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COMMERCrAL PRESS
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BOOKS
Fong. F Sec, M.a.
General Editor
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GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
BY
HORATIO B. HAWKINS, M.A.
Formerly Teacher in Kiangsu Provincial College, Soochow
REVISED, SEVENTH EDITION
COMMERCIAT^ PRESS, LIMITED SHANGHAI
1919
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PREFACE
This Geography pays special attention to China's resources and railways, because students, who wish to be useful to their country, may well study facts so important to progress. Care has been taken to show how the improvements in industry can be made to aid national greatness.
As this book describes China for Chinese students, the
student's point of view has been remembered. It is hoped the
book will help the student in the study of his country and her affairs.
During the three years of preparation, the writer received great help from the experience and observation of his friends in educational work. He keeps in mind the kind and unfailing assistance of Mr. Wang Hsien-hua of the China National Institute and of Mr. Tseu Yih-zan of the Kiangsu Provincial College. It was through the unwearied labour of Mr. Tseu, that full use was made of Chinese geographical works.
HORATIO B. HAWKINS.
SOOCHOW,
April 25, 1911.
EDITOR'S PREFACE
This book is prepared in response to a demand on the part of Chinese teachers and students for a Geography of China, which should meet the present needs of Chinese schools.
On the one hand, our teachers complain that the imported text-books on geography devote too much space to foreign countries and not enough to China, and that the facts they present concerning our country are not infrequently distorted, to say nothing of inaccuracies. Every student should know the leading facts of his own country before he studies the world at large. As its title implies, this book deals with the Geography of China, to be followed by a larger volume, by the same author, on the Geography of the World. The mass of information contained in these books is at once useful and up-to-date.
The students, on the other hand, complain that, as they have not used many English books, they find that texts from abroad often present difficulties in style. To meet this point, we are fortunate in securing the co-operation of the author, who writes very simple and yet clear English, and who takes a most sympathetic interest in the welfare of China. Mr. Hawkins has not only furnished us with the text but has also given us helpful suggestions regarding the make-up of the book.
To make the geography suitable for our students, we have prepared a vocabulary, giving the Chinese equivalents for such new terms as highways of commerce, trade-mart, etc. Every geographical name is given in both English and Chinese, and a list of Anglo-Chinese names is furnished at the back of the book for ready reference. This part of the work was done by Mr. Ma Shao-liaxg, B.A., of St. John's University.
ii EDITOR S PREFACE
The maps of the provinces and dependencies were prepared especially for this book, based on the Geography of China (in Chinese) by Tung Shih Hang. In the spelling of geographic names, the maps and text follow the Postal Guide of the Government Post Office and the China Inland Mission Atlas for the most part. The outline map of China is taken from the Atlas of China by the China Inland Mission, while the railway map is made after the one issued by the Four-nation Loan Syndicate.
CONTENTS
Introduction - - - - - - 1
kwangtung ------ 5
KWANGSI - - - - - - - 8
Yunnan - - . . . - 10
kweichow - - - - - - -13
FUKIEN ...._. 15
Cheeiang - - - - - - - 17
KlANGSU . - - . - _ 20
Anhwei - - - - - - - 25
KlANGSI - - - - - - 27
HuPEH - - - - - - - 29
HuNAN ------- 33
szechwan - - - - - - - 36
Chihli- - - - - - ' - 39
Shantung - - - - - - - 42
HONAN ------- 45
Shansi - - - - - - 48
Shensi ------- 50
Kansu - - - - - - 52
The Three Eastern Provinces - - - 54
Fengtien - - - - - - - 55
KiRiN ------- 58
Heilungeiang - - - - - - 60
Moxgoll\ - - - - - - 62
SiNKIANG - - - - - - - 66
Tibet ------- 70
Resources - - - - - - - 74
Highways of Commerce - - - - 81
Railways - - - - - - - 84
Anglo-Chinese notes Vocabulary
The Population of China
Until a thorough census of the country is taken, no reliable figures regarding the population of China can be given. Tlie figures below are taken from the Statesman's Year-Book for 1911 and the Customs Reports for 1909.
|
Figures given in |
the Statesman's |
Yeai |
^-Book. |
|
Chihli - |
- |
- |
20,937,000 |
|
Shantung |
. |
- |
38,247,000 |
|
Shan si |
- |
- |
12,200,456 |
|
Honan - |
. |
- |
35,316,800 |
|
Kiangsu - |
- |
- |
13,980,235 |
|
Anhwei - |
- |
- |
23,670,314 |
|
Kiangsi - |
- |
- |
26,532,125 |
|
Chekiang |
- |
- |
11,580,692 |
|
Fukien - |
. |
- |
22,876,540 |
|
Hupeh - |
- |
- |
35,280,685 |
|
Hunan - |
. |
- |
22,169,673 |
|
Shensi |
. |
- |
8,450,182 |
|
Kansu |
. |
- |
10,385,376 |
|
Szechwan |
. |
- |
68,724,890 |
|
Kwangtung |
. |
- |
31,865,251 |
|
Kwangsi - |
. |
- |
5,142,330 |
|
Kweichow |
- |
- |
7,650,282 |
|
Yunnan - |
• . |
- |
12,324,574 |
|
Manchuria |
„ |
- |
16,000,000 |
|
Mongolia |
. |
- |
2,600,000 |
|
Tibet |
- |
- |
6,500,000 |
|
Sinkiang - |
Total - |
1,200,000 |
|
|
433,553,030 |
Figures accepted by the Maritime Customs.
Manchuria - - - - 17,000,000
Chihli 29,400,000
Shantung . - . . 38,000,000
Szechwan - - - - 79,500,000
Hunan 22,000,000
Hupeh 34,000,000
Kiangsi 24,534,000
Anhwei 36,000,000
Kiangsu 23,980,000
Chekiang - . . . 11,800,000
Fukien 20,000,000
Kwangtung .... 32,000,000
Kwangsi 8,000,000
Yunnan 8,000,000
Other Provinces (Shansi, Shensi,
Kansu, Honau, Kweioliow) - 55,000,000
^Total - 439,214,000
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V
Geography of China
Area 4,277,170 square miles
Capital, PEKING (^b :^)
1909 Foreign Trade of China. . . . Hk. taels 780,931,959 ,, £^a;j90rtecZ to Foreign Countries. . ,, ,, 350,883,353 ,, JmportecZ from Foreign Countries. ,, ,, 430,048,606
CHINA is the oldest of the world's great countries. No coiintrj^ has more people, and only two (the British and Russian Empires) have more land. The Chinese dominions are larger than the continent of Europe, both in area and population. The abundant 'productions of her fertile plains, her great stores of useful minerals, her forest and animal resources, make China One of the countries richest in natural wealth.
Natural Features. China is a country with varied natural features. In Tibet (® M) she has some of the world's highest mountains and the sources of Asia's longest rivers; in Mongoha (^ "i^) and Sinkiang (ff S) she has broad plateaus. Manchuria {fp| IHl) is divided into two rich river-valleys with mountain borders, while the Eighteen Provinces have some upland plains in the west, but lowland plains near the mouths of the great rivers.
Mountains. The frontiers oi China are guarded by long ranges, the Altai (H M # lli) and the Tien Shan (^ llj) separating Mongolia from Russian Siberia (^ fg ^ij 55) ; the Himalayas (# H ti i?i ill) keeping apart Tibet and British In- dia (^ M Pn JS) • In these Tibetan mountains are high peaks and large glaciers. From the Tibetan system branches spread over China, making the inland provinces mountainous.
GEOGRATHY OF CHINA
Rivers. The chief rivers of China are the Yangtse Kiang (^ ^ iC' and the Hwang Ho (^ i'nj). The Yangtse is a producer of wealth, while the Hwang Ho is a destroyer of prosperity. Both may be made better servants of the country by modern engineering, which will improve them so that they may be more helpful both to commerce and agriculture. The Si Kiang (|g Ql) in the south waters a rich and fertile valley. The Pei Ho (g fnl), the Sungari (j^^VO, the Liao (at inj), the Han (g| :^), the Siang (M iL), the Min (jllg 01), the Kan (^ tH' are all useful rivers.
Islands. Along the coast of China are many islands, especially in Kwangtung (^ ^), Fukien (fg ^), Chekiang {Wi VO and Shantung (ill y^) Provinces. The largest island is Hainan (j^ |^), off the southern part of Kwangtung, while the most populous is Tsungming (^ B3), at the mouth of the Yangtse. Hongkong (^ ^) is a commercial island city. Chusan (J^ llj) in Chekiang has great advantages as a naval base.
Peninsulas. China's greatest peninsula is the mountain- ous eastern part of Shantung Province. In Fengtien ($ ^) , the Liaotung (jg ■^) Peninsula, which has great military importance, has been leased to the Japanese. In the south in Kwangtung is the Luichow (H *>H) Peninsula.
Lakes. In the Eighteen Provinces, the largest lakes are Tungting Lake {W\^M) of Hunan (fiW ^') , Poyang Lake
INTRODUCTION
(% ^W of Kiangsi {KM) and the Taihii (±^) between Chekiang and Kiangsu. Among small lakes, Si Hu (^ i^) in Chekiang and Erh Hai (x^ "^) in Yunnan are famous for their beauty. In the dependencies, the greatest lake is Ching Hai (W 'M) or Koko Nor. Tibet has also many beautiful mountain lakes.
Temperature and Rainfall. A country so large as China must have a varied climate. On the whole, the Eighteen Provinces enjoy a temperate climate, though part of the far south is semi-tropical. In the interior and in the north the summer is wanner and the winter colder than in the eastern and southern coast provinces. The Tibetan Plateau is extremely cold in winter. The rainfall is heaviest in the coast Provinces south of the Yangtse and in the upland provinces of the west and southwest. North China and the dependencies have a dry climate.
Harbours. China has a long coast line with good har- bours in every coast province. Tlie best natural harbours are found in Kwangtung, Fukien, Chekiang and Shantung, though in Kiangsu and
chihii (iL m
river mouths like those of the Yang- tse and Pei Ho have harbours with great com- merce. Shanghai (_h M) is the out- let of Central ^"^^°° China, and Tientsin (^ ^) is the outlet of North China. In order to keep their trade, river harbours must have great improvement. These harbours are being mado deeper and more suitable for large steamers by the engineers of river con- servancy. The inlets of the sea and luaterways in many parts of China can be made safer and better by engineering improvements.
4 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
Ancient Works of Engineering. In earlier times, China had very skilful engineers. Great examples of ancient engineering, such as the Great Wall (H M ;^ ^), the Grand Canal {"^^mW^ the iron bridges of Yunnan (g^), the stone bridges of the Yangtse Valley (tlf ^^ tt ^ ^) and the irrigation system of Szechwan, remain to show us how well- understood were some of the needs of the country. The Great Wall is about 1,250 miles long. The Grand Canal connects Tientsin with Hangchow (^ {Hi), crossing the Yangtse Kiang at Chinkiang {^ tl).
:^l^'^^;^
1
Thk Himalaya Mountains seks nkak a Mountain Lake in Tibet
KWANGTUNG )R ^ f ?
Canton M: ^ M Chang Hua River ^ fl Chaochowfu m W B Chaoyang M H if. Chu Kiang or Pearl River i^ tH Chulou Shan ^ |1 Ul Fatshan f^ ilj Haifeng 'M ^U. Hainan fg "^ fj Hainan Strait JJ '>H fg ill^ Han River ^. tC Heungshan ^ ill |^. Hoihow fg □ |3)f Hoilingshan I. V@ ^ ill Honghai Bay H vS |® Hongkong ^ v^ Hwangshui f^ 7K Kam Kiang ^ tC Raying M B '>H Kiungchow 3^ *I'H j]^ Kiungchow River 0f ^ iT Kochow i^ *>H ;i^ Kongmoon xT P^ Kowloon ;^L fl Kumchuk -^ ft Kungyik ^ ^ 1$ Kwangchow Wan J^ 'J^«J ^ Laimuling ^ ^ ^ Lienshan 3® ill J^ Limchowfu ^ *I'M j^ Linchow j^ 'j-I-j Locheng Kiang |i fiJc iC
Lofau Shan || ?^ jli
Lotingchow H ^ »)'H
Luichow Peninsula ||* j]] ^ ^^
Luichowfu ^ ^'H j^
Macao M PI
Makyeung Ho «^ ^ K
Mei Kinng ^ xL
Namoa I. "^ HI
Namyung "^ t% 'JW
Pakhoi At M
Pei Kiang ;|b XL
Samshni H 'JK M
Seman t^ H II
Shinehow fg '>H M
Shiuhing ^MM
Si Kiang or AVest River J^ tC
Sunning ^ ^ Wi
Sunwui ^ -§■ ^
Swatow :^iJi M
Takhing ^, M ffl
Tanchow 11 ')'|-1
Tongkwa I. #) ^ -^j
Tung Kiang ^ tL
Tungkun ^ ^ ill
Waichow M 'M M
Wanhsien || |^.
Whampoa H ^
Wuling Shan 31 M ill
Yaichow ^. >}\]
Yam Kiang |j: tC
Yamchow ^ ^'H
Yeungkong |i it >}[]
THE PROVINCE OF KWAXGTUNG
KWANGTUNG (ft ^ ^)
Area 100,000 square miles CAPITAL, CANTON (jR ^'H )U)
Kwangtung is the richest province of South China.
Kwangtung men, by their energy and enterprise, have gained
success in many parts of the world.
The province is for the most part hilly. The most fertile
region is the valley of the Si Kiang or West River. The
uxderivays are passable in many directions. This makes
transportation very convenient and prosperous. The West
River is the great highivay for steamers.
The coast line of Kwangtung is eight hundred miles long,
and has a number of good harbours. There are no less than
eight treutji ports and custovis stations.
In the north-east of the Province is a rich plain, whose most im- portant political city is Chaochowfu (M 'Hi M) and whose commercial port is Swatow (Shan- tao) (Ylljli). SwatoAv has a large coasting trade. Its chief export is sugar.
In the Si Kiang delta are a group of treaty ports, — Canton, Samshui (H ^K) , and K 0 n g m o on (tH P^ "l . AV a i c h o w (M. Hi) , though named in trea- A bu-.i-Ki- IN UAMuN ties, is not yet opened.
These ports trade mainly with Hongkong by river steamers.
6
GEOGRATHY OF CHINA
Canton or Kwangchowfu is a great shipping centre, and should be a great railway centre. It was the first city to have direct trade with Europe (Wi B & M), and is to-day the chief commercial outlet for the southern provinces. The city is built in the fertile delta country, at a point where several rivers meet. The city has inland trade with Kwangsi (^ 0), Hunan and Kiangsi (XL ®\ and exports silk and tea to Hongkong and Europe. The Yueh-Han Railway (# ^ ^ ^) should make Canton richer, and the Canton-Koivloon line (M ^ ^ ^) ^^'^^^ increase Canton's trade with Hongkong. Sunning (0f m II) has a small railw^ay which is doing well.
Shiuchow (tH *H1), where roads from Hunan and Kiangsi join, should be an important station on the Yueh-Han Railway.
Ix A Tea-hoise, Cantox
The southwestern part of the Province is mountainous. Pakhoi (;H: ff|), its treaty port, has decreasing trade.
Hainan is a tropical island, a large part of which is undeveloped. Its principal city is Kiungchow (3^ ♦j<*I), whose, port, Hoihow (f^CI), has trade with Hongkong and Indo- China (PP ^ ^ W)- Hoihow Harbour is in great need of improvement. The interior of Hainan is wild and high. There are forests on the mountain-sides. If properly developed, Hainan might be as rich as Ceylon (^ ^ ^). It has mineral wealth.
In Luichow Peninsula, Kw^angchow Bay (^ ^ j|^) and islands were leased to the French as a naval base, but the harbour has proved unsuitable for naval purposes.
THE PROVINCE OF KWANGTUNG 7
Macao (^ P^ ) , a Portuguese settlement on an island at the mouth of the West River, has a good name for its beautiful situation. Its harbour is shallow, and the trade is small. There is a Chinese customs station at Lappa or Kungpeh
Hongkong, a British island, near the mouth of the "West River, is one of the world's greatest commercial cities. In some years, more ships come to Hongkong than to any port of Europe. Hongkong flourishes partly because of its good location and fine harbour, but more because of the wise policy of the English government. There is no tax on trade at Hongkong. On the peninsula opposite the island is Kowloon (A- tl) with many great ivharves and docks. Hongkong has an enormous trade with China, which in some years is more than 250,000,000 taels. Hongkong exports to Europe all Chinese products, and imports from abroad whatever China needs. The chief industries of Hongkong are cotton-spinning , sugar-refining , ship-building and repairing, cement-making and fionr-milling . Hongkong is also a' military station and naval base. Four hundred thousand Chinese people live in Hong- kong and share its fortunes. The English wish to make Hongkong a centre of Chinese education.
Kwangtung produces rice, tobacco, sugar, silk, tea, san- dalivood, medicine, ginger, and many kinds of fruit, such as lichees, pineapples, and oranges. There are stores of coal and iron, though these are not much developed.
The seafaring people of the coasts have a large fishing industry.
There are important art industries, such as ivory-carving^ embroidery, fine weaving and porcelain-decorating. Silk, straw- matting, and cotton cloth are some of the important manu- factures.
8
GEOGKAPUY OF CHINA
KWANGSI (B^^)
Area 78,000 square miles CAPITAL, KWEILIN (ffi ^^ )fj)
Kwaiigsi is the province of the upper Si Kiang and small steamers may run from Wuchow {i^ "M M) to Nanningfu
End View, BRinoE otei: Tlpax Kiaxg
The trade is mainly by water, and goes mostly to Kwang- tung. Kwangsi has mineral wealth, which as yet is un- developed. The province has been made poor by frequent political troubles.
On the southwest, Kwangsi touches French T.ndo-China. The treaty port of Lungchow (f| ')^) is the gate by which trade passes across the border.
Wuchow, the treaty port lying where the West River meets the Kwei River (/^ X£), is the eastern gate of Kwangsi. Like Hankow (^ U) on the Yangtse, so Wuchow on the Si Kiang is a port where rivers meet, and where goods are changed from small ships to large ones.
The treaty port of Nanningfu is the most important city on the u])per West River.
KWANGSI M iS
Cliaoping ^ ^' M
CheiKUi ii ]^ Iff
Clmlou Shan ii] M lU M,
Chuloii Shan t'J J ill
Ilongchow t^ i^H
Iluiigsliui Kiaiig or Pak llo t^I
7X M ip ^ a
Kingyiiau M )M. }^ Kwei KiaDg g; flt Kweihsien -^ M Kweilin ^ W Hf Kwci.-^hun gf gi ;jEf Kweislmn Ho WM M Li Kiang ^ ft Liu Kiang |$[l fl Liuchowfu ^IP ^<1 1^ Loclieug Kiang H iR it Losing Kiang i?^ ?t tC Lung Kiang tl tX
Lungcliow 11 '>H J^
Ming Kiang ^] it
Nannino ]^j ^ Jj^
Pinglo ^^^ ^ M
Poseh H {:! ^
Shangsze _h B M
Si Kiang or Went Kiver i^g it
Siang Mi m
Siincliow ^ j)D )^
Szecheng fS i!^ /^I^
Szengenfu /S, M Iff
Taiping -ic 4'- M
Tiao Kiang JJ ifif
Toyen Shan ^5 Igi Oj J|^
A\^atlani ^ ;^ ^-H
A\'ucho\v ;tg ^^"l M
^\^lsiian j^ 1; lUf;
Yu Kiang ;& tt
THE PROVINCE OF KWANGSI 9
K-weilin, the capital, is in the northeastern part of the province, on the Kwei River. It is an old walled city. The mountain and river scenery are very fine.
Vinglo (^ ^ /^) is a city in forest country on the Kwei River, half way between Kweilin and Wuchow. Liuchowfu (W 'M M) ^^^ Kiugyiian (g ja M') are in the mountainous central districts and have forest products.
Siinchowfu (j§ *)H M) i^ ^^ ^^^ meeting place of the Huug- shui (^I 7K M) and the West River.
Kweihsien (-^ ,^) has mineral wealth, but poor methods prevent proper development.
Poseh ("g" "fe) , on the Yu Kiang {:^ fl) , is a small town where Kwangtung traders pass the gate to Yunnan .
It is planned to build railways which wall join this Province to near-by lands, and help to open up the mineral wealth of southern China. Kwangsi has mines of gold, silver, and other metals waiting to be developed.
Eapid ox the "West River
10
GEOciRAPHY GF CHINA
YUNNAN (m'M^)
Area 145,000 square miles CAPITAL, YUNNANFU (ffi S M)
Yunnan, though now one of the poorest provinces, may ome day be one of the richest. Yunnan is poor in agriculture, but rich in minerals. Modern railway-building and mining will make her rich and populous as she should be. Modern methods used by engineers, merchants and ofhcials will make Yunnan like a new province.
Yunnan is a tableland, much of which is a mile or more above the sea. In this tableland, many of the rivers of south- east Asia flow through narrow and unhealthy valleys till they cross the Chinese frontier. The high mountains lying between
Some Peoplk at Tamfu
these valleys make it very hard to build railways across Yunnan. But the skilful engineers believe that railways may be built almost anywhere, and the minerals of Yunnan will pay for her railways.
lUNNAN
Amei Kian- H ^._ fC Chaotung [!,'{ jt M Chengkiaim WLXLJf^f CI 1 en yuan ^^ ^ ^ Chinsba Kiang ^ v;j; \{i Cliulou Sliaii ^ "(ii^J iJj
jiokow M ni
Kailnva fJH ft jff Kingtimg .^ ^ j^ Kiitsingfu [^ ^ Jff Kwangnanfa ^ \H J^ Kwangsi JJf jg ')■{] Likiang M 01 /f Linaufu f^ ^ M Lu Kianu' or Sahveen River i^
Mekong River iP| :^ tt Mcngtsz -^ ^m Mongwa i^ ffc J^ !Mieiming M^ ^
^T?
It 1^1
Xansi Ho ]^ ^ yiij Nu Shan ^. \[\\h M Pakbao ;it 15^ PuorLfu ^X^M- Red River |I ll ^P ^ 1^ K Shunning jlgi -^ Jff Siaoniengyang ^ ^ Szemao .S. ^^ 11 Talifu :^ J5! )jf Tengyueli mmB Tsuyung fi, if, jff Weiyiian |^ J^ j^ Wumeng Shan .^ ^ ilj
wuting ^:^jn-
Yangtze Kiang J,^- ^ tC Yuankiang yt XL 'M ^'im Ling Shan .^ ^ jlj U^ Yungchangfu ^^ M Yinigpeh 7K -It II Yunuanfu '^: j^* /^
THE PROVINCE OF YUNNAN
11
Salt Wells, Yunnan
Yunnan produces everything necessary for supporting a large population. Its chief agricultural product has in the past been opium, but the Government is now making the farmers plant other crops to take its place. Rice, sugar and tea are raised. The Province produces good fruits and medicines, and has much timber.
The principal minerals are copper, lead, zinc, tin, coal, iron, gold and salt. China has been importing copper for cash from abroad, but by-and-by foreign countries will buy their copper from Yunnan.
The Province has good grass for cattle, and ponies, mules, sheep and pigs are raised extensively. Yunnan ham is famous all over China. When railways are built, Yunnan will supply the outside markets with meat, skins and furs.
Yunnanfu is in the centre of the Province on Yunnan Lake. The French railway now brings it within thirty-six hours of the Tongking (^ M W M'M) border. The most fertile part of the tableland is near Yunnanfu.
12
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
Talifu i:^ gi /^j is a beautiful city on the shores of Erh Hai, the mountain lake. Formerly, it was a great city, but now manv towns have more people. Talifu has some trade
'i:;*-;
^foHAMMKDAN PaGODAS AT TaI.IFU
I) and Bhamo
with Burma (|fi ia}), by way of Tengyueh (H i
Tungchwan (^ )\\ M) and Chaotung (Bg ii, j^) are on the northern road to Szechwan (P9 )l\).
Yunnan has three treaty ports, — Mengtsz(^ g ^), Szemao (i®. ^i8l) and Tengyueh. All three are on the tableland but far away from each other. Mengtsz is on the railway to Indo-China, Szemao on the road to the Laos country (^ ^) north of Siam (ig H), and Tengyueh on the road to Burma. The trade is small, and largely by caravan. The railway is making Mengtsz more important.
The roads over the mountains of Yunnan are so bad, that it takes ten days to go from Yunnanfu to Talifu. It may take almost three months to cross the province from east to west.
»*».
KWEICHOW Ml
Anshiinfu ^ jllg }^ Cheiiyang Kiano- ^ f^i ft Chen yuan ^ j^ j^- Fuyimg Kiang ^ ^ CC Ilungtu Ho ^ '^ M Kiensi 1^ 'p^ >)'[] Kihshui ^. 7J< j^ Kihsliiii Ho # 7jC M Kweiyang :t H )t Liping ^ ^ ;t Liu Kiang ;f|[I il Miaoling -^ ^ \h M Mong Kiang ^- )X Nanpan Kiang '^ ^U. Pan Kiang ^ tE Papan Kiang a :^ iH Pepan Kiang ;lb M tC Picheh H fp i^ Pingyiian ^ j^ j^
Pingyiieli ^ ^ '>M Puan ^- 5 li Sliihtsien ^ f^f /i^ Singyifn M^M Suntao 1^ ;^^ J^ Szechow ,g. i)"H /^^ Szenan m ^ ;f Tating ::^ >ii !^ Tsingsliui Kiang ff- 7K Qt Tsisingkwan 4: |^r |3 Tsunyi -f i^ jf Tungjen ^ t- J^ Tayiin ^15 ^ ji^ A\'eining ^ ^ j]] Wu Kiang ,^ Ql IP 1^ tt Wuling Shnn %l ^ lli M Wumeng Shnn .^ ^ llj g Yinkiang pp Ql ,^
THE PROVINCE OF KWEICHOW
13
KWEICHOW (^ j^[] ^)
Area 67,000 square miles
CAPITAL, KWEIYANG [^ |J^ )fj)
Kweichow is a poor and mountainous inland province, with a small population. \'ore than lialf of the people are not Chinese, but are Miaotzt — wild tribe.-, who have been conquered by Chinese.
Kweichow is poor because undeveloped. It is not a good province for agriculture. The chief products have been opium and timber. The roads are very bad and the trade is small. Kweichow be- ing an inland province far from the sea, the pro- ducts go only to near- by provinces, especially Kwangsi and Hunan.
Kweichow is rich in minerals, but these min- erals are not properly mined. Quicksilver, zinc, lead, nitre, sulphur, cop- per, coal and iron are found . MiAOTZE
Kweiyang, in the centre of the province, is important as an official city, rather than as a place of trade. It is in the centre of a rich mineral district. The road from Hunan to Yunnan passes through Kweiyang. The city has manufactures of silk, horsehair, and leather. Kweiyang is well guarded by nature, there are narrow passes defending the roads to the city.
14 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
The rivers of Kweichow are rapid. The Wu (^ xT) flows to the Yangtse; the Yuan (^ XL) to Tung Ting Lake (ils) ^ x^). Two Kweichow rivers form the Hungshui River of Kwangsi.
The Nan Ling Mountains ("^ ^ ill Jj^) cross Kweichow from Yunnan to Hunan. This ridge is sometimes called Miao Ling (H ^), as it is the home of the wild Miao tribes. These mountainous parts of the province are hard to attack, but easy to defend. So the savage tribes do not disappear as they have in some other provinces. Some of the Miaotze are adopting the customs of Chinese civilization, but their wilder tribes live in caves.
The Wu Ling Mountains (:K |^ llj H) are in the east and north of Kweichow. The mountains of the province have fores as well as mineral wealth.
Tsitsingkwan (4^ ^ ^) in the west is a gate where the roads from three provinces (Szechwan, Kweichow and Yunnan) meet. It trades with Luchow (i^ j^) on the Yangtse.
In the eastern or lower part of the province, a number of towns are located. Among these towns near the places where rivers cross the Hunan border are Szenan (M ^ J^), Tungjen m t: M) , Szechow cm #1 M) and Liping m ¥ M)-
Kweichow has not many farmers and cannot produce enough food for her own needs. She has a good supply of horses, oxen and sheep.
FUKIEN jjg ft €
Amoy (Siamen) g P^ Changchowfu ^ j^ M Chaoan m ^U Chin Kiang § 01 Chuanchow ^ *Hi j^ Chuanchow Wan M. '>H ^
Chung Ki m m
Foochow m iH-l M Formosa Strait $ ^ ?i l!^ Fuling f^ ^ 04 M Fuling -^ ^ Funingfu ;1S ^ If Futsing SS ft ii Futung Ki ^ lE ^ Haitan I. 'M M '^ Hankiang ^ tt Hinghwa M it M Hinghwa Wan M' i^M Kao Ki i^ -^ Kienningfu ^ ^ |j^ Kin Ki # M Kinmen ^ P5 E Kiulung Kiang jhttVL Liang Shan m \U \h U
Liang Shan |^ ill Lungyenchow fl |[| {Hi Mamoi J^ M, Min Kiang gg tC Namkwan ^ IS Nanpu Ki ^ ?i ^ Pinghai Wan ^ fi J^ Poping Ling \$^^ Pucheng Jf ^ Sansha Wan H '7^ ^ Santnao H ^ ^ Sha Ki fp U Shaowu BIS 5^ 1" Tachang Ki i^ W M Tangyang Ki ^ H ^ Ting Kiang U XL Tingchowfu ff 'j'l'j M Tungshan ^ \ii White Dog I. fi :^ S Wu-i Shan ^ ^ ill Yenpingfu ]^ ^ M Yu Ki :t M Yungchun :^ ^ »H'| Yiinsia S ^ jl
--^^ Pinffhaiwan
r' "White Do? I. j aitnn I. !
^
^oj
Ttr
I
THE PROVINCE OF FUKIEN
15
FUKIEN {if§ ^ W)
Area 46,300 square miles CAPITAL, FOOCHOW (fg ffl M)
Fukien has an irregular coast line, with some good harbours and many small islands. The rivers of Fukien run rapidly from the mountains to the sea, and, excepting a part of the Min River (^ tC), are not good for commerce. The people living rear the coast are skilful and brave fishers and sailors. A large part of the province is so mountainous that agriculture is difficult.
Fukien is a great tea province. If the tea trade of China were prosperous, Fukien would be rich. But at present the export of tea is falling off, because other parts of the world produce tea without having to pay so much for freight and taxes.
Many Fukien men have gone to the countries south of China, and some of them have become very rich.
Fukien produces tea, bamboo, timber, sugar, shark's finSf paper, lacquer, fruits, salt, woven cloth and camphor.
The Briduk dk Lkn XnorHAxn Age;?, Eooghoav
16
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
Fnkicn hns three treaty ports, — Foochow, Amo}' (^ P^) and Santuao (H ^ M)-
Foochow, the capital, is some miles above the mouth of the Min River. Steamers anchor near the arsenal at Mamoi or Pagoda Island (^ ^ J^), on the river a few miles below. The mouth of the river is guarded by forts. Foochow 's commerce is not so great as in the time when the tea trade was flourishing.
Amoy is a fine harbour, which formerly had a great trade in tea. It has much steamer trade with Formosa (^ j^) and Hongkong, and launch trade with nearby districts. The people of Fukien are build- ing a railway to run inland from Amoy. Santuao is more important for naval than for commercial pur- poses. Small steamers carry tea to Foochow.
In the time of the Yuan Dynaf^tj/, Chuanchow (;^ ^H'l) was a great port, from which ships sailed to all coasts of Asia.
Kicnning (^ pioducing districts.
Sqi-ahe Pagoda, Fikien
W) and Ycnping (jg ?\\) are inland tea.
CHEKIANG ^ a
Changtao T. ^ m % Chapu ^p }1 Chinhai ^ i^ \% Chinsan 1. ^ \h Cliuchow Jg 'j'H jj^ Chiichow m 'Hi it Chukia Shan :^ ^ ^ Chusan I. ;)}}- llj Eastern Sea "^ % Feiyun Kiang MM it Fengling Shan m. ^ \li W< Funghwang Shan M^ M. \h Haining f^ j^ i^\ Hangchow i^ 'j'H M Hangchovr Bay ^ >)]] ^ Hail Ki |tf ^ Huchowfu W\ 'M Hf Hwangpu M <1 Kashing M M }^ Kinhwafu # # /^ Kintang Shan # ^ llj Kiu Shan gg \\}
Lanchi m m m
Linghu M M Lotsing m^U Luhwang Shan :^ |^ llj Mei Ki ;f§ l^ Nimrod Sound ^ iJj 'i^ Ninghaihsien :^ -^ |^ Ningpo ^ S^ jt Niutow Shan 4^ gg ilj Payang Kiang. M ^ ll
Pinghu ^W\U Saddle Islands il^ ^ Oj |p ;fE i^ III
San kiang H CC i^ Sanmen Wan H P'^ j-^ Shaohingfu |,^ ^ /ff
shipo ;&' ?i m
Siang Hu '/^g f^^
Siangshan ^ \h U.
Siao Ki /J^ ^H
Sien Hsia Ling jllj ^ # llj Ig
Sien Hsia Ling j ll| || ^
Sungmen Shan ^=S' P^ ill
Ta Ki :^ M
Taichow Bay "^ j^ W
Taichowfu -^ >)\] jff
Taisan I. IS lij
Tanhwa Shan 1^1 1^ llj
Tientai ^i^U
Tnighai ^ ffe J^
T?aonii Kiang ^ ^ XL
Tsientang Kiang ^^\L
Wenchow i^ ^'H M
Wenchow Wan -^ »>H ^
West Lake ® f^j
Wu Kiang i£ il
^\'uchen ,!^ ^
Yau Kiang ^ Ql
Yenchow j^ j\\ /^
Yuhwan Shan ^ ^S lU
Yungan Ki ^ ^ i^fe
Yiiyao g^ ^ Iji^
THE PKOVINCE OF CHEKIANQ 17
CHEKIANG (:®fff€)
Area 86,700 square miles
CAPITAL, HANGCHOW
Chekiaiig is a province of wooded hills and fertile valleys. The west and south are mountainous and have not so many- people as the richer districts east and north. The inland hills, the many rivers and the island groups on the coast make Chekiang one of the most beautiful provinces.
The Grand Canal passes through the fertile northern plain to Hangchow. Canals and rivers afford a good water-route to Shanghai. The Tsien Tang River (^ ^ XL) drains most of the interior.
Chekiang people are very enterprising and in some ways have set an excellent example to the people of other provinces.
Ping Hu Chitt Yueh, West Lake
Though a small province, Chekiang is a great producer. Excellent silk, tea and wine are Chekiang products. Cotton, bamboo, medicine, furniture, rice, fish and varnish are other important articles produced in Chekiang.
IS
GKOGRAniY OF CHINA
The northern part of the province is the more prosperous, because the fertile lands are crossed by canals and rivers, on which many steam launches carry Chekiang products to their markets. The railway from Hangchow to Shanghai also aids the development of the North, Southern Chekiang is in great need of railways to bring inland products to the coast, and promote industry and trade.
The short and rapid rivers could furnish waterpower to make Chekiang a great industrial province.
Hangchow, capital and treaty port, is a great cit}'' between the beautiful West Lake (|g \^) and the estuary of the Tsien Tang. Some of the finest scenery and most famous temples in the Empire are near Hangchow. In the Yuan Dynasty, a "Western traveller, named Mar. o Polo, declared that Hangchow was the most splendid of cities. To-day Hangchow is a political, commercial and educational centre.
Ningpo (^ ^ ;t) is a treaty port from which steamers run daily to Shr.ng- hai. It exports consider- able raw cotton, which is afterward sent to Japan. Some of the cotton is woven into cloth at mills in Ningpo and in the country near by. Many Ningpo people live in Shanghai. Furniture manufacturing is an im- portant industry of Ningpo.
In the Yuyao District (^^U), not far from Xingpo, the great states- man, general and teacher, Wang Yang-ming (3E ^ Pjl was born.
Fi KiF.N Guildhall, Ningpo
THE PROVINX'E OF CHEKIANQ
ly
Wenchow {^ j^ Jj^) , the third treaty port of Chekiang, has little trade. It exports tea and fruit.
Tinghai (^ M M),on Chusan island (^ lU ^) , is suitable for a naval station.
Sanmen Bay (H P^ |^) is also well suited for naval pur- poses.
The beautiful shrine of Futu Shan (^ j?g jlj), in the islands northeast of the province, is visited by many pilgrims.
The orchards of Taichow {-^ *H'| j^), on the east coast, pro- duce choice fruits.
^. 4 -
.., -^ 'VJ^..
Pagoda, SnAOHixG
Shaohingfu(^M;^) is an important com- mercial city on the canal between Hang- chow and Ningpo. Its men are known every- where as good mer- chants and accountants. It is famous for the pro- duction of wine.
Kashing (MMM) is a customs station on the canal route and
railway between Hangchow and Shanghai. It is a commericai city, exporting silk, fruit, salt and wood.
Huchow (t^ >)^ }^) , in the northwest of the province, is a few miles south of the Tai Hu. It is a great silk centre. Near Huchow is the wealthy city of Nanzing ("^ f§) .
The rich districts of Hangchow, Huchow and Kashing produce choice tea, fine silk, and much rice.
Kinhwa (# ^ M) is '^^^ inland city, producing tea, varnish and ham.
Travellers come to Haining ("^ ^ :H*I) to see the " bore " or great wave in the estuary of the Tsien Tang.
20
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
KIANGSU (a M ^)
Area 38,600 square miles CAPITAL OF LIANG-KIANG (ffi fll),
KIANGNING iK ^= NANKING ffi ^.)
Kiangsu is not a large province, but it is very rich. It li a fertile plain crossed by the Yangtse from east to west, and by the Grand Canal from north to south. The land has no liigh ridge, so the waters flow slowly. These waterways are most useful, helping agriculture by irrigation, and commerce by furnishing water-roads . ^ The province has a number of lakes, the chief of which are Tai Hu in the south and Hungtze Hu (Slt^ti^) on the border between An- hwei {^^^) and Kiang-
peh(Q:^b).
Kiangsu suffered great- ^-^^^^ ^"-^
ly in the Taiping Rebellion, but during the fifty years that have since gone by has recovered its former wealth and population.
South of the Yangtse, the garden plain of Kiangnan (it]^) produces great supplies of rice, silk and cotton. The soil is very fertile and is well irrigated by the branches of the Yangtse, the Grand Canal, and the AVliangpoo (^^). The Shanghai- Nanking Raihvay (M W 1^ ^) I'tms across this prodtictive belt to the northwest, and the SliangJiai-Hangchow line (|)i Ijl ^ 3&) to the southwest.
North of the river are the plains of Kiangpeh. Kiangpeh has many waterways, but they do not help agriculture and commerce so much as those of Kiangnan. The farmers of Kiangpeh raise wheat, rice and cotton.
KIANGSU a
Changchow liV '>H ;^ Changshu '■?.* Wt U Chinkiaug ^ iL M Eastern Sea '^ j§ Feng J» U Fowning # ^ Syfe Grand Canal 3^ ^ Haichow ^ 'j+j Haimen fg P^j || Hungtze mnM Hwaianfu m^M Jukao ja\ ^ !^. Kangyii ^ tt iSi Kaoyu Hu ^UM Kaoyuchow jg ^ '>H Kiangpu til !|^ Kiangyin ft |^ #. Kiating ^ ^ !^. Linghungkow |l^ Si^ □ Luho :^^U Luszechang ^ pg ^ Nanking ^ ^ (H ^ }^) Old Course of Yellow River
Paoshan ^ ilj m Paoying M K !fi Paoying Hu ^BM Pei t$!fi Peichow J5 '>H Pukow ?i P Shanghai ±. M ^^
Shenyang Ho ^ P^ fnj Shiherhwei -f* H ;^ Shu Ho ^ M Sitang Kiang ^ |^ inl Soochow M 'M M Siichowfu Ij^ '>M jij- Sungkiang ^^ if. /^ Sutsien ^MU Tai Hu i; tS3 Taichow B '>H Taihu ±mM Taitsang ± M '^ Tasung Hu :^ i| tS9 Tsingho ft M SI Tsingkiang j^ il ^ Tsingkiangpu ft it ^ Tsungming ^ PJ] S^. Tsungming I. ^ Pfl ^ Tungchow ii, *>H Tungtai M^U Tungtang Kiang % ^ ^ Woosung % fi Wusih m$S>U Yangchow ^ '>H J^ Yangtse Kiang ^ ^ ft Yellow Sea ^ M Yen Ho '^I- ^ M Yenchang H J^ f^ Yi Ho tff M Yuntai Shan g 1^ Uj
THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSU
21
Kiangsu has four treaty ports, — Nanking, Chinkiang (^ XL /^), Soochow and Shanghai. Woosung (^^ ^) and Tungchow (ii.'>H'i) are also trademarts mentioned in treaties. Tiiere is a customs station at Woosung, and Tung- chow is a port of call for river steamers.
Nanking is a city of great area with long walls and high hills. In earlier dynasties it was the capital
of the country. It is a Travellixg by Wheelbarrow
great educational centre with many schools. In or near Nan- king are many historic ruins. The first world's fair in China was the Nanyang Industrial Exhibition held in Nanking in 1910. It showed the resources of the different provinces and the products of Chinese industries. For many years the com- merce of Nanking was not very important, but now its outlook' is much improved. On the river-bank, outside the walls, is Hsiakwan (T*" P), where the steamer-landings and railway station are. Just across the river is Pukow (j^ P), where the railway from Tientsin meets the river.
Chinkiang is a city on the south shore of the Yangtse, where it meets the Grand Canal. There is beautiful island and hill scenery near by. Steam launches carrying the trade of Kiangpeh connect at Chinkiang with Yangtse steamers. Yang- chow (^ '}]] ^) is a famous historic city north of the Yangtse opposite Chinkiang. Not far below Chinkiang, well-placed forts guard the river.
Soochow is a rich city in the most fertile part of Kiangsu. It has long been famous for the beauty of its scenery and ihe learning of its scholars. It is situated on the Grand Canal, and has launch trade by waterways leading north, south, east and northwest. Much silk and cotton cloth are woven, both by old
22
GEOGRATHY OF CHINA
methods and new. Pagodas, arches, and ruins are signs of its past glory.
Shanghai is on the Whangpoo River, at tlie gate of tlie Yangtse Valley. It is the greatest commercial city of China, and one of the great ports of the world. Great steamers come from Europe and America, from Japan and India to receive the products brouglit to this city by smaller river and coasting steamships. It is a great industrial centre, with large silk filatures, cotton mills, flour mills, ship- building works, and tohac<'> factories. Its ricli banks control a large part of the country's wealth, and provide much of the money in govern- ment loans. Its trading com- panies send steamers to river and coast ports, import and store huge quantities of piece- \ goods, macliinery, railway material, sugar and other
foreign goods, build railways, and send Chinese products to other countries. It is a great literary city. From the presses of Shangliai come newspapers read in all parts of China, and great numbers of books both of old learning and new. It is the home of men from many provinces and many countries.
Politically, Shanghai is divided into four parts — the old city, the French Conccfision, the International Settlenioit and the Paoshan District C%^ \[\ %). The oldest part is the walled city. Lately the streets have been made wider and cleaner, and the sliops more attractive. At Nantao '^ ifj , IP 'M M) . on the river side of the walled city, may the seen nunil^ersof small ja7i^-s wliich
Shops on Nanking Road, Shakghai
THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSU
23
carry products to and from the Shanghai market. The Inter- national or Model Settlement is the business centre of Shanghai. It is very honestly and efficiently governed by a council elected by the foreign taxpayers. The Council of Shanghai has done specially good work in road-building, bridge-building, and making public gardens. It has a very well-organized police and fire department. There are many steamers at wharves on both sides of the river. The French Concession is much smaller than the International. The French consul has much power. The Paoshan District northwest of the Settle- ment is a newly-built quarter, which is meant to be a new Chinese city.
Scene on tiii: Whangpoo Kiyer, Shanghai
The Kiangnan Arsenal, south of Shanghai, manufactures arms and ammunition, and builds and repairs ships.
Deep-sea steamers, instead of coming to Shanghai, tmload their cargoes at Woosung, where the Whangpoo joins the Yangtse.
Shanghai should grow greater as time goes on, for when her railways to Nanking and Hangchow are extended to inland parts of the country, trade and industry will both be more prosperous.
Tungchow, on the north bank of the Yangtse, is becoming a modern industrial city. This is largely due to the enterprise of Chang Chien (?i#), a man of great literary learning
24
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
who believed he could serve his country well by giving true service to his city. His factories weave silk and cotton cloth, his launch-trains bring products from many parts of Kiangpeh to Tungchow, his schools teach j'^oung men practical knowledge.
The fertile country near the mouth of the Yangtse is very densely populated. The island of Tsungming has more than one million people.
Sungkiang (^ tl M) , Wusih m^m , Changchow (S '>H M), Changshu ('fiViHI) , Wukiang C^tLI^J and Kunshan {% ill !^) are rich towns on the fertile Kiangnan Plain.
Kiangpeh needs protection against floods and famine. The improvement of rivers and canals and the building of rail- ways would save Kiangpeh from distress. In the northern part of Kiangpeh, the more important cities are Tsingkiangpu (JUtC m) , Hwaian (^ ^ M) and Siichowfu (t% '>I-I m
Pavilion of the Five Hundred Philosophers, Soochow
ANHWEI ^ it €
Anking ^MM Chengyangkwan jE 1^ i^ Chilichowfu i^ ^H J^ Chingi Kiang |f -^ xL Chow Hu M: m Chu Ho it M Chuchow ti ^'M Fengyangfu M, H /f Hochow In 'j'H Hnai Ho f# 7jC Hungtze Hu ^ ^ ^ Hwang Shan Range ^ \\i \h Hweichow Wi ')^\ M Kinghsien ^ |i Kuei Ho ft M Kwangtehchow J^ tf. #1 Kwo Ho -/^ inj Liuanchow ;i^ ^ ffl Luchovrfu Jl il"!'! jt Lukiang Jg tt f^, Ningkwofu ^ ^ f^ Pefei Ho ;|l: flE inJ Pi Ho ^ M Pochow ^ #1 Showchow # ;N1
UK
Shucheng ^ :^ H Shuiyang Kiang 7K 1^ tC Sifei Ho ^ UE inJ Singan Kiang ff ^ 0*. Suchow ^ *H'I Susung ^ l^iMfi Szechow fgg jH'l Taihu i; tSg m Taipingfu ± ^- jf Tanyang Hu ^mM Tapie Shan i^ ^ \]i m Tapie Shan i^ ^Ij rjj Tasha Ho f]; M Tatung ::;^ ji. ^ Tingyuan % j^ !^ Tsienshan 5(g llj H Tungchenghsicn is) i^ Si Tunghnghsien 1^1 [^ I?. Wangkiang Si CC i|,^. Wuchang Hu S. ^ M Wuholisien 2£ M HI
wuhu ie ^ m
Wuyiian ^ M M Yingchowfu M 'J'H M Yunkiavvei ^ ^ H
THE PROVINCE OF ANHWEI
25
ANHWEI (^i:€)
Area 54,800 square miles
CAPITAL, ANKING (^MM)
Auhwei is a fertile rice-producing province lying on both slides of the Yangtse River. Many provinces are fed with Anhwei rice. The wealth of Anhwei is principally agricultural, the province producing rice, wheat, tea, hemp and cotton.
The northern part of the province is drained by the Hwai River (fH 7jC), whose many branches make trade easy. The
UnNKE\ AXn 1)RIVER
Hwai, however, is also a source of danger, as sometimes there are disastrous floods. There are many lakes in the north and east of the province.
In the south of Anhwei are large coal deposits. When the Anhwei railway is built from Wuhu (^ H^ ^) on the river to Kwangtehchow (^ ^. j^) in the mountains, Anhwei will be richer.
26
GEOGR.M'HV OF CHINA
The railway from Tientsin to Pukow runs for a short way tlirough northeastern Anhwei. It will help to bring the products of northern Anhwei to river and sea.
^\'uhu is the great rice-port. Many ocean steamers come here to load rice. The commerce of Wuhu is being made greater by improvements. New wharves will allow steamers to lie close by the land.
Tatung (:fc ?!.), on an island in the Yangtse, is a customs station where the salt tax is collected.
Anking, the capital, on the Yangtse River, is a port of call for river steamers.
Hweichowfu (^ *Hi ^) is a rich city in the southern part o£ the province. Its district produces mucli tea and bamboo.
Fengyan2:'M- 1^ *i^^) was the birthplace of the first Ming Emperor (PJ ± M).
Fishing with CoRMORANTi
KIANGSI KIS ^
Chang Kiaiig ^ iX Changshu W Wl ^ Chi Kiang i^ iL Fuchowfu ^ jW 1^ Ilukow t^ n Jaochow ^ #1 /^ J a Ho r^ 7jC Juichowfu ^ ffl }^ Kan Kiang H \X Kanchowfu || #1 j^ Kianfu -g ^- It Kiencliang ^ ^ i^ Kienchangfu M ^ M Kingtehchen ^ ^. ^ Kiukiang jl tX /ff Kiukung Shan jl *§ \\i Kuling !t^ ^ Kung Kiang ^ 7jC Kwangsin R. fg tt Kwangsinfu §i f= )^ Linkiang li^ il j^ Loan Kiang ^| ^ il Losiao Shan ^ ^ ]\i M Losiao Shan H ^ lU Lu Ki -if ^ Lu Shan M.Mi
Lu Sh ^ 7jC Lunghu Shan t| ^ lU Mei Kiang i^ H Meihng Pass 1^ ^ Nananfu '^ ^ M Nanchang ^ ^ Jj^ Xankangfu ^ 0 )f Ningtu ^ ^ i>M Pengtze fi # U Pingsiang ^- ^p i|| Poyang Lake ff) 11 tSS Shang3'u Kiang ^ 7jC Shu or Kin Kiang |g fX Siu Shui {^ tK Su Ki ^ it Tao Kiang |^ fSj Tayu Ling :::^ j^ -^
Tso Ki :£ m
Tuchang M sU Tung Kiang '^ 7]C ^ {{S Tungtse Kiang ^ tK Wan an |^ ^ ,^. ^Vu-i Slian ^ ^ \\i Yuan Kiang :^ Ql Yuanchowfu ^ >)]] j^
.KWANGTUNG
lU 115
THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSI
27
KIANGSI (K m ^)
Area 69,500 square miles
CAPITAL, NANCHANG (ffi ^ M)
Except for the Poyang Lake Basin (S5 1^ tiK ^ :^), Kiang- si is mountainous. The most famous mountain is the Lu Shan
"The LtTTLE Orphan"
(M U4)> in the north, near which the sage Chu Hsi lived and wrote.
Kiangsi has a number of rivers flowing to Poyang Lake. The most important of these is the Kan River (^ IQ, whose branches rise in the mountains that border the provii:!ce.
Kiangsi produces much tea, porcelain, rice, cotton, silk, tobacco and some grain.
In the northeast, near Kingtehchen (i^ ^ ^) is found most of the white clay which forms the material for the porce- lain industr3^ Formerly, the manufacture of porcelain pro- duced finer articles and employed many more men. Even now pieces of porcelain made in earlier centuries receive very high prices.
28 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
The liills and mountains of Kiangsi have many trees, and timber is an important product.
In the western mountains near the Hunan border are mines of coal. The best mines are at Pingsiang (P^ M), near the Hunan border, and tlieir coal is brought to market b}'' Hunan railways and river. They produce 1,500 tons of coal each day.
Kiukiang {%XLM), ^'he treaty port of Kiangsi, formerly had a great trade in tea with Europe. It still exports fairly large quantities. There are factories to press tea into bricks, suitable for the peoples of Central Asia. In the mountains near Kiukiang is the summer resort of Kuling {'J^ ^).
Nanchang, the capital, is on the Kan River near its outlet into Poyang Lake. Small steamers ond launches run across the lake from Kiukiang to Nanchang. A company has been formed which is building a railway to connect the two cities. A better proposal is one for a railway which shall cross the province from north to south, and passing through the Meiling Pass (IS: ^ n), connect the Yangtse Valley (tlr -? tL ;^ ^) with Canton.
In the Kan River valley, Kianfu ("^ ^ M) and Kan- chowfu {^ j\] }^) have begun successfully the production of
camphor.
HUPEH
At
/^
Aniii ^mm
Canton-Hankow Railway %
Ching Kiang ^ tC Fanclieng ^ ^ Futow Hu ^ m M Han Kiang ^ \L Hankow ^ U Hanyang m^^M
Hung Hu -m m
Hwangcliow ^ j]] j{>f Hwangslnlikang ^^ 1^ Ichang 'g. ^ M Ichenghsien ^ M '^^
itu ^ u m
Kichow ^ il'I'l Kingchowfu f i] fH )^ Kingmen fi] [^'j '>ii Kiukung Shan :Jl '^ \h Kweichow 0§ 'J^•j Laifeng ^ E J^ Liangtse Hu ^ ^^ ts8 Nan Hu "|^' iiij Nanki Hu #j ^
Pai Ho e M
Patung B :i:
Peking- Hankow Railway ^
Shasi ^J; rtr
Sliihnanfu JS ^ /^ Siaugyangfu ^ H H^ Siaokan # jJiK i^ Suichow 151 '>H Tan Ho ^ ill Tang Ho jf M Tapa Shan B llj Oj Si Tapie Shan i^ YA \\i M Tayeh :^ '{^ Teian ^. ^ )ff Tow Ho i^ 7]C Tsaoyang ^ H !^ Tsienkiang ^ tC l|j^ Wuchang 1^ ^ M Wuling Shan j^ ^ Uj UK Yangsang Hu ^f ^ tC Yangtse Kiang ^^ -f it Yiinyang |5 I^- fl^f
THE PROVINCE OF HUPEII
29
HUPEH (m At €)
Area 71,400 square miles
CAPITAL, WUCHANG
(^^
m
Hupeh is a broad province, occupying an important part of the central plain. It is drained by the Han and the Yangtse Rivers, and is crossed by large canals. On the north and west, mountains separate this province from Honan and Szechwan.
The plain of Hupeh produces much cotton. Great spin- ning and weaving mills at Hankow and Wuchang make the raw cotton into cotton cloth. Hupeh exports cotton goods' to Szechwan, Kweichow and Hunan.
The railway from the north brings Honan wheat to Hupeh to be made into flour. In one year (1907) the Hankow milla manufactured 34,000,000 jnculs of flour.
Bund, Hankow
The three cities of Hankow, Hanyang and Wuchang form a great commercial and industrial centre where the Han River joins the Yangtse. The great railways joining Peking with the
so
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
south meet the great river here. From Hankow, large river- steamers sail east to Shanghai, while smaller steamers sail west to the ports of the middle Yangtse and Hunan. Launches ply inland. The mouth of the Han River is crowded with cargo junks hcixnvi^ freight to and from Hankow.
Kapids, Yangtse Gorges
Hankow is the greatest black-tea port in the world, and has a population of almost a million. There are many large industrial plants for preparing bean oil, for pressing tea-leaves into bricks for export to Russia, for manufacturing tobacco into
Tkacking, ,
THE PROVINCE OF HUPEH
31
cigarettes, and for storing oil. Though Hankow is over six hundred miles from Shanghai, and seven hundred from the ocean, large ocean steamers can sail to Hankow at most times of the year. So, though an inland city, Hankow has direct trade with foreign countries.
The great advantages of Hankow have led a careful observer to write, "The city of Hankow has perhaps a more brilliant future than that of any other city in the world.
It " is surely destined to be the industrial capital of the countrv." *
Hanyang Iron Works
At Hanyang, just west of Hankow, across the Han River, are the great iron and steel works (il P ^ ^ M)y and the central arsenal. At the Hanyang works, Chinese iron is wrought into steel and used for making weapons and railway material. Nine railways in China have used Han- yang rails. Thousands of tons of iron are exported to foreign countries every year. Railways and rivers connect the centre with districts from which coal and iron ore can be cheaply
brought.
♦Reinach, World Politics, pages 132,133.
\
32
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
"\A'uchang, the capital of Hupeli, is on the south bank of the Yangtse, just opposite Hankow and Hanyang. There are many mills, schools and forts. There are also two great museums, one of which shows goods made in China, the other articles from abroad.
The treaty port of Shasi Q'p ffi) has steamer trade with Hankow, by way of the Yangtse, and junk trade by the canal connecting with the Han River.
Ichang (^ ^ }^), at the gateway of the Yangtse Gorges, is the port where cargoes for Szechwan are changed from steamer to small boats.
In Tayeh {-j^ }^), iron ore of good quality is mined. Large mines are in working order. Almost all the iron and steel manufactured at the Hanyang Iron Works comes from these mines. Some of the ore is shipped to Japan.
Yangtse Gorges near Hsuchow
S
HUNAN t
Changsha ^ fp M Changteh S ^> Jt Chen chow M #1 Chenyang Kiang ^ P 01 Cho Kiang H 7K Chun Shui # ^ M Fenghwangting M.M.M Heng Shan ^ llj Hengchowfu ^ >)^ M Hsuefeng Shan g ^ llj Hwangchow ^ *M M Kienchow ft iW JS Kweiyangchow S p ^ Li chow ^ ^H Lien Shui ^ 7JC Liling m^U Ling Kiang ^ tC Liu Shui 'i^ 7jC Liuyang Ho f 9 7jC Liuyanghsien ^1] P !^: Losiao Shan ^ ^ lil M Lii Shui ^;t ^'-K Lui Ho M >'JC
Mayen Kiang E ^ tC Mi Kiang :Jie XL Nanchowting "^ 'M ^ Packing ^ M. M Shenchowfu ^ >)\\ ^ Siang Kiang M XL Sianghsiang M M M Siangtan M M U. Siangyin MBU Siao "Shui H 7JC Tien Shui ^ tK Tsingchow ^ JW Tung Ting Lake fl^ ^ ^ Tzu Kiang ^ XL Wu Ling 3l ^ Ol Hi Wu Shui tl 7K Wu Shui m 7jC Yochow -g- >){] }^ Yiian Kiang ^ XL Yiianchow ^ ^H*! ^ Yungchowfu fi^'')^ }^ Yungshun ^ Hi M Yungsui ^mM
THK PROVINCE OF HUNNA
33
HUNAN {"&
Area 83,380 square miles
CAPITAL, CHANGSHA (fl: g.^ M)
Hunan is a province of hills and mountains, lying to the south and west of Tung Ting Lake. The people live in the narrow valleys of the rivers that flow into the lake.
The important rivers of Hunan are the Siang Kiang {'^ XL) and Yiian Kiang (^tt)- The Siang River rises in Kwangsi and flows north through Hunan into Tung Ting Lake. The great road from central to south China goes uj^ its valley, and the new Yueh-Han Railway will follow this old road. The Yiian River rises in Kweichow and flows northeast through Hunan into Tung Ting Lake. The road to Yunnan on the soutliwest lies along this river.
Hunan is richest in tea and in coal. The tea is raised in the Siang ^''alley. Most of the coal now comes from the mines near the Kiangsi border. Coal abounds in other parts of the province. Antimony is mined in Hunan, and carried to AVu- chang in Hupeh to be refined. The mountains of Hunan are known to have supj^lies of gold, silver, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron, quicksilver and copper. The forest wealth is important.
Changsha is a great city near the place where the Siang River meets Tung Ting Lake. It is a treaty port. Wlien water in the lake and river is high, steamers
River Scene, Changsha
84
GECKiRAPHY OF CHINA
run from Hankow to Changsha. When the water is low, ste.nra launches run from Changsha to Chenglingchow \^^^K near the treaty port of Yochow (-^ *>H 1^) to meet Yangtse steamers.
Siangtan ('^ i^ 5^ ) is a commercial city on the Siang River, south of Changsha.
Changteh (^ W-M') , near the mouth of the Yiian River west of Tung Ting Lake, has trade with Hupeh, Kweichow and Szechwan. At some times of the year, small steamers sail from Hankow to Changteh. Changteh is the outlet for the valley of the Yiian River. This river is difficult to navigate, which makes it harder to bring to market the minerals of the moun- tainous country west and southwest of Changteh.
Yochow is a treaty port near the outlet of Tung Ting Lake, The customs station is at Chenglingchow. The commerce is not prosperous, as the steamers ship their exports and land their imports principally at Changsha and Siangtan .
At Chuchow (t^^) on the Siang River, coal brought by the Pingsiang Railway is loaded on small boats.
HAX, OJ'l'OSITE CHAXGSUA
Tung Ting Lako is the meeting place of four Hunan rivers, —the Siang, the Tz-U [^ K) , the Yiian and the Li (^ 7K) • There is level country near the mouths of these rivers. A canal from Changteh connects t!ie western part of the lake with
the Yangtse.
THE PROVINCE OF HUNAN
35
Yiianchow ( ^ #1 J^) is on the road to Kweichow and Yungchow {^t)^ J{^) is on the road to IvAvangsi.
Hunan produces tea, rice, coal, small ships, bamboo, varnish, cotton, timber and antimony. Notable manufactures are paper, silk cloth, medicine, pottery and carved articles.
'te
Bridge neab Changsha
86
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
SZECHWAN m )\\ €)
Area 218,000 square miles
CAPITAL, CHENGTU {f& fR M)
Szechwan is a large, inland and populous province. It has. more land and more people than any country of Western Europe. If other parts of the country should come to harm, Szeclnvan could supply money and men to help them .
Szechwan is the largest of the eighteen provinces, in area as well as in population. A large part of the province is mountainous. In the central part is a fertile plateau, called the Red Basin or the Chengtu Plain. Through this rich, high plain the Min Kiang flows southward to the Yangtse. Other
Mountain Scene, showing foliage anti TiMnK.n, "Wksi China
tributaries of the Yangtse in Szechwan are the Yalung Kiang (51 $1 tl) , the Chung Kiajig {■-f\* 0? > , and the Kialing Kiang {M, I^ ni) . The Yangtse enters Szechwan from Tibet, flows
SZECHWAN B jl| ^
Anning Ho ^ ^ fSj Batang £ :^ Chengtu ^ ^ J^ Chinsha Kiang -^ ?^ Ql Chungchow ^ jW Chungking M M f^ Fu Ho jg a Fuchow ^ »>H
How Ho ^ o:
Howchow /^ »m
Hsueh Lan Shan ^ ffl| ll] 38
JaChu^^'fnJ
Kialing Kiang M ^XL
Kiatingfu ^ ;£ /^
Kiung Lai Shan J|5 l^J llj
Kiungchow J|5 jHi
Ka Ho ^ tSJ
Kiranhsien ^ ^
Kweichowfu i| *m /^
Lifan giU ^
Litang g |^
Luchow ^ *Jfj
Lunganfu f| ^ /^
Ma Chu 3^ ^ fSl
Meichow /a ^
Mienchow ^ ^
Min Kiang |l|g tC
Min Shan |Ij£ lij
Mowchow Ss ')H
Nanki Ho ^ ^ Ningyiianfu ^ jt )^ Pa Shui a ;^ Paoning iJ^ ^ jf Shihchu ^5 @ ^ Shunking m ^ f^ Sinkiatze (Mowkong) ® -^ Soloma Shan ^^'p ^ §^ \[] Suichowfu ^ >)W }^ Suitingf u ^^J^ Sunpan ^i^ jf ^ Tachin Ho ::^ -^ jlj Tahsueh Shan :^ ^ ill Tapa Shan G ill llj M Tatsienlu fX wi i^ Tatu Ho :^ ^ jnj Tungchwan ^ jlj jf Tze Shui ^ 7jC Tzechow ^ i)+| Wanhsien ^ ^ Wu Kiang .^ Ql Wu Shan ^ llj Wuling ^m\liU Yachowfu m*)H ){f Yalung Kiang 5H1 iC Yangtse Kiang ^ ^ tC Yenyiian ^J tKl SS Yungning ^^c ^ '>H Yuyang S K^ jHi
THE TROVINCE OF SZECHWAN
37
tlirongh the mountainous western region and becomes navigable after passing Suifu (^ ^| ^)
Szechwan produces a great amount of silk, tea, salt and vegetable wax. Other products are rice, hemp, indigo, sugar and timber. There are coal mines at Kiangpehting (Ql ;jb ^) , near Chungking
posits of iron , cop- per, petroleum and precious metals are known to exist.
It is hard to bring the products of Szechwan to other provinces be- cause of difficulty of transportation. The passage through the Yang- tse Gorges is so troublesome and dangerous as to hinder commerce. When the Chivan- Han Railway {}\\ ^m.^) is built, Chengtu will be
in close touch with Hankow, and Szechwan will have much more trade.
In western Szechwan, in the mountainous borderland be- tween China and Tibet, live wild tribes vrhose customs are not like those of the Chinese people.
Chengtu, the capital, has half a million people. It \h a historic city lying in the Red River Basin. The country rownd about is remarkably well irrigated.
Oil carriers, West China
38
GECXiRAPHY OF CHINA
Chungking, the treaty port of Szechwan, is a great trading centre.
Suifu is the last point on the great river which can be reached by boats. From Suifu to Wanhsien (^ ,^) , ships can easily sail on tlie river, but east of Wanhsien are the famous gorges with rapids which are very hard for boats to pass.
Szechwan was formerly a great producer of opium, but. now that opium-growing is being sup^jressed, much more rice ia grown in Szechwan.
Boat os the Min Rtver, Szechwan
CHIHLI
Chaochow ^ >)^ Chaoyangfu m^M Chengtehfu j^ ^ if Chengtingfu JE ^ B Chihfeng |5^ ^ #| Chinglung Ho # t| iBJ Chinwangtao ^ ^ % Chochow ^ iHi Chulung Ho ^ 11 ipj Grand Canal ^ ^ Gulf of Chihli ii: ^ ^ Gulf of Liaotung 3^ :^ ^ Hokienfu M f^ M Huto or Puto HoiM^tfi Hwailai ^^M Hwang Ho or Yellow River
Je Ho 1^ M Kaichow |3 ^ Kalgan ?g ^ P Kiama Ho ® ^ ^ Kichow E #1 Kwangpingfii ^ ^ M Laoha Ho ^ n^ pl Lwan Ho ^ inj Lwanchow ^ 'j<i Nankow Pass |^ P Paotingfu ^ZJ^ Pel Ho 6 M
Peitaiho ;|b ^ M Peking ;il: ^ Sha Ho ^^ M Shangtu Ji fP M Shanhaikwan llj '^ pl Sharamuren ® 1^ ;4^ |^ M Shuntehfu Hi m M Siianhwafu m, it M Taku is: fS Tamingfu i^ ^ M Tang Ho ;t M Tang Shan }§ \U Tangku li ?S Tehchow ^ 'J-H The Great Wall ^ ^ Tientsin %W M Tingchow ^ '>H Tsangchow ^ '>H Tsunhwachow ^ ft. *}H Tungchow jg #1 Tushihkow ^ :^ P Tze Ho U M Yen Shan ^ llj Uj US Yichow Ml '>H Yin Shan |^ Ol lU M Yisin Ho !i: #, M Yungpingfu ^^ M Yungting Ho 7TC ;£ i^J
THE PROVINCE OF CHIHLI
39
CHIHLI (it ^ ^)
Area 115,800 square miles
CAPITAL, PAOTINGFU (fij S M) TIENTSIN (^ ^)
Chihli consists mainly of a broad plain. This plain is not well irrigated and needs abundant rainfall. In good seasons it produces much grain, but in bad seasons is dry and dust- covered.
The mountains in the northeast and southwest of the province are suitable for coal mining. The most productive coal mines in China are situated at Kaiping {^ ^) and Tangshan
Transportation by small boats is convenient on the Pei Ho and Grand Canal at most times of the year. In winter, however, the water is frozen. Railways in Chihli run :
1. From Peking to Tientsin and Shanhaikwan (jlj f^y g^), and then on to Manchuria (fH ^-1) and Europe ;
2. From Peking to Paotingfu and on to Hupeh and the Yangtze ;
Marble Bridge, Simmer Palace, Pe5:ing
40
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
3. From Peking to Chaiigchiakow (Kalgan ^g ^ p) tbo gate to Mongolia (^ 1&) ;
4. From Peking to near-by Tungcliow;
5. From Chengtingfu (]E ^ /^) to Shansi (ilj B| C^) and Taiyiian {± W. M) •
6. From Tientsin southward to Pukow on the YangtsG River.
Chilili produces wheat, coal, cotton, tobacco, woven silk, straiohraid, camels, sheep and horses.
The Great Wall starts at Shanhaikwan and crosses the northern part of the province.
City Wai.t. wn (^Ikaxd CwaT;, 1'i;ki
Peking has great walls, high gate towers and wide streets. It has been a great political, military, and educational centre. There are many great and famous temples, such as the Temple of Heaven (^ Jpi) , the Temple of Agriculture (j^M.M), the Confucian Temple (WrM) ^^^^ the Temple of the Lamas {^Iv^"^).
Tientsin, near the mouth of the Pei Ho, is the great treaty port of the North. In many ways this city has been a leader of China. Tientsin has broad roads, electric lights, water works,
THE PROVINCE OF CHIHLI
41
tramways and limited local self - government . Many roads bring to Tientsin the products of North China and Mon- golia. There is a large export trade in animal products, such as skins and fur, bristles and wool. In winter, when the Pei Ho is frozen, Tientsin trades by water through the ice-free port, Chinwangtao {0 M. %) ■ Peiyang University is near Tientsin.
Chinwangtao is a port for the shipment of coal from the Kaiping and Tangshan mines, and an entry port in winter.
Gateway, Peking
Maxchuriax ladies
Shanhaikwan, where the mountains meet the sea, is the gate between China and the Three Eastern Provinces.
Changchiakow or Kalgan is a trading town at the gate to Mongolia. Its Chinese-built railway is improving commercial and political relations with Mongolia.
North of the Great AVall is the old Imperial Hunting/ Park
mm).
42
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
SHANTUNG (Uj M €)
Area 66,970 square miles CAPITAL, TSINAN (^ ^ /fj)
Shantung was the home of Confucius (^L ~f) and Mencius (3: ■?■)■ Pilgrims may visit the tombs and temples of these great sages at Kiifow (ft J|L) and Chowhsien (^ !^) in the southwestern part of the province.
Most of Shantung is mountainous, but there is a plain in the western part crossed by the Hwang Ho and the Grand Canal, Shantung has a long peninsula and some excellent harbours.
The people of Shantung are strong and brave, and are good farmers and good soldiers. Shantung is not a rich province, because the fertile parts are too crow^ded. Many Sliantung men are now going to other provinces to seek wealth, and are especially successful in the Three Eastern Provinces
Tkmi'lk of CoNFCciua, Kcrofv
SHANTUNG \U M ^
Chang Shan ^ llj |^
Changkiu ^ £15 m
Chefoo ^ ^
Chihli Strait it ^ ?^ feJj
Chowtsun ^ i^sj-
Chucheng M i^ ^
Chdchow ^ '>H
Grand Canal 3^ M
Gulf of Chihli m M
Haifeng fi ^ ^.
Hwang Ho or Yellow River ^
M Ichowfu ^ *)W M Jichaohsien 0 BS ^ Kaomi ig ^ 5f^ Kiaochow ^ *>H Kiaochow Bay ^ ffl ^ Kinkiakow -^ □ ^ Kiifow ft J|L 1^ Laichow M *M M Laichow Wan ^ ^ j^ Laoshan ^ llj J^ Laoshan Range ^ Uj llj S5{ Laoshan Wan ^ \h ^ Lingshantao ^ ill j^ Lintsingchow ^ frl ')H Lintze jSg '{^ U Makia Ho J(l| jjg M Meng Shan ^ ilj Miao Tao J^ ^ Mulingkwan ^^M Old Course of the Yellow River
Poshan If llj ^
Shaho ^ M Shihtao ^ ^ Siaoching Ho /h ff| fBj Tai Shan ^ Oj Tai Shan Range |^ llj llj SK Taianfu ^ ^ M Tehchow ^ ^ Tengchowfu ^ j^ f^ Tingtzetsuikow T ^ ^ Tsaochowfu "^ >)^ M Tsinan ^^'^ M Tsingchowfu ^ *>H j]^ Tsingtao ^ % Tsining ^ ^ '>H Tsowhsien ^ ^
Tuhoi Ko^mm
Tung Tai Shan :^ |^ Oj IP ^
Oj
Tungchangfu M ^ M Tze Ho ^< ?pI Wei Ho :^ M Wei Ho ^ M Weihaiwei WL 1^ ^ Weihsien ^ J^ Wen Ho f^ M Wenshang ?^ _h !^ Wuleitao Wan £ M ^ i^ Wuting ^ ^ ;f Yangkiokow ^ ^ -^ Yellow Sea ^ f^ Yenchowfu ^ ^Mf^ Yi Ho ^ :):K Yihsien Pf J^. Yungcheng Wan $k^^
THE PKOVINCE OF SHANTUNG
Pine Grove, Tai Shan
The Hwang Ho now reaches the sea in the northern part of Shantung. Sixty years ago, it flowed south of this province and emptied into the sea in Kiangpeh, hundreds of miles south. The floods of the Hwang Ho have caused terrible loss to North China, and would cause more were it not for the money and work spent every year to protect the valley. But modern engineering can make the Hwang Ho a source of wealth instead of a source of danger.
Shantun^g produces silk, wheat, millet, and fruits. The Shau-
soil of
tung is not so rich as in most parts of China, and new meth- ods are need- ed to make agriculture more p r o s- perous. The forests have been destroyed, Tsinan; Yellow River in the dist.\ncb
but it is hoped tliat scientific Government work can restore them in part.
44
GECKJKAPHY OF CHINA
Shantims: coal is mined near Weihsien (^ !f^,) and at Poslian ( \$ ill #J . The Shantung railway carries the coal to the sea, w licnce steamers take it to its markets.
The Tai Shan (^ lljj is the most famous mountain of Shantung.
Tsinan, the capital, is a great city near the meeting of the Grand Canal and the Hwang Ho. A German raihvay runs from Tsinan to the Yellow^ Sea at Kiaochow [^ JW) . The railway from Tientsin to the Yangtse also passes Tsinan. It has been proposed to extend the Shantung railway west to Taokow (3^ P ) in Honan to join the Honan Mining railways. Tsinan is a centre of commerce for western Shantung.
Chef 00, or Yentai (^ p ) , is a treaty port which formerly had much commerce, l)ut Kiao- chow is now taking away its trade. Chefoo needs a railway to connect it with the interior. Its principal exports are wild silk, beans, and strawbraid.
Kiaochow Buy (^ 'H] 'M) was seized by the Germans in 1897 . They have built a foreign city, Tsingtao (#^), with wide streets and fine houses; Kiaochow is leased to Germany for ninety-nine years, but it is a Chinese treaty port.
The British have leased tlio naval station of Weihaiwei
mum)-
Laichow (M')^M) and r\..Mi,\, VrNd.nw
Tengchow (^ 'j+1 Jff) are seacoast districts, many of whose men have gone to Manchuria.
AVeihsien is a wealthy city in the central part of the province.
HONAN W W ^
Changtehfu ^ ^ /^ Chenchow ^ '^\ Chi Ho '^ M Chowkiakow ^ ^ d Chiiehshui Ho ^ 7K Chusienchen :^ jjll ^ Funiu Shan i^ ^^ \li M Heng Ho f^ M Honanfu M "^ .1^ Hung Ho ^ M Hwaikingf Q ^ ^ j^ Hwang Ho or Yellow River
Hweiki H P fnj Ju Ho ^ ;^ Juchow ^ j^ Juning ^ ^ if Kaifeng m^M Kialu Ho ^ % M Kioshan ^ jll j^ Kwangchow it "M Kweitehfu W W^ M Lo Ho t& M Lushan ^ Uj |^ Mengtsing ;£ ^ S^
Nanyangfu ^ |^ ;f
Pai Ho 1^ inj
Peking- Hankow Railway ^
^^ Shekichen ^ ;® ^ Shenchow ^ #1 Shih Ho 1^ M Sincheng ^MU Sinyangchow M ^ #1 Sinyeh f? ^ ^. Siichow ^ 'j^^ Sze Ho ^ M Tan Kiang f^- XL Tang Ho ^ M Taokow jE P ^ Tsingchang Ho ^ ^ M Tsinghwachen ^itWk Tuan Ho ^ M Tungkwan ^ ^ ^\'■ahsien ^ 1^
Wei Ho m m
Weihwei mMM Yeushihsien jg &$ {^
Yi Ho '^ M Yingshui Ho ^ 7jC M
THE PROVINCE OF HONAN
43
HONAN (M W €)
Area 67,940 square miles
CAPITAL, KAIFENG (^ JJ M)
Honan is a fertile province in the plains of the Hwang Ho [M M) and the branches of the Hwai Ho (fH |nj) . The moun- tains on the southern border separate North China from the river provinces. North of the Mountains wheat is raised, and rice is raised south of the mountains.
The Hwang Ho is a trouble to the province, for at one time of the year it is like a flood, and at another time is almost dry. Modern engineering could improve the Hwang Ho so as to remove the danger of flood, and make the river more suitable for navigation and irrigation.
Bridge in Hon vn
Honan, like other provinces in the valley of the Hwang Ho, has the fertile "yellow earth" (Hi) soil, called loess. This soil is very productive.
46
GEOfJRAPHY OF CHINA
Honan produces wheat, barley, wax, medirine and cotton.
Different rivers connect Honan with surrounding provinces; tlie Hwang Ho crosses it from Shensi (f^ M) '^i'<^ Shansi in the northwest to ChihH and Shantung on the northeast ; the Wei Kiver (|^ :^) flows northeast to Shantung and Chihli ; the tributaries of the Hwai River flow to Anhwei ; and those of the Han River to Hupeh. Parts of these rivers are suited for commerce.
flonan has many historic cities. Kaifeng, Kweitehfu i^^ Wi M) y and Loyang [^ ^) have been capitals of the country.
Kaifeng is just south of the H^-ang Ho. Though great walls have been built to protect it from the floods, it is still in danger.
I»ow Paoooa
THE PROVINCE OF KOXAN 47
Taokow is a trading city Avhere a mining railway meets tlie Wei River, and is a gate on the water route to Tientsin.
Shekichen (^ M ^) on the Tang River and Nanyang (^ 1^ f^) on the Pai River (j^ ^lij) are important commercial towns trading with Hupeh.
In eastern Honan, Chowkiakow (^ ^ n ) , on a tributary of the Hwai River, is a centre of trade with Anhwei and Kiangpeh.
Tsinghwa {^it^) is an important mining centre.
The Peking-Hankow Raihvay (;^ g| M ^) crosses Honan from north to south. Two other railways run from east to west. One north of the Hwang Ho brings coal from the mines near Tsinghwa to the Wei River at Taokow\ It crosses the great trunk line at Weihwei ($g j^ J^) . A railway south of the river now;j^oina Honanfu and Kaifeng, by way of Chengchow (^ *j^) . More branches for the railway would improve commerce, and help part of the rich mineral wealth of Honan to find its Avay to market.
Honanfu, situated in the fertile valley of the Lo Ho, is the meeting place of three great roads. These roads are important for trade. The road to the south leads to Chowkiakow and the Han River. The second road goes east to Kaifengfu. The third road crosses the Hwang Ho, going in a northeasterly direction to Hwaikingfu ( '[g ^ J^) . There is also a fourth road, going west to Tungkwan {j^ |^ ) .
48
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
SHAN3I (Lij ffi ^)
Area 81,830 square miles
CAPITAL, TAIYUANFU (ic Jg )f?)
Shansi is one of the richest mineral regions in the world. Shansi has coal and iron to make China rich by new industries. Scientific men say that Shansi coal is of high quality, and that the quantity is enough for the use of many countries.
T.MYt'-AXFn
Shansi is very mountainous. It is connected with Honan by the Hwang Ho, and by the small railways branching out to the west from the Peking-Hankow line. The cart roads are bad, many of them running below the surface of the fields.
The best Shansi coal is found near Taiyiianfu, Tzechowfu iW ^ J^) and Pingtingchow (^i ^g >)W) .
Taiyiianfu is the largest city; SJiansi University is situated here. A railway runs from Taiyiian to Chcngtingfu in Ghihli on the Peking-Hankow line.
SHANSI llj S ^
Chiehchow ^ *>H Chin Ho fl^ M Chinchow f£> j{\ Fen Ho ^ ^JC Fengchowfu -^ i>H /^ Hengshan ^ llj Hwochow ^ JH Khoringher ^0 ^ IS- M Kiangchow ^ ^ Kweihwating §f f t @ Liaochow ^ jW Lien Chih Shan j^ ;K Ui SK Luanfu m^M Ningwufu ^ ^M Ning}^anfu ^ jM. M Paotehchow ^ ^ *Hi Pingtingchow 2]^ ^ »H1 Pingyangfu ^ i^ ;^ Pingyaohsien ^ ^ {[^.
Puchowfu m^M Saratsi |^ ii W Sichow H *>H Sinchow ff ')H Soping m^ M Suiyiian ^ jt i* Taichow {^ JW Taiyiianfu ±B^ Taijiianhsien i; ;[^ JSJ Tatungfu :k Wi }^ The Great Wall ^ j^ Tokto ^ :^ ft Tsehchow W 'M J^ Tsingchang Ho f^ ^ fnl Tsingshui Ho f^ :;jc M Tungkwan ^ ^ AVutai Shan S ^ UJ Yellow River H inj Yin Shan |^ llj
THE PROVINCE OF SHANSI 49
Kiangchow ($$ >)^) is important for its minerals, its farms, and its trade.
Kweihwating (|§ ft M) is at the gate between Sliansi and Mongolia. It has been proposed to build railways connecting this city with the lines to Taiyiianfu to the south, and to Kalgan in Chihli.
Many pilgrims visit the Buddhist shrines on the famous Wutai Shan (21 "p UJ) in northern Shansi.
The Shansi, banks and bankers are known throughout the country.
The Hwang Ho runs on the west and south of Shansi. The Great Wall crosses the northern part of the province.
From Taiyiianfu, an important road runs to the southwest corner of the province. After crossing the Hwang Ho, it passes through the Tungkwan and leads to Sianfu (® ^ J^) in Shensi.
Improved transportation is a great need. Thirty years ago, many people died of famine because there was no way to bring in food to save their lives.
Shansi produces coal, iron, salt, barley, tobacco and cotton.
60 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
SHENSI (g^BW)
Area 76,270 square milc3
CAPITAL, SIANFU (® ^ )fj)
Shensi is very strong from a military point of view, as it is well guarded by mountaiua. The great gate to the province 13 the famous Tungkwan, where the Hwang Ho turns east. The V- militarv history of C hina proves the importance of this Pass.
Shensi was formi rly one of the richest provinces, but now it is one of the poorest. Once it produced great supplies of grain; now it produces much less. The Province became poor largely through the loss of its trees. Formerly, the mountains of North China were covered with forests, and after the rain fell, the water gradually came down to the plain, making the land fertile and the rivers suitable for boats. But people carelessly cut down the trees, and the rain would wash soil and stones from the mountains; the rivers would sometimes be flooded and sometimes be dry, and the farmers would have too much water at one time and not enough at another. As a result, North China has suffered terribly from flood and famine.
The north and south of Shensi are mOi»intainous. The Hwang Ho crosses the Great Wall, flows south and forms the eastern boundary of the Province.
Shensi has rich mineral deposits, especially of coal and iron. Salt and nickel are also found.
Shensi has many animals, and Shensi hides are sold in all parts of the country. Much fur is exported.
The best parts of Shensi is the valley of the Wei Kiver (^ 7jC) , where Sianfu is situated. Sianfu is the political centre and one of the finest cities of North China. As Changan (^ ^)f ^^ was the cai>ital of some famous periods of ancient time.
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Puchowfu Ji '>H ;i^ Shangchow "^ *H>1 Sianfu ® ^ /i^ Sienyang ^ ^ ^ So Ho e. 7jC Suitehchow ^ ^ »>H Tali Ho :;^ Ji M Tan Kiang ^ XL The Great Wall :^ j^ Tsinling Shan ^ -^ il| Tungchowfu fpj jW M TziwuHo ^ 4^ M Wei Ho jl tK Wuting Ho il ^ If Yellow River ^ X^ Yen Shui % tK Yenan U^M Yulin mi^M
THE PROVINCE OF SHENSI
51
From Sianfu four great roads branch out — one, east to Shansi, two, west and northwest to Kansu (-^ M ^} , and one, south, whose branches lead to Szechwan and Hupeh. These roads give Sianfu great political, military and commercial importance.
Fengsiangfu (JH ^ }^) and Tungchowfu (I^ >)]] }^) are important towns in the Wei Valley.
Hanchungfu (^ ff« M) and Hinganfu {M ^ M) are commercial cities on the Han River in southern Shensi. Both cities are gates, Hanchungfu to Szechwan and Hinganfu to Hupeh. These cities are in mineral districts.
Yenan (U^M), Yulin (m^i^B) and Suitechow {^WM)
are small cities in the mountainous northern part.
The "yellow earth" (loess) districts in the valley of the Wei produce wheat, millet and vegetables.
LOKSS FOKMATION
62
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
Area 125,400 square miles
CAPITAL, LANCHOWFU (M 'M Hi)
Kansu, in the northwest, is a large and mountainous pro- vince. The people are of ditierent blood, some being Tibetan, some Mongolian, some Turkish and some Chinese.
City Wall, Sining
The upper Hwang Ho crosses Kansu, but is not good for commerce In its valley, the land is good for agriculture. In the southern part of the province, wheat, barley and tobacco are raised. Lanchow (^ >M ^; tobacco is smoked throughout the country. In the mountain districts, the principal occupa- tion is animal-raising. Some of the wool is exported, and some is manufactured into carpets.
The province has precious metals, such as gold and silver, as well as industrial minerals, such as coal and oil. Bat the mineral wealth is as yet little developed.
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Pailung Kiang j^ || it Pingliangfu ^i i^y; Jt Siching Shan ^ ftj| Jj Si ho ® >Fn 1^. Sining Ho If ^ M Siningfu M '^ /i^ Suchow ^ ^I Sulei UoMW] M Tao River {^l iiij Taochow r# JH Tatung Ho ::^ ji M Tingpien ^^U Tsin Ling Shan ^ ^ Uj Tsinchow ^ *N>1 Tunhwang ^ 'J^ ,|j^ ^^^ei Ho t^ inj Yellow River ^ i'nj Yiimenhsien 3; P'j |^
THE PROVINCE OF KANSU 53
Lanchow is a splendid city on the Hwang Ho. From Lan- chow great roads go out, — one west to Siningfu ("g m M)* Chinghai (^ '^) and Tibet, and another northwest to Sinkiang (W\ M.^) ''^^^ Central Asia.
Ninghia (^ g) has more commerce than any other city in Kansu. It is at the point where the Hwang Ho flows out of the province and is the gate between Kansu and Mongolia. The trade is mostly in animals. Ninghia has suffered terribly from rebels and floods.
Siningfu, a market town in the mountains west of Lan chow, is the gate to Chinghai and Tibet.
Pingliang (^ i^-, M) is in a fertile district near the Shensi border. It is near the gate on the more important road between Kansu and Shensi.
Tsinchow (^ 'M) is a station on the Wei River road to Lanchow. This road is difficult and the commerce is small. The district is fertile,
Liangchow (i^ #1 }^), Kanchow {-^ >M M), and Suchow (M 'M) are posts oii the long northwest road to Sinkiang. Chiayukwan (^ ^ |^) is a trading town beyond Suchow.
Kansu is in great need of railways to bring it closer to other provinces. Lines are talked of which would connect Lanchow with Sianfu and Taiyiian to the southeast, and with Sinkiang at the northwest. Such railways would be hard to build, but would have political and military advantages as well as commercial ones.
54
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
THE THREE EASTERN PROVINCES (SHS")
The Three Eastern Provinces (Manchuria) are divided into two river-basins— the Liao basin (^ inj ^ ^) in the south and the Sungari basin {^h ^ XL M W in the north. Both basins are very fertile. The Three Eastern Provinces are separated from Korea {^ ^) by the Yalu (H ^ tl) and Tumen Rivers (li ffl CC), from Siberia by the Amur (|| fl %£) and Ussuri Rivers (.i m M K).
TiMBEu Rafts on the Yalu Rivkr
In Manchuria are men of different races— Mongols, ^lan- chus, Russians and Japanese. But the people who are doing best at present are none of these, but Chinese from the Laichow and Tengchow districts of Shantung. The strong and diligent Shantung men go to all parts of the Three Eastern Provinces and work hard and succeed no matter what the season is. Many of them are making their homes there. It is industrious, enterprising men like these who develop Manchuria for China.
FENGTIEN
^
Ankwnn,o;h!=ien 5^ ^ (^^ Antung ^ ^ 1^ Changtufu ^miU Changwulisien ^ jf. ^. Chenanhsien ^ ^ 1^ Chinchowfu If?, 'M }^ Chungtsien f\* m Chwangho ^ frij J^ Dairen (Daliiy) ::^ 3l ^1. Fakumen f^ ]$. J^ Fengliwahsien ^ f{l |^. Fenghwangcheng HI M J® Fengtien (Mukden) ^ ^ /^j- Fuchow ^g ^"M CJulf of Liaotung 3^ '^ "jCf Haicheng ?$ ib^ U Hailnngfn •^- fl ,!]^ Hingking M. '^ j^ Hwaijen '\^ fn If- Hwaitehsieii 'f^ tf. {^ Hweifaclieng M ^ ^ Hweinan W ^ M Icliow ^ 'M Kaipinglisieil M ¥ H Kaitunghsien f?^ ^i. ^. Kaiyuan ^ i^. 1^. Kangpinglisien M ^ M Kaokiao M ^M Kinchow ^ jH-j Korea Bay ^ B M Kowpaiigtze ;||. 4^; -p Kwangning j^ ^ 5|f, Liao Ho ^ inj
T>iaoyang 3^ H .j"|>I Liaoyueiichow 3^ tj^ >}\] Lienshankwan ji^ llj |3 Linkianghsien |^ tC J|^ Newchwang ^ ^ Xingyiianchow ^ ja iW'l Pamiencheng A M i^ Fort Arthur jj^ ll[| P Puzev.'o IS -f ^ Shaho f^^ M ^ Shanliaikwan ill f§ ^ Sifeng M M m Siliaoho |g 3^ inj Sinminfu |?f K )^ Siongyocheng t| |^ ^ Siuyen jllfi j^ '>H Suichung ^ Ff» H Taitze Ho ^c ^ M Takushan :;^ JE^ llj Taliiig Ho :^ r^ iiil Taoiianfu #E ^ /f Tashihkiao ::^ ^ 1^ Tatungkow :}c 3f{ ;[# Tiehling M 1[ ,#, Tienkiaotsang 5*^ ^ j^ Tunghwahsien jg ft f.| Tungkiangtze jg x£ T* Tungping ;^ ^ ,#. ^^^lshun ffe 0, t|i^ Yalu River W^ B fl Yeutai 'M 'S Yingkow ^ P li Yungling ^<, W
THE PROVINCE OF FENUTIEN
65
FENGTIEN i^X^)
Area 59,000 square miles
CAPITAL FENGTIENFU (MUKDEN)
Shengking, or Fengtien, was tlie main battlefield of the war between Russia and Japan. Western Fengtien is the valley of the Liao River; the eastern part is mountainous except for the narrow valley of the Liao.
The gates of Fengtien have great military, political and commercial importance. Long railwaj^s have been constructed and cities built in order to command these gates.
Newchwaxg
1, On the southeast, the gate between Shengking and Korea is near the mouth of the Yalu at Antung {^ ]^) and
66 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
Tatungkow (^ "^ "^). The Japanese have bridged the Yalu, and built a raihva}' from Antung to Fengtien City in order to make it easy to travel from Japan, through Korea, to the heart of Manchuria.
2. The sea-gates at Dairen (Talienwan :^3^|^), Port Arthur (Lushun) and Newchwang (4^ ^) — Yingkow (^ D). On the Liaotung Peninsula (3^ !^ ^ ^) is the commercial port of Dairen and the military and naval city of Port Arthur. Both were formerly leased to Russia, but are now held by Japan. From these cities the Japanese railway runs north.
The third sea-gate is the Chinese treaty port of Newchwang, with its harbour, Yingkow, at the mouth of the Liao. This city was formerly the outlet for Manchurian trade, but has lost many of its former advantages. The Government Railway of North China connects Newchwang with Chihli and western Shengking,
3. The land gate between China and Shengking, at the pass of Shanhaikwan, The northern Chinese railway runs through Shanhaikwan and carries Chinese influence on to Fengtien City and Newchwang.
4. The land gates from Mongolia, especially at Fakumen (?* 1^ P^) and Chinchow (|^, #1 J^). Extending Chinese rail- ways through these gates would bring Eastern Mongolia more wealth and security.
5. The land gate to Kirin (^ ^) and Northern Manchu- ria, through Tiehling Pass (^ ^ M)- The ^Japanese railway goes through this gateway.
Roads through all these gates lead to Fengtien City.
Fengtien City is on a plain. The Japanese railways run southeast, north and south; the Chinese line runs southwest. The greatest land battle of the Russo-Japanese war was fought near Fengtienfu.
Port Arthur is a great naval base at the end of the Liaotung Peninsula. Famous battles by land and sea were fought around Port Arthur during the siege when the Japanese captured it from the Russians.
THE PROVINCE OF FENGTIEN
57
Dairen (Dalny or Talienwan), is the best commercial harbour in North China. The Russians spent huge sums to build a city which the Japanese easily captured. As the commercial port of the South Manchurian Railway, it has many ships carrying trade between Fengtien and Japan.
The lease of the Liaotung Peninsula, now held by Japan, lasts only till 1923. It is very important that at that date nothing should prevent China from regaining her territory.
Fushun (^ HH) is a great coal mining centre, not far from Fengtien City. The Japanese hold the coal mines there.
Sinminfu (^ ^ J^) and Chinchow are important stations on the railroad from Chihli to Fengtien. The proposed Eastern Mongolian Railway would start from Chinchow.
Fengtien 's greatest export trade is that in beans, bean-cake and bean oil.
Wharf, Dai.n't
58 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
KIRIN C^^^),
Area 105,000 square miles
CAPITAL, KIRIN (§ ^ jf?")
Kirin is a great wheat-producing province. It lies between the Sungari and the Ussuri Rivers. The Siberian Railway crosses it from east to west and north to south.
Harbin (l^p "^ ?^) is an important commercial and indus- trial city with large flour mills. It is situated where the railway crosses the Sungari, and where the railroad from east to west meets tlie line coming from the south. It is a Russian city, under control of the Russian railway company. Harbin has railway commerce with Siberia, Europe and other parts of Man- churia, and steamer commerce with ports on the Sungari and Amur.
Kwanchengtze (^ J^ ^) near Changchun {J^ § f^) is a railway centre, where the Russian and Japanese systems meet. A branch line runs to Kirin City. Kwanchengtze is a great trading town, being a gate to Mongolia on the west and Kirin on the east and north. It collects animals, beans and tobacco, and exports them by railway through the Fengtien ports of Dairen and Newchwans:.
The Changpai Shan {^ Q \\i) and the Tumen River separate Korea from Kirin.
Kirin City, the provincial capital, is on the upper Sungari River, in a district rich with timber. Furs, tobacco and wooden ships are important products.
Petuna (f^ I5|) Ift^ is a trading town near the meeting place of the Xonni (^ jX) in^d Sungari Rivers.
Suifenho (^ ^ fiij) , where the railway crosses the eastern frontier to Vladivostok (f^# ^), is the gate between Kirin and the Russia Maritime Province. Ninguta (^ "^ j^), where the tish-skin Tartars live, is in this part of the province
KIRIN ^^ ;^ #
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' Suifeng Ho ^ ^ inj Sungari River Itt ^t IT. Tatunghsien :^ jl i^ Tumen River il f}"] it Tunhwacheng ^ f^ (P^ Tungningting M^M Ussuri River ,1^ M M M Wachwanhsien # ji] {^ Wanta Shan ^ ^ \U M AVuchangfu £ "^ j^ Wukon Ho -^ % M ^Vulakai .§ fi IHfj Yenkifu ^-^ M Yiislmting (Kuyushu) ^^ ^
(m m m)
THE PROVINCE OF KIRIN
59
Hunchun (^ ^) is on the' border between Siberia, Korea and Kirin.
Sanhsing (H W) > near the Sungari, is a fishing and trading town.
By treaty, Harbin, Kwanchengtze, Kirin, Ninguta, Hun- chun and Sanhsing are open to foreign trade.
Kirin has great forest and mineral wealth.
Sanhsing
60
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
HEILUNGKIANG (^ f | S)
Area 203,000 square miles CAPITAL, TSITSIHAR ^^ ^ P^ '
')
Heilungkiang takes its name from the Amur River which forms its northern and eastern boundary. The province lias other good rivers, such as tlie Sungari, Nonni, Khailar (f^lT;^ M M) and Argun (MW '^ ^ M) • These fertile river valleys are suitable for the production of wheat. The Sungari Valley is now a fruitful produce]- of wheat, which is made into flour in
the mills of Harbin. While this land near the Kirin bor- der is cultivated, most of the province lies waste.
Like Mongolia,
Heilungkiang raises
many animals, as
the horse, donkey,
cow, sheep and pig.
Tsitsihar, the
capital, is on the
MANCHrniAX Soldiers in HEii.rN-GKTAXG Xonni River about
twenty miles from the railway. It has a large trade with eastern
Moiigolia in animals and animal products.
Khailar, near the western gate of Heilungkiang, is built where the railway meets the Khailar River. Many Mongols come to Khailar every fifth moon for religious and commercial purposes.
Aigun (^ ^) , or Heilungkiang City, is on the Amur River
Manchouli (f3| ^j ^) is a customs station where the railway crosses the frontier.
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till A-ndating 5< iS S Anlo ^ II Argun $1 M ■& fj Argun Eiver |R ft 7^ t^j^ M Bor nor |3 ^ jjjj Chalantun ^L \M ^ti ChowieR4^MM Fosanfu f^ ll3 J^ Great Kliingan Slum ::^M^^ Hailungfu M i^ M^ Hoiluiigkiang ( Aigun) ^ f|
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(li B M)
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Nonni Iviver ^ fH Payencliow ^ ^ 'j^•| Piisiting ^* M i^ Shiuchowting |^ #1 J^ Sliiwe gol jJJji ynj Shututing 'gT' {^r> IS Suihwafu^ ft /f^ Sungari River ;j^ ^^ iC Talaiting -X M M^ Tsingkanghsien ^ fS) S^ T^^itsihar (Lungkiangfu) ^ ^
UrsonR. .§ M Hlfi inj Yali R. 3i |# iiij
THK PROVINCE OF HEILUNGKIANQ
61
The proposed plan for a Chinese railway from Aigun to Tsitsihar and from Tsitsihar across eastern Mongolia to Chin- chow (^ *>H M) in Fengtien would do great service to China.
The Sungari Rivbr
The Government has agreed to open to foreign trade the four cities of Tsitsihar, Aigun, Khailar and Mancliouli.
62
GKOGKAPllY OF CHINA
MONGOLIA (M *)
Area 1,367,000 square miles
CAPITAL, URGA (,% « 5, IP It ^)
Mongolia, for the most part, consists of a high plain, with fertile pasture land in some places and barren wastes in others. This broad upland region is almost as large as the Eighteen Provinces, but is lacking in people.
The people of Mongolia are mostly shepherds and hunters. They are fond of animal-raising but do not care for farming. The Mongols are fine riders. They do not generally live in cities but move from place to place with their flocks and herds. Their tribes are governed by Mongol chiefs, who are advised and controlled by Chinese military officials.
Camicl Cakryi.nc Load
In earlier times, people from north of the Great Wall often disturbed the peace of the world. Sometimes they invaded the country as did the followers of the Kin and Yuan Dynasties.
MONGOLIA M *
Altai ^ronntain? M WM ill M Bei Kern M ^ IS M Desert of Gobi or Skanio :3c l£ EginkolR. fjS^-^fjM Great Khingan Mountains ;:^
Inner Mongolia p9 ^ "^ Karaussu nor 1'^ ^ij ^ M M Kentai Mountains W # llJ M Kerulen -^ ft% >fi Kerulen K . :^ •-§ # M Khua Kern ^ !^k % 1^ inj Kiakhta 'Y^ ^ lil Kirgis nor ^M'Bi^ /^ 1 ISU
Kobdo f'}- -^/ ^ Kos gol W-Mf^i"^ vfi Lan Shan ^ |^j lU Outer Mongolia 9V'^~^ Sajan Mountains ^ |^ ^ Selenga R. ^ \Ti V^ n Tannu Shan /i' ^ ill RiK Tess R. # ^r iiij Tola R. i] ti inJ Uhssa nor Mi ^i &1 /-^ M Uliassutai .^ M 3fi f^ ^ Urga 0 ^ (f^ M S) I Unuigu, Lake, t^ >fg £^ j i Urungu R. .1^ ^^ ii inJ
MONGOLIA 63
Sometimes ^longol tribes turned west and ravaged Western Asia and parts of Europe.
Though many provinces are now crowded with people, ther3 is room for many millions more. The plains of Mongolia are wide enough to furnish homes for great numbers of people. Large areas are fertile and other districts that are now arid may be made fertile by scientific methods of irrigation. Chinese people are every year settling and making farms on the border between Mongolia and Northern China. The soil is good and the settlers are prosperous. It is good for the country that the farms of the Chinese are taking the place of the pastures of the Mongols.
The progress of Mongolia has been aided by — Opening schools for Mongolian children, Helping Chinese farmers to build- homes in Mongolia, Building a good railway to the border of the Mongolian plain
The rivers of Mongolia flow in different directions. In the south, the plain is drained by the Hwang Ho and its tributaries; in the east the rivers join those of Fengtien andChihli; the northeastern rivers are parts of the Amur system; but in the west and southwest the rivers flow to inland basins.
Eastern Mongolia is a fertile plain, much like the nearby country across the border of the Three Eastern Provinces.
Not far north of the Great Wall, Inner Mongolia has well- watered grass lands, suitable for stock-raising and farming.
The great desert of Shamo or Gobi {^^ ^) stretches a long distance east and west, and separates Inner Mongolia from Outer Mongolia.
The Altai Mountains cross northwestern Mongolia. In the fertile valleys of this range, many tribes feed their cattle.
The Great Wall was built to protect China from the wild tribes of Mongolia. It is one of the most famous structures in the world. For many thousands of miles, it runs over moun- tains and across valleys, between the northern provinces and Mongolia,
64
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
The Mongols are zealous Buddhists. There are some very large Buddhist monasteries, the homes of many thousands of monks.
Kulun ()^ j^) or Urga (^ ^ ^) is a sacred city and the residence of a living Buddha. Many monks and traders live here.
Kobdo M ^ ^) find Uliassutai (,^ M fi Ji^ p ) are ad- ministrative centres in the northwest of Outer Mongolia.
Maimachin (^ ^" ^), a market town on the overland route to Europe, is on the Siberian frontier just opposite the Kussian town of Kiakhta (P& ^ ®). The trade is chiefly in brick tea and medicine.
Wool is the chief product of Mongolia. Mongolia is better supplied with animals than any other part of the Chinese dominions. Every year Mongolia exports millions of sheep and thousands of camels, horses and cattle. Hides and furs are other important animal products.
Cko.ssing the Gobi Desert
The great gates between the Eighteen Provinces and Mon- golia are at Changkiakow (Kalgan) in Chihli and Kweihwatiug (^ ft iJ^) in Shansi. These market towns by the Great Wall are centres for Mongolian trade. The railway now runs from Peking to Changkiakow (Kalgan), and it is proposed to extend
MONGOLIA 65
it across Inner Mongolia to Kweihwating. Such a railway would not only help to develop Mongolia, but would bring it closer to the capital.
For centuries, a great road has run from Peking northwest through Mongolia, by way of Changkiakow (Kalgan) and Ujga to Maimachin and Kiakhta. By this caravan route, Chinese tea was formerly sent overland to Europe. A railway along this old road would be good for the development of Mongolia.
Eastern Mongolia trades with Manchuria through Tsitsihar in Heilungkiang, Kwanchengtze in Kirin and Fakumen in Fengtien. It has been proposed to extend the Government Railways of North China toward these points. These lines would develop Chinese resources for Chinese benefit. The line from Chinchow to Tsitsihar would cross Eastern Mongolia, and make it a richer part of tlie country.
Camel cart, Mongolia
66
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
SINKIANG (ff It W
Area 550,000 square miles
CAPITAL, TIHWAFU (ig "(t M) OR URUMCHI (,% # Tic ^)
Sinkiang, or the "New Dominion," is sometimes called "Chinese Turkestan."
The larger part of Sinkiang is taken up by the basin of the Tarim River (;^ M ;4v M). between the Kwenlun {% ^) and Tien Shan Ranges. Places near the river can be cultivated, places not near it are barren. The rivers do not reach the sea but flow into inland salt lakes.
View of the Kuenlun Mountaisa
Centuries ago much of the province was fertile, but shifting sand has covered the plains and made them desert. Like Mongolia, Sinkiang could be greatly improved by irrigation.
Sinkiang suffered much from the Mohammedan rebellion, which destroyed many of the people and much of the wealth.
The people of Sinkiang are of three types — Chinese who follow Chinese customs, Mongols who are Buddhists, and the people in the south and west who are Mohammedan in religion and custom.
REPUBLIC
PHYSICAL MAP OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC
O
SINKIANG ^fr M ff
Aksu ^iS ^ fl^
Altvntagh H M # llJ 0, - ^
H IJ M -i§ t^ ^ Avullu-kul BI^M Bagrush-kul Ei ^^ #J # llM Barkul (Cheusi) |^ M IS Cherchen Daria ^ M fiSi M Chinhuo M M ;^ Ebinor ^ ^ y^ M Great Nortli Koad X llj ^b Ii& Great South Road ^ llj ]^ I^ Haini P& ^ ^ tiifu ^^fl^ Karakorani Mis. 0§ PfH f 4 HI llj
m
Karaslmr Bf pfij >^>p ^ (i^ ^- Jf) Karatsh K. H M # S^ t^ Kasligar I^ f 1" P^^ M (£fc W) M) Kashgar K. 1^' iY Pj^ ;^ iilj Kerija :^ M S (T [^ il) Kerija daria ;^ M ^t M Khotan Si fl iH«| Khotan daria ^I f^ M Kontie daria ^ ^jj inj
Kucha 1^ -^ j\]
Kucha Ho ]^ :^ M
Kucheng "^ J^
Kwenhm Mountains M -^ Ui
Maralbashi MWl^if {^^
Paihing Dunes [^ fl if PP M Takhiniakan Desert ::^ :3c H Tarbagatai ^ W ^ ^^ m M Tarbagatai Mts. i^ M EL P& ^
Tellinor (Avar nor, H ?i M tiM
Tien Shan ^ \[\
Tihwa (Urumchi) jftftJ^C^
Turfan Itt i^i # i^ UchTurfan 1#B Ulanussu .^ ^ .|^ M "p Urungur Lake, .1 # "& f^O Yanghissar ^ "§ ?^^ M E Yarkand H M ^ (^ i|i /i^) Yarkand or Tariiu River i^ Jg.
THE PROVINCE OF SINKIANG
67
In the greater part of Sinkiang, agriculture does not flourish because of lack of rain.
Sinkiang produces cotton, wild silk, carpets, grapes, and horses.
The western parts of Sinkiang are by far the most fertile. The richest districts are those near Ilifu {^ ^ }^) in the north- west, and Kashgar (MWjM and Yarkand (^ $ }^) in the southwest.
Hi is a fruitful valley on the western frontier. The Russians occupied it during the Mohammedan rebellion, but restored most of it a few years later. Its rivers flow to salt lakes in Russian Central Asia.
Ilifu, the most important town, is on the bank of Hi Lake. Its district has forests, pastures and fruit orchards. Some metals are mined and refined near the city.
Kashgar (Sulifu M Wj M) has caravan trade with Russia. The country round is very rich.
Types of Caravan Men
Yarkand (Sachofu ^ ^ J^} is a market town where mer- chants come from India (fp ^), Persia {^ ^), Afghanistan (H 'm Vf ) and Russia.
68
GEOGRAl'HY OF CHINA
Tihwafu or Urumchi is a rich city, and a centre of govern- ment.
Khotan (>fO f^), ou the road to Tibet, is famous for its sand- buried ruins.
Hami ("& ^) is a small but strong city. There is a great ditch for irrigation.
Turfan (± % #) is a military centre.
Sinkiang is connected with China by a great road from Kansu which passes Liangchowfu, Kanchow, Suchow, Ansi- chow (^ ■g ^H) and Hami. One branch, the Great North Road, runs to Tihwafu (Urumchi) and on to Ilifu. Another branch, the Great South Road, leads to Yarkand and Kashgar. Both of these roads are caravan routes. Another road goes from Ansichow to Khotan and Yarkand. On this road were formerly fertile districts and prosperous cities, but the sand has made the desert larg- er and the fertile places very small. Explorers find that the sand has buried ancient cities. As the province is 1,100 miles broad, it takes many months to tra- vel from China to its more important cities.
Types of YAUKAxni Womkn
Sinkiang has 3,500 miles of telegraph and not one mile of railway. The Russians have developed their land in Central Asia by building railways, digging irrigation canals and sending in many settlers. Chinese Turkestan would be as rich aa Russian Turkestan, if railways, irrigation and settlers would come.
THE PROVINCE OF SINKIANQ
69
Crossing the frozen Yarkand River
The great needs of Sinkiang are a strong military system to protect it from danger, water and irrigation to reclaim barren places, and improved roads and railways to make it more truly a part of the Chinese dominions.
Sl'REET SCENE IN YaRKAND
70
GKOGKAPHY OF CHINA
TIBET m M)
Area 463,000 square miles
CAPITAL, LHASA iit M)
Tibet is the highest plateau in the world. It is a large country, with but few people. Travellers ^metimes call it *'The Forbidden Land."
The great mountain ranges of Tibet are (1) the Kwenluii system, whose main ridge separates Tibet from Sinkiang and whose branches spread through northern Tibet ; (2) the Hima- layas, highest of mountains, on the south between Tibet and India; (3) the Trans-Himalaya (#i@±#,^ti5f|i) , a high range parallel to and north of the Himalayas.
IIlMAl.AYA MOIMAINS
In these mountains of Tibet rise the great rivers of eastern and southern Asia, tlic Hwang Ho, the Yangtse, the Mekong (jii(tft), the Irrawady (iPt^K'!pM), the Brahmaputra {m^ ^ {\i CC) and the Indus ^PI) }^ i"I).
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TIBET AND KOKONOR W iS S E
Bavankara Range E- M ^ BW
Chiarado ^ >tc ^ Chikut ISO ^ ^ # tlB Chinghai (Kokonor) ^ ^ Chushih Shan j^ ^ llj gg Cocosai $ i5 ,fj ^ Dakmar ^ ^ Ji| ^ Dangrayunitso -i? Ji ^ ;^ ^6 Daru tso 3^ '^ ilfc Dingri ^ 0 Gargunsa ^W ^M
Gartok B^ M -^ in J!ni « :^
Ghalaring tso ^ ti :^ ^
Giamda CC ^
Gyangtse tC S:
Himalaya Mountains # J^ ^
S llj M Humboldt Range f 15 a§ UJ SI Indus River PP ^ M Kokonor (Chinghai) ^ f§ . Kyaring tso ^ ^ ^ Lagang tso |g Bg jift Lhari ^ M Lhasa fi g^
Mekong Ji ft 01
Mobang tso Jg ffi ^ ^ j^ ^
Mur-ussu ^%^ ^m^ n
Nangshong [^ rfi Nangsi tso 1^ ^ fj^ Nelung 1^ [^ Ordos fP M ^ ^
Puigu tso @e M 1^ m «l! iP Ifi
Salween River g M iU M Sanpo or Brahmaputra R. jjfl
# it ^T tn Shigatse 0 1^ |ij i^ Soloma Mts. }!'p # M llj M Tangla Range ^ U \h M Tashigong % # ^ Tengri nor |^ "^ M ilfe
Tossonor ^Mmmm
Trans-Himalkya Mountains ^
Yalung Kian^ 11 H tl Yamdok tso JB ;4i ^ ^ il& Yatung 3g ;^ Yellow River ^ i^ Zilling tso ^ ^ iSU
TIBET
71
Tibet has a large number of mountain lakes, with beautiful scenery. Some of them are sacred and are visited by- pilgrims from In- dia.
In the Tibet- an mountains are found the highest and largest gla- ciers.
Tibet is re- ported to be rich Tibetan Prayer Mill in mineral wealth,
but it is doubtful whether her minerals can be mined at a profit. Gold dust from Eastern Tibet is brought to Szechwan, to buy tea.
Production is backward because of barren land and un- favourable climate. There are many monks but not many farmers. Animal raising is the principal industry.
Of Tibetan animals, the yak is most important. It is a strong beast of burden. Tibet has also mountain ponies and sheep. The chief product is wool.
Lhasa, the capital, has been the seat of the Chinese Resi- dent, and, at usual times, of the Dalai Lama (jS M Of!i fifO- There is a great building for the priests which is called the Potala. Lhasa is a city of priests, and is visited by great numbers of pilgrims.
Shigatse (0 W^ M), or Tashi-Lunpo (+L ft 1^ ^), is the residence of the Tashi Lama. Like Lhasa it is a sacred city, to which many pilgrims go.
By treaty, three Tibetan towns are open to foreign traders. Their trade is with India. These are Gyangtse (tl J5:), Gartok
72 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
(^D tC !^), and Yatung (5g ;^), all in southern Tibet. Gyang- tse is the most important market town in Tibet. The British have a trade agent here to take care of the interests of Indian traders. Gartok is a trading town where fairs are held. Yatung is a lonely village at the gateway between India and Tibet.
A LOADED YAK
The great roads from China to Tibet are two in number. The better one enters from Szechwan, passing the border towns of Yachowfu m iHi M). Tatsienlu (tl ^ H), Litang {M W and Batang (EL ^), and goes across Tibet to Lhasa. A more northern road starts from Kansu, and passing Siningfu crosses Ching Hai to Lhasa.
The Tibetan people are good-natured but nnprogressive. They have many unpleasant customs, quite different from those of China or other countries. Their life, government, family system and burial have many curious features.
The Chinese Government has for the most part allowed the Tibetan domestic affairs to be managed by Tibetans, but the
TIBET
73
military and diplomatic matters must be decided by Chinese officers.
The Tibetan state has a priestly organization, the two heads of which are the Tashi Lama and the Dalai Lama. The Tashi Lama controls religious affairs, the Dalai Lama deals with worldly affairs. The Tashi Lama is a good man of fine char- acter. But the bad actions of the Dalai Lama have caused much trouble. His dealings with the Russians caused the English to invade Tibet. Afterward he travelled in Mongolia and North China, claiming rights he ought not to have. When he returned to Tibet, he acted so improperly that the Chinese Resident had to take away his power.
On the great brick tea road Ears of corn drying under the eaves of houses
In the reign of Kien-lung ^ |^ (1736-1796) China drove out Mongolian and Indian invaders, and made her control stronger. Li the fighting at that time, Chinese soldiers crossed the mountains and burned the capital of the bravest people in India.
74
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
RESOURCES
Vegetable Resources. China is the largest agricultural country. The plain of Eastern China is the most fertile and densely-peopled portion of the world.
The most important food products are cereals. The plains of the central and southern provinces produce great quantities of rice. Those of the northern provinces and Manchuria have many wheat fields.
The 'mul- berry leaf is the food of the silk- worm, so the mulberry tree is cultivated in many parts of the country.
China is the home of the tea plant, and the terraced hills of the central and eastern provinces grow the finest quality of tea.
A great official, Sir Robert Hart, said that the Chinese people are fortunate because they have the best food in the world, rice; the best drink in the world, tea; and the best cloth in the world, silk.
China is a great producer of cotton, but not a great cotton manufacturer. Her people raise cotton, and dress in cotton clotli. With industrial improvement, China will weave more of her own cotton into cloth for her people. Chinese cotton is principally produced in the moist river valleys.
China produces a great deal of tobacco, but not enough for the needs of her smokers. The best quality comes from Kansu, but the largest quantity from the Yangtse Valley.
Silk reei.ixo
□ L
J
ANIMAL RESOURCES
75
Of vegetable products, China to-day stands most in need of timber. Some provinces like Fukien and Fengtien still have much forest wealth. But in many provinces, the great forests of former times have been cut down. As a result, the flow of rivers has been irregular, and soil from the mountains has been washed away, leaving bare rocks. If the forests had been preserved, rivers would not cause so much damage by flood at one season and little water at another. North China has suffered most from loss of trees.
Eeelixg silk
Chinese people are very careful farmers. Their irrigation systems are well-planned and their fields are well cared for. The products of the farms are good both in quality and quantity. But both quality and quantity might be improved by the use of modern scientific methods. The new schools of agriculture ought to have good results in teaching men how to cultivate with greater advantage.
Though Chinese farms are tilled like gardens by many diligent Chinese farmers, still the country cannot grow all the food it needs. This is because some of the provinces have too many farmers, while other parts of the country have few. The Three Eastern Provinces and Mongolia would have great
7C
GEOGRArilY OF CHINA
agricultural wealth if tliey had plenty of Chinese farmers to cul- tivate their open lands.
The bamboo grows in all the warmer prov- inces and can be used for almost every pur- pose. Furniture, paper, Pi. anting rice food, tools, parts of ships, are some of the many bamboo jiroducts.
The beans of Fengtien and Hupeh are an important com- mercial product.
Formerly China was a great producer of opium, but the strict measures of the Government have forced the farmers to stop cultivating it. A smaller supply of opium means a larger sujiply of rice, as the farmers are now planting rice instead of poppies.
Strawbraid from the northern provinces is an important product for the export trade.
Sugar cane is grown in South China. It is proposed to grow sugar beets in Chihli.
The south coast provinces produce delicious fruit. Fine lichees, pineapples, oranges and other varieties of fruit are plentiful.
Rape-seed and sesaviun seeds are used and exported.
Seaweed and sea plants useful for food are found along the coast.
Animal Resources. The most useful of China's animals is the silkworm. It thrives in many provinces.
Some parts of China are so poor in work animals that men must do work which could more properly be done by beasts of burden. Other parts, such as Mongolia, might easily supply the country with all the horses and cattle needed. Wider roads in the country districts and cities would allow animals to draw
ANIMAL RESOURCES
77
loads in the central provinces as they do in the North. In the great plains, food for men is so needed that there is little room for raising food for animals. So in places where there are many men we find few animals, while in Mongolia, where men are few, animals are many.
Different beasts of burden are used in different parts of the country. In Mongolia and parts of the North, camels carry goods along caravan routes. Horses and donkeys are much used, especially in the mountainous regions. The buffalo is a great helper in agriculture in the central and southern plains. In Tibet, the yak is the most useful animal.
Mule LrrrER of the Nurth
The rivera and coasts of China are filled with fishes good for food. Delicious shell-fish abound.
Great flocks of birds furnish work for hunters and meat for the people. Domestic fowls are plentiful.
In the more thinly-settled provinces and dependencies are many wild beasts, whose furs are an important product. In the North and on the Tibetan border are bears, wolves and foxes. There are some tigers and panthers in the southwest.
78
GEOGRATHY OF CHINA
Mongolia and Eastern Tibet produce musk taken from the musk deer.
Wax insects are found in some parts of Szechwan.
In Mongolia are great herds of sheep, whose wool is the chief product of that dependency. Hides also are exported. Fine hams are made from the flesh of Yunnan and Chekiang pigs. Pigs and poultry from the middle Yangtse Valley are being sold in Europe.
Mineral Resources. China is rich in mineral resources. When lier mines are rightly developed, China will be one of the richest of countries. China has great quantities both oi precious metals and industrial metals. China is especially rich in coal and iron, the two minerals most useful for manufactures. Both hard and soft coal are plentiful. The hard coal or anthracite is useful for factories; the soft or bituminous coal is good for heating and household uses. Some of the richest coal- fields in the world are in North China, especially in Shansi, Honan and Chihli. Great coal deposits are also found in the Three Eastern Provinces, in Shantung, in Szechwan, in Hunan, in Kiangsi, in Anhwei, and in the southwestern provinces.
China is also very ricli in iron, most of which is found in Northern China, not far frum the coal mines. In the western
Hanyano Ikon Wokks amd Aiisenal
MINERAL RESOURCES 79
mountains, mncli iron lies waiting for miners. China's great iron works are at Hanyang in Hupeh, where iron ore may be brought from the Nortli by rail, and from the West by water. At the Hanyang works, the ore is refined and made into wrought iron and steel, and the articles which are manufactured from them.
The mountains of ^Vestern China are known to contain stores of gold and silver, and those of Yunnan have precious stones as well. By the old, crude way of mining, only small profits might be gained, but by the use of modern, scientific and commercial methods, rich mining enterprises could develop China's mineral wealth.
The mineral wealth of the country is not fully known, but almost every useful mineral has been found in some part of Chinese territory. Copper, antimony, nickel, tin, lead, zinc and petroleum have been found in the interior and outlying pro- vinces. The examination and study of the mineral resources of China is a work of great present need. A careful scientific survey of the land would be of great value in proving the sources of the wealth of China, and the possibility of future development.
The white clay found on the border between Kiangsi and Anhwei furnisher material for the famous porcelain manufac- tures of Kingtehchen. In many other parts of the country, clay suitable for making earthenware and pottery is found.
The salt industries in the coast provinces extract salt from sea water, but in inland regions, such as Mongolia and Sze- chwun, salt is taken from wells in the earth.
In many places, hills and mountains sw^^Xy granite suitable for arches, bridges and great buildings.
The development of the varied resources of the Chinese provinces will lead to very important results. To use the words of a great thinker, " The coal and general mineral wealth of China with the vast and highly trained, frugal, and capable population, will, during the coming century, make China the
80 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
industrial centre of the world, and the Pacific the chief theatre of commerce."*
The minerals of China, if mined on a system by which the Government could share the profits of the companies, would bring in enough money to pay all the debts of China. In order to open up this vast source of wealth, good mining laws are needed, which will protect the rights of merchants and miners as well as those of the Government. To make the mines pay, modern methods must be used, and railways must be built to carry the minerals from the mines to the markets. China needs many men skilled in engineering to develop her mines and build her railways, and help to make her stronger and richer. A number of able men are helping their country in this way now. China must guard her mineral rights and develop her great resources.
Foreign iiiiiiiLig interests In China at present are:
1. The Kaiping and Tangshaii coal mines in nortlieastern Chihh', operat- ed by the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company (English) ;
2. The Shansi and Honan coal and iron mines, operated by the Englishi Peking Syndicate ;
3. The Fushun {^ |l|g) coal mines in Fengtien, operated by the Japanese Railway Company;
4. The coal mines near Harbin, operated by Russians;
5. The Shantung coal mines, operated by Germans ;
6. The antimony mines in Hunan, operated by Germans.
•Reinsch. World Politics, page 111
HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE 81
HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE
Several routes connect China with the rest of the world.
1. The great sea-route to Europe. — English, German, French and Japanese mail steamers leave China for Europe every few days. They sail by way of Shanghai, Hongkong, Singapore (fr S ^) > Colombo (^ i^ m,) , Aden (?g T), the Suez Canal {MM'i^M M) ^^^^ the ]^Iediterranean Sea {i^ t^ fg). It takes about four weeks for mail, and five weeks for freight to come this way from Northern Europe.
2. The great land-route to Europe. — Twice a week mail trains by the Trans-Siberian Railway start from Dairen, Vladivostok and Harbin. From Shanghai to Moscow (MM^^) is twelve days; from Shanghai to London ij^Wd), fourteen and a half. This is the c|uickest way to send letters to Europe, but it is too expensive for freight.
3. The sea-route to Australia ('Mi^M 5&)-— English, German and Japanese steamers take about twenty days from Hongkong to Sydney (^ jS).
4. The sea-routes to America. — English, American and Japanese steamers sail to North America across the Pacific (-^ zp «^) by way of Japan. Ships from Shanghai to San Francisco (H f^ H M ^ If , IP tf # Oi :fe ^) by Honolulu iW.^ \h) take twenty -four days; those by the northern route several days less.
There are very important short trade routes from China to her near neighbours, — Japan, Korea, Eastern Siberia, Siam, Indo-China and the Philippine Islands (^^ ;^ ^ ^ ^).
Within China, most of the commerce is carried by the great water routes. Steamers sail up the Yangtse River to Ichang and up the Si Kiang to Wuchow. Steam launches toiu trains of boats along many smaller rivers and canals. On the coast, steamers carry passengers and cargo from port to port.
82
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
Many steamers take part in the home trade of China. There are British, Japanese, Ger- man and French lines as well as Chinese companies. On river and coast under the Chinese flag sail the good ships of the China Merchants^ Steam Nav- igation Company (f§ I^IV tS -M K3^ . Careful navigation and good business management have made this Com- pany very successful.
Schools of Naviga- tion are being establish- ed where Chinese students may be trained to become officers of Chinese ships.
While steamers carry large cargoes at fast speed, much trade continues to go by the older sailing boats, the junks. Long voyages on coast and river are made by the expert sailors who man these freight-carrying boats. The important Chinese fisheries are all carried on by men in small boats.
In past times, Chinese engineers dug great canals to help commerce and irrigation The chief of these is the Grand Canal, by which ships formerly sailed from Hangchow to Tientsin. To-day, launch-trains and junks sail on the Canal between important cities in Northern Chekiang and in Kiangsu, but in other provinces the Canal has become unfit foi- Ijoat travel. If the engineers of the present will improve the Canal, and make it once more a great highway of commerce, they will do good service to the nation.
Junks on- the Pei Ho
HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE
83
Different parts of China have long been connected by land and water routes which are not suited to China's rapidly- increasing commerce. In the present age of steam, railways are being built to take the i^lace of the ancient roads between the provinces.
Comm unications . —
China has an efficient post- ofBce, which gives Chinese letter- writers the cheapest service in the world . Her telegraph lines extend to the most distant political cities in the country. Chinese rivers and coasts have many light-liouses and beacons to make navigation safe. For the effective postal, lights and customs services, China may thank that great Englishman, Sir Robert Hart, who served the country faithfully for more than fifty years.
Canal .siexe, Soochow
84
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
RAILWAYS
China will surely build many great railways to develop her resources and supply the needs' oi her people. Railways not only bring materials to market and improve commerce, but help to make a nation more united.
The railways of the present only serve a portion of the broad land of China. They must be extended and improved so that they may help more in the great work of making China richer and stronger.
Sorm Manchuria Express
The railway from Peking to Hankow (^ iE ^ 1^) connects the greatest city of North China with the greatest city of Central China. The bridge across the Yellow River (^ inj ^ ^) is a marvellous work of engineering.
The Railways of North China form the oldest railway system of China. They run from Peking to Tientsin and from Tientsin to Fengtien (Mukden) (^ ^) and Newchwang C4^ ^) in Manchuria. Money gained from this system has been used (1) to build other railways, (2) to pay for army training, and (3) to support technical schools.
The new line from Tientsin to Pukow (?§ P) {^. if ^ ^) on the Yangtse (^ ^ Ql) opposite Nanking will do the work formerly done by the Grand Canal (jg H ^).
The Shanghai-Nanking Railway (MmMl^) runs across the fertile plain of Kiangnan (01 ^). It helps the Tientsin- Pukow Railway to join Peking with Shanghai.
<
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RAILWAY MAP OF CHINA
C H
Vs^
TiDgrsiN
B ^ MAP OF
3,_^ Y^~^ RAILWAYS IN MANCHURU
chinsk^ / ^___-— ^ ^ ^^ TITEIR
'^ \ CONNECTIONS
Shara^i:
^ HuluntingO
^7^ ^ "^^ Khabarovs
1 s Shuiuting ^ \ \ \
X ^ V V / ^
nLUNGKIANGFU
; 'Ql (Tsitsihar)
/ TV. \ _ y' Llnklatigfuj
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/■ XCJ^?»^iN O Misanfu O
/ \ \J(P Shwanaatengfvi /
y X ^ i \ (/ X \\ X |o»UOIVOSTOK
ct \ ^ . ^>- — *-^— ''-^-'"^ ^-^
Fushunhsien^ ••'' / O
Newchvanlfp?' | 9 Feng^^^ngcheng J Railways conitructed by
(y § y5j>^^ine:Ksien ^^ Chinese ^ ,
^-- Lt'5f^s^\ Yr '''—■
T I //"JjyDairen r V/'^"^ ( Russians..
iPEKINI
RAILWAYS
85
um
The Kiangsu-Chekiang Rail- way (M -l/L ^ ^ ^) from Shanghai to Hangchow (^ *m) and Ningpo im W) aids the development of Northern Chekiang.
The Canton-Kowloon Railw&y (M A ^ ^) connects Hongkong (^ ^j and Canton (^ ^). When the railway between Hankow and Canton (M- MWi^') is completed, there will be a direct line between Hongkong and the Yangtse. This will surely increase the commerce of Southern and Central China.
The Yunnan railway {MM^ ^), with its many tunnels and bridges, runs from Yunnanfu (^ ^ }^) to Hanoi (^nj ft) in French Indo- China (?i Ji PP jt ^ Ml This line provides Eastern Yunnan with an outlet to the sea.
The Shantung (llj 3^) railway between Kiaochow (^ #1) and Tsinanfu (^ ^ Mf ) (H ^ ^ ^) ^9 doing much to develop the mineral wealth of Shantung.
The railways which meet the Peking- Hankow line (^ 31 ^ ^) in Chihli {W. ^) and Honan (M iM) reach some of the richest coal and iron districts of the world.
The Peking-Kalgan (51 ^ O) Railway (j^ §1 M ^) runs from Peking to the borders of Mongolia (^ "6'). It was built entirely by Chinese engineers.
86
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
The Manchurian railways C^ H ^' ^ K^^ are part of tlie fast route between China and Europe (^ ^ EL M ^^'« Siberia (iS f6 M 35)- The railways of South Manchuria have done much to develop the bean trade of the Liao Valley J^ inj ^ J^).
?^.
'V^i V / "'
I^
Kalgan Railway and the Great Wall
'^
NOTES
Aided, m Vi
Animal-raising, ^ ^.
Anthracite, ^ j^.
Antimony, (^ ) 1^: ^ 6tf # M.
Arches, ^ ;|i^; 0 ^.
Area, M ^•
Arid,- ft ii.
Army training, M. ^■
Arsenal, 11 M M ^a ^.
Art industries, ^ X.
Basin, yfe W.. Battlefield, Wt^^. Bay, ?i^;-i^^. Beacons, W.Wi- ^M- Bean oil, S vft- Bean trade, §^ |^. Bituminous coal, ^ ^. Black-tea, .^ f|; H ^. Board of Communications, ^
Borders, Bore, i^
Bristles, \
Camphor, m- H§». Canton-Kowloon Railway,
Capital, 'P^WL; ^^ Cement making, ^ 3^ 7K
7jc P^ XT)-
Cereals, 5E ^. Chang Chien, ^ ^. China Merchants' Steam gation Company, H ^
HA
'US (IP
Navi-
Choice, 5^^. Chu Hsi, :^^. Chwan-Han Railway, ]\\ ^
Climate, ^M. M.'^- Coal-fields, ^1: ffl. Coastline, ^/f-^. Completed, iet fiS;; "^ X. Concessions, IH.J?-. Confucian Temple, ^ ^; ^L I Confucius, JL ^. Consul, '^ ^. Cotton mills, $L ^ ,l(^. Cotton-spinning, ft^ ^^.
11
NOTES
C!ouncil, in Municipal Council,
Crude, *a^:^fi. Customs, ^^. Customs stations, ffe> ^.
D
Dalai Lama, j^ ^ Pf3 PSH. Delta, mM;'^PM- Dependencies, ^M.^M- Develop, HI ^; ^ j^. Diplomatic, ^W-^^- Direct line, }M.^^^. Distress, i^li;i^#. District. |^.. Docks, ^J.|. Domestic affairs, ft ipC; ^ ^:
Domestic fowls, ^ ^. Dominions, '^ ±; #15 ±. Driveway, ^ ^. Dynasty, |S f^.
E
Earthenware, ^ ^^ % ^. Electric-light system, '^i Embroidery, M Wi- Empire, '^M- Engineering, X ^.. Estuary, Ql P; M d. Excellent, ^ H. Exported, |tlf{; ffi P. Express trains, t^ l^. Extended, SI 5g;m>^.
F
Fengtien City, ^%M
^(m
Ferry-boats, ^ ^. Fine weaving, ^^.^Wt- Flour-milling, ^ |^. Flour-mills, Ml^M- Foreign loans, ^^'f- iS.- Foreign trade, ^ -51- ;§ ^. For the most part, -^ ^ , iz ^. Freight, 7jCP:ai|S.
Freight, ^^:K.
French Concession, yi- ^ ^.
From a military point of view,
Frontiers, iSMiit^-
a
Glaciers, ^ jl].
Gorges, M^- \\i M-
Government, JJc )^.
Grand Canal, ^ H M-
Granite, ^ ^ ^.
Great highway for steamers, ^
Great Wall, ^ ^.
Hanyang Iron and Steel Works,
Harbours, ^ P ; v# P .
H.E. (His Excellency), ic A.
Heilungkiang City, |a ft| Ql /^
Hemp, jffi ^.
Highways of commerce, JH "^
3^ it.
Home trade, 19 ft -g ^j. Hsuan Tung, g |^.
NOTES
111
Imperial Hunting Park, ^ J| Imported, H: A: §1 P • Improve commerce, 11^ :^ ^ /
Indigo, ^.
Industrial metal?, IC ^ -^
Industries, X© X|^. Inland trade, ^ P3 :M ^« Inlets, Mf^- Interior, j^ Mil- International Settlement, ^
In time to come, ^5^; -fdl ll# Iron bridges, ^ :|^. Iron works, ^ j^. Irrigation system, '(^ ^|£ -^i;
Island, %.
J
Jeme Tien Yue, M^i^- Junks, '^i?)|a.
K
Kiang, XL. M-
Kinngnan Arsenal, fC "^ $!J
m.
Kiangsu-Chekiang Railway,
m e m).
Kien-lung, f^I^. Kin (Dynasty), ^ M. Kirin City, ^ ;^ /^ ;^ (:^ ^ € ^ fSl).
dt
tr
PI
Lacquer, ^.
Launch, /h j/C $1; ^h i^*5.
Leased, ^: \b-
Legations, ^^f^.
Li, IIM.
Lichees, ^ ^.
Light-houses, ^:^; ^^.
Location, ^ ^.
Loess, ^ db-
Lowland plains, ^ |^.
M
Mail steamers, ^ Ifif.
Manufacture, ^ ja no-
Maritime, |^ M- M _fc.«
^Laterials, # 5|SV.
Mencius, :i&: ^.
Miaotze, ]§§■ ^.
Military station, Tg ^ :5l ^.
Millet, S; ^•
Minerals, ^ ^,
Mineral wealth, ^ ^.
Mohammedan rebellions, ^ H
Mulberry leaf , ^H. Museums, j# % [%. Musk, B ^■ Musk deer, H.
N
Nanyang Industrial Exhibition,
^ # 1) H #. Natural features, ilfe #: 5^ ^
Natural wealth, ^^^ M. Naval base, ^ V#,
!V
NOTKS
Near-by, :fci£;^)i£. Nickel, i|.
Nitre. m;iKm
North China, ^t W--
Nortliern Chekiang, \i^ XL ^ :^
O
On the whole, ^. :t. Orchards, ^ M- Organization, §§ ^]. Outlet, aiS^: ffi P. Outlook, :?tf:;'hl^. Overland route, |^ ^.
Pagodas, ^ ^. Panthers, |^. .
Pass, m m.
Pasture land, ^ ^.
Peiyang University, ^t '^ iZ ^
^. Peking-Hankow Railway, ^ i%
Peking-Kalgan Railway, ^ 5S
Peninsula, ^ Bi.
Periods of ancient time, "j^" \\^
Petroleum, >/C VA
Pieuls, J^; ^f.
Piece-goods, '{^^"^jEMWi.
Pilgrims, ^M.^'^
Pineapples, E^;i&M W-
Pingsiang Railway, W M ^^i '^
i^m^ mi
Plateiuis, -^ ^. Ply, J^^-
Policy. i&^.
Political centre, ii5C vfj ;^ ^h i|j»
Poppies, II m :|^. Population, AM]^ CI. Porcelain-decorating, ^^^3^. Port of call, 5.1 511: n }^^. Potala, A ii ti ill ^ (ii M l£
Pottery, ^ ^. Poultry, ^ ^. Precious metals, "M' ^I ^ ^ ^^0
Productions, ^ M- iH M.- Provinces, ^.
Q
Quicksilver, 7X ^.
R
Ramfall, M fi- Ranges. lU ^^: UUH- Rape-seed. ?j| -f- Rapids, ^ irto; ^"-.^fe- Reclaim, §3 1|. Relief map, M^M- Reserve power, ^ M Jj. Resident, |fi Sfe^ilii- Resources, ^Ij ^,.
Rights, ^ij m.
River-basins, M:^^i^. River conservancy, j^lii^XliE/i^. River-mouths, inj P . River-valleys, ^M. Round al)out, pg ]fu ; )&] P^. Ruins, 1^ SS*.
NOTES
s
Sandalwood, tS ^ ^• Seafaring people, MM^; ^K^- Sesamun seeds, ^0. Settlement, ©J?-. Shnnghai-Hangchow line, 'M ^
Slmnghai-Nankin;; Railway, M
Shansi University, llJlS:^^^^- Shark's fins, ^^. Shell-fish, <fh H. Ship-building works, M J,|; ^
Shipping centre, fift ^9 tt ^ ;2:
Shrine, )1; W ^. Silk filatures, ^ #, ^,^. South China, |^ if. Square miles, ^ ;;^ M. Steamer landings, H i|{V E| H- Steam-launches, /)> 'X li- Stock-raising, ^ ^. Stone bridges, "^ ^. Strawbraid, ^ ijif |f|. Straw-matting, ^ j^. Sugar beets, I5fl" ^ 'fif. Sugar refining, ^ 5^. Supply the needs, 'K- S 0? ^. Syndicate, &■ '^• System, \h M-
T
Tableland, ^ I^; ^'- ^. Taipings, ^^B'W- Tashi Lama, i[£ ff Ujll #.
Taxpayers, ^ft I?] ^. Technical schools, IL
Telegraph, ^ ^. Temperature, :iC^; S^- Temple of Agriculture, 3fc J^ M- Temple of Heaven, ^ U. Temple of the Lamas, ^^^. Terraced, ^I^; ft ^. The richest coal and iron dis-
tricts, m'M^'^^-^Wn.
Tientsin-Pukow line, ^ M ^ ^5"
Tobacco factories, MMM- To take the place of, )^ f^. Tow, ^^;^. Trade agent, W:M A- Trade-marts, "rti ^-: "^ t^. Traflac, M ^:^7§.- Tramways, '^ ^. Transportation, ^ ^. Treasurer, Mt ®C "^ • Treaties, ^^ '^^. Treaty of peace, ^H f^. Treaty ports, '^ i^-; il. iSj Q
Tributaries, ^ ^. Tropical zone, ^^. Trunk line, ^g^;#|,^. Tunnels, l^il: lUl^.
U
i Undeveloped, jAj ^ ^ ^.
j United, Jj^^.
i Unload, ^ (M).
• Upland plains, i^ JJ^,
VI
NOTES
Valley, ^ ^. Via, m. iil.
>/7
Wang Yang-ming, I P Rfl. Water-power, yi^ij 7KW} jtj* Water- route, tK K^; ^ ^. Waterways, 7X it; 7^ j^. Wax-insect, $^ ^. West, 15:^;®^.
Wharves, i^. M:l%M- World's fair, t# ^ #: ^ ^ #. Wrought, ^ ^. Wrought iron, ^ ^; S IS-
Y
Yak, ^ ^.
Yellow earth, ^ jh.
Yuan Dynasty, X IB.
Yueh-Han Railway, -^ ^ ^ ^
(^ il g if).
"Mr
35:
^ m m
* ^ «
VOCABULARY
Aden, 5& T.
Afghanistan, PSJ ^ vf .
Africa, psj^^lJJdD.
Aigun, ^ J^.
Alaska, H ti ^ JD
Altai Mountains, H ^ ^ Uj.
Amoy, MP!-
Amur River, ^ f| tt.
Anhwei, ^it^^
Anking, ^ M ;f .
Ansichow, ^ |5 'j^'I.
Antung, ^MU-
Argun, SIMl^fJinl.
Australia, Mi^M^-
Batang, EL H- Bhamo, & ^. Blagovestchensk, '® ^ J^. Brahmaputra, i?i -"^ i'i; ^ Ql. Burma, |® 'fej.
Canton, M *>H jf. Ceylon, WiM ^• Cbangan, ^ ^.
Changkiakow (or Kalgan),
P. Changchow, "ff,* 'jtl. Changchun, ^ ^. Changpai Shan, ^^ Q ill. Changsha, ^H'}? M. Changshu, ^ f^. Changteh, S ^> /f • Ch'aochowfu, M #1 ;^. Chaotung, Bg )i )^. Chef 00, ^•^. Chekiang, WxXL^. Chengchow, ^ #|. Chengtingfu, jE ^ M- Chengtu, )f£ fp. Chiayukwan, ^ |I|§ |§. Chientao, fa\ %.
chihii, ii:^^\
Chinchow, |^'>H. Chinghai, |^ f^. ( hinglingchow, i^^^M- Chinhua, '^^JU. Chinkiang, ^ XL. Chinwangtao, ^ M. M. Chowhsien, ^ 1|^. Chowkiakow, ^ ^ d, Chuanchow, ^ ')]] J^.
VOCABULARY
Cbuchow, t^'>H. Chung Kiaug, 4* iL Chungking, S ^. Chusan Island, ^ \h %■ Colombo, Pf 'fi^ ^.
D
Dairen (Dalny or Talienwan),
E
Erh-hai, {^ M- Europe, m B \1 m.
Fakumen, fi W f^-
Fengsiangfu, E ^ W-
Fengtien, ^^ ^.
Fengtien (or Mukden), ^^J^.
Fengyang, E H it-
Foochow, )pa '>H }^.
French Indo-China, yi J^ pj] ^
Fukien, m^^. Fushun, fiS mn.
G
Gartok, M ^ ^^ Gobi (or Shamo), ::^ i^ Grand Canal, M li iSj. Gyangtze, ft ^.
H
Hainan, ffj^ ^' ^^. Haining, M Iff '>H. Kami, ^ ^. Hanchungfu, vl| 'I' [ff. Ilangchow, ^fct iH'l If?.
y'> M.
Hanyang, gl |^- f^. Hankow. ^ P . Hanoi, inj j^. Han River, ^ tJC. Harbin, »& W ^. Heilungkiang, ^ fil fll. Himalaya, S M^ ii ^f^" llj Hoi how, f^ □ . Honan, inj ^ ^r. Hongkong, ^ V^.
Honolulu, ® ^" iij ^i;o^ B '^n m
Hsiakwan, T* ^. Hinganfu, ^^ ^ M.
Huchow, f] '>H ;f .
Hunan, fi5iU ^ ;^.
Hunchun, ^ i^.
Hungshui, H 7K M-
Hungtze (Lake), ^M B-
Hupeh, t,yi At €.
Hwaian, ?#: 5 /i^.
Hwai Ho, M tK.
Hwang Ho, ^ inJ.
Hweichowfu ( Anhwei) , Wi 'Hi ^.
Ichang, IC ^. Ilifu, -0* fjjV j^. India, PII ^. Indo-China, RJ ^ ^ f'). Indus River, P[] ||^ M. Irrawaddy River, ^t^.%^ inJ.
K
Kaifeng, ^ f^J- fff . Kaiping, [t^ ^--
VOCABULARY
]X
Kalgan, ^ ^ P. Kanchow, ~^ #| . Kanchowfu, i^ >JW }^. Kan River, ^ xL. Kashgar (or Sulifii), MW) M- Kashing, M ^M- Kansu, '^ M ^■ Khailar River, M l!f'J M M- Khotan, ^ ^ #1. Kiakhta. t^ ^ ffl . Kialing Kiang, B ^ll- Kianfu,^^ jt. Kiangchow, ^ 'j'H . Kiangnan, tt ^. Kiangpeh, xL ^t. Kiangpeiting, XL ^t ^. Kiangsi, XLM ^^ Kiangsu, XL'^^. Kiaochow, B'H'l- Kiaochow Bay, IP #1 t^. Kienning, MmM- Kinchow, # '}\\. Kingtehchen, ^: t#, ^. Kingyiian, ^'is. M-
Kirinfu, -^ ^^ It.
Kiukiang, j/L ll-
Kiungchow, ^ i^.
Kobdo, fi|- ^ ^.
Koko Nor, -^ '^,
Kongmoon, Xt P^
Korea, ^ j^.
Kowloon, Ai bI-
Kiifow, ft #..
Kuling, !fe ^.
Kulun, I^ j^.
Kungpeh (or Lappa), ^t ^\^,
Kunshan, M UJ- Kwanchengtze, M^ ^. Kwangchow Bay, J^ 'j'H ^ Kwangsi, M ® ^^ Kwangtehchow, J^ ^ 'Hi. Kwangtung, M M ^ ■ Kweichow, 'M 'M ^^ Kweihsien, m ^^^ Kweihwating, §§ (fc ,^. Kweilin, 1^ Pf.. Kwei River, M tC. Kweitehfu, |§ ^ Ji^. Kweiyang, m Wi M- Kwenlun, M ^ UJ-
Laichow, ^iNi.
Lanchow, ^ ^'H j^.
Laos, m^ (>^^^$§).
Lappa (or Kungpeh), ift-jt.
Lhasa, ^ ^.
Liangchow, tW 'J^*!-
Liao Basin / 0*1 ^-t >t yp
Liao Valley ^ "
Liaotung Peninsula, 3^!!^^ ^.
Liping, ^^M-
Li River, ;^ 7K.
Litang, X |^.
Liuehowfu ( Kwangsi), W^ Wi M-
London, %WL-
Lovang, j^ Wi-
Luchow, ^'>H.
Luichow Peninsula, ft #1 ^ S-
Lungchow, hE *)H.
Lu Shan, M lU-
VOCABULARY
M
Macao, W^ f^. Miiimachin, K M J^- Mamoi Island, ^ ^ ^. Manchouli, fS #H M- Manchuria, f^ 'S^. Mediterranean Sea, M 4* M^- Meiling Pass, :^^ P. Mekong, il it 01. Mengtsz, ^ g !^.. Miao Ling, ^ ^. Min Kiang, lllR til- Mongolia, M "&• Moscow, ^ ^ f4"- Mukden, ^ 5^.
N
Nanchang, "^ i^ ji^.
Nanking, M M.
Nan Ling Mountains, ^^lllM
Nanningfu, "^ m M
Nantao, M #1 ; _h ?§J ^ fti .
Nanyang, "^ I^ /^.
Nanzing, "^ i^.
Nevada, P9 #ii.
Newchwang, ^ ^.
Ninghia, W S-
Ningpo, W ;^-
Ninguta, W 1& J^-
Nonni River, Wi xL-
Pacific Ocean, >fc ^ #. Pagoda Anchorage, H J Pai Ho, fi M- Pakhoi, :1b M-
Paoshan District, If ill i^-
Paotingfu, \^'^M.
Peking, At M-
Persia, iS ^
Petuna, f6^i?j(i^^ffij£;t ).
Philippine Islands, |^;/j^^^.
Pingsiang, ^ ^p.
Pingliang, ^ U J^
Pingio. ^ ^ ;t.
Pingtingchow, ^ ^ JH. Port Arthur, :J!ig 1® ^3 . Poseh, "g -£,. Poshan, ff llj Ift^.
Potaia, ^imit{mmmm:t
Poyang Lake, M ^ M-
Pukow, M P.
Putu Shan, ^^ ^ Uj.
R
Russia, ^ ^.
Sachofu (or Yarkand), "^^M.
Samshui, !H ^JC.
San Francisco. H f^ g@ ffi ^ ^
(lP«#aj:^i^).
Sanhsing, ^ $4-
Sanmen Bay, H P^ i^.
S?ntuao, H ^15 1^.
Shaao (or Gobi), :^ M i'P i^.
Shanghai, Jb ?^.
Shanhaikwan, ill j^ ^.
Shansi, Ul ffi ^\ I Shantung, llj J^ ^\ 1 Shaohingfu, ^mj^.
VOCABULARY
XI
|
Shasi, }lPti. |
T |
|
Shekichen, ^ M ^^ |
|
|
Shensi, 1^ ® ^^ |
Taichow, "^ *>H. |
|
Shigatse, 0 t l»J. |
Tai Hu, ± m. |
|
Shiuchow, iS 'jfl. |
Tai Shan, # Uj. |
|
Siam, j8 ^. |
Taiyiianfu, i: i^ if . |
|
Sianfu, M ^ J^- |
Talienwan, ::fe j§ ^. |
|
Siang Kiang, V^ 01. |
Taiifu, ::^ 5J ;f . |
|
Siangtan, ^^ V? S^. |
Tangshan, H llj. |
|
Siberia, ^ f6 ^'J 35. |
Taokow, jE P . |
|
SiHu, 15^. |
Tarim River, if M ^ M- |
|
Si Kiang, ffi tC. |
Tashi-Lunpo, ;i=L ff # ^ ( St li |
|
Singapore, ^ ^ ^. |
^PTi^g). |
|
Siningfu, JSmM, |
Tatsienlu. tT f|||. |
|
Sinkiang, M M. ^^ |
Tatung, ::^ ji,. |
|
Sinminfu, ff E If • |
Tatungkow, ::^ ^ •^. |
|
Sinyangchow, fs 1^ iHI . |
Tengchow, ^ ^Ni If . |
|
Soochow, M #1 jt- |
Tengyneh,E^^E. |
|
South America, ^ H 'M- |
Tibet, ffi M- |
|
Suchow, M ^M- |
TiehHng Pass, ^ ^ il. |
|
Siichowfu, ^j^M. |
Tien Shan, ^ llj. |
|
Suez Canal, il^ |^ ± 5^ M- |
Tientsin, 5^ '^. |
|
Suifenho, ^ ^ M- |
Tihwafu (or Urumchi) ,^itM |
|
Suichowfu, ^*M J^. |
mmM^^m). |
|
Suitechow, ^ ^ *>H . |
Tinghai, ^ '^. |
|
Sulifu (or Kashgar), MWlj M. |
Tongking, ^^(^fi^l^ftJ- |
|
Siinchowfu, M ^ J^- |
Trans-Himalaya, # ^ ± S ^ |
|
Sungari Basin, iti:^tL^^. |
ti # Oj. |
|
Sungkiang, irii K M- |
Tsechowfu,-# *>H JU- |
|
Sunning, f? W 1^. |
Tsientaiig River, ^ ^ HI- |
|
Swatow, yllj H. \.' |
Tsinan, ^ ft /f • |
|
Sydney, ^ M- |
Tsinchow, M '>H- |
|
Szechow, ,S. >>H J^. |
Tsingkiangpu, ^ tt M- |
|
Szechwan, 0 jll ^". |
Tsingtao, ^ S- |
|
Szemao, ,©. ^ M- |
Tsingwha, fn It ^. |
|
Szenan, © ft jj^. |
Tsitsihar. ^ ^ P& M- |
xn
V< CABrLARY
Tsisingkwan, -fc M ^• Tsungming, ^ PH. Tiimen River, ^ JP^ fll. Tungchow, jI, jW . Tungchowfu, IpI #1 J^. Tuugchwan, 1^ )\\ }^. Tungjen, ^ t It- 'i'ungkwan, xB. M- Tungting Lake, M ^ M- Turfan, l4 ^ ^. Tzii Kiang ^ fL.
U
Uiiassutai, .^ M M Trga, .i M^ (IP ^#). Urumclii, .1^ ^ :^ ^. Ussuri River, ,^ 1?^ M ll.
V
Vladivostok, f^ # l^.
W
Waichow, jg 'j+i jf . Wanhsien, H S#.. Weihaivtrei, ^ j^ |&. Weihsien (Shantung), ^ 1^. Weihsien (Chihli), Wl !^- Weihwei, ^ j^ ;i^. Wei River (Honan), ^ 7K- Wei River (Shensi),.?! ^'K Wenchow, Vm iHI. West Lake, ffi tiM-
Whangpoo, M ?f . Woosung, ^ ?fey Wuchang, ji^ ^. Wuchow , 3^S '>H.
wuhu, m M.
Wu Kiang, M \L
Wukiang, .^ Q: !^.
Wu Ling Mountains, ^ |^ ill 3^.
Wusih, ^^.
Wutai Shan, S n lU-
Yachowfu, ^M #1 M. Vahmg Kiang, 3^ fl it- Yalu River, ^% B ft- Yangchow, ^ '>H H^- Yangtse Kiang, tir ^ 01- Yarkand ( or Sachofuj ,B^M. Yatung,5& :^- Yellow River, ^ inj. Yenan,$g^fl^. Yenpiug, jg^ J^- Yentai (or Chefoo), ^ o. YingkoTV, ^ P . Yochow, ■£& '>l-l. Yuanchow, ^ ^\ JU- Yuan Kiang, :^ it. Yu Kiang, ^ tC.
Yuiin, m *^ Ji^-
Yungchow, 7K 'J^^ Jt- Yunnan, S ^ 'ife • Wmnanfu. ^ '^' )f •
-^ ^ rt- M m
GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD
By H. B. Hawkins, M.A., and H. H. Wang
Large Edition ... ... ... ... ... $2.50 per copy
Small Edition 1.80 ,, ,,
Accompanied with colored maps; fully illustrated; mature in thought; text clear and simple. Does not tell too much about one country and too little about others. Prepared in accordance with Government regulations for political geographj^ Stress laid on economic conditions of Western countries and commercial relation between East and West. Many Chinese notes and Chinese equivalents for geographical names supplied.
Approved by the Board of Education for Use of Middle Schools.
H41
Commercial Press, .Ltd., Publishers
Geography of China
(Revised Edition)
Commercial Press, Ltd.
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fe. en i^ sT M ^^'
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* m m m m m m ^M ^ A^
M m^^ ^ mis:^ ^^^ ^A^^ ^A. I Fw ^ fl St i^
ji|iis»«^i»i^ ® lis ""
fn mmn ^'N gits t^n ^ fn ^^ ^n m n^ 1 ^ "^
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JfeiiW bI n^jx iBitJ &Ig& gl W 1,^
TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY
By N. Gist Gee
Projissor of Biology at Soochow University
Price 33.00
This book is intended to follow the author's *' Introduction to Biolog}^,' ' and is a systematic study of r)Otany. Though it is an advanced book for college use, vet the style is comparatively eas}' and the language simple. It aims to give the student the proper conception of the systematic side of the subject at the same time that he is gaining the knowledge of the structures and functions "'of plants. Plant structure, plant nutrition and pbnt reproduction are studied with their proper perspectives, and a close, detail study is given to minute forms for the purpose of cultivating the habit of careful observation. The material for the study of the smaller forms can be found in the ponds, streams, canals, swamps and damp places in our country.
The book is profusely illustrated, mostl}' with pictures specially selected for it from various standard sources. Quite a number are from photographs made for this book.
The appendix gives a key and working list of the common plants -i the ceutrdf* portion of China.
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yi„SOjJTllEBN REG;owi [Bbarv r„™ ..,
M A 000 108 654
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
N. GIST GEE, M.A.
Professor oj Biology in Soochow University,
S/.60
This book has as its purpose che presentation of a few simple facts about plants and animals in such a systematic way as to give even the \-oung student some idea of the relation- ships of the various members of these two great kingdoms of living forms. This presentation of the subject is made in such ^ way that it may be easily understood, and yet the facts have been strictly adhered to in every case : although it is elementary yet it is scientific as far as it goes.
The plan of dealing first with the simpler and then with the more complex forms has been followed both with plants and animals.
Neither labor nor expense has been spared to make the illustrations as complete as possible. Many of them are selected from standard texts, while others are from photo- tgraphs of the objects themselves that are peculiar to China, such as Chinese blrd.^,. insects and plants. This wealth of illustration adds greatlj- to the value of the book.
The Chinese equivalents of man}- of the more technical terms have been supplied by Mr. K. K. Woo. This feature will doubtless prove to be of much value to students who are not well advanced in their study of the English language.
F26 The Coininercial Press, Publishers
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