- COMPOSITAE & ~ & NEWSLETTER Number 39 27 February 2003 Scientific Editor: Berti. NoRDENSTAM Technical Editor: GUNNEL WIRENIUS NOHLIN Published and distributed by The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Phanerogamic Botany, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden ISSN 0284-8422 CONTENTS Editorial 1 J. F. Pruski & H. BELTRAN: Stenopadus andicola (Compositae: Mutisieae), a new generic record for Peru OE M. R. Ritter & S. T. S. Miotro: Taxonomic notes on South-Brazilian species of Mikania WiLD. (Asteraceae - Eupatorieae) 13 H. BELTRAN & A. GRANDA: New records to the Compositae flora of Peru 19 A. E. ADEGBITE & O. OLoropE: Hybridization studies in the genus Aspilia THouars (Asteraceae) in Nigeria I: Hybrid between A. kotschyi and A. helianthoides 27 A. E. ApDEGBITE & O. OLorove: Hybridization studies in the genus Aspilia THouars (Asteraceae) in Nigeria II: Hybrid between morphotypes of A. africana 4] B. NorDENSTAM: Alciope versus Capelio - a nomenclatural ordeal 48 B. NorDENsTAM: Further contributions to the genus Syncarpha (Compositae - Gnaphalieae) By B. NorDENSsTAM: Renascence of Scandinavian hieraciology 58 Announcement: Funds available for short visits to the Swedish Museum of Natural History 63 Si cm i a New taxa and combinations published in this issue 4 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 1 Editorial My article on the new generic name Capelio B. Noro. in the latest issue of this journal attracted an unforeseen interest and a discussion involving several friends and colleagues. Obviously my text contained imperfections and oversights, which are hopefully clarified in the present issue. However, this reaction proves at least three things, in my opinion. Firstly, nobody is perfect, and certainly not me. Secondly, nomenclature can be a tricky business and we gratefully acknowledge the benefit of having experienced and wise experts in this particular and important field of systematic botany. Thirdly, the Compositae Newslet- ter is an international journal widely read by colleagues around the world. The journal is printed in 1,000 copies, and we strive to publish two issues per year. At present we distribute the journal to 600 addresses in the world and free of charge. Publication is free, and instead of reprints the authors receive a number of copies of the actual issue. When writing this I am just back from South Africa, where we had the first Internatio- nal Conference of the Deep Achene: the Compositae Alliance (from now on to be named the International Compositae Alliance, or ICA), in Pretoria 9-10 Jan. 2003, followed by a one-week excursion to Lesotho and the Drakensbergen, with an emphasis on the Compositae. All arrangements were quite successful and enjoyable, with MaRINDA KOEKEMOER and Vicki Funk as skilful organizers. The proceedings of the conference will be included in the form of abstracts in the next issue of the Compositae Newsletter. BERTIL NORDENSTAM LUESTER T. MERTZ LIBRARY APR 0 2 2003 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 2 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Stenopadus andicola (Compositae: Mutisieae), a new generic record for Peru JOHN F. Pruski » & HAMILTON BELTRAN”) Missouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO, U.S.A. 2) Museo de Historia Natural-U.N.M.S.M. Av. Arenales 1256 Apartado 14-0434 Lima, Pert Abstract Stenopadus (Compositae: Mutisieae) is newly documented for the flora of Peru based on collections of Stenopadus andicola Pruski (originally described from the Cordillera del Condor, Ecuador) from Deptos. Amazonas and Loreto. The newly collected flowering material has filaments attached to the corolla tube at or near the sinus of the corolla lobes, weakly or non-keeled phyllaries and the species is thereby placed in Stenopadus section Stenopadus. Resumen Stenopadus (Compositae: Mutisieae) es tipico de la regidn Guayana de Brasil, Colombia, Guyana y Venezuela. Stenopadus tiene 15 especies, 14 de estas se presentan en esta region. De estas 14, siete son endémicas de Venezuela, una es endémica de Brasil, una es endémica de Colombia y otra endémica de Guyana. Las especies del género son lefiosas (desde arbustos hasta arboles de 26 m de altura) y generalmente ocurren en suelos de arenisca. Los capitulos de Stenopadus son pocos en numero, generalmente grandes y homégamos, contienen flores hermafroditas, actinomorficas, rojas, principalmente corolas glabras con ldbulos elongados comunmente enrollados. Recientemente una nueva especie se describid de la Cordillera del Condor en Ecuador. Esta misma especie, Stenopadus andicola PRUSsKI, registramos como nueva para el Peru, colectada en el Depto. Loreto: Cordillera Azul del Biabo y en el Depto. Amazonas: Cerros Chinim. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 3 Introduction Stenopadus S. F. BLAKE (Compositae: Mutisieae) is largely restricted to the Guayana region of Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela. The genus Stenopadus includes 15 species; 14 of these are endemic to the Guayana region (PRUSKI 1997, 1998). Of these Guayana regional endemics, seven species are endemic to Venezuela; Stenopadus aracaénsis PRUSKI is endemic to Brazil; Stenopadus colombianus Cuatr. & STEYERM. is endemic to Colombia; and Stenopadus megacephala PRUSKI1 is endemic to Guyana (PRUSK! 1991, 1997, 1998). The species of Stenopadus are woody (shrubs or trees to 26 m tall), and generally occur on nutrient-poor soils derived from sandstone. The capitula of Stenopadus are few in number, homogamous and generally large, and all flowers are hermaphroditic. The corollas of these flowers are actinomorphic, generally glabrous, and have long lobes that are commonly coiled. Species of Stenopadus are among the tallest Compositae known, and Stenopadus andicola PRusk1 (trees to 26 m tall), Stenopadus connellii (N. E. Br.) S. F. BLAKE (trees to 25 m tall), and Stenopadus cucullatus MaGuIRE & WuRDACK (trees to 20 m tall) are among the tallest American Compositae. Stenopadus andicola was recently described from sandstone bluffs above the Rio Nangaritza in the Cordillera del Condor in Ecuador (Prusk 1998). No species of Stenopadus were listed as occurring in the Andes in treatments of the Mutisieae for Colombia (DiAz-PIEDRAHITA & VELEZ-NAUER 1993), Ecuador (HARLING 1991), Peru (FERREYRA 1995), or Venezuela (ARISTEGUIETA 1964). Thus, the description of this spe- cies in Ecuador marked the first report of the genus in the Andes, and simultaneously the first report of the genus from outside the Guayana region. This same species, Stenopadus andicola, has been collected in similar habitats on sandstone in adjacent Peru (BELTRAN & PRuski 2002), and its presence in Peru is here documented by citation of the voucher specimens. One Peruvian locality (Cerros Chinim, Amazonas) is relatively near the type locality in Ecuador, whereas the second Peruvian locality (near Pauya of Cordillera Azul del Biabo, Loreto) represents a more substantial range extension. These two collections of Stenopadus andicola in Peru represent a new generic addition to the flora of Peru. The Mutisieae contain some of the most primitive species of Compositae, and the “ancestral asteraceous plant” illustrated in BREMER (1994) is Stenopadus-like. As noted by Pruski (1991, 1998) important primitive features found in the Guayana- centered Mutisieae include arborescent habit, thick fleshy leaves (taken as a mechanical deterrent, in light of the weak protective chemistry of the group), large capitula with florets that are bird-pollinated, paleate receptacles, short rounded style branches with a single stigmatic surface and without collecting hairs, anthers without a sculptured or elaborate apical appendage, and smooth prolate pollen. UrTuBEY & Stugessy (2001) noted that the perennial herbaceous Schlechtendalia Less. 4 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 (Barnadesieae, formerly Mutisieae subtribe Barnadesiinae) from Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay is perhaps basal in the Compositae. Whether the herbaceous or arborescent habit is plesiomorphic (ancestral) in Compositae, all members of the Stenopadus group and the sole species of Schlechtendalia are nevertheless restricted to South America. We therefore take the continent of South America as the center of origin and diversification of Compositae. In addition to the Peruvian collections of Stenopadus andicola being in full flower, the slightly enlarged and nearly barbellate pappus tips of these collections is an inte- resting feature. The type of Stenopadus andicola shows this feature, as do several other species of the genus from the Guayana region. However, the enlarged pappus tips in the Peruvian collections are particularly noticeable and among the more obvious among the species of Stenopadus. The pappus of several Guayana Mutisieae genera may be slightly enlarged and barbellate, although never much as in the related Brazilian Mutisieae genus Wunderlichia RIEDEL ex BENTH. (GISELA SANCHO, pers. comm.). In Wunderlichia the pappus tips are very much more obvious than in the Guayana genera, but nevertheless we do note here the occasional occurrence of enlarged pappus tips in the Guayana-centered Mutisieae. An amplified description of Stenopadus andicola follows, as do citations of the known collections of the species. Included among these specimens are the vouchers from Peru that document the occurrence of this genus and species as new to the flora of Peru. Stenopadus andicola Pruski, Novon 8: 67. 1998. Figs. 1-3. TYPE: ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: Canton Nangaritza: Valle del Rio Nangaritza, Miazi, bosque sobre pendientes fuertes de roca caliza o de pizarra, bosque primario, muy denso, 4°18'S, 78°40'W, 1200 m, 10 Dec 1990 (fr), W. PaLacios 6712 (holotype US!; isotypes MO!, QCNE n.v.). Trees 4—26 m tall; stems subterete, grooved, 10—20 cm diam., sericeous when young to glabrate, leafy distally, leafless proximally, internodes to 3 cm long. Leaves simple, alternate, often apically clustered, petiolate; petiole 14 cm long, thin and non- clasping; blade rigid-coriaceous, elliptic to obovate, 6.5—24 cm long, 2—10 cm wide, apically broadly acute to obtuse, basally cuneate, margins entire, thickened, some- what revolute, venation pinnate, reticulate or third-order veins sometimes obscure, the upper blade surface dark green, midrib commonly sericeous to puberulent, upper sur- face otherwise puberulent when young to glabrous, the lower blade surface pale green, midrib sericeous to weakly so, lower surface otherwise sericeous when young to nearly glabrous. Capitula solitary, terminal, sessile to shortly pedunculate, homogamous, 25—50-flowered, florets bisexual; peduncle 0—2 cm long and not much Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 5 exserted above the bases of the subtending leaf cluster, the subtending leaves deciduous and upper node or two with elongating axillary branch(es) when capitula in fruit, the peduncle then leafless with capitula 5 cm above axillary branch(es) and uppermost leaves; involucre cylindrical to narrowly campanulate, 5—7 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, 6—8-seriate; phyllaries 40-54, imbricate, graduated, tightly appressed and rigidly erect, but inner spreading somewhat when fruiting, coriaceous to carnose, sericeous or glabrate, green or brown marginally or apically, entire, the outer phyllaries very weakly keeled or not so, triangular-ovate, 0.5—0.9 cm long, 0.4—0.8 cm broad, apex acute or obtuse, the inner phyllaries flat, not at all keeled, elliptic- lanceolate to lanceolate, ca. 2-3 cm long, 0.4-0.9 cm wide, apex narrowly acute; receptacle flat, epaleaceous, 1—-1.8 cm diam. Corollas actinomorphic, somewhat camnose, tubular, strongly 5-cleft, ca. 31-37 mm long, magenta, glabrous externally; tube 16-18 mm long, often pilose distally within at base of filaments, about as long as the lobes; lobes linear-lanceolate, but strongly reflexed in about 3 or 4 complete backwards coils and seemingly sitting near apex of the corolla tube, lobes thus appearing to be much shorter than the tube, lobes fully extended ca. 15—19 mm long, 2-nerved or occasionally weakly 3-nerved, in such cases the medial central nerve very faint; anthers completely exserted, linear, greenish to cream-colored, ca. 15 mm long, apically acuminate, but without a sculptured or ornamented appendage, basally sagittate; tails white, smooth, linear, ca. 9 mm long, tails of adjacent anthers loosely connate; filaments ca. 15—16 mm long, inserted within the tube toward distal portion of tube or at the sinus of the corolla lobes; styles obscurely branched, magenta, glabrous without apical abaxial pollen collecting hairs, ca. 4-5 cm long, branches ovate, ca. 0.5 mm long, with a continuous stigmatic surface. Cypselas (achenes) nearly cylindrical, mostly S-angled, ca. 10 mm long, brown, glabrous; pappus of numerous scabrid setae, several-seriate, linear, stramineous, to 20 mm long, about twice as long as the cypselas, apically slightly swollen and barbellate. Additional material: ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: Canton Nangaritza: Detras del Campamento Militar de Miazi (oeste), bosque nublado con arboles cubiertos completamente de hepaticas y musgos, estrato del bosque 15 m de altura, arenizca cuarzosa meteorizada, 4°16'S, 78°42'W, 1100 m, 21 Oct 1991 (fr), W. PaLacios et al. 8551 (MO!); Sector Orquideas, east bank of the Rio Nangaritza, dense forest on sandstone of the Hollin Formation, 04°12'57" S, 78°39' 58" W, 1040 m, 16 Jun 2002, O. CaBrera et al. 1117 (LOJA n.v.), 1100 m, 8 Aug 2002, W. QuizHre 140 (LOJA n.v., MO n.v., QCNE n.v.) PERU: Amazonas: Bagua: Imaza: Aguaruna de Wanas, (km 92 Carretera Bagua- Imacita), Cerros Chinim [5°15'56"S, 78°22'07" W], bordes quebrada rocosa, 800-850 m, 31 Aug 1996, C. Diaz et al. 8090 (MO!). Loreto: Ridge at the upper Pauya, 6 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Cordillera Azul del Biabo, montafias en las cabeceras del Rio Pisqui, 8°28'45.6"S, 75°43'5.12"W, 1220 m, 12 Sep 2000, H. BELTRAN 3333 (MO!, USM!). There is some variation in leaf blade size and shape between the type of Stenopadus andicola and the Peruvian collections. However, several species of Stenopadus have similar degrees of variation in blade shape, petiole length, blade pubescence, and shape of the blade apex. The most variable species in these regards is Stenopadus talaumifolius S. F. BLAKE, which is very much more variable than the variation present among the known collections of Stenopadus andicola. We also note that Stenopadus andicola may flower when only 4 m tall, whereas some individuals are known to reach heights to 26 m, among the tallest American Compositae. Similar variation in leaf characteristics and plant height is found in other species of Stenopadus, and thus the vegetative variation in these collections of Stenopadus andicola from Peru has no taxonomic significance. The newly collected Peruvian flowering material of Stenopadus andicola has fila- ments clearly attached to the corolla tube at or near the sinus of the corolla lobes and weakly or non-keeled phyllaries. This species is thereby placed here squarely in Stenopadus section Stenopadus sensu Macurre et al. (1957a, 1957b), which is typified by Stenopadus talaumifolius. It is interesting to note that two of the more vegetatively plastic species of the genus (S. andicola and S. talaumifolius) are both members of Stenopadus section Stenopadus. S. andicola and S. talaumifolius are also among the most geographically widespread (S. talaumifolius occurs in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela; see Pruski 1991, 1997) and ecologically successful species of the genus. These two members of Stenopadus section Stenopadus are here presumed here to be among the most evolutionarily advanced members of the genus, and S. andicola is particularly noteworthy in that it is the only member of the genus to have successfully invaded the Andes (PRuskI 1998). Distribution, ecology, and biogeography. We know S. andicola from only three localities: the type locality and environs on the Cordillera del Condor, Ecuador, and the two Peruvian localities cited herein. We have seen material of four collections, but two newer collections from about 10 km north of the type locality in Ecuador have recently (June and August 2002) been made (Davip NEILL, pers. comm.). DAvID NEILL and colleagues have searched intensively for Stenopadus in forested sandstones bluffs above the upper reaches of the Rio Nangaritza of the Cordillera del Condor, habitats similar to that of the type locality. These explorations have failed to discover Stenopadus in adjacent Morona-Santiago province, thus S. andicola apparently occurs from the Cordillera del Condor in Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador and southwards into Peru. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 7 The collections known to us are in bud in August, flower in August and September, and fruit in October. The species is known from 800 to 1220 m elevation (ALVERSON et al. 2001 list the Loreto collection from Peru as 1700 m) in Ecuador on the Cordillera del Condor Ecuador and in Peru on nearby Cerro Chinim in Amazonas, Peru and the more distant Cordillera Azul del Biabo, near the border of Loreto and Ucayali, Peru. Ecological associates of S. andicola occurring in the “Zona Resevada Biabio Cordillera Azul” in Loreto include species of Retiniphyllum, Schefflera, Purdiaea, Pagamea, Talauma (now reduced to Magnolia), and Schizaea. While Cordillera Azul is not well known as a home to former Guayana endemics, the presence there of Stenopadus, for example, seems to indicate a great potential for further interesting and important biogeographic discoveries. A discussion of the Cordillera Azul and its ve- getation, as well as a color photograph (p. 28, Fig. 9F) of S. andicola (as Stenopadus sp. nov.) appears in ALVERSON et al. (2001). The poorly explored Cordillera del Condor forms part of the international frontier between Ecuador and Peru, and until recently was the site of armed confrontations between these two neighboring countries. This Cordillera is an eastward extension of the Andes, partly segmented in the north from the main Andean chain by the Nangaritza River valley. The upper strata of the Cordillera del Condor differ geologically from the core Andean chain by being composed of nutrient-poor sandstones that form flat-topped ridges (David NEILL, pers. comm.). Sandstone substrates, on the other hand, largely characterize the tepuis of the Guayana Highland, centered more than 1500 kms to the northeast of the biogeographically important Cordillera del Condor. The sandstones of the Cordillera del Condor and adjacent areas may provide suitable habitats for largely Guayana-centered taxa. Recent collections have revealed that the Cordillera del Condor and adjacent areas are indeed home to several other disjunct genera and species (other than S. andicola) that are concentrated in the geologically older Guayana region. Some additional taxa largely endemic to the Guayana region, but now disjunct to the Cordillera del Condor and environs include Arititivopea lopezii (Xyridaceae), Bonnetia (Theaceae), Euceraea nitida (Flacourtiaceae), Everardia montana (Cyperaceae), Paepalanthus dichotomus (Eriocaulaceae), Perama (Rubiaceae), Perissocarpa (Ochnaceae), Phainantha (Melastomataceae), Podocarpus tepuiensis (Podocarpaceae), Pterozonium brevifrons and reniforme (Pteridaceae) (PRUSKI 1998, Davip NEILL & RopoLro VASQUEZ, pers. comm.). Other taxa, for example Lissocarpa (Ebenaceae), are found largely in Guayana and the region of the Cordillera del Condor, but concentrated in neither. We anticipate discovery of additional exciting biogeographic links between the Lost World of the Guayana Highland and the Cordillera del Condor. 8 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Acknowledgements We thank Rosin Foster (F), Otro HuBER, GISELA SANCHO (LP), DAviD NEILL, Rosa Ortiz, PETER STEVENS, and RODOLFO VASQUEZ (all MO) for helpful discussion, TRISHA ConsIGLio (MO) for preparing the map, and Ron Foster for permission to publish his photograph of the Loreto populations of this species. References ALvERSON, W. S., RopRiGUEZ, L. O. & D. K. Moskovits (eds.) 2001. Peru: Biabo Cordillera Azul. Rapid Biological Inventories: 02. The Field Museum, Chicago. ARISTEGUIETA, L. 1964. Compositae. Jn: Lasser, T. (ed.), F/. Venezuela 10: 1-941. BELTRAN, H. & J. F. Pruski 2002. Stenopadus andicola (Asteraceae: Mutisieae): Un nuevo registro genérico para la Flora del Peru. Page 112 (abstract). LY Congreso Nacional de Botanica: 17-22 Junio 2002. Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos. BrEMER, K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics & Classification. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Diaz-PiEDRAHITA, S. & C. VELEZ-NAUER 1993. Revision de las tribus Barnadesieae y Mutisieae (Asteraceae) para la Flora de Colombia. Monogr. Jard. Bot. José Celestino Mutis 1: xi+ 1-162. FERREYRA, R. 1995. Family Asteraceae: Part VI [Tribe Mutisieae]. Jn: MACBRIDE, J. F. & Collaborators, Flora of Peru. Fieldiana, Bot. n.s., 35: v + 1-101. Har inc, G 1991. Compositae-Mutisieae. Jn: HARLING, G. & L. ANDERSSON (eds.), Flora of Ecuador 42: 1-105. Macumre, B., STEYERMARK, J. A., WURDACK, J. J. & Collaborators 1957a. Botany of the Chimanta Massif - I. Gran Sabana, Venezuela. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 9(3): 393-439. Macurre, B., WurbDAcK, J. J. & Collaborators 1957b. The botany of the Guayana Highland - Part II. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 9 (3): 235-392. Pruski, J. F. 1991. Compositae of the Guayana Highland - V. The Mutisieae of the Lost World of Brazil, Colombia, and Guyana. Bol. Museu Paraense, sér. Bot. 7: 335-392. Pruski, J. F. 1997. Asteraceae. Pages 177-393. In: J. A. STEYERMARK et al. (eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 3. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 9 Pruski, J. F. 1998. Stenopadus andicola sp. nov. (Asteraceae: Mutisieae), a new generic record for Ecuador. Novon 8: 67-69. Urtusey, E. & T. F. Stuessy 2001. New hypotheses on phylogenetic relationships in Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae) based on morphology. Taxon 50: 1043-1063. 10 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Fig. 1. Stenopadus andicola Pruski. Illustration (based on BELTRAN 3333). Habit. Capitulum. Corolla, stamens, and style. Cypsela. Adaxial surface of corolla tube-lobe juncture, showing pilose hairs, two veins per lobe, and insertion of filaments near the sinus of the corolla lobes. Enlarged apical portion of pappus seta showing barbellate hairs. Se Oe = Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Fig. 2. Stenopadus andicola PRusk\. Field photograph of BELTRAN 3333 by RoBIN FOSTER. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 80 75 70° 65 5 5° S / 0 1) @ J 5 = 5° ®@ * 10 ~ : 10° 15 15° 80° 75° 70° 65° Fig. 3. Stenopadus andicola Pruski. Distribution map. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 13 Taxonomic notes on South-Brazilian species of Mikania WILLD. (Asteraceae - Eupatorieae) Mara REJANE RITTER & SILVIA TERESINHA SFOGGIA MIoTTo Departamento de Botanica - Instituto de Biociéncias Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Campus do Vale, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil - 91509-900 email: mrritter@terra.com.br Abstract We verified, after analysing material and types in a recent taxonomic study about the genus Mikania in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, that several species should be placed into synonymy and lectotypes should be designated. In this work, ten new synonymies and ten new lectotypes are proposed. Pertinent comments on each species are presented. Key words: Mikania, Eupatorieae, Asteraceae, taxonomy. Resumo Em um recente estudo taxonémico sobre 0 género Mikania no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, apds a andlise de material e de tipos, verificou-se que varias espécies deveriam ser sinonimizadas e lectotipificadas. Neste trabalho, dez novas sinonimias e dez novas lectotipificagdes so propostas. Sao apresentados comentarios pertinentes para cada espécie. Introduction Mikania WiLb. includes about 450 species (HoLMes 1996); it is a mainly neotropical genus with some species spread in the temperate America and paleotropics (CABRERA et al. 1996). Most of the species are twining and climbing vines, but several erect species also occur. The species of Mikania occur in different habitats; the vines are mainly found on the edges of or inside forests and the erect species are found in grasslands. 14 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 This genus is characterized by the constancy of characters, with capitula formed by a subinvolucral bract, four involucral bracts and four flowers. During the taxonomic study of Mikania in south Brazil, collections of several herbaria in Brazil and other countries were examined, besides type specimens, photocopies, digitalized images and pictures of types that were sent by the herbaria. We verified that some species should be placed into synonymy and others accepted with new lectotypes, as proposed herein. 1. Mikania burchellii BAKER Mikania burchellii BAKER, Fl. Bras. 6(2):232.1876. Type: Brasiliae, prov. Minarum ad Caldas, REGNELL III, n. 722, 1867 (lectotype BR!, herein designated; photocopy of the lectotype BR!). Mikania salicifolia Hasst., Feddes Repert. 12:367-368.1913. Type: Paraguay, ad margines humidas silvarum Santo Tomas (Parag. septent.), HASSLER 11291, 1912- 1913 (holotype G; digitalized image of holotype G!; picture of holotype F!; isotypes MO, NY!; photocopy of isotype S!, BM!). syn. nov. BAKER mentioned three syntypes in the protologue of M. burchellii (REGNELL II] 722 (BR), WiDGREN 234 (BR) and BuRCHELL 4920 (BR)), which caused us to propose the material of the herbarium BR, the better preserved specimen REGNELL III 722, as lectotype. We also propose to place M. salicifolia into synonymy of M. burchellii because there is no diagnostic character that differentiates the former from the latter. 2. Mikania campanulata GARDNER Mikania campanulata GarDneR, London J. Bot. 5:489.1846. Type: Near to ciudade do Serro, Province of Minas Geraes, 1840, GARDNER 4888 (holotype B; picture of holotype F!; isotypes NY!, R!; picture of isotype K!; photocopy of isotype BM!, S!; digitalized images of isotype GH!, US!). M. sublaxa Maume, Kung]. Svenska Vetenskapskad. Handl. Ser. 3,12(2):58.1933. Type: Parana, Turma 23 pr. Desvio Ribas, in fruticetis, 800 m s.m., 14 IV. 1909, Dusen 8047 (lectotype S, herein designated; photocopies of lectotype S! and isolectotype S!). Two syntypes are mentioned in the protologue of M. sublaxa, DusEN 8016 (S) and Dusen 8047 (S). We propose the material DusEN 8047, which presents the most complete plant, as lectotype of M. sublaxa. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 15 3. Mikania chlorolepis BAKER Mikania chlorolepis BAKER, F1. Bras. 6(2):247.1876. Type: Minas Geraes ad Caldas, 1867, REGNELL III n. 727 (lectotype K, herein designated; picture of lectotype K!; isolectotype BR!; photocopy of isolectotype BR!). Three syntypes are mentioned in the protologue of M. chlorolepis, REGNELL II] 727 (BR, K), WipGren 133 (S, non vidi) and WipGren 176 (K). In this work, material REGNELL III 727 deposited in herbarium K is designated as lectotype; it presents the stem with the most characteristic adult leaf. 4. Mikania decumbens MAME Mikania decumbens Mame, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. Ser. 3, 12(2):52. 1933. Type: Minas Geraes, Caldas, 23 II. 1845, REGNELL III, n. 716 (holotype S!; digitalized image of holotype S!); Serra de Caldas, 20 IV. 1870, REGNELL II, n. 1739 (paratype S, non vidi). M. kleiniana CasrerA, Sellowia 15:236.1963. Type: Santa Catarina, Lages, Morro Pinheiro Seco, L.B. SmitH & R. KieIn 12214, 16 III. 1957 (holotype LP!; isotype HBR!); Joagaba, 62 km west of Cacgador, L.B. SmitH & R. KLEIN 11418, 18 II. 1957 (paratype LP!); Lages, 2 km east of Indios, L.B. Smit & R. Kiem 11234, 11 Il. 1957 (paratype LP!; isoparatype HBR!, RB!); Lages, B. Rampo 49634, 10 I. 1951 (paratype HBR!); Joagaba, 3-15 km east of Ponte Serrada, L.B. SmitH & R. KLEIN 11878, 26 II. 1957 (paratype US). syn. nov. M. kleiniana is proposed as new synonym of M. decumbens because the differential characters mentioned by CaBrERA (1963) vary in the specimens analysed and a diagnostic character to separate them as distinct taxa was not found. 5. Mikania fulva (Hook. & ARN.) BAKER Mikania fulva (Hook. & ARN.) BAKER, Fl. Bras. 6(2):222.1876. Type: The same as of Eupatorium fulvum. Eupatorium fulvum Hook. & ARN., Companion Bot. Mag., 1:241.1835. Type: Prov. Rio Grande do Sul, TWEEDE s.n. (holotype K; picture of holotype K!). Mikania ternifolia DC., Prodr. 5:188.1836. Type: Brasiliae prov. Rio Grande, 1833, GAUDICHAUD 778 (holotype P; picture of holotype P!; digitalized image of holotype P!; picture of holotype F!). syn. nov. Mikania ternifolia DC. var. senecioides BAKER, Fl. Bras. 6(2):223.1876. Type: Ad Montevideo, SELLo 274 (holotype not found). syn. nov. Willoughbya ternifolia (DC.) KunTZE, Revis. Gen. Pl]. 1:373.1891. Type: The same as of M. ternifolia. syn. nov. 16 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Mikania hassleriana Cuopat, Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. 2, 3:712. 1903. Type: Paraguay, pr. Valenzuela, febr., HAssLER 7083 (holotype B; picture of holotype SI!). syn. nov. Mikania hassleriana CHopat forma cuneifolia CHopaT & HassL., Bull. Herb. Boissier Ser. 2, 3:712. 1903. Type: Paraguay, pr. Arroyo Primero in regione fluminis Apa, jan., HASSLER 8337 (holotype not found; isotype GH). syn. nov. Mikania senecioides Scu. Bir. ex BAKER, FI. Bras., 6(2):223.1876. nom. nud. in syn. Mikania montevidensis SPRENG. eX BAKER, FI. Bras., 6(2):222.1876. nom. nud. in syn. The shape and arrangement of leaves were indicated as differences between M. fulva and M. ternifolia according to some authors. However, we observed that it is common to find in an individual whorled leaves on the base and opposite leaves on median and upper portion of the stem. Besides that, there is not a well-defined morphological discontinuity in the shape of leaves since intermediate materials are found. We verified that M. fulva and M. ternifolia are the same species and once M. fulva was found to have priority over M. ternifolia, the latter was placed into synonymy. The same criteria were used to put M. hassleriana Cuon., cited from Paraguay and described with opposite leaves, into synonymy. 6. Mikania glomerata SpRENG. Mikania glomerata SprenG., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 3:421.1826. Type: Brasilia, SELLO s.n. (holotype probably in B; picture of the probable holotype F!; digitalized image of the probable holotype GH!). Cacalia trilobata VELL., Fl. Flum. 315. (1825)1829. Type: Plate n. 54 (lectotype VELL.!, herein designated). Mikania hederaefolia DC., Prodr. 5:202.1836. Type: In Brasiliae circa Rio de Janeiro legit cl. LUND 495 (lectotype G, herein designated; digitalized image of lectotype G!; picture of lectotype F!). Mikania hatschbachii G.M. Barroso, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro, 16: 326. 1958. Type: Parana, Guaratuba, rio Sao Joao, faz. Rio do Melo, HatscHBAcH 4928, 30. VII. 1958 (holotype RB!; isotype MBM!, SP!). syn. nov. We propose a lectotype for Cacalia trilobata VELL., being the plate n. 54 by VELLoso (loc. cit.). Two syntypes are mentioned in the protologue of M. hederaefolia, Lunp n. 495 (G) and BLANCHET n. 2111 (G). We propose a lectotype for M. hederaefolia, choosing the Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 9) material LUND n. 495 (G), which presents better conditions and is cited as type in the TROPICOS database and in the list of types of herbarium F. Mikania hatschbachii G. M. Barroso was placed into synonymy with M. glomerata, since relevant differential characters to distinguish them were not found. The differential characters pointed out by Barroso (1958), such as shape and consistence of leaves, inflorescence and size of the corolla tube, varied a lot in all material we examined, including in same individual. 7. Mikania hastato-cordata MALME Mikania hastato-cordata MAME, Ark. Bot., 24a(6): 39, 1931. Type: Quinta pr. Rio Grande, in silvula humida, 5 Nov. 1901, REGNELL II MALME 227 (lectotype S!, herein designated). Two syntypes are mentioned in the protologue, MALME 227 (S) and SELLow 2234 (not found). We propose to designate as lectotype the material MALME 227, which presents good conditions and is deposited in herbarium S, where the samples collected by MA tne are deposited. 8. Mikania paranensis DuUSEN Mikania paranensis Duskn, Ark. Bot. 9(15):21.1910. Type: Campo bei Villa Velha, 10 Mar. 1904, Dusen 4088 (lectotype S!, herein designated; photocopy of isotype S!; isolectotype R!). Two syntypes are mentioned in the protologue, DusEN 4088 (R, S) and DusEN 8285 (S). We designated DusEn 4088 of herbarium S as lectotype. This material presented illustrations of details of the capitula, which is also found in the protologue. The ma- terial of herbarium R was considered as an isolectotype. 9. Mikania ternata (VELL.) B.L. Ros. Mikania ternata (VELL.) B.L. Ros., Contr. Gray Herb.39:198. 1911. Type: The same as of Cacalia ternata. Cacalia ternata VELL., Florae Fluminensis, 315. 1825 [1829]. Type: Plate n. 56 (lectotype VELL.!, herein designated). C. septennata VELL., Florae Fluminensis, 316. 1825 [1829]. Type: Plate n. 63 (lectotype VELL.!, herein designated). We propose VELLosOo’s plates to be lectotypes for Cacalia ternata and C. septennata. We accept the priority of the name Mikania ternata (VELL.) B.L. Ros. over M. dentata SPRENG., aS proposed by Homes (2001). 18 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 10. Mikania variifolia HiERon. Mikania variifolia Hizron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 22:793.1897. Type: Argentina, “Entre Rios, in Gebiischen an Flussufern bei Concepcion del Uruguai’”, April 1877, Lorentz 1035 (lectotype G, herein designated; digitalized image of lectotype G!; isolectotype BAF!, CORD!; digitalized image of a fragment of lectotype GH!). Four syntypes were mentioned in the protologue, Lorentz 1035 (G), Lorentz 1240 (B, CORD), NiEDERLEIN 156 (not found) and SELLo 3622 (not found). We propose the material LorENTz 1035 deposited in herbarium G to be the lectotype because it includes a complete specimen with adult leaves. Acknowledgements We thank Dr. BertiL NorDENSTAM for stimulus and suggestions and all the staff and curators of herbaria in Brazil and abroad that have sent the required material. References Barroso, G M. 1958. Mikaniae do Brasil. Arquivos do Jardim Botdnico do Rio de Janeiro 16: 239-333. CasreERA, A. L. & N. Vittet 1963. Compositae Catharinenses. II. Eupatorieae. VI. Mikania. Sellowia, 15: 215-258. CABRERA, A. L., HoLMEs, W. C. & S. MCDANIEL 1996. Compositae III, Asteroideae, Eupatorieae. Flora del Paraguay, Genebra, 25: 208-273. Homes, W. C. 1996. A proposed sectional classification for Mikania (Eupatorieae). In: Hinp, D. J. N. & H. J. BEENTIE (eds.), Compositae: Systematics, Vol. 1, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, pp. 621-626. Howes, W. C. 2001. Addenda al género Mikania WiLLD. (Compositae-Eupatorieae) de la flora del Paraguay. II. Candollea 56: 123-126. TROPICOS, W3. Available at http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/search/vast.html (07/ 07/2002) Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 19 New records to the Compositae flora of Peru H. BELTRAN & A. GRANDA* Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Apdo. 14-0434 Lima, Peru e-mail: hamilton@musm.edu.pe *Dpto. De Biologia, Herbario (MOL), Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apdo. 456, Lima, Peru e-mail: a.granda@lycos.com Abstract Twenty new records to Peruvian Compositae flora are listed and documented. The genera Emilia Cass., Microseris D. Don, and Symphyotrichum NEES are cited for the first time. Introduction In the Andes, the Compositae (Asteraceae) make up an important part of the flora and are found in all habitats from forest to paramo and puna, although they are not well- represented in the low elevation rain forests (FUNK 1997 a, FUNK et al. 1995). The Compositae are a large and diverse family in Peru with 222 genera and 1432 spe- cies according to DILLON & HENSOLD (1993), but as with any checklist the names are constantly altering because of nomenclature changes, new records, newly described genera and species, and omissions. Several changes have occurred since the publication of the Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru (BRAKO & ZaRuCCHI 1993) including mainly the descriptions of new species, the descriptions of new genera, such as Caxamarca DILLON & SaGAst. (DILLON & SAGASTEGUI 1999), the locating of Peruvian species of genera not previously known from Peru, such as Chiliotrichiopsis CaBR. (NESOM et al. 2001), and the locating of Peruvian populations of species not previously reported from Peru, such as Talamancalia putcalensis (HtcRON.) B. Norb. & Pruski and Rolandra fruticosa (L.) Kuntze (BELTRAN & Pruski 2000). Important realignments of taxa include, for instance, the species traditionally referred to Vernonia, which in Peru have been placed by Rosinson (1999) into twelve newly described or resurrected genera, or the 20 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 re-arrangement of many species of Werneria moved into Xenophyllum (FunK 1997b). Consequently, the total number of Peruvian Compositae has become significantly higher and no less than 240 genera and 1500 species are expected at present. As a part of a more detailed ongoing analysis of the richness and diversity of the Compositae flora from Peru, twenty new records are provided in this paper; all infor- mation was based on routine determinations of collections housed mostly at USM and MOL. Exsiccatae for each species are cited and distribution records indicated in literature are included. The following additions leave no doubt about a future increase in the total number of Compositae species in Peruvian territory as further collections and additional identifications will be made. New Records Astereae: Conyza altoandina Casr., Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 14 (4): 347. 1972. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cusco: Prov. Cdte. Espinar, Virginniyoc ca. 35 km de Yauri, camino de Yauri, puente viejo, Maucallacta hacia Sucuitambo, 4100 m, 13 Abr. 1987, NUNEz et al. 7903 (USM, MO). Distribution: Argentina (CABRERA 1978, Nesom 1990). Conyza uliginosa (BENTH.) Cuatr., Webbia 24: 216. 1969. Exsice.: Dpto. Ancash: Prov. Yungay, Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Huaripampa between Quebrada Paria and Morococha (8°56’S, 77°33’ W), grassland with rare scattered shrubs or stands of Polylepis, 3930-4500 m, 13 Jan. 1985, SmiTH et al. 9188 (USM, MO). Dpto. Huanuco: Prov. Ambo, Tomayquichua, Huarmiragra- Estanco, estepa humeda de gramineas y arbustos dispersos, ca. 3900 m, 5 Abr. 1996, GRANDA 1698 (MOL, MO). Diplostephium macrocephalum S. F. BLAKE, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 24: 74. 1922. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. Jaén, Sallique, E] Paramo (5°40’S, 59°14’W), pajonal de puna 3300 m, 25 Jun. 1998, Campos et al. 5094 (USM). Distribution: Ecuador (Ropmson et al. 1999). Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Da Symphyotrichum squamatum (SprENG.) Nesom, Phytologia 77 (3): 292. 1994. Exsicc.: Dpto. La Libertad: Ca. 4 km NW of Coina, rocky hillsides with southern exposure, ca. 1500 m, 30 Dec. 1978, DiLLon & TuRNER 1514 (USM, MO, F). Dpto. Lima: Prov. Canta, Trapiche, ribera semi-inundada del rio Chillon, 700-800 m, 31 Ago. 1992, GRANDA & ALEGRIA 702 (MOL). Distribution: Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (CABRERA 1963), Colombia (CuATRECASAS 1969). Eupatorieae: Cronquistianthus leucophyllus (H. B. K.) Kinc & H. Ros., Phytologia 23 (5): 411. 1972. Exsicc.: Dpto. Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, camino a Suruguna, 2250 m, 10 Jun. 1961, AcLeTo 511 (USM); Huancabamba: Porculla, Huarmaca, suelos pedregosos y secos, 2050 m, 4 Jun. 1994, Liatas 3495 (USM). Distribution: Ecuador (KING & RoBINsoN 1987). Crossothamnus gentryi KING & H. Ros., Phytologia 78 (5): 382. 1995. Exsicc.: Dpto. Amazonas: Prov. Condorcanqui, cordillera del Condor, cima del cerro Machinaza, cabeceras del rio Comainas, tributario al oeste del rio Cenepa (3°52,7’S; 78°24,8’W), sobre meseta de roca arenosa con capa de humus, 2150 m, 21 Jul. 1994, BELTRAN & Foster 1133 (USM, F). Distribution: Ecuador (KING & Rosinson 1995). Mikania pichinchensis Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 576. 1901. Exsice.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, San José de Lourdes, Camana (5°00’S, 78°55’°W), bosque primario 2000-2200 m, 20 Mar. 1997, Campos & CorraLes 3590 (USM). Distribution: Ecuador (KiNG & Rosinson 1987). Mikania sylvatica Kvatr, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 8: 37. 1886. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, San José de Lourdes, entre Garruchas y Quebrada Agua Negra (5°00’S, 78°57’W), bosque secundario, 980-1300 m, 20 Mayo 1997, Campos & VaRGas 3294 (USM). Distribution: Colombia, Eucador (Kinc & Rosinson 1987, Rosinson et al. 1999). 22 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Ophryosporus serratifolius (KUNTH) B. L. Ros., Contr. Gray Herb. 90: 3. 1930. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. Jaén, Sallique, Lanchal (5°40’S, 79°16’ W), bosque secundario, 2400—2550 m, 4 Jul. 1998, Campos et al. 5203 (USM). Distribution: Ecuador (KING & RoBINSON 1987). Heliantheae: Acanthospermum australe (LOEFL.) KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. Plant. 1: 303. 1891. Exsice.: Dpto. Madre de Dios: Ifiapari, lugar ruderal, 5 Dic. 1978, GutTe & MUELLER 8557 (USM). Dpto. Puno: Prov. Sandia, valle Tambopata, cerca de San Juan del Oro, bosque perennifolio, 2100-2200 m, 14 Mayo 1966, FERREYRA 16717 (USM). Distribution: USA, Martinica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, India, Hawaii (BLAKE 1921). Tithonia rotundifolia (MILLER) S. F. BLAKE, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 41. 1917. Exsice.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, Granja Quiracas (5°16’S, 78°46’ W), bosque secundario, 600—800 m, 30 Ene. 1996, Campos et al. 2289 (USM). Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Nigeria, Rhode- sia, China (LA DuKE 1982). Xanthium strumarium L., Spec. Plant. 2: 987. 1753. Exsicc.: Dpto. Loreto: Maynas Iquitos, Uspa-Cano across Rio Itaya from Iquitos, low open usually inundated alluvial area, 30 Sept. 1975, McDaniEL & Rimacu! 20243 (USM). Distribution: Venezuela (BADILLO 1997). Lactuceae: Microseris pygmaea D. Don, Phil. Mag. 11: 388. 1832. Exsicc.: Dpto. Lima: Prov. Canta, arriba de Lachaqui, camino de ascenso Quinan, estepa de gramineas con arbustos dispersos, ca. 3800 m, 20 Mayo 1995, GRANDA 1438 (MOL, OSC, US). Distribution: Chile (CHAMBERS 1955). Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 92 Senecioneae: Aequatorium limonense B. Norv., Comp. Newsl. 31: 14. 1997. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Tabaconas, Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Quebrada Chichilapa Grande (5°15’S, 79°18°W), bosque primario con predominancia de Chusquea, 2600-2800 m, 12 Nov. 1998, Campos et al. 5656 (USM). Distribution: Ecuador (NoRDENSTAM 1997). Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., Prodr. 6: 302. 1837. Exsicc.: Dpto. Ucayali: Pimental, carretera Jorge Basadre Km 34, 600 m, 13 Ene. 2001, BELTRAN 3659 (USM). Distribution: Panama (BARKLEY 1975), Venezuela (PRUSKI 1997), Ecuador (RoBIN- SON et al. 1999). Gynoxys foliosa (RusBy) S. F. BLAKE, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 24: 86. 1922. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cusco: Prov. La Convencion, Echarati, East rio Apurimac NE Pueblo Libre, up mountain of Anchihuay and Bellavista, south Cordillera Vilacabamba (12°51’S, 73°30°W), cloud forest, 2445 m, 3 Ago. 1998, NuNez et al. 23373 (US, USM). Distribution: Bolivia (Foster 1958). Pentacalia lanceolifolia (Cuatr.) Cuatr., Phytologia 49 (3): 247. 1981. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, San José de Lourdes, cerro Picorana (4°58’S, 78°53’ W), bosque enano, 2830 m, 17 Ago. 1998, Campos et al. 5542 (USM, MO). Distribution: Ecuador (CUATRECASAS 1981, ROBINSON et al. 1999). Pentacalia theaefolia (BENTH.) Cuatr., Phytologia 49 (3): 250. 1981. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, San José de Lourdes, cerro Picorana (4°58’S, 78°53’ W), bosque enano, 2830 m, 17 Ago. 1998, Campos et al. 5533 (USM, MO). Distribution: Ecuador (RoBINSON et al. 1999), Colombia (CuatreEcasas 1981). 24 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Vernonieae: Critoniopsis sevillana (Cuatr.) H. Ros., Phytologia 46 (7): 441. 1980. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, La Coipa, La Lima (5°26'S, 78°55’ W), bosque secundario, 1800 m, 14 Jun. 1997, Campos & GarciA 3975 (USM); Huarango, Nuevo Mundo, Gosén (5°18’S, 78°44°W), bosque primario, 1590 m, 18 Jul. 1997, Campos et al. 4178 (USM). Distribution: Ecuador (RoBINSON et al. 1999). Vernonanthura divaricata (SpreNG.) H. Ros., Phytologia 78 (5): 385. 1995. Exsicc.: Dpto. Cajamarca: Prov. San Ignacio, Chirinos, Pacasmayo (5°15’S, 78°55’W), 1700-1800 m, 23 Oct. 1997, Campos & Garcia 4524 (USM). Distribution: Brazil (RoBINSON 1999). Acknowledgement We wish to express our sincere gratitude to H. Rosinson, J. F. PRUSK1, M. O. DILLon, V. Funk, C. AEDo, V. M. BabDILLo, C. BENITEZ DE Rojas, E. ZARDINI, and J. La Duke for valuable help providing important literature. Thanks are also due to K. _L. CHAMBERS for sharing useful information about Microseris and for his continual interest, and to E. Zarpini for checking materials of Conyza uliginosa (BENTH.) CuatrR. and to B. NorDENSTAM for checking material of Aequatorium. The staff of USM and MOL facilitated this work and their support is strongly appreciated. BSc. J. ALEGRIA assisted skilfully in the typing of the earlier draft of this paper. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 25 References BapiLLo, V. M. 1997. Los géneros de Compositae (Asteraceae) de Venezuela: clave arificial para su determinacion. Ernstia 6 (2-3): 51-168. BARKLEY, T. M. 1975. Senecioneae. /n: Woopson, R.E., SCHERY, R. W. et al., Flora of Panama, part IX, family 184. Compositae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62 (4): 1244-1272. BELTRAN, H. & J. Pruski 2000. Talamancalia y Rolandra (Asteraceae): dos nuevos registros para el Pert. Arnaldoa 7 (1-2): 13-18. BLAKE, S. F. 1921. Revision of the genus Acanthospermum. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 20 (10): 383-392. Brako, L. & J. L. Zaruccui 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 1—1286. Carer, A. L. 1963. Compositae. Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Colecc. Ci. Inst. Tecnol. Agropec. 4 (6): 1-443. Carer, A. L. 1978. Compositae. Flora de la Provincia de Jujuy. Colecc. Ci. Inst. Tecnol. Agropec. 13 (10): 1-726. Cuamsers, K. L. 1955. A biosystematic study of the annual species of Microseris. Contr. Dudley Herb. 4 (7): 207-312. Cuatrecasas, J. 1969. Prima Flora Colombiana 3. Compositae-Astereae. Webbia 24 (1): 1-335. Cuatrecasas, J. 1981. Studies in neotropical Senecioneae II. Transfers to genus Pentacalia of north Andean species. Phytologia 49 (3): 241-260. Ditton, M. O. & N. HENSOLD 1993. Asteraceae. Jn: Brako, L. & J. L. ZARUCCHI (eds.), Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 103-189. Ditton, M. O. & A. SAGAsTEGUI 1999. Caxamarca, a new monotypic genus of Senecioneae (Asteraceae) from Northern Peru. Novon 9: 156-161. Foster, R. C. 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 1-223. Funk, V. A. 1997a. Compositae of Ecuador, II. Diversity and distribution. /n: VALEN- cia, R. & H. BALSLEv (eds.), Estudios Sobre Diversidad y Ecologia de Plantas, pp. 79-95. Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito; Aarhus Univer- sity, Aarhus. Funk, V. A. 1997b. Xenophyllum, a new Andean genus extracted from Werneria s. |. (Compositae: Senecioneae). Novon 7: 235-241. 26 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Funk, V. A., RosInson, H., McKEE, G S. & J. F. Pruski 1995. Neotropical montane Compositae with an emphasis on the Andes. /n: CHURCHILL, S. P., BALSLEV, H., Forero, E. & J. L. LuTEyn (eds.), Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests, pp. 451-471. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. Kinc, R. M. & H. Ropinson 1987. The genera of the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 1-581. Kinc, R. M. & H. Rosinson 1995. Additions to the genus Crossothamnus from Colombia and Ecuador (Alomiinae: Eupatorieae: Asteraceae). Phytologia 78 (5): 381-383. La Duke, J. C. 1982. Revision of Tithonia. Rhodora 84 (840): 453-522. Nesom, G. 1990. Taxonomy of the genus Laennecia (Asteraceae: Astereae). Phytologia 68 (3): 205—228. Nesom, G, Rosinson, H. & A. GRANDA 2001. A new species of Chiliotrichiopsis (Asteraceae: Astereae) from Peru. Brittonia 53: 430-434. NORDENSTAM, B. 1997. The genus Aequatorium B. Norp. (Compositae-Senecioneae) in Ecuador. Comp. Newsl. 31: 1-16. Pruskl, J. F. 1997. Asteracae. Jn: STEYERMARK, J. A., BERRY, P. E. & B. K. Hoist (eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 3: 177-393. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Rosinson, H. 1999. Generic and subtribal classification of American Vernonieae. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 89: 1-116. Rosinson, H., NORDENSTAM, B., LUNDIN, R. & P. M. JORGENSEN 1999. Asteraceae. In: JORGENSEN, P. M. & S. L. LEON-YANEz (eds.), Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Gard. 75: 260-314. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 27 Hybridization studies in the genus Aspilia Tuouars (Asteraceae) in Nigeria. I: Hybrid between A. kotschyi and A. helianthoides A. E. ADEGBITE* & O. OLORODE Department of Botany Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria * Department of Biological Sciences University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria Abstract Several crossing attempts were made among three species of Aspilia THOUARS, namely A. africana, A. kotschyi and A. helianthoides. Only one interspecific cross between A. kotschyi and A. helianthoides was successful. The sterile Fl was backcrossed with both parents but only the one with A. kotschyi was successful. The sterile F1 was subjected to colchicine polyploidization to obtain viable achenes for F2 generation. The habit, vegetative, floral and reproductive characteristics of the parents, the hybrids and the backcross are described and the causes of seed sterility in the hybrid plants are discussed. This report suggests A. kotschyi and A. helianthoides to be genetically closer than either of them to A. africana. Introduction The genus Aspilia THouars is known to contain highly variable species with obvious overlap in their mophological characters. SoLBric et al. (1972) reported the genus to contain 60 species, twelve species have been reported in West Tropical Africa and only seven of these species have been reported in Nigeria (ADAMs 1963). The species of Aspilia reported in Nigeria are A. rudis Ouiv. & HIERN, A. africana (Pers.) C. D. ApaAms, A. paludosa Beruaut, A. linearifolia Otiv. & HIERN, A. angustifolia Outv. & HIERN, A. kotschyi (Scu. Br.) Ouiv. and A. helianthoides (ScHum. & THONN.) OLIV. & HIERN. These species are annual herbaceous weeds except A. africana and A. rudis, which are perennial, with 4. africana showing either herbaceous or shrubby habit. They are 28 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 found mostly as regrowth species in cleared forest and abandoned farmlands. They are also found growing along roadsides and in disturbed habitats — an ecology atte- sting to their weedy and colonizer attributes (BAKER 1965). A. africana is widespread in the rainforest and derived savanna zones of Southern and Northern Nigeria, while the other species are found in the drier areas of Northern Nigeria and also in upland, low-lying and swampy locations (OLORODE 1974). Hybridization has been extensively used to elucidate inter-specific relationship (Oxo. 1978). According to the available information, there has not been any report of natural hybridization in the genus Aspilia. This may be due in part to the allopatric distribution of the populations of Aspilia species, and also probably due to genomic incompatibility, which prevented the production and/or the survival of the hybrids in nature, or due to inability of the natural hybrids to survive in the habitats of the parent plants. The morphological closeness of the species in the genus Aspilia makes it interesting to attempt inter- and intra-specific crosses among the species that are geographically isolated to reveal the probable evolutionary pathway of the species in the genus. As it has been shown for Capsicum L. (NWANKITI 1976), it is not unlikely that this wide variation occurring in the genus Aspilia could be helped by hybridization and also accentuated by geographical displacements as shown for the Solanum nigrum L. complex in North America by ScHILLNG & HEIsER (1979). Aspilia africana, A. helianthoides and A. kotschyi were the three available species considered in this study. Other species could not be located in the country during collection trips spanning over a period of three years. The objective of this work is to assess and evaluate the evolutionary and genomic affinities among the Nigerian species of Aspilia through hybridization. Materials and Methods Collection, Cultivation and Crossing Achenes and rootstocks of the Aspilia species were collected from different parts of Nigeria and plants were raised to maturity in the screen house from the propagules. Inter-specific crosses were carried out by rubbing, at appropriate stages, two heads from different plants of different species in all possible combinations, after which the heads were tagged and bagged with tissue paper to avoid contamination by unwanted pollen grains. About 1000 reciprocal crosses were made among the various populations of the three species considered in this study. All the achenes obtained from the crossed heads were grown to maturity to pick the hybrids. The sources and field characters of the populations considered are shown in Table 1. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 29 Colchicine polyploidization and backcrossing The only F1 hybrid plant obtained between A. kotschyi and A. helianthoides (k1xh1) F1 was fully sterile, hence the need to double the genome to circumvent the high sterility to prevent total loss of the hybrid and to allow production of F2 generation which is needed for genetic studies. Colchicine-polyploidization technique described by OLoropDE & Torres (1970) and OLoRODE & OLORUNFEMI (1973) was adopted to induce fertility in the hybrid plant. Viable achenes obtained from the colchicine-treated branches were germinated to produce F2 plants. The F1 hybrid plant was backcrossed to the two parents by introducing pollen grains from the parent plant flower heads to different heads that were about to expose their stigmas on the hybrid plant. The crossed heads were tagged and bagged until they matured and set seeds. Results and Observations Only one cross between A. kotschyi (k1) and A. helianthoides (h1) was successful out of the several crossing attempts made among populations of the three species. Plate 1 shows the photographs of the parent plants, the hybrid and the backcross. Table 2 shows the data on the morphological characters of the parents, Fl hybrid (k1 '‘0-05 0 “BU0] WO 0S'0-Sh'0 ‘P2q0] -€-Z ‘jeouayds 10 rejNd11D peoiq Wid Op'0-S7'0 “Buoy Wd OS'0-0£ 0 ‘paqo|—z jeouayds [J urse owes [1 ul se ours ‘S]USUNRA} SUIDIYDIO Jaye JUL]d ouO WO poute}qo spray OZ UO paseg , peolg Wd OS '‘0-OF'0 “Buo] W9 0L'0-0$'0 “P2qo|-Z ‘|eAO jenbaun 10 jenbo Jo sume p —Z yim “Arrey Apyoryy ‘padeys ~SUd] “PROIg WD YE0-S7'0 “Buo] WO 00-090 peoy Jod 97—p| ‘3uo] wo 97" | —0'1 “peyjoo}-¢ “ejnqn] peoy Jad g—<¢ “suo] Wd Op 1-O€ 1 ‘AIeNSIT Ss ane ee ROTI | | dnd sean | ig ee OP TEO CIO aes = SOROSOE DY a}BSSNIIP ‘pRO1g Wd 9-7 ‘Buo] Wd g]—z “juaosaqnd “Q]ISSOs ‘oJBJOIDUR]-3}LAOC Jopuays pue jusosaqnd ‘usd15 quay jenuure 901g peoy Jod g[—6 ‘du0] Wd OQ] | —06'0 ‘petjoo}-¢ “rejnqn | Wd 07 [-06'0 ‘aeINsI7 MOTIPA 1Y3T] ajessnoap ‘peolq Wd 6-p ‘BUO] Wd 7Z —Z| ‘jusosaqnd ‘ajejonad 9}2|099UR]-3}BAO 0} 9}JLAC, ‘ ojisey pue yeom ‘jusdsaqnd ‘usei1n qisy jenuue 39014 qusy jenuue 3901q ECE ae a eC: a 2) peay sod ¢¢—9] “Suoj wo O01 1-06'0 ‘payzoo}-¢ “se;ngn.y peay sod 6-¢ ‘Buo] WO Op 1-07 ‘AEINSI] W319 JO MOTI9A IYSIT peojg Wd OF 0-810 “Suo] Wd ¢/'0-07'0 ‘peqo}-¢-Z ‘91di]]9 10 [LAO yysua] yenboun JO jenba Jo sume jo 11ed B yim ‘Aurey Ajyoruy ‘padeys -Sua| ‘peosg WI ¢7°0-S 10 ‘Suoj WO 09'0-0r'0 peoiq Wd 010-07 0 “BUO] WO 0L-0-0E 0 ‘P2Q0} -Z ‘Ie[Nd119 Jo yRouaydg yysua] jenba jo sume jo sed B jim “Anrey A]yoryy ‘padeys -Sud| “peolg Wd O€0-S 10 “Buo] Wd 020-050 peay tod p7—1 “duo] Wd 06 '| —09'0 “payoo}-¢ “1ejnqny peoy Jad 6-¢ wd O¢'1-09'0 ‘AIe[NIIT peol Jad g¢—| | ‘Suo] Wd 97’ | —08'0 ‘Payioo}-¢ “ejnqn |, peosy 1od Q[—p suo] Wd 09'1-00'1 ‘AeINsI7 Pe eS 8 (%) 198 peas Aypiqneduros 519g sarod way wil) azis ualjog opeyq ainar7 ausyoVy S110} 4S1q sjoloy Aey INOjOO uaTjOg ardind yuo sane | MY | aoj0 TO MOLT 09° I-07 I 0s I1-09'0 0c-0 1 ayessnoop Ajaytsoddo ‘peoiq wo 8-p ‘dUO] WD 7 [—-6 ‘JUadsaqnd ‘gjissas-qns ‘jeondiyja Ajares “aye[OI9UR]-9}2AO Apoom-uou ‘paaoois Apyaiys ‘uaosaqnd j901q 0'01-0S 0 ayessnoap Ajaytsoddo ‘peoig wd 1 -Z ‘Buo] wo g]—/ “uaosaqnd ‘aqyejonjed ‘jeondiyja Ajores “Q]B[OIDUL]-3}LAO 0} 3JLAOG ‘poaools Apysijs sowunmowos uaosaqnd ‘ajdind 10 us01H quay jenuue 39017 TY) Soproyjumjay ‘y 11 x (TY x PD) ssosdyaeg 94) pue 74 (TY x PD) ‘Ta (LU x DD) ‘saproyjunyay “y IAyasJoOy “y JO S1dyIVAVY_D [BIBojoydsoy *7 9IqeL, ayessnoap Ajajisoddo ‘peoiq wd 9-7 “dUO] WD ¢[—¢ ‘jusdsaqnd ‘ajissas ‘jeondiyja JO 9}B[O99UR]-3}2AO ‘\usosaqnd ‘used Ajjens¢), qioy jenuue 301g DD) Myosjoy “y UID) JO}OUIeIP peoy Wd) y)3ua] apunpag SOABOT Wd) YJsUa] SpousjU] (wid) 14319H ngey WMoIH 36 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Fig. 1. Diagrams of some morphological features of some accessions of Aspilia kotschyi studied A. Leaf (k1) B. Leaf (k2) (EF Leaf (k4) D. Outer bract E. Inflorescence (k1) EB Inflorescence (k4) G. Ray floret (k1) H. Disk floret (k1) i Ray floret (k2) J-K. Ray floret (k4) | Bs Palea M. Achene (k1) N-O. Achenes (k4) P-Q. Ray achenes (k4) Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Fig. 2. Diagrams of some morphological features of some accessions of SSO oe oe Aspilia helianthoides studied Leaf (hl) Leaf (h8) Leaf (h3) Leaf (h6) Inflorescence (h3) Inflorescence (h1) Outer bract Ray floret (hl) Disk floret (hl) Ray floret (h3) K. YROROZEr Disk floret Ray floret Disk floret Palea Palea Palea Achene Achene Achene (h3) (h8) (h8) (hl) (h3) (h8) (hl) (h3) (h8) a7 38 f ee Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 / fe ' y, Z S Fig. 3. Diagrams of some morphological features of A. kotschyi x A. helianthoides hybrids (k1 = h1) F1, F2 and B1 ‘geod feiss eer) te Leaf (fl) Inflorescence (f1) Outer bract (fl) Disk floret (fl) Ray floret (fll) Palea (f1) Achene (fl) Achene (f2) Achene (b1) Leaf (f2) Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 39 Fig. 4. Diagrams of some morphological features of A, kotschyi x A. helianthoides hybrids (k1 < h1) F1, F2 and B1 A. B. Cc. D. E. FE G Leaf (F2) Leaf (B1) Inflorescence Disk floret Ray floret Outer bract Palea 40 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Plate 1. Photographs of the parent plants, the F1 hybrid and the backcross A. B. C. D. Scale line represents 3.0 cm. Aspilia kotschyi Aspilia helianthoides A. kotschyi x A. helianthoides Backcross with A. kotschyi (k1) (hl) (k1 x hl) Fl (kl hl) x kl Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 4] Hybridization studies in the genus Aspilia TuHouars (Asteraceae) in Nigeria. II: Hybrid between morphotypes of A. africana A. E. ADEGBITE * & O. OLORODE Department of Botany Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria * Department of Biological Sciences University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240 Abeokuta, Nigeria Abstract Intraspecific crosses were made among different accessions of scandent and erect morphotypes of Aspilia africana. All hybrid plants obtained from only one combination showed intermediate morphological characters between those of the parent plants. The F1 hybrid plants are seed-sterile and F2 plants could not be raised. Genomic incompatibility due to accumulated genetic or genotypic differences accentuated by geographical isolation is suspected as a probable cause of sterility in the hybrids. The morphological and reproductive attributes of the morphotypes and their hybrids are described. Introduction Aspilia africana (PERS.) C. D. ADaAMs is a perennial shrub or herb that is widely distributed in almost all the vegetational zones in Nigeria and in various kinds of habitat. It occurs in large or small populations along roadsides, disturbed or abandoned lands, farmlands, swampy depressions and relatively dry uplands (OLORODE 1974). The plants of this species display a high degree of intraspecific variability with their populations showing considerable overlaps in most of the morphological characters (ADEGBITE et al. 1984). 42 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Apams (1963) identified and described four varieties of A. africana, namely A. africana (Perrs.) C. D. ADAMS var. africana, var. minor C. D. ADAMS, var. ambigua C. D. Apams and var. guineensis (O. HorrmM. & Muscut.) C. D. Apams. Git & Omoicu! (1988) also attempted a varietal delimitation of A. africana using characters such as stem and leaf colour with respect to presence or absence of shade, leaf size, and presence, number and origin of leaf lateral nerves. Most of these characters are quantitative and often plastic in nature. They are easily influenced by environmental factors and are not consistent even on the same plant or plants of the same species either under similar or different environmental conditions. The accessions of A. africana encountered in this study were broadly separated into two morphological forms, which are erect and scandent forms. The erect form is confined to the rain forest and derived savanna zones of Southern Nigeria while the scandent form is confined largely to the savanna zones of Northern Nigeria and hilly places of Southern Nigera. Hybridization was carried out on plant accessions belonging to the two morphological forms in all possible combinations. The habit, vegetative and reproductive characteristics of hybrid plants obtained from only one combination are presented. Materials and Methods Achenes from the erect and scandent forms of A. africana were collected from live plants on the field. Table 1 shows the sources and field characters of the accessions used in this study. The achenes were planted to produce mature plants in the screen house and botanical garden under similar conditions and treatments. Crossing was done by rubbing at appropriate stages, two heads from different accessions of different morphological forms in all possible combinations, after which the heads were tagged and bagged. All the achenes obtained from the crossed heads were grown to maturity to pick the hybrids. The identified hybrid plants between accessions al6 and a2 (Table 1) were subjected to vegetative and reproductive studies. The seed-sterile hybrid plants were subjected to colchicine polyploidization treatment described by OLoropE & Torres (1970) and OLoropE & OLORUNFEMI (1973) to induce fertility. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 43 Results and Observations The erect form of A. africana The erect A. africana usually possesses a stout main stem that could be hard (woody at base) or soft (non-woody) and which bears many branches with broad leaves and big flower heads. This form is confined to the forest and derived savanna zones of Southern Nigeria. The scandent form ay A. africana The scandent A. africana usually possesses slender inconspicuous main stem and several other minor stems or branches sprouting from the base or near the base of the main stem or directly from the root stock carrying small leaves and small flower heads. This profuse branching or shoot development gives this plant form a bushy habit with the branches spreading in all directions from the stock and rooting at the nodes, thereby covering a large land area. This form is confined largely to the savanna zones of Northern Nigeria and hilly places of Southern Nigeria. The intraspecific hybrid (al6 x a2) Fl Accession al6 is scandent and bushy while a2 is erect. These characters were consistently maintained in the screen house populations of these accessions, thus sug- gesting that the morphotypes have genetic base. The hybrid plants showed intermediate characters for most quantitative and some qualitative characters between the two morphotypes. The plants are sub-erect or scrambling perennial herbs tending towards shrubby habit with one distinct fairly thick main stem and many branches sprouting from the base. The main stem is usually thinner than that of a2 but thicker than that of al6. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, bigger than those of al6 but smaller than those of a2 (Table 2). The qualitative characters such as flower colour, pollen colour, inflorescence and reproductive characteristics which the parents have in common did not change much in the hybrid plants though the hybrid plants showed some closeness to the pistillate parent with respect to corolla tube length, corolla basal tube length, ligule length and ligule blade width. Like the parent plants, the intraspecific hybrids did not produce viable achenes in the screen house, even after colchicine treatment. Self compatibility test gave zero percent seed set, suggesting self-incompatibility as in the parent plants. 44 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Discussion and Conclusion Aspilia africana is essentially an out-crosser which can undergo occasional selfing when compelled due to absence of pollinating agents or absence of other plants of the same species. The intraspecific hybrid plants are seed-sterile even when treated with colchicine. The cause of seed sterility in the hybrid plants is no known, but genomic incompatibility consequent upon accumulated genetic or genotypic diffferences due to geographical isolation is a possible explanation. Despite the difference in the growth form of the accessions used in this study, the accessions showed considerable overlap in many of their quantitative and qualitative morphological characters which underscores their genetic relationship. Grouping of taxa into specific or intraspecific groups using plastic quantitative morphological characters is questionable and unreliable. This fact forms the rea- soning behind grouping the highly variable accessions of A. africana into two growth forms. Aspilia africana then constitutes a complex mixture of types or forms (adaptive peaks) with the flexibility or specific gene complexes that meet specific environmental requirements or demands. The morphological forms av A. africana could then represent specific adaptive gene complexes of the same ancestral stock or close ancestral stocks which have accumulated genetic gap due to geographical isolation. This genetic gap has been widened enough to prevent gene flow or genetic exchange between the morphotypes. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 45 References Apams, C. D. 1963. Compositae. Jn: HuTcHinson, J. J. & J. M. DaAtziEt (eds.), Flora of West Tropical Africa Vol. 2: 225-297, (2nd ed.), Crown Agents, London. ADEGBITE, A. E., OJo, G M. & K. APANISILE 1984. Morphological and Cytological Studies of Some Species in the Genus Aspilia THouars (Compositae). B. Sc. Botany dissertation, University of Ife, Ile-Ife. (Unpublished). Gui, L. S. & D. I. Omoicui 1988. Cytomorphology of the tribe Heliantheae (Asteraceae) from Southern Nigeria. Feddes Repertorium 99 (1-2): 1-13. O.orobE, O. 1974. Chromosome numbers in Nigerian Compositae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 329-335. OLoropE, O. & A. M. Torres 1970. Artificial hybridization of the genera Zinnia (Sect. Mendezia) and Tragoceras (Compositae: Zinninae). Brittonia 22: 359- 369. OLorobE, O. & A. E. OLORUNFEMI 1973. The hybrid origin of Emilia praetermissa (Senecioneae: Compositae). Ann. Bot. 37: 185-191. 46 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Table 1. Aspilia africana (Prrs.) C. D. ADAMs: sources of materials used Accession No. Location Distinguishing characters , Erect and shrubby with deep green fairly large leaves with 3 O scattered hairs on both stem and leaves. 2 Hill 2, behind biological garden, Erect plants, some procumbent with purple stem, leaves O. A. U. Campus, Ile-Ife. serrulate. Road 10A, staff quarters, ie a3 OU Gane Similar to al. A Swampy area, staff club vicinity, Plants with broad leaves and green stem occurring in large O. A. U. Campus, Ile-Ife. population. Road 6, behind Biochemistry department, | ,._. a5 OAU Ife. Similar to a2. a6 Roadside, 2 km from Ibadan on Ibadan- | Small plants about 30 cm tall with small leaves and purple stem agos express road, Ibadan. that are pubescent. Roadside, 7 km from Ibadan on Ibadan- : a7 ee Procumbent plants with purple stem and small leaves. Waste place behind sports hall, ; a8 O. A.U. Campus, Ile-Ife. Shrubby plants with broad pubescent leaves. 29 Roadside, 2 km to Owo Polytechnic on Erect plants with linear-lanceolate leaves, some scandent with Benin-Owo road, Ondo State. rooting nodes and small heads. Mostly scandent with small, shortly petiolate leaves, many alO Radiovision hill, Efon-Alaye, Ondo State. | branches sprouting from a stock giving it a bushy habit. Head size small. aia Mostly scandent with many branches radiating outwards from a j stock base in all directions, leaves slightly larger than in a10. al2 Erect plants with broad hairy leaves, large heads with long a State. ellow ligules. al3 Back of Botany department, Scrambling herbs with tough purple and/or green stem, broad O. A. U. Campus, Ile-Ife. leaves and big heads with broad deep yellow ligules. Ahmadu Bello University teaching Scandent plants with small leaves, small heads, robust/big al4 hospital (ABUTH) compound, Kaduna. achenes, ligule 3-4 lobed, ray florets with rudimentary or Kaduna State. vestigial style. Roadside, NAPRI-ABU compound, er al5 Shika, Zaria. Kaduna State Similar to al 4. al6 ABU dam vicinity, Zaria. Kaduna State. Similar to al4. Io Roadside, Babale, 15 km from Jos along | Scandent plants with small leaves, small heads and long robust a Jos-Bauchi raod, Plateau State achenes. Pee es ieae ee Scandent and bushy plants with smal] narrow or lanceolate al8 Binial State eee stem, small heads with big long achenes. Leaf al9 Abandoned farmland, 1 km to Vom, Plateau State. Roadside, Aroje, along Ogbomoso-Ilorin | Erect plants with small leaves typical of the northern _| toad, Oyo State. collections. Similar to al8 but with smaller achenes and obtuse leaf apex. a20 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 47 Table 2. Morphological characters of the intraspecific hybrid and its parents A. africana (Erect) a2 Erect, perennial herb with a single main stem Growth habit Green, sparsely hairy, A. africana (Scandent) al6 Fl hybrid (al6xa2) F1 Scandent, perennial herb with many slender stems sprouting from the root stock Green or purple, densely Partially erect, perennial herb with one major stem and many slender stems or branches sprouting from the base Green or purple, Ovate to ovate-lance- olate, petiolate, serrate or serrulate, pubescent with acute apex and cuneate base, 12-25 cm long, 4—9 cm broad, oppositely decussate Leaves 1-4 Ovate-lanceolate or elliptical, petiolate, serrulate, pubescent with acute or obtuse apex and cuneate base, 5—8 cm long, 2— 3 cm broad, oppositely decussate 0.30—-0.60 Stem robust and woody at hairy, soft and slender pubescent, slightly base | woody Height (cm) 50-300 30-120 40-240 Internode length 9-17 6-14 6-17 (cm) Ovate to ovate- lanceolate, petiolate, serrate or serrulate, pubescent with acute apex and cuneate or acute base, 12—22 cm long, 4—9 cm broad, oppositely decussate 0.50-3.0 Petiole length (cm) Simple or dichasial Inflorescence cymose, terminal, Same as a2 Same as a2 pedunculate capitula - { 2 Peduncle length 2-9 2-12 2-8 Head diameter 3-5 2-4 3-5 (cm) | Pollen and flower Pale yellow Golden yellow Yellow colour Ligulate, 1.50—2.50 cm lon Tubular, 5—toothed 1.0-1.2 cm long, 34-78 per head Ray florets Disk florets Disk ovary length Ligulate, 1.20-2.0 cm long, 8- 14 per head Tubular 5—toothed, 1.0—1.30 cm long, 31—51 per head Ligulate, 1-2 cm long, 10-14 per head Tubular, 5—toothed, 1 .0- 1.30 cm long, 35-67 per head (cm) Elliptic or oblong, 2-3 lobed, 1.20-—2.20 cm Elliptic or oblong, 2—4 lobed, zs = 31-014 cm 0.35-0.40 0.35-0.55 0.31-0.45 Ray oven lengtt 117 30-040 0.25-0.50 0.20-0.40 Elliptic or oblong, 2-3 seed set (% Ligule blade 0.90-1.50 cm long, 0.40-0.55 | lobed, 1.0—1.60 cm long, ee ee cm 0.40-0.60 cm broad broad ene ae en ly 4—angled, sparsely hairy, Achene Oy ise kee 0.40-0.50 cm long, 0.15-0.20 | - long, 0.15-0.20 cm cm broad broad Pollen size(um) | 25.81+2.05 24.92+2.17 24.83+1.19 3 3 3 Pollen fertility 82.84 (%) 96.44 77 Open seed set (%) | 49.64 18.04 0 Self compatibility 0 0 0 48 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Alciope versus Capelio — a nomenclatural ordeal BeERTIL NORDENSTAM Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: bertil.nordenstam@nrm.se Abstract Capelio B. Norb. was recently introduced as a new generic name for the illegitimate Alciope DC. in LINDL., a genus of the Compositae-Senecioneae from the Cape Province, South Africa. The genus comprises three known species. Effectively, Capelio replaces Celmisia Cass. (1817), nom. rej. The type is Celmisia rotundifolia Cass., which is now Capelio tabularis (THUNB.) B. Norp. The genus Ce/misia Cass. (1825), nom. cons., is an unrelated genus belonging to the tribe Astereae and confined to New Zealand. Introduction The new generic name Capelio B. Norb. was introduced recently (NORDENSTAM 2002) in substitution of the illegitimate A/ciope DC. in LINDL., a small South African genus of the Compositae-Senecioneae (3 spp.) However, my article on this subject was impaired with some imperfections, and questions have arisen among colleagues about the details of publication, citation, nomenclature and alleged illegitimacy of Alciope. This note is intended to rectify the mistakes and to clarify the somewhat intricate situa- tion. Chronology of nomenclatural events Feb. 1817: Cassini in Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 32 publishes the new genus Celmisia Cass., with a brief differential diagnosis pointing out the differences from Ligularia Cass. No species is mentioned. 24 May 1817: Cassi in Dict. Sci. Nat. 7: 356 presents the new genus Ce/misia more fully, with the single species C. rotundifolia Cass. A detailed description of the genus and the species is provided, based on a specimen which Cassi had seen in the herba- rium of DESFONTAINES, ”mais nous ignorons son origine”. Although Cassini did not Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 49 know its geographical origin, its identity with the South African species Alciope tabularis (THUNB.) DC. was later clarified (CANDOLLE 1836, Harvey 1865). Dec. 1825: Cassini describes (Dict. Sci. Nat. 37: 260) a second species, Celmisia longifolia Cass., from Australia (’’Nouvelle-Hollande’”’). July 1836: LinbLey (Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. Ed. 2: 256) publishes A/ciope DC. without descriptive matter but a reference to Ce/misia Cass. (1817) as a synonym: “Celmisia, Cass. Dict. v. 7”. Oct. 1836: CANDOLLE (Prodr. 5: 209) publishes Alciope DC. as a new genus substituting Ce/misia Cass. (1817). On the same page Ce/misia Cass. is retained, to include C. longifolia, but explicitly excluding the original element, and is cited by CANDOLLE from the 1825 publication. 1929: Celmisia Cass. (1825) is proposed for conservation against Cel/misia Cass. (1817) by Spracue (Prop. Brit. Bot.: 94). The proposal is accepted and the name Celmisia Cass. (1825) is conserved, with the conserved type C. longifolia Cass., against the rejected Celmisia Cass. (1817) with the type C. rotundifolia (Regnum Veg. 138: 283). 7 July, 2002: NoRDENSTAM publishes Capelio B. Norb. as anew name substituting the illegitimate A/ciope DC. Effectively, Capelio was anomen novum for Ce/misia Cass. (1817), nom. rej., with the type C. rotundifolia Cass. As type Capelio tabularis (THuNB.) B. Norb. was cited in error (Arnica tabularis THunB.), although Capelio tabularis and Celmisia rotundifolia Cass., which is the actual type of Alciope and Capelio, are taxonomic synonyms. Discussion Celmisia Cass. was validly published in 1817, with the single species C. rotundifolia Cass. This is a taxonomic synonym of A/ciope tabularis (THUNB.) DC., a species from the Cape Province. The earliest legitimate epithet is Arnica tabularis THUNB. (1800). Problems arose when Cassini in 1825 used the generic name Ce/misia for an Australian species, C. longifolia Cass. CANDOLLE realized the generic difference between the South African and Australian species and retained the name Ce/misia for the latter, and he introduced the new name Alciope DC. for the former. The publication and correct citation of Alciope should be discussed at some more length. It appears that the publication in LINDLEY (1836) precedes that of CANDOLLE (1836) by a few months. I previously argued (NoRDENSTAM 2002) that Alciope, in LINDLEY, was a nomen nudum. However, there is a reference to Cassini 1817, which means that the name A/ciope was validly published already in LINDLEY (1836). It can also be argued that the proper citation should be DC. in LinbL., not DC. ex LINDL., as 50 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 sometimes cited. This is because from LINDLEY’s (1836) preface it is clear that CANDOLLE provided the new generic names and therefore should be regarded as the author. His Prodromus, vol. 5, was no doubt in press at that time and appeared just a few months later. Alciope DC. in LINDL. is illegitimate since Ce/misia Cass. (1817) is cited. CANDOLLE restricted the use of the name Ce/misia to Australian species (now in tribe Astereae), excluding its type, and this usage has been conserved, with C. longifolia Cass. (1825) as the conserved type. In spite of this conservation, through which Celmisia Cass. (1817) becomes permanently unavailable for use, A/ciope DC. remains illegitimate, since it was nomenclaturally superfluous when published (cf. ICBN Art. 6.4 with Ex. 3 and 4). Alciope DC. could have been conserved at the same time when Ce/misia was conser- ved, which did not happen, and it could still be proposed for conservation. However, instead I chose to publish a new generic name, Capelio B. Norb., for the illegitimate Alciope DC., partly because this is a small and little-known genus of restricted distri- bution, and partly because a valid name was needed, inter alia for my forthcoming treatment of the tribe for the Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. When I made the new combination Capelio tabularis (THuNB.) B. Norb., I cited the basionym as Arnica tabularis THuns. (1823). It should have been Arnica tabularis TuHuns. (1800), which has priority over C. rotundifolia Cass. (1817) as the epithet- bringing base of the species name. Conclusions Capelio B. Norp., Comp. News|. 38: 72. 2002 [valid in spite of wrong replaced syno- nym citation: ICBN Art. 33.6(d)]. Repl. syn.: Celmisia Cass., Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 32, 1817, nom. rej. This is the correct generic name for the illegitimate A/ciope DC. Its type is Celmisia rotundifolia Cass., a taxonomic synonym of Capelio tabularis (THUNB.) B. Noro. The three known species of the genus are: 1. Capelio tabularis (THuns.) B. Norp., Comp. Newsl. 38: 72, 2002 [valid in spite of wrong basionym citation: ICBN Art. 33.6(d)]. Basion.: Arnica tabularis THunB., Prodr. Pl. Cap.: 154, 1800. Syn.: Alciope tabularis (THuNB.) DC:, Prodr. 5: 209, 1836. Celmisia rotundifolia Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. 7: 356, 1817. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 51 a Capelio tomentosa (Bur. f.) B. Norb., Comp. Newsl. 38: 73, 2002. Basion.: Conyza tomentosa Burs. f., Fl. Cap. Prodr.: 26, 1768. Syn.: Arnica lanata THUNB., Prodr. Pl. Cap.: 154, 1800; Alciope lanata (THunB.) DC., Prodr. 5: 209, 1836. 3. Capelio caledonica B. Norv., Comp. Newsl. 38: 73, 2002. Acknowledgements I am most grateful to a number of distinguished colleagues for their interest in the nomenclatural intricacies of the present matter and participating in the discussion: KANCHI GANDHI, Roy GEREAU, RAFAEL GOVAERTS, PETER GOLDBLATT, WERNER GREUTER, Dan NICOLSON and Gea ZuLsTRA. Special thanks to WERNER GREUTER for his critical reading of the manuscript. References CANDOLLE, A. P. DE 1836. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 5. Treuttel et Wiirtz, Parisiis. Harvey, W. H. 1865. Compositae. Jn: Harvey, W. H. & O. W. SonDeR (eds.), Flora capensis 3. L. Reeve, London. LinbLey, J. 1836. A natural system of botany. 2™ ed. Longman etc., London. NorDENSTAM, B. 2002. Capelio B. Norb., a new name for a South African genus of the Senecioneae, and the description of a new species. Comp. Newsl. 38: 71— 78. 52 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Further contributions to the genus Syncarpha (Compositae-Gnaphalieae) BERTIL NORDENSTAM Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: bertil.nordenstam@nrm.se Abstract The genus Syncarpha DC. is endemic to the Cape Province, South Africa, with ca. 30 species, most of which were earlier known as Helipterum and some as Helichrysum spp. The new species Syncarpha aurea B. Noro. is described, apparently a local endemic confined to alluvial shales on Bredasdorp limestone.Three new combinations are published, viz., S. chlorochrysum (DC.) B. Norp., S. mucronata (BerG.) B. Norn. and S. staehelina (L.) B. Norp. The latter becomes the valid name for the widespread species hitherto named S. virgata (BERG.) B. Norp., earlier known as Helipterum virgatum (BeERG.) DC. Its basionym Xeranthemum virgatum BERG. is typified and represents a distinct species from S. staehelina. Instead, S. virgata (BerG.) B. Norp. now becomes the valid name for a more local and rare species in recent years provisionally named S. scariosa B. Noro. ined. (earlier Helipterum scariosum B. Norp. ined.). Introduction Syncarpha DC. is since some time the accepted name for the South African species of Helipterum DC., a hopelessly illegitimate generic name not in use nowadays (NorDENSTAM 1989). The genus Syncarpha also includes some species previously placed in Helichrysum. In NoRDENSTAM (1989) 25 species of Syncarpha were listed, but there is now a need to add a few more by combination and description, and to clarify the nomenclature of a couple of species. A complete revision of the genus is under preparation by the present author. Taxonomy and Discussion Syncarpha aurea B. Norb., sp. nov. Type: J. Manninc 2071, South Africa, Cape Prov., [3420 CB Bredasdorp], Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 53 Bredasdorp, Buffelsfontein, alluvial shales on limestone, 17 m, 2.XI.1993 (NBG holotype, acc. No. 152615). Suffrutex ramosus ad 0.5 m altus; rami adscendentes dense foliati tomentosi. Folia alterna sessilia oblongo-obovata vel spathulata integra dense adpresse griseo- tomentosa apice obtusa minute apiculata. Capitula solitaria pedunculata, pedunculis subnudis 5—15 cm longis fusco-hirsutis. Involucrum campanulatum-hemisphericum c. 1.5—2 cm diametro. Squamae involucri numerosae imbricatae aureae; interiores anguste oblongo-ovatae subacutae; exteriores sensim breviores ovatae apice rubescentes. Flores corolla tubulosa sensim ampliata 7-9 mm longa quinquelobata. Antherae distincte caudatae. Styli rami lineares glabri, apice truncati papillosi. Setae pappi numerosae uniseriatae basi connatae plumosae albae. Cypsela (immatura) oblonga glabra papillata. A much-branched subshrub up to 0.5 m high. Stems and branches greyish-tomentose, densely leafy. Leaves alternate, erecto-patent—spreading, sessile, entire, narrowly oblong-obovate—spathulate, 1—1.5 cm long, 0.30.5 cm wide, flat, but young leaves somewhat convolute and outwardly curved, midveined, densely and appressedly grey-tomentose, distal margins ferrugineous, apex obtuse or somewhat apiculate. Flowering branches pedunculoid, S—15 cm long, with a few scattered scale-like bracts with acuminate scarious tips, with a dense rusty-brown villous tomentum. Capitula solitary, homogamous. Involucre hemispherical, 1—1.5 cm high, 1.5—2 cm diam.; phyllaries imbricate, scarious, mostly golden yellow; outermost short, ca. 8-12, broadly ovate-oblong, somewhat brownish or tawny, often lacerate especially apically, 1.5—3.5 mm long, 2-4 mm wide; middle phyllaries 10-15, broadly ovate, obtuse-rounded apically, 5-10 mm long, 3-7 mm wide, golden yellow with reddish margins especially apically; inner phyllaries 20-25, narrowly oblong-ovate or lanceolate with a stipitate base, 12-15 mm long, 2—S mm wide, stipe coriaceous and somewhat brownish and with a villous dorsal patch, apical part somewhat cymbiform or convex, light golden yellow, apex subacute; innermost phyllaries ca. 10—12 in one row, shorter than the preceding ones, 9-12 mm long, 0.5—1.5 mm wide, lanceolate, some substipitate, scarious and light golden yellow with basal part coriaceous and brownish-yellow, acuminate, margins somewhat lacerate-fimbriate. Receptacle flat, distinctly alveolate with subulate-acuminate scaly projections. Florets hermaphroditic, ca. 35-60. Corolla 7-9 mm long, tubular, gradually widening to a narrowly campanulate 5-lobed limb, apically purplish; lobes narrowly oblong-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, subacute, distinctly glandular-papillate dorsally in the distal half, with marginal ducts; veins running down the corolla from the sinuses between lobes. Anthers 3.5 mm long incl. appendage (4.5—5 mm long incl. tails), distinctly caudate; apical appendage narrowly ovate-lanceolate, subacute; tails 1.5 mm long, 2x collar length, branching distally. Style branches linear, 2—2.5 mm long, apically truncate with short sweeping-hairs, stigmatic lines separated, dorsally minutely papillate 54 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 especially distally. Cypsela (immature) oblong, glabrous, densely papillate with crowded low ovate-rounded convex cells. Pappus bristles numerous (ca. 30—50), uniseriate, basally distinctly connate, 6-8 mm long, finely plumose throughout except for basal connate portion, with thin lateral branches ca. 1 mm long, apical branches shorter and thicker, silvery white but base yellowish tinged, persistent. Flowering period: At least Oct-Nov. Only known from the type collection. The species is probably narrowly endemic to alluvial shales of the Bredasdorp limestone formation in the southernmost Cape Province. This new species is related to S. virgata and staehelina, recognized inter alia by the long and brown-hirsute pedunculoid portion of flowering branches and the spathulate leaves. Syncarpha chlorochrysum (DC.) B. Norp., comb. nov. Basionym: Helichrysum chlorochrysum DC., Prodr. 6: 179 (1838). Type: In herb. G-DC. This belongs in the S. paniculata group and is characterized by broadly ovate imbricate leaves and lemon-coloured involucre. Details of taxonomy and distribution will be presented in my forthcoming revision of the genus. Syncarpha mucronata (BERG.) B. NorD., comb. nov. Basionym: Gnaphalium mucronatum Berr«G., Descr. P|. Cap.: 269 (1767). Syn.: Helichrysum mucronatum (BERG.) LEss., Syn. Comp.: 295 (1832). Type: Specimen illustrated in Burman, Rar. Afr. Pl. 179, t. 66, f. 3 (G lectotype, selected by HILLiarD & Burtt 1981). As noted by Harvey (1865) this taxon is close to S. paniculata and its taxonomic sta- tus will be discussed further in my future paper. Syncarpha staehelina (L.) B. NorD., comb. nov. Basionym: Xeranthemum staehelina L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12: 546 (1767). Type: Herb. van Royen 900, 312-106 (L lectotype, selected by HILLIARD & Burtt 1981, Fig. 2); LINN 990.16 isotype (HILLIARD & Burtt 1981). Syn.: Helipterum virgatum (BErG.) DC. sensu auct. plur., non Xeranthemum virgatum Ber. (1767). Pteronia pauciflora Sms, Bot. Mag., Plate 1697 (1815). Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 55 Xeranthemum staehelina L. and X. virgatum BeErG. were both published in 1767, the latter in Sept. and the former in Oct. Although they have been regarded as synonyms, they represent two different species which have been much confused. Based on the typification accepted here, X. staehelina corresponds to the current concept of Syncarpha virgata, which is widespread in the western Cape Province, from Clanwilliam and Ceres in the north down to Caledon and Riversdale (but not on the Cape Peninsula). X. virgatum Berrc. on the other hand is a taxon of more restricted distribution mainly in the Zwartberg range, in recent decades provisionally named by me (in herbaria) as Helipterum scariosum B. Norb. ined. and later Syncarpha scariosa B. Norp. ined. (NORDENSTAM 1989). There is now no need to publish the lat- ter name, since the two species involved can be named with valid epithets dating from 1767. The confusion started already with Beraius and Linnaeus. In the Bergius Herbarium (SBT) there are two sheets named ”Xeranthemum mihi virgatum” in Bergius’ characteristic handwriting. One of them has the addition ”variet.” and is conspecific with Xeranthemum staehelina L., described by Linnaeus a few months later. The for- mer sheet is the obvious choice as lectotype of X. virgatum BERG. In the Linnean Herbarium in London, sheet 990.15 is a THUNBERG collection and the same taxon as Bergius’ virgatum (as typified here).The specimen LINN 990.16, however, is the same taxon as the lectotype of X. staehelina L. in herb. van Royen (L). The specimen in LINN has Linnaeus’ annotation ”’staehelina” and reference to VAN Royen and is quite correctly cited as an isotype by HILLIARD & Burtt (1981). Specimens of the true X. virgatum Ber. are represented in other old herbaria, such as herb. AcHartus (LD) and herb. BuRMAN (G). Like the specimen LINN 990.15 they probably originate from THUNBERG’s collections. A more detailed discussion of the taxonomy and distribution of the taxa involved will follow in my forthcoming revision of the genus. References Harvey, W. H. 1865. Compositae. Jn: Harvey, W. H. & O. W. Sonper (eds.), Flora capensis 3. Dublin. HILuiarp, O. M. & B. L. Burtt 1981. Names in Gnaphalium, Xeranthemum and Helichrysum published between 1753 and 1800. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 233— 265. NorpENsTAM, B. 1989. A synopsis of the genus Syncarpha (Compositae- Gnaphalieae). Comp. Newsl. 17: 2-6. 56 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Fig. 1. Syncarpha aurea B. Noro. (J. MANNING 2071, NBG holotype). A. Habit, x1/2. B. Outer, middle, inner and innermost involucral bracts, x3. C. Disc-floret, x3. D. Corolla of disc-floret, laid out, x6. E. Stamens, x12. F. Style branches, x12. Del. auctor. 57 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Ba TA HN 4 00531 ? Xtronthimunn Slashelina & 0 Keckelins iM. Hillard & Bu Loge RBLIPTE RG VIRGATIN ye hy”, j ti ihe tape)? bp Faded gona) be asaoe tvs A : ) we Voge. Kp eal ted 72 v2 . Afrus tELG4AF EA, randid Keo Kimnd Ke * nied ake wet tade i .tesem Be Sy rh» nh, vt oe + - Cee hi ne tt GALE ve Bs Peon: a Meme arth tt, SAC f Oana heme CDT OR Pitman fours Cg. ae dain ie fea Pinot Aaedia id Drad (mated Disiny Se ee | * ~ ‘- ‘/- aA De AO Atm dam comm Jarod ‘hors. at! Avaments Kertdeale fe fri ~ : Pragn : b4-3V1 6S. “tuo ae 6b Pre x : i ae + 7 4 veg nom fos eer iar Pal ¥ ne. (BA inn te eg ee | hha Prncwigg lon otnun, bt Yaporonmid DF SND ae et O25 | - - Me ~ oe Mon ORE oe f oe . ns ter al Ap ay 4 Rote i /, # 4 ad SA ferteat thas ttainke a5 + ee eed = 3 o ‘*. x 7 Ce Sethe a hahinnte IL heonocés SB kedatuoe # 902800 Fig. 2. Type of Xeranthemum staehelina L., Herb. vAN RoyEN, L, sheet 900, 312-106 = Syncarpha staehelina (L.) B. Norp. 58 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 Renascence of Scandinavian hieraciology BERTIL NORDENSTAM Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: bertil.nordenstam@nrm.se Hieraciology, i.e. studies on systematics, floristics and phytogeography of the genus Hieracium L. (sensu lato) has a long tradition in Scandinavia. The polyhistor and Father of mycology’, Euias M. Fries (1794-1878) was a pioneer also in this field with the classical works “Symbolae ad historiam Hieraciorum” and “Epicrisis generis Hieraciorum” plus several other publications from 1847 to 1868 (cf. Krok 1925 for bibliography). Fries’ hieraciological contributions also included two volumes of exsiccatae (1862-65 and 1871-72) with altogether 221 nos. No doubt this pioneering work inspired contemporaneous and later workers such as CARL JOHAN LINDEBERG (1815-1900), who issued “Hieracia Scandinavica exsiccata” with 150 nos. including many new taxa (1868-78), Kart Otro EDVARD STENSTROM (1858-1901), MARTEN ELFstRANd (1859-1927), and GustaF ADOLF HuGO DAHLSTEDT (1856-1934). The latter is perhaps even better known for his significant contributions to the knowledge of Taraxacum, but his hieraciological publications are important and numerous (about 38), many of which were published in floras edited by other authors. DAHLSTEDT also issued the important “Hieracia exsiccata” (1889-91, 4 fasc., each with 100 nos.) and “Herbarium Hieraciorum Scandinaviae” (1892-1911, Centur. I-XXIV). In other words and figures, DAHLSTEDT issued altogether 2,800 nos. of Hieracia exsiccatae, a remarkable achievement. The Scandinavian hieraciological tradition extended to Norway with S. O. F. OMANG (1867-1953) as the most prominent name, and in Finland the foremost persons were JOHAN PETTER NorrLin (1842-1917) and MARTEN MaGnus WILHELM BRENNER (1843— 1930). Scandinavian hieraciology differed in one basic concept from Central European and other views on how Hieracium taxonomy should be handled. In Scandinavia a huge number of species were described, whereas the European school dominated by KARL HERMANN ZAHN (1865-1940) recognized a more limited number of major species, with an elaborate hierarchy of infraspecific taxa. This reflects a still ongoing discussion on the taxonomic treatment of apomictic taxa, e.g. in Rubus, Alchemilla, Rosa, Ranunculus auricomus et al., in addition to the notorious Hieracium, Pilosella and Taraxacum. Whereas the species level is generally accepted in A/chemilla, there Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 59 have been, and still are, divergent opinions on the taxonomic rank of the apomicts (and facultative apomicts) in the Asteraceae. Until consensus has been reached on this point, it is difficult to align the treatments of these genera in various countries and get a total picture of the taxonomy and phytogeography. For the treatment in Flora Europaea SELL & West (1976) chose to follow ZaHn’s system in his monograph of 1921-1923 with some modifications. ZAHN’s system recognized ’species principales collectivae’ and ’species intermediae collectivae’ with a hierarchy of subspecies and lower infraspecific taxa. In the Flora Europaea treatment the higher categories of ZAHN were generally recognized as species groups or species, and the subspecies generally as species. The account ended up with 260 numbered groups or species, and a large number of listed taxa as ’included’ in the former. Although providing an attempt of an overview of the European taxa, the presentation is not easy to handle and not very useful on the agamospermic species level. A drastic example of the incompatibility of the Scandinavian and Central European hieraciological concepts came with Nits HyLANDER’s doctoral dissertation in 1943, “Die Grassameneinkémmlinge schwedischer Parke mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Hieracia Silvaticiformia”. In this scholarly work HyLANDeR presented a large number of adventitious species in Sweden, introduced with grass seed in the late 19th century from various sources in Central and South Europe. Special attention was given to the Silvaticiformia group (now sect. Hieracium), only a handful of which had been previously described. To the surprise of the botanical world HyLaNnpDER added 131 new species, and with the ones previously known his account of adventitious *Park Hieracia’ in Sweden amounted to 143 species. Technically speaking, Sweden was enriched with more than 100 endemic species! However, nobody would propose that these taxa evolved in their Swedish habitats in a time-span of half a century, but it is a fact that very few have been identified with spontaneous material in other parts of Europe, where the seed originated (exact location of seed sources is missing). Only the widespread Hieracium grandidens Dauist. and a few others are known from spontaneous localities outside Scandinavia. HyLANDER may have described too many new species, but the major problem of alignment between the two taxonomical systems remains. Swedish hieraciology continued to flourish in the 20th century, with further significant contributions by KARL JOHANSSON (1856-1928), GUNNAR SAMUELSSON (1885-1944) and others. It was perhaps commonly believed that the tradition of Scandinavian hieraciology died out with authorities such as Erik ALMQuIST, NILS HYLANDER and my uncle STEN NorDENSTAM. However, recently there are signs of a renewed interest, and some remarkable new achievements will be reviewed here. The Russian botanist ALEXANDER SENNIKOV, Komarov Botanical Institute in St. Peters- burg, is dedicated to a study of Scandinavian Hieracium and Pilosella. He has now published an annotated catalogue of all names published by Finnish authors 60 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 (SENNIKOV 2002). This is a precursor to forthcoming studies more focussed on taxonomy and distribution. SENNIKov has traced about 90 literature sources, and in addition to citations of first publication, further literature references are given. Hieraciological literature is very scattered and sometimes scarce and hard to trace. This is testified in SENNIKOV’s work by the fact that about 100 validly published names in Hieracium have not been registered in the Index Kewensis, and many others have been incorrectly cited. Another useful feature of this catalogue is the assessment of the nomenclatural status of many names, some of which were published as nomina nuda or invalid for other reasons, e.g. published as subspecies without indication of supraordinate species. The most important Finnish authors quoted are of course NorRLIN and BRENNER (cf. above), to whom SENNIKOv’s publication is dedicated, but the bibliography also includes many other important authors such as H. LINDBERG, W. NYLANDER and E. A. Vainio. No doubt SENNIKOV will carry on his studies in Scandinavian hieraciology and proceed further into typification, taxonomy and distribution of the two genera involved. In the University of Lund in South Sweden, a doctorate student has taken up the study of Hieracium and Pilosella ina very serious and dedicated way. His name is TORBJORN TyLer, and he has recently published a number of accounts of great interest and importance (TYLER 1998, 2000, 2002 a, b, c, d). He specializes in the South Swedish species of Hieracium and Pilosella and has carefully examined nomenclature, typification, taxonomy and distribution of a large number of species, following the Scandinavian tradition as regards the genus Hieracium. He intends to extend his studies to other parts of Sweden as well. For Pilosella TyLer has introduced a new approach, which may be the best solution to the taxonomic problem of facultative apomixis in this genus. He has drastically reduced the number of accepted species and allows for hybridization and variants, and it will be interesting to see his novel system maybe develop to larger areas and perhaps a European context. In Denmark the knowledge of Hieracium was partly dependent on Swedish workers such as DaHLSTEDT, but there was also an outstanding Danish hieraciologist, KNUD Wimnstept (1878-1964), who described more than half of the species known from Denmark. There is now a revival of hieraciology in Denmark, and a fine monograph of the Danish species of Hieracium and Pilosella was recently published (ScHou 2001). The author, JENS CHRISTIAN ScHou, is a teacher with a high reputation as a botanist, especially dedicated to difficult and apomictic genera. He has been studying Danish Hieracia for 25 years and his book “Danmarks Hegeurter” covers all 100 known spe- cies of Hieracium and Pilosella in the country. He provides keys, descriptions and drawings of all species as well as distribution maps. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 61 Although the text is in Danish, ScHou’s monograph will no doubt find a wider readership. There is an English summary for each species, and the maps and the instructive drawings are self-explanatory — the latter also include important details of pubescence etc. Besides, the descriptions follow a strict scheme in order to facilitate comparison between species. For Hieracium Scuou adheres to the Scandinavian tra- dition, but for Pilosella he has in principle adopted TyLER’s new scheme referred to above. Since the Hieracium flora of Denmark is well collected and studied, ScHou’s work stands out as definitive and destined to be a classic in this field. Finally, I wish to mention a new initiative at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, which holds the probably largest and richest collection of Hieracium in the world. Under the leadership of Dr. THomas Karisson, Curator of the Nordic Her- barium, an inventory of the collections of Hieracium from the Nordic countries (Den- mark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) is going on. The catalogue, which is available on Internet (www.nrm.se/fbo/data/hieraciun/hieracium.htm.en), gives in- formation on the number of collections from each of the Swedish provinces (and from the other Nordic countries). It is also possible to get lists of taxa, arranged by section, for all Swedish provinces. In the continuation of this project, original material will successively be identified, and photos of types will be made available at the Internet. Acknowledgement I wish to thank my colleague THomas Kar.sson for useful suggestions and critical rea- ding of the manuscript. 62 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 References HyLANDER, N. 1943. Die Grassameneink6mmlinge schwedischer Parke mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Hieracia Silvaticiformia. Symb. Bot. Upsal. oa Krok, Tu. O. B. N. 1925. Bibliotheca botanica suecana. Almqvist & Wiksell, Upp- sala, Stockholm. Scuou, J. C. 2001. Danmarks Hggeurter (Hieracium, Pilosella). AAU Reports 41. Aarhus Universitet. ISSN 0904-6453. ISBN 87-87600-57-9. Exchange and sale: Department of Systematic Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark. SELL, P. D. & C. West 1976. Hieracium L. In: Tutin, T. G., HEywoopn, V. H., BuRGEs, N.A., Moore, D. M., VALENTINE, D. H., WALTERS, S. M. & D. A. WEBB (eds.), Flora Europaea 4: 358-410. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge etc. SENNIKOV, A. N. 2002. Bibliographic catalogue of Hieracium and Pilosella names published by Finnish authors. Norrlinia 9: 1-109. ISSN 0780-3214. ISBN 952-10-0530-0. Orders may be sent to: Secretary of the Botanical Museum, P. O. Box 7, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland. Fax +358-9-191 244 56. e-mail: sirpa.koskinen@helsinki.fi TYLER, T. 1998. Hag-, skogs- och klippfibblor i s6dra Gotaland. Lunds Botaniska Forenings Medlemsblad 1998: 2. TyLer, T. 2000. Lectotypification of names of South Swedish Hieracium species (Asteraceae). Nord. J. Bot. 20: 93-103. TYLER, T. 2002 a. Utbredningskartor for hékfibblor 1 sédra Gotaland. I. Skogsfibblor. Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 96: 18-28. TyLer, T. 2002 b. Utbredningskartor for hékfibblor i sédra Gétaland. II. Hag- och klippfibblor. Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 96: 161-170. TYLER, T. 2002 c. Ostergétlands skogsfibblor. Bot. Notiser 135(2): 1-52. Ty er, T. 2002 d. Gotlands hag- och skogsfibblor. Rindi 22: 47-90. Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 63 Funds available for short visits to the Swedish Museum of Natural History Fourth and last call The funds are made available through the European Commission’s programme for “Improving the Human Research Potential and the Socio-economic Knowledge Base” (IHP). The grant is entitled “Access to Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet - High Latitude” (HIGH LAT). It enables us to meet travel and accommodation costs for scientists wishing to use our collections and/or other research facilities. The HIGH LAT programme began November Ist, 2001 and will run until February 29th, 2004. Applications for financial support for a visit to NRM are herewith invited. There are a number of terms and conditions associated with this opportunity, as outlined below. If you are interested in applying for support, or are uncertain about whether you are eligible, please visit our website (http://www.nrm.se/highlat/) or contact the project management (highlat@nrm.se). 1) ‘To be eligible you must conduct your research in a EU Member State or Associated State (http://www.nrm.se/highlat/conditions.html). Scientists working in Sweden are not eligible for support under the HIGH LAT programme. 2) A formal application must be made. Please read the Application Guidelines (http://www.nrm.se/highlat/applguide.html) before completing the Application Form (http://www.nrm.se/highlat/application.html). The next deadline for submission of applications is 6 June 2003. 3) Priority will be given to scientists who have not previously used our facilities and who are working in regions of the EU where few such research infrastructures exist. We hope that many of you will see this as an opportunity to visit the Swedish Museum of Natural History, utilising collections and other facilities that have not previously been available to you. Dr. IRENE BISANG HIGH LAT-coordinator Naturhistoriska riksmuseet P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 64 Comp. Newsl. 39, 2003 New taxa and combinations published in this issue Syncarpha aurea B. NorD., sp. nov.: p. 52 Syncarpha chlorochrysum (DC.) B. Norp., comb. nov.: p. 54 Syncarpha mucronata (BERG.) B. Norp., comb. nov.: p. 54 Syncarpha staehelina (L.) B. Norp., comb. nov.: p. 54