“COMPOSHMAE ©
% NEWSLETTER

Number 40 31 July 2003

Scientific Editor: BerriL NoRDENSTAM

Technical Editor: GuNNEL WirENIUs NoHLIN

Published and distributed by The Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Department of Phanerogamic Botany,

P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

ISSN 0284-8422

CONTENTS

Editorial 1

The International Compositae Alliance (TICA),

First International Meeting, Pretoria, Jan. 2003 2
Report on the Business Meeting and Discussions 2
Abstracts 6

J. F. Pruski & A. A. ANDERBERG: Duhaldea cappa (Bucu.-Hao. ex D. Don)
Pruski & ANDERBERG (Compositae: Inuleae), anomenclatural correction 43

B. Norpenstam: Jo B. Norp. (Compositae-Senecioneae), a new monotypic
genus from Madagascar 47

J. Kayope: Study on the Compositae weed flora of farmlands in
Ekit State, Nigeria a1

M. O. Banko eg, M. S. AYopELE & O. T. Apesumo: The antimicrobial effects
of some Asteraceae commonly eaten as vegetables in southwest Nigeria

on some enteric pathogens 56
J. F. Pruski: Compositae News 64
_ 7 GraziELa MaceL Barroso (1912-2003) 64
_7 JAMES C. Parks (1942-2002) 67
JoHN Beaman receives Jost Cuarrecasas Medal 68

New taxa and combinations published in this issue

ihe

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 ]

Editorial

This issue of the Compositae Newsletter contains the report and abstracts from the
first international meeting of TICA - The International Compositae Alliance — alias
"Deep Achene’ — held in Pretoria on 9—10 January, 2003. The abstracts have only been
edited for conformity in style, not as to contents, which are the full responsibilities of
the respective authors.

Our thanks go to Dr. Marinpa Koekemoer and other staff of the National Botanical
Institute, Pretoria, for hosting the conference and organizing the subsequent field trip
to the Orange Free State, Lesotho and Natal. Special thanks to Vicki Funk, who took
a leading role in the organization of the meeting as well as authoring the report on the
business meeting also published in this issue.

Berti. NorDENSTAM

to

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Report on the Business Meeting and Discussions

The International Compositae Alliance (TICA):
Deep Achene:
First International Meeting
Pretoria,
9-10 January 2003

[During the meeting it was agreed to change the name of the organization to “The
International Compositae Alliance” (TICA) and to continue to use Deep Achene as a
nickname. |

The meeting took place 9—10 January, 2003 and was hosted by the National Herbarium,
NBI Pretoria, South Africa. January 9th and morning of the 10th were devoted to
presentations. This report covers the business meeting (2:00 to 4:30 p.m. on the 10th
of January) and the results of some general discussions that took place before and
after the business meeting. The paper sessions and the business meeting were open
to all interested persons. Following the meeting 14 persons participated in a field trip
(11-17 January) to Golden Gate National Park, Lesotho, Royal Natal National Park and
points in between. The focus was on the Compositae and collecting was allowed in
most places.

The group decided to have the next international meeting in Barcelona in June of 2006.
The meeting will be sponsored by ALFonso Susanna and Nuria Garcia-Jacas with
assistance from their colleagues SanTiaco Ortiz, Arxa RIVERO-GUERRA, JOAN VALLES,
and others. One purpose of the meeting will be to produce a new version of the
Heywoop et al. volumes (The Biology & Chemistry of the Compositae, 1977). The
upcoming treatment in The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (ed. Kupirzk1;
Asteraceae edited by J. KaprreiT) will provide an excellent basis for the development
of a more theoretical volume. Most people expressed a desire for a similar format to the
Heywoop et al. publication in that each major clade would be covered with a Chapter
on morphology and a Chapter on the results of the molecular analyses. It would also
include cross cutting chapters on pollen, chromosome numbers, etc. The Barcelona
meeting will be followed by field trip(s) to the Pyrenees Mountains. ALFonso and
Nuria are in charge of the Organizing Committee. A Program Committee will be
appointed at a later date. Given the amount of material to include it was felt that it
would be best to have the meeting by itself and not in conjunction with any other
organization.

The group agreed that we should have Deep Achene (TICA) meetings whenever
possible and in conjunction with other national and international meetings. One such
meeting is being organized by CurisTopH OBERPRIELER already this year at the German

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 3

Botanical Society Meeting (21-27 September 2003). [Since the Pretoria meeting
CurisTopu has received permission to have a workshop and he will send information
to the Deep Achene email list.] Also, NiceL Barker is investigating the possibility of
having a meeting or sponsoring a symposium with the Southern Connections
Meeting in Cape Town in January 2004. Lowe.t Ursatscu will organize one for the
Botanical Society of America meeting in Alabama in August, 2003. [LoweLt has
already made arrangements for this to take place. }

Top Stugssy sent an email inviting Deep Achene to respond to the ’call” for symposia
for the International Botanical Congress to be held in Vienna in 2005. Since this is one
year before our proposed next International meeting in Barcelona, it would be an excel-
lent place to have one or two symposia (each symposium is two hours) to help us
advertise the meeting and drum up support. An organizing committee of WALTER
Lack, CurisToPH OBERPRIELER, RANDALL Bayer, and Vicki Funk was appointed.

Some discussion was devoted to the development of “supertrees” and how they
should be handled. We decided to try each year to contribute published or in press
trees and to make them available to any Deep Achene member who wanted to try
building a supertree. It was suggested that each year the results should be published
by the group (see below).

The assembly thought that in general it would be a good idea to put together a “virtual
international meeting” on line at the end of each year. Anyone who wanted to could
send in a summary or abstract of his/her work for the year along with a list of
publications and thereby keep in contact with what is happening in between
meetings. In addition, any supertrees that have been produced could be posted as
well. It was agreed that any supertrees would be authored by The International
Compositae Alliance (TICA) and then the developer of the tree and the authors of the
original trees used in the analyses would be listed in a footnote.

We all expressed interest in having Davin Ker develop draft descriptions for a tribe, a
genus, and a species. The idea would be to include all of the characters in the
descriptions and then one could eliminate the ones that did not apply. This led to a
discussion of having a website where one could post descriptions, checklists, floras,
etc. so that we could gradually develop a better understanding of the family and work
toward a family treatment for Species Plantarum or other publications.

The question of how to accomplish all this without a website, and without money to
develop one, was discussed. NickL Barker suggested finding a student who would
be interested in developing a website for Deep Achene. Everyone was encouraged to
try and think of someone who would help with the website development and anyone
who has ideas should send them to Funk to be distributed to the group on line. The
lack of a website was determined to be one of our biggest problems. NorDENsTAM

4 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

hinted at a possible solution in Stockholm. [This is now under way, with the help of
TorsTEN Eriksson at the Bergius Foundation].

We broke into smaller units to discuss coordinating molecular work in each part of the
family. After reassembling we divided the family into three groups and each group had
a coordinator nominated. This coordinator will work with the researchers in these
groups to coordinate molecular markers, etc. The goal is to try and determine the best
markers to use and then work to combine the data so that a broader perspective can be
gained for the family. Of the three grades listed below, 2 and 3 may turn out to be clades
but the First Grade will clearly always be a Grade. The groups and the coordinator for
each are listed below. The Grade Coordinators are not be confused with the Tribal
Coordinators (see the list at the end), the latter will work with the Grade Coordinators
on molecular concerns and also keep up with and facilitate communication on the
morphological aspects of research in the family.

Grade Coordinators

Grade 1 (Barnedesioideae, Mutisieae s.]., Cardueae, Vernonieae, Liabeae, Lactuceae,
Arctoteae): ALFoNso SUSANNA (accepted).

Grade 2 (Gnaphalieae, Senecioneae, Anthemideae, Astereae, Calenduleae): Lnvpa
Watson (accepted).

Grade 3 (Plucheeae, Inuleae, Heliantheae s.1., Eupatorieae): Jost PANERo (pending).

Each Grade Coordinator will work with his/her fellow molecular synantherologists to
improve communication within their grade and among grades.

Everyone agreed that we should NOT try and make any decisions on nomenclature.
We all felt that nomenclature issues should be handled in the time honored fashion of
“Do what you want and the users will decide what to keep and what to ignore.”

Finally, the group talked about funding for research in the family. A few things were
decided. First, that Deep Achene would work to develop an overall strategy that could
be used by anyone as part of a grant proposal. The strategy would discuss the family
as a whole and how all the different research projects fit into the whole of the family
plan. (We could call it family planning! ). The Tribal and Grade Coordinators would
work together to develop such a document. Second, ideally this strategy would be
used to apply for funding to the European “Tree of Life” and perhaps in the US the
NSF “Tree of Life” or “Planetary Biodiversity” programs or even the newly redefined
“BS&I” programs. Finally, such proposals would all have to request funding for the
web development, etc. for Deep Achene. Where the site was located would be
determined by who gets funding.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

1)

Tribal Coordinators

Outgroups: KARE BREMER & MELANIE DEVORE

Barnadesieae: Top Stugssy & EsTRELLA URTUBEY

Mutisieae s.1.: Jorce Crisci, Vicki FUNK & SANTIAGO ORTIZ
Cardueae (Cynareae): Nuria Garcia-Jacas & ALFonso SUSANNA
Vernonieae: STERLING KeeLey & HAROLD RoBINSON

Liabeae: V. Funk & Mike DiLLon

Arctoteae: Nice Barker, V. Funk & Per OLA Karis

Lactuceae (Cichorieae): H. Waiter Lack & JooNcKu LEE
Gnaphalieae: RANpALL Bayer, ILsz BREITWIESER & Jo WARD
Anthemideae: Linpa Watson, CHRISTOPH OBERPRIELER & JOAN VALLES
Astereae: Tim Lowrey & Lowe_i UrBATSCH

Calenduleae: Berti. NorDENSTAM

Senecioneae: BertTtL NorDENSTAM & TED BARKLEY

Inuleae & Plucheeae: ARNE ANDERBERG

Heliantheae s.1.: José PANERo & Bruce BALDWIN

Eupatorieae: Ep ScHiiinc & Haro_b Rosinson

Nearly all of the tribes have a coordinator for morphological and molecular work.
However, there are some problem areas. The Lactuceae (Cichorieae) lacks someone
doing big picture molecular work. Bircir GEMEINHOLZER Is interested in continuing her
work on this tribe should she have funding to do so but she is looking for a job. The
large tribe Senecioneae is in need of molecular work. NorDENsTaM is willing to work
with someone to select taxa, provide material and analyse results but someone must
take the lead on the molecular aspect of this tribe. [After the meeting NorDENsTAM has
initiated a collaboration with J. KapgreiT with the aim of covering most of the tribe. }

Everyone liked the species selected for the logo for the meeting — Macledium zeyheri
(Sonp.) S. Ortiz. Since the end of the field trip Marmpa Kogkemoer has arranged for
an artist to draw a proper logo using live material for the same species which was
conveniently in bloom at the Garden. We hope to unveil this logo soon.

The International Compositae Alliance would like to thank Dr. Marinpa KoEKEMOER
and her staff for their hard work, and the National Botanical Institute for hosting our
meeting in their lovely new Education Centre.

Report prepared by V. Funk, January 2003, reviewed by attendees February 2003.

6 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Abstracts

Talks and posters at the 1* TICA meeting, Pretoria,
9-10 Jan. 2003

(Alphabetical by first author; * = author did not attend)

* Evolutionary insights from a putative taxonomic garbage can:
Tribe Helenieae revisited and revised

Bruce G BaLowin, Brincet L. Wessa & Jost L. PaNERO
Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology,
University of California,

Berkeley, California, 94720 USA;

Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas,
Austin, Texas, 78712 USA

DNA sequence data have confirmed that Helenieae s. lat. is not monophyletic; linea-
ges corresponding to “core Heliantheae” and Eupatorieae are nested among clades of
helenioid taxa, as previously suggested. Clades coordinate with one or more helenioid
subtribe(s) demonstrate, however, that major components of diversity within
Helenieae s. lat. are natural groups warranting taxonomic recognition. Continued
treatment of Eupatorieae at tribal rank while adhering to a criterion of monophyly for
tribal classification requires that (1) Helenieae be recognized in a narrow sense
[corresponding in membership to subtribe Gaillardiinae sensu Ropinson (1981) +
Marshallia and Pelucha], (2) Madieae and Tageteae be recognized in expanded sen-
ses [Madieae including Madiinae sensu Car.aquist (1959), Baeriinae in a new sense,
and Arnica and x= 19 relatives; Tageteae including Pectidinae sensu Ropinson (1981),
Flaveriinae sensu TuRNER and Powe LL (1977), and genera historically aligned with
Flaveriinae (Clappia, Coulterella, Pseudoclappia, Varilla), among others] and (3)
three new tribes be erected — Bahieae, for Bahiinae in a new sense; Chaenactideae, for
Chaenactis, Dimeresia, and Orochaenactis, and Perityleae, for Peritylinae sensu
Rosinson (1981) and, provisionally, Lycapsinae sensu Ropinson (1981). Only one of
the epaleate taxa referable to Helenieae s. lat. that we sampled (7richocoryne) was
robustly placed within a clade of principally paleate taxa belonging to “core
Heliantheae” in the traditional sense; loss of receptacular bracts appears to have
occurred rarely during radiation of Heliantheae s. lat. We conclude that expression of
receptacular bracts in ’core Heliantheae” in the traditional sense and the tarweed

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 7

subtribe, Madiinae, is homoplasious; Madiinae is most closely related to Arnica and
is nested among epaleate lineages. We also conclude that pappi of bristles or bristle-
like elements have evolved in various lineages of Helenieae s. lat. and generally have
received too much weight in circumscriptions of suprageneric taxa. Multiple examples
of extreme descending dysploidy from high (putatively polyploid) ancestral
chromosome numbers in Helenieae s. lat. are evident from the phylogenetic data.
Bidirectional ecological shifts between annual and perennial habits and repeated ori-
gins of woodiness from herbaceous ancestors must be concluded for Helenieae s. lat.
Based on modern distributions of taxa and evident phylogenetic patterns, the most
recent common ancestor of Heliantheae s. lat. and Eupatorieae probably occurred in
southwestern North America (including northern Mexico). Baeriinae, Madiinae, and
the x = 19 “arnicoid” taxa may share a common Californian ancestry.

Aluta Continua: The search for informative characters
for phylogeny estimation in the subtribe Arctotinae (Arctoteae)

N. P. BARKER
Department of Botany, Rhodes University,
Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

The Arctotinae comprise five genera: Arctotis, Dymondia, Haplocarpha, Arctotheca
and Cymbonotus. Most Arctotinae occur in Southern Africa, some stretching to
tropical Africa, and isolated taxa are found as far as South West Asia, Turkey and Iran.
Cymbonotus is found only in Australia. Previous attempts to determine the
phylogenetic relationships of the taxa in the subtribe have been equivocal, and
molecular data (especially trnL-F sequence data) have been disappointing. This pre-
sentation deals with the search to find characters, both morphological and molecular,
which can be used in phylogeny inference to elucidate relationships of the species
and genera of the subtribe. To date, molecular data from the trnT-trnL spacer have
been informative, as have achene characters. However, cytology and coma hair
morphology are invariant. Additional sources of data currently under scrutiny is fila-
ment ornamentation and anther morphology.

g Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Phylogeny of the Gnaphalieae based on three cpDNA sequences
(matK, trnL intron, and the trnL/F spacer)

RANDALL Bayer, [LSE BREITWIESER, MICHAEL DILLON,
MarINDA KoEKEMOER & JOSEPHINE WARD
CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
Field Museum, Chicago, USA
National Herbarium, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

The Gnaphalieae are a tribe of 187 genera and about 1250 species of sunflowers that
have their greatest diversity in South America, Southern Africa, and Australia. The
objective of this ongoing study is to reconstruct a phylogeny of the Gnaphalieae
using sequence data from two non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences, the trnL
intron and trnL/trnF intergenic spacer, as well as the matK coding region. Included in
this investigation are the genera of the Gnaphalieae from the African basal groups,
members of the subtribes Angianthinae, Cassiniinae, Gnaphaliinae, Loricariinae, and
Relhaniinae, and African and Australian representatives from the large Old World
genus Helichrysum. Results indicate that several Gnaphaloid genera, including
Printzia, Isoetopsis, Denekia, and Callilepis, should be excluded from the
Gnaphalieae. The Relhantinae, which are restricted to Africa, are not a monophyletic
group as presently circumscribed, nor are the South African members of Helichrysum,
the Cassiniinae and Gnaphaliinae. Results also indicate that the, primarily Australian,
subtribes Angianthinae and Cassiniinae are non-monophyletic as currently
circumscribed. In most trees the Relhaniinae s. s. and some of the basal taxa comprise
a clade that is sister to the remainder of the tribe Gnaphalieae. Sister to the Relhaniinae
are clades of African, South American, North American, and European taxa that are
primarily woody perennials that are often found at montane to high alpine elevations.
Sister to these clades is a large clade of Australian, primarily herbaceous annual taxa
mainly from the subtribe Angianthinae.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 9

*Achene morphology and anatomy of Symphyllocarpus exilis
Maxio. and Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et ASCHERS. (Asteraceae)

E.V. BoyKo
Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS,
Vladivostok, Russia

K. BREMER (1994) left Symphyllocarpus and Centipeda along with some other genera
outside the recognized tribes. In the shape of the seeds (small, narrow-lanceolate),
anatomic structure (few-layered, thin-walled cells of their pericarp and seed coat), the
ultrastructure of the pericarp surface (smooth surface, weakly pronounced cell
boundaries), Symphyllocarpus exilis is close to the genera of the tribe Gnaphalieae.
Presence of glands and furcated hairs can serve as a character to separate this
monotypic genus from the other Gnaphalieae. In the shape of seeds (obovate, weakly
ribbed), anatomic structure (few-layered, thin-walled cells of pericarp and seed coat),
ultrastructure (the cells of epicarp are elongated, plicate-sulcate, sulculi come together
at the protuberance in the apical part of the cell), Centipeda minima is close to the
species of the tribe Astereae (the character of the sulculi resembles the condition in
Heteropappus, and the thin integuments are like in Erigeron.

The relationships of Haastia (Senecioneae)

ILse Brerrwieser, J. M. Warp & S. J. WAGSTAFF
Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
Department of Plant Microbial Sciences, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand
Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand

The tribal and generic affinities of Haastia, an endemic New Zealand genus of three
species, are discussed. Haastia has been placed with both the Gnaphalieae and
Astereae, and more recently listed as unassigned to a tribe within the Asteroideae.
Secretory canals in the leaves or leaf sheaths exclude Haastia from the Gnaphalieae,
and senecioid pollen excludes it from the Gnaphalieae and the Astereae. In recent
phylogenetic analyses of New Zealand Asteraceae Haastia is nested in the genus
Brachyglottis (Senecioneae). Results from preliminary ITS and trnK/matK sequence
analyses of New Zealand Senecioneae are presented and key characters of Haastia
are compared with other genera in Senecioneae.

10 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

* Palyno-taxonomy of the subtribe Gaillardiinae
(Asteraceae: Helenieae) (poster)

Antonio P. CouTINHO
Departamento de Botanica da Universidade de Coimbra,
Calcada Martim de Freitas 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
(cafe@pop.ci.uc.pt)

The Gaillardiinae include 13 genera and 130 species, of South and North America. It
has been included either in the Helenieae or in the Heliantheae s. 1.; also it has been
suggested its raise to tribal rank. In spite of various LM, SEM and TEM investigations
the palynology of the Gaillardiinae remains insufficiently known. Ten genera (1 spe-
cies each) were investigated with SEM; two genera (1 species each) with TEM .The
pollen is echinate (with a granulate, rugulate or micro-reticulate inter-spinular
sculpture), caveate, either with a gnaphalioid structure or with transitional forms
between this and the helianthoid structure, with well developed foramina. The
apertural system is tripartite, constituted by ecto-, meso- and endoapertures,
comprising, respectively, sexine, foot-layer and outer endexine, and inner endexine .
The spines are dilated at base and contracted at apex, having columellae and micro-
perforations between the base and 1/2-2/3 ofits length. In contrast, the pollen grains
of the Heliantheae s. s. (excl. Ambrosiinae) usually present a typical helianthoid
structure (rarely senecioid or sub-gnaphalioid), spines slim and attenuated at apex,
and spinular columellae and micro-perforations restricted to the base. The present
palynologycal data individualize the Heliantheae and Gaillardiinae, supporting the
raise of the latter to tribal rank.

Fig 1. Participants in the post-congress excursion. Photo: RANDALL BAYER

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 a

Generic circumscription of Cineraria L. (Senecioneae) based on
molecular and morphological evidence

GV. Cron, E. B. Knox & K. BALKWILL
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences,
University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences,
University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa

Cineraria L. (Senecioneae, Asteraceae) mostly comprises perennial herbs and
suffrutices with heterogamous, mainly radiate, yellow capitula. This genus is chiefly
distinguished by its compressed cypselae and palmate leaf venation. However,
certain species previously included in Cineraria lack one or both of these diagnostic
features. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on plastid (trnL—F) and nuclear
(ITS) DNA sequences provide evidence that the species possessing both
morphological features also comprise a clade, but that the remaining species are
scattered among the close relatives of Cineraria within the Senecioneae. By re-
moving these species from Cineraria and erecting a new genus for two distinctive
species that are sister to the remaining Cineraria clade, the resulting genera are more
clearly circumscribed by morphological features that reflect the prevalent
evolutionary pattern.

* Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of Olearia
(Asterae: Asteraceae) (poster)

E. W. Cross, C. J. Quinn & S. J. WAGSTAFF
Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand

Analyses of ITS sequences for 49 species of Olearia, including representatives from
all currently recognised intergeneric sections, and 43 species from 23 other genera of
Astereae, rooted on eight sequences from Anthemideae, provide no support for the
monophyly of this large and morphologically diverse Australasian genus. Eighteen
separate lineages of Olearia are recognised, including seven robust groups. Three of
these groups and another eight species are placed within a primary clade

2 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

incorporating representatives of Achnophora, Aster, Brachyscome, Calotis,
Camptacra, Erigeron, Felicia, Grangea, Kippistia, Lagenifera, Minuria,
Oritrophium, Peripleura, Podocoma, Remya, Solidago, Tetramolopium and
Vittadinia. The remaining four groups and three individual species lie within a sister
clade that also includes Ce/misia, Chiliotrichum, Damnamenia, Pleurophyllum and
Pachystegia. Relationships within each primary clade are poorly resolved. There is
some congruence between this molecular estimate of the phylogeny and the distribu-
tion of types of abaxial leaf-hair, which is the basis of the present sectional
classification of Olearia, but all states appear to have arisen more than once within the
tribe. It is concluded that those species placed within the second primary clade should
be removed from the genus, but the extent to which species placed within the first
primary clade constitute a monophyletic group can only be resolved with further
sequence data. A complementary database of partial ndhF sequences for a subset of
52 ingroup species has now been assembled with the aim of increasing support for the
basal nodes in the topology. Preliminary analysis of the combined ITS + ndhF
database provides only limited improvement in support.

An overview of the Cichorioideae s. I.

V.A. Funk
U.S. National Herbarium, Systematic Biology MRC 166,
National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20013-7012, USA
(funk.vicki(@nmnh.si.edu )

Molecular studies of the flowering plant family Compositae (Asteraceae) conducted
with José PANERo, focusing on the Mutisieae s.l., and with STERLING KEELey and
RayMuND CHAN focusing on the subfamily Cichorioideae s.s., have provided new
insights into the evolution of the basal one third of the family. Based on comparative
DNA sequence data of chloroplast genes this study provides new insights into the
radiation of the family. The results support the creation of new groups to maintain a
classification that reflects evolutionary history. A paper (PANERO & Funk 2002) has
been published proposing the following new names: subfamilies Corymbioideae,
Gochnatioideae, Gymnarrhenoideae, Hecastocleoideae, and Pertyoideae. The totals
now stand at 11 subfamilies and 35 tribes. Only one tribe, the Mutisieae, is non-
monophyletic having two branches. Most of the new groups are derived from taxa
included in tribe Mutisieae, long suspected to be a paraphyletic group. Molecular
studies that support these changes are discussed elsewhere (PANERO & Funk, MS)
but a summary of their results is presented.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 | 2

A brief summary of the phylogeny of the Arctoteae
(Compositae: Cichorioideae s.s.)

V.A. Funk & R. Cuan
U.S. National Herbarium, Systematic Biology MRC 166,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington D.C. 20013-7012, USA
(funk.vicki@nmnh.si.edu )
Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

The Arctoteae is amember of the subfamily Cichorioideae s.s. It is a small tribe with ca.
220 species. The subfamily now contains from four to seven tribes, depending on
where the member taxa are placed. The four traditional larger tribes are the Arctoteae,
Cichorieae (Lactuceae), Liabeae and Vernonieae; the three small tribes (with one or
two genera) are the Eremothamneae, Gundelieae and Moquineae. The relationships
among all these tribes have not been resolved. The Arctoteae was first recognized by
Cassini (1819) with eight genera. Since then, although a number of genera have moved
in and out, the core genera have remained the same. The Arctoteae treatment in
Heywoop et al. was prepared by Nor.iNDH (1977) and he accepted the three subtribes
of BENTHAM and in addition, the subtribe Eremothamninae. He excluded Platycarpha
and Ursinia. In the same volume, Dittricu (1977) in his treatment of the thistles
(Cardueae) rejected both Platycarpha and Gundelia, and MERXMULLER 1n his
treatment of the Inuleae agreed that Heterolepis did not belong in that tribe and
suggested a placement in the Mutisieae. Jones (1977) included Hoplophyllum in the
Vernonieae. More recently Karis suggested that Hoplophyllum was sister to
Eremothamnus (1992) and in 1994 Rosrnson used pollen data to support his
hypotheses that Gundelia and Eremothamnus belonged in tribes of their own and not
in the Arctoteae. BREMER (1994) recognized the two main subtribes, sinking the
Gundelieae into the Gorteriinae. He listed Eremothamnus and Hoplophyllum as
belonging to the subfamily Cichorioideae s. |. but unplaced as to tribe. Karis used
sequence data to show that Gundelia did not belong in the Arctoteae but was the
sister group of the Cichorieae (Lactuceae). Most recently the Saharan genus Wario-
nia has been shown to be the sister taxon of Gundelia (PANERO & Funk, submitted)
and the two together now constitute the Gundelieae and are sister to the Lactuceae.
Likewise the affinities of Ursinia (Anthemideae) have also been identified to the
satisfaction of most taxonomists. Cymbonotus is the only genus found outside of
southern Africa and its position can be confirmed. However there are still problems
with the placement of several genera: Heterolepis, Platycarpha, Hoplophyllum, and
Eremothamnus. In addition, Haplocarpha, Heterorhachis, and Cuspidia are unusual

14 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

taxa morphologically and their placement is of interest. The placement of all of these
has been questioned. Recent molecular data by Funk, Cuan & Keetey (MS) have
provided new insights into the phylogeny of the tribe. The core members of the
subtribe Arctotineae (Arctotheca, Arctotis, Cymbonotus, Dymondia) along with
Haplocarpha are a monophyletic group, although Haplocarpha is paraphyletic. The
core members of the subtribe Gorteriinae (Berkheya, Cullumia, Cuspidia, Didelta,
Gazania, Gorteria and Hirpicium) along with Heterorhachis are a monophyletic
group, although Berkheya is paraphyletic. The Gorteriinae is divided into three
clades. The genus Gundelia is supported as being a separate tribe the Gundelieae that
is basal to the Lactuceae and not part of the Arctoteae. Eremothamnus and
Hoplophyllum are sister taxa and are not supported as being a separate tribe but rather
a subtribe within the Arctoteae. Heterolepis seems to belong to the tribe but does not
belong to etiher of the three subtribes mentioned above and has some variance of
position depending on whether ITS or chloroplast DNA data are used. Finally,
Platycarpha is very different from the rest of the Arctoteae and difficult to place in
that tribe. As in Heterolepis, its position varies somewhat based on the marker that is
analyzed. While the position of most of the taxa in the tribe has been determined, three
of the taxa that have been problematic for years based on morphology are also
problematic using DNA data.

A brief summary of the phylogeny of the Liabeae
(Compositae: Cichoriodeae s.s.)

V. A. Funk & Hyi-cyunc Km
US. National Herbarium, Systematic Biology MRC 166,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington D.C. 20013-7012, USA
(funk. vicki@nmnh.si.edu )
Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA

The Liabeae is a member of the subfamily Cichorioideae s.s. The subfamily now
contains from four to seven tribes, depending on where the member taxa are placed.
The four traditional larger tribes are the Arctoteae, Cichorieae (Lactuceae), Liabeae
and Vernonieae; the three small tribes (with one or two genera) are the
Eremothamneae, Gundelieae and Moquineae. The relationships among all these tribes
have not been resolved although the Liabeae is generally thought to be most closely
related to the Vernonieae. The Liabeae consists of 15 genera and approximately 160
species. The tribe is neotropical in distribution and is primarily confined to

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 15

mountainous parts in the western cordilleras. Species are presently found from
Mexico to Central America and the Caribbean south to the Andes from Venezuela to
northern Argentina. The history of the classification of the Liabeae reflects the
difficulty in tribal placement encountered by early workers. Cassi, Lessinc, De
CaNDOLLE, WEDDELL, and BENTHAM and Hooker all variously treated groups of taxa
that are now placed in this tribe but they were not grouped together. RypBerc formally
proposed tribal status in 1927. BenrHam’s classification, which placed the majority of
taxa in one genus, Liabum, in the Senecionieae, was essentially adopted by
HoFFMANN, and despite the work by RypBeERG, was retained more or less intact and
accepted by many modern workers. In the 1970’s Rosinson and co-workers published
a series of papers bringing the genera together into one tribe and Rosinson provided
the first modern view of the tribe. Previously published phylogenies of the tribe along
with a newly generated one based on molecular data from a study by Km and Funk
show that of the three subtribes, only two are monophyletic. The Paranepheliinae
(Paranephelius and Pseudonoseris) is monophyletic. The Munnoziinae is most likely
monophyletic, although Chrysactinium in nested within Munnozia. Some core ele-
ment of the Liabinae is monophyletic but the placement of the smaller genera is in
question (e.g., Cacosmia, Chionopappus). The tribe is primarily Andean, however
there have been two independent major invasions northward, viz. Liabum from the
Andes to Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, and the Sinclairia —
Liabellum clade from the Andes to Mexico and Central America. On the species level,
the majority of the diversity is found in the central Andes from southern Colombia to
northern Bolivia; on the generic level diversity is concentrated in Ecuador and
northern Peru. Speciation patterns seem to support allopatric speciation via peripheral
isolation.

Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Lactuceae (Asteraceae)
using the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS 1 + 2

Bircit GEMEINHOLZER & KonrRAD BACHMANN
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)
Corrensstrafie 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany

The tribe Lactuceae, subfamily Cichorioideae, comprises 11 subtribes and 98 genera.
We have amplified and sequenced the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 of
the ribosomal RNA from more than 100 species and analysed these together with 40
sequences from Genebank, altogether representing 44 genera, covering all subtribes.
An unambiguous alignment of these spacer regions across the Lactuceae is

16 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

impossible in some parts, however sufficient conserved sequence motifs can be
recognized for a valid comparison resulting in a well resolved phylogeny.

The monophyly of the subtribes Sonchinae, Crepidinae, Lactucinae,
Hypochaeridinae and Hieraciinae cannot be confirmed and the subtribal status of
several genera (e.g. Cichorium, Chondrilla, Hyoseris, Prenanthes, Rhagadiolus,
Scolymus, Taeckholmia, Tolpis, Urospermum) need to be revised.

One likely source of error in ITS phylogenies is the fact that in allopolyploid and even
diploid hybrids ITS sequences may get recombined and homogenized by concerted
evolution. Due to the tree like structure of phylogenetic reconstructions, hybrids then
predominantly cluster basal to both or near one of the two parents. This, however,
doesn’t always reflect their true evolutionary relationship and may lead to wrong
phylogenetic implications. To avoid misleading conclusions chromosome counts of
the taxa included in this analysis have been carried out and polyploid taxa were
excluded from the analysis.

The systematic study of Achillea species
(Compositae—Anthemideae) in Iran

J. GHoRASHI-AL-HosstEneé & Errat JAAFARI
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ferdowsi, Mashhad, tran

The genus Achillea L. belongs to the tribe Anthemideae and is one of the larger
genera of the family Asteraceae in Iran. Altogether the genus includes 100 species
distributed all over the world. There are 15 species that have been studied in this work,
of which 7 species are endemic in Iran. They are perennial plants with many medicinal
applications. The main objective of this research is study of the species of the genus
Achillea using numerical taxonomic methods. 63 characters of morphological studies
(quantitative and qualitative) of samples were recorded. These data were analysed
and interpreted by the JMP, software and cluster analysis (using Ward method). The
results of cluster analysis dendrogram confirm classic taxonomic studies. The taxa of
Achillea that have been studied in this work are as follows: A. biebersteinii, conferta,
eriophora, filipendulina, kellalensis, millefolium, nobilis, oligocephala,
oxyodonta, pachycephala, setacea, talagonica, tenuifolia, vermicularis and
wilhelmsii.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 1k7

The systematic study of two genera, Anthemis L. and Matricaria L.
(Compositae—Anthemideae) in East Iran

J. GHorasHi-AL-Hosstene & K. EMapZADEH
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
University of Ferdowsi,
Mashhad, fran

Members of the genera Anthemis and Matricaria (Compositae-Anthemideae) are
known as ‘Camomile’. They have long been known because of its medical properties
and are today widely used in pharmacology. For this reason, the need for studying
various species of ‘Camomile’ is increasingly felt.

A survey of the literature shows that little research has so far been done on these
medical genera, especially in Iran. This study, done for the first time in Iran, was carried
out on the existing species found in the east of Iran (Khorasan, Sistan and
Balouchestan provinces) which include 6 species of Anthemis and one species of
Matricaria. In the morphological part of the study, the specimens were collected and
identified and ultimately 67 qualitative and quantitative properties were extracted for a
numerical taxonomy. In the anatomical part, cross-section of the roots and stems of the
species were prepared and studied after being stained. An anatomical description was
presented for every species and ultimately 21 qualitative and quantitative properties
were extracted for a numerical taxonomy. In the next part of the study, i.e., wood analy-
sis, the specimens were studied from different angles. Finally, the specimens were
analysed with the help of the software SPSS and through cluster analysis using
Ward’s method. The taxa studied in this work are as follows: Anthemis
odontostephana Botss., A. triumfetti (L.) AvL., A. altissima L., A. austro-iranica
Recu. F.,A. sp.,A. hyalina DC., A. rhodocentra IRaNsHaR, and Matricaria recutita L.

Fig. 2. Some excursion participants in National Botanical Institute van.
Photo: RANDALL Bayer

18 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

A systematic and geographical survey of Asteraceae
(Compositae) in Khorasan, Lran (poster)

J. GorasHI-AL-HosstenE
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
University of Ferdowsi, Mashhad, tran

The Compositae (Asteraceae) is one of the largest families of flowering plants in the
world. During research work on the flora of Khorasan, an investigation and study of
systematic and geographical distribution in Compositae was made. This family shows
a wide range of variation in Khorasan. It comprises 90 genera and 180 species, so far,
with some taxa showing a dominant geographical distribution in the area. This study
will help us to get the best benefit of natural resources and plants, especially those
taxa that are the source of foods, medicines and pasture, and it will add to the general
and fundamental knowledge about the problems in agriculture, ecology and
conservation of the floristic matters.

Taxonomy and ecophysiology of Chrysanthemoides
Turn. ex MEpDIK. (tribe Calenduleae)

S. Hows, N. P. BARKER & B. S. RIPLEY
Department of Botany, Rhodes University,
Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

Chrysanthemoides is a small genus of two species with a predominantly southern
African distribution. It is, however, an invasive weed in Australia. The classification of
these species has been problematic, as numerous infraspecific taxa have been
identified at various ranks. These taxa are morphologically distinguishable (but with
some difficulty), and are highly variable. However, there is, evidence to suggest that
they are geographically partitioned. This work attempts to 1) determine whether DNA
sequence data can be used to “test” the morphological classification, and 2) to
determine if genetically distinguishable entities (taxa) have adapted to their local
environment at the ecophysiological level, and whether these adaptations are fixed
(genetically determined) or flexible.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 19

* The Vernonieae: Searching for anew paradigm

STERLING C. KEELEY & Raymunp Cuan (presented by V. A. Funk)
Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Hawaii 96822, USA

The Vernonieae is one of the four major tribes of the basal subfamily Cichorioideae s.s.
and contains nearly 10% of the family (~2500 spp). It is equally well represented in the
New and Old Worlds and occurs in temperate and tropical habitats, on islands as well
as continents. Despite the importance of this tribe, it is one of the least well
understood. No phylogeny has been proposed for the tribe and few intra-tribal
relationships have been identified. New synoptic treatments based on morphology of
the Old and New World Vernonieae by Ropmson (1999) and molecular and
morphological studies by myself and collaborators (KEELEY & TURNER 1990, KEELEY
& JANSEN 1994, Kw et al. 1998) during the past 10 years have provided a temporary
framework of possible relationships and established a putative sister group. Data
were lacking, however, to resolve relationships between New and Old World species.
Results of current work have confirmed the tribe Liabeae as the closest sister group to
the Vernonieae, and the tribes Arctoteae, Cardueae and Lactuceae to be the next
closest. Within the tribe, data from 126 taxa for the nuclear ITS and chloroplast
trnLc-f and ndhF regions showed: 1) an Old World origin for the Vernonieae in the
region of S.E. Africa/Madagascar; 2) a clear separation of and independent evolution
of New and Old World lineages with the most derived taxa in eastern North America;
3) confirmed the close relationship between the Hawaiian endemic, Hesperomannia,
and taxa of the east Africa/Madagascar region, and 4) that these basal taxa are most
closely related to taxa endemic to Sri Lanka and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia &
Yemen). Intriguing, but as yet unconfirmed relationships, were also found among taxa
from northeastern Africa and western India to those from the Arabian peninsula and
southeast Asia. Overall, these relationships suggest a pattern of evolution and radia-
tion substantially different from that traditionally invoked for the Vernonieae and the
basal Compositae. Systematic and taxonomic treatments must be amended to take into
account this paradigm shift, and eventually, to formulate new hypotheses on the ra-
diation of the Compositae worldwide. The pattern of relationships within the
Vernonieae suggest the tribe as a model system that could be used to test
biogeographical hypotheses, such as the Gondwanan, Boreotropics and Laurasian
hypotheses.

20 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

* Carpology and systematics of the tribe Anthemideae

N. S. KHANDJIAN
Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia,
Yerevan, 375063, Armenia

One hundred and forty four species belonging to 46 genera of the tribe Anthemideae
have been studied. Generalizing as well literature data (REICHBRECHT 1974, MELIKIAN &
MourapiaAN 1975, KALLeRsIO 1985, and others) it has been identified that
morphological and anatomical features of achenes are constant enough and may
serve as diagnostic features for Anthemideae for general (KHANDIAN 1984), sectional
(KHANDMAAN 1983, 1990) and tribal (KHANDIIAN 1991) levels.

Genera Eumorphia DC., Abrotanella Cass., Centipeda Lour., Ceratogyne Turcz.,
and Ursinia GarrTNER do not have achene structures typical for Anthemideae
(KHANDHAN 1994). In addition, morphological and anatomical structure of studied
genera Lasiospermum Lacasca, Phymaspermum Less., Gymnopentzia BENTH.,
Hymenolepis Cass., Athanasia L., and Asaemia (HARVEY) Harvey ex BENTH. (subtribe
Ursiniinae BREMER & Humpuries 1993), causes doubts about the fact of these genera
belonging to the tribe Anthemideae.

The Metalasia group in the subtribe Relhaniinae
(Gnaphalieae — Asteraceae)

M. KorKEMOER
National Herbarium, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

Results are presented of a study of genera, comprising 65 species, in the Metalasia
group (excluding Metalasia) as defined by ANDERBERG (1991). The study led to the
description of six new species, the re-classification of Disparago, Elytropappus and
Stoebe, the clarification of numerous nomenclatural problems and the establishment
of a workable morphological/anatomical classification and keys to genera and species.
Although some chemical analysis on the flavonoids and volatile oils were conducted
it proved too complex to be solved within the scope of the investigation. This study,
and specifically the investigation of the genus Amphiglossa, emphasized the
importance of basic taxonomic work and fieldwork within the Asteraceae flora of
southern Africa.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 21

Asteraceae of Southern Africa: Some statistics (poster)

M. KorKEMOER
National Herbarium, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

A general interest poster to show tribal composition, the size of the southern African
Asteraceae genera, number of species per tribe, centres of diversity as well as generic
endemism.

Amphiglossa—a journey of discovery and understanding (poster)

M. KorkEMOER
National Herbarium, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

This fascinating genus in the Relhaniinae (Gnaphalieae) is illustrated by photos of
species, distribution maps and some of the anatomical, morphological and chemical
research results.

* Cichorieae revisited

H. Watrer Lack
Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem
Freie Universitat Berlin
K6nigin-Luise-Str. 6-8, D-14195 Berlin, Germany

Cichorieae, formerly Lactuceae, is the most easily recognised tribe within Compositae
and has been understood us such since the preLinnean period. It is a predominantly
Northern Hemisphere group, but found on all continents with comparatively few
strictly tropical species. The group is notoriously poor in diagnostic characters with
convergent evolution having led to very similar forms in different genera. STEBBINS’S
arrangement of the Cichorieae has been modified for the treatment to be published in
“Families and Genera of Vascular Plants -Asteridae” where a total of 11 subtribes are
recognized. Crepidinae, Hieraciinae, Lactucinae and Sonchinae are by far the largest
subtribes, all predominantly Old World in distribution, and the same applies to the
smaller Hypochaeridinae and Scorzonerinae and the very small Catananchinae and

to
to

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Scolyminae. Only three subtribes, i. e. Malacothricinae, Microseridinae and
Stephanomerinae, are almost exclusively New World in distribution. Very recent
cytological and molecular studies have brought significant insights and indicate the
need for a completely new view of the group. Significantly the Hypochaeris species in
S America, the Picris species in Australia, Kirkianella in New Zealand and Microseris
scapigera in Australia have been interpreted as derivatives of Northern Hemisphere
taxa.

Molecular phylogeny of North American Cichorieae

Jooncku Lee!,?, Bruce G BaLpwin! & L. D. Gotruizs*
1 Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology,
1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465,

University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-2465 USA
?Current address: Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
52 Oundong, Yusungku, Taejeon, 305-806, Korea
Section of Ecology and Evolution, University of California,

Davis, California 95616, USA

Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS),
the external transcribed spacer (ETS), and the 5.8S regions of 18S-26S nuclear rDNA
from all 23 genera of Cichorieae with centers of diversity in North America (and
Picrosia from South America) show that all but three of the genera belong to a series
of six clades that are well supported by bootstrap values at 90% or to a seventh clade
that is moderately supported (82% bootstrap). The rDNA sequence data do not prov-
ide as much as 80% bootstrap support for larger groups (except for one uniting all 24
ingroup genera); relationships among the seven clades remain uncertain. The six
clades with major support and their component genera are: 1) the Lygodesmia Clade:
Chaetadelpha, Lygodesmia, and Shinnersoseris, 2) the Pinaropappus Clade:
Marshalljohnstonia and Pinaropappus, 3) the Microseris Clade: Agoseris,
Microseris, Nothocalais, Stebbinsoseris, and Uropappus, 4) the Stephanomeria
Clade: Munzothamnus, Pleiacanthus, Prenanthella, Rafinesquia, and
Stephanomeria, 5) the Malacothrix 1 Clade: Atrichoseris and various species of
Malacothrix, and 6) the Malacothrix 2 Clade: Anisocoma, Calycoseris, and various
other species of Malacothrix. The present analysis shows that Malacothrix, a genus
of 22 species, is not monophyletic. None of the clades corresponds precisely to a
taxon of Cichorieae proposed previously, although taxa constituting each clade
belong to a common subtribe or subgroup in classifications by Stepps (1953),
JEFFREY (1966), and Bremer (1994), with one exception. As a group, the 24 genera
represent a single, major radiation of Cichorieae based in North America.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 23

* The medicinal Compositae in China

YEOU-RUENN LING
South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences
Guangzhou, Longdong, 510520, China

In China there are about 240 genera, 2300 species of Compositae, of which at least
1/5 of the species have been used for medicines. Author introduces the medicinal uses
of 80 species from Compositae according to the functions and properties of the spe-
cies, such as Artemisia annua L. containing “Qinghaosu” (C,.H,,O,) and effectively
used to treat malaria, A. argyi LevL. & Vanr. used for curing cholera, or promoting
blood circulation, especially for curing woman’s menstruation and other
gynaecological diseases; Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and C. indicum L. are
good for suppressing blood pressure and for the antiphlogistic, febritugal,
detoxifying and diuretic drugs; /nula japonica Tuuns. and J. racemosa Hook. F. are
used for regulating vital energy, eliminating sputum, stopping vomiting, promoting
digestion, curing stomach-ache and for foetus soothing of the pregnant women;
Bidens pilosa L. and B. bipinnata L. are good for diminishing inflammation to cure
common cold, bronchitis, hepatitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, appendicitis and child—
fever, eliminating sputum and curing snake-bite or external uses; Seriphidium cinum
(BERG. ex Povsak.) Potsak. and S. finitum (Kitac.) Linc & Y. R. Lina are good for
anthelmintics to expel ascarids etc.

* Achene morphology of Senecio and related genera
(Aseraceae: Senecioneae) (poster)

M. G Lopez!,3, A. EF Wutrr?, & C. C. Xirrepa‘4
"Becaria de Estudio CIC-PBA. Centro de Investigaciones Genéticas (CIGEN);
Personal de Apoyo CONICET;
3Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolucion,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires;
‘Investigadora Principal CIC-PBA,
Laboratorio de Etnobotanica y Botanica Aplicada,
Facultad Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad de La Plata, Argentina

Achene morphology of Argentine species, representing the majority of the series and
subseries of Senecio and from representatives of the closely related genera Werneria,
Xenophyllum, Chersodoma, Erechtites, Gynoxys, and Pseudogynoxys, is reported.

24 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Achene surface micromorphology from scanning electron micrographs showed varia-
tion in ornamentation but exhibited several characters relatively constant as the dist-
ribution and length of hairs: from completely glabrous to covered all over with shortly
papillose or myxogenic hairs, in smooth surfaced achenes or with separated longitudi-
nal grooves sparsely or densely hairy. This survey of structure characters of the
mature cypsela has provided information about morphological affinities, and was
used to define five groups of Senecio species and to delimitate the genera.

Achene morphological characters support the systematic placement of most species.
Otherwise, the study has been useful in supplementing new data to the recognition of
relationships and similarities between entities of previous doubtful position.

* Cytogenetic analysis of the weed Senecio madagascariensis
(Asteraceae: Senecioneae) in Argentina (poster)

M. G Loprz',*, A. F Wutrr’, 4, L. Poccio*,* & C. C. Xirrepa *
'Becaria de Estudio CIC-PBA, Centro de Investigaciones Genéticas (CIGEN);
Personal de Apoyo CONICET;

*Investigadora Principal CONICET;

‘Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolucién,

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires;
‘Investigadora Principal CIC-PBA,

Laboratorio de Etnobotanica y Botanica Aplicada,

Facultad Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad de La Plata, Argentina

The African weed Senecio madagascariensis is economically important in
agricultural areas due to its invasiveness and its toxicity to livestock. It has been
assigned with two chromosome numbers, from naturalized material, in Argentina: a
first report of 2n=40, and a count of 2n=20, documented also in other countries.
Ornamentation of the achene surface (MEB) and chromosome numbers, on 18
accessions from six different localities were examined. The results always showed
2n=20, and the DAPI-CMA and C-banding presented centromeric and telocentric
heterochromatic blocks. The meiotic behavior was normal (10 II), but secondary
associations of bivalents, in most of the cells investigated, were observed. Moreover,
two groups of five bivalents or chromosomes were characterized in both metaphases,
suggesting the presence of two different genomes with 5 chromosomes. Accordingly,
we assume that results support a basic chromosome number of x=5, for this native
from the place of origin of the Senecioneae tribe.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 25

Phylogenetic studies in the Astereae: the need for generic re-
delimitation and a reasonable subtribal classification

Tm Lowrey’ & Lowe.y Ursatscr’
‘Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, NM, USA
?Biological Sciences Department, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA, USA

The Astereae consists of approximately 192 genera and about 3000 species. The dist-
ribution of the tribe is worldwide with concentrations of diversity in the western U.S.,
South America (along the Andes), Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Most
shrubby and arborescent taxa occur in the Southern Hemisphere while many Northern
Hemisphere taxa are perennial herbs, subshrubs or annuals. The subtribal
classification has always been problematic. The most recent classifications are those
by ZHANG & BREMER (1994) in which they proposed three subtribes (and numerous
groups) while Nesom (1994) proposed 14 subtribes. Both of these classifications are
based largely on morphology. Recent molecular studies on Austral-Pacific taxa,
Vittadinioid genera and Olearia (Lowrey et al. 2001; Cross et al. 2002) and on Western
Hemisphere genera (Noyes & REISEBERG 1999; Ursatscx et al., in progress) show that
both recent subtribal classifications are not tenable. Additionally, many large or even
moderate sized genera in the Astereae are proving to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic
when analysed using molecular data. Examples include Vittadinia, Tetramolopium,
Olearia, Erigeron, and Haplopappus. Hybridization, recent adaptive radiations, and
genetic lability (leading to multiple evolutionary orgins) of key morphological
characters are partly responsible for the taxonomic confusion. Therefore, the Astereae
needs molecular studies of many of the larger genera as a result of the extensive
homoplasy in morphological characters used historically to delimit genera.
Furthermore, we discuss the need for a broad scale molecular phylogenetic analysis of
the Astereae to clarify subtribal and biogeographic relationships.

26 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Recent progress in Senecioneae taxonomy

Bertit NORDENSTAM
Dept. of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
(bertil. nordenstam@nrm.se)

My overview of the tribe Senecioneae for the "Families and Genera of Vascular Plants’
(submitted) accounts for 138 genera, as compared to 120 in the latest review by
Bremer in 1994. The main increase in number of genera concerns South America, the
Caribbean, and Asia. This large tribe, with more than 3,000 species worldwide, is still
not easily dividable into well-defined subtribes. There are two major groupings
referred to as the ’senecioid’ and the ’tussilaginoid’ groups and in addition some smal-
ler assemblages such as the Blennosperma group, Abrotanella, and the Adenostyles
group. Ongoing morphological and molecular studies suggest some more changes on
the generic level. A reasonably monophyletic concept of Senecio s. str. is within reach.
The main refinements on the generic level will concern South and Central America
including the Caribbean, Madagascar, and perhaps Asia. As an example Cuba may be
mentioned: Out of more than 20 recorded Senecio species, only one, viz., the
cosmopolitan weed S. vulgaris (generic type) will remain in the genus. The others will
be disposed in new genera such as Oldfeltia, described in 2002, and others now in the
press. In South America, especially in the Andean region, much progress in taxonomic
knowledge is expected shortly. For example, about 30 species of trees and shrubs
belong to a new genus, Nordenstamia Lunpin, with an Andean distribution in Argen-
tina, Bolivia, and Peru. Its relationships are with Aequatorium B. Norp., which is
restricted to Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, and Gynoxys Cass. with a wide Andean
distribution.

Generic problems and limits in the Calenduleae

BertiL NoRDENSTAM
Dept. of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History
Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
(bertiLnordenstam@nrm.se)

The tribe Calenduleae has a distinct centre in South Africa, where seven of its eight
genera and the majority of species occur. The only genus confined to the northern
hemisphere is Calendula, which is well defined but taxonomically difficult on the

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 54)

species level. In the South African group there are still problems of generic
circumscription. The current concept of Dimorphotheca, including Castalis and
Osteospermum sect. Blaxium, is monophyletic. Also the genus 7ripteris is distinct
from Osteospermum, which remains heterogeneous, however, and future changes in
generic delimitation are inevitable. On morphological and molecular evidence
Osteospermum sanctae-helenae, endemic to St. Helena, will be transferred to
Oligocarpus, a hitherto monotypic genus in the Cape Province. Chrysanthemoides is
distinguished from Osteospermum by the drupaceous fruits. Two species are
recognized, but the infrageneric taxonomy is intricate and needs further study.
Osteospermum potbergense A. R. Woop & B. Norb. (in press) is a new species,
strikingly similar to some forms of Chrysanthemoides monilifera and providing a
bridging link between these two genera. The so-called drupes of Chrysanthemoides
are paralleled by similar structures in some species from at least two sections of
Osteospermum. The cypselas in these cases have an outer fleshy layer and are
strikingly coloured in blue or red, obviously as adaptations to ornithochory, just as in
Chrysanthemoides. Parallel evolution may have occurred within the tribe, but there is
no doubt that Chrysanthemoides is most closely related to some elements of
Osteospermum. Our ongoing morphological and molecular research will help to re-
define and refine the generic limits in the tribe.

Phylogeny of Mediterranean Anthemideae (Compositae)

C. OBERPRIELER
Botanic Garden & Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem
KO6nigin-Luise-Str. 6-8, D-14191 Berlin, Germany

According to our present treatment of Anthemideae submitted for publication in “The
Families and Genera of Vascular Plants — Asteridae” (OBERPRIELER, VocT & Watson,
unpubl.) this tribe of Compositae comprises 114 genera of which 51 genera are
represented in the Mediterranean region and adjacent Eurasiatic areas with at least
one species. Four of these genera show a distribution centred in the Southern
Hemisphere but have either been naturalised in the Mediterranean (Cotula, Soliva) or
reach this area with only single species (Lasiospermum, Pentzia). For the remaining
47 genera, sequence variation of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear
ribosomal repeat (ITS) and the trnL/trnF intergeneric spacer (IGS) of the chloroplast
genome was used to provide a phylogenetic analysis. Especially the taxonomic status
and phylogenetic relationships of several unispecific genera (Brocchia, Daveaua,
Endopappus, Heliocauta, Leucocyclus, and Nananthea) are discussed in detail,
along with aspects of character evolution and biogeography in this diverse group of
Mediterranean plants.

28 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

The treatment of Compositae—Anthemideae in KuBiTZkt’s Families
and Genera of Vascular Plants

C. OBERPRIELER!, R. Voct! & L. E. Watson’
‘Botanic Garden & Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem,
K@6nigin-Luise-Str. 6-8, D-14191 Berlin, Germany
Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA

Owing to the artificiality of a classification based on the presence vs. absence of
paleas, numerous attempts have been made in the last fifty years to elaborate a more
satisfactory taxonomy of the tribe Anthemideae (Compositae). Embryological,
cytological, and carpological characters contributed to a more natural delimitation and
grouping of genera summarised in HEywoop & Humpurigs’s treatment of the tribe in
the volumes on Compositae systematics by HEywoop, HARBORNE & TURNER (1977).
BreMER & Humpnrigs (1993) presented a formal subtribal classification of the tribe
using all information available at that time in a cladistic analysis. Subsequent
molecular studies, however, revealed considerable incongruencies between this
classification and molecular phylogenies. There is little support for the monophyly of
most of the twelve proposed subtribes in this generic monograph. As a consequence,
the subtribal classification of BREMER & HumPHRIEs was omitted from our treatment of
the tribe in Kuprrzki’s “Families and Genera of Vascular Plants”. The present
contribution aims at an up-to-date portray of the generic relationships within the tribe
based on molecular as well as on morphological-anatomical evidence. It is
demonstrated for the N Hemispherical part of the tribe that consensus between these
two sources of information could be achieved and may act as a starting point for a
revised subtribal classification. Additionally, the potential contribution of supertree
construction techniques to this re-classification process is discussed.

The tribe Mutisieae (Asteraceae) in Africa and Madagascar.
Unanswered questions remaining: The Dicoma group

SanTIAco Ortiz
Laboratorio de Botanica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago,
ES-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galiza-Spain
(bvsortiz(@usc.es)

This report outlines the principal questions still to be answered within the tribe
Mutisieae (Asteraceae) in Africa and Madagascar, focusing on Dicoma Cass. and

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 29

related genera (i.e. the “Dicoma group”). The most important such questions involve
the relationships between Mutisieae and Cardueae, between O/denburgia Lgss. and
the African and American Mutisieae, between Brachylaena R.Br. and Tarchonanthus
L. and the tribe Mutisieae and between Gerbera L. and Chaptalia Vent. Within the
Dicoma group the most important questions are the relations between Cloiselia S.
Moore and the tribes Mutisieae and Barnadesieae, the position of Gladiopappus
Humsert, and the phylogeny and delimitation of a) Dicoma, Pasaccardoa Kuntze
and Macledium Cass. and b) Pleiotaxis Streetz and Erythrocephalum Bentu.

[Abstract withdrawn by author]

30

[Abstract withdrawn by author]

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

[Abstract withdrawn by author]

31

39 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

[Abstract withdrawn by author]

Mechanism for maintenance the stabilization of chromosome
number in Santolina ageratifolia BERNADES ex ASSO
(Asteraceae: Anthemideae)

Arxa QO. RIvERO-GUERRA
Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia,
Apdo. 1095/41080 Sevilla, Espana (Spain)

Statistical analyses of chromosome number, meiotic characters, pollen fertility, seed
set, seed germination, and morphological characters were carried out in two
populations of Santolina ageratifolia BERNADES ex Asso from Rodenas and Cerro San
Gines in the Iberian Peninsula. Mitotic studies indicated that all plants from both
populations have the same somatic chromosome number, 2n=54. S. ageratifolia is
considered to be an hexaploid species with x=9 as basic chromosome number. Some
differences between their karyotypes were detected. Chromosome associations
during diakinesis of PMCs were analysed in 30 cells per population. Meiosis was
shown to be irregular with the production of bivalents, some univalents, multivalents
and secondary associations of bivalents leading in most gametes to unbalanced
chromosome numbers. Inthe Rodenas population the meiotic numbers are n= 26, 27,
28, 29, and 30. In Cerro San Gines population the meiotic numbers are n= 23, 24, 25, 26,
and 27. The study shows that chiasmata are mainly terminal but some are also proximal
to the centromere. Seed set was 50,68% on average. Achene viability was between
86% and 88%. The mechanisms leading to diploidization are discussed. Four
hypotheses are proposed for the possible origin of this species.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 a3

Chromosome variability and correlated traits in Santolina pectinata
Lac. in the Iberian peninsula (Asteraceae: Anthemideae)

Arxa O. RivEro-GUERRA
Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia,
Apdo. 1095/41080, Sevilla, Espamia (Spain)

Multivariate analyses of populations of Santolina pectinata Lac. indicated
significant differences in meiotic irregularities, chiasmata frequencies, pollen fertility,
ovule fertility, ovule abortion and morphological characters between diploid and tetra-
ploid populations of S. pectinata from the Iberian Peninsula. The study of 38
populations showed that 24 are diploid and 14 tetraploid. Meiotic analysis at
diakinesis showed that both diploid and tetraploid plants form mainly bivalents,
whereas they have a small number of univalents and quadrivalents. Pollen stainability
and seed set were shown to be correlated with meiotic irregularities. Achene viability
was 68% and 55% for diploid and tetraploid respectively. This indicates that there is
no correlation between meiotic irregularities and seed viability. The possible origin of
the tetraploids is discussed.

Evolution and classification of the tribe Cardueae: A recapitulation

ALFonso SusaANNA & Nuria GarciA-JACAS
Laboratory of Biosystematics and Molecular Systematics,
Botanic Institute of Barcelona (CSIC),

Ay. Muntanyans s. n., F-08038 Barcelona, Spain

The tribe Cardueae shows great morphologic diversity and a very high number of taxa
(74 genera, 2500 species). Both diversity and size have been major obstacles for
achieving a natural classification of the group.

Traditional classification in four subtribes (Echinopsidinae, Carlininae, Carduinae and
Centaureinae) has been always controversial. Especially, subtribes Carlininae and
Echinopsidinae are often treated as separate tribes. Molecular evidence consistently
groups the Cardueae in a robust monophyletic clade, and the splitting of the tribe is
unsupported. If the Cardueae are monophyletic, then the compound inflorescence of
Echinops must be interpreted as an adaptation without systematic relevance.
However, relationships between subtribes remain obscure, beyond the fact that

34 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Carlininae (rather than Echinopsidinae) are sister to the rest of the tribe. Ascription of
the genera Cardopatium, Cousiniopsis and Staehelina to any of the subtribes is
unresolved too. These three genera were placed in the Carlininae in earlier
classifications. Finally, subtribe Carduinae poses another problem: if we move the
monophyletic Centaureinae to a different subtribe, the Carduinae would be
paraphyletic.

In view of the unresolved problems (the paraphyly of the Carduinae and the unresol-
ved subtribal ascription of Cardopatium, Cousiniopsis and Staehelina are the major
ones), classic division into four subtribes is a conservative approach not fully
satisfactory. The alternate solution, to lump together subtribes Carduinae and
Centaureinae, would be unpractical because the resulting Carduinae would
encompass nearly 2300 species, more than 90% of the whole tribe.

* A new system of the classification of Nannoglottis Maxim. (s.1.)
(Compositae: Astereae)

Gao Tiancanc! & CHEN YILIN’
‘Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Kunming, 650204, China
? Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China

Based on evidence from morphology and molecular analyses the monophyly of the
genus Nannoglottis Maxim.(s.1.) is supported and a new classification system of this
genus is proposed as follows:

Sect. Monocephala T. G Gao et Y. L.CHEN sect. nov.
Nannoglottis ravida (C. Wink.) Y. L. CHEN

Sect. Nannoglottis

Ser. Delavayane Lincet Y. L. CHEN
Nannoglottis delavayi (FRANcH.) Linc et Y. L. CHEN
Nannoglottis gynura (C. Winkt.) Linc et Y. L. CHEN
Nannoglottis hookeri (C. B. CLarke ex Hook. F.) Kita.
Nannoglottis latisquama Linc et Y. L. CHEN
Nannoglottis macrocarpa Linc et Y. L. CHEN

Ser. Nannoglottis
Nannoglottis carpesioides MAxm.
Nannoglottis hieraciphylla (Hanp.- Mzt.) Lina et Y. L. CHEN
Nannoglottis yuennanensis (HaNnD.- Mzt.) Hanp.- Mzt.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 35

Taxonomy and phylogenetics of North American Astereae
centered about Haplopappus s.1.

Lowe. UrsBatscH, ROLAND Roserts & VESNA KARAMAN
Biological Sciences Department, Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Several decades of research on Haplopappus sensu Hatt (1928), based the Chilean
H. glutinosus as generitype, affirm its polyphyly. The 16 sections of Haplopappus
recognized by Hatt (1928) from North America have mostly been accorded generic
status. Current hypotheses formulated from phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence
data from our laboratory and from Markos & BaLpwin (2001), and in some cases from
chloroplast restriction data by Lanz et al. (1996) indicate that South American species
and the lower chromosome number North American taxa (x = 4, 5, 6) generally clade
with Machaerantherinae. Among such taxa thus far investigated are Haplopappus
sections Hazardia, Isocoma, Isopappus, Oonopsis, Prionopsis, and Pyrrocoma.
Oreochrysum is basal to this clade and one node above Symphyotrichinae. Jonestus
as treated by Hatt (1928) and as reconstituted by Nesom & Morcan (1990) and
Stenotus (Morse 1998) were shown to be highly polyphyletic in our gene trees. Two
species of Jonestus, T: aberrans and T: kingii, were placed quite some distance from
their traditional congeners in being allied with the Machaerantherinae-Eurybia-
Symphyotrichum clade. Two other species of 7onestus are robustly supported within
a Clade consisting of four species from traditional Chrysothamnus sensu ANDERSON
(1986) and one species of Hesperodoria. Petradoria pumila, Tonestus alpinus, and
two species of Stenoftus constitute another lineage with strong support. Other species
of Stenotus and Tonestus are variously placed on our gene trees. Most species in
sections Asiris, Ericameria, Macronema, and Stenotopsis are placed in Ericameria.
The annuals Pentachaeta, Rigiopappus, and Tracyina are supported as its sister.
Chrysothamnus, long regarded as being sister to Ericameria and at one time
submerged into it, was found to contain four separate lineages. One of these is an
Ericameria component consisting of five species. The other three are independent,
disparately placed clades. Sequence data robustly support a lineage that
approximates the Gutierrezia group sensu Nesom. Taxa composing this clade include
Amphiachyris, Bigelowia, Euthamia, Gundlachia, Gutierrezia, Gymnosperma,
Thurovia, and Xylothamia. The latter genus, proposed by Nesom et al. (1990) based
on Haplopappus trianthus to accommodate certain taxa placed by Hatt (1928) in
Haplopappus sections Asiris, Ericameria, and Stenotopsis, was shown to be
polyphyletic in our rDNA trees. Four species, including the type, robustly clade with
Gundlachia and constitute a well-supported subclade while the other five
Xvlothamia and the other six genera were placed in its sister subclade. Indications are

36 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

that the later six genera are monophyletic. Except for X. johnstonii and X. palmeri
which are sisters, the remaining Xy/othamia do not appear closely related to one an-
other or to genera within its lineage. These are but a few examples that serve to
demonstrate the phylogenetic complexities of the tribe Astereae and the need for
expanded and more intensive investigations.

* Phylogenetic implications of corolla and achenial morphology
in subfamily Barnadesioideae

EstreLLA UrtuBey & Top F. Sturssy
Division Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata,
Universidad de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, La Plata, Argentina
Department of Higher Plant Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Botany,
University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria

One of the great surprises in understanding higher-level relationships within
Asteraceae in recent years has been that the previously insignificant and small South
American subtribe Barnadesiinae of tribe Mutisieae appears basal for the family. Due
to lacking a 22kb diagnostic chloroplast inversion plus other features, this subtribe
has been elevated to subfamilial status as Barnadesioideae, now containing 90 spe-
cies in nine genera. Recent cladistic analyses at the generic level based on
morphology (UrtuBey & Srugssy 2001) and ITS sequences (GustaFsson et al. 2001)
have revealed different relationships among genera of the subfamily. To better
understand these conflicts, we analyse specific morphological features of corollas
(shape and vascularization) and achenes (vascularization) that we assume contain
conservative phylogenetic information. The objective is to develop trends in these
features based on morphological parsimony (i.e., minimal structural change), and to
compare these trends with those among and within genera derived from the two recent
cladistic analyses. We define six types of corollas in Barnadesioideae (tubular, split,
double split, ligulate, subbilabiate and bilabiate), six types of corolla vascularization
patterns (combinations of presence or absence of lateral bundles, fusion of adjacent
bundles, and fusion of bundles at the apex of corolla lobes), and four types of achenial
vascularizations (5, 7, 9 or 10 traces). In all features we assume character states in
Calyceraceae to be ancestral. In corolla shape, from tubular ancestry, we hypothesize
two general evolutionary trends within the subtribe: (1) splitting of the tube, and (2)
flattening of the tube. These two trends yield various types of corollas, including
zygomorphic ones (ligulate, subbilabiate, or bilabiate). In vascularization of corollas,
from an ancestral condition of one central and one lateral bundle in each corolla lobe
and all traces fused at the apex, four basic trends can be hypothesized: (1) gain or (2)

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 a5

loss of lateral vascular traces in each lobe, (3) loss of the central vein, and (4) loss of
fusion of traces in lobe apices. The most derived condition is with double marginal
bundles, a central bundle lacking, and with no apical bundle fusion. Achenial
vascularization gives simple trends from 10 ancestral traces to nine or five, and from
these to seven. Comparison of most parsimonious general phylogenetic trends in
these three features with the two recent hypotheses among genera of
Barnadesioideae does not allow rejection of one alternative over the other.
Morphological trends in corolla and achenial features and general relationships,
however, are similar within each genus (i.e., among species or species groups). There
is, therefore, a clear phylogenetic signal in all analyses among taxa within genera, but
relationships among genera are still obscure, perhaps due to 30 million years of diver-
gent evolution (the approximate age of the family).

Phylogeny of subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae, Anthemideae)
based on the sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal
transcribed spacers (ITS); relationships with cytogenetic
and palynological data

J. VAuLes', M. Torre, J. Martin’, M. Sanz’, S. Garcia’, T. GaRNaTIE’,
N. Garcia—Jacas’, R. VILATERSANA? & A. SUSANNA?
(avalles@farmacia.farub.es)

‘Laboratori de Botanica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona,
Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Institut Botanic de Barcelona. Av. Muntanyans s/n,

Parc de Montjuic, E-08038 Barcelona, Spain

Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal
DNA were analysed for 44 Artemisia species (46 populations) representing all the five
classical subgenera and the geographical range of the genus, 11 species from 10 ge-
nera closely related to Artemisia, and six outgroup species from five other genera of
the Anthemideae. The results definitely support the monophyly of the genus
Artemisia in its broadest sense (including some taxa segregated as independent ge-
nera, like Oligosporus and Seriphidium). Eight main clades are established within
Artemisia, they partly agree with the classical subdivision of the genus, but they also
suggest that some infrageneric groups must be redefined, especially the subgenus
Artemisia. The subgenera Tridentatae and Seriphidium are independent from each
other; cytogenetic data also support this statement. Some of the satellite genera are
clearly placed within Artemisia (Artemisiastrum, Filifolium, Mausolea,

38 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Picrothamnus, Sphaeromeria, Turaniphytum), whereas some others fall outside the
large clade formed by this genus (Brachanthemum, Elachanthemum, Hippolytia,
Kaschgaria). These results, correlated to other data, such as pollen morphology,
allow us to conclude that the subtribe Artemisiinae as currently defined is a very
heterogeneous group. Affinities of the largest genus of the subtribe and tribe,
Artemisia, and of other genera of the subtribe to some genera from other subtribes of
the Anthemideae (Tanacetinae, Handeliinae) indicate that subtribe Artemisiinae needs
a deep revision and redefinition. Phylogenetic utility of region trmL-F of the plastid
DNA was also evaluated; sequences of the trnL-F region in Artemisia do not provide
phylogenetic information.

* Elucidation of the generic concept of Senecio

P. Leszek D. VINCENT
University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA and Dunn-Palmer Herbarium (UMO),
University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
(Leszek@missouri.edu)

Ongoing light microscope observations of six micromorphological characters of
putative generic importance (anther apex, style-branch apices, endothecial pattern,
shape of filament collars, length of filament collars, cypsela shape). Evaluating > 1,000
taxa (microscope-slide preps) of samples obtained from K. Currently working on
Senecio taxa from various countries in South America. Observations of these South
American taxa as well as Asian & Central African Senecio taxa provide considerable
evidence of the use of a plastic generic concept. Discontinuities are emerging &
clarifying. Considerable data are being gathered which should facilitate the
development of character-state transformations for subsequent phylogenetic analy-
ses. A pilot phylogenetic study (molecular) based on ITS sequence data of 11 taxa (10
Senecio s.str. sensu VINCENT; Cineraria geifolia as outgroup; CI=0.91, RI=0.96, char-
acters=680, parsimony-informative characters=195) showed considerable
congruence with a preliminary phylogenetic study of the same taxa, based on data of
the 6 micromorphological characters referred to above. The micromorphological study
(Tree length=7, CI=0.86, RI=0.90, HI=0.14, RC=0.77, characters=6, number of
parsimony-informative characters=4) produced clades which had distinct
associations with geographical distribution. The clades produced via the molecular
data had a very marked disassociation with geographic distribution.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 39

Wild New Zealand hybrids

JOSEPHINE Warp’, ILsr BREITwiEsER’? and Ropert McKenzie!
"Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences, University of Canterbury
Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
? Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, P O Box 69 Lincoln, New Zealand

New Zealand Gnaphalieae are notorious for their propensity to form hybrids between
species of both the same genus and different genera, but the identity of such hybrids
is generally anecdotal rather than scientifically demonstrated. Rigorous testing of
putative parentage is essential because of morphologically similar sympatric species
and reticulate character state distribution among taxa. Results from two of our test
cases involving different genera are presented, demonstrating that morphological
diversity in New Zealand Gnaphalieae is at least in part the result of adaptive radiation
from a single coloniser rather than the multiple entry of diverse forms. Extreme
morphological similarity to taxa in other countries is in the case of all four test species
attributable to a remarkable degree of homoplasy, not to sister taxa status. Wild hybrid
combinations in New Zealand among six Gnaphalieae genera have been tentatively
verified and synthesized experimentally.

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of tribe Anthemideae
— an overview

L. E. Watson
Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA

Tribe Anthemideae is composed of approximately 109 genera and 1740 species. It is
primarily an Old World tribe with two centers of endemism — the Cape of South Africa
and the Mediterranean region. Economically important members include many
cultivated and ornamental species such as tansy, chamomile, tarragon, daisies,
chrysanthemums, and costmary, among others, as well as ecologically important
species of sagebrushes that dominate deserts of North America and steppe
communities worldwide. Molecular phylogenies based on cp gene ndhF and the ITS
of nrDNA do not support the current classification based on a cladistic analysis of
morphology. Instead the molecular phylogenies are congruent with biogeography,
that suggest an origin in South Africa and an early divergence into east Asia and
Eurasia with a recent radiation in the Mediterranean region. The large core genera
(Anthemis, Achillea, Artemisia and allies) are recently derived and account for almost
one-half of the species of the tribe.

40 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

* Complex investigation: isolation and identification of
ecdysteroides from intact plants and tissue cultures of Asteraceae

Evens ZAREMBO!, VYATCHESLAV RyBIN’, EVGENYI BOLTENKOV’ & PETER Gorovoy'
‘Laboratory of Plant Chemotaxonomy, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry,
Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,

690022, 159, Prospect 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok, Russia
Laboratory of Lipids, Pacific Research Fisheries Centre,

690950, 4, Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Russia

Stemmacantha satzyperovii and Serratula manshurica, perennial herbs of the
Eastern Asia, are characterized by high 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) contents. We
carried out the investigation on seasonal variations of 20E level in vegetative and
generative organs. Identification and determination of 20E contents was conducted
by HPLC-MS, HPLC-UV data. An analysis of the data revealed the plant parts with
maximum 20E concentration: young leaves (5.81 mg/g) and inflorescences (2.47-4.86
mg/g) of S. satzyperovii at flowering phase; young leaves (3.79 mg/g) at vegetative
phase and achenes (6.3 mg/g) at fruiting period of S. manshurica. The
biotechnological methods of plant propagation play an important role in the
protection of disappearing plants. Shoot regeneration was obtained from isolated
leaves of Serratula coronata cultured on MS media. Several callus lines were received
from S. satzyperovii achenes on different medium composition. A combination of
phytohormones NAA (1 mg/l) and BA (0.5 mg/l) provided the optimum for callus
tissue growth.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 41

Posters (without Abstracts)

A phylogeny of the Gnaphalieae
RANDALL Bayer, ILSE BREITWIESER, MICHAEL DILLON,
MarinpA KorKEMOER & JOSEPHINE WARD
CSIRO, Canberra, Australia; Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
Field Museum, Chicago, USA; National Herbarium, Pretoria, South Africa
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

A first attempt at building a supertree of the Asteraceae
V. A. Funk & Jost PANERO
US National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20560 USA
Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712 USA

Brighten your garden with South African Daisies
P. PJ. HERMAN
National Herbarium, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

A preliminary phylogeny of the Anthemideae
C. OBERPRIELER
Botanic Garden & Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem,
K6nigin-Luise-Str. 6-8, D-14191 Berlin, Germany

42 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Carpology and taxonomy of the endemic genera of Compositae
tribe Anthemideae from central Asia
SvETLANA A. MaAxIMova
Donetsk Botanical Garden, Nat. Acad. Sci. of Ukraine,
Illich’s Av. 110, Donetsk, 83059 Ukraine
(maximova@)postoffice.donbass.com)

Fig. 3. Ranpy Bayer and Vicki Funk in a sunflower field, on post-congress excursion.
Photo: B. NoRDENSTAM

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 43

Duhaldea cappa (Bucu.-Ha. ex D. Don)
PruskI & ANDERBERG (Compositae: Inuleae),
a nomenclatural correction

Joun F. Pruski '& ARNE A. ANDERBERG ”
! Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA
? Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Phanerogamic Botany,
Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract

The name “Duhaldea cappa (DC.) ANDERBERG’ is invalid, and a new combination is
provided for this common Old World species centered in the Himalayas. The name
“Duhaldea eupatorioides (DC.) ANDERBERG” is an isonym of the earlier D.
eupatorioides (DC.) STEETZ.

Introduction

Ina treatment of tribe Inuleae (Compositae) by the second author (ANDERBERG 1991: p.
104), the name “Duhaldea cappa (DC.) ANDERBERG” was intended as a new
combination. The basionym was unintentionally not cited, but rather “/nula cappa
DC.” was given. Thus, the intended combination is invalid, does not exist
nomenclaturally, and is not correctable (ICBN Art. 33, Ex. 11). The species was treated
using the name Duhaldea cappa in the Flora of Bhutan (Grierson & SprINGATE 2001),
but the needed combination in Duhaldea DC. was not validated there. Here we
provide a description and a valid combination for this common Asian species of
Duhaldea, asmall genus of 14 species, 13 of which occur in Asia and one in Africa.

Duhaldea DC. is typified by D. chinensis DC., a synonym of D. cappa (Bucu.-Ham. ex
D. Don) Pruski & ANDERBERG. Duhaldea includes the synonymous Amphirhapis DC.
(ANDERBERG 1991) and Inula sect. Cappa DC. (StTEETz 1857), the latter into which
CaNnDoLLe (1836) originally placed D. cappa and four other species (/nula species
numbers 29-33). The first of these species listed by CANDoLLE is D. eupatorioides
(DC.) Stee1z (isonym D. eupatorioides (DC.) ANDERBERG), which was recognized by
ANDERBERG (1991) as a good species. The three other original species of /nula sect.
Cappa are treated here as synonyms of D. cappa, and include Inula eriophora DC., I.
oblonga DC., I. pseudocappa DC. Canbo.e (1836) and Streetz (1857) cited three

44 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

WaALLICH catalogue numbers [2992, 3013 (cited incorrectly by CANDOLLE as “2013”),
and 3014: the two latter are type collections] in treating species in the D. cappa group.
An unnumbered Wa.LicH collection of D. cappa in MO (sheet # 5384321!) surely
represents one of these three WALLIcH catalogue numbers, but at present cannot with
certainty be assigned to any one of them.

Thirteen species other than Duhaldea (née Conyza) cappa are recognized in
Duhaldea. These species were transferred to Duhaldea from Jnula (STEETz 1857, An-
DERBERG 1991, Dawar & QaisER 1999), and include two species originally described in
Amphirhapis. Duhaldea is technically distinguished from /nula L. by polarized (vs.
radial) endothecial tissue in the anthers, ridged (vs. smooth) receptacles, and truncate
to rarely acute (vs. acute) anther appendages (ANDERBERG 1991, cf. Fig. 2 in Dawar &
QaisER 1999). Another characteristic of Duhaldea is that many species tend to have
marginal pistillate florets with tubular corollas with small or very reduced limbs; the
capitula are thereby commonly disciform or inconspicuously radiate. Additionally, all
species of Duhaldea have stems that lack resin canals (ANDERBERG 1991).

Duhaldea cappa (Bucu.-HM. ex D. Don) Pruski & ANDERBERG, comb. nov.

Basionym: Conyza cappa Bucu.-Ha. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 176. 1825. Jnula
cappa (Bucu.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC., Prodr. 5: 469. 1836. Duhaldea chinensis var. cappa
(Bucu.-Ham. ex D. Don) Stee1z, Bonplandia 5: 308. 1857. Type: Nepaliae superioris, ad
Suembu, s.d., F. Hamiton s.n. (holotype: BM n.v.).

Perennial herbs to shrubs, 0.5—1 (—2) m tall; stems erect, few-branched, subterete,
often distally lanate to proximally puberulent, sometimes aromatic, soft and easily
broken. Leaves simple, alternate, spread evenly along distal half of stems; petioles
stout, 4-8 (15) mm long; blades progressively reduced in size distally, elliptic-
lanceolate to oblanceolate, usually about (4) 8—15 (20) cm long, usually about 1.5—4 cm
wide, stiffly chartaceous, venation pinnate, third order veins sometimes obscured by
pubescence, base cuneate to rounded, margins distally serrulate to nearly entire, apex
acute to acuminate, the adaxial surface finely sericeous, the abaxial surface usually
sericeous to lanate. Capitulescence terminal, sometimes also lateral from uppermost
nodes on axillary branches commonly 2—3 cm long, corymbiform, sometimes densely
so, commonly with 20-50 or more capitula; peduncles stout, lanate, usually 2-5 mm
long. Capitula inconspicuously radiate or disciform, ca 30-flowered, to ca. 8 mm high;
involucre cylindrical to turbinate; phyllaries 5—6-seriate, imbricate, graduate, outer
ones elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm long, scarious or with an herbaceous apex, densely
pubescent, grading to inner ones lanceolate, 4.5—5.5 (-6) mm long, scarious,
stramineous, apically pubescent; receptacle flat, epaleate, foveolate with minute
irregular ridges. Marginal (ray) florets pistillate 1 (—2)-seriate; corollas cream-colored
or yellowish, 3-4 (-5) mm long, apically glandular, limb often ca. 0.5 mm long,
indistinct, less commonly lacking or to ca. 2 mm long. Disk florets bisexual; corollas

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 45

yellowish, tubular-funnelform, 4—5.5 mm long, lobes ca. 0.5 mm long, apically
glandular; anthers weakly exserted, tailed, endothecial tissue polarized, apical
appendage truncate; style branches ca. 1 mm long. Achenes obconical, 1.2—1.5 mm
long, sericeous; pappus of ca. 12 scabrid or barbellate, subequal, stramineous bristles
ina single series, 4—4.5 mm long, about as long as the corolla.

Distribution and Ecology: Duhaldea cappa (Bucu.-Ham. ex D. Don) Pruski & ANDER-
BERG is relatively common in dry open areas of the temperate regions of the Himalayas
from 1800-3000 m in elevation, where it is usually a perennial herb less than one meter
tall flowering in the summer and fall (YesHEy Dorn, pers. comm.). The species is
increasingly less common and becomes shrubby at lower elevations (to ca. 450 m) in
adjacent subtropical areas of southeastern Asia. Duhaldea cappa was described from
material collected in Nepal, and is also known to us from Bhutan, China, northern
India, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, and Vietnam. It is cited as also occurring in Malay-
sia and Java (MANANDHAR 2002), however, perhaps only occurring there in cultivation.

Uses: Duhaldea cappa (Bucu.-Ham. ex D. Don) Pruski & ANDERBERG Is occasionally
collected at elevations below 3000 m in the Himalayas and used as a substitute forage
plant for horses during overnight excursions to higher elevations (YEsHEY Dori, pers.
comm.). MANANDHAR (2002) listed several medical uses for various parts of the plant,
including use in treating ulcers, indigestion, headaches, fever, and menstrual disord-
ers. Lastly, the species is one of many species “used to make marcha, a fermenting
cake from which liquor is distilled” (MaNANDHAR 2002).

Acknowledgements

We thank New Harriman for originally noting the invalid name and Jiu SoLomon for
bringing it to our attention. YEsHEY Dorm, BERTIL NorDENsTAM, and Jan SaLick are
thanked for their valuable comments on an earlier draft of this note.

46 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

References
ANDERBERG, A. A. 1991. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae).
PI. Syst. Evol. 176: 75-123.

CanDOLLE, A.P. pe 1836. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis,
Vol. 5.Treuttel & Wurtz, Paris.

Dawar, R. & M. Qaiser 1999. Anew combination in Duhaldea (Compositae-Inuleae).
Adansonia, sér. 3,21: 323-326.

Don, D. 1825. Prodromus florae nepalensis. Gale, London.

Grierson, A. J. C. & L. S. SprincaTE 2001. Compositae. Pp. 1397-1632. Jn: GrIERSON,
A. J.C. & D. G Lonc, Flora of Bhutan, Vol. 2, Part 3. Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh & The Royal Government of Bhutan.

Mananpuar, N. P. 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, Portland.

Streetz, J. 1857. Duhaldea Chinensis, De Canp.: Ein Beitrag zur Systematik der
Compositae. Bonplandia 5: 305-310.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 47

Io B. Norp. (Compositae-Senecioneae), a new
monotypic genus from Madagascar

Berti, NoRDENSTAM
Dept. Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History
Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
e-mail: bertiLnordenstam@nrm.se

Abstract

The new monotypic genus Jo B. Norp. is described, based on Senecio
ambondrombeensis H. Hums. from Madagascar. The single known species is Jo
ambondrombeensis (H. Hump.) B. Norp., comb. nov. The new genus is readily
distinguished from Senecio by the opposite leaves, a rather unusual feature in the
tribe. Furthermore, the style branches of disc-florets have continuous stigmatic areas
inside and papillate outsides, and their tips are truncate and lack distinct sweeping-
hairs. Some New World genera such as Cabreriella, Herodotia, Ekmaniopappus and
Gynoxys have the opposite leaves in common with the new genus, but are not belie-
ved to be closely related.

Introduction

Senecio ambondrombeensis H. Hump. was described from a single locality in the
Ambondrombe mountains in south-east central Madagascar (HumpBert 1948). In the
"Flore de Madagascar’ Humpert (1963) placed this singular species in a group of its
own within Senecio (viz., Group VIII, without a formal name) on account of the
opposite leaves, a feature otherwise unknown in this very large genus. Altogether
three collections were cited, and no later records are known to me. Material in K, P and
TAN has been studied (cf. Acknowledgements).

Description and Discussion

Io B. Norp., gen. nov., a Senecionis speciebus omnino foliis oppositis decussati
differt.

Suffrutex erectus glaber c. 0.5 m altus. Folia opposita decussata subsessilia ovato-
lanceolata herbacea plana integra 2-3.5 cm longa et 1-2 cm lata pinnativenosa
acuminata margine denticulato-mucronata. Capitula corymbosa heterogama radiata
calyculata. Flores radii 8—11 feminei flavi. Flores disci numerosi flavi, styli rami intus

48 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

area stigmatica continua instructi apice truncati papillati. Cypselae glabrae, pappi
setae numerosae albae minutissime barbellatae persistentes.

Typus: Senecio ambondrombeensis H. Hump.
Genus monotypica:
Io ambondrombeensis (H. Hums.) B. Norp., comb. nov.

Basionym: Senecio ambondrombeensis H. Hums., Not. Syst. Paris 13(4): 332 (1948);
Huweert, Fl. Madasc. 3 Composées: 743-744 (1963).

Type: Borreau in Herb. Jard. Bot. Tananarive 4596 (P lecto!, K iso!, TAN iso!, scanned
image seen).

Illustr.: Fig. nostra 1; Humpert (1963) Fig. CXXVII: 3.

Erect almost glabrous suffrutex ca. 0.5 m high. Leaves opposite, decussate (internodes
2-4 cm), subsessile, ovate-lanceolate with slightly cordate base, 2—3.5 cm long and
1-2 cm wide, entire, herbaceous, pinnativeined, acuminate; margins sparsely
denticulate-mucronate; petiole up to 3 mm long, basally widened and half-clasping,
somewhat villous. Capitula corymbose on branching bracteate peduncles 2—5 cm long
from the uppermost leaf-pair, heterogamous, radiate. Involucral bracts 11—13, linear-
lanceolate, 7 mm long and 1-2 mm wide, glabrous, acuminate; calyculus bracts
several, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Ray-florets 8-11, female, yellow; tube
cylindrical, 1.5—2 mm long, basally swollen, glabrous; lamina narrowly oblong, 10—12
mm long, 4—veined. Disc-florets numerous, hermaphrodite, yellow; corolla shortly
tubular below, tube 1.5 mm long, limb narrowly campanulate, 3 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes
triangular-ovate, with median resin duct and marginal veins. Anthers 1.3—1.8 mm long,
basally sagittate to shortly caudate; apical appendage small, ovate-oblong, obtuse;
filament collar distinctly balusterform. Style branches narrowly oblong, ca. 1 mm long,
dorsally papillate with elongate truncate-obtuse papillae, inside with continuous
stigmatic area extending a little to the dorsal side, apically truncate with very short
papillae and without sweeping-hairs. Cypselas cylindrical-oblong, glabrous; pappus
bristles numerous, uniseriate, 3-4 mm long, erect, slender, very minutely barbellate,
white, persistent.

Flowering period: April.
Vernacular names (fide coll.): antsoimbaraka, ahipotsy.

Collections: Madagascar: Centre (Sud-Est), sommet de 1’ Ambondrombe, 1900 m, 11.IV.
1941, Borreau in Herb. Jard. Bot. Tananarive 4596 (K! P! TAN! scanned image);
Borreau in Herb. Jard. Bot. Tananarive 4636 (TAN! scanned image, coll. no. lacking but
no doubt identical to the second Borrgau specimen cited by Humperr 1948, 1963);

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 49

sommet de 1’ Ambondrombe (S.-E du Betsileo), Hem s.n. (P? n.v., but cited by Humperr
1963).

Etymology: A generic name as short as possible is proposed to compensate for the
long and cumbersome specific epithet. In Latin /o is an exclamation of joy, and in Greek
mythology /o was a maiden loved by Zeus. /o is also a small part of the generic name
Senecio. It is also the name of the innermost moon of the large planet Jupiter, which is
surrounded by numerous satellites, like the large genus Senecio is surrounded by
numerous small satellite genera.

Jo is only known from the Ambondrombe mountains, where it grows on siliceous
rocks at 1700 to 1900 m altitude. In my provisional key to the 138 genera of the tribe
Senecioneae this new genus will come out together with Cabreriella Cuatrsc., a
South American genus with two species. They are scandent shrublets with some
similarities to Jo, especially in leaf shape and arrangement. However, a close
relationship between these genera is not suggested. Few and mostly New World
genera of the tribe have opposite leaves. Like Cabreriella they are scandent shrubs,
viz. Scrobicaria, Herodotia and Ekmaniopappus, or erect shrubs or small trees in the
large Andean genus Gynoxys. None of these is proposed to be closely related to the
new Malagasy genus, which seems to hold a rather isolated position in the tribe.

Acknowledgements

My sincere thanks to Prof. PH. Morar, Paris, for sending on loan a syntype from P, to
Dr. G Scuarz, St. Louis (MO) for mediating the contacts with Antananarivo, and to
Mss. Sytvig ANDRIAMBOLOLONERA and JEANNIE RAHARIMAMPIONONA, Antananarivo,
for sending information and scanned images of herbarium material at TAN, also
reporting that no material of the new genus exists at herbarium TEF.

References
Humsert, H. 1948. Contributions a |’ étude de la flore de Madagascar et des Comores.
Notul. Syst. Paris 13(4): 304-332.

Humperrt, H. 1963. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores (Plantes Vasculaires). 189e
Famille.- Composées, tome III. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Lab. Phanérog., Paris.

=

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

A

Fig. 1. Jo ambondrombeensis (H. Hums.) B. Noro.

A Habit, « 1/2. B Ray-floret, 2,5. C Disc-floret (pappus
removed), x 5.D Anthers, x 10. E Style branches from
disc-floret, x 10. - Del. B. NorDENSTAM.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 al

Study on the Compositae weed flora of
farmlands in Ekiti State, Nigeria

JosHuA KayoDE
Department of Plant Science and Forestry
Univeristy of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
E-mail: joskay@skannet.com

Abstract

Weeds of the family Compositae were identified among weed flora sampled from diffe-
rent farmlands in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The ecological attributes of the ten most domi-
nant Compositae weeds in the study area as well as their observable eco-
physiological and phytosociological features were described.

Introduction

The wide occurrence of Compositae weedy species in abandoned farmlands of Ekiti
State, Nigeria, was demonstrated by Kayope (1999). Weed interference is a major
production constraint in this purely agrarian state of Nigeria. Economic losses
incurred as a result of uncontrolled weed growth are highly considerable. Efforts are
now been intensified to properly understand the physiology and ecology of these
weeds with a view to evolving a sustainable control strategy.

The study here reported is part of an on-going research aimed at providing a checklist
of the weed flora associated with farmlands in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Material and Methods

The study area was described by Kayope (1999, 2002). Farmlands currently being
cropped with cassava, yams, maize, rice or vegetables, alone or in mixtures, were
seclected in Ado-Ekiti (Site A), Ikere-Ekiti (Site B) and Ifaki-Ekiti (Site C), all within 20
km radius from Ado-Ekiti, the state capital.

The farms were visited regularly on a bi-weekly bases between November 2001 and
October 2002 and the farms were randomly sampled for weed flora. The identifications
of the weeds were made using standard monography (AkosunDu & Acyakwa 1987).
All species were documented with vouchers in the Herbarium of the Department of
Plant Science and Forestry, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

a)
tO

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Results and Discussions

The study revealed that most of the weeds sampled belonged to the family
Compositae. The ready availability of nutrients in the soils of the study area was
previously demonstrated by Kayopge & AKANDE (1998). Kayope (2002) also revealed
that Compositae species thrived abundantly well in the low organic matter content of
the study area. These attributes might have played prominent roles in the ready
establishment of these weedy species in the soils of the farmlands examined in this
study.

Table 1 shows the ecological attributes of the ten most dominant Compositae weeds in
the study area. The observable eco-physiological and phytosociological features of
these species are reported.

(a) Ageratum conyzoides L.

This is commonly known as ’Goat weed’ in the study area. It is an erect, softly hairy
herb that may grow to about 70 cm high. It has a weak stem and broadly ovate leaves.
Reproduction is usually from seeds and the plant appears in mid-January, flowers in
either late February or early March while its seeds are ready for dispersal latest in the
middle of May.

(b) Aspilia africana (Prrs.) C. D. ADams

This scrambling perennial herb is commonly known as ’Hemorrhage plant’ in the
study area. It may grow up to about 1.5 m in height. The leaves are broadly ovate,
opposite and lanceolate. The emergence and infestation of this weed occur during the
rainy season i.e. March to October. The inflorescence consists of solitary terminal
flower heads with hairy stalks about 4-10 cm long. The colonizing success of the
weed is also enhanced by its ability to flower almost throughout the year, and its pe-
netration by rootstock and rooting nodes of mature stem.

(c) Bidens pilosa L.

This erect aromatic annual herb is commonly known as ’Cobblers peg’ in the study
area. It grows up to about 1.5 m in height. The stem is quadrangular, hollowed and
ribbed, much branched, generally green but sometimes dark reddish, smooth to
slightly hairy. The leaves are opposite and tri(to 5—)foliate. The leaflets are ovate and
may be up to 10 cm long and 5 cm broad. The terminal leaflet is always larger than the
lateral ones. The leaflet margins are serrate and have a petiole that may be up to 2 cm
long. The inflorescence consists of solitary terminal heads or several heads on loosely
branched peduncles. The plant persists throughout the year.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 SS

(d) Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. Kinc & Rosinson

This is a diffuse, rapidly growing, and strongly scented perennial shrub that is widely
knownas *Siam weed’ in the study area. It may grow up to more than 3 m in height. The
stem is cylindrical, robust, scrambling and dichotomously branched. The leaves are
opposite, ovate to triangular ovate with subentire to coarsely toothed margins,
hairless or sparingly hairy. It reproduces effectively from seeds.

(e) Lactuca taraxacifolia (WiLLD.) SCHUM.

This erect rhizomatous annual or perennial herb, with grayish blue bloom, is widely
known as Wild lettuce’ in the study area. It may grow to about 1.5 m in height. The
stem is erect, finely grooved and smooth, and the leaves have serrate margins. The
inflorescence is an open, much branched panicle, with deep yellow florets. It
reproduces from seeds and proliferating rhizome.

(f) Melanthera scandens (ScHuM. & THONN.) ROBERTS

This is a scrambling leafy perennial herb that may trail to a length of 3 m. The stem is
quadrangular, much branched and rough to touch. The leaves are opposite and
broadly ovate. The inflorescence consists of solitary flower heads with long

peduncle.
(g) Spilanthes filicaulis (Scuum. & THonn.) C. D. ADAMs

This is a creeping annual herb with prostrate stem rooting from the nodes. The leaves
are alternate and ovate. The inflorescence consists of ovoid flower heads on short
peduncles. The ray and disc florets are yellow. Reproduction is by seed.

(h) Synedrella nodiflora GaERtN.

This is an annual herb commonly known as ’Starwor?t’ in the study area. The stem is
erect with woody base. The leaves are simple, opposite, ovate with serrate margin. It
has a terminal inflorescence with yellow florets.

(i) Tridax procumbens L.

This is a roughly hairy annual herb popularly known as ’Coat buttons’ in the study
area. The stem is weak, trailing and highly rooting at lower nodes. The leaves are
simple, opposite, ovate or broadly lanceolate. The inflorescence is solitary, terminal or
axillary flowerhead. The peduncle is long, the ray florets are cream white and the disc
florets are yellow. Reproduction is by seeds.

(j) Vernonia ambigua L.

This is an erect herb with choking odour. The stems are covered with leaf-like
structures that run down the stem and the stalk. The leaves are alternate, sessile,
lanceolate with serrate margin. It has axillary inflorescence.

54 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

In conclusion, a detailed eco-physiological study on the relative ecological success of
Compositae weed species may be necessary to further enhance the understanding of
the biology of weed flora associated with farmlands of the study area.

References

AKoBUNDU, L O. & C. W. Acyakwa 1987. A handbook of West Africa weeds. Interna-
tional Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan. 520 pp.

Kayope, J. 1999. Phytosociological investigation of Compositae weeds in abandoned
farmlands in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Comp. News!. 34: 62-68.

Kayopk, J. 2002. Conservation and ethnobotanical exploration of Compositae in Ekiti
State, Nigeria. Comp. Newsl. 38: 79-83.

Kayopk, J. & A. O. AKANDE 1998. Eco-physiological studies on Hyptis suaveolens Piot

and Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Global Jour. Pure and Applied Sciences 4 (4):
339-342.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 55

Table 1. Ecological attributes of the ten most dominant Compositae weeds in the
study area

ie tpeees = Life Raunkier | Duration of
form Life form Life cycle
Aspilia africana (PERS.)
C. D. Apams

Bidens pilosa L.

R. M. Kine & RoBinson
Lactuca taraxacifolia
(WILLD.) SCHUM.
Melanthera scandens Ch P
(ScHum. & THONN.) ROBERTS
Spilanthes filicaulis HW Ch
(Scuum. & THonn.) C. D. Apams

Chromolaena odorata (L.) pa

>

Synedrella nodiflora GaERTN. petal a A
Vernonia ambigua L. B H Th A

- B: Broad Th: Therophyte A: Annual
S: Shrub Ph: Phanerophyte _-P: Perennial
H: Herb Ch: Chamaephyte

56 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

The antimicrobial effects of some Asteraceae
commonly eaten as vegetables in southwest Nigeria
on some enteric pathogens

M. O. BANKOLE, ML. S. AYODELE & O. T. ADEsUMO
Biological Sciences Department, College of Natural Sciences
University of Agriculture
P. M. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

Abstract

Three enteric pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Sal-
monella typhi) isolated from sputum, nostril, urine and faeces of patients with
pathological symptoms were exposed to cold fluid extraction of three commonly eaten
vegetables, members of the family Asteraceae namely Vernonia amygdalina DEL.,
Solanecio biafrae (Ottv. & Hiern) C. Jerrrey and Solanecio mannii (Hook. F.)
C. JEFFREY.

All the isolates were sensitive to )’ amygdalina and S. mannii but were resistant to
S. biafrae. Bacterial growth was inhibited by the cold fluid extract on Nutrient Agar
medium and Blood Agar medium and least inhibited on MacConkey Agar medium.
Results are discussed with reference to the vegetables as therapeutic agents and their
possible implication in food.

Introduction

Leafy vegetables of various types constitute special delicacies in the southwestern
part of Nigeria. These edible leaves of plants consumed as soups are reported to
possess significant amounts of Beta-Carotene, Ascorbic acid, protein, carbohydrates
and minerals (Ricz etal. 1993). They are also consumed for various medicinal purposes
in specific parts of Africa and Asia. Some members of the family Asteraceae
(Compositae) feature prominently among the numerous edible plants common to the
Yoruba culture of the southwest Nigeria (DaiziL 1937). These include Vernonia
amygdalina Dev., Solanecio biafrae (Outv. & Hizrn) C. JEFFREY and Solanecio mannii
(Hook. F.) C. JEFFREY.

Woop et al. (1995) reported that good bactericidal and fungicidal activities have been
shown by the acetylenes trideca-1-monoene-3, 5,7,9,11-pentayene and trideca-1, II-
diene-3, 5, 7, 9-tetrayene extracted from the flowers of Arnica montana, the root of

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 DT

Arctium lappa and species of Echinacea and Pulicaria (Compositae). Asteraceae
(Compositae) are useful for therapeutic application due to their antihepatoxic,
choleretic, spasmolytic, antihelminthic, antiphlogistic, antibiotic or antimicrobial
activities (KUPCHAN 1970).

Some of them possess remarkable bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties and they
probably participate in the pharmaceutical activity of some drugs and hence the
elucidation of the structure of some members of the family. Many Vernonia species
have a wide use medicinally in native cultures for treating a variety of diseases.
KupcHan et al. (1968) have demonstrated that active substances are present in these
plants.

Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are common
pathogenic bacteria known to cause diseases. S. typhi is responsible for typhoid
fever. Escherichia coli causes traveler’s diarrhoea and Staphylococcus aureus is the
causative organism of boils and staphylococcal food poisoning. Some of these
disease cause death while some cause a lot of discomfort (Jay 1992).

The objective of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial effects of three
commonly eaten vegetables Vernonia amygdalina, Solanecio biafrae and Solanecio
mannii on enterically pathogenic organisms namely Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. This is with a view to ascertaining the
possible inhibitory effect of the plants on the pathogenic organisms and which
justifies their use not only as food but also as cheap therapeutic agents for microbial
gastroenteritis and some other medical and physiological disorders.

Materials and Methods

Collection of Specimens

The vegetables (Solanecio mannii, Vernonia amygdalina, and Solanecio biafrae
were obtained fresh from different markets, wrapped in sterile Aluminium foil and
brought to the Microbiology laboratory for analysis.

Isolates of Escherichia coli from urine and faeces, Staphylococcus aureus from
sputum, urine and nose swabs and Sa/monella typhi from faeces of patients suffering
from typhoid fever were obtained from the Nigerian Army Base Hospitals, Yaba,
Lagos. Their identity was confirmed before use at the Microbiology Laboratory, Uni-
versity of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

Preparation of Vegetable Extract

Fifteen (15) grams of each vegetable was soaked in 1% Sodium hypochlorate solution
for 5 minutes and then rinsed properly with sterile distilled water to remove adhering

58 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Sodium hypochlorate. The leaves were then pounded in a sterile mortar and pestle in
an inoculating room disinfected overnight with HI fumes. The vegetable extract was
removed from the residue with the aid of a sterile syringe into sterile Universal bottle
and labeled.

Effect of Vegetable Extract on Microorganisms

The broth culture of the three different microorganisms (S. aureus, S. typhi and E. coli)
were prepared separately to give the same density and each seeded on Nutrient Agar,
MacConkey Agar and Blood Agar plates. One milliliter (1 ml) of the vegetable extracts
was dropped on the seeded plates and labeled and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.
Zones of inhibition were measured on the plates and the averages of five trials
obtained were recorded for each vegetable extracts on strains of each of the
microorganisms.

Results

The mean values of measurements of the zones of inhibition by the cold extracts of the
three commonly eaten vegetables tested on three different pathogenic bacteria (S:
aureus, E. coli and S. typhi) grown on three different growth media (Nutrient Agar,
MacConkey Agar and Blood Agar) are as shown on Tables 1-3.

All isolates of the microorganisms were resistant to Solanecio biafrae (zero inhibition
zone) whereas the microorganisms were all most sensitive to Vernonia amygdalina
(inhibition zone range: to 7 mm for F. coli and S. typhi to 13 mm for S. aureus on
nutrient agar). Although the microorganisms tested were also sensitive to So/anecio
mannii, this was not as much as in . amygdalina. S. aureus strains showed the high-
est sensitivity to V amygdalina (Table 1).

Generally, the inhibition zone of the antimicrobial agents was highest on Nutrient agar
followed by Blood agar and least on MacConkey agar (Tables 1 and 3). So/anecio
mannii had no inhibition zone on F. coli and S. typhi cultured on MacConkey agar
(Tables 2 and 3) and very narrow inhibition zone on S. aureus (Table 1).

There was no significant difference (P<0.05%) between the inhibition zone values for
the different strains of the same organism. However the differences in inhibition zones
between the different organisms and among the different growth media were
Statistically significant (P<0.05%).

Discussion

The microorganisms isolated and used in this work were from patients with clinical
symptoms from the hospital sent to the Medical Laboratory for tests. These

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 59

microorganisms as human pathogens and causative agents of food poisoning are well
documented (Marinpot! 1992, Jay 1992). Vernonia amygdalina, Solanecio mannii
and Solanecio biafrae are vegetables commonly eaten as soups in Nigeria.

The sensitivity patterns obtained from the vegetable extract treatment of the bacteria
isolates from urine and faeces varied (Tables 1-3). V. amygdalina and S. mannii
inhibited all isolates, although with varying degrees of inhibition (Tables 1-3).
However, none of the isolates was inhibited by S. biafrae. Vernonia amygdalina
showed the highest zone of inhibition on the isolates. amygdalina has been
reported to contain phenolic carboxylic acid which is an antimicrobial component
(KupcHAN 1970). This probably accounts for the highest zone of inhibition among the
antimicrobial agents used.

All the microorganisms tested were resistant to Solanecio biafrae. This vegetable
probably has little or no antimicrobial content against the microorganisms tested,
hence the ability of all the bacteria to become resistant to the fluid extracted from it.
However, the leaves are reported to be used as baby wash and the seeds used for the
treatment of diarrhoea (Ricz et al. 1993).

Nutrient agar (a general medium) supported the growth of the organisms tested to
give the highest zone of inhibition (4-14 mm, Table 3) while microorganisms grown on
Blood agar, which is an enriched medium, had narrower zone of inhibition range (3—9
mm). This lower inhibitory effect of the antimicrobial agents on microorganisms on
Blood agar than on Nutrient agar may be due to the enriched medium and growth
factors the microorganisms fed on to make them grow more profusely. All pathogenic
microorganisms thrive on Blood agar, and the activity of the antimicrobial agents
might have been reduced as a result. Nutrient agar being a non-specific medium
probably allowed the penetration of extract into the bacteria and probably also did not
contain any material to neutralize or react with the antimicrobial agent. MacConkey
agar contains Biles salt and lactose, which may inhibit the growth of non-lactose
fermenters and the component material might have reacted with the antimicrobial
agent reducing its potency and activity.

Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were not as inhibited as Staphylococcus
aureus. Huco & Russe (1983) indicated that the inherent resistance of gram-negative
bacteria to antimicrobial agents is associated with the physiology of the cell wall, the
outer layer of the bacteria cell wall being impermeable to drugs, thus preventing the
attainment of an inhibitory concentration within the cell. The resistance shown by
Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi could probably be due to the component of
their cell wall. This is also corroborated by the report of Romi (1981) in which E. coli
strains encountered in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) Nigeria, were f-
lactamase positive, and that the enzyme increased F. coli’s resistance to antimicrobial
agents.

60 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

That amygdalina and S. mannii have antimicrobial effects against the three well-
known food poisoning microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhi) is of
significance. This gives a further suggestion that they could therefore be of
therapeutic value. This however needs to be confirmed by further investigation on the
plants, involving attempts to study the antimicrobial active ingredient in these
vegetables. This is more so, as the patterns of inhibition of the vegetables extracts to
the microorganisms are considered with reference to the possible antimicrobial con-
tent of the vegetables and the ability of the organisms to resist it, based on their
morphology and the growth factors available to them.

Solanecio mannii, Solanecio biafrae, and Vernonia amygdalina are all vegetables
belonging to the family Compositae (MavHew & Penny 1988). These vegetables
though often cooked or parboiled before consumption are sometimes eaten raw or
squeezed and the resultant filtrate drunk to treat constipation and digestive problems
(WiLLiaMs et al. 1991).

V’ amygdalina is active against Staphylococcus aureus but its activity on other
pathogenic microorganisms has not been demonstrated (BOHLMANN et al. 1973). Little
if anything is known about the antimicrobial potentials of the other two vegetables
used in this study.

The antimicrobial activity of the vegetables on the pathogenic bacteria was more
pronounced on Nutrient agar followed by on Blood agar then on MacConkey agar.
This probably suggests that the physiological state of the vegetable consumer might
play a role in the therapeutic capability of the vegetables even though the vegetables
used as food could be chemotherapeutic. This is an indication that the
encouragement in the consumption of such vegetable materials could possibly
enhance an effective control over such organisms deleterious to the health of
peasants who cannot afford prescribed drugs for curbing the negative activities of the
organisms in man.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 Gil

References

BoHLMANN, F., BurkHarpt T. & C. ZpEro 1973. Naturally Occurring Acetylenes.
Academic Press, New York. 265 pp.

Da.aeL, J. M. 1937. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agents,
London. 199 pp.

Huco, W.B. & A.A. Russe 1983. Cell wall physiology of Gram-negative bacteria. Jn:
Pharmaceutical Microbiology (3 edition) pp. 81-83. Blackwell Publishers,
London.

Jay, J. M. 1992. Agents of Food poisoning. /n: Jay, J. M., Modern Food Microbiology
(4" ed.) pp. 457-470; & 554. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Kupcuan, S. M. 1970. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Terpenoid Tumour
Inhibitors. Pure Appl. Chem 21: 227-229.

Kupcuan, S. M., Hemmincway, R. J., WENER, V. & A. Karim 1968. Vernolepin, A novel
elemanolidedia lactone tumour inhibitor from Vernonia hymenolepsis.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90: 3586-3597.

Marinpotl, A. 1992. Evaluation of Disinfectant Activities of Izal, Savlon, Dettol on
Five Bacteria Pathogens: pp. 20—38; (Unpublished Project Report), Institute of
Medical Laboratory Technology, Nigeria.

Mayuew, S. & A. Penny 1988. Zropical and Subtropical Foods. Macmillan Press Ltd.,
London. 199 pp.

Rice, R. P., TyNpaL, H. D. & L. W. Rice 1993. Fruit and Vegetable Production in
Africa, Macmillan Press Ltd., London. 295 pp.

Rotmi, V. O. 1981. Antibiotic and Self Medication. /. Pharmacet. Sci. 6: 369-370.

Wits, C. N., Uzo, J. O. & W. T. H. Perecrino 1991. Vegetable Production in the
Tropics. Longman Group, London. 191 pp.

Woop, H. B. JR, ALLERTON, R., DrzEHL, H. W. & H. G FLercuHer 1995.The Structure of
the Glucose Moieties. /. Org. Chem. 20: 875.

62 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Table 1. The mean inhibition zone (mm) of cold extraction fluid of V. amygdalina,
S. mannii and S. biafrae on strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from
three different sources

Organism
strain
eg estat extract

S. aureus Ill

Key to Vegetable Extract:

A -— Vernonia amygdalina
B — Solanecio mannii
C— Solanecio biafrae

Table 2. The mean inhibition zone (mm) of cold extraction fluid of V. amygdalina,
S. mannii and S. biafrae on strains of Escherichia coli isolated from three
different sources

Meta Nutrient Agar MacConkey Agar Blood Agar
Organism
strain

Vert extract B Cc A

E. coli Ill

Key to Vegetable Extract:

A-— Vernonia amygdalina
B — Solanecio mannii
C — Solanecio biafrae

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 6a

Table 3. The mean inhibition zone (mm) of cold extraction fluid of V. amygdalina,
S. mannii and S. biafrae on strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from three
different sources

Nutrient Agar | MacConkey Agar Blood Agar

Key to Vegetable Extract:

A — Vernonia amygdalina
B — Solanecio mannii
C- Solanecio biafrae

64 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

Compositae News

JOHN F, Pruski
Missouri Botanical Garden
P.O. Box 299
St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA

GraziELA MacireEL Barroso (1912-2003)

Dra. GrazisLa Macs Barroso, the world’s leading authority on (Brain
Compositae, died in Rio de Janeiro on 5 May 2003 at the age of 91. This remarkable
(

wematl was a contemporary of both ANGEL Casprera and José Cuatrecasas, the two
other truly giant figures in South America synantherology of the last half century. Like
Drs. CABRERA and Cuatrecasas, Dra. Barroso lived and worked into her nineties. And
like them, she will be remembered not only for her enormous professional
contributions, but also for being a truly humble, kind, giving, gentle, and beautiful
spirit.

I was always immensely pleased to receive letters from her, these always written in
hand and mailed from her home address in Pedra de Guaratiba. It was in sucha letter
dated 20 February 1989 that she wrote “sua Calea /utea e a minha Calea saddiana
sejam a mesma especie” and told me that Calea lutea (published 8 Dec 1988) had
priority of two weeks over her name. During visits, she happily answered my many
queries preliminary to the Compositae flora of Guayana. She did the same for a legion
of admirers. She made friends wherever she traveled, was the acknowledged “First
Lady of Brazilian Botany,” as well as the unofficial “owner of the Jardim Botanico do
Rio de Janeiro.”

“Doutora GraziELa” (she was also affectionately called “Dona GraziELa”’) was born in
Corumba, Mato Grosso, Brazil, on 11 April 1912. In 1942, she began her 60-year asso-
ciation with the Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Her husband was also employed at
the Jardim Botanico, where he worked as an agronomist although a systematist at
heart. Tragically, her son died during her second year of college, and she out lived her
husband as well. Although Doutora GrazieLa worked extensively with Araceae,
Dioscoreaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, and Scrophulariaceae, more than half of the
one hundred plus species she described were Compositae. Noteworthy papers in
families other than Compositae include her treatments of the Leguminosae of
Guanabara (68 pages, dated 1965), Scrophulariaceae of Santa Catarina (114 pages,
dated 1970), and the multi-authored Dioscoreaceae of Guanabara (245 pages, dated in

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 65

1974). During the last years of her life, she had spent much time revising Myrtaceae of
Rio de Janeiro.

In the Compositae she described new genera in several tribes: Astereae
(Baccharidopsis), Eupatorieae (Monogerion and Praxeliopsis), Heliantheae
(Angelphytum and Brasilia), and Vernonieae (Alcantara and Glaziovanthus). Of
these genera, only Monogerion was not solely authored by her, being co-described
with Ropert Kine, a founding editor of the Compositae Newsletter. Doutora Grazia
honored her friend and colleague AnceL CaBrerRA by dedicating the new genus
Angelphytum to him in the Homenaje a Ancet L. Caprer4 published in Bol. Soc.
Argentina Bot. volume 19 in 1980. Similarly, in this same volume Josk CuaTrEcASAS
dedicated the Colombian Cabreriella to ANGEL Caprera. Drs. BARROSO, CABRERA, and
Cuatrecasas indeed formed an elite botanical triumvirate.

The well known “Mikaniae do Brasil’ was published in 1958, while Doutora GrazieLa
was an undergraduate student. Her first new genus was described in the 1949, nearly
10 years earlier. In tribe Stifftieae (or Mutisieae s. lat.), she is known for her fine revision
coauthored with Bassetr Macure of the strange genus Wunderlichia, endemic to the
Brazilian Planalto yet most closely related to genera from the Guayana Highland. She
received her Bachelor degree from the Universidade do Estadual do Rio de Janeiro in
1961. In 1973, at the age of 61, she earned her PhD from Universidade Estadual de
Campinas. Her dissertation “Compositae - Subtribo Baccharidinae HorrMann —
Estudo das espécies ocorrentes no Brasil’ was defended on 18 December 1973 and
published in Rodriguesia (28: 3-273) in 1976.

Over the span of her career, Doutora GraziELa served on 60 Master degree committees
and on 15 PhD committees. She was professor and chairman of the Departamento de
Biologia Vegetal da Universidade de Brasilia from its inception until 1969. Although
she officially retired in 1982 at the age of 70, she continued to work daily. When I
visited her at the Jardim Botanico in Rio de Janeiro, she graciously presented me with
her three-volume magnum opus “Sistematica de Angiospermas do Brasil.” That she
worked well in to her retirement can be seen by the fact that last two volumes of
“Sistematica de Angiospermas do Brasil’ were published after she retired in 1982.
These volumes are essential references and include not only descriptions, but also
illustrations and keys to genera! “Frutos e Sementes,” her fourth book, was published
in 1999. It, just as was her “Sistemdtica,” is a co-authored volume, with Doutora
GrazigLA again the first author. Appropriately, Doutora GrazieLa’s fifth book (2002’s
Compostas 5. subtribo Baccharidinae in the Flora Ilustrada Catarinense series) was
dedicated solely to Compositae.

Doutora GrazieLa was honored several times during her life, and was the feature of
several popular articles in Brazilian magazines. The genus Barrosoa is named in her
honor, as is the Herbario “GrazizLa Barroso” of the Universidade Federal do Piaui,

66 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

which was dedicated in 1987. In 1958, she was awarded the “Medalha de Ménito D.
Joao VI, Comemorativa do Sesquicentenario da Funda¢ao” from the Jardim Botanico
do Rio de Janeiro. She was given the “Titulo de Cidada do Estado do Rio de Janeiro”
(the equivalent of the “Key to the City” in the United States) by the legislature of Rio
de Janeiro in 1980. The national awards “Grau de Cavaleiro da Ordem Nacional do
Meérito Educativo” and the “Diploma da Ordem Nacional do Mérito Cientifico, na
Classe Gra-Cruz” were bestowed upon her in 1980. In the year that she published her
fourth book, she was one of only eight recipients (and the sole from Brazil) of the
“Millennium Botany Award” given by the 1999 International Botanical Congress in St.
Louis. Earlier this year she was elected into the Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias and
the formal induction ceremony was to have taken place on 4 June 2003.

For several generations Doutora GrazizLa Mace Barroso has been a tremendous
positive botanical force. Thankfully, her influence is so strong that despite the very
sad news of her death, her presence will be felt by future generations. She was
truthfully one for the ages.

Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003 (AG)

James C, Parks (1942-2002)

James C. Parks, known to synantherologists for his revisionary work on Melanthera,
died on 23 December 2002, within a year of his open-heart surgery. For the past 33
years, he was a professor at Millersville University (Pennsylvania), for a short period
before that he had been a High School teacher. I last spoke with Jn in July 2002, and
he had then mentioned his impending desire to retire from his university in May 2003.
Jiu’s treatment of Me/anthera for the Missoun Botanical Garden’s Flora of North
America is currently in the hands of the editors. He and I had begun our treatment of
Melanthera for Flora Mesoamericana, which sadly | will finish alone.

Jm@v was a student of Ropert Kra_, receiving his PhD from Vanderbilt University in
1969 for his work on Me/lanthera. His “Revision of North American and Caribbean
Melanthera (Compositae)’ was published by Rhodora (75: 169-210) in 1973. For
much of the past 30 years, however, Jiu had been involved in Pteridology, specifically
with the study of ferns of Pennsylvania. He was senior author (Jim MontGomeRy was
second author) of the fern treatment in the recently published 7he Plants of Pennsyl-
vania, and he was sole author of the Lycopodiaceae treatment therein as well.

Jiu was a deeply religious man, as well as a gentleman. He will be sorely missed.

68 Comp. Newsl. 40, 2003

JOHN BEAMAN receives JosE Cuatrecasas Medal

One of our own, Dr. Jonn Beaman, was awarded the “Jose Cuatrecasas Medal for
Excellence in Tropical Botany” on 29 March 2003 at the National Museum of Natural
History in Washington DC. Joun BgeaMaN is well known for his contributions to
monographic and floristic botany of both tropical America and Asia, and indirectly via
his many students (graduate and undergraduate), who are now professional
botanists.

In the 1950’s as a REED RoL.ins student at Harvard, Joun developed a special interest
in high elevational Compositae of Guatemala. In 1966, he and Curis ANDERSON
published the new genus Cuchumatanea, named for Sierra de los Cuchmatanes in
Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Switching from study of Neotropical alpine flora (Los
Cuchmatanes includes the highest peak in Central America) JoHn began floristic study
of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo (the highest peak between the Himalayas and Papua New
Guinea). JoHn’s current study of Mount Kinabalu being preceded by revisionary
studies in American Compositae (from Jownsendia of 1957 to Hieracium in 1990) is
reminiscent of the career of the great ALBert C. Smitu, who revised 'speletia (Bnittonia
1, 1935) and then launched into a second career phase, culminating in 1979 with the
first volume of Smitu’s Flora Vitiensis.

Some of botany’s best studied at Michigan State, that is they have earned BEAMAN’s
stamp of approval. Former Michigan State University students CHRISTIANE ANDERSON,
Micuas, DonocHuE, Roy GeREAU, WALTER Jupp, Jounn Prroty, Jacinto REGALADO,
and W. Doucias STEVENS, among many others, are professional botanists. JoHN’s
legacy is thus perpetuated. I am honestly delighted to congratulate Joun BEAMAN on
his receipt of the “José Cuarrecasas Medal for Excellence in Tropical Botany.”

New taxa and combinations
published in this issue

Duhaldea cappa (Bucu.-Ham. ex D. Don) Pruski & ANDERBERG, comb. nov.: p. 44
To B. Norb., gen. nov.: p. 47

Io ambondrombeensis (HA. Hums.) B. Norv., comb. nov.: p. 48

OCT 0 2 2003

JEW