UVA./C A^ ^ J. Gage Q^ Go's Ed^icational Series, THE ELEMENTS Structural Botany .WITH SPECIAL REFEfiENCE TO THE STUDY ANA DIAN PLANTS, TO WHICH IS ADDED A. SELKCTioivr OF" ii:xA]vii:N^^'rioisr p^ H. B. SPOTTON, M.A.,F.L.S., UKAIt MASTKR OK BARRIK COLLEGIATE IXSTITUTP;. p»Wrj THIRD EDITION. ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR. W. J. GAGE AND COMPANY, TOKONTO AND WIN>'IFE(J. E3ntered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, by Adam Milllr & Co., in the year 1879. Note.— In explanation of the omission of Professor Macoun's name from the title page of the present edition, the Publishers desire to say that the original design of the authors was to prepare jointly a work on the Canadian Flora, Mr. Spotton to write and illustrate an introductory volume, and both parts, for the sake of uniformity, to bear the namis of both authors. Owing to Professor Macoun's engagement with the Dominion Government, the joint scheme was necessarily abandoned, and the whole work (the second part of which is now in the press) will hence- forth be issued under Mr. Spotton's signature ouly. PREFACE The work, of which the present Kttle volume forms the first part, has been undertaken, at the suggestion of several eminent educationists, to supply a palpable want. The works on Botany, many of them of great excellence, which have found their way into this country, have been prepared with reference to climates differing, in some cases, very widely from our own. They consequently contain accounts of many plants which are entirely foreign to Canada, thus obstructing the search for descriptions of those which happen to be common to our own and other countries ; and, on the other hand, many of our Canadian species are not men- tioned at ell in some of the Classifications which have been in use. It is believed that the Classification which is to form the second part of this work will be found to contain all the commonly occurring species of the Provinces whose floras it is designed to illustrate, with- out being burdened with those which are either ex- tremely rare, or which do not occur in Canada at all. The present Part is designed to teach the Elements of Structural Botany in accordance with a method which is believed to be more rational than that commonly adopted ; and it will be found to supply all that is requisite for passing the examinations for Teachers' Certificates of all grades, as well as any others demand- ing an elementary knowledge of the subject. It contains familiar descriptions of common plants, illus- trating the chief variations in plant-structure, with a view to laying a foundation for the intelligent study of Systematic Botany with the aid of the second part; then follow a few lessons on Morphology ; and the IV PBEFACE. Elements of Vegetable Histology are treated of in as simple and brief a manner as was thought to be con- sistent with the nature of the subject. The Schedules, the use of which is very strongly recommended, were devised by the late Professor Hens- low, of Cambridge University, to fix the attention of pupils upon the salient points of structure. They will be found invaluable to the teacher as tests of the accu- racy of his pupils' knowledge. The cost of striking off a few hundred blanks of each sort would be very trifling, and not worth considering in view of the resulting advantages. The wood-cuts are from drawings from Hving speci- mens, except in two or three instances where assistance was derived from cuts of well-known excellence in standard works on Botany. It need hardly be said that the engravings are not in any sense intended to take the place of the living plants. They are designed chiefly to assist in the examination of the latter, and whilst it is hoped that they may be of service to those who may desire to read the book in the winter, season, it is strongly urged upon teachers and students not to be satisfied with them as long as the plants themselves are available. The works most frequently consulted in the prepar- ation of the text are those of Hooker, Gray, Bentley and Oliver. Finally, the Authors look for indulgence at the hands of their fellow-teachers, and will be glad to receive sug- gestions tending to increase the usefulness of the work, and to extend a taste for what must ever be regarded as one of the most refining as well as one of the most practically useful of studies. September, 1879. DESCBIPTION OF CUTS. Pig. ' PAge 1. Fibrong root oi B^ttercap 2 2. Magnified tip of rootlet 3 3. Stem of Buttercup * 4 4. Radical leaf of same 5 5. Back vie\v pi one of the flowers of same 5 G. Section of flower of same 7 7. Stamen of same 7 8. Stamerk dischargingpollen 7 9. Head of carpels nf. Buttercup 7 10. A carpel magnified, and showing ovule 7 1 1. Stigma of Buttercup, greatly magnified 8 12. Plan of stamen 8 13. Plan of carpel 9 14. Ripened carpel of Buttercup 10 15. Vertical section of same 10 16. Section of a seed, showing position of embryo 10 17. Pollen-grain developing its tube 12 18. Section of ovule, showing micropyle 12 19. Hepatica 14 20. Single flower of same, with bracts underneath 15 21. Head of carpels of -^ame 16 22. Single carpel 16 23. Marsh- Marigold 17 24. Head of carpels of same 18 25. Single carpel of same, split open 18 26. Shepherd's Purse 21 27. Flower of same 22 28. Tetradynamoufl stamens of same 22 21'. Pistil o'f same 23 30. The same with on&lobe removed to show seeds 23 31. Round-leaved Mallow 24 32. Section of flower of ?ame 24 33. Pistil of same 24 34. Ring of carpels and persistent calyx of same 24 35. Flower of Garden Pea 27 36. Front view of same 27 37. Diadelphous stamens of same 27 38. Pistil of same 27 39 Section of pistil 27 40. Flower of Great Willow-herb 29 41. Pistil of same bursting open 30 42. Section of same 30 43. Sprig of Sweet-Brier 32 ^:. Section of flower of same 32 t5. Section showing carpels and hollow receptacle of same.. 33 *6. Flower of C^b-Apple 33 Vi DESCRIPTION OP OUTS. 47. Section of same 53 48. Cross section of Crab- Apple 34 49. Compound umbel of Water-Parsnip 35 50. Single flower of same 36 51. Section of pistil of same 35 52. Section of flower of Dandelion 37 53. Single floret of Dandelion 37 54. Ligulate corolla of same with epipetalous stamens .... 37 55. Syngenesious stamens of Dandelion 38 56. Pappose seed of same 38 57. Single flower of Catnip 39 58. Front view of same, showing didynamous stamens .... 39 59. Pistil of same 39 60. Carpeig of same 40 61. Fertile jflower of Cucumber 41 62. Sterile ^wer of same 41 63. Sterile catkin of Willow 43 64. Fertile catkin of same 43 65. Single staminate flower of same 43 66. Single fertile flower of same 44 67. Pampkin seed 45 68. Same showing cotyledons 45 69. Same showing plumule 45 70. Bean showing cotyledons and radicle 46 71. Same showing plumule 46 72. Dog's-tooth Violet 47 73. Pistil of same 49 74. Section of ovary 49 75. Trilhum 50 76. Section of ovary of same 50 77. Net veined leaf of same 50 78. Indian Turnip 51 79. Spathe of same 52 80. Fertile spadix of same 52 81 . Sterile spadix cf same 52 82. Spadix and spathe of Calla 54 83. Leaf of same 54 84. Perfect flower of same 55 85. Showy Orchis 56 86. Single flower of same 56 87 . Pollen-masg at same 57 88. Single floweir o€ Timothy 58 89. Same opened to show parts 58 90. Section of a grain of Indian Corn 60 91. Embryo of same 60 92. Section of embrvo 60 96. Tap-root of Dandelion 63 94. Tap-root of Carrot 64 95. Fascicled roots of Peony .*. 64 96. Secondary roots of Verbena 64 DESCRIPTION OP CUTS. VU 97. Tendril of Grape 66 98. Leaf-tendril of Pea 67 99. Tubers of Potato 67 100. Rhizome 68 101. Section of Onion bulb 69 102. Lily bulb 69 103. Spine of Hawthorn 70 104. Prickles of Sweet-Brier 70 105. Whorled leaves of Galium 71 106. Simple radiate-veined leaf of Mallow 71 107. Compoundieaf of Clover 71 108. Maple leaf 72 109. Digitate leaf of Yircrinia creeper 73 110. Acicular leaves of Pine 74 111 — 134. Various forms of leaves 74 — 79 135. Form of a Corymb 83 136. Compound raceme 83 137. Form of Cyme 84 138. Petal of Garden Pink 8G 139. Tubular corolla of Honeysuckle 87 140. Funnel-shaped corolla of Bracted Bindweed 87 141. Salver-shaped corolla of Phlox 87 142. Labiate corolla of Turtle-head 87 143. Personate corolla of Toadflax 87 144. Stamen with adnate anther 88 145. Stamen with innate anther 88 146. Stamen with versatile anther 88 147. Anther opening* along margin 89 148. Anther of Blue Cohosh with upliftiug valves 89 149. Anther of a Heath with pores at the apex 89 150. 151. Ovary of Mignonette with seeds on the walls 91 152, 153. Ovary of Pink with seeds on a central column. ... 91 154. Cone 92 155. Single scale of same 92 156. One of the winged seeds of same 92 157. Fruit of Blackberry 94 158. Section of unripe Strawberry 94 159. Legume of Bean 95 160. Silicie of Garden Stock 96 161. Pyxis of Portulaca 96 162. Samara of Maple 96 163. Loosely packed cells of the pith of Elder 99 164. Hair from leaf of a Petunia, showing cellular structure. 99 164. (a) Hair from leaf of Geranium 99 165. Tapering and overlapping cells of woody tissue 102 166. Dotted duct 103 167. Section of a young exogenous Btem 104 168. The same at a later period of growth 104 169. Section of an endogenous stem 105 170. Leaf-stomate 107 Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2009 witii funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/commonlyoccuringOOspot CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PAGE Examination of a Buttercup 2 CHAPTEE II. Functions of the Organs of the Flower 11 CHAPTER in. Examination of Hepatica and Marsh-Marigold— Resemblances between their flowers and that of Buttercup 13 CHAPTER lY. Examination of other common plants with hypogynous stamens — Shepherd's Purse — Round-leaved Mallow.... 21 CHAPTER V. Examination of common plants with perigynous stamens — Garden Pea — Great Willow-herb — Sweet-Brier— Crab- Apple 26 CHAPTER VI. Examination of a plant with epigynous stamens — Water- Parsnip 35 CHAPTER VII. Examination of common plants with epipetalous stamens — Dandelion — Catnip 36 CHAPTER VIII. Examination of plants with Monoecious and Dioecious flowers — Cucumber— Willow 40 CHAPTER IX. Characteristics possessed in common by all the plants previously examined — Structure of the seed in Dicoty- ledons 45 CHAPTER X. Examination of common plants continued — Dog's-tooth Violet — Trillium — Indian Turnip — Calla — Orchis — Timothy 47 S CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. PAG-3 Common characteristics of the plants just examined — Structure of the seed in Monocotyledons 59 CHAPTER Xn. Morphology of Roots, Stems and Foliage-Leaves 62 CHAPTER Xni. Morphology of Flower-Leaves — The Calyx — The Corolla — The Stamens— The Pistil— The Fruit— The Seed— Ger- mination 81 CHAPTER XIY. On the minute structure of Plants — Exogenous and Endo- genous Stems — Food of Plants 98 CHAPTER XV. Classification of Plants according to the Natural System 109 The Herbarium 115 Index and Glossary 118 Examination Questions 134 TABLE OF THE COMMON PLANTS EXAMINED, Iv GETHER WITH THE FAMILIES TO WHICH THEY BELONG. Buttercup, Hepatica, Marsh- Marigold. Crowfoot Family. Shepherd's Purse Cbess Family. Pvound-leaved Mallow Mallow Fa3iily. Garden Pea Pulse Family. Great Willow-herb Evening-Primrose Family. Sweet-Brier, Crab- Apple Rose Family. Water-Parsnip Parsley Family. Dandelion Composite Family, Catnip Mint Family. Cucumber Gourd Family. Willow Willow Family. Dog's-tooth Violet, Trillium Lily Family. ^ Indian Turnip, Calla Arum Family. Showy Orchis Orchis Family. ^ Timothy Grass Family. XI THE ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 1. The study of Botany is commonly rendered unat- tractive to the beginner by the order in which the parts of the subject are presented to him. His patience be- comes exhausted by the long interval which must neces- sarily elapse before he is in a position to do any practical work for himself. In accordance with the usual plan, some months are spent in committing to memory a mass of terms descriptive of the various modifications which the organs of plants undergo ; and not until the student has mastered these, and perhaps been initiated into the mysteries of the fibro-vascular system, is he permitted to examine a plant as a whole. In this little work, we purpose, following the example of some recent writers, to reverse tin's order of things, and at the outset to put into the learner's hands some com- mon plants, and to lead him, by his own examination q£ these, to a knowledge of their various organs — to 2 ELEMENTS OF STKUCTUBAL BOTANY, cultivate, in short, not merely his memory, but also, and chiefly, his powers of observation. It is desirable that the beginner should provide him- self with a magnifying glass of moderate power for examining the more minute parts of specimens ; a sharp penknife for dissecting ; and a couple of fine needles, which he can himself insert in convenient handles, and which will be found of great service in separating delicate parts, and in impaling fine portions for examination with the aid of the lens. CHAPTEE I. EXAMINATION OF A BUTTERCUP. 2. To begin with, there is no plant quite so suitable as our common Buttercup. This plant, which has conspicuous yellow flowers, may be found growing in almost every moist meadow. Having found one, take up the whole plant, loosening the soil a little, so as to obtain as much of the Root as possible. Wash away the earth adher- ing to the latter part, and then proceed to ex- amine your spec- imen. Begin- ning with the Root, ( Fig. 1) the Fig. 1. first noticeable thing is that it is not of the same colour as the rest of EL3MENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 3 the plant. It is nearly white. Then it is not of the same form as the part of the plant above ground. It is made up of a number of thread-like parts which spread out in all directions, and if you examine one of these threads through your magnifying glass, you wil] find that from its surface are given off many fi-ner threads, called rootlets. These latter are of great im. portance to the plant ; it is largely by means of their tender extremities, and the parts adjacent to these, that it imbibes the nutritious fluids contained in the soil. Whilst you are looking at these delicate rootlets, you may perhaps wonder that they should be able to make their way through the soil, but how they do this will be api)arent to you if you examine the tip of one of them with a microscope of considerable power. Fig. 2 repre- sents such a tip highly magnified. It is to [jj|lM be observed that tlie growth of the rootlet KhhM does not take place at the very extremity, ^^^ ^ but immediately behind it. The extreme ^^ * tip consists of harder and firmer matter than Fig. 2. that behind, and is in fact a sort of cap or thimble to protect the growing part underneath. As the rootlet grows, this little thimble is pushed on firtt through the crevices of the soil, and, as you may sup- pose, is soon worn away on the outside, but it is as rapidly renewed by the rootlet itself on the inside. Another difference between the root and the part above ground you will scarcely have failed to discover : the root has no leaves, nor has it any buds. You may describe the root of the Buttercup a&Jibroub; BLEMETS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 3. Let US now look at the Stem. (Fig.3.) Itis upright, pretty firm, coloured green, and leaves spring from it at intervals. As there is scarce- ly any appearance of wood in it, we may describe it as herbaceous. At several points along the main stem branches are given off, and you will observe that immediately below the point from which every branch springs there is a leaf on the stem. The angle between the leaf and the stem, on the upper side.* is called the axil_ of the*leaf (axilla, an armpit), and it is a rule to which there are scarcely any exceptions, that branches can only spring from the axils of leaves. The stem and all the branches of our plant termi- Fig. 3 nate, at their upper extremi- ties, either in flowers or in flower-buds. 4. Let us now consider the Leaves. A glance will show you that the leaves of this plant are not all ahke. Those at the lower end of the stem have long stalks, (Fig. 4) which we shall henceforward speak of as petioles. Those a little higher up have petioles too, but they are not ELEMENTS OF STEUCTURAL BOTANY. quite so long as the lower ones, and the highest leaves have no petioles at all. They appear to be sitting on the stem, and hence are said to be sessile. The lowest leaves oi all, as they seem to spring from the root, may be described as radical, whilst the higher ones may be called caul'.ne [caulis, a stem). The broad part of a leaf is its hljnh!,. In the plant we are now examining, the blades of the leaves are almost divided into distinct pieces, which are called lobes, and each of these again is more or less deeply cut. Both petioles and blades of our leaves are covered with minute hairs, and so are said to hQ hairy.. Hold up one of the leaves to the light, and you will observe that the veijis run through it in all directions, forming a sort of net-work. The leaves are therefore net-veined » The points along the stem from which the leaves arise are called )ipde£^ and the portions of stem between the nodes are called internodes. 5. Let us next examine the Flowers. Each flower in our plant is at the end either of the stem or of a branch of the stem. The upper portions of the stem and its In'anches, upon which the flowers are raised, are called the iieduncles of the flowers. Take now a flower which has just opened. Beginning at the outside, you will find five little spreading leaves, somewhat yellowish in colour. Each of these is called a seuaL and the five together form the calyx of the 0 ELEMENTS OF STEUCTURAL BOTANY. flower. If yon look at a flower wliicli is a little olderj you NTill probably not find any sejDals. They will have fallen off, and for this reason they are said to be clecidu- oiis. So, in like manner, the leaves of most of our trees are deciduous, because they fall at the approach of winter. You will find that you can pull oft' the sepals one at a time, without disturbing those that remain. This shows that they are not connected together. They are therefore said to be./i^, and the calyx is described as jMjhjsepaloiis. Inside the circle of sepals there is another circle ol leaves, usually five in number, bright yellow in colour, and much larger than the sej^als. Eacli of them is called a pstal, and the five together form the corolla of the flower. Observe carefully that each petal is not in- serted in front of a sepal, but in front of the space be- tween two sepals. The petals can be removed one at a time like the sepals. They, too, are free, and the cor- olla is iiohjpeUihjus, If you compare the petals with one another, you will see that they are, as nearly as possi- ble, alike in size and shape. The corolla is therefore refiidar. 6. "We have now examined, minutely enough for our present purpose, the calyx and corolla. Though their divisions are not coloured green, like the ordinary leaves of the plant, still, from their general form, you will have no difficulty in accepting the statement that the sepals and petals are in reality Jedves. It will not be quite so a.pparent that the parts of the flower which still remain are also only modifications of the same structure. But there is good evidence that this is the case. Let us, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTAN"i. Fi-. 6. however, examine these parts that re- main. There is first a large number of httle yellow bodies, each at the top of a Uttle thread-like stalk. Each of these bodies, with its stalk, is called a stamen» The little body itself is the anther, and the stalk is its fUament. Your magnifying glass will show you that each anther consists of two oblong sacs, united length- wise, the filament being a continuation of the line of union. (Fig. 7.) /1\ -/fix • ^^ ^^^ ^°°^ ^^ ^ stamen of a flower which III ^J ll'; ^-^^s been open some time, you will find that X if each anther-cell has split open along its outer edge, and has thus allowed a fine yellowish dust to escape from it. (Fig. 8.) This dust IS called pollen. A powerful Fig. 7. Fig 8 magnifier will show this pollen to consist of grains having a distmct form. As the stamens are many m number, and free from each other, they are said to be poh/andwus. 7. On removing the stamens tliere is still left a httle raised mass, (Fig. 9) which with the aid of your needle you will be able to separate into a number of distinct pieces, all exactly alike, and looking something like unripe seeds. Fig. 10 shows one of them very much magnified, and cut through lengthwise. These Httle bodies, taken separately, are called carpels. Taken together, they form the pistil. They are hollow, and each of them contains, as the figure shows, a little grain-like substance attached to the lower end of its cavity. This substance, in its present condition, is the oviiU'j and later on becomes the sad. Fig. y. Fig 10. 8 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. Fi-. 11. You will notice that the carpel ends, at the top, in a little bent i)oint, and that the convex edge is more or less rough and moist, so that in flowers whose anthers have burst open, a quan- tity of pollen will be found sticking there. This rough upper part of the carpel is called the stif/ma. Fig. 11 shows a stigma greatly magnified. lu many plants the stigma is raised on a stalk above the ovary. Such a stalk is called a stt/Ie. In the Buttercup the style is so short as to be almost suppressed. "When the style is entirely absent the stigma is said to bo sessile. The hollow part of the carpel is the ovary. In our plant the pistil is not connected in any way with the calyx, and is consequently said to be free or superior, and, as the carpels are not united together, the pistil is said to be apocarpous. 8. Remove now all the carpels, and there remains nothing but the swollen top of the peduncle. This swollen top is the receptacle of the flower. To it. in the case of the Buttercup, all four. parts, calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, are attached. When a flower has all four of these parts it is saiJ to be complete. 9. Let us now return to our statement that the struc- ture of stamens and pistils is only a modi- fication of leaf-structure generally. The stamen looks less like a leaf than any other part of the flower. Fig. 12 will, however, serve to show you the plan upon which the botanist considers a stamen to be formed. The anther corresponds to the leaf-blade, and the filament to the petiole. The two Fig. 12 cells of the anther correspond to the two .ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. \) halves of the leaf, and the sells burst open along wbat ansv/ers to the margin of the leaf. 10. In the case of apocarpous pistils, as that of the Buttercup, the botanist considers each carpel to be formed by a leaf -blade doubled lengthwise until the edges meet and unite, thus forming the ovary. Fig. 13 will make this clear. 11. There are many facts which support this theory an to the nature of the different parts of the flower. Suffice it to mention here, that in the white Water- Lily, in which there are several circles of sepals and petals, it is difiicult to say where the sepals ■end and the petals begin, on account of the gradual change from one set to the other. And Fig 13 ^^^ °^^y ^^ there a gradual transition from se- pals to petals, but there is likewise a similar transition from petals to stamens, some parts occurring, vrhich are neither altogether petals, nor altogether stamens, but a mixture of both, being, imperfect petals with imperfect antiiers at their summits. We can thus trace ordinary leaf-forms, by gradual changes, to stamens. We shall, then, distinguish the leaves of plants as foUaf/e-leaves, and Jfower-leaves, giving the latter name exclusively to the parts which make up the flower, and the former to the ordinary leaves which grow upon the stem and its branches. 12. You are now to try and procure a Buttercup whose flowers, or some of them, have withered away, leaving only the head of carpels on the receptacle. The carpels will have swollen considerably, and will now show themselves much more distinctly than in the 10 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. flower which we have been exam- ining. This is owing to the growth of the ovules, which have now become seeds. Remove one of Fig. 14. Fig. 15. the carpels, and carefully cut it through the middle lengthwise. You will find that the seed almost entirely fills the cavity. (Figs. 14 and 15.) This seed consists mainly of a hard substance called albumen, enclosed in a thin covering. At the lower end of the albumen is situated a very Fig 16 small body, which is the emhrijo. It is this which develops into a new plant when the seed germi- nates. 13. We have seen then that our plant consists of several parts : (1). The Root. This penetrates the soil, avoiding the light. It is nearly white, is made up of fibres, from which numbers of much, finer fibres are given off, and is entirely destitute of buds and leaves. (2). The Stem. This grows upward, is coloured, bears foliage-leaves at intervals, gives ofi* branches from the axils of these, and bears flowers at its upper end. (3). The Leaves. These are of two sorts : Fo/w//^- leai'cs and Floicer-Ieaves. The former are sub-divided into radical and caidine, and the latter make up the flov/er, the parts of which are four in number, viz. : calyx corolla, stamens, and pistil, It is of great importance that you should make your- selves thoroughly familiar with the different parts of the plant, .as just described, before going further, and to that end it will be desirable for you to review the pre- sent chapter carefully, giving special attention to those ELEMENTS OF STKUCTUR.\L BOTANY. IJ parts which were not perfectly plain to you on your first reading. In the next chapter, we shall give a very brief ac- count of the uses of the different parts of the flower. If found too difficult, the study of it may be deferred until further progress has been made in plant examination. CHAPTER II. FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 14. The chief use of the calyx and corolla, or flor-iv envelopjs, as they are collectively called, is to ])rotect the other parts of the flower. They enclose 'the stamens and pistil in the bud, and they usually wither away and dis- appear shortly after the anthers have shed their pollen, that is, as we shall presently see, as soon as their ser- vices as protectors are no longer required. 15. The corollas of flowers are usually bright-colour- ed, and frequently sweet-scented. There is little doubt that thesqf qualities serve to attract insects, which, in search of honey, visit blossom after blossom, and, bring- ing their hairy limbs and bodies into contact with the open cells of the anthers, detach and carry away quan- tities of pollen, some of which is sure to be rubbed off upon the stigmas of other flowers of the same kind, subsequently visited. IC). The ebsential part of the stamen is the anther, and the purpose of this organ is to produce the pollen, which, as you have already learned, consists of minute lfrai)ts, havinc^ a definite structure. Tliese little grains are usually alike in plants of the same kind. They are 12 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTt'EAL BOTANY. furnished with two coats, the inner one extremely thin, and the outer one much thicker by com^Darison. The interior of the i3ollen-grain is filled with liquid matter. ^\hen a pollen-grain falls upon the moist stigma it heyins to (jroiv in a curious manner. (Fig. 17). The inner coat pushes its waj' through the outer one, at some weak point in the latter, thus forming the beginning of a slender tube. This slowly pene- trates the stigma, and then extends itself down- Fig. i7. wards through the style, until it comes to the cavity of the ovary. The liquid contents of the pollen- gi'ain are earned down through this tuljc, which remains closed at its lower end, and the body of the grain on the stigma withers away. The ovary contains an ovule, which is attached by one end to the wall of the ovary. The ovule consists of a kernel, called the nucleus, which is usually surrounded / \ by two coats, through both of which there is a (•i' jij minute opening to the nucleu's. This openicg t^^5^ is called the mirropyle, and is always to be rig. 18. iound at that end of the ovule which is not attached to the ovary. (Fig. 18, m.) About the time the anthers discharge their pollen, a little cavity, called the emhr^/o-sac, appears inside the nucleus, near the micropyle. The pollen-tube, with its liquid contents, enters the ovary, j^asses through the micropyle, penetrates the nucleus, and attaches itself to the outer surface of the embryo-sac. Presently the tube becomes empty, and then withers away, ai^d, in the meanwhile, a minute body, wliich in time developcs into the embryo, makes its appearance in the embryo- sac, and from that time the ovule may properly be called a seed. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 13 17. In order that ovules raay become seeds, it is always essential that they should be fertilized in the manner just described. If we prevent pollen from reaching the stigma — by destroying the stamens, for instance — the ovules simply shrivel up and come to nothing. • Now it is the business of the flower to produce seed, and we have seen that the production of seed depends mainly upon the stamens and the pistil. These organs may consequently be called the essential organs of he flower. As the calyx and corolla do not play any direct part in the production of seed, but only protect the essential organs, and perhaps attract 'insects, we can understand how it is that they, as a rule, disappear early. Their work is done when fertilization has been* accomplished. Having noticed thus briefly ine part played by eacJi set of floral organs, we shall now proceed to the exami- nation of two other plants, with a view to comparing their structure with that of the Buttercup. CHAPTER III. EXAMINATION OF HEPATICA AND MARSH-MARIGOLD RESEM- BLANCES BETWEEN THEIR FLOWERS AND THAT OF BUTTERCUP. 18. Hepatica. You may procure specimens of the Hepatica almost anywhere in rich dry woods, but you will not And it in flower except in spring and early r^imme:*. Lt is very desirable that you should have the iilanfc itself, but for those who are unable to obtain 14 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. specimens, the annexed engravings may serve as a substitute. Beginning then at me root of our new x^lant, you see that it does not differ in any great measure from that of the Buttercup. It may in Uke manner be described asjibrous. fZ Fig. 10. The next point is the stem. You will remember that in the Buttercup the stem is that part of the plant from which the leaves spring. Examining our Hepa- tica in the light of this fact, and following the petioles of the leaves down to their insertion, we find that they and the roots appear to spring from the same place — that there is, apparently, no stem. Plants of this tind are therefore called acaulescent, that is, stemless, but it must be carefully borne in mind that the absence of the ELEMENTS OF STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 15 stem is only apparent. In reality there is a stem, but it is so short as to be almost indistinguishable. The leaves of the Hepatica are of course all radical. They will also be found to be net-veined. 19. The Flowers of the Hepatica are all upon long peduncles, which, like the leaves, appear to spring from the root. Naked peduncles of this kind, rising from the ground or near it, are called scapes. The flower- stalks of the Tuhp and the Dandelion furnish other familiar examples. Let us now proceed to examine the flower itself. Just beneath the coloured leaves there are three leaf- lets, which you will be almost certain to regard, at first sight, as sepals, forming a calyx. It ^^11 not be difii- cult, howe\'er, to convince you that this conclusion would be incorrect. If, with the aid of your needle, you turn back these leaflets, yob 'will readily discover, between them and the coloured portion of the flower, a vert/ sh*ort hit of stem (Fig. 20), the upper end of which is the receptacle. As these leaflets, then, are on the i)eduncle, hehiv the receptacle, they cannot be sepals. Fig. 20. They are simply small foliage leaves, to which, as they are found beside the flower, the name Jiracts is given. Our flower, then, is apparently without a cal}?x, and in this respect is different from the Buttercup. The whole four parts of the flower not being present, it is said to be inoTMniplete. 20. It may be explained nere thai there is an under- standing among botanists, that if the calyx and corolla are not both present it is always the corolla whicli "s wanting, and so it happens that the coloured part of the flower under consideration, though resembUng a 16 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTAXl'. corolla, must be regarded as a calyx, and the flower it- self, therefore, as apetalous. 21. Eemove nov\^ these coloured sepals, and what is left 01 the flower very much resembies what was left of our Buttercup, after the removal of the calyx and cor- olla. The stamens are very numerous, and are inserted on the receptacle. The carpels are also numerous, (Fig. 21) are inserted on the receptacle, and are free from each other (apocarpous). And if you Fig. 21. Fig. 2-2. examine one of the carpels (Fig. 22) you will find that it contains a single ovule. The flower, in short, so much resembles that of the Butter* cup that you will be prepared to learn that the two be- long to the same Order or Family of plants, and you will do well to observe and remember such resemblances as have just been brought to your notice, when you set out to examine plants for yourselves, because it is only in this way, and by slow steps, that you can acquire a satisfactory knowledge of the reasons which lie at the foundation of the classification of plants. 22. Marsh-Marigold. This x^lant grows in wet places almost everywhere, and is in flower in early summer. Note the entire aosence of nairs on the surface of ine plant. It is therefore glahrous. The root, like that of the Buttercup anu of ihe He- patica, is fibrous. The stem is hollow and furrowed. The foliage-leaves are of two kinds, as in the Butter- cup. The radical leaves spring from the base of the stem, whilst the higher ones are cauline. The leaves ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 17 are not lobed, as in the other two plants, but are in- clented on the edge. They are also net-veined. 23. Coming to the flower (Fig. 23) we find a circle, or whorl, of bright yellow leaves, looting a good deal like the petals of the Buttercup, but you will look in vain for the corre- sponding sepals. In this case there is no whorl of bracts to mislead you. V Are we to say, then, that there is no calyx ? If we adhere to the under- standing mentioned when describing the Hepatica, we must suppose the corolla to be wanting, and then the bright yellow leaves of our plant will Fig. 23. be the sepals, and will together constitute the calyx. As to the number of the sepals, you will find, as in the Hepatica, some variation. Whilst the normal number is five, some flowers will be found to have as many as nine. 24. The stamens are next to be examined, but you should first satisfy yourselves as to whether the calyx is polysepalous or otherwise, and whether it is free from the other floral leaves or not. If your examination be properly made, it will show you that the calyx is free and polysepalous. The stamens are very much like those of the Butter- cup and Hepatica. They &re numerous, they have both anthers and filaments, and they shed their pollen through slits on the outer edges of the anthers. They are all separate from each other (polyandrous) and are all inserted on the receptacle. On this latter account they are said to be hi/pofjijmnis. 18 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 25. Remove the stamens, and you have left, as be- fore, a liead of carpels (Fig. 24 ). Examine one : there is the lower broad part, which you recognize as the ovary, the very short style, and the sticky stigma. To all appearance the carpels are pretty much the same as those of the two plants already examined. It will not do, how- Fig. 24 ever, to trust altogether to appearances in this case. Cut open a cai-pel and you find that, in- stead of a single ovule at the bottom of the ovary, there are several ovules in a row along that edge of the ovary which is turned towards the centre of the flower. The ovary is, in fact, a pod, and, when the seeds ripen, sphts open along its inner edge. If you ean find one which has split in this way, you can fe J hardly fail to be struck with the resc mblance j,j„ 25 which it bears to a common leaf. (Fig. 25.) On the whole the resemblance between the structure of the Marsh-marigold and that of the Hepatica and Buttercup is sufficiently great to justify us in i)iacing it in the same family with them. 26. Having now made yourselves familiar with the different parts of these three plants, you are to write out a tabular description of them according to the fol- lowing form ; and, in like manner, whenever you ex- amine a new plant, do not consider your work done until you have wi'itten out such a description of it. In the form the term cohesion relates to the union of like parts ; for example, of sepals with sepals, or petals with petals ; while the term adhesion relates to the union of ladike parts ; for example, of stamens with corolla, or ovary with calyx. Neither cohesion nor ad- hesion takes place iu any of the three flowers we have ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 19 examined, and accordingly, under these headings in our schedule \ve Tvrite down the terms polysepalous, i^oly- petalous, &c., to indicate this fact. The symbol x means " indefinite," or " numerous," and may. be used when the parts of any organ exceed ten in number. BUTTERCUP. ''^or?.^o\lT -• -H.SXOX. i ABHKSXOX. REMABKS. 1 Calyx. Sepals. Poly-sepulous. 5 Inferior. Corolla. Petals. 5 Polypetalous. Regular, Hypogynous. . Stamens. Filaments. Antliers. C3C Polyanclrou3. Hypogynous. Pistil. Carpels. Ovary. X Apocarpous. Superior. 20 ELEMENTS OF STRLV'TUiiAL BOTANY. HEPATICA. ORG ASS. NO. COHESION. 1 ADHESION. 1 REMARKS. | [ cayx. ! Sep:i:s. 1 7-12 Polysepalous. 1 Inferior. 1 Colotirefllikoa Coiolla. Calyx. Petals. Y/anting. Stamens. Filarnents. Anthers. oc Polvaudrous. Hyi^ogj-nous. 1 Pistil. Carpels. Ovary. oc Ariocarpous. Superior. 1 i 1 MAE SH-MABIGOLD . ORGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. REMARK ; Calvx. Polysepalous. j Inferior. Colourrd l:l:c : Corolla. ' epals. 5-9 Corolla . 1 Wa- ting. 1 Petals. Stamens. oc 1 Polvandrous. ! Hypogynous. Filaments. Anthers. Pistil. Apocarpous Carpels contain several seeds. Carpels. (T Ovary. Superior. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 2X CHAPTER IV. EXAMINATION OF OTHER COMMON PLANTS WITH HYPOGYNOUS STAMENS, shepherd's PURSE. ROUND-LEA^'ED MALLOW. 27. We shall now proceed to examine some plants, the flowers of which exhibit, in their structure, impor- tant variations from tlie Buttercup, Hepatica, and Marsh -Marigold. 22 •iLEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. Shepherd's Purse. This plant, (Fig. 26). is one of the commonest of weeds. As in the Buttercup, the' fohage-leaves are of two kinds, radical and cauline, the former being in a cluster around the base of the stem. The cauline leaves are all sessile, and each of them, at its base, projects backward on each side of the stem, so that the leaf somewhat resembles the head of an arrow. Such leaves are, in fact, said to be sagittate, or arrow- shaped. The flowers grow in a cluster at the top of the stem, and, as the season advances, the peduncle gradu- ally elongates, until, at the close of the summer, it forms perhaps half of the entire length of the stem. You will observe, in this plant, that each separate flower is raised on a little stalk of its own. Each of these little stalks is a pedicel, and when pedicels are present, the term peduncle is applied to the portion of stem which supports the whole cluster. ^^ 28. The flowers, (Fig. 27), are rather small, ^Vw] and so will require more than ordinary care in \^^ their examination. The calyx is polysepalous, if and of four sepals. "The corolla is polypetalous, Fig. 27. and of four petals. The stamens, (Fig. 28), are six in number, and if you examine them atten- tively, you will see that two of them are shorter than the other four. The stamens are conse- quently said to be tetrad ynamous. But if there Fig. 28. liad been only /our stamens, in two sets of two each, they would ha\e been called didynamous. The stamens are inserted on the receptacle (hj^ogynous). The pistil is separate from the other parts of the flower (superior). 29. To examine the ovary, it will be better to select a ripening pistil from the lower part of the peduncle. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOiANY. 23 It is a flat body, shaped something like a heart, (Fig 29) and having the short style in the notch. A ridge divides it lengthwise on each side. Carefully cut or pull away the lobes, and this ridge will remain, presenting now the appearance of a nar- row loop, with a very thin membranous partition stretched across it. Around the edge J on both sides of the partition, seeds are suspended from slender stalks. (Fig. 30). There are, then, two carpels Fig. 29. Fig.so united together, and the pistil is, therefore, syncarpous. The peculiar pistil of this flower should be carefully noticed, as it is the leading character of a whole group of plants. When you meet with such a pistil, you may be pretty certain that the plant to which it belongs is a member of the Cress or Crucifer family, so called from the four petals sometimes spreading out like the arms of a cross. We shall find, however, that there are cross- shaped corollas belonging to plants of other groups. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Organ. NO. 1 COHESIOX. 1 Adhesion. Remarks. Calyx. Sepals. 4 Polysepalous. Inferior. CoroUa. Petals. 4 Polypetalous. Hypogynous. Stamens. Filaments. Anthers. 6 Tetradyna- moua. Hypogynous. Pistil. Car^eU. Ovary. 2 Syncarpous. Superior, The two cells of the ovarv se- parated bv a thin partiticn. 24 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 80. Mallow. The round-leaved Mallow (Fig. 31) grows along side, very every way and is a common weed i n cultivated grounds. Pro- cure, if possible? a plant which has ripened its seeds, as well as one in flower. The root of this I)lant is of a different kind from those of the three plants first examined. It consists of a stout tapering part, descending deep into the soil, from the surface of which fibres are given off ircegularly. A stout root of this kind is called a tap-root. The Carrot is another example. 31. The leaves are long-potioled, net- veined and in- dented on the edges. On each side of the petiole, at its junction with the stem, you will observe a little leaf- like attachment, to which the name stipule is given. The presence or absence of stipules is a point of some importance in plant- structure, and you will do well to notice it in your examinations. You have now made yourselves acquainted with all the parts that any leaf nas, viz., hhfde, petiole nnd at'pulcs. Fig. 31. ELEMENTS OE STRUCTURAL BOt.iNY. 26 32. Coming to the flower, ol serve first that the parts of the calyx are not entirely separate, as in the flowers you have already examined. For about half their length they are united together so as to form a cup. "The upper half of each sepal, however, is perfectly dis- tinct, and forms a tooth of the calyx ; and the fact that there are five of these teeth shows us unmistakably that the calyx is made up of five sepals. We therefore speak of it as a gamosepalous calyx, to indicate that the parts of it are coherent. As the calyx does not fall away when the other parts of the flower disappear, it is said to be persistent. Fig. 31, rt, shows a persistent calyx. 33. At the base of the calyx there are three minute leaf-like teeth, looking almost like an outer calyx. A circle of bracts of this kind is called an involucre. The three bracts under the flower of the Hepatica also con - stitute an involucre. As the bracts in the Mallow grow on the calyx, some botanists speak of them as an epi- calijx. The corolla consists of five petals, separate from each other, but united with the stamens at their base. 34. The stamens are numerous, and as their fila- ments are united to form a tube they are said to be vionadeljjhQus. This tube springs from the receptacle, and the stamens are therefore hypogijnous. Fig. 32 will help you to an understanding of the relation between the petals and stamens. Having removed the petals, split the tube of the stamens with the point of your needle. A little care will then enable you to remove the stamens without in- juring the pistil. The latter organ will then be found to consist of a ring of coherent carpels, a rather stout 26 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTAKY. style, and numerous long stigmas. (Fig. 33.) If you take the ti'ouble to count the carjpels and the stigmas, you will find the numbers to correspond. As the seeds ripen the carpels separate from each other. (Fig. 34.) MALLOW. Organ. No. Cohesion. Adhesion. Remarks. i Cal>-x. Sepals. 5 Gamosepsa- lous. Inferior. Three bracts i growing on the; Calyx. Corolla. Fetals. 5 Polypetalous. Hj-pogjmous. 1 Stamens. Filaments. Anthers. oc Monadelphous United in a ring. One-celled. Hypogynous. Pistil. Carpels. Ovary. cc Sjmcarpous. Superior. Carpels as manyl as the stigmas. CHAPTER V. EXAillNATION OF COMMON PLANTS ^^^ITH PERIGYNOUS STAMENS GARDEN PEA. GREAT WILLOW-HERB, S^\'EET-BRIER, CRAB- APPLE. 85. Garden Pea. In the flower of this plant, the calyx is constructed on the same plan as in the Mallow. There are five sepals, coherent below, and spreadiog out into distinct teeth above ''Fig. 35). The calyx is tlierc- fore gamosepalous. Examine next the form of the coroUa (Fig. 3G). One difference between this corolla and tho.se of the previous plants wiU strike jou at once. In the flowers ELEJIENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOl'ANY. 27 Fig. 36. of the latter you will re- member that each petal was precisely like its fellows in size and shape, and we there- fore spoke of the corolla a>s regular. In the Pea, on the other hand, one of the petals is large, broad, and open, whilst Fig. 37. two smaller ones, in the front of the flower, are united into a kind of hood. We shall speak of this corolla, then, and all others in which the petals are unlike each other in size or shape, as irregular. As the Pea blossom bears some resemblance to a butterfly, it is said to he papilionaceous. 36. Remove now the calyx-teeth and the petals, being very careful not to injure the stamens and the pistil, enveloped by those two which form the hood. Count the stamens, and notice their form (Fig. 37). You will find ten, one by itself, and the other nine with the lower halves of their filaments joined together, or coherent. When stamens occur in this way, in ^wo distinct groups, they are said to be diadelphous\ if in ^ree groups, they would be trindelplwns ; if in several groups, pohjadelplious. In the Mallow, you will remem- ber, they are united into out group, and therefore we described theca as rnongdejpjiom. You will perhaps be a little puzzled in trying to determine to what part ol the flower the stamens are attached. If you look closely, however, you will see that the attachment, or insertion, is not quite the same as in the Buttercup and the other flowers examined. 28 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. .In the i3resent instance, they are inserted upon the low^r part of the calyx, and so they are described as lieri'jrjnous, a term meaning " around the pistil." 37. But tiie pistil (Figs. 38, 39) is not attached to the calyx. It is free, or superior. If you cut the ovary across, you will observe there is but one cell, and if you examine the stigma, you will find that it shows no sign of division. You may therefore be certain that the pistil is a single carpel. You are now prepared to fill up the schedule descrip- tive of this flower. GARDEN PEA. Organ. No. Cohesion. ! Adhejiox. | Eemarks. 1 1 Calyx. Sepals. 5 Gamosepalous. Inferior. Corolla. Petals. 5 Polypetalous. Irregular. Hj-po^nous. Stamens. Filaments. Anthers. 10 Diadelphous. Perigynous. Pistil. Carpels. Ovary. 1 Apocarpous. Superior. 88. The beginner will be very Hkely to think, from its appearance, that the largest of the petals is made up of two coherent ones, but the following considera- tions show clearly that this is not the case. In the Buttercup, and other flowers in which the number of ^epals and petals is the same, the petals do not stand £le3Ients of structural botaxv. 29 before the sepals, but before the s^Daces between them. In the Pea-blossom this rule holds good if the large petal is considered as one, but not otherwise. Again, the veining of this petal is similar to that of a common leaf, there being a central rib from which the veins spring on each side ; and lastly, there are some flowers of the Pea kind — Cassia, for example — in which this particular petal is of nearly the same size and shape as the other four. 39. Great Willow-herb. This plant is extremely common in low grounds and newly cleared land, and you may easily recognize it by its tall stem and bright purple flowers. Observe the position of the flowers. In the three plants first examined we found the flowers at the end of the stem. In the Willow-herb, as in the Mallow, they spring from the sides of the stem, and immedi- ately below the point from which each flower springs you will find a small leaf or bract (Fig. 40.) Flowers which arise from the axils of bracts are said to be axillari/, whilst those which are at the ends of stems are called ter- minal, and you may remember that flowers can only be produced in the axils of leaves and at the ends of stems and branches. ^ig- ^^• 40. Coming to the flower itself, direct your attention, first of all, to the position of the ovary. You will find it apparently under the flower, in the form of a tube tinged with purple. It is not in reality under the flower, because its purplish covering is the calyx, or §0 ELEMENTS OF STRUCrUR-AL BOTANY. more accurately the ca!(/.v-ttihf, which adheres to the whole surface of the ovary, and expands above into four long teeth. The ovary therefore is infeiior, and the calyx of course supenor, in this flower. As the sepals unite below to form the tube the calyx is gam- osepalous. The corolla consists of four petals, free from each other, and is consequently polypetalous. It- is also regular, the petals being alike in size and shape. Each petal is narrowed at the base into what is called the olaw of the petal, the broad part, as in the ordinary foliage-leaf, being the blade, \ The stamens are eight in number (octandrous), four short and four long, and are attached to the calyx (perigynous). 41. The pistil has its three parts, ovary, style, and stigma, very distinctly marked. The stigma consists of four long lobes, which curl outwards after the flower opens. The style is long and slender. The examina- tion of the ovary requires much care. You will get the best idea of its structure by taking one which has , just burst open, and begun to discharge its seeds (Fig. 41). The outside will then be seen to consist of four pieces (valves), whilst the cenf.re is occupied by a slender four-winged col- umn, (Fig. 42), in the gi'ooves of which the seeds are compactly arranged. The pistil thus consists Fig. 41. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 31 of four carpels united together, and is therefore syncarpous. Every seed is furnished with a tuft of silky hairs, which greatly facilitates its transportation by the wind. 42. The Willow-herb furnishes an excellent example of what is called symmetry. We have seen that the calyx and corolla are each made up of four parts ; the stamens are in two sets of four each ; the stigma is four-lobed, and the ovary has four seed-cells. A flower is symmetrical when each set of floral leaves contains either the same number of parts or a multiple of the same number. Observe that the leaves of our plant are net- veined. The schedule will be filled up as follows : GREAT WILLOW-HERB. Organ No. Cohesion. Adhesion. Remark?. Calyx. Sepals. 4 Gamosepa- lous. Superior. CoroUa. TetaU. 4 Polypetalous. Perigynous. Stamens. Filaments. Anthers. 8 Octandrous. Perigynous. Four short and four long. Pistil. Carpels. Ovary. i Syncarpous. Inferior. Seeds provided with tufts of hair 46. Sweet Brier. As in the flower just examined, the Bt ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. sepals of Sweet- Brier are not en- tirely distinct; their lower halves cohere to form a tube, and the ca- lyx is therefore gamosepaloup. The corolla con- sists of five sepa- rate petals of the same size and shape, and is therefore both regular and poly- Fig. 43. petalous. The Siemens are very numerous, and separate fi'om each other. As in the Pea and the Willow-herb, so in this flower they will be found to be attached io fLe calyx. They are, therefore, perigyripMS. 44. To understand the construction of the pistil, ycu must make a vertical section through the roundish green mass which you will find on the under side of the flower. You will then have presented to you some such appearance as that in Fig. 44. The green mass, you will observe, is hollow. Its outer covering is simply the con- tinuation of the calyx-tube. The Fig. 44. lining of this cahjx-tuhe is tlie recejitdcle of the fiouer ; to it are attached the separate carpels which togethei ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 33 constitute the pistil (Fig. 45), just as the. cai'i^els of the Buttercup are attached to the raised receptacle of that flower. We must i-emind you again that when- over the ovary is enclosed in the calyx-tuhe, and the calyx appears to spring from the ^° summit of the gyary, the latter is said to be i){t'er,'i and the former superior. SWEET-BEEER. OBGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. REMABKS. Calyx. Sepals. 5 Gamosepalous Superior. Corolla Petals. 5 Polypetalous. Perigj'nous. Stamens. oc Polyandrous. Perigynous. PistU. Carpels. oc Apocarpous. Inferior. The hollow re- C9ptaol6 li2.33 the calyx-tube 1 45, Crab-Apple. Fig 46. The flower of the Crab-Apple (Fig. 46), is in most re. spects, like that of Sweet' Brier. The calyx is gam- osepalous, its parts being united below into a tube. The corolla is of five separ' Fig. 47. 34 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUKAL BOTANY. ate petals. The stamens are numerous and are inserted on the calyx. The structure of the pistil (Figs. 47, 48), however, is somewhat different. On making a cross- section through the young apple, five cells containing the unripe seeds are seen radiating from the centre. These seed-vessels are imbedded in a fleshy mass, the outer limit of which is marked by a circle of green dots, and outside these dots is the flesh which constitutes the eatable part of the apple. The inner mass, which encloses the core, belongs to the re- ceptacle, whilst the outer edible por- tion is the enlarged calyx. At the end opposite the stem will be found the persistent calyx-teeth. We have in this flower, therefore, a syncarpous pistil of five carpels, instead of an as in Sweet-Brier. Fig. 48. apocarpous one, CRAB-APPLE. ORGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. BEMABK3. Calyx. Sepals. 5 Gamosepalous Superior. CoroUa, 1 Fetals. 5 Polypetalous. | Pengrynous, 1 1 Stamens. :^ specimens the flower of the com- 1^^^ ' mon Carrot or Parsnip may be substituted for it, all these plants being closely related, and differ- ing but slightly in the structure of their flowers. Notice first the peculiar ap- pearance of the flower cluster. (Fig. 49.) There are several Fig. 49. pedicels, nearly of the same radiating from the end of the peduncle, and from the end of each pedicel radiate in like manner a number of smaller ones, each with a flower at its extremity. Such a cluster is known as an umhel. If, as in the present case, there are groups of secondary pedicels, the umbel is compound. As the flowers are very small we shall be obliged to use the lens all through the examination. Even with its aid you will have a little difficulty in making out the calyx, the tube of which, in this flower, adheres to the surface of the ovary, as in Willow-herb, and is reduced above to a mere rim or border, of five minute teeth. The petals are five in number, and free from each other. Observe that each of them is incurird at its extremity. (Fig. 50.) They are inserted on a disk uhich crowns the 36 ELEMENTS OB STRUCITJRAL BOTANY. ovary, as are also the five stamens, which are hence said to be epigynous. In the centi'e of the flower are two short styles projecting above the disk, and a vertical section through the ovary (Fig. 51) shows it to be two- celled, with a single seed suspended from the top of each cell. WATER-PAESNIP. 1 OKGAX. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. 1 EEMAP.KS. Calyx. Sepals. 5 Gamosepalous. Superior. Calyx-teeth al- most obsolete. CoroUa. Petals 5 Polypetalous. Epigvnmxs Petals incurved. StameDS. 5 PeiitaDdrou3. Epigjrnous. Pistil. Carpels. 2 S^-ncarpous. Inferior. / CHAPTEE YII. EXAMINATION OF COMMON PLANTS WITH EPIPETALOUS STAMENS DANDELION CATNIP- •i7. Dandelion. The examination of this flower will be somewhat more difiicult than that of any we have yet undertaken. Provide yourselves with specimens in flower and in seed. The root of the plant, like that of the Mallow, is a tap-root. ELEMINTS OF STRUC . iRAL BOTANY. 87 The stem is almost suppressed, and, as in the case of the Hepatica, the leaves are all radical They are also net-veined. The flowers are raised on scapes, which are hollow. At first sight the flower appears to have a calyx of many sepals, and a corolla of many petals. Both of these appearances, however, are contraiy to facts. With a sharp knife cut the flower through the middle from top to bottom. (Fig. Fig.'52. 52.) It will then appear that the flower or rather flower-head, is made up of a large number of distinct pieces. With the point of your needle detach one of these pieces. At the lower end of it you have a small body resembling an un- ripe seed. (Fig. 53.) It is, in fact, an ovary. Just above this there is a short bit of stalk, sur- mounted by a circle of silky hau's, and above this a yellow tube with one side greatly prolonged. This yeUow tube is a corolla, and a close examina- tion of the extremity of its long side wiU show pj^ 53 the existence of five minute points, or teeth, from which we infer that the tube is made up of five coher- ent petals. As the corolla is on the ovary it is said to be Epiiiynous. Out of the coi^olla protrudes the long style, divi- ded at its summit into two stigmas. To discern the stamens will require the greatest nicety of observation. Fig. 54 will help you in your task. The stamens are five in number. They are inserted on the tube of the corolla (epipetalous) and their anthers cohere (Fig. 55) and form a ring about the style. When the anthers are united Fig. 54. in this way, the stamens are said to be syngenesious. 38 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUBAL BOTANY. 48.- It appears, then, that the Dandelion, instead of being a single flower, is in reality a compound of a great many flowers upon a common recep- tacle, and what seemed at first to be a calyx is, in Fig. 55. reality, an involucre, made up of many bracts. But have the single flowers, or florets, as they are properly called, no calyx ? The theory is that they have one, but that it is adherent to the surface of the ovary, and that the tuft of silky hairs which we noticed is a prolongation of it. Now turn to your specimen having the seeds ready to blow away. The seeds are all single; the j^^,,„ little bit of stalk at the top has grown into ^*^ a long slender thread, and the tuft of hairs has spread out like the rays of an umbrella (Fig. 56). But though the seeds are inva- riably single, it is inferred from the two- lobed stigma that there are two carjjels. 49. Flowers constructed on the plan of the Dandelion are called composite flowers. A very large number of our common plants Fig. 56. have flowers of this kind. The May-weed, which abounds- in waste places everywhere, the Thistle, and the Ox -Eye Daisy are examples. DANDELION. Organ. No. Cohesion. Adhesion. Remarks. Calj-x. Sepals. 5 Gamosepalous. Superior. The number of sepals is inferred from analogy to be five. Corolla. Petals. 5 Gamopetalous. EpigynouS. Stamens. 5 Syngenesious. Epipetalous. PistU. Car-pels. 2 Syncarpous. Inferior. Number of car- } els inferred from ^ii^^i of stigmas. EMJMENTS OF STRUCTUKAL BOTANY. 39 Fig. 57. 50. Catnip. Note carefully the appearance of the stem. It is square. The flowers are in axillary clusters. The calyx is a tube (Fig. 57) terminating in five sharp teeth, and you may observe that the tube is a little longer on the up- per side (that is, the side towards the stem) than on the lower. The corolla is some- what peculiar. It has somewhat the ap- pearance of a wide open mouth, and is known as a labiate or two-lipped corolla. The upper Hp is erect, and notched at the apex. The lower lip spreads outward, and consists of a large central lobe and two small lateral ones. Altogether, therefore, there axQjive lobes consti.- tuting the gamopetalous corolla. Pull out the corolla, and with the point of your needle split its tube in front. On laying it open, the stamens will be found to be in- serted upon it (epipetalous). They are four in number, two of them shorter than the other two. Hence they are described as didynamous. The anthers are peculiar in not having their lobes parallel (Fig. 58), these being wide apart at the base, in consequence of the expansion of the connective, the name given to that part of Fig. 53. ^j^g anther which unites its two lobes or cells. The pistil consists of a two-lobed stigma, a ,^ long style, and an ovary which seems at first as if made up of four distinct carpels (Fig. 59). But the single style and the two-lobed stigma will warn you against this supposition. The ovary really consists of tno carpels, each of two deep lobes, and, as the seeds ripen, these lobes form four little nutlets (Fig. 60), each contain- ^jg 59^ ing a single seed. 40 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY, 51. The group of plants to which Catnip belongs is easily distinguished by the square stem, irregular coroUa, and four stamens. Fig. 60. CATNIP. OBGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION . BEMAEKS. Calyx. Sepals. 5 Gamosepalous. Inferior. Corolla. Petals. 5 Gamopetalous HypogynouB. Two-lipped. Up- per lip of two, and lower of three lobes. Stamens. Anthers. i Didynamous. Epipetalous Lobes of anthers not parallel. Pistil. Carpels. 2 Syncarpous. Superior. CHAPTEE VIII. EXAMINATION OF PLANTS WITH MONCECIOUS AND DICECIOUS FLOWERS CUCUMBER, WILLOW. 52. Cucumber. You can hardly have failed to notice that only a small proportion of the blossoms on a Cucumber vine produce cucumbers. A great many wither away and are apparently of no use. An atten- tive inspection will show that some of the blossoms ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 41 Fig. 61. and is prolonged to have long fleshy protuber- ances beneath them, whilst others are destitute of these attachments. Select a flower of each kind, and examine first the one with the protuberance (Fig. 61), which latter, from its appearance, you will prob- ably have rightly guessed to be the ovary. The situation of the ovary here, indeed, is the same as in the Willow-herb. The calyx-tube adheres to its surface, some little distance above it, expanding finally into five teeth. The corolla is gamopetalous, and is adherent to the calyx. Remove now the calyx and the adherent corolla, and there is left in the centre of the flower a short column, terminating in three stigmas, each two- lobed. There are no stamens. 53. Now examine the other blossom (Fig. 62). Calyx and corolla have almost exactly the same appearance as before. Remove them, and you have left three stamens grow- ing on the calyx-tube, and shghtly united by their anthers Fig. 62. (syngenesious). There is no pistil. You see now why some blossoms produce cucumbers, and others do not. Most of the blossoms have no pistil, and are termed staminate or sterile flowers, whilst the others are pistillate or fertile. Flowers in which ELESTEXTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. either stamens or pistils are wanting are also called im- 2)erfect. When staminate and pistillate flowers grow on the same plant, as they do in the case of the Cucumber, they are said to be moncecious. 54. In plants of this kind the pollen of one kind of blossom is conveyed to the stigmas of the other kind, chiefly by insects, which visit the flowers indiscrimin- ately, in search of honey. The pollen dust clings to their hairy legs and bodies, and is presently rubbed off upon the stigma of some fertile flower. K)o. In order to describe monoecious flowers, our schedule will require a slight modification. As given below, the symbol f stands for " staminate flower," and the symbol ^ for " pistillate flower." CUCUilBEE. ORGAN. 1 NO. COTTRKION ADHESIOK. REMARKS. Calyx. Sepals. 5 Gramosepalous Superior. Corolla. Petals. 5 Gamopetalous Perigynous. ^ Stamens. 3 Svngenesious. ' Perigynous Ttvo anthers are i j 2— celled, and ] 1 1 one 1— celled. t Pistil. o Carj^els. t Stamens. o : Pistil Carpels. 3 Syncarpous. Inferior. 1 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 43 Fiff. 63. 56. Willow. The flowers of most kinds of Willow appear in spring or early summer, before the leaves. They grow from the axils in long close clusters called catkins or aments. Collect a few of these from the same ^^o;s3^f« -f tree or shruh. You will find them to be exactly alike. If the first one you examine is covered with yellow stamens (Fig. 63), all the rest will likewise consist of sta- mens, and you will search in vain for any appearance of a pistil. If, on the other hand, one of your catkins is evidently destitute of stamens, and consists of oblong pis- tils (Fig. G4), then all the others will in like manner be found to be without stamens. Unlike our Cu- cumber plant, the stami nate and pistillate flowers of the Willow are borne Fig. 64. on different plants. These flowers are therefore said to be diacious. As a general thing, staminate and pistil- late catkins will be found upon trees not far apart. Procure one of each kind, and examine first the stami- nate one. You will probably find the stamens in pairs. Follow any pair or filaments down to their insertion, and observe that they spring from the axil of a minute bract (Fig. G5). These bracts are the scales of the catkin. There is no appearance of either calyx or corolla, and the flowers are therefore said to be achlamy- deouSy that is, without a covering. Now look Fig. 65 at the fertile catkin. Each pistil will, Hke 44 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. the stamens, be found to spring from the axil of a scale (Fig. 66). The stigma is two-lobed, and on carefully opening the ovary you observe that though there is but one cell, yet there are two r OILS of seeds. We therefore infer that the pistil consists of two carpels. The pistillate flowers, like the staminate, are achlamydeous. In dioecious plants, the process of fertilization is assisted by insects, and also very largely by the wind. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW. ORGAN NO. COHZBION. ADHESION. BEMABKS. Calyx. o! Corolla. 0 f Stamens. 2 Diandrous. 0 + PistD. 0 : Stamens. 0 : Pistu. CarpeU. 2 Syncarpous. 0 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 4:5 CHAPTEE IX. CHARACTERISTICS POSSESSED IX COMMON BY ALL THE PLANTS PREVIOUSLY EXAMINED. STRUCTURE OF THE SEED IN DICOTYLEDONS. 57. Before proceeding further in our examination of plants, we shall direct your attention to some characters of those already examined, which they all possess in common. The leaves of every one of them are net- veined. Some leaves, at least, of each of them have dis- tinct petioles and blades. The parts of the flowers we found, as a general thing, to be in Jives. In one or two instances they were in fours, that is, four sepals, four petals, and so on. 58. Now, in addition to these resemblances there are others which do not so immediately strike the eye, but which, nevertheless, are just as constant. One of these is to be found in the structure of the embryo. Take a cucumber or pumpkin seed, and having soaked it for some time in water, remove the outer coat. The body of the seed will then readily split in two, except where the parts are joined at one end. (Figs. 67, 68, 69). The thick Fig. 67. Fig. 68. Fig. 69. lohes are called cotyledons, or seed- leaves, and as there are two, the embryo is dicotyledonous. The pointed end, where the cotyledons are attached, and from which the root is developed, is called the radicle. Between the cotyledons, at the summit of the radicle, you will find a minute upward projection. This is a bud, which is known as the plumule. It developes into the stem. 59. If you treat a pea or a bean (Figs. 70, 71), in the same manner as the cucumber seed, you will find it to be 46 ELEMENTS OF STP.r Jr'jr.AL liOTANY. constructed on the same plan. The em- bryo of the bean is dicotyledonous also. But you will observe that in these cases the embryo occupies the "whole of the inte- rior of the seed. In describing the seed of the Buttercup, it was pointed out that the embryo occupies but a very small Fig. 71. space in the seed, the bulk of the lat- ter consisting of albumen. Seeds like those of the But- tercup are therefore called albuminous seeds, while thoseof the Bean and Pea are exalhuminoua. But, notwithstand- ing this difference in the structure of the seed, the ^;«?r^o of the Buttercup, when examined under a strong magnifier, is found to be dicotyledonous like the others. In shoit, the dicotyledonou3 embryo is a character common to all the plants we have examined — common, as a rule, to aU i^lants possessing the other characters enumerated above. From the general constancy of all these char- acters, plants possessing them are gi'ouped together in a vast Class, called Dicotyledonous plants, or, shortly, Dicotyledons. 60. Besides the characters just mentioned, there is still another one of great importance, which Dicotyle- dons possesses in common. It is the manner of growth of the stem. In the Willow, and all our trees and shrubs without exception, there is an outer layer of bark on the stem, and the stem increases in thickness, year by year, by forming a new layer just inside the bark and outside ths old wood. These stems are therefore called exogenous^ that is, outside growers. Now, in all dicotyledonous plants, whether herbs, shrubs or trees, the stem thickens in this manner, so that Dicotyledons are also Exogens. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. CHAPTER X. 47 EXAMINATION OF COMMON PLANTS CONTINUED. DOG S-TOOTH VIOLET, TRILLIUM, INDL\N TURNIP, CALLA, ORCHIS, TIMOTHY. 61. Dog's-tooth Violet. This plant (Fig. 72)wliich flowers in Spring, may be pretty easily recognised by ^ Fig. 72. its peculiar blotched leaves. It may be found in rich 48 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. moist pasture lands and low copses. The name "Violet" is somewhat unfortunate, because the plant is not in any way related to the true Violets. To obtain a com- plete specimen requires some trouble, owing to the fact that the root is commonly six inches or so below the surface of the ground'; you must therefore insert a spade or strong trowel sufficiently deep to avoid cutting or breaking the tender stem. Having cleared away the adhering earth, you will find that the roots proceed from what appears to be the swollen end of the stem. This swollen mass is coated on the outside with thin scales. A section across the middle shows it to be more or less solid, with the stem growing up through it from its base. It is, in fact, not easy to say how much of this stem-hke growth is, in reahty, stem, because it merges gradually into the scape, which bears the flower, and the petioles of the leaves, which sheathe the scape. The swollen mass is called a bulb. > 62. The leaves are two in number, gradually narrow- ing at the base into sheaths. If you hold one of them up to the light, you will observe that the veins do not, as in the leaves of the Dicotyledonous plants, form a network, but run only in one direction, namely, from end to end of the leaves. Such leaves are consequently called straight-veined. 63. In the flower there is no appearance of a green calyx. There are six yellow leaves, nearly alike, ar- ranged in two sets, an outer and an inner, of three each. In such cases, we shall speak of the colored leaves collectively as the perianth. If the leaves are free from each other, we shall speak of the perianth as jwly- phyllous, but if they cohere we shall describe it as ganw- ELEMENTS OF STKUCTUKAL BOTANY. 49 phylhm. Stripping off the leaves of the perianth we find six stamens, with long upright anthers which open along their outer edges. If the anthers he pulled off, the filaments will be found to terminate in long sharp points. The pistil (Fig. 73) has its three parts, # ovary, style, and stigma, well marked. The stigma is evidently formed by the union of three into one. The ovary, when cut across, Fig. 74. is seen to be three-celled (Fig. 74), and is therefore syncarpous. Fig. 73. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. ORGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. BEMABK8. Perianth. Leaves. 6 Polyphyllous. Inferior. Stamene. ^, 6 Hexandrous. HypogynouB. Filaments ter- minating in sharp points. Pistn. Car^eU. 4 3 Syncarpous. Superior. 64. Trillium. This plant (Fig. 75) may be found in flower about the same time as the one just described. The perianth of Trillium consists of six pieces in two sets, but in this case the three outer leaves are green, like a common calyx. The stamens are six in num- ber. ^ There are three styles, curving outwards, the whole "^ of. the inner side of each being stigmatiCo 50 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. The ovary (Fig. 76) is six- angled, and on being cut across is seen to be thr^e- celled. 65. Comparing this flower with that of Dog's-tooth Vio- let, we find the two to exhi- bit a striking resemblance in structure. But in one respect the plants are strikingly un- like : the leaves of the Tnllium are net-veined (Fig. 77), as in the Exogens. From this cir- cumstance we learn that we cannot altogether rely on the veining of the leaves as a con- stant characteristic of plants whose i^arts are not in fives. Fig. TRILLIUM. OKGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHKBION. REMARKS. Perianth. Sepals. Fetals. 3 Polyphyllous. Inferior Sepals persist- ent. Stamens. 6 Hexandrous. Hypogynous. Pist'-L Carpels. 1 Syncarpous. 3 Superior. The inner facf of eac'i style stigmatic. Leaves net-veined. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 51 66. Indian Turnip. This plant may be easily met with in our woods in early summer. If you are not familiar with its appearance, the annexed cut (Fig. 78) /vp^^. will help you to recognise it. Procure several speci- mens ; these will probably at first seem to you to be alike in every respect, but out of a number, some arc pretty sure to differ from the rest. Notice the bulb from which the stem springs. It diffcis from that of the Dog's-tooth Violet, and Lihes generally, in being ci solid mass. It is called a corm. Between the pair of 52 ELEMENTS OF STLUCTUEAL SOTANY, leaves you oDserve a curious strip- ed sheath, haTing an arching, hood-hke top, and enclosing an up- right stalk, the top of which almost touches the hood (Fig. 79). Can this be a flower ? It is certainly the only thing about the plant which at all resembles a flower, and yet how different it is from any we have hitherto examined ! Care- fully cut away the sheaths from all your specimens. Most, and per- haps all, of them will then present an appearance like that in Fig. 80. If none of them be Like Fig. 81, it will be well to gather a few more plants. We shall sup- pose, however, that you have been fortunate in obtain- ing both kinds, and will proceed with our examination. Take first a specimen cor- responding with Fig. 80. Around the base of the column are compactly arrang- ed many spherical green bodies, each tipped with a little point. Separate one of these from the rest, and cut it across. It will be found to contain several ovulee, and is, in fact, an ovary, the point at the top being a stigma. In the autumn, a great change will have taken place in the appearance of plants like the one we are now examining. The arched hood wiU have disappear- ed, as also the long naked top of the column, whilst the part below, upon which we are now engaged, will have Fig. 80. Fig. 81 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 53 vastly increased in size, and become a compact ball of red berries. There can be no doubt, then, that we have here a structure analogous to that found in the Cucum- ber and the Willow, the fertile, or pistillate, flowers being clustered together separately. But in the Cucum- ber all the flowers were observed to be furnished with calyx and corolla, and in the Willow catkins, though floral envelopes were absent, each paii* of stamens and each pistil was subtended by a bract. In the present plant there are no floral envelopes, nor does each pistil arise from a separate bract. 67. But, you will now ask, what is this sheathing hood which we find wrapped about our column of pistils ? There is no doubt that we must look upon it as a hract^ because from its base the flower-cluster springs. So that, whilst the flowers of Indian-Turnip are, like those of Willow, imperfect and dioecious, the clusters differ in having but a single bract instead of a bract under each flower. 68. We must now examine one of the other speci- mens ; and we shall have no difiiculty in determining the nature of the bodies which, in this case, cover the base of the column. They are evidently stamens, and your magnifying-glass ^*ill show you that they consist mostly of anthers, the filaments being extremely short, and that some of the anthers are two-celled, and some four-celled, all discharging their poUen through httle holes at the top of the cells. 69. The column upon which, in plants like Indian - Turnip, the flowers are crowded, is known as a spadix, and the surrounding bract as a spathe. You will observe that the leaves of this plant are net- veined, as we found them in the TrilUum. 64 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY, INDIAN-TURNIP. OBGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. + Stamens. 1 Monandrous. 0 t Pistil. Carpels. 1 Apocarpous. 0 1 Flowers crowded oa a spadix, and surrounded by a spathe. Leaves net- veined. 70. Marsh Calla. This plant must be looked for in low marshy grounds, where it will be found in flower generally in the month of June. With the knowledge which you have of the structure of Indian-Turnip, you will ha"rdly doubt that the Calla is closely related to it. You will easily recognize the spadix and the spathe (Fig. 82), though in the present instance the spadix Fig. 83. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 55 bears flowers to the ^op, ana Me spathe is open instead of enclosing the column. Observe, however, that the veining of the leaf (Fig. 83) is different, that of Calla being straight, like the Dog's-tooth Violet. There is also a difference in the flowers. Those of Indian-Tur- nip were found to be dioecious, but the spadix, in the present case, bears both stamens and pistils, and the lower flowers, if not all, are perfect ; some- times the upper ones consist of stamens only. Fig. 84 shows one of the perfect flowers much enlarged. The stamens, it will be obser^-ed, have two-celled anthers, opening lengthwise. MAKSH CALLA. Fig. 84. ORGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. Perianth. Wanting. \ 1 Stanaens 6 Hexandrous. Hypogynous. PistiL Carpels. 1 Apocarpous. Superior. / 71. Showy Orchis. The flower of this plant (Figs. 85, 86) is provided with floral envelopes, all col- oured like a corolla. As in Dog's-tooth Violet, we shall call them collectively the perianth, although they are not all alike. One of them projects forward in front of the flower, forming the Up, and bears under- neath it a long hollow spur, which, like the spurs of Columbine, is honey-bearing. The remaining five con- verge together forming a kind of arch over the centre of the flower. Each flower springs from the axil of r^ ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. Fig. 85. leaf-like bract, and is apparently raised on a pedicel. What seems to be a pedicel, however, will, if cut across, prove to be the ovary, which in this case is inferior. Its situation is similar to the situ- ation of the ovary in Willow-herb, and, as in that flower, so in this the calyx-tube ad- heres to the whole surface of the ovary, and the three outer divisions of the perianth are simply upward extensions of this tube. No- tice the peculiar twist in the ovary. The effect of this twist is to tiu'ii the lip away ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 57 from the scape, and so give it the appearance of being the lower petal instead of the upper one, as it really is. 72. The structure of the stamens and pistils remains to be examined, and a glance at the flower shows you that we have here something totally different from the common arrangement of these organs. In the axis of the flower, immediately behind the opening into the spur, there is an upward projection known as the column. The face of this column is the stigma ; on each side of the stigma, and adhering to it, is an anther-cell. These cells, though separated by the column, constitute but a single stamen. The stamen, then, in this case is united with the pistil, a condition which is described as gynan- drous. 73. If you have a flower in which the anther-ceUs are bursting open, you will see that the pollen does not issue from them in its usual dust-like form, but if you use the point of your needle carefully you may remove the contents of each cell in a mass. These poUen masses are of the form shown in Fig. 87. The grains are kept together by a fine tissue or web, and the slender stalk, upon which each pollen mass is raised, is attached by its lower end to a sticky disk on the front of the stigma just ^. „„ above the mouth of the spur. Insects, in their Fig. 87. ■'• efforts to reach the honey, bring their heads in contact with these disks, and when they fly away carry the pollen-masses with them, and deposit them on the stigma of the next flower visited. In fact, without the aid of insects it is diflicult to see how flowers of this sort could be fertilized at all. 58 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. SHOWT OEcms. OBGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. REMABK8. Perianth. Leaves. 6 Gamophyllauf. Superior. Stamens. 1 Monandrous. j Pollen-grains Gynandrous. collected in 1 masses. Pistil. Carpels. i 3 Sj-ncarpous. Inferior. Ovary twisted. 74. Timothy. The top of a stalk of this well-known grass is cylindrical in shape, and upon examination will be found to consist of a vast number of similar pieces compactly arranged on very short pedicels about V the stalk as an axis. Carefully separate one Y^l of these pieces from the rest, and if the grass \ \ I has not yet come into flower the piece will \f present the appearance shown in Fig. 88. In Fig. 88. this Fig. the three points in the middle are the protruding ends of stamens. The piece which you have separated is, in fact, a flower enclosed in a pan* of bracts, and all the other pieces which go to make up the top are flowers also, and, except perhaps a few at the very summit of the spike, precisely similar to this one in their structure. 75. Fig. 89 is designed to help you in dissecting a flower which has attained a greater degree of developement than the one shown in Fig. 88. Hera the two bracts which enclose the flower have been drawn asunder. To these bracts p^g t,j. the name (flumes is applied. They are present in all EI^EMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 59 plants of the Grass Family, and are often found enclos- ing several flowers instead of one as in Timothy. Inside the glumes will be found a second pair of minute chaff-like bracts, which are known as palets or pales. These enclose the flower proper. 76. The stamens are three in number, with the anthers fixed by the middle t© the long slender filament. The anthers are therefore versatile. The styles are two in number, bearing long feathery stigmas. The ovary contains a single ovule, and when ripe forms a seed- like grain, technically known as a caryopsis. TIMOTHY. OBGAN. NO. COHESION. ADHESION. Glumes. 2 Palets. 2 Stamens. 3 Triandrous. HypogynouB. PiatU. Carjpels. 1 Apocarpous. Superior. CHAPTER XI. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANTg JUST EXAMINED. STRUCTURE OF THE SEED IN MONOCOTYLEDONS. 77. It is now to be pointed out that the six plants last examined, viz., Dog's-tooth Violet, Trillium, Indian Turnip, Calla, Orchis, and Timothy, though differing in various particulars, yet have some char»^ 60 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUR-U. BOTANY. ters common to all of them, just as the group ending with Willow was found to he marked by characters possessed by all its members. The flowers of Dicoty- ledons were found to have their parts, as a rule, in fours or fives ; those of our second group have them in threes or sixes, never in fives. 78. Again, the leaves of these plants are straight- veined, except in TriUium and Indian-Turnip, which must be regarded as exceptional, and they do not as a rule exhibit the division into petiole and blade which was foimd to characterize the Exogens. 79. "We shall now compare the structure of a grain of Indian Corn with that of the Cucumber or Pumpkin seed which we have already examined (page 46). It will facilitate our task if we select a grain from an ear which has been boiled. And first of all, let us observe that the grain consists of something more than the seed. The grain is very much like the achene of the Buttercup, but difiers in this respect, that the outer covering of the former is completely united with the seed-coat underneath it, whilst in the latter the true seed easily separates from its covering. Remove the coats of the grain, and what is left is a whitish starchy- looking substance, having a yellowish body inserted in a hollow (Fig. 90) in the middle of one side. This latter body is the embryo, and may be easily removed. All the rest is albumen. Fig. 91 is a front view of the embryo, and Fig. 92 shows a vertical section of the same. The greater part the embryo consists of a single cotyle- W don. The radicle is seen near the base. Fij. 90. Fig. 91 Fig. 92. and the plumule above. 80. Comparing the result of our observations with li-s ELEMENTS OF STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 61 what we have already learned about the Cucumber seed, we find that whilst in the latter there are Uvo cotyledons, in the present case there is but )ne, and this peculiarity is common to all the plants just exam- ined, and to a vast number of others besides, which are consequently designated Monocotyledonous plants, or shortly Monocotyledons, The seeds of this great Class may differ as to the presence or absence of albu- men, just as the seeds of Dicotyledons do, but in the number of their cotyledons 'they are all alike. The Orchids, however, are very peculiar from having no cotyledons at all. 81. In addition to the points just mentioned, viz : the number of floral leaves, the veining of the foliage leaves, the usual absence of distinct petioles, and the single cotyledon, which characterize our second great Class, there is still another, as constant as any of these, and that is, the mode of growth of the stem, which is quite at variance with that exhibited in Dicotyledonous plants. In the present group the increase in the thickness of the stem is accomplished not by the deposition of circle after circle of new wood outside the old, but by the production of new wood-fibres through the interior of the stem generally, and the consequent swelling of the stem as a whole. These stems are therefore said to be endogenous^ and the plants com- posing the group are called Endogens, as well as Monocotyledons. We shall explain more fully the structure of exogen- ous and endogenous stems, when we come to speak of the minute structure of plants in a subsequent chapter. U 62 ELEMENTS OF STKUCTUR.U. BOTANY CHAPTEK XII. MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS, STEMS, AND FOLIAGE -LEAVES. 82. From what lias gone before, you should now be tolerably familiar with the names of the different organs of plants, and you have also had your attention directed to some modifications of those organs as they occur in different plants. In all these cases, the adjective termsj which botanists use to distinguish the variations in the form of the organs, have been placed before you, and if you have committed these carefully to memory, you will have laid a good foundation for the lessons which foUow on Morphology, the name given to the study of the various forms assumed by the same organ in different plants, or in different parts of the same plant. In some instances, the terms employed, being derived from Latin and Greek, and specially devised for botanical purposes, may seem difficult to learn. We beUeve, however, that this difficulty wiU be found to be more apparent than real. You will be surprised at the ease with which the terms will occur to your mind if you learn them with the help of plants which are every- where within youi- reach — if you be not satisfied with being mere book-botanists With a good many terms you will find no difficulty whatever, since they will be found to have the same meaning in their botanical apphcations as they have in their everyday use. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 63 83. The Root. This organ is called the descending axis of the plant, from its tendency to grow downward into the soil from the very commencement of its devel- opement. Its chief use is to imbihe liquid nourishment, and transmit it to the stem. You will remember that in our examination of some common seeds, such as those of the Pumpkin and Bean (Figs. 67-71), we found at the junction of the cotyledons a small pointed pro- jection called the radicle. Now, when such a seed is put into the ground, under favourable circumstances oi warmth and moisture, it begins to grow, or germinate, and the radicle, which in reality is a minute stem, not only lengthens, in most cases, so as to push the cotyle- dons upwards, but developes a root from its lower ex- tremity. All seeds, in short, when they germinate, ])roduce roots from the extremity of the radicle, an4 loots so produced are called />nmar?/ roots. 84. There are two well-marked ways in which a pri mary root may develope itself. It may, by the down* ward elongation of the radicle, assume the form of » distinct central axis, from the sides of which branches or j&bres are given off, or root-fibres may spring in a cluster from the end of the radicle at the very commencement of growth. If the root grow in the first way, it will be a tap-root (Fig. 93), examples of which are furnished by the Car- rot, the Mallow, and the Bean ; if in the sec- ond way, it will be a Jihroiis root, examples of which are furnished by the Buttercup (Fig. 1) and by the entire class of Monocotyledcnous or Endogenous plants. 85. Tap-roots receive different names, ac- -pig. 93. 64 ELEMENTS OF STEtJCTUBAL BOTANY. Fig. 94. cording to the x^articular shape they hap- pen to assume. Thus, the Carrot (Fig. 94) is conical, because from a broad top it tapers gradually and regularly to a point. The Eadish, being somewhat thicker at the middle than at either end, is spindle-shaped. The Turnip, and roots of similar shape, are napi. form [najms, a turnip). These fleshy tap-roots belong, as a rule, to bi- ennial plants, and are designed as storehouses of food for the plant's use during its second year's growth. Occasion- ally fibrous roots also thicken in the same manner, as in the Peony, and then they are said to hefascicled or clustered. (Fig 95.) 86. But you must have observed that i)lants some- times put forth roots in ^'^F^/^'i^^'^^^l^^k^ ' addition to those develop - radicle. The Ytrbena of of our gardens, for ex- Fig. 96. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUEAL BOTANY. 65 ample, will take root at every joint, if the stera be laid upon the gi'ound (Fig. 96). The runners of the Strawberry take root at their extremities : and nothing is more famihar than that cuttings from various plants will make roots for themselves if put into proper soil, and suppHed with warmth and moisture. All such roots are produced from some other part of the stem than the radicle, and are called secondary or adventitious roots. When such roots are developed from parts of the stem which are not in contact with the ground, they are aenal. 87. There are a few curious plants whose roots never reach the ground at all, and which depend altogether upon the aii' for food. These are called epiphytes There are others whose roots penetrate the stems and roots of other plants, and thus receive their nourish- ment as it were at second-hand. These are parasitic IDlants. The Dodder, Indian- Pipe, and Beech-di'ops, of Canadian woods, are well-known examples. 88. The Stem. As the root is developed from the lower end of the radicle of the embryo, so the stem is developed from the upper end, but with this important difference, that a hud always precedes the formation of the stem, or any part of it or its branches. Between the cotyledons of the Bean (Fig. 71), at the top of the radicle, we found a minute bud called the plumule. Out of this bud the first bit of stem is developed, and during thje subsequent growth of the plant, wherever a branch is to be formed, or a main stem to be prolonged, there a bud will invariably be found. The branch buds are always in the axils of leaves, and so are called axillary. Adventitious buds, however, are sometimes produced in plants like the ^yillow, particularly if the 66 ELFMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. Etem has been wounded. The bud from which the mam stem is developed, or a branch continued, is of course at the end of the stem or branch, and so is 89. If you examine a few stems of plants at random, you will probably find some of them quite soft and easily compressible, while others will be firm, and will resist compression. The stem of a Beech or a Currant is an instance of the latter kind, and any weed will serve to illustrate the former. The Beech sjid the Currant have woodi/ stems, while the weeds are hercU ceous. Between the Beech and the Currant the chief difference is in size. The Beech is a tree^ the Currant a shrub. But you are not to suppose that there is a hara and fast line between shrubs and trees, or between herbs and shrubs. A series of plants could be constructed, commencing with an unquestionable herb, and end- ing with an unquestionable tree, but embracing plants exhibiting such a gi-adual transition from herbs to shrubs, and from shrubs to trees, that you could not say at what precise point in the series the changes occurred. 90. The forms assumed by stems above ground are numerous, and they are described mostly by terms in common use. For instance, if a stem is weak, and trails along the ground, it is trailing, or prostrate ; and if, as in the run- ners of the Straw- berry, it takes root on the loweii- side, then it is creeping. Many weak stems raise Fig. 97. ELEMENTS OF STEUCTTJRAL BOTANY. 67 themselves by clinging to any suppoii that may happen to be withiQ their reach. In some instances the stem itself winds round the support, assuming a spiral form, as in the Morning- Glory, the Hop, and the Bean, and is therefore distinguished as tinning. In other cases the stem puts forth thr€fad-like leafless branches c:i''."l tendrils (Fig. 97), wliich grasp the support, as in the Virginia Creeper, the Grape, and the Pea (Fig. 98), or sometimes the leaf-stalks serve the same purpose, as in the Clematis or Virgin's Bower. In these cases the stems are said to climb. The stems of wheat and grasses generally are known as cubm. They are jointed, and usually hollow except at the joints. Fig. ga 91. Besides the stems which grow above ground, there Fig. 99. are varieties to be found below the surface. Pull up c# ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. Potato plant, and examine the underground portion (Fig 99). It is not improbable that you will regard the whole as a mass of roots, but a very httle trouble wih undeceive you. Many of the fibres are imaues' tionably roots, but an inspection of those having pota- toes at the ends of them will show you that they are quite different from those which have not. The former will be found to be furnished with httle scales, answer- ing to leaves, each with a minute bud in the axil : and the potatoes them- selves exhibit buds of the same kind. The potato, in short, is only the molten end of an iinder ground stem Such swollen ex- tremities are known as tubers, whilst the Fig. ICO. . underground stem is called a rootstock, or rhizome, and may always be distinguished from a true root by the presence of buds. The Solomon's Seal and Toothwort of Canadian woods, and the Canada Thistle, are com- mon instances of plants producing these stems. Fig. 100 shows a rhizome. 92. Take now an Onion, and compai-e it with a Potato. You will not find any such outside appear, ances upon the former as are presented by the latter. The Onion is smooth, and has no buds upon its surface. From the under side there spring roots, and this cir- cumstance will probably suggest that the Onion must be a stem of some sort. Cut the Onion through from top to bottom (Fig. 101). It wil) then be seen to be ELEMENTS OF STKUCTrRAL BOTANY. 69 solid maae up of a number of coats. Strix^ off one or two, and observe that whilst they are somewhat fleshy where the onion is broadest they gradually become thinner to- wards the top. The long green tubes, which project from the top ^_^, ^^^- of the Onion during its growth, are, C C*"-^^^^^ in fact, the prolongations of these Fig 101. coats. But the tubes are the leaves of the plant. The mass of our Onion, therefore, con- sists of the fieshy bases of the leaves. But you will observe that at the bottom there is a rather part upon which these coats or leaves are inserted, and which must consequent- ly be a stem. Such a stem as this, with its fleshy leaves, is called a hu^'}. If the leaves form coats, as in the Onion, the bulb is coated or tunicated ; if they do not, as in the lilies (Fig. 102), it is scaly. 93. Tubers and bulbs, then, consist chiefly of masses of nourishing matter ; but there is this difference, that, in the latter, the nourishment is contained in the fleshy leaves themselves, whilst, in the former, it forms a mass more or less distinct from the buds. 94. The thickened mass at the base of the stem of our Indian Turnip (Fig. 78) is more like a tuber than a bulb in its construction. It is called a corm, or solid bulb. The Crocus and Gladiolus of the gardens are other examples. 95. In the axils of the leaves of the Tiger Lily are produced small, black, rounded bodies, which, on exami nation, prove to be of bulbous structure. They are, ia -g. 102 70 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. ^ig. 103 fact, hulhlets, and new plants may be grown from them. 96. Our Hawthorn is rendered formidable by the presence of stout spines (Fig. 103) along the stem and branches. These spines invariably proceed from the axik of leaves, and are, in fact, branches, whose growth has been arrested. They are appendages of the wood, and will remain attached to the stem, even after the bark is stripped off. They must not be confounded with the j^chles (Fig. 104) of the Kose and Brier, which belong strictly to the bark, and come off with it. 97. Foliage-Leaves. These organs aro usually more or less flat, and of a green colour. In some plants, however, they are extremely thick and succulent ; and in the case of para- sites, such as Indian-Pipe and Beech-drops, ig. 104. ^j^gy ^^^ usually either white or brown, or of some colour other than green. The scaly leaves of underground stems are also, of course, destitute of colour. 98. As po general thing, leaves are extended horizon- tally from the stem or branch, and turn one side towards the sky and the other towards the ground. But some leaves are vertical, and in the case of the common Iris each leaf is doubled lengthwise at the base, and sits astride the noxt one within. Such leaves are accordingly called equitant. 99. As to their arrangement on the stem, leaves are alternate when only one arises from each node (Fig. 3). If two are formed at each node, they are sure to be ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 71 on opposite sides of tlio stem, and so are described as opposite. Sometimes there nre several leaves at the same node, in which case they are whorled or verdcillciic (Fig, 105). 100. Forms of Foliage-Lenves, Leaves present an almost endless va- riety in theii' forms, and accuracy in describing any given leaf depends a good deal upon the ingenuity of the student in selecting and combining terms. The chief terms in use will be given here. Compare a leaf of the Round-leaved Mallov with one of Eed Clover (Figs. 106, 107). Each of them iz fur- Fig. 105, ^»^;j^i^^>*^ Fig. lOG. Fig. 107. nished with a long petiole and a pair of stipules. la the blades, however, there is a difference. The blado o4 the iormer consists of a sinyle jnecc ; thc^t of the latter- is in three separate pieces, each of which is called a* IccJicC^ but all of which, taken collectively, constitute the blade 72 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. of the leaf. The leaf of the Mallow is simple ; that of the Clover is compound. Between the simple and the compound form there IS every possible shade of nrvadation. In the Mallow leaf the lohes are not very clearly defined. In the Maple (Fig. 108) they are well-marked. - In other cases, again, the lobes are so nearly separate, that •^ -^ - Fig. 108. the leaves appear at first sight to be really compound. 101. You will remember that in our examinations of dicotyledonous plants, we found the leaves to be in- variably net-veined. But, though they have this gener- al character in common, they differ considerably in the details of their veining, or venation, as it is called. The two leaves employed as illustrations in the last section will serve to illustrate our meaning here. In the Mallow, there are several ribs of about the same size, radiating from the end of the petiole, something like the spread-out fingers of a hand. The veining in this case is therefore described as digitate, or radiate, or palmate. The leafiet of the clover, on the other hand, is divided exactly in the middle by a single rib (the midrib), and from this the veins are given off on each side, so that the veining, on the whole, presents the appearance of a feather, and is therefore described as pinnate [penna, a feather). 102. Both simple and compound leaves exhibit these two modes of venation. Of simple pinnately-veined ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY, 78 leaves, the Beech, Mullein, and Willow supply familiar instances. The Mallow, Maple, Grape, Curiant, and Gooseberry have simple radiate-veined leaves, Sweet-Brier (Fig. 43), Mountain- Ash, and Rose have compound pinnate leaves, whilst those of Virginia-Creeper (Fig. 109), Fig. 109. Horse-Chestnut, and Hemp are compouncl digitate. As has already been pointed out, the leaves of Mon/* cotyledonous plants are almost invariably straigi. veined. 103. In addition to the venation, the description )f a simple leaf includes particulars concerning ; (1) the general outline, (2) the edge or margin, (3) the point or apex, (4) the base. 104. Outline. As to outline, it will be convenient to consider first the forms assumed by leaves without lobes, and whose margins are therefore more or less continuous. Such leaves are of three sorts, viz : those in which both ends of the leaf are alike, those in which the apex is narrow:r than the base, and those in which the apex is broader than the base. 105. In the first of these three classes, it is evident that any variation in the outhne will depend altogether on the relation between the length and the breadth of the leaf. When the leaf is extremely narrow in com- parison with its length, as in the Pine, it is acicular or needle-shaped (Fig. 110). As the width increases, we pass through the forms known as linear, obhmg, cval, and finally orbicular, in which the width and length are nearly, or quite equal (Fig. 111). 74 ELEMENTS OF BTRUCTURAL BOTANY. Fig. 110 Pig. 111. 106. In the second class the different forms ai'ise from the varying width of the base of the leaf, and we thus have subulate or aid-shaped (Fig. 112), lanceolaP\ ovate, and deltoid leaves (Fig. 113). Fig. 112. Fig. 113. 107. In the third class, as the apex expands, we have Fig. 11^ Fig. 118. Fig. 114. Fig. 115. Fig, 116. KliEMENTS OF STKUCTURAL BOTANY. VO the forms spathulate (Fig. 114), oUanceolate (that is, the reverse of lanceolate) (Fig. 115), Bnadi ohov ate [Yig. 116). 108. In leaves of the second kind we frequently find the base indented, and then the leaf is cordate^ or heart-shaped (Fig. 117), The reverse of this, that is, when the indentation is at the apex, is ohcor- date (Fig. 118). The hastate, or spear- shaped (Fig. 119), sagittate, or arrow- shaped (Fig. 120), and reniform, aw kidney-shaped (Fig. 121), forms are modifications of the second class, Fig. 120. Fig. 121. Fig. 122. and will be readily understood from the annexed figures. If the petiole is attached to any part of the under surface of the leaf, instead of to the edge, the leaf is peltate (shield- shaped) (Fig. 123). 109. Leaves which are lobed are usually described by stating whether they are palmately or pinnately veined, former, the number of lobes is generally 76 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. given. If the leaves are very deeply cut, they are said to be pahnatifid or jnnnatifid according to the veining (Fig. 124). If the leaf is imlmately lobed, and the lobes at the base are themselves lobed, the leaf is pedate (Fig. 125), be- cause it looks something like a bird's foot. If the lobes of a pinnatifid leaf are themselves lobed, the leaf is bipinna- tijid. If the leaf is cut up into fine segments, as in Dicentra, it is said to be midtijid. 110. Apex. The j)rincipal forms of the apex are the mucromite (Fig. 122), when the leaf is tipped with a sharp point, as though were projecting blade ; cuspidate, when the leaf ends abruptly in a very short, but distinctly tapering, point (Fig. 126) ; acute, or sharp; and obtuse, or blunt. Fig. 125. 111. It may happen that the apex does not end in a point of any kind. If it looks as though the end had" been cut off square, it is truncate. If the end is slightly I notched, but not sufficiently so to warrant the description obcordate, it is emarginate. Fig. 126. 112. Margin. If the margin is not indented in any way, it is said to be entire. If it has sharp teeth, poijit- ing in the direction of the apex, it is serrate, and will be coarsely or finely serrate, according to the size of the Fig. 124. the midrib beyond the ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTAN'Y. 77 Fig. 127. teeth . Sometimes the edges of large teeth are themselves finely serrated, and in that case the leaf is doubly serrate (Fig. 127). If the teeth point outwards, that is, if the two edges of each tooth are of the same length, the leaf is dentate, but if the teeth, instead of being sharp, are rounded, the leaf is crenate (Fig. 128). The term uYmi/ explains itself. 113. Base. There are two or three peculiar Fig_ 128 modifications of the bases of simple sessile leaves which are of considerable importance in distinguishing plants. Sometimes a pair of lobes project backwards and cohere on the other side of the stem, so that the stem appears to pass through the leaf. This is the case in our common Bellwort, the leaves of which are accordingly described as perfoliate (Fig. 129). Sometimes two opposite sessile leaves grow together at the base, and clasp the stem, as in the upper leaves of Honeysuckle, in the Triosteum, and in one of our species of Eupatorium. Such leaves are said to be connate or con- nate-perfoliate (Fig. 130). In one of our Everlastings the margin of the leaf is con- tinued on each side below the Fig. 129. Fig. 130. Fig. 131. point of insertion, and the lobes grow fast to the sides 7b :LElIENTrj OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. of the stem, giving rise to what is called the decurrent form (Fig. 131). The terms by which simple leaves are described are applicable also to the leaflets of compound leaves, to the sepals and petals of flowers, and, in short, to any flat forms. Fig. 132. 114. We have already explained that compound leaves are of two forms, j^i'^'f^^^^^ and palmate. In the former, the leaflets are arranged on each side o the midrib. There may be a leaflet at the end, in which case the leaf is odd-innnate, or the terminal leaflet may be wanting, and then the leaf is a^^yujytly pinnate. In the Pea, the • if ic pinnate and terminates in a icidHl (Fig. 98). Very frequently the primary divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnate, and the whole leaf is then tiv ice-pinnate (Fi^o 132), If the subdivision is continued through another stage, ^^^ii^P^vJ the leaf is t-hrice-pinnate, and so on. Sometimes, as in the leaves of the Tomato, very small leaflets are found between the larger ones, and this form is described as interrupt-' cdhj pinnate (Fig. 13g). Fig. 133. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUR.VL BOTANY. 7^ In the palmate or digitate forms, the leaflets spread out from the end of the petiole, and, in describing them, it is usual to mention the number of divisions. If there are three, the leaf is tri-foUolate ; if there are five, it is quinquefoliolate. 115. In the examination of the Mallow, we found a couple of small leaf-like attachments on the petiole of each leaf, just at the junction with the stem. To these the name stipules was given. Leaves which have not these appendages are exstipulatc, 116. Besides the characters of leaves mentioned above, there remain a few others to be noticed. With regard to their surface, leaves present every gradation from perfect smoothness, as in Wintergreen, to extreme roughness or woolliness, as in the MuUein. If hairs are entirely absent, the leaf is gkibrous ; if present, the degree of hairiness is described by an appropriate ad- verb ; if the leaf is completely covered, it is villous or villose ; and if the hairs are on the margin only, as in our Chntonia, it is ciliate. Some leaves, like those of Cabbage, have a kind of bloom on the surface, which may be rubbeci otf with the fingers ; this condition is described as fjlaiicous. 117. A few plants have anoma- lous leaves. Those of the Onion are filijorm. The Pitcher llr.nt of our Northern swamps has very curious leaves (Fig. 134), appar- ently formed by the turning in and cohesion of the outer edges of :.n ordinary leaf, so as to form a tube, closcc except at the top. and armed ■_. r:i. '"^ 80 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUKAL BOTANY. on the inner surface with bristles pointing towards the base of the leaf. 118. Finally, as leaves present an almost infinite variety in their forms, it will often be necessary, m de- scribing them, to combine the terms explained above. For instance, a leaf may not be exactly linecir, nor ex- actly lance-shaped, but may approximate to both forms. In such a case the leaf is described as laiice-linear, and so with other forms. The following form of schedule may be used with advantage in writing out descriptions of leaves. T?wo leaves — one of Maple and one of Sweet-Brier — are described by way of illustration. If a leaf is compound, the particulars as to outline, margin, apex, base, and surface will have reference to the leaflets. LEAF SCHEDULE. Leaf of Maple. Sweet-Brize. 1. Position. Cauline. Cauline. 2. Arrangement. Opposite. Alternate. 3. Insertion. Petiolate. Petiolate. 4. Stipulation. ExBtipulate. Stipulate. 5. Division. Simple. Odd pinnate, 7 leaflcis. 6. Venation. Palmate. 7. Outline. Eoundish or oval. 8. Margin. Deeply lobed. Doubly serrate. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 81 9. Apex. Pointed. Acute. 10. Base. Cordate. Hardly indented. / 11. Surface. 1 Glabrous above ; Tvhitish beueath. Do-miy above ; covered with glands beneath. CHAPTER XIII. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWER-LEAVES. THE CALYX. THE CO- ROLLA. THE STAMENS. THE PISTIL. THE FRUIT. THE SEED. GERMINATION. 119. From an examination of the various forms pre- sented by foliage leaves, we proceed now to those of the floral ones, and we shall first consider the chief modifications in the arramjement of fioicers as a ulwle, to which the term inflorescence is applied. 120. It is found that inflorescence proceeds upon two well-defined i)lans. To understand these, let us recur to our specimens of Shepherd's- Purse and Buttercup. You will remember that, in the former, the peduncle continues to lengthen as long as the summer lasts, and new flowers continue to be produced at the upper end. Observe, however, that every one of the flowers is produced in the axil of a bract, that as the stem lengthens new bracts appear, and that there is nofloiver on the end of the stem. You will easily understand then, that the production of flowers in such a plant is only limited by the close of the season or by the exhaus- tion of the plant. Such inflorescence is therefore called indefinite, or indeterminate, or axillary. It is sometimes also called centripetal, because if the flowers happen to be in a close cluster, as are the upper 82 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. onec in Shepherd' s-Purse, the order of developement is from the outside towards the centre. 121. If you now look at your Buttercup, you will be at once struck with the difference of plan exhibited. The main axis or stem has a flower on the end of ity and its further growth is therefore checked. And so in like manner, from tlie top downwards, the growth of tho branches is checked by the production of flowers at their extremities. The mode of inflorescence here displayed is definite, or determinate, or terminal. It is also •called centrifugal, because the developement of the flowers is the reverse of that exhibited in the first mode. The upper, or, in the case of close clusters, the central flowers open first. In either mode, if there is but one flower in each axil, or but one flower at the end of each branch, the flowers are said to be solitary. 122. Of indeterminate inflorescence there are several varieties. In Shepherd' s-Purse we have an instance erf the raceme, which may be described ac z cluster in which each flower springs from an axil, and is supported on a pedicel of its own. If the pedicels are absent, and the flowers consequently sessile in tho axils, the cluster becomes a spike, of which the common Plantain and the Mullein furnish good examples. The catldns of the Willow (Figs. 63, 64) and Birch, and the spcidix of the Indian Turnip (Figs. 80, 81) are also spikes, the former having scaly bracts and the latter a fleshy axis. If you suppose the internodes of a spike to be suppressed, so that the flowers are densely crowded, you will have a head, of which Clover and Button-bush supply instances. If the lower pedicels of a raceme are considerably longer than the upper ones, so that aU the blossoms are nearly on the same ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 63 Fig. 185. Pig. 136. level, the cluster is a corymb (Fig. 135). If the flowers in a head were elevated on separate pedicels of the same length, radiating Hke the ribs of an umbrella, we should have an umbel, of which the flowers of Geranium and Parsnip (Fig. 49) are examples. A raceme will be compound (Fig. 130) if, instead of a solitary flower, there is a raceme in each axil, and a similar remark will apply in the case of the spike, the corymb, and the umbel. 123. The inflorescence of most Grasses is what is called a panicle. This is a compound form, and is usually a kind ot raceme having its primary divisions branched in some irregular manner. If the panicle is 84 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTA^TY. jompact, as in the Grape and Lilac, it is what is called a thijrse. 124. Of determinate inflorescence the chief modification is the cyme. This is a rather flat-topped cluster, having something the appearance of a com- pound corymb, but easily distinguished by this pecuH- arity, that the central blossom ojjeiis jirst, then those at the ends of the first set of branches of the cluster, then those on the secondary branches, and so on until the outer buds are reached. The Elder, Dogwood, and St. John's Wort furnish good examples of the cymose Fig. 137. structure. Fig. 137 shows a loose open cyme. 125. It has ah'eady been pointed out that cauline leaves tend to dimmish in size towai'ds the upper part of the 8t«m, where the flowers are found. Such re- duced leaves, containing flowers in then- axils, are called bracts. In the case of compound flower-clusters, this term is limited to the leaves on the peduncle, or main stem, the term hractlet being then applied to those oc- curring on the pedicels or subordinate stems. In the ELEMENTS OF 3TRUCTUEAL BOTANY. OO case of the iimbel and the liead, it generally happens that a circle of bracts surrounds the base of the cluster. They are then called, collectively, an involucre, and in the case of compound clusters a circle of bractlets is called an involucel. Bracts are often so minute as to be reduced to mere scales. !From our definition, it will be evident that the sjxithe surrounding the spadix in Indian Turnip is merely a bract. 126. It has already been stated that the parts of the flower, equally with the foliage-leaves, must be regarded as modifications of the same structure, and some proofs of this similarity of structure were given. We shall now proceed to consider in detail the variations in form assumed by these organs. 127. The Calyx. As you are now well aware, this term is applied to the outer circle of floral leaves. These are usually green, but not necessarily so ; in some Ex- ogens, and in nearly all Endogeus, they are of some other colour. Each division of a calyx is called a sepal, and if the sepals are entn-ely distinct from each other, the calyx is pohjsejxdous ; if they are united in any de- gree, it is (jamosepalous. A calyx is re^/iihir or irregular, according as the sepals are of the same or different sliape and size. 128. In a gamosepalous calyx, if the sepals are not united to the very top, the free portions are known as calyx-teeth, or, taken collectively, as the limh of the calyx. The united portion, especially if long, as in Willow-herb, is called the cuhjx-tuhe, and the entrance to the tube its throat. In many plants, particularly those of the Composite Family, the limb of the calyx consists merely of a circle of bristles or soft hairs. 86 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUEAL BOTANY. and is then described as j^^ppose. In other cases the limb is quite inconspicuous, and so is said to be obsolete. A calyx which remains after the corolla has disappeared, as in Mallow (Fig. 31), is liersistent. If it disappears when the flower opens, as in our Bloodroot, ii is cadu- cous, and if it falls away with the corolla, it is deciduous. We must repeat here, that when calyx and corolla are not both present, the circle which is present is con- sidered to be the calyx, whether green or not. 129. The Corolla. The calyx and corolla, taken together, are called the Jloval envelopes. When both envelopes are present, the corolla is the inner cne ; it is usually, though not invariably, of some other colour than green. Each division of a corolla is called a jyetal, and the corolla is polypetalous when the petals are com- pletely disconnected; but gamopetcdous if they are united in any degree, however slight. The terms regular and irregular, applied to the calyx, are applica- able also to the corolla, and the terms used in the description of leaves are applicable to petals. If, however, a petal is narrowed into a long and slender portion towards the base, that portion is known as the clau, whilst the broader upper part is Fig. 138. called the limh (Fig. 138). The leaf- terms are then apphcable to the limb. 130. Gamopetalous coroUas assume various forms, most of which are described by terms easily understood. The forms assumed depend almost entirely on the shape of the petals which, when united, make up the corolla. If these, taken separately, are linear, and are ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY, 8" ^ united to the top, or nearly so, the corolla will be tubular (Fig. 139.) If the petals are wedge-shaped, they will by their union produce b. funnel-shaped corolla. (Fig. 140.) In the cnmjxniulate or bell-shaped form, the enlargement from base to summit is more gradual. If the petals are narrowed abruptly into long claws, the union of the claws into a rig 1:9 tube and the spreading of the limb at rif^ht angles to the tube will produce the salver-shaped foim, as in Phlox (Fig. 141). The vitate corolla differs from "^ this in having a very short tube. The corolla Oi the Potato is rotate. 131. The mostfc important irregular gamopetalous corollas are the lirfulate, which has been fully described in the examination of the Dandelion, and the labiate, of which we found an example in Fig. i40. Catnip (Fig. 59). The corolla of Turtle-head (Fig. 142) is another example. When a labiate corolla pre- sents a wide opening between the upper and lower lips, it is said to be rinrjent , if the opening is closed by an ]' >V J] Fig 141. Fig. 142. Fig. 143. upward projection oi the lower lip, as in Toadflax (Fig. 143), it is said to \)Q personate, and the projection in iB ELEMENTS OF STRUCTLxiAL BOTANY. tbis case is known as tho ijalatc. A good m:::ny corol las Gucii as those of Toadflax, Dicentra, Snapdragon, Columbine, and Violet, liavc protuberances or sjmrc at the base. In Violet one petal only is spurred; in Columbine the whole five are so. 132. The Stame-ns. As calyx and corolla are called collectively the floral envelopes, so stamens and pistil are spoken of collectively as the essential organs of the flower. The circle of stamens alone is sometimes oalled tho andrcBciwn. A complete stamen consists of a slender stalk known as the filament, and a small sac called the anther. The filament, however, is not un- commonly absent, in which case the anther is sessile. As a general thing, the anther consists of two oblong cells with a sort of rib between them called the connec- tive, and that side of the anther which presents a dis- tinctly ^>'oor6'(7 appearance is ih^face, the opposite side being the hack. The filament is invariably attached to the connective, and may adhere through the entire length of the latter, in which case the anther is adnate Fig. 144. Fig. 145. Fig. 146. (Fig. 144), or the base of the connective may rest on the end of the fila'-iient, a condition described as innate (Fig. 145), or the extremity of the filament may be attached to the middle of the back of the connective, so that the anther swings about ; it is then said to be '-jcrsatile (Fig. 146). In all these cases, if the face of ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. SO the an'.hcr is turned towards the centre of the flowerj it ^.d said to be introrcc; if turned outwards, extrorcc, 133. The cells of anthers commonlj open along their outer edges to die- charge their pollen (Fig. 147). In most of the Heaths, however, the pol- len i's discharged through a, minute aperture at the top of each cell (FiQ, #i.,.7.:?i.i.-^.Fig.-'3. 1.^3)^ .jj^ -jj ^^^ gj[^,g Cohosh each cell .s p::o\z?jz^ with a lid or valve near the top, whici: opens yii a ki;:d of hinr^'e (Fig. '^4^). 134, J5;;r.mcn^ mr.y bo either entirely distinct from oach other, in which case they are described ac dian- drouCf pe7icciidvo26Sf octandrouo, c:c., according- lo theii^ number (or, if 'Jiore than tTTenty, cs indefinite), or they mii-fce united in various wcys. ii their anthers c-re uniteci i:: r. circle, w'liile tho filaments are separate (Figc CI)- they are said to bo jjurenedous , but if the filaments anite to form c. tube, while the anthers remain distinct, they are said to be nionadelphouc (Fig. 32) ; if they are in two groups they are diadelj^hous (Fig. 87) • if in three; tnadelphous ; if in more than three, polya' ddphoiis. 105. As to insertion, when stamens are inserted on the receptacle, they are hypo(jynous ; when borne on the calyx, perigijnous ; when borne on the ovary, epigy- nous ; c.nd if inserted on the corolla, e;>'^/)e^a/o^^<:•. They may, howe':"or, be borne even on the style, as in Orchis, and then they Lrc described as gynandrous. 136. If the stamens are four in number, end in two pcirc of different lengths, they arc eaid to be didyna- m(Ms (Fig. ZQ) ; if cix in number, four long and iwc short, they e-rc tctradvvjxmou^ (Fir;. C3), cind, ■iaai^y 90 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTAKY. if the stamens are hidden in the tube of a gamopetalous corolla, they are said to be included, but if they protrude beyond the tube they are exserted (Fig. 139). 137. The Pistil. This is the name given to the central organ of the flower. It is sometimes also called the gijutecium. As in the case of the stamens, the structure of the pistil must be regarded as a modifica- tion of the structure of leaves generally. The pistil may be formed by the folding of a single carpellary leaf as in the Bean (Fig. 159), in which case it is simple ; or it may consist of a number of carpels, either entirely separate from each other, or united together in various ways, in which case it is compound. If the car- pels are entirely distinct, as in Buttercup, the .pistil is apocarijous ; if they are united in any degree, it ic syncarpous. 138. In our examination of the Marsh Marigold (Figs. 24, 25) we found an apocarpous pistil of several carpels. We found also that each carpel contained a number of seeds, and that, in every case, the seeds were attached to that edge of the carpel u-Jdch was turned towards the centre of the flower, and that, as the carpels ripened, they invariably sj^lit open along that edge, but not along the other, so that the carpel when opened out presented the appearance of a leaf with seeds attached to the margins. The inner edge of a simple carpel, to which the seeds are thus attached, is called the ventral suture, the opposite edge, corresponding to the mid-rib of a leaf, being the dorsal suture. iSDo If we suppose a number of simple carpels to approach each other, and unite in the centre of a flower, it is evident that the pistil so formed would contain as many cells as there were carpels, the cells being separ-- ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 91 ated from each other by a double wall, and that the seeds would be found arranged about the centre or axis of the pistil ; and this is the actual state of things in the Tulip, whose pistil is formed by the union of three carpels. When the pistil ripens, the double walls sepa- rating the cells split asunder. To these separating walls the name dissepiment or partition is given. 140. But it often happens that though several car- pels unite to form a compound pistil, there is buu one cell in the ovary. This is because the separate carp' lary leaves have not been folded before uniting, : have been joined edge to edge, or ^r^:---^ ^^^^k rather with their edges slightly turned inwards. In these cases the seeds cannot, of course, be in the centre of the ovary, but will be found ^^' ^ ' ^°- • on the walls, at the junction of the carpels (Figs. 150j 151). In some i3lants the ovary is one-celled, and the seeds are arranged round a column which rises from the bottom of the cell (Figs. 152, 153). This cr.se is Figs 1:1, 153. explained by the early obliteration of the partitions, which must at first have met in the centre of the cell. 1-il. In all cases the line or projection to which the seeds are attached is called the placenta, and the term placentation has reference to the manner in which the placentas are arranged. In the simple pistil the placentation is maryinal or sutural. In the syncarpous pistil, if the dissepiments meet in the centre of the ovary, thu:; dividing it into separate cells, the placenta- tion is central or axile ; if tho ovarj^ i". one-celled : - ". bears the seeds on its walls, uho placentation is parieta'.' 92 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. and if the seeds are attached to a central column, it is free central. 142. Besides the unicn of the ovaries there may also be a union of the styles, and even of the stigmas. 143. A very excei3tional pistil is found in plants of the Pine Family. Here the ovules, in- stead c f being enclosed in an ovary, are usually simply attached to the inner sur- Fig. 154. face of an open carpellary leaf or scale, the scales forming what is (^y^ f} known as a co7ie (Figs. 154, 155, 156). ^^ The x)lants of this family are hence called Figs. 155, i5». gymnospermous, or naked-seeded. 144. The Fruit. In coming to the consideration of the Fruit, you must for the present lay aside any popu- lar ideas you may have acquired as to the meaning of this term. You will find that, in a strict botanical sense, many things are fruits which, in the language of common life, are not so designated. For instance, we hardly speak of a pumpkin or a cucumber as fruit, and yet they are clearly so, according to the botanist's defi- nition of that term. A fruit may be defined to be the ripened pistil together with cuuj other organ, such as the calyx or receptacle, which may he adherent to it. This definition will perhaps be more clearly understood after a few specimens have been attentively examined. 145. For an example of the simplest kind of fruit let us revert to our Buttercup. As the carpels ripen, the style and stigma are reduced to a mere point. On cutting open one of these carpels when fully ripe, we find it contains a single seed, not quite filhng the cavity, but attached at one point to the wall of the latter. What you have to guard against, in this Elements of structural botany. lo instance, is the mistake of considering the entire carpel to be merely a seed. It is a seed envel- oped in an outer covering which we called the ovary in the early stages of the flower, but which, now that it is ripe, we shall call the pericarp. This pericarp, with the seed which it contains, is the fruit. The prin- cipal difference between the fruit of Marsh-Marigold and that of Buttercup is, that, in the former, the peri- carp envelopes several seeds, and, when ripe, splits open down one side. The fruit of Buttercup does not thus split open. In the Pea, again, the pericarp encloses several seeds, but splits open along hath margins. The fruits just mentioned all result from the ripening of apocarpous pistils, and they are consequently spoken of as apocarpous fruits. 146. In Willow-herb, you will recollect that the calyx-tube adheres to the whole surface of the ovary. The fruit in this case, then, must include the calyx. When the ovary ripens, it splits longitudinally into four pieces (Fig. 41), and, as the pistil was syncarpous, so also is the fruit. 147. In the Peach, Plum, Cherry, and stone-fruits or drupes generally, the seed is enclosed in a hard shell called a putamen. Outside the putamen is a thick layer of pulp, and outside this, enclosing the whole, is a skin-like covering. In these fruits all outside the seeds is the pericarp. In one respect these stone-fruits resemble the fruit of the Buttercup : they do not split open in order to discharge their seeds. All fruits having this peculiarity are said to be indehiscent, whilst those in which the pericarp opens, or separates into pieces (called valves), are de- hiscent. 9i ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUiUL BOTANY 148. In the Apple (Fig. 48) and Pear, the seeds are contained in five cells in the middle of the fruit, and these cells are surrounded by a firm fleshy mass which is an enlargement of the calyx. In fact, the remains of the five calyx- teeth may be readily detected at the end of the apple opposite the stem. As in Willow-herb, the calyx is adherent to the ovary, and therefore calyx and ovary together constitute the pericarp. These fleshy -fruits, or j^omes, as they are sometimes called, are of course indehiscent. 149. In the Currant, as in the Apple, you will find the remains of a calyx at the top, so that this fruit, too, is infenor, but the seeds, instead of being separ?)ted from the mass of the fruit by tough cartilaginous cell- walls, as in the Apple, lie imbedded in the soft juicy pxilp. Such a fruit as this is a herry. The Gooseberry and the Grape are other examples. The Pumpkin and other gourds are similar in structure to tlie berry, but besides the soft inner pulp they have also a firm outer layer and a hard rind. The name j^^P^ is generally given to fruits of this sort. 150. A Raspberry or Blackberry (Fig. 157) proves, on examination, to be made up of a large number of juicy little drupes, aggre- gated upon a central axis. It cannot, therefore, be a true berry, but may be called Fig. 157. an aggregated fruit. 151. A Strawberry (Fig. 158) is a fruit consisting chiefly of a mass of pulp, hav- ing its surface dotted over with little carpels (achenes) similar to those of the Buttercup. The flesh of the Strawberry ^ ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTAN*Y. 95 IS simply au enlarged receptacle ; so that this fruit, 2lso, is not a true berry. 15.2. The fruit of Sweet-Brier (Fig. -^5) consists of a red fleshy calyx, lined with a hollow receptacle which bears a number of achencs. This fruit is therefore analogous to that of the Strawberry. In the latter ttie acheaes are on the outer surface of a raised receptacle, while, in the former, they r.re on the inner surface of a hoUou) receptacle. 153. Tho Gone of the Pine (Fig. 154) is a fruit which diflers in an important respect from all those yet men- tioned, inasmuch as it is the product, not of a singlo flower, but of as many flowers as there are scales. It may therefore be called a collective or multijole fruit. The Pine-Apple is another instance of the samo thing. 15-4. Of dehiscent fruits there are some varietieo which receive special names. The fruit of the Pea, or Bean (Fig. 159), who30 pericai-p splits opo:^ along loth margins, id called a legume ; thn-t of Marsh-Marigold (Fig. Fig. 150. 25), which opens down one side only, is a Jollicle, Both of these are apocar- pous. 155. Any syncarpous fruit, having a dry dehiscent pericarp, is crJled a capsule. A long and cjlondcr cap- sule, having tv/o cells sopr^rated by z membranous partition bearing tho seed, and from T7hich, wlieu ripe, tho valves fall VjVivrj on each side, ic called ?, siliqzie 96 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. Fig. 160. i^Fig. 160). If, as in Shepherd's Purse (Fig. 29), the capsule is short and broad, it is called a silide. If the capsule opens liorizontally, so that the top comes off like a lid, as in Purslane (Fig. 161), it is a^^pjz's. Any dry, one-seeded, indchiscent fruit is called an achene, of which the fruit of Buttercup (Fig. 14) is an example. In Wheat the fruit differs from that of Butter^ cup in having a closely fitting and adherent pericarp. Such a fruit is called a caryojjsis or grain. A nut is usually syncarpous, with a hard, dry peri- carp. A winged fruit, such as that of the Maple (Fig. 162), is called a Fig. 162. samara or key. 157o The Seed. The seed has already been de- scribed as the fertilized ovule. It consists of a nucleus, enveloped, as a rule, in two coats. The outer one, which is the most important, is known as the testa. Occasionally an additional outer coat, called an aril, is found. In the Euonymus of Canadian woods, the aril is particularly prominent in autumn, owing to its bright scarles colour. The stalk, by which the seed is attached to the placenta, is the /uniculics, and the scar, formed on the testa where it separates from the seed-stalk, is called the hilum. In the Pea and the Bean this scar is very distinct. 158. Germination of the Seed. When a seed is lightly covered with earth, and supplied with warmth and moisture, it soon begins to swell and soften, owing to the absorption of water, and presently bursts its ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 97 coats, either to sucb a degi'ee as to liberate the cotyle- dons completely, or so as to permit the escape of the radicle and the plumule. The former immediately takes a downward direction, developing a I'oot from its lower end, and either elongates through its whole length, in which case the cotyledons are pushed above the surface, as in the Bean, or remains stationary, in which event the cotyledons remain altogether under ground, as in the Pea and in Indian Corn. Before the root is developed, and the little plantlet is thereby enabled to imbibe food from the soil, it has to depend for its growth upon a store of nourishment supplied by the parent plant before the seed was cast adrift. The relation of this nourishment to the embryo is different in different seeds. In the Bean and the Pumpkin, for example, it is contained in the cotyledons of the embryo itself. But in Indian Corn, as we have already seen, it constitutes the bulk of the seed, the embryo merely occupying a hollow in one side of it. In such cases as the latter, it will be remembered that the term albumen is applied to the nourishing matter, as distinguished from the embryo. 159. As to the number of cotyledons, it may be re- peated that, as a rule, seeds are either dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous. Some plants of the Pine Fam- ily, however, exhibit a modification o-f the dicotyledo- nous structure, having severai cotyledons, and being consequently distinguished sls poly cot yledonous. ye ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. CHAPTER XY. ON THE MINUTE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS STEMS FOOD OF PLANTS. 160. Up to this point we have been engaged in observing such particulars of structure in plants as are manifest to the naked eye. It is now time to enquire a little more closely, and find out what-we can about the elementary structure of the different organs. We have all observed how tender and delicate is a little plantlet of any kind just sprouting from the seed ; but as time elapses, and the plant developes itself and acquires strength, its substance will, as we know, assume a texture var^-ing with the nature of the plant, either becoming hard and firm and woody, if it is to be a tree or a shrub, or continuing to be soft and compressible as long as it lives, if it is to be an herb. Then, as a rule, the leaves of plants are of quite a different consis- tency from the stems, and the ribs and veins and petioles of foliage leaves are of a firmer texture than the remaining part of them. In all plants, also, the newest portions, both of stem and root, are extremely soft compared with the older parts. It will be our object in this chapter to ascertain, as far as we can, the reason of such differences as these-, and to accomiDlish this, we shall have to call in the aid of a microscope of much higher power than that which has hitherto served our purpose. 161. I- a small bit, taken from a soft stem, be boiled for a while so as to reduce it to a pulp, and a little of this pulp be examined under the microscope, it will be foirj-. to be entirely composed of more or less rounded ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 99 or oval bodies, which are either loosely thrown together (Fig. 163), or are pressed into a more or less compact Fig. 163. Fig. 164. Fig. 164 ra;. mass. In the latter case, owing to mutual pressure they assume a somewhat angular form. These bodies are called cells. They are hollow, and their walls are usually thin and transparent. The entire fabric of every plant, without any exception whatever, is made up of cells ; but as we proceed in our investigation, we shall find that these cells are not all precisely alike, that as they become older they tend, as a rule, to thicken their walls and undergo changes in form, which, to a great extent, determine the texture of the plant's substance. 162. A fabric made up of cells is called a tissue. A collection of such cells as we found constituting our pulp, and as we should find constituting the mass of all the soft and new parts of plants, as well as of some hard parts, is called cellular tissue. The cells com- posing cellular tissue vary a great deal in size in different plants, being, as a rule, largest in aquatics, in which they may sometimes be observed with the naked eye. Ordinarily, however, they are so minute that millions of them find room in a cubic inch of tissue. 163. When young, the walls of the cells are quite unbroken. Each cell is lined with an extremely thin membrane, and a portion of its cavity is occupied by a 100 ELEMENTS OF STKUCTlRAL BOTxNT. Boffe body called the nucleus. The space betu'een the nucleus and the Uning of the cell is filled "with a thick- ish liquid called protoplasm, and the microscope re- veals to us the fact that, as long as the cells are liviu'i cells, a circulation or current is constantly kept up in the protoplasm of each. To this curious movement the term cyclosis has been applied. As the cells become older, the nature of their contents is altered by the introduction of watery sap, in which other substances are found, notably starch, sugar, chlorophyll (to which leaves owe their green colour), and crystals (raphides) of various salts of lime. Tiie substance of which the cell-wall is composed is called cellulose, and is a chemical compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. [n the protoplasm nitrogen is found in addition to the \iiree elements just mentioned. 164. Tlie (jroKth of a jAant consists in the 'multiplication ?f its cells. Every plant begins its existence with a single cell, and by the repeated division of this, and the growth of the successive sections, the whole fabric of the i)lant, whether herb, shrub, or tree, is built up. The division of a ceU is accomplished by the formation of a partition across the middle of it, the nucleus having previously separated into two pieces. The partition is formed out of the linijig of the cell. Each half of the cell then enlarges, and, when its full size is attained, divides again, and so on, as long as the cells are living cells. 165. But in order to increase their size, food of some kind is essential. Growing plants supply this to their cells mainly in the form of sap, which is taken in by the root-fibres, and made suitable, or elaborated, or assimilated^ by chemical action in the plant itself, Bj ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUEAL BOTANY. 101 a very curious process, the liquids absorbed by the root pass from cell to cell, though each is quite enclosed, until they reach the leaves, where the elaboration is performed. The process is carried on under the law, that if two liquids of different density be separated by a thin or porous diaphragm, they will permeate the diaphragm, and change places with gi-eater or less rapidity according to circumstances, the liquid of Jess density penetrating the diaphragm more rapidly than the other. The cells of plants, as we have said, contain dense liquid matter. The moisture present in the soil, and in contact with the tender root-hairs (which are made up of cells, you will remember), being of less den- sity than the contents of the cells, flows into them, and is then passed on from cell to cell on the same princi- T)le. The supply of assimilated matter is thus renewed as fast as it is appropriated by the newly divided and growing cells. 166. If a plant, during its existence, simply multiplies its cells in this way, it can of course only be a mass of cellular tissue as long as it Hves. But we see every- where about us plants, such as trees and shrubs, whose stems are extremely firm and enduring. How do these stems differ from those of tender herbs? How d) they differ from the soft parts of the plants to which they themselves belong ? A moment's consideration will make it evident that, as every plant begins with a single cell, and increases by successive multiplications of it, every part of the plant must at some time have bee.- composed c^ cellular tissue, just as the newer portions are at present. The cells of those parts which are no 102 ELEMENTS OF STKUCTURAl. BOTANY. longer soft must, then, have undergone a change of some kind. Let us try to understand the nature Oi this change. It has been stated that the walls of new cells are extremely thin ; as they become older, however, they, as a rule, increase in thickness, owing to deposits of cellulose upon their inner surface. It sometimes happens, indeed, that the deposits are so copious as to almost completely fill up the cavity of the cell. The idea will naturally suggest itself, that this thickening of the walls must impede the passage of the sap, but it is found that the thickening is not uniform, that there are, in fact, regular intervals which remain thin, and that the thin spot in one ceU is directly opposite a cor- responding thin spot in the wall of its neighbour. Eventually, however, these altered cells cease to convey sap. 167. The hard parts of plants, then, differ from the soft parts in the different consistency of their cell-ualls. But they differ also in the form of the cells themselves. In those parts where toughness IJ^AVI ^^^ strength will be required, as, for ex- ample, in the inner bark, in the stem, and in the frame-work of the leaves, the cells become elongated and their extremities as- sume a tapering form, so that they overlap each other, instead of standing end to end as in ordinary cellular tissue (Fig. 165). To this drawing-out process, combined with the Fig. 165. hardening of the walls, is due the firmness of wood generally, and the tissue formed by these modi- fied cells is known as woody tissue. On account of the great relative length of the cells found in the inner ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL. BOTANY. 103 for^rk, and the consequent toughness conferi'ed upon that part, the tissue formed by them is specially dis- tinguished as bast tissue. Associa't;ed with the 'wood- cells are commonly found others, differing frori them chiefly in being larger in diameter, and formed out of rows of short cells, standing end to end, by the disap- pearance of the partitions which separated them. These enlarged cells, produced in this way, ai-e called Vessels or ducts, and a combination of them is known as vascular tissue. Ducts in- variably show markings of some sort on their walls. The one figured in the margin (Fig. 166) is a dotted duct, the dots being spaces which have not been thickened by deposits of cellulose. Other ducts are spinilbj marked on thx as carbon dioxide, or car- bonic acid. This gas, which is a compound of carbon and oxygon., ii produced largely in the lung: of animal.c. ancl by them exhaled. 1^ is readily soluble in water, :^z tha'^ rain-dro'f)c in their passage through the air dissolv: :u and carry it with them into the soil. Again, wherever anrjia. or vegetablo matter is decaying there io nrc- duced a gas called ammonia, a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, and, lik3 carbonic acid, readily soluble, Ro that thi: also is present in rain-water. Anc when ix is considerod that L verj- large proportion of the air con- sists of free nitrogen, soluble to some extent in water, and that r.ic elements c- water itself arc oxygen and hydro- gen J' win b& cifl::-:'- that the moisture in th: earth. contai3.3 a supply of eve: / one of the element ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 107 chiefly required by the plant. Now it is a matter of common experience that, mth rare exceptions, a plant will wither and die unless supplied with adequate mois- ture. We therefore come to the conclusion, that at any rate the greater part of the nourishment of plants is imbibed in liquid form through the roots. The law of endosmose, in accordance with which this imbibing goes on, has already been explained. The sr/jt), as it is called, ascends through the newer tissues, and is at- tracted to the leaves by the constant evaporcticn going on there, and the consequent thickening of the contents of the cells in those organs. 173. And this leads to the question — How does the water-vapour make its escape from the leaves ? The microscope solves this difficulty for us. A leaf almost always presents one surface towards the sky and the other towards the ground. It is protected on both sides by an epidermis or skin, consisting of very closely packed cells. The side exposed to the sun is almost unbroken, but the lower side is seen, under the microscope, to be perforated by innu- merable little openings, which lead into the body of the leaf. These openings, to which the name stumata, or stomates (Fig. 170) has been given, have the power of expanding when moistened by damp air, and contract- ing when dry. By this wonderful contriv- ance, the rate of evaporation is regulated, and a proper balance maintained between the supply at the root and the loss from the leaves. The stomates, it may be noticed, serve also as means whereby carbonic acid may be directly absorbed from the air. In those plants whose leaves float on water the stomates are 108 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL liOTANY. found on the upper surface, and in vertical leaves they occur pretty equally on both surfaces. Immersed ler.ves are without stomates. 174. The cricde sap, then, which ascends into the leaves is concentrated by the evaporation of its super- fluous water. When so concentrated, the action of sun- light, in connection with the green colouring matter existing in the cells of the leaves, and known as chloro- phyll, decomposes the carbonic acid, contained in the sap, into its carbon and oxygen. The latter gas issuer from the leaves into the air, whilst the carbon is retained and combined with the remaining elements to form elaborated sap, out ui which the substance of new cells is constructed. 175. It thus appears that the chemical action which goes on in the leaves of plants is precisely the reverse of what takes place in the lungs of animals. The latter inhale oxygen, combine it with the carbon of the blood, and exhale the resulting carbonic acid. The former take in carbonic acid, decompose it in the leaves and other green parts, and exhale the oxygen. Plants may there- fore be regarded as purifiers of the air, 176. It remains to be added, that besides the four substances, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, which are called the orrjanic elements, many others are found in the fabric of plants. When a piece of wood is burnt away, the organic elements disappear, but a quantity of ash remains behind. This contains the various mineral substances which the water absorb- ed by the plant has previously dissolved out of the soil, but which it is not necessary to our present purpose to enumerate here. ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUR.^L BOTANY. 109 CHAPTEE XYI. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM., 177. Hitherto, our examination of plants has been confined to a few selected specimens, and we have examined these chiefly in order to become acquainted with some variations in the details of growth, as exem- plified by them. Thus, we have found plants which agree in exhibiting two cotyledons in the embryo, and others, again, which are monocotyledonous. Some members of the former group were found to exhibit two sets of floral envelopes, other only one, and others, again, were entirely without these organs. And so on through the various details. We now set out with the vegetable world before us — a world populated by forms almost infinite in number and variety. If, therefore, our study of these forms is to be carried on to advantage, we shall have to resolve upon some definite plan or system upon which to proceed ; otherwise we shall merely dissipate our energies, and our results will be without meaning. Just as, in our study of language, we find it convenient to classify words into what we call parts of speech, and to divide and subdivide these again, in order to draw finer distinctions, so, in our study of plants, it will be necessary to arrange them 110 E1.EMENTC OF 5 rCCTtulAL BOTANY. first of all into compreliensive groups, on the ground of some characteristic possessed by every member of each group. Just as, in Latin, every noun whose genitive case is found to end in cb is classed "^ith nouns of the first declension, so in Botany, every ^Dlaut presenting certain peculiarities will be placed in a group along with all the other plants presenting the same peculiar- ities. 17C. Some hints have already been given you as to the kind of resemblances upon which classification is based. For instance, an immense number of plants arc found to produce seeds with a dicotyledonous embryo, while an immense number of others have monocotyledonous embryos. This distinction, there- fore, is so pronounced, that it forms the basis of a divis- ion into two very large groups. Again, a very large number of dicotyledonous plants have their corollas in separate petals ; many others have them united, whilst others again have no petals at all. Here, then, is an opportunity to subdivide the Dicotyledons into poly- petalous, gamopetalous, and apetalous groups. And so we go on, always on the plan that the more widely spread a pecuharity is found to be, the more compre- hensive must be the group based on that peculiarity ; and so it happens, that the smallest groups of all come to depend upon distinctions which are, in many cases, by no means evident, and upon which botanists often find themselves unable to agree. 179. As our divisions and subdivisions will neces- sarily be somewhat nimierous, we shall have to devise a special name for each kind of group, in order to avoid (onfusion of ideas. We shall, then, to begin with, di-aw a broad line of distinction between those plants ELEMENTS C* STRUCTURAL DOTAITT. Ill T,iiich produce flowers of some kind, and those which do noti and to each of these great groupo -we shall give the name Series. We thus h.y, the Flo'~/ering, or. to use the Greek term, PhaR9roga2T^Gus, Series, and tha Flowerless, or Cryptcg^.mou3, oeries ; or we may spoak of them hrietiy as Phanercrjamc and Crypto- {^ '.ms. Then, leaving the Cryptogams aside foi tne moment, we may hreak up the Phanerogams into two great Classes, Exogens (or D^ect^ledons) and Endoger_3 (or Monocotyledon;:), for reasons al- ready explained. By far the greater numher oi Exogens produce seeds which are enclosed in a pericarp of some kind ; but there is a remarkable group of plants (repre- sented in Canada only by the Pines and their imme- diate relatives) which dispense with the pericarp alto- gether, and whose seeds are consequently naked. So that we can make two bub-Classes of th: Tlxogens, on the basis of this difference, and these we rjuc.ll call the Angiospermous Sub-Class, and the Gym::icGpcr- mous (naked-seeded) Sub-Class. The first of thes: may be grouped in three Divisions, the PohjpHalous, Gamopetalous, and Ajyetalous, and the Endogens also in three, the Spadiceoics, the Petaloideous, and the Glumaceous, types of which we have already examined ii: the Marsh Calla (spadiceous), Trillium (petaloideous)^ and Timothy (glumaceous), and the distinctions between which are sufficiently obvious. •i.he Cryptogams are divided into three great Classes, viz. : Acrog3n3, embracing Ferns, Horse- tails and Club-mosses; Anophytes, embracing Mosses and Liverworts; and 'rhallophytes,cmbracingLichens, Seaweeds, and Mushrooms. 112 ELEMENTS OF STRL-CTLTtAL BOTANY. So far, then, our classification *s ac follows : Series I. Phanero- gams f Sub-class 1— Ar giosperms Polypetalous Division. Class I.— Exogens -X Gamopetalous Apetalous (^ Sub-class 2-Gt 11. ^ .■ . ma r Spadiceous Division. Class II.— Endogens-! Petaloideous Division. \Glurvacenus Division. /^Class III.— Acrogens. Series II. Cryptogams. . L uiass V .— J.- Each of the Divisions ir: sub-divided into :, number Families or Orders ; each Order into a number I H Class IV.— Anophytes. i Class v.— Thallophytes. of Genera ; and each Genus into Species. A species is the snm cJ all the individual plants t. hose resemblances in all essential respects are so great as to warrant the belief that they have sprung from one common stock. De Candolle has this statement : " We unite under ahe designation of r. species all those individuals that mutu- ally bear to each other so close a resemblance as to allow of our supposing that they may have proceeded originally from a single being or a single pair.'' We may also speak of each one of these individual plants as a specieso For example, you may say, after finishing the first lesson of this book, that you have examined a species of Buttercup. Mere differences- of colour or size are not sufficient to constitute different species. The Balsams of our gardens, for instance, are of various colours, and the plants vary greatly in size, yet they all belong to one species. These minor differences, which are mainly the result of caro and cultivation, give rise to varieties. These are of great interest to the horticul- ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 113 tiirist., but the study of species is the great end and aim of the botanist. 180. Those Species which are considered to resem- ble each other most nearly are grouped into Genera, and the Genera, in like manner, into Orders ; but these particular groupings are more or less artificial, and are subject to continual alteration in con- sequence of our imperfect knowledge. As, year by year, new facts are brought to Hght, modifications in arrangement take place. In the Classification which constitutes the Second Part of this work, the Divi- sions spoken of above are placed in the order named. In the Polypetalous Division, those Orders are put first which embrace plants with hypogynous stamens and apocarpous pistils, the parts of the flowers being consequently separate ; then those with similarly in- serted stamens, but syncarpoits pistils ; then those with perigynous stamens ; and, generally, we proceed from plants whose flowers have all their parts separate to those exhibiting more or less cohesion and adhesion, and finally to those having one or more parts of the flower wanting. 181. In looking up the name of a plant, it will be your object to determine the Genus to which it belongs, and also the Species. The name of every plant consists of two parts : its Genus first, and then its Species. Tlie name of the Genus is a Latin noun, and that of the Species a Latin adjective agreeing with the noun. The Buttercup, for example, which we examined at the outset, belongs to the Genus Ranunculus. In this Genus are included many Species. The particular one examined by us is known as acrls ; so that the full name 114 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL DOTANY. of the plant is Ranunculus acris. In like manner, the name of the plant popularly called Marsh-Marigold is Caltha palustris. 182. The Key which is prefixed to the Classification will enable you to determine without much difficulty the Order to which a plant belongs, but nothing more. Having satisfied yourselves as to the Order, you must turn to the page on which that Order is described, and, by carefully comparing the descriptions there given with the characters exhibited by your plant, decide upon its Genus, and, in the same manner, upon its Species. THE HEKBAEIUM. Those who are anxious to make the most of then* botanical studies will find it of great advantage to gather and preserve specimens for reference. A few hints, therefore, on this subject will not be out of place. It will, of course, be an object to collectors to have their specimens exhibit as many of their natural char- acters as possible, so that, although dried and pressed, there will be no difficulty in recognizing them ; and to this end neatness and care are the first requisites. Specimens should be collected when the plants are in tiower, and, if possible, on a dry day, as the flowers are then in better condition than if wet. If the plant is small, the whole of it, root and all, should be taken up ; if too large to be treated in this way, a flower and one or two of the leaves (radical as weU as cauline, if these be different,) may be gathered. As many of your specimens will be collected at a dis- tance from home, a close tin box, which may be slung over the shoulder by a strap, should be provided, in which the plants may be kept fresh, particularly if a few drops of water be sprinkled upon them. Perhaps a better way, however, is to carry a portfolio of conveni- ent size — say 15 inches by 10 inches — made of two pieces of stout pasteboard or thin deal, and having a couple of straps with buckles for fastening it together. Between the covers should be placed sheets of blotting paper, or coarse wrapping paper, as many as will allow the specimens to be separated by at least five or six sheets. The advantage of the portfoUo is, that the 116 116 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. plants may be placed oetween the sheets of blotting paper, and subjected to pressure by means of the straps, as soon as they are gathered. If carried in a box, they should be transferred to paper as soon as possible. The specimens should be spread out with great care, and the crumpling and doubling of leaves guarded against. The only way to prevent moulding is to place plenty of paper between the plants, and change the paper frequently , the frequency depending on the amount of moisture contained in the specimens. From ten days to a fort- night will be found sufficient for the thorough drying of almost any plant you are likely to meet with. Hav- ing made a pile of specimens with paper between them, as directed, they should be placed on a tabic or floor, covered by a flat board, and subjected to pressure by placing weights on the top ; twenty bricks or so will answer very well. When the specimens are thoroughly dry, the next thing is to mount them, and for this purpose you will require sheets of strong white paper ; a good quality of unruled foolscap, or cheap drawing paper, will be suit- able. The most convenient way of attaching the spec- imen to the paper is to take a sheet of the same size as ynur paper lay the specimen carefully in the centre, wrong side up, and gum it thoroughly with a very soft brush. Then take the paper to which the plant is to be attached, and lay it carefully on the specimen. You can then lift paper and specimen together, and, by pressing lightly with a soft cloth, ensure complete ad- hesion. To render plants with stout stems additionally secure, make a slit with a penknife through the paper immediately underneath the stem ; then pass a narrow band of paper round the stem, and thrust both ends of ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUKAL BOTANY. 117 the band through the sht. The ends may then be gummed to the back of the sheet. The specimen having been duly mounted, its botan- ical name should be written neatly in the lower right- hand corner, together with the date of its collection, and the locality where found. Of course only one Species should be mounted on each sheet ; and when a sufficient number have been prepared, the Species of the same Genus should be placed in a sheet of larger and coarser paper than that on which the specimens arc mounted, and the name of the Genus should be written outside on the lower corner. Then the Genera of the same Order should be collected in the same manner, and the name of the Order written outside as before. The Orders may then be arranged in accordance with the classification you may be using, and carefully laid away in a dry place. If a cabinet, with shelves or draw- ers, can be specially devoted to storing the plants, so much the better. INDEX AND GLOSSAEY The references are to the Sections, unless Figuies are specified. Abruptly pinnate, 114. Absorption by roots, 2, 165. 172. Acaulescent : apparently without a stem, 18. Accessory fruits : such as consist chiefly of an enlargement of some organ, such as t^ ' caly^ or receptacle, not organically united with the pistil, 151, 152. Achenium or Achene, 156 Achlamydeous : having neither calyx nor corolla, 66 Acicular, Fig. 110. Acrogens, 179. Acuminate : with z long tapering point. Acute: r:barp-pointed, 110. Adherent : a term applied to the union of unlike parts ; e. g. stamens with corolla, &c. Adnata (anthers), 132. Adventitious : occurring out of the natural position. Adventitious roots, 86. Adventitious buds, 88. Aerial roots, 86. Aestivation : the folding of the floral envelopes in the bud. Aggregate fruits, 150. Air-plants (epiphytes), 87. Albumen (of the seed) : solid nourishing matter distinct irom ch embryo, 12. Albuminous seeds, 59. Alternate (leaves), 99. _lment or Catkin, Figs. 63, 64. Amplexicaul : clasping a stem. Anatropous : a term applied to ovules when inverted, so tha^ the! micropyle is close to the point of attachment. Androecium : the cirol:; of stamens collectively, 132. Androus : an ending of adjectives descriptive of stamens, e.g., monandrous, polyandrous, &c. Angiospermous : applied to plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary. Annual : a plant which grows from the seed, flowers, and dies, ir the same season. Anophytes, 179. Anth( : the essential part of a stamen, containing the pollen, 132. Apetalou!^ : without a corolh ; having only on:- cct ol floral envelopes, 20 120 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Apocarpous: applied to pistils when the carpels are free from each ether. Appendage : anything attached or added. Appressed : in contact, but not united. Aquatic : growing in the water, whether completely, or only partially, immersed. Arborescent : resembling a tree. Aril, 157. Arrow-shaped, Fig. 120. Ascending : rising upward in a slanting direction ; applied chiefly to weak stems. Ascending axis : the stem of a plant. Ascidium : a pitcher-shaped leaf. Fig. 134. Ashes of plants, 176. Assimilation, 165. Auriculate : same as auricled, having rounded lobes at the base ; applied mostly to leaves. Awl-sbaped, Fig. 112. Awn : a bristle, such as is found on the glumes of many Grasses, Barley for example. Axil, 3. Axile : relating to the axis. Axillary : proceeding from an axil. Axillary buds, 88. Axillary flowers, 120. Axis : the stem and root. baccate: like a berry. Bark, 169. Bast, 167. Bearded: furnished with hairs, like the petals of some Violets, &c. Bell-shaped, 130. Berry, 149. Biennial : a plant which grows from seed in one season, but pro- duces its seed aud dies in the following -season. Bifoliolate : having two leaflets. Bilabiate: two-lipped, Fig. 142. Bipinnate: t\\ice pinnate. Fig. 132. Bipinnatifid : twice pinuatifid, Fig. 123. Blade : the broad part of a leaf or petal. Bracts, 19, 125. Bracteate : subtended by a bract. Bractlets : secondary bracts growing on pedicels, 125. Branches : growths from the sides of a stem, originating in axil- lary buds, 3. Breathing-pores (stomates), 173. Bud : an undeveloped stem or branch. Bulb, 92. INDEX AND GLOSSAEY. 121 Bulbiferous : producing bulbs. Bulblets, 95. Bulbous : like a bulb in shape. Caducous, 128. Calyx, 5. Cambium layer, 170. Campanulate, 130. Capillary : fine and hair-like. Capitulum : same as head, 122. Capsule, 155. Carina, or keel : the two coherent petals in the front of a flower of the Pea kind. Fig. 36. Caryopsis, 156. Carpel, 7. Carpellary : relating to a carpel, e.g., a carjpellary I'af, &c. Cartilaginous : tough. Catkin, Figs. 63,64. Caulescent : with an evident stem. Caulicle : another name for the radicle. Cauline : relating to the stem, e.g., caulinc leaves, &c., 4. Cell : the hollow in the anther, which contains the pollen. See also 161. Cell -multiplication, 164. Cellular tissue, 162. Cellulose, 163. Centrifugal inflorescence, 121. Centripetal inflorescence, 120. Chalaza : the part of an ovule where the coats are united to the nucleus. Chlorophyll, 163, 174. Ciliate, 116. Circinate : curled up like the young frond of a Fern. Circulation in cells, 163. Circumcisf-ile: opening like a pyxis, Fig. 161. Classitication, 177. Claw (of a petal), 40, 129. Climbing stems, 90. Club-shaped: with the lower part more slender than the upper, as the style of Dog's-tooth Violet, Fig. 73. Cohesent: a term applied to the union of like parts, 26. Cohesion, 26. Collerm, or neck : the junction of the stem and root. Coll active fruits, 153. Column, 72. Coma : a tuft of hairs, such as that on the seed of Dandelion, Fig. 56. Complete, 8. Compound, or Composite, flowers, 49. 1 22 INDEX AND GLOSSABY. Compoun ^ ie:i, 100. Compounc ::pike, corymb, &c., 122, Cone, 14D, ConiforouE : bearing cones. Connate : groove* together. Connate-perfoliate, Fig. 130. Connective, 13-2. Convolute : rolled inwards from one edge. Cordate, 108. Corm, 66. Corolla, 5. Corymb, Fig. 135. Corymbose : like a corymb. Cotyledons, 58. Creeping, 90, Crenate, Fig. 128. Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the flowers of Shepherd's Pnrse, &c. Crude sap, 174. Crvptogams, 179. Culm, 90. Cuneate : wedge-shaped. Cusi:idate, Fig. 126. Cyclocis, 163. Cyme, 124. C: :::ose : like a cyme. Decandrour • with ten separate stamens. Deciduous 5. Decompoun : applied to leaves whose blades are divided and subdivided. Decumbent : applied to stems which lie on the ground but turn upward at the extremity. Decurrent, Fig. 131. Decussate : applied to the arrangement of leaves, when successive pairs of opposite leaves are at right angles, as in the plants of the Mint family. Definite inflorescence, 121. Deflexed : bent down. Dehiscent, 147. Dehiscence of anthers, Figs. 147, 148, 149. Deliquescent : applied to stems which dissolve into branches^ Deltoid, 146. Dentate, 112. Depauperate : unnaturally small. Depressed : flattened down. Descending axis : the root, 83. Determinate infloresccnco, 1£1. Diadclphous : applied to zt:.-ja.cnz, DG= i Diandrous : -with ■':\ro sepai^nt^ st::menc. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 128 Dichlamydeous : having both sets of floral envelopes. Dicotyledonous, 58. \ Dicotyledons, 59. ^ Didynamous (stamens). 50 ^ Digitate, 101. Dioecious, 56. Disk : in flowers of the Composite Family, the centre of the head as distinguished from the border ; a fleshy enlargement of the receptacle of a flower. Dissected : finely cut. Dissepiment, 139. Distinct: not coherent, (see Coherent). Divergent : separating from one another. Dodecandrous : with twelve distinct stamens. Dorsal suture, 1.S8, Dotted ducts, Fig. 166. Double flowers : abnormal flowers in which stamens and carpel o have been transformed into petals. Do'.vny : covered with soft hairs. Drupe, 147. Drupelet, a little drape. * Ducts, 167. Earthy constituents of plants, 176. Elaborated sap, 174. Elementary constituents of plants, 176. Element^jy structure, 160. Elliptical : same as oval, 105. Emarginate, 111. Embryo, 12. Embryo. sac, 16. Emersed : raised above the surface of water. Endocarp : " When the wall&of a pericarp form two or more lay- ers f dissimilar texture, the outer layer is called the Epicarp, the : liddle one Mcsocarp, a.nd the innermost Endocarp/' — Gray. Endogen, 81. Endogenous growth, 171. Endosmose, 172, 165. Enneandrous : with nine distinct stamens. Entire, 112. Ephemera : last* one day only. Epicalyx, 3.3. Epicarp : eee Endocarp. Epidermis, I'oJ. Epigynous : inserted on the ovary, 46. Epipetalous ; inserted on the corolla, 47. Epiphytes, 87. Equitant (leaves), 98. I2i ETDEZ iiKD GLOSSARY. Essential organs, 17. Evergreen : retaining foliage during ■winter. Exalbummous, 59. Excurrent: said of main stems which are distinct, and well- markei to the top, as in the Pine and Fir ; the reverse of deliquescent. Exhalation, 175, 173. Exogen^ 60. Exogenous growth, 169. Exserted protruding, 136. Exstipulatc, 115. Extrorse. 132. Fascicle: a close bundle, either of leaves or flowcra. Fascicled roots, 85. Feather-veined: same as pinnately- veined, 101. Fertile flowerr 53. Fertilization, 17. Fibrous thread-like, 2. Fibro-va^cular system, 167. Filament, 6. Filiform, 117. Fimbriate : fringed. Fleshy fruits, 148. Flora : a description of the plants of a district ; a collective name for the whole of the species of a district. Floral envelopes, 14. Floret, 48. riower : the part of a phanerogamous plant in which the stamens and pistil are situated. Flower-leaves, 11. Flowering plants, 179. Flowcrless plants, 179. poliaceous : 'ike a leaf in appearance. Toliolato : having leaflets. Follicle, 154. Free, 5. Fruit, 144. Fugacious : falling away early. Funiculus, 157. Funnel-shaped, Fig. 140. Furcate : forked. Fusiform : same as spindle-shaped, 85. Galea : an arching petal or sepal, as the two upper ones in CatnJTi, :.: 57. '-..cimop.. -llous, C3. rrjnopetalou,':, 120. Coiaosenalous, 127. INDEr AND GLOSSABT. V2xj' Genera : plural oi genus. - Genus, 179. Germ : same as embryo. Germination, 150. Gibbous : swollen on ono side. Glabrous, 116. Gladiate : sword- shaped. Glands : applied generally "^o cells or hairs on the surfaces of plants, in which resinous or oily matters are secreted ; but the term is also used to describe any projection, the use of which is not clear. Glandular : bearing glands. Glaucous, 116. Globose : like a globe or sphere. Glumaceous : bearing or resembling glumes. Glumes, 75. Gourd, 149. Grain, 156. Granules : particles. Gymnospermoas, 143. GymnospermS; 179. Gynoecium, 137. Gynandrous, 135. Habitat : a term applied to the region most favourable to tha growth of a plant : the place where it grows naturally. Hairs, 116. Hairy, 4. Halberd-shaped, Fig. 119. Hastate. Fig. 119. Head, 122. Heart-shaped, 108. Heptandrous : with seven distinct stamens. Herb, 89. Herbaceous, 89. Herbarium : a botanist's collection of dried plants. Hexandrous : with six distinct stamens. Hilum, 157. Hirsute : rough with hairs. Hispid : covered with stiff hairs. Hoary : densely covered with fine grayish hairs Hortus siccus : same as herbarium. Hybrids : plants resulting from the crossing o. nearly related species. Hypogynous, 135. Imbricate : overlapping like shingles on a roof. Immersed : wholly under water. Imperfect, 53. 126 INDEX AND GLOSSABYo Included, 136. Incomplete, 19. Incurved (petals) Fig. 50. Indefinite, 26, 134. Indefinite inflorescence, 120. Indebiscent, 147. Indeterminate inflorescence, 120. Indigenous : naturally growing in a country. Inferior : underneath ; farthest from the axis ; the ovary is inferior when the calyx adheres to it throughout ; the calyx is inferior when free from the ovary. Inflorescence, 119. Innate, 132. Inserted : attached to. Insertion : the point, or manner, of attachment. Internodes, 4. Interruptedly pinnate, Fig. 133. Introrse, 132. Involucel, 125. Involucre, 125. Involute : rolled inwards from both edges, irregular, 35. Isomerous : having the parts equal in number. Joints : a name sometimes given to the nodes of a stem. Keel, see Carina. Kernel, 16. Key-fruit, 156. Kidney-shaped, Fig. 121. Labellnm (or lip), 71. Labiate, 50. Lanceolate, Fig. 113. Leaf, 97. Leaf-arrangement, 99. Leaf-greeu, see Chlorophyll. Leaflet, 100. Leafstalk, 4. Legume, 154. Leguminous : producing or relating to legnmes. Liber, 169. Ligneous : woodv. Ligulate, 131. Ligule : a strap-shaped corolla n Grasses, a scale-liko projec- tion between the blade of a leaf and the sheath. Limb, 129, 130. Lip, see Labellum. Linear, Fig. 111. INDEX AND GLOSSABY. 127 Lobe, 4, 100. Loculicidal (dehiscence) : splitting midway between the partitions. Loment : a jointed legume. Lyrate : pinnately-lobed, with the terminal lobe much larger than the others. Marcescent : withering persistent. Marginal : relating to the margin. Markings (on cells), 167. Medullary rays, 169. Membranous : thin, like a membrane. Mesocarp : see Endocarp. Micropyle, 16. Midrib, 101. Monadelphous, 134. Monandrous: with a single stamen, 72. Monochlamydeous : with only one set of floral envelopes. Monocotyledonous, 80. Monocotyledons, 81. Monoecious, 53. Morphology, 82. Mucronate, 110. Multifid, 109. Multiple fruits, 153. Naked flowers : those which are destitute of calyx and corolla. Naked seeds . those not enclosed in an ovary, 143. Napiform, 85. Natural system of classification, 177, &c. Naturalized : introduced from other countries, but growing spon- taneously from seed. Neck, see Collum. Nectary : that in which nectar is secreted. Needle-shaped, Fig. 110. Net-veined, 4. Neutral flowers : those having neither stamens nor pistil. Nodding : hanging with the top downwards, like the flower in Fig. 72. Node, 4. Normal: regular; according to rule. Nucleus (of an ovule), 16, 157 ; (of a cell), 163. Nut, 156. Nutlet : a small nut, or nut-like body, 50. Obcordate, 108. Oblanceolate, 107. Oblique : having the sides unequal. Obliteration (of partitions) , 140. Oblong, 105. 128 INDEX AND GLOSSAKY. Obovate, 107, Obtuse, 110. Gchrea : a tube formed by the union of both edges of a pair of stipules. • Ocbreate : baring ocbreae. Octandrous : having eight separate stamens. Offset: a short, prostrate branch, rooting at the end. Opposite, 99. Orbicular, lOoo Orders, 179. Organic elements, 176. Organs : the parts or members of a living body. Organs Ox Benroduction : the parts of the flower. Organs cr V'egetation : root, stem, and leaves. Orthotropous : applied to ovules when straight, so that the micro- pyle is as far as possible from the -^oint of attachment. Oval, 105, Ovary, 7. Ovate, 106. Ovoid: egg-shaped. Ovule, 7. Palate, 131. Palet, 75. Palmate, 101. Palmately-lobed, 109. Palmatifid, 109. Panicle, 123. Papilionaceous, 35 Pappo.^e, 128. Pappus : a circle of bristles or hairs representing the limb of the calyx in flowers of the Composite Family, 48. Parallel-veined : same as straight-veined, 62. Parasites, 87. Parenchyma, 167. Parietal : on the walls, 141. Parted: almost completely cut through. Pectinate : pinuatifid with lobes like the teeth of a comb-. Pedate, Fig. 125. Pedicel, 27. Peduncle, 5. Peltate, Fig. 123. Pentandrous : with five distinct stamens. Pepo, 149. Perennial : a plant which continues to grow year after yea?. Perfect : having both stamens and pistil. Perfoliate, 113. Perianth, 63. Pericarp, 145. INDEX AND GLOSSARY 1^9 Pcrigynous, 36. Persistent, 32. x'ersonate, 131. Petal. 5. Petiolate : haying petioles. Petiole, 4. Phanerogamous or Phaenogumous, 179. Pilose : having long soft hairs. Pinna : a primary division of a pinnately compound leaf. Pinnate, lUl. Pinnatelv-lobed, 109. Pinnatifid, 109. Pinnule . a secondary division of a pinnatelv compound leaf. Pistil, 137, 7. ' ' P..5tillate : having a pistil, 53. Pitcher-shaped (leaf), Fig. 134.- Puh, 109. Placenta, 141. Placentation, 141. Plumose : feathery. Plumule, 58. Pod : a dehiscent fruit. Pollen, 6. PoiUn-tube, 16. Polliiiia : pollen-masses, Fig. 87. Polyadelphous, 134. Polyandrous : with numerous distinct stamens, Polycotyledonous, 159. Polygamous: having perfect as well as imperfect flowers. Polypetalous : having separate petals. Polysepalous : having separate sepals. Pome, 148. Posterior : next the axis. Praefl rati'^n, see Estivation. Pr;rfoliation ; the disposition of leaves in the b'jd. Prickles, 96. Procumbent : lying on the ground. Prosenchynia, 167. Prostrate', 90. Protoplasm, 163. Pu^""cent : covered with fine dowB. Pur.v:ttite : having transparent dots, like the _e:.ves of bt. John's Wort. .-. ..c?.mcn. 147. Pyxifl, 155. Quinquefoliolate : having five leaflets. Raceme, 122. 180 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Racemose : like a raceme. Eachis: an axis. Radiate, 101. Radical : pertaining to the root. Radical leaves, 4. Radicle, 58. Raphides, 163. Ray : the marginal florets of a composite flower, as distinguished from the disk. Receptacle, 8. Recurved : curved backwards. Reflexed : bent backwards. Regular : with parts of the same size and shape. Reniform, Fig. 121. Reticulated : netted. Retuse : slightly notched at the apex. Revolute : rolled back. Rhizome, 91. Pibs, 101. Ringent, 131. Root, 2, 83. Root-hairs, 165. Rootlet, 2. Rootstock, 91. Rotate, 130. Rotation in cells, 163. Rudimentary : imperfectly developed. Rugose : wrinkled. Runcinate : with teeth pointing backwards, as in the leaf Dandelion. Runner, 90. Sagittate, Fig. 120. Salver-shaped, Fig. lil Samara, Fig. 162. Sap, 172, 174. Sarcocarp : the flesh of a drupe. Scabrous : rough. Scandent : climbing. Scape, 19. Scar, 157. Scion : a young shoot. Seed, 17, 157, 158. Seed-vessel, see Ovary. Sepal, 6. Septicidal (dehiscence) : splitting open along th partitions.e Septum : a partition. Series, 179. Serrate, 112 INDEX AND GLOSSABT. 131 essile, 4. '.-etaceous: like a bristle. Sheath : .-. tube surrounding a stem, 62. Sheathing : surrounding like a sheath. Shield-shaped, see Peltate. Shoot : a newly formed branch. Shrub, 89. Silicle, 155. Silique, 155. Simple (leaves), 100; (pistil), 137. Sinuate : wavy on the margin. Solitary, 121. Spadiceous, 179. Spadix, 69. Spathe, 69. Spathulate, 107. Species. 179. Spike, ii-2. Spikelet, a secondary spike. Spindle-shaped, 85. Spine, 96. Spiral markings, 167. Spores : the reproductive bodies in Crypiogams which correspond to the seeds of Phanerogams. Spur, 131. Stamen, 6, 132. Staminate (flower) : having no pistil, but only stamens. Standard : the broad upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla. Stem, 3, 88. Stemless, 18. Sterile (flower) : having no pistil. Stigma, 7. Stigmatic : bearing the stigma. Stipulate : having stipules, 115. Stipule, 31, 115. Stolon : c short branch which droops to the ground and takee root. Gtomate, 173, Stone, see Putamen. Stone-fruit, see Drupe. Strap-shaped, see Ligulate. Striate : marked lengthwise with lines or furrows. Strobile : same as Cone. Style, 7. Sub-class, 179. Subulate, Fig. 112, Succulent : juicy ; fleshy. Sucker : an underground branch, at length emerging and form- ing a stem. 132 INDEX AND GLOSSABY. Superior, 7, 37, 4-i. Suppression : absence of parts. Suspended: hung from above. Suture, 138, Symmetrical, 42. Syncarpous, 29. Syngenesious, 47 Tap-root, 84. Teeth (of calyx), 32. TendrU, 90. Terete : cylindrical. Terminal : at tne end of a stem or branch. Ternate : in threes. Testa, 157. Tetradynamous, 28, 136. Tetrandrous : having four distinct Btamens. Thalamiflorous : having the stamens inserted on the receptacle. Thalamus : the receptacle. Thread-shaped, see Filiform. Throat (of cilyx), 128. Thorn, see Spine. Thyrse, 123. Tissqe, 162. Tomentose : woolly. Toothed, see Dentate, 112. Torus : same as receptacle. Tree, 89. Triadelphous, 134. Triandrous : having three distinct stamens. Tiienuial: lasting three years. Trifoliolate : having three leaflets. Truncate, 111. Trunk : the main stem. Tube, 34, 128, Taber, 91. Tuberous : like a tuber. Tunicated, 92. Twining, 90. Twohpped, see Labiate, 50. Umbel, 122. Umbellet : a secondary umbel. Unguiculate : haviug a claw. Valvate : edge to edge, but not overlapping. Valve, 41, 133, 147. Valved : having valvee. Varieties, 179. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 133 Vascular tissne, 167. Veins : the finer parts of the framework of a leaf. Venation, 101. Ventral suture, 138. Vernation, same as Praefoliation. Versatile, 132. Vertical leaves, 98. VerticiUate, 99. Vessels, 167. ViUose, 116. Wavy : with alternate rounded hollows and projections, 112. Wedge-shaped : like a wedge, the broad Dart being the a^ex. Wheel-shaped, see Rotate. Whorl : a circle of three or moro leaves at the same node. Woody tissue, 167. APPENDIX, ^lutkus from ^^aminatbit ^apn'S. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. 1. Define suckers, stolons, offsets, runners, tendrils, thorns, and prickles, describing their respective origins and uses, and giving examples of plants in which they occur 2. What are the functions of leaves ? Describe the lifferent kinds of compound leaves. 3. What is meant by inflorescence ? Describe the different kinds of flower-clusters, giving an example of each. 4. Mention and explain the terms applied to the various modes of insertion of stamens. 6. How are fruits classified ? What are multiple or collective fruits ? Give examples. 6. Relate the differences in structure between endo- genous and exogenous stems. Describe their respective modes of growth. 7. What is the food of pla"nts ? how do they obtain it ? and how do they make use of it ? 8. Describe the component parts of a simple flower. How is reproduction effected ? 9. Describe the anatomical structure of a leaf, and the formation and office of leaf-stomata. 10. Explain the consequences of flowering upon the health of a plant, and shew how these effects are reme- died in different climates. What practical bearing has this upon horticulture ? 11. Trace tha development of a carpel from a leaf. Describe the different forms assumed by placenta in APPENDIX. 135 compound ovaries, and explain the origin of these variations. 12. Mention the principal modes in which pollen gains access to the stigma. What are hybrid plants, and how are they perpetuated ? 13. Describe the anatomy of a leaf. What are stomata ? 14. What is the placenta in a seed vessel ? Describe the different modes of placentation. Shew how the varieties! of placentation agree with the " altered-leaf theory " of the pistil. 15. Give the characters of the Composite. How is the order subdivided ? Describe the composite flower, and mention some of the common Canadian examples of this order. 16. Give the peculiarities of Endogens in seed-leaf, leaf, and stem. Subdivide the class. Describe shortly the orders Araceae and Gramineae. 17. Describe the wall of a seed-vessel, and notice its varieties of form. 18. What is meant by the dehiscence of a capsule 9 Shew the different modes in which pods dehisce, and give examples of each. 19. Give the characters and orders of Gymnosper- mous Exogens. 20. Give the chara3ters of Kanunculacese. Describe shortly some of the principal plants of the order. 21. Give some account of the special forms which the leaves of plants assume. 22. What are stipules ? What their size and shape ? 23. What ia meant by Imperfect, Incomplete, and Unsymmetrical flowers respectively ? 24. Describe Papilionaceous and Labiate corollas. 25. Write notes on Abortive Organs, Gymnosper- mous Pistil, and Pollen Granule. 26. Distinguish between the essential and non-essen- tial materials found in plants, and notice the non-es- sential. 27. What is vegetable growth ? Illustrate by a ref- 186 APPENDIX. erence to the pollen granule in its fertilization of the ovary. 28. What is an axil ? What is the pappus ? 29. What are the cotyledons ? What is their func- tion, and what their value in systematic Botany ? 30. Distinguish between Epiphytes and Parasites; Describe their respective modes of growth, and give ex- amples of each. 31. What is the difference between roots and subter- ranean branches ? Define rhizoma, tuber, corm, and bulb, giving examples of each. How does a potato differ botanically from a sweet-potato ? 32. Describe the calyx and corolla ; what modifica- tions of parts take place in double flowers ? 33. What is a fruit in Botany ? Explain the struct- ure of an apple, grape, almond, strawberry, fig, and pineapple. 34. What organs appear in the more perfect plants ? In what two divisions are they comprised ? 35. Weak climbing stems distinguished according to the mode in which they support themselves, the direc- tion of their growth, the nature of their clasping organs. 36. Structure and parts of a leaf : What is most im- portant in their study ? Give the leading divisions, and mention what secondary distinctions are required in specific description ? 37. Function of the flower : its origin : its essential and accessory parts : names of the circles and their component organs : circumstances which explain the differences among flowers. 38. Parts of the fully formed ovule and distinctions founded on their relative position. 39. Sub- kingdoms and classes of the vegetable king- dom. SECOND CLASS TEACHEES' CEETIFICATES. PEOVINCE OF ONTAEIO. 1. Name the parts of the pistil and stamens of a flower and give their uses API»ENDIX. 137 2. What are Perennial plants ? Descrilie their mode of life. 3. *' There are two great classes of stems, which differ in the way the woody jmrt is arranged in the cellular tissue." Fully explain this. 4. Describe the functions ofjeaves. How are leaves classified as to their reining? 5. Name and describe the organic constituents of plants. 6. Name the organs of reproduction in plants, and describe their functions. 7. Give, and fully describe, the principal parts of the flower. 8. What are the different narts of a plant ? Describe the functions of each part. 9. State all the ways by which an Exogenous stem may be distinguished from an Endogenous. 10. Describe the functions of leaves. What is the cause of their fall in autumn ? Draw and describe a maple leaf. 11. Name the different parts of a flower, and describe the use of each part. Draw a diagram showing a sta- men and a pistil and the parts of each. 12. What is the fruit? Why do some fruits fall from the stem more easily than others ? 13. Of what does the food of plants consist ? In what forms and by what organs is it taken up, and how is it asssimilated ? Name the substances inhaled and those exhaled by plants, and the uses of each in the economy of nature. 14. Describe fully (1) the plant in Vegetation ; (2) the plant in Reproduction. 15. Describe Fibrous roots. Fleshy roots, and differ- ent kinds of Tap-root. 16. Describe the structure and veining of leaves. 17. "The nourishment which the mother plant pro- vides in the seed is not always stored up in the embryo." Explain and illustrate. " 8. Describe the various modes in which Perennials 138 APPENDIX. "provide a stock of nourishment to begin the new growth." 19. Describe fully the organs of reproduction in a plant. Describe the process of germination. 20. What are the parts of a flower ? Give illustra- tions by diagi'am, with a full description. 21. Xame and describe the x^rincipal sorts of flowers. 22. What elementary substances should the soil con- tain for the nourishment of plants "? 23. How are plants nourished before and after ai)pearing above ground ? 24. Tell what you know about the various forms of the calyx and the corolla. 25. Explain the terms Cotyledon, Pinnate, Root- stock, Filament, and Radicle. 26. Explain the terms Papilionaceous, Cruciferous, Silique, and Sj'ngenesious ; and in each case name a family in the description of which the term under con- sideration may be properly applied. 27. Give the characters of the Rose family. 28. Describe the various modes in which biennials store up nourishment during their first season. 29. Explain the meaning of the terms Sepal, Bract, Raceme, and Stipule. Describe minutely the Stamen and the Pistil, and give the names appUed to their parts. 30. Are the portions of the onion, the potato, and the turnip which are capable of preservation through the winter, equally entitled to the name of roots ? Give reasons for vour answer. EIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES. 1. What are the cotyledons? Describe their func- tions, &c. State their value in systematic botany. 2. Describe the diiference in structure and modes ol gi-owth of exogenous and endogenous stems. 3. Describe the circulation in plants. " In the aci of making vegetable matter, plants purify the air foi animals." Explain this fully. APPENDIX. 139 4. What are Phoenogamous plants ? Define Raceme, Corymb, Head, Panicle, Ament. 5. Give the characters of (a) The classes Exogens and Endogens ; (h) The Mint and Lily famihes. 6. To what family do the Cedar, Clover. Mustard, and Dandelion respectively belong ? 7. Why does a botanist consider the tuber of the po- tato an underground stem ? 8. Give the philosophical explanation of the nature of a flower considered as to the origin and correspond- ences of its different parts. 9. Draw a spathulate, an obcordate, a truncate, a palmately-divided and an odd pinnate leaf. 10. Explain the constitution of a pome or apple- fruit. 11. What organs appear in the more perfect plants, and in what divisions are they comprised ? 12. Give the function of the flower, its origin, and its essential and accessory parts. 13. DosG4be'the nature and chief varieties of roots, and distinguish between them and underground stems. 14. '• As to the Apex or Point leaves are Pointed, Acute, Obtuse, Truncate, Retuse, Emarginate, Obcor- date, Cuspidate, Mucronate." Sketch these different forms. 15. " There is no separate set of vessels, and no open tubes for the sap to rise through in an unbroken stream, in the way people generally suppose." Comment on this passage. 16. The great series of Flowering Plants is divided into two classes. Describe these classes. 17. Give the chief characteristics of the order cnici- fera (^Cress Family j, and name some common exam- ples of this order. 18. State the difference between definite and indefin- ite inflorescence, and give examples of the latter. 19. Of what does the food of plants consist ? in what form is it found in the soil ? How is it introduced into the plant ? What inference may be drawn respectmg the culture of the plant ? 140 APPENDIX. 20. Distinguish weak climbing stems according to the mode in which they support themselves, the direc- tion of their growth, and the nature of their clasping organs. 21. Name the three classes of Flowerless Plants, and give an example of each. 2i. Explain the terms Spore, Capsule, Bract, Stip- ule, Albumen, and Epiphyte. 23. What are tendrils, and of what organs are they supposed to be modifications ? 24. Give the characters of the Cress Family, and name as many plants belonging to it as you can. 25. Tell what you know about the minute structure and the chemical composition of vegetable tissue. 26. Describe the origin of the difi'erent kinds of pla- centas ; and of the different parts of the fruit of the plum, the oak, and the majDle. 27. Describe fully the process by which it is sup- posed that water is carried up from the roots of plants. 28. Give the meaning of the terms stomate, indehis- cent, thyrse, glume, pyxis. Distinguish epiphytes from parasites. 29. Describe any plant you have examined ; if you can, tabulate your description. 30. Name all the families of monopetalous dicotyle- dons which you remember, and give the characters of any one of them. McGILL UNIYEKSITY. 1. Describe the germination of a plant. 2. Explain the differences in the structure of the embryo. 3. Explain the functions of the itoot. 4. Describe the structures in a leaf, ana expiain their action on the air. 5. Mention the several parts of the stamen and the pistil, and explain their uses. 6. Describe an Achene, a Samara, a Drupe and a Silique. APPENDIX. 141 7. Describe the differences in the stems of Exogens and Endogens, and the relations of these to the other parts of the plant and to classification. 8. Explain the terms Genera, Species, Order. 9. What is an excurrent stem, an axillary bud, bud scales ? 10. Explain the terms primoraial utricle, parenchyma^ protoplasm, as used in Botany. 11. What are the functions of the nucleus in a living cell? 12. Explain the movements of the sap in plants. 13. Describe the appearance under the microscope of raphides, spiral vessels, and disc-bearing wood-cells. 14. Describe the structure of the bark of an Exogen. 15. Describe freel}- the anatomy of a leaf. 16. Describe shortly the parts and structures denoted by the following terms, spine, aerial root, phyllodium, cambium, stipule, rhizoma. 17. Give examples of phcenogams, cryptogams, exogens and endogens, properly arranged. 18. Describe the principal forms of indeterminate inflorescence. 19. In what natural families do we find siliques, didynamous stamens, labiate corollas, or pappus-bearing achenes. Describe these structures. 20. State the characters of any Canadian Exogenous Order, with examples. 21. Describe the cell- walls in a living parenchymatous cell. 22. Describe the fibro-vascular tissues in an Exogen- ous stem. 23. Describe the appearance of stomata and glan- dular heirs under the microscope. 24. De^ne prosenrhyma, corm, cyclosis, thallus. 25. Explain the sources of the Carbon and Nitrogen of the plant, and the mode of their assimilation. 26. Describe the nericarp, stating its normal struc- ture, and naming some of its modifications. 27. Explain the natural system in Botany, and state the gradation of groups from the species upward, with examples. 142 APPENDIX. ONTAKIO COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. 1. What do plants feed upon ? 2. What do you understaud by the terms Acaulescent, Apetalous, Suffrutescent, Culm ? 3. Name some of the different forms of Primary, Secondary, and Aerial Pioots, giving examples. 4. Explain the followiag terms descriptive of forms of leaves, giving sketch : — Ovate, Peltate, Crenate, Serrate, Cleft, Entire, Cuspidate, Perfoliate. 5. Explain difference between Determinate and In- determinate inflorescence, giving three examples of each. 6. What organs are deficient in a sterile and a fertile flower ? 7. Give the parts of a perfect flower, with their rela- tive position. 8. Give the difference between simple and compound Pistil, with example of each. 9. Name the principal sorts of buds, and explain how the position of these affects the arrangement of branches. 10. Give description of multiple and primary roots, with two examples of same ; also explain the difference, between these and secondary roots. 11. Name the principal kinds of subterranean stems and branches, and explain how you would distinguish between these and roots. 12. In the classification of plants explain difference between classes and orders : genus and species. 13. Name three principal kinds of simple fruit. 14. When roots stop growing does the absorption of moisture increase or decrease ? Give reason for it. 15. Upon what do plants live ? Indicate how you would prove your answer correct. 16. In what part of the plant, and when, is the work of assimilation carried on ? 17. Name three pnncipal kinds of determinate, anc some oi indeterminate inflorescence ; nnme the essentia organs of a flov^er. APPENDIX. 148 18. In what res^Dects do plants differ from inorganic matter ? And from animals ? 19. Describe a Rhizome, Tuber, Bulb ; and say if they belong to the root or stem ; which are Rheum, Jalapa, Sweet Potato, Onion ? 20. Define the difference between natural and special forms of leaves ; between simple and compound leaves. Give example of each. Sketch a connate-perfoliato leaf. 21. Mention the parts of an embryo. Of a leaf. Of a pistil. Of a stamen. Of a seed. 22. What is meant by an albuminous seed ? By dioecious flowers ? By a compound ovary ? 23. What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate inflorescence ? How do they influence growth of the stem ? Give ihree principal kinds of each. 24. Name the parts of a flower. What office is performed by the ovule ? Name two kinds. 25. Name the parts of a vegetable cell. W^hat are spiral ducts ? 26. In what pai-ts of the plant is the work of absorp- tion carried on ? In what part the work of assimila- tion ? How do plants purify the au' for animals ? 27. Explain the natural system of classification in Botany ? Name and characterize the classes of plants. 28. Explain the structure and functions of the Leaf, Bud, Root. 29. Give some of the terms used in describing the shape of a simple leaf as concei-us (a) its general con- tour, {h) its base, (c) its margin, (d) its apex. 30. Name the organs in a perfect flower ; describe fully the structure of the anther and pollen. What is coalescence and adnation ot the parts of a flower ? 31. Explain the terms Raceme, Pappus, Coma, Rhi- zome, Pentastichous. 32. State the distinction between Exogens and Endo- gens. 33. What are cellular structures as distinguished from vascular ? What is chlorophyll ? 144 APPENDIX. 34. Mention the organs of fructification, and explain the process of fertihzation in a flowering plant. 35. Explain the structure of a seed, and describe in a few words the process of germination. 36. Define what is meant by the following terms : — Morphology, Polycotyledonous, Epiphyte, Peduncle, Stipules. 37. Describe briefly the root stem, leaf, and flower of the common dandehon, giving the functions or office of each. 38. Name some of the most common forms of leaves, giving a few rough outlines. 39. Of what part of the flower does the fruit nomin- ally consist ? What additional parts are in some in*- stances present ? 40. Define the terms Drupe, Pollen, Gynandrous, Pome, Adnate. 41. Explain the process of fertilization in flowering plants, and mention the different ways in which it is brought about. 49. Enumerate the different varieties of tissue recog- nized by botanists, and give their situation in an Endo- genous stem. THE END, &. 3- ^^'^m ^* OTa's ebiKiitional §cnt0. THE COMMONLY OCCUERIXG WILD PLANTS OF CANADA, AND MORE ESPECIALLY OF THE PllOVIXCE OF ONTARIO. A FLORA FOR THE USE OF B>^G!NN7»?£ BY H. B. SI'OTTOlN, M.A.. F.J..S., I'RFN OF BARRIE COLL. INST., duth^r 0/ '' liu KLcmenUs of Stiuclaral Botany. SECOND EDITION. \V. J. GAGE & COMPANY, Ejt erecT, aof;ynoa.i (on the recepfac'' J. CrxciKER/E. — Petals 4. Stanjenb 6, tetradynamous. Pod 2-celled 10 Xvi KEY TO TKE ORDERS. CiSTACE.E. — Petals 3. Sepals 5, very unequal ; or only 3. Pod partly 3-celled .. .. 16 DROSERACEiE. — Leave? radical, beset with reddish glandu- lar hairs. Flowers in a l-sidcd raceme. .. ... 17 El odes, ill Hypbktcace^. — Leaves with transparent dots. Stamens 9, in 3 clusters . . . . • • • • • • ■■ * ' Caryophyllace^.— Styles 2-5. Ovules in the centre or bottom of the cell. Stem usually swollen at tne joints. Leaves opposite, . . . . . . • • ^9 LiNACE.E. — Stamens 5, united balow. Pod 10-cclled, 10- seeded. . . .^__ 23 Geraniace-'E. — Stamens 5rl%arpels 5, — they and the lower parts of the 5 styles attached to a long beak, and curling upwards in fruit . . 23 Oxalidace.'E. — Stamens 10. Pod 5-celled. Styles 5, dis- tinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night-fall. 24 Ericace.c — Anthers opening by pores at the top, or across the top. Leaves mostly evergreen, sometimes brown beneath ; but in one instance the whole plant is white 26 {b) Stamens periijijnotis {plainly attached to the cahjx). Saxtfragace.^. — Leaves opposite or alternate, witiiout stipules. Stjdes or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4. Carpels fewer than the petals 41 Crassulace-^. — Flowers symmetrical. Pod 5-anglcd and 5-horned . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 LYTHiiACEiE. — Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx enclosing, but really free from the ovary. Leaves mostly whorled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 (c) Stamens attached to a fleshy disk in the bottom of the calyx-tube. AxACARBTACE^. — Trees,or shrubs,not prickly. Leaves com- pound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupelet . . 2.' KEY TO THE ORDERS. XVii Celastkace.1':. — Twining shrub. Leaves simple. Pods orange when ripe . . . . . . . , . , . . 27 Sapindace.^:. — Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2-winge(l, and leaves palmately-veined. Or, Fruit an inflated 3-celled pod, and leaves of 3 leaflets. Styles 2 or 3. . . 28 {d) Stamens attached to the petals at their very base. a.ytonia, in jRTULACACEuE. — Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style 3-cleft. 21 Aquifoliaceje. — Shrubs, with small axillary flowers, hav- ing the parts in fours or sixes. Fruit a red berry- like drupe. Stigma sessile. Calyx minute. . . 80 DIVISION. II. GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. Corolla with the petals united together, in hoAvever slight a degree. A, l':ilyx liiiipcrior (ndhck-c-iit lo iJie ovar)). ♦ Stamens united hy their anthers, 'oMPOSiT,*:. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre. 57 l^oDELiACE.*;. — Flowers not in heads. Corolla split down one side. .. .. .. 74 ♦ ♦ Staviens not united to'jether in any way. +- Stamens inreHed on the coroUa. DirsACE^. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre. Plant priikly. .. 57 Valerianace^. — FloAvers white, in clustered cymes. Sta- mene fewer than the lobes of the corolla. ... 56 XVI 11 KEY TO THE ORDERS. RuBiACE-E. — Leaves, when opposite, with stipules ; when whorled, without stipules. Flowers, if in heads, without an involucre. Caprifoliacej!:. — Leaves opposite, without stipules ; but, in one genus, with appendages reseinbling stipules. u2 -J--f- Staraeyis not inserted on the corolla. Campaxulace^. — Herbs with milky juice. Stamens as ■ many as the lobes of the corolla. . . . . , . 75 Eeicace-E. — Chiefly shrubby plants. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla 76 B. Calyx iufcrior (free from the ovarr). » Stamens more than the lobes of the corolla. Legumin'OS.*:. — Ovary 1-celled, with 1 parietal placenta. Sta- mens mostly diadelphous. .. .. .. .. 30 Adlumia, in FuMARiACE^E. — Plant climbing. Corolla 2-spurred. .. 9 Malvace^. — Filaments monadelphous. Carpels in a ring. 22 Ericaceae. — Chiefly shrubby plants, with simple entire leaves. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 PoLYGALACE^. — Authcrs 6 or 8, 1-celled, opening at the top. Pod 2-celled. Flowers irregular; lower petal keel-shaped, and usually fringed at the top. . . 29 OxALiUACE^, — Stamens 10, 5 of them longer. Styles 5, distinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night- fall 24 ♦ * Stamens just as many as the lobes of the corolla, one in front of each lobe. Pkimulace.e. — Stamens on the corolla. Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta rising from the base. 81 KEY TO THE ORDERS.. XIX * ♦ ♦ Stamens just as many as the lobes of (he corolla, inserted on its tube alternately with its lobes. -i- Ovaries 2, separate. Apocynace^. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers converg- ing round the stigmas, but not adherent to them. Filaments distinct. . . . . . . . . , . 99 AscLEPiADACE^. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers ad- hering to the stigmas. Filaments monadelphous. Flowers iu umbels. . . . . . . . . . . 100 +--{- Ovary Jf-lobed around the base of the style. Mentha, in Labiat-E. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic. ,. 89 BoRRAGLN'ACiLE. — Stamens 5. Leaves alternate. .. ,. 93 +--{--5- Ovary 1 - celled ; the seeds on the avails. Hydkopiiyllace^. — Stamens 5, exserted. Style 2-cleft. Leaves lobed and cut-toothed. . . . , . , 95 Ge>tia.vace^. — Leaves entire and opposite ; or (in Men- yanthes) of 3 leaflets. 98 ■i--i--i--i- Ovary with. 2 or more cells. Aquifoltace^. — Shrubs. Corolla almost polypetalous. Calyx minute. Fruit a red berry-like drupe. Parts of the flower chiefly in fours or sixes. . . 80 Pla>'Tagixace^. — Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled. Flowers in a close spike. . . , . , . . . . . . . 80 Verbascum, in Scropudlariace^. — Corolla nearly regular. Flowers in a long terminal spike. Stamens 5 ; the filaments, or some of them, woolly . . . , 84 PoLEMOXTACE^.— Style 3-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube. Fed 3-celled, few-seeded ; seeds small .. .. 96 XX KEY TO THE ORDERS. C0NVOLVULACE.E. — Style 2-cleft. Pod 2-cened, generally i-seedeJ ; seeds large. Chiefly twining or trailing plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 SoLAXACE^. — Style single. Pod or berry 2-celled, many- seeded. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 97 * * * * Stamens fewer than the lobes 0/ the corolla; the corolla mostly irregular or 2-lipped. Labiat^e. — Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the style. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or occasionally only 2 with anthers. Stem square. . . ... . . 89 Verbexace^e. — Ovary 4-celled, but not lobed ; the style rising from the apex. Or, Ovary 1-celled and 1- seeded. Stamens didynamous. . . . . . . 88 Lentibflace^. — Aquatics. Stamens 2. Ovary 1 -celled, with a free central placenta. . . . . . . 83 Okobanchace^. — Parasitic herbs, without green foliage. Ovary 1-celled, with many seeds on the walls. Sta- mens didynamous. . . . . . . . . . . 83 ScROPHULARiACE.E. — Ovary 2-celled, with many seeds. Sta- mens didynamous, or only 2. ., ,. . 84 DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGEXS. Corolla vand sometimes calyx also) wanting. A. Floorers not in Catkins. * CaJiix superior [i.e. adherent to the ovary). Saxefbagace^. — Small, smooth herbs, with inconspicuous greenish-yellow flowers. Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes, on a conspicuous disk. , . 41 KEY TO THE ORDERS. nxj Haloeage^. — Aquatics. Leaves finely dis:-ected. Stamena 4 or 8. Ovary 4-lobed. . . 4-1 OxAGRACE^. — Herbs, in ditches. Stamens 4. Ovary 4- celled, 4-3ided. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ARiSTOLOCHlACEiE. — Calyx 3-lobed, dull purple inside. Ovary 6-celled. 101 Santalace.1:. — Low plants M-ith greenish- wliite flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx-tube prolonged, and form- ing a neck to the I-celled nut-like truit. . . . . 108 El3:agnace^. — Shrubs with scurfy leaves. Flowers dice- cious. Calyx 4-parted, in the fertile flowers appar- ently adherent to the ovary, and becoming fleshy in fruit. . 107 • * Cahjx inferior {plainly free from the ovary), •i- Ovaries more than one and separate from each other. RAXU>xuLACE.5i:. — Calyx present, coloured and petal-like, Achenes containing several seeds, or only one. RuTACE.E. — Prickly shrubs, with compound transparent dotted leaves, and dicecious flowers. •i--i- Ovary onhj one, hut with more than one cell. Crassulace.e. — Herb;, in wet places. Pod 5-celled and 5- horned, . . . , . . . . . . . . . 43 Phytolaccace-E.— Herbs. Ovary 10-celled and 10-seeded. I02 EuPHORBiACE.E. —Herbs. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed, protruded on a long pedicel. Juice milky. , . . . . . 108 Sapls'DACEJe. — Trees. Ovary 2-celled and 2-lobed. Fruit two 1-seeded samaras joined together. Flowers polygamous. . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 RnAMyACE.*:.— vShrubs. Ovary 3-celled and S-seeded; form- ing a berry. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 XXll KEY TO THE ORDERS. Ukticact:^. — Trees. Leaves simple. Ovary 2-cellecl, Imt fruit a l-seeded samai'a winged all round. Stigmas 2. 110 -T- -i- -f- Ovary only one, 1-ceUed and Iseeded. PoLYGO:srACE.E. — Herbs. Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Urticace^. — Herbs. Stigma one. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spikes or racemes. No chaff-like bracts among the flowers. Or, stigmas 2 ; leaves pal- mately-compound. . . . . ' . . . . . . 110 Amaraxt^ace^. — Herbs. Flowers greenish or reddish, in spikes, with chaff-like bracts interspersed. Stigmas 2. 103 Chenopodiace^. — Herbs. Flowers greenish, in spikes. No chaff-like bracts. Stigmas 2. . . . . . . 102 OLEACE.E. — Trees. Leaves pinnate^y-compound. Fruit a 1- seeded samara. . . . . . . . . . . 101 Urticace.^. — Trees. Leaves simple. Fruit a l-seeded sa- mara winged all round. . , . . . . . . 110 Laurace.e. — Trees. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6, petal- like. Stamens 9, opening by uplifting valves. . . 107 Tuymeleace^. — Shrubs with leather-like bark, and jointed branchlets. Flowers perfect, preceding the leaves. Style thread-like 107 B. FloTiers iu ca'kiu-*. * Sterile or staminate floxvers only in catlnns. Jcglandace-E, — Trees with pinnate leaves. Fruit a nut with a husk 112 CurULiFF.EJE.— Trees with simple leaves. Fruit one or more nuts surrounded by an involucre which forms a scaly cup or bur. .. .. .. ..113 KEY TO THE ORDERS XXlll * * Bolh sterile and fertile fioicers in catkins,- or catkin-like heads. Salicace^. — Shrubs or low trees. Ovary l-celled, many- seeded ; seeds tufted with down at one end. , . II7 Platanaceje. — Large trees. Stipides sheathing the branch- lets. The flowers in heads. . . . . . . Ill Myricace^. — Shrubs with resinous-dotted, usually fra- grant, leaves. Fertile flowers one under each scale. Nutlets usually coated with waxy grains. IIG BetulacE-E. — Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin. Stigmas 2, long and slender. . . . . . . . . . . : . . . 116 SUB-CLASS 11. GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules and seeds naked, on the inner face of an open scnle ; or, in Taxus, without any scale, but surrounded by a riiig-l;ke disk which becomes red and berry-like in fruit. CoMFEE.i:. — Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, and mostly av.-l-shaped or needle-shaped leaves. Fruit a cone, or occasionally berry-like. ... . ., 120 CLASS II. ENDOGEXS or MONOCOTYLEDONS. Distinguished ordinarily by having straight-veined leaves (though occasionally net-veined ones), and the parts of the flow- ers in threes, never in fives. Wood never forming rings, but in- terspersed in separate bundles throughout the stem. Cotyledon only one. DIVISION I. SPADICEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers collected on a spadix, with or without a spathe or sheathing braet. Leaves sometimes n^t-veined. XXIV KEY TO THE ORDERS. Arace^. — Herbs (either flag-like marsh plants, or terres- trial,) with pungent juice, and simple or compound leaves, these some-times net- veined. Spadix usu- ally (but not always) accompanied by a spatlie. Flowers either without a perianth of any kind, or with 4r-6 sepals. K3 Typhace^. — Aquatic or marsh plants, Avith linear straight- veined leaves erect or floating, and monoecious flowers. Heads of flowers cylindrical or globular, no spathe, and no floral envelopes. .. .. .. 134 Lemxace^. — Small aquatics, freely floating about. . . 124: Naiadace^. — Immersed aquatics. Stems branching and leafy. Flowers perfect, in spikes, generally on the surface. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 125 DIVISIOX II. PETALOIDEOUS EXD0GEX3. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with a corolla- like, or occasionally herbaceous, perianth. A. Fcriaulh siiporior (adhcmit to the ovary). * Floicers dii£cious or j^ohjganioiis, regular. Hydrochaeidace.e. — Aquatics. Pistillate flowers only above water ; perianth of 6 pieces. . . . . ... 127 Dioscoreace.'E. — Twiners, from knotted rootstocks. Leaves heart-shaped, net-veined. Pod with 3 large wings. 133 * * Flotcers perfect. Orchidack.5. — Stamens 1 or 2, gynandrous. Flowers irreg- ular 1-21 Iridace-E. — Stamens 3. 132 KEY TO THE ORDERS. XXV 13. Pci-iauth i:iferlor (free from the OTary). Alismace.e. — Pistil apocarpous; carpels in a ring or head, leaves with distinct petiole and blade. ... . . 126 Smilace^. — Climbing plants, with alternate ribbed and net- veined petioled leaves. Flowers dioecious. . . 1.33 Triglochin, in Al'SMace.i:.— Rush-like marsh herbs. Flowers in a spike or raceme. Carpels when ripe splitting away from a persistent axis. . . . . . . . . . . 126 LiLTACE.i:. — Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly 6, but in one case 4. One stamen in front of each division, the stamens similar. .. .. .. 134 Trillium, in LiLiACE-E. — Perianth of 3 green sepals and three coloured petals. PoNTEDKPviACE^. — Stamens 6, 3 long and 3 short. Perianth (blue) tubular, of 6 lobes. Aquatics. JuNCACE.«. — Perianth glumaceous, of similar pieces. Eriocaulonace^. — In shallow water. Flowers in a small woolly head, at the summit of a 7-angled scape. Leaves in a tuft at the base. 134 138 137 1.39 DFV^ISIOX III. GLU^.IACEOUS ENDOGEXS. Flowers without a truo perianth, but subtended by thin scales called glumes. Cyperace^.— Sheaths of the leaves not split. .. .. 1.39 Gkamine^. — Sheaths of the leaves split on the side away from the blade. . . 142 XXVI KEY TO THE ORDERS. SERIES 11. CRYPTOGAMS. Plants without stameus and pistils, reproducing themselves by spores instead of seeds. CLASS III. ACROGEXS. Stems containing vascular as well as cellular tissue. FiLiCES. — Spores produced on the fronds. .. .. ... 154 Equisetace^. — Spores produced on the under side of the shield-shaped scales of a terminal spike or cone. . . 160 LYCCPODIACE.E.— Spore-cases produced in the axils of the simple lea\es or bracts. . . . . . . . . IGl THE COMMONLY OCCUERING WILD PLANTS OF CANADA, AND MORE ESPECLiLLY OF ONT.iBIO. SERIES I. FLOWEPxINO OR PHANEROG'AMOUS PLANTS. Plants producing Flowers (that is to say, Stamens and Pistils, and usually Floral Envelopes of some kind), and Seeds containing an Embryo. Class L EXOGKNS or DICOTYLE'DOXS. (See Sections 57-60, Part I., for characters of Cass.) Subclass I. AX'GIOSPERMS. Seeds enclosed in a pericarp. Division L POLYPET'ALOUS EXOGENS. Plants with flowers having both calyx and corolla, the latter consisting of petals entirely separate from each other. *i COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. >J Order I. RANUNCULA'CSiE. (Croavtoot Family, i Herb^ or woody climbers, with an acrid colourless juice. Parts of the flower separate from each other. Corolla some- times wanting. Stannjns numerous. Pistil (with one or two exceptions) apocarpous. Fruit an achene, follicle, or berry. Leaves exstipula,te, with the blades usually dissect- ed, and petioles spreading at the base. Synopsis of «hc €)^cnera. 1. Clem alls. Real petals none o.- s;;araen-like. Coloured sepals 4 or moie, va.vate in tht buJ. Fruit an aehene, with the long and featherj' style attached. Leaves all opposite. Plant climbing by the bending of the petioles. 2. Aaemo'iie. Petals none or stamen-like. Coloured (white) sepals imbricat- ed in the bud. Achenes many, in a head, pointed or tailed, not ribbed. Stem-leaves opposite or wiiorleJ, forminj an involucre remote from the flower. 3 II«pal'i€a. Petals none. Coloured sepals 6-9, whitish or bluish. Achenes many, not ribbed. Leaves all radical. A n involucre of S leaves close to flie flower, and liable to ha mistaken for a calyx. 4. Tlialic'Iritii!. Petals none. Coloured sepals 4 or more, greenish. Achenes several, angled or grooved. No involucre. St«m-leaves alternate, decompound. Flo\vei*s in panicles or corymbg, mostly dice jiou.s. • *- 5. fSaann'ciiSn*. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals generally 5, each )j^th a pit or little scale on the inside of the caw. Achenes many, in heads, short- pointed. Stem-lea es alternate. Flowers solitary or corymbed, mo.stly yellow, rarely white. 6. 4'H''tha. Petals none. Yellow sepals 5-9. Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaped or kidney shaped, mostly crenate. Stem hollow and furrowed. 7. C'op';i«;. Sepals 5-7, white, deciduous. Peti\ls 5-7, yellow, with slender claws, and someAhat tub lar at the apex. Carpels 3-7, on slender stalks. Fruit a follicle. Fowers on naked scapes. Leaves radical, Ehining, divided into three wedge-shaped leaflets, sharply toothed. Root fibrous, golden yellow. £. Aqai'.e'gia. Sepals 5, coloured. 'Peio.\sb, each alowj hollnw spur. Car- pels 5. Fol icles erect, many-seeded. Flowers very showy, terminating the branches. Leaves decompound. 9. Afla-'a. Sepals 4-5, caJucous. Petals 4-10, with slender claws. Stamens many, with long filaments. Fruit a viany-seedcd berry. Flowers in a short thick raceme. Leaves decompound, leaflets sharply toothed. 10. Ciasieifisga. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals several small, two-homed at the apex. Carpels 1-8, becoming pods. Flowers in long plume-like racemes. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 6 ■ 1. CI.E:^rATIS. ViSGix's Bower. C. Virginia'na. (Common Virgin's Bower.) A woody- stemmed cliinber. Flower.s in panicled clusters, often dioecious, u'iiite. Leaves of 3 ovate leaflets, which are cut or lobed. Fea- thery tails of the achenes very conspicuous in the autumn. — Along streams and in swamps. 2. AXE3IO'XE. Aneit'ony. 1. A. cyiin'drica. {LonG:FRUITED A.) Carpels very numer- --'us, in an oblong woolly head about an inch long. Peduncles J-6, long, upright, leafless. Stem-leaves in a whorl, twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, loiuj-petioled. Sepals 5, green- ish-white. Plant about 2 feet high, clothed with silky hairs. — Dry woods. 2. A. Pennsylva'nica. (Pennsylvanian A.) Carpels fewer and the head not woolly, but pubescent and spherical. Stem- leaves sessile, primary ones 3 in a wliorl, but only a pair of small- er ones on each side of the flowei'ing branches. Radical leaves 5-7 parted. Sepals 5, obovate, large and white. Plant hairy, scarcely a foot high. — Low meadows. 3. A. nemoro'sa. (Wood A. Wind-flower.) Plant not more than G inches high, nearly smooth, one-flowered. Stem- leaves in a whori of 3, long-petioled, 3-5 parted. Sepals 4-7, oval, ^dute, or often purplish on the back. — Moist places. 3. HEPAT'ICA. Livee-Leaf. Hepatica. H. acutil'oba. (Sharp-lobed H.) Leaves with 3 (sometimes ,j) acute lobes, appearing after the flowers. Petioles silky-hairy. — Woods in spring, 4. THALICTRU-^I. Meadow-Eue. 1. T. anemonoi'des. (Rue-Anemony.) Stem low. Sten»- loaves all in a wliorl at the top. Roots tuberous. Flowers several in an umhel, by which character this plant is easily distinguished from the Wood-Anemouy, which it otherwise resembles. — South- westward, in spring. 2. T. dioi'cum. (Early M.) Stem smooth, pale and glau- cous. 1-2 feet high. Mowers diuicious, in ample panicles, purplish 4 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. or greenish ; the yellow anthers drooping and very conspicuous. Lea«i-cs alternate, decompound ; leaflets wdth 5-7 rounded lobes. —Woods. 3. T. Conm'ti. (Tall M.) Stem smooth or nearly so, 2-6 feet hi^h. Leaves sessile ;lea.Q^ets very much like No. 2. Flowers white, in compound panicles ; anthers not drooping ; filaments club-shaped. — Low wet meadows, and along streams. .■j. R\X UN' CULL'S. Ckowpoot. Buttekctjp. 1. R. aqua'tilis. (White Water-Crowfoot.) Foliaqe under water, filiform. Floivers white, floating, each petal v.-ith a little pit on the inside of the claw. 2. R. multif' idus. (Yellow W^ater-Crowfoot.) Like Xo. 1, but larger, and with yelloio floicers. — Ponds and ditches. 3. R. Flam'mula, var. reptans. (Cr-^ixg Spearwort,) Stem reclining, rooting at the joints, only 3-6 inches long. Leaves linear, entire, remote. Flowei-s yellow, ^ of an inch broad. — Sandy and gravelly shores of ponds and rivers. 4. R. aborti'VTlS. (SMALL-FLOWERia) C.) Petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. Stem erect, very smooth, slender. Radical leaves roundish, crenate, petiolate ; s^em-leaves 3-5 parted, ses- sile. Cai'pels in a globular head, each with a minu^^urved beak. — Shady hill-sides and wet pastures. ^^ 5. R. scelera'tus. (Cursed C.) Petals about the same' length as the calyx. Stem thick, hollow, smooth. Radical leaves 3-lobed ; stem-leaves 3-parted, uppermost almost sessile. Head of car} els oblong. — Wet ditches. 6. R. recurva'tus. (Hooked C.) Petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute, with stiff spreading hairs. Radical and cauline leaves about alike, long-petioled. Head of carpels globular, each with a long recurved beak. — W^oods. 7. R. Pennsylva'nicus. (Bristly C.) Petals not longer tlian tlieculyx. Stern hirsute. Leaves ternately divided, divisions of the leaves stalked, unequally 5- cleft. Head of carpels oblong, with straight beaks, and so easi'y distinguished from No. 6. — Wet places. ^^o:n:,\n^ <,A.\AiJiA.N wild i'LA>.r.^ r» 8. R. re'lDeas. (CRSKPixaC.) Petals much longer than the cnh'x. Eai-i3'-ilow'ei-iug stems ascending, puttinals 3, coloured, decidaous. Petals 6-9, de- ciduous. Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, separate ; anthers adnatQ. Carpels numerous, in many rows on an elongated receptacle. Fruit resembling a cone. 1. I^IRIODEX'DROX. Tulip-Tree. The only Canadian species is L. Tulipif'era. A large and stately tree, growing to a great hei-^ht ill iiiauy parts of the westei-n peninsula of Ontario. Leaves large, truncate, or with a shallow notch at the end. Flowers large, showy, solitary ; petals greenish-yellow, marked with orange. Fruit a dry cone, which, at maturity, separates into dry indehisceiit fruits, like samaras. Orbee, in. ANOITA'CE^. (Custard- Apple Fa^tily.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate and entir-e leaves, and soli- tary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. PeWs 6s in 2 sets, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Carpels few or many, lieshy in fruit. 1. ASI^.I'IXA. North Asteeican Pap.vw. The only Canadian species is A. tri'lolsa. (Commox Papaw. ) Found only in the Niagara Peninsula. A small tree, not unhke a young beech in appear- ance, and forming thickets near Queenston Heights. Flowers purple, appearing before the leaves ; the 3 outer petals much lar<-'er than the 3 inner ones. Fruit 2 to 3 inches long, edible. Order IV. MEKISPEKMA'CE^. (:,Ioo:n-sked Family.) Woody twiners, with peltate alternate leaves and small dioecious Sowers. Sepsis and petals yellowish-white, usually <:0M:T0X CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. i . 6 of each, the peipJs in front of the sepals. Stamens nu- niei"<^us. ■ Fruit a drupe, in appearance something like a sniali grape, ,with moon-shaped seeds. 1. :»ie:xisper'3IU3I. Mookseed. The only Canadian species is M. Canadense. (Caxadian Moonseed.) A twinini^ plant, found, though not abundantly, in lo^v grouuils in rich woods. It may be pretty easily recognized by its usually 7-angled thin leaves, which are p<-lf(it<' near the echje. Fruit bluish-black. - Order V. BERBERIDA'CE^. (Barberry FAmLY.) Herbs (or shrubs), with alternate, petiolate, divided leaves. Sepals and petals in fours, sixes, or eights (except in the genus Podophyllum), with the petals in front of the sepals. Stamens (except in Podophyllum) as many as the pacals, one before each. Anthers usually opening by a valve at the top. Fruit berry-like. 1. CAUI.OPHYL'I.rM. Blue Cohosh. C. thalictroi'des. (Blue Cohosh.) Plant 1-2 feet high, very glaucous and d.dl purple when young. Flowers yellowish- green, in a terminal small raceme, appearing in spring before the decompouml leaves are developed. Sepals 6, with 3 little bract- lets at their base. Petals 6, thick and somewhat kidney-shaped, much smaller than the sepals. Stamens 6, one befoi e each petal. Ovary bursting soon after the fioMering, and leaving the 2 drupe- like seeds naked on their ratlier thick stalks. Fruit bluish, ^ of an inch across. — Rich woods. 2. PODOPHYL'LU^I. :M.\t-Applk. Mandrake. P. peltatum. Stem about 1 foot high. FloAverless stems with one large 7-9 lobed umbrolla-like leaf, peltate in the centre ; the flowering ones with two leaves, peltate near the edge, the flower nodding from the fork. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, large and white. Stamens 12-18. Fruit large, oval, yellowish, not poisonous. — Found in patches in rich woods. Tlie leaves and roots are poisonous. S COTr?.IC>y CAXADIAX WILD PLAlvrTS. Orper YI. ISTYMPH^A'CE^. (Watep.-Lily Family.) Aquatic herbs with cordate or peltate, ii&ually floatiiig^, leaves. Floating flowers on long- immersed peduncles. Petals and stamens generally numerous. W'jjo;?-*!/* of the Geisora. 1. Srase'nia. Sejjals and petals each S (occasionally i\ Stamens 12-2*. Leaves oval, peltate. -. IVj-Miphse'a. Sepals 4-0. Petals numeroii9, ivhite, imbricated in n>ainr rows, iriadnally passing into stamens, hyp(x;ynous or epi>fynousw Stamens epigynous. Stiijmas radiating as in a Poppy-bead. I. IVci'phar. Sepals 5-6, yellow. Petals many, small and stamen<»like. Stamens under the ovaiy. 1. BRASE'XIA. Watek- Shield. B. palta'ta. Stems and under surface of the leaves coated ■*v~lth jelly. Leaves oval, 2 inches across, peltate. Flowers small, purplish. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams. 3. 7>;Y3IP11-E'A. WATER-LttY. 1. N. odora'ta. (Sweet-scented Watep.-Ltlt. ) Leaves CK'hictilar, cleft at tlie base to the petiole, 5-& inches wide, of ten erimson underneath. Flower very sweet-sceiUed. Ponds and slow -treams. -. N. tllbBro'sa. (Tuber-beartxg W.) Leaves larger and .ore prominently ribbed than in Xo. 1, reniform-orbicular, green nboth sides. Flower not at all, or only slightly, sweet-scented. Kootstocks producing tubers, which come off" spontaneously. — Mostlj' in slow waters opening into Lake Ontario. •?. ^'-UPHlIl. TALLOW Pond-Lilt. 1. N. adVena, (Common- Y. P.) Leaves floating, or emersed and erect, thickish, roundish or oblong, cordate. Sepals 6. — - Stagnant water. 2. N. luteimL (Small Y. P.) Floating leaves usually not more tlian 2 inches across, the sinus very narrow or closed. Flowei-s hardly an inch across. Sepals 5. — Northward, in slow waters. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. \) Order Yn. SARRACEinA'CE^. (PiTCHER-PLAyx F. ) Bog-plants, easily distinguished by their pitcher-shaped leaves, all radical. 1. SARRACE'XIA. Side-Saddle Floweu. S. purpu'rea. (Purple S. Hitntsman's Crp.) Hollow leaves with a wing on one side, purple-veined, curved, with the hood erect and open. Sepals 5, coloured, with 3 small bractlets at the base. Petals 5, fiddle-sliaped, curved over the centre of the dower, deep purple. Ovary 5-celled, globose, the short style expanding above into a 5-angled umbrella, with a hooked stigma at each angle. Flowers on naked scapes, nodding. — Bogs. Order ^^n. PAPAVERA'CE^. (Poppy Family.) Herbs, with coloured juice and alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers polyandrous, hypogynous. Sepals 2, ca- ducous ; petals 4-12. Stamens numerous, anthers introrse. Fruit a 1-celled pod, with numerous seeds. 1. CHELIDOMUM. Celandine. C. majUS. Petals 4, deciduous, crumple 1 in the bud. Juice of (he plant yellow. Flowcf-tuds nodding. Flowers small, yell iw, in a kind of umbel. Fruit a smooth 1-celied slender pod, from which the 2 valves fall away, leaving the parietal placentas as a slender frame- work, with the seeds attached. — Waste places. 3. SANGUI\A'RIA. Blood-ROOT. S. Canadensis. Petals 8~12, not crumpled in the bud, Fiower-budsnot nodding. Astemless plant, with a thick rhizome which emits a red juice when cut, and sends up in .early spring a single rounded, 5-7 lobed, thickish leaf, and a 1 -flowered scape. Flowers white. — Rich woods. Order IX. FUMARIA'CEJE. (Fumitory Family.) Smooth herbs, with brittle stems, watery juice, dissected leaves and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, very small. Corolla flattened and closed, of 4 petals, the 2 inner united by their 10 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. tiiDs over the anthers of the 6 stamens. Stamens in 2 sets ol 3 each ; filaments often united ; the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the others 1-celled. Fruit a 1-celled pod. STuop«i.<« of the CJen«*ra.. 1. Adlii'mia. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals all permanently united. Pla7i1 climb ing. 2. Diccn'ira. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals slightly united, easily separated. Not cliiubing. 3. Corjd'alis. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a slender pod, many-seeded. * 1. ADLUOIIA. CLIilBING FUIIITORY. A. cirrho'sa. A smooth \'ine, climbing by the petioles of its decompound leaves. Flowers in axillary pendulous clusters, pale piuk. — Low and shady grounds. 3. DICEX'TRA. DUTCHMAN'S Breeches. 1. D. Cucullaria. (Dutchmax's Breeches.) Leaves all radical, multifid ; these and the slender scape rising from a bulb-like rhizome of coarse grains. Flowers several in a raceme, whitish, spurs divergent, elonjated, acute, straight. —Rich woods. 2. D. Canadensis. (Squirrel Corn.) Underground shoots bearing t^mall yellow tubers, something like grains of corn. Leaves very much as in Xo. 1. Corolla merely heart-shaped ; spurs very sJiort and rounded. Flowers greenish-white, fragrant. — Rich woods. 3. CORTD'ALIS. CoRYDALIS. 1. C. au'rea. (Golden Corydalis.) Stems low and spread- ing. Leaves dissected. Flower-i in siynple racemes, go den ye/low. Pods pendulous. — Rocky river-margins and burnt woods. 2. C. glauca. (Pale Corydalls.) Stems upright, 1-4 feet high. Iloicers in comjjound racemes, purplish tipped with yelow. Pods erect, — Rocky woods. ^ Order X. CRUCrPEBJE. (Cress Family.) Herbs with a pungent watery juice, alternate leaves with- out stipules, and regular hypogynous flowers in racemes or corymbs. Pedicels without bractlets. Sepals 4, deciduous. COMMON CANADIAN V;iU) PLANTS. i 1 Petals 4, forming a cross-shaped corolla. Stamens 6, 2 of them shorter. Fruit a silique, or silicie.^^ (See Chap. IT., Part I., for dissection of typical flower.) The genera are distinguished by the pods and seeds, the flowers in all cases being much alike. The seeds are exalbuminous, consisting entirely of the embryo, which is folded up in a variety of w:iys. The radicle may be bent so as' to he against the edge of the cotyledons, and the seed when cut through crosswise shows this section oS ; the cotyledons are then said to be wcumhent. Or the radicle may be folded against the hack of the cotyledon, siiowing this cross-section ^^ , in which case the cotyledons are said to be incumheat ; and if, besides being incumbent, the cotyledons are doubled round the radicle thus '^^, they are then conduiAicate. ^^vHop'isi of the <5en«'ra. * Pod a xilique (much longer than broad). 1. IN'astnr'linm.. Flowers white or yellow. Pod terete, oblong-linear nr elluisoid. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, globular, wfthout a winj,'. Cotyl- edons accumbent. 2. BenJa'a'ia. Flowers white or pale pnrjile. Pod lanceolate, flat. Seeds win^^less, on broad seed-stalks. Stent-leaces 2 or 3 in a whorl ; stem naked below. Rootstock toothed or tuberous. Cotyledons accumbent. 3. Cardam'ine. Flowers white or rose-coloured. Pod linear or lanceolate, flat. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalks. Stem leafy below. Cotyl- edons accumbent. 4. Ar'abi". Flowers white or whitish. Pod linear or el&ngated, flattened, tlie valves usually with a distinct mid-nb. Stem leafy. Cotyledons accumbent. 5. Erj-.s'inj-.nn. Flowers yellow. Pod linear, distinctly 4-sided. Pedicels ^of the pods diverging from the stem. Leaves simple. Cotyledons in- cumbent. 6. Si«yH»'briiim. Flowers j'ellow. Pods awl-shaped, or 4-6 sided, close pressed to the stem, the valves 1-3 nerved. Pods sessile or nearly so. Leaves ruticina e. Cotyledons incundjent. 7. IJra'»'^ira. Flowers yellow. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete, or 4-sided, icith a distinct beak extending beyond the end of the values. Cotyledons conduplicate. * * Pod a silicle (comparatively short). -*- Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular, 8. Draba. Flowers white. Pod flat, twisted when ripe, many-seeded. Co tyledons accumbent. 12 COMMON CAXADIAX WILD PLANTS. 9. Camcrina. Flowers yellow. Pod pear shaped, pointed, valves l-nerved. Cotyledons incumbent. t~ t- Silicle compressed contrai-y to the narrow partition. 10. C'apseVTa. Flowers white. Pod ohcordate-trianfrular, valves boat- shaped, winjless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. 11. l^<'j>ida:5K3. Flowers white or whitish. Pod roundish, very flat, the valves boat-shaped and icinrjed. Seeds solitary. .1- -^ -^ Silicle Jleshy, jointed. 12. t'aki'!e. Flowers purplish. Pod 2-jointed, fleshy. Leaves fleshy. Co- tyledons accuQibent. 1. XASTUR/TH:3I. ■Water-Ckess. 1. N. officinale. (Water-Ceess.) Flowers -^hite. Stem spreading and rooting. Leaves pinnate : leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly euare. Pods oblong-linear. — Ditches and streamlets. 2. N. palustre. (Marsh Cress.) Flowers yellow. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately parted, the lobes cut-toothed. Pods ovoid. — Wet places. 3. DEXTA'RIA. TooTHWORT. Pepper-root. 1. D. diphyl'la. (Two-leaved T.) Flowers white. Steni- f leaves 2, op2:>osite, ternately divided. Rootsiock toothed, plea- santly pungent to the taste. — Rich woods. 2. D. lacinia'ta. (Laciniate T.) Flowers purplish. Stem- leaves 3 in a whorl. Pi,ootstock jointed, scarcely toothed. — Along streams. 3. CARDAM'IXE. BiTTER Cress. 1. C. rhomboi'dea. (Spring Cress.) Flowers white or (in Tar. purpurea) rose-purple. >Aem tuberous at the base. Lower leaves round-cordate ; upper nearly lanceolate ; all somewhat angled or toothed.— Wet meadows. 2. C. pratensis. (Cuckoo-Flo wer. Ladies' Smock. ) Flow- ers white or rose-colour, showy. Stem from a short rootstock. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 7-15, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, entire or nearly so.— Bogs. 3. C. hirsu'ta. (Small Bitter Cress.) Flowers white, small. Root fibrous. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11, the terminal leaflets largest. Pods erect, slender.— Wet places. COMMON CAXADIAN WILD PLANTS. 13 4:. AR'ABIS. Rock Ceess. 1. A. lyra'ta. (LowR. ) Flowers -white, twice as long as the calyx. Fvudical leaves clustered, pinnatifid, the terminal lobe largest ; stem-leaves scattered. Pods slender, ei'ect, spreading. — Eocky or sandy shores. 2. A. hirsu'ta. (Hairy E,.) Flovrers greenish-white, small, slightly longer than the calyx. Stem-leaves many, rough, sagit- tate. Pods erect, straifjht. Stems 1-2 feet high, 2 or 3 from the same root. — Rocky shores and dry plains. 3. A. Iseviga'ta. (Smooth R.) Flowers white, rather small. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, sagittate, clasping. Pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading. Stem glaucous, 1-2 feet high. — Dry hill-sides. Easily recognised by the pods. 4. A. Canadensis. (Sickle-Pod.) Flowers whitish, with linear petals, about twice the length of the calyx. Stem-leaves pointed at both ends, downy. Pods 2-3 inclies long, scythe- shaped, hanginr/. Stem 2-3 feet high. A striking plant when the pods are fully formed. — Dry woods and ravines. .5. ERYS'IMr3I. Teeacle Mustard. E. cheiranthoi'des. (Worm-seed Mustard.) Flowers yellow ; inconspicuous. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed, roughish with appressed pubescence. — Waste wet places. 6. SISYM'ERHJai. Hedge Mustard. 5. oS3.cina'le. (Hedge Mu.stard.) Flowers yellow, smill. Leaves runciuate. Stem 1-2 feet high, with spreading branches. — A vei-y common roadside weed. 7. BRAS'SICA. Cabbage, Mustard, Etc. 1. B. sinapis'trum. (Charlock.) Flowers bright yellow. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, it and the leaves hairy. — Too common in our grain fields. 2. B. nigra. (Black Mitstard.) Flowers sulphur-yellow. Stem .3-6 feet high, round, smooth, and branching, liowei" leaves lyrate. — Fields and waste places. 14 COMMOX CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 8. DRABA. Whitlow-Gkass. D. arab'isans. Flowers white. Stem leafy, erectly branched, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear, minutely dentate. Raceme short, erect. Pods half an inch long, twisted w-hen ripe. — Rocky places. 9. CA?IEI.'IXA. False Flax. 1. C. sati'va. (Common F.) Flowers yellowish. Stem 1-2 feet high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate. Pods pear-shaped, large, margined. — In flax fields. 10. C"APSEL.'IiA. Shephzed's Pubse. C. Bursa-pasto ris. Flowers small, white. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid ; stem-leaves clasping, sagittate. — A very common weed. 11. LEPID'rUM. Peppebgrass. 1. L. Virgin'icuin. (Wild P.) Ylovrevs small ; petals present, white. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, the upper Hnear or lanceolate and entire, the lower toothed or pinnatifid, tapering towards the base. Pods marginless or nearly so, oval or orbicul- ar.— Along railways and roadsides. 2. L. interme diUTEl. Distinguished from Xo. 1 by having the cotyledon* incumbent instead of accumbent, and the pods minutely winged at the top. — Bvy sandy fields. 3. L. rudera'le. Petals always absent. ]More branched than the preceding. 13. CAKI'LE. Sea-Rocket. C. America'na. (American S.) Flowers purplish. Leaves obovate, fleshy, wavy-toothed. Pod fleshy, 2-jointed. — Sea- shore, aad borders of the Great Lakes. Order XL CAPPARIDA'CEJE. (C.aj'Er Family.) Herbs (in Canada), with an acrid watery juice, and alternate palmately-compound leaves. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 8 or more. Pod like that of a crucifer, hut only 1-c.elled. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 15 1. POLAMS'IA. PoLAMSIA. The only species in Canada is P. grave'olens. A strong-scented herb, with a viscid, hairy stem. Leaflets 3. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 4. Pet- als 4, yellowisli-white, narrowed below into long claws. Stamens 8-12, exserted. Pod glandular- pubescent, 2 inches long, linear. — Shore of Lake Ontario, Hamilton to Niagara. Order XTL VIOLA'CE^. Yiolet Family. Herbs, with alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers irregu- lar, the lower of the 5 petals being spurred. Sepals 5, per- sistent. Stamens 5, the anthers slightly united and sur- rounding the pistil. Fruit a 1-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves. Seeds in 3 rows on the walls of the ovary. The only genus represented in this country is vrOLA. Violet. * Stemless Violets; leaves and scapes all from rootstocTcs. 4- Flowers white. 1. V. blanda. (Sweet White V.) Lower petal streaked with purple. Leaves round, heart-shaped, or reniforni. Petals beard- less. Flower sweet-scented. — Swamps and wet meadows, in spring. -J- -i- Flowers blue or purple. 2. V. cuculla'ta. (Commo : Blue Violet. f Leaves on very lonrf petioles, cordate or reniform, the sides folded inwards when young. Lateral petals bearded. Spur short and thick. — Low grounds everywhere. 3. V. sagitta'ta. (Arrow-Leaved V.) Smoothish. Leaves cordate, halberd-shaped, or sagittate, slightly tootheolh hlo occasionally in fours. Stamens not more than twice as mair. as the petals. Styles 2-5, stigmatic along the inner side. Pod usually 1-celled, with the seeds attached to the Jbase, or to a column which rises from the centre of the cell. (Part I. , Fig. 152.) Srnopsi^^ of the f^enera. * Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals and stanietis bonie on the stalk oj the ovary ; petals tvith I ng narrow claics. 1. ^apona'ria. Calyx cylindrical. Styles 2. 2. Si!<''uc. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3. 3. 1-ych'ais. Calyx 5-toothed. Stjies 5. • * SeiTals separate to the base or • early so. Petals wifhov.t dates, they and the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile o ary. 4. Arena'ria. Petals not cleft at the apex. Styles usually 3. Pod splitting into 3 or 6 valves. 5. SJclIa'ria. Petals 2-oleft at the apex. Pod splitting to the base inta twice as many valves as there are styles. Styles generally 3. 6. Ceras'tium. Petals 2-cleft, or notched. Styles 5. Pod oi^ening at tht apex b3' 10 teeth. I. S.\PO^-A'RIA. So.mvoRT. S. officinalis. (Bounctsg Bet.) A stout plant, w-ith rose- coloured or pinkish flowers clustered in corymbs. Leaves ?,~7> ribbed, the lower ovate, upper lanceolate. Pod raised ou a shji: stalk. Styles 2. — Old gardens and roadsi«les. 2. sn.E'XE. Catchfly. C/mpion. 1. S. infla'ta. (Bladder Cam riox.) Pale or glan cons, very smootli. S«ein erect, a foot high. Leaves ovate-ia.ic-colitc. Calyx much injlutcd, purple-vcinal. Stamens and stylcij exsc. ted. — X.t common westward. 2. S. antirrhi'na. (Sleepy C.) Stem slender, sin^ple or fflightly branching above, a portion of the upper inte.iiodes sticky. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, pink or purplish, opening oidy for a short time in sunshine. Calyx ovoid, shining. — Diy soil. 20 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PL ' NTS. 3. S, noctiflo'ra. (Xigrt-flowertng Catchfly.) Stems vtry sticky, pubescent. Lower leaves spathulate, upper lanceolate. Flowers few, pedunchd. Calyx-tube with awl-shaped teeth. Petals Avhite or whitish, 2-parted. Opening only at night or in cloTidy Aveather. — A very common weed in cultivated grounds. 4- S. Virgizi'ica (Fire. Pixk) occurs in South -Western Ontario, an I may be recognized by its crimson petals, and bell- shaped calyx, nodding in fruit. 3. L.TCH'NIS. Cockle. L. Githa'gO. (Corn Cockle.) Plant clothed wdth long soft appressed hairs. Caly.r. lobes extremely long, very much like the upper leaves, surpassing the purple petals. — Wheat-fields. 4. AREXA'RIA. SA^'DW0ET. 1. A. serpyllifo'lia. (Thyme-leaved S.) Much branched,. 2-6 inch e:^ \V\g\\, roughish-pubescent. Leaves small, ovate, acute. Petals white, hardly as long as the sepals. Sepals pointed, 3-5- nerved. Pod pointed, 6-toothed. — Sandy fields. 2. A. Stricta. Stems erect, or diffusely spreading from a small root. Leaves aAvl-shipetl or bristle-finnn, the upper ones reduced to l-netved bracts, crowded in the axils. Cyme diffuse, many-flowered. Sepals pointed, 3-ribbed, half as long as the whilr petals. — Rocky fields. 3. A. lateriflo'ra. Stem erect, slender, minutely pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, ^1 incli long. Peduncles usually three- floweicd. Sepals obtuse. Petals white, large, twice as long as the sepals. Flower ^ of an inch across when fully expanded. — (iravelly shores. '<• A- psploi'des, with very fieshij f^ievi.^ and, leavpa, the latter somewhat clasping, ocxurs eastward tovv'ards the sc^a'coast. ^, STELLA'lUA. Chickukej). Starwokt. 1. S. me'dia. (Common Chk i:\veed.) Stems branching, decumbent, soft and brittle, martnl lcncjthv:ise with one or two pubescent lines. Lower iea.'cs on hairy petioles, ovate. Flowers small, white. Petals shorter than the sepals. — Extremely common in damp grounds and old gardeiis. COMMON CAXADIAN WILD PLANTS. 21 2. S. longifolia. (Lovg-leaved Starwort.) Stems branch- ing, very weak and brittle, supporting themselves on other plants. Leaves linear. Pedicels of the flowers long, slender, an I spreading, reflexed. Petals white, longer than the 3-uerved sepals. — Low grassy banks of stream^-.. G. CERAS Tirai. Mouse -Eae CmcKwrED. 1. 0. VUlga'tum. (Com^kix M.) Stem ascending, hairy and so newhat clammy. Leaves ovate or ohovate, obtuse. Flowers in close clusters. Pedicels not longer than the sepals. Petals shorter than the calyx. — Not common, sometimes confounded with Xo. 2. -■ C. visco'sum. (L.\rgerM.) Stems hairy, viscid, spread- ing. Leaves lanceolate-oblonf/, rather acute. Flowers in loose cymes. Pedicels lomjer than the sepals. Petals equalling the •ialyx. — Fields and copses ; connnon. 3. C. arven'se. (Field Ciiickweed.) Stem decumbent at the base, pubescent, slender, 4-8 inches high. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, often jascicled in the axils, longer than the lower internodes. Petals obcordate, more than twice as long as the calyx. Pod scarcely longer than the calyx. Cyme few- flowered. Order XVIL PORTULACA'CE^. (Purslane F.) Herbs with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogj'nous or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 5-20. Styles 3-8, united below. Pod 1-celled, few- or many-seeded. ^ijnopois of Ihc f;;cnrrn. L I»ortn!a'rn. Stamens S-20. Pod opei.i ig by a lid (Fig. 161, Part I.), inany-soeded. 2. i'lajtc'dln. Stamens 5. Pod 2-vahed, S-O-seeded. 1. PORTULACA. Purslane. P. 0le"a'c8a. (Common Pl'Rslane.) A low fleshy herb, very smooth, with obovate or wedge-shaped leaves. Calyx 2- cleft, the sepals keeled. Petals yellow, fugacious. — A conmion pest in gardens. 22 COMMON CANADIAN VrihV> PLANTS. 3. CL,AYTO'-\IA. Spring-Beauty. 1. C. Virgin'ica. Leaves linear- lanceolate, 3-6 inches long. 2. C. Carolinia'na. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base. In both species the corolla is rose-coloured, \\ith darker veins. The stem springs from a small tuber, and bears two opposite leaves and a loose raceme of flowers. — Rich woods in early spring. "^ Order X7III. MALVA'CE^ (Mallow Fa^iilt.) Herbs, with palmately-veinecl alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate. Corolla convolute in the bud. Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens numerous, monadelphous, hypogynous ; anthers 1- celled. Carpels united in a ring, separating after ripening. Seeds kidney-shaped. §yuop.'«i9 of the Genera. 1. Malva. Cancels without beaks, 1-seeded. A circle of 3^ bractlets at the b2.se of the calyx. 2. Abu'lilon. Carpels 2-beaked, 1-6 seeded. No circle of bractleta. 1. MALVA. Mallow. 1. M. rotundifolia. (Round-leaved Mallow.) Stems several, procumbent, from a stout tap-root. Leaves long-petioled, round-heart-shaped, crenate, crenately-lobed. Petals obcordate, wiiitish, streaked with purple, twice as long as the sepals. — Way- sides and cultivated grounds. 2. M. Syiyestris. (High M.) Stem erect, 2 feet high. Leaves shai-phj o-7-lobed. Fetalis purple, 3 times as hong as the sepals. — Near dwellings. 3. M. moscha'ta. (Mc.'^k M.) Stejn erect, 1 foot high. Stem-leaves 5-partecl, the divisions cleft. Flowers large and hand- some, rose-coloured or white, on short peduncles, crowded on the stem and branches. — Roadsides near gardens. 3. ABUTIJ^OX. IN-DLA.X Mallow. A. Avicen'nae. ( Vel\-et-Leaf. ) Stem 2-5 feet hicrb, branching. Leaves velvety, round-cordate, long-pointed. CoioUa yellow. — Near gardens ; not common. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLjiNTS. 23 Order XIX. TTLIA'CE^. (Lixdex Family.) Trees with fibrous bark, saft and white wood, and heart- S:iaped and serrate leaves, with deciduous stipules. Flowers in suKilI cjmes hanging on an axillary peduncle, to which is attached a leaf-like bract. Sepals deciduous. The only- Canadian genus is TIIi'IA. BASS-nrooD. Whitewood. T. America'na. (Basswood.) A fine tree, in rich woods. Flowers yellow or cream-coloured, very fragrant. Leaves smooth and green on both sides, obliquely cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Fruit a globular nut, 1 -celled, 1-2-seeded. Order XX. LINA'CE^\ (Flax Family.) Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypo- gjnous flowers. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles, 5 each Filaments United at the base. Pod 10-celled, lO-sceded. Our only genus is WMM, Flax. 1. L. Virginia'num. (Virginia F.) Flow-rs yeJloiv, small (\ of an inch long), scattered. Stem erect, it and the spreadnig In-anches terete. Leaves lanceolate and acute, the lower obtuse and opposite. — Dry soil. 2. L. Striatum bas the branches winrj-anriled, broader leaves .;iid more crowded flowers than Xo. 1. The whole plant is t-touter. 3. L. usit?jtis'sinmill. (Common F.) Flovrrsh'ue. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined. — Cultivated grounds. Order XXI. GERAJSITA'CEJE. (Geranium Family.) Strong-scented herbs with pentamerous and symmetrical flowers, the filaments usually united at the base, and 5 glands on the receptacle alternate with the petals. Style 5-cleft. Car|)els 5, each 2-ovuled (but 1-seeded), they and the lower part of the long styles attache I t<> a lonj beak v-!ilcli risei from, the recejif<'<-[e. Li fruit the styles split away from the beak and lurl rpw.ird^ carryiiij the carpds with them. 24 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. S}-iiop.'*i=i ot the iivnci-iu 1. Cicmniiini. Stamens 10, a!l with anthers. 2. lEro'diuui. Stamens with anthers onlj' 5. 1. GEP.AXIU3I. Ceaxfscill. 1. G. macula'tum. (Wild C.) Stem erect, hairy, about a foot high. Leaves 5-7 parted, the \reclge-shaped divisions lobed and cut. Flowers purple, an inch across. Petals entire, bearded on the claw, viuch longer than the long-jJointed sepals. — Open AVGods and heids. 2. G. Carolinia'num. (Carolina C.) Stem usually de- cumbent, hairy. Sepalr- atrn-jjointed, as long as the notched rose coloured petals. — Waste places. 3. G. Robertia'num. (Herb Egbert.) Stems reddish, spreading, pubescent ; branches weak. Leaves S-divided, or pedatey o-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid. Sepals awned, shorter than the reddish-purple petals. Plant with a. very strong odour. — Shaded ravines and moist woods. 2. ERO/DIUJI. Stokksbill. E. cicuta'rium. Stem low and spreading, hair}'. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, pinnatifid. Peduncles several- flowered. Styles when they separate from the beak bearded on the inside. — Not common. Order XXII. OXALIDA'CEJE. (Wood-Sorrel F.) Low herbs with an acid juice and alternate compound leaves, the 3 leaflets obcordate and drooping in the evening. Flowers very much the same in structure as in the preceding Order, but the fruit is a 5-celled pod, each cell opening in the middle of the back (loculicidal), and the valves persistent Styles 5, separate. The only genus is OX'ALiI.S. Wood- Sorrel, 1. 0. acetosel'la. (Wkite Wood-Sorrel.) Scape 1-flower- ed. Petals ichite, icith reddish veins. — Cold woods. 2. 0. stricta. ( Yellow W.) Peduncles 2-6-flowered, longer than the leaves. PelaJs yeloir. Pod elongated, erect in fi'uit. — Copses and cultivated grounds. COMMON' CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 25 Order XXIIT. BALSAMI]^A'CE^. (Balsam Family. ) Smooth herbs, with succulent stems and simple exstipulate leaves. Flowers irregular, the sepals and petals coloured alike, one of the coloured sejmls spurred, the spur icith a tail. Stamens 5, coherent above. Pod bursting elastically and dis- charging its seeds with considerable force. The only genus is IMP-VTIE\S. ToucH-ME-xoT. Je^tbl-Weed. 1. I. fulva. (Spotted TotrcH-ME-xoT.) Flowers oranrje- coloured, spotted with reddish hroicn. Sac longer than broad, conical, tapering into a long recurved .spur. — Cedar swamps and along streams. '2. I. pallida. (Pale T.) Flowers pah yellovj, sparingly dotted with brown. Sac dilated, broader than long, ending in a short spur. — Wet places. Order XXIY. RUTA'CE^. (Rue Fa^iily.) Shruhs, with compound traiisparentlii-dottcd leaves, and an acrid taste. Flowers (with us) dii,ecious, appearing before the leaves. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the petals. ( )ur only genus i^< ZAXTHOX'YLUM. PmoKLY AsH. Z. America'num. (Northern Prickly Ash. Tootii-ache Tree.) A prickly shrub witli yellowish-green flowers in dense umbels in the axils. Sepals obsolete or none. Petals 5. StaM)en3 in the sterile iloweis 5. Carpels 3-5, forming fleshy 1-2-seeded pods. Fruit very pungent and aromatic. Leaves pinnate, 4-5 pairs, with an odd one at the end. — Forming thick- ets in low grounds along streams. Order XXV. ANACARDIA'CE^. (Cashew Family.) Trees or shrubs, witli a milky or resinous juice, and alter- nate leaves without dots or stipules. Sepals, petals, and stamens, each 5. Fruit a 1-seeded drupelet. The petals and stamens inserted under the edge of a disk which sur- rounds the base of the uvary. The only genu^; is 23 COMMON CAXATHAX WILD PLANTS. RHUS. Sumach. 1. R. typh'ina. (St.aghorx Sumach.) A small tree, 10-80 feet high, with densely sOjt-hah-y branches and stalks. Flowers greeuish-white, polygamous, forming a terminal thyrse. Fruit globular, covered with crwison hairs. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 11-31, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed. — Dry hill-sides. 2. R. glabra (Smooth S.) is smooth and seldom exceeds 5 feet in height. 0. R. Toxicoden'dron. (Poison Ivy.) Shrub about a foot high, smooth. Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets rhombic-ovate, notched irrec^ulai-ly. Flowers polygamous, in slender axillaiy panicles. Plant poisonous to the touch. 4. R. aromat'ica (Fragrant S. ) is a slu-ub 2-3 feet high, •s\T[th 3-foliolate leaves, sweet-scented when crushed, and catkin- like spikes of flowers appearing before the leaves. — Xot common. Order XXVI. VITA'CE^. (Vine Family.) Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with small greenish flowers in panicled clusters opposite the leaves. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Calyx minute. Petals -1 or 5, hypogynous or perigynous, veiy deciduous. Fruit a berry, 1-4 seeded. Leaves palmately veined, or compound. Synop.^M of the Geucra. 1. Vitis> Leaves simple, heart-shaped and variously lobed. 2. Auipc!op'!«ii}. Leaves compound-digitate, of 5 serrate leaflets. 1. VITI«i. Grape. 1. V. Labrus'ca. (Northern Fox-Grape.) Leaves and branches woolly. Bei-ries large, dark purple or amber-colom-ed.^ Moist thickets. 2. V. cordifo'lia. (Frost Grape.) Leaves smooth or nearly 80, bright green on both sides, heart-shaped, sharply serrate. Berries small, blue or black. — Banks of streams. 3. a:>IPEI.OP'SIS^. YirxGrsLi. (Jkeepeb. A. QUinquefo'lia. A common woody vine in low grounds. Leaves digitate, of 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Tendrils with sucker like disks at the end, by which they cling to wall.;, trunks of trees, &c. Fruit a small black berry. common canadian" wild plants. 2 i OkderXXVIL RHAMNA'CE^. (Buckthorn Fa^ly.) Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. Stamens opposite the petals, and with them inserted on the margin of a fleshy disk which lines the calyx-tube. Fruit a berry-like drupe, or a pod. Synopsis of the Geneva. \. EShamnn^. Petals minute, or none. Drupe berry -like. Calyx and di.^k free from the ovary. 2. .Ceauo'lhn^. Petals white, long-claweil, hc-ded. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Calyx aad disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 1. RHA3IXUS. BtTCKTHQBN. R. alnifolius. A low erect shiub^ not thorny, with oval acute seriate leaves, and apetalous flowers. Fruit a 8-seeded beiry. — Swamps. 3. CEAJii5'THU5^ New Jeesey Tea. C. America'nus. A shrubby plant with downy branches, and ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate leaTes. Flowers in white clusters at the summit of the naked flower-bianches. Sepals and petals white, the latter hooded, and with slender claws. Pedicels also white. — Dry hill-sides. Order XX^TLTI. ^ELAS^TBA'CE^. (Staff-tree F.) Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, alternate or opposite and smiU regular flowers, the sepals and petals both im- bricated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate with tlie petals, and inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Pods orange or crimson when ripe. 8rnop« of the Oenora. 1. Enon'rmns. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, and fonninj,^ a, fiat calyx. Branchlets 4-3idc.I; leacei oppogite. Floicers axillary. 2. Crlaw'lru^. Flowers polygamous. Petals and stamens 5. Calyx cup- shaptid. Leaves altermitc. Fiowcrs in terminal racemes. 1. EUOX'YMUS. Spin-Dle-tp.ee. 1. E. Americanus. (Strawb.^rry Brsii.) A low, rather straggling shrub, with shori-peliokd or sessile leaves, the latter iO COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ovate or obovate, pointed. Flowers greenish, with the parts generally in fives. Pods rouqli-warty, depressed, ciimson when ripe. — Wooded river-banks and low grounds. '2. E. atropurpu'reus (Bitrni>g Bush) occurs in the west of Ontario, and may be distinguished from Ko. 1 by its greater size (4-8 feet high), its lon'j-jyetioled leaves, purplish flowers, and smooth pods. 3. CEL.A.S'TRUS. Staff-tree. C. scandens. (Wax-woek. Climbing Bitter-Sweet. ) A twining smooth shrub, with oblong-ovate, serrate, pointed leaA'es. Flowers small, greenish, in terminal racemes. Pods orange-coloured. These burst in autumn and display a scarlet pulpy aril, presenting a highly ornamental appearance.— Twining over bushes on river-banks and in thickets. Order XXIX. SAPINDA'CE^. (Soapberry Family.) Trees or shrubs, with compound or lobed leaves, and usually unsymmetrical and often irregular flowers. Sepals and petals 4-5, both imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10, inserted on a fleshy disk which fills the bottom of the calyx- tube. Ovary 2-3 celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Stapliyle'a. Floicers perfect. Lobes of the coloured calyx, the petals, and the stamens, each 5. Fruit a S-celled, 3-lobed, inflated pod. Leaves pinnately compound. 2. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, variously lobed opposite. Calyx coloured, usually 5-lobed. Petals none, or as many as the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Fruit two 1-seeded samaras joined together, at length separating. 1. STAPHYLE/A. Bladder-Kut. S. trifo'Iia. (American Bladder-Nut.) Shrub, 4-6 feet high. Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. Flowers white, in drooping racemes, at the ends of the branchlets. — Thickets and hill-sides. 3. ACER. Maple. 1. A. Pennsylva'nicum. (Striped Maple.) A small tree, 10-20 feet liigh, with light-green bark striped with dark lines. Leaves 3-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply doubly-serrate, the lobes tapei-pointcd. Flowers grecuisli iu terminal racemes, COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 29 appearing after the leaves. Samaras large, witli divergent wings. — Rich wootis. 2. A. spica'tum. (Mountain Maple.) A shrub or small tree, 4-8 feet hig'i, growing in clumps ia low grounds. Leaves .1-lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed. Flowers greenish, appearing afiei' the leaves, iu dense uprijht racemes. Fruit with smill widely-diverging wings. 3. A, saocliari'nuoi. (Sugar Maple.) A fine tree, with 3-5 lobed leaves, a paler green underneath, the sinuses rounded, and the lobes sparingly sinuate-toothed. Flowers greenish-yellow, drooping on slendei' hairy pedicels, appearing at the same time as the leaves. Calyx fringed oa the margin. — Rich woods. 4. A. dasycar'pum. (White or Silver M.) Leaves deeply o-lobed, the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white underneath, the divisions narrow, sharply toothed. Flowers in erect clusters, greenish-yellow, ujypearing much before the leaves ; p)etals none. Samara ver}' large, wooUy when young. — River banks and low grounds. 5. A. ru'b^um. (Red M.) Leaves 3-5 lobed, the sinuses acute. Flou-crs red, appearing much before the leaves. Petals Unear-ohJonj. Samara small and smooth, on drooping pedicels. A smaller tree than Xu. 4, wifcli reddish twigs, and turning brio-ht f-rimsou in the autumn. — ::5wamps. Order XXX. POLY^ALA'CEiE. (Milkwort Fam:ily.) Herbs witli entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hy- pogynoiis flowers. Stamens 6 or 8, monadelphous or diadel- phous, the anthers 1 -celled, and opening at the top by a pore. Pod 2-cened and 2-secded, flattened contrary to the partition. The o.i]y genus with us is POI.YG'AI..\. Milk- Wort. Sepals 5, the upper one and the two lower ones small and often greenish, the 2 lateral ones, calleo.»mo'diiiin. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Calyx ^-Upjjed. Floweri purple or purplish, in axillary or terminal racemes. Pod flat, the loirer tnirjui d'l-'plii lobed, thus malcinj the pod jointed, rougrhened with hooked hairs, causi.:g the pods to adhere to the clothing, &c. Stamens diadelphous. 8. fjC^pedo'za. Leaves piimate. of 3 leaflets. Cabjx 5-cleft. Pod flat, oval or roundish, occaHionally S-joinfed, but only 1-seeded. Flowers sometimes polygamous. Stamens diadelphous. 9. Vicia. Leaves abruptly pinnate, (h-; leafstalk prolonged info a tendril. Flowers axillary. Style fdifurm, hairy at the apex. Pod 2-sevei-al- seeded. Stamens diadelphous. 10. lialh'yru.^. Leaves as in Vicia. Style flaftiah, flattened above, and hairy down the side opposile the free stamen. Stamens diadelphous. 11. A'pios. A twinitiy herb. Leaves pinnate, of 6-7 leajltts. Keel of the flower slender and coiled inward. Flowers in dense racemes. Stamens diadelphous. 12. Ainphicai'pce'a. A low and slender twiner, the stem clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Flowers polyj/amous those of the upper racemes perfect, those near the base fertile, with the corolla inconspicuous or none. Stamens diadelphous. 13. Baptii'ia. Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets. Stamens all separate. The keel-petals nearly separate. Racemes terminaiinjj the bushj branches. 1. JLUPI'.\US. Lupine. L. peren'nis. (Wild Lupine.) Stem erect, somewhat haiiy. Leaflets 7-9, oblanccolate. Calyx deepl}^ 2-lippecl. Pods hairy. — Sandy soil. 3. TRIFO'I.IF?l. Clovt^r. Trefoil. L T. arvense. (Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover.) Stem erect, 4-12 inches nigh, branching. Heads of whitish flowei.s oblong, very >srky and soft. Calyx-teeth fringed with long silky hairs. — Dry fields. 2. T. pratense. (Red C.) Stems and leaves somewhat hairy, the latter marked with a pale .<ods. — Culth'ated fields, 4r. JIELIIiO'TUS. Sv.-EET Clover. 1. M. officinalis. (Yellow Melilot. ) Stem erect, 2-4 feet high. Leaflets obovate-oblong. Flowers yellow. Pod droop- ing, 2-seeded. — Waste places. 2. M. alba (White M.) is much like Xo. 1, but has white flowers. — Escaped from gardens. o. ROBIX'IA. Locust-tree. 1. R. Pseildaca'cia. (Common Locust.) Racemes slender, loose. Flowers white, fragrant. A large tree. 2. E,. visco'sa. (Clammy L.) luicemes croicded. Flowers white with a reddish tinge. Bvanchkis and lea/dalks clammy. Smaller than Xo. 1 . 6. ASTI«A.G'AIiT:S. Milk-Vetch. L A. Canadensis. (Canadlvn Milk-Vetch.) Stem erect, 1-4 feet high, somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10 or more pair.=i, with an odd one at the end. Flowers (jreenlsh yellow, very nu- merous.— River-banks. 2. A. Coop'eri has fewer leaflets, and ichite flowers in a short spike. —Xot common. 7. DE^3IO'DIU3I. Tick-Trefoil. 1. D. nudiflo'rum. Stem smooth, 4-8 inches high. Leaves crowded at the summit of sterile stems. Flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle, on a scape which rises from the root. Leaflets bfoadly ovate. 2. D. acumina'tum. Stem pubescent. Leaves all croAvded at the summit of the stem, from which the raceme or panicle arises. Leaflets conspicuously pointed. — Rich woods. 3. D. CUSpida'tum. Stems tall, erect, very smooth. Leaf- lets ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, very large, green on both sides. Flowers and bracts large. Pod 4-6 jointed. — Thickets. 4. D. panicula'tum. Stem slender, nearly smooth. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point. Flowers medium- sized. Pod 3-5-jointed, the joints triangular. Racemes panicled, -^Rich woods. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 33 5. D, Canadense. Stem erect, hairj, tall, farrowed. Leaf- lets oblong-laiiceolate, with many slraightish reins. Flowers large, about h an inch long. — Dry woods. 8. LESPEDE'ZA. Btjsh-Cloveb. 1 . L. hirta. Stem erect, wand-like, tall, pubescent. Leaflets roundish or oval, pubescent. Spikes dense, on pe lunx^les longer than the haves. Corolla yellowish-white, with a purple spot on the standard. 2. L. capita'ta. Peduncles and petioles short. Leaflets vry- ing from oblong to linear, silky underneath. Flowers in d:nse heads ; corolla as in Xo. I. Calyx much longer than the pod. — Both species axe found in dry soil. 9. VICIA. Vetch. 1. V. sati'va. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Stem simple, somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10-14, varying from obovate- oblong to linear. Flowers purple, larrje, one or tivo together, ses- sile in the axils, or nearly so. — Cultivated fields and waste grounds. 2. V. Cracca. (TrrrED V.) Downy-pubescent. Leaflets 21-34, oblong lanceolate, strongly mucronate. Peduncles Ion;/, hearing a dense one-sided raceme of blue floicers, bent downward in the spike, and turning purple before withering. — Borders of thickets, and pastures. Chiefly eastward. 3. V. Carolinia'na. Smooth. Leaflets 8-12, oblong. Peduncles bearing a rather loose raceme of whitish flowers, the keel tipped with blue. — Low grounds and river-banks. 4. V. America'na. Smooth. Leaflets 10-14, oval or ovate- oblong, very veiny. Peduncles 4-8floivei-ed, flowers purple. — Moist places. 5. V. llirsu'ta. Stem weak. Leaflets 13-16,. linear. Pedim- cle.i 3-G-flu\vered. Pods hairy, 2-seeded. — Chiefly eastward. 10. LATII'YRU.S. Everlasting Pe.v. 1. L. marit'imus. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout, about a foot high. Lcullets S-IG, oval or obovate. Stipules broadly halberd- shaped, about as large as the leaflets. Flowers large, purple. — Sea- coast, and shores of the Great Lakes, 34 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. '2 L. veno'STlS. (Veiny E.) Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaflets 10-14. Stipules very small, slender, half arrow-shajied. Flo\rei-s uuinerous. — Shady bauks, chiefly westward and southward. 3, L. OCliroleu'cus. (PaleE.) Stem slender. Leaflets 6-S, smooth and glaucous- Stipu.es half heart-shaped, lanje. Corolla ye lloid-ih - ivJdte. 4u L, palus'tris. (MaeshE.) Stem slender, wing-margined. Leaflets 4-S, Lniceolate, linear, or narrowly oblong, shai ply rau- cronate. Stipules small, half arrow-sliaped. Corolla blue- purple. — ^Nloist places. Var. myrtlfolius has obloug-lanoejlate leaflets, and pale-purple flowers. Upper stipules much larger than the lower ones. 11. A'PIOS. GKorxD-NuT. Weld Bean. A. tubero'sa. Flowers brown-purple. — A common twining plant in low grounds. l'^. A?IPHICARP.1E'A. Hog Pea-Nut. A. monoi'ca. Flowers white or pirplish. — Moist thickets and river-banks. 13. 3APTIS'IA. False IxDirxO. B. tineto'ria. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth ane or naked, and straight or jointed. Calyx-lob-s with 5 alternating bractlets. \Va ds?a!ibar da. Carjiels 5-10, each 2-ovuled, forming nearly dry diiipelcts. Calyx 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger than the others, and toothed. Calyx withcut bracts, peisistent, enclcsing the fruit. Leaves radical, round heart-shaped. Flowers white, on scapes. 10. ECiibii^. Carpels numero s, 2-ovuled, forming drupelets heaped on the rtceptacle. (See Part I., section 150.) Fiuit eaible. Calyx without bracts. 11. Rova. Carpels numerou.s, l-o%ailed, forming achenes enclosed in die fleshy calyx-tube. (See Part I., section 44.) SUBOEDER POME^. 12. Crataj'^ui. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy in fruit, enclosing and combined w th the 2-5 carpels. Fruit a pone, but dnipe- Uke, containing 2-5 bony nutlets. Thorny shrubs. Flowers geiieially white. 13. Pyi-n«. Fi-uit a pome or berrj'-like, the 2-5 cariiels or cells of a paper}- or cart^lairinous texture (sec Fart I,, sections 45 and 14a), each 2 seeded. Shrubs or trees. .Issic'nn'rlijor. Pome berry-like, lOcrlled, i.e., with twice as many cells as styles. Petals narrow. Otherwise as in P} rus. Shrubo or small trc&-, nut thurny. 1. PRixis. Vlv-h. Cherry. 1. P. America'na. (Wild Plum.) A thorny tree 8-20 feet hiL,'h, with oiange or red drupes half an inch or more in diameter; and ovate, conspicuously pointed, s rrate, veiny leaves. Flowers 36 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. w hite, appearing before the leaves, in umbel-like lateral clusters. — Woods and river-banks. 2. P. pu'mila. (Dv.'ARF Cherry.) A small trailing shrub, G-18 inches hio;h. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the bn?e, toothed near the apex, pale beneath. Flowers in umbels of "2-4, appearing with the leaves. Fruit ovoid, dark red, as ]■^r'4Q as a good-sized pea. — Sandy or gravelly 'soil, along the ( I ■ eat Lake?. 3. P. Pennsylva'nica. (Wild Red Cherry.) A tree 20- :;0 feet high," or shrubby. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply ferrate, green both sides. Flowers (api^earing with the leaves) iii laige clusters, the pedicels elongated. Fruit globular, as larcre as a red currant, very sour. — Rocky thickets, and in old Axindfalls. 4. P. Virginia'na. (Choke-Cherry.) A good-sized shrub, S-10 feet high. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly pointed. Flowers in short erect ra- cemes, appearing after the leaves. Fruit red, becoming darker, very astringent. — ^^Voods and thickets. 5. P. sero'tina. (Wild Black Cherry.) A large tree, with reddish brown branches. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, witii short and blunt incurved teeth, shining above. Flowers in long racemes. Fruit purplish-black, edible. — Woods and thickets. 2. SPIR-E'A. Meadow-Sweet. 1. S. opulifo'lia. (Xine-Bark.) Shrub 3-7 feet high, the old bark sepcl\^ting in thin layers. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly crenate, smooth. Flowers white, in umbel-like corymbs terminating the branches. Follicles 2-5, in- flated, purplish. — River-banks. 2. S. salicifolia. (Common Meadow-Sweet.) Shrub 2-3 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, doubly serrate. Flowers white or rose-coloured, in a dense terminal panicle. — Low grounds along streaons. 3. S. tomento'sa (Downy M.) with deep rose-coloured flow- ers, and the stems and under surface of the leaves densely woolly, occurs eastward towards the sea-coast. COMMON CAXADI.-lX WILD PLANTS. 37 3. GII.LS'.\I.V. Ixdl^k-Physic. G. trifolia'ta. (Bov^-^ian's Eoot.) Herb with 3-foliolate leaves ; the leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, rather coarsely ser- iate ; stipules smill, awl-shaped, entiie. Flowers white or rose- coloured, in loose few-floAvered corymbs. — Rich woods, chiefly southwestward. 4. AGRimO'NIA. AoEniON-Y. A. Eupato'ria. {Oommox Agrimony.) Stem herbaceoui, hairy, 2-3 feet high. Leaves interi-uptedly-piunate, larger leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate, coarsely serrate. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. — Borders of woods. 5. OEUM. AvENS. 1. G. album. (White Avens. ) Stem 2 feet high, branching, »noothi. Stem erects Aairtf, biancbing alx>Ye. Leaves palmate^ of S leafets ; leaflets obovate-oblong, coai'sely serrate. Flowers in cymose clusters. Petals pale yellow, small, not lonjer than the sepah. — Fields and low groands. 2. P. paradox'a, a plant &f spreading or decumbent habit> with^j/j/jyiftie leaves of 5-9 leafietSy solitary flowers, small petals^ and aehenes with an appendage at the base, occurs along the south-western shore of Lake Ontario. 3. P. Canadensis. (Canai>a C) Stem p/restrate or ascend- ing, silk y-liauy. Lettv^^ palmate, of S ledflet"', the latter sei-rate towards the apex. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow, lonrjer than the sepals^ — Dry soil. 4. P. argent 9a. (Silvery C) Stem asc-ending, branched at tbe summit, ichg. Leaves thkkish^ Gval COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT3. 41 or hroa'lly ovate, finely serrate, on marr/ined petioles, furroweate, or pinnatifid. Bracts of the involucre pinnatifid, very long. Fruit ribbed, the ribs bristly. 4. Horac'c'uni. StemS-h feet hi nh, woolly &r\A ixvooxed. Leaves 1-2-tcrn- ately compound. Flmnm uhite, the outer corollas iars^er tha:i the others. Fruit winj-margiiied at the junction of the carpels, \ erv flat. 5. Pa«lina'ca. Stem smooth, grooved. Leaves pinnate. Flowers ydlow, all alike. Fruit as in No. 4. 6. Arrlianu'<*!'ica. Stem smooth, stout, purple. Leaves 2-3-tornately compound. Flowers nreenish-white. Fruit smooth, flatfish on the back, double-wing-maryined, each carpel with 3 ribs on the back. 7. ConJosc'i'nnm. Stem smooth. Leaves finely 2-3 pinnately compound, the petioles inflated. Floverg n-hitp. Fruit doubly winy-inaryiacd, and with 3 narrow winys on the back of each carpel. 8. Thnnninni. Stem smooth. Leaves 1-2-temately divided. Flvners deep yellow. Finiit not flattened, 10-winged or ribbed. 9. Zizia. Stem slender, smooth and jrlaucons. Leaves 2-3-tcrnately com- pound. Flowerx yt'Jlnw. Rays of the imibel long and .slender. ,- rait contracted at thejuaciion oj the carpels, the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed. 48 COMMON CAXADIAX WILD PLANTS. 10. Cicu'ta. Stem streaked with purple, stout. Leaves thrice compou7id. Flmcers ichite. Fruit a little contracted at the sides, ihe carpels stri^ngly 5-rihhed. 11. Sin0-W-PAR3>riI>. T. axi'retim. Stem 1-2 feet high, angular-furrowed. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Fruit icUk 10 ichifjed rkhje.% or in var. aptenim v:ith 10 ribs.— Dry or ricli woods. 9. ZIZIA. ZiZTA. Z. integer'rima. Stem slender, l-2 feet high. Im-ohicels none. Plant strong-scented. — PtOcky hill-sides. 10, CICU'TA. Water-He irLocK. 1. C. macula'ta. (Spotted Cowbane. Beaver Poison.) Stem 3-6 feet liigh, purplish, smooth. Leaflets ovaie-lanceolate coarsthi serrate, pointed, — Swamx>s and low gronnds. 2- C. bulMf era is easily distinguished from No. ] ))y hearing dusters of balblets in the axils of the npper leaves. The leaflet;-- also, are linear. — Swamps and low grounds. 11. S1U3I. Water-Parsxtp. S. lineare. Stem 2-3 feet high, furrowed. Leaflets varyir? from linear to oblong, sharply pointed and serrate.— Pordcrs cf marshes, usually in the water. 153. CKYPTOT.E'MA. Hoxewort C. Canadensis, Stem 1-2 feet high, slender. Leaflets lai-e, ovate, doubly serrate. Xo involucre.— Kich wootls and thickets. 13. OSMORRHIZA. Sweet Ctceev. 1. 0. longis'tylis. (Smoother Sweet CirELY.) Stem red- dish, nearly smooth. I>eaflets sparingly pulK' ociit, short pointed. Shf'f'K sleiukr, nmrhj as long as the. ovarii, recurved.— Rich \\ Oudi- ;)0 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT. 2. 0. brevis'tylis. (Hairy Sweet Cicely.) Whole plant haiiy. Leallets taper-pointed. Styles very short, conical.— Jx\c]i 'Woods. 14. ERIGE'XIA. Haeeixgits-of-Speixg. E, bulbosa. Stem 4-6 inches high, from a tuber deep in the ground, producing 2 leaves, the lower radical. Leaflets much incised. FloMers few, — Alluvial soil. Oedep. XL. AKAIilA'CE^. (Ginseng Family.) Herbs (with us) diireriii-^ from the last Order chiefly in having, as a rule, more than 2 dijles, and the fruit a dritpe. The umbels, also, are either single, orcorymbed or panicled. Flowers often polygamous. The only Canadian genus is ARA'^IilA. GrssEXG. WrLB Sarsap.at:illa. * Umbels conjmhed or panicled. Petals, stamens, and styles each 5. Fruit black or dark-purple. 1. A. racemosa. (Spikenard.) Umbelsin alarfje ccmpound panicle. Stem 2-3 feet high, widely branching. Leaves very large and decompound ; leaflets ovate-cordate, doubly serrate Roots aromatic. — Rich woods, 2. A. hispida. (Bristly Sarsapartlla. Wild Elder.) Stem 1-2 fee high, hiistlt/, leafy, somewhat shrubby at the base. Uinhels :2-7. cor; mbed. Leaves twice-pinnate. Leaflets sharply evrate. Fruit black. — Rocky or sandy woods. 3. A. nn'-icaulis. (VriLD Sar.safai:ill.\.) True stem very r.l.ort, sending up a naked scape bearing 3 or 4 long-pe(Umcled umbels at the summit, and one long-} etioled leaf, teruately divided and with 5 leaflets on each division. Root horizontal, aromatic. — Rich wo.iJ.s. * * Umbel single, on a long peduncle. Styles 2 or S. 4. A. (imneuefolia. (Cixseng.) Leaves in a whorl of 3 at the sunmiit of the stem, the latter a foot high. Ltcifitts mostly 5, lo)iij-stcdked.— Rich woods. 5. A. trifo'lia. Stem -4 6 inches high. Leaves in a whorl of 3 at the summit, but the leaflets usually only 3, and sessile. — Rich woods. COMMON CANADIAN V.ILB PLANTS. 51 Order XLT. CORNA'CE^. (Doowood Family.) Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs) with simple leaves. Calyx- tube adht-rent to the 1-2-celiod ovary, the limb of the calyx inconspicuous. Petals 4. Stamens 4, all epi^j-nous. Style 1 ; stigma flat or capitate. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. Flowers in cymes or in close heads surrounded by a showy involucre resembling a corolla. The only Canadian genus is CORXrs. Cor.XEL. Doc-vrooD. * F'oicers in a close head, surrounded by a shotcy involucre of 4 > white bracts. Fruit rtd. 1. C. CanadeRSis. (Eu>ch-Berry.) Stem simple, 5 or 6 inches high. Upper leaves crowded and apparently whorled, ovate, the lower scale-like. Leaves of the involucre ovate. — I ich woods. •2. C. florida. (Flowering DoGwoon.) A small tree, with opposite ovate pointed leaves. Leaves of the involucre notched a: the apex. — Rocky wootls. South-westward. * * Flowers (trhite) in fat cymes, Ko involucre. Fruit bine or whitp. 3. C. circina'ta. (Round- leaved Dogwood.) A shrub, 4-6 f(ct hiirh, with fjrepnlsh va rty 'dotted hranches. Leaves oppo- site, broidly oval, white-woolly beneath. Fruit light blue. — Rich woods. 4. C. seric'ea. (Silky Cornel.) A large shrub, v.nth pur- plish branches. Leaves opposite, narrowly ovate or oblong, silky beneath. Branchlets often rusty. Fruit light blue. Distin- guished from No. 3 by the colour of the branches and the much smaller leaves — Low wet grounds. 5. C. stolonif'era. (R'D-osier Dogwood.) A shrub form- ing clumps by the production of suckers or stolons. .i-G feet high. Branches briqli! red-purple, smooth. Leaves opposite, ovate, rouiiliish, whitish beneath. Fruit white or whitish.—- Low wet grounds. 6. C. panicula'ta. (Paxtcled Cop.nel.) A shmb 4-8 feet high, with erect, gray and smooth branches. Flowers white, d2 common CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. very numerous. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, taper-point- e 1. Cymes convex. Fruit white. — Thickets and river-banks. 7. C. altemifolia. (Alternate-leaved Cornel. ) A large slirub or small tree, with alternate greenish branches streaTced with white. Leaves mostly alternate, oval, acat« at each end, crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers yellowish, in loose cymes. Fruit deep blue, on reddish stalks. — Thickets. Division IL GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. Embracing plants with both calyx and corolla, the lat- ter with the petals united (in however slight a degree). Order XLTI. CAPRIFOLIA'CE^. (Honeysuckle F.) Shrubs, rarely herbs, with the calyx-tube adherent to the ovarj^, the corolla borne on the ovary, and the stamens on the tube of the corolla. Leaves opposite-and without sti- pules, but some species of Vibur'num have appendages resembling stipules. Fruit a berr\', drupe, or pod. Srnop^i?* of the Cii^encrs. * CoroUn fubvlar, sovietimes Slipped. Style slevdn". 1. liinuff'a. A ti-ailinsror creeping^ herb, with evergreen oval crenate ler ve« and slender scape-like peduncles which fork at the top into 2 pedicels, ca^h of which bears a pair of nodding narrowly bell-shaped purpl.: h tiowers. Siam-iis 4, 3 shorter than the others. 2. ferniphos'icnr'pu-*. Upright branching shrubs, with oval entire shor*- potioled lea es. Flowers in interrupfed spikes at the ends of the branches, rose-coloured. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, with as niimy stamens. Berrie-s large and white, 4-cejled, but only 2-seeded. S Li3iiic< 'ra. Upright or twLjiinsr 5-hrabs, with entire leaves. Corolla funnel form, more or less irregular, ofUn with a projection on one side at the base. Berry several-seeded. 4. DiorriJ'ia. Low upri_'ht shrubs with ovate pointed serrate leaves. Calvx-tube taperinar towards the top, the teeth slender. Flowers light vellovs". peduncles mostly 3-flowercd. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regu- lar. Pod slender, pointed. 5 T«''o*'»cnai. Coaree herbs. Lobes of the calyx leaf-like. FiOwers bro'.viiis-h-purple, sessiilc in the axils of the leaves. Corolla bulging at the ba e. Fruit a 3-seeded orange-oolourod drupe. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Oj • ♦ CvruUa yotcttec'T urn-shaped, refjul(t!r,5-lohed. Floicers vhitr,tn broad cymes. 6. Saiul»a'cn«. Upright t-hrubs with pinnate leaves, the leaflets serrate. Stit,'mas 3. Fruit purple or red, a juicy berry-like drupe, with 3 setd- jike stones. 7. Vibar'nnm. Upright shrul'S with simple leaves, and white flowers in compound cyraes. Fruit a 1-sceded drupe. 1. LINAGE A. Tva^FLOVTEB.. L. boraalis. — Cool moosy woods and swamps. a. SY3IPHORICAR'PL8. Sno^3EP.RY. S. racemo'sus. (Snowbeeky.) Corolla bearded inside. Flowers ill a rather loose spike. — Dry rock}'' hill-sides. 3. liO.VICE'RA. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. 1. L. parviflo'ra,. (Small Uoneysuckle.) Twining shruh, 2-4 feet high, with smooth leaves which ai-e glaucous beneath, the upper ones conuate-perfoliate ; corolla yellowish-purple. — Ro ky l)anks. •2. L. Mrsu'ta. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) Stem hmiing hif/h. Leaves not fiUiucous, vzry lurfEYSUCKl.E. D. trif ida. — Rocky woods and clearings. r,. TRIOS'TEUM. Fever-wort. T. perfolia'tum. A coarse heib, 2-4 feet hfgli, soft-hairy. Leaves oval, narrowed at the base. Fruit oran^'e-coloured. — Ohl V-arings and thickets. 0\ COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 6. SAMBU'CUS. Elder. 1. S. Canadeil'^is. (Common Elder.) Shrub 5-10 feet high, in clumps. Leaflets 7-10, oblong. Cymes flat. Fruit black- purple. — Open grounds, and along streams. 2. S. puljeES (Red-behried Elder) may be distinguished from No. 1, by i:s warty bark, brown pith, 5-7 leaflets, convex or pyramidal cymes, and red berries. — E,ocky woods. 7. VlKrK'\U3I. Aerow-wood. Laurestixcs. 1 V. Lenta'gO. (Sweet Vibcrnum. Sheep-berry.) A email tree, witli ovate fineli/serrafe pointed leaves, with long and margi: ed petioles. Cyme sessi'e. Fruit black. — Along streams. 2. V. nudunci. (Withe-rod.) A smooth shrub Mith tall straic^ht stems. Leaves thickish, entire or wavy-toothed, dotted beneath. Cymes with short lyedunc'es. Fruit black. — Coid swamps. 3. V. pu"bes'cens. (Downy Arrow- wood.) A straggling shrub, not more than 4 feet high, with small ovate coarsely ser- rate leaves, the lower surface sofl-doiony. Cymes small. Fruit oblong, dark-purple.— Rocky places. 4. V. acerifo'lium. (Maple-leaved A. Dockmackie. ) A shrub 3-6 feet high, with greenish bark. Leaves 3-lobed, 3-ribbed, soft-downy beaeath. Stipular appendages bristle- shaped. Cymes small, on long peduncles. Fruit red, be- coming black.— Thickets and river-banks. 5. v. Op'UiU?. (Cranberry-tree.) An upright shrub, 5-10 feet hit'h, with strongly 3-lobed leaves, broader than long, the lobes spreading and pointed. Cymes peduncled. Marginal flow- ers of the cyme very large and neutral. Stipular appendages conspicuous. Fruit red, pleasantly acid.— Low grounds. 6. V. iantanoi'des. (Hobble-bush.) A straggling shrub with reclining branches. Leaves large, r und-ovate, heart- shaped at the base, serrate, many-veined, the veins underneath and the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy. Stipular ap- pendages conspicuous. Cymes sessile, very broad and flat, with very conspicuous ueutral flov.'ers on the margin. — Moist woodi. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PT.ANT3 55 OiiDER XLIII. RUBIA'CEjE. (Madder Family.) Herbs or shrubs, chiefly distincjuished from the preceding Order by the presence of stipules between the opposite entire leaves, or by the leaves being in whorls without stipules. Calyx superior. Stamens alternate with the (mostly 5) lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-4-celled. Synopsis of thv. iGoncra. 1. Ga'Unni. Leaves in whorls. Slender weak herbs with square stemg. Calyx-teeth iiicon picuous. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaiied. Styko 2. Fruit twin, separating into two l-seeded carpels, 2. C'cpha'aa'tlui '. Leaves opposite. Shru'jswi hthejiowers ina ffiohnlar pfdunelcd head. Lobes of calyx and corolla each 4, Style very slender, nmch protruded. Stij,'ma capitate. 3. MilchcI'Ja. Leaves opposite. Shim/ij trailinj evergreen herbs, with flowers in pairs, the ovaries united. Lobes of calyx and corolla e ich 4, the corolla bearded inside. Style 1. Stiguia^s 4. Fruit a red "J-eyed berr\, 4. ilo:i>to'nia. Leaves opposite. Low and deader erect herbs, v»'ith the fl)\\ ors in small terminal clusters. Lobes of calyx and corolla each 4, Style 1. Stitriuas 2. 1. GALilUM. Bedstra-W. Cleateks. 1. G. aiiari'ne, (Cleavers. Goqse-Grass. ) Leaves ahout S in a v:korl, lanceolate, rough-margined. Peduncles 1-2-iloweredy axillary. Fruit covered with hooked prickles. — Low grounds. 2. G. tria.o'rU!n. (Sweet-.scented Bedstraw.) Leaves chiefly G in a whorl, ellipticallanceolate, bri tie-pointed. Ped- uncles 3-flowered, terminating) the branches. Fruit covered ivilh hooked x)rickljs. — Woods. 3. G. lanceola'tum. (Wild LiQUORn.TE.) Leaves all in whorh of 4 ^ach, lauceolate, taperinfj to the apex, more or less 3-nerved. Flowers few or several, remote. Fruit covered with hooked prickle.s. 4. G. circaezans is similar to No. 3, but the leaves are obtuse instead of tapering. — Woods. 5. G. asprellum. (Rough Bedstr aw.) Leaves in wnorls of 6, or 4 or o on the hranchlets, elliptical-lanceolate, . ery rough o:i the edges and midrib. Stem weak, 3-5 feet high, ,raning upon 56 COMMON CANADIAN "WILD PLANTS. and clinging to bushes by its rough ciU-?3. Fioivers nur panicled clusters. Ffuit not rongh.— Thickets. 6. G. trif'idum. (Small Bedstraw.) Leaves in wi 4-6. Stem 6-18 inches high, roughened on the edges, as aix . . leaves usually. Flowers few, not 'panickd. Parts of the flowers generally in threes. Fruit smooth.— Low grounds and swamps. 7. G. borea'le. (Northern Bldstraw.) Leaves in whorls of ^ linear-la-iceolate, 3-nerved. Flowers very numerous, crowded in a narrow and compact terminal panicle. Stem erect and rigid, 1-3 feet high.— Rocky thickets and river-bauks. 3. CEPH VL..VN'THUS. BUTTOX BuSH. C. OCCidentalis. A smooth shrub in swamps, with ovate petioled pointed leaves, which are opposite or in whorls oi: 3. Easily recognized by the globular head of white flowers. 3. 3IITCHEL'LA. Pap.tkidge Berky. M. rspsns. — Common in dry woods. Leaves round-ovat-e, shining, sometimes with whitish lines. 4. HOUSTO'MA. HousTONiA, H. purtJU'rea. Stems tufted, 3-6 inches high. Leaves vary- ing from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-ribbeJ, sessile. — Woodlands, Order XLIY. VALERIANA' CE^. (Yaleri.a„v F.) Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and small cyraose flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the latter 3- celled, but onhj one of these fertile. Stamen -i 1-^, fewer than the lohes of the corolla. Style slender. Stigmas 1-3. The only common genus is VAI^ERIA'XA. Valerian. V. sylvat'ica. Not uncommon in cedar-swamps. Calyx- (vnh con.-iiding of several bristles rolled inwards in the flower, but expanding in fruit. Corolla gibbous at the base. Stamens 3. Root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire ; stem-leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11. Stem erect, striate, 1-2 feet high. common canadian wild plants. 0/ Order XLY. DIPSA'CE^. (Teasel Fa^ly.) Herbs with the flowers in heads, surrounded by a many- leaved involucre, as in the next Family, but the stamens are distinct. Leaves opposite. Kepresented in Canada b}^ the genus DIP'SACUS. TEAsrL. D. sylvestris. (Wild Teasel.) A stout coar??e prickly plant, not unlike a thistle in appearance. Flowers in oblong veiy dense heads, bluish. Corolla 4-cleft. Stamens 4, on the corolla. Bracts among the flowers terminating in a long awn. Leaves generally connate. — Roadsides and ditches. Rather com- mon in the Xiagara district, but found also elsewhere. Order XLYl. COMPOSITE. (Comrosite Famly.) Flowers in a dense head on a common receptacle, and sur- rounded by an involucre. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its limb either obsolete or forming a pappus of few or many bristles or chafiy scales. Corolla either tubular or with one side much prolonged (strap-shnped or ligulate). Stamens usually 5, on the tube of the corolla, their anthers united (syngenesious). Style 2-cleft. (See Part L, sections 47-49, for examination of a typical flower.) The heads of flowers present some variety of structure. All the flowers of a head may be tabular; or only the central ones or dish-jioicers^ as they are then called, may be tubular, wliilst those around the margin, then known as ray-Jioivers, are ligulate or strap-shaped. Or again, all the flowers may be strap-shaped. It is not unusual also to find a mixture of perfect and imperfect flowers in the same head. The bracts which are often found growing on the common receptacle among the florets are known as the chaff. When these bracts are entirely absent the receptacle is said to bo /.<tacle na-ed, and deeply honeycombed. Pap- pus of long bristles, not plumose. Stem winged by the decurrent bases of t':.e leavea. Flowers purple. 3. l^ap'pa. Leaves not prickly, hot the scales of the nlohular involucre tipped with hooked bristles. Pappu3 of many short rouj^h bristles. Receptacle bristly. Flow&rs purple. -^ -t- ilarjinal florets sterile, and their corollas m^ich larger than the others^ forminj a kind of false ray. 4. Centanre'a. Leaves not prickly. Scales (f the involucre fringed. Pap- pus \ ery short. Receptacle bristly. Flowers blue. .^ H_ -,_ Sterile and fertile florets in separate heads, i e. monoecious. Fruit a completely closed involucre (usually bristly) containing only one or two florets, t/u'se heads ses-,ile in the axils of thf bracts or upper leaves. Sterile Iteads with more numerous florets in flattish involucres, andjorming racenug or siiikes. Pappus none. 5. Xan'ihiuin. Fertile florets only 2 together in burs with hooked prickles, clustered in the axils. Sterile heals in short spikes above them, the scales of their involucres in one row only, but not united together. 6. Anil>ro'*ia. Fertile florets single, in a closed involucre armed with a few spines at the top. Sterile htads in racemes or spikes above, the scales of their involucres in a single row and united into a cup. * * Scales of the involucre without bristles of any kind. -\~ Marginal florets without stamens. ♦* Panpus none or minute. Receptacle naked. Very strong-scented herbs. 7. TaiTace'lum. Flowers yellow, in numerous corymbed heads. Scales of the involucre dry, iiiibiicateil. Pappus 5-lobed. Leaves dissected. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS, 59 8. Arloinis'ia. Flow rs yellowish or dull purplilp!opap'piiS. Rays white, long. Disk-florets yellow. Scales of the involucre 1-nerved. Pappus double, the outer row of short still bristles. Heads small, corymbed. * * Pappus not of hair-like bristles, but either altogether wanting or con- sisting of a few chaffy scales or teeth, or only a minute crowii. -f- Receptacle naked. 20. OcIe'iiiniM. Rays yellow, wedge-shaded, 3-5 cleft at the summit. Scales of the involucre reflexed, awl-shaped. Pappus of 5-8 chaffy scales, 1-nerved, the nerve usually extending into a point. Leaves alternate, decurrent on the angled stem. Heads corjmbed, showy. 21. licncan'thomuni. Rays white ; disk yellow. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Pappus none. Heads single. -i- -I- Receptacle chafly. 22. .llavH'la. Rays white, s on re/f<'a:ed ; disk yellow. Pay-florets neutral. Pappus none. Receptacle conical, more or less chaffy. Herbs with strong odour. 23. Kutlbeck'ia. Rays yellow, usually long, disk dark-purple, or in one species greenish-yellow. Scales of the involucre leaf-Uke'. Receptacle conical. Pappus none, or only a minute crown. Ray -florets neutral. 24. Ilrlian'thniion'chii«. Flowers pale yellow. Heads many-flowered, enlarging at the base. Achenia without beak-i. Papjju-i very soft and white. Tall glaucous herbs with spiny-toothed Leaves. 1. CIR'SIU3I. CojnroN Thistle. 1. C. lanceola'tum. (Commox Thi.stlk.) All the scales oj the involucre ]>rir/:/i/-pointed. Leaves dcciinent, piiiiiatifid, the lolfcs prickly-pointed, rougli above, woolly with webby hairs >.*ueatb. — Fields and roadsides everywhere. 62 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. C. dis'color. The inner scales of the invohicre not prickly. Stem grooved. Leaves prickh'-, green above, irhite-icoolly beneath. Flowers pale purple. Whole plant with a whitish aspect. — Dry thickets. 3. C. ULu'ticilin. (Swamp Thistle.) Scales of the icehhy iii- ijolucre hardly pi'ii'^^^lh a^itl "ot spreading. Stem very tall and snioothish, and sparingly leafy. Head^ single or few. — Swamps and low woods. 4. C. arvense. (Canada Thistle.) Scales of the involucre with reflexed points. Leaves prickly, smooth both sides, or slightly woolly beneath. Roots extensively creeping. Heads small and numerous. — Fields and roadsides. 3. OXOPOR'DOX. Scotch Thistle. 0. acan'thium. A coarse branching herb, 2-4 feet high, with woolly stem and leaves. Bristles of the pappus united at the base into a ring. — Roadsides and old fields ; not common. 3. LAP'PA. Burdock. L. ofS.cina'lis. A coarse plant with very large cordate petioled leaves, and numerous small globular heads of purple flowers. The involucre fomns a bur which clings to one's clothing, or to the hair of animals. — Xear dwellings, mostly in manured soil. 4. CE-VTAURE'A. Star-ThisTLE. C. Cy'anus. (Blue-Bottle.) An old garden-plant, found occasionally along roadsides. False i-ays very large. Scales of the involucre fringed. Leaves linear, entire or nearly so. Stem erect. Heads single at the ends of the branches. 5. XAX'TiiiUM. Clotbur. 1. X. stnima'rium, var. echina'tum. (Common CocKLEBrR.) Stem rough, not prickly or spiny. Leaves broadly tiiangular, and somewhat heart-shaped, long-petioled. Fruit a hard 2-celled bur, nearly an inch long, clothed with stiff hooked prickles, the two beaks of the fruit long and usually incurved. — Low river- banks. 2. X. spino'sum. (Stiny Clotbur.) Stem armed with con- spicuous straw-coloured triple slender spines, at the bases of the lanceolate short-petioled leaves, the latter white-woolly be- COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. G3 neath. — Town of Dundas, Ontario ; the seeds having been brought ill wool from South America. 6. A3IBRC/SIA. Ragweed. 1. A. artemisisfo'Iia. (Hog-weed.) stem erect, 1-3 feet hii,4i, branching, haii y. Leaver twkt-pinnatijid, the lobes linear, paler beneath, — Was^e places everywhere, but not so common northward. 2. A. trif ida (Great Ragweed) is found in low grounds in the south-west of Ontario. Stem stouter than Xo. 1, '2-4 feet high. Leaves ojjjjosUe, deojiiy 3-lobed, the lobes oval-lanceolate and serrate. r. TAXAC-E'TU3I. Tan ST. T. VTl"'ga're. (Common Tansy.) A very strong-scented herb, 2—1 feet high, smooth. Leaves twice pinnate, the lobes serrate, as are also the wings of the petiole. Heads densely corymbed. — Old gardens and roadsides near dwellings. 8. ARTE3I S'lA. WoKMwoon. 1. A. Canadensis. Stem smooth or sometimes hoary with silky (lowif, erect, usually brownish, LoAver leaves twice-pinna- titiu, the lobes linear, — Shores of the Great Lakes, 2. A. vulgaris. (Common Mug wort.) Stem talL and branching above. Leaves fjreen and smooth above, white-woolly beneath, pinnatifid, the lobes linear-lanceolate. Heads small, erect, in panicles. Flowers purplish. — Old iields near dwellings. 3. A. Absin'thium. (Common Wormwood.) Somewhat shiul/by. Whole plant silky-hoary. Stem angular, bi-anchcd the bi-anches with drooping extremities. Leaves 2-3 pinnately- divided, the lobes lanceolate. Heads nodding. — Escaped from ganieus in some places. 9 KRECriTn"TK':. FmEWEED. E. hieracifolia. Stem tall, grooved. Leaves sessile, Ian- ceolate, cut-toothed, upper ones clasping. — Common in places recently over-run by fire. 10. G-VAP:iA'Lirr»I. Cudweed. 1. G. decur'rens. (Everlasting.) Stem erect, 2 feet high, clammi/-j)ubescent, white-woolly on the branches. Heads 64 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. corj-rabed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, chcurrent. — Fields and hillsides. 2. G. polyceph'alum. (Common Eveelasting.) Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, white-Avoolly. Heads corymbed. Leaves lanceo- late, tapering at the base, not decurrent. — Old pastures and woods. 3. G. uligino'sum. (Low Cudweed.) Stem spreading, 3-6 inches high, while- woolly. Leaves linear. Heads small in crowded terminal clusters subtended by leaves. — Low grounds. 11. AXTE\-VA'RIA. Eveelastixg. 1. A. margarita'cea. (Pearly Everlasting.) Stems in clusters, downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile. Scales of the involucre pearl}'- white. Heads in corymbs. — Along fences and in open woods. 2. A. plantaginifolia. (Plantain-leaved E.) Stem scape- like, 4-6 inchea Iwjh. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate ; stem- leaves few, linear. Heads small, in a crowded corymb. Invo- lucre white or purplish. — Old pastures and woods. 13. LiIA'TRlS. Blazixg-St.\b. 1. L. cylindra'cea. Stem wand-like, 6-18 inches high. Leaves linear, rigid, geuerall}'- i-nerved. Heads few, cylindrical. — Sandy fields and thieketi. 2. L. SCario'sa. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high. Leaves lan- ceolate. Heads very large aud handsome. —Dry soil, south- western Ontario. 3. L. spica'ta. Stem stout and rigid, 2-5 feet higii, very leafy. Leaves linear, erect, the lowest 3-5 nerved. Heads crowded in a long spLke. — Low grounds, south-western Ontario. 13. EUPATO'RIUM. Thoroughwokt. 1. E. purpu'reum. (Joe-Pye Wefd. Trumpet- Weed.) Stem tall and simple. Leaves petioled, 3-6 in a v:horl. Flcvvrs purplish or flesh-coloured. Heads in dense corymbs. — Low grounds. 2. E. perfolia'tum. (Boneset.) Stem short, hairy. Leaves ru(]ose, conno.te-perfoliate, tapering. Flowers whitish. Corymbs very large. — Low grounds. C03D[0N CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Go 3. E. ageratoi'des. (White Snake-root.) Stem very smooth, commonly branching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves opposite, petioled, hroad'y ovate, pointed, coarsely serrate. Flowers white, in corymbs. — Low rich woods. ■ 14. SEXE'CIO. Groundsel. 1. S. vulga'ris. (Common Groundsel.) Ray-florets loanting. Stem low, branching. Leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping. Flowers yellow, terminal. — Cultivated and waste grounds. 2. S. au'reus. (Goluen Ragwort. Squaw- Weed.) Rays 8-12. Stem smooth, or woolly when young, 1-2 feet high. . E-ootdeaves simple, rounded, usually cordate, crenately-toothed, lonrj-pctioled. Stem-leaves se.-sile, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid. Heads in a corymb nearly like an umbel.— Swamps, and often in gardens. 1.5. IN UliA. Elecampane. I. Hele'nium. (Common Elecampane.) Stem stout, 2-5 feet high. Root-leaves very large, ovate, petioled. Stem-leaves clasping. Rays numerous, narrow. — Roadsides. 16. SOLIDA'GO. GOLDEN-ROD. ♦ Hea'ls clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves. 1. S. SCLUarro'sa. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high, simple, hairy above. Scales of the involucre with reflexed herbaceous tips. Leaves large, oblong, serrate, veiny ; the lower tapering into a long- winged petiole, the upper sessile and entire. Heads in racemose clusters, the whole forming a dense, leafy, interrupted, compound spike. — Rocky woods. 2. S. bi'color. Stem hoary-pubescent, usucally simple. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends ; the lower oval and taperinrr into a petiole, serrate. Heads in short racemes in the upper axils, the whole forming an interrupted spike or compound raceme. Ray-florets whitish. The variety concolor has yellow rays. — Dry banks and thickets. 3. S. latifo'lia. Stem smooth, not angled, zigzag, 1-3 feet high. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, strongly and sharply serrate, pointed at both ends. Heads in very short axillary clusters.— Cool woods. f'.n COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. -i- S. Ct3'S!a, Stem smooth, angleii, glaiieoiis, slender, usually hruiiching above. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, sessile. Heads in very sl.ort clusters in the axils of the leaves. — Rich woods and hillsides. * * Racemes ternunal, erect, loose! ff tlvjrsoid, not one-sided. Leaves feather-veined. 5. S, Virga-anrea, var. hu'milis. Stem low, 3-6 inches high, usuall}' smooth ; the heads, peduncles, &c., mostly glutinous. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolato, serrate or entire, the racky banks; not common, * * * HeoAs ill a compound con/mh terminating tJie simple steTJt, not at all raremosc. 6. S, Ohioen'sis. Very smooth througliout. Stem slender, reddish, leafy, B-adieal leaves very long (often a foot), slightly serrate towards the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entii-e, sessile, * * * * Heads in one-aided racemjes, spreading or recurred. 7. S. argu'ta. Whole plant smooth, 1^ feet high, rigid, bran jiiiug above. Lower leaves oval or elliptical-lanceolate, ser- rate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; upper ones lanceolate. Racemes veiy dense, naked, at length elongated and recurvetL The variety juncea has narrower and less serrate leaves. — Woods and banks, 8. S. Muhlenber'giL ."^tem smooth, angled or furrowecL Leaves laigii and thin, ovate ; the upper elliptical-lanceolate. Kucciijos liiuch shorter and looser than in No. 7, and the rays much laiger. — Moist v;oods and thickets, 9. S. altis'sillia. Stem rough-hairy. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late, or oldoijg coaisely sciiate, veiny, often rugose. Racemes paiiicicd, sjiKU'iiug. — llordeis of Hehls and copses. 10. S, neuioralis. stem minutely and closely hoary- pubescent, sinijilo or coryiulKjd. {./eaves more or less hoary, slightly :>-n * « 4t * Racemes one-sided and recurved, and (he leaves plainly 3-rihbed. 11. S. Canadensis. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, rough above. Panicle exceedingly large. — Very common along fences and in moist thickets. 1"2. S. sero'tina. Stem very smooth, tall and stout. Leaves lanceolate, serrate,' the veins beneath pubescent. Panicle pyra- midal, of man)'^ curved racemes. — Low thickets and meadows. 13. S. gigante'a. Stem smooth, stout. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, except at the base, smooth both sides, rouf/h-ciiiate. Panicle large, pubescent. ^0]^en thickets and meadows. * * * 4: * * Inflorescence a flat-toj/ped corymb. 14. S. lanceola'ta. Stem pubescent above, much branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the nerves (.3-5) and margins rough- pubescent. Heads in dense corymbed clusters, giving a decidedly chaiacteristic aspect to this species. — Low river-margius. 17. A TER. Staewort. Astes. ♦ Leavej-; at least the loicer ones, hiart-skaped and petioled. 1. A. COrymbo'suS. Rays white or nearly so. Heads in corymbs. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high, zigzag. Leaves thin, smoothish, sharp-poiuted, coarsely serrate, all the lower ones on slender naked petioles. — Woodlands. 2. A. macrophyl'lus. Rays white or bluish. Stem st ut, 2-3 feet higli. Leaves thickish, rough, finely serrate, the lower lung-peLioled. Heads in closer coiymbs than in Xo. 1. — Wood- lands. 3. A. azu'reus. Rays bright ]>lue. Heads racemed or panl- cled. Stem roughisli, erect, raLcniose-conipound above. Leaves entire or nearly so, rough ; the lower ovate-lanceolate, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile. The latest flowering of our Asters. — Dry soil. 4. A. undula'tus. Rays brig*!it blue. Hea<^]s racemed or panicled. Stem hoary with close pubescence, spreading. Leaves 68 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PI ANTS. with somewhat wavy margins, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ronghish above, downy beneath ; the lowest cordate, on margii:ed ]}ctioles ; the upper with idnged short petioles clasping at the base, or sessile. — Dry woods. 5. A. COrdifolius. Rays pale blue or nearly white. Heads small, profuse, panicled. Stem much branched. Leaves thin, sharply serrate, the lower on slender ciliate petioles. — Woods and along fences. 6. A. sagittifo'lius. Rays pale blue or purple. Heads swaZZ, in dense compound racemes or panicles. Stem smooth or nearly so, erect, with ascending branches. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, pubescent, the lowest on long margined petioles, the upper contracted into a winged petiole, or lanceolate or linear. — Thickets and along fences. * * Ujyper leaves all sessile or clasping hy a heaj-t-shaped base; loicer ones not heart-shaped. 7. A. ISBVis. Rays large, pui-ple or blue. Very smooth throucfhout. Heads in a close panicle. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, rough on the margins, the upper ones clasjnng hy an auricled base.— Dry woods. 8. A. NOVSS An'glise. Rays many, narrow, violet-purple; Jieads large. Involucre of many slender cqna scales, apparently in a single rov:, clammy. Stem stout, 3-8 feet high, hairy, corymbed above. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, clasping by an auricled base, pubescent. — River-banks and borders of woods. 9. A. puni'ceus. Bays long, lilac-blue. Scales of the invo- lucre narrowly linear, loose. Stem 3-6 feet high, stout, rough- hairy, usually purple beloic. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, sparingly serrate in the middle, rough above, smooth beneath, pointed.— Swamps ; usually clustered. 10. A. longifo'lius. Rays large, numerous, purplish -blue. Scales of the involucre in several rows, linear, with awl-shaped spreading green tips. Stem smooth. Leaves lanceolate or linear, taper-pointed, shining above. Heads solitary or few ou th© branchlets.— Moist thickets along streams. COMMON CANADIAN Will) PLANTS. <59 * * * None of the leaves heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile^ tapering at the base (except in No. 11). 11. A. multiflo'rus. Rays white. Stem pale or hoavy with minute pubescence, 1 foot high, bushy. Leaves croicded, linear^ with rough margins ; the upper partly clasping. Heads crowded on the racemose branches. Scales of the involucre with spread- ing green tips. — Dry soil. 12. A. Tradescan'ti. Rays white or whitish. Scales of the involucre nat-rowly linear, in 3 or 4 rows. Heads small, very numerous, in l-aided close racemes on tlie branches. Stem 2-4 feet high, bushy, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the larger ones with a few remote teeth in the middle. — Moist banks. 13. A. miser. Rays pale blue or whitifh. Involucre nearly as in No. 12, Stem more or less hairy, much branched. Heads small, in loose racemes on the spreading branches. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply serrate in tJie middle. — Low grounds. 14. A. simplex. Rays pale blue or whitish. Scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped. Stem stout, smooth or nearly so, with numerous leafy branches. Heads medium-sized, somewhat corj'mbose. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, tapering at both ends^ the lower serrate. — Moist and shady banks. 15. A. temiifo'lius. Rays pale blue or whitisli. Scales of tlic involucre line^r-awl-shapcd, with very slender points. Heads icdium-sized, in panioled racemes. Leaves long, narrow fy Ian- eofate, tapering to a long slender j)oint, the lower usually serrate in the middle. Stem much branched, pubescent in lii^s. — Low thickets. 16. A. ptarmicoi'des. Rays pure white. Stems clustered, generally a foot high, each l>earing a flat corymb of small heads. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, mostly 1-r.erved, with rough margins. — Dry or gravelly hills. Our earliest Aster. 18. ERIG'EROX. Fle.*3ANe. 1. E. Canadense. (Horse-wred. Bl'tter-weed.) Ray« liite, but vera in''on,<. H. autumnale. (Sneeze- weed.) Stem nearly smooth. Leaves lanceolate, toothed. Disk globular. — Low river- and lakc-naargins. 31. LEUCAXTHEBIU^I. Ot-ete Daisy. L. vnlga're. (Ox-eye Daisy. White -weed.) Stem erect, naked above, benring a single large head. Leaves pinnatifid or cut-toothed, the lowest spathulate, the others partly clasping. — ra.s ures and o'd fiekls. CO:\!M0N CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 71 S3. 3IARU'TA. M-VY-vrerD. I.I. Cot'ula. (Common May- WEED.) Stein hrancliing. Leaves tLirice-pini:iatc, finely dissected- — Roadsides even'wlieie. 23- RUDBECK'IA. Cone-flowek. 1. E.. laciDia'ta.. H^iys linear, 1-2 inch*^3 long, drooping. Di-iJc fjreevish-yeUov;. Stem t-all, smooth, branching. Lowest leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lolled ' leaflets ; upper ones 3-5 pai-tcd, or the np^^ei-most undivided and generally ovate. Heads terminal, long-peduncle.L — Swamps. ~. R. hir'ta. Rays ]»right yellow. Disk purplish-brown. Stem' very roufjh-ho.iry, naked above, bearing single large heads- Leaves 8-ribbed, the lowest spathulate, narrowed into a petiole, the upper ones sessile. — Meadows. 21. UELIAXTHUS. SUN-FLOWEB- 1. H. strumo'sUS. Stem 3-4 feet high, smooth below. Leaves broadly lanceolate, rough above and whitish beneath, pointed, serrate Mith small appresscd teetli, sfaort-petioled. Ra3's about 10. — Moist copses and low grounds. 2. H. divarica'tus. Stem 1-4 feet high, simple or forking aljove. Leaves all opposite, 'Nvi^.UAN WILD PLANTS. Leaves lanceolate, } einteiT, serrate, tapering and connate af th& base, the lowest often S-parteU and decurrent on tke petiole. — In shallow water and low groundsv 3. B, csr'nua. (Smaller Euk-Maeigold.) Eoi/s s7iort,jpah ycllov. Aehenes flat^ wedge-oliovate, 4-(i^'^^<^fr filiate icith hristJe.^ pointing iloyrmixinh. Stem nearly smooth, 5-10 inches high> Leaves all simple,, lanceolate,, uneq^ually serrate, hardly connate. Heads nodding. — Wet j)laces. 4. B. c]nysantliemoi'(ies. (LARGEPwBrE-M>.PwTGaLi>.> Raij.^ an inch hnfj, showif, fjohlen yellovj^ Acbencs wedge-shaped,. 2-4 awned, hrktly doumwanls, Steov smooth, 6r-30 inches high^ erect or ascending. Leaves, hinujeolate,. tapering at both ends, connate,, regnlarly serrate.— Swamps and ditches. 5. B. Beck'ii. (Water Mauigold.) Aquatic, Steras long and slender. Immersed leaves dissected into fine hair-like divisions ; those out of water lanceolate, slightly connate,, toothed. Eays showy, golden yellow, larger than the in\ ohicre. Achenes linear, bsarimj 4-6 very long. awn& harhed towarih ths apex. — Ponds and slow streams. ^G. ACHII.LE A. T.4RE0W. A. MillefoliUKL (Milfoil.) Stems simple. Leaves dis- sected into fine divisions. Corymb fiat-topped. Rays only 4 ©r 5, short. — Fields and along fences ; very common. 37. POI*T3I'MA. Lr.\p-ClTP. P. Canadensis. A coarse clammy-liak-y herb. Lower leaves opposite, petioled, pinuatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed. Heads small ; rays pale yellow. — Shaded ravines, south- westward. Zi. SII.'PHIU3J. Eosln-Plaxt. S. perfolia'tnm (Crp-pLA>T) is found in south- western Ontario. Stem stout, square, 4-S feet high. Leaves ovate^ coarsely toothed, the upper ones united by tlieir bases. 39. LiA^IP'SAXA. Nipple -woBT. L. commnnis. Very slender and branching. Leaves aBgleil or toothed. Heads small, loosely panicW. — Bordei's of s^mgs ; not conimou- CO.M.MuN CANADIAN WJLD PLAMS. 73 30. CICHO'RIUM. Succory. Cichory. C. In'tybus. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasp- ing J radical ones ruucinate.— Roadsides and waste places. 31. LEJA-'TOD iA\ Fall Dandelion. L. autumna'le. (Fall Daxdelton-. ) Leaves lanceolate, laciniate-toothed or pinnatitid. iicapt hranchtd. — Roadsides and waste places ; not common. 3;^. HliilKA'CIUM. Hawkweed. 1. H. Canaden'3e. (Canada Hawkweed.) Heads large. Stem simple, leafy, corymbed, 1-3 feet high. Peduncles downy. Leaves ovate-oblong, with a few coarse teeth, somewhat hairy, sessile, or the uppermost slightly clasping. Acheues tapering towards the base. — Dry banks and plains. 2. H. scabrum. (Rough H.) Heads small. Stem stout, 1-3 feet high, roiigh-huiry, corymbose. Peduncles and involucre densely clothed lolth dark bristles. Achenes not tapering. — Sandy woods and thickets. 3. H. veno'sum (Rattlesxake-weed), with a smooth naked scape (or bearing one leaf), and a loose corymb of very slender peduncles, is found in the Niagara region. 33. A'AB'AIiUS. Rattlesnake -ROOT. 1. N. albus. (White Lettuce.) Heads 8-12 flowered. Pappus deep cinnamon-rohund. Stem 2-4 feet high, smooth and glaucous, corymbose-paniculate. Leaves triangular-halberd- shaped, or .3-5 lobed, the uppermost oblong and undivided. — Rich woods. 2. N. altissimus. (Tall White Lettuce.) Heads 5-6 flowered. Pappus jjnle Mr/':t blue. Stem low, 4-18 inches high, veri/ slender. Pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, with 2 minute bractlets above the middle. Leaves mostly linear, the radical ones spathulate and the upper- most reduced to bristly bracts. — Wet rocks and banks, chiefly northward. 6. L. DDrtmau'na (Water Lobelia), with small leaves all tufted at the root, and a scape o or 6 inches long with a few small light-blue pedicelled flowers at the suaimit, occurs in the shallow borders of ponds in Muskoka. Order XL Vin. CAMPANULA'CE^. (Campanula F.) Herbs with milky juice, differing front the preceding Order chiejiy in having a regular 5-lobed corolla {bell-shaped or wheel- shaped), separate stamens (5), and 2 or more {tvith us, J) stigmas. ($ynop:>iis of the ig£e'a. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy inside, rose-coloured. Stamens 10^ filaments slender ; anthers awnless, opening leajthicise. Calyx of 5 pointed and scale-like nearly dis:inct sepals. A trailing evergreen, bristly with rusty hai s. 6. Gaiilthc'ria. Corolla ovoid, or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed, nearly white. Stamens 10, the anthers 2-a\vned. Calyx 5-cleft. enclosing the pod and hecomih{j fleshy and herry-Wce in fruit. Stems low and slender, leafy at the summit. 7. Cassan'dra. Corolla cylindriral, 5-toothed. StamenslO, the anther-cells tapering into beaks with a pore at the apex, awnless. Calyx of 5 over- lapping sepals, and 2 similar bractlets. Pod with a double pericarp, the outer of 5 valves, the inner cartilaginous and of 10 valves. A low shrub with rather scurfy leaves, and white flowers. 8. Androm'cda. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct valvate sepals, without bractlets. Stamens 10 ; the filaments bearded ; the anther-cells each with a slender awn. A low shrub, with white floweis in a terminal umbel. 9. Kal'iiiia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, icith 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Shrubs with showy rose-purple flowers. 10. ll«c'( 4 MMO^' CANADIAN WILD PLANTS, Si sepals, pei-sistent. Corolla 4-lobed, thin and membrana- ceoirs, spreading. Stamen.? 4, usually Tvitli long filaments, (inserted on the coiolla. Pod 2-oelled^ the tof) coming off Eike ii lid. Leaves ribbed. The principal genus is PL.\\-TAGO. Plaotaix. Eeb-Gka^s. 1, P. major. (Common P.) SjrlJ'X long and slender. Leaves 5-7 ribbed, ovate or slightly heart-shaped, with channelled petiolffs. — Moist ground, about dwellings, 2. P. laneeola'ta. {Rib-Gr.ass. English Plantain, ) Spike ihick and d<'n»?, yhort. Leaves .3-5 ribbed, lanceolate or lanceo- late-oblong. Scaj^e grooved, long and slender. — Diy fields and banks. .3, P, marit'ima, var. juncoides, ^^-itk very narro^v and slender spike, ard linear fleshy leaves, is found on the sea-coast and Lower St. Lawrence, Order LIT. PRIMULA'CEiE. (PRniROSE FAmLY.) Herbs with regular perfect flowers, well marked by having « Htamen before each petal or lohe of the corolla and inserted on the tube. Ovary 1-celled, the plaoenta rising from the base. Style 1 ; stigma 1, Sjnop.^H of ifac ^r-nera, I. Priin'n!a. Leaves all in a cluster at the root. Flowers in an umTsel at the summit of a simple scape. Corolla salver-shaped, Staoiens 5, in- cluded. 2- Tricuta'lL*. Leaves in a whorl at the summit of a slender ere.fc stem. Calvx usually 7-parted, the lobes pointed. Corolla usually 7-partc I. spreading, without* tube. Filaments united in a ring below. Flowers usually only one, white and star-shaped. a. I.ysimach'ia. Leafy-stemmed, Flowers yellow, nxillar?- or in a terminal raceme. Calyx usually 5-i>arted. Corolla wheel-shaped, mostly 5 parted, and sometimes polypetalous. 4. AnngaS'li*. Low and spreading^. Leaves opposite or whorled, e:i(.ire. Flowers variously coloured, solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, Corolla whecl-shajKid, iS-pa' ted. Filaments beankJ. 5, Saiii'o!ii». Smooth a' d spr adin's-eye P.) Lower surface of the leaves eovereJ with a white mealiness. Corolla lilac with a yellow centre. --Shore of Lake Huron, and northward. 2. P. Mistassinlca. Leaves not mealy. Corolla fie^^h eoloured, the lobes obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes, and northward. 2. TRIEXTA'IilS. Chiceweet»-Yv'inxergreen. T. America'na. (Star-Flo wek. ) Leaves thin and veiny, lanceolate^ tapeiiiig towards both ends. Petals pointed. — lUoist woods. 3. I.Y3I?IAfK'IA. LCCSESTRIFE. L L. thyrsiflo'ra. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Flowers in spike- like clusters fiom the axils of a few of the upper leaves. Petals lance-linear, purpIl<7i-do{tcd, as many minute teeth between them. Leaves scale-like below, the upper lanceolate, opposite, sessile, dark-dotted. — Wet swamps. 2. L. Sbric j^r. Flowers on slender pedicels m a long fermlnal raceme. Petals lance-oblong, streakcl with dark lines. Leaves Ojpobite, lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, dark-dotted. — I^jw grounds. 3. L. Qll?t, I iio'Iia. Flowers on long skuder peduncles from the a.Li's of the wper leai-es. Petals streaked. Leaves in ichovls of 4 or 5, ovate-lanceolate, dark-dotted. — Sandy so'l. 4. L. ciiia'ta. Flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the iipne.' axih. Petals not strea'Jced or dotted. Leaves oppo.^itc, not dotted, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cordate at the base, on long Jringed petioles. — Low grounds. 5. L. longifo'lia. Petals not streaked or dotted. Stem-Leaves sessile, narroiv'y linear, 2-4 inches long, the mirgius sometimes revolutc. Stem 4-angled. — Moist soil, chiefly northward. 4. AXAG VL,'lii::. PniPERXEL. A.arvensis. (Co:.i:.iaN Pimpernel) Petals obovate,/>7rt.7e'^ vjith minute teeth, mostly bluisii or purplish. Flowers closing at the approach of rain. Leaves ovate, sessile. — Sandy fields and garden soil. COMMON CAXADIAN WITA^ TT. VNTS. 83 5. SAM'i>Lil"S. WATfcr. PI:^IPKR:^;EL. Bhook \\eed, S. Valeran'di, var. AmericamiS. Stem slender, diffusely branched. The slender pedicels cacli "vvith a bractlet at the middle. — Wet places, chiefly eastward. Oedep. LTII. LENTIBULA'CEJE. (Bladderwoet F.) Small aqnatic or marsh lierus, witli a 2-lipped calyx and a personate corolla with a spur or sac underneath. Stamens 2. Ovaiy as in Primulacese. Chiefly represented by the genus XJTRICrii.V'RIA. Bladdeewobt. 1. U. vu'ga'ris. (Greater Bla-oder wort. ) Immersed leaves crowded, finely dissected into capillary divisions, furnished Avitli small air-bladders. Flowers yellow, sevei'al in a raceme on a naked scape. Corolla closed ; the spur conical and shorter than the lower lip. — Ponds and slow waters. 2. U. interme'dia. Immersed leaves 4 or 5 times forked, the divis:o:i3 linea.-awl-saansd, minubely bristle-toothed on the margin, nol hla'hler -hearing, the bladders being on leafless branches. Stem 3-G inches long. Scape ver}' slender, 3-6 inches long, bearing few yellow fiOM ers. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; the spur closely pressed to Hie broad lotoer /in. — Shallow waters. 3. U. COrnu'ta, with an a'^\] -shaped spur turned downward and outward, and the lower lip of the corolla helmet-sliaped, is found towards the sen-coast. Flowers yellow. Leaves awl- shaped. Order LIV. OROBAITCJHA'CETS. (Broom-rape F.) Parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage. Corolla more or less 2-lipped. Stamens didj-nnmous. Ovary 1-celicd with 2 or 4 parietal placentre, many-seeded. 1. EPIPHE'GUS. Beech-dbops. E. Virginia'na. A yellowish-brown branching plant, par- asitic on the roots of beech -trees. Flowers racemose or spiked ; the upper sterile, with long corolla ; the lower fertile, with short corolla. 84 COMMON CAXAPIAN WILD Pi ANTS, 2. co^-OPHOi*i^i. SgrAw-RcoT. C. America/na. A chestnut-coloured or 3'ellow plant found in chisters iu oak woods in early summer, 3-6 inches higii and rather less than an inch ia thickness. The stem covered -with fleshy scales so as to resemble a cone. Tlowers under the upper scales ; stamens projecting. Orper LV. SCROPHULARIA'CE^. (Figwoet F.) Herbs, distinguislied bTa2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, stamens usually 4 and didj-namous, or only 2, (or in Verbascum 5,) and a 2-celled and usually many-seeded ovary. Style 1 ; stigma eiuire or 2-lobed. .^yuop.^i^ of tbe (Genera. * Corolla wheel- haped, and cnhj sli'jlitJy iTrejular. 1. VevliHs'cna. Stamens (with anthers) 5. Flowers in a long terminal spike. Corolla 5-parted, nearly regnlar. FilameKts (or some of tbem) vroolly. 2. V» lon'ica. S^aj??e«s on?]/ 5 ; filaments long and slender. Corolla mostly 4 parted, nearly or quite regular. Pod fl:ittish. Flowers solitary in the aiila, or forming a terminal raceme or spike. • • Corolla S-h'pfed, or tubular and irregular. ■*- Ui)per lip of the cj.olla emijraci g the loicer in the bud, except occationally in ^liuinln^. 3. I/na'rla. Corolla personate (Fig. 143, Fart I.), with a long spur beneath. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, in a crowded raceme. 4. ScjopbnTa'ria. Corolla tubular, somewhat inSatcd, 5-lcbed ; the If up- ■per lobes erect, the lower one spreading. Stamens with anthers 4, the rudlmetit of a fifth in the form of a scale on the upper lip of the criiisn'iiia. Calyx ovate, enlai-ged and turned donn in fruit, 2-lipped. Corolla elon^rated, the lower lip toothed or fringed. Stronjf-sce-.ted plants ^^ith yellowuh flowers on slender pedicels in terminal panicled racemes. -1- H- -.- H- Corolla evidently 2-lippecl. Stamens with anthers U. 6. Satnrc'ia. Calyx bell-shaped, not hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Aromatic plants with narrow leaves and puqDlish spiked flowers. * » * Stamens only 2, parallel; the anthei's only 1-celled ! Corolla 2-lipped. 7. :Tlonai-'uio'4li:im Corolla tubulrvr, the 5 lobes acute and erect or con- v>rginf7. Anthers micranare ; filaments very short. Style thread fn-m, much exserted. Flowers greenish or yellowish- white. Kather tal! stout plants, shaggy with spreading bristly hairs. 94: COMMON CANADIAN; WILD PLANTS. 6. B^if hos'pcr'niuiii. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, the 5 lobes of The spreadini. Corolla salver-shaped, with a vei-y short tube, the lohes con- volute in the hud; scales or a;'pendaj;es of the throat blunt and archinfj. Flowers blue, in racemes wiihout bracts. Low plants, mostly in wei places. 1. E'CIIir:>I. Tipzil's Bugloss. F, vulgar e. (Blue-weed.) Stem erect, 2 feet higb. Leaves sessile, liiieav-lanceolate. Flowers sho%A y, in lateral clusters, the whole forming a long narrow raceme. — Roadsides; common in Eastern Ontario. 2. SY3I'PHVTr3I. CoMFKEY. S. officinale. (Common Comeket.) Stem winged aliove ])y the decurront bases of the leaves, branched. Leaves ovate- lauceolate or lanceolate. — Moist soil; escaped from gardens. 3. ECHIXOSPER'Mi 31. Stickseed. E. Lap'pula. A very common roadside weed, 1-2 feet high, branching above. Leaves lanceolate, rough. Xutlets warty on the back, v\ith a double row of prickles on the margin. 4:. CYXCGL.CS'Sr3I. HorxD's-ToxGrE. L C. officinale. (Common Hound's-Tongue.) Flowers red- pxtrph. L'ppei leaves lanceolate, sessile. Stem soft-pubescent. Nutlets rather flat. — A common weed in fields and along road- sides. 2. C. Virgin 'icum. (Wild Comfrey.) Floxrers pale hive. Stem roughish with spreading hairs. Leaves few, lanceolate- oblong, clasping. Eacemes corymbed, raised on a long naked peduncle. — E,i#h woods. 3. C. "NLoiizo HI. (Bi:aGAP„'s Lice.) F'owers pale blue or while. Stem hair^^, leafy, with broadly spreading branches. Leaves taper-pointed and tapering at the base. Racemes pani- clod, forking, ^^idely spreading. Pedicels of the tlowers reCcxed in fruit. — Open woods and thickets. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 95 5. • OXOS 3l0/mu-il. False GRoinvELL. 0. Carolinia'num. Stem stout, 3-4 feet high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute. Lohes of the corolla very hairy outside.— 'Bsn^ks, of streams. 6. I.IT!10SPER'3IU3I. Grom^-elL. PucOOOX. 1. L. arven'se. (Corn Gkomwelt-. ) Stem 6-12 inches high, 3rect. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Flowers almost white. —Sandy banks. 2. L. hirtum. (Hairy Pfccoon-.) Stem 1-2 feet high. Stem- leaves lanceolate or linear ; those of the flowering branches ovate- oblong, ciliate. Corolla deep yel ow, woolly at the base inside. — Dry woods. 7. I»IYOSO'TI3. FORGET-^IE-XOT. M. palustris, var. laxa. (Forget-me-not.) Stem ascending from a creeping base, about a foot high, loosely branched. Co- rolla pale blue, with a yellow eye. Pedicels spreading. — Wet places. Order LIX. HYDROPHYLLA'CE^. (Waterleaf F. ) Herbs, with alternate cut-toothed or lobed leaves, and regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers very much like those of the last Order, hrd having a 1-ceI.led ovary with the needs on the walls (parietal). Style 2-cleft. Flowers mostly in 1-sided cymes which uncoil from the apex. The only Common Genus is HYDROPHYLLUItl. WatERLEAP. H. Virgin'icum. Corolla bell-shaped, the 5 lobes convolute in the bud ; the tube with 5 folds down the inside, one opposite each lobe. Stamens and style exserted, the filaments bearded below. Stem smoothish. Leaves pinnately cleft "into 5-7 divisions, the latter ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-toothed. Calyx-lobes very narroic, bristly-cHiate. Flowers white or pale blue. Rootstocks Bcaly-tooLhed. — Moist woods. Ofi COMMON CAXADIAX WILD PLANTS. Order LX. POLEMOISTIA'CE^. (Polemoxium F.) Herbs, witli regular pentarnerous and peiitandrous floweijsj ' but a 3-celled ovary and S-lohed style. Lohes of the coroHa co7i- rolute in the hud. Calyx persistent. Represented conimgnly with us by only one Genus, .< PHLOX. Phlox. P. divarica'ta. Corolla salver-shaped, with a loner tube. > Stamens short, unequaU;j inserted. Stem ascending from a pros- trate base, somewhat clammy. Leaves oblong-ovate. Flowers lilac or bluish, in a spreading loosely-flowered cyme. Lohes oj the corolla mostly obcoj'date.—'Sloist rocky woods. Order LXI. COTTVOLVULA'CE^. (Coxvolvull-s F.) ^ Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves and regular flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Corolla 5-plaited or 5-lobed and convolute in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- celled. Synopsis of the Crcncra. ' 1. Ca! stc'sfia. Calyx enclosed in 2 larje leafy bracts. Corolla funnel-* form, the border obsfurelj' lobed. Pod 4-seeded. 2. Ceis'caJ;!. Leafless para^itij slender twiners, with yellowiih or reddish stems, attaching themselves to the bark of other plants. Flowers small, mostly white, clustered. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens with a fringed appendage at their base. 1. CALYSTE'GIA. Bkacted Bixdweed. 1. C. se'pium. (Hedge Bindweed.) Stem mostly twining. Leaves halbe d- shaped. Peduncles 4-augled. Corolla commonly I'ose-coloured. — jSloist banks. 2. C. spithamSB'a. Stem low and simple, upright or ascend- ing, not tivining, 6-12 inches high. Leaves oblong, more or less heart-shaped at the base. Corolla white. — Dry soil. a. CUS'CUTA. DODDEE. C. Grono'vii. St ms resembling coarse threads, spreading themselves over herbs and low bushes. — Low and moist shady places. ;5 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 97 Or.DRR LXIT.' SOLANA'CEJE. (Nightshade Family.) Rank-scented herbs (or one species shrubby), v.-ith colour- less bitter juice, alternate leaves, and regular pentanierous and pentandrous flowers, iMt a 2-ceUed ovary, imih the pla- centae, in the axis. Fruit a many-seeded berry or pod. Sruopsi^ of the Cenera. 1. ^oln'iitim. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, the marg^ins turned inward in the bud. Anthers conniving around the style, the cells opening by n' pores at the apex ; fiJaraents very short. The larger leaves often with an accompanying smaller one. Fruit a berry. 2. t'hy.'^'alis. Calyx 5-cle!t, enlaiging after flowering, becoming at length much inflated and 5-anjled, and enclosinj the berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form. Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. 3. BSroscy'aiiiiis. Fruit a pod, the top cominfj off like a lid. Calyx um- shaijed, 5-lobeJ, i ersistent. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, the limb 5-lobed, dull-coloured and veiny. Plant clammj'-pubescent. 4 I>a»n'ra. Fruit a large prickly pod. Calyx long, f<-angled, not persistent. Coro'la \ery large, funnel-form, stro-igly plaited in the bud, with 5 Dointed lobos. Stigma 2-lipped. Rank-scented weeds, with the showy flowers in the forks of the branching stems. t. SOLA'\'U3I. Nightshade. * ^ "S. Dulcama'ra. (Bittersweet.) Stem somewhat shrubby and cllmbinrj. Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, the upper halberd- shaped, or with 2 ear-lilce lohes at the bcuse. Flowers violet-purple, in small cymes. Berries red. — Xear dwellings, and in moist grounds. 2. S. nigrum. (Common Xiohtshade.) Sfemioivaudspread' in;/, branched. Leaves Oi'ate,wavt/-toothed. Flowers small, white, drooping in umbel-like lateral clusters. Berries black. — Fields and damp grounds. a. PriY.^'.VLlS. GnouND Cherry. P. visco'sa. Corolla greenish -yellow, brownisjh in the centre. Anth'Ts yellow Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, mostly tootbod* liyny oiango, sticky. — Sandy soil. US COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT3. 3. IJYOSCY'AMUS, Hexbane. E. niger, (Black Hlxbaxe.) Escaped from gardens in some localities. Corolla dull yellowish, netted with purple veins. Leaves claspiug, sinuate-touthed. A strong-scented and poison- ous herb. 4. DATU'IIA. SxRA^iONruM. Thokx-Appee. D. Stramo'niTini. (Common Thorn-Apple.) Stem green. Corolla vrhice, 3 inches long. Leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed. — Roadsides. Oedee LXIIL GENTIAWA'CE^. (Gen-tian F.) Smooth herbs, distinguished hy having a 1-ceJied ovary with seeds OH the ivalls, eithev in 2 lines or on the ivhole inner sur- face. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, and sessile, but in one ilenus alternate and compound. Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla and alternate with them. Stig- mas 2. Calyx persistent. Juice colourless and bitter. Synopsis of the Genera. /L. l¥a?e'nia. Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes all spurred at the base. Flowers yellowish or purplish, somewhat eymose. 2. CJentia'na. Corolla not spurred, 4-5 lobed, mostly funnel-form or bell- sha}3ed. generally with teeth or folds in the sinuses of the lobes. Stisrnias 2, persistent. Pod oblong-. Seeds innumerable. Flowers sbow^-, in late summer and autumn. 8. ^Benraa'Jhes. Corolla short funnel-form, 5'\ohed, deiwehj white-hearded on thfi upper face. Leave.^ alternate, compound, o' 3 oval leaflets. 'Hit flnwera in a raceme at Vie suiiimit of a naked i^ape, white or tinged with pink. 1. ISAIi^'.MA, Spueeed Gentian, H. deSriX'a, Stem erect, 9-18 inches high. Leaves 3-^5 nerved, those at the base of the stem obiong-S; athulate, petioled ; the iip'j^er acute and sessile or nearly so. Spurs of the corolla ca.\ed. — Not common in Ontario, but reported from Ancaster y.i!/i CoUingwood. Commou on the LoMer St. Lawrence. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 09 3. GE\TIA'XA. Gentian. 1. G. crini'ta. (Fringed Gentian.) Corolli funnel form, Ii-hhcd, the lobes frin'jed on the mat-gins; no plaited folds in the sinuses. Flowers sky-blue, soUtinj on long naked alalks terminat- ing the stem on simple branches. Ovary lanceolate. Leaves lance-shaped, or ovate-lanceolate. — Low grounds. -. G. deton'sa (SitALLER Fringed G.) is distinguished from Xo, 1 by the shorter or almost inconspicuous fringe of the co- rolla, the linear or lance-linear leaves, and the broader ovary. — Moist grounds, chiefly in the Niagara District. 3. G. alba. (Whitish G.) Corolla inflated-club-shaped, at length open, 5-l"obed, the lobes about tAvice as long as the toothed appendages in the sinuses. ^ Flowers green ish-ivhite or yeUow^ish, sessile, crowded in a terminal cluster. Anthers usually coher- ing. Leaves lance-ovate, with a clasping heart-shaped base. — • Low grounds. 4. G. Andrews 'ii. (Closed G.) Corolla inflated-club-shaped, closed at the mouth, the apparent lobes being really the large fringe-l-toothed appendages. Flowers bine, in a close sessile ter- minal cluster. Anthers cohering. Leaves ovate-lanceolate from a narrower base. — Low grounds; common norchward, flowerii)"- later than Xo. 3. 3. ME-iYAX'THE^. EuCKBEAN. M. trifolia'ta. A common plant in bogs and wet places northward. The bases of the long petioles sheathe the lower part of the scape, or thick rootstock, from which they spring. Plant about a foot high. Order LXIV. APOCYNA'CE^. (Dogdane Family.) Herbs or slightly shrubby plant.s, with milky juice, op- posite simple entire leaves, and regular pentamerous aiid pentandrons flowers with the lobes of the corolla convolute ill the bud. DUtiaurple. Pods ovate, soft spiny, woolly.— Moatly in dry soil; very common. 2. A. phytolaccoi'des. (Poke-Milkweed.) Stem tall and smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at both ends, short- petioled. Pedicels loose and nodding, very long and slender. Corolla greenish with the hooded aj)pendages white. Pods minutely downy, hut not warty. — Moist thickets. 3. A. incarna'ta. (Swamp M.) Stem tall, leafy, branching, and smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, obscurely heart- shaped at the base. Flowers rose-purple. Pods very smooth and (/^aferoMS.— Swamps and low grounds. 4. A. tubero'sa. (Butterfly- weed. Pleurisy-root.) Stem very leafy, biaucaiug above, rough-iiairy. Leaves linear or ob- COMMON CAXADIAN Wli D PLAInTS- 101 loner -lanceolate, chiefly scattered. Corolla greenish-orange, with t.'ie hoods hriffht oranfje-reed cali/x ad- herent to the C-celled raany-sceded orary. Leaves heart-shaped or kidney-sliaped, on long petioles from a thick rtstoclc^ Stameiis 12 or 0. Flowers solitary. Calyx duU-c/^.»l/>ured, the lobes valvatc in the bud. 102 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. AS'ARUM. Weld-Glvgee. A. Canadense. Radiatiug stigmas 6. Leaves only a single pair, kidney-shaped, and rather velvety, the peduncle in the fork between the petioles, close to the ground. Eootstock aro- matic. Calyx brown-purple inside, the spreading lobes pointed. — Rich woods. OederLXTIII. PKYTOLACCA'CS^. (PokeweedF.) Herbs with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, resem- bling in most respects the plants of the next Order, but the ovary is composed of several carpels in a ring, forming a berry in fruit. Only one Genus and one Species. PHYTOLACCA. PoKJEWEEn. P. decan'dra. (Common Poke.) Calyx of 5 rounded white sepals. Ovary green, of 10 1-seeded carpels united into one. Styles 10, short and separate. Stamens 10. Fruit a crimson or purple 10-seeded berry. Stem very tall and stout, smooth. Flowers in long racemes opposite the leaves. — Eich soil. Order LXIX. CHENOPODIA'CE^. (Goosefoot F.) Homely herbs, with more or less succulent leaves (chiefly alternate), and small greenish flowers mostly in interrupted spikes. Stamens usually as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them. Ovary 1-cclled and 1-ovuled, forming an achene or utricle in fruit. Stigmas mostly 2. Synopsis of the Gcnrra. 1. Chcnopo'diiiiii. Weeds with (usnallv) mealj* leaves, and very small greenish sessile flowers in small jianiclcd spiked clusters. Caljx 5-cleft, more or less enveloping,' the fruit. Stamens mostly- 5 ; filaments slender. i. Bli'tiim. Flowers in heads which form interrupted spikes. Calyx be- coming fleshy and bright red in fruit, so that the chisteis lock somo- tiiing like strawberries. Leaves, triangular and t^cmeuliat halbeid- shaped, sinuate toothed. i Salso'ia, with fleshy awl-shape<^l sharp-pointeil leaves, is not uncommon on the Lower St. Lawrence ajid the sea-coast. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 103 1. C']HEiVOPO'DIU3I. GoosEFOOT. Pigweed. I. C. album. (Lamb's-Quarters.) Stem upright, 1-3 feet high. Leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, more or less toothed, niealy, as are also the dense flower-clusters. — Extremely common in cultivated soil. -. C. hy'bridunL (Maple-leaved Goosefoot.) Brif/M green. Stem widely branching, 2-4 feet high. Leaves thin, large, tri- angular, heart-shaped, siuuate-angled, the angles extended into pointed teeth. Panicles loose, leafless. Plant with a rank un- pleasant odour. — Waste places. 3. C. Bo'trys. (Jerusalem Oak.) Not mealy, but sticky; low, spi'eading, sweet-scented. Leaves deeply sinuate, slender- petioled. Racemes in divergent corymbs. — Roadsides; escaped from gardens. 2. Blil'TUM. Bute. B. capita'tum. (Strawberry Bltte.) Stem ascending, branching. LeaACS smooth. The axillary head-like clusters very conspicuous in fruit. — Dry soil, margins of woods, &c. Order LXX. AMABANTA'CE^. (Amaranth F.) Homely weeds, a good deal like the plants of the last Or- der, bvt the jiower-clnders are interspersed ivith dry and chaff- like {sometimes coluured) j^ei'sistent bracts, usually 3 to each flower. Only one common Genus with us. A3IARAN'TU.^. AmaraKTH. 1. A. panicula'tus. ReddUh flotcers in terminal and axillary slender spike.s, the bracts awn-pointed — In the neighbourhood of gardens. 2. A. retroflez'llS. (Pigweed.) F'lowers (ireenhh, in spikes fomiing a stitl panicle. Leaves a dull green, long-petioled, ovate, wavy-margined. Stem erect. — Common in cultivated soil. 3. A. albus. Flowers greenish, in small close axillary clus- ters. Stem loiv and sju-eadiur/. — Roadsides. 104 GOMMOX CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Ori>erLXXI. P0LYG0NA'C5T^S\ (Buckwheat F.> Herbs, well marked hy the stipides of the alternate leaves being in the fm'm of memhranous sheaths above the usualbj swollen joints of the stem. Flowers usually perfect. Calyx 4-G parted. Stamens A -9, inserted on the base of the calyx. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule rising from the base, forming a little nutlet. ^ynop^ii^ of tite Oenera. 1» Polyss'onnin. Sepals 5 (occasionally 4), eften eeloured and petaMnccft, persist eratt embracing ths S-angled (or sometimes flattisb) nutlet or acheiie. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or sMuetimes iia the axils. 2. RuuBcx. Sepals 6, the S outer ones herhaeeous and spreading in fruity the 3 inner (called valves) somewhat petal-like and, after aowering, con- vergent over the 3=-angled achene, ofietv with a grain-like j^rojeetioti on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Flowers visually in crowded whorls, the latter in panicled rticemes. 2. S^'agopyi'Miii. Calyx 5-parted, petal-like. Stamens 8,. tvitk 8 tjeUov? gluiuls between them. Sty es 3. Achene 3-angled. Flowers white, ia panicles. Leaves triaTigulai- heart -shajied or halberd-shaped. 1. POLiYO-OXUM. Kxor«-EED. * Flowers a^oTPj the stem, incoiispicuous, (p-eeniih-trhitef nearlt^ ses-iile in, the axils of fh^e small leaves. Sheaths ciU-fringeci or torn. 1. P. avieula're. (Knotgrass. Goosi:grass.) A vree:l everywhere in yai-Js and w^aste places. jSiem prostrate and spreading. Stamens chiefly 5. Achene 3-sided. Stig-mas* 3. Leaves sessile. * * Flowers in terminal spikes or racemeSf Tnostly rose-coloured or piukishy occasion al/y (jreenish. +- Leaves not hea'ii,- shaped or arrow-shaped. 2. P. incama'tum. Sheaths not fringed. Stem near'y smooth^ 3-6 feet higli. Leaves long, tapering from near the base to a nar-^ row poiut, rough on the midrib and margins. S ikes Un'Mr and noddinj. SiamemG. Styles 2. Achene flat or h- J' nu-^^,l,..] — ^^. muddy places along streams and ponds. COMMON CANADIAN VnILD PLANTS. 105 3. P. Pennsylva'nicum. Sheat]\s not fringed. Stem 1-3 feet high, the upper branches and the peduncles hri'nbe'icent, v:ith a broicnish blotch in the centre, very oblique at the base. Peduncles in dense lateral clusters. Glands of the involucre with reddish petal-like attachments. Pods sharply angled. — Road- sides. 3. E. hypericifolia. Stem ascending. Leaves serrate, often with a red spot or with red margins, oblique at the base, ovate- oblong or oblong-linear. Peduncles in cymes at the ends of the branches. Glands of the involucre with ivhite or occasionally reddish petal-like attachments. Pod smooth, obtusely angled. Cultivated soil. * * Involucres chiefly in terminal umbels, and their glands always without petal-like attachments. Leaves without stipules or blotches, those of the stem alternate or scattered, the floral ones usuaUy of a different shape, and whorled or ojjposite. 4. E. platyphyl'la. Umbel 5-rayed. Stem erect, 8-18 inches high. Upper stem -leaves lance-oblong, acute, serru- late, the uppermost heart-shaped, the floral ones triangular- ovate and cordate. Pod warty.— Chorea of the Great Lakes. 5. E. Heliosco'pia. Umbel first 5-rayed, then with 3, and finally merely fovked. Stem ascending, 6-12 inches high. Leaves all olwvate, rounded or notched at the apex, serrate. Pods smooth. — Along the Great Lakes. 6. E. Cyparis'sias, with densely clustered stems, and crowded linear stem-leaves (*he floral ones round heart- shaped), and a many-rayed umbel, has escaped from gardens in some localities. 110 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Or.DER LXXYII. URTICA'CE^. (Xettle F.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with monoecious or dioecious (or, in the Elms, sometimes perfect) flowers, with a regular calyx free from the 1-2 celled ovary which becomes a 1-seeded fruit. Stamens opposite the lobes of the calyx. This Order is divided into four well-marked Suborders, three of which are repre- sented in Canada. Suborder I. ULMA'CE^. (Elm FA^riLY. ) Trees, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous small stipules. Flowers often perfect. Styles 2. Fruit a samara winged all round. 1. Ulmii^. Flowers in lateral clusters, earlier than the leavess, purplish or greenish-yellow. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9 cleft. Stamens 4-9; the fila- ments long and slender. Ovary 2-celled, bu<, the samara only 1-see Jed. Stigmas 2. Suborder II. URTI'CE^. (Nfatle Family.) Herbs with watery juice and opposite or alternate leaves, often beset with stinging hairs. Flowers monoecious or dioe- cious, in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as the sepals. Style only 1. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit an achene. 2. Urii'ca. Leaves opposite. Plant beset with stinging hairs. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Stamens 4. Sti^'nia a small sessile tuft. Achene flat, enclosed between the 2 larger sepals. Flowers greenish. 8. fiaport'ea. Leaven alternate. Plant besd with stinging hairs. Sepals 0 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, 2 of them much smaller than the other 2. Stigma awl-shaped. Achene flat, rtry oblique, refiexed on its xvinrjed pedicel. 4. Pi''ea. Leaves opposite. Whole plant very smooth and semi-transparent. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Stigma a sessile tuft. 5. Bxhmc'ria. Leaves mostly opposite. No st>ngtng haira. Sepal? and stamens 4 in the sterile flowers. Caly.v tubu'j<.r oi u»'r-shaped in the fertile ones, and enclosing the achene. Stigma long and threi«l Vte. Suborder IV. CANNABIS EJE. (Hemp FamtltJ Rough herbs with watery juice and tough hark. Leaves opposite and palmately compound. Flowers dioecious. Ster- COMMOK CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Ill ile Ones in compound racemes ; stamens 5; sepals 5. Fertile ones in crowded clusters; sepal only i, embracing the achene. Stigmas 2. G. Cannabis. A rather tall roug-h plant with palniately compound leaves of 5-7 linear-lanceolate serrate leaflets. 1. UL3IUS. Elm. 1. U. fulva. (Red or Slippery Elm.) Flowers nearly ses- sile. Leaves verij rom/h above, taper- pointed. Buds downy with rusty hairs. A medium-sized tree, with mucilaginous inner bark. 2. U. Americana. (American or White Elm.) Leaves not rough above, abruptly jyointed. Flowers on lirooping pedi- cels. Buds glabrous. A large ornamental tree, with drooping branchlets. — Moist woods. 2. URTI'CA. Nettle. U. gra'cilis. Stem slender, 2-6 feet high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5 nerved from the base, nearly smooth, the long petioles with a few bristles. Flower-clusters iu slender spikes. — Moist ground and along fences. 3. LAPOIiT'EA. Wood-NeTTLE. L. Canadensis. Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves large, ovate, long-petioled, a single 2-cle/t stipule in the axil. — Moist woods. 4:. PIL'EA. RiCHWEED. CLEABWEED. P. pu'mila. Stem 3-18 inches high. Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, 3-ribbed.— Cool moist places. 5. B(EHME'RIA. False Nettle. B. cylin'drica. Stem 1-3 feet high, sraoothish. Leaves ovate- oblong or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved, long-petioled. Sti- pules separate. — Moist shady places. 6. CAN'AABIS. HEiTP. C. sati'va. (Hemp.) Common everywhere along roadsides and iu waste places. Order LXX^TLIL PLATANA'CEJE. (Plane-teeb F.) Represented only by the Genus PLiAT'AXUS. Plane-tree. Buttonwood. P. occidenta'lis. (American Pl.\ne-tree or Sycamork.) A fine large tiee found in Southwestern Ontario. Leaves alternate, 112 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT3. rather scurfy when young, palmately lobed or angled, the lobes sharp-pointed ; stipules sheathing. Flowers moncecious, both sterile and fertile ones in catkin-like heads, without calyx or corolla, but witli small scales intermixed. Ovaries in the fertile flowers club-shaped, tipped with the threaddike simple style, and downy at the base. Fertile heads solitary, on slender peduncles. The white bark separates into thin plates. Order LXXIX. JUGLANDA'CE^. (Walnut F.) Trees with alternate pinnate leaves and no stipules. Flowers monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins. Fertile flowers solitary or in small clusters, with a regular 3-5 lobed calyx adherent to the ovary. Fruit a sort of drupe, the fleshy outer layer at length becoming dry and forming a husk, the inner layer hard and bony and forming the nut- shell. Seed solitary in the fruit, very large and 4-lobed. This Order comprises the Walnuts, Butternuts, and Hick- ories. Synopsis of the Ci«^nFra. 1. Jnglnns. Sterile flowers in solitary catkins from the previous year's wood. Filaments of the numerous stamens very short. Fertile flowcis on peduncles at the ends of the branches. Calyx 4-toothed, with k sma'l petals at the sinuses. Styles and stig-nias 2, the latter fringed. Exoearp or husk dryinj without splittinj. Shell oj the nut eery rowjh and irrerju- larly furrowed. 2. Car'ya. Sterile flowers in slender clustered catkins. Stamens S-10, witli very short filaments. Fertile flowers in small clusters at the ends of the branches. Calyx 4-toothed ; no petaU. Stigmas 2 or 4, large. Exoearp U-valved, drying and splitting away from the very smooth and bony nut- shell. 1. JUGL.VXS. TValnut. 1. J. ciner'ea. (Butternut.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. Petioles and branch ets clammy. Fruit ob- long, clammy. — Rich woods. 2. J. nigra. (Black Walnut.) Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate. Petioles downy but not clammy. Fruit spherical. Wood a darker brown than in the Butternut. — Eich woods ; rare northward. CUiI3J0X CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 11^^ 2. CA.R'YA. HlCKOET. 1. C. alba. (Shei,l-bark Hickory.) L^oMs 5, the lower pair much smaller than the others. Husk of tlie fruit splitting completely into 4 valves. Xut flatti.^h-globular, mncronate. Bark of the trunk rough, scaling off in rough strips, — Rich woods. 2. C. ama'ra. (Swamp Hickory or Bitternut.) 'Leaflets 7-11, Husk of the fruit splitting half-way down. Xut spheri- cal, shori-pointed. Bark smooth, not scaling off. — Moist ground. Order LXXX. CUPULIFER^. (Oak Family.). Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules and monoecious flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins (but in Beecli in small heads) ; the fertile ones solitary or clustered, and furnished with an involucre which forms a scaly cup or a bur surrounding the nut. S7nop.<*I«( «f Ihe Grner«. 1. Qnercn*. Sterile flowers tcith a cahjx inclu'^lng fow or severnl stamens with slender SiiaHJeiits. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat chistereo, each in a scaly involucre or cupulc. Nut (acorn) rounded, the base en- closed by the cupuie. 2. Ca**la'u<'a, Sterile flowers in long slender catkins. Calyx 6-partc(1, rertiie flowers usually 3 in each involucre, the latter prickly, forming- a hur. Ciilyx 6-lobed. Sti^xinas bri»tlc-shai>ed. Nuts enclased (mostly 2 or s together) in the prickly 4- valvcd involucre, flattened when there are more than one. 3. FasH!** Sterile flowers in a small head on droopinar peduncles. Cahjx beU-shaped, Fertile flowers in pairs in the involucre, which consists of awl-shaped bractlefcs grown together at the bases. Calyx lobes aw!- ehapcd. A'u/« S-anfjled, oeneraUif in jaim in tlie biir-ULe U-oalc'd cujnde. Bark close, smooth, and li'.'ht ^ray. 4. Cor'»lu!«. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. Ko calyx. Stamen* S (withl-celled ai.thers\ and 3 xtnaU hractlftg under each braet. Fer- tile flowers in a small scaly head ; one ovary, sunnoiuited by 2 long re*i stigmas, under c-ach scale, and accompanied by a pair of bractlets which, in fruit, enlarge and form a leaf-lik" or tubulnr friujed or lo' fhrd inc .- lucre elogebj enwlnjnnt each nut. Sterile catkins from the axils of tlie previous year. Fiirtile flowers terininnting the new .'>hoot8. 114 C03IM0N CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 6- Os'lrya* Sterile flowers in drooping- catkins. Calyx icanting. Stamens several under each bract, but nut accompanied by bractlets. Fertile flowers in short catkins, 2 under each bract, each ovary tipped with 2 lonj,' stigmas, and surrounded by a tubular bracUet which, in fruit, be- cones a (jreenish-white injlaied bag, having the small nut in the bottom, ' 6- Cai'pi'aii'*. Sterile flowers in drooping: catkins. Calyx icanting. Sta- mens several under each bract; no bractlets. Fertile flowers much as in Ostrya, bat the bractleta surruunding the ovaries are n>t tubular but o^jen, and in fruit becoine leaf-like, one on each suie of the smaii nut. 1. 0,1 ERCUS. Oae. a Acorns ripeninrj the first year, and therefore home on the new shoots. Lobes or teeth of the leaves not bristle-pointed. 1. Q. alba. (^Viiite Oak.) A large tree. Leaves (when ma- ture) smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath, obliquely cut into few or several oblong entire lobes. The oblong nut much larger than the saucer-shaped rough cupule. — Rich woods. 2. Q. macrocar'pa. (Buk-Oak. Mossy-cup White-Oak.) A medium-sized ti ee. Leaves deeply lobed, smooth above, pale or downy beneath. Acorn broadly ovoid, half or altogether cov- ered by the deep cup, the upp>er scales of which tajyer into bristly points viakinrf a fringed border. Cup varying greatly in size, often very large. — Rich soil. 3. Q. bi'color. (Swamp White Oak.) A tall tree. Leaves sinuate-toothed, but hardly lobed, wedge-shaped at the base, downy or hoary beneath. Cup nearly hemispherical, about half as long as the oblong-ovoid acorn, sometimes with a fringed bor- der. Peduncle in fruit larger than the petiole. — Low grounds. * * Acorns ripening the second year, and therefore borne on the previous year's wood, below the leaves of the season. Lobes or teeth of the leaves bristle-p)ointed. 4. Q, C03Cin'ea, var. tincto'ria. (Quercitron, Yellow- barked, OR Black Oak.) Leaves pinnatifid, slender-petioled, rather rounded at the base, rusty-downy when young, smooth and shining above when mature, often slightly pubescent be- neath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in the autumn. Cup lieinhp'iericrd with a more or less conical base, covering half COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 115 or more of the rather small acorn. — Mostly in dry soil, but occasionally in moist places. Inner bark yellow-, used for dyeing. 5. Q. rubra. (Red Oak.) A large tree. Leaves pinnatifid, turning dark red in the autumn. Cup saucer-shaped, sessile or nearly so, very much shorter than the oblong-ovoid acorn. — Kich and poor soil. 3. CASTA'XEA. Chestxitt. C. vesca, var. Americana. (Chestnut.) A large tree, lieaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely and shai-ply serrate, acute at the base. Xuts 2 or 3 in each bur. — Southwestern On- tario. 3. PAGUS. Beech. F. fermgin'ea. (Americax Beech.) A very common tree in rich woods, the branches horizontal. Leaves oblong-ovate, ta- per-pointed, toothed, the very straight veins terminating in the teeth. 4. COR'YLU*. Hazel-xut. Filbert. 1. C. America'na. (Wild Hazel-nut.) Leaves roundish heart-shaped. Involucre spreadinrj out above, laf-Jike and cid- tooLhed. — Chiefly in Southwestern Ontario; in thickets. -. C. rostra'ta. ("Beaked Hazel-nut.) A rather common shrub, easily distinguished from No. 1 by the involucre, u-hkh is prohnged into a narrow tuhe much beyond the nut, and is densely bristly -hairy. 5. OS'TRYA. Hoi>-HorvXBEAM. Irox-wood. 0. Virgin'ica. (Trox-wood.) A slender tree with brownish furrowed bark. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, sharply doubly serrate. Fertile catkin like a hop in appearance. Wood very hard and close. — Rich woods. 6. CARPI'XUS. Hornbeam. C. America'na. (Blue or Water Beech.) Small trees with furrowed trunks and close smooth gray bark. Leaves ovate- oblong, pointed, doubly serrate. — Along streams. Resembling a Beech in general aspect, but with inflorescence like that of Iron -wood- 116 COMJION CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Order LXXXI. MYRICA'CEJS. (Sweet-Gale F.) Shrubs with moncecious or dioecious flowers, both sterile and fertile ones collected in short catkins or heads. Leacea inifh resinous dots, usually fragrant. Fruit a 1 -seeded Chy drupe or little nut, usually coated with waxy grains. !*iynGp.«is of the Oesicra. 1, I^lyi-rca. Flowers chieflj' dioecious, catkins lateral, each bract with a pair of bractlets underneath. Stamens in the sterile flowers 2-8. Ovari' soli- tary in the fertile flowers, 1-cellel, tipped with 2 thread-like stijrmas, and surrounded b.v 2-4 small scales at the base. In our species the 2 scale 3^ form wings at the base of the nut.— A shrub, 3-5 feet hij:h. 2, Compto'nia. A lo\v ^hrub, a foot or more in height, with fern-like very sweet-scented leaves. Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins cylindiical. Fertile ones spherical, the ovary surrounded by 8 awl-shaped persistent scales, so that the catkin resembles a bur. 1. MTRI'CA. Bayeerry, Wax-Myrtle. M. Gale. (SwektGale.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate t'>wards the apex, pale. The small nuts in crowded heads, and Avinged by the 2 scales. — Bogs, 3. CO?IPTO'i\lA. Sweet-Fern. C. asplenifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnatifid, the lobe? numerous and rounded, — Dry soil; observed at High Park, Toronto, and on the Pine barrens west of Angus, Out. Order LXXXIL BETULA'CE^. (Birch F.a milt.) Trees or shrubs with monoecious flowers, both sorts in cat- ki)is, 2 or 3 three flowers under each scale or bract of the cat- kin. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but in fruit only 1-cellcd and 1-seeded. Fruit a small nut. Stigmas 2, long and slen- der. SyiJopj*!^* of I lie Girncia. 1. BrJ'iiJa. Sterile catkins lonor and pendulous, formed during- summer and expanding the following spring ; each flower consisting of one small fcale to which is attached 4 short filaments; 3 flowers under each scale of the catkin. Fertile catkins stout, oblong, the scales or bracts .S-Iobed and vith 2 or 3 flowers under each; each flower a naked o\ary, becoming' a ^in^'-J iiutlcc in fruit. liark easily coming olf in sheeta. COJIMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1 1 7 2. AIna<*. Catkins much as in Botala, but each fertile and sterile flower has a distinct 3-5 parted caiyx. Catkins solitary or elus'ered at the ei.ds of Icaficos braaclilets or peduncles. -Nutiets wingless or ne^irly so. 1. BET'UIiA. BmCH. 1. 3. lenta. (Cherry-Birch. Sweet or Black Birch.) Bark of the trunk dark brown, close, aromatic; that of the twigs bronze-coloured. Wood rose-coloured. Leaves ovate, with somewhat heart-shaped base, doubly serrate, pointed, short-petioled. Fruiting catkins sessile, thick, obioug-cyliu- drical. — Moist woods. 2. ~B. lu'tea. (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of the trunk yellowish -gray, somewhat silvery, scaling off in thin layers. Leaves hardly at all heart-shaped. Fruiting catkins thicker and shorter than in No. 1. — Moist woods. 3. B. papyra'cea. (Paper or Canoe Birch.) Bark of the trunk white, easily separating in sheets. Leaves ovate, taper- pointed, heart-shaped, long-petioled. Fruiting catkins cylindri- cal, usually hanging on slender peduncles. — Woods. 3. ALNUS. Alder. A. inca'na. (Speckled or HoaPvY Alder. ) A shrub or small tree, growing in thickets in low grounds along streams. Leaves oval or ovate, rounded at the base, serrate, whitish beneath. Flowers preceding the leaves in early spring. OiiDER LXXXni. SAIilCA'CEJE. (Willow F.) Trees or shrubs with dicecious flowers, both sorts in cat- kins, one under each scale of the catkin. No calyx. Fruit 1-celled, many-seeded, tlie seeds furnished with tufts cf down. (Hce Part L, section 56, for description of t.ypical flowers. ) This Order comprises the Willows and Poplars. Syiiopnipecics as iiiany as 5 or 6. Stiym-is short. Cat- kins appearing' before or with th-, leaves. 2. ii*op'ii'n«. Trees with hroad and more or less heart-shaped le.ivc«. Ilracts of the catkins toothd • r cut at the apex. Stamens S-30, or even more, under each scale. Stigmas long. Catkins long and droo.in^, picccdinj,' the leaves. 113 COililON CANADIAN WILD PLANT,::-. 1. SALIX. WiLl.OW. » Catldns loteral and sessile, appearmg before the leaves. Scales dark red or brown, persistent. No leaf-like bracts at the bane or the catkins. Sia/nens 2. •J- Leaves veiny, hairy or wooUy, and with someichat revolute margins. 1. S. can'dida. (IIoary Willow.) A shrub, not more than 3 or 4 feet high, growing iu bogs and wet places; the twigs and leaves clothed with a web-like wool, giving the whole plant a whitish aspect. Leaves lanceolate, narrow. Stipules small, lan- ceolate, toothed. Catkins cylindrical. 2. S. hu'milis, (Praikie Willow.) A shrub, 3-S feet high, growing usually in dry or barren places. Leaves lanceolate, not so taper-pointed as in No. 1, slightly downy above, thickly so beneath. Stipules semi-ovate or moon-shaped with a few teeth, shorter than the petioles Catkins ovoid. 4- +- Leaves smooth and shininq above, not ivoo^hi beneath. Cat' kins large, clothed vnth long glossy hairs. 3. S. dis'color. (Glaucous Willow.) A shrub or small tree, 8-15 feet high, gi'owing iu low grounds and along streams. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly toothed m the middle of Vie margin, entire at each end, white-glaucous beneath. Stipules moon-shaped, toothed. The 3 species just described frequently have compact heads of leaves, resembling cones, at the ends of the branches This is probably a diseased condition due to puncturing by insects. » ♦ Catkins lateral, preceding (or somrdimes accompanying) fJie leaves. Scales dark red or broicu, persistent, 4 or 5 leaf like bracts at the base of the catkin. 4. S. corda'ta. (Heart-leated Willow.) A shrub or small tree, gi'owing in wet grounds. Leaves lanceolate, not always heart-shaped, sharply serrate, smooth. Catkins cylindricaJ, leafy -h'acted at the base. COMMON CA^'ADIAN WILD rLAXTS. 119 * ♦ * Catkins lateral,ap2)€aring along tlnth the leaves, leafy-hracted at the base. IStamens 2. Scales persistent. 5. S llv'ida, var. occidentalis. (Livid Willow.) A good- sized shnib, chiePy in moist situations. Leaves oblong or obo- vate-lanceolate, barely toothed, downy above, very veiny, hairy and glaucous beneath. Stipules semi-lunar, toothed. Ovary at length raised on a ver}' slender stalk. ♦ * ♦ * Catkins lonQ and loose, peduncled, not lateral but borne on the ends of the ntiv shoots. Scales greenish-yellow, deciduous. Filaments hairy below. -J- Stamens 3-6 or more. 6. S. lu'cida. (Shining Willow.) A shnib or small bushy tree, growing along streams. Leaves ovale-oblong or narroicer, with a long tapering point, shining on both sides, serrate. Sta- mens mostly 5. 7. S. nigra. (Black Willow.) A larger tree than I7o. 6, with a roughish black bark, growing along streams. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrate, smooth, green on both sides. Stamens 3-6. -»- +- Stamens 2. 8. S. longifo'lia. (Long-leaved Willow.) A shrub or small tree, varying gieatly in size, growing along streams in sandy or gravelly places, Leave? linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering to- wards both ends, nearly sessile, serrate with a few sp:eaJing teeth, grayish-hairy when young. 3. POP'ULUS. Poplar. 1 . P. tremuloi'des. (American Aspen.) A tree with green- ish-white balk, and roundish heart-shaped leaves continually in a state of agitation, due to the lateral compression of the petiole, and the consequent susceptibility of the leaf to the least motion of the air. Tedh of the leaves small. 2. P. grandidenta'ta (Large-toothed Aspen) has roundish ovate leaves icith large irregular sinuate teeth. 3. P balsamif'era. (Balsam Poplar.) A tall tree, growing in swamps and along streams; the large bii 'Is varnished mitli resin- ous matter. Leaves ovate, taicring, finely .serrate, whitish beneath. Stamens very numerous. 120 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Subclass II. GV.ArNOSPEmrS. Ovules and seeds naked (not enclosed in a peri- carp), and fertilized by the direct application ot the pollen. Represented in Canada by a single Order. Order LXXXIV. CONIP'ERJE. (Pine Family.) Trees or shrubs T\'ith resinous juic9 and.mostly mor.'eciouii flowers, those in catkins except in the kist genus (Taxi.i%), in which the fertile flower is solitary and the fruit^^ berrj'-like. Leaves awl-shaped or needle-shaped. — The Order comprises three well-marked Suborders. Suborder I. ABIETIN'EJE. (Pine Family Propeii.) Fruit a true coue, the imbricated scales in iJie axils of br'nls. Ovules 2 on the inside of each scale at the base, in fi uit ctui- ing off with a wing attached to each. (Part I. , Figs. 155, 15G.) * Cones not ripening till the second year. 1. Pinus. Leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, evergreen, in the axP of a thin scale. Sterile catkin? in spikes at the bases of the new shoots oci- sisting of manj' almost sessile anthers spirally inserted on the axi^. Cone? more or less woody, the scales widely sprcaJin;^ when ripe. CotyleJoiiS of the embryo severaL * * Cones ripening the first year. 2. A'bics. Leaves linear or needle-shaped, acattere'l nniforml;; nlonn th-^ nrv shoo's, evergreen. Sterile catkins in the axils of last years lea\ es. Conrj with thin scale =. 3. Ii«rix. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered or fascicled on Intcrol sv'.rrs of last year's tcood, maivi in each bundle, fallinrf ojiin the autumn; thate on the new shoots scattered, but deciduous like tJie rest. SucoKDER 11. CUPRESSIN'E^. (Cypress F.) Fertile flowers of only a few scales, these 7Lot in the axil-i oj hmds, forming in fruit either a very sma 1 loose nnd dry cone, or a sort of false berry owing to the thicl:cning of the scales. * Floicc.rs w)ncccim'S. Fruit a small loosr cone. 4 Tliiiin. Leaves some airl-fh ipcd, others sc&le.-likc, tlo3cly imbricated en i'.icjlat branches. Catkins ovoid, terminal. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1 '2 1 * * Floicers mostly dicoeious. Fi*uit berry-like, black vcitk a bloom. b. Juuip'rrus, Leaves aw!-shaped or sca!e-lil«. Flowers chiefly dioecious. Leaves evergreen, viticrnnafe, rii:id, scattered. — A low straggling bush, usually in the shade of other ever- greens. 1. PI\US. Pine, 1. P. resino'sa. (Red Pine.) Leare.^ in tico-<, slender. Bt rk rather smooth, reddish. — Common northward. 2. P. strobus. (White PiXE.) Leaves in fives, sleuder. IJak smooth except ou old trees, Dot reddish. — Common. 2. A'BIE^. Spruce. Fir. 1. A. nigra. (Black Spruce.) Leaves needf'^-s/iaped and 4- sided, pointing in all directions. Cones hanging, pe/-di,sie/is of the Crnrra. • Leaves not linear. Flowers uithrmt perianth of any sort. Spadix accom- panied by a spathe. 1. Arisae'nia. Flowers mosth' dioecious, collected nn the lower part of ihe spa*^ ix onlj-. Spathe (in our common species) arched over the spadix. Scape from a solid bulb. Leaves compound, net-veined, sheathing- the stape below with their petioles. Berries bright red. 2. Ci'-lln. Flowers fat least the lower ones) perfect, covering- the whole spadix. Spathe open and spreadingr, with a white upjier surface, tippec with an abrupt poir t. Scai e from a creeping rootstock. Leaves not net-veined, simple, heart-shaped. • * Leaves not linear. Plovers with a perianth of I, sepals. Spadix sur- rounded by a spathe. 3. S?iri»focnr'puB. Leaves all radical, very larpe and veiny, appearing after t' e spathes, which are close to ihe ground and are produced very early in spring. Flowers perfect, their ovaries immersed in the spadix, the latter jrU bular and s^urIOun^cd by the shell shaped spathe. Sej^als hooded. Stan ens 4. Fruit consisting of the soft enlarged spadix in which the seeds are sunk. • » • Leaves linear, stcord-fhaped. Spadix on the side of the scape. Flowers with a perianth of 6 sepa's. JSo sj a'he. 4. Ac'orns. Scape 2-edgod, resembling the leaves, the cylindric-al spadix borne on one edge. St.-pals holloMed. Stamens 6. 12i COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1. ARISiE'3IA. Indian Turnip. A. triphyllum. (Indian Turnip.) For full description and enfrraving of this plant see Part I., sections G6-6S. 3. CALL.\. Wateh A.p.rii. 0, palustris. (Marsh Calla.) This plant is fully described and illustrated in Part I., section 70. 3. !^Y3IPl.OCVR'PUS. Skunk Caebags. S. foe'tidus. Leaves 1-2 feet long, ovate or. heart-shaped, short-petioled. Spathe purplish and yellowish, incurved. Plant with a skuuk-like odour. — Bogs and wet places; not common northward. 4. AC'ORUS. Sweet Flag. Calamus. A. caramus. Scape much prolonged beyond the spadix. — Swamps and wet places. Order LXXXYI. LEMNA'CE^. (Duckweed Family. ) Very small plants floating about freely on the surface of ponds and ditches, consisting merely of a little frond with a single root or a tuft of roots from the lower surface, and pro- ducing minute moncecious flowers from a cleft in the edge of the frond. The flowers are rarely to be seen. The common- est representative with us is rs, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules. Leaves inimer.sed or fioatinoj. Flowers Cin our counuon genus) perfect, in spikes or clusters, with 4 sepals, 4 stamens, and 4 ovaries ; the spikes generally raised on ped- uncles 10 the top of the water. Plants of no very great in- icrest. The most obvious characters of a few species are given liere. POTAMOGE'TO\. Pondv.eed. 1. P. natans. Submersed haves grass-like or capillar]/. Spikes cylindrical, all out of the water. Stem hardly branched. Float- i.ig leaves long-petioled, elliptical, with a somewhat heart-shaped base, with a blunt apex, fnany-ncrved. 2. P. amplifolius. Submersed leaves large, lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, recurved, wavy. Floating leaves large, ob- long or laucc-ovate, or slightly cordate, loiig-petioled, many- licrvcd. o. P. lucens, var. minor. Leaves all submersed, more or Icsr. petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronaie, shininrj. Stem brancl.ui". 126 com:mon canadiax wild plants. 4. P. perfolia'tus. Leaves all submersed, vanning in Midth from or^dcular to lanceolate, clasping by a heari-shaped basti. Stem branching. 5. P. pectina'tus. Leaves all submersed, hnstle-shaf ed. Stem repeatedly lurking, filiform. Spikes interrupttd, on loi.rj slender peduncles. Division IL PETALOIDEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers Avitli a perianth colon red like a corolla. Order LXXXIX. ALISMA'CEiS. (Water Plantain F.) Marsh herbs with flowers havincj 3 distinct sepals and 3 distinct petals, pistils either apocarpous or separating at maturity into distinct carpels, and hypogynous stamens 0- many. Flowers on scapes or scape-like stems. Leaves sheathing at the base, either rush-like or, when broad, mostly heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. Synopsis ol the Ciencrn. * Calyx and corolla both (jreenish. Cari.els united to the top, hut separa'.inj at maturity. Leaves rush-like, fienhy. 1. Ti'iglo'chin. Flowers small, in a spike or clo.'^e raceme, without bracts, Carpels when ripe splitting away from a central persistent axis. m * Cahjx green, persistent. Corolla uhite. Pistil apocarpous. Leaves uHh distinct blades and petioles. 2. Alis'ma. Flower s perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels numerous, in a ring. Leav es all radical. Scape with ichorUd panicled brandies. 3. Sagfitla'ria. Flowers monoecious, sometimes dioeaovs. Stamens numer- ous. Carpels numerous, in more or less globular heads. Leaves arrow- shaped, but varyinsf greatly. Flowers mostly in whorb of 3 on ms scapes, the sterile ones uppermost. 1. thiglo'CHix. Aerow-grass. 1. T. palus'tre. A slender rush-like plant, 6-1 S inches high, found growing in bogs northward. Carpels 3, awJ-pointcd at the base, splitting away from below upwards. Spike or raceme slender, 3 or 4 inches long. 2. T. maritimuin is also found occasionallj'. The whole plant is stouter than Xo. 1, and the carpels are usually 6 in number. COJIMOX CANADIAN" WILD PLANTS. 127 53. ALIS'.-iIA. VrATER Plantain. A. Planta'gO. Leaves long-petioled, mostly oblong-heart- shapcd, but often narrower, 3-9-nerved or ribbed, and with cross veinlets between the ribs. Flowers small, white, in a large and loose compound panicle. — Low and marshy places, often growing ia the water. 3. SAGITTA'RIA. Akrow-HEAD. S. variaTjilis. Very variable in size and in the shape of the leaves. Scape angled. — Common everywhere in shallow water. Order XC. HYDROCIIAEIDA'CEJE]. tFROc's-BiT F.) Aquatic herbs, with dicecious or polygamo-dioecious fluwer.s on scape-like peduncles from a kind of spatlie of one or two leaves, the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 pieces united below into a tube which is adherent to the ovary. Stigmas 3. Fruit ripening under water. Synopsii* of the CSrucrn. 1. Anarli'ni'i«. Gro'.ving under water, the pistilUte flowers alone coming to the surface. Stem le 'fy and biancliing. Perianth of the fertile flowers with a Globed jpreadincj limb, the tube prolonged to an extraordinary length, thread-like. Leaves crowded, pellucid, 1-nerved, &es.sila, whorled in threes or fours. Stamens 3-9. •?. Vallisiic'rin. Nothing but the pistillate flowers above the surface, these en scapes of great lenirth, and af'er iertilization drawn below the surface by the spiral coiling of the scapes Tube of the perianth not prolonged. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like. (In both genrra the staminate flowers break off spontaneously and float on the surfa.-e around the pistillate ones, shedding their pollen upon them.) 1. A.VACII'AKIS. Water-weed. A. Canadensis.— Common iu slow waters. 3. VALLISNE'RIA. TaPE-GRASS. Eel GRASS. V. spiralis. Leaves 1-2 feet long.— Common in slow water?. Order XCI ORCHIDA'CE^. COrchis; Family.) Herbs, well marked by the peculiar arrangement of the stamens, these being fjynandrous, that is, borne on or adher- ent *o the stigma or style. There is also usually but a sincrlc^ stameu, of two rather widely separated anthers, but in tlu; 128 COMMON^ CAXADIAN' W[LD PLANT3. last genus of the follov\in2' list there are 2 distinct stamens, with the rudiment of a third at the back of the stigma. As explained in Part I., Sections 71-73, the Orchids as a rule require the aid of insects to convey the pollbiia. or pollen- masses, to the stisma, but occasionally it happens that when the anther-celh burst open the pollinia fall fonvard and dangle in front of the viscid stigma beneath, being sooner or later driven against it either by the wind or by tlie head of some insect in pursuit of honey. In all cases where the student meets with an Orchid in flower, he should, by experiment, endeavour to make himself acquainted with the method of its fertilization. The Orchis Family is a very large one, there being prob- ably as many as 3,000 different species, but the greater num- ber are natives of tropical regions. Many of them are epi- phyte.'i, or air-plants, deriving their support chiefly from thcr moisture of the air, through their long aerial roots which never reach the ground. The perianth in many species, and particularly the lahelbim, -or Jip, assumes the most fantastic shapes, making the plants great favourites for hot-house culti- vation. In Canada, the representatives of tliis great Order, though not very numerous, are among the most interesting and beautiful of our wild flowers. They are. as a rule, bog- plants, and will be found in flower in early summer. ^ii uop.^ti^ of the Oenera. * Anther cnly one, but of S cells, these separa'ed in the first fjenn$. •*- Lip uith a spur vnderneath. Anfher on (he face or (he sdnna. L Orrfais. The S sepals and 2 of the petals erect and arching over the centre of the flower ; the lii> turned dcM-n. The 2 glands or viscid disks at the base of the pollen-masses enclosed in a little pouch just over the concave stigma. Leaves 2, large. Flowere few, in a spike. 2. Habrna'ria. The lateral sepals usually spreadino:. The glands or viscid disks of the pollen-ma.sses not enclosed in a covering. Flowers in spikes. •*- -^ Lip without a spur. Anther on (he back of (he column. Flouers small, uhite, in a slender spike. 8. Spiism'thcs. Spike (of white or whitish flowers) more or less spirally twisted. Sepals and petals narrow and generally connivent. Lip ob- long, the lower part embracing the column, and with a protuherancf on each side at (he base. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 129 4. Croodjr'ra. ' Flowers very much as in Spiranthes, hut the lip mc-shaped, and tcithoi't protuberances at the base. Leaves white-veiny, in a tuft at the base of the scape. ■*-.>-*- L'p uithout a spur. Anther on the avcx of the style, hinged like a lid. Pollen- masses U, sojt, separate, without an attached stalk or gland. '. C'alcpo'°;on. Ovary n-t twisted, the lip consequently t urned towards the stem. Flowers large, pink-pur])le, 2-6 at the sum nit rf the scape ; the lip spreading at the outer end a:i i beautifully bo udcJ. above with col- oured hairs. Leaf grass-like, only one. G. Calyp'so. Flower solitary, large, showy, varieirated with purple, pink, ani yellow. Lip large, inflate i, sac-shaped, 2 pointed under the apex. Scape short, from a solid bulb, with a single ovate or slightly heait- shaped leaf below. 7. Coralloihi'za. Brownish or yellowish plants, with the small dull flowers in spikes on scapes which nre leafless or ha\ e mere sheaths instead of leaves. Eootstocks bi*arich;n'_' and coral-like. Perianth fiibboiig or sliyhtly spurred below. Lip with 2 ridges on the inner part of the face. * ♦ Anthers 2, one on each side of the stinma, and a triangular body, ichick is the rudiment of a third, at the hade of the stigma. Pollen loose and P'wdery or pulpy. 8. typripr'dijitn. Lip a larrje injlated sac, into the mouth of which thr- style is declined. Sepals and the other petals much alike, the former apparently only 2, r wo of them being generally united into one under the lip. Leaves large, many nerved. Flowers solitary or few. 1. ORCHIS. Orchis. 0. specta'bilis. (Suowy Orchis.) Scape 4-angled, 4-7 inches hi^fh, beai-irig a few flowers in a spike. The arching upper lip pink-purple, the JaheUirin white ; each flower in the axil of a leaf- like bract. — Rich woods. 3. HABEVA'RI.-V. Retx-Orctiis. 1. H. tridenta 'ta. Spihe feic-Jlowered, the flowers very .^mall, greenish-white. Lipwedqe-ahuped, truncate and 3-toothed at the apex. Spur slender, lontjer than the orarf/, curved npv.-ards. Stem less than a foot high, slendei*, with one oblancoolate leaf below and 2 or 3 mucli smaller ones above. — Wet woods. 2. H. vir'idis, var. bracteata. Spike many-flowered, close. Flowers suTall, (jreenish. Lip oblong-linear, 2-3 lobed at the tip, much hiKjer than the very short and sac-like spur. Stem C-12 inches high, leafy, the lower leaves obovate, the upper oblong or lanceolate, gradually reduced lo bracts much longer thaii vUe 130 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. H. hyperbo'rea. Spike many-flo-vvered, lonrj and dense. Flowers small, greenish. Lip lauceolate, entire, about the sam/i lenrjtJi as tlie slender incurved spur. Stem 6-24 inches high, very l^xijy, tJie, leave-i lanceolate and erect, and the bracts longer than the flowers. — Bogs and wet woods. 4. H. dilata'ta. l^ot unlike No. 3, but more slender and with linear leaves and ivhUe floicers. 5. EL rotundifo'lia. Spike few-fiowered, loose. Flovrers rose-purple, tlie Up usually white, sj)otted with purple, 3-loh^:d, the middle lobe larger and notched, longer than the slender spur. Stem 5-9 inches high, nahed and scape-like above, bearing a single roundish ka/&t the base. — Bogs and wet woods. 6. H. Hook'erL. Spike man^^-flowered, strict. Flowers yel- loivish-green, the lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved ; petals lance- awl-shaped. Spur slender, acide, nearly an inch long. Stem scape-like above, 2-leaved atthebase, the leaves orbicular. — Woods. 7. H. orbicula'ta. Spike many-fiowered, loose and spreading. Flowers greenish-white. Lip narrowly linear, obtuse. Spur curved, more than an inch long, thickened towards the apex. Scape 2-leaved at the base, the leaves very large, orbicular, and lying fat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath. — Eich woods. S. H. blephariglot'tis. {White Feinged Orchj.s.) Spike many-flowered, open. Flowers zvJiite, very handsome ; tJie lip fringed, but not loled, at the apex. Sj ur thi-ead-shaped, three times as long as tJie lip. Stem a foot high, leafy ; the leaves oblong or lanceolate, the bracts shorter than the ovaries. — Peat-bogs, &c. 9. n. leueophG'a. (Gp^eenish Fhinged Orchis.) Spike a? in the last, but the flowers greenish or yelhwish-ichite. Lip 3- p 'i-ted above the stalk-like base, the divisions fringed. S-pnr gradu- cJly thickened downward, longer than the ovary. Stem leafy, 2- 4 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; bracts a little shorter than the flowers. — Wet meadows. 10. H. psyco'des. {Prr.rLE Fringed Orchis.) Spike cylin- drical, many-flowered, Vae flowers pink-pur pie, fragrant. Lipfan- fehaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions fringed. Spur curved, scjiiewhat thickened downward, very long. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 131 3. SPiRAV TIIKS. Ladies' TEESsrs. 1. G. EiOmanzOVia'na. Spike dense, oblong or cylindrical. Flowers pure white, in 3 ranks in the spihe. Lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the wavy recurved apex. Stem 5-15 inches high, leafy below, leafy-bracted above ; the leaves oblong-lanceo- late or linear. — Cool bogs. 2. S. gra'cilis. I'^loxcr^rs in a finrjle spirally twisted ranh at the summit of the very slender scape. Leaves with blades all in a cluster at the base, ovate or oblong. Scape 8-18 inches high. — Sandy plains and pine barrens. 4. GOCDYE'RA. Eattlesnake-Plantain. 1. G. repens. Flowers in a loose 1-sided spihe. Lip with a re- curved tip. Scape 5-8 inches high, Leaves thickish, petioled, intersected with whitish veins. — Woods, usually under ever- greens. 2. G- pubes'cens. Spihe not 1-suIed. Plant rather larger than the last, and the leaves more strongly white- veined. — Rich woods. 5. e.Vl^OPO'GOX. Calopogon. C. pulchel'lus. Leaf linear. Scape a foot high. Flowers an {nch across. — Bugs. G. CALYP'.SO. Calypso. C. borea'lis. A beautiful little plant growing in mo??y bogs. The lip woolly inside; the petals and sepals resembling each other, lanceolate, sharp-pointed. Column winged. 7. C0RALL.01lIiI'ZA. Coral r.(,OT. 1. C. inna'ta. Flowers small ; the lip whitish or purplish, often crimson-spotted, 3-lobed above tlic base. Spur very fILD PLANT.-^ — This Species is probably not common. It has, however, been found at Earrie, Ont., and is reported also from the south-west- ern part of the province. 8. CTPRIPE'DIUM. Lady's Slippee. Moccason-floweb. 1. C. parviflo'rum. (SiLALLZR Yellow Lady's Slippek.) Stem leafv to the top, 1-3 flowered. Lip j-ellow, flatthh ahore, rather less than an inch long. Sepals and petals wavy-twisted, brownish, pomted, longer ihan the lip. — Bogs and wet woods. 2. 0. pubcs'cens. (Larger Yellow L.) Lip flattene*! lat- erally, roumied above, larger than in Ko. 1, but the two species are not sufficiently distinct. 3. C. specta'bile. (Showy L.) Lin trry large, vJnfe, pinkish in front. ScpuL and petals rounded, tddtc, not longer than the lip.— Bo-s. 4. C. acau'le. (Stemless L.) Scaj^e naLed, 2-leaved at the base, 1-Jloicered. Lip rose-purple, split down the whole length in front, veiny. Sepals and petals greenish. — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens. Order XCII. IHIDA'CE^. (Iris Faz-iily.) Herbs with equitant leaves and perfect flowers. The G petal-like divisions of the perianth in 2 (similar or dissimilar) sets of 3 each; the tube adherent to the 3 celled ovary. Stamens 3, distinct or monadelphous, opposite the 3 stigmas, and with anthers extrorse, that is, on the outside of th^- filcxmcnts, facin<; the divisions of the perianth and opening on that side. Flowers from leafy bracts. Srnop<»i<« of the Ocnera. 1. Iris. The 3 outer divisions of the perianth rcflexcl, the 3 inner erect and smaller. Stamens distinct, the anther of each concealed under a flat and petal-like archiiij,' stigraa. The styles below adherent to .he tube of the perianth. Pod 3-ari.:^led. Flowers blue, lar^je and showy. Leaves sword-shaped org^rass-iike. 2. Si.'syrin'chinni. The 6 d visions of the perianth alike, spreadinqr. Stamens monadelphous Stigmas thiead-like. Pod giohu'.ar, 3-anu^; ' Stems 2-edged. Leaves gross-like. Flowers blue, clustered, Iroiu l ieaiy bracts. Plant low and slciidcr. CO^niON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 133 1. IRIS. Flowee-de-Lcce. 1. I. versic'olor. {Larger Blue Flag. ) Stem stout and leafy, from a thickened rootstock. Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers violet-blue, 2 or 3 inches long. Inner petals uiuch smal- ler than the outer. — Wet places, 2. SlSYRlA-zCHirM. Blue-eyed Grass. S, Bermudia'na. A pretty little plant, rather common in moist meadows among grass. The divisions of the delicate blue perianth obovate, notched at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. Roots fibrous. Order XCTII. DIOSCOREA'CEu^. (Yam Family.) Represented with us by the genus rHOSCORE'A. Yajl D. villo'sa. (Wild Yam- root. ) A slender twiner with knot- ted rootstocks, and net- veined, heart-shaped, 9-11 -ribbed, petioled leaves. Flowers dicecious, small, in axillary racemes. Stamens 6. Pod with three large wings. — Reported only from the warm and sheltered valley lying between Hamilton and Dun- das, Ont. Order XCIV. SMILA'CEJE. (Smilax Family.) Climbing plants, more or less shrubby, with alternate rib- bed and net-vevied petioled leaves, and small dioecious flowers in umbels. Perianth regular, of G greenish sepals, free from the ovary. Stamens as many as the sepals, with 1-celled anthers. Ovary 3-celled, surmounted by 3 sessile spreading stigmas. Fruit a small berry. Represented by the single genus SMILiAX. GbEENBBIER. CAT-BRrER. 1. S. his'pida. Stem Mow densely covered until lon^ weak prickle;^. Leaves large, ovate or heart-shaped, pointed, thin, 5-9 nerved. Peduncles of the axillary umbels much longer than tiie petioles. Berry black. — Moist thicketj', 2. S. herba'cea. (Carrion -Flower.) Stem herbaceous, »o< prkhly. Leaves ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, 7-9-ribbed, long- petioled, mucronate. Flowers carrion-scented. Berry bluish- black, — Meadows and river-banks. 134 common canadian wild plants. Order XCV. LILIA'CE^. (Lily Family.) Herbs, distinguished as a whole by their regular and sjm- metrical flowers, having a 6-leaved perianth (but 4-leaved in one species of Smilacina) free from the usually 3-celled ovary, and as many stamens as divisions of the perianth {one before each) with 2-celled anthers. Fruit a pod or berry, generally 3-celled. The outer and inner divisions of the perianth coloured alike, except in the genus Trillium. (See part I.. sections 61-65, for description of typical plants of this Order. ) Synopsis of the Genera. * Leaves net-veined, all in one or two whorls. The stem otiiencise naked, rising from a Jleshy rootatock. .Styles 3. 1. Trillinm Leaves 3 in a whorl at the top of the stem. Divisions of the perianth in 2 sets, the outer green, the inner coloured. (See Part I, sections 64 and 65.) 2, I?Icde'«»'a. Leaves in 2 whorls, the lower near the middle of the sten7, and consist ng of 5-9 leaves, the upper of (generally) 3 small leaves, near the t-uniniit. Stem tall, covered with loose wool. Flowers small, in an umbel. Divisions of the perianth alike, greenish yellow, recurved. Anthers turned outwards. Styles thread-slviped. Berry globular ov nearly so, dark purple. * ♦ Leaves stravjht-veineJ, linear, fjrass-Uke, alternate. Stem simi)le, rising (in our species) from a coated bulb. Styles 3. S. Zygade'uns. Flowers perfect or polygamous, greenish-white, in a few- flowered panicle ; the divisions of the perianth each with a tonj.picuous obcordate spot or gland on the inside, near ihe narrowing base. Sten> smooth and glaucous. * ♦ * Leaves strUjht-veined, but broad (not ',jrciss-Uke), alternate. Stem from a rootstvck or fibrous roots, at all evenfsnt from a Oiub. Style one at the base, but more or less divided int > H above. •*- Perianth of completely separate pieces (p lyphyllovks). 4, Uvula'iia. ^iemXfi&iy, jorkinij above. Flowers yellow, at least an inoh long, drooping, lily-like, usually solitary (.but occasionally in pairs) at the end or in the forks of the stem, fctyle deeply 3-Lleft. Pod triangu- L>r. Leaves clasping-perfoliate. i,. ^.'iiuto'uia. Stemless, the ni.ked scaps sheathed at the base by 2, 3, or 4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers few, greenish yellow, in an umbel at the top of the scape. Filaments long and slender. Style long, the stigmas hardly separate. Berry bl'.ic. COriMON CANADIAN WIL" -PLANTS. 135 (i !^ rrp'!opu«i. Stem leafy and f )rking. Flowers small, not quite in the axi.s of the ovate clasping- leaves, on slender p<'duncles which are ab- ruptly bent near the middle. Anthers airow-shaped, 2-horned at th apex. 1- •*■■ Perianth of one piece (fjamophyllons). 7. Ssnilari'na. Flowers small, white, in a terminal raoeme. Perianth 6-pTted hut J^^-pai-ted in one species, i'TpreAding. Style short and thick Stigma obscurely lobe J. Filaments slender. 8. E*0-ygoiia'.u ;?. Flowers small, greenish, nodding, mostly in pairs in the axils of the nearly sessile leaves. Perianth cylindrical, 6-lobed at the summit, the 6 stamens itis rted on the tube above the middle. Stem simple, from a long and knotted rootstock. Leaves glaucous beneath. * * * » Leaves straight-veined, not grass-like. Stem from a coated or scaly btdb. Style 1, not divided above, but the stigma sometimes 3-lohed. Fruit a pod, s^Aitting open mi'lway between the partitions (loculicidal). 9. Jjji'.uin. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb, the leaves often uhorled or crowded. Anthers at first erect, at lenjth versatile. Style long, rather club-shaped. Stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong. Flowers large and showy, one or more. 10. Erflhro'niuni. For full description, see Part I., sections 61-63. (Dogs- tooth Violet.) 11. .4ilinin Scape naked, from a coated bulb. The radical leaves broad and flit, withering before the flowers are developed. Flowers white, in an umbel. Stile thread-like. St rung -scented plants. 1. TRIL.L1U3I. Wake-Robix. 1. T. grandiflo'rum. (Large White Trillium.) Leaves ses- sile, longer tlian broad. Petals while (rose-coloured when old), ohovate. — Rich woods. 2. T. erectum. (Purplk Trillium.) Leaves sessile, about as Ijj-oad a.s long. Petals dull puiple, ovate. — Rich woods. Var. album, tvith r/rcenish-white pfta/s, is fdund along with the purple form. It does not appear to be clearly distingui:5hed from No. ]. 3. T. crythrocar'pum. (Painted Trillium.) Leaves dii- tincth/ petlo/ed, rounded at the base. Petals pointed, white, tvlth purple strijjes inside at the base. — Not uncommon northward in damp v/oods and low grounds. a. MEDE'OLA. Indian Cucumrer-root. M. Virgin'ica. Stem 1-.3 feet high. — Rich woods. 15G COMMON CANADIAN WILD PlJ^yy^T. 3. ZYGVI>E/\US. ZyGaI/BKjs. Z, glaucUS. ^ot uncommon in bogs and oeaver-mcadows Borthward. Leaves flat and pale. 4. UVUL.V'RIA.. Bell^'OBT. U. grandi3.o'ra. — Rich woods. 5. CLuIXTO'XIA. Clixtoxia. C. borealis. Umbel 2-7-fioAvered. Leaves 5-8 inches long. Perianth pubescent outside. — Damp woods, often under ever- greens. 6. STREP'TOPITS. T^ST^.D-St-AXE. S. ro'seUo. Flowers rose-purple. — Damp woods. T. S3UL,ACi'-\A. False Solojiok's SeaIi. 1. S. racemo sa. (False Spikenard.) Raceme corajpoamd^ Stem pnl>escent, 2 feet high. Leaves many, oblong, taper^ pointed, eiliate. Berries speckled with purple. — E,icli woods and thickets. 2. S. stella'ta. Raceme shmpU. Stem nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high. Leaves 7-12, oblong-lanceolate, slightly clasping., Berries black. — Moist woods and copses. 3. S. trifolia. Raceme simple. Stem low (.3-6 inches), gla- l>rous. Leaves iisually 3, oblong, the bases sheathing. Berries yed. — Bogs. 4. S. bifolia. Distinguished at once by the ^-parted perianth sind the 4 stamens. Baceme simple. Stem 3-5 inches high. Leaves usually 2, but sometimes 3. — Mois-t woods. 8. POLYGON A'T CM. Solomon's Se.\l. P. biflonim. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Stem slender, 1-3 feet high. Leaves ovate-oblong cm: lance-oblong. Filaments hairy. — Kich woods. &. LJDIU.^I. Ltlt. 1. L. Philadelphicuin. (Wild Orange-red Lilt.) Divi- sions of the perianth narroiced into claws below, not recurved at the top. FloAvers erect, 1-3, orange, spotted with purple inside., Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper mostly in whorls of 5-Sk,-^i- Sanily soiL COMMON CAXADTAX WILD PLANTS. 137 ^ I*. Oanaden'se. (Wild Yellow Lily.) Divisions of the ^erianta recurved above the middle. Flowers nodding, few, orauge, spotted with brown inside. Leaves remotely whorled, iJ-riobed. — Swamps and wet meadows. 5. L. super 'bum. (Turk's-Cap Lily.) Divisions of the perianth very strongly recurved. Flowers nodding, often numer- ous, in a pyramidal raceme, bright orange, dark-purple-spotted within. Lower leaves whorled, 3-ribbed or nerved. Stem taller than either of the first two, 3-7 feet. — Eich low grounds, com- moner southward and south-westward. 10. ERYTHRO'IVIUM. Dog's-TOOTH VioLET. E. America'num. (Yellow Adder's Tongue.) Perianth light yellow, sometimes spotted at the base. — Copses and rich meadows, 11. ALLIUM. Okion. Leek. A. tricoccum. (Wild Leek.) Leaves bnce-oblong, 5-9 inches long, 1-2 inches wide. Pod strongly 3-lobed. Scape 9 inches high. — Rich woods. Order XC VI. JTJNCA'CE^. (Ru.sh Family.) Grass-like or sedge-like plants, with, however, flowers similar in structure to those of the last Order. Perianth greenish and glumaceous, of G divisions in 2 sets of 3 each. Stamens 6 (occasionally 3). Style 1. Stigmas 3. Pod 3- celled, or 1-celled with 3 placentae on the walls. The plants of the Order are not of any very great interest to the young student, and the determination of the species is rather diflB- cult. A brief description of a few of the most common is given here, as an easy introduction to the study of the Order with the aid of more advanced textbooks. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. r^ii'znla. Plant less than a foot high. Leaves linear or lance-linear, flat, usually hairy. Pod 1-celled, S-seeded. Flowers in umbels or in spikes. Plants usually growing in dry ground. 8. •! iincu)9. Plants always smooth, growing in water or tcef soil. Flowers small, greenish or brownish, paiiicled or clustered. Pod 3-<-eIled, inanu- tuded. 138 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1. L,r'ZU..A. Wood-Rush. 1. L. pilo'sa. Flowers umbelled, loiig-peduncled, brown- coloured. Sepals pointed. — Shady banks. 2. L. campestris has the flowers (light brown) in 4-12 spikes, the spikes umbelled. Sepals bristle-poiuted. — Fields and woods. 2. JUXCUS. EusH. 1. J. effu'sus. (Common or Soft Kush.) Scape 2-4 feet high, sott and pliant, furnished at the base with merely leafless sheaths, the inner sheaths awned. The many-flowered pauiclo sessile, apparently produced from the side of the scape, owing to the involucral leaf being similar to and continuing the scape. Flowers small, greenish, only 1 on each pedicel, btamens 3. Pod triangular-obovate, not pointed. — Marshes. 2. J, filifoi'mis has a very slender scape (1-2 feet high), fewer flowers than No. 1, and 6 stamens in each. Pod broadly ovate and short-pointed. No leaves. 3. J. bufo'nius^ Stem leafy, slender, 3 -9 inches high, branch- ing from the base. Panicle terminal, spreading. Flowers single on the pedicels. Sepals awl-pointed, the outer set much louger than the inner. Stamens 6. — Ditches along road-sides. 4. J. ten'uis. Stems leafy beloiu, wiry, 9-18 inches high, simple, tufted. Panicle loose, shorter than the slender involu- cral leaves. Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels ; the sepals longer than the blunt pod. —Open low grounds. OiiDER XCYII. PONTEDERIA'CE^. (Pickeeel-weed Family.) The most common representative of this Order with us is PbXTEDE'RIA. PiCKEBEL-WEED. P. corda'ta, A stout plant growing in shallow water, send- ing up a scape bearing a single large arrow-heart-shaped blunt leaf and a spike of violet-blue floivers luith a spathe-like bract. Perianth 2-lipped, the 3 upper divisions united, the 3 lower spreading, tho whole re volute-coiled alter flowering, the fleshy base enclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, 3 of them exserted oij loug filaments, the rest short. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 139 Order XCVIII. ERIOCAULOITA'CE^. (PirEvroRT Family. ) Represented with us by the genus ERlOCAU'IiON. PiPEWOKT. E. septangilla're. A slender plant with a naked scape 2-6 inches high, growing in shallow water in the margins of our northern ponds. Leaves short, awl-sliaped, in a tuft at the base. Flowers in a small woolly head at the summit of the scape, monoecious. Perianth double ; the outer set or calyx of 2-3 keeled sepals ; the corolla tubular in the sterile flowers and of 2-3 separate petals in the fertile ones. Scape 7-angled. The head (except the beard) lead-coloured. Division III. GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers without a jDroper perianth, but subtended by thin scales called ijlumes. This Division includes two very kirge Orders — Cyper- ace?e and Gramineae — both of which present many diffi- culties to the beginner. Accordingly no attempt will be made here to enumerate and describe all the commonly occurring species of these Orders. It will be sufficient for the purposes of this work to describe two or three of the very commonest representatives of each, so as to put the beginner in a position to continue his study of them with the aid of Gray's Manual or other advanced work. Order CXIX. CYPERA'CEJE. (Sedge Family.) Grass-like or rush-like herbs, easily distinguished from Grasses by the sheaths of the leaves, which in the Sedges are cloned round the culm, not split. Flowers in spikes, each flower in the axil of a glume-like bract, either altogether without a perianth or with a few bristles or scales inserted below the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, becoming an achene (2- or 3-angled). Style 2- or 3-cleft. Stamens mostly 3, occasion- ally 2. 140 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. We shall describe one species of each of five genera. 1. C'ypei'Hs diandru.ti. This plant (Fig. 1) is from 4 to 10 inches in height. The culm is triangular, leafy towards the base, but naked above. At the summit there is an umbel the rays of which are unequal in length, and on each ray are clustered several flat broicn -colour- ed spikes, the scales of which are imbricated in two distinct rows. At the base of the umbel there are 3 leaves of very un- equal length, forming a « p^. sort of involucre, and the base of each ray of the umbel is sheathed. In each spike every scale ex- cept the lowest one con- tains a flower in its axil. The flower (Figs. 2 and 3) is entirely destitute of perianth, and consists of 2 stamens and an ovary sur- mounted by a 2-rleft sfife, being cons'equently perfect. — The plant is pretty easily met with in low wet places. FIC. f) Fias COMMON CAXADTAX WILD PLANTS. 141 '2. Eleorh'ai-is obtai'sa. In this plant, which grows in muddy soil in tufts 8 to 14 inches in height, there is but a single spike at the summit of each slender culm, and the scales of the spikes, instead of being imbricated in 2 rows and thus producing a flat form, are imbri- cated all round. The scales are very thin in texture, with a mid- rib somewhat thicker, and are usually brownish in colour. Each of them contains a perfect flower in its axil. Instead of a perianth there are 6 or 8 hypogynous barbed bristles. The stamens (as is generally the case in this Order) are 3 in number, and the style is usually 3-cleft. Observe that the style is en- larged into a sort of bulb at the base, this bulbous poHion persist- ing as aflattish tubercle on the apex of the achene. The culms are without leaves, being merely sheathed at the base. J. Scii-pii!^ piiiigcns. A stout marsh-plant, 2 or 3 feet high, with a sharply triangu- lar hollow-sided culm, and bearing at the base from 1 to 3 chan- nelled or boat-shaped leaves. The rusty-looking spikes vary in number from' 1 to 6, and are in a single sessile cluster which ap- pears to spring from the side of the culm, owing to the 1-leaved involucre resembling the culm and seeming to be a prolongation of it. Each scale of the spike is 2-cleft at the apex, and bears a point in the cleft. The flowers are perfect, with 2 to 6 bristles instead of perianth, 3 stamens, and a 2-cleft style, hut there is no tubercle on the apex of the achene. The culms of this plant spring from stout running rootstocks. 4. Erioph'oriim polvMtnrh'j'on. A common bog-plant in the northern parts of Canada, resem- bling Scirpus in the details as to spikes, scales, &c., but differing chiefly in this, that the bristles of the flowers are very delicate and become very long after flowering, so that the spike in fruit looks like a tuft of cotton. The culm of our plant is triangular, though not manifestly so, and it& leaves are hardly, if at all, channelled. The spikes are several in nund)cr, and are on nod- ding peduncles, and the involucre consists of 2 or 3 leaves. Culm 15 or 20 inches high. 142 COMMON CAXADIAX WILD PLAXT5. 5. C'arex iutiinie!ii'cou.«. The species of the genus Carex are exceedingly numerous and difficult of stiuly. The one we have selected (Fig. 4) is one of the commonest and at the same time one of the easiest to examine. In this genus the flowers are monoecious, the separate kinds being either borne in different parts of the same spike, or in diflferent spikes. The genus is dis- tinguished from all the others of this Order by the fact c f the achene being enclosed in a hoWeshajiecl more or less injlated sac, which is made by the union of the edges of tAvo inner bract- lets or scales. To this peculiar sac (Figs. 5 and 6) which encloses the achene the name perhjynhnn is given. The culms are always triangular and the leaves grass-like, usually roughen- ed on the margins and on the keel. In the species under examination (which may be found in almost any wet meadow) the culm is some 18 inches high. The staminate spike (only one) is sepai-ate from and above the fertile ones, which are 2 or 3 in number, few- (5 to 8) flowered, and quite near together. The perigynia are very much inflated, that is, very much larger than the achenes ; they are distinctly marked with many nerves, and taper gradually into a long 2- toothed beak from which protrude the 3 stigmas. The bracts which subtend the spikes are leaf-like, and extend much beyond the top of the culm. Order CXX. GRAMIN'E^. (Grass Family.) Herbs somewhat resembling those of the last Order, but the culms are liolluw except at the joints, and the sheaths of the leaves are split on the opposite side of the culm from COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 143 the blade. The student is referred to Part I, section 74, for the description and illustration of a Grass-flower. In addi- tion to the terms there defined it may be explained that the name lignle is given to a thin membranaceous upward exten- sion of the sheath, and lodicules to some minute hypogynuus scales usually accompanying each flower. We shall give brief descriptions of representatives of six common Canadian genera. 1. Agros'tis valga'ris. (Eed-top.) In the examination of Timothy it was found that the very nu- merous flowers were so densely crow. led together as to form a cylindrical spike. In the well-known Grass now under consider- ation the flowers forma loose open panicle. As in Timothy, each pair of (jlumes encloses but one flower, and we must observe that the term spikelet, so far as Grasses are concerned, is applied to the pair of glumes and whatever is contained in them, whether oae flower, or many, as is often the case. In Red-top and Timotny the spihelets are 1-floioered. The culm of our Grass is from 1 to 2 feet high, and the whole panicle has a purple appearance. Od- serve the very thin texture of the palets, and also that one of them (the lower, i.e., the one farthest from the stalk) is near/y twice as large as the oiher, and is marked with 3 nerves. 3. Foa pratensis. (Common Meadow-Geass.) The inflorescence of this very common Grass (Fig. 7) is a greenish panicle. The spikelets (Fig. 8) contain from 3 to 5 flowei-3 and are laterally compressed. The glumes are the low- est pair of scales, and they are generally shorter than the flowers withiu them. Observe the delicate whitish margin of the lower palet of each flower (Fig. 9), and the thin texture of the iipper one. Count also, if you can, the five nerves on the lower palut, and observe the 2 teeth at the apex of the upper one. 3. liioiiius secal'inu.s. (Chess.) A common pest in wheat fields. This Grass is compr.ratively easy of examination on account of the size of the spikeluts and flowers. The spikelets form a spreadiug panicle, each of them 144 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. being ou a long slen'ler nodding pedicel, and containing from 8 to 10 flowers. Of the 2 glumes at the base of each spikelet one is considerably larger than the other. The outer or lower palet of each flower i.« tipped "with a bristle, while the upper palet at lemjth become-s attacked to the groove of the ohJong grain. Observe that the glumes axe not awned. 4r. Trit'icnm re'pen^. iCouch-Gkass.) Very common in cultivated grounds. In this Grass the spikelets are sessile on opposite sides of the zigzag peduncle, so that the whole fonns a spike. Each spikelet is 4 to 8-flowered, and there is but one at each joint of the peduncle, the side of the spikelet being against the stalk. The glumes are nearly equal in size, and the lower palet of each flower closely re- sembles the glumes, but is sharp- pointed or a^vned. The Grass spreads rapidly by running root- stocks, and is troublesome to eradicate. .5. Pan iciini capilla'ie. (Old-witch Gbass.) Xhis Grass is to be found everyAvhere in sandy soil and in cultivated grounds. The sheaths and the leaves are very hairy, FiC7. ^i^fl t^i6 panicle very large, com- pound, and loo-e, the pedicels being extremely slender. The culm is from 10 to 15 inches high. Of the 2 glumes one is much larger than the other. Unless you are careful y.ni will regard the spikelets as 1 -flowered ; obsei ve, however, that in addition to C03IM0N CANADIAN WIL'^ PLANTS. 145 the one manifestly perfect flower tiiere is an extra palet belou: This palet (which is very much like the larger glume) is a rudi- mentary or abortive second flower, and the spikelet may be de- ■=orihed as l|-flowered. 6. Pan'icam Cras-galli, (BAnxYARD-GEASS.') This is a stout coarse Grass, common in manured soil. Tlie culm-s are from 1 to 4 feet in height, and branch from the bas^. The spikelets form dense spikes, and these are crowded in a dense panicle which is rough with stiff hairs. The structure of the spikelets is much the same as in Ko. 5, but the palet of the neutral flower is pointed with a rough awn, 7. Seta'ria glau'ta. (FoXTAIL.) Here the inflorescence is apparently a dense bristly cylindrical spike. In reality, howe^-er, it is a spiked panicle, the spi'celets being much the same as in Panicum, but their pedicels are pro- longed beyond them into awn-like bristles. In this plant the bristles are in clusters and are barbed upwai'ds, 7'he spikes ar^ i/Djmy-^elUiw in colour. SERIES 11. FLOWEPvLESS OR CEYPTOGAMOrS PEA^sTS. Plants not producing true flowers, but repro- ducing themselves by means of spores instead of seeds, the spores consistinLi; merely of simple cells, and not containing an embiyo. In the introductory part of this work no reference was made to the plants of this series, chiefly because the ex- amination of them is attended with too much difficulty for the younpj beginner. It is true that the structure of the Cryptogams is less complicated than that of flowering plants, but the organs requiring examination are so minute as to put a proper understanding of their nature beyond the reach of any but practised observers. Besides, there are many details of structure and function with which botanists are as yet but imperfectly acquainted, so that on the whole the better plan is that which has been adopted, viz.: to study first those forms Avhich are bet- ter understood, and which do not require so great a nicety of observation, and then to make an effort to understand the relation between these lower forms which are now to occupy our attention, and those with which our previous practice has made us more or less familiar. U6 COMMON CAXADIAX WILD PLAXT3. 147 Tae series of Cryptogamous plants is subdivided into three classes, as follows ; — 1. ACROGKNS. 2. AVOPIIYTES. 3. THAI,L>OPHYTE^. The Acrogens, the only one of these three classes to which we shall devote any special attention here, derive their name from the m.j'le of growth of the stem, which is quite different from that of Exogens and Endogeus. In the Acrogens, or point-groic- ers, the stem is increase! by 8ucceper side of the i>in. Indusivm attached tc the vein by one edge, the other edge free. Veins free. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 155 6. »co?os»en'di'iiim. Fruit-dots elongated, occurring in pairs on contigu- oua veiiilets, the free edges of the two indusia facing each other, so that the sori appear to be single, with an indusium split down the centre. Veins free. Frond aimple, ribbon-shared, about an inch broad, gener- ally wavj-margined. 7. < fnuplo*o'ru». Fruit-dots elongated, those near the base of the mid- rib double, as in Scolopendrium ; others single, as in Asplenium. Frotids siinrle, J or | of an inch wide at the heart-shapei base, and tapering into a long and narrow point ; growing in tufts on limestone rocks, and commonly rooting at the tip of the frond, like a runner. Veins reticulated. 8. Pt3« afO|» teris. Fruit-dots roundish, on the back (not at the apex) of the veinlet, rather small. Induniun obsiniin'fla, Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond much con- tracts, bearing naked sporangia, which are globular, short-]iedicellcd, and opjiiiiig by a vertical slit to discliarge the spores. Frond tall and upright, once or twice pinnate, from thick rootstocks. 156 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Suborder m. OPHIOGLOSSA'CE^. Sporangia naked, not reticulated, opening by a horizontal Elit. Fronds not circinate in the hud. 14. Botrych'ium. Sporangia in compound spikes, distinct, opening by a horizontal slit. Sterile part of the frond compound. Veins free. (See Figs. 22 and 23.) 1. POLYPO'DIUM. PoLYPOD. P. VUlga're. Frotids evergreen, 4-10 inches long, deeply pin- natifiJ, the lobes obtuse and obscurely toothed. Sori large.- - Common or shady rocks. 3. ADIAX'TUai. MaTDENHAIB. A. peda'tum. Stipe upright, black and shining. The frond forked at the top of the stipe, the two branches of the fork recurved, and each bearing on its inner side several slender spreading divisions, the latter with luimerous thin pinnatifid pinnules which look like the hah'es of pinnules, owing to the midrib being close to the lower edge. Upper margin of the pin- nules cleft. — Common in rich woods. 3. PTB'RIS. Bbake. Bracken. P. actuili'na. Stipe stont and erect. Frond large and divided into 3 large spreading divisions at the summit of the stipe, the branches twice-pinnate, the pinnules margined all round with the indusium. Common in thickets and on dry hill-sides. 4. PELIiiE'A. Cliff-Bbake. P. gra'cilis. Fronds 3-6 inches high, slender, of few pinnae, the lower ones once or twice pinnatifid into 3-5 divisions, those of the fertile fronds narrower than those of the sterile ones. — Shady limestone rocks ; not common. 3. ASPL.E XHJM. SplEEXWOBT. 1. A. Trichom'anes. A very delicate little fern growiiig in tufts on shaded cliffs. Fronds 3-6 inches long, lintar in outlii.e COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 157 pinnate, the little pinna) oval and unequal-sided, about 4- of an inch long. The stipes thread-like, purplish-biown and shining. This species is evergreen. 2. A. thelypteroides. Fronds 2-3 feet high, pinnate, the pinnee linear-lanceolate in outline, 3-5 inches long, deei>i\i pin- natifid, each of the crowded lobes bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Rich woods. 3. A. angUStifo'lium. Fronds simply pinnate, somewhat re- sembling Aspidium aciostichoides, hut very smooth and thin, and hirger. Pinna crenulate, short-stalked. Fruit -dots linear, crowded. — Rich woods ; not common. 4. A. Filix-fce'mina, Fronds 1-3 feet high, broadly lanceo- late in outline, twice pinnate, the pinnae lanceolate in outline, and the pinnules confluent by a narrow margin on the rhachis of the pinna, doubly serrate. Indusium curved, often shaped some- thing like a horse -shoe, oicing to its crossing the vein and becoming attached to both sides of it. — Rich woods. 6. SCOL.OFE\'DIlIUM. Haet's Tongue. 5. Vulgar e. Frond simple, bright green, a foot or more in length, and an inch or more in width. — Shaded ravines and lime- stone cliffs ; not very common. 7. CAMPTOSO'RUS. Walking -Leaf. C. rhizophyl'lus. A curious little fern, growing in tufts on shaded limestone rocks. Frond -simple, with a very long, narruw point. — !Xot very common. 8. PHEGOP'TERLS. Beech-Fern. 1. P. polypodioi'des. Fronds triangular, longer than broad, 4r-6 inches long, hairy on the veins, twice pinnatifid, the rhachis winged. The pinnae sessile, linear-lanceolate in outline, the lowest pair deflered and standing forwards. Fruit-dots ?mall and all near the margin. Stipes rather larger than the fronds, from a slender, creeping rootstalk. — Apparently not common, but growing in rich woods near Barrie, Ont. 158 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. P. Dryop'teris. Fronds broadly triangular iu ontline, primarily divided into 3 triangular spreading petioled divisions, smooth, the three divisions once or twice pinnate. Fronds from 4 to 6 inches wide. Fruit-dots near the margin. — Rich woods ; common. Whole plant delicate, and light green in colour. 9. ASPiUiUM. Shield-Ferx. WOOD-Fl-EN. ♦ Stipes not chafy. 1. A. thelyp'teris. Fronds tall and narrow, lanceolate in outline, pmuate, the pinnas deeply pinnatihd, nearly at right angles to the rhachis, linear-lanceolate iu outline, the maiyjinn of the lobes strongly revolute in fruit. Stipe over a foot long, and usually longer than the frond. — Common iu low, wet places. 2. A. Noveboracen'se. Fronds much lighter in colour than the ^:>rcce(/i/?.7, tiipering towards both ends, pinnate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid, much closer together than iu No. I, and not at right angles with the rhachis. Veins simple. Lower pinnae short and detlexed. — Swamps. * * Stipes Chaffy. 3. A. spinulo 'sum. Stipes slightly chaffy or scaly. Fronds large, ovate-lauceolate in outline, twice pinnate, the pinnules deeply pinnatifid (nearly pinnate), and spiny-toothed. Finns triangular-lanceolate in outline. The variety intermedium, which is the commonest in Canadian woods, has the few scales of the stipe pale brown with a darker centre, and the lower pinnce unequal- sided. — Rich woods, everywhere. 4. A. crista'tum. Stipes chaffy with broad scales. Fronds larce, linear-lanceolate in outline, once pinnate, the pinnte deeply pinnatifid, the upper ones triangular-lanceolate in outline, the lower considerably broader, the lobes cut-toothed. Fruit-dots large and conspicuous, halj-way beticeen the midrib of the lobe and the mar(/m.— Swamps. 5. A. Goldia'num. A fine fern, the large fronds growing in a circular cluster from a chaffy rootstock. Frond ovate or COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 159 ovatc-oblong in outline, once pinnate, the pinnas deeply pinnati- fid, 6-9 inches long, broadest in tke mbJdle, the lobes slightly scythe-shaped, finely serrate. Fruit-dots large, near tlie midrib oj the lobe. — Rich moist woods. 6. A. marginale. Stipes very chaffy at the base. Fronds ovate-oblong in outline, twice pinnate, the pinna; lanceolate in outline, broadest above the base. Pinnules crenate-mavgineii. F/idt-dots large, ci06e to the manjin. — Rich woods, mostly on hill- sides. 7. A. acrostichoi'des. f^^ee Figs. 10 and 17 and accompany- ing description, ) — Rich wojds, everywhere. 8. A. Lonclli'tis. Not tmlike Xo.- 7, but the fronds are narrower and longer, more rigid and with hardly aiiy stipe. Pin- nae den.^ely spinulose-toothcd. — Apparently not common, but plentiful in rocky woods west of Collingwood, Ont. 10. CYSTOPTERIS. Bladder Fern. 1. C bulbif' era. Frond large fl-2 feet), narrow and very delicate, iv.ice pinnate, the pinnas nearly at right angles to tlie I hachis. Rhachis and pinnae usually tcith bulblets beneath. Pin- tailes toothed.— Shady, moist ravines. 2. C. fra'gilis. Frond only 4-S inches long, with a stipe of the same length, twice or thrice pinnate, Rhachis %cin COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. spores, the others 3-4 valved, and containing a few large spores. The two sorts intermingled, or the latter in the lower axils of the spike. Little moss-like tufted evergreens. 1. LYCOPCyDlUM. Club Moss. 1. L. luci'dultlin. Stems 4-8 inches long, tufted, 2 or 3 times forking. The leaves forming the spike not different from the others on the stem ; all spreading or reflexed, sharp-pointed, serrulate, dark green and shining. — Cold, moist woods> 2. L. anno 'tinum. Stems creeping, 1-4 feet long. Branches 4-9 inches high, once or twice forke Bracken 15!j Brake 156 Bramble 39 Brasc nia S Brassica 13 Bristly Sarsapariila 50 Brooklime 85 Bro3k-weed 83 Broom- rape Family So Bromus 143 BruncUa 92 Bucivbcan 99 Buckthorn 27 Bu' kthorn Fanii'y 27 Buckwheat 1< 6 Buckwheat Fa-.nily 1C4 Bugbane 6 Bugle-weed 91 Bunch-berry 51 Burdock 62 Bur-Marigol! 71 Burning-bush :?S Bur-reed 12 1 Bush-clover 33 INDEX. 165 Paoe. Bush-Honeysuckle 63 Butter-and-eggs 86 Buttercup 4 Butterfly-weed 100 Butternut 112 Butter-weed 69 Button-bush 56 Button wood Ill Cakile 14 Calamintha 92 Calaminth 92 Calamus 124 Calla 124 Calopogon 131 Caltha 5 Calypso 131 Calystegia 96 Camelina 14 Campanula 75 CAMPANULACE.4: 75 Campanula Family 75 Campion 19 Camptosorua . . , 157 CAJfNABES'EiE 110 Cannabis Ill Caper Family 14 CAPPAEIDACE.E 14 CAPRIFOLIACE^ 52 Capsella 14 Carex 142 Cardamine 12 Cardinal Flower 74 Carpinus 115 Carrion Flower 133 Carrot 48 Carya 113 CARYOPHYLLACEJE 19 Cashew Famih' 25 Cassandra 79 Castanea 115 Castilleia 87 Catbrier 133 Catchfly 19 Page. Catmint 92 Catnip 92 Cat-tail Family 124 Cat-tail Flag 125 Caulophyllum 7 Ceanothus 27 Cedar 122 Celandine 9 CELASTRACE^ 27 Celastrus 28 Centaurea 62 Cephalanthus - 56 Cerastium 21 Charlock 13 Chelidonium 9 Chelone 86 CHENOPODIACE^ 102 Chenopodium 103 Cherry 35 Chess 143 Chestnut 115 Chickweed , 20 Chickweed-Wintergreen 82 Chiniaphila 80 Chiogenes 78 Choke-berry 41 Chrysoplenium 43 Cichorium 73 Cichory 73 Cicuta 49 Cimicifuga 6 Cinnamon Fern 160 Cinque- foil 38 Circaea 45 Cirsium 61 CISTACEjE 16 Claytonia 22 Clearweed Ill Cleavers 65 Clematis 3 Cliff-brake 156 Climbing Bittersweet 28 Clintonia 136 Clotbur 62 16G INDEX. Page. Clover 31 CTub-Moss 162 Club-Moss Family 161 Cockle 20 Cocklebur 62 Cohosh 7 CoUinsonia 91 Columbine 5 Comandra 103 Comfrey 94 COMPOSIT.E 57 Composite Family 57 Comptonia 116 Cone-flower 71 CONIFER.E 120 Conioselinum 49 Conopholis 84 CONVOLTULACF..E 96 Convolvulus Family 96 Coptis 5 Corallorhiza 131 Coral-root 131 CORNACE.E 51 Corn-cockle 20 Cornel 51 Cornua 51 Corpse-Plant 80 Corydalis 10 Corj'lus , 115 Couch-Grass 144 Cow-Parsnip 48 Cowslip 82 Cow-wheat 88 Crab-Apple 41 Cranberry 78 Cranberry-tree 54 Cranesbill 24 CRASSULACE.E 43 Crataecrus 40 Creeping Snowberry 73 Cress Family 10 Crowfoot 4 Crowtoot Family 2 CRUCIFERJE 10 Page. CRYPTOGAMS 146 Cryptotsenia 49 Cuckoo-flower • • • • 12 Cudweed 63 Cup-plant 72 CUPRESSIXE E 120 CUPULIFER^ 113 Currant 42 Cuscuta 96 Custard- Apple Family 6 C3"noglossum 94 CYPERACE^ 139 Cyperus 140 Cypripedium 132 Cystopteris 159 Dalibarda 39 Dandelion 73 Datura 93 Daucus 43 Dentaria 12 Desmodium 32 Dicentra 10 DICOTYLEDONS 1 Diervilla 53 Dioscorea 1,33. DIOSCOREACE.E 133 Diplopappus 70 DIPS ACE-« 57 Dipsacus 57 Dirca 107 Ditch Stone-crop 44 Dock 106 Dockmackie 54 Dodder 96 Dogbane 100 Dogbane Family 99 Dog's-tooth Violet 137 Dogwood 51 Dogwood Family 51 Double-bristled Aster 70 Draba 14 Dr: sera 17 DEOSERACE-E 17 INDEX. 167 Page. Duckweed 124 Duckweed Familj' 1l'4 Dutchman's Breeches 10 Echinospermum 94 Echiuin 94 Eel-Grass 127 EL^AGNACEiE 107 Elder 54 Elecampane 65 Eleocharis 141 Elm Ill Elm Family 110 Elodes 18 ENDOGENS 123 Enchanter's Nightshade 45 Epigaea 78 Epilobiura 45 Epiphegus 83 EQUISETACE.E ^ 160 Erechthites 63 ERICACEAE 76 ERiriNK.E 76 Erigenia 50 Erigeron 69 Eriocaulon 139 ERIOC AULONACE.E 139 Eriophorum 141 Erodium 24 Er.vthronium 137 Erysimum 13 Euonymus 27 Eupatorium 64 Euphorbia 108 EUPHORBIACE.E 108 Euphrasia 88 Evening Primrose 46 Evening Primrose Family 45 Everlasting.... 63, 64 Everlasting Pea US EXOGENS 1 Eyebright 88 Fagopyrum 106 Page. Fagus 115 Fall Dandelion 73 False Flax 14 False Gromwell 95 False Indigo 34 False Lettuce 74 False Loosestrife 46 False Nettle Ill False Solomon's Seal 136 False Spikenard 136 FERNS 148 Fever-wort 53 Figwort 86 FigAvort Family 84 Filbert 115 FILICES 154 Fir 121 Fire-Pink 20 Fireweed 63 Five-Finger (Cinque-Foil) 38 Flax 23 Flax Family 23 Fleabane 69 Flower-de-Luce 133 Flowering Fern 160 FLOWERING PLANTS 1 FLOWERLESS PLANTS 146 Forffct-me-not 95 Foxtail Grass 145 Fragaria 39 Fraxinus 101 Frcg's-bit Family 127 Frostweed 16 FUMARIACE^. 9 Fumitory 10 Fumitory Family 9 Galeopsis 93 Galium 55 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS... 52 Gaultheria 79 Gaylussacia 77 Gentian 99 Gentiana 99 168 INDEX. Page. GEXTIANACEiE 98 Gentian Family 98 GERAXIACE^ 23 Geranium 24 Geranium Family 23 Gerardia S7 Germander SI Geum S7 Gillenia 37 Ginseng ^^ Ginseng Family 50 Gnaphalium - 63 Golden-rod 65 Golden Saxifrage 43 Gold thread 5 Goodyera 131 Gooseberry 42 Goosef oot 102 Goosefoot Family 102 Goose-Grass 55, 104 GRAilESE^ 142 Grape • 26 Grass Family 142 Grass of Parnassus 43 Gratiola 87 Greenbrier 133 Gromv»ell 9 Ground Cherry 97 Ground Hemlock 122 Ground Laurel 78 Ground-nut 34 Groundsel 65 GYMNOSPEPvMS 120 Habenaria 129 Haienia 98 HALORAGE^ 44 HAMAMELACE^ 44 Hamamells 44 Harbinger-of-Spring 50 Hart's-tongue 157 Hawkweed 73 Hawthorn 40 PiGfi'. Hazelnut 115 Heal-all 92 Heath Family 76 Hedeoma 91 Hedge Bindweed 93 Hedge-Hyssop 87 Hedge-Mustard 13 Hedge-Nettle 93 Helenium 70 Helianthemum 16 Helianthus 71 Hemlock 121 Hemlock Parsley 49 Hemlock Spruce 121 Hemp Ill Hemp Family 110- Hemp-Nettle 93 Henbane 98- Hepatica 3 Heracleum.'. , 48 Herb-Robert 24 Hickory 113 • Hieracium 73 ■ Hobbel-bush 54. Hog Pea-nut 34 Hog-weed 63 Holly 80 Holly Faiu.o 80- Honeysuckle 53 Honeysuckle Family 52 Honewort 49 Hop-Hornbeam 115 Horehound 92 Hornbeam 115 Horse-Balra 91 Horse-Mint 92 Horsetail Family 160 Horse-weed 69 Hounds-Tongue 94 Houstonia 5^ Huckleberry 77 Hudsonia 16 Huntsman's Cup » INDEX. 169 Page. H YDROCH ARIDACEiE 127 Hydrocotyle 48 HYDROPHYLLACE^ 95 Hydrophyllum 95 Hyoscyamus 93 HVPERICACE^ 17 Hypericum 17 Ilex 80 luipatiens 25 Indian Cucnmber-root 135 Indian Hemp 100 Indian Mallow 22 Indian Physic S7 Indian Pipe 80 Indian Tobacco 74 Indian Turnip 124 Inula 65 IRIDACE^ 132 Iris 133 Iris Family 132 Iron-wood 115 Jerusalem Oak 103 Jewel-weed 25 Joe-Pye Weed 64 Ju 66 Valeriana 5G VALERIANACE.E 56 Valerian Famil3- •. . . . 56 Vallisneria 127 Velvet-leaf 22 Venus's Looking-j,'lass 7G Verbascum 85 Verbena 88 VERBENACE.E 88 Veronica 85 Vervain 88 Vervain Family 88 Vetch 33 Viburnum 54 Vicia 33 Vine Family 26 Viola 15 VIOLACE.E 15 Violet Family 15 Viper's Bugloss 94 Virginia Creeper 26 Virgin'sBower 3 VITACE^ 26 Vitig 26 Wake-Robin 135 Waldsteinia 38 Walking-leaf 157 Walnut 112 Walnut Family 112 Water Arum 124 Water Beech 115 Page. Water-Cress 12 Water-Hemlock 49 Water Horehound 91 Waterleaf 95 Waterleaf Family 95 Water-Lily 8 Water-Lily Family 8 Water-Marigold 72 Water-Milfoil 44 Wate' r ;ilf oil Family 44 Wattr Parsnip 49 Water-Pennj-wort 48 Water-Pepper 105 Water-Pimpernel 83 Water-Plantain 127 Water- Plantain Family 126 Water-i'irslane 46 Watsr-Shield 8 Water-weed 127 Wax-Myrtle 116 Wax-work 28 White Lettuce 73 White Snakeroot 65 White weed 70 Whitewood 23 Whitlow Grass 14 Wild Bean 34 Wild Bergamot 92 Wild Comf rey 94 Wild Elder 50 Wild Ginger i02 Wild Indigo 34 Wild Liquorice 55 Wild Sarsaparilla 50 Willow 118 Willow Family 117 Willow-herb 45 Wind Flower 8 Wintei'berry 80 Wintergreen 79 Witch-Hazel 44 Witch -Hazel Family 44 Withe-rod 64 Wood Betony 88 176 index- Page. Woodbine 53 Wood-Fern 158 Wood-Nettle Ill Wood-Rush 138 Wood-Sage 91 Wood Sorrel 24 Wood-Sorrel Family 24 Wormwood 63 Zanthium ^....^ 62 Page. Yam 133 Yam Family 133 Yarrow 72 Yellow Pond-Lily 8 Yellow-Rattle 88 Yew 132 Zanthoxylum 25 Zizia 49 Zygadenus > 136 -Y-^vprv/tS^'^O -.^' J ^i iriiiwiiiiliMUll sa Mmnma J. mtm