4 _> _ ~~ a pot - . - ~ “2 rs z Po > : a ¢ F - sg ees Sater oi =a ct : 2, ot 4 % y Ot \he = is - ; M | twe Mor pholog mpar / Co THE COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE GENITALIA OF INSECTS BY ANNA GRACE NEWELL B. A. Smith College 1900 M.A. Smith College 1908 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1916 | \MN\G NAA UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPER- eee Ne DY sn. Rte ee a 3 of insects _ BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE Un SER oe vee eee eRe he nase ce pemcasisien on prank vubews==5)-ffveat="0€Sacessinensnnsnabas ness auanonceasoennriershacses sobs=ccvecbuccenesUseceossccbsconend ee Head of Department Recommendation concurred in :* ee 7 Committee on Final Examination* , lA ae e1ourili #0 CT read vIn | IOOHD2 ATAUGAAO aut PCR de ; 2 "¥ , a eee a ee ie ee é i) eas. & The Comparative Morphology of the Genitalis A of Insects. 5 ae Introduction 1. Somites Theories and Investigators Posterior Somites Genitalia Cerci Acknowledgments Ii. Investigation 1. General Principles 2. Method of Preparation 3. Discussion and Tables a. Thysanura b. Orthoptera c. Hemiptera d. Neuroptera e. Mecoptera f. Trichoptera g. Coleoptera h. Lepidoptera i. Diptera j. Hymenoptera III. Summary Somite Eight Somite Nine Somite Ten Somite Eleven General Statement Appendage I Appendages II and III Appendage IV IV. Bibliography Le Explanation of Plates VI. Plates. ate Digitized by the Intemet Archive apt A une : 7a) Oa es ag Os Maly y ie 4 i alee aie f 7 rat yA eas ne ¥ Pv Li oa} Pad 10m ov Mirktbed eat: "ag “7: be | 4 copeghaneyitl a aettoen : ~ 4 saci praeeie Mf Ge atiatine® By) le RB nae athe eseemnperoneearams in 2013 3 sisit to noltanalex ees alt 3 ih: 4 = I. Introduction, 1. Somites. —The third and caudal region into which an insect ¥ divided is called the abdomen. Here, for the most part, the ‘segments of which it is composed show a simple and almost primitive structure. In the adult a typical segment, more properly designated a somite, consists of a dorsal chitinized portion or sclerite called ‘the tergum, and a ventral sclerite or sternum. These are connected ‘laterally by arthrodial membranes, i. e., conjunctiva or pleura, in each one of which is a spiracle. There are exceptions to this arrangement at both cephalic and caudal ends, with the greater com- ‘plexity at the latter. No spiracles are ever present caudad of the eighth somite, and, in most cases, where the somites caudad of the seventh are retracted, spiracles are lacking in the eighth. There- fore it is evident that the adult abdomen always presents, to the ‘eye at least, a far more simple composition that do the head and thorax. In reality, in many larvae an abdominal somite is an entire ang without differentiation into tergite or sternite-an arrangement often seen in the lower thoracic somites, and a more nearly primitiv one that that above mentioned. ) The general shape of the abdomen, taken as a whole, also varies ‘considerably. According to the best authorities, one ought to ‘recognize the abdomen, systematically, from the number of its ‘somites and from its appendages. The fact suggested above, that the Caudal somites may be more or less, even entirely, concealed by ‘retraction, is responsible for the numbering of abdominal somites ‘which is based only upon the number of visible somites and has no justification in morphology. Disagreement upon this point is found, however, not only among the systematists who formerly limited them- SC RS II SD baa — . : . co th Ltt” alt i ) pines creo Bos baidts eri ; ’ i S LJ } ' ? Pe : ) sr : >. ; M + : - . - DOS. Ls * & 4 y - “ rr r c cr - . 4 Of # aes ) pe y r PS , « . - | ‘sotav? a diube 4 \ , ail “LY. * ay are f wea 1 2 ; +7, r ac y . n 7 . ~ - Od - a t ‘ » r . | e 4 r Ps ? . . ' 2s « . . ws . =Meha 2 J > faa at - Pe e » ' ,) ~ ¢ . 7 bd . Lon ey «%8 a t : “a : : 4 —_ a 4 } - J ’ . . 4 F . = > 5 . > 2 > ois = ¥ 5 : ‘ j - ~ A - - 4 4 ‘ . s ‘ . % = ) ; 2 A whe J re} - a » ? a eo » ’ - r wr = iW a $85 a a — * * ‘ _ ‘ ° 3 . “ sft , . ' - s : - 195 ’ Swo J ve § . > > € ) : i 4 + 4 22 t aJt3 . 2 a : i Pi : Sah } ‘ - 4 ‘ ' . J “ 24, ‘ a ‘ ‘ ‘ t c » > + ° } » 123155 SA Y p ss ie ' - : 4s 4 i 4a Pe 2 ’ ? > 4 , 7 r F ou, > . fbn . pL S EY MA: II elgl anodEest a . 7? 2 . a We ~ eccrte , —_, : ; ai wien mog : . eta ry fa c . - < : eS » ¥ « op ¥ ae ; Pe ; i , > iu ao te? +e 1% . ‘vo oy ‘+ - Zz 44 cia abi TROT ia Ong ef 7 ' irs , : iy | a ‘ 4 i” ’ si 9 j ME hd pel ars orm =F! Wl ee Ogee ~ oes ; ‘ 1. (sid ] 3 selves to numbering the abdominal somites which were undoubtedly visible, but also among the morphologists. The latter differ in their results for various reasons, as follows: == i. Because of the loss of certain sclerites. 2. Because of differences in the point of view. e. g., some investigators begin to count at the cephalic, While others begin at the caudal end of the abdomen, and still others do not correlate closely dorsal and ventral sclerites, 3. Because, undoubtedly, of failure to observe the sclerites present in the caudal region, due in many cases to the lack of potash or other suitable reagents and methods for exposing chitinized parts. f 2. Theories and Investigators. = There follows at this point a list of prominent investigators together with the number of abdominal | files Sree frereddnt somites #er which they have, efend in the adults of certain orders: Orthoptera 1872, Chadima, 11 abdominal somites 1876, Brunner von Wattenwyl 9 abdominal somites 1882, Tarzioni=-=Tozzetti 11 abdominal somites . Coleoptera 1894, Peytoureau (in Hydrophilus) 8 abdominal somites 1894, Peytoureau (in Dytiscus) 9 abdominal somites 1893, Kolbe (in Lamellicornidae ) 9 abdominal somites 1893, "94, "96, Verhoeff 10 abdominal somites 1903, Berlese (in Coleoptera in general) 11 abdominal somites ; Hemiptera 1893, '94, '96, Verhoeff, 11 abdominal somites i Lepidoptera 1832, Burmeister 9 abdominal somites 1893, Kolbe 9 abdominal somites Peytoureau 10 abdominal somites RR EEE A a SO TS STS Satod CQ , Cae. al Sy Came OD, 5 iN ti a a . vl hbetduobag § {9 to e6acaoe sMqeo ef} tm Jowan of alged exotagticeval enos {[itite ,Sersocd ,f ent mat elfdslilue ized tog efdd i mnimobda . to = aetizos esdinoeg ealigos ect tmoe retinoe a6? igor setiaog geiioos sel froe eotlmnos ees imos abcd iaoe hae oat 2 Heed tof efi edt at seonerTtib 20 esuaoal .S 204210208 | a & ~2.t Tt b aisittido grieegxe 107 sbos ‘s ewollol ered? - ,etedjapiiaevnl bas edaun eft Atle ‘renitagot eroteytiaevat — yy ttn > ah Recent Sar bro missseo to stinbe enf nl nual. aevad yarns lenimolbds fantiznobis {aninobds fsenaimobda lantimohds laninobda lacimobds lanhacbds Ientaabde lentnofis @ Ientmobda Of Lacie igh imate Ne i a SP ; ' ot -rJatyosonavom on¥” ghoa .[ == :ewollot as ,enceaed atohaey: a ,fencbda eng eotivefoe leatnov bas Ieetobh vlesots stiuelos end swreedo Of emblists "0 Mestog te dosl edt of eeaso wana F ny, ; Bai evew doliw eefiaoe fi sth on fu edd gal : ah a @, j ‘on 7. ih ‘to bae. Leboso en? js niguee 4 a e. —« - ee Can ' iy) 4 A pistaodsae | i arstiqoelodS (aclidqo yk at) (syseisye at) uw 7 (osbiatooltleaay ail Yeonte¥ oe | (Iatenes al erosqootod - arwiqhsolt ar ae | ae in sresagnigel | | bea x “ : } ‘ ria eh Set 4 Ray 4 1903, Berlese At least 10 abdominal somites Trichoptera j1sa9- "55, Lacaze=Duthiers, typical no. in insects 11 abdominal somites hese, '88, Grassi, typical no. in insects 10 abdominal somites leon, Zander 13 abdominal somites (From investigations on Thysamura according to Grassi, 10 abdominal somites besides "Ein Afterstiick, das allerdings nicht mehr las Segment aufzufassen ist." According to C. Brunner von Wattenwyl, "una dem Terminalsegment, welches aus den drei Afterklappen und den Iseitlich inserirten Anhangseln (Cerci) gebildet wird,") Berlese coneludes his discussion of the matter by saying that | he entire number of abdominal somites varies from nine to eleven, jexcept for the Collembola, which he considered aberrant, this reduction itaking place from the lower to the higher orders, and at the caudal jas Well as at the cephalic end of the abdomen, He states emphaticall | hat eleven is not exceeded, aside from the telson with its rudiments, found only in certain of the Thysanura and immature Orthoptera, and he therefore would consider eleven as the typical number, | | Certain other investigators, represented mainly by Heymons, upe- hold the view that the primitive number of abdominal segments is twelve; the twelfth, just as much as the eleven cephalad of it con- | aining a caelomatic cavity. Heymons calls this twelfth somite the telson, and his evidence for it is found mainly in certain Thysanura, | here he identifies it with a small sclerite, called by many the | pupra-anal plate, situated between the eleventh tergite and the anus. F He also describes it in immature Acrididae, Locustidae, and Gryllidae, as a triangular plate separated from the eleventh tergite, to which it orms the apex, by a suture. In the adults of some Acrididae this } | | —T & 7 | a — 1a ue é « mere « "7 > Voi G oe + is YS % 5 a r iad = a i. — 3 < i © ~ 5 e terminal segment is commonly called the eleventh only, instead of Ilene eleventh and twelfth, according to Heymons. Berlese gives another example of the twelfth tergite in Acrida turrita L., a form not studied by Heymons,(PlateJII, Figs. 9, 11, and 18, t. 12.) i According to Haase, the eleventh is not an autonomous somite, land Verhoeff agrees with him. Dewitz states that the eleventh somite | lis formed only by the doubling of the tenth, and be says that in \Decticus this only occurs after hatching. Wheeler shows and labels jleleven segments in all the figures in his wellknown embrylogical ‘“\ Jinvestigations. | | 8. Posterior Somites. = The first traces of segmentation are ff ound very early, in the germ-band of the insect which becomes jdivided by transverse grooves, into somites, This process ,Heider paintains, even precedes gastrulation in Hydrophilus. This is nota primitive condition however. In the completely segmented germ-band, /Korschelt and Heider state, that there are ten abdominal somites, in a to the telson, and they give the following observations on jthe germ-bands of various forms, in proof of this statement. Heider, lon the germ-band of Hydrophilus; Graber, on Lina, Stenobothrus, various Lepidoptera and Hylotoma; Wheeler, on Doryphora and Blatta; (holodkowsky, on Blatta,and Carridre on Chalicodoma. | In looking over the plates belonging to all the articles referred | © by Korschelt and Heider, in each of the above cases, one sees that. lin the large number of germ-bands figured the terminal abdominal peaate is always numbered eleven, and that in no case is the term | elson used, that being the name given by Heymons to the twelfth abdominal somite. Of course, morphologically, what these somites are | labelled may seem immaterial, and fundamentally it is. However, there S$ no doubt that considerable confusion has arisen from Korschelt and | OR pee ers ee a ee : : ‘ | Ory P : re a a] ) beofant ,yino dmiasvéle enh Delis \ vi sBMCRayen oF 3 | . | , } - , + ‘ o be - > ie oe _ —_ =* es = : , A © 3 : > . . . s ~ F ” : . ' 7 3 : , : r Pa ; r warmte ~ . , ‘ a! Om ' * .« ‘ . — » . . g > 70 +s ‘cyem ge fat tice } J qt + Pe Co v be ony ats Me 44 SS y tn ’ 1) Ff e +e? > “ UP | 4 } . 6 ‘Heider's statement in this regard. Many invariably take it that, ‘according to these authors, the insect abdomen is typically composed | of ten somites and no more. Others may understand that the telson mentioned is formed of the eleventh and twelfth somites fused. As one can see from the work of the investigators themselves, they ‘agree in giving eleven as the typical number of abdominal somites in the germ-bands of the insects upon which they worked. One of the difficulties in arriving at any conclusion from the | foregoing is that so few investigators have traced structures from embryonic through larval to adult stages, and this same difficulty confronts us when we review the work done on the genital appendages. A marked deviation from the primitive condition is found in the lack, apparent, at least, of appendages on the adult abdominal somites. If one looks at the germ-band of an insect, however, one }can see, soon after the appearance of the appendages of the head and thorax, anlages of a pair of appendages for each somite of the ab- cones also. These rudiments are lateral; sac-ilke swellings, usually | | pointing backward, and generally Kgustioved as serially homologous l with the thoracic legs, as also with the appendages of the head. The first account of embryonic limb rudiments on the first jabdominal somite of Gryllotalpa, was written by Rathke in 1844, and |later on all the abdominal somites, by many others, As we mean by |primitive, in insects, that which shows their close relationship to, | | |successive, similar somites, each having a pair of appendages, we are ! jinterested to look in the adult for traces of the embryonic condition) and probable descent from, a myriapod-like form consisting of several, ldescribed above. 4. Genitalia. - There is, at the caudal end of the abdomen of jevery insect, a group of appendages having to do, more or less eee | al t ~ aE a es =< .. = Pe ae a * ee a oe <2 eens "genital appendages," "genitalia, | directly, with the function of reproduction. Three pairs of these | appendages taken together are called, in a general way, by German authors, "Geschlechtsanhdnge;" by English and American ones, "or "gonapophyses;" the latter, a term introduced by Huxley in connection with the Crustacea, and used | by many others to indicate part, or all} of these structures, in ones or both, sexes. They have also been given individually, names dif- fering Gren one another in, and characteristic of, each order, so that in some cases only a systematist of the group concerned could follow a description using them, These three pairs of appendages have been attributed to the three somites cephalad of the terminal or anal somite, which, as explained in the foregoing, is considered the eleventh by some, and the tenth by others. It would seem natural to homologize these appendages with the anlages of legs found respectively on the same somites of the em- bryonic germ-band, but there are at least two opposed views on this question. Lacaze-Duthiers, who published papers on the subject in 1849-52, did not so consider them, but regarded them as modified ventral sclerites of their respective urites, the latter being the name by which this author, followed in this respect by Berlese and others, called the abdominal somites. Haase, much later, also stat-_ ed that these "sonepophyses" were not true appendages, but, to translate, “integumental structures of a somewhat higher order than styles," meaning those styles which are inserted at the bases of the | legs, in the coxae of some Myriapods and Thysanura. Grassi in 1889 held a Similar view. According to Wheeler, all these investigators based their conclusions solely upon comparative anatomical data. The following investigators, however, have regarded these appendages, ‘ "genitalia," or "gondpophyses" as homologous with the true, ae A ASK PE I TO TI I NP APTLY TREE SNES ITIL VEN WEE OE a a) ee essa tt — F v a eceds to attaq, esata? ibis ogbaaee 1. olan ert pyee a”. sen 4 camel yd ,yew feveney x mi ,befiso evs nertte20$ nexes ,8em0 meoltemA Sue deligad yd “ epiieastioel . s ,tesiJel oid ": eeeydgoqenos” "to " at Letineg” a. a ave bear One ,aeontauad) aft diiw notzoemoo mt yelxon yd Seam yoo ot ,setmrtoutte onedt to (ile 10 ,Jisq eseotbat 62)@ F -ith seman ,yl fewbivibat aeytg aeed oelz evad Yeat w ye oa ,cebto dose ,to oltalteyoatsatio has ,ol tedious frvoo benroemoo quote aff to taltameteye se vino sesee ‘ Pe aepedteaqde to evteq setit sped? sed? ertes noliaies fantmted edt to belarqeos satince eondt ent of Sesud bag, bersbiledos at ,yntonetot ent af bentalqze as .totdw i eteito yd tines eft Das ie BS elt ditw seusbneqqe seadt extaolomort of “Laud ac meee: 1 =o eff Yo setimoe emae edt oo ylevisoeqaer bw? eidt co eweltv beacqqe ows sasel #2 eta event Jad ‘be uf toetdse eft ao ateqsq beneliduq ow .eret itd 9x6 7 ee ap beltiboa as wend bebteged fud ,medt seblanoo as jon & it uated te¢tel eft ,aetlw evitoeqses thatié Yo sett: a bis sreltel yo Joeqaety aldd xt bewolLlot ,todiues elds dal «jade ovle ,teotel dowm ,ensaH .,aotlacs Pere tne? ori b of ,isd ,somshuseggs auts tom atew " onvsvedanns” | catt vebro tofald sefweaos « lo sewdortts resneaugosae | adit to eeesd oft te bedtoasnt eta doltriw ecelyte ssons 5% ; ak CH6I at tesetd deta gol brie aboqelayM emoe to BS) Ale od s LB LAS B —_ , . : : : , . uvriaean? a ; ; oR ae . 8 ; ‘ SATS BES oat a aS: <} Seve > a No a 6 Pena +. ths LMI, HONBLIGeG eave r || principle, in the study of insect embryology, that there is present n Igenetic relationship between the embryonal anlages of the ambulatory appendages and the gonapophyses. | The entirely different results obtained by Wheeler, from his | jembryological work on Xiphidium, Heymons attributes to the fact of an ad early origin of the genitalia in Xiphidium.and other | jLocustidae, even as early as the embryonal period before the atrophy lof the anlages of the segmental appendages. Also, in addition to thi fact, Heymons lays emphasis upon the very small size of the sternites in Locustidae, which would very easily lead one to confuse the em= |bryonic limb-rudiments and the developing genitalia, or nenépepliyées; |while in other forms, he states, the sternites are much larger. In jfact, Heymons asserts, from his investigations on Lepisma saccharina and certain Hemiptera, that the sexual appendages do not originate even in the same parts of the sternites where the above-mentioned anlages of segmental appendages are found. It seems unbelievable tha an investigator who has had as much experience as Wheeler in the jexamination of insect embryos should have made thé mistake attributed % him by Heymons. The anlages of segmental appendages on the middle and cephalic, as well as on the caudal somites, degenerate during the embryonic stages, and some authors, Goosens and Knatz, for example, have hought that,for this reason, the prolegs of caterpillars first Mevelop during larval life. To quote again from Korschelt and Heider» "We should here have to suppose, as Graber also has pointed out, an i embryonic rudiment remaining for a considerable time in a dormant fondition. On the whole, the embryonal data seem to support the view of Balfour which Cholodkowsky adopted, and to which Graber was in- lined, that the abdominal appendages of the Lepidoptera and a eo NTE TS 3 . ba Snoeadna 2f esadt Jatt ,ynoloy wEs soosnt te phate eff ak yroiglixiae sit to espeine: Lenoywsts oat seaweed qh. OF »-oagigeganoy eft aid inert ,tefosdW yd bentaido ativast Jnetetis ge ~~ a na to Jost oft ot eotudinté?s anomyeh ,méebidiges ge wees tendo bas auibingtx at atletines ont te aigiae yiigorvta eit stoted bolivteq leroy tinge ait sa _ylites e2 Bins of moldibbs st ,oefA .cogebreqqs fednempee eff Gee aodinwese arii ‘To bate {[fane yrev eft moque slsetiqee Byes) , amo aff eet‘too of eno beef vileses wtev Sicow dotgs | Hoey AroRCnOn ao ,Siiadines snigefevedD edé bw atnems at .tegrel Houm ore aotiatete oft ,eedese od ,etons anitsrecse ametani ao enoltsaiscoval eld port see ofantatno ton ob senabmeqqe Lauxes ons Sed sarod sertot jaem-oveds od) sisd® notinisie ad? to etteq tet! old sve ts odqr. emess 31 .hauot exes megebnegges £ eis ot tweieelt ee eonet toque doom @s bad eed odw betudivdia exatetn ofS aban svad bisode soyidne stood ,Silarqes fis elbbhy eft no cogshneqas Latnemger to 2 olnoyadme ent geturb efstencgeh ,sstinoa Isbrao ad? ms eveti .eiqmaxe ‘ot , stant Bam anrenood ,stodins tettl arelilanséeo To eselowm ait ,nosset edd 10 e4inbiedl baie tlence10% mott ahese etogp.oT .otit lawl fe .Jduo be tanto “asi .oefs taeda un ,eaogqra of evad Hiwerob e ot embs citarebeenee 2 wt rutntenet soegul bi ‘Welty oft trodgsre of moor stab Lacey ont ,elotiw, ond 170» agit mew teder® doliw of ban phetgobs: pierosbe sod! daddy bne eieiaobigel ed? a sosabnoqas, fantnobds 6 daly pore: ail i ina nears i 10 Eiizenoptera are to be regarded as true limbs. We have already had liseveral examples, in the Crustacea, of the disappearance and rede- jvelopment of a limb out of a rudiment which has meanwhile been latent |(Mandibular palp of the Decapod larva, Korschelt and Heider, vol. II, |p. 312; maxillipedes of the Stomatopoda, vol. II, p. 300.) A similar | lexample is afforded among the insects by the thoracic limbs of many \Hymenoptera," and most Diptera for that matter. "These appear as as in the embryo, disappear later, and reappear in the imago." In the above-mentioned resume of 1899 neymons takes up, point by | | Ipoint Verhoeff's work on Coleoptera, Hemiptera, as well as his papers rar $tr jon Tracheates and Myriapods in general, all published between 1892 ‘ d 1898. From the results of his review of these investigations : eymons concludes that there is little support for Verhoeff's opinions. | he latter include the homology of the styles which are attached to | he coxae of the mesothoracic and metathoracic legs of Machilis, as | ell as to certain abdominal somites of other Thysanua. According to jHyemons, Verhoeff compares the style=-bearing sclerites, which he | | onsiders laterad of and fused with the true abdominal sternites, with f lattened out coxae, and that rightly, according to Heymons; but, : | going further caudad, Verhoeff also homologizes the median genital Bppendazes with the distal segments of the legs, and the lateral E on@pophyses with the coxae of these legs, therefore regarding the brigin of two pairs of genitalia from one pair of ambulatory append- bges belonging to one somite, instead of from two pairs belonging to bro successive somites, or-to put it from Heymon’s point of view, from pt least four isolated evaginations having no connection with the anlages of the segmental appendages found in the embryo. One objection which may be made to Heymon's theory on general eee sogicel dais. is dobins * Seb sake of his conclusions which | oe oa) end at, 7 a} Jaom bag ian , * o + «| ~ ; ; ; . a ( 7 r : . « IJ #5 ‘ : { t ge is 3 DH - bo ¢ a j . ) yoaz ¥ j 7 , 4 - « , : ' at? very’ i ert tr: r ' a : 2 / : f ; ; me J Bi 7. , * - ; 10" etsy Jf | ; c 2. y : ‘ P , _— ; : s¥c2 fonmon i ‘ } P A * » : { ‘ } ‘a oF OR) . we va g | f ny oY ‘ " r — 1 i _ ; . } * - hab . . r - , - ‘ - hale ; ’ w . 4 - ae . ¢ vi - : : - ~~ Bl 1s if 4 ey i 7 : a» ‘ - -¢ : PF ‘ iC = } hd © 5 > ay 1 f : . *| < ’ i ; . 7s we td ‘4 ‘ . a J : iQ @AXOO : 7 ' a s « - SS - g Vive a }§ } J s . ‘J ws o ' P 4 A { a ’ ~ e ' . : 7 ' i LE Pit | t é skh Vas we LENG L. = . $ » +» ~~ de oe = 4 ~~ : i ie ’ 19 s aa ‘ TUL BILE V ‘+ - my % saaneh aevetsey : i” ee f+ — Tetee| » ws . / . ~ ea os & _—o Mt Toil : -~ $ ¢ wn, ‘ " Aw ge ih ft ) ae) 3 Tne himself states as follows,=- "Heymons zufolge, sind die Sehiechtsanhange mdnnlicher und weiblicher Insekten nur als | Hypodermisfortsdtze zu betrachten," and "Die Geschlechtsanhdnge sind, Peach der Ansicht von Haase, Peytoreau, Heymons, u. a. erst innerhalb | der Klasse der Insekten erworben.” With but few exceptions we find } enat, in tracing the morphological history of almost any organs we mee mention, more or less important and well developed in a group of | animals, that they have not recently "sprung into being" as it were. }Nature is not in the habit, to put it differently, and perhaps ina | me, old-fashioned manner, of building structures out of "Etwas Neves." A glance at the history of almost any vertebrate structure }Wwill reveal an example of this fundamental principle. | Wheeler realized the necessity of tracing organs, not only in jthe embryonic stages, but also on through later ones, In his paper | e | jon Xiphidium he says that the embryonic history of the gonopophyses could be “continuously traced," since there is no flexure of the abdomen in that embryo as exists in so many other forms, to obscure - ventral view of the somites. After the time of hatching, Wheeler jcalls attention to the fact that Dewitz, in 1875, traced the develp-= sz of the ovipositor in another locustid, Locusta viridissima, so jthat we now have the complete history of that organ, or set of organs ae concluded that part of his account as follows:= "While there a be no doubt about the appendages of the eighth and ninth seg- which go to form the two outer sheathés of the ovipositor or sting, the development of the inner+most blades is by no means so satisfactory. But whether this pair is only a portion of the ninth pair of appendages, as most authors claim, or represents the tenth pair as I maintain, the main question at issue is in no wise affected; ors it still remains true that the ovipositor consists of two or - meee agaiciehial STE SN OT FAT A REL EE REET TM IY PE ET PET SY FON 4 7 . ei is ete olb bate ,eafotes eaonyer? mer a. sie tint asdieant- tedotidker Seuss dauan hake: water sbriie aackdnaetdosisiosed off" bas + sedsonisen ux ost .¢ ,anomyeH ,feorot yet ,08ae8 no¥ te Stit ew adolicooxs wet ford dvif®. *.cedtoede netioanl 16 ee a ee ~ b > - 4 ° ay -t Y * 5 aw aneato vie Seoufse to yrosaid [astgolodqtom eng seth ' to quot 2 al becofevsh few bas Jnatrogal agesl 19 | .etew S$! ef “anisd ofat anvage" ¢itaeoes Jom over cots te i 6 at racadso ban ,¥ltnorettib ti vq. 03 .tidad ott abd to tro seurtorite soibiled. to ,tannen. deme ” eqinouiia eisydedie¥ vee feomis Yo y10jJald ead os 908s .eigtoniaqg. (asnomadayt alds to oLqmane Ma) ,enagio, giioett to rtinanoen sid best leet — 5 | } i : “a i taqaq sid. al .senco tadel dguatts tc oals led ,eageeee : ae a | asaydqoqontog eid to ytoteld olaoy tims oii Jedt ayes et me ‘ : a id to etexelt om at etadt sonte ",beoet? plavousieg | 7 vurondo of ,eamo% afdto yaaa oe.al aleixe es oywine sadd tefeei™ .unidoseant to emtd off vehtA .estivor ef? to toty fe -qloyob edd beowat ,QV6L mb .stheed seit Jon, eft of mom miaelbiaty avesool ,bisasool tefivorts at vodtaca ai basi io. to jee wo ,msnte sett To ywtoteld eselquoo, edz ie " : promt «il? :owoilo? es tncoson sit tw ‘30 Sasi? bobs te ~non. waitin base aidate eng: Jo acnelieqqa eid sods sua ! (o fotleogive edt to sédtecda tetno ows oft, mm0t OF og to oo ansem on y¢_al sebaid teou- tonal ortt ‘to sneemaieweR finte of% to soltreq.s gine sat the eins tod dade so dtnet ads agree Gag 91 10 watalo erodts faom 2s. a he dh thotoe tte satw on al el ewasl da nol jeaup atem paid _ a0 ons to _eistageo > On ods 4 a oye > aa ; } ER Here, os or om ae y' mate 12 | three pairs of modified ambulatory limbs.” In the male Xiphidium | embryo,.it is claimed by Wheeler that the pair of appendages on the |} ninth somite persists, to form the definitive styli; those of the eight and tenth somites disappearing very early. To quote again,= "Me continuity of the styli," = meaning here male genitalia - “with | the embryonic appendages was quite as satisfactorily observed as the continuity of the ovipositor blades." He also says of the investi- gations of others, "Cholodkowsky has made an exactly similar obser- vation on Blatta." The styli, therefore, in the male, i. e., "are the homologues of the second pair of gongpophyses" in the female. "Haase must, therefore, have gone astray in seeking to homologize the styli” in the male, "with the styloid processes or '"Griffel"' above-mentioned in this paper as those styles attached to the coxae jor certain of the abdominal somites of some Thysanura, = “for the | sty1i," concludes Wheeler on the male Xiphidium, “are modified smal appendages." 5. Cerci. = One more pair of appendages, namely, the cerci, should properly be included under the term genitalia, making the | total number four pairs. The cerci, often tactile in function, When present, are frequently described as attached to the terminal or) janal somite. That different investigators have not meant the same |thing, morphologically, by cerci, is undoubtedly true. Some regard | jthem, not as appendages, but as prolongations of pleurites, i. e.; of | epimer ites; and episternites. Berlese explains this point of view, |which he apparently takes. He says that there may be cerci on the ee somite, as also on the ninth, the presence of the one generally |exe1uding that of the other, although he would not lay tet down as a fundamental principle. He gives Notonecta as an example of a case where he maintains that there is one pair of cerci on the eleventh PETE FY TICES IC ae 1 Lay re Mia ye “Ss time ase ie eee - Na gr ¢ wT x4 + bad ‘4 wee atrtbicai® efam att at ”".edmEl yvaoseiugee beb tbo ‘to 1 en: ao cope noags to tieq eit spas reLoont we bonkato af edt lo srodt :livdsa ovittatte® eft aot oF esalensd -,alene etoup of «yitse ytsv galiasqqestd setinoes oa dittw" = stiatinon ela oxen golnnem - *,tivits edt te Phase i a ed ag bevrezdo yfiftotvcoatai¢es esx etiup saw sogabueqgs: iy «-tinovnt odd to ayaa outa of “.sebsid tosisogive odd | etendo t2flaie ¢tltoaxs as ebsm ast ylewouboLordd” | 6: 8 exe” ,.9 sf ,oten ai? at oie. ifvee ‘ent * atte ofamset sls at * seagddoqanon Ye tkhag bnosea of? 16 Be eaipjofomon of snideoe at yates oto evar ,oT0 Te16 : ’" rottiad"' so semnoooi Stolyde ena dftw® ofan ols 9 aaxos oft of benoatia aelyte exons ss teqeg eid? al 7 edt vot" = ,avegeaygiT omon to setdinee faniaobds ant bel ti bom e718" ~artbidg?X stam eft me «slood®) @ b * : wa @ - “OF 4 > ,fomeo ons ,ylomen ,e6psbasqqs to They som 90 < .. . edt gation ,aifetiney atet oft tebi bebofonat od eta .folvorst al eftioat sett , boss eff .s1tsq wot TH 6 fanietes saif oF badostin aa bedintoseh eisneupes? 18 4 emacs ate tapsem som eva etoteattesvnt tneteTttd Sait ; btanst onto® cnt yébotdvobmy et , fortes yd vifeclnell ; Mo ,.2 .t ,#etiavedq to aneltagnofosq ae tnd -senanaeegy oe ,waly to intog sid? snilstqxe aaesltsd ces iteOrees bon eit mo bo1s9 od ho atedd satt eyse eH .aetal ‘ os) ie are vila teney eno eft Te eonesety seid, efisnia ent a0 cate hilt. Riek ry : ee uwoh Jtasit yal: htou Bisow ‘od apt ae . tedtdo a he ey . Agog ee aero @ ‘to oLqmaxe” mS sa et oene ton acvis eH he |. oe fijnevete ens no foteo To ae x10 er arene 2 gnc th nesta 2 ~ — ek aie “ee a ere fie ee ee 13 somite, another pair on the ninth, and on somites cephalad of these ‘| he thinks there may be rudiments of others. His classification of cerci is as follows: The ones found on the eleventh somite, he calls acrocerci, or cerci; those on the tenth, mesocerci; and those on the ninth, procerci. ‘The vows of other authors are few in number, and have many points in common. Haase considers them as feeler-like appendages of the "Analstilck;" Verheoff, true, segmental appendages of the tenth, abdominal somite; Peytoureau, dorsal appendages of the tenth; abdominal somite which may be compared, he thinks, with wings in their method of development. Heymons and Wheeler in Orthoptera, and Heymons in regard to Dermaptera, Ephemerida, Odonata and Thysanura agree that cerci are true appendages of the eleventh abdominai somite. All of the foregoing opinions except Heymons' may be grouped together in that all their authors agree that the cerci are append- ages, of one kind or another, belonging to the terminal abdominal somite. Heymons always regards the terminal anal somite as the telson, or twelfth abdominal somite, so would regard the cerci as appendages of the eleventh, or pre-anal somite. Verhoeff lays great | stress on the fact that the cerci must be segmented to be true cerci, comparing their segmentation with that of the thoracic legs. Haase and Heymons maintain that there is no relationship between the segments of these two structurs as such, but rather, a far-reaching,- "weitgehende," according to Heymons,- parallel between the cerci and the antennae, not only in their present form, but in their ontogeny. It is certainly true that the cerci, generally speaking, bear a super ficial resemblance to the antennae, but they may also assume, physiologically, entirely different roles. Thus, for example, they May be purely sensory, but they may also be modified as accessory Mon!) an g - ipa res Ew - _ wr \ s2adt to baleneso eesiooe so bre , main ee 20 alaq | to molteottiassis ein .etento To asmemeaes ‘od yam re i en ,etidor dtaevelso sat no Srvct eeao ont :emoLfo®. ssedt baa ;lonecsosem ,dines off mo enodd ,hogee 16 he mi wet ere arodtus terifo to aewov adt -Lbr9907g ne mofd erebtsmoo eseeh .momuon al aé¢niog yiast ved i fafdemper .eutl . TTositey ":xniisefaak" efit ‘To esgobaeqge [sa7ob ,vaewolyel ;etisoe facinobds juliaed ont 08 ert eteqaios od yan fipliw etiuce fantaobda ,dine? ond to taemqoleveb to bodtean sled at out of dtanet ai eaomyst bné ,stetqassm st teloont bas a eis tor. sad? setas stuineegg? bas atmioty .solrowongl y .otiaee LIauimobds itnevale eid to, bequotg ed yor 'Anomyel saadxs anotnkao eee 9 ‘ reianeai ets lores ant tant eetan atodtve sheft [1g tant a [satmobds Iantaves oft oF yataneted ,tetsoga 10 baka eit es ofimoe Lats inatmiss ens ebasger eyauls Lae, - ee lovreo oft baagert Divow of ,ohimos len teobss aig owt - teeth oval tteorreY .stiaos fene-sotg qo ,dinevels orig x “y ,foveo euat ed of Sedaaauges ed $ ann torso ent tarts jost | eesan .egei oloaronms oft Yo Jané dtiw aoliasasmes wer eit doowled qidanottafot on at erent tart statntam - ~aridoset-iat » , tated tid ,fove fs sustounie owt ened? bra toweo odd asowted follavaq -,asomgsh of gatbreooe ©” va 2 ynonotoo afentt ar aye wiito’t dnseong talons ak vino tom ae oe eteque s tweed. ,setaaege yliserones ,loreo ang Jad? aunt ¥ ates ,wwees oele yan yond dud 2 SegROs IB ert ow oa ® . yond , eiqusxe to? aT salon SmoTeTEED yori. av : +f ¥tOszeo5eR Ba Sut tt bom ad oaks vn. yest esi yr0R nee 3 m9 7 ae ih rome Bacar - he a |) copulatory organs. | Cholodkowsky was the first, in 1891, to uphold the fact that |lthe cerci were morphologically true pedal extremities, and it is the lone Place where Heymons can agree with him, as well as with Wheeler }and others, that a pair of appendages 4 which may properly be in- ‘| erudes under the genitalia has its origin in the anlages of the ‘appendages of an embryonic somite. In fact Heymons has called the | | | \jeerci "modifizierte extremitAten", and he states very emphatically |}that the cerci are homologues of the above-mentioned styles of some | Thysanura, just as those styles themselves are descended from an- | leestral abdominal appendages. | 6. Acknowledgments. - It is with the foregoing points of theo- jretical importance in mind that the following investigation is Ipresented. At this point it would seem fitting to state that the jinvestigation was begun at the suggestion of Dr. Alex. D. MacGillivray, lof the Department of Entomology, at the University of Tllinois/and I wish to express my gratitude to him for that, and for countless jtimely suggestions and criticisms. I am indebted to Professor S. A. | lForbes for many courtesies and for the use of material from the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural ee also to the staff, ji a@lso desire to thank Dr. Harris H. Wilder, of the Department of ey y of Smith College ,for many important suggestions and criti- jCisms. Dr. H. S. Pratt, of the Department of Zoology of Haverford i y2 colony introduced on nursery stock, near Haverford, and I would \College, very kindly collected for me specimens of Mantis sp. from . | | also at this point express to him my thanks. For considerable mechanical help with the drawings and their arrangement in the plates, iz am also very grateful to Miss N. B. Lewis, of Smith 6ollege. 4 - Jost sat blodqu of .I68f al (sfesld Say eee eee wih | eit si +i bas ,etiviaestse Iebeg eutyt yi ieeiggsouerers > ‘eod*® citw ea Ifew oe ,@lH deie settee aap eaouyel o Tes “ti 9¢ vyixregotr vee softy 4 sepebaedds 39 tisad s 78 a coneIas oft st abstto of f eed atiatioeg ont rao aes enomyeH test sl .6fimoes read st Dey ‘te aw Es sfowe vrev sotetea od foe "gasket n9td KE ot rele hy 26 to ssivis benoliosa~sveds sft to semgofonat Sta ae : F -né mort Netocoseh ste seyisunedt aaelvea eadd? an «50g ehasgqs faloy gricretorl edy asiv ef a1 * .stusinghel theovat ualwolfol edd fadtOntm a + te5% etets of aosty tl move bluow 33 Jatog ete t seivilliOosu .0 .xeféA «70 To asiteeguge She oe auged — . fe elo :lifil torvatetev iat ede ta ygofomodad to an evelzayoo tot Lite , tats tot eid of Sbapisary ve oat iv .A .8 toenstor? 6+ baddsbel] me I «emelaktizo Bue ened af > wort Seirotan to sanredh 264% bas eslestwiioo 5 = diz o,% Yate sdt of cela Lae ,Yrodell Exetel Yo vaotanodad | tc (1ebii¥ 2 elzzel .x0 innds cx 2 — ae 4 ‘ a a ? 4 -itite buc anoétsegnue.Fqas toast yaes act, egeltod. Heke i Liew brotreveli to vgolooS Fo Juss raqed edt to .¢tertt/ oe ~ ® 2 wa mott .q@s pitas bo suguifoega ew 26a Betoelios yiaass bivew I Boe .fStdtreval Ton ,joote ytestun ao bec oidarehiencs tot athe Yo bss of gsetqze IRE sone sRetely od? at taomegadatte tiece Bre e@ulwenk ed? dtiwv gq. ™ St ny . -oneLloW Wa ta® to .atesd «A ahaa of tated. =m ee EP PRA alata attain cima 15 | 7. Material. - The records upon which we must rely, in determin- ling the origin of the genitalia.are the anatomy of generalized adult a} i Y yi at | une |jforms, a comparison of these with more specialized species and 2 earlier developmental stages. Therefore this paper consists of a oil jcomparative study of the caudal segments and appendages of adults of ‘litre following species: Lepisma saccharina and Machilis sp. of the | Thysanura; Periplaneta orientalis, Melanoplus differentialis, ‘Eissostcita carolina, Xiphidium ensiferum and Gryllus pennsylyanicus jot the Orthoptera; Tibicen babi oudob iti: Notonecta undulata, Benacus . A griseus, Corixa sp., anasa tristis and Euschistus variolarius of the 7 embptera; Corydalis cornuta of the Neuroptera; Panorpa lugubris of the Mecoptera; Nerophilus californicus of the Trichoptera; Harpalus Caliginosus, Cybister fimbriolatus, Hydrophilus triangularis and ‘WDoryphora decemlineata of the Coleoptera; Hepialus humuli, Pryonoxystus robiniae, Acrotis ypsilon, Anosia plexippus and Proto- ' Iparche carolina of the Lepidoptera; Tipula abdominalis, Tabanus H jSulcifrons and Calliphora viridescens of the Diptera, and of the } Hymenoptera, Dolerus unicolor and Vespa maculata. a | y q ) 1 2nd $2-si/ Son oe Se Le em ice = te DE j af ? fiareteb al ,yfLet decom ew doltdw aome chvadan ge - tall 160 tivhs pextlertemeg to ywotane en? ove ot lat haeg ed? To a hue edtotes bertieloece ertom dtiw eeel® to ae to afstenonm tegen aidt etotéisi? .segere Bee to ef Subs to asagsiasars be sfnemyea Lebosd oat. TG 4 . oft So .qe_ ebftdoe¥ bos gabietoses smeiged ieelaea Ase suoinevtvertcer pelivid Sc gugetseue pute trig tX gyosqe€ .stpfihbes etpegotol . atoms hertaes we seoltc tT uiottey sataideay? Bas eit ebse senag oa | to sitdunyl satoneS yeresqotwell ead Do piuegee itelvaneitt aylisqomhel . sepa lore eers s _titcord eytaiyek jseterqoegod eff to SOT DS Bix x8Li¢ Bi8oR4 | BS f ,egy at? otoA slog ll jeterd¢ebhesd “ed? te — oo tai tl. eo Bh is ! s7P to Ding ,eusdered ont > gueenetaie stad kia me é Bieta £9230 esesl ins aaLoolnag autelod: | ? eee aa a ee ; 7 rh a) " - * « ae ; onda ne ee avr me 16 II. Investigation. General Principles. - Before taking up any anatomical descrip- | tion or comparison of the foregoing forms, a number of preliminary } points should be mentioned. The distal pair of appendages, as has before been noted, is the ‘ll cerci, and in the majority of cases in adult insects where these |are present, they have so changed their position as to be dorso- lateral, or even quite dorsal. As many of the succeeding pairs of appendages as are present, are, as a rule, still in a ventral posi- tion, and may project beyond the caudal end of the abdomen, There- Sores it will usually seem convenient to begin descriptions of the =a ——_ a |} genitaliaj by describing the cerci first. | y Of the two sexes the female is the more generalized. A good example of this point is seen in the female cockroach where all | four pairs of genital appendages are present, almost in their primi- | tive position so far as showing their points of attachment to their | | respective segments is concerned, and where the total number of | Segments found in adult insects is also present. The saw-fly is | another striking example of the generalized female. These are both |} @xamples in primitive families of insects, but on the other hand, jin certain specialized eroups which do not sting, and which, laying l their eges merly on the flat surfaces of leaves or stems, lack | Ovipositors, the caudal end of the abdomen presents a most general- }ized condition, the appendages in such cases being, "specialized by | }reduction". The genital and anal openings in these insects may be jeaeity seen in a caudal view, the former between the ninth and tenth |sternites, under the edge of the ninth, and the anusj in its usual 3 [position between the distal tergite and its corresponding sternite. aT SKS eee eee - > af : v SY le ih snokt ant? osval. .TE Le meet : a ’ =. a i | eqlitpach Cantanteas vos qu paidaé eroted ~ veshgionixd | vrxetinifere to té6dauin 2 ~eetor al ogeto? sat to noate bono stnem eda ei ,betor ased stole’ esd es .eegebneqas Be 28ae ‘2 essa? sitedw etosert ginba al esseo to ye itegam (ema if L -cetos ed at az cottiaog tledv Segaato of SvAd to etiac anibesooun et to vaas sh. «l[eetobh: of iap ~teog lettnev « at five ,eivt 6 66,988 foeneng See i -sro(it saemobds elf to bee Jealtiao ext booyed goat . avol¢atiwebd alged of tneinevaoo meow yi tems »teTkt loteo of% gnidizose® i Loxtfierheeg atom edt 6f eleget-edd epmeg Bee, ry > —; stow fdonettooo elartel eds al ave st dabats -~imtta tied? oat teomis.,.7aseerg exe ebgebreage tetithialll tieit of ¢qaemfoetts to stuboy thédt polwote as Set Oey to todmun fatot edy eteiw bys ,.beateeteo @f etae ei vit-w2e ef? dweestg cate ‘et efosent tints ac 4soJ ots vaedT? -.efsnet, bosifatesces sav Yo ofqunxe pal itd brad veauito ete fo. a0 stoesnt to es liisae?y evittobig givefl ,dobdw bas .eatts von ob doideg equorxp best ietosqs) ‘oef ,emets to aaveel to eeoattwe deft ect ao in nh (ay teow » etoeseta aegoida ett To bane Lebuso oat vd bes tfsiosqe" .uated eweasd dows nb eagabaeqqs eng aot? 7 ed vauw atesent seodt ot eayninego fete bas Let laeg ost fjaet Lee Atala eft apewted reai70% edd ,wetv Lubvso # am ‘eves oti at ypaume ext bas atota eff to exbs edt 4 \ } an \ -otiartete gathooqnettos et f Dap es. vk Istalh Be ': as . | . : C3 ee dy! rriuianenetan sat cents ef ‘ 17” | These openings and wahtever rudimentary appendages there may be | present, are enclosed within a cavity formed by the invagination of i the segments beyond, and including the eighth. From this sac-like | invagination, the appendages may be protruded. When ovipositors and "i stings are present in specialized forms, these too are often conceal- jione described above, except that they are usually somewhat longer. The genital opening of the male is connected with the tenth iitornite more closely than with any other, as Berlese states. How- lever, certainly in the adult insect, it is also situated at the dis- tal end of an intromittent organ, which is, in many cases when ; j entirely protruded, nearly as long as the abdomen, and thus) the | ejaculatory duct is also prolonged to an equally great length, there- fore bringing the external opening itself / to a point without any relation to the abdominal sclerites. Somewhat similar cases occur in such females as possess long | |Ovipositors, However, the distal opening of the vagina itself is }seldom situated far beyond the bases of the ovipositors. When the . eggs leave this opening, they follow along well-marked grooves on | the inner suffaces of the ovipositors into the ground, stem, or other|- object in which they are to be laid. This same mechanism may exist | for the exit of poisonous fluids exuded at the bases of stings, or, fas is often the case, through excurrent ducts leading from the glands | to an external opening, or paired openings, also situated at the | basce of the stings. In those insects which have their caudal segments and genitalia retracted, the caudal end of the body has a smoothly rounded contour, | jjor it may even be pointed. Excellent examples of such cases are || seen in the Diptera and Hymenoptera. In these, one is unable to ' . 7 i J oe aay rea roan v wa 4 * as , Sy ie) cm crtaht assebreatra creimomi bers’ Severn. iN toliscigavat ety vi Spattot ve ivas g& cis. Desetoas i & eidt sort .tvdgle ef? aribulons. Bie seman hit j | : Lohuitorg sd yam sepshienge Gas ie = toon sed -j +} gasdd , esol bes Lleloeqs af) gees * * i at talts tetv siif-tetcog at ,oe vilelitaqi ges ;Tepaol sJedwemos vileves %% ved? tant *o00z8- | eroum t! efoenmag ei slam odo to gatasao cee jad ati eerste frm ted vos ctiw sett yLeaoke re yours fs ,femobds set as gaol es yitese , 668 oreit .dtenel tg viiaupe ae ot begaoloss cata 62 b sou § ,Tiea?l petredo Lecred%e) ei} | ,eotlroloe: leninobda, oats yealzcaat dois és f, ccibiadale esezo telLinte oa tceqo Latetbh ed? .teveroh i | “ . ) * Vetotteogtive ed? to aseed dé baoved set bee ) vou tea-fiew grols wollet ved? paaiceqo eldii te “wota wd? oat eaetotheouglvo edt Yo assem @ a. ‘ia Salgedcem exnse olAT bist ed of ors yeas dob 1 : a0 ite ) esasd ect fa Bbsbvze abielt euon ator 9 + [ afford trortyoxe dagotdy case edt: 4 | >’ 33 betewlia oslea ,eaninaego Setfeq to v eas te oo ivy av iteitetestsds y nade ® . want s vetedo [auces vtebsodee beltan Hi esgnhdeqae bre ettemee Letuth xtlede To $ acm dg bie Lobos .sot¢enut tedte to ,geigerto .afltoae a 26 dtottos 3 tafiigert) yisy aus yedd .taemesnatte af fevetetic vit eb autot d¥oome égcedt déiw teagréreo et Clase xee ef¢ Liet of sidiseca dasiic vrev at tt a emote af. ie babivih enaxdsiem taivoliva 0 babavortwe evavia 3! | Htosh af tiuelYSib avsto of JT ..eedel fans Boles v ti saigoed steeeni tuba at snesgee Letalbd ede 16 } e6an ed (low veev von foldw seerdaem edt aget bos si tage -Taeayew Sto tad? tom “Lo oattsotg rrsuagoes ton et #t aotsex dit to efaempan od? anhte ectaonts to tiet Isbyso teom ed? .en0 Laahwobds Pecktem biuis Io yinemaes Lealmobds didgis ed? af smo0e “fia “' sitomgoe tolretedy 4d¢ Ti Belesondoa esmitemos at : sid? at teesegnette edf Bas .Afioves edd i sa twredtgy olohexs tot af S7ebt0 ms tyrodgzord? azotiay et Lup af p2tstqodi70 sdt af sefostiga fantaebds To éxieq tdale ever. a (soxe sid iasog eds “tty stetqobigel sit at atiag ; a4 a .svral edd of tad? (Yo tdgte teol ed toa teum toate 1s euent tps sain ,fRe6eTY Ots ne Lown tgs texottoaut to. at! eiig ,famokde old to segebiten ys labiied ea? equa od ot a4 .i! ,7 efareawn macio® octt wd equa wide mt bed aca 5 «al geet “ead tqaetts of . tlag ontadgee edt atte ‘gases ay a f eed TEq snietd oF ote ltameteye “eames aos feo 1 a . Ses nk a ed , wae , ARATE: vent: Ve ed dA ae 19 With the foregoing general principles in mind, some account of | the details of the work may now preperly be considered. Method of Preparation. - First as to the method of preparing insects for a study such as the following. This is very simple. The llwere softened by leaving the entire insect, the abdomen only, or || merely the posterior end, as waa desired, in a five per cent solution| H berieds Of caustic potash for ‘times varying from twelve to twenty-four or | tht ijty-aix hours, depending upon the hardness and freshness of the }specimens used. If pinned specimens were used, they were first ‘|jboiled in water for a short time. They werethen washed in running Water, and studied under a binocular dissecting microscope. A com- Pound microscope was also used for studying mounted balsam prepara- Will be taken first, followed by the Pterygota, beginning in each case with the generalized forms. There are also included tables }Showing the sclerites and appendages present in the species studied. iThe presence of a sclerite or a pair of appendages is indicated in the tables by a plus sign, and their absence by a minus sign. When either is rudimentary, an asterisk is added to the plus sign. The abbreviations t and s stand for tergum and sternum, respectively. a. Thysanura. - It is obvious from the figures of both Lepisma and Machilis that the problem is complicated in the Thysanura rather than simplified, as would seem natural. It is here that Heymons makes his best point in regard to the homologies between styles and jsenitalia, but in these forms both styles and appendages are often ie to the same somites. A careful survey, however, of figure 112 (Plate I) of the more generalized female form, shows that the od — SO ee é vy =~ 8 Fe Cae aut ‘Wy aw ac ~pboin al salaten Ler Leen | sa _ »borskiatwo ed ylasqeta wor Yam Sarid edd 2) ‘fen edt of age textt ~- .noktateqerd ta y 3 a ~ -poltwoifct sed? se dows voute, tovert! etttce edt gatvasl vd. b * ¥ £3 1) ,betiaeb saw ee ,bae Soltes betas Carly ' aew? of svoent wort galytay samed not) Aenea” 4 : - “4 ud (feet? hes sasstead eft aege gaibaeqes (eae > Jos ° t ‘ Ped Ww {5 ,_beaw stew ansaiogge beaniq TI a beri aid 3% ved? .¢ait ?x0ce 2 2072 a ute 192 beeu osla asm O@ae atiseq teollane MSGS T Ss $ bisget ant = .sefdal it oele ote etodT .emTot best Cet exeg _ ‘ x17 of agocetq sanehmeqas hrs cot itefoey » enaitiorgza to rey & to etidsise & to % stim e@ vd oomeeda tledy Baa .opte ewig 2 2 a 5 wig edt of Bbebde ot Agiteres ne .viIssaee ioe Jeet ,wwucraée Bite euro ted tol baste «hae ke od Yo #etingtl sd? mot? epotvde si 7I - ote wevill oft at hetasotfiandes et asl{dorq ei todd gf tad? eted ef #1 .Letwisn mse bisow as Be ; goewted esinofomod edt ot biagex’ at ‘ae s4onabaeqgs bus asiyia dtod amtot gt j a | ye yee. it {tf ewode .azet sf amb beatfetones eres Ai ess i” ie: = Pm ‘> - " es ea ,cavewod ,yevmve furore — spot tincee 20 latter are important outgrowths, which,so far as the adults are con- cerned, may far better be considered genitalia than styles. In the embryos figured by Heymons the buds, anlages of genitalia and styles are so near together as to be easily confused and to give ground for | the belief that they are one and the same thing, not separate from the very beginning. On the other hand, this separation shows very Clearly in his figures even of insects which have entirely degene- rate styles, i. e., none, in the adult. He, however, does not in= terpret his figures nor yet his material in that way. He considers that the appendages found in the adult are simply the final specialization of these same above mentioned styles. And In the male,Lepisma (Plate I, figs. 15 & 16) again it is evident that in the adult insect there are appendages corresponding to Appendage I, as well as styles on the same somite, and it seems | unnecessary to correlate those appendages found on the terminal somite of Lepisma and Machilis with styles when they resemble so closely certain appendages, cerci or Appendage IV, of similar form in many groups where styles are not present. It should be said, in this connection, that the terminal median appendage present in the Lepisma and shown in the figures of that insect is the one which, including also the anal lobes, Heymons and Uzel homologize with the eleventhéo@ - Table of Sclerites and Appendages. Somites Appendages Lepisma saccharina i ¢olDles Chis Female ws their &+ t+ + , +? + Male Pdi duly: 7 Wik ue em) run icon praca iw x ey he OS ? ey goo ete =i lube edt} de tat of setae odsworadio 4 ont aT ,pefyte nett afledines berehisnog em ‘Tettod ut ,eef¢to fre eliatioss to seepalan ,.ebud ‘ed encmyen yas | to% Seow evia of bee Seswtmoe Ytiese Bt Gs Beat sott stetegese ton ,aridd enaa edt bone eno eta +yeds ytev eto coltetagee allt ,boed ishite-.e0t 20 Gor -snapeb yfstttes eved dofdw stoseni to neve seacg ay =di fon ceob ,tévetod . 4H «Jfiebs edd ct (odo (.0e atebtencs eh tae ted’ at falyetem sind sey tom & fant? ete yieale ove tiybs et af bettot | selyt2 Desoljaenm evoda ase ena? Joy ef tt otege (01 & 8L\,eygh? ,h) sialt) nina antbrogastio® sayehbveqqs sis siren? sooent, 2 torba sede ° atieee $2 bas ,efieors sean et? AO eSiTee aa tier wg fentoves sc? ao bevel senesbieqqe sacat otaterI©9 © : ; > ofdmeaet yard aorw agiyte dilw abiingal one # , ue't tolinte to ,¥I spebiequa yo Lote , 2enebaeqae at ,biae of bivodea Ji sinesew 2en Ota) selyes 16% a sit af dieaenag epebnedge natben Leatmiet edi tend a8 $e iidw eno edt ab tvenal Jes’ To pemwaytt eng vat et ont dgiw eptyofomed Lex) bas enoniy ol Rodos, Lenms oa oa pay » = ,7eRebteqga fos rotine lo. tesetdgt. soRebriae qa aod hmok. so WWY. gHIT) ATT Hel ie EG de Oe ee : o+ 7 tus SO 1 HH hbo Ba +e», 8) +8), Fal te Be i \ Td s° tae ; G4 ‘Saar $ ay aro +e 4d, ‘ iif" te, tae ce hh; We ae i ; WS: iis a en Bi Ae al cama seam cog ite at 0 — — apis 5st ae od jai ot . t , ves b uh ne 7. abihe a ae 21 Somites Appendages Machilis sp. wea, oy 20, 11 Pe li TV Female a Se, ee ae t* + ¥ * * st. st s* es* st Male t+) to te “f+ t+ ee +(2) + s* s+ s+ st st b. Orthoptera. = In regard to the Orthoptera it may be said that they are of course here, as elsewhere in structure, a very generalized group. To begin with, the tables show the presence of eleven, or at least parts of ten, somites and all four pairs of ap- pendages in all the forms studied. This is particularly remarkable in connection with Appendage II, the commonly called "“mesal," or "median" pair of appendages, which are so many times entirely lack- ing in the female. In no case is the latter pair so prominent in the above men- tioned genera as in the Mantis. However, in case of every modifica=| tion of the genitalia, whether it be for the purpose of digging in the ground as is true in the grasshopper and the cricket, or whether for holding the spermatophore, the habit of the female Xiphidiunm, it is possible easily, not only to work out and see plainly this appendage, Appendage II, but also to see that it follows immediately upon Appendage I in an extreme ventro -caudal position. ‘" syihsinlaantte sy Sed pind icecanietes fon sete ie £2. { coun areagak 2etimoP® sa? A PET ae 4A th OL (8 (ee oa ~ ~ + “J +4 *s +) «#2 7 ‘ y +g +e +2 Se " ‘ haa : > i, + + +4 “y 2 4) ‘ H +5 te "*a #0! Op +N biee ed rom ff anetqeudiaO edfy oo! Sianet nl} ~eae — — viev a ,oudopite xl sieiwesls es ,. sta esIg09 a to ofpenetq odd. wore seides arid (diw aiged. oF sq “qe lo otiag "wot fie fase aadinose <6 to 2itag Sidet t \ a, | oldainement ginaivolotag es eff? .helhusea anor etd) Lie ' ' ( “o ", Iaeou"” belfes yToommee edt LI epabneqdA aAfiwes ' -dori ylenttns temid yaem Oe sie dolde ,easebicgyde Tr * sel — -nem aeveds sf war Jnenimosg of wieq red tal ei? et epsd. 6 -goltibom yvevs to eege.nl .tevewoH ‘,albinall eft if jen” | at gotanth lo eeoomw’g sd? uot w Vl tedtonw , olisitnea ; ane Tedtedw to ,tevtol+s ett bee teqqetisestg eae nt aunts et eA Bi fi ,wulbitagl= efame't att to dent ed? , storqolanvege eit 7 see Oe 6 es ee es aid? yfatelq ese baa tuo dvow oF Yio ton ,ELiane ¢ aa eledetbeusit awolfo% tt jet? ob of cbLe Fed. wl onabaeggl. ¢ holt inog Jabitao-“ietdew enerixg as at T vw is ab A al) wr ny ey ! Nts * Ar a eee Table of Sclerites and Appendages. Somites Appendages. , Periplaneta orientalis ae: Oi ce Female 0 Mee Sy 4+ 5g + + + + Male Melanoplus differentialis Female ce aol ud st Male ed st Dissosteira carolina Female tr + + + + Male Xiphidium Female oe Vee ob tt t+ + + + + Male c. Hemiptera. - In many species of this order we meet the pro- } blem presented by Berlese's theory of successive pairs of cerci, which he illustrated by many example, from the Hemiptera. At the posterior end of Benacus, Zaitha and other species of aquatic Hemiptera, in both the male and female thepe projects} a pair of Strap-like appendages, included by some authors} among the genitalia. Upon a close examination they are found to be outgrowths of the eighth tergiteg, and the corresponding pair of spiracles is situated S ey wrericy oF sé F Wn ‘ ; nbvends hes sadienise % aide ,2o4nbredas ' sediinog . al ladnstig) SVE ~da8. GU. ca Lf .,Of jQ 7agyes - +} +4 te # *2 a +> %e *o Fe ‘ ‘ ‘a ++ “#4 “@f @) OS ks +2 +a +a *2 at at) cevelee - 77 +} + > "2 th te *8 , ¢ + +? 4 > & 7 +) &- o> 3 eo yy *n ’ tI sale ¢ ‘t+ 2 a *A >. Te 8 + ' | of Pt Ce a ae ‘9 ae | "2 | Re + é + +4 +i "2 wd + ig +e. #5 ts we +e; orc ef lesa sw tebso eis Be ao toe ge eae wl ” vaneds be . longo tt) etigg sviesecove *0 exhale a eaetred ¥¢ os oh pit tA -aredqtanl od¢ mort faibe oie a betwnte Le iiaups to astosqe- tedsio Hae tia auoyaed to-b 8 te mi 2 ,etoetum aaa Shame? ins. fem edd tod ab a palletioss sit grote perontce Po xd bohutoat : 6ft to sdiveotgiod ed oF Baugt ets yedt alogxtea te ahaa yutbacneirgae ott’ Ran roa nats a : ‘+ j tire i _ Al w be & e~ DOs fit ung see cate rate al a ote , dase nel 2 | poder goed watt ; Pe eee NR ¥ Ps 8 7 aoe Pee Ae A, 23 at their basis. From these spiracles two parallel rows of closely set setae extend to the distal ends of these projecting tergites. } Various observers have believed them to be organs used in connection | with the respiration{ of these aquatic species. The seventh tergite ll of Benacus presents a similar modification, and it contains the } seventh pair of spiracles, but it is much broader and shorter. The ] seventh and eighth tergites of Notonecta and the eighth tergite of | Coriza are apparently lengthened in like manner, and according to some investigators, have also a like function. Euschistus variolar- | ius and Anasa tristis, among the land forms, show similar projections | from the tergites of this region, but lack the arrangements of setae i which have to do with the respiration of the aquatic species. How- ) ever, in neither case are these parts separated from the sclerite } proper, as is always true of the cerei, whether or not} they show | segmentation. In this connection, it may be noted that these pro- | lomgations in the Hemiptera, called by Berlese; the cerci, are |] never segmented. The Hemiptera form a generalized order of insects, | yet they are among the most specialized of those having an incomplete | metamorphosis. There are, therefore, few appendages present in certain of the j more highly developed species, as is evident from the following table, and they are also Pra et ieee by modification in the ‘gay of | complicated mechanisms. Example, of the latter are seen in the males | of both Euschistus_and Anasa. aS ed carga 4 ' ne } 3 ¢Yfoa6fo ta ewor Lellizeted ow tere .vet ¢@tst anitostotq oaed? to abae Iarvege ott of f ‘fosaioo Si Seay sasyto 98 ot medt bevelfed evad ate etigres cioeves eff .celnegs siaeops opens to ee aqlosnoo $2 Bae ,aotdeoltibow tafimhe es ataeaee T .1wttods bee refserd mova al vt sud sofoariae vot tigse? diigte edt hes ateenota® to net tg rest dds of golbtoms fae yearend elif af begedtynel ye ~cefottsy suteifoasd .aotyendt. eAlf Br oels oven, (oe mrottoslora ralinte wode .bmrot bret’ em? proms ,abtate eaten * 1} ToMO~N te ott fool aud .nobgst stadt to ooh iil -to .@atoede oftswoe aad Yo dottestqos? edt i930 38a eiictcInse ac? mort beteteces ef rag -oapts7oTs Smee wots vert ison wo tadtetw , loses ‘edt fo onze eyew ls ( -cty gesdy vad? béetow ed Tea Ui .folsaegaeg etd? aI. DD pi ,toteo sit yeastrel vd belies) ,eteiqimes ede a rs .stosarl to tehvo bes tiatsaes a areot estsfqimed edt . porn : ite(qmoont as goatowd egods Yo besiLelosqa Jeom out gions 6m i ee le * eit to tterxeo Ab tessetqg esgabaagds wet ,etoteted? Ae th ee sittwollot saz pure taebive al Be 8 i0eq8 baqolev DJ . te ar . 2, Sea wer ot of agttsoltibom 7é beatisiooge oats Ste XA tt esien ot ot agse eta rettal est 46 otqmext palee SN ae ee oe ' : 4 , 24 Table of Sclerites and Appendages. Somites nu Pe 86) 8 uO, 2 ~Tibicen septemdecim Wemaie t* t+ t+ ig aft st het st Boteat tthe th 14tF ad Notonecta undulata pena le tt t+ tt t+ t- aon stine st s- Pore: it) t* (t* tt t- ae gh et eg t- Benacus griseus Female t+ t* tt tr t- of .2% sf s+ t- Marve tr tt tt Ger t- ar ter. tet st t= Corixa sp. Female tt tt tt ad te oe? per; oF st s- Anasa tristis . Female t+ tt t+ ‘* t- a? clstnc o* st s- Maleate alth ot* 1s t- a’) ee.6 cg st s- Euschistus variclarius Female tt t+ tt 1h t- g* st s+ s+ s- Maile t* +t te t? t- 6+ yest. ovat st S- d. Neuroptera. - Here again, among Appendages By te, Lib, 2M: +. + + + + + + + 4% + a aa + LS ae da + = + = + + + e * ~- & ese +% +% +H @ + a os = +% = = = ~ + + é the first of those forms characterized by a complete metamorphosis, we find a more generalize condition than among the Hemiptera, which, although they have an incomplete metamorphosis ,stand at the top of the group. Appendage II is lacking, but this is the above mentioned “mesal" appendage, more often absent than present. PR RO Ba = Re OE. y a® sq ( c p. eet tino® | ; - I = . 2: . b Ps OP | ce 48. ¢ » | +; +}. - ‘d oS tF ee A » «® - «4 a 9 ++ aj - ut +2 ?8 8 ~ ‘ é ++ ae +3 inn ~( 4 al +3 - - «3 - *f. of “Fe 1 ~ +2 ~ +5 res ofa =: +a, +z +s +2 q A y suitelolamye ‘ — — — =4 +} 3 + 6 Ae » ; -¢ #2, *8) 48. teeter ‘ i -+ *¢ +2 49 99 Sete Oo j -— +a ts. tn te a H a } ¥ : : . \ t to sadbt oh aoma oh Reais exalt ° eta gor i ‘ Best fi : » Del? ow ,ebeodys nal ed ett es siqmoo s we best . Qe ovat yess Anportie op oo ear acq Larekl artt aaone J enshbreyqA aqvom end to dog ent tn gbtinde steorg siceill an shise 148 " feneun" here hdeem evods s6 ed Wag + ta 38 aes 7 25 To be sure, somite eleven is apparently entirely wanting, but without embryological evidence one has always a suspicion that parts of this segment may be present in the membrane of the anal lobes. Another poirit to be noted here, unlike any we found in the Orthoptera is that the male appendages present almost as primitive a condition as do the female. In fact there is even less speciali- zation in conn¢ection with function in the male than in the female. Table of Sclerites and Appendages. Somites Appendages Corydalis cornuta Yee GP OP Py “LI Pr; rT, Per: IV; Female t*.. t*- tt t+ t= + - + + a*, gt st st s- Male ee Er t* t= a = + + gt priest st s- e. Mecoptera. - Panorpa lugubris, the example chosen in this case, seems at first glance to be a most specialized insect,particu-= larly so far as genitalia are concerned. This appearance is found to be, with very little and superficial examination, entirely mis- leading. The real situation at the posterior ends of both the male and female Panorpa is that of a generalized form. In the male there is a resemblance to the Lepidoptera, in the claspers which are not, however, the only appendages present as in the case of the larger group, characterized by such organs. “TD SSP ee”) | Pong Brity —_ LPs te Se a tee | ¥ Blot abst. . > ae ee ese eae eo er ~ Ge sepa y art totqarya a eyawia, aot eae sorebtye "Tae neler fortine vlinsdaage at ele , ts 4 > erterdwau off al Jaoketa oe vee trenges et | fou, ohed- Beton &f od ghkeg neces | vitdia! ‘ seq depsistorqe sism etd spit an 4 oe" st erod¢ Jost ql “:etatet edt o8 : : em ‘of i aotiony? dtte cole am soe a ae exe efit .¢iaduimef sqronet + .ssedamnn Rie Fn ey ; stisfor re ‘con # sd of senmaets tert ta : piel bem ssren ots siiatineg) a6 -nim vfamttne sttcniotaxe Latoltseque Bae elsif Yiev ? . of t ri » shoe yotssteote ond ta moteandts fasten . - - : Lad [ea best feteces Yo. fame ef sqtoet for s yiotrs teqaalo sd me siotdobigest ont of 829 Yoh ait to seco edt ni as trissexg eenenneqds ines : -srapie Hove 4d bosttatoit aby fat ¢ hae = ap eal yr . - ‘4 s anes oe is : “ on a " ye ‘ ee ee a: | 3 Tabl Panorpa lugubris 7, 8, Female tt - a a teh +8 + ~ a + - 2 +3 ++ a | v2 a +a) 4a +8 ‘5 as vd besivetoriaso si yi? ebhbeo @lam ef?.= .atede Ihonrnorico cl moltony? de ta'troe bedhat Teen yaolvens f perso Yo tnecensetya ovitetet ed gnidsetia eliezs ie *o yfeoueu moftensofony et! dfip poldsentos ME sk nots ts. »il onebn = ic - bait ee ~5e8L 12-98 ae ‘ eb jaemeqqotevsb ef fe elmo¢ana’t safe aenos A. ~netesqods70 sefossnl ash ofan efetines eum’ i>" — 209 ~oit yy eiast .3 00 .OS DELO sCeSL , dese bustios1O tineh i Lidoesm iletines ottemtA 6A EST wluwsedios BBE aq SBEI count s Sf ¢sfesl ,. Jom 008 ca ta ey bay pare +@E=SE py wr Ae: Bota: neadottamba vb eicnd mepriidobwiok: ,eveent ted oak ORL a Ove sq av? yl | é | | | | | ' —_ j || Viallanes, H. Wattenwyl, Brunner von, Die Morphologische Bedeutung der Segmente Weismann, A. Wheeler, W. M. 48 Sur quelques points de l’histoire du developpement | embryonnaire de la Mante religieuse. Rev. biol. du Nord de la France, T. 2, 1890, or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. Zool., T. 11, S 7, 1891. speziell des Hninterleibes, bei den Orthopteren. Festschrift zur Feierdes flnfundzwanzig jdhrigen. | Bestehens der K. K. Zool.=-Botan. Gesell. in Wien, 1876. Zur Embryologie der Insekten. Archivflr Anat u. Physiol., 1864, A Contribution to Insect Embryology. (On Xiphidiun.)) Journ. Morph., vol. 8, 1893, pp. 1-160. The Embryology of Blatta Jermanica and Doryphora decemlineata. Journ. Morph. Boston, vol. 3, 1889. Neuroblasts in the Arthropod Embryo. Journ. Morph. Boston, vol. 4, 1891. Note on the Oviposition and Embryonic Development of Xiphidium ensiferum Scud. Insect life, Washington, Vol. 2, pp. 222-5,1890. On the Appendages of the first abdominal segment of the embryo cockroach (Blatta germanica. ) Trans. Wis. Acad. Sc., Arts and letters, 8, 1890, Pp. 87-140. Ueber ein eigenthtimliches Organ in Locustidenembryo (Xiphidium ensiferun, ) | 2001. Anz., Bd., 15, 1890. wy oe , SS Sia we eee => .e i =) oo ry A a ve Ss ioleveb ob “emtoteia' l eb edmboq eam up u .sevoisifes ofaeM ef eb entanegedms cen! ,S «Pf ,~sonmsatTt xi of Baol wh .loke Gee Pr Ve ,it .T ,. look - diel .06 | Lov @ »lkA «008 «SOE a , P, sgintoLiy«w ib stpoloyadma sid s5BBL a~ cS Bey 3 > oo ,oclw «bt tees 7 yvenoliiaa eob Borrosiqosam rere sel oe rn \BO8,¢d .268L ,& «tov ,.f00S , (Pb) .dah .08..5 9 ane asiivaS wb eetorqod sategea aol tie stom empl Raptr dS .a ,2e6L ,f .lov ,..food (#) .dem 108) bso sanbyepriiitevs wb eddots ovexesaufedol wink = ~nedvoenl neb fad i wah «£008 0 SE Sak morml teotediaaet tod “5b a ened at wil dq ,VOS8L.,% .fov +e Piseyene ‘ j aa ian mn; ne be | aa ds Ube tO ee 4) pierce ci eas ws 50 Zool. Jahrb., vol.-17, (Abt. syst.) 1903, p. 49. | Plecoptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata and Forficulidae. (And some others. ) Balbiani, E. G. Sur la reproduction et l‘embryogenie des Pucerons. - Compt. rend., Acad. d. Sc., T. 62, 1866, Brauer, F. Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der Panorpiden-Larven. Verhandl, d. k. k. zool.=bot. Gesell. Wien., Zur Kenntniss des mdnnlichen Geschlechtsapparates der Trichopteren, Zeits. f. wiss. Insektenbiol., Berlin, 1907, vol. 7, 384-5. |Cholodkovsky, N. Degeer, Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Insekten. Uebers. v. G&tze, vol. 2, Teil 2. Nurnberg, 1779, Elwes, H. A revision of the genus Zpthima, with especial reference to the characters afforded by the male genitalia. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1892. Gadeau de K. uH. L'accouplement des Forficalides. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1903, pp. 85-7. Bemerkungen zu der Arbeit des Herrn,. Prof. Dr. Heymons Uber die Abdominalanhdnge der Libellen. Ann. K. K. naturhist. Hofmus., Wien, vol. 19, p. 60, 1904. Zur Morphologie des Hinterleibes der Odonaten. Ann. K. K. naturhist. Hofmus., Wien, vol. 18, p. 116, 1903. }Handlirsch, A. Die Fortpflanzung der Ohrwirmer. Sitz. Ak. Wiss., Berlin, 1894, Grundzuge der Entwicklung und des Korperbanes Odonaten und Ephemeriden. Anh. Ze d. Abhanhl. k.-k. Ak, d. Wiss., Berlin, 1896. | | } | | | | Ingenitzky, J. Zur Kenntniss der Begattungsorgane der Libellulide Zool. Anz., Bd. 16, 1893. Joly, N. Embryogenie des Ephemeres. Jour. de l‘anat. e de la Phys., Ch. Robin et Ruchet, 1876, Klapalek, F. Die Morphologie der Genitalsegmente und Anhdnge bei Trichopteren. Bull. Int. Acad. Sc. Prague Sc. Math. Nat., 8 Ann., pp. 161-197, 1904. Ueber die Geschlechtstheile der Plecopteren mit ban haw 5 ine -? . DSOA y nae” fo TAL. gn et he 7 : P39 f€4pr tine frtan bod Giada ore wal py me of a Meinert, Schaum, H. Stitz, H. Stokes, A. C. Tichomirowa, 0. O. Sl | besonderer Rlcksicht auf die Morphologie der Genitalanhdnge. Anz. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math. Nat. cl., 1896, Nr. 21, pp. 229=30. Anatomie Forficularum (Afhandlung fur den Philosophiske Doctorgrad.) Kj&8benhavn, 1863. Ferner: Naturhist. Tidskrift af Schiddte. KjSbenhavn, 1868-69, 3, R. V. p. 278. Ueber die Zusammensetzung des Kopfes und die Zahl der Abdominalsegmente bei den Insekten. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. 29 Jahrg. Bd. 1, 1863, Sa 247-60, Nachtrag dazu, S. 365-67. Zur Kenntniss des Genitalapparats der Panorpaten. Jena, Zool. Jahrb., 1908, The Pygidium of the Common Flea. N. Y. Mier. Soc., Vol. 12 Nr. 2, Apr., pp. 41-7. Zur Embryologie von Chrysopa. Biol. Centralbl., Bd. 10, 1890, Tschuproff, Helena. Ueber die Entwicklung der Keimbldtter bei den eele, H. W. Zander, E. Libellen. Zool. Anz. , Bd. 27, Ppp. 29-34, 1903. Morphologie und Entwicklung der Gonopophysen der Odonaten, Bern. 1906, 198 pp. Amsterdam Tijdschr, Ent., 1908. Beitrdge zur Morphologie der Mdnnlichen Geschlechtsanhdnge der Trichopteren. Zeits. flr w. Zool. > wba) -70,. 1901. n : or : crear FOES OS LOA. OO) ee ee a Ee 9 = ee ee + —m_,i = er. 2 eo Rw - i Osa a a ‘ay ; —toyvey eee” 5, , = hi ' mal Rithie «. St) vcr ee ee gps — 1b styefotiqtoN sib us ttotaioba ee O45 » £9 538 diet aol¥. .cell be or ye , SSS «aq *« 1m . neb wt aru Sbrsi th} auteLuot t20%. C88f .averinedS| zx. (.baaztodood eset -esbbi roe tn ¢tiniebi? ,Jteldaedell :t4ene@ ONS .q .V ofl (e ,6G2S8SE .nvediedSLs fis&S elb bay estqok nud aurctdeuneampess Eb. is .ttedxeval neb lod staedgeetanimobdA tab G00L.,f .ba .gicdel OS .ddeepissek 1. sido wee oe ~T6-HO8 ce oeab peitnosh tedaqrone’l ‘teb etsteagelstioe® esd saladanel avs 8085 e ditial «1008 , +soL%. crommoD eid to mirbingt ott i-L) .4@ %—.1G4 ~S USL [OV ..008 .mEM GY ot -eqoeytt) cov et ofoy dma ,oe@er ,Of .fa ,.idf “1989 4 Lovie at , 8 * aoh ted tedihidmted 9b gaotdolwias oli “wad me. wk ¥ iors I@1 ,oG-e8 wI¢ Pa be t » RETA »L0 j y ar\ at Tob. meaydqogered «eb gniuldolwtal bras Pees 0a (Wdoebt tT mabietamaA .qq BOL a0er sa Aeros inebe teh sigolodqtott ure cnlbatsaa 7 ; tetetgonolaT eb carhdagee ce aera £OGL ,OF 168. tei £608 am Adtes Abbott, J. F. Bannacke, W. oie Ae | Blumml, E. R. Brandt, A. Burmeister, H. Cholodkowsky, N. }Dogs, W. Eaton, A. E. —s oe 52 Hemiptera A New Type of Corixidae, Etc. Can. Ent. Vol, 44, pp. 113-120. Abdominale Sinnesorgane bei Nepa cinerea. Zool. Anz/ Bd. 35, pp. 484-9. Statische Sinnesorgane bei den Nepiden. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt.. Anat.) Bd. 34, pp. 179-346 Gli Insetti. (On Genitalia of Hemiptera. ) Milanno, 1909. Beitrag zur Kenntiss der Genitalorgane der Psyllopoden. Thiuetr, Zeits. fur’ Ent., 4 Bad., Nr. 20, Ppe 305-8. Beitr&age zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libelluliden und Hemipteren, Mem. Acd. Sc. St. Petersburg, VII serie, T. 15, 1869, Handbuch der Entomologie. I Bd., 1832, S. 114 120; 208-215; 227-41. Ueber den Geschlechtsapparat von Nematoris metallicus. Metamorphose der Respirationsorgane bei Nepa cinerea. Mitt. Nat. Verein Neuvorpommern-Rlgen, Jg. 40 Arch. Dissertation, Greifswald, 1910. Observations anatomique sur les organes de la generation chez la Cigale femelle. At, St. Nat., 18357, 7, pp. 200-6. Histolre des metamorphoses et de l'anatomie du Piophila petasionis. Appareil digestif. Appareil genital. Pit, oe, Nat. £200r. S°& ser. t. 1, 1844. See also an, Ge, “at. 2001. S° ser.’ t. 3, 1845. Arn. oc. nat. Zool, 4° ser. t. 1, 1854. Avis, DC. Nab. 2001. ce ser. t. 1, 18354. Recherches Anatomiques et Physiologiques sur les Hemipteres. Extrait des Mem. des Sav. estrang. T. 4, Paris, 1833. Remarks upon the Homologies of the ovipositor. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1868, FEL II IID TIPE I ES LY IL REIT IEE IY ETE EE Oe EE TTT a Cia Se ST ie totisoqive srt to nat yo Lomo anit 5 Pan sda ,B06f .nobagt Radice ie ea Sa led ensxsennoitariges? «sh saodqromatem doldosaachotdohwasl wa sabahied | aan mioc‘tTovuan cit o"tay ao Bi Jt iv a) 4 oleynt te sai ised anh Recioredoen ° naires .vee seb aay agb Siariae AGi ae niely Lad TED jae exo hte? i, toe %@ .foo8 .Je8" .c8 .mmA. 9 , obbixiae9 10° - say? cet be SSO 3 580". erage sannts cxdacohealn . aA] eG PAs. 3 seta ~ LO6Ri- ; » EL a) « da aA) sista - foot to aiistiass oO) siv¢een® £10 . -20G. ,onnrelle tired 196 se@ic¢nceld wa geitied ~ Tae aghoqo liyet fot +? .efiet ,adenlit 8-805 .q¢ totaqimneR Brit asbliotfedit *s ‘raiot .f2 .98% .BOA samen * #08t ,éf- .T o2t ofamo Pret ‘teb fou dbaash afr .2 ,S8Qr capa f tetaqasatdoe fdoasd Heb gaiev | sl ak gol l fatau q + .D2 .fooS Leelw 107 .agtes «sonxenis wetionre _Molis¢igesi€ .» .88 , cep ksou a’ qelt07% ee ? sfaninobds sib ted¥ nepnisfevanetatl nebaedoiels1e¥ «boy avasqorételi-atolqinen cerotidie® teb etaemes i +2392 qomon t gq SS .c ,. prt OL ( dowel) .tdoet .tae } ,c2fh get .e@8L ,08-88e r bok ..ttedW .inter .1eV .dasdel .nev | ; Seet ,nnod ,moljetesela i) } nett 1079 ataotaca bay efgolotd eff aedel. \ Motuitett ,ftoael antasttoata r bUd-086 .aq , Se 88 (Saye . dca) cP tdat Loos — 7 ott ose Se .eersatcbmeH ish salnolovwr eth teas FLORIS uiove tesav e ; i 5: ; Sic aS - we re iaa0¥ ‘ ay apne eft mo xatyo tl ee etal ons etoonotonk «9 «Hf BG ’ Oy a | | | meeier, Ww. M. Ueber driisenartige Gebilde imersten | Abdominalsegment der Hemipterenembryonen,. | Zool. Anz. pa 1899, pp. 500-4, | will, L. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der viviparen Aphiden. Biol. Centralb., v. 8, p. 148. | Witleczil, E. Entwicklungsgeschichte der Aphiden. Zeits. ftir w. Zool., Bd. 40, 1884. peri: emer a Z cotethnt eb fidet. oye etadel -Tenoysdmenytotc hao 16) re f -&-008 .qq , @06F {Ba aehtiga nevegiviv veh odrioiivegppaaeiies 285 .4 ,8°.¥ | CLetenees v A snebliadsA eb atid ties 881 .U> ba , «feo05 aw 2 Pe iA fide mt. Wola fas ee i ede Stas eae Grimm, 0. Hasper, Martin, Heider, K. Kowalevsky, A. Kulagin, N. Lowne 9 B. Wiall, L. C. Diptera Zur Kentniss der:mdnnlichen Geschlechtsorgane der Dipteren. Zool. Anz., 1892. Bemerkungen Uber die Entwicklung von Musca. Morph. Jahrb., 14 Bd., 1888. Ueber die Keimbldtterbildung bei Musciden. Verh, Deutsch. Zool. Gesell., 1900. Vergleichende Studien tber die Embryologie der Insekten, und inbes. der Musciden. Denkschr., (Mat.-Natur. kl.,) Acad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. 56, 1889. Die ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung einer Chironomus und deren Entwicklung aus dem unbefruchteten Eie. Mem. Acad. Imp: St. Petersburg, 7 Ser., T. 15, 1870. Zur Entwicklung des Geschlechtsorgane von Chironomus. Eoegia) Jaurp,, (Abts.f>- Anat.)).. Vol... 31, 1911, pp. 543-612. Diskussion zu: "K. Escherich, Ueber die Keim- blAtter bildung der Musciden." Verh. deutsch. zool. Gesel. 1900. Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der nachembryonalen Entwicklung der Musciden. Theil I in Zeits. fiir w. Zool. Bd., 45, 1887. Beitrdge zur nachembryonalen Entwicklung der Musciden. Zool. Angz., Bd., 8, 1885, Zur embryonalen Entwicklung der Musciden, Biol. Centralbl., Bd. 6, 1886. Der Fau der Weiblichen Geschlechtsorgane bei Culex und . Anopheles. Zeits flr w. Zool., Bd. 69, 1901. On the Structure and Development of the ovaries and their appendages in the Blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala. ) Jour. Linn. Soc., London, Zool., vol. 20, 1889. Anatomy and Physiology of the Blowfly, Musca vomitoria. London, 1869. The Structure and Life History of the Harlequin Fly (Chironomus. ) Oxford, 1900. PPR ES VO RT et9tqhg , ' : = is MY » * seb sneRioetfoefdoeed oedolt lagkn gab age sit STO S@aL.. Eck ~£008 OTSl .4i ..F ov enanptoulrloelAses® aeb anyldoieial ae . sumonotkay = A” te . ri ef t IZ, . Lov ( . BilLA _— . id A) * wi ‘trist ~Lo0s P f i SLa98bS «49 i ai . f -gteoH sib tafe}? ,dotverdoe® .2" :vs notesuvdeltd tebtoeu® ab aawSiid zetia .998L .feced .ioom «dostesb .diev at nelenowwuedoan 6 salasgenet we enki ted nebioant teb gastidoiwsal A rs) BI «ae - , bel ,fo05 a¥ 6% why ‘Les gt I LiedT ; reb javlvotwind mefenoyidmernoan «as ex_bisited ; «1061 sessif «S88i ,.5 ,.b@ ,.2tA .Ioos obloes eb gavtiofwink aelasoysimae ws .oGal ,& «ba ,.idiewaed -. fold iene ied enaniocedosldoest) medtotidiell seb ua tem ~-seleniqomAi Dar xelgd £005 .@8 .£8 .,feo8 .w 30% estes jaw a a ~ —_ ae “Bue coltmvo sit to tnonqefeved base emiowase eft a0. 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Pau . 92 Pe) ork .oatitugi? of. to mbayqogeh ent 4 a in rq’ bie wes elie fanimobda fariowst edt gis ,.afedsostiawica santietOo. sey saorgromas et oi.’ eb edriog ris: svoilvolwink ays getiiee ‘oaasion ; «fof opal .F06L ,SL..8 2008 Swi eee a dona nebionu! «eb suctdolning ofanoyagaanogn olh - .o pRertyoots? bow aitotluo’ soon” oe segnenonose d8f-. af .t8 ,focS (Wai eee ae eioaanl to al fasinet if to pute? eh3 go aatol ( FC) . “qoge leat or vebige S0@Cf ,808-TeS ua ,..908 . tne Sage eee ghd sT .disso7ko0d yds to Bl ae koe ols oct; ) bis: ons datiw yaotomon whstk bis. os I gant DRO ERO: zy ~etetqid of atlLefeded ee saa .Of .fov .{S) ,detS 08M teeceee ees i 8045 {38=, 3e8 ayy aitetul apatqotosé ,asiit aif fo exepte sien ear pat -aitevoorsts .& baa Aa aq, .tov ,(&) ,dsf) ,o8% SdeterR samo. vy .of-L[ib ‘ al qi? unvttedD seb emebgyqednyat seb wel nob asded ,088f ,netenha ynotissregata .apank > Sennen Sa : = a = = ere RS SS AR ESOS rma = _ aa eo ae me | Coleoptera | /Blunck, He Die Entwicklung des Dytiscus marginalis, von Ei bis Imago. 1 Zeits. fiir w. Zool. Vol. 111, 1914, pp. 76-151 |Demandt , Carl Der Geschlechtsapparat von Dytiscus marginalis. | zelts. fur W. 200. Yol. 1035, 1912, pp. 171-299). |Donisthorpe, H. Notes on the Copulation of Hydrophilus piceus I. Ent. Record, Vol. 12, Nr. 11, pp. 291-2. Ricken ch, Ke Anatomische Studien thber das mannliche Genital- system der Coleopteren. Zeits. flr w. Zool. Bd. 57, 1894. lHarvey, Hydrophilus piceus; period of embryology. | Rep. 69, Manchester Mic. Soc., 1911. — Ke Die Embryonalentwicklung von Hydrophilus piceus L.« I, Theil, Jena, 1889. Ueber die Anlage der Keimblitter von Hydrophylus piceus L. | Abhandl. d. Ke preuss, Acad. d. Wiss., Berlin, | 1885. } WHilger, Z. Zur Morphologie des Kaferabdomens. | Zool. Centralbl., 1 Jhg., Nr. 10-11, pp. 3585-9 Broly, Me Sur les moeurs, les metamorphoses, l'anatomie : et l'embryogenie d'un petit insecte coleoptere | (Colaspis atra Latr. ), etc., | Ann. d.e Sc. Nat. S roe Ve ba» 1844, PpPpe 5-58 « | Kirschner, Theodor, Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des WAnnlichen Copulationsapparaits von Tenebrio molitor L. Zool. Jahrb., (Anat. Abt.) 1913, pp. 337-76. ‘|Korschelt, Ee Zur Embryonalentwicklung des Dytiscus marginalis hk. | Zaats Seon. Supp. 15, Bds 2,;.1912. pp. | 499 =552 e | juecaillon, A. Contribution a lL'etude des premiers phenomenes . | | | du developpement embryonnaire chez les Insectes, particulierement chez les Coleopiteres. | Arch. d'anat. Micr., Paris, t. 1, pp. 205-11, 1897. | Note preliminaire relative aux feuillets ger- Minatifs des Colepteres. | be oe poe. de Biol., Paris (10), T. 4, Nr. 357, . pp. 1014-16. | | Recherches sur l'oeuf et sur le developpment de | quelques Chrysomelides. These. Paris Arch. d'anat., Micr., T. 2, 1898, Sur les feuillets germinatifs des Coleopteres. Gv mh. Ac. Sec., T 125, pp. 876-9. Paris, 1897. = rLot=< % + MITE qq .STGE, (SOS, Lo) iene st auesiaq exvlidgortyil 1 so8ER Leqod Bais AO) so-l@S .aq . hf sak. SE eae , 3908 afetine) @f4tinr&s ack sede ‘hetbyse Shuai! - isretGoeloo; fob we feye sPGSl .¥ 2Des + eos he ait Chk Eas, »aaoloyn if pee peusot ae oan cier 5. of s8¢eemoe bed ig Bir) i Tee On ynsh Ec Pe gale Yael old "068% {2dau 3% whe ~h1Qf , 222 .J0¥ . Réess satisntar sis s eb Jibiaadtewor of we $6 “yma! s «Bob tl ,5¢eL in Pe toa «fiat? B. Py tg zi Qsselsyd 0 ) opeqadadss: »seetesao0fod sat eiilisninteé Weal ,eivel ge-d%B aaqq : eas -1h a 29 RGA re o\3 _ } .3 -sit\ gab pouloic iwiad. elsenodydmeiad sig tot mee Iibnodet 1b bag leue co ve ldoelidoeed aetst t ,76eteoaly it ®eae molt teogive Ad | pe . f ,74Gs Ai . Tai eu - ind ferotlonts .eb efsefodqrom aus” epead fed ~1enetgobiqal seb eyebdnse ddoetdesed Yao, .4 ,4° .68 .io08 -agie S0Reaeeeen Adam, Alexander , Butschli, 0. Carriere, J. Dewitz, H. ‘Foerster, Emil Kraepelin, K. Marshall, S. W. & Demehl, H. P. Severin, H. C. & H. 62 Hymenoptera Bau and Mechanisms des Receptaculum seminis bei den Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Anat.) 1912-13, vol. OD, pp. 1-74. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Biene. Zeits. flir wiss. Zool. Bd. 20, 1870. Die Entwicklung der Mauerbiene (Chalicodoma muraria Fabr.) im Hi. Nova Acta Ac. Leop. Carol. Bd. 69, 1897. Ci57 Dp.., 15 Tass.) (See also, -- Arch. fllr mikr. Anat. Bd. 35, 1890, and Zook. Anzg., 1890, Nr. 327.) Ueber Bau und Entwicklung des Stachels der Ameisene Zeita. for wiss. Zool. Bd. 28, Hft. 4, 1877. Ueber die Fuhrung an der K8rperanhdngen der Insekten speziell betrachtet an der Legescheide der Acridier, dem Stachel der Meliponen und den Mundteilen der Larve von Myrmelon, nebst Beschreibung dieser organe. Berliner Ent. Zeits., Bd. 26, 1882. Vergleichendanatomische Untersuchungen ltber den Stechapparat der Ameisen. Zool. Jehrb., (Abt. flr Anat. .-), Vol. 34, 1912, pp. 347-80. Utersuchungen Uber den Bau, Mechanismus und die Entwicklung des Stachels der bienartigen Tiere. Zaite. fur wiss. Zool. Bd. 23, 1873. Contributions towards the Embryology and Anatomy of Polistes pollipes; I. The Formation of the Blastoderm and the first arrangement of its cells. Zeits. fiir wiss. Zool. Bd. 80, pp. 122-54, 1905. Ei, Pon Anatomical & Histological Studies of the Female Reproductive organs of the American Saw-fly, Cimbex americana, Leach. Ann. Ent. SOG. Amer., VoL. dy 1908, Dpe 87=- 100. The Internal Organs of reproduction of the male Saw-fly, Cimbex americana, Leach. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. 1, 1908, pp. 196-204. ae eae. Be —— al BODOOLI SA) enalwroen tei yialho hw sad. etd a5 a e imotensboodo feolsis8y { [t- ceagissud ed To anogio evivouborqed » ee, LY ke td a Vide); . 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ENGL os 25 aloo 5s eghw iy? sattes ™~ bas vsoloyrxd eis ebrawod ato biudiadaod OY 951 »l ;eagiiloa seveifos 26 Yaloseacad a | aT co ait bom oqnebovesiafi 6d3 36 [ee selleao est Sf sii ~0b oi f . Loos » Be fw Yt at tes scoes t 4H 0d xi to eelbulé Laotsolotstih £ J#@otmotanad ; s wv * 3 ‘ = ic re a —— Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Plate III. ORTHOPTERA Melanoplus differentialis, female, lateral view. Melanoplus differentialis, female, mesal view. Dissosteira carolina, male, ental view. Melanoplus differentialis, female, mesal view. Melanoplus differentialis, male, lateral view. Melanoplus differentialis, female, ental view. 1 2 3 4 5 Melanoplus differentialis, female, lateral view, 6 7 8 Dissosteira carolina, male, caudal view. 9 Melanoplus differentialis, male ventral view. 10 Dissosteira carolina, female, lateral view. 11 Mglanoplus differentialis, male, mesal view. 12 Melanoplus differentialis, male, mesal view. 13 Melanoplus differentialis, male, dorsal view. 14 Dissosteira carolina, female, ental view. 15 Dissosteira carolina, female, lateral view. 16 Melanoplus differentialis, male, dorsal view, 17 Melanoplus differentialis, female, dorsal view. 18 Melanoplus differentialis, male, lateral view. 19 Melanoplus differentialis, female, ventral view. 20 Dissosteira carolina, female, mesa] view, NS SROY et oe eae +. Ves A a 7 sa Fig. . Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Plate IV. ORTHOPTERA 1 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, male, caudal view. 2 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, female, lateral view. 3 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, female, ventral view. 4 Dissosteira carolina, male, caudal view, 5 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, male, caudal view. 6 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, female, ventral, view. 7 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, female, dorsal view. 8 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, male, lateral and ental views. 9 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, male, ventro-caudal view. 10 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, male, caudal view, 11 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, male, ventral view. 12 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, male, dorsal view. 13 Xiphiduim ensiferum, male, dorsal view. 14 Xiphiduim ensiferum, male, caudal view. 15 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, female, mesal view. 16 Xiphiduim ensiferum, male, ventral view. 17 Xiphiduim ensiferum, male, caudal view. 18 Xiphiduim ensiferum, female, dorso-lateral view. 19 Xiphiduim ensiferum, female, dorsal view. a * volv Tebuco poRst \igelnepboetites sahil 4 n “i -.° eweliy laséial Peso +auoinev fy apres. : vee "hl a ade i alt he =. ses ra he ¥ — e @ aa gt ae em bf ap m4 4 pear. “es ae ea ar " +] if ‘ ' yaaa = mh atikeeduncrme i = Kt ¥ : 5 7? ml yectaa wi * , Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Plate V. HEMIPTERA Tibieen septemdecim, male, ventral view, Corixa sp., female, ventral view. Tibicen septemdecim, female, lateral view. Benacus grisens, female, lateral view. Notonecta undulata, male, lateral view. Benacus grisens, female, dorsal view. Benacus grisens, female, ventral view. Tibieen septemdecim, male, ventral view. Tibieen septemdecim, male, dorsal view. Notonecta undulata, male, dorsal view. Notonecta undulata, male, dorsal view. Tibieen septemdecim, female, lateral view. Benacus grisens, female, lateral view. Benacus grisens, female, lateral view. Tibieen septemdecim, male, lateral view. Notonecta undulata, male, ventral view. Notonecta undulata, male, ventral view. Tibieen septemdecim, female, dorsal view. Corixa sp., female, dorsal view. Notonecta undulata, female, ventral view. Notonecta undulata, male, ventral view. Notonecta undulata, male, lateral view. TS ee «V etelt a : Wokw fenadw sien ivebateggee eit on fs ; bs é * e ' a > BY T oS 5 q er a LY i i 4 ‘ ‘ “beak! ae vr i "hal ie Le mim nh sa if : - Wi J . a ite vy 4 Pes | woltvy Lawaev ,ofexeT- vetnbibos + .worv fgafdov ,ofem Papas -woly Plate VI. HEMIPTERA Fig. Anasa tristis, female, dorsal view. Fig. Anasa tristis, female, ventral view. Fig. Anasa tristis, female, dorsal view. Fig. Corixa sp., female, ventral view. Fig. Corixa sp., female, ventral view. Fig. Anasa tristis, female, ventral view. Fig. ed 2 3 4 ‘ Fig. 5 Anasa tristis, female, dorsal and mesal views. 6 7 & Anasa tristis, female, ventral view. 9 Fig. Notonecta undulata, female, ventral view. Fig. 10 Corixa sp., female, ventral view. Fig. 11 Corixa sp., female, dorsal view. Fig. 12 Benacus risens, male, ventral view. Fig. 13 Benacus grisens, male, lateral view. Fig. 14 Corixa sp., female, dorsal view. Fig. 15 Benacus grisens, male, dorsal view. Fig. 16 Benacus grisens, male, mesal view. Fig. 17 Benacus grisens, male, lateral and ental view. Fig. 18 Benacus grisens, male, ventral view. Fig. 19 Notonecta, female, ventral view. tt sive ¥ eB i ah nickel F i. PP I Pie a ie + SR ees Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Fig. | Fig. | Pig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. oOo OO 3 © Oo Ff GO Ww FF Plate VII. HEMIPTRA Euschistus variolarius, female, dorsal view. Euschistus variolarius, female, ventral view. Euschistus variolarius, male, dorsal view, Auasa tristis, male, ventral view. Notonecta undulata, female, dorsal view. Euschistus variolarius, female, ventral view. Auasa tristis, male, ental view. Euschistus variolarius, male, doreal view. Euschistus variolarius, male, ventral view. Euschistus variolarius, male, mesal view. Benacus grisens, female, caudal view. Benacus grisens, female, mesal view. Benacus grisens, female, ventral view. Auasa tristis, male, caudal view. Auasa tristis, male, lateral view. Benacus grisens, female, ventral view. Auasa tristis, male, ventral view. Auasa tristis, male, dorsal view. Benacus grisens, male, ventral and ental view. Auasa tristis, male mesal view. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Plate VIII. WEUROPTERA, MECOPTRA, TRICHOPTERA. 1 Corydalia cornuta, male, ventral view. 2 Corydalia cornuta, male, dorsal view. 3 Panorpa lugubris, male, lateral view. 4 Corydalia cornuta, male, ventral-caudal view. 5 Corydalia cornuta, female, dorsal view. 6 Corydalia cornuta, female, ventral view. 7 Nerophilus californicus, male, ventral view. 8 Panorpa lugubris, male, lateral view. 9 Panorpa lugubris, male, mesal view. 10 Nerophilus californicus, male, dorsal view. ll Panorpa lugubris, female, ventral view. 12 Panorpa lugubris, female, dorsal view. 13 Nerophilus californicus, male, caudal view. 14 Panorpa lugubris, female, ental and ventral views. 15 Corydalia cornuta, female, lateral view. 16 Panorpa lugubris, male, ventral view. 17 Panorpa lugubris, male, mesal and ventral views. 18 Panorpa lugubris, female, dorsal view. 19 Corydalia cornuta, female, caudal view, 20 Panorpa lugubris, male, lateral view. OE Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Oo -O SF OO Oo Ff GQ Nw pf on OW ND YP BY Be Ye BP BP PB eS oe nv ~- © © 6 + Hf GG & VS “Soe ce tw WN Plate IX COLEOPTERA Harpalus caliginosus, female, dorsal view. Harpalus caliginosus, female, dorsal view. Ste oloamesl = lencieaniatoetiaaets F Cybister fimbriolatus, male, ventral view. Harpalus caliginosus, female, ventral view. Harpalus caliginosus, female, ventral view. Doryphora decimlineata, male, ventral view. Harpalus caliginosus, female, dorsal view. Harpalus caliginosus, female, ventral view. Harpalus caliginosus, female, mesal view. Harpalus caliginosus, male, lateral view. Harpalus caliginosus, male, dorsal view. Cybister fimbriolatus, male, mesal view. Harpalus caliginosus, male, dorsal view. Cybister fimbriolatus, female, dorsal view. Cybister fimbriolatus, female, lateral view. Doryphora decimlineata, female, ventral view. Harpalus caliginosus, male, ventral view. Cybister fimbriolatus, male, ventral view. Cybister fimbriolatus, male, dorsal view. Cybister fimbriolatus, female, ventral view. Cybister fimbriolatus, female, dorsal view. Cybister fimbriolaius, female, ventral view. Harpalus caliginosus, male, ventral view. whieh MB) i 5 Pte Xi eget? 4913 THOBLOD swolv Lgéqob ,~ebeiet , sbaodtyiiog @ «wulv. Laawob ~e8aiot ee . y ra ae" ‘ oe i ns on _ Ms is Awe ere 1 sorely sbadaaey| 46. ‘amene ‘endupe, al ai | che aedteon vin Bes jai +woltv Lgedal ee senha 8 wiv Lmenoh ,elenct - B35, + on Pry ye Fig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Plate XIV. HYMENOPTRA 1 Dolerus umcolor, female, dorsal view. 2 Vespa maculata, female, lateral view. S Vespa maculata, male, ventral view. 4 Vespa maculata, male, ventral view. 5 Dolerus umcolor, male, mesal view. 6 Vespa maculata, female, dorsal view. 7 Vespa maculata, male, mesal view. 8 Vespa maculata, male, ventral view. 9 Dolerus umcolor, male, dorsal view. 10 Vespa maculata, female, ventral view. ll Vespa haeaiata’. female, lateral view. le Vespa maculata, male , dorsal view. 15 Dolerus umcolor, male, ventral view. 14 Dolerus umcolor, female, ventral view. 15 Dolerus umcolor, male, ventral view. 16 Dolerus umcolor, female, ventral view. 17 Vespa maculata, female, dorsal view. 18 Vespa maculata, male, ventral view. 19 Dolerus umcolor, male, dorsal view. 20 Dolerus umcolor, female, ventral view. 21 Vespa maculata, female, ventral view. 22 Vespa maculata, male, dorsal view. + ee ea 7 ee aun f Fs j AS sat Pegi) ln tie ‘ ‘Smith College and in 1916 was made Assistant Professor in the Index. Biography The candidate was born December 23rd, 1876, in Flint, Michigan, and tHe most of the work covered in the grammar grades was done in that eity. Preparation for college was received in the High School at Batavia, New York, and the following four years were spent at Smith College, from which the degree of B. A. was received in June, 1900. In 1907 the candidate was appointed instructor in Zoology at same subject. The intervening years between 1900 and 1907 were spent partly as a substitute at Smith College in the Zoology Cepartment, partly at home, and in Europe for the year 1906='07, during which one semester was spent in the study of Zoology, at the University of Leipzig. Work in Entomology was done at Cornell University, under Professor A. D. MacGillivray, during the summer sessions of 1908 and 1909, as well as for the year 1914='15 at the University of Illinois. The second minor subject, Ecology, was studied at the summer laboratory of the University of Montana in 1913, under Dr. C. ©. Adams, and under Professor V. E. Shelford, at the University of Chicago, in the summer quarter, 1914. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA Ci