaging, Effective on publication, A notice appeared in the Federal Register of March 19 filing a petition for a regulation establishing tolerances for calcium disodium (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid in- cooked, canned shrimp and crab meat. Also in the same issue appeared a notice filing a petition for a regulation es- tablishing tolerance for 66 nylon resin and 610 nylon resin in food-handling equipment other than for milk. A notice appeared in the Federal Register of March 23, filing a petition for a regulation providing for the use of vinylidene chloride polymer dispersion-coated cellophane films in food packaging. A notice appeared in the Federal Register of March 25, filing a petition for a regulation to provide for the use of sources of radiation~producing X-radiation at energy levels of 300 ky.~peak, or lower, for the purpose of inspection of foods, food packages, and for controlling food processes. Many regulations affecting food additives are being issued in accordance with the recent changes in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Those interested in complete de- tails should write directly to the Food and Drug Administra- tion, Washington, D, C., or directly to the local office of that Agency if one is located in your area. OK FS kK COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 PETITION FILED FOR REGULATION ON TOLERANCES FOR CHEMICAL USED IN CANNED SHRIMP AND CRAB MEAT: A petition has been filed with the U. S. Food and Drug Administration for issu- ance of a regulation establishing toler- ances for calcium disodium (ethylene- dinitrilo) tetraacetic acid in cooked, can- ned shrimp and crab meat, pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Petition filed by a Port Royal, 8. C., fishery firm proposes a tolerance of 180 parts per million (0,018 percent) of the chemical when added to cooked, canned shrimp for the intended purpose of controlling struvite forma- tion, discoloration, and softening; and a tolerance of 200 parts per million (0.020 percent) in cooked, canned crab meat for the intended purpose of controlling struvite formation and discoloration. The notice of the filing of the petition appeared in the March 19 Federal Regis- ter: Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SEASON CHANGED FOR LAND-BASED WHALING FOR BALEEN WHALES: The six-months season for land-based whaling for baleen whales by United States nationals and whaling enterprises has been changed by the Secretary of the Interior. The change, as it appeared in the Federal Register of April 6, 1960, shows that the opening date of the season has been ad- vanced two weeks and the closing date has been advanced two weeks. This change was requested by the industry to take ad- vantage of relatively better weather con- ditions during the early spring. Any re- sulting increase in the take of whales will be too small to affect significantly the conservation of the whale resources. Section 151.20 (Whale catchers attach- ed to land stations taking baleen whales) has been amended as follows: "It is for- bidden to use a whale catcher attached to ‘a land station for the purpose of taking or killing blue whales or minke whales, 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW except during the period April 16 to Oc- tober 15 following, both days inclusive." The Whaling Convention Act of 1949 authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to adopt suchregulations as maybe nec- essary to carryout the purposes and ob- jectives of the Convention for the Regu- lationof Whaling. In accordance with that authority, the Secretary on April 12, 1956, issued whaling regulations to give effect to Articles V, VII, VIII, and IX of the Convention as they apply to nations and whaling enterprises of the United States. Treasury Department BUREAU OF CUSTOMS CLARIFICATION ON APPLICATION OF TARIFF ON FISH BLOCK IMPORTS: Recently the U.S. Bureau of Customs classified a shipment of imported fish fillet blocks containing only whole fillets of groundfish under Tariff Paragraph 717(b), the category under which ground- fish fillets are dutiable. The latter part of 1959, aNew York Customs Court's de- cision (Lee Herrmann Company A/c The Coldwater Seafood Corporation vs. United States) ruled that imported fish blocks made from groundfish are dutiable under Tariff Paragraph 720(b) instead of under Paragraph 717(b) under which groundfish fillets are dutiable. This decision be- came effective September 15,1959. However, under the most recent de- cision of Customs in classifying the ship- ment of fish blocks indicated above, all imports of fish blocks, for further pro- cessing, must contain a reasonable a- mount of bits, pieces, and trimmings. It has been indicated that 2 percent of bits, pieces, and trimmings will satis- fy the Bureau of Customs. This means that Customs interprets the decision of the Customs Court in the case cited a- bove as requiring the presence of some bits and pieces in order for the blocks to be classified under the 1-cent-a-pound (when weight of contents together with immediate container is 15 pounds or Vol. 22> No: 5 more) or duty provisions of Tariff Par- agraph 720(b). Blocks not containing the required amount of bits and pieces will be classified under the fillet provisions of Tariff Paragraph 717(b) at1-7/8cents and 2-1/2 cents a pound. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1960 p- 95 and Dec. 1959 p. 102, KK OK Ok GROUNDFISH FILLET IMPORT TARIFF-RATE QUOTA FOR 1960: The reduced-tariff-rate import quota on fresh and frozen groundfish (cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and ocean perch) fillets and steaks for calendar year 1960 is 36,533,173 pounds, the Bureau of Customs announced in the March 2 Federal Register. Divided into quarterly quotas this means that 9,133,293 pounds of groundfish fillets and steaks during each quarter of 1960 may be imported at the 1-7/8 cents-per- pound rate of duty, and any imports over the quarterly quota will be dutiable at the rate of 2-1/2 cents a pound, The reduced-rate import quota for 1960 is 1.0 percent less than the 1959 quota of 36,919,874 pounds. From 1951 to 1960 the quantity of fresh and frozen groundfish fillets per- mitted to enter the United States at the reduced rate of duty of 1-7/8 cents a pound has increased 24.7 percent. Reduced-Tariff-Rate Import Quota for Fresh and Frozen Groundfish Fillets, 1951-1960 Average aggregate apparent annual consumption in the United States of fresh and frozen groundfish fillets and steaks (including the fillet blocks and slabs used in the man- ufacture of fish sticks, but excluding fish blocks since Sep- tember 15, 1959, and blocks of fish bits) for the three years (1957-1959) preceding 1960 was 243,554,489 pounds, calcu- lated in accordance with the proviso to item 717(b) of Part I, Schedule XX, of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (T. D. 51802). This was less than the average consumption of 246,132,491 pounds for 1955-56, and also less than the average of 249,170,004 pounds consumed in the 1954-56 period. A decision by the United States Customs Court in 1959 held that fish blocks imported in bulk are dutiable at one cent a pound under Tariff paragraph 720(b). Prior to that decision, fish blocks were classified under paragraph 717 (b), the same as fish fillets. The change became effective Sep- tember 15, 1959, and fish blocks imported in bulk since that date have been classified under paragraph 720(b). Therefore, fish blocks imported since the effective date have not entered in the calculation of apparent annual consumption or the quo- ta since only imports under 717(b) are considered in the cal- culation. In view of this, it is estimated that if fish blocks had remained under the 717(b) classification, apparent an- nual consumption for 1957-1959 would have been greater than that for the previous three-year period, and also the quota for 1960 would have been greater than that for 1959, Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1959, p. 104. KOK KK OK May, 1960 U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA PROVISO FOR 1960: The quantity of tuna canned in brine which may be imported into the United States during calendar year 1960 at the 125 percent rate of duty is limited to 53,448,330 pounds. This is 2.1 percent more than the 52,372,574 pounds in 1959, 19.6 percent more than the 44,693,874 pounds in 1958, and 17.6 percent more than the 45,460,000-pound quota for 1957. Any imports in excess of the 1960 quota will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem. Any tunaclassifiable under Tariff Act paragraph 718(b)--fish, prepared or pre- Served in any manner, when packed in airtight containers. . . (except fish packed in oil or in oil and other sub- stances;. . . .)--which is entered or with- drawn for consumption is included. A proclamation (No. 3128), issued by the President on March 16, 1956, gave effect to an exchange of notes with the Government of Iceland to withdraw tuna canned in brine from the 1943 trade a- greement and invoked the right to in- crease the duty reserved by the United States in negotiations with Japan and other countries under the General Agree- ment on Tariffs and Trade. The quota is based on 20 percent of the previous year's United States pack of canned tuna. The notice was published in the April 2, 1960, Federal Register. White House PRESIDENT APPROVES NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT REGULATIONS FOR 1960: The regulations of the International Pacific Halibut Commission adopted pursuant to the Pacific Halibut Fishery Convention between the United States and Canada (signed March 2, 1953) were approved by the President of the United States on March 24, 1960. The regu- lations were published in the Federal Register of April 6, 1960. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1960 p- 33. <=> 1/ = SARDINES=— (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES CUMULATIVE DATA Ba Gre ee aa Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt. SARDINES..... 100 + drawn 32 oz. SHRIMP....... 48 i 5 oz. TUNAY ecice sos 48 #4 tuna 6&7 oz. PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval oz. SALMON...... 48 1-lb, tall ANCHOVIES... 48 +-Ib. 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING. SARDINES - CALIFORNIA SHRIMP - GULF STATES CUMULATIVE DATA ee 1959/60 1958/59 |220 CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, SEASON, TOTAL - 755.0 Phe, 1958/59 SEASON, » - MAR. - 342.3 TOTAL - 2,222.6 958/59 season, AUG. - MAR. - 455.1 1958/59 season, TOTAL 864.0 —— Ll ee Z 0 ——7 AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC _JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR 0 AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC APR MAY JUNE JULY May 1960 GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS VY Fresh and 4 - 1960 - 20.8 1959) =) 27. 1959 - 184.8 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM- PARABLE WITH 1958. _ SHRIMP FROM MEXICO (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 2 mos. 1960 - 10.9 ay 1959 - 99°78 Tana 1959 - 68.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Tuna ¥ (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 2 mos. 1960 - 31.7 Chih 1959 - 41.3 Wa. 1959 - 235.9 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS. U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH (in Oil and in Brine) 2 mos. 1960 - 7.8 a ity 1959 - 9.6 es 1959 - 69.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OEC OCT_NOV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH (Fresh and Frozen) (CUMULATIVE DATA 2 mos. 1960 - 9.2/— an 1959 - 10.5 2 * 1959 - 67.9 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC LOBSTER en CUMULATIVE DATA 2 mos. 1960 - 9.1 GQ TRESS Bett 12e SSO E48 ic JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS CUMULATIVE DATA 2 mos. 1960 - 9.5 ere 1959 - 0.7 lene 1959 - 64.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CANNED SARDINES in Oil_and not in Oil CUMULATIVE DATA 2 mos. 1960 - Zo ARSE) < 2a 1959 = JUAN FEB MAR AP MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 81 82 bas Cf PUBLICATIONS THE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERV-~- ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D0. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG- NATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. StL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SSR.- FISH. SPECIAL SCIENTIF]C REPORTS--FISHERIES LIMITED DISTRIBUT|ON). SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-2191 - Massachusetts Landings, October 1959, 5. pp.- CFS-2194 - Shrimp Landings, September 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2195 - Louisiana Landings, July, August, and September 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2212 - Fish Meal and Oil, December 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2220 - Frozen Fish Report, 1959 Annual Sum- mary, 14 pp. CFS-2222 - South Carolina Landings, December 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2223 - Florida Landings, December 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2225 - Maine Landings, December 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2226 - Ohio Landings, December 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2227 - Rhode Island Landings, December 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2228 - Frozen Fish Report, January 1960, 8 pp. CFS-2229 - Alabama Landings, October 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2232 - Shrimp Landings, October 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2234 - Massachusetts Landings, November 1959, 5 pp. CFS-2235 - Texas Landings, December 1959, 3 pp. CFS-2236 - Georgia Landings, December 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2237 - New Jersey Landings, 1959 Annual Summary, 6 pp. CFS-2238 - New York Landings, 1959 Annual Sum- mary, 8 pp. CFS-2239 - Mississippi Landings, November 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2241 - Virginia Landings, January 1960, 2 pp. The first in a series of monthly bul- letins which will contain the catch and value of fish and shellfish landed in Virginia. CFS-2242 - Maryland Landings, January 1960, 2 pp. The first in a series of bulletins to be published monthly which will show the total Maryland catch and landed values by species for the major water areas, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW | RECENT “9m FISHERY PUBLICATIONS Vol. 22, No. 5 CFS-2244 - California Landings, October 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2249 - South Carolina Landings, January 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2252 - North Carolina Landings, January 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2254 - Alabama Landings, November 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2255 - Shrimp Landings, November 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2261 - Alabama Landings, December 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2262 - New Jersey Landings, January 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2264 - Florida Landings, January 1960, 6 pp. CFS-2265 - Maine Landings, January 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2266 - Georgia Landings, January 1960, 2 pp. Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised): SL-20 - Texas (Coastal SL-21 - California, 1959. rea), 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 290 - Water Quality Study of Wenat- chee and Middle Columbia Rivers Before Dam Construction, by Robert O. Sylvester, 125 pp., illus., March 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 314 - Sources of Hydrographic and Meteorological Data on the Great Lakes, by Charles F. Powers, David L. Jones, and John C. Ayers, 187 pp., illus., July 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 315 - Northeastern Pacific Albacore Survey. Part 2--Oceanographic and Meteoro- logical Observations, by Richard J. Callaway and James W. McGary, 138 pp., illus., July 1959. SSR-Fish. No. 318 - Oceanographic Observations, 1958, East Coast of the United States, by C. Godfrey Day, 126 pp., illus., November 1959, Sep. No. 583 - Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice: Part 2 - Comparison of Objective Methods for Quality Evaluation of Raw Shrimp. Sep. No. 584 - Shrimp - Waste Meal: Effect of Storage Variables on Pigment Content. Sep. No. 585 - New Technological Laboratory for Fisheries Research in Gloucester, Mass. Sep. No. 586 - Research in Service Laboratories (April 1960): Contains these articles--''Com- position of Rockfish,' and "Irradiation Preser- vation of Pacific Cod Fillets." THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED, "The Acoustical Behavior of Some Fishes in the. Bi- mini Area," by James M. Moulton, The Biological May 1960 Bulletin, vol. 114, no. 3, 1958, pp. 357-374, print- ed. (U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.) "The Role of the Blood in the Transportation of Strontium 90-Yttrium99 in Teleost Fish,'' by Howard Boroughs and Della F. Reid, article, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 115, no. 1, 1958, pp. 64-73, printed. (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.) (Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products, November and Reeeniben tys59: and 10 pp. each. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 400 E. Lombard St., Balti- more 2, Md.) Receipts at Baltimore by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt- water fish and shellfish; total receipts by spe- cies and comparisons with previous years; and wholesale prices on the Baltimore market; for the months indicated. California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, January 1960, 13 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish, mackerel, an- chovies; and pack of canned tuna, mackerel, and anchovies. Market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California im- ports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; American Tuna Boat Association auction sales; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly esse of Chicago's Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale Market Prices, January 1960, [2 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month in- dicated. Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of Fishery Products, February 1960, 8 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments from New Orleans; whole- sale prices of fish and shellfish on the New Or- leans French Market; sponge sales; and imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex.; for the month indicated. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cam- bridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumulative and comparative data; for the month indicated. New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, Janu- ary and February 1960, 22 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Re- views the principal New England fishery ports, and presents food fish landings by ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery products in New England warehouses; fishery landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Mas- sachusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Port- land and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at Bos- ton, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the New Eng- land Fish Exchange; for the months indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Month- ly Summary for December 1960, 21 pp. (Mar- ket News Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and analyses of re- ceipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Mar- ket, imports entered at New York City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen products, and mar- keting trends; for the month indicated. (Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and Landin, f s of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, Feb- ruary 1960, 7 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 So., Seat- tle 4, Wash.) Includes landings and local re- ceipts, with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and As- toria (Ore.) wholesale dealers; also Northwest Pacific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp landings; for the month indicated. The Size and Shape of Metamorphosing Larvae of Venus (MERCENARIA) Mercenaria Grown at Different Temperatures, by Victor L. Loosanoff, Ii pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Biolog- ical Bulletin, vol. 117, no. 2, October 1959, pp. 308-318.) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn. THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, Halibut and Troll Salmon Landings and Ex-Vessel U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. c. Prices for Seattle, Alaska Ports, and British Columbia, 1958-1959, 34 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier ane S paraglantHi eee 1959 42 So., Seattle 4, Wash.) Lists the landings of MNL-14 - United Kin a ae at nin “Ind t halibut and troll salmon at leading United States isfeobanhts) NEL SASS 1958-1959. MNL-15 - Japanese Trawling Operations in the Bering Sea. ports of the Pacific Coast, and halibut landings at leading British Columbia ports for 1959, with comparative data. Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, February 1960, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for the Virginia areas of Hamp- ton Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ARTICLE 1S AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. O. BOX 3830, HON - OLULU, HAWAII. Attempts at Estimating the Abundance of Fish Pop- ulation from the Data of Tuna Long Line Fish- ery. Il--A Few Considerations on the Size of 84 Stratum, by Akira Suda, 11 pp., processed. (Translated from Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Report no. 7, February 1958, pp. 127-148.) THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE INGTON 25, D. C. 1959 Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior (For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1959), 522 pp., illus., printed, $3. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. The activities ofthe Department's bureaus and offices, including the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, are summarized in this report. Among others, the activities of the Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies are described. Activities discussed in de- tail are utilization of the commercial fishery resources; research in fishery biology (shell- fisheries, anadromous, inland, and marine fish- eries); conservation of Alaska commercial fish- eries; Columbia River fisheries program; and Pribilof Island Fur-Seal industry. A summary of the various activities of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is also included. Public Fish Culture in the United States, 1958 (A Statistical Summary), by William Hagen and Joseph O. O.'Connor, Circular 58, 47 pp., illus., processed, 35 cents, October 1959. A report summarizing the statistical data gathered from the third survey of state fish cultural activities conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisher- ies and Wildlife. The previous surveys were carried out in 1937 and 1949. Basic tool in the present study was a questionnaire sent to all 50 states, requesting data on various aspects of their hatchery facilities and operations, includ- ing even an estimate of the expected fish re- quirements in 1970. This report includes tables showing distribution of fish, by species, from state hatcheries; distribution from Bureau hatch- eries, 1957; fish food purchased by the states and the Bureau, 1948 and 1958; hatchery and fishery research and management by the states and Bureau, 1948 and 1958; and other pertinent data. Includes also a number of excellent photos of hatcheries. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ALGAE: "Complex Primitives: The Red Alga Group," by I. MacKenzie Lamb, article, Natural History, vol. 69, no. 3, March 1960, pp. 16-25, illus., printed, single copy 50 cents. The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York 24, N. Y. ALMANAC: The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac for the Year et 523 pp., printed, $4. U.S. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viol 22, ).Nos 5 Naval Observatory, Nautical Almanac Office, Washington, D. C. (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) ANCHOVY: "The Food of the Larvae of the Northern Anchovy Engraulis mordax,'' by Leo Berner, Jr., article, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Bul- letin, vol. 4, no. 1, 1959, pp. 1-22, illus., print- ed in English and Spanish. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif. "Identification of the Egg, Early Life History and Spawning Areas of the Anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus (Gunther), in the Gulf of Panama,” by John G. Simpson, article, Inter-American Trop- ical Tuna Commission Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 10, 1959, pp. 441-580, illus., printed in English and Spanish. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Com- mission, La Jolla, Calif. ANGOLA: V Congresso Nacional de Pesca, Angola 1958 - ~ Resumos dos Trabalhos A Senne (Fifth National Fishery Congress, Angola 1958 - Sum- maries of Papers Presented), 372 pp., process~ ed in Portuguese. Gabinete de Estudos das Pes- cas, Lisbon, Portugal. Includes summaries of the 96 papers presented at the Fifth National Fishery Congress, Luanda, Angola, October 1958. ARGENTINA: La Pesca Maritima en el Pais (The Marine Fish- ery of the Country), by Armando Benjamin San- giorgio, 47 pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Di- reccion General de Pesca, Secretario de Estado de Agricultura y Ganaderia de la Nacion, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1959. A comprehensive re- port covering past accomplishments in the de- velopment of the fisheries; conservation of the living resources of the sea; distribution of ma- rine life; and the continental shelf. It also dis- cusses the present status of the fisheries; the high seas and coastal fisheries; marine algae; laws and enforcement; and world fishery pro- duction. Included are many statistical tables showing catch by areas and species, vessels by areas, and other pertinent data. AUSTRALIA: 5a Pp., illus., printed. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Commonwealth Scien- tific and Industrial Research Organization, 314 Albert St., East Melbourne, C2, Australia, Features, among others, articles on: "Some As- pects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. Vill--Trends of the Commercial Fish Catch and Management of the Fishery;" ''IX--The Fishes and Their Food;" 'X--The Movement of Fish;" and ''XI--Estimation of Fish Populations," by J. M. Thomson, Z Fishing and Whaling, 1958-59, Statistical Bulletin no. 5, 20 pp., illus., processed. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Canberra, Australia. This is the fifth of a series of annual bulletins dealing with the fishing and whaling in- dustries in Australia. The statistics, covering May 1960 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.. quantity and value of catch and related data, per- tain to the year 1958/59 for fisheries and the 1959 season for whaling, with comparative data for the previous 4 years. The bulletin is divided into 4 parts. Part I deals with general fisheries including those for finfish, crustaceans, and mol- luses. Part II includes fisheries for pearl-shell and trochus shell. Part III covers the operation of the whaling industry in Australia and Norfolk Island. Part IV shows particulars of overseas trade in fishery and whaling products. A Review of the Victorian Fishing Industry, 87 pp., ilflus., processed. Fisheries and Game Dept., 605 Flinders St., Melbourne, C3, Australia. A concise and well-written report on the develop- ment and present status of the commercial fresh- and salt-water fisheries inthe State of Victoria, Australia. Despite an extensive coastline, large stocks of fish are not readily available in Vic- torian waters. Since about 25 percent of the pop- ulation of Australia inhabits this State which comprises only 3.3 percent of the land area, the demand on the fishery resources has been so great that importation of fish has been a neces- sity. Further development of deep-sea fisher- ies, such as that for yellow-eye mullet, Austral- ian salmon, and tunas, and the fisheries in the inland lakes is suggested as a means of supple- menting existing fish supplies. This report presents information on factors influencing or limiting Victorian fish production, expansion of the fisheries, imports, fishermen's cooperatives, canneries, sport fishing, and the functions of the Fisheries and Game Department. BARNACLES: The Settlement and Growth of BALANUS IMPRO- VISUS, B. EBURNEUS and B, AMPHITRITE, by H. B. Moore and A, C. Frue, 20 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 421-440, December 1959.) The Marine Lab oratory, University of Miami, Miami 49, Fla. BEHAVIOR OF FISH: "Izuchenie Povedeniya Ryb vo Vremya Lova"' (A Study of the Behavior of Fish During Catching), by D. V. Radakov, article, Voprosy ikhtiologli, no. 6, 1956, pp. 37-46, printed in Russian. Vo- prosy Ikhtiologii, Akademia Nauk, U.S. S. R., Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissaia, Moscow, U.S.S.R. ''Rech!' Ryb" (The "Language" of Fish), by Yu. A. Shemanskiy, article, Nauka i Zhizn', no. 8, 1958, p. 42, printed in Russian. Nauka i Zhizn', Provda, Novaya Ploshchad', 4, Moscow K-12, U.S. S. R. BROOK TROUT: A Compendium of the Life History and Ecology of the Eaetern Brook Trout SALVELINUS FON- —_ TINALIS (Mitchill), by Colton H. Bridges, Fish- eries Bulletin No. 23, 30 pp., printed. Massa- chusetts Division of Fisheries and Game, 73 Tremont St., Boston 8, Mass., 1958. CANADA: Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 1958/1959 (For the Fiscal Year Ended COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 March 31, 1959), 186 pp., illus., printed in Eng- lish with additional introduction in French. A comprehensive summary of the work of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada and its field stations during 1958/1959. The work of the Board is organized in three closely coordinated fields: biological, technological, and oceano- graphic. During 1958 the Board's new 177-foot trawler-type research vessel, the A. T. Cam- eron, was placed in service on the Atlantic Coast; biological laboratory facilities in St. An- drews, New Brunswick, were increased; a new technological laboratory was nearly completed in Vancouver, British Columbia; a rented busi- ness block in London, Ontario, was modified to serve as laboratory headquarters for fresh-wa- ter fishery research; and expanded laboratory space was provided in the Great Slave Lake area. The report also covers activities at the Biological Stations, St. John's, Newfoundland, and Nanaimo, British Columbia; the Arctic Unit, Montreal, Quebec; and the Technological Sta- tions at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Grande-Rivera, Quebec, St. John's, Newfoundland, London, On- tario, and Vancouver, British Columbia. A list of the publications and reports published during the year by the Board is included. illus., printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Includes, among others, these articles: ''Keeping Quality of Pa- cific Coast Dogfish,'' by R. H. Moyer andothers; "Marine and Freshwater Fishes of the Miramichi River and Estuary, New Brunswick," by R. A. McKenzie; ''Survival and Production of Pink and Chum Salmon in a Coastal Stream," by J. G. Hunter; ''Additional Observations Concerning Residual Sockeye and Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka),'' by W. E. Ricker; and ''Some Morpho- logical Differences Between the Subspecies of Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarkii clarkii and Sal- mo clarkii lewisi, in British Columbia," by _ S.U. Qadri. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Can- ada, vol. 17, no. 1, January 1960, 126 pp., illus., printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta- tionery, Ottawa, Canada. Contains, among oth- ers, these articles: ''The Effect of Time and Temperature of Cooking on the Palatability and Cooking Losses of Frozen Atlantic Codfish Fil- lets,'' by Iva L. Armstrong and others; 'Inci- dence and Distribution of Infestation by Sphyrion lumpi (Kr¢yer) on the Redfish, Sebastes marinus (L.), of the Western North Atlantic,” by Wilfred Templeman and H. J. Squires; ''Estimating A- bundance from Longline Catches," by Garth I. Murphy; ''The Growth, Length-Weight Relation- ship, and Maturity of Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) from the Region of Lockeport, N.S.," ee C. Kohler; ''Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration. IX--Fat, Pro- tein and Water in the Major Internal Organs and Cholesterol in the Liver and Gonads of the Standard Fish,''byD. R. Idler andI. Bitners; and ''Biochem- ical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration. X--Glucose, Total Protein, Non-Pro- tein Nitrogen and Amino Acid Nitrogen in Plasma," by R. E. E. Jonas and R. A. MacLeod. 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 5 CATFISH: "Propagation of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus lacus- tris) at State Fish Hatchery," by Bruce Craw- ford, paper, Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, October 20-23, 1957, pp. 132-141, printed. Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S.C.,, 1958: COD: "La Flotte Morutiere Portugaise Devra Ralentir son Expansion Aprés 1964" (The Portuguese Codfishing Fleet Must Slow Down its Expansion Before 1964), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 983, February 1960, pp. 73-74, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris (8~), France. COMMISSIONS: (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Eighteenth Annual Report (to the Congress of the United States and to the Governors and Legis- lators of the Fifteen Compacting States), 54 pp., printed, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 22 W. First St., Mount Vernon, N. Y., February 1960. Summarizes briefly the many activities of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission during 1959. Includes condensed reports of the work of the Commis- sion and of the basic committees--legal, tech- nological, biological, and executive. Discusses a report entitled ''Recommendations by the Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries as to What is Needed in Each State to Establish an Effective System of Catch Statistics,'' submitted inanswer to a formal request made at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Commission. Also contains re- ports from the North Atlantic Section on the oyster crisis in Long Island Sound, the shad project, and clam investigations. The Middle Atlantic Section reports on dams and barriers on the Delaware River, marshlands protection, and decline of the croaker and sea trout fishery. The Chesapeake Bay Section discusses oyster mortalities, the Potomac Compact between Maryland and Virginia, fisheries of the Atlantic Bight, shad and blue crab projects, cooperative striped bass project, and Baltimore Harbor pol- lution problem. The South Atlantic Section re- ports on South Carolina's requirements con- cerning out-of-state licenses, disposition of marshlands, shad and blue crab projects, ex- ploratory fishing for scallops and shrimp, and legislation for limitation of shrimp imports. Appendices include State legislation recommend- ed, proposed inclusion of mollusks in the terms of the International Convention for the North- west Atlantic Fisheries, and resolutions adopted by the Commission, (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Minutes of the 18th Annual Meeting (Septem- ber 22-24, 1959, New York, N. Y.) 219 pp., processed, limited distribution. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 22 W. FirstSt., Mount Vernon, N. Y. Covers the minutes of the 18th Annual Meeting of.the Commission with de- tails of attendance; the first, second, and third general sessions; and section meetings of the North Atlantic, Middle Atlantic, Chesapeake Bay, and South Atlantic Sections. Also includes accounts of the individual section meetings, res- olutions recommended for adoption, and the executive committee meeting. Appendices in- clude, among others, reports on research work accomplished by the Commission and its spon- soring agency, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice. Also included in the appendices are rec- ommendations by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries as to what is needed in each State to establish an effective system of catch statistics; and reports on increased consumption of fishery products through quality improvement; use made of Payne Act funds for fishery education and ex- tent of State participation; disposal of radioactive wastes in the sea; and new approach in relations between angler groups and commercial fishery groups. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Tenth Annual Report 1958-1959 (to the Congress of the United States and to the Governors and Legisla- tors of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississip- pi, and Texas), 38 pp., printed, for limited dis- tribution. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Com- mission, 312 Audubon Bldg., New Orleans 16, La., February 1960. Outlines the Commission's activities for the period October 1958-October 1959, with a summary of some of the points of general interest in the Compact among the 5 Gulf States. Describes briefly the activities of each of those States during the period. Short discussions of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice activities in technological and biological re- search, exploratory fishing in the Gulf area, the Gulf fishery statistical and Market News pro- gram, and other activities are included. Also contains a financial report of the Commission. CRABS: The Shallow-Water Hermit Crabs of Florida, by ed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 9, no. 4, Decem- ber 1959, pp. 349-420.) The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. DEN MARK: "La Industria Danesa de Congelacion de Filetes de Pescado"' (The Danish Fish Fillet Freezing Industry), by Henning Pedersen, article, Indus- trias Pesqueras, vol. 33, no. 784, December 15, 1959, pp. 37-438, printed in Spanish. Indus- trias Pesqueras, Policarpo Sanz, 21-2, Vigo, Spain. A translation of an article appearing in Danish Foreign Office Journal. Describes the enormous increase in the export of fish fillets from Denmark since World War II and a major factor in this increase, the development of freez-~ ing on a commercially-profitable basis. The ad- vantages to the consumer of frozen fish fillets are discussed. The Danish industry utilizes two techniques for this process: the machine meth- od, usually used for "round"! fish, especially cod; and the hand-cutting method, used for pre- paring groundfish fillets. Mentions research in new techniques and the development of the Green- land fisheries. Greenland exports large quanti- May 1960 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM. ties of fillets to the United States. Between 1954 and 1958, the quantity and value of Danish exports of fish fillets more than doubled. EAST AFRICA: Lake Victoria Fisheries Service, Annual Report, 1958/59, 32 pp., illus., printed. East African High Commission, Nairobi, Kenya, 1959. Re- ports on the general activities of the Lake Vic- toria Fisheries Service, including studies on motor fishing vessels, radio equipment, random- sample recording, improved fishing boats, deep- water fishing survey, fish meal, use of gill nets, introduction of tilapia into Lake Victoria, fish marking, legal enforcement, and survey of fish- ing activity. Also includes statistical summaries of annual catches by species in 1958 at record- ing stations in Uganda, Tanganyika, and Kenya, which are the three territories under the au- thority of the East African High Commission. ECHO-SOUNDING: Echo Sounding Experiments in the Barents Sea, by I. D. Richardson and others, Fishery Investi- gations, series II, vol. XXII, no. 9, 61 pp., illus., printed, E1 (about US$2.80). York House, Kingsway, London WC2, England, 1959. "Locating Fish With Echo Sounder (A Report on the White Line Recorder, the Operation of the Echo Satis and Interpretation of the Echo- grams), by Ralph Eide, Norwegian Fishing News, vol. 6, no. 4, 1959, pp. 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, illus., printed. Norwegian Fishing News, Ltd., Bergen, Norway. ECOLOGY: Eksperimental'naia Ekologiia Pitaniia Ryb (Ex- perimental Eeology of Fish-Feeding), by Viktor Sergeevich Ivlev, 252 pp., illus., printed in Rus- sian. Pishchepromizdat (Food Industry Pub- lishing House), Moscow, U.S. S. R., 1955. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: Biological and Economic Aspects of the Manage- ment of Commercial Marine Fisheries, by Mil- ner B. Schaefer, 5 pp., illus., printed. (Reprint- ed from Transactions of the American Fisher- Calif., 1959. "Program of the Branch of Fishery Management Services,'' by Willis King, paper, Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, October 20-23, 1957, pp. 62-66, printed. South- eastern Association of Game and Fish Commis- sioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. The legal au- thority and objectives for thisnew Branch of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, are discussed. Man- agement services on Federal lands, cooperation on State fishery programs, and plans for new activities are covered. FISHERY RESEARCH: "Some Uses of Punch Card Methods in the Tabu- lation and Analysis of Fishery Research Data," by Ben Leeper, Herbert Stern, Jr., and Vic- tor M. Lambou, paper, Proceedings of the Elev- enth Annual Conference, Southeastern Associa- ber 20-23, 1957, pp. 226-232, printed. South- eastern Association of Game and Fish Commis- sioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. FLORIDA: An Ecological Study of the Fishes of the Tampa Bay Area, by Victor G. Springer and Kenneth D. Woodburn, Professional Papers Series no. 1, 109 pp., illus., printed. Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory, St. Peters- burg, Fla., January 1960. FROZEN FISH: EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET: "Ta Commercialisation et la Consommation du "L'Economie des Péches Francaises Apres un An de Marché Commun" (The Economics of the French Fisheries after One Year of the Common Market), by J. Merot, article, La Péche Mari- time, vol. 38, no. 981, December 1959, pp. 755- 762, illus., printed in French. La Peche Mari- time, 190 Boulevard Hausmann, Paris (8°), France. Poisson Congelé dans le Pays Membres de 1'0. E. C. E." (The Marketing and Consumption of Frozen Fish in the Member Countries of the O. E. E. C.), article, La Péche Maritime, vol. 38, no. 981, December 1959, pp. 792-803, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Hausmann, Paris (8~), France. GENERAL: Fish and Ships (This Was Fishing from the Co- lumbia to Bristol Bay), by Ralph W. Andrews and "Situation et Evolution de la Péche Maritime Italienne dans le Cadre du Marché Commun" (The Status and Growth of the Italian Marine Fishery Within the Framework of the Common Market), by C. de Felip, article, La Péche Mar- itime, vol. 38, no. 981, December 1959, pp. 776- 779, illus., printed in French, La Peche Mari- time, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris (8°), France. FISH-LIVER OILS: "A Substance in Lingcod Liver Oil Which Pre- vents Hypercholesterolaemia in Cholesterol- Fed Chickens,'' by J. D. Wood and Jacob Biely, article, Nature, vol. 185, no. 4711, February13, 1960, pp. 473-474, printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y. A. K. Larssen, 250 pp. of photos with short text, printed, $10.60. The Fishermen's News, Fish- ermen's Terminal, Seattle 99, Wash. A picture history of the old days of cod, halibut, and salmon in the Pacific Northwest. It covers Indian cus- toms, gill-netting under sail, horse and beach seining, early salteries and canneries, whaling, and sealing. GILL NETS: "Comparative Efficiency of Differently Coloured Gill-Net in the North Sea Salmon Fishing," by Atushi Koike, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 1, 1958, pp. 9-12, printed in Japanese with English 88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 5 abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fish- flag of vessel classifications, as well as the eries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigan- units of quantities used in the compilation of the dori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. data. HERRING: IRRADIATION PRESERVATION: The Extent of the 1959 Herring Spawning in Brit- "Cuts Food Radiation Costs," article, Food Engi- Ish Columbia Coastal Waters, by D. N. Outram, neering, vol. 32, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 78-80, Circular No. 56, 13 pp., illus., processed. illus., printed. Food Engineering, McGraw-Hill Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Publishing Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New Station, Nanaimo B. C., Canada, November 1959. York 36, N. Y. Capital investment can be halved Reviews the annual success of herring spawning and operating charges reduced 75 percent in in the major British Columbia herring stocks. processing foods by the use of a new radiation Since the amount of spawn deposited in any re- generator, the L-band linac (traveling-wave lin- gion is proportional to the number of spawners, ear accelerator). ''Shelf-life extension of sea- the annual estimates of spawn deposition not food by low dose irradiation presents an oppor- only form a basis for a quantitative index of the tunity to reverse the declining trend of the fresh size of the spawning stock but also provide an fish market,'' according to the author. In this indication of the escapement from the fishery type of processing, ''one L-band linac will han- and hence of the carry-over to the next fishing dle 9,200 lbs. per hr. at 250,000 rad. Previous- season. The present report covers the results ly, two conventional S-band linacs would have of the 1959 spawn census in 12 areas along the been required to handle 7,500 lbs, per hr., at British Columbia coast. In-spite of the second more than twice the capital cost." largest winter catch on record, the size of the 1959 spawning escapements showed an in- JAPAN: crease from the previous year in all but 3 sub- Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific districts. This terminated a steady, downward Fisheries, vol. 25, nos. 7-9, November 1959, 97 trend apparent during the past 6 years in the pp., Ulus., printed in Japanese with Englishsum- total amount of spawn deposited. maries. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher- ies, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba- "Nablyudeniya za Povedeniem Kaspyskikh Kilek"' kaigandori 6-Chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. (Observations on the Behavior of the Caspian Contains, among others, these articles: "Tm pli- Sprat), by I. V. Nikonorovy, article, Voprosy cation of the Scale Ring. Ill--Improvement of Ikhtiologii, no. 6, 1956, pp. 21-36, printed in Age-Determination for Fishes," by Hideaki Ya- Russian. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, Akademia Nauk, suda; ''The Comparison of Sardine Purse Seine U.S. S. R., Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissaia, Mos- Fishery Between Ohara and Katagai in Chiba cow, U.S. S. R. In this investigation, the be- Prefecture (Significance of Fishery Harbour Re- havior of sprats was studied to perfect methods flected in the Attainment of Sardine Purse Seine of catching them by the use of light. Fishery),'' by Makoto Inoue; ''The Distribution of Stress on the Fishing Net. I--On the Statical "Smasild- og Feitsildtokt Med G. O. Sars i Tiden Load," by Yasushi Kondo and Makoto Suzuki; 24, September til 29. Oktober 1959" (Small Her- ''The Cooperation of Some Legalized Antiseptics ring and Fat Herring Investigations by Research in Their Preservative Application to FishCakes," Vessel G. O. Sars Between September 24 and by Megumu Goda and Yoshinobu Isa; ''The Sof- October 29, 1959), by Olav Dragesund, article, tening Spoilage of Fish Sausage. V--Effect of Fiskets Gang, vol. 45, no. 52, December 24, Sodium Pyrophosphate and Sorbic Acid on the 1959, pp. 694-699, illus., printed in Norwegian. Growth of Spore of Bacillus circulans,"' by Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Hitoshi Uchiyama and Keishi Amano; ''Bacterio- Norway. logical Studies on the Spoilage of Fish Sausage. I--Number of Bacteria. Present in the Meat of IMPORTS: Fish Sausage on the Market,''by Mikio Akamatsu; Schedule A--Statistical Classification of Com- "Bacteriological Studies on the Spoilage of Fish modities Imported into the United States, Janu- Sausage. II--Kinds of Bacteria Present in the ary 1, 1960, Edition, 268 pp., printed, $3.50 do- Meat of Fish Sausage on the Market," by Mikio mestic and $4.50 foreign. (The cost of the Akamatsu; ''Bacteriological Studies on the Spoil- Schedule includes supplemental bulletins and age of Fish Sausage. III--Aerobic and Anaerobic pages to keep it up to date for at least a year Growth of Three Kinds of Bacillus Which are from the time of issuance.) Foreign Trade Di- Isolated from Fish Sausage,'' by Mikio Akamatsu; vision, Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department and ''The &-Radiation Oil Deterioration of Ma- of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by rine Products and Its Prevention (Preliminary the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern- Work),'' by Kenzo Toyama, Toshiyuki Hirano ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) This and Hiroshi Yamaga. Schedule Peat the statistical commodity clas- : sifications (including fishery products and re- Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific lated commodities) used in compiling the official Fisheries, vol. 25, nos. 10-12, December 1959, United States import statistics. It shows the 108 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English complete commodity description and commodity abstracts. Japanese Society of Scientific Fish- code number for each statistical classification eries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba- used in the published reports and machine tabu- kaigandori 6-Chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. lations of United States imports. In addition, it Includes, among others, the following articles: shows the country, customs district, commodity "Preparation of a Coating Material by Chlorina- subgroup, commodity group, economic class, and tion of Fish Oil. VI--Influence of Hydroxy Groups May 1960 and Peroxides in Fish Oil on Chlorination," by Kosaku Suzuki; ''Amino Acid Composition of the Muscle Extracts of Aquatic Animals. II--The Amounts of Free Amino Acids in the Muscle of Shellfishes and Their Variation During Spoil- age,'' by Keiji Ito; ''Biochemical Studies on the Edible Seaweed, Porphyra tenera. I--Contents of Various Nitrogenous Components in the Frond as Affected by the Type of the Nitrogen Source," by Shiro Sato and others; and ''Ribo- flavin Contents in the Liver of Fish,"' by Hideo Higashi, Shigeo Murayama, and Kikuko Tabei. LIGHT FISHING: "Reaktsiya Ryb na Tsvet'' (The Reaction of Fish to Light), by T. I. Privol'nev, article, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, no. 6, 1956, pp. 3-20, printed in Russian. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, Akademia Nauk, U.S. S. R., Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissaia, Mos- cow, U.S. 5S. R. MARINE BIOLOGY: Some Information of the Basic Studies on Marine Laboratory, No. 306, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from Proceedings of the UNESCO, Sym- posium on Physical Oceanography, 1955, pp. 197-203.) UNESCO, Paris and Japan Societyfor the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan, 1957. NETS: "The Selectivity and Effectiveness of Certain Types of Commercial Nets in the T. V. A. Lakes of Alabama," by C. E. White, Jr., paper, Pro- ceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Com- missioners, October 20-23, 1957, pp. 142-151, printed. Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION: (International North Pacific Fisheries Commis- sion) Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting, 1959 (Seattle, Wash., November 2-7, 1959), 152 pp., processed. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada, Febru- ary 1960. Covers the agenda, list of partici- pants, minutes of sessions, and committee re- ports for the sixth annual meeting of the Com- mission. The appendixes present, among oth- ers, subcommittee reports on distribution of sockeye, pink, and chum salmon; results of deep-sea salmon tagging; racial studies, statis- tics, and sampling; oceanographic studies; king crab research; and long-term research plan- ning by the member countries--United States, Canada, and Japan. NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION: Selected Reports of the Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (from the 1958 and 1956 Annual Meetings), 68 pp., illus., processed, limited distribution. (Reprints from serialnum- bers 570, 540, 553, and 413B.) International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisher- ies, Halifax, N. S., Canada, 1958. Includes the complete report of the Committee on Research and Statistics at the 1958 and 1956 Annual Meet- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 ings together with appendixes. Presents reports of ad hoc subcommittees on requirements for the ocean perch symposium; marking; research on the sea scallop fishery of Subarea 5; statis- tics; chafing gear; assessment of benefits of mesh regulation; plankton and hydrography; sampling of Eastern Subarea 4 cod stocks; and others. Also presents an outline of present re- search and long-range needs in the Convention Area in regard to cod, haddock, ocean perch, halibut, statistics, sampling and population dy- namics, standardization of measurements, gear selection and mesh measuring, and special projects. NORWAY: Cooperation Among Fishermen in Norway, Fis- keridirektoratets Skrifter, vol. IV, no. 2, 71pp., illus., printed. A/S John Griegs Boktrykkerl, Bergen, Norway, 1959. Contains the following articles which were the basis for working pa- pers presented at the FAO-ILO Technical Meet- ing on Fishery Cooperatives at Naples, May 12- 21, 1959: ''Business Organization and Manage- ment of Fishery Cooperatives in Norway," by Arne Nordset; and ''A General Survey of the De- velopment of Cooperation Among Fishermen in Norway and Methods by Which the Government Has Assisted the Organization," by Aslak Aasbé¢. "Tofotfiskets Lonnsomhet 1959" (The Value of the Lofoten Fisheries in 1959), by Georg Oppendal, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 1, January tls 1960, pp. 6-16, illus., printedin Norwegian. Fis- kets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. "Rapport om Tokt med Johan Hjort til Barent- shavet 19 September til 24 Oktober 1959" (Re- porton the Trip of the Johan Hjort to Barentshavet, September 19 to October 24, 1959), by Lars Midttun, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 45, no. 47, November 19, 1959, pp. 639-640, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. "Stortralernes Fiske i 1958'' (Large Trawler Fishery in 1958), by Sverre Mollestad, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 45, no. 48, November 26, 1959, pp. 650-656, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. "Stértralernes Lénnsomhet 1958" (The Value of Large Trawiers during 1958), by A. Holm, arti- cle, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 2, January 14, 1960, pp. 24-30, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. OCEANOGRAPHY: "Canadian Oceanographic Research in the North Pacific Ocean,” by J. P. Tully and A. J. Dodi- mead, 30 pp., printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Oceanographic Group, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1957. PERU: "Peru Rides a Fish Boom," by W. J. Jenkins, article, Foreign Trade, vol. 113, no. 5, Febru- ary 27, 1960, pp. 18-20, illus., printed. Queen's 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 5 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, Printer, Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Canada, single copy 20 Canadian cents. Dis- cusses the recent tremendous increase in the production of Peruvian fish meal and its conse- quences. Whaling and the bonito fishery are also sizable industries. ''Borne along on the rich harvest of the Humboldt Current, Peru's fisher- ies still hold first place among the countries of Latin America. Expanding fleets require up-to- date equipment. . . .,'' explains the author. PICKEREL: A Compendium of the Life History and Ecolo of the Chain Pickerel ESOX NIGER (uasnaen): pp., printed. Massachusetts Division of Fisher- ies and Game, 73 Tremont St., Boston 8, Mass., 1958. POLLUTION: "Sources and Control of Radioactive Water Pol- lutants,"' by E. C. Tsivoglou and W. W. Towne, article, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, vol. 29, no. 2, 1957, pp. 143-156, printed. Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Association, 4435 Wisconsin Ave., NW., Washington 16, D. C. POND FISHERIES: "A Preliminary Report on the Comparative Test- ing of Some of the Newer Herbicides," by J. R. Snow, paper, Proceedings of the Eleventh An- nual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, October 20-23, 1957, pp. 125-132, printed. Southeastern As- sociation of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. PROCESSING: "Enzyme Visceration and Scaling of Fish," by W. W. Meinke, article, Frosted Food Field, vol. 30, no. 2, February 1960, pp. 52, 66, illus., print- ed. Frosted Food Field, Inc., 321 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. In this study, findings indi- cate the feasibility of producing a clean whole- some fish product for human consumption from fish by an enzymatic visceration and cleaning process. The enzyme for the process must have the ability to degrade or breakdown protein structure. Favorable economic return can be obtained from this operation only if the cleaned fish can bring a premium price. Different spe- cies of fish vary in the ease with which the vis- cera and scales can be removed by enzymatic preparations. In the present study, the golden croaker was used. PROCESSING MACHINERY: "Fish-Processing Machines For Factory-Trawl- ers and Factory-Ships" by I. A. Schenck, arti- cle, Norwegian Fishing News, vol. 6, no. 4, 1959, pp. 25, 27, 29, illus., printed. Norwegian Fishing News, Ltd., Bergen, Norway. SALMON: "Adult Returns of Pink Salmon from the 1954 Fraser River Planting,'’ by W. Percy Wickett, article, Progress Reports of the Pacific Coast Stations, no. 111, 1958, pp. 18-19, printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station, 6640 N. W. Ma- rine Dr., Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada. British Columbia Salmon Spawning Report - 1959, 14 pp., processed. Department of Fisheries, 1110 Georgia St., W., Vancouver, B. C., Canada, February 1960. Covers the developments assoc- iated with the 1959 salmon migration, seeaing, and escapement in the various areas of British Columbia. "Directing Young Salmon," article, Nature, vol. 182, no. 4629, 1958, pp. 162-163, printed. Ma- ture, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 103 Park Ave., New York 17, N. Y. "An International Tagging Test with Salmon (Sal- mo salar L.) Smolts,'' by A. Swain and P. E. Caradine, article, Nature, vol. 185, no. 4708, January 23, 1960, pp. 206-207, printed. Nature St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y. "Neketorye Dannye o Morskikh Migratsiyakh Semgi" (Some Data on the Sea Migrations of Salmon), by V. V. Azbelev and I. I. Lagunov, ar- ticle, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, no. 6, 1956, pp. 113- 120, printed in Russian. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, Akademia Nauk, U.S. S. R., Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissaia, Moscow, U.S. S. R. SHRIMP: "Bacterial Content of Commercially Frozen Breaded Shrimp," by Rouben Kachikian, Ed- ward P. Larken, and Warren Litsky, article, Frosted Food Field, vol. 30, no. 2, February 1960, pp. 50-51, printed. Frosted Food Field, Inc., 321 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. A sur- vey of 144 samples of commercially-frozen breaded shrimp (24 brands) indicated a high variation in the number and types of bacteria present. In the authors' opinion, consideration should be given each operation from fishing boat to the local market in an attempt to reduce the bacterial counts of the final product. "Nutritive Value of Frozen Shrimp Offers Potent Promotion Prong," article, Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 22, no. 7, February 1960, pp. 125-126, 128, printed. Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams, Publications, Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5, N.Y. A provocative article describing the results of research on the biochemical composition and value in human nutrition of fresh and frozen shrimp. U.S. Department of the Interior's sur- veys predict an outstanding increase in the de- mand for shrimp during the next 15 years. The high value of shrimp, nutrition-wise, coupled with its abundance should be incentives for its increased consumption on a nationwide basis. The promotion of increased use of shrimp inthe United States might be an alternative solution to the so-called oversupply problem to imposition of quotas or import duties by the Congress. Bills which would force such restrictions are now un- der consideration. Results of Shrimp Trawling ch INVESTIGATOR NO, 1, June 1959, by T. H. Butler, Circular No. 55, 7 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, November 1959. An extensive exploratory program for shrimp was conducted on the British Columbia coast from 1953 to 1955. May 1960 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, A number of promising areas were located, and subsequently at least two were fished commer- cially. During June 1959, several inlets on the west coast of Vancouver Island and the area off the entrance to Nootka Sound were resurveyed. In all, 21 tows with a small otter trawl were completed. Details of all tows are presented in this report, which includes tables and maps of the areas studied. SIERRA LEONE: Report on Fisheries, 1958, 16 pp., printed, 1s. 6d. (about 21 U. S. cents). Government Bookshop, Water Street, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1959. Reviews the accomplishments of the Fisheries Development and Research Unit of Sierra Leone since 1945. Also covers the work of the Devel- opment and Research Sections during 1958. A Fisheries Officer and Master Fisherman were appointed and commenced work on a four-point program including the (1) introduction of small inshore motor trawlers; (2) introductionof im- proved techniques to the indigenous fishery-- outboard motors for canoes, etc.; (3) economic survey of the fishery including statistics and marketing and transportation methods; and (4) investigation of invertebrate fisheries such as shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. A program of research covering fish tagging, gear studies, and exploratory fishing was also initiated. SOUTH CAROLINA: Annual Report, 1958-1959, Contribution No. 31, 10 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Report of South Carolina Wildlife Resources Depart- ment, Fiscal Year July 1, 1958-June 30, 1959.) Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C., January 1960. A detailed description of the activities of Bears Bluff Laboratories for the period under review, covering the study of oysters, shrimp, blue crabs, finfish, pond culti- vation. SPINY LOBSTER: "Le Conditionnement sous Vide des Queues de Langoustes en Haute Mer" (Vacuum Packing of Spiny Lobster Tails on the High Seas), by A. G. Bresson de Bast, article, France Péche, vol. 4, no. 35, December 1959, pp. 19-20, illus., print- edin French. France Peche, 84, Rue Carnot, Lorient, France. ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON: "La Peche a Sant-Pierre et Miquelon" (The Fish- ery on St. Pierre and Miquelon), by R. Percier, article, La Péche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 982, January 1960, pp. 13-18, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris (8~), France. Describes the fishing fleet, the harbors, fishing methods, spe- cies landed, processing plants, and other as- pects of the fishing industry on these two tiny French possessions in Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence. STRIPED BASS: "The Status of Striped Bass (Roccus saxatilis) (Walbaum) in North Carolina Waters," by Arthur W. Dickson, paper, Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference, Southeastern As- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 sociation of Game and Fish Commissioners, October 20-23, 1957, pp. 264-268, printed. Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. "Striped Bass (Roccus saxatilis)(Walbaum) Re- search in Maryland,’ by Edwin M. Barry, pa- ference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, October 20-23, 1957, pp. 268-270, printed. Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S.C., 1958. TILAPIA: 5 "Further Experiments with Tilapia mossambica as a Pondfish,'' by H. S. Swingle, paper, Pro- ceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference, Commissioners, October 20-23, 1957, pp. 152- 154, printed. Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S. C., 1958. TOADFISH: "Foghorn Sounds Beneath the Sea," by William N. Tavolga, article, Natural History, vol. 69, no. 3, March 1960, pp. 44-50, illus., printed, single copy 50 cents. The American Museum of Natu- ral History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York 24, N. Y. TRADE LIST: The Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., has published the following mimeographed trade list. Copies may be obtained by firms in the United States from that office or from Department of Commerce field offices at $2 each. Canneries--Morocco, 11 pp. (February 1960). Lists the names of canneries and addresses and types of products handled. Includes fish and shellfish canneries. TROUT: Introduction of the Hybrid Between the Eastern Brook Trout and Lake Trout into the Great Lakes, by John Budd, 4 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from The Canadian Fish Culturist, no. 20, August 1957.) Department of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. The Survival of Yearling Lake Trout Planted in ~ South Bay, Lake Huron, by F. E. J. Fry and J. C. Budd, 9 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Canadian Fish Culturist, no. 23, De- cember 1958.) Department of Fisheries of Can- ada, Ottawa, Canada. TUNA: Additional Information on the Length-Weight. Re- lationship of Skipjack Tuna from the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, by Richard C. Henne- muth, 13 pp., lus., printed in English and Spanish. (Reprinted from Inter-American Trop- ical Tuna Commission Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 2, 1959, pp. 25-37.) Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif. "Dakar, d'Une Campagn Thoniere 1958-1959" ( e a l'Autre - La Campagne Dakar, From One Season 92 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, to Another - The Tuna Fishing Season, 1958- 1959), by Jehan Ichtus, article, La Péche Mari- time, vol. 39, no. 983, February 1960, pp. 77- 79, printed in French. La Pechg Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris (8~), France. "Datos sobre la Edad y Crecimiento de la Alba- cora Germo alalunga Bonnaterre" (On the Age and Growth of the Albacore 4. alalunga), by A. Figueras, article, Investigacion Pesquera, vol. 9, 1957, pp. 27-31, printed in Spanish. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. "Morphometric Comparison of Yellowfin Tuna for the Western, Middle, and Eastern Parts of the Indian Ocean," by Jun Nakagome, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 3, 1958, pp. 165-168, printed in Japanese with English abstract. Jap- anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o To- kyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. Recovery of Tagged Bluefin Tuna (THUNNUS SALIENS), 3 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 107-109.) California Depart- ment of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sac- ramento 14, Calif. "On the Seasonal Variation of Swimming Layers of Yellowfin Tuna, Big-Eyed Tuna, and Black Marlin in the Area of Caroline and Marshall Is- lands. II--Relation Between Seasonal Variation of Swimming Layer and Vertical Distribution of Water Temperature; III--On the Relationship Between Seasonal Variation of Swimming Layer and Rate-of-Catch,'' by Jun Nakagome, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 3, 1958, pp. 169-175, printed in Japanese with English abstract. Jap- anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Suisan Daigaku, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, To- kyo, Japan. "Tuna Fishing Investigations in the South Pacific," by Michel Angot, article, SPC Quarterly Bulle- tin, vol. 9, no, 4, October 1959, pp. 48-52, 60- 62, illus., printed, single copy 30 U. S. cents. South Pacific Commission, Box 5254, G. P. O., Sydney, Australia. The commercial possibili- ties of tuna fishing in waters around French territories in the Pacific are promising, accord- ing to recent investigations made by fisheries research vessels of the French Institute of Oce- ania, Noumea, and Pacific Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, Honolulu. The revival of fishing, long neglected in this area, on a commercial scale utilizing modern methods is urged as a means of increasing the protein food supply, as well as an aid to the local economy. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 22; No. 5 BUT USUALLY MAY BE UNITED KINGDOM: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 38, no. 3, December 1959, 238 pp., illus., printed, $7.50. Journal of the Marine Biological Association, Cambridge University Press, 32 E. 57th St., New York 22, N. Y. Includes, among many others, these arti- cles: ‘Observations on Herring Spawning and Larval Distribution in the Firth of Clyde in 1958," by B. B. Parrish and others; and ''The Biology of the Prawn, Palaemon (=Leander) ser- ratus (Pennant),'' by G. R. Forster. VIRGINIA: Sixtieth and Sixty-First Annual Reports of the ommission of Fisheries of Virginia (For the scal Years Ending June 30, 1958, and June 30, 1959), 57 pp., illus., printed. Commission of Fisheries, Newport News, Va., 1959. A report for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1958 and June 30, 1959, showing the amount of revenue derived from the fish and shellfish industries, all the expenditures, historical background and jurisdiction, and the general condition of the fish and shellfish industries under the supervision of the Commission. Self-explanatory schedules and reports for these fiscal years are included as follows: receipts from the fish and oyster industries; expenditures for administration, en- forcement, and restocking work; recorded oys- ter planting grounds; areas in which restocking was done; and comparative statements of ex- penses for the past ten years. Includes reports covering the shad-hatching work on the Matta- poni and Pamunkey Rivers for 1958 and 1959. Because of poor runs of shad, the hatchery on the Chickahominy River did not operate during either year. A report of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, describes its ac- tivities for the two years, with special reference to investigations of oysters and oyster drills, the blue crab, migratory fish, and the pollution problem. WHALING: Whales and Whaling, by Paul Budker, 186 pp., illus., printed, 21s. (about US$2.94). George G. Harrap & Co., Ltd., London, England. WHALING COMMISSION: "The 11th Meeting of the International Whaling Commission,"' article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gazette), =r 49, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 1-12, printed in Norwegian and English. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, Sandef- jord, Norway. WHITE PERCH: A Compendium of the Life History and Ecology of “the White Perch MORONE AMERICANA (Gme- lin), by Charles F. Thoits, Ill, Fisheries Bulle- tin No. 24, 16 pp., printed. Massachusetts Di- vision of Fisheries and Game, 73 Tremont St., Boston 8, Mass., 1958. ee May 1960 Page 42 43 43 45 45 45 46 46 47 eG) S15 48 48... 49 50 51 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) FOREIGN (Contd.): Australia: Fishing Industry Protests Marketing of Small Shrimp Brazil: Japanese Fishing Company Closes Brazilian Retail Stores Temporarily Canada; British Columbia Salmon Migration and Escapement Developments 1959 Cuba: Members Designated for Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Com~ mission Four Important Frozen Fish Products Companies In- tervened Closed Season on Spiny Lobster and Bull Frog Species Egypt: Shrimp Industry German Federal Republic: Market for Frozen Fish and Other Foods Expanding North Sea Tests Prove Merit of New Midwater Trawl Ghana; Many Nations Fishing off Ghana Greece: Frozen Fish Production Increased Haiti: New Fishing Company Developing Fishing Industry Hong Kong: Shrimp Industry India: Shrimp Industry Iran: Japanese-Iranian Fishery Enterprise Among Foreign Investments Approved Japan: Fishing Industry Preparing for New Export Year Type-Of-Pack Ratios Established for Canned Tuna Production and Shipping Quotas Proposed in 1960 for Frozen Tuna Canned Tuna Control Order Firm Plans to Raise Shrimp in Ponds Fishery Products Exports, Calendar Year 1959 Winter Albacore Tuna Fishery Trends, February 1960 Forecast Issuedon Tuna Fishing Conditions in Pacific Financing for Fish-Meal Operations in North Pacific Fish Meal Removed from List for Trade Liberalization Exports of Pet Food in 1959 Mackerel-Pike Fishery, 1959 Yellow Sea ''Taisho'' Shrimp Catch Poor This Year Republic of Korea: Funds Earmarked for South Korea's Fisheries Fishing Industry Hit Hard by Typhoon Mexico: Guaymas Shrimp Fleet Tle-Up Settled Shrimp Industry Trends, February 1960 Morocco: Trade Agreement With Japan Includes Fishing Items Norway: Supplementary Subsidy for Cod and Herring Fisheries Approved by Parliament Stern-Fishing Trawler to be Built for Experimental Fishing Winter Herring Fishery Fails Again Herring Fishery Failure is Grave Challenge to Industry Pakistan: Abolition of Duty on Fishing Equipment Aids Pakistan's Fisheries Developing Shrimp and Other Fisheries Page 71 FOREIGN (Contd.): Portugal: Fisheries Trends, 1959 Fisheries Trends, November 1959 Canned Fish Pack, January-November 1959 Canned Fish Exports, January-November 1959 South-West Africa: Dispute Over Wages for Spiny Lobster Fishermen Settled Sweden: European Common Market Creates Export Problems for Fishery Products Ten Steel Trawlers Ordered from East German Shipyard Fishery Landings in 1959 Taiwan: Fisheries Landings in 1959, by T. P. Chen Union of South Africa: Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery off to Good Start U.S. S. R.: Fishing Motherships and Factoryships to be Built by Poland United Kingdom: Government to Aid Herring Fishermen When Catches Sold for Fish Meal Aircraft Carriers as Fishery Factoryships Venezuela: Research on Sardine Stocks Planned Fisheries Trends, February 1960 Viet-Nam: ; Rearing of Milkfish on Commercial Scale Developing Rapidly FEDERAL ACTIONS: Committee for Reciprocity Information: 1960 Consultations on Foreign Import Restrictions Department of Health, Education and Welfare: Food and Drug Administration: A Number of Regulations Regarding Food Additives Is- sued Petition Filed for Regulation on Tolerances for Chem- ical Used in Canned Shrimp and Crab Meat Department of the Interior: Fish and Wildlife Service: Season Changed for Land-Based Whaling for Baleen Whales Treasury Department: Bureau of Customs: Clarification on Application of Tariff on Fish Block Im- ports Groundfish Fillet Import Tariff-Rate Quota for 1960 U.S. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota Pro- viso for 1960 White House: President Approves North Pacific Halibut Regulations for 1960 Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session) ’” FISHERY INDICATORS: Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fishery Products Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution Centers Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U. S. and Alaska Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports "RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: Fish and Wildlife Service Publications Miscellaneous Publications INT.DUP.,D.C.60- 73729 World Coverage... COMMERCE WEEKLY [7 L] 7 [71 a8 Ba va va va Ea va vA va vA VA i“) NANA SN -. - fimely news - - - business leads Published by the Bureau of Foreign Commerce ... forworld traders Annual Subscription: Domestic $6, foreign $9.25. From U. S. Department of Commerce Field Offices or the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Vol. 22, No.6 Lay x i fl Ba Sh 4 JUNE 1960 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior W ashington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FREDO A. SEATON, SECRETARY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMM|SSIONER BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF LOU T Pins A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in materialfrom outside sources. reference to the source is appreciated. Budget, May 10, 1960. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the 5/31/63 Page CONTENTS COVER: A cod end full of smelt taken by trawling by the M/V Active in Lake Erie. In 1958-59 the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries con- ducted exploratory fishing to determine the commercial availability of smelt in the United States waters of Lake Erie. (See p. 1 of this issue.) 1 . .Exploratory Fishing in Lake Erie, September 1958-November 1959, by Reidar F. Sand and William G. Gordon Page US) aun UO Were 30... 31 RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: Fish Flour is Primarily a Protein Concentrate--Not a Substitute for Grain Flour TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments: Equipment Note No. 4--A Method of Making Electrical Trawl Cable Terminations and Connections, by Richard L. McNeely California: Aerial Census of Commercial Abalone Fishing Con- tinued (Airplane Spotting Flight 60-6) Crab Fishing Area and Intensity Studies Continued (Airplane Spotting Flights 60-2 and 60-4) Barracuda and White Sea Bass Survey Continued in Gulf of California, Mexico (M/V Alaska Cruise 60A1) Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued (M/V Alaska Cruise 60A2, and Airplane Spotting Flights 60-3 and 60-5) Canned Fish: Distribution of Canned Tuna, Salmon, and Sardines Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January- February 1960 Central Pacific Fishery Investigations: Alterations of Research Vessel Charles H. Gilbert Hawaiian Skipjack Tuna Research Trends, March 1960 Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Department of Defense Purchases, January- March 1960 Fisheries Loan Fund: Loans Approved March 1-31, 1960 Fishery Export Trade Promotion Meeting Announced Florida: Pink Shrimp--Most Valuable Commercial Fishery Frozen Fish: Restaurant Chains Use Half-Billion Pounds of Frozen Food a Year Fur Seals: Prices for Alaska Fur-Seal Skins at Spring Auction Maine Sardines: Canning Season for 1960 Opens with no Signs of Fish Advertising Aimed at Youth Education Marketing: Edible Fishery Products Marketing Prospects, Spring-Early Summer 1960 North Atlantic Fishery Investigations: Spawning Habits of Haddock Studied on Georges and Browns Banks (M/V Delaware Cruise 60-4) North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program: Modified Otter-Trawl Experiments Continued (M/V John N, Cobb Cruise 45) Page 31 32... 32... 32) 5. 33... 33) 6 33... Saas 35... 35... 35... 36... 36... 37... 39... 39... 40... a 41 .. 42.. 42.. 43... 43... TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program (Contd.): Exploratory Bottom-Fish Trawling off Coast of Washington and Vancouver Island Planned (M/ V John N. Cobb Cruise 46) Oceanic Bacteria: University of Miami Granted Funds for Extension of Research Oysters: Heavy Losses Discovered in Lower Chesapeake Bay Virginia Biologists Use Autotechnicon to Speed up Research Salmon: King Salmon Escapement to Columbia River Spawning Grounds Good Migration Studies in North Pacific to be Continued Transportation: Study of Effects of New Transportation Equipment on Food Quality Urged Tuna: Albacore Tagged off California Recaptured by Japanese United States Fishing Fleet Additions, March 1960 U. S. Foreign Trade: Edible Fishery Products, February 1960 Fish Meal and Scrap Imports, 1940, 1950, 1955-59 U. S. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions, January- March 1960 Wholesale Prices, April 1960 FOREIGN: International: Food and Agriculture Organization: European Nations to Discuss Inland Fisheries Law of the Sea: Developments at Geneva Conference Whaling Antarctic Sperm Whale Oil Production Lower for 1959/60 Season Antarctic Whale Oil Production Lower for 1959/60 Season British Honduras: Fishery Products Exports, 1958-59 Canada: Biologists Survey Arctic Fishery Resources Costa Rica; Fisheries Trends, April 1960 Shrimp Industry Trends, 1959 Cuba: Fisheries Trends, March 1960 Contents Continued Page 89. 1 = ij (1°) — (y=) (= 7) i—) -*) a — =e ij r=} = i=} = i) gi = 2 e2 EXPLORATORY FISHING IN LAKE ERIE, SEPTEMBER 1958-NOVEMBER 1959 SUMMARY Exploratory fishing to determine the commercial availability of smelt (Osmerus mordax) in the United States waters of Lake Erie, was conducted bythe U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during the fall months of 1958 and from April to November 1959. In the 1958 investigation, lampara-seine operations were carried out from small Lake Erie trap net-type vessels. The 1959 investigation was expanded to in- clude the systematic trawl coverage of Lake Erie, and the M/V Active, a large trap net-type vessel was chartered and successfully converted for the trawling work. Ex- cellent catches of smelt were made with standard 50-foot cotton two-seam balloon trawls. Experimental efforts with a midwater trawl were not productive. Fig. 1 - Canadian pound-net vessel. The crew is preparing to lift the smelt net. Smelt was the most abundant species taken during the exploratory operations, and this species comprised more than 97 percent of the total catches recorded. Many “*Chief, Great Lakes Fishery Exploration and Gear Research Station, Ann Arbor, Mich. **Chief, Great Lakes Fishery Exploration and Gear Research Station, Sandusky, Ohio Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 trawl drags in the summer and early fall of 1959 resulted in catches of more than 500 pounds per half-hour drag. The best trawl drag produced a catchof 5,000 pounds of smelt in one hour. Large and medium size smelt (10 to 20 per pound) dominated most trawl catches and comprised over 80 percent (by weight) of all catches made by the Active. Localities where otter-trawl drags yielded promising smelt catches included the west-central portion of Lake Erie in the late spring and early summer, the cen- tral portion in mid-summer, and the east-central portion of the lake in late summer and early fall. Little fishing time was lost during spring and summer explorations. The late fall work, however, was hampered by strong winds, heavy seas, and hazardous ves- sel ice formations which prevented complete coverage of seasonal smelt distribution in 1959. BACKGROUND The American smelt (Osmerus mordax) was first successfully planted in the upper Great Lakes in about 1912 (Van Oosten 1936). It was not until the early 1940's, however, that any commercial abundance was noted in Lake Erie. About 1941 the Canadian fishing industry recognized the commercial possibilities of the resource and commenced production during the spring spawning run. Pound nets were usedat first and later trap nets (fig. 1). By 1957, studies made by the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, using the Bureau-owned vessels Cisco and Musky, showed that smelt had become one of the most abundant species in Lake Erie. The decline in abundance of more valuable commercial species forced a general interest in smelt and other nonutilized species; but lack of fishing, except in restrict- ed areas, left broad gaps in the knowledge of seasonal distribution. This interest in smelt, arising from the economic distress on the part of the industry, prompted the Ohio Commercial Fishermen's Association and the State of Ohio to request the as- sistance of the Bureau in developing efficient methods of exploitation of the smelt resource. OPERATIONAL PROGRAM AND CRUISE ITINERARY A search of the available literature failed to show any published information on the seasonal distribution of smelt in Lake Erie other thanobservations madeon spawning concentrations in Canadian waters of Lake Ontario. With the exception of limited trawling work, confined to biological sampling, in the Central and Eastern Basins of Lake Erie by the Bureau vessel Cisco in 1957 and 1958, and by U.S. state and Canadian provincial agencies, no inventory work had been carried out. Because of the lack of information on the distribution of smelt or other fish stocks in those areas, a program was planned to give primary emphasis to the sys- tematic exploratory coverage of United States waters of the lake on a seasonal basis and to determining the commercial availability of smelt to both seines and standard- type otter trawls. Provisions were made in scheduled cruises for demonstrations of seine and trawling gear to commercial fishermen, research personnel from state agencies, and representatives from conservation groups. In September 1958, preliminary explorations got under way from Vermilion, Ohio, with the trap-net vessel Pat. A lampara seine was used during the surface- scouting and echo-sounding operations which continued through November. From April through November of 1959, the surface-scouting and echo-sounding operations were continued and the operational program was expanded to include systematic trawl coverage of Lake Erie between Monroe, Mich., and Buffalo, N. Y. (table 1). June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 Phablew ies Cruises Completed During Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1958-59 Lake Erie Fisheries Exploration Area of Coverage 1 Pat 10/2-10/14/58 {| Huron to Lorain, Ohio 2 Thelma | 10/18-11/28/58 | Vermilion, Ohio, to Erie, Pa. 1 Active 4/21-5/12/59 Monroe, Mich., to Sandusky, Ohio 2 Active 6/2-6/24/59 Sandusky to Cleveland, Ohio 3 Active 7/6-7/23/59 Cleveland to Conneaut, Ohio 4 Active 8/3-8/17/59 Conneaut, Ohio, to Buffalo, N. Y. 5 Active 8/27-9/6/59 Conneaut, Ohio, to Dunkirk, N. Y. 6 Active 9/22-10/8/59 | Fairport, Ohio, to Erie, Pa. 7 Active 10/20-10/27/59 | Fairport to Vermilion, Ohio 8 Active 11/9-11/23/59 | Vermilion to Port Clinton, Ohio VESSELS USED Three vessels were used in portions of the 1958-59 lampara-seine and trawl op- erations: Pat; Thelma H.; and Active. All three vessels were actively engaged in the commercial trap-net fishery when obtained. Fig. 2 - A typical Great Lakes trap-net vessel similar to the vessels Pat and Thelma H. used in lampara-seine exploratory operations. M/V "PAT": The Pat was obtained by cooperative agreement with the owner and used in the first phases of lampara-seine work (September-mid-October 1958). This vessel, a conventional trap-net boat of steel construction, is 36 feet in length with an 11-foot beam (fig. 2). It is powered by a 90-hp. gasoline engine and was o- riginally equipped with a standard net reel and single winch for use in the trap-net fishery. Few changes were required for the seine operations. The existing trap-net reel was used for hauling both seine wings simultaneously, but it proved to be too high for easy handling of the lampara and was modified by construction of shorter stanchions. In addition, a recording depth-sounder with a depth range of 150 feet was installed. M/V "THELMA H,": The Thelma H., also of typical trap-net design, was char- tered to continue operations through November 1958. The vessel, 38-feet long with COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Fig. 4 - Winch engine and deck-gear arrangement aboard the M/V Active. a beam of 13.5 feet, is powered by a 225-hp. gasoline engine. Conven- tional gear for trap-net operations -- consisting of the trap-net reel and single deck winch--proved ade- quate for handling the lampara seine. The depth-sounding equipment from the Pat was installed aboard the vessel for exploratory operations. M/V "ACTIVE": Since the smaller trap-net vessels were not ideally suited to the exploratory op- erations, a larger vessel, the Die- sel-powered Active (fig. 3) was ob- tained by charter and operatedfrom April to November 1959. This ves- sel is of wood construction, 50-feet in length with a 14.5-foot beam and a draft of 4.5 feet. The main en- gine is rated at 95 hp. (continuous duty). The vessel underwent consid- erable modification for use in sein- ing and trawling. Limited accom- modations were addedfor three mon aft of the existing pilothouse. A two-drum trawl winch, which held 80 fathoms of 3/8-inch cable on each drum, was mounted aft of the quarters (fig. 4). A modified net reel was mounted amidships on the starboard rail for hauling the lampara seine. supplied by a separate 20-hp. air-cooled engine. Power for both winch and reel was Pipe stern davits and outriggers from winch to bulwark were added and were equipped with 9- by 4-inch standard June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ) towing blocks (fig. 5). A steel mast and boom and all conventional deck gear and rigging necessary for the fishing operations were installed. The Active was also equipped with radiotelephone, a shallow-water depth-recorder, and a second re- Y : corder with a range sufficient to : ‘ permit sounding the deeper waters of Lake Erie (210 feet). A 2-kw., 115 volt, a. c. generator was also installed. GEAR AND METHODS LAMPARA SEINING: The lampara seine used during the 1958 operations was a Pacific coast-type bait seine, 60 fathoms long by 7 fathoms deep. The wings were con- structed of 9-thread, 4-inch-mesh cotton twine and were 200 meshes deep. The bunt was made of 12- thread, 15-inchmeshcotton attached to a 3-inch mesh woven nylon bag. The seine was modified, during the 1959 investigation, by the addition of 40fathoms of twine to each wing and removal of 50 meshes in depth to permit use in shallower waters. A standard steel trap-net reel, Fig. 5 - On the right, stern davit and towing block used aboard about 12 feet long, was used aboard the M/V Active. the smaller trap-net vessels. For use aboard the Active, the reel length was shortened to 8 feet. Thelampara was set over the stern with a skiff or drag-and-buoy attached to one wing, in the usual cir- cular setting pattern, and closed with the vessel downwind. With the trap-net reel described, it was possible to ''dry-up'' the lampara in 12 to15 minutes. Both wings were hauled simultaneously and stacked on deck. Using this method, it was possible to set the lampara again without restacking one wing. TRAWLING: Gulf of Mexico-type two-seam balloon trawls, 50-feet along the headrope and of 23-inch, 18-thread cotton mesh in wings and body, constituted the principal trawl gear used during the 1959 operations. Cod end mesh sizes varied from 1 to 24 inches. Some trawls were modified by the addition of a 1-inch mesh second intermediate. Bracket doors used with the nets measured 23 by 6 feet and weighed about 180 pounds each. Dandyline gear (similar to that used in Pacific Coast otter trawling), with 60-foot cable extensions from doors to the trawl, was used on all exploratory drags. Only minor variations were made to permit fishing for smelt with the trawl running slightly above the bottom. The gear was set and hauled directly over the stern of the vessel. The cod end was hauled to the stern with a lazyline as the net was retrieved, and the catch was hoisted aboard. With the exception of its actionon certain soft-bottom areas, this gear performed well in Lake Erie at depths from 2 to 25 fathoms. The ratio of towing warp to depth (scope) varied from 5:1 in shallow water to3:1 in deep water. Dragging speeds av- eraged approximately 2.5 miles an hour, and drags were normally either 30 min- utes or 1 hour long. Most trawl drags were made downwind or with the sea, owing to a lack of reserve horsepower on the Active. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Trials were also conducted with a 40-foot-square nylon midwater trawl. Mesh sizes and construction of this trawl were discussed previously (Sand 1959). The trials were not productive owing to scattering of fish at midwater levels during the period. Continuous echo-sounding was carried on during cruising and fishing operations for fish finding and locating bottom obstacles. Observations were recordedon weather and sea conditions, water temperatures, and bottom conditions at all fish- ing stations. AREA COVERED A total of 86 trawl stations and 9 lampara stations were established during the 1958-59 exploratory operations. Over three-fourths of these stations were east of Sandusky, Ohio (fig. 6). - Lampara seine station. - Trawl station. Fig. 6 - Locations of trawl and seine stations made by the vessels Pat, ThelmaH., and Actiye--1958-59. The southwest-northeast axis of the lake amplifies the effects of strong winds in these directions. During the spring and fall seasons, winds of moderate-to-fresh velocities frequently cause dangerous seas in short periods of time. Good harbors, however, are usually within easy distance of fishing vessels working Lake Erie. Seiches (oscillations of water level of lake or landlocked sea) often produce currents in excess of 2 miles an hour at both the eastern and western ends of the lake. Neither these nor the observed variations in force and direction of winds, which caused surface currents for short periods, seriously hampered fishing operations. The bottom configuration of Lake Erie between Monroe, Mich., and Buffalo, N. Y., shows great variation in form and composition. In Ohio waters, studies by June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 soil-erosion engineers have shown that over two-thirds of the bottom surface is mud. Hard clay, sand, mixtures of sand and mud, and outcroppings of rock make up the remainder. The bottom materials of the Pennsylvania and New York waters of the lake are also clay, sand, or mud and rock outcroppings. For study, the United States waters of Lake Erie were subdivided into three zones on the basis of differences in depth and bottom configuration. These three zones are: The West Basin from Toledo to Sandusky, Ohio; the Central Basin from Sandusky, Ohio, eastward to Erie, Pa., and the East Basin from Erie, Pa., to Buffa- Io). INF Nh \ Wate PE) pola a Nitkin 2: CRS REST TL isos MS Malad ata fe | I 75-225 100-250 125-175 150-300 Fig. 7 - Depth recording made aboard the M/V Active in the vicinity of Port Clinton, Ohio. The typical irregular bot- tom of much of the inshore area of western Lake Erie is clearly shown. WEST BASIN: This zone contains the island area extending westward from San- dusky to Toledo, Ohio. With a few exceptions, this zone is not well-suited to com- mercial-scale otter trawling. Limestone and dolomite bedrock crop out on the lake bottom in several areas. The largest areas of exposed rock occur near Marblehead, Ohio, and in all the interisland passages. Reefs composed of boulders and gravel are found off Locust Point and toward Port Clinton, Ohio (fig. 7). In addition to the generally poor trawling grounds there, the former pound-net fishery has left the bottom in some areas widely strewn with submerged net stakes. The intensive com- mercial trap-net fishery in this zone during the spring and fall seasons also further hinders trawling efforts. All drags in this zone, therefore, were of short duration. Western Lake Erie is also characterized by the almost total absence of thermal stratification. Normally, water temperatures in this zone are uniform over large 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 areas. Studies by Wright (1955) and work carried out by the Bureau's biological re- search vessel Cisco indicate that thermal stratification may be re- garded as a minor factor in the a- quatic environment ofthe West Basin. CENTRAL BASIN: The Cen- tral Basin received the greatest a- mount of trawl coverage. Of the total of 253 trawl drags completed, 187 were made in this zone. With the exception of a narrow band of rock and shale deposit along the shoreline from Huron, Ohio, to Wal- nut Creek, Pa., the bottom is com- posed of mud, sand, and clay andis free from trawling hazards. Two obstacles to trawling were found in the deeper waters of the Central Basin. One bar, north of Vermilion, Ohio, near the international bound- ary, is partly rock strewn. Minor damage to trawls occurred there. A second bar, northwest of Erie, Pa., is untrawlable with convention- al trawl gear because of sharp rises and depressions (fig. 8). De- bris and trash, including submerged Fig. 8 - Depth recording of bottom northwest of Erie, Pa, Depthin trees have accumulatedonthe west- S-foominescments: ern approach to this bar. Exten- sive trawl damage was experienced in this area. Knowledge of water tempera- 15 tures inthe deeper parts of Lake : eerie agi Srcte* one Erie is limited, but the fact that pasesseses a summer and early fall bottom tem- peratures are somewhat below those of the surface has been es- tablished. Thermal stratifica- tion occurs in central Lake Erie, often for prolonged periods, from late spring to early fall (fig. 9). Studies by the Bureau, the Ohio Division of Wildlife, and the On- tario Department of Lands and Forest indicate that oxygen de- pletions in the bottom waters occur prior to the se 1er- Fig. 9 - Bathythermogranh tracing recorded in the East Basin of Lake ae p 2 close oume: Erie. Depth recorded in feet, temperature in degrees Centrigrade. : mal stratification. Theseoxygen depletions are attributed to natural causes and usually develop after prolonged peri- ods of calm warm weather. The apparent effect on fish abundance and distribution is marked. Most trawl drags in the area during the period of oxygen depletion were water hauls. EAST BASIN: The East Basin includes the deepest waters of the lake. The in- shore waters, less than 8 fathoms in depth, are strewn with shale rock known local- ly as ''shelf or slab rock.'' The width of this outcropping varies from a few hun- dred feet to several miles. The slopes are generally steep and these prevented June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 normal trawling operations. Beyond 8 fathoms, the slope becomes more gradual, and the bottom is composed of sand, clay, and mud providing good trawling grounds. A well-defined thermal stratification (fig. 9) existed over much of the East Ba- sin during cruises 4 through 6 of the Active (August 3-October 8, 1959). Vertical temperature differences, between surface and bottom, of 37 F. (40.0-77.0° F.) were recorded during cruises. Data collected by Parmenter (1929) and more recently by the M/V Cisco in this basin, indicate that wide temperature differences between surface and bottom water may occur annually. Legend: f) - Bad bottom () - Smelt concentration 420 \ Fairport WEST BASIN <2 SMELT DISTRIBUTION SPRING - 1959 SMELT DISTRIBUTION | EARLY SUMMER - 1959 | Fig. 10 - Chart of western Lake Erie depicting areas un- suitable for trawling and the spring distribution of smelt. Fig. 11 - Chart of the fishing area showing early summer Length of oblique lines is correlated with the area over smelt distribution. Oblique lines designate areas where which smelt were taken or observed. smelt were caught. Exploratory operations were conducted along the entire south shore of Lake Erie and northward to the international boundary at depths greater than two fathoms. During the explorations, 253 trawl drags were made and 14 lampara-seine sets completed. Positions of seine sets and trawl stations are shown diagrammati- cally in figure 6. Areas of seasonal smelt concentration, and locations where snags, torngear, or bad bottom were en- countered, have been plotted on charts for reference (figs. 10, 11, and12). FISHING RESULTS LAMPARA-SEINE FISHING: The ex- SMELT DISTRIBUTION ploratory operations by the vessels Pat, we ei ae Thelma H., and Active were not success- | ful in producing commercial quantities of smelt with the lampara seine. Surface Fig. 12 - Chart of the eastern half of Lake Erie showing scouting, aerial surveys with light planes, areas where snags or bad bottom were encountered and and echo-sounding operations failed tore- 7645 where smelt concentrations were observed. veal any large concentrations of smelt in surface waters. During the periods October 15-November 24, 1958, and April 21-November 23, 1959, a total of 14 seine sets produced only trace amounts of smelt, white bass (Lepibema chrysops), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), alewife (Pomolobus pseudo-harengus), and emerald shiners a subspecies of Notropis atherinoides. As shown in figure 6, most of the seine trials were conducted west of Cleveland, Ohio, and close to shore. Prior to the start of exploratory work in 1958, observations by commercial fishermen and others indicated the possibility that smelt appear in 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 surface schools in inshore waters and near the Lake Erie islands. Hundreds of sur- face schools of fish Were sighted during the 1958-59 work. Samples from some of these were identified as emerald shiners. A total of three lampara-seine sets made in 1959 on other schools resulted in small catches of white bass and minnows. To date, smelt have not been found to be available to capture in surface-seine opera- tions in Lake Erie. the shallow West Basin between Toledo and shies Ohio, were handicapped me boulder-strewn areas, rock outcrops, and the presence of numerous commercial trap-fishing nets. Individual trawl drags made near the islands showed some prom- ise with catches of 10 to 50 pounds of yellow perch (Perca flavescens), catfish (A- meiuridae), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and sheepshead (Aplodinotus grun grunniens) per half-hour drag within the 4- to 5-fathom depth range. The small quantities of smelt taken in drags completed in this zone, however, gave little evidence of commercial concentrations during either the spring or fall months. Previous research has es- tablished that adult smelt are not abundant in this zone during the summer warm- water period. CENTRAL BASIN: From June 2 to November 23, 1959, 7 cruises were conducted in part in the Central Basin with 50-foot 2- seam semiballoon industrial-fish trawls at depths of 5 to 13 fathoms. With few exceptions, drags com- pleted in summer months resulted in from 80 to 5,000 pounds of com- mercially-salable smelt per hour (fig. 13). Trawl catches in this zone during the fall months were lighter and failed to produce evi- dence of large smelt concentrations (table 2). A summary of the trawling op- erations in the Central Basin shows ; a seasonal shifting of smelt con- ace Phas pounds of smelt takenjan.a.one“hour‘dragiby he Centrations and considerablewg mmc ae tion in availability. In late spring and early summer, catches of 20 to 600 pounds per hour were made between San- dusky and Ashtabula, Ohio. During the late summer, however, catches averaging Fishing Log of M/V Active Otter Trawl Tows, 1959 SS SSS FS DS ruise Other Dates peels BEE Geart! Tows a (Avg y) (eae e in Pathora) Gatch. (Lbs. ) aero (Lbs. ) he -6/24 Cone Basin sa Trawl 7/6 -7/23 | Central Basin 50' Trawl 8/3 -8/17 | Central & East Basin 50' Trawl 8/27-9/6 |Central & East Basin 50' Trawl 9/22-10/8 | Central Basin 50' Trawl 10/20-10/27| Central Basin 50' Trawl 11/9 -11/23| Central & West Basin 50' Trawl 1/ Standard S0-foot two-seam Gulf of Mexico trash fish trawl. over 1,000 pounds per hour were made over much of the area extending from Ashta- bula eastward to Erie, Pa., at depths of 10 to 13 fathoms. Based on these successful fishing efforts, commercial-scale production trials were made on two occasions. In July, 7 days of fishing produced a total of 3,340 pounds of smelt (12 to 18 count). The second attempt, in late September, resulted in the capture of over 40,000 pounds of smelt (10 to 20 count) in 6 days of trawling (fig. 14). No severe gear damageoccurred during either of the commercial scale demonstrations. June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 At the start of each cruise, syste- matic echo-sounding transects were made to locate the best fishing areas and depths. Results indicated an intermittent distri- bution of smelt in the zone. Daily fluctu- ations in the catch rate were not fully un- derstood, but diurnal vertical movement was determined to be one contributing factor (fig. 15). Sample counts of smelt from the Central Basin ranged from 8 to 40 per pound. Data collected on the size distri- bution show that over 80 percent of the catches consisted of 10- to 20-count smelt. The difference in sizes was more Fig. 14 - A good catch of marketable-size smelt aboard the marked, however, in the shallower depth MIV Active. range (shallower than 5-6 fathoms) in warm water, with the smaller individuals generally inhabiting the shallow waters. EAST BASIN: The M/V Active also pik oe Ny gol yl shugtens i aesithi f bi (4 uh carried out limited exploratory trawling Yea HP why L " Iie vt 4 mt) Hilt au ¥ coverage of the East Basin during cruises any N \ 4 and 5 (August 3-September 6, 1959). \ The coverage accomplished, however, is not representative of the seasonal distri- bution of smelt or other fish stocks in this portion of the Lake. Smelt catches here were light during the period August 5 to 11, 1959. Of the14 trawl drags completed, 2 were water hauls; the remainder produced only 125 pounds of small smelt (20 to 40 count). Catch rates varied from 2 to 50 pounds per half-hour drag. On one occasion, the net and doors bogged down in the extreme- ly soft bottom and only a portion of the catch was retrieved. Commercially-salable smelt were taken in 12 drags in the East Basin in a- mounts of 20 to 500 pounds per half-hour drag August 28 to September 3. Thebest catch results were made on the slopes outside Dunkirk, N. Y., at depths of 10 to 12 fathoms, and off the Pennsylvania-~New York border at depths of 15 fathoms. Catches up to 150 pounds per half hour were made along the 10-fathom contour. Deeper water catches were much lighter. Fig. 15 - Depth recording made aboard the M/V Active Several aspects of the smelt distri- off northeastern Ohio: (A) Typical tracings of fish con- bution pattern in the East Basin were Soest during daylight Or (B) Dee G : : c q made g evening operations. racings mad=2 notable. During the first cruise in this days later in same general area as A and B. zone, few large smelt were taken, and the catch rate fluctuated widely with little regard to a particular depth range. Catches made during the second trip were more uniform, favored the larger individuals, and 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 the smelt appeared concentrated within a narrower depth range. These differences may be attributed to a possible recruitment of smelt from the central basin follow- ing the reported oxygen depletion which existed there during late summer. CONCLUSION Results of the explorations from the 1958-59 work in Lake Erie indicate that the abundant smelt can be taken profitably on a commercial scale with trawling gear. There is evidence that the seasonal availability and distribution is closely related to lake water temperatures within a range of 41° F. to 68 F., and with the colder mid- 50-degree range of temperatures preferred. The thermal stratification of water and vertical migration of the smelt will affect the availability to the fishing fleet. Day- light trawling for smelt appears much more promising than night fishing. Evidence to date suggests that when commercial-scale concentrations of smelt are found, they tend to be uniform in composition with few other species present. SELECTED REFERENCES OHIO, DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES vations. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, 1957. Bottom Deposits of Western Lake Erie. Techni- Fishing News (Books), Ltd., pp. 209-210. cal Report No. 4, Department of Natural Re- sources, Division of Shore Erosion, State of U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Ohio, p. 4. 1959. Great Lakes Pilot, U. S. Lake Survey (Coast and Geodetic), Lake Erie, pp. 307-362. 1959. Shore Erosion in Ohio. Department of Natural Resources, Division of Shore Erosion, State of VAN OOSTEN, JOHN Ohio, p. 39. 1937. The Dispersal of Smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchell), in the Great Lakes Region. Trans- PARMENTER, RICHARD actions American Fisheries Society, vol. 66 1929. Hydrography of Lake Erie, Bulletin Buffalo (1936), pp. 160-171. Society of Natural Sciences, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 25-50. WRIGHT, STILLMAN 1955. Limnological Survey of Western Lake Erie. SAND, R. F. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien- 1959. Midwater-Trawl Design by Underwater Obser- tific Report--Fisheries No. 139, 341 pp. CHINOOK SALMON PREFER PLUNGING FLOW T he passage of individual chinook salmon was studied by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in a non-orifice pool-type "endless" fishway with a slope of 1:16 whereby fish were subjected to plunging and streaming flows on alternate circuits of the 16-pool unit. The ef- fects of the two flows on rate of ascent were determined by comparing time required for each circuit of the fishway. Also on each circuit, individuals were observed as they passed through a specially construc- ted viewing pool. Based on these data, a plunging flow appears to be the desired con- dition for all fish even though the majority performed equally well in either plunging or streaming flows. During the tests, a series of view-pool observations plotted the movements of individual fish in terms of the time spent in each of four quadrants of the pool. When flows were plunging, the lower downstream quadrant was the dominant area utilized, while in streaming flows, the lower upstream quadrant was the favored area. During rest periods fish always aligned themselves to head into the current. June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 zg No RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES “yy Z Mitta rms. wi wr FISH FLOUR IS PRIMARILY A PROTEIN CONCENTRATE-- NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR GRAIN FLOUR "Can fish flour be used as a high protein flour in baking?" ''Could fish flour be used as a replacement for flour in thickening gravies and soups?" ''Wouldfish flour be more nourishing than whole wheat flours?" ''Just how can fish flour be used in cooking?" 'Is fish flour really a flour?'' These kinds of questions are constantly being asked of the research staff of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' Technological Laboratory in College Park, Md., where research is currently being conducted on the nutritive value of fish flour. First, let us consider the food that is commonly termed flour, or all-purpose flour, and its general functions in cooking. Flour is a milled product of wheat (al- though other flours may be produced from other cereal grains such as rice, barley, rye, or corn). All-purpose wheat flour is composed of 76.1 percent carbohydrate, primarily in the form of starch; 10.5 percent vegetable protein; 0.4 percentash; 1.0 percent fat; and 12.0 percent waterl/, The hydrative, adhesive, and gel-forming properties of the starch of flour account for the primary functions of flour in food preparation. Through these properties (1) soups and sauces may be thickened, (2) molded gels such as puddings may be formed, (3) the framework of such baked products as muffins, breads, biscuits, and cakes may be formed, and (4) other foods such as flaked fish may be cemented together to form croquettes, etc. The forma- tion of the frame work of the more firm baked products, such as bread, is enhanced by the elastic and extensible properties of the vegetable protein glutenin, which comprises about 60 percent of the total protein of flour. Now let us consider the properties of fish flour and how these might function in food preparation. In general, fish flour is a product prepared by defatting, drying, and milling by a variety of methods a whole fish, fish fillet, or fishery byproduct. It is white or tan in appearance, very powdery in consistency, usually odorless, and is either flavorless or possesses a nutty flavor. A mild odor and flavor of fish is obtained if small quantities of residual fat are retained in processing--a desirable characteristic for certain purposes. Fish flour is composed of 70-95 percent ani- mal protein; 2-25 percent ash, mostly calcium and phosphorous; 3-12 percent wa- ter; and negligible quantities of carbohydrate and fat. The specific physical char- acteristics and chemical composition of any particular fish flour are a function of the raw material and the method of processing utilized. But, satisfactorily pre- pared, fish flour should contain all the quality protein, and important dietary min- erals and vitamins contained in the fresh, raw fish. Fish flour would primarily be used as an animal protein and/or calcium and phosphorous supplement of processed foods to improve their nutritive value. Such processed foods might include breads, cookies, crackers, breakfast foods, cake and pancake mixes, macaroni products, baby foods, dietetic foods, and perhaps even flour itself--all-purpose flour, that is. 1/ sen aees obtained from Composition of Foods, USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 8, Miscellaneous Publication 572, une 1950. 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Fish flour might also be used as the meat base in dehydrated or prepared soups, sauces, and gravies. So, fish flour does not contain any of the factors in common flour that give this latter product its specific properties in food preparation. Fish flour, instead, is primarily a potentially valuable animal protein concentrate with unique nutritional properties for use in food preparation. The term "flour'' as applied to this fish pro- tein is perhaps unfortunate and misleading, since fish flour is not really a flour at all. Se =P =P HALIBUT Halibut are principally harvested inthe North Pacific waters off the coasts of Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. Smaller amounts ofhalibut are taken off the North Atlantic coast. Halibut is the largest of the flatfishes ranging in size commercially from 5 to 80 pounds. This large, firm, and flavorful fish is one of the most highly prized ofall white-meated fish and may be prepared by any of the basic cooking methods such as frying, baking, broiling, boiling, and steaming. Halibut is available the year around in all parts of the United States, mainly as frozen steaks. Steaks are the cross-section slices of dressed fishcontaining a cross section of the back- bone. Chunks and fillets are other forms in which halibut may be purchased. As a different way of serving halibut, the home economists of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries recommend "Baked Halibut Loaf." BAKED HALIBUT LOAF 1 pound halibut steaks or fillets 1 tablespoon chopped parsley 1 quart boiling water 4 cup coffee cream 1 tablespoon salt 1 teaspoon grated onion 1 chicken bouillon cube 1 teaspoon salt 2 cup boiling water Dash pepper 14 cups soft bread cubes 2 teaspoons lemon juice $ cup chopped celery 2 eggs, beaten Place steaks in boiling salted water. Cover and return to the boiling point; simmer for 10 minutes or until fish flakes easily when tested with fork. Drain. Remove skin and bones. Flake. Dissolve bouillon cube in boiling water. Combine all ingredients. Place in a well-greased loaf pan, 9 x 5 x 3 inches. Bake in a moderate oven, 350° F., for 1 hour or until loaf is firm in the center. Serves 6. June 1960 Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments EQUIPMENT NOTE NO. A METHOD OF MAKING ELECTRICAL TRAWL CABLE TERMINATIONS AND CONNECTIONS: The use of a depth-sensing unit, electrical trawl cable, and a shipboard indicator to telemeter meas- urements of the operational depth of midwater trawls 4-- has been described previously (McNeely 1958, 1959). Correspondence subsequently received at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Seattle Explora- tory Fishing and Gear Research Base indicates a growing interest by marine scientists in the use of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 =TREN DS= = = AND DEVELO PMENTS —— = 3 Zoe electrical cables which can tow fishing gear and sampling devices and transmit measurements of (1) performance characteristics, and (2) physical prop- erties of the water masses through which the de- vices pass. Detailed descriptions of methods of making cable terminations and connections have been requested frequently. This was prepared to answer these requests. It describes and illustrates workshop techniques and materials tested and found reasonably reliable as a result of use aboard the Bureau's exploratory fishing and gear research vessel John N. Cobb. The general procedure and materials shown can be used to make similar terminations and connections with cable types and marine instruments other than those indicated. CABLE TERMINATION Fig. 1 - Operation 1. Slip the socket section of the sensing-unit housing onto the cable to a position 10 to 12 inches from the cut end. Wind several turns of small-diameter tinned seizing wire around the cable to form a band approximately one-eighth inch wide, 7 inch- esfrom the same end. Twist the ends togeth- er, solder, and clip off excess wire at the twist. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO SOLDER THE BAND TO THE CABLE, Fig. 2 - Operation 2. in a vise and unwind the outer layer of steel Clamp the cable upright strands--one by one. Bend the strands at the seizing band until each is perpendicular to the cable. Unwind the inner layer of steel strands-- one by one--and bend each of these strands sufficiently to pass down between the outer strands. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW "needle-nose" pliers, bend a right-angle hook on each strand one-quarter inch from the end. Fig. 5 - Operation 5. Wind successive layers of 4-inch fiberglass tape around the conduc- tor section to a thickness of about one-eighth inch. Butt the edge of the tape firmly a- gainst the sealing compound. Build asecond section of successive layers of tape to athick- ness of one-sixteenth inch directly above the first. Wind any extra tape around the remain- ing unprotected conductor section and secure the end, Fig. 4 - Operation 4. Roll out a small thread of sealing compound and tamp it in around the conductor section of the cable. Fig. 6 - Operation 6. Move the socket on the cable until it rests firmly against the bent strands. Pack sealing compound around the cable at the bottom of the socket by tamping it with fingers or other blunt object. Figure 9 shows the sealing compound around the ca-~ ble. Clamp the cable upright in a vise ata position which will allow the socket to be moved a short distance away from the bent ends of the cable strands. The bent ends should not protrude above the threaded edge of the socket Wind several layers of glass tape around the threaded edge of the socket, allowing about three-sixteenths of an inch of the tape to form a rim above the edge of the socket. Vol. 22, No. 6 June 1960 1S ft = 5 KE oS Fig. 7 - Operation 7, Heat a sufficient a- mount of babbitt in a ladle until it becomes molten and will blacken a splinter of dry wood. Pour the molten babbitt into the socket in one continuous stream until it rises one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch above the threaded edge. Fig. 9 - Operation 9. File the excess babbitt from around the edge, leaving a shoulder one- sixteenth of an inch wide. Donotremove the glass tape from the conductor section until this operation is complete. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Fig. 8 - Operation 8. This operation is one of the most important of the series. The molten babbitt must be cooled IMMEDIATELY. A pail of water containing a rag should be provided for this purpose. Place the wet rag around the socket until the surface of the babbitt appears to solidify. Remove the babbitted socket from the vise and plunge it into the water for further cooling. When cool, remove it from the water and pull the socket away. The babbitted sec- tion is shown in figure 9. Fig. 10 - Operation 10. Remove the glass tape. Roll backand carefully cut off the nylonsheath covering the conductor section. Separate the conductors and the fillers. Cut away the fi- brous fillers and the rubber center filler. Cleanse the conductors with a rag dampened in solvent. 17 Vol. 22, No. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 18 *asn roy Apear Mou st JUeuMAsU ayy *Maros amoes pue Aay am yresuy *Apoq uo Maros pure aseq amy JO aacor6 atp uy Guys ,,O,, 2m TTesU]_ “eseq etm Jo speamp pur burs ,,O, amp O esear6 suooyyrs yo ory qt] B Addy “47 uonetedo - pT “bry *StoyONpUuOod arty 3ST} [ITM SIH SE--ASva AHL NUML LON Od * ATOMS FHOOS am usrySty, “yeyOos am Jo spear am pue bnyd niq -Qeq eM aseaig “s1ojONpuOD am HurTqNo Jo Guryourd ynomtM prIeMioz SAOUT OF WOTIOAS payIqqed ay} MOTTe [[IM Jet JeuUEU =e UI aseq aT ePpIsar TUN Jo\stuLIaTy ay eoe[y *BSutsnoy yyun-Hursuss am ul satoy qOnomp-paey oyu s1oj2npuod Aressadau pemy “ZI uoptedo Zr Sry! “mone Msut Jaqqnr ayy Surbeurep Ajuaredde qnomym sartm amy raaas Aeur Butuazy6n rayumy Auy ‘Teas umurdo wr quod stm ye Gnus aq prnoys ina ayy ‘pabeb -U9 are spear eja[durod om} yse9] 3e [TUN AT[Nyared ynu ary uaiqory “MOTB[NSUy SIT UITIM HOM 04 31 Burmorte Aq 10}9npuos ayy Buacas Squad sryy, ‘soyOnpuos arp uo ][Nd astmyoo;9-1a}UN0D pue premdn ue * Surdaay atrym Anybry at uaqq6r pue qnu am weig ‘pasodxa st preamp doq au 32m Os afoy paper amy oyut umop burr nOn 2M HOM *asear6 suoor!s TIM ATYHIT sana pure shuyr ,O,, aIBO"Qn] ‘JoJONpuod yoEA uO qjna ySnonp-peey B pue Gurr ,O,, Jaqqnr e aleTg “Ey uoTyerady - Ey ‘Ory “Stare quso8[pe pure jutof am 1aA09 pestnbas are spunos Aceur pue ulm aqinb saurodaq 11 Thum 31 qoqans ‘adeq Buryernsur am GutAtdde uaqy -sdins apIM-youT-F owUT 3nd uaaq seqierpy adeq taqqns Gurztres[nA-jJ[ a8 TIM SuTol patepros amp aqe[nsuy “stoyonpuod am o} yun Gursuas-amyereduray ary jo spesy am Ieplog ‘spua amy wayy your ue jo Jazenb-auo uonemsut 1aq -qni at aAourar pue adez NIQqeQq atM uosy sayout 2] s1oyonpuoo aeridordde omy at no ‘pasn aq o} are (OTT ‘QTT 61) SIOys} ULIaTR bursuas-amyereduraz J] ‘utat [10d pue adez saqqnr burzueomMA -F19S TIM pasnjouslojonpuoo aiyyeag “uoreotsTUepr Aska Joy uO -PJOI ASTMYAIOTO Ut SIoyOMpuoo Gurureutar ayy Fequmy “{ Jaqumu a . STOJONpuod at Jo auo aeubtsaq ‘{]{ uomesadg - ‘9 ‘q ‘e TT “bry SNOLLOAUNNOD LINN DNISNAS June 1960 After the feed-through nuts are in place, solder a terminal to each conduc- tor end and connect to the pressure po- tentiometer. LITERATURE CITED McNEELY, RICHARD L. 1958. A Practical Depth Telemeter for Midwater Trawls. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 20, no. 9 (September), pp. 1-10. (Also Separate No. 522). 1959. A Practical Depth Telemeter for Midwater Trawls. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Fishing News (Books), Ltd., London, pp. 363- 368. --By Richard L. McNeely, Electronic Scientist, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial Research, Seattle, Wash. California AERIAL CENSUS OF COMMERCIAL ABALONE FISHING CONTINUED: Airplane Spotting Flight 60-6-Abalone: The shoreline from Monterey to Morro Bay and the Channel Islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Ana- \\pt. Betero \ \ Morro Bay =) Luis Ob N = uis Obispo Airplane Spotting Flight 60-6 (March 16, 1960), to locate specific areas of commercial diving on opening day of abalone season, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 capa, Santa Barbara, San Clemente, and Santa Cat- alina was surveyed from the air on March 16,1960, by the California Department of Fish and Game Twin Beechcraft to locate specific areas of com- mercial diving on the opening day of the abalone season. From Monterey south to Morro Bay the water was dirty and the ground swells were high. How- ever, one boat was operating just north of Pt. Es- tero. Among the Channel Islands the weather was better, the swells were diminished and the water clearer. Two boats were observed operating at Santa Barbara Island. Kelp apparently has maintained itself among the Channel Islands. Conditions appeared to be about the same as when observed on December 5, 1959. Along the mainland, north of Morro Bay, the kelp beds were still present although some showed signs of deterioration from the winter storms. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960, p. 16. 3 ok ok ok ok CRAB FISHING AREA AND INTENSITY STUDIES CONTINUED: Airplane Spotting Flight 60-2-Crab: The com- mercial dungeness crab fishing areas from Monte- rey to the California-Oregon border were sur- veyed from the air on January 20-21, 1960, by the California Department of Fish and Game Cessna 182 to determine the fishing localities and the rel- ative density of crab gear of the northern Califor- nia crab fleet. ‘Cape Mendocino Legend: = Number end location a of observed com- mercial crab trap strings. Fig. 1 - Airplane Spotting Flight Cessna 182, 60-2 Crab (January 20, 1960), to study crab fishing areas and inten- sity of fishing. 20 Drakes Bay Bolinas rs Bay . * Farallon Islands a 5 _..f San 3] Francisco “¢\ Half Moon Bay Pigeon Pt. Legend: (5:= Number and location of “observed commercial crab trap strings. Fig. 2 - Airplane Spotting Flight Cessna 182, 60-2-Crab (January 21, 1960), to study crab fishing areas and inten- sity of fishing. Light and sea conditions were good during the northern part of the survey-~-Cape Mendocino to the California-Oregon border. Rain and high seas on the second day created poor observation condi- tions during the southern part of the survey--Mon- terey to the Russian River. These conditions forced eventual flight cancellation, limiting the southern survey to the area between Monterey Bay and Drakes Bay. A total of 207 strings of crab gear was counted during the 2-day survey: 184 in the northern area and 23 in the southern area. The greatest concen- tration of gear in the northern area was between Eureka and Trinidad Head (39.1 percent) withless- er concentrations between Crescent City and the Klamath River (27.7 percent) and between the Kla- math River and Freshwater Lagoon (19.0 percent). Although relative intensity of fishing could not be determined for the southern area due to poor visi- bility, concentrations of gear were observed at Half Moon Bay and north of Pt. San Pedro. Airplane Spotting Flight 60-4-Crab: The sur- vey of the commercial crab fishing areas from Monterey to the California-Oregon border was con- tinued March 14-15, 1960, to determine the fishing localities and the relative density of crab gear of the northern California crab fleet. A total of 310 lines of crab gear were counted during the 2-day survey, 122 (39 percent) in the southern fishery and 188 (61 percent) in the north- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Fort Ross Pt. Reyes Legend; Number and location of observed commercial crab trap strings on each "dog-lep". a t= Half Moon Bay Fig. 3 - Airplane Spotting Flight Cessna 182, 60-4-Crab (March 14, 1960), to study fishing areas and intensity of fishing. Crescent City Number and location of observed commercial crab trap strings. Fig. 4 - Airplane Spotting Flight Cessna 182, 60-4-Crab (March 15, 1960), to study fishing areas and intensity of fishing. June 1960 ern fishery. In the southern crab fishery most of the trap strings (51.6 percent) were observed be- tween the Golden Gate and Pillar Pt. In the northern fishery about half of the gear was north of Trinidad Head and half south. Shifts in gear had taken place since the January 20 flight and there were fewer sets--down 31 percent off Eureka and more--up 31 percent--south of the Eel River. There was also an apparent shift of gear tc the area north of Crescent City--up 12 percent--from the Klamath River-Crescent City area--down 13 Peneenl ote: Oo see Commerci isheries Review, May 1960, p. 15. sk ook ook KK OK OK > sk ook BARRACUDA AND WHITE SEA BASS SURVEY CONTINUED IN GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO: M/V "Alaska" Cruise 60A1-Barracuda-White Sea Bass: The Gulf of California, Mexico, area was surveyed (January 19-February 9, 1960), by the California Department of Fish and Game re- search vessel Alaska: (1) toexplorefor andcollect specimens of white sea bass, Cynoscion nobilis; (2) to make oceanographic observations; (3) collect sar- dines; (4) to give general assistance to the Univer- sity of California at Los Angeles field party; and (5) to collect live oysters and other shellfish for possible transplanting into southern California wa- ters. PACIFIC OCEAN Legend: @ - Gill net set. w - White sea bass sample. $ - Sardine sample. 0 - Drift bottles released. ——— ~ Vessel track. XX ~ Bathythermograph cast salinity sample. 115° M/V Alaska Cruise 60A1-Barracuda-White Sea Bass (January 10-February 9, 1960). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 Weather, a primary factor of all field expedi- tions, was of a generally favorable nature, permit- ting accomplishment of all the basic objectives. Only one of three major disturbances hampered op- erations. The other two storms occurredenroute to and from the Gulf. Ona few occasions strong winds restricted fishing to protected bays. Short winter days and great distances limited activities. SEA BASS--OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS: Gill nets were the major fishing or sampling tool used in the search for white sea bass. An average of five nets per night (range 3 to 8) were fished at 14 different localities from San Jose Island in the south to Punta San Fermin in the north, including Angel de la Guardia, San Esteban and Tiburon Is- lands. In all 68 gill nets were set, at various depths ranging from 75 fathoms several miles from land to shallow waters close to shore. At each location nets were set in as many different habitats as time and equipment permitted. A total of 20 white sea bass was taken in gill nets at Tiburon Island, was alongthe western side of the Gulf from San Francisquito Bay northward. The coastal waters along the Mexican mainland were not fished. Sport and commercial fishermen, however, report taking them along the mainland coast from Guaymas north. All the fish were taken close to shore in depths ranging from 3 to 15 fath- oms. The water jemperatures, at point of capture, ranged from 14.3 to 16.0° C. (57.7 to 60.8 F.). A catch of 13 sea bass near Monument Point, Ti- buron Island was the exception to the generally sol- itary catches in the other areas. These fish were of medium to large size ranging from 746 to 1,385 mm. total length (29.3 to 54.5 inches). In general, the larger individuals were taken in the northern and warmer sections: San Luis Gonzaga Bay and Pt. San Fermin. The gonads were in various stages of development, up to and including a running ripe female. Attempts to fertilize the eggs from this ripe fish proved futile, perhaps due to the lack of mature sperm. Morphometrics were taken of all the white sea bass while in the fresh state. These data will be used for comparison with the original description of Cynoscion nobilis. Eleven of the 20 fish were frozen for detailed comparisons with specimens from California waters. Scales of all were saved for age analysis. Of 11 stomachs examined, all were empty. South of the Gulf's mid-section, below San Francisquito Pt., fishing in 3 widely separated lo- calities did not yield white sea bass or any other sciaenids, although many are known to inhabit these waters. A fish trap was baited and set in rocky habitat at 8 localities. No white sea bass were taken with this gear. Hook and line fishing at each anchorage and from a skiff at various places also failed to produce sea bass. Hydrographic observations were limited to: water temperatures taken with recording and buck- et thermometers, thermarine recorders and a Hubbs' casting thermometer, and water samples for salinity determinations. The surface water temperatures registered 19.0° C. (66.2 F.) in the vicinity of La Paz, grad- 22 ually cooled to a low of 13.6° C. (56.5° F.) in the Gulf's mid-section and warmed slightly to 16.0 C. (60.8 F.) in the upper Gulf off Pt.San Fermin. Vertical temperatures of the upper Gulf from bathythermograph tracings, were relatively uniform at 14 to 16 C.(57 to61° F.). Around Angel de la Guardia, San Esteban and Tiburon Islands, areas influenced by strong currents, a large deep bodyof water of even temperature was also evident; how- ever, it was slightly cglder than the waters to he north ranging from 13° to 15 C. (55.4 to59.0° F.), In general, these observations agree with predic- tions of the situation in the upper Gulf for this time of the year. A more refined analysis will be avail- able with the processing of the salinity samples by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. _ To aid the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's study of the surface currents, 96 drift bottles were released at various points, primarily in the upper Gulf where the white sea bass were found. The above ecological observations indicate that a major portion of the upper Gulf is available, tem- peraturewise, to the white sea bass population for at least part of the year. Recent studies byScripps indicate that favorable thermal habitat is available throughout the year in the central areas. SARDINES: Sardines were found at 2 localities, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW off the southeast end of Angel de la Guardia Island on January 23 and at’-Pt. San Fermin on the night of January 31-February 1. In neither instance was it possible to obtain live fish, and samples of about 25 fish each were preserved for the Pelagic Fish Investigation's racial studies. The school of sar- dines at Angel de la Guardia Island was small and wild and remained under the night light only for a short period. These fish were collected with hook and line using Paulas' lures. The presence of sar- dines at Pt. San Fermin was not detected until a- bout midnight when a small sampling gill net was hauled from under the night light. These fish were mixed with other species, including grunion and jack smelt. The surface water temperatures in both places at, time of collection was similar, rang~- ing from 15.7" to 16.6 C. (60.3° to 61.9" F.). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGE- LES: The UCLA field party of four, and a biologist of the California Department of Fish and Game joined the cruise at San Luis Gonzaga Bay on Janu- ary 22 and left at the same place on January 30. They were transported to the central islands, where four major collecting sites were occupied; 2 on An gel de la Guardia Island, Puerto Refugio and the southeast end; 1 at San Esteban Island and 1 at Ti- buron Island. Good collections offish were made at each locality, utilizing gill nets, hook and line, trawl gear, and rotenone. OYSTERS: No live oysters or other shellfish suitable for transplanting into southern California waters or the Salton Sea were found. In fact the only oysters observed were fossils, having expired about 20,000 years ago. BARRACUDA: The different activities yieldeda wide variety of fish besides the white sea bass. Of prime interest to the project was the capture of a number of barracuda, Sphyraena sp., atseveral widely separated loc 5: tte 3 between San Jose Is- land and San Luis Gonzaga Bay. It appears that this small undescribed barracuda is the only one Vol. 22, No. 6 in the Gulf, for Sphyraena argentea has not been taken here and S. ensis is reported only from the very southern end, Sphyraena sp. also occurs on the outer coast of Baja valifornia at least as far north as Cedros Island. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1960, p. 28. OK kk OK PELAGIC FISH POPULATION SURVEY CONTINUED: M/V ''Alaska'' Cruise 60A2-Pelagic Fish: The coastal waters off Baja California from Todos San- tos Bay southward to Magdalena Bay, were sur- veyed (February 18-March 3, 1960) by the Cali- fornia Department of Fish and Game research ves- sel Alaska to collect samples of sardines for ge- netic studies in cooperation with the U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service. The genetic studies include (a) serological tests to delimit the ranges of sar- dines possessing northern and southern blood "types." (The "northern type” was found off cen- tral California and the "southern type" off south- ern California prior to the fishing season. Since the 1959 season opened in September, sardine samples all have been of the northern type); and (b) detailed morphometric studies, on the above fish, to find morphological characters which may be related to genetic types. Other objectives were to collect sardine specimens for fecundity studies; and to make incidental collections re- quested by other investigations. A total of 47 night light stations was occupied. Sardines were collected at5 stations, northern an- chovies at5, jack mackerel at 3, and Pacific mack- erel at 2 stations. The 5 sardine samples were combined into 3 areas (Blanca Bay, Cedros Island and Magdalena Bay) for the genetic study. Sero- logical tests indicated that all sardines sampled were of the "southern type". Todos Santos Bay Cape Colnett Cape San Quintin Punta Baja LEGEND @ | SARDINE SAMPLE A~ PACIFIC MACKERE® SAMPLE. Santa Maria Bay (BB - SACK MACKEREL SAMPLE. Magdalena Bay DK - NORTHERN ANCHOVY SAMPLE. W wees” SARDINE CONCENTRATION, AREA COVEREO FP sncnovy concentration. J L a M/V Alaska Cruise 60A2-Pelagic Fish (February 18- March 3, 1960). June 1960 Approximately 100 large sardine schools were observed 30 miles NNW. of Cedros Island. Very few sardines were seen in any other areas. Small anchovies were observed scattered on the surface continuously from Punta Baja to Cape San Quintin, a distance of about 25 miles. Concentrated schools were interspersed within these scattered anchovies. Some fish were caught by holding a brail over the side while under way. In this area anchovies would "'flip'' and disappear the instant the night light was turned on. However, one light sta- tion attracted fish and 4,500 were captured in one blanket net set. Sea surface temperatures ranged from 12.4% (On (54.3- F.) at San Quintin Bay to 17.15 C. (62.9° F.) at Magdalena Bay. In general, surface tempera- tures were cooler than those observed in 1959. Airplane Spotting Flight 60-3-Pelagic Fish: The ; fhe inshore area from alifornia-Mexico border north to San Francisco Bay were surveyed from the air (February 15-18, 1960) by the Department's Cessna 180 (3632C) to determine the distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools. Weather and visibility conditions were perfect for the first three days but a storm on the fourth day made over-water observations impossible. No large concentrations of schools were seenin the area surveyed and none was found north of Pt. Arguello. Good coverage of Monterey Bay and the - area between Monterey Bay and San Francisco was possible but not a single school was found. Point Arguello Santa Barbara Legend: - No, of anchovy schools - No. of sardine schools 3YT- No. of yellowtail schools. 7 - No. of unidentified schools, - No. of gray whales. ~ No. of killer whales, Airplane Spotting Flight 60-3 (February 15-18, 1960). Only 32 anchovy schools were observed, and of these, 17 were concentrated in a ''school group" near La Jolla Pt. while the rest were scattered from La Jolla to just north of Pt. Dume. Two small groups of sardines were seen, the largest (39 schools) was 4 miles south of Abalone Pt., Laguna Beach, and the other (12 schools) was 2 miles offshore between Pt. Vicente and Pt. Fer- min. An additional 7 schools were scattered be- tween Oceanside and San Clemente, Twelve migrating gray whales in various places, 8 killer whales off Camp Pendelton and 3 schools of yellowtail off La Jolla Pt. were seen. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 A group of 42 large, deep, unidentified schools was seen near Coal Oil Pt., Santa Barbara. It is presumed that these schools were composed of sardines or Pacific mackerel but positive identifi- cation was not possible. The water in the area surveyed was generally clean and blue-green in color. Many birds and large amounts of floating kelp were observed in southern California. Kelp beds appeared to be in particularly poor condition. The Airplane Spotting Flight 60-5-Pelagic Fish: The aerial survey was continued (March 14-16, 1960) along the inshore area from the Mexican bor- der to San Francisco Bay, by the Department's Cessna 180 (3632C) to determine the distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools. Weather, visibility, and water conditions were generally very good. A total of 244 schools of fish was observed during the flight. Of these, 96 were identified as anchovies, 18 as sardines and 2 as yellowtail. The remainder was not positively iden- tified. Anchovies were found between Huntington Beach and Laguna Beach (88 schools) and off Pt. Loma (8 schools). The 2 yellowtail schools were seen off La Jolla Point in almost the exact spot where 3 schools of yellowtail were observed during the February flight. A small group (18 schools) of sardines was found just north of San Simeon, 2 miles off Sierra Nevada Point. The majority of the identified schools (74) was seen while flying a straight course between La Legends A 6 - Anchovy school group. S ] ~ Sardine school group. 2 - Unidentified school group. YT - Number of yellowtail schools. - Number of gray whales. Airplane Spotting Flight 60-5 (March 14, 15, and 16, 1960). 24 Jolla and Laguna Beach, approximately 5 miles off- shore. Although not positively identified, these schools behaved in a manner typical of sardines or mackerel. Ten, large, deep, purple-colored spots were seen about 2 miles off Point Vicente. Large quantities of jack mackerel were taken in this gen- eral area a few days after the survey. Only 16 schools were seenin Monterey Bay; they were quite deep and remained unidentified. Migrating California gray whales were observed from Monterey Bay to San Diego. They occurred singly or in groups of up to 10. A total of 131 was counted and all were moving up the coast. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960, p. 17. Canned Fish DISTRIBUTION OF CANNED TUNA, SALMON, AND SARDINES: A shipper survey of canned tuna, salmon, and sardines was recently finished by the U. 5. Bureau of the Cen- sus for the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The purpose was to obtain data on the (1) geographic location of the market; (2) the commodities that are moving, including number of cases by can size and type, and the class of cus- tomer; (3) how much of the pack moves into multi-unit retail food channels, how much into Government, and how much into all other channels. The data are based on shipments in the 12 months ended June 30, 1959. The study shows that about 23 million standard cases of canned fishwere shipped during the twelve months. Canned tuna com- prised more than half of the total--a- bout 13 million cases. Shipments of canned salmon and sardines accounted for 5 million cases each. Distribution of canned tuna and sar- dines was largest in the Pacific region, accounting for 27 percent and 16 percent of total shipments, respectively, in that area. California received the largest proportion of both canned tuna and canned sardine shipments which eventu- ally are further distributed. Distribu- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viola 22. Nos.6 tion appeared largest in this region be- cause there is a movement from canner to warehouses in the case of tuna and sardines, and for export from California for sardines. The East North Central Region (Ohio, Indiana, Dlinois, Michigan, and Wiscon- sin) received 23 percent of total ship- ments of canned salmon. On the West Coast, Washington received 13 percent of total shipments. Chunk style tuna accounted for 61 per- cent of total tuna shipments. The one- half pound (63-7 oz. net weight of contents) can pack represented 85 percent of tuna shipments. About 39 percent of total tuna pack moved into multi-unit retail food channels, 3 percent channeled through Government, and 58 percent in- to all other channels. Red and pink salmon, in almost equal amounts, comprised about 67 percent of total salmon shipments. The one-pound can was the most popular pack for salm- on, representing 65 percent of distribu- tion. The multi-unit purchasers dis- tributed 23 percent of canned salmon, with only 1 percent channeled through Government, and 76 percent into allother channels. The distribution of sardines by style of pack was 38 percent oil pack; 24 per- cent tomato sauce; 6 percent mustard, and the remainder unidentified. Keyless sardines accounted for 93 percent of all sardine shipments with 56 percent packed in one-pound cans. Almost all of the sardines packed with key were dis- tributed in the j-pound-can sizes, with oil pack amounting to two-thirds of this distribution. About 17 percent of all canned sardines were distributed through multi-unit retail outlets, 1 percent through Government, and the remainder through other channels. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January-February 1960 Total shipments of metal cans during January-February 1960 amounted to June 1960 13,609 short tons of steel (based onthe amount of steel consumed in the manu- facture of cans) as compared with 12,445 tons in the same period a year ago. Canning of K fishery products in & January-February Dn this year was con- % fined largely to tuna, shrimp, Gulfoysters, plus a substantial increase in the canned pack of jack and Pacific mackerel. Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel. <= n SS ce C Ss S MAN FoR \50 YS Central Pacific Fishery Investigations ALTERATIONS OF RESEARCH VESSEL "CHARLES H. GILBERT": An underwater observation chamber has been installed in the bow of the re- Dolphin (Delphinus bairdi) , : search vessel Charles H. Gilbert of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Honolulu. Use was made of the bow chamber in obsery- ing porpoises riding the vessel's bow wave. Their posture while riding the bow wave was a curious one--a rigidarc with both head and tail depressed. This was quite differentfrom the suggested COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 posture where the tail is turned upward in the bow wave; in fact, the observed posture seemed most inappropriate for its apparent function, that of utilizing a pressure wave at the vessel's stern for a free ride. Shipyard alterations of the Charles H. Gilbert were completed on April 18, 1960, at Portland, Oreg. These alterations in- cluded a new main engine, new quarters and laboratory space, a new pilothouse, the installation of a trawling winch and provisions for handling large trawls overside, and the underwater observa- tion chamber. HAWAIIAN SKIPJACK TUNA RESEARCH TRENDS, MARCH 1960: Skipjack size measurements made by biologists of the Honolulu Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies showed two weight groups to be pres- ent in the catch. The most abundant group had a mode at 25 pounds; the other had a mode at 8 pounds. There was also an ill-defined group with a mode at 4.5 pounds. The estimated March total Hawaiian landings of 310,000 pounds of skipjack were Slightly above average for the month. The 1960 data show that the landings through March were composed of small to very large fish. Approximately 50 per- cent of the catch was fish of less than 10 pounds; 30 percent, fish of more than 22 pounds. This comparatively high per- centage of large fish is somewhat typi- cal for the January-March period. The captive skipjack continue to thrive. Five 2-pound skipjack captured on February 27 and one 6-pound skipjack captured on February 15 are actively feeding on frozen shrimp and squid. With the successful maintenance of these tuna in captivity, plans were made during the month for construction of larger tanks in order that the conditioned response studies ey be acceler ated. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1960, Bey 30 Sort 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PUR- CHASES, JANUARY-MARCH 1960: Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply A March 1960 with Comparisons 1960 _| 1959 ~ ($1,000). - 1,179 | 2,730| 2, (1,000 Lbs.). . . 1,934 |2,023] 5,248] 4,949 800 1,081 pounds (value $1.1 million) of fresh and frozen fishery products were purchased in March 1960 by the Military Subsist- ence Supply Agency. This exceeded the quantity purchased in February by 6.4 percent, but was 4.4 percent under the amount purchased in March 1959. The value of the purchases in March 1960 was higher by 18.5 percent as compared with February, but 8.3 percent less than for March 1959. During the first three months of 1960 purchases totaled 5.2 million pounds (valued at $2.7 million)--an increase of 6.0 percent in quantity, but lower by 2.5 percent in value as compared with the similar period in 1959. Prices paid for fresh and frozen fish- ery products by the Department of De- fense in March 1960 averaged 55.9 cents a pound, about 6.1 cents above the 49.8 cents paid in February but 2.4 cents less than the 58.3 cents paid during March TOD ols Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the principal canned fishery product pur- chased for the use of the Armed Forces Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, March 1960 with Comparisons 4 npege ($1000) eee 122 | 58 | 573 | 387 ‘6 | 27] 20| 40 during March this year. In the first three months of 1960, purchases of canned tuna were up 46.0 percent in quantity and 48.1 percent in value, but purchases of canned sardines were down about 82.6 Vol. 22, No. 6 percent in quantity and 50 percent inval- ue as compared with the same period in 1959. No canned salmon was purchased during January-March 1960 and 1959. ote: ed Forces insta aus denerany make some local purchases not included in the data given; actual to- tal purchases are higher than indicated because local pur- chases are not obtainable. Fisheries Loan Fund LOANS APPROVED MARCH 1-31, 1960: As of March 31, 1960, a total of 735 applications for fisheries loans totaling $22,657,331 had been received since the program was started. Of these, 395 ($9,105,588) have been approved, 249 ($6,891,314) have been declined or found ineligible, 58 ($2,505,756) have been with- drawn by applicants before being proc- essed, and 33 ($3,116,722) are pending. Several of the pending cases have been deferred indefinitely at the request of the applicants. Sufficient funds are available to process new applications when received. The following loans have beenapproved during March 1960: New England Area: Michael B. Smith, New Bedford, Mass., $60,000. South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Ross, Biloxi, Miss., $40,142. John J. California: Darrel W. Furber, Arcata, $4,672; Bernard Ostfeld, Fort Bragg, $13 000; Frank Medina, etal, San Diego, $110,000; and Inez Peterson, et al, San Diego, $80,000. Pacific Northwest Area: Kenneth Knaak, Newport, Oreg., $23,700; Harvey Benedict, Olympia, Wash., $4,000; Don- ald A. Simson, Seattle, $6,000; and Rich- ard S. King, Tacoma, Wash., $8,470. Great Lakes Area: Clare A. Thomas, Unionville, Mich., $7,200. Alaska: William Spaulding, Auke Bay, $4,000; William H. Dore, Douglas, $6,500; W.H. James, Halibut Cove, $5,200; Moss Brothers, Homer, $3,400; Ernest O. Rude, Juneau, $3,500; Ben H. Fleenor, Ketchi- kan, $3,500; John R. Malutin, Kodiak, June 1960 $7,600; Oscar Dyson and Seldon Nelson, Kodiak, $18,000; Howard Ulrich, Peli- ean, $2,500; Marion L. Frink, Peters- burg, $15,000; James R. Post, Peters- burg, $11,670; and Robert O. Brown, Sitka, $4,000. (ia Fishery Export Trade Promotion Meeting Announced A fishery export promotion confer- ence, sponsored by the U. S. Department of the Interior in cooperation with the Department of Commerce, was scheduled for June 20, 1960, in the Interior Build- ing, Washington, D. C. The meeting is a part of a series of conferences being held with private trade interests under the Executive Department's program to promote the expansion of United States exports. Various Government depart- ments have been asked to improve their services in the development of new mar- kets overseas and to enlist the efforts of private business in expanding sales a- broad. Among other things, steps willbe taken to strengthen the trade promotion services of the Government, to expand and give priority to the commercial ac- tivities of the Foreign Service, to place greater emphasis on the prompt report- ing of information useful to American exporters, to establish new overseas centers, and make full use of trade fairs, trade missions, and other means of stimulating the interest of foreign buyers in United States products. The Department of the Interior is seeking to get the views and active sup- port of the fishing industry. At the meet- ing, consideration was given to the pres- ent export situation. Advice was ob- tained of representatives from the fish- ing industry as to specific moves the Government might undertake to give max- imum assistance to increasing sales of fishery commodities abroad. The objec- tive was to identify specific impediments to increased export trade and to attempt to evaluate the additional sales that might result if those impediments were re- moved or modified. Also requested were suggestions for specific reductions in tariffs imposedby COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 foreign countries which will be of the greatest benefit to exporters of fishery products. Considerable progress has al- ready been made in the relaxation of quantitative trade controls, exchange re- strictions, and other barriers to the flow of American goods abroad, but advice on specific problems in individual countries was sought from industry sources. Sug- gestions from industry will be helpful to those responsible for developing instruc- tions to U. S. representatives at tariff negotiations and international meetings dealing with trade restrictions. Florida PINK SHRIMP--MOST VALUABLE COMMERCIAL FISHERY: The pink shrimp, Florida’s most valuable commercial fishery, is the subject of an interesting report of the re- sults to date of shrimp research conducted by The Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami. This research was started in 1952 and is sponsored by the Shrimp Association of the Americas, the U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Florida State Board of Conservation. Much of the knowledge sought in the research is pro- duced through tagging operations on the fishing grounds from catches of commercial fishing craft. It has been found that the female pink shrimp have an estimated winter growth of five counts per pound per month, while the males grow seven counts. Counts signify the number of shrimp per pound with heads off. Also, considerable was learned of the migrations of the shrimp. One shrimp from the ex- periment at Flamingo was recovered just north of Key West. It had been out 123 days and had traveled about 60 miles in a straight-line distance from where it had been tagged. The importance of this recovery lies in the sup- port it provides to the theory that the Everglades Nation- al Park estuary is the nursery ground which supplies the Tortugas grounds. Pink Shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) The majority of the recoveries of tagged shrimp is made within 10 miles from the point of tagging. The ma- jority of recoveries of both sexes is made within 50 days. It has been found that the net movement of shrimp is gen- erally northwesterly on the Tortugas grounds. Figures on shrimp catches in Florida reveal that the State is second in production in the United States, being exceeded only by Texas. In 1958, latest year for which complete data are available, the shrimp fishermen of Florida produced 51 million pounds of all types of shrimp. 28 The value of the shrimp catch was $18,518,000 as com- pared with $29,353,000 for the total value of all of Flori- da's salt-water fisheries landings. The principal grounds for the pink shrimp is an area of about 1,500 miles immediately west of the tip of Flori- da between Key West and Dry Tortugas. There are other species. of shrimp on the Tortugas grounds besides the pink shrimp, but the pink shrimp is the only species that is at all common in the catches made there. Shrimp fishing on the Tortugas grounds is by otter trawlis and the principal ports at which the catches are landed are Key West, Marathon, Naples, and Fort Myers. The larger shrimp are taken for food, but there is alsoa considerable fishery for smaller shrimp which are used as bait, mainly by anglers. The research conducted is designed to learn about the life history of the shrimp, including knowledge of its early life and feeding habits, growth and mortality, spawning be- havior, migration, and about the fish predators that feed on it. Only by ascertaining such data can proper manage- ment of the shrimp fishery be undertaken. The Tortugas shrimping grounds are bounded on the south and west by deep water which appears to be a natu- ral barrier to their movement in those directions. To the east the shallow waters of Florida Bay contain small shrimp and from this area the majority of pink shrimp is believed to migrate to the Tortugas grounds, To the north is an area which is largely untrawlable, probably pro- viding protection to the main population of pink shrimp. Frozen Fish RESTAURANT CHAINS USE HALF - BILLION POUNDS OF FROZEN FOOD A YEAR: Chain restaurants are using more frozen foods than ever before in history, according to a survey made by the Res- taurant Editions of Chain Store Age mag- azines. Questionnaires returned to Chain Store Age by top food service executives in the chain drug, chain variety store, chain restaurant, and chain employee feeding fields reveal that 129,410,520 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 pounds of frozen meat, 179,923,920 pounds of frozen vegetables, 83,563,596 pounds of frozen fruit, and 96,440,504 pounds of fro- zen fish were used yearly by a total of 16,036 chain food service installations a- round the United States. Forty major restaurant chains oper- ating a total of 2,916 units reported to Chain Store Age that frozen fish was used in 2,666 units. The most popular types of frozenfish, according to the Chain Store Age survey, are haddock (used in 2,028 out of 2,666 units reporting), fillet of sole (1,187 units), shrimp (794), halibut (562), trout (373), scallops (282), cod (169), sword- fish (144), and ocean perch (116). —_—\ — Fur Seals PRICES FOR ALASKA FUR-SEAL SKINS AT SPRING AUCTION: At the semi-annual auction sale of Alaska fur-seal skins held in St. Louis on April 9, 1960, a total of 22,561 United States-owned fur-seal pelts was sold for $2,293,580 for the account of the United States Government. The skins are prod- ucts of the sealing operations of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on the | Pribilof Islands. U. S.-owned fur-seal skins offered and |sold at this auction were 1,457 skins less than the number sold at the last sale (Oc- tober 23, 1959) with the total value of the skins down by 7.5 percent, and average price per skin lower by about 1.5 percent. At the 1959 spring auction held on April 10, 24,578 United States-owned fur- seal skins were sold for $2,451,562 and the average price per skin was $99.75. The auction's average prices for the skins by types were: dark-brown or matara $99.34 per skin, black $104.43, and the dark shade kitovi $102.00. The average for all United States skins was $101.66 per skin, or 2.0 percent per skin higher than the average price paid per skin at the 1959 spring auction. Japa- nese Government Alaska fur-seal skins sold: black $105.81, matara $97.47, to- tal average $99.99. All South Africafur- June 1960 seal skins averaged $45.98. Uruguay skins averaged $50.18. The sales of all fur-seal skins at this pring auction yielded $3,656,706.50. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959 p. 49, and June 1959 p. 35. Maine Sardines CANNING SEASON FOR 1960 OPENS WITH NO SIGNS OF FISH: The 1960 Maine sardine canning sea- son legally opened on April 15, but no factories were in operation nor were likely to be until the latter part of May. Veteran canners and fishermen saw no signs of sardine herring showing up along the coastfor ak several weeks. ; This has been the pattern for the lastfew years. In 1959 the first fish in Sizable volume were not taken until early June. The Maine Sardine Council's Executive Secre- tary said that the same 31 plants that operated a- long the coast in 1959 from Port- land to Robbinston were being put into readiness. He said that the industry had a pro- duction goal of about 2,000,000 cases versus the 1959 short pack of 1,750,000 cases which was caused by a scarcity of fish. The industry's inventory situation is a favorable one with many types and va- rieties of pack completely sold out. Prices and demand for the 1959 produc- tion have remained firm for the past sev- eral months, the Executive Secretary stated. He said that there had been an in- creased demand for institutional and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 military-type packs as a result of sales and promotional work by the Council. Further increases inthe demand for these packs are expected in 1960. cg ENS ENS ES Eh ADVERTISING AIMED AT YOUTH EDUCATION: The romantic story of Maine's $20 million sardine industry is now being told in comic book format by the Maine Sardine Council. RICKY AND DEBBIE IN SARDINELA —— r{ ; >, 5 \ BS 4 MAINE Yj SARDINES YN ct T ALREADY KNEW MAINE WAS FAMOUS FOR VACATIONS .. THATS WHERE WE'VE COME TO SPEND OURS RIGHT NOW... “£ aston REGGE THAT MAINE IS FAMOUS FOR SARDINES, TOO! N This activity, aimed at school chil- dren as an educational feature, consists of several hundred thousand, eight-page, four-color booklets. Appropriately entitled ''Ricky and Debbie in Sardineland,'' the drawings take two attractive big city youngsters for a tour of the fishing grounds and canneries as well as a look into the past and future of the industry. The Executive Secretary of the Coun- cil states that the booklets would be dis- 30 tributed free through schools, super- markets, and other outlets. "This is but one phase of a youth ed- ucation program which we started last year in an effort to interest children in our industry and its products," the Secretary stated. Other activities include a film strip on the industry and the use of home e- conomists to introduce nutritious, low- cost sardine recipes in the school-lunch programs. 55 Marketing EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS MARKETING PROSPECTS, SPRING-EARLY SUMMER 1960: United States civilian per capita con- sumption of fishery products this spring and early summer is expected to be about the same as a year earlier. Some in- crease is likely for the fresh and frozen products, offsetting a prospective reduc- tion for the canned. Retail prices of fish- ery products as a group are expected to continue lower than last year because of a likely reduction for the fresh and fro- zen products. Total commercial landings. of fish and shellfish as of May 1 were well on the Brailing fish onto a vessel. seasonal uptrend, and should continue to expand into the summer. Supplies of canned fishery products will remain be- low those of a year earlier at least until late summer when marketings of the sea- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 sonally packed items--such as salmon and sardines--areatahighlevel. Canned tuna stocks currently are well below those of a yearearlier, but this product is packed throughout the year. Cold-storage holdings of edible frozen fishery products were a little larger this April 1 thanlast. Such stocks usually are at the year's low- point in mid-spring, and then start build- ing up seasonally. Imports of edible fishery products are expected to continue at a high level. In 1959 they were equivalent to half of our total domestic production of food fish and shellfish. This analysis appeared in a report prepared by the Agricultural Marketing Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, and published in the former agency's May 9, 1960, release of The National Food Situation (NFS-92). oss By P North Atlantic Fishery Investigations SPAWNING HABITS OF HADDOCK STUDIED ON GEORGES AND BROWNS BANKS: M/V "Delaware" Cruise 60-4: A sur- vey of the spawning habits of haddock on Georges and Western Nova Scotia Banks between 64° and 67° W. longitude was conducted (March 23-April 2, 1960) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies research vessel Delaware. Surface and oblique plankton tows were made at 32 stations, primarily to assess the distribution of cod and had- dock eggs. Samples of eggs collected were incubated to determine species composition. Trawling operations with the No. 36 trawl and the Breidfjord float- ing trawl were conducted at 4 stations. Bathythermograph casts and standard oceanographic observations were made, On Georges Bank about 1,000 eggs a tow were taken and to the eastward about 200 a tow. Most eggs appeared to be a- bout 7-10 days old. On Browns Bank a- bout 95 percent of early stage eggs ap- peared dead or dying. oooo000000 June 1960 North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program MODIFIED OTTER-TRAWL EXPERIMENTS CONTINUED: M/V “John N. Cobb™ Cruise 45: Fish- ing gear development experiments were conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb for 52 days. Tows were made on commercial trawling grounds off Destruction Island to Cape Flattery, Wash. The vessel returned to port on April 15, 1960. The work was a continuation of the otter-trawl modi- fication project initiated in February 1959. Two types of modified otter trawls were tested: one, a ''free-wing trawl," designed to increase the horizontal opening; and the other, a "'blanket trawl" designed to increase the vertical opening. The experimental trawls were tested al- ternately on commercial fishing grounds with a standard 400-mesh Eastern trawl over the same bottom. Im addition, pre- liminary experiments with an electrical catch-load-indicator were conducted. In 22 tows (11 with the ''free-wing trawl'' and 11 with a standard trawl) the Fig. 1 - The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex- ploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. experimental gear did not produce sig- nificantly greater catches of flatfish, Modifications to the experimental gear late in the trip improved catches con- siderably; however, there was insuffi- cient time for an adequate number of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 comparative tows. Towing speeds varied from 1.6 to 2.8 knots (ground speed). The "blanket'' modification was com- pared on 13 tows--7 tows with the ex- perimental gear and 6 with a standard trawl. Apparently the fish were capable of avoiding the ''blanket trawl" since catches were consistently considerably lower than those with the standard gear. These tows were made on commercial rockfish grounds. Ground speeds ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 knots. During the frequent periods of stormy weather offshore, instrumentation ex- periments were performed in the shel- tered waters of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Using the electrical trawl cable and accessory gear, tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of using in- strumentation to provide a continuous catch-magnitude indication. These trials indicate that an electrical dynamometer placed on the cod end will indicate on an ammeter the progressive build-up of catch, the lack of catch, or aloss of catch. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1959 p. 44. ook ok ok ok EXPLORATORY BOTTOM-FISH TRAWLING OFF COAST OF WASHINGTON AND VANCOUVER ISLAND PLANNED: M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 46: Bot- tom-fish trawling is the purpose of the cruise scheduled for the U. S. Bureau of VANCOUVER ISLAND 277 ERATIONS L244 par ay oe - Z 5 ¢ 1 PACIFIC OCEAN tx Operational Area - Cruise 46 - M/V John N. Cobb. 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Commercial Fisheries exploratory fish- ing vessel John N. Cobb during May and June. The vessel left May 2 for eight weeks of exploratory fishing off the Washington and Vancouver Island coasts. Oceanic Bacteria UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI GRANTED FUNDS FOR EXTENSION OF RESEARCH: A grant of $30,000 has been made to The Marine Laboratory of the Univer- sity of Miami by the National Institutes of Health to cover the costs of a four- year extension of studies of bacteria found in the ocean, These bacteria, some of a distinct orange and red coloration, are toxic to fishes and sometimes kill them in large numbers. The studies concern the gen- eral biology of these bacteria which are found in the sediments and plant and an- imal waste in the ocean. The research is designed to ascertain just what part they play in the life contained in the ocean. Oysters HEAVY LOSSES DISCOVERED IN LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY: Early in April this year, oysters were dying heavily in certain parts of the low- er Chesapeake Bay. Virginia biologists have discovered that the same organism which was associated with Delaware Bay mortalities is present in the area. While some lower Chesapeake growers suffered a heavy death rate in 1959, the general feeling was that most of the losses were attributable to the fungus Dermocystidum. This spring deaths are not from this cause since this fungus attacks oysters primarily at the end of an extended peri- od of hot weather. Many biologists at the Virginia Fish- eries Laboratory are devoting all their energies to determine the distribution of the suspected killer, with the hope that it can be confined to the area in which it is currently known to exist. Vols 222 Now6 There has been a great deal of spec- ulation among the people in all the Ches- apeake area. Since the area of high mor- tality is located in areas of relatively high salinities it is hoped that the lower salinity beds will not be attacked. eR OK Ok 3k VIRGINIA BIOLOGISTS USE AUTO- TECHNICON TO SPEED UP RESEARCH: Automation at the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, is now allowing scientists to examine oysters twice as fast as in the past. A newly-in- stalled Autotechnicon mechanically proc- esses slides of oyster tissue, leaving the technicians free to prepare more oysters for the Autotechnicon to process. According to the chief marine micro- technician, who has personally prepared about 2,000 slides of 1,500 oysters during the past year, ''The Autotechnicon frees me from much of the drudgery of slide preparation. The two of us should be able to prepare oyster tissues for the scientist to read twice as fast as I could do it alone." One of the most important though time-consuming problems of the Labora- tory has been to discover the causes of oyster mortalities which have plagued the industry for many years. A major breakthrough occurred several years ago as a result of the significant work done by a Laboratory biologist and his asso- ciates in learning that Dermocystidium accounts for the deaths of many oysters during long hot dry summers. It has been possible to mark out areas where Dermocystidium is found and to point out natural conditions which will favor its growth and cause serious losses to plant- ers. Biologists know that other parasitic plants and animals cause epidemics a- mong shellfish at times. The newly-established Microbiology- Pathology section of the Laboratory hopes to pin down other organisms involved in diseases of marine animals. Careful and rapid microtechniques are essential to these studies. With the new labor-saving Autotechnicon, the mortality research program will be greatly improved. ach, June 1960 Salmon KING SALMON ESCAPEMENT TO COLUMBIA RIVER SPAWNING GROUNDS GOOD: The number of chinook or king salm- on counted at Bonneville Dam on the Co- lumbia River as they moved up- stream is higher this year than by the same date last year, indi- cating good escapement for the spring chinook salmon run in the river, the Director of the Washington State Department of Fisheries reported on May 5, 1960. As of May 2, a total of 40,875 chinook had been counted over the Dam, compared to 35,000 by the same date last year. Salmon were moving over the Bonneville fishway at the rate of 5,000-6,000 a day. The chinook catch in the commercial gill-net fishery, which opened April 30, has been generally poor. Most catches were made in the lower river, where fish are larger. Upstream catches have been less and fish are smaller, running only 10 to 15 pounds. Early in May the river was dropping and clearing, making for good conditions for fish movement upstream. The Co- lumbia River commercial gill-net salm- on fishery, which was open until noon May 27, was conducted chiefly at night because of clear water. be dab bs Se 4 MIGRATION STUDIES IN NORTH PACIFIC TO BE CONTINUED: To continue studies of salmon migra- tion on the high seas, two research ves- sels of the University of Washington Col- lege of Fisheries left early in April ona 5-months salmon-tagging voyage along the entire length of the Aleutian Islands from Unimak Pass to Attu. The cruise is part of a long-range salmon migration study in the North Pa- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 cific conducted by the Fisheries Re- search Institute of the University. Now in its fifth year, the project will be con- ducted with two chartered purse-seiners, the Commander and the Renown, under a $256,000 contract with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The vast sea area centered around the Aleutian Islands is a 'nursery'' where many North American salmon go to ma- ture before beginning their long journey back to their native rivers. In previous years, some of the tagged fish have been recovered in the rivers of Russia and Japan and have been found as far southas Oregon. From a scientific standpoint, the long- term project is providing important new information on the life history of salmon. The results also will have an important effect on methods of conserving the valu- able salmon runs. (University of Wash- ington News Service, April 7, 1960.) Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1957 p- 39; April 1958 p. 35; and September 1959 p. 41. a Transportation STUDY OF EFFECTS OF NEW TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT ON FOOD QUALITY URGED: Research to determine the effect on food quality of new equipment, such as mechanically-refrigerated trucks and railroad cars and thermostatically-e- quipped ice-bunker cars was advised by members of the U. S. Department of Ag- riculture's Transportation Research and Marketing Advisory Committee at its an- nual meeting in Washington, February 23- 25, 1960. Shippers need to know if they can in- crease load size without affecting quality with the new equipment now in service, the Committee noted. It specifically rec- ommended that researchers seek to de- termine the effect of improved temperature control and air circulation on product quality, and the effect of load size and pattern on temperature, air circulation, bruising, and subsequent quality. Development of a standard method of rating refrigerator cars that would allow 34 railroads to specify and manufacturers to measure the ability of a refrigerated railroad car to maintain required inside temperatures was also suggested. Such a system has been recently developed and adopted by the trucking industryfor motortruck trailers. The committee also recommended development of portable refrigerated cargo boxes for trans- porting frozen foods by highway, rail, sea, and air, thus reduc- ing costs of trans- portation through the reduction of multiple handling of packages. Research on the traffic-flow of trucks not regulated by the Interstate Com- merce Commission that are carrying food from farms to marketplace should be expedited, according to the committee. Information is lacking on the exact scope and extent of this important movement of food in unregulated trucks. Other important transportation re- search needs the committee listed are: (1) development of improved methods of loading perishable commodities on rail- way cars and trucks so as to reduce bruising and spoiling; (2) studies to im- prove protection of food against insect damage during transportation. rE eeo2 i) ees Test FET ewe el COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Tuna ALBACORE TAGGED OFF CALIFORNIA RECAPTURED BY JAPANESE: An albacore tagged and released off San Francisco, Calif., by biologists of the Honolulu Biological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, was | recaptured by Japanese tuna long-line fishermen about 1,000 miles SE. of To- kyo Bay, in the vicinity of Marcus Island. This fish was tagged by the Bureau's re- search vessel Charles H. Gilbert on No- vember 15, 1956, and was recaptured by the long-line vessel, No. 2 Hayatori Maru of Iwate Prefecture, Japan, on March 13, 1960, after a period of 3 years and4 months. This is the longest period thus far observed between tagging and recapture of an albacore. This recapture marked the 17th re- covery of albacore tagged by the Honolulu Biological Laboratory. Other recoveries in the past have also demonstrated con- eee ale trans-Pacific movements extending from the United States west coast to the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, indicating that there is probably a single population of this valuable tuna species in the North Pacific. According to the Director of the Lab- oratory, much valuable information is ob tained whenever there is a tag recovery. "Not only do we learn about migratory movements, but also about albacore age and growth. Although scientists tag the fish, we are dependent upon fishermen for the recoveries. This is an excellent example of the cooperation between fish- ermen and scientists, who are both in- terested in learning more about alba- core,'' he said. > "y in ey June 1960 United States Fishing Fleet /Additions MARCH 1960: A total of 24 vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued first documents as fishing craft during March 1960--a de- Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft by Areas aaa 1960 eee 1959 Vessels assigned to the various areas on the basis of their home ports. crease of 5 vessels as compared with the same month in 1959. The Pacific area led with 9 vessels, followed by the Gulf area with 6, the South Atlantic with 4, and the Great Lakes with 2 vessels. The New England, Middle Atlantic, and Alas- ka areas accounted for the remaining 3 vessels. During the first three months of 1960, a total of 66 vessels were issued first documents as fishing craft--19 less than were reported during the same period of last year. Most of this - decline oc- curred in the Chesapeake and Gulf areas, each of which showed a drop of 12 vessels compared with the 1959 three- months period. 1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. Table 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft By Tonnage, March 1960 U. S. Foreign Trade EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, FEBRUARY 1960: Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and processed fish and shellfish into the United States during February 1960 de- creased by 23.1 percent in quantity and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 17.3 percent in value as compared with January 1960. The decrease was due primarily to lower imports of frozen al- bacore and other tuna (down 9.8 million pounds), and to a lesser degree, a de- crease in the imports of canned tuna in United States Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products, February 1960 with Comparisons _ QUANTI pV ALUE Leman | Year | Febmary | Year} Item Fish & shellfish: Fresh, frozen, & Fish @ shellfish: Processed only+/ BS LEIA 68.0] 1.3) 1.0} 22.8 (excluding fresh 1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialties. brine (down 2.6 million pounds), canned salmon (down 2.2 million pounds), and frozen shrimp (down 1.1 million pounds). The decrease was partly offset by in- creases of less than 1 million pounds in the imports of groundfish fillets, fresh and frozen salmon, and canned sardines in oil. Compared with February 1959, the im- ports in February this year were down 13.7 percent in quantity and 3.8 percent in value due to lower imports of frozen tuna other than albacore (down 10.5 mil- lion pounds), and canned tuna in brine (down 1.4 million pounds). Compensating, in part, for the decreases was an increase of about 2.6 million pounds in the imports of groundfish fillets and fresh and frozen lobsters (up 0.9 million pounds). United States exports of processedfish and shellfish in February 1960 were low- er by 19.7 percent in quantity and 27.8 percent in value as compared with Janu- ary 1960. Compared with the same month in 1959, the exports this February were higher by 59.1 percent in quantity and 30.0 percent in value. KOK OK OK OK FISH MEAL AND SCRAP IMPORTS, 1940, 1950, 1955-59: Imports of fish meal and scrap into the United States during 1959 amounted to 132,955 short tons--an increase of 32,603 tons or 32.5 percent as compared 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Angola. 2--+-+eee-e Union of South Africa Norway - - Other countries. ... otal 1/ Japan, 18, 162 tons. with 1958. Imports from Peru amounted to 49,923 tons and accounted for 37.5 percent of the total imports for 1959. Canada followed with 39,063 tons or 29.4 percent of the total--11,286 tons higher than the previous year. U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA: The quantity of tuna canned in brine which may be imported into the United States during the calendar year 1960 at the 123-percent rate of duty is 53,443,330 pounds. Any imports in excess ‘of the quota will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem. Imports from January 1-April 2, 1960, amounted to 8,581,279 pounds, according to data compiled by the Bureau of Cus- toms. From January 1-April 4, 1959, a total of 11,308,844 pounds had been im- ported. U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions, January-March 1960 The United States production of fish sticks during the first quarter of 1960 1/ Preliminary. amounted to 19.9 million pounds, while the production of fish portions totaled nports of Fish Meal and Scrap, 1940, 1950, 1955-59 Origin . (Short ee BG OOo or : De 777 142, 823 ey Aah YY/ a 230 te a re 955 TORE CS RECTA SF RES EN CAE EASY 46, 133 Vol. 22, No. 6 11.7 million pounds. This was a gain of 1.7 million pounds (9 percent) infish sticks and 2.8 mil- lion pounds (31 per- cent) in fish portions as compared with the same quarter of the previous year. Cooked fish sticks (18.6 million pounds) able 2 - U. S, Production of Fish Sticks by Areas, anuary-March 1959 and 1960 Atlantic Coast States. . Interior and Gulf States . Pacific Coast States... 1/ Preliminary. 2/ Revised. comprised 94 percent of the total fish stick production, while the remaining 1.3 able 3 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Months, 1956-1960 1957] 1956 19601/ | 19592/ 19582/ million pounds (6 percent) consisted of raw fish sticks. A total of 11.3 million [Breaded | readed| Total | [Cooked[ Raw [Total |Unbreaded| Total 5 415[11,304] 392 [11,696] 1/ Preliminary. pounds of breaded fish portions (of which 9.4 million pounds were raw) and nearly 0.4 million pounds of unbreaded portions was processed during the first quarter of 1960. June 1960 The Atlantic Coast was the principal area in the production of both fish sticks Table 5 - U. S. Productioh of Fish Portions by Areas, ary-March 1959 and 1960 Interior, Gulf, and Pacific Coast States . . 12 and portions with 16.4 million and 6.8 million pounds, respectively. The remaining 3.5 million pounds of fish Table 6 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions by Months, 1958-1960 | Month | 19603/| _19592/ T, 000 Anciints AAA Aen = 2 RTS Ee PE eer eee eel | =U [3 7201 7 2790 1/ Preliminary. Revised, sticks and 4.9 million pounds of fish por- tions were packed in inland, Gulf, and Pacific Coast States. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960 15 SB Wholesale Prices, April 1960 The April 1960 wholesale price index for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 123.3 of the 1947-49 average was about unchanged from the preceding month. Price changes from March to April were sharp for some items, but the changes up or down just about counterbalanced each other. From April a year ago to this April the over- all wholesale fishery products price index increased by about 0.5 percent, due primarily to higher canned fish and shucked oyster prices, Haddock landings at New England ports were about at an annual peak this April and contributed to another sharp drop (48.0 percent) in the mid-month price for fresh large drawn haddock, Higher wholesale prices for the other six items in the drawn, dressed, and whole finfish subgroup failed to off- set the lower haddock price and the subgroup index dropped 2.8 percent from March to April this year. The Jewish holi- days resulted in some sharp increases in wholesale prices for fresh-water fish from March to April 1960. The drawn, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 dressed, or whole finfish subgroup index for April this year as compared with the same month a year ago was up 1.7 per- cent. Mid-April 1960 large haddock prices were down about 20 percent and frozen dressed halibut prices were down 9.1 percent as compared with the same month a year ago. These ee Wa aaa South side of Boston fish pier with otter trawlers tied up at the dock. Note loaded fish carts and rear entrances to the wholesaler dealers' stores. sharp declines were more than offset by a 40.8-percent in- crease in fresh yellow pike prices and a 4,6-percent in- crease in frozen dressed salmon prices. Fresh processed fish and shellfish in April 1960 declined 3.6 percent from the preceding month due primarily to a 20.3-percent drop in fresh haddock fillet prices. In addition, both fresh shrimp and shucked oyster prices were down slightly. From April a year ago to this April the processed fresh fish and shellfish subgroup wholesale price index was higher by a fraction of one percent. Higher shucked oyster prices (up 15.2 percent) more than compensated for a drop of 10.3 percent in fresh shrimp prices and a decline of 3.5 percent in fresh haddock fillet prices. The wholesale price index for processed frozen fish and shellfish in April this year was higher than the preceding month by 6.5 percent because of an increase in the wholesale price for frozen shrimp at Chicago. The sharp jump of about 11 cents a pound from mid-March to mid~April reflected the rapid decline in frozen shrimp inventories and a shortage in some of the larger sizes. In April 1960, the drop of 5.3 per- cent in the frozen haddock fillet price continued to reflect the weak market for this product which has been apparent for several months, The processed frozen fish and shellfish subgroup index this April as compared with April a year ago dropped 9.4 percent. All subgroup items were lower in A-~ pril this year as compared with April a year ago. Frozen shrimp prices, although much firmer in April this year, were Still 7.9 percent below April 1959 prices. During the Same period frozen haddock fillet prices declined by 23.9 percent, frozen flounder fillets were lower by 3.8 percent, and frozen ocean perch fillets were down 1.7 percent. The primary wholesale price index for canned fish prod- ucts in April this year increased 1,0 percent from the pre- ceding month due to the first increase in canned light meat tuna prices in almost a year. As of mid~April this year canned tuna inventories were in a healthy condition and sup~ plies of raw tuna for canning were lower than for the same period of 1959. Compared with April 1959, primary whole- sale prices for canned fish this April were higher by 5.9 percent, Prices for all canned fish items in the subgroup were higher in April this year from April a year ago. The fishing season for Maine sardines opened on April 15, but stocks of canning size herring were not expected to be avail- able before late May or early June. Stocks of canned tuna in April 1960 were still good and Maine sardine stocks were about sufficient to last until the new season gets under way. Supplies of canned California sardines in 15-oz. cans and all packs of canned salmon were down practically to zero in April this year. 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, April 1960 With Comparisoas Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing (3) (1947-49=100) ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) . <<. «cie ovle cc Fresh & Frozea Fishe: BLY PROGUeist «0s . 0) 2/010 ¢suc.s @ olsbis sue ole siee j ria ues faa as Haddock, Ige,, offshore, drawn, feesk potede Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz. Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh... . Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish; .... Filles, haddock, smL, skins on, 20~lb, tins . Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh . Oysters, shucked, standards ....... Processed, Frozen, (Fish & Shellfish):. ..... Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib. pkg. . . .. Haddock, sml, skins on, 1=1b, pkg. . Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb, pkg... . Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), 5-lb. pkg. . . . Canned'Fisnexy Products: [1 e))-) lentie hal cite Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs, Tuna, lt, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 oz, 3 ASicans/CSeremere tered ete Sardines, Calif., tom, pack, No. 1 oval (15 oz a AS lCanS/ C35 ici sisevas Ver 6 suse) vel ecsh ist See: Yo: ea Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No, 1/4 draw. (628/4%074) 81 00\caus/cssm-aens tee ener iene 1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month oceurs. These prices are pu>lished as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service “‘Fish- ery Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices, ECOLOGY OF SHRIMP STUDIED Research on atypical nursery area is being continued by the Galveston Bio- logical Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This work shows promise of defining the complex ecology of the shrimp nursery grounds and will show when the brown and white shrimp larvae arrive from the sea and then depart to the offshore waters as the season progresses. The Laboratory staff will tryto determine the physiology, tolerance, and response of shrimp to various conditions and their nutritional requirements. June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 International FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION EUROPEAN NATIONS TO DISCUSS INLAND FISHERIES: An organization designed for discus- sion and combined action on common problems of European inland fisheries held its first meeting April 25-30, 1960, at Dublin, Ireland. Among the problems are prevention of water pollu- tion, control of aquatic weeds and ferti- lization of fish ponds, and removal of predatory fish. The new group is known as the European Inland Fisheries Advi- sory Commission (EIFAC) and is spon- sored by the Food and Agriculture Or- ganization (FAO). All European members of FAO had been invited to the meeting as partici- pants or as observers, and 14 countries had already signified their desire to be- come commissionmembers. Five inter- national organizations, involvedin work related to fisheries, had been invited to attend as observers. The new commission resulted from a meeting of an intergovernmental group of inland fisheries experts in Helsinki, Finland, in 1956, This group recom- mended that FAO establish an organiza- tion to meet the specific needs of Euro- pean inland fisheries services, "Although European fish culture has already reached a high degree of devel- opment,'' said the Chief of the Inland Re- sources Section, Fisheries Division, FAO, "the pooling of research methods and techniques should increase food pro- duction far beyond that achieved by tra- ditional means." At its first meeting the Commission was expectedto establishits rules of pro- cedure and to Set upits internal structure. LAW OF THE SEA DEVELOPMENTS AT GENEVA CONFERENCE: April 6-11: TheSecond Law of the Sea Conference spon- sored by the United Nations convened at Geneva on March17, 1960, with representatives of 87 nations onhand to arrive at some understanding on theterritoriai sea and fishing rights. It appears that there are many nations anxious to reach some kind of agreement. Although representatives of various nations were still scheduled to make speeches on the various ‘‘positions’’ of their respective countries, as of April 6 four principal _ proposals had been made in the Committee of the Whole: (1) U.S.S.R.: Territorial sea up to 12 miles; if less than 12 miles territorial sea is chosen by a nation, the balance up to 12 is exclusive fishing zone for the coastal state. Means a fishing limit of 12 miles for the coastal state. (2) Mexico: (a) Territorial sea from 3 to 6 miles; ex- clusive fishing zone up to a limit of 18 miles. (b) Territorial sea 7 to 9 miles; exclusive fishing zone up to a limit of 15 miles. (3) United States: Territorial sea 6 miles; historic fishing between 6 and 12 miles may be continued, for same groups of species, based on five-year average. (4) Canada: Territorial sea 6 miles; exclusive fishing zone between 6 and 12 miles. Ghana on April 4 made an attempt to resolve a deadlock in the Conference by offering a compromise between United States and Canadian proposals on offshore fishing limits. Al- though some United States delegates regarded the proposal as ‘‘perhaps the best the United States can get,’’ others in- sisted that the United States should attempt to obtain a phase out of historic fishing rights. A time limit on withdrawal of fishing operations beyond the historic three-mile limit would result if the Ghana proposal prevails. The Ghana spokesman pointed out: ‘‘Complete exclusion of foreign fishermen could cause human and economic hardships. However, the United States proposal for fishing rights in perpetuity is defective. ‘‘There should be a limit in point of time-~a period of re- adjustment to allow foreign fishermen time to find other fish~ ing grounds or make adjustments in their economy. It also would give coastal states time to develop their fishing poten~ tial for maximum sustainable yield.’’ On April 4 the Chairman of the United States delegation at the Conference indicated that the United States has no choice but to show some flexibility on fishing rights. On April 5 the Chairman confirmed reports that a high-level meeting was planned by the Canadian and United States delegations at the Conference to work out a joint proposal to offer the Confer- ence. The Ceylon spokesman on April 5 suggested modification of the Canadian proposal to cover later bilateral agreements with the United States. This, in effect, would put Canada on record to give ground on historic fishing rights. On April 6 it was reported that the principal Western mar- itime nations had worked out a compromise on fishing rights. The compromise will be between the proposals of the United States and Canada for a six-mile territorial sea, with a con- tiguous six-mile fishing zone. Canada advocated the exclu- sion of foreign trawlers while the United States reserved 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): limited rights for foreign fishermen who regularly fished the waters concerned, The compromise proposes that coastal states receive exclusive fishing rights in a six-mile zone adjoining their territorial sea after a ten-year waiting peri- od. The United Kingdom also is reported to support this compromise, April 12-22: On the first’ day of voting at the Conference, April 13, 1960, the joint United States~Canadian compromise proposal received a plurality of the votes cast in the Commit- tee of the Whole, 43 to 33, with 12 abstentions, This fell short of the two-thirds majority required for final adoption, The abstaining countries were Argentina, Belgium, Cambodia, Cuba, Finland, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Holy See, India, Philippines, and Sweden, It was expected that a number of these countries would later switch their votes in favor of the joint proposal, Mexico and Venezuela joined the 16 Afro~Asian nations in a revised proposal, in favor of which the Soviet proposal was finally withdrawn. The revised Afro~Asian proposal was narrowly beaten, 36 to 39, with 13 abstentions. As of April 13, therefore, only the joint United States-Canadian proposal and an Icelandic proposal were approved by the Committee and referred to the plenary. More than half the Conference abstained from voting on the Icelandic proposal, The 12-mile Russian~backed proposal was defeated in the Committee of the Whole, where it secured 44 percent of the total votes. There was therefore reason to hope that a number of countries would then be able to change their votes in favor of the joint United States~Canadian proposal so that in the plenary session it would gain the 59 votes required if all delegations were present and voting. If there were absten- tions, correspondingly fewer votes would be required, The plenary was scheduled to convene on April 19. On April 8, Ambassador Dean addressed the Conference in behalf of the joint United States-Canadian compromise proposal, He stated that it clearly would satisfy both the needs and future aspirations of coastal states, while at the same time it would protect foreign fishing interests from unnecessary or precipitate injury; therefore, he asserted, it is the only proposal acceptable to enough nations for adoption by the Conference, He emphasized the two concessions which the United States is making~~placing a time limitation on for- eign fishing rights, and making the limit 10 years; the pro- posal thus goes more than halfway to meet the objections of other countries. He thanked individually the many delegates who had given him cooperation and understanding, and he re~ iterated that the unusual situations of certain other countries that are overwhelmingly dependent upon their fisheries with- in the 12-mile zone must be given careful and sympathetic consideration, The many complex and varying problems of basic fishing rights in the fisheries zone will need, he con- tinued, tobe implemented by bilateral or multilateral arrange- ments consistent with the basic principles now established, so that the principles may be appliedin an orderly and practical manner, With this proposal animportant new principle con- cerning fishing jurisdictionis to be embodied in international law. Finally, Ambassador Dean took advantage of the occa- sion to note that the Four Conventions and Optional Protocol which had been approved at the 1958 Conference had just been favorably reported to the United States Senate; this, he hoped, augured well for the success of the present Conference, The first of several proposals to be submitted at Geneva during the fourth week of the Conference was put forward by Iceland on April 7, and revised on April 12. The revision provides that where a people is overwhelmingly dependent upon its coastal fisheries for its livelihood or economic de- velopment and it becomes necessary to limit the total catch in areas adjacent to the coastal fisheries zone, the nation shall have preferential rights under such limitations to the extent rendered necessary by its dependence on fishery. On April 13, the Committee of the Whole approved it for fur- ther action by a vote of 31 to 11, with 46 abstentions. A revised version of the 16-nation Afro~Asian proposal, previously mentioned, was presented on April 10 by the orig~ inal sponsors, now increased to 18 by the addition of Mexico and Venezuela. The revision provided that every country should enact the laws and regulations necessary to prevent its nationals from fishing in the territorial seas and fishery zones of other countries unless especially authorized to do so. It was voted down on April 13, as above. Vol. 22, No. 6 The Philippine amendment, previously mentioned, had been withdrawn on April 12, On April 13, the Cuban dele- gate proposed an additional protocol to the Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas whereby a coastal state might unilaterally limit the catch in special circumstances, Argentina on April 11 and Guatemala on April 12 submitted amendments to the United States~Canadian compromise proposal, but they were voted down on April 13. Thereupon the Guatemalan delegate proposed to have the United States~Canadian measure voted on, paragraph by paragraph, Ambassador Dean made it quite clear, however, that the joint proposal was an integrated whole, and must be so voted on, This Guatemalan proposal was also defeated. Peru offered a resolution which provided that a country might, in an exceptional situation and in certain conditions, establish unilaterally the extent of the area of its jurisdiction in which it would apply fishery~conservation and control measures, The 88~nation Law of the Sea Conference decided on April 20 to put off until April 26 the final voting on the twin issues of the width of the territorial sea and fishing rights. The five- week-old Conference, as of April 20, was scheduled to finish its work by April 22, but the lack of speakers has delayed final action in the plenary sessions which began April 19, The only formal proposal before the Conference as of April 20 was the joint United States~Canadian plan for a six~mile limit for the territorial sea coupled with a further six-mile fishing lim- it for the coastal state. All foreign fishing vessels would be barred from fishing within 12 miles of the territorial waters of a coastal state beginning in 1970. On April 22 Sweden told the Conference that it would vote for the United States~Canadian proposal the week of April 24. The delegate from Sweden told the Conference he previously abstained from voting for the United States-Canadian proposal because Sweden is opposed to the idea of exclusive coastal fishing rights beyond the territorial sea, But he said Sweden would support the proposal ‘‘to help the Conference to arrive at a positive result and prevent anarchy along the world’s coasts,’’ WHALING ANTARCTIC SPERM WHALE OIL PRODUCTION LOWER FOR 1959/60 SEASON: Sperm whaling prior to the Decem- ber 28, 1959, opening of the regular 1959/60 Antarctic season yielded 18,414 short tons of oil, excluding production of the Soviet Union for which no data are available. Comparable production last season was 34,563 tons, nearly twice as much, Whaling expeditions normally ar- rive in the Antarctic prior to the opening of the regular season set by the Interna- tional Whaling Convention and conduct sperm whaling operations until the regu- lar season opens. Sperm whaling, not controlled by the Convention, virtually ceases when the season opens. Antarctic Sperm Whale Oil Production, 1958/59 and 1959/60 | County 1959760" essere . « (Short Tons) . apan (6 expeditions) . . . nited Kingdom (3 expeditions) .. . Netherlands (1 expedition June 1960 International (Contd.): Sperm oil production in the Antarctic usually accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the annual world production and most of the variation in total world production. Sperm oil output outside the Antarctic has increased slightly in recent years, the U. S. Department of Agriculture re- ported in its March 28, 1960, issue of Foreign Crops and Markets. OK KK OK ANTARCTIC WHALE OIL PRODUCTION LOWER FOR 1959/60 SEASON: According to information from the International Association of Whaling Companies, Sandefjord, Norway, all countries participating in the Antarctic 1959/60 whaling season had ceased op- erations by April7,1960, with the ex- ception of the Netherlands expedition. The catch in terms of blue-whale units amounted to 15,437 units. This amount exceeds the over-all catch quota in ef- fect during the 1958/59 season, but was well below the predicted catch of 17,000- 18,000 units. The quota established by the International Whaling Commission for the current season was inoperative because both Norway and the Nether- lands were operating outside of the con- vention for the first time. Antarctic Whale Oil Production4/, 1957/58-1959/60 | Country Csich 1/Preliminary data. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 1957/58. (United States Embassy in Oslo, April 12, 1960.) British Honduras FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTS, 1958-59: British Honduras exports of fishery products during 1959 totaled 523,249 pounds, valued at US$187,607, as com- pared with a total of 352,196 pounds, valued at US$153,698, in 1958. British Honduras Exports of Fishery Products, 1958/59 _(Total Exports & Exports to United States) peoaaet 80,479 49,680 — 32,638 Total exports Exports to U. S. Salted, dried fish, etc.: Total exports Exports to U. S. = piny lobster, whole and tails: | Total exports ... 398,043 |167,685 368,920 |162,411 1,507 3,101 696 = i 10,582 892 12,070 |} 400 182 820 523,249 | 187,607 | 493,379 419,000 [172,075] 352,196 Total exports Exports to U. S. Total all fishery products: Total exports Exports to U.S. Exports of fish and shellfish to the United States from British Honduras in 1959 accounted for 80.1 percent of the volume and 91.7 percent of the value. Oil Production [| Catch | 1959760 1959/60 1959/60] 1958/59 [ 1957/58 . (1,000 Short Tons).... 2/Netherlands still operating after the Whaling Commission closing date of April 7. Data for Netherlands are as of March 26. 3/Exclusive of U.S. S. R. production. NA - not available. Preliminary statistics for 1959/60 indicate whale oil production of 280,000 short tons, a drop of about 15.9 percent from the 333,000 tons produced in the 1958/59 season and a drop of 18.4 per- cent from the 343,000 tons produced in There was an increase of 19.0 percent in volume and 12.0 percent in value as compared with 1958. 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada BIOLOGISTS SURVEY ARCTIC FISHERY RESOURCES: With the development of fishery proj- ects in the Canadian Arctic area becom- ing more concentrated in recent years, fishery biologists are increasing their efforts to discover basic yet vital infor- mation on fish stocks of the many water systems throughout that vast area. For countless generations, Eskimos have fished those lakes on a subsistence ba- sis, supplementing their hunting excur- sions in search of food. In recent years both commercial and sports fishing en- terprises have been established in the Canadian north. Science has benefited fishing operations in other parts of Can- ada, and a project conducted in 1959 by the Arctic Unit of the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada will undoubted- ly be of great value to Federal fishery officials, the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, and those concerned with fishing operations in the Arctic. The Arctic Unit, which is based in Montreal, has made a survey of fish stocks of the Mackenzie and Keewatin Districts. This survey covered some 21 lakes extending east from Great Bear Lake to the northwest coast of Hudson Bay. The unit's base of operations was located at Yellowknife, Northwest Ter- ritories. From that base 4 field parties were transported by air to spend nearly 2 weeks on each lake. The lakes were carefully selected to represent many watersheds including those drained by the Coppermine, Back, Thelon, and Du- bawnt Rivers. The biologists amassed a prodigious amount of data during their investiga- tions in the ''land of the midnight sun,'! and considerable time will be required before a complete analysis can be made. The common whitefish and lake trout were the dominant species in all water areas studied, followed by round white- fish, pike, cisco, and grayling. The dis- tribution of arctic char was limited to waters draining directly into the Arctic Ocean. Volen2 2 No nG The Research Board made special ar- rangements with the Institute of Fisher- ies of the University of British Columbia, and with the Division of Fishes of the Royal Ontario Museum, for the participa- tion inthe survey of senior biologists from those institutions. Both the University and the Museum are now identifying the fish taken from the area during the sur- vey. In additon to information gathered ont the fish of the area, the biologists col- lected a variety of associated material for other organizations and specialists in the many different fields of biology. (Canadian Trade News, January 1960.) FISHERIES TRENDS, APRIL 1960: A meeting was held at Puntarenas, Costa Rica, on April 3, 1960, between officials of the Chamber of Fishermen of Puntarenas, the Minister of Economy and Finance, and other government and banking officials. Costa Rica The Chamber made known the eco- nomic difficulties which the fishing in- dustry has been encountering owing to a lack of financial support from Costa Ri- can sectors. They reported that their operations heretofore have been financed almost exclusively by United States in- vestors who, according to a press re- port, ''have reaped fabulous profits at the expense of Costa Rican fishermen." The possibility of establishing a fish- meal plant on a cooperative basis, and eventually a fish canning operation, was discussed, The Minister of Economy and Finance offered a concession in the form of an in- crease in the proportion (from 65 to 99 percent) of the foreign exchange that could be authorized from fish products exports, at the legal free rate (CR$1.00 equals US$0.1504). It was also proposed to facilitate the granting of bank loans to the fishermen. For this purpose, the utilization of some CR$2,000,000 June 1960 Costa Rica (Contd.): (US$300,800 at free rate) from a pend- ing bank loan might be considered. Another matter discussed at the meeting which appears significant, in view of the United States Export Promo- tion Program, was the possibility of purchasing a large shrimp boat, ata cost of approximately US$75,000 which could be operated on a cooperative basis. (United States Embassy in San Jose, April 5, 1960.) HE OK OK OK OK SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1959: Costa Rica's shrimp landings in 1959, were 1,356,300 pounds (1,095,700 pounds of large and 260,600 pounds of small shrimp). These data appeared in an article in La Nacion of March 23, 1960. The newspaper reported that the Fish and Wildlife Section of the Ministry of Agriculture had completed a thorough Statistical study of the production of fish and shrimp at Limon and Puntarenas. It had been estimated that in a good year production could reach1,500,000 pounds. Shrimp landings in 1959 were the highest in Costa Rica's history. In 1958, landings were only 930,000 pounds. As of March 1960 there were 43 mo- torized fishing vessels at Puntarenas engaged exclusively in the fishing of shrimp, representing an investment in excess of CR$6 million (US$905,000). As a part of this industry there also are three refrigeration plants and two pack- ing houses which represent a financial investment in excess of CR$2 million (US$302,000). The fishing industry of Costa Rica maintains no less than 600 families whose chief source of income is derived from fishing for shrimp or from the shrimp-processing plants. (Report of March 23 of United States Embassy, San Jose.) Notes: (1) Values converted at rate of CR$6.63 equals US$1. (2) Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960, p. 44. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 Cuba FISHERIES TRENDS, MARCH 1960: During the eighth meeting in Havana of the National Institute for Agrarian Re- form held in March 1960, the Executive Director reported on ''the achievements" of the organization for the ten months of its operation. In the field of fisheries he reported the following: 38 fishing and 6 frog cooperatives have been formed: 6 dockyards have been constructed, of which 5 are in full operation; 6 packing and freezing plants are controlled by the Institute; and it operates a cannery which has been taken over from the Ministry of Misapplied Goods. The Department of Fisheries now con- trols the prices and the distribution of fish, including exports of frozen fish. (United States Embassy in Habana, March 21, 1960.) KOK OK OK OK CLOSED SEASON ON SHRIMP TRAWLING AND SEVERAL SPECIES OF FISH: The Cuban Instituto Nacional de la Pesca (INP) by a Resolution published in the Official Gazette No. 63 of March 31, 1960, imposed a closed season on the capture of the species biajaca (tripletail), joturo, dajao and mojarra (perch), effec- tive during the period April 10 through July 1, 1960, inclusive. The INP, in the same Official Gazette, issued another Resolution which prohib- ited April 1-30, 1960, the capture of shrimp by trawl nets in that portion of the southern shelf east of meridian 77°24! west longitude, which passes through the Santa Clara Shoal. Previously the cap- ture of shrimp by trawl nets had been prohibited in the southern shelf east of meridian 77924' west longitude, which passes through the extreme eastern por- tion of the Chinchorro Shoal. Previously on March 23, a circular (No. 89) was issued by the Cuban Customs Office which announced that the Fisheries Division of the INRA (Agrarian Reform Institute) declared a closed season on the capture of seashrimp("camaronde mar") April 1 to April 30, 1960, both dates in- clusive. 44 Cuba (Contd.): Five days after the closed season be- came effective, it was forbidden totrans- port, sell, or store live or frozenshrimp. (United States Embassy in Habana, April 6, 1960.) Denmark HERRING MEAL EXPORTS THREATENED: Denmark's export of herring and oth- er fish meals is in serious jeopardy be- cause of lower-price, higher-quality fish meals coming from Peru, states a Dan- ish newspaper Kristelig Dagblad (Inde- pendent Daily). The paper cites the Ministry of Fisheries as saying that Peru has driven Denmark completely out of the United States and French mar- kets, and that sales to the United King- dom have been reduced by 50 percent, all since the beginning of 1960. (United eon Embassy in Copenhagen, April 1, 1960. Ecuador EXCHANGE REGULATIONS MODERATED ON SHRIMP EXPORTS: The Ecuadoran Monetary Board Res- olution 352 eased existing exchange reg- ulations on shrimp exports with a view to promoting exports. Shrimp exporters now are required to turn in only the first US$100 per metric ton of the f.o.b. price received to the Central Bank at the offi- cial rate (Sucres 15 per US$1.00). Here- tofore, shrimp exporters were required to turn in the first US$300 per metric ton of the f.o.b. price received. The Board's action reflects not only interest in expanding exports but the country's ability to grant free exchange privileges to exporters in increasing de- gree. Exports of shrimp have been in- creasing sharply and were valued at close to US$4 million f.o.b. in 1959. Ecuador has expressed keen interest in the reported consideration by the United States Congress of restricting foreign COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 shrimp imports. (U.S. Embassy in Quito, April 8, 1960.) French Polynesia DEVELOPMENT OF FISHING INDUSTRY UNDER CONSIDERATION: Fishing, while traditionally important in French Polynesia, is still primarily conducted to supply the local demand for fresh fish. The Government would like to place it on an industrial basis, both in order to augment local food resources and to create an additional export indus- try. During 1959, an expert from Paris on fishing and fish preservation, con- ducted a study in the Territory, and his recommendations for the establishment of this industry are due. At present the local population is suspicious of frozen fish, but at the same time likes canned fish. Thus when catches are good, prices in Papeete are very low, but otherwise they tend to be abnormally high and im- ports of canned fish are required. As indicated, the Government hopes soon to eliminate the paradox presented by the importation of canned fish into this island territory which abounds with fish. The Administration intends to par- ticipate in the establishment of a large- scale fishing industry and the installation of facilities for fish processing and the manufacture of byproducts. (United States Consulate in Suva, March 10, 1960.) French West Africa TUNA FISHERY: An important conference on Senegal's tuna fishing and canning industries in Dakar was held in Dakar on January 29- 30, 1960. It was attended by several Senegalese Ministers and high officials, delegates from the French government and fishing interests as well as local canners. They discussed the problems pertaining to the development of the tuna resource, 16,000 metric tons of which are expected to be obtained this season. They believe, with some justification, that annual production could reach 50,000 June 1960 French West Africa (Contd.): tons in a few years, the greater part of which would be exported canned or fro- zen outside the franc area, A new tuna cannery built in two months by the Societe des Pecheurs de France began operating on January 30, 1960. It can process 40 tons of fisha day, the United States Consul at Dakar reported on March 7, 1960. Honduras RESTRICTIONS ON SHRIMP FISHING TEMPORARILY SUSPENDED: Shrimp fishing operations off the Bay Islands of Honduras came to a virtual halt during the summer months of 1959 when the National Congress approved a fishing law which limited fishing activi- ties by foreigners except for sport, scien- tific purposes, or personal consumption. Inthe event the catchisto be used for''ex- ploitation or profit,'' the law declared that "only resident Hondurans and Honduran corporations, atleast 51 percent of whose capital belongs to Honduras, may obtain permits or licenses to fish." However, the Minister of Natural Re- sources was subsequently given authority to grant temporary permits, since the Executive Branch hoped that the Con- gress would reconsider the fishing law and approve a version which would be more favorable for the development of the fishingresources of the country. As of March 28, 1960, the Congress had failed to act, according to a dispatch of the same date from the United States Embassy in Tegucigalpa. Iceland BRITISH FISHING VESSELS LEAVE FISHING BANKS OFF ICELAND: On March 14, 1960, all British trawl- ers and accompanying naval escorts left Iceland's 12-mile fishing waters at the height of an unusually good season. The press estimated that shortly before the withdrawal ordered by the Association of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 British Trawler Owners for the Law of the Sea Conference period, 40 to 50 Brit- ish trawlers were fishing in the waters near Iceland. The press also noted that this was the first time in 80 years that the Icelandic fishing banks were free of British fishing boats. Since September 1, 1958, when Iceland unilaterally declared jurisdiction over the fisheries out to 12 miles, 273 United King- dom fishing vessels have been reported fishing inside the 12-mile limit off the Icelandic coast. (Report of March 18 from United States Embassy, Reykjavik.) 3K OOK 3K KK 2k COMPETITION FOR FISH STOCKS CAUSES CONCERN: The increasing competition for avail- able fish stocks is causing concern in Iceland's fishing industry. The Social Democratic newspaper early in April again reminded its readers that this competition, particularly from the Soviet Union, becomes more serious each day. It cited the Soviet goal of self-sufficiency in fish by 1965. As a means of meeting increasing competition, the newspaper stated, Iceland must guarantee high-qual- ity fish and must seek markets all over the world. (U. S. Embassy report from Reykjavik, April 20, 1960.) DISAGREEMENT ON EX-VESSEL FISH PRICES: The National Federation of Icelandic Fisheries Owners and the Freezing Plants Corporation in mid-March could not a- gree on ex-vessel prices for fish. This dispute between the fishermen and motor- boat owners is over a higher amount de- manded by the fishermen for each kilo- gram of fish caught than the freezing plants are willing to grant. On March 21, the vessel owners still unable to reach agreement with the fish- freezing plants on the price of cod and haddock, unilaterally announced an ex- vessel price of Ikr. 2.65 per kilogram (about 3.16 U. S. cents a pound at rate of 38 kronur equal US$1) for net fish. The freezing plants had been offering a much lower price which averaged Ikr. 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Iceland (Contd.): 2.20 per kilogram (about 2.63 U. S.cents a pound), This disagreement over fish prices is something which occurs each year. This season, however, there is added Government determination that wages shall not rise. (March 18 and 24, 1960, reports from the United States Embassy, Reykjavik.) % Ok Ok Ok OK EVENTS AT LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE FOLLOWED CLOSELY: Interest in the Law of the Sea Con- ference in Geneva, at which Iceland is represented by a relatively powerful delegation made up of members of all four Althing parties, continued to run high during the latter part of March 1960. The press gave daily front page attention to the proceedings, and con- tinued to reflect unqualified unanimity behind Iceland's position. The news- paper Morgunbladid (Independence Party) probably spoke the national sentiment when it characterized the conference as of ''overriding importance insofar as Iceland's economy and independence are concerned,'"' Public support of the Ca- nadian position appeared to be undivided. On the other hand, a Morgunbladid head- line declared, ''The United States! Pro- posal Is Still the Most Dangerous One for Iceland.'' The newspaper Visir (In- dependence Party) stated emphatically that Iceland's future aim must be the whole continental shelf. Kk Kok Ok FISH FARMING PROJECT PROPOSED: An Icelandic citizen is planning a fish-farming project to raise principal- ly sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) for ex- port. He has acquired a tract of land on the Snaefells Peninsula (in Western Ice- land) adjoining a bay, and by damming up anarm of the bay he expects to create a large fish pond of 20,000 to 25,000 square meters (23,920-29,000 square yards). In one section he plans to hatch the trout eggs in fresh water, and then raise them in the brackish water section. He plans to feed the fish by placing fish waste from fish processing plants inthe Vol. 22, No. 6 water as food for plankton, which in turn would nourish the sea trout. This meth- od of culture has been verified by a Pro- fessor in the Fisheries Department, Uni- versity of Washington, Seattle, who visited Iceland in 1959. By raising and exporting principally sea trout, the University of Iceland Re- search Council has estimated that the project could gross Ikr. 3 million (US$79,000) annually. The Parliament has under consideration an appropriation request for Ikr. 750,000 (US$20,000) to get this project started. The export of the frozen sea trout to France, other West European markets, and to the United States is planned. The Icelandic citizen has formulated his plans with the Fish- eries Department and the Director of the Fresh Water Fisheries. (United States Embassy in Reykjavik, April 7, 1960.) OK KK OK FISHERY LANDINGS, 1957-59: Icelandic fishery landings during 1959 were 11.8 percent higher thanin1958 and 29.4 percent higher than during 1957. Cod and ocean perch landings were down, but landings of herring and flounder were up in 1959 as compared with 1958. (Aegir, February 15, 1959.) Icelandic Landings+/ by Species, 1957-59 875 231 tence © 640 S O4OF ty acy O 157 nest psaccenoiecdie 34 653 232,052 Ocean perch (redfish) Saithe 1 2 564,407 | 505,038 | 436, 327 ie} EE ota een | 1/Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are landed drawn. MANPOWER SHORTAGE FELT BY FISHING FLEET: The Icelandic fishing fleet continues to receive new fishing vessels at a high June 1960 Iceland (Contd.): rate. This points up the problem as to whether enough manpower is available in Iceland itself to man the fleet. Only a few Faroese crew members have gone to Iceland to work, despite the recent lifting of a ban on working on Icelandic vessels by the Faroese Fish- ermen's Union. The press reported on March 17 that some British and Polish seamen had signed-on to man Icelandic fishing vessels. Although a trickle of manpower is coming in from the outside, there is no doubt that it will fail to make up for the normal influx of about 800 Faroese sea- men which usually takes place in the spring. This was despite reported un- employment in the Faroe Islands and an unusually good spring cod season for the Icelanders. A number of Icelandic trawl- ers continued to tie-up at the dock, re- portedly for lack of crewmen. (March18 report from the United States Embassy, Reykjavik.) kK kk MARKET FOR HERRING SOUGHT IN THE UNITED STATES: Approximately 2,000 metric tons of frozen herring from the 1959 catch re- main unsold due to failure of Soviet Bloc countries to buy their usual quotas. This frozen herring, valued at Ikr.12 million (about US$315,790), will spoil if it goes unsold; therefore, the owners are making strenuous efforts to sell it in non-Communist countries. The Federa- tion of Cooperative Societies contracted for delivery during April 1960 of 250 tons of frozen herring to West Germany, and the Freezing Plants Corporation re- cently shipped 45 tons to the United States in an attempt to interest buyers there. Iceland has been singularly unsuc- cessful in selling salted herring in the United States during the past two years. The Managing Director of the Herring Production Board left for the United States in April to seek markets for salted herring. This and the Freezing Plants Corporation's winter and April COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 shipments of frozen herring to the United States indicate renewed efforts to pro- mote Icelandic herring sales outside the Communist Bloc. (United States Embas- sy in Reykjavik, April 20, 1960.) KKK KK MARKETING SURVEY FOR CANNED FISH IN UNITED STATES: The Icelandic Government's Coordi- nating Committee for Foreign Aid, the Federation of Icelandic Cooperative Socie- ties (Samband), andthe Icelandic Fisheries Association plans for the marketing sur- vey for Icelandic canned products in the United States are completed, according to a March 18, 1960, dispatch from the United States Embassy in Reykjavik. It is proposed that the services of.a United States marketing expert be en- gaged for a period of two months to col- lect data on marketing possibilities in the United States for Icelandic canned products (including, but not limited to, herring, seafood products, lamb and lamb stew). It is hoped that the project will get under way during July 1960, but in any event it must start by September 1960. OK OK OK OK TRAWLER OFFICERS! DISPUTE SETTLED: On March 22, 1960, the officers em- ployed on Icelandic trawlers announced their intention to go on strike March 30 unless prior agreement was reached with the Association of Steam Trawler Owners on wage increases. The difficulty goes back to 1958 when the deckhands received a wage increase which the officers have since been trying to match. Both catego- ries receive a basic wage plus a bonus dependent on the fish catch. The im- provement sought by the officers in their basic salary would amount to approxi- mately a 35-percent increase in their total income. The dispute was settled March 31 through efforts of the State Labor Medi- ator. Since only two trawlers were in port to take part in the strike, its effects were minimal. 48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Iceland (Contd.): Representatives of the Trawler Own- ers Association and the unions of the various trawler officer groups agreed to an increase of about 42 percent in bonuses based on the fish catch. No basic wage settlement was made, the United States Embassy in Reykjavik re- ported on March 24, 1960. India SMALL MODEL FISH-MEAL PLANT NOW IN OPERATION: A small fish-meal plant, developed by a United States-educated fisheries engi- neer, was demonstrated in June 1959 in Bandra, Bombay. The plant was the first of its kind in India and was built entire- ly to suit local conditions. It requires no power and it consists of a double- jacketed dryer, a superheater, boiler and furnace, all built as one compact unit. The plant can be operated on any fuel available. Cost of operation is low, and each unit can handle some 5,000 pounds of raw fish per 24 hours. The plant is expected to cost about Rs. 6,000 (about US$1,270). One plant was expected to go into production in February at Manipal, Dis- Italy SPECIAL LICENSE SUSPENDED ON MOST FISHERY IMPORTS FROM DOLLAR AREA: pares The Government of Italy no longer requires that special licenses be ob- tained for a number of commodities im- ported into that country from the United States and other nations in the dollar area. Thus, U.S. exporters of certain fishery products were placed on anequal basis, as far as tariff treatment is con- cerned, with exporters of similar prod- ucts from non-dollar area countries. The following fishery products were included among the items liberalized: Vol. 22, No. 6 (1) fish--fresh, chilled, or frozen; salted or in brine, dried, or smoked; canned (in hermetically sealed containers); (2) crus- taceans and molluscs (whether in shell or not)--fresh, chilled, or frozen; salted or in brine, dried, or smoked; and (3) fish and shellfish meal. Still requiring special import licenses, however, were imports of fish oils, can- ned crustaceans and molluscs, and shelled crustaceans simply boiled in water (for example, peeledshrimp simply boiled in water). ee Japan SUMMER ALBACORE SEASON EXPECTED TO BEGIN EARLIER THAN USUAL: It is generally conceded by Japanese observers that the 1960 Japanese sum- mer albacore season will begin earlier than usual. The great mass of cold wa- ter which formed last fall off Shizuoka Prefecture coast still maintains a great strength and the Black Current is forced to go round its southern side and move northward along the Izu Seven Islands. Coming close to shore at the Nojimazaki Point, it reached the coast of Kinkazan, Miyagi Prefecture, late in March. For this reason water temperatures along the coast late in March were 1° or 2° C, (1.8°-3.6° F.) higher than usual, and off the Nojimazaki Point were about 4° C. (7.2° F.) higher. This means that spring has come sooner to the sea and by mid-April the vanguard of summer albacore schools was expected. News of the appearance of skipjack (small fish ranging in size from 9-13 pounds) at various points along the coast of Central Honshu was received late in March. This species, too, was about one month earlier than usual and substantiated the belief that spring oceanic conditions were beginning to prevail. According to a spokesman for the Shimizu fish market, he had never seen skipjack landings as early as this spring. The earliest landings are usually seen in the beginning of April. He predicted June 1960 Japan (Contd.) an early beginning of summer albacore fishing under the prevailing conditions. The Fisheries Research Institute of Tokai University is reported to have stated that summer albacore fishing will begin earlier this year. The present oceanic conditions are similar to those in 1954 and 1955. In those years, skip- jack fishing was very good but that of summer albacore was normal. In 1959, the summer albacore fishing was ex- tremely poor but this year winter alba- core fishing was fair. Good conditions, therefore, for the coming summer alba- core fishing prevail. At any rate, al- though information with which to judge the summer fishery is incomplete, nor- mal albacore fishing can be reasonably expected at least. (Fisheries Economic News, March 30, 1960.) ok ee ok STUDY OF ALBACORE SPAWNING IN BONIN ISLANDS AREA PLANNED: The theory is generally‘ accepted at the present time that the principal spawn- ing ground of albacore in the North Pa- cific is the area, approximately 10°-30° north latitude, under the influence of the North Equator Current and that the peak of the albacore spawning season is in the summer. In order to verify this theory, the Nankai-ku Fisheries Research Institute will send its research vessel Shimyo Maru to waters around the Bonin Islands in June-July to conduct an oceanic in- vestigation. The international investigation of albacore tuna came up for discussion at the Japan-United States tuna confer- ence held in Tokyo in October 1959. It was proposed at that time that the tuna investigations would be conducted joint- ly, but later it was decided that the in- vestigations would be carried out indi- vidually. However, it was agreed that, after completion of the investigations, biological data would be exchanged. The investigation of albacore spawn- ing in the designated area had not been made thoroughly up to the present time. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 If detailed knowledge of the albacore spawning ground in the North Pacific is obtained through the joint undertaking by Japan and the United States during the summer months, an important key to the knowledge of tuna resources will be ac- quired and results of the investigation are expected to produce much in connec~ tion with the development of new albacore fishing grounds. (Fisheries Economic News, March 26, 1960. ok OK FROZEN TUNA EXPORT QUOTAS ESTABLISHED FOR 1960: The 1960 export quotas for frozen tuna have been set up, according to a report of agreement reached at a mid- March meeting of the Export Frozen Tuna Fisheries Association Atlantic tuna liaison committee. The quotas approved were Slightly dif- ferent than those reported earlier and are as follows: Yellowfin 35,000 metric tons for di- rect shipments from Japan; for trans- shipped exports, voyages will be limited to 100 or less with the quantity in propor- tion to direct shipments as a premise. Loins 3,000 tons. Albacore 30,000 tons. Quotas for Italy set at 15,000 tons oftuna. At the March 15 directors! meeting of Japan Frozen Foods Exporters Asso- ciation, reports on 1960 (April 1960- March 1961) frozen tuna export regulations for Italy, frozen tuna loins export regulations, those for the frozen broadbill swordfish, and allocations of frozen albacore exports to the United States and Canada were discussed. They were approved as originally introduced and were expected to be presented to an emergency general meeting. A meeting of the Italian division of the Association was also held. The re- port of the director of a Japanese fishing company, who is traveling in Europe, pointed out that the Italian tuna importers had stated that in addition to direct re- ceipts from Japanese vessels, Japanese frozen tuna was finding its way in large quantities to Italy via Yugoslavia, France, and other countries. OK ke ok ote 50 Japan (Contd.): EXPORTS OF FROZEN TUNA: The Japan Frozen Tuna Export Sales Company compiled data on frozen tuna ex- ports shipped from Japan from March1, 1959, through February 1960. Frozen albacore amounted to 25,800 short tons, yellowfin to 22,900 tons, and loins to 3,970 tons. Prices (f.o.b. per short ton) ranged from a low of US$270 to a high of US$420 for albacore, US$220 to US$255 for yellowfin; prices of loins were $730- $885 for albacore and $565-$635 for yel- lowfin. There was a considerable fluctu- ation of prices during the year. The spread in albacore prices was particularly wide because the 1959 sum- mer albacore catch was only about half that of 1958 (24.8 million pounds), and competition between canners and freez- ers sent the ex-vessel price up and also for a time raised the export price. Later an increase in transshipments due to good fishing in the Atlantic brought the price down again. Yellowfin came under regulation be- ginning with the 1959 export year, but because of an increase in United States demand and the problems connected with the quality and recovery of shipboard- frozen fish transshipped directly from the Atlantic fishery to the United States, exports from Japan showed a rapid in- crease. Loins attained the 3,000-ton quota for the 1959 export year, and are showing a stablized trade pattern. (Nip- pon Suisan Shimbun, March 28, 1960. CANNED LIGHTMEAT TUNA PRICE TO CANADA RAISED SLIGHTLY: Japan Export Canned Tuna Manufac- turers Association at its directors' meeting on March 11, 1960, discussed a new price list for exports to Canada. The price for Canada was raised by a- bout ¥100 (about 25 U. S. cents) per case for lightmeat with no change for white- meat. Prices for exports to the United States were to be discussed at the next meeting. Hk kok COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 22-5 Nos 6 THIRD SALE OF CANNED TUNA FOR EXPORT TO UNITED STATES: Japan Canned Foods Exporters Asso- ciation is expecting the third sale of canned tuna for export to the United States soon, according to the Fisheries Economic News of March 31, 1960. Be- cause stocks on hand are light at present, only 100,000 cases of whitemeat and 100,000 cases of lightmeat tuna will be put on sale. The prices will be $10.15 on whitemeatand $6.80a case f.o.b. on lightmeat tuna, as in the recent past. me OK OK OK OK STUDY OF OVERSEAS MARKET FOR CANNED TUNA: The Japan Export Canned Tuna Manu- facturers Association at its directors! meeting on March 11, 1960, discussed the sending of teams to the United States, Europe, and Asia to study the overseas market for canned tuna, The United States and European teams were scheduled to leave Japan early in April. Length of the trip was to be about a month. The sending of the Asiatic team was postponed. HK OK kK POLICY ON TUNA MOTHERSHIP OPERATIONS: The Japanese Fishery Agency is re- ported to have started to consider its li- censing policies for the mothership tuna fishery in 1960. Last year the policy was to grant permission to those firms that had past records (4 fleets operated in 1959), but this year a new policy may be adopted in connection with the reorgani- zation of Japan's northern seas fisheries. The fishery companies! viewsare: (1) ex- pansion of operation area, (2) use of catchers carried on board the mother- ships, and (3) licensing of new mother- ship fleets. The Fishery Agency seems to be re- luctant at present to expand the opera- tional area but a study will be made on small catchers carried aboard the moth- ership and increased number of mother- ships resulting from reorganization of fisheries in northern seas. June 1960 Japan (Contd.): Each mothership company is busy making preparations and asking authori- ties in charge to clarify their stand re- garding this year's policy. (Fisheries Economic News, March 25, 1960. KK KK OK LARGE-SIZE TUNA VESSEL LAUNCHED: At the Shimizu shipyard of a Japanese firm, a large size tuna vessel-freezer- carrier, Bio Maru, 1,280 tons, was launched for one of the large Japanese fishing companies. The ship was expected to be com- pleted at the end of Apriland sail for the Indian Ocean to carry out tuna fishing, using its 19-ton catcher, carried on board. (Fisheries Economic News, March 30, 1960. ) kK OK OK CRAB FACTORYSHIP SAILS FOR BRISTOL BAY: The Japanese crab factoryship Tokai Maru (5,286 tons) left the port of Hako- date, April 5, 1960, for Bristol Bay, A- laska, to fish and process king crabs. The vessel is jointly operated by two Japanese fishing companies. *K KOK KOK FISHING COMPANY STARTS TRAWLING OPERATION IN NORTH AFRICA: A Japanese fishing company has es- tablished a joint fishing company at Tan- gier, Morocco, Africa, to carry out trawling operations. The Japanese ves- Total Vessel Type Me Number fefcoWveliol et lo ttenieie] enamel le ielene oo O00 DO tf 0-0 5 040/010 0 UO oMrejrelte)leliaiiemel lel ce IURRETEEOS oho odo oo D DOG DO oOS Miscellaneous long-liners Salmon gill-netters Japanese Fishing Vessels Licensed for Construction, April 1, 1959-March 31, 1960 Gross Tons COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 sel Taiyo Maru No. 6, which is a part of the Japanese in investment in the enter- prise, is understood to be on its way to Italy with its first catch. With extreme- ly abundant bottomfish, including sea bream, the value of the fishing ground is considered high. The Japanese firm is said to be planning to send 5 trawlers of the 1,300-ton class and begin regular trawling operations. It also plans acold- storage facility at nearby Las Palmas in the Canary Islands (Spanish territory). The Japanese firm's plan was for the operations to begin in May. Catches will be landed at the Las Palmas base and sorted out for Europe and Japan. A thorough investigation of local conditions is being expedited. The Spanish, how- ever, are said to be planning to refuse permission for the Japanese to operate out of Las Palmas unless their joint in- vestment formula is accepted. Also, Spanish registration is required for op- erations in its territorial waters and shipments of some of the catch to Japan must take the form of exports from Spain. Trawling operations are planned in the area, south of 25° South latitude off the eastern coast of Africa. At present, plans call for two trawlers of the 1,300- ton class to operate in the designated area. ok KOK OK FISHING VESSELS LICENSED FOR CONSTRUCTION, APRIL 1, 1959-MARCH 31, 1960: From April 1, 1959, to March 31, 1960, the Japanese Fisheries Agency issued li- censes for 1,062 fishing vessels (includ- ing 16 Government vessels)--a total of Gross Tons 52 Japan (Contd.): 106,170 grosstons. The total vessels li-- censed for construction included 325 steel vessels (76,794 gross tons) and 737 wood- en vessels (29,376 gross tons). Eighteen vessels totaling 1,205 gross tons were li- censed for construction, but the licenses were withdrawn during the fiscal year. The 325 steel vessels averaged 236.3 gross tons and the 737 wooden vessels averaged 39.9 gross tons in size. 1 OK OK OK OK FISH MEAL AND FLOUNDER FACTORYSHIP OPERATIONS IN BERING SEA FOR 1960: This year there will be a total of four Japanese fleets producing fish meal and flatfish in North Pacific waters, two operated by the Hokuyo Suisan Company, one by Taiyo Gyo- gyo, and one by Nippon Suisan, They were due to leave their bases between April 16-22 for about four months of operation in the Bering Sea. This year a total fish~meal production of 53,500 tons is planned, Of this quantity, about 36,000 tons will be for export and the remaining 17,500 tons will be sold on the domestic market. The first fish-meal factoryship operation was conducted by the Hokuyo Suisan Company with one fleet in 1958. In 1959 there were two such fleets, and this year full-scale operations will be carried on with four fleets. The industry considers that four fleets is probably the limit, in terms of fishing grounds and the fishery resource. Even in last year's operations, competition with the flatfish freezing fleets became somewhat of a problem, and from the stand- point of the resource an operating scale of four fish-meal fleets seems likely to become the standard. However, in terms of breaking even financially, all of the companies fear that operating for fish~meal production alone will be un- profitable, and so they are placing more emphasis on frozen products, liver oil, solubles, and other byproducts in order to utilize all the raw material. The companies--Taiyo Gyo- gyo and Nippon Suisan--which are newly entering the field, are also looking at fish~meal operations as a compensation for the cutback of their salmon fishing, but they are taking a cautious view of the profit possibilities, and for that reason this year’s fish~meal fishery will be watched with great in- terest. Composition of the fleets and production plans are as follows: Hokuyo Suisan Company: Kinyo Maru fleet: 24 fishing boats (16 pair trawlers, 8 single trawlers), 1 scouting boat. Planned catch, 48,000 tons of raw fish. Planned production, 13,500 tons of meal, 450 tons of liver oil, and 200 tons of frozen fish, Renshin Maru fleet: 27 fishing boats (22 pair trawlers, 5 single trawlers), and 2 scouting boats. Planned catch, 99,000 tons of raw fish. Planned production, 14,000 tons of meal, 450 tons of liver oil, 2,500 tons of solubles, and 4,000 tons of frozen products. Taiyo Gyogyo Company: Soyo Maru fleet: 30 fishing boats (14 pair trawlers, 16 single trawlers), Planned pro- duction, 13,000 tons of meal, 6,500 tons of frozen products, and 3,800 tons of solubles. Nippon Suisan Company: Gyokuei Maru fleet: 25 fishing boats (11 pair trawlers 1/, 14 single trawlers). Planned catch, 85,079 tons of raw fish. Planned production, 13,068 tons of meal, 2,650 tons of frozen products, 750 tons of liver oil, and 1,500 tons of solubles. The Kinyo Maru and the Renshin Maru were due to sail from Hakodate on April 16, the Soyo Maru sailed from Tokyo on the 13th, and the Gyokuei Maru was due to sail from Kobe on April 22. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 A reception was held at Yokohama on April 11 aboard the Hokuyo Suisan Company’s new fish~meal ship Renshin Maru (14,094 gross tons), a former oil tanker. The re- ception was attended by the Director and former Director of the Japanese Fisheries Agency, The President of the Hdkuyo Suisan Company stated that his ambition was to change fish-meal from a food for chickens and pigs to a food for humans, and that this was why the Renshin Maru has been equipped with refrigera- tion and with a filleting and fish-skinning machine, The Renshin Maru is 167 meters long, 21 meters abeam, and has a 7,000 hp, Diesel engine giving a speed of 14 knots. Equipment includes two fish-meal lines, giving a daily production capacity of 100 tons; one fish skinning and filleting machine handling 30-40 fish per minute; freezing capacity of 40 tons per day; and refrigerated cargo space for 2,000 tons. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, April 13, 1960.) 1/Obviously can't have an odd number of pair trawlers. Real distinction is between trawlers of type licensed to fish west of 130° E. longitude, mostly over 55 tons and mostly pair trawlers, and boats licensed only to fish east of that longitude, which are mostly under 50 tons and mostly single trawlers. HERRING CATCH OF ABOUT 9,000 TONS IN BERRING SEA EXPECTED: Two Japanese fishing companies ex- pect to do experimental fishing for her- ring, using boats attached to the fish- meal fleets which are operating in the Bering Sea. According to the two Com- panies' tentative plans, the Kinyo Maru fleet is to catch 3,000 metric tons, while the Gyokei Maru fleet is scheduled to catch about 2,000 tons. In addition, one company will send its Shinyo Maru fleet and the other company its Itsukushima Maru fleet into the Bering Sea for moth- ership-type frozen flatfish operations, and these fleets will take, respectively, about 2,700 tons and 1,000 tons of her- ring. Thus the total planned herring catch for the two companies is about 8,700 tons, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 13, 1960.) OK Kk OK NORTH PACIFIC MOTHERSHIP SALMON FLEET REDUCED IN 1960: The Japanese North Pacific mother- ship salmon fishing fleets in 1960 will consist of 12 motherships and 410 catcher vessels. This compares with a fleet of 16 motherships and 460 catcher vessels in 1959. The same five Japanese fishing companies will participate in the 1960 salmon fishery. One firm with 6 motherships and 173 catchers in 1959 will have 4 motherships and 154 catchers in 1960. A second firm with 5 motherships and 145 catchers in June 1960 Japan (Contd.): 1959 will operate 4 motherships and 129 catchers in 1960. Two additional firms which operated 4 motherships (one moth- ership was a joint venture) and 114 catch- ers are allowed 2 motherships and 66 catchers in the case of one of the firms and 1 mothership and 36 catchers for the other firm. The fifth firm will operate one mothership in 1960 as in 1959, but catchers are reduced from 28 in 1959 to Zon 6 Os HK OK OK XK OK FORMER SALMON MOTHERSHIP TO ENTER BERING SEA FISHERY: The former salmon mothership Meisei Maru, purchased about March 1960 from the Nichiro Fishing Company by the Ho- kuyo Suisan Company, has been renamed the Shinyo Maru. She is to be sent to the Bering Sea to produce frozen crab onthe following production plan: 200 tons of frozen crab (equivalent to 20,000 cases of canned crab), 2,700 tons of frozen her- ring, 700 tons of frozen cod, and 400 tons of frozen rockfish and Alaska pollock. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, April 13, 1960.) le oe le ko KK ANTARCTIC WHALING CATCH HIGHER FOR 1959/60: After some indecision, the Japanese Fisheries Agency called a halt to the 1959/60 Antarctic whaling season at midnight, March 26, and the six Japa- nese whaling fleets left for home. In this, the first postwar season in which the catch limit set by the International Whaling Commission was inoperative, because of the withdrawal of Norway and the Netherlands, the Japanese fleets took a total of 5,217 blue-whale units. This was the largest Antarctic whale catch made by Japanese whalers in the postwar period, and was 179 blue-whale units more than the Japanese caught in the 1958/59 season. Norway was reported to have caught a total of 4,112 units as of March 26. The European fleets, however, remained on the whaling grounds in an attempt to improve their catches in the last few days of the season, which under Whaling Commission rules ended April 7. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 Not all of the three Japanese oper- ating companies fared equally well this season. The two fleets of one company filled their initial catch quota as well as the increase granted by the Fisheries Agency just before the end of the season. The two fleets of another company filled the company's initial quota, but ended with 41 units short of the additional quo- ta. But this company's factoryship No. 2 Nisshin Maru, with a catch of 1,121 units, was the top boat among all of the Antarctic fleets, except for the two So- viet expeditions. It had been anticipated that Antarctic whaling this season, with two countries' fleets operating outside of the 15,000- unit over-all catch limit of the Whaling Commission, might result in an exces- sively large catch of 17,000-18,000 units. This danger seems to have faded now, as the total catch by all countries as of March 26, was only 14,676 units (total as of April 7 was estimated to be about 15,437 units). Reports reaching Japan from the Antarctic have tended to blame the generally poor whaling this season on bad weather. However, if the Euro- pean whalers ascribe their poor perform - anceto a scarcity of whales, there should be a renewedinterestin getting all of the Antarctic whalers back under the regula- tions of the International Whaling Com- mission. (United States Embassy in To- kyo reported on April 1, 1960.) OK LICENSE FOR NEW NORTH PACIFIC WHALING FLEET REQUESTED: Officers of two large Japanese fishing companies called on the Director of the Japanese Fisheries Agency on April 11, 1960, to present their companies' joint request for permission to engage inmoth- ership-type whaling operations in the North Pacific. The Director of the Fish- eries Agency did not give immediate ap- proval. 7 OK OK The plan of the two companies calls for use of the Dutch mothership Bremend- al (10,725 tons, 2,400 hp. Diesel, 13 knots speed) with seven of the 700-ton catcher boats belonging to the Dutch William Barentz fleet. The catch would be 600 blue-whale units of baleen whales the first year only, with 800 units thereafter, and 300 sperm whales. 54 Japan (Contd.): It was pointed out to the applicants that using the vessels of a country that has abrogated the Whaling Convention raises a moral problem, and furthermore itwas agreedat the meeting of the Inter- national Whaling Commission that no aid would be given to the nations which left the Convention. (Nikkan Suisan Tsushin, April 12, 1960.) O ‘ 2) Korea PROCESSORS CLOSE CONTRACTS FOR SHRIMP IN APRIL: After a lull during March 1960, two Korean shrimp processors resumed ac- tivities during April. A US$8,000 con- tract with the U. S. Army was signed. Also, a contract valued at US$13,000 for frozen shrimp for export was closed with private business interests. Kuwait U.S. FIRM STARTS FISHING FOR SHRIMP: An American firm in Kuwait has started fishing for shrimp, which are then frozen and exported, according to a March 26, 1960, report from the United States Consul in Kuwait. Fishing in Kuwait (south of Iraq onthe northwest coast of Persian Gulf) is car- ried out by small craft using primitive methods, These craft catch just about enough fish to take care of local needs, but none for export. Libya FISHERIES TRENDS, FOURTH QUARTER 1959: The Tripolitanian fishing and canning operations were extended to late Septem- ber 1959 by the appearance of a Japa- nese deep-sea trawler fleet. Fishing activity returned to its dormant pattern, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 however, during the last quarter of 1959, but canning was reported to have extended to mid-quarter. Available statistics regarding exports of fresh fish from Tripolitania indicate a considerable decrease from the amounts exportedin 1958 for the same period. High domestic prices indicated that the catch was not being sold locally and that the production was proportionately also less than recorded for 1958, which was considered a good year. Statistics on the landings of tuna were unavailable for the last quarter of 1959, but it is believed that the Japanese fleet increased the landings of tuna. Export of canned tuna reached record proportions in July and August 1959, but leveled off in September. During May-September 1959, 457 metric tons of canned fish were exported as compared with 255 tons ex- ported in the same period of 1958, and 458 tons in May-September 1957. Indi- cations are that exports during October- December 1959 will show a significant increase over levels of former years, due to the time lag in processing the catch. There was no officially-recorded ac- tivity among the once flourishing Cyre- naican sponge fishing industry and con- sequently no landings. The Tripolitanian sponge industry also appears to have de- teriorated further over levels of former years. Statistics for sponge exports at mid-1959 showed a countrywide total of 685 kilos (1,500 pounds) exported as com- pared with a total of 26,000 kilos (57,320 pounds) for all of 1958, and about 27,000 kilos (59,524 pounds) in 1957. Deep-sea fishing boats, mostly of Greek origin, made port in the country's harbors from time to time for provisioning and to es- cape some violent gales during the latter part of 1959. Some observers feel that Libyan im- pediments to coastal sponge fishing by foreign divers might wreak severe harm to the sponge beds which require regular harvesting to remain healthy. The 1959 production of sponges in Cyrenaica is as yet unknown. A long established and re- liable sponge dealer in Tripolitania has confirmed earlier estimates that the Province's sponge harvest was approxi- June 1960 Libya (Contd.): mately 6,000 kilos (13,228 pounds) at most. Prices for export in 1959 were the bestin years with first-grade sponges selling at US$22.40 akilo ($10.16 a pound) while fourth-grade sponges sold at US$2.80 a kilo ($1.27 a pound). Mixed sponges were quoted at US$9.80-$11.20 a kilo ($4.45-$5.08 a pound). According to unofficial reports the bulk of the sponges were shipped to Italy. (United States Embassy, Tripoli, February 8, 1960.) ce Mexico DECREE PROHIBITS VESSELS FROM FISHING WITHIN NINE MILES OF BORDER: A Mexican Executive Decree dated March 26, 1960, prohibits Mexico's fish- ing fleets from carrying out marine fish- ing activities within 9 nautical miles of her boundaries with other countries. Nonfishing zones for Mexican vessels are being set up that extend 9 miles into the sea along the borders and 9 miles along the Mexican coast adjacent to the borders. Furthermore, Mexican vessels are only authorized to fish in Mexican terri- torial waters or on the high seas, unless it has been properly established that an- other country has granted permission for Mexican vessels to fish within their ter- ritorial waters. Mexico claims 9 nauti- cal miles as territorial waters. This Decree, which entered into effect 10 days after publication, provides stiff penalties for violators. Permission- naires or concessionaires, owners, pro- prietors, lessees, and masters are held jointly and severely liable for violations. Masters may have their licenses sus- pended for as much as one year. Fines amounting up to 100,000 pesos (US$8,000) may be assessed owners etc., and those in possession of permits or concessions shall have them cancelled. Provision is also made for seizure and auction of the vessel, if necessary, to cover the amount of the fines. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 The purpose of the Decree is to main- tain and develop good international rela- tions. In recent months reports have again been current that Mexican shrimp boats had been fishing in the Pacific in waters to the south of Mexico. At the end of 1958 Guatemalan airplanes fired upon Mexican shrimp boats, allegedly fishing illegally in Guatemalan waters, and several fishermen were killed. This led to a severance of relations between the two countries which lasted a number of months. - For more than a year Mexican patrol boats have been maintaining guard along the Guatemalan border in an attempt to prevent Mexican shrimpers from enter- ing Guatemalan waters. Various boats have been detained and fines and penalties have been placed on the owners and mas- ters. (United States Embassy, Mexico, March 29, 1960.) HK OK OK OK GULF OF CALIFORNIA SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, MARCH 1960: The shrimp fishing fleet out of Guay- mas on the west coast of Mexico was tied- up during most of the January-March1960 period due to a dispute between the Con- federacion Nacional de Cooperativas Pes- queras (National Federation of Fishery Cooperatives) and the Camara Nacional de la Industria Pesquera (National Cham- ber of the Fishing Industry) over the in- terpretation of certain clauses in their contract. The cessation of activity lasted for 74 days, during which time the 150 boats comprising the Guaymas shrimp fleet remained at anchor in the bay, and over 3,000 families dependent on this in- dustry had no source of income. Since the boats were inactive, the shrimp freez- ing plants and packing plants also re- mained idle. After settlement of the dispute on March 19, over half of the boats could not sail because of damages suffered during the period of inactivity. About 30 vessels had to be hauled out for re- pair work before they could be consider- ed seaworthy and other vessels had gone to other ports in the Gulf of California. Aside from the dispute at Guaymas, shrimp catches were described as medi- 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Mexico (Contd.): ocre to poor, and vessel owners reported that they were operating at a loss ofover 500 pesos (about US$45) a metric ton un- der the then existing agreement with the cooperatives. The prices for shrimp ex- ported to the United States were down about 20 percent from the previous year and the industry in the Guaymas area was fearful that the increasing competi- tion in-the United States market from Far East competitors would soon force the Mexican industry out of business un- less some preferential treatment could be arranged for the Mexican product. The Mazatlan shrimp industry appeared more optimistic due to the recent de- cline in the stocks of fresh shrimp inthe United States and the increase in prices which occurred during the Guaymas shut- down. The Mazatlan shrimp fleet of 204 ves- sels which was not hampered by disa- greements between vessel owners and cooperatives landed a total of 3,845 met- ric tons of shrimp for the season from October 1959 through February 1960. Landings of shrimp have been described as ''good'' and better than last year, due to the heavy rains and the opening of new fishing grounds. Shrimp catches were expected to decline quite rapidly between the end of February and the beginning of the closed season on May 15. (American Consulate, Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, March 31, 1960.) % OK OK OK OK SPINY LOBSTER AND ABALONE FISHERIES TRENDS: Spiny Lobster: During the 1959/60 spiny lobster fishing season in the En- senada area of Mexico which ended on March 15, 1960, estimated landings a- mounted to only 1,250,000 pounds. This amount was lower by 25 percent from the 1,600,000 pounds landed during the 1958/59 season. The highest landings in the past seven seasons were made in 1954/55 when a total of 2,200,000 pounds was landed. In the 1957/58 season land- ings were 1,700,000 pounds, in 1956/57 season 1,800,000 pounds, in 1955/56 sea- son 2,000,000 pounds, and in the 1953/54 season 1,969,000 pounds. Vol. 22, No.6 Despite the poor landings in the 1959/60 season, the Regional Federation of Fish- ing Cooperatives was able to repay the Banco de Fomento Cooperative the cur- rent loan of about US$120,000 and amor- tize about $52,000 of the $737,000 out- standing debt. Abalone: The landings of abalone for the season that ended on December 15, 1959, according to an unconfirmed report, amounted to about 6 million pounds. The 1960 abalone fishing season opened on March 16, and the fishermen are pre- dicting another good year due to new equip- ment which permits them to fish indeeper water. About 800 families are dependent on the abalone catch for a living. Due to the refusal of the Cooperative Bank to grant credit to the fishing cooperatives, they were forced to obtain necessary funds from the abalone packing firms. (United States Consulate, Tijuana, March 29, 1960.) KKK KK STATEMENT ON LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE: A statement was released on March10, 1960, by the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Relations concerning the Second Confer- ence on the Law of the Sea at Geneva, which opened on March 17. The statement announced that the Mex- ican delegation would push the same form- ula which it advocated at the First Confer- ence, namely at flexible 3- to 12-mile limit at the option of each coastal state. How- ever, the statement also announced that the delegation would be conciliatory and disposed to cooperate with other states in the hope of reaching a common accord. (United States Embassy, Mexico, March11, 1960.) OK KK OK OK TAMPICO AREA SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, APRIL 1960: Two United States shrimp vessels were Seized for alleged fishing in Mexi- can territorial waters at Tuxpan in early February 1960, but after being held for 10 days were released, the seizures be- ing declared illegal, At about the same June 1960 Mexico (Contd.): time, 6 more U.S. vessels were seized at Tampico, each one having to post a bond of 30,000 pesos (US$2,400). The fishing industry has been vocal in the local press against: (1) the Santos "dynasty'' in Mexico City, which they feel is responsible for the sad plight of fish- ermen throughout the country; and (2) the poor weather that kept the fishing fleetin the port of Tampico almost continuously during January and February. The resignation at the end of March of the Director General of Fisheries was welcomed as a step in the right direction by the Federal Government to alleviate the economic situation of the industry. The weather improved in March, but the complaint was that there was no shrimp. An American technician on a Mexican boat states that there are no shrimp a- long the coast west of Campeche, which is east along the Gulf coast almost to Yucatan. Local boats will not go that far afield for shrimp, a Tampiqueno pre- ferring to go out in the early evening to fish in local waters and to return at dawn. Undoubtedly United States boats are operating in the vicinity of Campeche as their presence has not been reported in the coastal waters of Tamaulipas and Veracruz since the middle of February. (United States Consulate, Tampico, A- pril 5, 1960.). Netherlands JAPANESE MAY PURCHASE WHALING VESSELS: Two Japanese whaling companies have approached the Netherlands Whaling Com- pany in Amsterdam about the possibility of buying the Dutch whale-oil tanker Bloemendael, which has an estimated value of f1.10 million (about US$2.7 mil- lion), and some old Dutch catchers lo- cated at Capetown, South Africa. The Bloemendael was built in 1931 (at which time it was called the William Barendsz) and originally used as a factoryship. Of- ficial negotiations have not yet been held, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 but it is possible that a Japanese delega- tion will soon visit the Netherlands for this purpose. (United States Embassy report from The Hague, April 19, 1960.) New Hebrides TUNA OPERATIONS: Tuna operations in the New Hebrides (South Pacific) are conducted out of Santos by a fleet of 7 Japanese long-liners and crews. The boats are between 80 and 150 tons, carry an average of 20 men, and catch about 40 tons of yellowfin, big-eyed, and albacore tuna in a 3-week trip, which may take them to fishing grounds as far as 600 miles from their base. The lines are generally set once a day, either at dawn or sunset, when the fish are believed most likely to take the bait, which consists of frozen mackerel-pike imported from Japan. One ton of bait is said to catch about 50 tons of tuna, if fish- ing is good. It takes 43 hours to set the lines which are left in the water 23 hours. It takes 13 hours to haul back and ice- down the fish in the holds. The fish are packed in crushed ice, not frozen. After stowing is completed, the men sleep for three hours, when it is time to set the lines again. This goes on for three weeks, as a rule, by which time the hold is full and the vessel can return to base. If the catch is 40 tons, the vessel ties up for 24 hours only, to allow the fish to be un- loaded, weighed, and put into the freezer ashore; the vessel is fueled, iced, and leaves for another three-weeks trip. The frozen albacore tuna is sent to the United States, other products to Japan. The base employs 34 Japanese ashore, helped by 35 local workers, and 5 local Europeans. The 34 Japanese are to be replaced gradually by local workers, as soon as they can be trained. The present freezer is capable of holding about 700 tons of fish; and there is an ice-making plant of 10 tons per batch. Over 100tons of oil are used at present per month to fuel the boats and generate electricity for the shore installations. (Pacific Is- lands Monthly, July 1958.) Sy 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW New Zealand REACTION TO JAPANESE FISHING IN NEW ZEALAND WATERS: The New Zealand press reported on March 15, 1960, that the Japan Fishery Board had decided to start full-scale Japanese trawling in the waters around New Zealandthis year. A New Zealand fishing industry spokesman expressed alarm at this decision, stating that New Zealand fishermen were subject to cer- tain conservation rules while Japanese fishermen would be unregulated. Asked for comment, the New Zealand Minister of Marine stated that ''he per- sonally and the Government would do all possible to ensure the protection of the New Zealand fishing industry.'' Several newspaper editorials questioned why the New Zealand fishing industry was not fully using the resources available in the area. (United States Embassy, Wel- lington, report of March 17, 1960.) Norway WINTER HERRING LANDINGS LOWEST IN 15 YEARS: The 1960 winter herring fishery off Norway's west coast ended late in March with landings of only 299,870 metric tons (3,220,000 hectolitres)--the lowest land- ings since the war. The landings from the fat herring phase of the winter fish- ery, which ended on February 23, were about 200,000 tons. The second phase (spring herring) of the winter herring fishery added only about 100,000 tons to the 1960 season's total. The Norwegian herring industry has a capacity to handle about 1,118,000 tons (12 million hecto- litres) and landings of 745,000 tons (8 million hectolitres) are needed to show a profit for the season. The serious economic situation created by the failure of the winter her- ring fishery has been recognized by the Norwegian Government. A special com- mittee has been appointed to investigate the entire matter and make recommenda- tions for the future. In addition, the sum of about US$700,000 has been made avail- able for financing public works inthe areas Vols 2235 Non 6 hardest hit by the herring fishery failure. (United States Embassy dispatch from Oslo, April 13, 1960.) ONE-NINTH OF HERRING PURSE- SEINERS CAUGHT NO FISH IN 1960 SEASON: A total of 50 of the 450 purse-seiners which took part in Norway's winter or fat herring fishery this year had no catch at all. About 300 of the vessels landed less than 3,000 hectoliters (270 metric tons). Crews aboard all these vessels may claim the Kr. 100 (US$14.00) a week subsidy guaranteed by the state. (News of Nor- way, March 31, 1960.) Pakistan SURVEY FOR MOTHER-OF-PEARL IN BAY OF BENGAL PLANNED: The Pakistan press reports that the Central Government has decided to con- duct a survey of the sea bed surrounding St. Martin's Islands off the southern tip of East Pakistan to ascertain the quantity of mother-of-pearl deposits found at a depth of six fathoms in 1955. A button in- dustry is under consideration, with the waste to be used in toothpaste manufac- ture. Because there are no Pakistani deep-sea divers, foreign divers and equip- ment will have to used if the survey is made. (United States Embassy in Karachi, April 28, 1960.) \Peru FISH MEAL INDUSTRY TRENDS, ABRIL 1960: . > eam eaaNe Several problems of the Peruvian fish- meal industry have been before the public recently. Bad odors from nearby plants which have invaded the Lima area for several months reached a stage which forced the several municipalities to take action requiring the elimination of their causes, Plants have been given a limited period to do so. In that respect they have been aided by a labor dispute between the anchovy fishermen and the reduction plants which began on April 13, 1960. June 1960 Peru (Contd.): The shutdown of the fish-meal plants due to the dispute has permitted cleaning of equipment and plants, and installation of new deordorizing equipment. The labor dispute, which affects only anchovy fishermen, is concerned with the following: (1) an assured sum of S/80 (US$2.89) per ton of fish caught for division among vessel crews; (2) larger allowances for food while at sea, (3) free paid Sundays, and (4) the same benefits as those given labor in other branches of the economy. Benefits to the anchovy COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 raising of new barriers against Peruvi- an products. (United States Embassy dispatch from Lima, April 15, 1960.) ce a EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS, FOURTH QUARTER AND YEAR 1959: Exports of principal marine products by Peru in 1959 amounted to 364,187 metric tons (valued at US$44.6 million). Fish meal exports (277,600 tons) for 1959 were up about 138.1 percent from the 116,598 tons exported in 1958 and 308.5 percent from the 67,951 tons exported in in 1957. Exports of fish oil were also Peruvian Exports of Principal Marine Products, October-December and Year 1959 Oct.-Dec. 1959 Marine Products Quantity U 121,322 Year 1959 1.9 69 a 383.4. 113,842 | 364,187 | 1,243.7 | 44,577 .o.b. values, converted at rate of 27.70 soles equal US$1 for 4th quarter of 1959. -0.b. values, converted at rate of 27.90 soles equal US$1 for 1959. fishermen have lagged behind other in- dustries because labor legislation has not kept pace with the rapid development of the fish meal and oil industry. The 13-day tie-up of the anchovy fishermen ended on April 26 without any settlement of the issues at stake. However, it is hoped that the differences between the fishermen and the fish meal industry will be settled by negotiation. A special commission appointed last December has submitted regulations governing labor conditions in the fishing industry, particularly relations between vessel owners and fishermen. The reg- ulations were promulgated April 15, but benefits provided are not applicable, however, to the anchovy fisherman. Reports that United States and Brit- ish fish-meal prcducers are seeking protection against Peruvian fish-meal exports have resulted in forecasts of paralyzation of many Peruvian plants, and strong suggestions that the Govern- ment and public opinion should fight the up sharply in 1959. (United States Em- bassy dispatch from Lima, March 24, 1960.) ok ok ok Ok BAN ON SHRIMP SALES LIFTED: After three months of rigid enforce- ment, the Peruvian ban on the sale of shrimp was lifted on March 31, 1960. As a result of the closed season, the shrimp offered for sale was of good size and brought between S/20 and $/25 per kilo (32.7-40.9 U.S. cents a pound). About 1,400 kilos (3,086 pounds) were sold in Lima on the first day of permitted sale, most of it caught in Southern Peru, par- ticularly in the Department of Arequipa, the United States Embassy in Lirna re- ported in April 4, 1960.) Kk kK OK FISHERIES PROGRAM FOR 1960: The Peruvian Bureau of Fisheries and Hunting of the Ministry of Agriculture has announced that its program for the cur- 60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Peru (Contd.): rent year will include: (1) an investiga- tionof aquatic resources, principally bo- nito; (2) cultivation of fresh-water trout, shrimp, andother fish; and (3) technical studies on quality control and improve- ment of fishery products. If projects now under study by the Ministry of Marine are carried out, a school of fisheries and navigation willbe establishedinthe near future near Ancon, a seaside resort a few miles north of Lima. (The United States Embassy dis- patch from Lima, March 22, 1960.) ry ~ Philippines BAN ON THE EXPORT OF ORNAMENTAL SEA SHELLS PROPOSED: According to press reports, Philip- pines manufacturers of pearl or shell buttons requested the Secretary of Com- merce and Industry to have the present ban on exports of sea shells and other raw materials extended to cover orna- mental shells. They reportedly com- plained that local supplies of ornamental shells were inadequate to meet their needs because of exports to Japan, Italy, France, and the United States. Lack of raw materials was given as a principal reason why the Philippines was unable to fill its duty-free export quota of pearl or shell buttons to the United States. Another reason given was the illegal ex- portation of shells. The Secretary is reported to have in- formed the button manufacturers that he would first examine available data on the annual supply of commercial and orna- mental shells in the Philippines and its disposition before acting on the total ban recommendation. (The United States Embassy dispatch from Manila, April 8, 1960.) Vol. 22, No. 6 Portugal CANNED FISH EXPORTS, 1959: Portugal's exports of canned fish dur- ing 1959, amounted to 76,985 metric tons (4,194,000 cases), valued at US$39.7 mil- lion, as compared with 68,102 tons, val- ued at US$36.0 million in 1958. Sardines in olive oil exported during 1959 amounted to 59,136 tons, valued at US$29.0 million. Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-December 1959 an. -Dec. 1959 i US 76,985 39,738 During 1959 the leading canned fish buyer was Germany with 16,899 tons (valued at US$8.5 million), followed by Italy with 10,199 tons (valued at US$6.0 million), Great Britain with 7,688 tons (valued at US$3.6 million), United States with 7,340 tons (valued at US$5.0 million), and Belgium-Luxembourg with 5,026 tons (valued at US$2.5 million). Exports to the United States included 2,707 tons of anchovies, 1,027 tons of tuna, 3,368 tons of sardines, and 40 tons of mackerel. (Conservas de Peixe, February 1960.) OK OK XK OK CANNED FISH PACK, 1959: The total Portuguese pack of canned fish for 1959 amounted to 62,459 metric tons. Canned sardines in oil (49,438 tons) accounted for 79.2 percent of the 1959 pack, the February 1960 Conservas de Peixe reports. Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, 1959 Sardinelike fish Anchovy fillets Kk RK OK June 1960 Portugal (Contd.): FISHERIES TRENDS, DECEMBER 1959: Sardine Fishing: In December 1959 the Portuguese fishing fleet landed 10,434 metric tons of sardines (valued at US$1,117,739 ex-vessel or about $107 aton). During January-December 1959 a total of 123,314 tons of sardines was landed (valued at $11.9 million). Canneries purchased 55.5 percent or 5,789 tons of the sardines (valued at $687,791 ex-vessel or about $119 a ton) during December 1959. A total of 4,622 tons was purchased for the fresh fish market and 23 tons were salted. Other Fishing: December 1959 land- ings of fish other than sardines were principally 7,555 tons of chinchards (value $264,869). (Conservas de Peixe, February 1960.) KK OK OK FISHERIES TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER, 1960: Sardine fishing was inactive during the first quarter of 1960, but the fleet sailed from Matosinhos on April 1, ac- cording to the United States Consulate in Oporto, presaging a record catch with this early start, The sardine closed season began on January 20 and ended in mid~March on varying dates for different ports. Landings of sardines in 1959 (123,283 metric tons) were good in spite of the pessimistic views which pre- vailed at one time. While the 1959 catch was less in vol- ume than in 1958, its over-all value was about 8 percent greater. Canned fish exports in the first two months of 1960 were about 33 percent higher in value and volume than in 1959. The increase reflects larger sardine exports, as shipments of both anchovies and canned tuna were less than in the corresponding period of 1959. Large ship- ments to West Germany accounted for much of the in- crease, Developments in the trawl fishery included the launch- ing of two new trawlers-~one for coastal and the other for high seas operations. A new fishing dock at Vila Real de Santo Antonio in southern Portugal was completed early this year at an estimated cost of about US$525,000. With hopes for a better season (1959 was poor) than they have enjoyed for the past two years, most of the cod-fish- ing fleet left for the Newfoundland Banks after the blessing of the fleet on April 3. There appears to be no prospects for a long-term solution to the problem of dried cod supply. The government has continued to place limited supplies on the market at regular intervals and although supplies at re- tail are not abundant, no serious shortage has developed. Ceiling prices, with the exception of the rise permitted in December on the highest grades, have been maintained as promised by the Secretary of State for Commerce in Oc~ tober 1959. Imports of dried cod in January-February have been very limited--705 metric tons as compared with 4,031 metric tons in January-February 1959, illustrating the difficulty which Portugal has had in supplementing its domestic supply with imports from the world market. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 Reflecting Portugal’s concern over this year’s Con~ ference on the Law of the Sea and its cod~fishing industry, the Portuguese Ambassador in Ottawa, in a press confer- ence on February 9, said that Portugal could never accept the Canadian proposal on the law of the sea which would in- crease territorial waters for fishing purposes to 12 miles. Other events in government during the first quarter of 1960 were the appointment of two committees to study fish- ing subjects. The first, headed by the Director of the Por- tuguese Institute of Marine Biology, will study metropolitan Portugal’s resources of agar~bearing seaweeds. (Studies on the supply of agar-bearing seaweeds ih the Azores’have been completed, but the results have not/been announced), The second has the more comprehensive objective of re- viewing the situation in the Portuguese fishing trade and in- dustry, particularly with respect to the effect of government regulations. At the end of two months the committee is to recommend measures to assure a more adequate supply and more regular flow of fish to the domestic market, the United States Embassy in Lisbon reported on April 19, 1960, 1 {GREE Wich Sweden LANDINGS OF MACKEREL LIMITED BY POOR MARKET: The Swedish and Danish markets as of early April were overstocked with mackerel with the result that Swedish fish export organizations have had diffi- culties in disposing of the landings. Ac- cordingly, effective April 11, 1960, the quantity of mackerel that may be landed in Swedish ports was limited to 25 boxes containing 40 kilos or 88 pounds per man per trip. Swedish fishermen have for some time caught unusually large quantities of mack- erel in trawls in the northern part of the North Sea. This resulted in some fisher- men preferring to land their catches in ports in England and Scotland. The mack- erel now, however, are moving eastwards which means shorter trips for the fishing vessels from the fishing grounds to Swed- ish ports. Consequently, it is expected that fishermen will now prefer to land their catches in Swedish ports rather than English and Scottish ports. A representative of the West Coast Fishermen's Central Society stated that it is difficult to explain the present situa- tion. However, he said there is an evident buying resistance in the case of mackerel at this time of the year, because they do not have the same taste as during the sum- mer months. (United States Consulate dispatch from Goteborg, April 7, 1960.) HK ok 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Sweden (Contd.): RESEARCH VESSEL RESUMES STUDIES ON SPAWNING OF SPRING HERRING: The Swedish fishery research vessel Eystrasalt left Lysekil on March 15, 1960, for a trip in the Skagerack to in- vestigate the spawning of spring herring along the Swedish coast. Similar inves- tigations have been performed yearly since 1951. The survey includes water tempera- ture, salinities, supply of plankton, etc. The research vessel will also contact Swedish fishing boats in the area, col- lecting samples of the herring. The ex- pedition is headed by the Director of the Swedish Fish Laboratory at Lysekil. (United States Consulate dispatch from Goteborg, March 17, 1960.) Union of South Africa STEEL VESSEL OF NEW DESIGN FOR PILCHARD FISHERY: An all-welded steel vessel (Jakob S.) of unusual design for the pilchard fish- ery was launched in January 1960 bya Union of South Africa Cape Town ship- yard. The vessel was scheduled to be fully completed in a few months. In basic design and appearance, the vessel differs considerably from the conventional wooden vessel. With her deckhouse and engineroom right aft, she has an extremely spacious hold and, in capacity and performance, may intro- duce a new high standard to the South African West Coast inshore fishing fleet. Designed by a South African naval architect, the vessel in size is slightly larger than the largest wooden vessel, measuring 64 ft.8 in. between perpen- diculars, 71 ft. over-all, 24 ft. molded breadth, and a draft of 10 ft. 3 in. Her engineroom, situated right aft, is given ample space by the wide tran- som stern. A marine Diesel engine, developing 210/230 b.h.p. at 375 r.p.m., has been Vol; 223) (Now6 installed. The engine is equipped with a controllable pitch propeller. In the Jakob S. the normal direct straight-line drive has been modified to meet the requirements for a fish hold of exceptionally large capacity. The stern. The Jacob S., an all-welded steel vessel of unusual design to be used for pilchard fishing . The controllable-pitch propeller will be hydraulically controlled direct from the wheelhouse, which is raised above the level of the deckhouse to give all- round vision. Another feature of the Jakob S. is the provision of hydraulic steering and the first installation in a boat of this type of the hydraulic winch, (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re- view, February 1960. U."S:) SIR. FISHERIES IN EAST ASIATIC WATERS: At the end of 1959 the fisheries in the Soviet Far East (including catching, proc- essing, shipbuilding, and ship repairs) were placed under a central administra- tive organization, the newly-established June 1960 UA Seno eeR en Contd): Directorate for the Fishing Industry in the Far East, usually abbreviated to Glavdalvostokrybprom. In an interview in Vodnyj Transport for February 9, 1960, the Director of the new agency stated that although it had only been a short time since fishery and fishing industry responsibilities had been transferred from the jurisdiction of the Far East's five regional economic coun- cils to a central administration, it ap- peared the change was well liked. The reorganization has made it possible for more rational utilization, not only of the fishing fleet, but also of transport ves- sels, storage warehouses, processing plants, and port installations. The further development of fishing in the Far East depends on a more inten- sive expansion of ocean fishing. The Pa- cific Ocean basin and the oceanic bays north of the Equator have the world's richest fishery resources, where Japan, China, the U.S.S.R.; the United States, and Canada fish. The average catch is 7 million metric tonsayear. The Soviet fleets have, until recently, conducted a limited fishery for flounders, cod, and fat herring in the waters off Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and the Russian Pacific Ocean coast. Now they are going farther at sea and taking bottomfish and deep-water fish. A large number of vessels are fishing in the southeasterly portion of the Bering Sea. But this is just a beginning. This year there have been set up 6 expeditions for catching various kinds of fish. They will operate in the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Gulf of Siam, the Bay of Tonkin, Bristol Bay, and the Gulf of Alaska. In coming years the fisheries of the Far East will get a number of new large and medium trawlers, gill-netters, fac- toryships for processing herring, canning factoryships for crabs, freezer vessels, and refrigerator ships for transport of fishery products. (Norwegian fishery periodical Fiskets Gang, March10, 1960) % OK HK OK COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 FISHING FLEETS NEED OFFICERS AND CREWS: The vice chairman of the Soviet Mur- mansk Regional Economic Council has recommended the Murmansk fishing fleet as place of work, according to a report in Karasnaja Zvezda (January 19; 1960), the Defense Ministry's organ for the Soviet Union's Navy. He urged officers and crewmen who were about to go into the reserve to seek employment in the Murmansk fishing fleets where they would find good use for their talents and experi- ence. A second mate in the fishing fleet could earn up to 3,000 rubles (about US$300) a month. According to an article in Sovjetskaja Estania on January 17, 1960, a former trawler captain and officer appealed to soldiers and officers, who were about to be demobilized, to seek work in the Es- tonian fishing fleet which is growing rap- idly. (Fiskets Gang, March 24, 1960.) Note: Value converted at tourist rate of exchange of 10 rubles equal US$1. United Kingdom BRITISH FIRM AGREES TO PURCHASE FROZEN FILLETS FROM FAROE ISLANDS: An agreement for the purchase of all frozen cod and haddock fillets produced by the Faroese trawler owners has been signed by a British firm formed lastyear. It will be the first time Faroe frozen fil- lets have been available on the British market, and prices will remain steady even in times of fish shortage, according to a report in a London newspaper, The Guardian of March 7, 1960. The fillets will be handled on behalf of the trawler owners by a freezing plant in Thorshayn. The freezing industry in the Faroes is still being developed, and refrigerated shipping is rather limited. Large supplies therefore will not be pos- sible at first, but they will gradually in- crease. The first shipment is expected in August 1960. HK OK OK 64 United Kingdom (Contd.): TRAWLERS TO SUPPLY FISH FOR U.S.S.R. FROZEN FILLET CONTRACT: British distant-water trawler owners have entered into arrangements to sup- ply a fish processing firm with ground- fish to execute contracts this company has concluded with Russia and Czecho- slovakia. The contract calls for deliv- ery of 2,500 tons of quick-frozen fillets during the summer. It is understood that the fish-processing firm hopes to complete the contract by the end of June. Total contracts so far signed between the trawler owners and processors a- mount to 18,125 long tons. This quantity will be drawn from the fishing ports of Hull, Grimsby, and Fleetwood. In addition to the above firm, two other processors have signed contracts with the trawler owners. (Fishing News, April 1, 1960.) Ok OK KOK FISHERY LOANS INTEREST RATES INCREASED AS OF MARCH 11: The British White Fish Authority (WFA), as a result of a recent increase in the rates of interest charged to them by H. M. Treasury, increased their own rates effective March 11, 1960. The new rates are: On loans for not more than five years, 5% percent; increase # percent. On loans for more than five years but not more than 10, 54 percent; increase 4 percent. On loans for more than 10 years but not more than 15, 64 percent; increase = percent. On loans for more than 15 years, 6 percent; increase = percent. The new rates do not apply, however, where the final installments in current cases were paid by the Authority before March 14, 1960. The other terms and conditions of the Authority's arrange- ments for loans are unehanged. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 The Authority's loans are connected with the building of new fishing vessels of not more than 140 feet, the purchase, in certain circumstances, of new engines and nets and gear for inshore vessels, the construction and equipment of proc- essing plants, and the formation and de- velopment of cooperative organizations. (The Fishing News, March 18, 1960.) OK OK OK OK NEW STERN TRAWLER PRAISED: During a trip to the United Kingdom's west coast fishing grounds, which ended in March 1960, Aberdeen's new stern trawler Universal Star fished in very stormy weather when many of the stand- ard trawlers had to give up. The skipper stated that during a 12 days! trip in very bad weather they made 43 drags, and he had no complaints as the vessel was concerned. He believed that for comfort the Universal Star is far a- head of the standard type of trawler. As to seagoing qualities she is said to be steadier thanthe standard type, and ships no water, for even in the worst of weath- er it is only spray that comes over her stern, The real trouble, however, since the vessel started operating late in 1959, has been with her fishing gear. It was found that the ordinary trawling gear as used by the standard trawler was not giving satisfactory results. Consider- able adjustments had to be made, butnow the skipper believes that they have gear which, given favorable weather conditions, will enable them to get good catches. Apart from adjustments to the head rope, etc., smaller doors or trawl boards than with the standard gear are being used. The doors are approximately 7 ft. x 3 ft. 6 in., as compared with the standard 10 ft. x 4 ft. The boards used are also only about three-quarters ofthe weight of the standard type. A representative of a Canadian firm, one of the largest concerns of its kind with a fleet of some 28 trawlers, visited Aberdeen especially to see the Universal Star. He appeared to be impressed with the vessel and with the idea of trawling June 1960 United Kingdom (Contd.): over the stern instead of over the side. (The Fishing News, March 18, 1960.) HOOK A KOK PERUVIAN FISH MEAL IMPORTS THREATEN INDUSTRY: The President of the British Board of Trade has agreed to give considera- tion to the threat to the British fishing industry by the increasing imports of Peruvian fish.meal. Late in March, the President of the Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers, with other officers and members of the executive committee, met members of the all-party Parliamentary Fisheries' Committee at the House of Commons. The situation was explained to the Com- mittee and the point of view of the Brit- ish producers of fish meal was stated. Later, the deputation, accompanied by members of the all-party committee, met with the President of the Board of Trade. It was explained that the amount paid for fish waste had fallen in a few months from £11 (US$30.80) a ton to £6 (US$16.80) and the reason was the great increase in Peruvian imports. (Fishing News, April 1, 1960.) Venezuela JAPANESE-VENEZUELAN TUNA.- FISHING COMPANY PLANS ADDITION TO FLEET: The Japanese- Venezuelan fishing venture (organized early in 1959) plans to purchase a 300-ton vessel in Japan to add to the present fleet of two 150-ton Japanese tuna vessels. Landings by the firm's two tuna vessels during the last COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 half of 1959 were valued at US$130,556, according to a March 25, 1960, item in a Japanese newspaper. Viet-Nam FISHING FLEET INCREASED BY TWO NEW TRAWLERS: The Viet-Nam fishing company located in Saigon received two new 74-ton fishing trawlers during February 1960. Both were purchased from Japan under the commercial import program at a cost of two million piasters (about US$51,143 at exchange rate of 35 piasters to US$1) each. Both vessels are equipped with cold- storage facilities, radar, and two-way radio to facilitate deep-sea operations out of the Port of Saigon. They were due to begin operations off the coast of Viet- Nam late in February with 14-man crews aboard each vessel. The owner and man- ager of the fishing company states that he expects each vessel should bring in 25-40 metric tons of fish each trip. The Saigon fishing company operating the trawlers is the third large fishing company to be formed in Saigon. The other two are companies which have two vessels each and are averaging monthly catches of about 100-120 tons. In a statement to the press, the fish- ing company's representative said that his firm, in cooperation with a Japanese engineer, is studying plans towards the establishment in 1961 of a dried fish and fish meal plant. (The United States Em- bassy, dispatch from Saigon, February 19, 1960.) 66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Department of Commerce COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY FLEET SAILS TO CHART COASTAL WATERS: The Coast and Geodetic Survey an- nounced on April 5 that its fleet left var- ious ports for 1960 season assignments. The endless assault by the forces ofna- ture result in never-ending changes in the Nation's coastline; shoals and under- water deposits as well as recent wrecks are constant menaces tonavigation. These changes must be located and to- gether with new lights and buoys, must be shown on the Survey's charts. During the 1960 field season, de- pending on the area and the weather, in- formation will be gathered concerning depth, tides, currents, seawater-temper- ature, and salinity. Bottom samples will be obtained by coring, bathythermographs will record temperature against depth, and deep-sea reversing thermometers will be used. Although the Survey has mapped more than 100,000 linear miles of coast since it was founded in 1807, some of the areas to be surveyed this summer in Alaska have never been charted in detail. Even along our much-traveled Atlantic coast threats to navigation are present. Coast and Geodetic Survey ships may be distinguished by a flag which has a blue field carrying a white circle in which there is a red triangle. All vessels are painted haze gray. The uniforms of of- ficers and crew resemble those of the U. S. Navy and U. S. Coast Guard, butare distinguished by Survey insignia. Federal Trade Commission CRAB FISHERMEN'S ASSOCIATION IN STATE OF WASHINGTON CHARGED WITH RESTRAINT OF TRADE: The Federal Trade Commission on April 15, 1960, charged (complaint 7859, crabs) that a crab association in West- port, Wash., and its officers, trustees, and approximately 250 crab fishermen members, have unlawfully restrained competition in the $2-million dungeness crab industry in the State of Washington. The Commission's formal complaint alleges that since about 1958 they have used coercion in a conspiracy to prevent other dealers from buying or selling processed and unprocessed crabs and to get nonmember crab fishermen to join the association. The coercive methods allegedly used include threats of repris- als, intimidation, and physical violence. Eleven members are named specifi- cally in the complaint as trustees or of- ficers who direct and control the associ- ation's activities and also as represent- ative of the entire membership. According to the complaint, the As- sociation's main function is to fix prices paid by canners to members for their catch, and the ''Membership Agreement" gives it the power to determine what can- ners andcrab processors it and the mem- bers will deal with. Its members fish for fresh crabs in the coastal waters of Washington and Oregon and in the adjacent ocean. They account for almost the en- tire catch originating in the former state. In May 1959, the complaint continues, about 90 of the some 250 association members formed a cooperative, and bought a crab-processing cannery. The cooperative competes with all other crab canners and processors in marketing its June 1960 products. Although the association and cooperative are legally distinct entities, all trustees and officers who control the former's actions are stockholders in the latter. Two are trustees of both organ- izations and one of these two is manager of the cooperative's cannery and crab- processing operations. The complaint says the respondents have actual or potential power to mo- nopolize all phases of the crab industry in their area since substantially the same men control the crab fishing fleet through the association, and own or con- trol the cannery cooperative. Respondents! monopoly power, cou- pled with the coercive tactics they have employed against other crab dealers and nonmember crabbers, tend to unlawfully destroy competition in fishing for, proc- essing, shipping, selling, and marketing of processed or unprocessed crabs, the complaint charges. These actions and conspiracy are un- fair methods of. competition forbidden by Sec. 5 of the Federal Trade Commis- sion Act, the complaint concludes. The respondents were granted 30 days in which to file answer to the complaint. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION ADDITIONAL PETITIONS FILED ON FOOD ADDITIVES: In the April 8, 1960, Federal Regis- ter, the U. S. Food and Drug Adminis- tration announced the filing of the follow- ing petitions on food additives pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with reference to those sections dealing with food addi- tives: A petition has been filed by the Can Manufacturers Institute, Washington, D. C., proposing a regulation to provide COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 for the use of certain substances in the formulation of organic coatings for food containers coming in direct contact with food. Substances proposed were previ- ously listed as being the subject of ex- tension actions under section 121.87(d) of the Act and were published in the Federal Register of March 17. A Columbus, Ohio, firm also filed a petition for a regulation permitting the use of sources of radiation to include certain radioactive isotopes producing radiations with energy levels not to ex- ceed 2.2 million electron volts for the purpose of inspection of foods and food packages and for controlling food proc- esses. Ok Kk kok PETITION FILED FOR USE OF RESINS IN FOOD INDUSTRY: A petition has been filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration by a Bar- tlesville, Okla., firm proposing the issu- ance of a regulation to permit the use of resins composed of (1) homopolymers of ethylene and (2) copolymers of ethylene and other 1-olefins in packaging, proc- essing, packing, transporting or holding of foods. The notice appeared in the Fed- eral Register of April 5, 1960. rasa %* OK OK OK OK USE OF SODIUM NITRITE IN CURED TUNA AND PET FOOD EXTENDED: In an order signed by the Commis- sioner of the U. 8S. Food and Drug Admin- istration, effective on March 29, 1960, the use of sodium nitrite was authorized "in Cured Tuna Fish (10 parts per mil- lion)" and ''in canned pet animal food con- taining fish and/or meat (20 parts per million)"' for a period of 1 year from March 6, 1960, or until regulations shall have been issued establishing or denying tolerances or exemptions from the re- quirement of tolerances, in accordance with section 409 of the act, whichever oc- curs first. The Food and Drug Adminis- tration states that this orderhas no bear- ing on any other variety of fish. Tey, CES d » a i EX (O) 68 Department of Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SEASON FOR LAND-BASED WHALING FOR BALEEN WHALES CHANGED: The six-months' season for land- based whaling for baleen whales by United States nationals and whaling en- terprises has been changed by the Sec- retary of the Interior. The change, as it appeared in the Federal Register of April 6, 1960, shows the opening date of the season has been advanced two weeks and the closing date has been advanced two weeks. The new season for the tak- ing or killing of blue whales or minke whales with a whale catcher attached to a land station is April 16 to October 15 following, both days inclusive. The change was requested by the in- dustry to take advantage of relatively better weather conditions during the ear- ly spring. Any resulting increase in the take of whales will be too small to af- fect significantly the conservation of the whale resources. OT & ve 3 4 International Joint Commission (United States and Canada) PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL POWER PROJECT PUBLIC HEARING: The International (United States and Canada) Joint Commission conducted a public hearing on April 22, 1960, in Calais, Me., on the Passamaquoddy tid- al power project. On August 2, 1956, the Governments of Canada and the United States had requested that the Commis- sion make a joint examination and advi- sory report, including recommendations and conclusions. The Commission was asked to deter- mine the estimated cost of developing the international tidal power potential of Passamaquoddy Bay in the State of Maine and the Province of Néw Brunswick and whether or not hydroelectric power could COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 be produced at a price which is econom- ically feasible. The Commission also was asked to determine the effects onthe local and national economies, andto study specifically the effects which the con- struction, maintenance, and operation of the tidal power structures might have upon the fisheries of the area. New Brunswick © Upper Pol = SSS" 8 Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project plan selected for de- tailed design. Purpose of the hearing was to receive testimony and evidence on the findings and conclusions as contained in the re- ports of the International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board and the International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board. The Fisheries Board has indicated in its re- port that the effect on the fisheries in Passamaquoddy and Cobscook Bays in Maine and New Brunswick will be only slight. June 1960 Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session) Public bills and resolutions which may directly or indirectly affect fisher- ies and allied industries are reported. Introduction, referral to Committees, pertinent legislative actions, hearings, and other actions by the House and Sen- ate, as well as signature into law oroth- er final disposition are covered. CALIFORNIA FISHING PROBLEMS: Confer- ence on Northern California Fishing Problems, House Document 370, 86th Congress Second Ses- Sion, 90 pp., printed. This document is atranscript of a conference held at San Rafael, Calif., in No- vember 1959. It constitutes a symposium of scien- tific papers and other expert testimony by some two dozen fishery scientists; state fish and game officials from Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Cali- fornia; and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bu- reau of Reclamation officials as well as spokesmen for the commercial and sport fishing industries;-- on the responsibility of government, both State and Federal, to help conserve the valuable resource of the salmon and steelhead fisheries on the Pacific Coast. : COLOR ADDITIVES IN FOOD: The House Com- mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on April 5, 1960, held a scientific panel discussion on color additives in food. Related to S. 2197 (Hill and Goldwater), introduced in Senate June 17, 1959. CHEMICAL PESTICIDES COORDINATION ACT: On May 3, 1960, the House Subcommittee of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries be- gan hearings on H. R. 11502 (Wolf), a bill which was introduced in the House on March 31, 1960, to provide for advance consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service and with State wildlife agencies be- fore the beginning of any Federal program involving the use of pesticides or other chemicals designed for mass biological controls. On May 4, 1960, the hearings were concluded. Representatives of the Government and various public witnesses were heard. The U. S. Department of Agriculture and the U. S. Public Health Service opposed enactment of H. R. 11502 and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice proposed, in lieu thereof, an amendment to the Pesticide Research Act of 1958. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 1960, joint resolution to authorize the District of Columbia to erect a municipal fish market at the waterfront in Southwest Washington; to the Commit- tee on the District of Columbia. FAIR LABOR STANDARDS TRADE ACT: H.R. 11868 (Osterhag) introduced in the House on April 21, 1960, a bill to provide for adjusting con- ‘ditions of competition between certain domestic in- dustries and foreign industries with respect to the level of wages and working conditions in the pro- duction of articles imported into the United States, to the Committee on Ways and Means. This bill is similar in purpose to S. 2882, H. R, 9481, H. R. 10103, and H. R. 10887, but not identical. FISH AND SHELLFISH CONSERVATION: S. J. Res. 184 (Magnuson), introduced in the Senate on April 7, 1960, a joint resolution to promote the conservation of ocean fish and shellfish; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Public hearings were held by the Senate Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, May 13, 1960. FISH AND WILDLIFE COOPERATIVE RE- SEARCH TRAINING UNITS: S. 1781 (Magnuson), a bill introduced in the Senate on April 23, 1959, was reported by the Committee on Interstate and Hae Commerce on April 21, 1960 (Rept. No. 1285). Senate Report No. 1285: Authorizing Continu- ance of Cooperative Unit Programs of Research and Education Relating to Fish and Wildlife (A- pril 21, 1960, 86th Congress, 2nd. Session, report from the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to accompany S. 1781), 6 pp., printed. S. 1781, as amended, would continue the authority, now contained in appropriation acts, of the Secre- tary of the Interior to enter into cooperative agree- ments with colleges and universities game and fish departments of the States and territories, and with nonprofit organizations relating to cooperative re- search units. The function would be, among others, to conduct coordinated research by and between Federal, state, and private agencies; to provide for training primarily at graduate levels in the fields of fisheries and wildlife management; to maintain effective liaison between Federal, state, and private agencies relating to fish and wildlife resources of mutual interest and benefit to more than one state, including species of interest to citizens of States lacking them, and for other pur- poses wherein cooperative activities would offer benefits and promise of greater success at re- duced costs. The Senate on May 4 passed S. 1781 as amended. This is primarily a sport fisheries and wildlife bill. A wildlife spokesman stated the major pur- pose of this bill as ''putting a statutory base’ under the cooperative Federal-state wildlife education program which has been in effect for several years. FISHERIES ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1959: On May 3, 1960, the Senate adopted a unanimous con- ference report of both Houses on H. R. 5421 (Mc- Donald), a bill to provide a program of assistance to correct inequities in the construction of fishing vessels and to enable the fishing industry of the 70 United States to regain a favorable economic status, and for other purposes. On May 4, 1960, a confer- ence report (Rept. No. 1589) and statement was filed. On May 5, 1960, Lausche filed a motion in the Senate to reconsider action of the Senate taken on May 3, in adopting conference report on H. R. 5421, ference report from the Committee of Conference to accompany H. R. 5421), 7 pp., printed. The Committee of Conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill, agreed to and recommended Senate a- mendments that would require the vessels be suit- able for defense purposes, aid in developing the U.S. fisheries, deliver their catch to U. S. ports, employ citizens of the United States or legally domiciled aliens, and be documented under U. S. laws. Section 4 of the House bill provides that a construction subsidy shall be granted under the act only to assist in the construction of a fishing vessel to be operated in a fishery suffering injury from which escape clause relief had been recom- mended by the Tariff Commission under the Trade Agreements Assistance Act of 1951, as amended, where such relief has been or is hereafter denied under section 7(c) of such Trade Agreements As- sistance Act of 1951. The Senate amendment con- tained no comparable provision. The proposed conference substitute contains the same condition as provided in section 4 of the House bill with the addition that construction subsidies may also be granted to vessels to be operated in a fishery found by the Secretary to be injured or threatened with injury by reason of increased imports, either actu- al or relative, of a fish or shellfish product, not the subject of a trade agreement tariff concession, which is like or directly competitive with the fish- ery's product, and to vessels to be operated ina fishery found by the Secretary to be injured or threatened with injury by reason of increased im- ports, either actual or relative, of a fish or shell- fish product that is provided for in the Free List of the Tariff Act of 1930, whether or not subject to a trade agreement tariff concession. Agreed to Senate amendments excluding the cost of defense features from the 33} percent construction subsidy, and to require that they be paid by the De- partment of Defense rather than Interior; and that plans for the vessels are to be submitted to De- partment of Defense for approval. The House au- thorized $1 million to be appropriated annually; the Senate $5 million--the Committee agreed upon $2,500,000. The Committee accepted the Senate amendment which provided that no application for construction could be accepted after 3 years from the effective date. Contains statement of the man- agers on the part of the House. HARBORS: Gulf Coast Shrimp Boat Harbors, Florida, House Document No. 183, 86th Congress, lst Session (Letter from the Secretary of the Army transmitting a letter from the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, dated May 22, 1959, sub- mitting a report, together with accompanying pa- pers and illustrations, on a review of reports on and surveys of Gulf Coast shrimp boat harbors, Florida, requested by resolutions of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, and the Committee on Public Works, United States COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Senate, adopted June 28, 1946, and February 14, 1950, also submitted in response to five other Con- gressional authorizations listed inthe report), 45 pp., 2 charts, printed. Harbors reported on are Venice, Lemon Bay, Fort Myers Beach, and Naples. Monterey Bay, California, House Document No. 219, 86th Congress, 1st Session (Letter from the Secretary of the Army transmitting a letter from the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, dated July 15, 1959, submitting a report, together with accompanying papers and an illustration, on a survey of Monterey Bay (Monterey Harbor), Cali- fornia, authorized by the River and Harbor Act, ap- proved March 2,1945), 107 pp., 1 chart, printed. Snohomish River (Everett Harbor), Washington House Document No. 349, 82nd Congress, Second Session (Letter from the Secretary of the Army transmitting a letter from the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, dated January 27, 1960, submitting a report, together with accompanying papers and illustrations, on a review of reports on Snohomish River (Everett Harbor), Wash., request- ed by a resolution of the Committee on Public Works, House of Representatives, adopted July 19, 1956), 70 pp., 3 illustrations, printed. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION: Conventions and Recommendation Adopted by the International Labor Conference at Its Forty~thira Session at Geneva, House Document No. , d6th Congress, Second Session (Letter from the Assis- tant Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1960, transmitting texts of the following: (1) ILO Con- vention (No. 112) concerning the minimum age for admission to employment as fishermen, (2) ILO Convention (No. 113) concerning the medical examination of fishermen, and (3) ILO Recom- mendation(No. 112) concerning occupational health services in places of employment, adopted by the International Labor Conference atits forty- third session, at Geneva, June 19, 1959, pursuant to article 19 of the constitution of the ILO), 24 pp., printed. Contains statements by Federal agencies on and the texts of the conventions indicated. HAWAIIAN OMNIBUS ACT: H. Report No. 1564, Amending Certain Laws of the United States in Light of the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union (May 2, 1960, 86th Con- gress, Second Session, report from the Commit- tee on Interior and Insular Affairs to accompany H. R. 11602), 71 pp., printed. This bill, intro- duced April 6, 1960 (Inouye), amends certain laws of the United States in light of the admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union, and for other purposes. H. R. 11602 was introduced by Inouye after hearings on five predecessor bills H. R. 10434 (Aspinhill), H. R. 10443 (Inouye), H. R. 10456 (O'Brien), H. R. 10463 (Saylor), and H. R. 10475 (Westland), Includes the amendments agreed upon in committee when H. R. 10443 was marked up. All predecessor bills except H. R. 10443 were identical. Section 12 contains perfecting amend- ments to the statute, which authorizes the Secre- tary of the Interior to undertake exploration, in- vestigation, development, and maintenance projects for fishery resources in the Pacific. Inappropriate references to the ''Territory'' of Hawaii and to the "Hawaiian Islands'' would be deleted or modified by the amendments. Section 13 provides a per- fecting amendment to section 2(d) of the Fish Res- toration Act, to remove the definition of the term June 1960 "State.'" The term is defined by existing law to include the States and the Territory of Hawaii. The Committee reported favorably on H. R. 11602, without amendment, and recommended that the bill be passed. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS: On May 2, 1960, the House disagreed to Senate amendments on H. R, 10401, a bill making appro- priations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, and for other purposes: agreed toa conference requested by the Senate, and appointed conferees. On May 3, 1960, the House filed a conference report (Rept. No. 1571) on H. R. 10401 (Kirwin). ‘Amendment No. 24 concerns the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries: Appropriations $6,591,000 for management and investigations of resources instead of $7,051,000 as proposed by the Senate and $6,249,000 as proposed by the House. The increase provided over the House bill is for the following: Pesticides research; $67,000; indus- trial fisheries research (menhaden, sardines, and herring), $175,000; South Atlantic explora- tory fishing and gear development program $100,000. In addition, the conferees directed that $60,000 be made available for this latter program from Saltonstall-Kennedy funds to make a totalof $160,000 available during fiscal year 1961. The $400,000 recommended by Senate Committee on appropriations for tuna fisheries investigations was disallowed by the Conference Committee. On May 5, 1960, the House soontes by a voice vote the conference report on H. . 10401, and sent the legislation to the Sane “Two Senate amendments were reported in disagreement on which the House voted to recede and concur therein. LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTIONS: On April 27, 1960, the Committee on Foreign Relations submitted favorable reports on four conventions and a protocol on the law of the sea (Executive Report 5), 86th Congress, 1st Session, as follows: Convention onthe Territorial Sea, and the Contig- uous Zone (Ex. J); Convention on the High Seas (Ex. K); Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas (Ex. L); Convention on the Continental Shelf (Ex. M); and Optional Protocol of Signature Concerning Com- pulsory Settlement of Disputes (Ex. N), all signed on behalf of the United States at Geneva on Septem- ber 15, 1958. SALMON IMPORT RESTRICTIONS: Hearings by the Senate Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries were heldon May 13, 1960, onS, 502 (Bartlett, Gruening, and Magnuson), introduced into the Senate on January 29, 1959, a bill to facilitate the application and operation ofthe Fishand Wild- life Act of 1956, and for other purposes. Would prohibit the import of salmon products derived from fish caught by nationals of any country that permits fishingfor salmon by gill nets on the high seas at times and places where occur large quan- tities of immature salmon of North American ori- gin. SEAWEED (GROUND, POWDERED, OR GRAN- ULATED) ON FREE FREE IMPORT RT LIST: On n April 4, 4, the President signed H. R. 5887 (Keith), a bill to COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 place ground, powdered, or granulated seaweeds on the free import list under Tariff Act of 1930 (P. L. 86-402), SECOND SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS: On April 5, 1960, conferees met and agreed to file a conference report on the differences between the Senate- and House-passed versions of H. R. 10743, second supplemental appropriations for fiscal 1960 (H. Rept. No. 1452). Includes for Fish and Wild- life Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries an increase of $55,000 to modify andimprove docking facilities at Technological Laboratory, Pascagoula, Miss. On April.6, 1960, the House adopted the confer- ence report on H. R. 10743 by voice vote, and sent legislation to the Senate. April 7, 1960, the Senate adopted conference report andcleared for the White House. Bill was signed by the President April 13, 1960 (P. L. 86-424), SHELLFISHERIES RESEARCHCENTER: H.R. 11515 (Giaimo), introduced in the House on April 4, 1960, a bill to provide for the construction of a shellfisheries research center at Milford, Conn.; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish- eries. The research center, estimated to cost $1,325,000, would promote the culture of clams and oysters. Identical bills were introduced as follows: H.R. 11721 (Kowalski), introduced in House on April 12, 1960; S, 3392 (Bush and Dodd) introduced in Senate on April 20, 1960; and H.R. 11873 (Irwin), introduced in House on April ?1, 1960. SHRIMP IMPORT BILL: On March 28, the names of Senators Johnston (S. C.), Sparkman (Ala.), Thurmond (S. C.), and Byrd (Va.), were added as sponsors of S. 3204, a bill to amend Tariff Act of 1930 to provide for establishment of country-by-country quotas for importation of shrimp and shrimp products, to impose a duty on all unprocessed shrimp imported in excess of the applicable quota, and to impose a duty on proc- essed shrimp and prohibit its importation in ex- cess of the applicable quota. STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS: ~ RE R. 11666 (Rooney), introduced in House on Foe 8, 1960, a bill making appropriations for the Departments of State and Justice, the Judi- ciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, and for other purposes; referred to the Committee on Appropriations. Reported on the same date (H. Rept. No. 1467) and referred to Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. A portion of the State Department appropriation is for the international fisheries commissions, which number nine this year, with the addition of the New Tortugas Shrimp Commission. Department of State, and Justice, the Judici- ary, and Related Age Agencies “Appropriations for 1961 (Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Repre- sentatives, 86th Congress, Second Session), 1171 pp., printed. Contains budget estimates and tes- timony presented by witnesses and representa- tives of the Department of State and other agen- cies in connection with State Department appro- priations for fiscal year 1961. Included are funds for the international fisheries commissions (pp. 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1002-1109) to enable the United States to meet its obligations in connection with participation in nine such commissions (including the new Tortu- gas Shrimp Commission) pursuant to treaties of conventions, and implementing Acts of Congress. H. Report No. 1467, Departments of State and Justice, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Ap- propriations Bill, Fiscal Year 1961 (April8, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Session, report from the Committee on Appropriations to accompany H. R. 11666), 29 pp., printed. Contains explanation of H. R. 11666. The sum of $1,875,000 (a reduction of $50,000 in the amount of the budget request, and an increase of $150,000 over the appropriation for the present fiscal year), is included in the bill for international fisheries commissions. These funds are used for payment of the United States' share of the expenses of nine international fisheries com- missions. The commissions conduct studies of determine measures necessary for the preserva- tion and expansion of fishery stocks. In addition, the Halibut and Salmon Commissions regulate the fisheries under their jurisdiction, and in the Great Lakes that Commission carried on a lamprey con- trol program. Included in the international fisher- ies commissions is the new Tortugas Shrimp Com- mission. TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: On May 6, 1960, Collier introduced in the House H. Con. Res. 687, ier js Vol. 22, No. 6 a concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress that the United States should not grant further tariff reductions in the forthcoming tariff negotiations under the provisions of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1958, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. This concurrent resolution is identical to H. Con. Res. 688 (Moeller), introduced in House on May 6, 1960, and about 32 other concurrent resolutions introduced in House and Senate January 25-May 6, 1960. UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF IN DEPRESSED AREAS: On May 4, 1960, the chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency, called up for consideration S. 722 (Douglas and 38 other Senators, which was introduced in the Senate Jan- uary 27, 1959, and passed March 23, 1959), a bill to establish an effective program to alleviate con- ditions of substantial and persistent unemployment and underemployment in certain economically de- pressed areas. A committee amendment was a- dopted that supplied new text for the Senate bill and recommended that this Act be known as the ‘Area Redevelopment Act."' The new language would reduce the authorization to $251 millionin lieu of $379,500,000. On May 9, 1960, the Secretary of the Senate reported that he had presented S. 722 to the Presi- dent for signature. ES SW HERRING SEROLOGICAL SCOPE WIDENS As part of the attempt at the Boothbay Harbor station of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to characterize herring populations serologically, recent work has been concentrated on a second blood group system in this species. During December 1959 a large sample of herring was collected from the New Jersey coastto explore this sys- tem more thoroughly. It appears to be analogous to the Rh system in humans in that there are several closely related cell antigens involved. It is hoped that with this new tool further information about the popula- tion structure of herring may be gained, once quantitative studies have been made. Large numbers of blood samples from four other clupeoids in addi- tion to herring were also obtained from the New Jersey coast, with which interspecies serological comparisons will be continued, to pro- vide a basis for comparisons of intraspecies groups of herring. Work- ing with cell antigens and serum proteins and using several techniques with each, a good picture has been obtained of the relationships of her- ring, shad, menhaden, alewives, and blueback, and a quantitative meas- ure of the relative ''serological distances" that separate each from the other, and this information will be of help in evaluating differences a- mong herring populations. June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 INDICATORS CHART I - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES In Millions of Pounds LEGEND: MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA MQS. 1 - 1960 - 80.2 1959 - 87.6 1959 - 883. : 1 2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TEXAS 140 CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA » 1960 - 16.1 120 1959 - 23.5 1959 - 383.3 100 80 60 40 0 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FLORIDA CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA mgs. 1960 - : 2 37 - 2, 1959- = 1959 - 207.1 12 1959 - 18.6 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CALIFORNIA 4/ OREGON 14 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 0 V/ONLY PARTIAL--{NCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS, i 74 LEGEND: HADDOCK (Maine and Massachusetts) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SHRIMP Gulf States— including Florida West Coast) CUMULATIVE DATA — MQs . 1960 - 20.5 1959 - 1959 -1 JAN FEB + & ALA. LETE. MAR_APR_ MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM- In Thousands of MENH/.DEN (East and Gulf Coasts) "FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC PILCHARD (California) CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL LEGEND: — 15 ——— 10 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES Pounds Vol. 22, No. 6 OCEAN PERCH (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WHITING (Maine and Massachusetts) — JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL (California) g JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 | CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS * In Millions of Pounds U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS CUMULATIVE DATA U. S, & ALASKA HOLDINGS 260 240 220) 200 180 160 140 a 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1960 4 , 1959 - 59.8 1959 - 336.6 e4 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS= NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS !/ 80 70 60 50 SN 40 30 20 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC J/HAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT [ JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS2 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 is) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC S/OHiO, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS. 4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN. WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS 56 48 40 32 24 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC * Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products. 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS In Millions of Pounds COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2! are = = ’ nape RECEIPTS —' AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET é 1 NEW YORK (Fresh and Frozen) CITY CUMULATIVE JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA. AT NEW YORK CITY. RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS CUMULATIVE DATA Mgs. 1960 - 28.4 1959 - 26.8 1959 - 92.5 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC BOSTON COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS SEATTLE WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, & IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA LEGEND MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY SEPT OCT JAN FEB JUNE JULY AUG NOV. DEC = CHART 5- FISH MEAL and FISH MEAL FISH OIL In Thousands s In Millions of Gallons CUMULATIVE MAR_APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS In Thousands of Standard Cases LEGEND: MACKEREL ale CALIFORNIA TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA 4 MQS. 1960 - 367.2 ]_ 4, 1959 - 66.1 12 1959 - 586.8 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 2/ INCLUDES PACIFIC MACKEREL AND JACK MACKEREL. 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 1959 SEASON, TOTAL - 1,778.3 1958 SEASON, TOTAL - 2,944.5 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC STANDARD CASES 12 Mgs. 1959 12 1958 Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt. SARDINES } drawn 33 oz. = oz. # 3 tuna PILCHARDS... # 1 oval SALMON 1-lb. tall ANCHOVIES... $-lb. 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING. SARDINES - CALIFORNIA : y SHRIMP - GULF STATES 1959/60 CUMULATIVE DATA 1958/59 CUMULATIVE DATA 1959/60 SEASON, . 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL - AUG. - APR. - 343, 1958/59 SEASON, 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL -2 AUG. = APR. - 457. 1958/59 SEASON, TOTAL - 864. ot net —= AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY. AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW LEGEND: GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS u Fresh and E *= 1960 9590 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM- PARABLE WITH 1958. SHRIMP FROM MEXICO (Fresh and Frozen) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TuNA ¥/ (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS, U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH (in Oil and in Brine) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH (Fresh and Frozen) 3 MQS. 1960 ay 7959) 12 Viol 22 INOEEG JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER A ozen CUMULATIVE DATA 3 MQS. 1960 - 13.2 3 4 1959 - 9.9 12 1959 = 48.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS CUMULATIVE DATA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CANNED SARDINES in Oil and not in Oil CUMULATIVE DATA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC June 1960 og --3- a e4 SO el A a + Al ee Oh sg + = FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U,. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG- NATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHER- JES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-2243 - Fish Meal and Oil, January 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2245 - Massachusetts Landings, December 1959, 5 pp. CFS~-2247 - North Carolina Landings, 1959 Annual Summary, 6 pp. CFS-2248 - Frozen Fish Report, February 1960, 8 pp. CFS-2251 - Maine Landings, 1959 Annual Sum- mary, 6 pp. CFS-2253 - South Carolina Landings, 1959 Annual Summary, 4 pp. CFS-2257 - Packaged Fish, 1959 Annual Summary, 5 pp. CFS-2258 - Georgia Landings, 1959 Annual Sum- mary, 4 pp. CFS~-2259 - Rhode Island Landings, 1959 Annual Summary, 7 pp. CFS-2263 - California Landings, November 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2267 - Rhode Island Landings, January 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2269 - Mississippi Landings, December 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2270 - New York Landings, January 1960, 4 pp. CFS-2271 - Shrimp Landings, December 1959, 6 pp. CFS-2272 - Fish Meal and Oil, February 1960, ‘ 2 pp. CFS-2273 - Canned Fish and Byproducts, 1959 Annual Summary, 21 pp. CFS-2274 - Texas Landings, January 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2275 - Washington Landings, 1959 Annual Summary, 2 pp. CFS-2276 - Virginia Landings, February 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2277 - Maryland Landings, February 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2278 - Louisiana Landings, October 1959, 2 pp. CFS-2279 - South Carolina Landings, February 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2280 - North Carolina Landings, February 1960, 3 pp. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79 = Bf, Z Re a Sa Hat pew mame - ett’ CFS-2281 - California Landings, December 1959, 4 pp. CFS-2282 - Mississippi Landings, 1959 Annual Summary, 3 pp. CFS-2283 - Georgia Landings, February 1960, CFS-2284 - acest Landings, January 1960, CFS-2285 - Ree Landings, February 1960, CFS-2287 - ieee Landings, February 1960, CFS-2288 - rae Landings, February 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2293 - Rhode Island Landings, February 1960, 3 pp. FL.No. 336rr - Commercial Fisheries Outlook, April-June 1960, 44 pp. Sep. No. 587 - Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice: Part 3 - Holding Variables and Keeping Quality of Raw Whole Shrimp. Sep. No. 588 - Research in Service Laboratories (May 1960): Contains this article--''Technical Note No, 55 - Recommended Practices for Processing Chilled and Frozen Whiting." Sep. No. 589 - Equipment Note No. 3 - New Diving Sled for Underwater Photography. THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM E BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, oo S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Number Title MNL-13 - India's Fisheries. MNL-16 - Shippers and U. 8. Consignees of Peru- vian Fish Meal Shipments, 1959. THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LAN- LABORATORY , BOOTHBAY HARBOR, MAINE, The Acclimatization of Lobsters in the U.S.S.R., ~ by L. G. Vinogradov and A. A. Neyman, 7 pp., processed. (Translated from Zoologicheski Zhurnal, vol. 38, no. 2, 1959, pp. 182-188.) The Beginning of Active Feeding in Larvae of the ~ Sakhalin Herring (CLUPEA HARENGUS PAL- LASI Val.), by I. V. Nikitinskaya, 4 pp., proc- essed. (Translated from Zoologicheski Zhurnal, vol. 37, no. 10, 1958, pp. 1568-1571.) The Behavior of Fishes in an Electric Field and “Their Protection during Hydraulic Construction, by L. M. Nusenbaum, 10 pp., processed, (Trans- lated from Trudy Soveshchanii po Fiziologii Ryb. no. 8, 1958, pp. 132-141. 80 Blood Cells in Developing Salmon, by I. N. Ostrou- mova, 7 pp., processed. (Translated from Trudy Soveshchanii po Fiziologii Ryb., no. 8, 1958, pp. 380-386.) Sciences de Russie (Russian), vol. 21, no. 8, May 1918, pp. 1835-1942.) Concerning the Systematic Position of the White Sea Herring, by A. I. Rabinerson, 2 pp., proc- essed, (Translated from Annals of the State Institute for Experimental Agronomics, vol. 1, no. 3, 1923, pp. 106-107. Conference on Problems Concerning the North At- lantic Herring Fisheries, 1 p., processed. (Translated from Rybnoe Khoziaistvo (Russian), vol. 34, no. 9, 1958, p. 94.) Data on the Fecundity of the Belomorsky Herring, by O. P. Antipova, 2 pp., processed. (Trans- lated from Annals of the State Institution for Experimental Agronomics (Russian), vol. 6, no. 3-4, 1928, pp. 113-114.) Effect of Oceanographic and Meteorological Con- ditions on the Concentrations of Kandalaksha and Onega Herring, by V. M. Nadezhin, 15 pp., processed. (Translated from Zoologicheski Zhurnal (Russian), vol. 38, no. 2, 1959, pp. 228-242.) The Fecundity of White Sea Herring, by E. A. Bezrukova, 5 pp., processed. (Translated from Zoologicheski Zhurnal (Russian), vol. 17, no. 1, 1938, pp. 175-179.) The Fishery for Kiljka (Sprat)with Fish Pump, Combined with Underwater Light and Impulse Current, by P. V. Nilonorov and A. Kh. Patejev, 6 pp., processed. (Translated from Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 7, June 1959, pp. 53-58.) Bodrova and B. B. Krayukhin, 8 pp., processed, (Translated from Trudy Soveshchaniia po Fizio- logii Ryb., no. 8, 1958, pp. 124-131.) ring. I--Mean Age Composition, by Tomokichi Yoshihara, 4 pp., processed. (Translated from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 19, no. 7, 1953, pp. 828-831.) Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 19, no. 7, 1953, pp. 832-835.) Immunological Reaction in Fishes, B. G. Avetikyan, 6 pp. processed. (Translated from Trudy So- veshchaniia po Fiziologii Ryb. (Russian), no. 8, 1958, pp. 387-392.) Their Young, by B. M. Drabkina, 8 pp., proc- essed, (Translated from Trudy Soveshchaniia po Fiziologii Ryb., no. 8, 1958, pp. 372-379.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 Some Information on the Distribution of Mature and Immature Atlantic-Scandinavian Herring, by S. S. Fedorov, 4 pp., processed. (Translated from Fiskets Gang (Norwegian), no. 43, Octo- ber 22, 1959, pp. 593-596.) The Secular Variation of the Total Length of Spring Herring CLUPEA HARENGUS C. et V. in the Western Coast of Hokkaido, by Hitoshi Kitahama, 6 pp., processed. (Translated from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries (Japanese), vol. 21, no. 8,1955, pp. 915-920.) On the Sprat's Reaction to Light, by A. A. Lovets- kaya, 3 pp., processed. (Translated from Trudy Soveshchanii po Fiziologii Ryb., no. 8, 1958, pp. 121-123.) J. J. Marti, 4 pp., processed. (Translated from Fiskets Gang, no. 38, September 17, 1959, pp. 522-525. On the Stock of Spring Herring in Hokkaido, by Morisaburo Tauchi, 3 pp., processed. (Trans- lated from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 13, no. 5, 1948, pp. 207-209.) Translated from Nauchnye Doklady Vyshe Shkoly, Biologicheskie Nauki iaaeees no. 4, 1958, pp. 31-36.) Standardizing Methods of Biological Research in the North Atlantic, by A. S. Polonshiy, 4 pp., processed. (Translated from Rybnoe Khoziaist- vo, vol. 34, no. 9, 1958, pp. 6-9) State of the Stock and Outlook for the Catches of Baltic Herring, by L. A. Rannak, 4 pp., process- ed. (Translated from Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, no. 10, 1958, pp. 13-16. tions in Fishes, by S. G. Zusser, 6 pp., process- ed. (Translated from Trudy Soveshchanii po Fiziologii Ryb., no. 8, 1958, pp. 115-120.) THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED. Branch of Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research, Region 3 Activities, 17 pp., illus., processed. (Exploratory Fishing Base, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, State Fish Pier, Glouces- ter, Mass.) Describes Bureau activities in ex- ploratory fishing and gear research in the North Atlantic area. These activities are designed to facilitate the harvesting of our marine resources. Current knowledge of fish populations indicate that great as are landings inthis area at present, they do not even approach the known limits of the resource. This booklet outlines the work of the Bureau's research vessels in locating new fishing grounds, estimating seasonal availability and migrations of commercial species, intro- ducing more efficient methods of landing fish and shellfish, and developing new equipment. Several photos show scenes aboard the M/V Delaware during exploratory fishing trips. June 1960 California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, February 1960, 12 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish; mackerel, and anchovies; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, and anchovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; Cali- fornia imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; A- merican Tuna Boat Association auction sales; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale Market Prices, February 1960, 12 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month indicated. Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, March 1960, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So: King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cam- bridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumulative and comparative data; for the month indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade-- Monthly Summary for February 1960, 19 pp. (Market News Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and anal- yses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at New York City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen products, and marketing trends; for the month indicated. Seattle and Astoria-~-Landings, Receipts, and Value of Fishery Products, 1959, by Charles M. Rear- don, 42 pp., processed. (Available free from the Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service, Pier 42, South, Seattle 4, Wash.) Reviews Pacific Northwest fisheries trends and their effect upon Seattle fishery products re- ceipts for 1959; halibut landings; carload and truckload shipments of fishery products from Seattle by months; imports of canned fishery products at Seattle; and names, classifications, and standards as used on Seattle wholesale market. The Astoria section presents fisher- ies trends and products receipts for 1959; and landings and receipts of fishery products, 1959. The report also contains a number of statistical tables on fresh and frozen salmon receipts at Seattle, halibut landings, and ex-vessel landings by the otter-trawl fleet. (Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, March 1960, 7 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) Includes landings and local receipts, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and Astoria (Ore.), wholesale dealers; also Northwest Pa- cific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp landings; for the month indicated. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBL! - CATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. AMINO ACIDS: "Separation of Derivatives of Amino Acids by Using Gas-Liquid Chromatography," by E. Bayer, article, Gas Chromatography, 1958, pp. 333-339, printed. Gas Chromatography, Aca- demic Press, Inc., 111 5th Ave., New York 3, IN ANTIBIOTICS: "Determination of Antibiotic Residue in Fish," by Antonio Montefredine, Concetta Testa, and Imperia Morelli, article, Bollettino dei Lab- oratori Chiamici Provinciali Bologna, vol. 9, 1958, pp. 254-262, printed in Italian. Associa- zione Nazionale die Chiamici de C. N. A. Lab- oratori, Provinciali di Igiene e Profiassi, Via B. Triachini 17, Bologna, Italy. "Determination of Tetracycline in Fish Preserved with Antibiotic,'' by Antonio Montefredine, Im- peria Morelli, and Concetta Testa, article, Bol- lettino dei Laboratori Chiamici Provinciali Bo- logna, vol. 9, 1958, pp. 263-267, printed in Ital- ian. Associazione Nazionale die Chiamici de C. N. A. Laboratori, Provinciali di Igiene e Profiassi, Via B. Triachini 17, Bologna, Italy. The Use of Chlortetracycline in the Control of Spoilage in Ice-Stored Shrimp, by Mary H. Vance, William Saenz, and David L. Dubrow, Technical Series no. 28, 25 pp., illus., printed. State Board of Conservation, Tallahassee, Fla., June 1959. A report on experiments to deter- mine the effect of CTC applied as a dip or in- corporated into the storage ice in controlling shrimp spoilage and to develop suitable methods for the application of CTC under commercial fishing conditions. The pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) used in these experiments were ob- tained from a commercial shrimp vessel oper- ating in the Tortugas area out of Key West, Fla. Results of the experiments indicate that shrimp treated with chlortetracycline will remain of ac- ceptable quality for 4 to 7 days longer than non- treated shrimp. ARGENTINA: ''La Industria Pesquero-Conservera Argentina" (The Argentine Fish-Canning Industry), article, Industria Conservera, vol. 25, no. 246, Decem- ber 1959, pp. 328-330, printed in Spanish, In- dustria Conservera, Calle Marques de Vallada- res, 41, Vigo, Spain. 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, BAIT: Artificial Bait for Blue Crabs, by William Saenz, David L. Dubrow, and William J. Cerniglia, Special Service Bulletin No. 16, 7 pp., printed. Florida State Board of Conservation, W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla., July 1959. This booklet tells of two years of experimentation on the development of an artificial crab bait. None of the chemicais tested proved effective. A more successful approach was the use of natu- ral products, such as brewers! yeast, fish pre- served in formalin, and dry-salted fish. Traps baited with dry-salted fish caught between 80 and 90 percent as many crabs as those baited with fresh or frozen fish. In the course of the investigation it was found that a convenient way of baiting the traps is by placing the bait in an empty can in which holes have been punched on the sides and bottom. The bait in the can at- tracts crabs but is not consumed by the first individuals entering the trap. This device al- lows the use of smaller quantities of bait and preparation of the cans beforehand, so that less work is required on the boat. BRITISH GUIANA: The Trawl Survey Carried Out by the R/VC ST. MARY Off British Guiana, 1957-59 59, | == I--Summary of the Survey, by W. G. Mitchell; Part Il--The ‘Interpretation of of the Catch Re- cords, by R. H. McConnell, Bulletin No. 2, 51 pp., illus., printed, BG$1 (about 58 U.S. cents). The Fisheries Division, Department of Agricul- ture, Georgetown, British Guiana. Results of the survey outlined in this report indicate that trawling grounds extend out 30-40 miles from the coast of British Guiana, including an area of about 5,000 square miles. For best results, trawlers must have sufficient power to tow the trawl against wind and tide. Analysis of the catch showed that 200 species of fish were taken during the two-year survey. Of these, the prin- cipal species landed were the croaker, seatrout, and bangamary. The grounds have an average potential production of over 300 pounds of mar- ketable fish per fishing hour throughout the year. CANADA: British Columbia Catch’ Statistics, 1959 (By Area and Type of Gear), 158 pp., illus., processed. Department of Fisheries, 1110 W. Georgia St., Vancouver 5, B. C., Canada, February 5, 1960. The ninth annual report of fish-catch statistics for British Columbia based on Departmental copies of sales slips that are completed by all commercial fish buyers operating within the Province. The following information is con- tained in this report: summary of landings by district and total landed value of all fish; high- lights of catch statistics--a general review of fishing in each area; and detailed district and area monthly statistics by type of gear. Cer- tain economic, weather, and conservation fac- tors that have a bearing on the catch are also reviewed, CARP: ""EBlevage de la Carpe &@ Madagascar" (Carp Breeding in Madagascar), by A. Kiener, arti- cle, Bulletin de Madagascar, vol. 10, no. 165, February 1960, pp. 125-147, illus., printed in French, Bulletin de Madagascar, M. le Direc- teur de l'Imprimerie Officielle, Tananarive, Madagascar (Malgache Republic). CEYLON: "Ceylon Modernizes Her Fisheries, W ipyale Vic MacDonald, article, Foreign Trade, vol. 113, no. 7, March 26, 1960, pp. 20-21, illus., printed. Queen's Printer, Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Canada. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: "Sodium and Potassium in Salt-Water Fish,'' by Lennie M. Oglesby and Agnes C. Bannister, ciation, vol. 35, November 1959, pp. 1163-1164, printed. Journal of the American Dietetic As- sociation, American Dietetic Association, 620 North Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Il. Variations in the Sodium and Potassium Content of the Muscle Tissue of Pacific Salmon with Particular Reference to Migration," by R. A. MacLeod, R. E. Jonas, and J. R. McBride, arti- cle, Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Phys- iology, vol. 36, no. 12, December 1958, pp. 1257- 1258, printed. Canadian Journal of Biochemis- try and Physiology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. COLD STORAGE: "Studies on a Jacketed Cold-Storage Room,'' by J. W. Slavin, J. A. Peters, and S. R. Pottinger, article, Food Technology, vol. 12, no. 11, No- vember 1958, pp. 602-611, printed. Food Tech- nology, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Il. CONTAINERS: "Cleaning Aluminum Fish Containers," by R. J. Nachenius, article, Annual Report, Fishing In- dustry Research Institute, no. 11, 1958, p. 13, printed. Fishing Industry Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Union of South Africa. DEHYDRATION: "Vers des Applications Industrielles de la Cryo- Dessication a la Deshydration des Produits Alimentaires'(Commercial Applications of the Freeze-Drying Process for Dehydration of Food Products), article, La Revue de la Conserve, no. 7, September 1957, pp. 67-68, printed in French. La Revue de la Conserve, 1 rue de la Reale, Paris 1, France. DIETARY LEVELS: hold Food Consumption = 1955 Report No. 10, 68 pp., illus., processed, 45 cents. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., July 1957. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The nationwide survey of household food consumption on which this re- port is based was made in April-June 1955 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Some data on dietary levels of fish and other high-protein foods are included. Fish is not shown separate- June 1960 ly but appears in the combined category of "meat, poultry, fish." DRYING: "Continuous High Vacuum Drying Techniques," by F. Fixari, W. Conley, and G. Bard, article, Food Technology, vol. 13, March 1959, pp. 217- 220, printed. Food Technology, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Il. "Drying Fish and Beef Prior to Solvent Extrac- tion," by L. K. Arnold, and Pong R. Hsia, arti- cle, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 3, March 1958, pp. 231-232, printed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, A- N. W., merican Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., Washington 6, D. C. ELECTRICAL FISHING: "Die Verwendung von Leitungsstrom zur Elektro- fischerei' (The Use of Direct Current for Elec- trofishing), by H. W. Hattop, article, Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, vol. 5, no. 9, September 1958, pp. 265-268, illus., printed in German. Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, Neumann Verlag, Radebeul, Dresden, E. Germany. "Wo Steht Gegenwartig die Elektrofischerei?" (What is the Present State of Electrical Fish- ing?), by P. F. Meyer-Waarden, article, Proto- kolle zur Fischereitechnik, vol. 5, no. 22/23, October 1958, pp. 244-250, printed in German. Institut fur Netzforschung, Hamburg, W. Ger- many. EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET: "L'Industrie de la Péche Belge et 1'Application du Marche Commun" (The Belgian Fishing In- dustry and the Effect of the Common Market), article, La Péche Maritime, vol. 38, no. 981, December 1959, pp. 763-775, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris (8°), France. "Les Pays du Marche Commun'' (The Common Market Countries), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 984, March 1960, pp. 147-149, print- edin French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Boule- vard Haussmann, Paris, France. Includes sec- tions on fishery developments in West Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy. FISH-LIVER OILS: Refined Shark-Liver Oil and Vitamin A Concen- trates, by S. Mahdihassan and others, British Patent No. 810,643, March 18, 1959. Her Ma- jesty's Patent Office, London, England. FISH MEAL: "Vergleichende Untersuchung Einiger Methoden zur Feststellung des Fett-Gehaltes in Fisch- mehl'' (Comparative Investigation about Methods for the Determination of Fat in Fish Meal), by A.F.M.G, Luijpen, D. Hooghiemstra-Brasser, and A. C. Hindriks, article, Fette, Seifen, An- strichmittel, vol. 60, no. 10, October 1958, pp. 10-12, printed in German, Industrieverlag von Hernhaussen K. G., Hamburg 11, W. Germany. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 FISH SAUSAGE: "Tes Saucisses de Thon," (Tuna Sausages), arti- cle, La Péche Maritime, vol. 37, no. 965, Au- gust 1958, 1 p., illus., printed in French, La Péche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris 8, France. FISH SCRAP: "Recovery of Blood and Fish Body Solids from Blood Water by a System of Heat Coagulation," by J. M. Fourie, article, Progress Report No. 42, 4pp., printed. Fishing Industry Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Union of South Africa. FISH SOLUBLES: "New Fish Solubles Plant Added to Cannery Op- eration,’ article, Feedstuffs, vol. 31, October 17, 1959, p. 46, printed. Feedstuffs, Miller Publish- ing Co., 118 S. 6th St., Minneapolis 2, Minn. FLOUNDER: Young Plaice Hauls off the English East Coast, by R. S. Wimpenny, 22 pp., illus., printed, 6s. 6d. (about 91 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Sta- tionery Office, York House, Kingsway, London WC 2, England, 1960. (Reprinted from Fishery Investigations, series 2, vol. 23, no.1.) Pre- sents results of exploratory trawling for plaice (flounder) on grounds off the South Sands of Bridlington Bay between 1949 and 1958. FLYINGFISH: "Note on a Technique for Catching Flying Fish at Night,'' by John B, Lewis, article, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin, no. 6, November/December 1959, pp. 9-10, processed. Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture, Federal House, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. FOOD ADDITIVES: Principles and Procedures for Evaluating the Safety of Food Additives, Publication 750, 12 pp., printed. National Academy of Sciences-- National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington 25, D. C. A booklet on evalu- ating the safety of food additives which includes definitions of the terms food additives, toxicity, safety, and hazard; statement of principles as a guide to policy decisions in using additives; out- lines of the kinds of investigation helpful in evaluating their safety; and principles for adapt- ing an investigation to a particular additive and its expected use. The appendix discusses the functions of insignificant levels of chemical food additives. "Some Pressing Problems Under the Food Addi- tives Amendment of 1958,'' by Bernard L. Oser, article, Food Technology, vol. 13, November 1959, pp. 607-608, 609, printed. Food Tech- nology, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Il. What Consumers Should Know About Food Addi- tives, Leaflet No. 10, 12 pp., illus., printed, 15 cents. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Food and Drug Administration, 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WiLDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINEO FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintend- ent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Included are sections on the history of the use of chemical preservatives; the contributions of food chem- istry to better living; public health safeguards; and the latest legislation to regulate the use of food additives. Details are presented on the various types of additives suchas vitamins, non- nutritive sweeteners, emulsifiers, and others; special classes of additives such as pesticides and coal-tar color; and requirements of label declaration when additives are used. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Technical Meeting on Fishery Cooperatives (Pro- ceedings and Basic Working Papers), 228 pp., processed, limited distribution. Fisheries Di- vision, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, December 1959. This, the first international meeting in its field, was held in Naples on May 12-21, 1959, and was co-sponsored by FAO and the International Labour Office. The report includes discussions and papers presented under the five agenda items and reprints of the four basic working papers commissioned for the meeting. The agenda items covered are: the Place of Cooperatives in the Economy of Fish- eries; fishery Cooperatives and Government; Cooperative Education and Training in Fisheries; Organization and Management in Fishery Coop- eratives; and general conclusions regarding fish- ery cooperatives and the future. ing papers deal with Fishery Cooperatives in Eu- rope and North America; Education and Training for Fishermen's Cooperatives; and Business Or- ganization and Management of Fishery Coapera- tives. FOOD CONSUMPTION: Food Consumption and Dietary Levels of House- holds as Related to the Age of the Homemaker, United States--by Region, Household Food Con- sumption Survey 1955, Report No. 14, 134 pp., illus., processed, 75 cents. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1959. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) This report, the latest in a series based on the 1955 Department of Agriculture's food consumption survey, shows that peak expendi- tures for food are made by families in which the housewife is between 30 and 50 years old. This is true for fish and shellfish as well as for other food products. Data on ''fish and shellfish'' as a separate category are included in the tables. FOOD PRODUCTION: Food Production for Home Use by Households in the United States--by Region, Household Food Consumption Survey 1955, Report No. 12, 88 pp., illus., processed, 75 cents. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1958. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This report, the twelfth in a series based on data gathered during a 1955 survey on house- hold consumption, was prepared jointly by the The basic work- Agricultural Research Service and the Agri- cultural Marketing Service. Six thousand homemakers in the United States were inter- viewed. Information given on quantities and money value of foods used during the week preceding the interview was used in preparing the present report. Category of meat and poultry includes fish and game, but the latter two are not shown separately in any of the tables. FOREIGN TRADE: 21st Annual Report of the Foreign-Trade Zones Board (to the Congress of the United States), 16 pp., printed, 15 cents, Foreign-Trade Zones Board, U. S. Department of Commerce Bldg., Washington 25, D. C., October 1959. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) Annual report of the Foreign- Trade Zones Board for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1959, together with the reports covering operations during the same period of Foreign- Trade Zones located at New York, New Orle- ans, San Francisco, and Seattle. FREEZING AND CANNING: Home Freezing and Canning by Households in the United States--by Region, Household Food Consumption Survey 1955, Report No. 11, 72 pp., illus., processed, 45 cents. U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1957 (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The eleventh in the series of re- ports based on data gathered during the 1955 Household Food Consumption Survey conducted by the Department of Agriculture during the spring of 1955. Some data on preservation of fishery products in the home are included. Fish is not shown separately but appears in the combination category of ''meat, poultry, fish or game." FREEZING EQUIPMENT: "Freezing Plant Aboard Factory Ships and Trawl- ers,'' by M. B., F. Ranken, article, Modern Re- frigeration, vol. 61, no. 12, December 1958, p. 1234, printed. Modern Refrigeration, Maclaren House, 131 Great Suffolk St., Lon- don SE1, England. FROZEN FOODS: "The AFDOUS Code--A Review of Recommen- ded Sections,'' article, Frosted Food Field, Vol. 29, October 1959, pp. 84-85, printed. Frosted Food Field, 321 Broadway, New York UA Nl Nes GENERAL: Color-Coding in Small Plants, by Joseph deFeher, Technical Aids for Small Manufac- turers No. 69, November-December 1959, 4 pp., illus., printed. Small Business Admin- istration, Washington 25, D. C. Several ways that color-coding can raise general industrial efficiency and bring about orderliness are highlighted in this leaflet. Recent improvements made possible by standardization of the color- coding system are reviewed. The uses of June 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM. colors for purposes such as safety measures, and marking of critical areas on machines, pip- ing systems, resistors, temporary hazards, and dangerous substances are described. GHANA: Report of the Fisheries Division, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 1958, 21 pp. and 5 charts, illus., printed, 3s. 6d. (about 49 U. S. cents). Govern- ment Printing Department, Accra, Ghana, 1960. Covers developments in sea fisheries, fishing harbors for power craft, fishing operations, freshwater fisheries, and the fisheries school, during 1958. In May of that year, the one hun- dredth motor fishing vessel to be registered in Ghana was launched. HERRING: The Herring of the Clyde Estuary, by Henry Wood, Scottish Home Department Marine Research No. 1, 1960, 24 pp., illus., printed, 8s. 6d. (about US$1.19). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland. "Smasildundersokelser i Nord-Norge med F/F Asterias hosten 1959" (Exploratory Fishing for Small Herring in Northern Norway with the Vessel Asterias during 1959), by Per Hognestad, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 4, January 28, 1960, pp. 53-59, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. ISRAEL: Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 2 (22), Decem- ber 1959, 36 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew with Englishabstracts. Fishermen's Bulletin, P.O. B. 609, Haifa, Israel. Includes, among others, these articles: ''Refrigeration Processes in Fishing Vessels," by M. Bleiser; ''Transport and Mar- keting of Red Sea Fish," by I. Ziskin; 'Israeli Shrimp and Ink-Fish Exports in 1959;"' and ''Sar- dine Fishery in 1959,"' by Y. Ariav. JAPAN: Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 45, no. 1, March1959, 94 pp., illus., printed. The Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others, articles on: ''A Biological Study on a Japanese Edible Mantis-Shrimp, Squillaoratoria De Haan," by I. Kubo and others; "Zoogeograph- ical Studies on the Demersal Fishes of the Tokyo Bay,'' by K. Takagi; and ''Studies on the Fat Me- tabolism of Fish. 2--Histological and Chemical Studies on Fat and Phosphorous in Rainbow Trout,'' by T. Ono and others. Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 45, no. 2, March1959, 137 pp., illus., printed. Th Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes articles on: ''Polarographic Studies of Protein Contained in Aquatic Animal,'' by T. Kikuchi, T. Hirano, and I. Okada; ''Studies on the Fat Metabolism of Fish. IlI--Relations Between Fat and Phosphorous in Rainbow Trout,'' by T. Ono and F. Nagayama; "Enzymatic Studies on the Glycolysis of Fish Muscle, II--Colorimetric Method for Determina- tion of Sugars in Muscle,” by F. Nagayama and others; ''Study on the Fish-Gathering Effects of Air Curtain,'' by Y. Imamura and M. Ogura; "Study on the Disposition of Fish Towards Light. Ill--The Strength of Nlumination Comfortable to Cololabis saira,'' by Y. Imamura and A. Koike; Study on the Disposition of Fish Towards Light. IV--The Strengthof Illumination Comfortable to Mackerel and Trachurus japonicus,'' by Y. Ima- mura;''Study on the Response of Trachurus japo- nicus to Air- Bubbles, '' by Y. Imamura and M. Ogura; and''Determinationof Time Required for Freezing of Skipjack,'' by K. Tanaka and J, Ni- shimoto, Technical Report of Fishing Boat, No. 13, 123 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan, Octo- ber 1959. Contains, among others, these papers: "Resistance Test of European Wooden Trawler (No. 2),'' by N. Yokoyama and T. Kobayashi; "Self- Propulsion Test with European Wooden Small Trawler Models,'' by N. Yokoyama and E. Imanari; ''Results of Measure Experiments by Several Meters on Net Shape of One-Boat Trawl Net (Danish Seine Net),'' by C. Hamuro; "Study on Ultrasonic Waves Reflection Loss at Fish-Body Examination on Dimension of Fish- Body and Wave-Length,"' by Y. Maniwa; ''Com- parison between the Echo-Trace of Sea- Bottom by the 14 kc. Echo-Sounder and that by the Echo- Sounder of Ultra High Frequency Sound-Wave Which Has the Same Mechanism as the 14 kc. Echo-Sounder,'' by T. Hashimoto, Y. Maniwa, and M. Nishimura; ''Detection of Fish by Sono- buoy,'' by T. Hashimoto, M. Nishimura, and Y. Maniwa; and ''Technical Examination and Tentative Making of Fish-Finder for Tuna and Experiment on It on Sea,'' by T. Hashimoto and Y. Maniwa. JELLYFISH: "The Portuguese Man-of-War," by Charles E. Lane, article, Scientific American, vol. 202, no. 3, March 1960, pp. 158-168, illus., printed. Scientific American, Inc., 415 Mad- ison Ave., New York 17, N. Y. LAW OF THE SEA: "La Deuxieme Conference de Geneve Etablira-t- elle une Regle Universelle d'Etendue de la Mer Territoriale et dela Zone Contigue?" (Will the Second Conference at Geneva Establisha World- Wide Law to Extend the Territorial Sea and Con- tiguous Zone?), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 984, March 1960, pp., 129-132, printed in French, La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. Second United Nations Conference on the Law of Adjacent Zones), A/CONF. 19/4, February 8, 1960,14pp., printed. United Nations Internation- al Documents Service, Columbia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y. MACKEREL: "Line Fishery for Mackerel," by C. Nedelec, article, Science et Peche,no. 63, October 1958, 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTA!NEO FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. 4 pp., printed in French. Science et Peche, L'Institut Scientifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes, 59 Avenue Raymond-Poincare, Paris 16©, France. MUSSELS: "Nebennutzungen inder Binnenfischerei: Muschel- werbung" (Secondary Exploitation in the Fresh- Water Fishery: Mussel Fishing), by B. Rogge, article, Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, vol. 5, no. 9, September 1958, pp. 279-281, illus., printed in German. Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, Neumann Verlag, Radebeul/Dresden, E. Germany. NETS: "Bisherige Erfahrungen mit Netzen aus Chemisch Veranderter Baumwolle" (Experience to Date With Nets Made of Chemically-Treated Cotton), by A. von Brandt, article, Wissenschaftliche In- formationen fur die Fischereipraxis, vol. 5, no. 4, July/August 1958, pp. 118-122, printed in German. Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Fischerei, Hamburg 36, W. Germany. "The Effect of Dyeing on the Efficiency of Gill Nets and Long Lines Made of Perlon Monofila- ment," by G. Kajewski, article, Fischereifor- schung, vol. 1, no. 1, August 1958, p. 19, printed in German, Fischereiforschung, Institut fur Hochseefischerei und Fischverarbeitung, Ros- tock-Marienehe, E. Germany. "'Tabellen zur Gewichtsberechnung von Baumwoll- netzen unter Berucksschtigung eines Einstellungs- verhaltnisses" (Tables for Calculating the Weight of Cotton Nets Under Consideration of a Certain Hanging Coefficient), by K. Schmidt and K. Au- wand, vol. 5, no. 4, April 1958, pp. 100-104, printed in German. Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, Nue- mann Verlag, Radebeul/Dresden, E. Germany. NORTHERN RHODESIA AND NYASALAND: (Joint Fisheries Research Organisation) Annual Report No. 8, 1958, 61 pp. and 2 maps, illus., printed, 5s. (about 70 U. S. cents). Joint Fish- eries Research Organisation, Salisbury, Rho- desia, 1959. This is the eighth report by the Joint Fisheries Research Organisation of North- ern Rhodesia and Nyasaland but the first appearing as a separate publication. The seven previous reports were incorporated into the annual reports of the Game and Tsetse Control Departments in each territory. The present summary covers activities of the Organisation in Northern Rho- desia, such as development of Lake Bangweulu and its swamp fishery, progress of the Zambezi Valley surveys, and operation of the Fiyongole Fish Farm. Also describes activities of the Organisation in Nyasaland during 1958, such as investigations of distribution of fish larvae, hy- drology and plankton, and the fishes of Lake Nyasa. Includes four papers on fisheries of the region and a list of publications by members of the Organisation. NORWAY: Fylker og Landsdeler i Norge, Statistisk Belyst, {Statistieal Report on Counties and Land Area in Norway), by Hans Luihn, 69 pp., illus., printed in Norwegian. Arbeidsdirektoratet, Oslo, Nor- way, December 1958. A report covering statis - tical data on industry, agriculture, commerce, health, climatic conditions, and other aspects of life in the Norwegian counties. Includes achap- ter on fishing, with details of volume and value of catch by species for coastal and distant-wa- ter fisheries. OREGON: Research Briefs, vol. 7, no. 1, July 1959, 82 pp., illus., printed. Fish Commission of Oregon, 307 State Office Bldg., Portland 1, Oreg. Con- tains, among others, articles on: "Time of Spawning, Length of Maturity, and Fecundity of the English, Petrale, and Dover Soles (Parophrys vetulus, Eopsetta jordani, and Microstomus pa- Cificus, respectively), " by George Y. Harry, Jr.; and "The 1955-1956 Silver Salmon Run Into The Tenmile Lakes System," by Alfred R. Morgan and Kenneth A. Henry. POISONOUS FISH: "Poisonous Fishes in the Caribbean Area," by A. C. Ellington, article, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin, no. 6, November/December » Pp. T-5, processed. Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture, Federal House, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. PRESERVATION: "Nouvelles Methodes de Conservation du Poisson" (New Methods of Fish Preservation), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 37, no. 961, April 1958, T p., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris 8, France. PROTEINS: Dehydrated Edible Fish Proteins, by Raimund Vogel and Klement Mohler, U. S. Patent No. 2,875,061, Feb. 24, 1959. U. S. Patent Office, Washington 25, D. C. REFRIGERATED VESSELS: "The Chilling and Storage of Fish on Refrigerated Trawlers,'' by G. Konokotin, article, Kholo- dil'naia Tekhnika, no. 6, 1959, pp. 24-28, illus., printed in Russian with brief English summary. Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, c/o Four Continent Book Corp., 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. SALMON: "The Earliest of Salmon," by William B. Currie, article, Scotland, vol. 4, no. 3, March 1960, pp. 45-47, illus., printed. 1 Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland. A short description, for anglers, of the spawning habits of and best spots for catching the early-running Atlantic salmon in Scotland's rivers and lakes. "Zur Technologie des Lachsfanges'' (Technology of Salmon Fishing), by J. Zaucha and G. Kajew- ski, article, Fischereiforschung, vol. 1, no. 2, September 1958, pp. 1-7, illus., printed in Ger- man. Fischereiforschung Institut fur Hochsee- fischerei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock- Marienehe, E. Germany. SANITATION: "Up-To-Date Sanitation Processes," by W. J. Dixon, article, Canner and Freezer, no. 126, June 1960 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, June 1958, pp. 18-20, printed. Canner and Freez- er, 105 W. Adams St., Chicago 3, Ill., U.S. A. SARDINES: "Sardine Canners' Program Hits Top-Quality Bull's-Eye,'' by Arthur V. Gemmill, article, Food Engineering, vol. 32,no. 3, March 1960, pp. 78-81, illus., printed. Food Engineering, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y. Describes how Maine sardine processors are going ''all out" to fi- nance quality control and inspection services. They have adopted mandatory grading that al- most completely eliminates any sub-standard products. A good deal of money is being spent on research and promotion. ''Sardines from Maine" are becoming a familiar item on food store shelves throughout the country. SEALS: ics and Diagnostic Features of Seals Belonging to the Subfamily PHOCINAE, by K. K. Chapskii, translationno. NRCC C-2330, 10pp., processed. (Translated from Trudy Zoologicheskogo Insti- tuta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, vol. > 1955, pp: 160-169.) SLA Translation Center, The John Crerar Library, 86 E. Randolph St., Chicago 1, Ill. SHRIMP: The Tortugas Shrimp Fishery: The Fishing Fleet . Iversen and and its Method o eration, by EB. C. P. Idyll, ' Technicaisentes No. 29, 37 pp., il- lus., printed. State Board of Conservation, Tal- lahassee, Fla., June 1959. This report gives the background for the establishment of a measure of the relative quantities of pink shrimp (Pen- aeus duorarum) on the Tortugas grounds, within seasons and between seasons. It describes the fleet engaged in the Tortugas pink shrimp fish- ery and includes data on the size and age of ves- sels in the fleet, vessel activity (i.e., fishing and selling practices), landings by day of the week, and length of fishing trips. Also described are mesh size of trawl nets, changes in the gear used, average size of shrimp landed, amount of small shrimp discarded, variation in the hours of darkness; occurrence of jellyfish and algae on the grounds, strength and direction of the wind, phases of the moon, and the regulation of fishing. These are described and considered in relation to their effect on estimates of catch per unit of effort. SPINY LOBSTER: "Le Conditionnement sous Vide des Queues de Langoustes a Bord du Langoustier-Congelateur Francoise-Christine'" (The Processing Plant for Spiny Lobster Tails on Board the Freezer Ves- sel Francoise-Christine), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 984, March 1960, pp. 156- 157, illus., printed in French, La Peche Mari- time, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. STANDARDS: "Use of Grade Standards in the Quality Control of Fishery Products,'"' by Mary E. Ambrose and Maurice Bender, article, Food Technology, vol. 13, May 1959, pp. 249-251, printed. Food Tech- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 nology, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Ill. TRAWLERS: "The Building of Large Fishing Trawlers,'' by E. M. Gorbenko, translation, LLU Translation Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 25-41, illus., printed. (Translated from Sudostroenie, no. 5, 1959, pp. 33-37.) Lending Library Unit, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, England. TUNA: "| 'Organisation de la Campagne Thoniere 1959-60 a Dakar" (Planning the 1959-60 Tuna Fishing Season at Dakar), by Jehan Ichtus, article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 984, March 1960, pp. 133-138, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. UNITED KINGDOM: Fishing, Choice of Careers, no. 90, 40 pp., illus., printed, 1s. 9d. (about 25 U. S. cents). Her Maj- esty's Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London WC2, England, May 1959. An informa- tive booklet for young man trying to make a choice of careers. The hazards and loneliness as well as the rewards of a seafaring life are pointed out. Sections of the booklet are devoted to the apprenticeship, drifters and drifter-trawl- ers, seine fishing, other types of fishing, the crew of a trawler, training programs and courses offered at fishing ports, and further information and advice. Some excellent photos of activities on board fishing vessels are included. Fishing in Distant Waters (Report on the British Fishing Industry Distant Water Trawlers) 1958, 48 pp., illus., printed. British Trawlers' Fed- eration, Ltd., Grimsby, England. An unusually fine booklet describing, with the aid of a varie- ty of photos and charts, the accomplishments and events of interest in the British distant-wa- ter trawling industry during 1958. Included are sections on a general survey of the industry; the fishery limits; the year in the ports of Fleet- wood, Grimsby, and Hull; safety and rescue work of the trawlers; the business of fishing; and the full text of the Convention adopted at the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. The economic significance of the industry is stressed, as well as work done by the trawl- ers incidental to catching fish. The Fishing Industry in Britain, 5 pp., No. R. ~ 4288, printed. Reference Division, Central Of- fice of Information, London, England, October 1959. A short survey of the fishing industry in Great Britain covering fishing ports, methods of sea fishing, the fleet, landings and imports of fishery products, fresh-water fisheries, and the distribution system. Also described briefly are promotion and regulation of the industry, the 1959 Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Conser- vation Convention, and whaling activities. White Fish Authority Account, 1957-58, 3 pp., printed, 4d. (about 5 U. S. cents). Her Majes- ty's Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, 88 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVA/LABLE FROM OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION |SSUING THEM. London WC2, England. Describes briefly legis- lation pertaining to grants for fishing vessels and engines for operations in the white fish groundfish industry. A chart shows receipts and disbursement of funds for such aid during the year ended March 31, 1958. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 6 & FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE Whales Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, Sep- tember 1959. Includes, among others, articles in English on: 'Humpback Whales in Ryukyuan Waters," by M. Nishiwaki; ''Food of Baleen Whales with Reference to Whale Movements," by T. Nemoto; and ''Distribution of Amino Acid in Proteins from Various Parts of Whale Body," WHALE MEAT: by T. Nakai. "Determination of the Time Required for Freez- ing Whalemeat,"' by K. Tanaka and J. Nishimoto, | WISCONSIN: article, Bulletin de L'Institut International du Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 1, Froid, 10th International Congress of Refriger- January 1960, 37 pp., illus., printed. Wisconsin ation, vol. 39, 1959, pp. 902, 904, printed in Eng- Conservation Department, State Office Bldg., lish and French. Bulletin de L'Institut Interna- tional du Froid, 177, Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris 17, France. Madison 1, Wis. Includes, among others, these articles: 'Ice Fishing for Panfish,"' by Roland B. Stewart and Leonard J. Druschba; ''What's New in Fish Management," by C. W. Threinen; "Some Views on the Whitefish Fishery," by George R. King; and "Wisconsin's Dangerous Mollusks,'' by Margaret C. Teskey. WHALES: The Scientific Reports of the Whales Research In- “stitute, no. 14, pp., illus., printed. The EAT FISH FOR HEALTH A recentbook, Eat Well and Stay Well, by Dr. and Mrs. Ancel Keys, with a foreword bythe distinguished heart specialist, Dr. Paul Dudley White, presents, in a layman's language, the latest medical discoveries about how diet affects heart, arteries, and blood cholesterol. This book also presents a number of recipes, each with calorie count and number of grams of protein and fat. Of particular interest to the fish merchandiser is the chapter on fish and seafood, wherein the authors give "three major reasons why fish is of merit''-- (1) "Fish contains only about half the calories of an equal weight of beef or pork--so you may 'eat hearty'." (2) "Fish provides excellent proteins at high concentration." (3) ''Not only are fish generally low in fat, such fat as they contain does not raise the blood cholesterol level like meat and dairy fats." Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Vera Eggleston OK KK Ok Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho- tographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. P. 1--M. McClean, Wheatley, Ontario; p.8--Ewell Studio, Milan, Ohio. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) June 1960 Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Cuba (Contd.): 43 .. Closed Season on Shrimp Trawling and Several Species of Fish Denmark: 44 .. Herring Meal Exports Threatened Ecuador: 44 .. Exchange Regulations Moderated on Shrimp Exports French Polynesia: 44 .. Development of Fishing Industry Under Consideration French West Africa: 44... Tuna Fishery Honduras: 45 .. Restrictions on Shrimp Fishing Temporarily Suspended Iceland: 45 .. British Fishing Vessels Leave Fishing Banks off Iceland 45 .. Competition for Fish Stocks Causes Concern 45... Disagreement on Ex-Vessel Fish Prices 46 .. Events at Law of the Sea Conference Followed Closely 46... Fish Farming Project Proposed 46... Fishery Landings, 1957-59 46 .. Manpower Shortage Felt by Fishing Fleet 47 .. Market for Herring Sought in the United States 47... Marketing Survey for Canned Fish in United States 47... Trawler Officers' Dispute Settled India: 48 .. Small Model Fish-Meai Plant Now in Operation Italy: 48 .. Special License Suspended on Most Fishery Imports from Dollar Area Japan: 48 .. Summer Albacore Season Expected to Begin Earlier Than Usual 49 .. Study of Albacore Spawning in Bonin Islands Area Planned 49. Frozen Tuna Export Quotas Established for 1960 50. Exports of Frozen Tuna 50. Canned Lightmeat Tuna Price to Canada Raised Slightly 50. Third Sale of Canned Tuna for Export to United States 50. Study of Overseas Market for Canned Tuna 50. Policy on Tuna Mothership Operations Dia Large-Size Tuna Vessel Launched 51. Crab Factoryship Sails for Bristol Bay 51 Fishing Company Starts Trawling Operation in North Africa 51 Fishing Vessels Licensed for Construction, April 1, 1959-March 31, 1960 52. Fish Meal and Flounder Factoryship Operations in Bering Sea for 1960 52. Herring Catch of About 9,000 Tons in Bering Sea Expected 52. North Pacific Mothership Salmon Fleet Reduced in 1960 53. Former Salmon Mothership to Enter Bering Sea Fishery 53 Antarctic Whaling Catch Higher for 1959/60 53 License for New North Pacific Whaling Fleet Requested Korea: 54... Processors Close Contracts for Shrimp in April Kuwait: 3 54. U.S. Firm Starts Fishing for Shrimp Libya: 54. Fisheries Trends, Fourth Quarter 1959 Mexico: 55 Decree Prohibits Vessels from Fishing within Nine Miles of Border 55. Gulf of California Shrimp Fishery Trends, March 1960 ys Spiny Lobster and Abalone Fisheries Trends 56. Statement on Law of the Sea Conference 56. Tampico Area Shrimp Fishery Trends, April 1960 Netherlands: 57... Japanese May Purchase Whaling Vessels New Hebrides: 57 Tuna Operations New Zealand: 58 .. Reaction to Japanese Fishing in New Zealand Waters Page BU co 68... FOREIGN (Contd.): Norway: Winter Herring Landings Lowest in 15 Years One-Ninth of Herring Purse-Seiners Caught no Fish in 1960 Season Pakistan: Survey for Mother-of-Pearl in Bay of Bengal Planned Peru: Fish Meal Industry Trends, April 1960 Exports of Marine Products, Fourth Quarter and Year 1959 Ban on Shrimp Sales Lifted Fisheries Program for 1960 Philippines: Ban on the Export of Ornamental Sea Shells Proposed Portugal: Canned Fish Exports, 1959 Canned Fish Pack, 1959 i : Fisheries Trends, December 1959 Fisheries Trends, First Quarter, 1960 Sweden: .. Landings of Mackerel Limited by Poor Market Research Vessel Resumes Studies on Spawning of Spring Herring Union of South Africa: Steel Vessel of New Design for Pilchard Fishery U.S. S. R.: Fisheries in East Asiatic Waters Fishing Fleets Need Officers and Crews United Kingdom: British Firm Agrees to Purchase Frozen Fillets from Faroe Islands Trawlers to Supply Fish for U.S. S. R. Frozen Fillet Contract Fishery Loans Interest Rates Increased as of March 11 New Stern Trawler Praised 5 ; Peruvian Fish Meal Imports Threaten Industry Venezuela: Japanese-Venezuelan Tuna Fishing Company Plans Addition to Fleet Viet-Nam: . Fishing Fleet Increased by Two New Trawlers FEDERAL ACTIONS: Department of Commerce; Coast and Geodetic Survey: Fleet Sails to Chart Coastal Waters Federal Trade Commission: Crab Fishermen's Association in State of Washington Charged with Restraint of Trade Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Food and Drug Administration: Additional Petitions Filed on Food Additives Petition Filed for Use of Resins in Food Industry Use of Sodium Nitrite in Cured Tuna and Pet Food Extended Department of Interior: Fish and Wildlife Service: Season for Land-Based Whaling for Baleen Whales Changed International Joint Commission (United States and Canada): Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project: Public Hearing Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session) FISHERY INDICATORS: . Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fishery Products Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution Centers Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U.S. and Alaska Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products Chart 7 - U. S, Fishery Products Imports ‘ "RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: Fish and Wildlife Service Publications Miscellaneous Publications INT.DUP. ,D.C60- 75498 UNITED STATES CATCH BY AREAS, 1959 (Figures represent million pounds) Preliminary Data 63 417 Z 12/93 eae = ~ 238 i Dg Be Med < = Yp, = = Bike erie = z = Yip, = =| = = z § : Pes fs 5 2 é ig = > = Se - aa > = 7) = 7) = ” LS = “” BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION op NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3 Myveait SMITHSONIAN w B = & - a ws E = : : = 2 E ar = i S a = = i S S) = 3 = re} est 3 z 3 2 a) z = JILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uVuSIt -t! 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