LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. GIFT OF Ctes 308-t UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN BOTANY Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-302, Pis. 1-3 December 28, 1907 COMPOSITAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BY HARVEY MONROE HALL BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Note. — The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publications of learned societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. BOTANY.— W. A. Setchell, Editor. Price per volume $3.50. Volumes I (pp. 418), II (pp. 354), completed. Volume III (in progress). Cited as Univ. Calif, Publ. Bot. Vol. 2:- No. I. 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Goodspeed. xv + 485 pages, with 2 collotype plates and a map 16.00 Vol. 3, The Tebtunis Papyri, Part 3 (in preparation). EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY. (Quarto). Vol. 1. The Hearst Medical Papyrus. Edited by G. A. Reisner. Hieratic text in 17 facsimile plates in collotype, with introduction and vocabulary, pages 48, 1905. (J. C. Hinrichs, Leipzig, 25 Marks) . . Price, $8.00 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS COMPOSITAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA A THESIS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED IN NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIX BY HAfiVEY MONROE HALL OF THE UNIVERSITY } OF BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1908 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN BOTANY Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-302, Pis. 1-3 December 28, 1907 COMPOSITAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA* BY HAEVEY MONROE HALL CONTENTS. PAGE I.— INTRODUCTION 3 II. — COLLECTIONS 5 III. — CITATION OF SPECIMENS . 7 IV. — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 V. — GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 9 VI.— KEY TO THE TRIBES 13 VII. — KEYS TO THE GENERA 14 VIII. — SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. Tribe 1. Eupatorieae 27 Tribe 2. Astereae 34 Tribe 3. Inuleae 100 Tribe 4. Ambrosieae 116 Tribe 5. Heliantheae 125 Tribe 6. Madieae 145 Tribe 7. Helenieae 161 Tribe 8. Anthemideae 210 Tribe 9. Seneeioneae 221 Tribe 10. Cynareae 236 Tribe 11. Mutisieae 245- Tribe 12. Cichorieae 246 IX.— INDEX 286 X. — ADDENDUM 297 XI.— EXPLANATION OF PLATES.... 298 Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 172981 COMPOSITAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA INTRODUCTION. The present paper is the result of a systematic study by the author of. those Southern California plants belonging to the family of Compositae, and its aim is to present in an intelligible form our present knowledge of this group as it occurs within the area indicated. Only two attempts to classify and describe the Composite flora of Southern California have previously been made, both by Dr. Asa Gray1 2, in connection with works of a much larger scope. These works having been published some- thing over twenty years ago, and much additional knowledge having accumulated during the interval, it seemed advisable that some such revision as the present one aims to be should be under- taken. It is the result not only of over six years of study in the herbarium and field on the part of the author, but also of much careful work carried on by many resident and other botanists who have generously placed their knowledge at his disposal, or published accounts of their studies in the current botanical journals. By "Southern California" is meant in general that portion of the state lying to the south of Tehachapi Pass, or, more specifically, the counties of Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Imperial. It lies, roughly speaking, between 32° 35' and 35° 50' north latitude (extending only to 35° 5' in the western part), and between 37° and 43° 40' longitude west from the meridian of Washington, and includes the islands oft' the coast as well as the mainland itself. It does not include Lower, or Baja, California, which is a peninsula bordering Southern California on the south and belongs to the Republic of Mexico. It has an area of 116,122 square 1 Botany of California, i. 288-443, 613-619 (1876), and ii. 453-460 (1880). 2 Synoptical Flora of North America, i. pt. 2, 48-444 (1884) and 445-455 (1886). 4 University of California Publications in Botany. [VoL- 3 kilometers (44,836 square miles), being- nearly the size of the State of Pennsylvania. In altitude, it ranges from 87 meters (287 feet) below sea level, in the Lower Sonoran Zone of its Desert Area, to 3500 meters (11,485 feet) in the Alpine Zone of Mt. San Gorgonio (Grayback). It is not necessary to enter more fully into the geographic features nor into a description of the climatic characteristics, since they have been amply treated by Mr. S. B. Parish in his excellent "Sketch of the Flora of Southern California."3 The term ' ' Compositae ' ' is here used in its broadest sense, and includes the Cichoriaceae and Ambrosiaceae of some botan- ists, as well as the Carduaceae, or Compositae proper. The total number of species and varieties recognized in the present paper is 445, aside from 47 species mentioned as occurring' near our borders and to be expected within them. Of this number, about 37 are introduced plants, mostly cosmopolitan or Eastern North American weeds. The 445 species, varieties, and forms actually known to occur in Southern California are distributed by tribes as follows : Eupatorieae 9 Helenieae 86 Astereae 113 Anthemideae 19 Inuleae 25 Senecioneae 25 Ambrosieae 18 Cynareae 17 Heliantheae 34 Mutisieae 2 Madieae 29 Cichorieae 68 In sising this list for purposes of comparison it should be noted that the number of species could be greatly augmented by recognizing numerous forms which have been described and given specific names, but which are reduced to synonymy in this paper. While thoroughly in sympathy with every effort to carry systematic botany to the point where all forms are properly recognized and classified, the author is of the opinion that the exaltation of trivial forms, distinguished only by one or two variable characters, to the rank of species is conducive neither to clearness nor to scientific accuracy. A rational system of classification should bring out the natural relationship between the various forms ; should, in other words, represent the cleavage 3 Botanical Gazette xxxvi. 203-222 and 259-279 (1903). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 5 of the larger groups into their component parts as it has taken place in nature. Much of our recent work, however, has un- fortunately consisted of a mere cutting across the grain, the result being a mass of chips, — the so-called species, — each being a pure- ly artificial product and bearing no evident relationship to the others. This is commonly the result of hasty work where the perpetrator has been too busy to work out natural affinities through a comparision of intergrading forms accompanied by field study. In the matter of generic limits the author has also been rather conservative. Realizing the futility of any effort to establish genera all of which are of equal rank, he has chosen to follow the lines laid down by earlier workers so far as possible rather than to attempt a readjustment, with its inevitable ac- companiment of name-changes. Throughout the paper an attempt has been made to follow the International Eules of Nomenclature as laid down by the Vienna Congress of 1905. COLLECTIONS. Although handicapped by not being able to examine speci- mens in the older herbaria of Eastern North America and Europe, I have seen the Compositae in practically all the California her- baria, and studied them in the field during a period of about twelve yearsv The loan of material from certain of the larger eastern herbaria has also been of considerable assistance. My work having been prosecuted mainly at the University of California, the Herbarium of that institution has naturally sup- plied the bulk of the material from which the descriptions are drawn. The collection contains nearly all of the sets recently distributed from Southern California, as well as a nearly complete set of the plants collected on the State Geological Survey, 1860- 1864. During the spring of 1906 some three weeks were spent at San Diego in working through the Compositae in the Herbarium of Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee. This herbarium was helpful especially because of the data supplied concerning the distribu- tion of species along our southern and eastern borders and because 6 University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L- 3 of the large number of type specimens and duplicate types repre- sented. Mr. and Mrs. Brandegee presented their entire collec- tions to the University of California in August, 1906, since which time they have been consulted almost daily in the preparation of this paper. The California Academy of Sciences Herbarium was consulted at frequent intervals before its nearly complete destruction in the San Francisco fire of April, 1906. The Compositae were here very well represented, and practically all of the Southern Cali- fornia species were examined and notes made. The types of nearly all of Dr. Kellogg 's species were preserved here, as well as the types of most of Dr. Greene's early species, and it is very gratifying to learn that many of these types have been saved through the efforts of the curator, Miss Alice Eastwood. At San Bernardino I had the generous assistance of Mr. S. B. Parish in working through the Compositae of his herbarium, wherein the Southern California flora is so abundantly repre- sented. This botanist was able not only to give much information gleaned from his long studies in that part of the state but also to add, in many cases, the opinions of Dr. Asa Gray, who had examined many of his earlier collections. Dr. A. Davidson, of Los Angeles, likewise offered me the use of his herbarium, where the Compositae were looked over in June, 1904, since which time certain specimens have been loaned for study. It was also in June of 1904 that the herbarium of Mr. George B. Grant, of Pasadena, was visited. It is probable that recent acquisitions to these collections would yield valuable data, but lack of time has prevented a repetition of the visits. The Herbarium of the Leland Stanford Junior University was consulted in February, 1907, with the especial object of examining the types of Southern California Compositae described by Professor Abrams and by Mr. Elmer. Through the kindness of Professor Abrams I was enabled to see all of these types with the exception of one (Machaeranthera Pinosa), which was temporarily unavailable. The J. G. Lemmon Herbarium in Oakland has supplied valuable data concerning certain species discovered by Professor and Mrs. Lemmon when the botanical historv of California was still votinsr. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. CITATION OF SPECIMENS. In the present paper no attempt has been made to cite all of the specimens examined. If the species under consideration is well known and its distribution clearly given in some standard work, no specimens are cited. When it is rare, when there may be some doubt as to the form described, or when for any reason it may be desirable to know exact stations, all of the specimens at hand are listed. Sometimes a few examples, to fix the identity or to express extreme range, are given and the remainder left without citation. In no case (except possibly by error) has a specimen from Southern California been cited unless it has passed under my personal observation, or a Southern California locality cited unless verified by myself, save in those instances where some other authority, preceded by the expression "ace. to" (according to), is mentioned. The botanists to whom reference is most frequently made in this way and their publications from which the data were gathered are the following : ASA GRAY. Botany of California, Synoptical Flora, and scattered papers mostly in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences. SERENO WATSON. Scattered papers, mostly in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences. LE KOY ABRAMS. Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity, and papers in the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences and elsewhere. S. B. PARISH. Manuscript of a paper as yet unpublished, — The Pteri- dophyta and Spermatophyta of Southern California, — and notes supplied through correspondence. T. S. BRANDEGEE and MRS. KATHARINE BRANDEGEE. Various papers in Zoe, the Bulletin and Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, etc., and notes supplied by correspondence or oral communication. A. DAVIDSON. Catalogue of the Plants of Los Angeles County (1896). A. J. MCCLATCHIE. Flora of Pasadena. F. V. COVILLE. Botany of the Death Valley Expedition, Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, vol. iv. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. It is a pleasure to here make acknowledgment of the generous assistance received from many sources in the prosecution of this work. Professor W. L. Jepson, of the University of California, 8 University of California Publications in Botany. tVoL- 3 under whose supervision the study has been made, has rendered invaluable aid by his many suggestions and kindly criticism. Professor W. A. Setchell and Mr. Townshend Stith Brandegee, also of the University of California, have rendered much aid in various ways, and Mrs. Katharine Brandegee, because of her intimate knowledge of the California flora and of her generosity in imparting this information, has placed me under lasting obli- gation. Mr. Samuel B. Parish, of San Bernardino, who has explored the botany of Southern California perhaps more thoroughly than any one else, has not only allowed me the free examination of his collections, but has also permitted the use of his manuscript notes, and even these have been supplemented at frequent intervals through correspondence. This kindness is highly appreciated, since it is not too much to say that no thorough revision of any considerable group of Southern Califor- nia plants could be prepared at the present time without con- sulting Mr. Parish and his herbarium. I am indebted to Miss Alice Eastwood for the privilege of examining specimens in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences, and also her recent collections from Southern Cali- fornia, and likewise to Professor Le Roy Abrams for the privilege of consulting the Herbarium of the Leland Stanford Junior Uni- versity. Professor J. G. Lemmon, of Oakland ; Dr. A. Davidson, of Los Angeles, and Mr. Geo. B. Grant, of Pasadena, have all kindly premitted me to examine their herbaria. Among the resident botanists and collectors who have given much assistance by supplying specimens from their respective localities may be mentioned : Mrs. Charlotte M. Wilder, Professor and Mrs. Joseph Grinnell, Miss Elizabeth Day Palmer, Mr. S. W. Austin, Mr. E. E. Schellenger, Mr. L. A. Greata, Dr. R. J. Smith, Rev. George Robertson, Mr. Fred M. Reed, Mr. E. A. Zumbro, Mr. F. Gilman, and Mr. Ernest Braunton. Mr. Harley P. Chandler, Mr. Ernest B. Babcock and Mr. Harold D. Babcock have accompanied me on various botanical tours, mostly to the north of the district covered by this paper, and rendered valuable aid both in the preparation of material and in its study. My brother, George R. Hall, has made several interesting collections in the higher mountains at my request. 1907] / Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 9 Sir William Dotting Hemsley, of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England, has kindly supplied notes concerning certain Asters and a sketch of the type of Aster Menziesii. Professor B. L. Robinson, of Harvard University, has compared a number of specimens with types at the Gray Herbarium, and supplied valuable material for examination. Dr. J. N. Rose has loaned specimens from the U. S. National Herbarium for comparison. Dr. J. M. Greenman, of the Field Museum of Natural History, has furnished critical notes concerning certain troublesome Senecios. To all of these gentlemen I return my most sincere thanks. Acknowledgment is also here made of aid received through the Experiment Station of the University of California from the "Adams Fund" of the United States Government. By means of this aid a botanical trip was made through portions of the Mohave Desert and Iriyo Co. in May and June of 1906. Although primarily for the purpose of making studies in forage and stock- poisoning plants, concerning which reports will be issued later, much data here utilized was also obtained on the expedition. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. It has been found that in discussing the distribution of plants or animals over any considerable area it is conducive to clearness to have that area mapped into life zones, these being essentially thermal belts recognized by the plant growth and animals which they sustain. The following life zones are recognized in South- ern California : Alpine, or Arctic-Alpine Zone. Huclsonian Zone. Canadian Zone. Transition Zone. Upper Sonoran Zone. Lower Sonoran Zone. The Arctic-Alpine Zone is sharply marked and consists only of the Alpine flora above timber line. The only Compositae of our district restricted to this zone are : Erigeron compositus discoideus Antennaria media. Baillardella argentea. 10 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 The Hudsonian and Canadian zones cannot be clearly dis- tinguished from each other in Southern California, but together they occupy the rather narrow belt between timber line and the extensive forests of Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa, including its variety Jeffrey i) and White Fir (Abies concolor). Their most characteristic trees with us are the Limber Pine (P. flexilis) and the Murray Pine (P. Murrayana), the latter frequently occupy- ing boreal islands completely surrounded by Transition Zone elements. Perhaps none of our Compositae are restricted abso- lutely to these zones. The Transition Zone is best marked by the presence of Yellow Pine and White Fir. It is sometimes convenient to speak of a Lower Transition, where the pine is dominant, and of an Upper Transition, where the fir is dominant. Many Compositae are restricted in their distribution to this zone, the list including the following : Haplopappus gossypinus Eriophyllum lanatum obovatum Aster Fremonti Parishii Helenium Bigelovii Aster delectabilis Arnica Bernardina Hemizonia Wheeleri Crepis acuminata Homizonella minima Hieraceum albiflorum The Upper Sonoran Zone is essentially co-limital with the chaparral belt, but also includes the Piiion belt of the desert ranges, Mt. Pinos, etc. It occupies nearly all of the Cismontane Area, that is, the area west and south of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaca Mts. Common elements indicative of this zone are Chamiso (Adenostoma fasciculatiim), Wild Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) , Beard-tongue (Pentstemon antirrkinoides) , Deer-weed (Lotus gldber), etc. Of the Compositae restricted to this zone may be mentioned : Ericameria ericoides Artemisia California Ericameria pinifolia Carduus occidentalis Baccharis pilularis Perezia microcephala Encelia Calif ornica Malacothrix saxatilis Eriophyllum Nevinii Hieraceum Parishii The Lower Sonoran Zone occupies the Desert Area with the exception of those ranges which extend into the Upper Sonoran. Certain warm areas west of the mountains are perhaps also best classified as Lower rather than Upper Sonoran, noticeably a 1907] * Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 11 portion of the San Bernardino Plains, where are found desert immigrants that have undoubtedly come by way of Cajon Pass ; and portions of southwestern San Diego Co., where desert species have established themselves, coming either through low passes from the Colorado Desert or northward from Lower California. The plants of this zone are nearly all xerophytes with various adaptations to their arid habitat. The following common Com- positae are characteristic of this zone : BricTcellia atractyloides Baileya pauciradiata Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus Chaenactis carphoclinia Ericameria monactis Porophyllum gracile Chrysothamnus paniculatus Dysodia Cooperi Chrysothamnus nauseosus graveolens Pectis papposa Monoptilon bellioides Artemisia spinescens Aster Mohavensis Peucephyllum Schottii Aster spinosus Lepidospartum squamatum Baccharis sergiloides Tetradymia spinosa Franseria dumosa Malacothrix glabrata Life areas differ from life zones in that they indicate all of the factors influencing the distribution of life, rather than only that of temperature. Three life areas may be distinguished in Southern California, namely, the Desert Area, the Nevadan or Montane Area, and the Cismontane Area, the last including everything southwest of the principal mountain chain. These areas may be subdivided into subareas, for example, the Mohave and Colorado subareas, the Coastal Subarea, etc. Various papers dealing with plant and animal distribution in Southern California have been consulted in reference to this subject, and especially the works of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, who was the first to distinguish and name the Life Zones of North America according to our present system. Such papers are : C. HART MERRIAM: Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. of Biological Survey, Bull, ix (1898). C. HART MERRIAM : Eesults of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain Region and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, N. A. Fauna Xo. 3 (3890). C. HART MERRIAM: Results of a Biological Survey of Mt. Shasta, Cali- fornia, N. A. Fauna No. 16 (1899), etc. S. B. PARISH : A Sketch of the Flora of Southern California, Bot, Gaz. xxxvi. 203-222 and 259-279 (1903). 1:2 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 JOSEPH GRINNELL: Check-list of California Birds, Pacif. Coast Avi- fauna No. 3 (1902). H. M. HALL: A Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain, Univ. Calif. Pub. Botany, i. 1-140 (1902). H. M. HALL: Some contributions to the Phytogeography of Southern California, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. iii. 19-22 (1904). F. STEPHENS: Life Areas of California, Trans. S. Diego Acad. i. 1-8 (1905). F. V. COVILLE and D. T. MACDOUGAL: Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution (1903). J. BURTT DAVY: The Native Vegetation and Crops of the Colorado Delta, Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 140, suppl. (1902). The following papers, although not dealing directly with dis- tribution in Southern California, have also been helpful: W. L. BRAY: The Ecological Eelations of the Vegetation of Western Texas, Bot. Gaz. xxxii. 99-123, 195-217, and 262-291 (1901). VERNON BAILEY: Biological Survey of Texas, N. A. Fauna No. 25 (1905). P. B. KENNEDY: Botanical Features around Eeno, Muhlenbergia iii. 17-32 (1907). C. V. PIPER : Flora of the State of Washington, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. xi. (1906). COMPOSITAE. SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, or sometimes trees. Flowers in heads (or rarely in spikes or umbels in certain non-Calif ornian genera), borne on the enlarged summit of the common peduncle (re- ceptacle) and surrounded by a common involucre of few to many bracts. Heads usually many-flowered, yet sometimes few- flowered, or even only 1-flowered. Receptacle with or without bracts, these commonly paleaceous or setiform when present and each subtending a flower; the receptacle said to be naked when bearing only flowers within the involucre, chaffy, paleaceous, or bristly when bearing bracts among the flowers. Corollas tubular and 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely 4 or 3-merous), or the limb liyulate (strap-shaped) and toothed at apex. When both kinds are present, the flowers with the ligulate corollas occupy the mar- gin of the head and are called ray -flowers ; the flowers with the tubular corollas occupy the center and are called disk-flowers ; 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 13 such heads are said to be radiate. Heads without ligulate corol- las are said to be discoid. The term ray is sometimes used for ray-corolla, sometimes for only the ligule of the ray-corolla. Ray-flowers commonly pistillate, sometimes perfect or neutral: disk-flowers commonly perfect, often staminate or pistillate. Heads homogamous, that is, with all their flowers alike; or heterogamous, that is, with more than one sort of flowers. Homo- gamous heads may have all the corollas ligulate, or they may be discoid. Calyx-tube united with the ovary, the linib when present called a pappus and greatly varied in structure, consisting of awns, hairs, bristles, scales, or paleae, or in some cases appearing as a mere crown or ring or wholly obsolete. Stamens 5 (rarely 4 or 3) inserted on the corolla-tube and alternating with its lobes or teeth; anthers 2-celled, united and forming a tube, or nearly or quite free in Ambrosieae, introrse, from obtuse to auriculate or caudate (tailed) at base, usually appendaged above, this ap- pendage being a prolongation of the connective between the anther-cells. Style divided above into 2 branches which bear stigmatic lines on their inner face. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. maturing into an acliene, crowned by the pappus when that is present. KEY TO THE TRIBES, A.— Corollas all regular (the heads then discoid) or only the marginal ones ligulate (the heads then radiate). Anthers not caudate at the base. Keceptacle naked (without bristles or chaffy bracts, except nos. 83 and 84) ; leaves alternate (except in nos. 3, 59, 64, 65, 82, and 91). Style-branches thickened upward, obtuse; stigmatic lines not ex- tending beyond the middle: flowers never yellow: rays none... 1. EUPATOEIEAE, p. 14. Style-branches not thickened upward; stigmatic lines in perfect flowers extending to the summit. Bracts of the involucre usually imbricated : disk-flowers common- ly yellow ; rays of the same or different color or none : style-branches in perfect flowers flattened and with a dis- tinct (but sometimes very short) terminal appendage 2. ASTEREAE, p. 15. Bracts of the involucre in few series, seldom much imbricated: disk yellow; rays often of the same color when present: style-branches in perfect flowers with truncate or variously appendaged tips 7. HELENIEAE, p. 21. 14 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Bracts of the involucre imbricated, dry and scarious: flowers white, yellow, or greenish, rays present or absent: style- branches mostly truncate: pappus none or reduced to a mere crown or ring 8. ANTHEMIDEAE, p. 23. Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 series, little or not at all im- bricated, nor scarious: both disk and ray yellow: style- branches in perfect flowers truncate: pappus of soft capil- lary bristles (coarse in no. 93). ...9. SENECIONEAE, p. 24. Receptacle with chaffy bracts. Heads unisexual (except nos. 35 and 36) : anthers nearly or quite distinct: rays none: corolla of perfect flowers much reduced or wanting: pappus none or a mere vestige: leaves mostly alternate 4. AMBKOSIEAE, p. 18. Heads not unisexual: anthers united. Involucre of 1 to several series of bracts, none enfolding ray- achenes: receptacle very chaffy: rays present or wanting: leaves mostly opposite or basal 5. HELIANTHEAE, p. 19. Involucre of 1 series of equal bracts, each embracing or enfolding a ray-achene: bracts of the receptacle often in a single series between ray and disk: rays always present (some- times inconspicuous) : leaves alternate or opposite 6. MADIEAE, p. 20. Anthers caudate at the base, unappendaged at the tip: heads small: rays none 3. INULEAE, p. 17. Anthers long-caudate at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip: receptacle bristly: rays none: leaves alternate: spiny thistles or thistle-like plants 10. CYNAEEAE, p. 24. B.— Corollas all bilabiate and the flowers all perfect 11. MUTISIEAE, p. 25. C.— Corollas all ligulate and the flowers all perfect: anthers not caudate: herbage with milky juice: leaves alternate or basal ....12. CICHOKIEAE, p. 25. TRIBE 1. EUPATORIEAE. EUPATORY TRIBE. Herbs and shrubs with opposite or alternate mostly undivided leaves. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, rarely spherical, usually naked. Heads always discoid and the flowers herma- phrodite-fertile. Corolla regular, purple reddish bluish or white, never pure yellow. Anthers not tailed at base. Style-branches semi-cylindric, elongated, more or less clavate or thickened up- ward, obtuse, stigmatic lines only near the base and incon- spicuous. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 15 Achenes 5-angled or -ribbed. Pappus-bristles 10 to 12 1. HOFMEISTERIA, p. 27. Pappus-bristles only 3 2. MALPEBIA, p. 28. Achenes 10-nerved 3. BEICKELLIA, p. 28. t TRIBE 2. ASTEREAE. ASTER TRIBE. Ours all herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and scentless herbage (but sometimes resinous or gummy). Bracts of the in- volucre commonly well imbricated (nearly equal in Erigeron and Conyza). Keceptacle naked in our genera. Disk-flowers mostly yellow, perfect in all ours save Baccharis. Eays present or ab- sent. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-branches of perfect flowers flattened, conspicuously margined by the stigmatic lines, tipped with a hispid or papillose appendage (this sometimes quite ob- solete). Pappus mostly of awns or bristles (truly paleaceous among our genera only in Gutierrezia and Amphiachyris). A.— Rays present, yellow. (B on p. 16.) Pappus of several short scales: heads very small: perennials 4. GUTIEBEEZIA, p. 34. Pappus of 2 to 8 caducous bristles or awns: heads large: perennial herbs 6. GBINDELIA, p. 37. Pappus of persistent bristles or awns. Stems herbaceous throughout (annual and perennial herbs). Eay-achenes without pappus 9. HETEEOTHECA, p. 41. Bay-achenes wdth pappus. Pappus-bristles 3 to 8 : annual 7. PENTACHAETA, p. 39. Pappus-bristles more numerous (perennials, except 2 species of no. 13). Herbage villous or hirsute: pappus-bristles, equal or with a very short outer series 10. CHEYSOPSIS, p. 43. Herbage never villous or hirsute (glabrous to canescent or tomentose). Bristles of the pappus equal (involucre 4 to 6 mm. high; bracts obtuse or merely acute) 11. SOLIDAGO, p. 45. Bristles of the pappus unequal (involucre 6 to 12 mm. high; bracts acuminate to subulate or spinose-tipped) 13. HAPLOPAPPUS, p. 49. Stems suffrutescent, at least below (perennial shrubs). Heads solitary, terminating nearly naked peduncles: pappus perma- nently clear white. Involucral bracts acute: pappus-bristles all slender 12. STENOTUS, p. 48. 16 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Involucral bracts obtuse: some pappus-bristles flattened .. Acamptopappus Shockleyi, p. 41. Heads not solitary (except one stage of Ericameria pinifolia) : pappus dull white to reddish. Pappus-bristles not over 20, flattened 5. AMPHIACHYEIS, p. 36. Pappus-bristles more numerous, slender. Involucre hemispheric: leaves spinulose-toothed .. Haplopappus junceus, p. 50. Involucre campanulate, tomentose: leaves entire or serrate ... ....Hazardia cana, p. 65. Involucre narrower: leaves entire 14. EEICAMEEIA, p. 51. B.— Rays present, not yellow. (C on p. 16.) Pappus of the ray much reduced, scanty or wanting. Perennial: herbage tomentose, at least when young ... 19. COEETHEOGYNE, p. 69. Annuals: herbage not tomentose. Leaves pinnatifid or incised: disk-pappus copious .. 20. PSILACTIS, p. 73. Leaves entire: pappus-bristle solitary, plumose at tip ... 21. MONOPTILON, p. 74. Pappus well developed in both ray and disk. Heads sessile, solitary: low desert annual with white or pinkish rays 21. MONOPTILON, p. 74. Heads variously clustered, or solitary and evidently peduncled. Style-appendages lanceolate to subulate, acute: involucral bracts in two or more series, unequal 22. ASTEE, p. 76. Style-appendages ovate or oblong, obtuse : involucral bracts imbricated in several series, unequal (low perennial with leaves less than 12 mm. long) 23. LEUCELENE, p. 86. Style-appendages triangular or oblong, obtuse: involucral bracts in one or two series, mostly equal 24. EEIGEEON, p. 87. C.— Rays none. Stems suffrutescent, at least below (perennial shrubs or shrubby plants). Flowers yellow, perfect. Pappus-bristles numerous, all slender. Bracts of the involucre without distinct green tips: leaves entire. lavolucre turbinate or broader: bracts not in distinct vertical ranks: herbage minutely if at all pubescent (usually resinous-punctate) 14. EEICAMEEIA, p. 51. Involucre narrower: bracts in more or less distinct vertical ranks: herbage glabrous to tomentose (resinous-punctate only in first two species) 15. CHEYSOTHAMNUS, p. 56. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 17 Bracts of the involucre with distinct green tips. Leaves terete, resinous-punctate ....Chrysothamnus teretifolius, p. 57. Leaves plane, not punctate. Flowers permanently yellow: inflorescence terminally cymose 16. ISOCOMA, p. 62. Flowers yellow changing to brown: inflorescence paniculate 17. HAZAKDIA, p. 64. Pappus-bristles (not over 40) rigid, some with distinctly flattened tips 8. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, p. 41. Flowers whitish: dioecious plants 26. BACCHAEIS, p. 95. Stems herbaceous throughout (annuals and low herbaceous perennials). Outer corollas enlarged, more deeply cleft on inner side 18. LESSINGIA, p. 66. Outer corollas not enlarged, very slender and only one-half as long as style 25. CONYZA, p. 94, Outer corollas not enlarged, moderately or not at all exceeded by the style. Involucral bracts scarcely imbricated, nearly equal 24. EEIGEEON, p. 87. Involucral bracts regularly imbricated, unequal. Flowers yellow, perfect. Bracts of the involucre all erect Chrysopsis Wrightii, p. 44. Outer bracts of the involucre with recurved tips Aster canescens, p. 85. Flowers whitish: dioecious perennials 26. BACCHARIS, p. 95. TRIBE 3. INULEAE. EVERLASTING TRIBE. Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, with mostly white-woolly or glandular herbage. Leaves alternate (opposite in Psilocarphus), entire, or more or less dentate in one species of Pluchea (even laciniate in some non-Calif ornian species and genera). Heads rather small and discoid in all our species, homogamous or heter- ogamous, dioecious in some genera. Bracts of the involucre commonly white or scarious. Anthers, with very few exceptions, caudate at base, the tails free or united in pairs. Style-branches of various forms but mostly obtuse or truncate, with marginal stigmatic lines on the inner surface, not appendaged. Pappus, in all of our species, capillary or none. 18 University of California Publications in Botany. [VoL- 3 A.— Receptacle chaffy: involucral bracts several or none. Fertile pistillate flowers all destitute of pappus. Corolla and style borne laterally upon the fertile achene which, with its enfolding bract, is gibbous 28. MICROPUS, p. 102. Corolla and style apical: achene straight or only slightly curved. Fruit-bearing bracts each enclosing its achene and falling away with it. Leaves alternate: receptacle slender or columnar 29. STYLOCLINE, p. 102. Leaves opposite: receptacle globose....30. PSILOCARPHUS, p. 104. Fruit-bearing bracts open, merely subtending the achenes, persistent 31. EVAX, p. 106. Fetile pistillate flowers of two sorts; the outer destitute of pappus and enclosed each by its bract; the inner with abundant pappus, not en- folded by bracts 32. F1LAGO p. 107. B.— Receptacle naked: involucral bracts numerous. Herbaceous, or only the base woody. Herbage densely woolly. Flowers dioecious: low perennials of high altitudes 33. ANTENNARIA, p. 108. Flowers all fertile but of two sorts, perfect and pistillate, these borne in the same head 34. GNAPHALIUM, p. 111. Herbage merely glandular-puberulent 27. PLUCHEA, p. 100. Shrub with willow-like stems, 2 to 5 m. high (except when depauperate) : herbage silvery with appressed hairs 27. PLUCHEA, p. 100. TRIBE 4. AMBROSIEAE. RAGWEED TRIBE. Coarse homely weeds with small greenish or white discoid heads. Leaves alternate or the lowest sometimes opposite. Flowers unisexual, the staminate and the pistillate either in the same head (the heterogamous heads then solitary in the axils) or in separate heads (the staminate then in a raceme or cluster above the pistillate, which are few and axillary). Receptacle of the staminate or of the perfect heads with chaff-like bracts. Corolla of pistillate flowers none or a mere rudiment. Anthers distinct or scarcely coherent, not caudate. Pappus either none or reduced to a mere vestige. Fruit commonly a bur. Heads containing both staminate and pistillate flowers, the latter at the margin. Achenes neither bordered nor winged. Leaves entire or nearly so: achenes glabrous 35. IV A, p. 116. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 19 All but uppermost leaves pinnately parted: aehenes villous 36. OXYTENIA, p. 117 Aehenes with a scarious pectinate border or wing....37. DICORIA, p. 117. Heads unisexual, staminate and pistillate heads on the same plant; involucre of pistillate heads closed, only the style-branches exserted; staminate heads with open involucres. Involucre of pistillate heads with broad silvery-scarious wings 38. HYMENOCLEA, p. 118. Involucre of pistillate heads bur-like. Staminate heads with united involucral bracts. Pistillate involucre beaked at apex and armed near the beak with a single row of short prickles 39. AMBEOSIA, p. 119. Pistillate involucre with 1 to 4 beaks and armed with several rows of prickles 40. FRANSEEIA, p. 120. Staminate heads with distinct involucral bracts - 41. XANTHIUM, p. 123. TRIBE 5. HELIANTHEAE. SUNFLOWER TRIBE. Herbs or shrubs with mostly yellow flowers, many with bal- samic-resinous juice. Heads homogamous and discoid or heter- ogamous with pistillate or neutral ray-flowers and hermaphrodite disk-flowers, the latter either fertile or sterile. Eeceptacle with chaff-like bracts, each subtending a flower. Anthers obtuse at base, not caudate. Pappus various or wanting but never of simple truly capillary bristles. Aehenes thick or flattened con- trary to the subtending chaffy bract, never parallel with it. A.— Involucre either imbricated or its outer bracts foliaceous and ex- ceeding the inner ones. Disk-achenes thick, 4 or 5-angled when mature. Rays small and white or wanting. Pappus of 15 to 20 plumose bristles: heads discoid 42. BEBBIA, p. 125. Pappus paleaceous: rays white 43. GALINSOGA, p. 126. Pappus of barbed awns: rays white or none 51. BIDENS, p. 143. Rays conspicuous, yellow. Pappus none. Leaves scattered, narrow (1 cm. or less broad) GYMNOLOMIA, p. 145. Leaves mainly basal, ample (8 to 15 cm. broad) 44. BALSAMORHIZA, p. 126. Or- THE UNIVERSITY 20 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Pappus present. Kay-flowers maturing achenes: pappus coroniform: leaves ample : 45. WYETHIA, p. 127. Bay-flowers not maturing achenes. Pappus of 2 slender awns thickened at base and 4 or more much shorter erose paleae: peduncles slender 46. VIGUIERA, p. 128. Pappus of 2 acute or awned paleae: peduncles often swollen under the head 47. HELIANTHUS, p. 129. Disk-achenes flat, compressed, the 2 acute angles either ciliate or winged. Achenes not wingejd, but strongly ciliate 48. ENCELIA, p. 133. Achenes broadly winged 49. VEKBESINA, p. 137. Disk-achenes sterile: ray achenes completely enclosed in their bracts 52. MELAMPODIUM, p. 144. B.— Involucral bracts in two very dissimilar series and the outer ones much narrower than the inner ones. Leaves mainly radical or alternate, linear to filiform or parted into very narrow lobes 50. COREOPSIS, p. 139. Leaves opposite. Pappus of barbed awns: heads medium-sized or large 51. BIDENS, p. 143. Pappus paleaceous: heads small: rays white 43. GALINSOGA, p. 126. Pappus none: marginal achenes completely enclosed in their bracts ., 52. MELAMPODIUM, p. 144. TRIBE 6. MADIEAE. TARWEED TRIBE. Ours annual or biennial herbs (except one species of no 55). Herbage often glandular and viscid or heavy-scented. Leaves, alternate or opposite. Bracts of the involucre in a single series, each partly or completely enclosing an achene. Bracts of the receptacle commonly in a single series between disk and ray and often united into a cup, or sometimes scattered among the disk- flowers. Rays always present in our genera, sometimes incon- spicuous. Anthers not caudate. Ray-achenes always fertile,, seldom pappose ; disk-achenes either fertile or sterile, their pappus paleaceous, awn-like, or none. Ray-achenes laterally compressed with narrow back, each completely en- folded by its deeply sulcate involucral bract which is strongly carin- ate on the back.... 53. MADIA, p. 145. Ray-achenes commonly obcompressed with broad rounded back, each par- tially or wholly enfolded by its involucral bract which is also rounded on the back. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 21 Involucral bracts conduplicately folded for their whole length and each completely enclosing its achene 54. HEMIZONELLA, p. 147. Involucral bracts with only the lower portion conduplicately folded, the upper portion being flat. Eay-achenes only half -enclosed by the infolded margins of the invo- lucral bracts 55. HEMIZONIA, p. 148. Eay-achenes wholly enclosed by the infolded margins of the in- volucral bracts, these meeting over the face of the achene. *Disk-achenes without pappus: heads clustered 56. LAGOPHYLLA, p. 155. Disk-achenes usually with distinct pappus: heads large, soli- tary. Pappus of 5 to 20 slender awns 57. LAYIA, p. 156. Pappus of about 10 broad paleae in 2 series 58. ACHYKACHAENA, p. 160. TRIBE 7. HELENIEAE. SNEEZEWEED TRIBE. Herbs, or a few species suffruticose. Leaves alternate or op- posite, in one subtribe punctate with oil-glands. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucral bracts mostly in only one to three series, herbaceous or in a few genera with membranous margins. Re- ceptacle not paleaceous, yet sometimes bristly or hairy. Anthers not caudate. Pappus of paleae, awns, or bristles, or often wanting. A.— Leaves all opposite: rays present, yellow. Bracts of the involucre unequal, broad: pappus none: succulent perennial 59. JAUMEA, p. 161. Bracts of the involucre equal. Involucre cup-like, its bracts united 64. LASTHENIA, p. 167. Involucre of distinct bracts. Herbage destitute of oil-glands: involucral bracts ovate or oblong 65. BAEEIA, p. 168. Herbage dotted with oil-glands: involucral bracts linear 82. PECTIS, p. 209. B.— Leaves alternate, at least above. Pappus present. Heads discoid, or the rays if present very inconspicuous. Leaves entire, at least the upper. Flowers yellow. Herbage gummy: pappus of 8 to 12 obtuse paleae 71. AMBLYOPAPPUS, p. 187. 22 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Herbage not gummy: pappus-paleae 5 or fewer, subulate- awned 72. EIGIOPAPPUS, p. 187. Flowers not yellow. Herbage rough-pubescent: pappus of 4 to 8 paleae 69. PALAFOXIA, p. 179. Herbage glabrous: pappus of copious capillary bristles 81. POROPHYLLUM, p. 209. Leaves from dentate to pinnatifid or pinnately parted. Herbage glabrous but dotted with oil-glands 80. DYSODIA, p. 208. Herbage pubescent (mostly tomentose), at least when young: no oil-glands. Involucral bracts with colored hyaline margins 68. HYMENOPAPPUS, p. 177. Involucral bracts herbaceous. Pappus of several paleae (fimbriate in one species). Stems 5 cm. or less high: involucre 3 mm. high Eriophyllum Pringlei, p. 181. Stems taller: involucre larger 73. CHAENACTIS, p. 188. Pappus apparently of slender tawny bristles: low desert annual 75. TRICHOPTILIUM, p. 202. Heads radiate. Eays white or purplish, never yellow. Pappus an obscure crown and often 1 or 2 awns: rays white 63. PERITYLE, p. 164. Pappus of both bristles and awned paleae: rays purple or flesh- color 79. NICOLLETIA, p. 207. Pappus of lacerate paleae: rays purple, linear Hulsea heterochroma, p. 202. Kays yellow: pappus paleaceous except in no. 67. Herbage white-woolly, at least when young. Pappus of numerous barbellulate bristles, united at base 67. SYNTEICHOPAPPUS, p. 176. Pappus paleaceous, the paleae entire to fimbriate. Kays persistent, becoming papery: desert perennial 61. PSILOSTROPHE, p. 162. Rays deciduous, not becoming papery. Involucral bracts in 1 series 70. ERIOPHYLLUM, p. 180. Involucral bracts in 2 series 74 HULSEA, p. 200. Herbage glabrous or pubescent but never woolly. Involucral bracts erect, in 2 series.. ..76. HYMENOXYS, p. 203. Involucral bracts closely reflexed 77. HELENIUM, p. 205. Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 23 Pappus none. Herbage not white-woolly. Flowers yellow: rays present. Leaves pinnately parted into linear lobes: low annual 78. BLENNOSPEBMA, p. 206. Leaves denticulate or entire: tall perennial 60. VENEGASIA, p. 162. Flowers white or purplish: rays wanting: leaves pinnately parted.... Chaenactis artemisiaefolia, p. Herbage white-woolly, at least when young. Kay-corollas with a toothed appendage at orifice opposite the ligule 66. MONOLOPIA, p. 175. Bay-corollas without appendage. Bays yellow, persistent, becoming papery.. ..62. BAILEYA, p. 163. Bays yellow, deciduous 70. EBIOPHYLLUM, p. 180. Bays purple or flesh-colored, deciduous Syntrichopappus Lemmoni, p. 177. TRIBE 8. ANTHEMIDEAE. MAYWEED TRIBE. Mostly strong-scented or aromatic plants. Leaves alternate, all or some of them finely dissected, pinnately parted, or pinnati- fid, except in a few species. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, commonly dry and scarious or with scarious margins. Re- ceptacle naked, or pubescent, or with chaff-like bracts. Flowers white, yellow, or greenish, either all perfect or the outer ones pistillate or neutral. Rays present or none. Anthers not cau- date. Style-branches of pistillate flowers obtuse or truncate, destitute of appendage. Pappus none or a short scarious crown. Beceptacle chaffy: heads radiate. Heads solitary: rays 10 to 20 83. ANTHEMIS, p. 210. Heads in a terminal cyme: rays 4 to 6 84. ACHILLEA, p. 211. Beceptacle naked (except in Artemisia Palmeri) : heads discoid. All of the flowers with corolla. Heads solitary terminating leafy branches or peduncles: receptacle conical 85. MATBICABIA, p. 212. Heads in panicled racemes or spikes: receptacle nearly flat 88. ABTEMISIA, p. 215. Marginal flowers destitute of corolla: receptacle nearly flat. Heads peduncled: style deciduous 86. COTULA, p. 213. Heads sessile: achenes pointed with the spine-like persistent style... 87. SOLIVA, p. 214. 24 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 • TRIBE 9. SENECIONEAE. GROUNDSEL TRIBE. Herbs and shrubs, or a few species arborescent. Leaves mostly alternate or radical (opposite in Arnica). Heads either discoid or radiate. Involucre mostly of a single series of similar bracts, sometimes with an outer calyculate series, rarely imbri- cated in several series (e.g., Lepidospartum). Receptacle nearly always naked. Anthers mostly rounded at base. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers usually flat, the truncate tips pencil- late, and the stigmatic lines (which are near the margins) not meeting. Pappus of numerous fine bristles, rarely subpaleaceous. Pappus plumose: alpine perennial with leaves all basal ..89. EAILLAKDELLA, p. 221. Pappus of slender bristles (or narrow paleae), never plumose. Involucral bracts in 3 or 4 series, regularly imbricated: leaves mostly reduced and scale-like 90. LEPIDOSPARTUM, p. 221. Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, not regularly imbricated: leaves con- spicuous. Leaves opposite: herbs 91. ARNICA, p. 222. Leaves alternate (sometimes fascicled). Pappus-bristles very unequal. Style-tips not penicillate: narrow-leaved shrub 92. PEUCEPHYLLTJM, p. 223. Style-tips penicillate: broad-leaved herbs 93. PSATHYROTES, p. 224. Pappus-bristles nearly equal. Bracts of the involucre 4 to 6, rigid, overlapping ; 94. TETRADYMIA, p. 226. Bracts of the involucre more than 10, herbaceous, connivont but not overlapping 95. SENECIO, p. 228. TRIBE 10. CYNAREAE. THISTLE TRIBE. Thistles or thistle-like herbs with alternate mostly prickly leaves. Heads large, homogamous, the flowers all perfect, or sometimes heterogamous, the marginal flowers then radiatiform and commonly neutral. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, usually prolonged into a spine or bristle, or provided with a membranous edge. Receptacle bristly or hairy, seldom with true bracts. Rays none. Corollas tubular, cleft into long narrow lobes. Anthers with elongated appendage at the tip, caudate at 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 25 the base. Style-branches short, commonly united up to the obtuse tips, commonly with a pubescent ring below. Pappus bristly or plumose, rarely paleaceous or wanting. Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their very base. Filaments distinct. Pappus rough but not plumose: involucral bracts with uncinate tips 96. AKCTIUM, p. 236. Pappus plumose: involucral bracts not uncinate. Receptacle dry: native species 97. CARDUUS, p. 236. Receptacle fleshy-thickened: garden escapes.. ..98. CYNARA, p. 243. Filaments united below into a tube 99. SILYBUM, p. 242. Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle 100. CENTAUREA, p. 243. TRIBE 11. MUTISIEAE. MUTISIA TRIBE. Herbs and shrubs or rarely twining or arborescent plants, re- stricted almost entirely to Mexico and South America. Leaves alternate. Receptacle mostly naked. Heads in our genera homogamous, the flowers all perfect and the corolla bilabiate. Anthers with long tails at base ; anther-tips also elongated. Style- branches of perfect flowers not appendaged, usually short and blunt, without node below. Flowers rose-color or white: receptacle naked 101. PEREZIA, p. 245. Flowers yellow: receptacle villous..' 102. TRIXIS, p. 245. TRIBE 12. CICHOR1EAE. CHICORY TRIBE. Herbs and low shrubs (except two austral genera of trees) with milky juice and alternate or radical leaves. Receptacle naked or with chaff-like bracts, nearly always plane. Heads homogamous. Flowers hermaphrodite and with ligulate corolla ; ligule 5-toothed at the truncate apex; corollas, after flowering, twisted into a cap-like mass which remains on the achenes or in- volucre for some time. Anthers sagittate or auricled at base, commonly with thin rather short appendages at summit. Pollen- grains usually 12-sided. Style-branches semi-cylindric, narrowed towards the ends, stigmatic on their inner side for their whole length. Achenes often excavated at base, the border surrounding a short stipe. 26 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 A.— Pappus either none or paleaceous, never plumose. Achenes destitute of pappus 104. ATEICHOSEEIS, p. 246. Achenes with paleaceous pappus. Flowers blue; paleae truncate, destitute of awn.... 103. CICHOEIUM, p. 246. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts plane; paleae all awn-tipped 105. MICEOSEEIS, p. 247. Involucral bracts concave, enfolding marginal achenes; alternate paleae of central achenes awn-tipped 106. KHAGADIOLUS, p. 252. B.— Pappus of plumose bristles. Keceptacle paleaceous or with soft slender bristles among the flowers: leaves all radical. Involucral bracts with broad membranous margins, the outermost ones orbicular 107. ANISOCOMA, p. 253. Involucral bracts herbaceous, all narrow 108. HYPCHOEEIS, p. 254. Eeceptacle naked: leaves radical or cauline. Achenes truncate at apex, not beaked.. ..109. STEPHANOMEEIA, p. 255. Achenes beaked. Leaves pinnatifid 110. EAFINESQUIA, p. 261. Leaves narrow, entire 111. TEAGOPOGON, p. 262. C.— Pappus of capillary bristles, never plumose or paleaceous. Achenes not flattened. Plants caulescent, the more or less leafy stems branching above and bearing several to numerous heads. Pappus promptly deciduous (1 or 2 persistent bristles in some species), some or all of the bristles united at base an|d falling away in a ring. Achenes beakless, truncate: no tack-shaped glands - 112. MALACOTHEIX, p. 262. Achenes beaked. Inflorescence with tack-shaped glands: achenes gradually nar- rowed above 113. CALYCOSEEIS, p. 269. Inflorescence not glandular: achenes truncate, short-beaked 114. GLYPTOPLEUEA, p. 271. Pappus tardily deciduous, the bristles falling separately, or persistent. Achenes truncate at the broad summit. Flowers rose-colored: involucral bracts 4 or 5 118. LYGODESMIA, p. 275. Flowers yellow or white: involucral bracts 10 or more 121. HIEEACIUM, p. 283. Achenes narrowed to the summit 120. CEEPIS, p. 280. 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 27 Plants acaulescent, with simple scapes, the heads therefore solitary and leaves radical. Achenes beakless, broad and truncate at summit Malocothrix Calif ornica, p. 264. Achenes beaked. Achenes muricate-roughened above 115. TARAXACUM, p. 272. Achenes smooth or 10-ribbed ; the ribs either straight or wavy, but not muricate 119. TEOXIMON, p. 275. Achenes flattened: leafy-stemmed plants. Achenes beaked 117. LACTUCA, p. 274. Achenes truncate, not beaked 116. SONCHUS, p. 272. TRIBE 1. EUPATORIEAE. EUPATORY TRIBE. 1. HOFMEISTERIA Walp. Suffrutescent desert plants. Lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate. Heads medium-sized, long-pedunculate or nearly sessile, many-flowered. Involucre campanulate; bracts narrow, striate, the outer ones successively shorter. Receptacle naked. Achenes 5-angled by the strong nerves, callous-thickened at base. Pappus of 2 to 12 (in ours 10 to 12) scabrous bristles and in addition a series of shorter thin paleae. 1. H. pluriseta Gray, Pacif. R. Kept. iv. pt. 5, 96, t. 9 (1857). Stems decidedly woody, intricately much branched, forming bush-like plants usually 3 to 6 dm. high: herbage glandular- puberulent : leaves 1 to usually 3 cm. long ; petiole flat or canalic- ulate at least toward the base, 1 to 4 cm. long; blade less than 7 mm. long, deltoid to lanceolate or linear, acute at apex, tapering at base, entire or with 1 or 2 small teeth, the whole blade often so small as to appear merely as the dilated and flattened tip of the petiole: bracts of the inflorescence linear-subulate: involucre 7 to 9 mm. high, about 20-flowered; bracts conspicuously 3-striate, with acuminate often recurved tip: pappus of 10 to 12 bristles equalling or somewhat exceeding the corolla and about as many narrow acute squamellae, the latter sometimes bristle-tipped. Rather common in canons of the desert ranges, especially on rocky cliffs and in crevices of rocks : Inyo Mts. ; Palm Canon ; Palm Springs ; Newberry ; Inyo Mts. ; Panamint Mts. ; to Utah and Arizona. 28 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 H. VISCOSA A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. xxxvii. 263 (1904), of Southern Nevada, is described as differing from our species mainly in having its heads congested in capitate clusters. 2. MALPERIA Wats. An erect desert annual with the aspect of Chaenactis. Leaves alternate, sessile except the lowermost, narrow. Heads on short peduncles, loosely cymose, several to many-flowered. Involucre turbinate; the narrow bracts thin and very unequal, several- nerved. Receptacle naked, flat. Corolla narrow-cylindric with short erect lobes. Anther-tips ovate, obtuse. Style-branches filiform, obtuse, thickened and exserted at maturity. Achenes pentagonal, slender. Pappus of 3 hispidulous setae as long as the corolla alternating with minute truncate erose paleae. 1. M. tenuis Wats., Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 54 (1889). Slender, cymosely branching, 1.5 to 4 dm. high: herbage minutely scabrous: leaves linear, acuminate, 2 to 5 cm. long, entire (or with a few teeth, ace. to Watson) : involucre 8 to 10 mm. high; bracts linear, the inner acuminate, all scarious-mar- gined, pubescent on the back: achenes slightly hispid on the angles. Los Angeles Bay, Lower California Palmer, ace. to Watson; San Jose de Gracia, Lower California, Apr., 1889, Brandegee; Santa Gertrudis, Lower California, Mar., 1898, Orcutt; Signal Mt., near U. S. and Mexican boundary line, 1901, Brandegee; Split Mt., San Diego Co., California, Apr., 1905, Brandegee. 3. BRICKELLIA Ell. Herbs or undershrubs (all the California species woody- stemmed perennials) with opposite or alternate veiny leaves. Heads small or medium-sized. Involucre cylindric to campan- ulate, 5 to 50-flowered; bracts chartaceous or membranous, striate, the outer ones successively shorter in most species. Re- ceptacle naked. Corollas white or whitish, slender, 5-toothed at summit, the teeth mostly glandular externally. Achenes 10- costate. Pappus a single series of scabrous or plumose capillary bristles. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 29 Heads solitary, terminating corymbose branchlets, campanulate, 30 to 50- flowered. Leaves ovate, mostly with broad base. Herbage green: leaves sharp-pointed 1. B. atractyloides. Herbage white-tomentose : leaves not pointed 2. B. incana. Leaves linear to oblong or obovate, with narrow base. Inner involucral bracts with acuminate tips: leaves acute, mostly 15 to 30 mm. long 3. B. linifolia. Inner involucral bracts acute: leaves obtuse, mostly 5 to 15 mm. long 4. B. frutescens. Heads loosely paniculate or glomerate, turbinate, 5 to 25-flowerd (or perhaps more in no. 5). Involucral bracts acute, loose: herbage tomentose 5. B. Nevinii* Involucral bracts obtuse, erect: herbage lightly if at all tomentose. Heads 10 to 15-flowered: leaves ovate 6. B. Calif ornica^ Heads about 5-flowered: leaves lanceolate 7. B. Knappiana* 1. B. atractyloides Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 290 (1870). Coleosanthus atractyloides Kuntze, Rev. i. 328 (1891). C. venu- losus A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. xxxvii. 262 (1904). About 3 dm. or less high : stems woody, rigid, with numerous- short twiggy branches: herbage minutely pubescent and usually also glandular, the foliage green and scabrous-atomif erous : leaves rigid-coriaceous, 3-nerved and reticulate-veined, all alter- nate, subsessile, ovate-acuminate, rounded or truncate at base, either entire or with a few spinulose teeth, 1 to 3 cm. long, 7 to 20 mm. broad: heads solitary terminating the branchlets; pe- duncle commonly naked and exceeding the leaves, sometimes bracteate near the summit: involucre campanulate, 35 to 50- flowered, 10 to 13 mm. high ; outer bracts green, ovate-acuminate, sometimes broad and toothed like the leaves, scarcely or not shorter than the inner ones ; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, acum- inate. Among rocks in the desert ranges: southwestern part of the Colorado Desert, San Diego Co., Apr., 1889, Orcutt; Vallecito, ace. to Parish; San Felipe, San Diego Co., May, 1899, Brande- gee; Palm Springs, Parish, no. 210; Warren's, May, 1902, Brandegee; Cottonwood Springs, Hall, no. 6016 ; northern slope San Bernardino Mts. (borders of Mohave Desert), Parish, no. 3710 ; Ord Mts., Hall & Chandler, no. 6775 ; Providence Mts., May,. 30 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 1902, Brandegee; Inyo Mts., Austin, no. 565; a frequent and characteristic plant in the clefts of rocks within the Lower Son- oran Zone from the Inyo Mts. east into Nevada, ace. to Coville; Fort Mohave, Arizona, Lemmon; Nevada, Purpus, no. 6022; St. George, Utah, Goodding, no. 803; Southern Nevada, Goodding, no. 678, ace. to Nelson (as Coleosanthus venulosus, the identity of which with B. atractyloides has been pointed out by Robin- son).4 2. B. incana Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350 (1868). Coleo- santhus incanus Kuntze, 1. c. Three to 6 dm. or more high, loosely branched from a suffru- tescent base: herbage white with a close tomentum which is de- ciduous from the stems, exposing the white bark : leaves alternate, sessile, ovate or broader with roundish or subcordate base, obtuse to acute but not pointed, entire or the margins sinuate, 1 to 3 cm. long : heads 40 to 50-flowered, campanulate, solitary and terminal on the branchlets : involucre broadly campanulate, 15 to 20 mm. high ; bracts firm-chartaceous, regularly imbricated ; short outer ones ovate, obtuse; inner ones linear-lanceolate, acute: achenes 9 or 10 mm. long, cinereous-pubescent. Dry gravelly soil of the Mohave Desert, especially in sand- washes of the Lower Sonoran Zone : Cushenberry Springs, Parish, nos. 1248, 2388; Providence Mts., Cooper, ace. to Gray, also Brandegee ; near the Needles, Brandegee ; Ash Meadows, Nevada, Purpus, no. 6041 ; reported from Chuckawalla Bench, Colorado Desert, California, by the Riverside Botanical Club. 3. B. linifolia Eaton, Bot. King Exped. 137, t. 15, ff. 1 to 6 (1871). B. Mohavemis Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 104 (1884). Coleosanthus linifolius Kuntze, 1. c. Stems numerous, leafy, ascending or erect, forming round- topped clumps 2 to 4 dm. high : herbage cinereous-pubescent and also somewhat glandular at least above : leaves from broadly ob- long with narrow base to linear or spatulate, acute, entire or with 1 or 2 short teeth, 1.5 to 3.0 cm. long, only the midnerve promi- nent: heads 30 to 50-flowered, scattered, the peduncles exceed- ing the leaves : involucre campanulate, 12 to 14 mm. high ; bracts Proc. Am. Acad. xlii. 47 (1906). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 31 2 to 4-nerved, linear, acute to attenuate, the inner with very slender tips : aehenes cinereous-hispidulous on the ribs. Western borders of the Colorado Desert, in Riverside Co., Hall, nos. 1888, 2142; southern borders of the Mohave Desert, May, 1882, no. 1247, Parish (type of B. Mohavensis Gray), also Jun. 17, 1894 and no. 3711, Parish; Providence Mts., Brandegee; Inyo Co., Purpus; thence to Utah and Arizona. B. Mohavensis is described by Gray as having " bracts of the involucre obtuse." Through the kindness of Dr. Robinson I have had the opportunity of examining a head from the type sheet in the Gray Herbarium and although the bracts (especially the outer ones) are somewhat broader and less acute than in typical B. Urn folia, the difference is not sufficiently great to be of specific value. Moreover, specimens collected by Parish (Rose Mine, Jun. 17, 1894; and north slope San Bernardino Mts., no. 3711) near the type locality of B. Mohavensis have the slender bracts of B. lini folia, and this character is somewhat variable even in collections from Utah, whence came the original B. linifolia. The pubescence, pappus, and aehenes, likewise fail to yield constant characters for the separation of B. Mohavensis. 4. B. frutescens Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207 (1882). Coleosanthus frutescens Kuntze, 1. c. A rigid shrub with divaricate often spinose branches : herbage cinereous-pubescent: leaves all alternate, linear-spatulate to obovate, obtuse, entire, .5 to 1.5 cm. long : heads scattered, about 35-flowered (about 20-flowered, ace. to Gray) : involucre cam- panulate, 9 to 12 mm. high ; bracts 2 to 4-nerved, acute or rather obtuse, the short and oblong outer ones somewhat greenish- tipped: aehenes hispidulous-scabrous : pappus-bristles minutely serrulate. Lower Sonoran Zone: San Felipe, western borders of the Colorado Desert, Parish, Purpus, etc.; Mountain Springs, San Diego Co., Vasey, ace. to Gray; Lower California. 5. B. Nevinii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 297 (1885). Coleo- santhus Nevinii Heller, Cat. N. Am. PL ed. 1, 8 (1898). Stems slender, long, loosely branched: herbage white-tomen- tose, the tomentum becoming loose and scurfy, especially on the 32 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 stems: leaves alternate, ovate, subcordate and closely sessile, or cuneate at base, acutish, coarsely few-toothed or entire, 1.5 cm. or less long: heads about 25-flowered (30 to 40-flowered, ace. to Gray), solitary, terminating short branchlets of an open panicle, the upper ones loosely glomerate: involucre narrowly turbinate, 10 to 12 mm. high, green after the fall of the tomentum ; bracts linear, acute, the outer regularly shorter and with spreading or recurved tips; the inner with erect acuminate tips: achenes minutely pubescent. Upper Sonoran Zone on the coastal slope : first collected ne;ir Newhall by Nevin; crevices of cliffs, San Francisquito Canon, ace. to Parish; Santa Monica Range, above Sherman, Braunton, no. 517, and Greata, no. 331 ; near Pasadena, ace. to McClatchie ; San Antonio Canon, near Claremont, Baker, no. 3731 ("in low dense tufts on a woody base, occasional along stony bottom of wash"). Writing of the station above Sherman Mr. Braunton says: "It must have been introduced at this station within the past few years. In 1901 there were but few large plants and many small ones. Now (1902) it is common for a mile square and bids fair to extend everywhere in the hills. ' ' 6. B. Californica (T. & G.) Gray, PL Fendl. 64 (1849). Bulbostylis Californica T. & G., Fl. ii. 79 (1841). Coleosanthus Calif ornicus Kuntze, 1. c. A straggling moderately branched bush, 5 to 10 dm. high: herbage minutely puberulent to thinly tomentose: leaves alter- nate, ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly 2 to 4 cm. long, short-petio- late, usually with broad truncate or subcordate base but the small upper ones narrowed to the petiole : heads in small clusters ter- minating lateral branchlets of the leafy panicle, or the branchlets very short, the inflorescence then an interrupted strict thyrsus: involucre 9 to 11 mm. high, 10 to 15-flowered ; outer bracts round- ish, very obtuse ; inner bracts narrower, the innermost linear and somewhat acute. Common in gravelly stream beds and on chaparral slopes of the Upper Sonoran Zone west of the mountains from San Diego Co. and Lower California north to Mendocino and the Sierra Nevada foothills. Also in Arizona and Nevada, ace. to Gray, Aug.-Nov. Hall — Compositae of Southern California. 33 Var. desertorum (Coville) Parish, in MS., comb. nov. B desertorum Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 68 (1892). Coleo- santhus desertorum Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 119 Q893). Smaller in all its parts: branches slender, becoming glabrous in the second or third year, but still with a white epider- mis, afterward gray : leaves only 16 mm. or less long even on vig- orous shoots (mostly less than 1 cm.) : heads in glomerules ter- minating short lateral branchlets : involucre 7 to 9 mm. high. — Between Banning and Seven Palms (Colorado Desert), Orcutt. ace. to Coville; Inyo Co., ace. to Coville; Dos Cabesas, in the southwestern part of the Colorado Desert, Orcutt, no. 1464 ; Riv- erside, Zumbro, no. 362. Although from the coast side of the mountains, Mr. Zumbro 's specimens answer very well for var. desertorum except that the stems are of a dull white ; the heads are in loose glomerules terminating lateral branchlets 1 to 3 cm. long. B. MICROPHYLLA SCABRA Gray may reach our northeastern bor- der. Certain specimens collected by Brandegee in the Providence Mountains are probably of this species but they lack flowers. Much like B.C. desertorum but outer bracts with greenish some- what spreading tips, the outermost ones wholly herbaceous. 7. B. Knappiana Drew, Pitt. i. 260 (1888). Coleosanthus Knappianus Greene, Eryth. i. 54 (1893). A slender willow-like shrub, 2.5 m. or less high the ascending branches with a smooth white bark which has a tendency to split and become shreddy : branchlets and upper leaves hispidulous- scabrous, somewhat glutinous : leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed to a distinct petiole, sharply and saliently toothed or some of the upper ones entire, 3 to 4 cm. long : heads about 5- flowered, in glomerules terminating lateral branchlets of the open leafy panicle: involucre turbinate, about 7 mm. high; bracts linear to oblong, obtuse, regularly imbricated, the quter success- ively shorter, 3-nerved : achenes rather densely but minutely appressed-setulose, indistinctly nerved. "In the neighborhood of the Mohave River, " Sept., 1888, M. A. Knapp; Pleasant Canon, Panamint Mts., H all & Chand- ler, no. 6919. Further collections may show that this is only a 34 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 form of B. mnlti flora Kell. (and both of these are too near to B. longifolia Wats.), differing only in its serrate leaves, scabrous herbage, and more densely pubescent achenes. EUPATORIUM GLANDULOSUM HBK. was gathered from the wet bank of a pool in a canon south of Pasadena in 1896 by Mc- Clatchie. Since it has not been found elsewhere in Southern California it is probably an introduction from Mexico. E. Pasa- denense Parish, Zoe v. 75 (1900), was founded on McClatchie's specimens, but one of these has been submitted to Dr. B. L. Rob- inson, who identifies it with E. glandulosum, and writes: "I have compared it very carefully with material from the uplands of Mexico, from Jamaica, and with a photograph which I took of the type in the Paris Herbarium ; also with cultivated speci- mens of E. trapezoideum Kunth, a species which I cannot dis- tinguish from the earlier E. glandulosum. There is a moderate amount of variation in the size, thinness, and degree of glandu- larity of the leaves but the form of the leaves, nature of the pubescence, character of the involucre, corollas, achenes, pappus, etc., are in all respects constant and identical between E. Pasa- denense and E. glandulosum." E. SAGGITTATUM Gray, although in Coulter's "California" collection, is not a member of our flora. According to Gray it is Mexican, probably reaching into Arizona. TRIBE 2. ASTEREAE. ASTER TRIBE. 4. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Low suffrutescent or herbaceous plants with nearly glabrous but resinous herbage. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, alternate. Heads radiate, very small, numerous, cymose or paniculate at the summit of the stems. Involucre imbricated ; the bracts coriaceous, with green tips. Receptacle in our species flat. Flowers yellow. Achenes angled or striate, pubescent. Pappus of 4 to 15 oblong or narrower commonly erose paleae. Heads clavate-oblong : flowers of disk and ray 1 or 2 each 1. G. lucida. Heads clavate-oblong: flowers of disk and ray 3 to 7 each 2. G. Sorothrae. Heads obovate-turbinate : flowers of disk and ray 7 to 12 each 3. G. Calif ornica. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 35 1. G. lucida Greene, Fl. Fr. 361 (1897). Xanthocephalum lucidum Greene, Pitt. ii. 282 (1892). Gutierrezia Euthamiae microcephala Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 115 (1884), in part. Straggling bush, 3 dm. or more high: herbage very resinous and of a clear yellowish-green color: foliage sparse and lax: inflorescence cymose-paniculate ; the numerous heads glomerate at the ends of the slender twigs : involucre narrow, 3 mm. high ; bracts closely appressed, with obscure greenish tips. Confined chiefly to dry hills of the Mohave Desert (and south- ward?) : Indian Wells, Kern Co., M. A. Knapp; Cottonwood Creek, Inyo Co., Purpus, no. 3025; Santa Monica Range, Hasse. ace. to Parish. 2. G. Sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad. vii. 10 (1887). Solidago Sarothrae Pursh, Fl. 540 (1814). Brachyris Euthamiae Nutt., Gen. ii. 163 (1818). Gutierrezia Euthamiae T. & G., Fl. ii. 193 (1841). G. divergens Greene, Pitt. iv. 58 (1889), in part. Bushy plant with numerous erect stems from a woody base, 3 to 6 dm. high: inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads short- peduncled or sometimes in terminal glomerules of 3 to 5 : invo- lucre clavate-oblong, 3 or 4 mm. high ; bracts with minute green tips : disk and ray-flowers each 3 to 7 : achenes sericeous-pubescent. Arid plains and rocky hills of the Upper (and Lower?) Sonoran Zone almost throughout western North America and by far the most abundant species in our district: San Fernando Valley, Barber, no. 170 ; San Jacinto Mts., Vandeventer, no. 10 ; Jamul Valley, San Diego Co., Palmer, no. 127; Mission Valley. San Diego, Oct. 1, 1883, Orcutt, no. 991. 3. G. Californica (DC.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 193 (1842). Brachy- ris California DC., Prodr. v. 313 (1836). G. divergens Greene, Pitt. iv. 58 (1899), in part. Stems more loosely branched above than in G. Sarothrae: heads larger and broader, hence obovate-turbinate, mostly scat- tered in the panicles or in an open cyme (rarely somewhat glom- erate) : involucre 4 or 5 mm. high and fully as broad at the summit : bracts with conspicuous green tips, the inner ones very obtuse : achenes densely silky. 36 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Dry hills from Arizona and the Colorado Desert north to San Francisco Bay, mostly in the Sonoran zones: Coyote Canon. Riverside Co., Hall, no. 2871 ; Griffith Park, Los Angeles, Braun- ton, no. 570; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish, no. 1455 ; etc. Var. bracteata (Abrams) Hall, comb. nov. G. bract eata Abrams, Bull. Torr. Club xxxiv. 265 (1907). Branchlets strong- ly divaricate or even geniculate, with numerous bract-like leaves, or these deciduous : heads few and large, solitary. — ' * Southwest- ern part of the Colorado Desert, Nov. 1889" (between Banning and Seven Palms, ace. to Abrams), Orcutt. 5. AMPHIACHYRIS Nutt. Ours a low desert shrub with alternate entire leaves and glabrous herbage. Heads heterogamous ; ray-flowers yellow, pis- tillate, fertile ; disk-flowers yellow, hermaphrodite-sterile. Invo- lucre imbricated ; bracts thin, only the medial portion herbaceous. Style-appendages lanceolate. Fertile achenes pubescent. Pappus of ray-flowers, in our species, of few and short squamellae coales- cent at base ; of disk-flowers of 5 to 20 weak bristles, more or less dilated and united at base, nearly equalling the corolla. 1. A. Fremontii (T. & G.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633 (1873). Amphipappus Fremontii T. & G., Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, v. 108 (1845) ; Gray, PL Fremont. 17, t. 9 (1853). Decidedly shrubby, 3 to 6 dm. high, with rigid divaricate branches; bark white after the first season: leaves obovate or elliptic, acute, narrowed to the sessile base or short petiole, 5 to 12 mm. long: heads glomerate, the glomerules terminating short branches of a compound terminal leafy-bracted cyme: involucre ovoid, 4 mm. high; outer bracts narrow; inner bracts broadly oblong, very obtuse, thin, appressed and more or less cohering: rays 1 or 2, about 2 mm. long : disk-flowers 3 to 6. Lower Sonoran Zone, from near our northern borders into Inyo Co., east to Nevada and Utah: "on the Mohave River and other tributaries of the Colorado, ' ' Fremont, ace. to Gray ; eastern Inyo Co. and Nevada, ace. to Coville ; Slate Range and Panamint Mts., Hall & Chandler, nos. 6908, 7046 ; Argus Mts., Purpus, no. 5326. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 37 6. GRINDELIA Willd. GUM PLANT. Coarse herbs or suffrutescent plants, the California species all perennials. Basal leaves commonly petioled; the cauline sessile by a broad base. Herbage in ours glabrous or nearly so but balsamic-viscid. Heads gummy, medium-sized or large, in pan- icles or cymes, rarely solitary or sessile, ours with conspicuous yellow rays. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric ; the bracts many-ranked, firm-herbaceous, often with attenuate squarrose points. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Achenes short, truncate, compressed or turgid, glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8 awns or small scales, very readily deciduous. Involucral cups of the budding heads often completely filled with the white or cream-like gummy exudation, and it is probably this gum, also present in the leaves, that gives to the genus its reputed medicinal value. Leaves 2 to 8 cm. wide: insular species 1. G. latifolia. Leaves narrower, sometimes linear, rarely over 2 or 3 cm. wide. Stems woody below: leaves linear-oblanceolate or cuneate: salt-marsh species 2. G. cuneifolia. Stems herbaceous throughout. Involucre 20 to 25 mm. broad: cauline leaves 1 to 3 cm. wide 3. G. robusta. Involucre 10 to 15 (rarely 20) mm. broad: cauline leaves .5 to 1.5 cm. wide 4. G. camporum. 1. G. latifolia Kell., Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36 (1873) ; Greene; Pitt. i. 89 (1887). Stout but herbaceous throughout, 4 dm. or more high : basal leaves elliptic or obovate, 5 to 15 cm. long in addition to the winged petiole of equal length ; cauline leaves broadly ovate or oblong, very obtuse, the base broad and clasping, 4 to 8 cm. long, 1.5 to 5 cm. broad, closely and regularly serrate : heads in leafy- bracteate cymes : involucre broadly hemispheric, 10 to 15 mm. high, about 20 mm. broad; outer bracts with slender recurved tips; inner bracts erect: rays about 1.5 cm. long: pappus-awns 5 to 8. Santa Rosa Island, 1872 or 1873, Harford (type) ; Santa Rosa Island, Jun., 1888, Brandegee; San Miguel Island, Sept.. 1886, Greene. These specimens were examined at the Herbarium 38 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. a of the California Academy of Sciences, where they have since been destroyed by fire, but there is a duplicate of Kellogg 's type and a sheet of Brandegee 's material from the type locality pre- served in the Brandegee Herbarium at the University of Cali- fornia. 2. G. cuneifolia Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 315 (1841) ; Perredes, Wellcome Research Lab. Bull. 65, t. i, f. 6 (1907). Plant 6 to 12 dm. high, commonly with several dm. woody at base, ending in a cymose panicle of several heads or the simple sterile shoots densely leafy at summit : leaves thick, spatulate to narrowly oblong, usually obtuse but the upper sometimes broadest at base and acute (especially the much reduced ones of the flower- ing branches), entire or serrulate: involucre 12 to 18 mm. broad; bracts with tips erect to recurved : rays golden-yellow : mature achenes mostly with a 1 or 2-dentate border at summit : pappus- awns 5 to 8. Salt-marshes from Los Angeles Co. (ace. to Abrams) and Santa Barbara (ace. to Gray) northward. I have seen no speci- mens from Southern California. Autumn. 3. G. robusta Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, vii. 314 (1841) ; Perredes, 1. c. f. 1. GUM PLANT. Stems mostly erect, 3 to 6 dm. high : leaves usually oblong to ovate or lanceolate and acute, in a few cases wider above and obtuse, sharply serrate or denticulate or the uppermost entire; the middle cauline 3 to 5 cm. long, 1 to 3 cm. wide : heads few, in a terminal cyme, sessile and leafy-bracted, or pedunculate and the bracts less obvious: involucre 20 to 25 mm. broad; bracts with attenuate squarrose or recurved tips : mature achenes mostly with a 1 or 2-dentate, often oblique border at summit: pappus-awns 2 to 8. Along the seaboard from Los Angeles to San Francisco, not plentiful; first collected by Nuttall at San Pedro; Summerdale, Santa Barbara Co., Hall, no. 3175 ; Suey River, near the northern boundary of Santa Barbara Co., May 9, 1896, Miss Eastwood. Summer. 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 39 4. G. camporum Greene, Man. Bot. Reg. S. F. Bay 171 (1894) ; Fl. Fr. 361 (1897) ; Perredes, 1. c. ff. 2, 4. Stems several, erect, 3 to 6 dm. high, herbaceous throughout : basal leaves commonly numerous, oblanceolate-spatulate, obtuse, serrate, 10 cm. or less long, 1 to 1.5 cm. broad; cauline leaves oblanceolate or oblong, mostly acute, 5 cm. or less long, .5 to 1.5 cm. wide : heads rather numerous in an open leafy panicle : invo- lucre 10 to 15 or 20 mm. broad ; the short outer bracts linear- subulate, squarrose-deflexed ; inner bracts lanceolate-subulate, with spreading tips or erect : mature disk-achenes compressed, minutely biauriculate or unidentate at summit : pappus-awns 2 or 3 or more. In heavy clay soil, from San Diego Co. to middle California : National City, San Diego Co., Jul. 3, 1885, Cleveland; mesa north of San Diego, Chandler, no. 5358; Ramona, Jul. 10, 1903. Brandegee; Cuyamaca Mts., Jul. 8 and Oct. 15, 1894, Brandegee. also (at Julian) Chandler, no. 5460; Inglewood, Los Angeles Co.. Hall, no. 6726 ; Elizabeth Lake, Los Angeles Co., Hall, no. 6719. Abundant on adobe mesas from University Station, Los Angeles, .south and west, whence gathered for the wholesale drug trade. Summer. 7. PENTACHAETA Nutt. Low and very slender annuals with narrowly linear and entire alternate leaves. Heads small, solitary or somewhat clustered at the ends of more or less naked branches, nodding in the bud. Receptacle convex. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts IE 2 series, narrowly oblong, thin or membranous, scarious- margined, mucronulate, appressed. Disk-corollas yellow or rose- red, very slender; rays white, pink, yellow, or none. Achenes oblong, flattened, hirsute-pubescent. Pappus of 5 to 12 slender bristles, often much reduced, or all obsolete. Involucre glabrous, its bracts very unequal 1. P. aurea. Involucre pubescent, its bracts nearly equal 2. P. Lyoni. 1. P. aurea Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 336 (1841). Diffusely branched, 1 to 3 dm. or more high (6 dm. high and •t 5 40 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 leaves 5 cm. long in exceptional cases5) : herbage minutely and sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous : involucre 5 to 7 mm. high, glabrous; bracts imbricated, broadly linear or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with green middle portion and scarious margins: rays commonly 10 to 40, linear to oblong, golden-yellow, 5 to 10 mm. long; disk-corollas irregular, the lobe nearest the ray-flowers being more acute than the others and more spreading, the sinus on each side of it continued further down : pappus-bristles 5 to 8. Upper Sonoran and Lower Transition zones, from San Diego (the type locality, where first gathered by Nuttall) to the San Jacinto Mts. and San Luis Obispo Co. (ace. to Greene) ; Mohave Desert near Cajon Pass, ace. to Parish: frequent in some parts of its range, especially throughout the coastal slope of San Diego Co. Mrs. Brandegee has gathered dwarf forms at San Diego with the flowers reduced to 3 or 4 in the solitary head, which is then either discoid or with one or two ray-flowers ; also florif erous forms with rays as high as 60 in number. .2. P. Lyoni Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 446 (1886). Erect, simple below or branched throughout, 1 to 5 dm. high : herbage lightly pubescent, at least the stems glabrate : leaves 2 to 5 cm. long: involucre about 5 mm. high, conspicuously hirsute with slender hairs ; bracts nearly equal, linear, acute to subulate- acuminate, with green midrib and scarious margins: flowers golden-yellow : pappus-bristles varying from 8 to 12 in number, somewhat dilated at base. At San Pedro and on Santa Catalina Island, Lyon, ace. to Gray; San Pedro, Mrs. Brandegee; Wilmington, Lyon; Santa Catalina Island, Brandegee; all of these localities being in the Coastal Subarea of Los Angeles Co. P. PALEACEA Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 189 (1885). Prob- ably not distinct from P. Lyoni, but smaller and more slender in all its parts : involucre 3 mm. high, minutely and sparsely pubes- cent; bracts nearly equal: pappus-bristles about 5, very slender but paleaceous-dilated at base.— Lower California : Santo Tomas, Orcutt, Purpus; Chocolate Creek, Brandegee. P. ORCUTTII Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 309 (1887). Also near P. Lyoni : heads small : involucre villous-pubescent : ligules Univ. Calif. Pub. Botany i. 130 (1902). ]<)07] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 41 short : pappus-bristles 8 to 10, capillary, not dilated at base, cadu- cous.— Vallecito, northern Lower California, Orcutt, ace. to Gray. Both of these species to be expected in San Diego Co. 8. ACAMPTOPAPPUS Gray. Low round-topped desert shrubs with slender rigid stems and entire alternate leaves. Heads spherical, 12 to 36-flowered, dis- coid or radiate. Involucral bracts closely imbricated in about 3 series, very broad and obtuse, pale, the margins thin-scarious and erose-fimbriate. Tube of disk-corollas funnelform; the lobes lanceolate, acute. Style-tips thick, subulate. Achenes short- turbinate, densely villous. Pappus of about 30 to 40 silvery awns, some of them flattened especially above and equalling the corolla, others setiform and shorter, all persistent. 1. A. sphaerocephalus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 634 (1873). Haplopappus sphaerocephalus Gray, PL Fendl. 76 (1849) ; Torr., Pacif. R. Kept. vii. pt.3, 12, t.vi. (1856). Herbage pale and glabrous or nearly so, the stems striate: leaves linear or linear-spatulate, acute, .5 to 2 cm. long, some- times fascicled: heads solitary terminating the branches, or in loose terminal clusters : involucre 6 to 8 mm. high, its bracts com- monly with a faint greenish subapical spot : rays none. An exceedingly interesting plant, by no means rare in the Larrea and Yucca belts of the Desert Area (San Felipe, Chucka- walla, Palm Cafion, Antelope Valley, Owens Valley, etc.), ex- tending eastward to Arizona and Utah. A. SHOCKLEYI Gray, the only other species, occurs in south- western Nevada (Shockley, ace. to Gray) and in the Inyo Mts.. California (Austin, no. 501). It is easily distinguished by its simpler monocephalous branches and larger heads with conspic- uous yellow rays. 9. HETEROTHECA Cass. Tall hairy herbs with alternate toothed leaves and radiate heads of yellow flowers in a terminal cymose panicle. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its narrow bracts closely imbricated in many series. Both ray and disk-flowers numerous and fertile. Ray-achenes triangular-compressed with flat sides 42 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 and narrow back ; their pappus none or caducous. Disk-achenes compressed, silky-hirsute ; their pappus double, the copious inner bristles long, capillary, and scabrous, the outer of short and stout bristles or scales. 1. H. grandiflora Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 315 (18-41). H. floribunda Benth., Bot. Sulph. 24 (1844). Diplopappus scaber Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 22 (1829), excl. syn. Usually simple below, 5 to 20 dm. high : herbage villous-hispid or hirsute, the inflorescence viscid-glandular and strong-scented : leaves ovate, varying to elliptic or oblong, serrate; the radical and lower cauline long-petioled, the upper sessile, commonly with a pair of stipule-like lobes at base: heads numerous and in an open panicle when flowering in the autumn, few and scattered at other seasons : involucre 7 to 9 mm. high : rays about 30 : pappus of disk-flowers as long or longer than the achene, in age brick-red, its outer series inconspicuous. A common weed along ditches and in waste places, throughout Southern California except in the mountains. It seems inadvisable to take up the name Heterotheca scabra for this species for, although Hooker's Diplopappus scaber ante- dates Xuttall's H. grandiflora by twelve years, it was assigned by Hooker in the belief that his plant was Pursh's Inula scabra (H. subaxillaris Britt. & Rusby),6 a mere transferral of the specific name being all that was intended. Moreover, De Candolle has used the name HeterotJieca scabra for what now passes as H. subaxillaris, his description plainly applying only to that species, and since our plant has been known as H. grandiflora for some sixty-six years it is perhaps wise to interpret the rules somewhat loosely here in order to retain this name. H. SUBAXILLARIS (Lam.) Britton & Rusby is to be expected along our eastern borders. Its stems are densely clothed above with broadly oblong subcordate-clasping leaves, these mostly with- out lobes at base : involucre somewhat canescent : outer pappus of disk-flowers conspicuous. off. subaxillaris Britton & Kusby, Trans. N. Y. Acacl. vii. 10 (1887). Inula subaxillaris Lam., Diet. iii. 259 (1789). I. scabra Pursh, Fl. ii. 531 (1814). Clirysopsis scabra Nutt., Gen. ii. 15 (1818); Ell., Sketch ii. 339 (1824). H. Lamarcliii Cass., Diet. Sci. Nat. xxi. 131 (1821). H. scabra DC., Prodr. v. 317 (1836). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 43 10. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at base, with alter- nate entire leaves and either discoid or radiate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts nar- row and regularly imbricated. Style-appendages linear-filiform to subulate. Achenes compressed or turgid. Pappus brownish or ferruginous, of numerous capillary bristles with or without an outer row of short bristles or squamellae. Kays present: pubescence hirsute or villous, canescent 1. C. villosa. Kays wanting: pubescence fine and soft, not canescent 2. C. Wrightii. 1. C. villosa (Pursh.) Nutt., Gen. ii. 150 (1818). Amellus villosus Pursh, Fl. ii. 564 (1814). Rigid, erect, 3 to 9 dm. high: herbage canescently strigose or hirsute or hispid: spring leaves 3 to 5 cm. long, oblong, nar- rowed to a margined petiole, early withering or deciduous; ra- meal leaves rigidulous, oblong, closely sessile, acute, mostly 2 cm. or less long: heads variously paniculate or cymose, often nearly sessile, radiate : involucre about 8 mm. high ; bracts linear, acute, hirsutulous or almost smooth: achenes oblong-ovate, villous. A northern species, represented in Southern California by the following varieties : Var. echioides (Benth.) Gray, Syn. FL, i. pt. 2, 123 (1884). C. echioides Benth., Bot. Sulph. 25 (1844). C. fastigiata Parish, Eryth. vii. 97 (1899), not Greene. A branching form as orig- inally described, but commonly simple-stemmed up to the in- florescence : herbage canescently hispid : outer pappus con- spicuous, white, squamellate ; the squamellae very narrow, toothed at summit. — The common form in Southern California, extending north to the Sacramento Valley, plentiful in the Upper Sonoran Zone, occasionally also in the neighboring zones : Ramona, San Diego Co., Oct., 1903, Mrs. Brandegee; Witch Creek, San Diego Co., 1893, Alderson, also no. 721; Murietta, Parish, no. 2245; San Jacinto Mt., in the Transition Zone, Hall, no. 2607 ; Antelope Valley, Hall, no. 6713 ; Mt. Pinos, Hall, no. 6700. Var. fastigiata (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. C. fastigiata Greene, Pitt. iii. 296 (1898). Stems rather densely clothed (ex- 44 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 cept toward the base) with small ascending or suberect sessile leaves; these oblong to linear-spatulate, shortly acute or obtuse and mucronate, white (especially on the back) with a soft ap- pressed-silky tomentum : no outer squamellate pappus but some of the outer bristles occasionally short. — Upper Sonoran Zone, apparently rare but perhaps overlooked by collectors, mistaking it for the common var. echioides: vicinity of San Bernardino, 300 to 450 m. (1000 to 1500 ft.) alt., Oct. 15, 1895, Parish, no. 3815; San Bernardino Valley, Sept., 1892, Parish; near Clare- mont, Los Angeles Co., Baker, no. 3669. Var. sessiliflora (Nutt.) Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt 2, 123 (1884). C. sessiliflora Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 317 (1841). C. California Elmer, Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 48 (1905). Herbage sparsely hirsute and greenish to villous-canescent : leaves oblong or spatulate: heads mostly large and solitary or 2 or 3 together at the ends of cymose branchlets, closely subtended by 1 to several foliose bracts : outer pappus present, squamellate, often concealed by the densely villous hairs clothing the achene.— Mendocino Co. to San Diego and Arizona, ace. to Gray; Santa Monica, Davidson, ace. to Abrams; San Bernardino, Parish, no. 570; Gaviota, Santa Barbara Co., Elmer, no. 4148 (type of C. California, outer pappus of disk-flowers present, consisting of many linear toothed paleas about .7 mm. long.) 2. C. Wrightii Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt 2, 445 (1886). Herbage pubescent with fine soft hairs : leaves probably ovate to lanceolate and 2 to 5 cm. long: involucral bracts all partly herbaceous and the inner ones nearly equalling the flowers : heads discoid: corolla-limb slightly hairy outside: style-appendages subulate-linear, several times longer than the stigmatic portion, which is not much longer than broad: outer pappus obscure; inner pappus extremely copious. San Bernardino Mts., at 3,500 m. alt. (11,400 ft., and there- fore on Mt. Grayback, since no other is so high), Jul., 1882, Wright, ace. to Gray; apparently not since collected. In the absence of specimens the description is taken from the original diagnosis. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 45 11. SOLIDAGO L. GOLDENROD. Perennial herbs with alternate leaves. Heads small, the raceme-like clusters aggregated into a pyramidal or spike-like panicle, or in one of our species the heads cymose. Bracts of the involucre narrow, thin or chartaceous, mostly destitute of herbaceous tips, imbricated in two or more series. Rays short, yellow, as also are the disk-flowers. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, in one or two series, equal and dull white in our species. Achenes terete, 5 to 12-nerved. Heads in paniculate racemes: rays fewer in number than the disk-flowers. Herbage very smooth, glabrous. Involucre 5 or 6 mm. high: lower leaves broadly spatulate or obovate 1. S. spathuliita. Involucre 3 or 4 mm. high: leaves lanceolate or oblong 2. 8. con-finis. Herbage rough or cinereous-pubescent 3. S. Californica. Heads more or less distinctly cymose: rays minute, more numerous than the disk-flowers: herbage glabrous 4. S. occidentalis. 1. S. spathulata DC., Prodr. v. 339 (1836). S. limonifolia Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 328 (1841) ? COAST GOLDENROD. Three to 6 dm. high : stems several from the strong root, de- cumbent or erect, clothed below with broad leaf-bases, simple up to the narrow compact often spike-like thyrsus: herbage glabrous, slightly glutinous: leaves mostly basal, spatulate, rounded at apex, narrowed to a margined petiole; lower ones 5 to 12 cm. long by 2 or 3 cm. broad, serrate above the middle: involucre 5 or 6 mm. high and about as broad, its bracts linear- oblong to oblong: rays about 7 or 8, short and inconspicuous; disk-flowers twice as many : achenes silky-pubescent. Near Santa Barbara, "between Hatch's wharf and Monti- cello," 1888, Mrs. Brandegee; common near the coast from mid- dle California to Humboldt Bay. 2. S. confinis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191 (1882). Stems simple and leafy up to the terminal panicle : herbage pale green, completely glabrous or rarely with a sparse minute pubescence above : leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate but not 46 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 cuspidate, narrowed to the sessile base ; the radical ones petioled, rather thin ; the middle cauline 8 to 16 cm. long by .5 to 1 cm. broad, either all entire or the lower obscurely serrate: panicle dense, oblong, or sometimes more compound and pyramidal, the heads not secund : involucre 3 or 4 jnm. high, its bracts scabrous- ciliolate or entire: rays scarcely surpassing the disk: achenes minutely to canescently pubescent. In moist places from Lower California to Los Angeles : Jamul Valley, San Diego Co., Palmer, no. 136 ; San Bernardino Mts. at 2200 m. alt., Geo. E. Hall, no. 4; San Bernardino Valley at 300 to 450 m. alt., Parish, nos. 4197, 5887; Oak Knoll, near Los Angeles, Braunton, no. 658 ; etc. The altitudinal range covered by this species without undergoing a change in its characters is remarkable, even for a Solidago. The common form of the San Bernardino Valley, in the Upper Sonoran Zone, is exactly repro- duced at many places in the neighboring mountains, even to 2300 m. altitude at the upper edge of the Transition Zone. f. luxurians Hall, form. nov. More robust and the herbage succulent : leaves thickish, broadly lanceolate or oblong, the mid- dle cauline often 15 cm. long by 2 or 2.5 broad: inflorescence oblong or pyramidal, 1 to 3 dm. long : heads larger, the involucre about 4 mm. high. — Swampy ground, often in alkaline soil in the vicinity of hot springs, and therefore an ecologic form : Arrow- head Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, altitude 600 m.. Parish, no. 1101 ; same locality, Nov. 1, 1890, Parish; same locality, Sept.. 1903, Dr. R. J. Smith; vicinity of San Bernardino, altitude 300 to 450 m., Parish, no. 3809; Ventura, Mar., 1861, Brewer, no. 247. Both this and the typical form were probably considered by Dr. Gray while drawing up his original description of S. con- finis; they certainly were considered while preparing the Synop- tical Flora, since not only does the description include them both, but mention is made of Parish's material from the hot springs, as well as of Palmer's San Diego Co. collection. Dr. Robinson informs me that it was G. R. Vasey's specimen from San Diego Co. that Dr. Gray himself marked S. confin's, n. sp. I have not seen Vasey's plant. 3. S. Californica Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 328 (1841). COMMON GOLDENROD. 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 47 Stems rigid, simple below the terminal panicle, the whole plant 6 to 12 dm. high or in the mountains sometimes only 1.5 dm : herbage green and scabrous or grayish with a minute rough pubescence : leaves oblong, acute at apex, tapering below to a nar- row base or short petiole; the lower varying to oblong-obovate and serrate, obtuse, sometimes 1 dm. long; the upper smaller, narrow and entire : panicle usually compact and 5 to 20 cm. long, composed of raceme-like clusters (reduced to a simple raceme in dwarf plants, the branches numerous, elongated, and some- what secund in well developed forms) : involucre 4 mm. high; its bracts oblong-linear or lanceolate, rather obtuse, somewhat pubescent: rays 7 to 12, light yellow, 2 mm. long: disk-flowers rather more numerous: achenes pubescent. In dry open places, from the lower foothills to 3000 m. altitude in the mountains ; Mexico to Oregon and Nevada. In the Sono- ran Zone the plants are commonly grayish with a close pubes- cence (the typical form, first gathered at Santa Barbara by Nuttall) ; at high altitudes they are green and sparsely scabrous- pubescent, sometimes dwarf and the inflorescence either simply racemose (Bluff Lake, 2250 m. alt., Grinnell, no. 86) or branch- ing below (Bluff Lake, Grinnell, no. 95). Normally flowering from Aug. to Dec., but Mr. Parish notes a vernal-flowering form, not otherwise distinguishable, that grows around springs in Reche Canon, near San Bernardino. 4. S. occidentalis (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 226 (1842). Euth- amia occidentalis, Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 326 (1841). WP:STERN GOLDENROD. Stems from creeping rootstocks, very leafy, freely and pani- culately branching above, the branches terminated by cymose clusters of small heads (whole plant 1 or 2 m. high) : herbage green, glabrous : leaves linear, entire but with faintly scabrous margins, acute, 5 to 10 cm. long and 3 to 10 mm. broad except the small upper ones, sprinkled with pellucid dots: involucre 4 or 5 mm. high ; its bracts lanceolate, acute, obscurely pubescent : receptacle with erose or laciniate scales or bristles among the disk-flowers: rays 16 to 20; disk-flowers 8 to 14: achenes tur- binate, villous-pubescent. Common along streams, in wet meadow-land, etc., at lower al- titudes throughout our district and northward. Aug.-Nov. 48 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 12. STENOTUS Nutt. Suffruticose or shrubby evergreen plants with narrow entire leaves. Herbage glabrous, resinous-punctate. Heads large and broad, terminating the branchlets. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated (in 2 or 3 series), membranous, with scarious margins. Flowers yellow; rays several to many; disk- flowers numerous. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, densely villous. Pappus of slender bristles, permanently white. 1. S. linearifolius (DC.) T. & G, Fl. ii. 238 (1842). Haplo- pappus linearifolius DC., Prodr. v. 347 (1836). Shrub 6 to 15 dm. high (sometimes depauperate), with resin- ous herbage and stout woody branches : branchlets more or less fastigiate, leafy below, terminating in simple nearly naked pe- duncles : leaves much crowded, linear, acute, narrowed toward the base, 2 to 4 cm. long, 1 to 2 mm. wide: involucre 10 to 13 mm. high; its bracts oblong, acuminate, greenish, the inner ones with broad scarious fimbriolate margins: rays 13 to 18, oblong- bnceolate, 1 to 2 cm. long: achenes white-silky: pappus white, soft, deciduous. Zapato Chino, Lower California, Brandegee; common at a /few places along the cismontane (western) base of the San Ja- cinto and San Bernardino Mts. at about 900 m. alt. ; reappearing on Mono Creek, Santa Barbara Co., where rare; again common in the Mt. Diablo Range of middle California; to be looked for at intermediate stations. Var. interior (Coville) Hall, comb. nov. Haplopappus in- terior Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 65 (1892). H. lineari- folius interior, M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. ser. 2, v. 697 (1895). Leaves shorter, commonly 1 or 2 cm. long: bracts of the peduncle commonly linear-subulate: heads not so large, the rays .5 to 1 cm. long : involucre 8 to 10 mm. high, its bracts some- times only acute. — A form inhabiting arid places, especially within the Desert Area: Darwin Mesa, Inyo Co., Coville & Fun- ston, no. 794 (duplicate-type of A. interior) ; Providence Mts., Brandegee; eastern slope of Greenhorn Mts., Kern Co. Hall & Babcock, no. 5088 ; Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6498 ; com- mon in Antelope Valley from Mohave, etc., to north slope Cajon 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 49 Pass ; Ken worthy, San Jacinto Mts. ; Coyote Canon ; San Felipe and "Witch Creek, San Diego Co. ; San Pedro Martir, Lower Cali- fornia, Brandegee; Arizona to Utah. Along the western limits of its range the variety passes directly into the species, and certain specimens from Mt. Diablo, which is presumably near the type locality of 8. linearifolius, have the short leaves and small heads of the variety, these characters apparently varying from year to year with climatic conditions. The bracts of the peduncle are often subulate in otherwise typical linearifolius, and the in- volucral bracts are seldom less than acuminate in the variety. 13. HAPLOPAPPUS Cass. Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs. Heads mostly rather large, hemispheric, in terminal cymose or paniculate clusters or solitary, rarely sessile. Involucre imbricated, its bracts mostly with green or herbaceous tips. Rays present, yel- low. 'Disk-flowers permanently yellow. Style-branches various. Achenes of the ray usually fertile, both these and the disk-achenes slightly or not at all compressed. Pappus of numerous unequal dull-white or reddish bristles. Herbage loosely tomentose: Transition Zone species 1. H. gossypinus. Herbage glabrous or canescent: Sonoran species. Annual: stems leafy 2. H. gracilis. Perennial: stems reedy, leaves reduced 3. H. junceus. 1. H. gossypinus (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. Pyrrocoma gossypina Greene, Pitt. iii. 23 (1896). Stems several, from a thick often fusiform perennial caudex, decumbent or erect. 1.5 to 2 dm. high : herbage tomentose when young, the tomentum deciduous except from the axils of the lower leaves : basal leaves numerous, oblanceolate or linear- oblanceolate, entire or serrate, acute, 2 to 12 cm. long includ- ing the petiole ; cauline leaves narrow, 3 cm. or less long, entire : heads racemose or solitary terminating the simple stems: in- volucre hemispheric, 10 to 12 mm. high, loosely imbricated; bracts linear-acuminate, without distinct green tips: rays about 20, clear yellow, 7 mm. long: achenes (nearly mature) oblong, very canescent. 50 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 Bear Valley, in the Transition Zone of the San Bernardino Mts., apparently very local : Parish, Aug. 1882, no. 1558 ; Abrams, Aug., 1902, no. 2917. A segregate from H. lanceolatus (Hook.) T. & G., distinguished by its slender involucral bracts destitute of green tips and by its loose cottony pubescence. H. APARGIOIDES has the general appearance of H. gossypinus, but the leaves are laciniate and the linear achenes are glabrous or nearly so. Ace. to Gray7, it was collected in the San Bernar- dino Mts. by Parry, but there is probably an error in the label, since diligent search has failed to rediscover the species south of Tulare Co. 2. H. gracilis (Nutt.) Gray, PL Fendl. 76 (1849). Dieteria gracilis Nutt., Journ. Phila. Acad. n. ser. i. 177 (1848). Erio- carpum gracile Greene, Eryth. ii. 109 (1894). Plant annual, erect, a few cm. to 2 dm. high ; the solitary stem simple or branched: herbage canescent, rarely glabrate or scabrous: principal leaves oblanceolate or narrower, 1 to 3 cm. long, pinnatifid, each lobe ending in a slender bristle; upper leaves linear, entire or only toothed, bristle-tipped: involucre broadly hemispheric, 6 or 7 mm. high, imbricated; bracts linear, tapering above into a bristle : rays 20 to 25, yellow, nearly 1 cm. long : achenes canescent : pappus sordid or yellowish, of numer- ous rigid bristles thickened at base, the longer ones equalling the corollas. Providence Mts., eastern part of the Mohave Desert, Jun. 6? 1902, Brandegee; Lower California, Arizona, Utah, etc. H. SPINULOSUS (Pursh.) DC. ranges from the Saskatchewan to Lower California and may be expected in our district. It is a perennial with broader leaves than H. gracilis. 3. H. junceus Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 190 (1885). Erio- carpum junceum Greene, Eryth. ii. 108 (1894). Commonly 5 to 10 dm. high, the slender wiry stems tufted from a woody base and sparsely leafy : herbage nearly or quite glabrous, the involucres viscid and scabrous: leaves .5 to 2 cm. long, linear, pinnatifid and the lobes spinulose-tipped, or the upper ones entire and tipped with a white mucro: involucre 7Bot. Calif, ii. 464 (1880). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 51 finally hemispheric, 8 mm. high, its well imbricated green bracts ending in a rigid setaceous tip : rays pale yellow : achenes pubes- cent, slightly flattened, either with or without a strong nerve on each face. Southwestern San Diego Co. and southward into Lower California. 14. ERICAMERIA Nutt. Evergreen shrubs, with linear or terete leaves except in our first species. Foliage commonly punctuate and resiniferous. Inflorescence various but usually paniculate or cymose. Heads either heterogamous or homogamous, even on the same plant. Involucre narrowly to broadly turbinate (hemispheric in vernal heads of E. pinifolia) the chartaceous or coriaceous bracts rigidly imbricated but not in distinct vertical rows, the outer ones passing into small bracts of the peduncle. Ray-flowers either present or lacking; disk-corollas ampliate upward, 5-toothed. Style-appendages exserted (scarcely so in some species), filiform or subulate in all but E. monactis. Achenes slender. Pappus- bristles slender, scabrous, dull white or yellowish, in age reddish. The genus as here defined corresponds to Haplopappus § Ericameria of Gray's Synoptical Flora, so amplified as to include Bigelovia § Euthamiopsis of the same work. Its small narrow involucres with chartaceous bracts are the only marks to dis- tinguish it from Haplopappus ; but to one familiar with its species it forms a definite group. The style-appendages are always slender and exserted except in E. monactis, which also in other respects connects Ericameria to Haplopappus. It would be easy to follow Greene in extending Ericameria (which he would now merge into Chrysoma) to include certain species of Chrysotham- nus which have a similar general aspect (C. teretifolius, panicu- latus, etc.). These, however, are apparently not derived from the same immediate stock and may well remain in Chrysotham- nus, mainly because of their narrow involucres with bracts in distinct vertical series. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, spatulate: var. spatulata of 1. E. cuneata. Leaves linear or filiform (or lanceolate in no. G). Style-appendages oblong-ovate, acute: involucral bracts 8 to 10: rays 1 or 2 or wanting 2. E. monactis. 52 University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L- 3 Style-appendages filiform-subulate: involucral bracts more numerous. Kays present. Outer bracts of the involucre obtuse: achenes appressed-pubescent 3. E. Palmeri. Outer bracts of the involucre acuminate : achenes lightly pubescent, glabrate: leaves mostly over 1 cm. long.. ..4. E. pinifolia. Outer bracts of the involucre acute: achenes glabrous: leaves mostly .5 to 1 cm. long 5. E. ericoides. Eays wanting. Heads in close rounded terminal cymes. Leaves flat, broadly linear to lanceolate (3 to 10 mm. wide) 6. E. Parishii. Leaves filiform or very narrowly linear (2 mm. or less wide) 7. E. arbor escens. Heads in loose oblong panicles or racemes: leaves filiform. Leaves 12 mm. or less long: heads 6 to 8-flowered 8. E. Cooperi. Leaves 12 to 24 mm. long: heads 8 to 12-flowered 9. E. brachylepis. 1. E. cuneata spathulata (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia spathulata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74 (1876). B. rupestris Greene, Bot. Gaz. vi. 183 (1881). Chrysoma cuneata spathulata Greene, Eryth. iii. 11 (1895). C. Merriami Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club xxxii. 214 (1905). Plant spreading, woody at base, 1 to 3 dm. high, freely branching : herbage glabrous but resinous-punctate : leaves thick, entire or merely undulate-margined, obovate to oblanceolate, spatulate at base, obtuse, often retuse and usually mucronate at summit, 6 to 15 mm. long, 3 to 10 mm. broad: heads in small compact cymes or sometimes solitary: involucre turbinate, 6 to 8 mm. high ; bracts lanceolate to linear, chartaceous, marked with a brown or greenish medial line and bordered with a silvery-sca- rious margin, somewhat obtuse but usually cuspidate-tipped, the outermost passing into minute bracts of the peduncle: rays (al- ways?) lacking: achenes densely silky-pubescent with appressed hairs: pappus-bristles copious, about equal and as long as the corolla, brown. Most plentiful on rocky ledges of mountains on or near the desert, extending into Lower California; but also found on the 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 53 coastal slope of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mts. at a few stations. The var. differs from E. cuneata in its more com- pact habit, broader leaves, and absence of rays. 2. E. monactis (Gray) McClatchie, Eryth. ii. 124 (1894). Haplopappus monactis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 1 (1883). Acamptopappus microcephalus Jones, Contr. W. Bot. viii. 33 (1898). Tumionella monactis Greene, Leaflets, i. 173 (1906). Chrysothamnus corymbosus Elmer, Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 50 (1905). Shrub, 4 to 10 dm. high, the numerous branchlets leafy: herbage minutely pubescent on all but the older parts, the foliage sometimes resinous-punctate: principal leaves flat, linear, acute, .5 to 2 cm. long, especially the lower commonly with minute fas- cicled ones in their axils : inflorescence cymose ; the cymes round- topped, terminating the branchlets : involucre narrowly campanu- late, 4 or 5 mm. high ; bracts loosely imbricated, chartaceous with dull-green midrib, rather obtuse but the small outer ones often acute : rays one or two or entirely lacking in some heads, occa- sional plants with all the heads discoid : disk-flowers 5 to 8 : style-appendages flat, ovate or narrower, acute : achenes white- villous. Upper portion of the Lower Sonoran Zone: Mohave Desert from the Providence Mts. on the east to Tejon Pass on the west, north to Owens Valley and south through Cajon Pass as far as West Riverside; also in Rubio Canon, back of Los Angeles, ace. to McClatchie.8 Most plentiful from the Mohave River westward through Antelope Valley. Apr.-Jun. Perhaps not distinct from E. larici folia of Arizona, etc., but that has narrower more acute bracts and more slender style-appendages. 3. E. Palmeri (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Haplopappus Palmeri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74 (1876). Chrysoma Palmeri Greene, Eryth. iii. 12 (1895). Low shrub, usually 3 to 6 dm. high, much branched and of bushy habit : growing parts minutely puberulent : principal leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 2 (or 4) cm. long, mostly with shorter ones fascicled in their axils, resinous and punctate : in- florescence an elongated panicle: involucre narrow, 6 or 7 mm. Eryth. ii. 124 (1894). 54 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 high; bracts obtuse, the tips greenish, the narrow white margins shortly ciliate: rays several, short: achenes silky-pubescent. Very common in the foothills and on the plains west of the mountains extending south into Lower California and east to the Colorado Kiver. 4. E. pinifolia (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Haplopappus pinifol- ius Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 636 (1873). Chrysoma pinifolia Greene, Eryth. iii. 12 (1895). Stout spreading shrub 6 to 16 dm. high: herbage nearly glabrous, resinous but not noticeably punctate: leaves narrowly linear to filiform, mucronate, 1 cm. or more long, the fascicled ones shorter as also are the numerous crowded ones of the branch- lets: vernal heads solitary, hemispheric, about 12 mm. broad, surrounded by long slender acuminate leaves simulating an outer involucre : autumnal heads paniculate or racemose, often con- gested, less leafy-bracted, turbinate, about 6 mm. broad : in- volucre of the autumnal heads about 7 mm. high; bracts acumi- nate or the inner only acute, greenish-tipped, with membranous woolly-ciliolate margins; the outermost passing into small leaves of the flowering branchlets: rays of the vernal heads 20 to 30, of the autumnal heads 6 to 10, short: pappus sordid: achenes lightly pubescent, glabrate. Along the foothills from Western Los Angeles Co. (Newhall) to the Cuyamaca and Laguna Mts. of San Diego Co. A common element of the chaparral belt. Solitary heads Apr.-Jun. : panic- ulate heads Aug.-Nov. 5. E. ericoides (Less.) Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 559 (1901). Diplopappus ericoides Less., Linnaea, vi. 117 (1831). Haplo- pappus ericoides H. & A., Bot. Beech. 146 (1833). Ericameria microphylla Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 319 (1841). Chrysoma ericoides Greene, Eryth. iii. 11 (1895). Heather-like shrub, 3 to 8 dm. high, decidedly shrubby at base, with decumbent or ascending main stems and numerous erect branchlets: herbage resinous, inconspicuously punctate, the growing parts puberulent but green : leaves filiform, .5 to 1. cm. long, in numerous close fascicles, or the lower ones longer and not fascicled : heads cymose-paniculate ; involucre 5 or 6 mm. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 55 high; bracts oblong or lanceolate, acute, greenish-yellow with dark tips, tomentose-ciliolate : rays several, 4 to 6 mm. long: achenes glabrous: pappus copious, dull white, becoming brown. Common in the Upper Sonoran Zone along the coast from Los Angeles Co. (and further south?) to beyond San Francisco; San Miguel Island, ace. to Greene, Pitt. i. 89 (1887). 6. E. Parishii (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia Parishii Greene, Bull. Torr. Club ix. 62 (1882). Chrysoma Parishii Greene, Eryth. iii. 10 (1895). Arborescent shrub, 2 to 5 dm. high : branchlets very leafy up to the inflorescence: herbage resinous-punctate: leaves "lanceo- late" or linear, entire, narrowed at base, acute, traversed by 3 nerves, only the medial of which is prominent, 2 to 6 cm. long, 3 to 10 mm. wide: bracts of the inflorescence linear-subulate: heads discoid, in terminal rounded cymes, 10 to 12-flowered : in- volucre 5 mm. high : its bracts lanceolate, very acute, with a dis- tinct green or brownish midrib, no green tip : achenes turbinate, minutely silky. Upper Sonoran Zone, nowhere common : south slope of San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mts., east at least to Waterman Canon, the type locality ; Santa Ana Mts. ; Cuyamaca Mts. ; San Pedro Martir, Lower California (Robertson, no. 48). 7. E. arborescens (Gray) Greene, Man. Bot. Reg. S. F. Bay. 175 (1894). Linosyris arborescens Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 79 (1859). Chrysoma arborescens Greene, Eryth. iii. 10 (1895). Stem erect, with fastigiate branches, the whole shrub, 1 to 2 m. high: branchlets leafy: herbage resinous-punctate: leaves narrowly linear or closely revolute and thus becoming filiform, 3 to 6 cm. long, 2 mm. or less wide : heads in terminal rounded cymes, 20 to 25-flowered: involucre 5 mm. high or rather less; its bracts lanceolate, acute, traversed by a brown midrib: rays none ("seldom present," ace. to Greene9) : achenes canescent. Upper Sonoran Zone: Santa Barbara, Mrs. Bingham; Santa Lucia Mts. ; northward in the Coast Ranges. Also sparingly in the Sierra Nevadas. Sept.-Nov. 9 Mar. Bot. Keg. S. F. Bay, 175 (1894), 56 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 8. E. Cooperi (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia Cooperi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640 (1873). Chrysoma Cooperi Greene, Eryth. iii. 12 (1895). Stems slender, probably less than 1 m. high : herbage minute- ly tomentose, resinous: leaves filiform (or narrowly linear?), acute, 2 cm. or less long : inflorescence paniculate : heads 6 to 8- flowered; rays none: involucral bracts narrowly oblong (the inner ones lanceolate, attenuate, 7 or 8 mm. long; outer ones ovate, obtuse0?), chartaceous, pale to the apex: style-appendages ovate-subulate. Known only from the Providence Mts. in the Mohave Desert of eastern San Bernardino Co. First found by Cooper, ace. to Gray; rediscovered by Brandegee, if certain specimens gathered by him Jun. 6, 1902 with only vestiges of the previous years' heads belong to this species. 9. E. brachylepis (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia brachy- lepis Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 614 (1876). Chrysoma brachylepis Greene, Eryth. iii. 12 (1895). Shrubs 1 to 2 m. high, branched from the base : leaves of the branches crowded, viscid and resinous-punctate, glabrous, filiform or slightly flattened, 1 or 2 cm. long : heads racemose among the upper leaves or narrowly paniculate : involucre 4 to 6 mm. high ; bracts oblong, obtuse or only acutish, with a brown resinous- thickened medial line and ciliate margins, outermost passing into minute bracts of the peduncle : heads 8 to 12-flowered ; rays none: style-appendages subulate-filiform: achenes linp^ canes- cent. Southwestern San Diego Co. : Larkins Station, Palmer, ace. to Gray; Potrero, Cleveland; Campo, Orcutt. Also at El Rosario, Lower California, Brandegee. 15. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. West American shrubby or suft'rutescent plants with hard wood and narrow or terete entire leaves. Herbage white-tomen- tose or glabrous, often viscidulous or resinous. Inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or rarely racemose. Heads homogamous. Involucre narrow; its bracts well imbricated usually in more or 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 57 less distinct vertical ranks, chartaceous or coriaceous, mostly des- titute of herbaceous tips. Ray-flowers uniformly lacking; disk- flowers 5 to 30. Style-branches subulate or filiform, in all our species long-exserted. Achenes narrow, terete or slightly angled, pubescent. Pappus copious, soft, commonly dull white or reddish. Chrysothamnus is connected by our first two species with Ericameria ; by our last species with Haplopappus (§Macronema). From Bigelovia (Chondrophora, Chrysocomanudata) it differs in habit and geographic distribution, that being a perennial herb of the Atlantic seaboard, extending west to Texas. Bigelovia has, moreover, shorter and thicker style-appendages, short somewhat turbinate and nearly or quite glabrous achenes, and a rigidulous pappus.10 Branches glabrous. Herbage resinous-punctate: leaves terete. Outer involucral bracts with a distinct greenish subapical spot 1. C. teretifolius. Involucral bracts pale, wholly naked 2. C. paniculate. Herbage not resinous-punctate: leaves narrow but plane 'or canaliculate. Stems leafy: involucre 5 to 8 mm. high. 3. C. viscidiflorus. Stems nearly leafless: involucre about 1 cm. high: glabrate state of 4. C. Mohavensis. Branches clothed with a dense white tomentum. Leaves sparse: involucral bracts obtuse, the vertical ranks very distinct 4. C. Mohavensis. Leaves numerous. Heads 5-flowered. Involucral bracts abruptly contracted to a spreading setiform tip or short awn... 5. C. ceruminosus. Involucral bracts not abruptly tipper ...~6. C. nauseosus. Heads about 9-flowered: involucral bracts acuminate, a few of the outer ones foliaceous 7. C. Parryi. 1. C. teretifolius (Dur. & Hilg.) Hall, comb. nov. Linosyris teretifolia Dur. & Hilg, Pacif. R. Kept. v. 9, pt. 3, t. 7. (1856). Bigelovia teretifolia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644 (1873). Chrysoma teretifolia Greene, Eryth. iii. 12 (1895). 10 Cf. Greene, Eryth. iii. 91, 92 (1895). 58 University of California Publications in Botany. (TOL- 3 Plant woody at base, with rigid fastigiate very leafy branches and small heads in terminal cymes or panicles : herbage glabrous but resinous-punctate, becoming balsamic-viscid: leaves thick, terete, deep green, .7 to 2 cm. long: involucre narrow, 6 mm. high : bracts obtuse, carinate, the outer successively shorter and bearing near the apex a distinct green or brownish glandular thickening: achenes linear, silky-pubescent. Arid plains and hills of the Desert Area, east into Nevada and Arizona: mountains around Tejon Valley, Heermann, ace. to Gray; Antelope Valley, Pringle, ace. to Parish; Inyo Co., Austin, no. 414, also Purpus, no. 3060; Whitewater and Palm Springs, Colorado Desert, ace. to Parish; Cuyamaca Mts., Palmer, ace. to Gray; east to Arizona (?) and Nevada. Aug.-Oct. 2. C. paniculatus (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia panic- ulata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644 (1873). Chrysoma panic- ulata Greene, Eryth. iii. 12 (1895). Much like no. 1 but more slender in all its parts and the foliage and involucres paler : plant 2 m. or less high : inflorescence a profusely branched panicle : involucral bracts straw-color, thin, obtuse, destitute of the subapical glandular spot, the inner ones 6 or 7 mm. long. Lower Sonoran Zone, on both the Colorado and Mohave des- erts, east into Arizona : near Cabazon, Scliellenger, no. 43, also Parish, no. 655 ; Chuckawalla Bench, Schellenger, no. 19 ; near Bagdad, Brandegee. On gravelly plains between Cabazon and Whitewater it grows to a height of 2 m. or more (6 to 8 ft.) ace. to Parish. Oct. -Nov. 3. C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 323 (1841). Crinitaria viscidiflora Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 24 (1834). Bigelovia Douglasii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 645 (1873). Branching shrub, 1 dm. to 2 m. or more high: stems with a grayish fibrous bark, the twigs smooth and commonly white: herbage destitute of all tomentum, smooth and glabrous or mere- ly scabrid: leaves narrow, acute, mostly 3-nerved: inflorescence cymose: involucre 5 to 8 mm. high; bracts only 3 or 4 in each vertical rank (these ranks therefore indistinct), oblong or lanceol- 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 59 ate, obtuse, chartaeeous, sometimes with an indistinctly green- ish thickened tip : style-appendages thickish, shorter than the stigmatic portion. — A polymorphous species, of which only the following varieties reach our district : Var. tortifolius (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia Douglasii tortifolia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 646 (1873). Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, acute, mostly 2 to 4 cm. long, more or less twisted, the margins serrulate-ciliolate. — Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., common on the summit ; Tejon Pass ; Bear Valley, San Ber- nardino Mts. ; "San Jacinto Mt.," Nevin; more plentiful in the Sierra Nevadas and eastward. Aug.-Oct. Var. stenophyllus (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia Doug- lasii stenophylla Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 646 (1873). Leaves 2 mm. or less wide, mostly 2 to 4 cm. long, not twisted, the mar- gins serrulate-ciliolate or smooth. — S.E. California, ace. to Gray ; near Acton, Los Angeles Co., Hasse, ace. to Parish. The Bear Valley specimens mentioned under var. tortifolia might be con- sidered as belonging here, the leaves being very narrow and only some of them twisted. 4. C. Mohavensis Greene, Eryth. iii. 113 (1895). Bigelovia Mohavensis Greene, in Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 138 (1884). About 1 m. high; the loose branches erect or ascending, yellowish-green and nearly destitute of foliage: herbage canes- cent with a fine pannose tomentum when young, giabrate and somewhat viscid in age : leaves few, ascending or appressed, linear, 5 cm. or less long: heads in narrow terminal panicles: involucre cylindric-turbinate, 10 mm. high, 5 mm. broad at sum- mit ; its bracts about 5 in each of the 5 conspicuous vertical ranks, obtuse and short-muticous, the midnerve thickened and brown, especially above : achenes appressed-villous. Mohave Desert ; apparently rare. 5. C. ceruminosus (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene, Eryth. iii. 94 (1895). Linosyris ceruminosa Dur. & Hilg., Pacif. E. Kept. v. pt. 3, 9, t. 6 (1856) . Bigelovia ceruminosa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 643 (1873). Shrub erect, 6 to 9 dm. high, fastigiately branched: herbage densely tomentose, resinous: leaves linear or nearly filiform, 60 University of California Publications in Botany. CVOL- 3 about 2.5 cm. long on the stems, less than half as long and re- curving on the branches, puberulent: heads cymose-fascicled, crowded : bracts of the viscidly lucid involucre narrowly lanceo- late, abruptly produced into a spreading setiform tip or short awn, or the much shorter outermost ones muticous. Collected only by Dr. Heermann, somewhere near Tejon Pass. In the absence of specimens the above description is as given by Gray. 6. C. nauseosus (Pall.) Britton, in Britt. & Br., 111. Fl. iii. 326 (1898). Chrysocoma nauseosa Pall., in Pursh, Fl. ii. 517 (1814). Bigelovia graveolens albicaulis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 645 (1873). Low shrub with the branches densely and permanently white- tomentose and the leaves loosely white-tomentose in the typical form: leaves oblanceolate to linear (very narrowly linear in the typical form), entire, strongly 1-nerved : inflorescence cymose: heads 5-flowered : involucre 10 or 12 mm. high ; bracts lanceolate, acute, keeled by the strong nerve, imbricated in indistinctly ver- tical ranks : corolla with rather short ovate or lanceolate teeth, the tube arachnoid-pubescent : style-appendages subulate-filiform, longer than the stigmatic portion : pappus soft. Alberta and Washington, south to Wyoming and Southern California. As here drawn the description includes a rare plant of the San Bernardino Mts. which, while certainly unlike the original form, cannot now be satisfactorily separated : Straw- berry Peak, Parish, no. 1868; Bear Valley, 1896, Davidson, Var. occidentalis (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. C. Calif ornicus occidentalis Greene, Eryth. iii. 112 (1895). C. occidentalis Greene, Fl. Fr. 369 (1897). Bigelovia graveolens glabrata Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Botany, i. 125 (1902) ; not Gray. Plant low and bushy : stems ascending or erect, permanently clothed with a close white tomentum : leaves narrowly linear, acute, 2 to 3 cm. long, less than 2 mm. broad, green and devoid of tomentum : inflorescence tomentulose, at least the peduncles and small outer involucral bracts very minutely glandular: heads in rounded terminal cymes, 5-flowered: involucre narrowly turbinate, 10 or 11 mm. high; bracts about 4 in each vertical rank, thin-charta- ceous, lanceolate, acuminate or acute, keeled by the strong mid- 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 61 nerve : corolla-teeth lanceolate, rather long ; throat tapering gradually to the tube which is only minutely and sparsely pubes- cent: achenes villous: style-branches subulate-filiform, long- exserted. — Common in the Transition and Canadian zones, 1800 to 3000 m. alt. : Little Green Valley, San Bernardino Mts., alti- tude 2200 m., Jul., 1904, George R. Hall, no. 34; Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Grinnell, no. 94; Barton Flats, San Bernardino Mts., Mrs. Wilder, no. 597; Round Valley, San Jacinto Mt. (where abundant on hillsides), Hall, no. 341; in Kern and Santa Barbara counties, ace. to Greene.11 Jul.-Sept. Var. graveolens (Nutt.) Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. xi. 559 (1906). Chrysocoma graveolens Nutt., Gen. ii. 136 (1818). Bigelovia graveolens Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644 (1873). RABBIT-BRUSH. Robust shrub, commonly 1 to 3 m. high : branch- lets white-tomentose when young, commonly glabrate and yel- lowish-green in age : leaves 2 to 5 cm. long, linear or lanceolate- linear to almost filiform, flocculent-tomentose, sometimes glabrate and green in age: involucral bracts oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acute: corolla-teeth short; tube nearly glabrous. — A common shrub in the arid Upper Sonoran of Western North America : abundant in Owens Valley, Inyo Co., whence it extends southward, but less plentifully, across Antelope Valley to Eliza- beth Lake and through So&dad Carion to Saugus, Los Angeles Co. ; also on sandy plains near Colton, San Bernardino Co., coming perhaps through Cajon Pass. In Owens Valley the Rabbit-brush grows in the Sagebrush belt and completely replaces that shrub if the land is cleared and then allowed to lie fallow. It is here indicative of good soil without excess of alkali, the Rabbit-brush lands being especially suitable for such crops as alfalfa, corn, and potatoes, where irrigation can be practiced. Gray 's statement that it grows in * ' sterile and especially alkaline soil ' ' is therefore misleading, at least in so far as it concerns our California plant. 7. C. Parryi (Gray) Greene, Eryth. iii. 113 (1895). Linosyris Parryi Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. for 1863, p. 66. Bigelovia Parryi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 642 (1873). 11 Fl. Fr. 369 (1*97). 62 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Freely branching leafy shrub, 6 dm. or less high: stems densely white-tomentose, the foliage very minutely glandular, the involucres nearly glabrous: leaves linear, acute, 2 to 5 cm. long, 2 or 3 mm. wide, 1-nerved : heads few, in a narrow terminal leafy raceme, about 9-flowered: involucre narrowly campanulate; bracts about 12, loosely imbricated in very indistinct vertical ranks, thin-chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, the principal ones 11 or 12 mm. long, several of the outermost ones with elongated green tips overtopping the proper involucre and resembling the uppermost leaves: throat and teeth of the corolla sparsely arachnoid-pubescent: style-branches filiform, long-exserted : achenes sericeous-pubescent. Mainly of the Rocky Mts., but this description from specimens gathered at 2100 m. altitude in the arid Transition Zone of Alamo Mt., eastern Ventura Co. (Hall, no. 6701). 16. ISOCOMA Nutt. Somewhat woody plants with elongated rigid stems and thick- ish closely sessile leaves. Herbage never resinous-punctate. Heads rayless, collected into glomerules which are either terminal on short lateral branchlets or disposed in a terminal cymose cluster. Involucral bracts coriaceous, closely imbricated, the tips herbaceous but appressed. Flowers permanently yellow. Corolla- tube slender, the throat ventricose or obliquely dilated, its seg- ments erect or more or less connivent about the style. Style- appendages subulate-lanceolate or broader. Achenes longitudi- nally striate or ribbed, silky-pubescent or hirsute. Pappus of numerous sordid bristles, the innermost longest and often dis- tinctly flattened. 1. I. veneta vernonioides (Nutt.) Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 560 (1901). I. vernonioides Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2. vii. 320 (1841). Bigelovia Menziesii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 638 (1873). Isocoma microdonta, latifolia, villosa, sedoides, & decumbens Greene, Leaflets i. 171-2 (1906). Plant 4 to 12 dm. high, half-woody at the branched base above which the stems are commonly simple up to the cymose or paniculate inflorescence: herbage from minutely scabrous to 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 63 villous-arachnoid, rarely glabrous; leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, 01- cuneate-oblong, 1 to 3 cm. long or the lower twice this length and the numerous fascicled ones much shorter, acutely toothed or the upper narrow ones often entire : involucre narrowly to broadly turbinate, 7 or 8 mm. high, 15 to 35-flowered ; its bracts with distinct green tips, commonly granulose on the back and with ciliate or erose white margins, varying from obtuse to acute and cuspidate in the same head, sometimes bearing an indistinct resinous gland : achenes linear-turbinate. Common in the Upper Sonoran Zone west of the mountains throughout Southern California. Quite variable in foliage, in- florescence, and involucre : when the branches are very leafy, villous-arachnoid, and branched above, it is 7. villosa Greene ( Santa Monica, Hall, no. 3276, etc. ) . When this form has a more compactly cymose inflorescence, obtusish bracts, and short broad leaves, it is /. latifolia Greene (Santa Cruz and Santa Kosa isl- ands, ace. to Greene; San Miguel Island, Greene; San Luis Obis- po, Mrs. Summers, no. 394; etc.). A more marked form is /. se- doides Greene, which has prostrate stems, obovate succulent leaves, a nearly glabrous herbage, and crowded heads ( Santa Cruz Island, Greene), yet this differs from 7. latifolia only in pubes- cence and habit; and specimens gathered at San Luis Rey, San Diego Co., by Mrs. Brandegee vary from almost exact duplicates of Greene's Santa Cruz specimens (duplicate types!) to good "latifolia." Material from San Clemente Island, Aug. 25, 1894, Brandegee, has the smooth succulent herbage of sedoides but the leaves are narrow and inflorescence various. All of these are of course mere forms due to varying edaphic conditions, proximity of salt water, winds, etc. 7. decumbens Greene is a slender, decumbent form with nar- row, entire or toothed, scattered leaves and pedicellate heads; the type was from clay depressions on the mesas near San Diego, but on nearby hillsides it is replaced by a form exactly its coun- terpart except that the stems are erect. When the herbage is scabrous and the inflorescence leafy, we have 7. microdonta Greene. Specimens gathered in somewhat saline soil, San Ber- nardino Co., Oct., 1887, by Parish, although plainly of var. vernonioides, have narrow mostly entire leaves; and other inter- 64 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 mediates connect this variety directly with the next. One of these is 7. oxyphylla Greene (near San Diego, Palmer, no. 134), which has thin, narrow, entire, very acute leaves and large, tur- binate heads : both involucre and leaves are slightly pubescent in Palmer's no. 134 as represented by a specimen in the Brandegee Herbarium, and the corolla-limb is not "remarkably short" as described by Greene. Mission Valley, near San Diego, 1883, Cleveland, is the same, but with many of the leaves remotely toothed. Var. acradenia (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. Bigelovia acradenia Greene, Bull. Torr. Club x. 126 (1883). Isocoma acradenia Greene, Eryth. ii. Ill (1894). 7. bracteosa, leucanthemifolia, & eremophila Greene, Leaflets i. 170-171 (1906). Herbage very light-colored, often glabrous ; the bark of the stems becoming white and shining : leaves entire or toothed, the fascicled ones not numerous : inflorescence commonly a loose panicle of close few- headed cymes. — A form of the arid Lower Sonoran Zone : Ante- lope Valley, Mohave Desert, Davy, no. 2949 ; common on the Colorado Desert ; Upper San Joaquin Valley. The common form of this variety has entire leaves and glabrous herbage. When the herbage is hispidulous and the inflorescence marked with small bract-like leaves, it is 7. bracteosa Greene (Tulare Co., ace. to Greene; Bakersfield, Davy, no. 1919, probably). When the leaves are toothed and the herbage pubescent, it is 7. leucanthemi- folia Greene (desert side San Jacinto Mts., Vandeventer, no. 11). When this form loses its pubescence, it is 7. eremophila Greene (Colorado Desert, Wales, no. 17). Endless forms, other than those mentioned, might be described from the abundant material at hand, but they could be charac- terized only by various combinations of characters well known to be inconstant. They are therefore best referred to one or the other of the above two varieties. 17. HAZARDIA Greene. Shrubs of suffrutescent plants with brittle ascending stems. Herbage tomentose, or glandular, or quite glabrous, never resin- ous-punctate. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, entire to spinulose- serrate. Heads chiefly paniculate, 20 to 40-flowered, turbinate 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 65 or broader, arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Involucral bracts numerous, closely imbricated. Rays yellow, changing to purple, or wanting. Disk-corollas yellow, changing to brownish- purple. Style-appendages very slender, almost terete, minutely pubescent but neither comose nor with a bearded tuft at sum- mit. Achenes linear, 4 to 6-nerved. Pappus reddish. Herbage white-tomentose : tips of involucral bracts erect 1. H. cana. Herbage green: outer involucral bracts with spreading or recurved tips 2. H. squarrosa. 1. H. cana (Gray) Greene, Pitt. i. 29 (1887). H. detonsa & serrata Greene, 1. c. Diplostephium canum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75 (1876). Corethrogyne cana Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 223 (1885). Large shrub ' ' of rather loose habit ' ' : herbage densely lanate- tomentose, the tomentum sometimes deciduous from the foliage: leaves obovate to oblanceolate, the larger ones sometimes 10 cm. long by 3 cm. wide, entire to sharply serrate : inflorescence panic- ulate: involucre campanulate, 12 mm. high; bracts erect, the outer ones with thick tips : rays inconspicuous, yellow, turning to purple (sometimes wanting?) : achenes canescent, prominently nerved. Guadalupe, San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and prob- ably other of the coast islands ; often in rocky, inaccessible places. The characters originally assigned to //. detonsa and //. serrata are far from constant. For example, specimens from the type locality of H. cana exhibit both entire and sharply serrate leaves on the same branchlet (Guadalupe Isl., Anthony, no. 257) ; while the persistence of tomentum and thickness of leaves may be ex- pected to vary with climatic changes. 2. H. squarrosa (H. & A.) Greene, Eryth. ii. 112 (1891). Haplopappus squarrosus H. & A., Bot. Beech. 146 (1833). Suffruticose at base, 6 to 10 dm. high, the erect stems some- what branching and leafy: herbage finely pubescent and some- what glutinous: leaves oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse but the strong midrib usually ending in a sharp point, somewhat clasping at the closely sessile brse, sharply serrate : heads racemose or paniculate, often 2 or 3 together in a close cluster: involucre tur- binate, 10 to 12 mm. high ; bracts imbricated in many series, the 66 University of California Publications in Botany. [VoL- 3 acutish tips of at least the outer ones recurved or squarrose- spreading : rays none : achenes glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Occasional in the chaparral belt (Upper Sonoran Zone), west of the mountains, from San Diego and San Bernardino north- ward to Monterey; also on the Santa Barbara Islands. Aug.- Nov. Ace. to Mr. Parish the vernal leaves are 5 cm. long, thin, deciduous before the flowering season, leaving the stems bare below: later leaves (2 to 4 cm. long) coriaceous and glutinous in plants of the interior; glutinous, somewhat pubescent, and less rigid in coast plants. H. OBTUSA Greene, Fl. Fr. 375 (1897). Stouter than the last preceding: heads in almost sessile glomerules along the stem or simply spicate : involucre over 12 mm. high, its bracts almost truncate but with a short cusp : achenes glabrous. — Known only from San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., but to be expected along our northern borders. H. ORCUTTII (Gray) Greene, Eryth. ii. 112 (1894), occurs in Lower California, reaching nearly to our borders. It is much like H. squarrosa in habit and involucres but is nearly glabrous, has entire acute punctate leaves, and short yellow rays. H. BERBERIDIS (Gray) Greene, 1. c., likewise occurs just over our southern border. It has oval obtuse spinulose leaves, half- clasping at base, obtuse involucral bracts, and numerous showy rays 6 to 12 mm. long. 18. LESSINGIA Cham. Herbaceous plants with alternate leaves, branching stems, and commonly scattered heads of yellow, purplish, or white flowers. Heads rather small, campanulate to turbinate, 5 to 25-flowered. Involucral bracts mostly with distinct green tips, imbricated in several appressed ranks. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Flowers perfect. Corollas with linear lobes, either all regular or some of the outer ones enlarged and more deeply cleft on the inner side, the ligule-like limb irregularly 5-lobed. Style-branches tipped with a very short obtuse appendage which bears a more or less conspicuous cusp or subulate prolongation among apical bristles. Achenes all fertile, turbinate or cuneate, more or less flattened, 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 67 silky-villous. Pappus commonly of numerous unequal scabrous bristles, usually turning reddish-brown. Lessingia finds its nearest relative in Corethrogyne, which it closely resembles in habit and technical characters of the invo- lucre, anther-tips, and style-appendages. And this is true, not- withstanding the fact that Corethrogyne belongs to the Hetero- chromeae while Lessingia is classed with the Homochromeae ; for in the recently discovered L. heterochroma we have a Lessingia in which the color of the ray-corollas is strikingly different from that of the disk-flowers, thus tending to break down the distinc- tion between these subtribes. Outer corollas enlarged and irregularly cleft. Stems branching from the base: outer flowers pink 1. L. heterochroma. Stems erect, branching only above the base: flowers all yellow 2. L. glandulifera. Corollas all regular (or nearly so) and alike, yellow: var. tennis of 3. L. ramulosa. (See also extra-iimital species, p. 69.) 1. L. heterochroma Hall, sp. nov. Koot annual : stem much branched from the base, the branches decumbent and .5 to 2 dm. long: herbage white with a dense tomentum deciduous at time of flowering only from the branch- lets, which are then minutely but densely glandular; no tack- shaped glands on leaves or involucre: basal leaves numerous, mostly entire, rarely with an obscure lobe, spatulate, obtuse, 1 to 2 cm. long; rameal leaves scattered, entire, spatulate-oblong to linear, obtuse, .5 to 1.5 cm. long: involucre hemispheric, 5 mm. high, 18 to 22-flowered; outer bracts white with persistent wool, loose, mostly obtuse; inner bracts purple, granular, erect or ap- pressed, imbricated, acute : flowers of two sorts, the 2 or 3 outer series with pink corollas more deeply cleft on the inner side, thus forming an irregularly 5-lobed ligule; inner corollas yellow, regular: style-branches obtuse, short-bristly, the apical prolonga- tion minute or obscure : achenes compressed, canescent with long hairs: pappus-bristles about 20, slightly longer than the disk- corollas, dull white to fuscous. Dry soil of the Upper Sonoran Zone, Lockwood Valley, Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., California, Jim. 28, 1905, Hall, no. 6440 68 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 (type) ; Cuddy Valley, in the same district, Hall, no. 6315. Much like L. Germanorum Cham., of the seaboard, but differing in its more persistent tomentum, entire leaves, glandular peduncles, and pink marginal corollas. Also near L. Lemmoni Gray, of Arizona and eastern California, from which it is distinguished by the color of the flowers and the shape of the style-branches. 2. L. glandulifera Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207 (1882). Stem erect, stoutish, paniculately much branched above the base, the whole plant 1.5 to 10 dm. high : lower part of stem and lower leaves permanently white-tomentose ; upper leaves and in- volucral bracts green, bearing few to numerous yellow tack- shaped glands on their margins : lower leaves ovate to oblanceo- late, toothed or cleft ; those of the branchlets numerous or even crowded, lanceolate or linear, minute: involucre about 5 mm. high, turbinate, 18 to 38-flowered : flowers all yellow ; marginal corollas or some of them enlarged, more deeply cleft on the inner side and simulating a palmately-lobed ligule : achenes flattened, 2 or 3-nerved : ray-pappus shorter than corolla ; disk-pappus as long as corolla, fuscous, of about 35 bristles. Lower to middle California : common on plains of the Upper Sonoran Zone, where the plants are conspicuously glandular and heavy-scented; less plentiful in the lower part of the pine belt (Transition Zone) in the mountains (San Jacinto Mts., Hall, no. 2626; and Grant, no. 687), where the glands are minute or quite obsolete and the odor wanting. 3. L. ramulosa tennis Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 307 (1876) ; Syn. PLi. pt. 2, 162 (1884). Stems slender, erect but diffuse, the glabrate branches mi- nutely granulose : leaves narrowly oblong, narrowed at base, den- ticulate or entire, woolly when young, the upper much reduced and entire, some of them clasping: involucre very narrow, 5 to 15-flowered; bracts granular, rarely bearing a few tack-shaped glands: flowers purple, all regular or nearly so and alike: style- appendages with minute setiform tip : achenes scarcely flattened, 4 or 5-nerved. Ace. to Gray this variety was gathered by Rothrock at 1550 in. alt., "head of Peru Creek," by which is probably meant Piru Creek, a stream of northeastern Ventura County. 1907] Hall, — Compositae of Southern California. 69 L. GERMANORUM Cham, grows near the coast of San Luis Obispo Co. and may be expected further southward. It is a low- branching species, destitute of glands, with yellow flowers, the outermost of which have irregularly cleft corollas. L. ALBIFLORA Eastwood, Bull. Torr. Club xxxii. 217 (1905), comes from Rose Station, Kern Co. Its sharp-pointed leaves, numerous glands, and white flowers should distinguish it if found within our borders. L. LEMMONI Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 412 (1886), first de- scribed from Arizona specimens, has been collected at Indian Wells, Kern Co., by M. A. Knapp, also by Hall & Chandler, no. 7373, and at Little Owens Lake, Inyo Co., by Purpus, no. 3055, both localities being in the Desert Area just north of our borders. It has a lower habit than L. glandulifera, the numerous branches low and spreading, but can scarcely be distinguished from that species except by the style-branches, which are prolonged into conspicuous subulate tips. 19. CORETHROGYNE Nutt. Perennial herbs, some suffrutescent at base, resembling Aster and flowering mostly in summer and autumn. Herbage whitened when young with a cottony tomentum, which is often deciduous in age. Heads solitary, or cymose, or paniculate. Involucre hemispheric to turbinate, the bracts with green or herbaceous tips. Rays violet-blue or purple; disk yellow. Anthers tipped with subulate appendages. Style-appendages flat, truncate, comose or with a bearded tuft at summit. Achenes pubescent, those of the ray sterile. Disk-pappus reddish-brown, of rigid capillary bris- tles ; ray-pappus reduced or wanting. SYNOPSIS OF THE VAEIETIES OF C. FILAGINIFOLIA. Tomentum deciduous from thexinflorescence at time of flowering. Inflorescence minutely if at all glandular: typical C. filaginifolia. Inflorescence densely glandular and viscid. Heads small: involucre about 8 mm. high. Stems tall and slender: heads in loose panicles or racemes. Seacoast form with numerous heads var. virgata. Interior form with few long-pedunculate heads ....var. Bernardino,. 70 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Stems low and stout. Inflorescence paniculate. Montane form with erect stems var. rigida. Insular form with depressed or ascending stems var. robusta. Inflorescence virgate, scarcely branched, foliaceous with broad leaves var. glomerata. Heads large: involucre 10 to 12 mm. high var. Pacified. Tomentum persistent, even the involucre white at time of flowering. Leaves broadly oblong, rigid var. latifolia. Leaves linear, flaccid var. linifolia. 1. C. filaginifolia (H. & A.) Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 290 (1841). Aster f filaginifolius H. & A., Bot. Beech. 146 (1833). Slender, erect, 5 to 10 dm. high, woody below : herbage arach- noidly tomentose, the tomentum sometimes deciduous, the inflores- cence then glabrous or minutely glandular : leaves oblong-spatu- late or oblanceolate ; the lower ones narrowed to a petiole and sparingly serrate toward the apex ; the upper sessile and inclined to be entire; those of the inflorescence reduced to bracts: heads solitary and terminal on the branchlets or more numerous and loosely panicled: involucre campanulate or broadly turbinate, 7 or 8 mm. high; its bracts imbricated in 4 or 5 series, narrowly lanceolate, erect : rays 15 to 25, violet. Near the coast from Monterey southward, the typical form rare south of Santa Barbara. In Monterey Co. the specimens have a merely granular inflorescence; proceeding southward along the coast we find forms in which the glandular pubescence is more and more pronounced, until in Southern California a majority of the plants have viscid stalked glands on the inflores- cence (var. virgata). In the type specimens (of which I have seen a sketch) the solitary heads terminate widely spreading branchlets, but this form passes directly into one with numerous paniculate heads. The following are only the extreme forms of this very polymorphic species. Var. latifolia Hall, var. nov. Five dm. or more high; the stems stout, woody below: herbage densely white-tomentose, the tomentum not deciduous even from the involucres at time of flowering: lower leaves narrowed to the base; principal cauline 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 71 leaves broadly oblong or slightly narrowed to the closely sessile base, shallowly toothed at the very obtuse summit, 3 or 4 cm. long, 8 to 12 mm. broad : inflorescence paniculate, with numerous bract- like leaves: involucre turbinate, 8 or 9 mm. high; bracts imbri- cated in about 5 series, their tips slightly spreading: rays 20 to 25 : style-appendages flat, obtuse, tipped with a brush-like tuft of bristles.— Oxnard, Ventura Co., Davy, nos. 7815 (type), 7814, 7813. Var. virgata (Benth.) Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 320 (1876). C. virgata Benth., Bot. Sulph. 23 (1844). Six to 10 dm. high, the stems slender : tomentum early deciduous, especially above, leav- ing the herbage green ; inflorescence viscid-glandular, the numer- ous glands usually short-stipitate : heads numerous, in a diffuse panicle. — The common form along the coast from western San Diego Co. north to Monterey. Var. Bernardina (Abrams) Hall, comb. nov. C. virgata Ber- nardina Abrams, Fl. L. A. and Vic. 401 (1904). Commonly 6 to 8 dm. high; the stems slender: tomentum deciduous from the involucres and uppermost portion of the peduncles, the exposed parts then glandular : heads few, terminating the long divaricate branches of a very loose panicle or raceme. — The common form of the foothills and plains back from the seacoast, especially in the San Bernardino Valley. Var. linifolia Hall, var. nov. Herbaceous throughout, 4 dm. or less high; stems numerous, erect, widely branched above, the slender branches terminated by solitary heads: herbage densely and permanently white-tomentose, even to the involucres : leaves crowded below, more scattered above, all narrowly linear, 2 to 5 cm. long, mostly 1 mm. (some 3 mm.) broad; not at all rigid: involucre broadly turbinate, 8 or 9 mm. high; bracts closely im- bricated in about 5 ranks, the tips slightly spreading : rays about 20, violet, 6 mm. long. — About one kilometer south of Del Mar, San Diego Co., Aug. 5, 1906, Mrs. K. Brandegee. The type of the variety is Univ. Calif, sheet no. 73319. The specimens grew in hard siliceous soil on an exposed wind-swept bluff overlooking the sea. The surrounded vegetation was all stunted in growth, and this variety exhibits in its narrow often revolute leaves, dense tomentum, and low stature, the xerophytic characters to be ex- 72 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 pected in such situations. It is to be noted, however, that Mrs. Brandegee also gathered near this same station specimens with narrowly lanceolate leaves up to 6 mm. in breadth and stems up to 7 dm. in height, and that this botanist is of the opinion that gradations into the var. virgata may be found by careful search. Var. rigida Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 170 (1884). C. incana var.? Benth., PI. Hartweg. 316 (1849). C. rigida Heller, Muhl- enbergia ii. 256 (1906). Stout and rigid, from a woody base, commonly less than 5 dm. high : tomentum dense, only tardily deciduous, the whole inflorescence then glandular and viscid: leaves spatulate-lanceolate to oval or obovate : heads in an open panicle : involucre campanulate, its bracts with distinct green tips. — In dry soil in the mountains from San Jacinto Mt. (Hall, No. 2530) to the Sierras of Tulare Co. (Mrs. Brandegee). Var. robusta Greene, Pitt. i. 89 (1887). " Suff rutescent and low, the thick somewhat depressed or ascending branches only a foot [3 dm.] high: panicle green and glandular- viscid, other parts whitish with an appressed tomentum."- — San Miguel Island, among high rocks, and also on the top of Prince's Island, both ace. to Greene. Var. glomerata Hall, var. nov. Plant somewhat woody at base, about 3 dm. high, the stout stems erect and very rigid : herb- age clothed with a dense white wool which is tardily or not at all deciduous except from the involucres, which are glandular- viscidulous: leaves numerous, appressed, oblong to obovate, entire, all but the lower ones sessile by a broad (sometimes clasp- ing) base, the larger ones 4 cm. long by 1.5 cm. wide : inflores- cence virgate, the heads appearing singly or 2 to 4 together in the axils of the upper scarcely reduced leaves along the simple erect stems : involucre turbinate, 8 or 9 mm. high ; its bracts close- ly imbricated in about 4 series, the slender tips green and spread- ing or recurved: rays about 15, violet, about 8 mm. long: style- appendages with a rather conspicuous tuft of bristles. — Oak Glen, Yucaipe Ranch, near Redlands, at 1500 m. alt., Nov., 1903, Rev. Geo. Robertson, no. 117. -The same botanist has gathered a very similar form at Forest Home, San Bernardino Mts., but this has some of the glomerules on distinct lateral shoots. Specimens col- lected at Tehachapi, Kern Co., by Miss Alice Eastwood, Sept. 29, 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 73 1894, are similar except that the inflorescence is less leafy and the glomerules of somewhat smaller sessile heads are sometimes on peduncles 1 cm. long. The variety as described is much like var. rigida save in the inflorescence and upper leaves. Var. Pacifica Hall, var. nov. Plant stout, erect, 6 dm. or more high : tomentum floccose, deciduous from the branchlets and involucres at time of flowering, the inflorescence then conspicu- ously glandular and viscid: cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, entire or few-toothed, mostly 3 to 5 cm. long and 8 mm. or less broad : heads large, numerous, in an open panicle : involucre hemispheric, 10 to 12 mm. high : bracts imbricated, linear, acumi- nate, greenish except at the chartaceous and strongly nerved base but without distinct green tips : rays about 30, violet or purple : pappus varying from nearly white to purplish brown. — Pacific Beach, near San Diego, summer of 1899, Purpus. The type of the variety is Univ. Calif, sheet no. 31267. It was gathered on slopes just back from the beach and grew in rich, loose soil along a railroad embankment. Exactly the same form, except for the more distinctly green-tipped involucral bracts, has been collected by Mrs. Brandegee in a similar situation near Del Mar, Aug. 5, 1906. 20. PSILACTIS Gray. Ours a leafy-stemmed desert annual. Heads rather small, solitary or loosely racemose, heterogamous. Involucre hemis- pheric; its bracts unequal, closely imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Ray-flowers pistillate, often infertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fer- ti]?. Achenes compressed, pubescent. Pappus of ray-flowers none or an obscure ring, of disk-flowers a row of slender bristles. 1. P. Coulter! Gray, PL Fendl. 71 (1849). Loosely branched throughout, 2 or 3 dm. high : herbage rough- pubescent and glandular (varying to glabrous, ace. to Gray) : leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong (the lower tapering to a petiole, the upper closely sessile and appressed), coarsely and sharply toothed or pinnatifid, 1 to 3 cm. long, 2 to 6 mm. broad, those of the branchlets much reduced and rarely entire : involucre about 4 mm. high; bracts oblong, very acute, green and herba- 74 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 ceous save at the white-scarious base: rays 25 to 35 (60 to 80, ace. to Gray), lavender, about 5 mm. long: disk-flowers yellow: achenes 1'near ; those of the disk with 20 to 40 unequal pappus- bristles. Lower Sonoran Zone : Warm Springs, near Newberry, Mohave Desert, Parish, no. 1252 ; sand hills near Hector and near Bars- tow, in the same district, Hall, nos. 6118, 6833 ; southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. 21. MONOPTILON T. & G. Depressed desert annuals with short radiating or ascending branches and upturned heads of daisy-like flowers. Involucre campanulate, of equal linear bracts. Keceptacle naked, flat. Rays conspicuous, normally white but often tinged with rose. Disk yellow. Achenes narrowly obovate, compressed, nerved along the margins, pubescent with emarginate hairs. Pappus alike in ray and disk. As here treated, Monoptilon consists of but two species here- tofore considered as constituting two distinct genera, mainly because of a difference in their pappus characters. But these characters are more variable than was formerly supposed, the only constant differences being a minute coroniform toothed pappus with a single plumose awn, in the one case, and a palea- ceous pappus with 1 to 12 scabrous awns, in the other. The disk- flowers are also more conspicuously villous in the first species than in the second. But in all other characters, in general aspect, and in distribution, the two are very similar, and may therefore be received into a single genus. Pappus-awn solitary, short-plumose 1. M. bellidiforme. Pappus-awns 1 to 12, not plumose, alternating with paleae 2. M. bellioides. 1. M. bellidiforme T. & G., Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 106, t. 13 (1847). Stem much branched, the branches commonly spreading and seldom over 5 cm. long: herbage villous-hirsute : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, 5 to 20 mm. long, alternate: involucre 5 mm. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 75 high: rays numerous, the obovate or oblong ligule about 5 mm. long: corolla-tube in both ray and disk-flowers sparsely long- villous with jointed hairs; pappus a minute barely denticulate crown and a single setiform awn which is short-plumose toward the tip. On dry plains. within the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Mohave Desert (Hesperia, Warren's Well, Rabbit Springs, Cushenberry Springs, Kramer, Yucca), east to Utah; much less common than no. 2. 2. M. bellioides (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Eremiastrum bel- lioides Gray, PL Thurb. 321 (1854) ; Torr. Pacif. R. Rept. v. 361, t. 6 (1857). E. Orcuttii Wats., Proc. Am. Acad. xxv. 132 (1890). E. bellioides Orcuttii Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 125 (1893). DESERT ASTER. Characters the same as for E. bellidiforme except as follows: ray-corollas with sparsely villous tube ; disk-corollas with either glabrous or very sparsely pubescent tube: pappus of 3 to 12 oblong or cuneate more or less setose-pinnatifid paleae and 1 to 12 slender nonplumose bristles. Very common in sandy soil, springing up after the rains, throughout the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Desert Area, from our southern boundary to Inyo Co. ; east into Arizona, Utah, etc. The type of this species was gathered by George Thurber in southeastern Imperial Co., from which district also came the type of Dr. Watson's Eremiastrum Orcuttii. This latter species was distinguished from E. bellioides by the pappus of 5 paleae alternating with as many bristles twice as long. Dr. Coville has already pointed out (1. c.) the intergradation between thse forms, especially as regards the number of pappus-bristles, and recent collections indicate that the number of paleae are also variable. In specimens from the east base of San Jacinto Mt., Hall, no. 1836, the awns and paleae are 8 each. In plants from Rhyolite, Nevada, Slwcldey, no. 62, the pappus consists almost uniformly of 3 lacerate paleae and 1 bristle ; rarely a second shorter bristle arises from the margin of a palea. 76 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 22. ASTER L. ASTER. Late-aestival or autumnal herbs or rarely shrubs, with alter- nate leaves and commonly showy heads. Inflorescence various. Heads heterogamous with usually fertile ray-flowers, or homo- gamous through the deficiency of rays. Involucre turbinate or campanulate to hemispheric, the bracts imbricated in several ranks. Disk-corollas yellow, changing to purple or brown, tubu- lar, the limb shortly 5-toothed. Receptacle plane or convex, pitted. Style-branches flattened, their appendages subulate or lanceolate and acute. Achenes compressed. Pappus copious, of simple capillary bristles. A.— Perennials: tips of involucral bracts erect: herbage pubescent except in nos. 2, 12, 13, and 14. Pappus of coarse rigid bristles: desert species with woody stems and large solitary heads. Leaves acuminate: peduncles elongated 1. A. tortifolius. Leaves obtuse: peduncles short 2. A. Orcuttii. Pappus fine and soft. Eays conspicuous: stems herbaceous. Stems leafy (leaves early deciduous in no. 5) : polycephalous except in forms of no. 11. Involucral bracts with broad green tips, closely imbricated. Inflorescence distinctly cymose: insular species with coriaceous leaves 3. A. radulinus. Inflorescence .racemose or paniculate. Plants over 35 cm. high: foothills and valleys. Herbage rough-pubescent or almost glabrous: inflores- cence mostly condensed: leaves rigid 4. A. Menziesii. Herbage soft-pubescent or glabrous : inflorescence mostly rather loose. Eameal leaves linear, 6 mm. or less wide. Inflorescence with minute rigid bracts (these 5 mm. long) 5. A. defoliatus. Inflorescence leafy-bracteate ...6. A. Bernardinus. Eameal leaves lanceolate, mostly 8 to 20 mm. wide 7. A. CMlensis. Plant 15 to 30 cm. high: mountains above 1200 m. : var. Parishii of.... ....10. A. Fremonti. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 11 Involucral bracts narrowed above to a point, not closely imbri- cated. Principal leaves broadly lanceolate or wider: plant 4 to 7 dm. high: foothill canons 8. A. Greatai. Principal leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear. Plant 6 to 20 dm. high: heads numerous ...9. A. hesperius. Plants 1.5 to 6 dm. high: heads rather few: mountains above 1200 m. Leaves not sheathing: var. Parishii of 10. A. Fremonti. Lower leaves sheathing the stem, elongated 11. A. delectabilis. Stems leafless except at base, monocephalous : high-mountain species 12. A. Andersonii. Kays small and white or none : desert species with rush-like nearly leafless stems (often woody at base). Achenes sericeous-pubescent: rays none 13. A. carnosus. Achenes glabrous: rays white, 3 mm. long 14. A. spinosus. B.— Annuals and biennials: tips of involucral bracts erect: herbage glabrous except in no. 16. Leaves entire or merely toothed 15. A. exilis. Leaves pinnately parted or cleft 16. A. tanacetifolius. C.— Biennial or perennial: at least the outer involucral bracts with subu- late recurved tips: herbage pubescent. Branching plant with showy heads in terminal cymes or panicles ....17. A. canescens. 1. A. tortifolius (T. & G.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353 (1868) ; not A. tortifolius Michx., Fl. ii. 109 (1803) which is now Sericocarpus tortifolius. Haplopappus tortifolius T. & G., Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 109 (1845). Aster Mohavensis Coville. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 126 (1893) ; not A. Mohavensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 318 (1891). Xylorhiza torti folia Greene. Pitt, iii. 48 (1896). MOHAVE ASTER. Woody at base, about 6 dm. high ; bark white : herbage tomen- tose, at least when young: leaves linear to oblong, attenuate to a sharp point, entire to incisely pinnatifid, the teeth or lobes com- monly pungent : involucral bracts linear-attenuate, imbricated in 2 or 3 unequal series: rays about 40 to 60, lavender: achenes white-villous : pappus of comparatively few rigid bristles, decid- uous in a ring. 78 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Common in stony soil of the Lower Sonoran Zone from the northern borders of the Colorado Desert (Santa Maria Mts., Chuckawalla Bench, Cottonwood Pass) across the Mohave to Owens Valley, Inyo Co., and the Charleston Mts., Nevada. 2. A. Orcuttii Vas. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 113, t. 11 (1891). Xylorhiza Orcuttii Greene, 1. c. ORCUTT ASTER. Suffruticose, very leafy up to the large heads, 5 to 8 dm. high ; bark pearly-white : herbage glabrous : leaves obovate to oblong, 2.5 (to 5?) cm. long, spinulose-toothed, obtuse and cuspidate or acute, the lower ones cuneate at base, the upper ones sessile by a broad base : involucral bracts closely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, the slender green tips often much elongated, usually ciliate on the margins below : rays 2 cm. long, purple or * * lavender to deli- cate mauve color ' ' : achenes white-villous. Lower Sonoran Zone of the Colorado Desert : Cariso Creek wash, Dec. 5, 1890, Orcutt; Borregos Springs, Apr., 1895, Bran- degee (leaves acute and bracts ciliate) ; Shaver's Well, east of Mecca, Schellenger, no. 70 (bracts glandular, not ciliate) ; hills just north of Indio, Hall & Greata, no. 5994; Split Mt., Apr., 1905, Brandegee. Very common at Cariso Creek, ace. to Orcutt. 3. A. radulinus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388 (1872). BROAD-LEAVED ASTER. Root perennial : stems .7 to 5 dm. high, branching above into a broad open cyme: herbage scabrous-pubescent: leaves oval- obovate to oblong, 10 cm. or less long, sharply serrate above the entire (often attenuate) base: involucre turbinate, 6 to 8 mm. high; bracts imbricated, the outer successively shorter, villous- puberulent, abruptly acutish or obtuse: rays 5 to 10 mm. long, whitish: achenes minutely pubescent. Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Co., ace. to Greene ;12 Monterey Co. to Washington and Nevada. 4. A. Menziesii Lindl., in Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 12 (1834) ; Torr., Wilkes Exped. xvii. 341, t. 8 (1874). PURPLE ASTER. Five to 8 dm. high : stems commonly several from the woody root, erect and rigid, simple or with a few virgate branches above, very leafy up to the inflorescence but commonly naked below at 12 Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 401 (1887). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 79 flowering time : herbage scabrous with a short rigid pubescence, the stems sometimes almost glabrous : leaves rigidly erect or ascending, narowly lanceolate, sessile by a broad subcordate base, acute, remotely serrate or entire, the larger 7 or 8 cm. long by 1 cm. wide : inflorescence commonly a close raceme ; the rigid erect peduncles very short, clothed with small linear bracts : involucre 6 mm. high, its bracts with obtuse or merely acutish tips : rays "violet or purple," 6 mm. long. (Plate 1.) Dry ground throughout western California; not common in our district: Antelope Valley, 1895, Davidson; Los Angeles, Davidson; Cuyamaca Mts., San Diego Co., Oct. 15 and 16, 1894, Brandegee; near San Diego, W. 8. Wright, no. 74; San Diego Co., Mary T. Reynolds; Witch Creek, San Diego Co., Alderson, no. 348 ; Oxnard, Davy, no. 7808. These last three citations are of imperfect and doubtful specimens. 5. A. defoliatus Parish, Bot. Gaz. xxxviii. 461 (1904). Slender but rigid, about 1 m. high, divaricately much branched above, leafless when mature except on the flowering branches: herbage minutely pubescent or the older parts glabrous: lower leaves not known; upper cauline leaves narrow and apparently linear, but only basal fragments seen; leaves of the branchlets linear, acute, rigid, 1 cm. or less long, less than 1 mm. wide: heads solitary or 2 to 4 together terminating the branchlets the lower of which are often 15 cm. long while the upper are much shortened; the whole inflorescence thus appear- ing as a very loose panicle : involucre 6 mm. high, its bracts with broad scarious margins below: "rays about 40, light violet" (Parish) : style-appendages lanceolate-acuminate. Known only from the original collection; in a meadow at San Bernardino, Oct. 17, 1903, Parish, no. 5335. 6. A. Bernardinus Hall, sp. nov. Plant 4 to 8 dm. high : stems several from a perennial base, erect, densely leafy throughout or the lower leaves deciduous: herbage conspicuously cinereous with a dense short and very soft pubescence : leaves loosely spreading or reflexed, linear to linear- lanceolate, 3 to 5 cm. long by 3 to 5 (rarely 7) mm. wide, those of the branchlets much smaller- heads in short or elongated 80 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 simple racemes or these branching to form an elongated panicle ; uppermost heads in congested clusters: peduncles v commonly 2 cm. long) with linear overlapping bracts: involucre 7 mm. high; its bracts canescent, closely imbricated, the green tips obtuse : rays 30 to 35, about 7 (6 to 10) mm. long, deep blue (commonly brown in dried specimens) : style-appendages linear to lanceolate in ray-flowers, broadly lanceolate in disk-flowers: achenes canes- cent : pappus fine and soft, sordid. (Plate 2.) In meadows, vicinity of San Bernardino, California, at an altitude of 300 m., Sept. 5, 1905, 8. B. Parish, no. 5543; same locality and collector, Sept., 1891 ; also Sept. 15, 1896, no. 4198 ; Orange Co., C. W. Hamlin, no. 25; Cienega, near Los Angeles, Braunton, no. 637; near Pomona, Davy, no. 2870. The type is Univ. Calif, sheet no. 72044 (Parish, no. 5543). This species is intermediate between A. defoliatus and A. Chilensis. It differs from the former in its lower stature, more compact and leafy inflorescence, and larger heads; from the latter in its more numerous and narrower leaves and bracts ; and from both of these species in its dense cinereous pubescence. From A. Menziesii, with which it has been confused, it may be dis- tinguished by its lax foliage, soft pubescence, etc. Some of the specimens collected by Parish under no. 5543 have a remarkably secund inflorescence, the heads all on short horizontal leafy- bracteate branchlets (these 2 or 3 cm. long). This is probably due to ecologic causes, the plants being otherwise typical. 7. A. Chilensis Nees, ^st. 133 (1832). A. Chamissonis Gray, Wilkes Exped. xvii. 341 (1874). Five to 10 dm. high, with loosely spreading branches above : herbage villous-pubescent or glabrate: leaves lanceolate, sessile by a half-clasping base, 10 cm. or less long, commonly 1 or 2 cm. wide, the upper entire and passing gradually into the bract- like ones of the inflorescence, the oblong-spatulate radical ones remotely serrate and attenuate into a petiole, all commonly with scabrous-ciliolate margins: involucre 6 to 8 mm. high: rays white, lavender, or bluish, 8 to 12 mm. long. Low or marshy ground of western California, including the islands; rare within our limits, and perhaps not occurring south 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 81 of Santa Barbara Co., more common further north : Carpinteria, Hall, no. 3166 (a very pubescent form) ; Santa Rosa Island, Brandegee. 8. A. Greatai Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. i. 15 (1902). Plant 4 to 7 dm. high, with erect or assurgent slender stems : herbage nearly glabrous to soft-pubescent above : leaves ample, thin, from ovate to oblong or broadly oblanceolate, tapering be- low to a broad or sometimes half-clasping base, mostly 6 to 12 cm. long by 2.5 to 4 cm. broad, acute, remotely serrate, the re- duced linear upper ones entire: heads in. a very open panicle: involucre fully 7 mm. high, its loosely imbricated bracts linear- lanceolate and pubescent at least on the margins : rays 30 to 40, light purple, 5 to 10 mm. long : style-appendages linear-subulate : achenes short-hirsute: pappus sordid. Apparently confined to Upper Sonoran canons of the San Gabriel Mts., where, however, it is not uncommon. The type was collected in Eaton Canon, Sept. 30, 1900, by L. A. Greata. Very close to A. patulus Lam., if not indeed only a form of that eastern species, possibly a garden escape. But the general habit and leaves are somewhat different and the plants are not red-stemmed. Also related to A. prenanthoides Muhl., from which it is distinguished by its softer pubescence, which is not arranged on lines on the stem nor scabrous on the upper surface of the leaves. 9. A. hesperius Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 192 (1884). A. en- satus Greene, Pitt. iv. 223 (1900). A. aestivus Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 614 (1876) ; not A. aestivus Ait. Stems tall, leafy throughout, coarsely pubescent in lines above : leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate, sessile by a broad base, acuminate above, perfectly glabrous except for the minutely setose-ciliate margins; the lower 1 dm. or more long by about 13 mm. wide, sharply serrate; the upper smaller and entire: heads numerous, in an open panicle: peduncles clothed with linear overlapping bracts : involucre 6 mm. high ; its linear ciliate bracts nearly equal, the inner with green tip and mid- nerve, the outer similar or wholly herbaceous: rays more than 30, nearly 1 cm. long, purple. 82 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Upper Sonoran Zone, in meadows and other moist places: near San Bernardino, Oct., 1895, at altitudes of 305 to 450 m., Parish, no. 3818 (type number of A. ensatus) • Julian, San Diego Co., at an altitude of 1280 m., Dunn; Falls of San Diego River. Brandegee ; Cienega, near Los Angeles, ace. to Davidson. 10. A. Fremont! Parishii Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 192 (1884). Stems slender, sometimes simple and ending in a solitary head, more commonly terminating in a short cymose panicle, the plant seldom over 3 dm. high: herbage more or less pubescent, especially in the inflorescence: radical leaves lanceolate to ob- ovate, tapering to a distinct margined petiole which is widened at base: upper leaves linear to narrowly oblong, sessile, 4 to 8 cm. long: involucre 5 to 8 mm. high, its bracts ciliolate, other- wise glabrous or sparsely pubescent : rays numerous, about 6 mm. long, blue fading to violet. Occasional in meadows, etc. of the Transition Zone, San Ber- nardino and San Jacinto Mts. ; San Gabriel Mts., according to Davidson. A. adscendens of McClatchie's list is probably the same. The involucral bracts vary from spatulate, obtuse, and closely imbricated to linear or oblong, acute, and nearly equal in length. Both forms of involucre occur on different plants from a single locality as also do intermediate forms. 11. A. delectabilis Hall, sp. nov. Plant 15 to 40 cm. high, with slender perennial rootstocks: stems slender, erect, simple up to the inflorescence, reddish- tinged, glabrous below, minutely pubescent above with soft white hairs, leafy throughout : leaves thin, entire or rarely with a few obscure teeth, glabrous except on the margins which are minutely ciliate-scabrous, especially below ; basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse or acute at apex, tapering below to a petiole- like portion the closely sessile base of which is somewhat ex- panded and sheathing, entire leaf 12 to 24 cm. long, 15 to 18 mm. wide; upper leaves similar but narrower and always acute, the basal portion less sheathing: peduncles short, their small bracts acuminate from a broad base : heads commonly only one or two : involucre 8 to 10 mm. high, about 15 mm. broad, either sub- Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 83 tended by a few linear bracts or naked ; involucral bracts linear, acute, loosely imbricated in about 3 series, strongly ciliate but otherwise glabrous, green and herbaceous throughout except for a very narrow white or reddish margin : rays 25 to 35, 10 to 15 mm. long, 2 mm. broad: achenes strigose-pubescent : pappus tawny. (Plate 3.) Open marshy meadow at an altitude of 1980 m., on a tributary of Mill Creek, about 6 kilometers northeast of Tyler's Retreat, San Bernardino Mts., California, Aug. 30, 1904, Dr. R. J. Smith, no. 76. The collector writes as follows : ' ' As I remember the plants they were from 8 to 14 inches high, mostly simple with a single terminal head, but others had 4 or 5 heads. They grew quite freely in this one locality but I have not seen them elsewhere." This species is apparently related to both A. Fremonti Gray and A. occidentalis Nutt. Further collections may reveal inter- mediate forms connecting it to one of them, but at present it may be distinguished by the large sheathing lower leaves and the larger heads with longer rays. The type is in the Herbarium of the University of California. 12. A. Andersonii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 352 (1868). Erigeron Andersonii Gray, I.e. vi. 540 (1865). Oreastrum An- dersonii Greene, Pitt. iii. 147 (1896). Oreostemma Andersonii Greene, Pitt. iv. 224 (1900). Scapiform stems erect or assurgent, 2.5 dm. or less high, from a thick perennial caudex: herbage glabrous throughout or the young parts tomentulose: radical leaves numerous, grass-like, 5 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 5 mm. broad, acute, entire, nervose when dry ; leaves of the scape-like stems few, reduced to short bracts : involucre 9 mm. high, its nearly equal bracts oblong, acute, scarious or reddish-margined: rays purple, 12 mm. long: style- appendages filiform. Wet meadows of Tahquitz Valley, San Jacinto Mt, in the Upper Transition Zone, and to be expected in the San Bernardino Mts. Common in the Sierra Nevadas. 13. A. carnosus Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 202 (1884). Lino- syrisf carnosa Gray, PL Wright, ii. 80 (1853). Bigelovia in- 84 University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L- 3 tricata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208 (1882). Leucosyris car- nosa Greene, Fl. Fr. 384 (1897) ; Pitt. iii. 243 (1897). A rigidly much branched shrub, 6 or 8 dm. high, with slender pale branches and inconspicuous scale-like leaves: leaves linear or subulate, entire, mostly .2 to 1 cm. long, the lower fleshy ones sometimes 2 cm. long : heads solitary, terminating geniculate or widely spreading branchlets : involucre 6 mm. high ; its lanceo- late-acuminate imbricated bracts chartaceous, with a greenish midrib : rays none : style-branches linear-subulate : achenes seri- ceous-pubescent. Restricted chiefly to the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Mohave Desert and Inyo Co., not common : alkaline meadow near Colton, Parish, no. 2005; Rabbit Springs, Parish, no. 1453; alkaline plains of Antelope Valley; etc. 14. A spinosus Benth., PL Hartw. 20 (1839). Leucosyris spinosa Greene, Pitt. iii. 244 (1897). MEXICAN DEVIL-WEED. Slender, reedy, 6 to 12 dm. high and herbaceous throughout (12 to 25 dm. high and shrubby in the Mexican form), brancn- ing above, the ascending branchlets terminated by solitary heads, or ending in short racemes : herbage light green, glabrous : leaves few, linear, mostly less than 2 cm. long (basal sometimes 5 cm.), often with spines in or above their axils, only the upper subulate scale-like ones present at time of flowering: involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, sometimes minutely pubescent or ciliate, brown or greenish, with a scarious or reddish border : rays white, drying brown, 3 mm. long: style-branches triangular-subulate: achenes glabrous. South San Diego, Chandler, no. 4013 ; Tia Juana Valley, San Diego Co., Alderson, no. 971; Colorado Desert, Davy, no. 8016, Schellenger, no. 3, etc. ; thence to Texas and Central America. According to Mr. J. E. Roadhouse, this species gives promise of becoming a very troublesome weed in Imperial Valley, Colorado Pesert. He observes that the plants become 9 to 12 dm. high the first season and that by the end of the second season they have thrown out numerous rhizomes 2 m. or more long. The style-branches in Guatemalan specimens have been described as very short and obtuse.13 In ours the tips are ovate or lanceolate and acute. s Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xx. 46 (1895). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 85 15. A. exilis Ell., Sketch ii. 344 (1824). SLENDER ASTER. A slender erect annual, 3 to 10 or 12 dm. high, ending above in an open panicle: herbage glabrous: leaves glabrous, 6 to 12 dm. long and 3 to 6 mm. wide (or some of the lower ones oblanceolate or oblong and 6 to 10 mm. wide), entire or rarely serrate, those of the inflorescence lanceolate-subulate : involucre 5 or 6 mm. high; its bracts linear, acute, herbaceous, scarious- margined : rays light-pinkish or purple, 3 mm. long : pappus fine and soft. A common weed along river-bottoms and in waste or wet places generally. Aug.-Oct. 16. A. tanacetifolius HBK, Nov. Gen. Sp. iv. 95 (1820). Machaeranthera tanacetifolia Nees, Ast. 225 (1832) ; Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 4624 (1852). Erect, 2 to 4 dm. high: stem leafy, commonly simple below, cymosely branched above, the ultimate branches terminated by solitary showy heads: herbage finely pubescent: leaves 1.5 to 3 cm. long, oblong in outline, pinnately parted into few linear widely spreading segments, or the lowest 2 to 3-pinnately parted, some of the uppermost varying to linear and entire : involucre 8 or 9 mm. high; bracts linear-acuminate, the basal portion sca- rious, the viscid-pubescent tips green : rays bright violet; 8 to 10 mm. long : achenes striate, canescently villous : pappus-bristles rather rigid. Providence Mts., Cooper, ace. to Gray: thence east and south. A. PARVIFLORUS Gray, occurs in western Arizona and may reach our borders. It is not so tall as A. tanacetifolius: herbage glabrous but somewhat viscid : leaves simply pinnatifid, 2 cm. or less long ; lobes very short : involucral bracts linear-oblong, with ovate acute green tips: rays purple, 6 mm. long: achenes seri- ceous : pappus soft, rather scant. 17. A. canescens Pursh, Fl. ii. 547 (1814). Machaeranthera Pinosa Elmer, Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 49 (1905). Plant 3 to 5 dm. high, from a biennial or perennial root : herb- age minutely pubescent but usually green, inflorescence and in- volucres glandular: lower leaves spinose-dentate, oblanceolate, 5 cm. or less long, including the winged petiole ; the upper becom- 86 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 ing linear and entire : heads terminating bracted branches of the cymose panicle : involucre 1 cm. high, imbricated, the green tips of the bracts recurved at least in mature heads : receptacle alveo- late, the alveoli toothed: rays few, 5 to 15 mm. long, bluish- purple, rarely wanting: achenes narrowed below, pubescent. In the San Bernardino Mts. at Barton Flat, Mrs. Wilder, no. 603, and at Gold Mt, Grinnell, no. 91, also on South Fork, Santa Ana River, Hall, nos. 7525, 7672 ; Swartout Canon, San Antonio Mts., Geo. R. Hall (heads mostly discoid, some with 1 or 2 rays) ; Frazier Mt. and Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, nos. 6597, 6678 (uniformly discoid) ; Mt. Pinos, ace. to Elmer (1. c. under Mach- aeranthera Pinosa, heads radiate) ; Providence Mts., Brandegee. Var. tephrodes Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 206 (1884). A. in- canus Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 322 (1876). Machaeranthera teph- rodes Greene, Pitt. iv. 24 (1899) ? Root probably always biennial : herbage canescent, especially the broad involucres, the bracts of which are provided with long attenuate herbaceous tips: rays numerous, about 1 cm. long. — San Jacinto Valley, Colorado Desert, and east into Arizona and New Mexico. 23. LEUCELENE Greene. Low perennials with very leafy stems from a ligneous base. Heads small, solitary and terminal on the simple stems or ulti- mate branchlets. Involucre broadly turbinate; bracts very un- equal, closely imbricated in about 3 unequal series, herbaceous but with hyaline margins. Rays white or reddish. Disk-flowers yellow or reddish (white, ace. to Greene), tubular-funnelform, shortly 5-toothed. Style-tips ovate or oblong, obtuse. Achenes compressed, pubescent. Pappus a single series of scabrous white bristles. 1. L. ericoides (Torr.) Greene, Pitt. iii. 148 (1896). In- ula ? ericoides Torr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 212 (1828). Aster ericaefolius Rothrock, Bot. Gaz. ii. 70 (1877). Erigeron Jacin- teus Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Botany, i. 127 (1902). Five to 15 cm. high : stems crowded, simple and monocepha- lous or cymosely branched, the heads then terminating leafy branchlets: herbage cinereous with a short strigose pubescence: 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 87 leaves 5 to 12 mm. long, the lower spatulate or obovate, the upper varying to linear or nearly filiform : involucre 5 mm. high ; bracts lanceolate, acute : rays 12 to 20, 5 to 10 mm. long. Gravelly soil on the summit of Tahquitz Peak, San Jacinto Mts., 2700 m. alt., Hall, no. 2322; Providence Mts., May 30, 1902, Brandegee, east to Kansas, south into Mexico. I am indebted to Mrs. Katharine Brandegee for calling my attention to the iden- tity of Erigeron Jacinteus with this species. 24. ERIGERON L. FLEABANE. Herbs, with entire or toothed alternate generally sessile leaves and solitary or cymose or rarely paniculate heterogamous heads. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric ; bracts narrow, equal, little imbricated, seldom coriaceous or green-tipped. Re- ceptacle flat or convex, usually naked. Ray-flowers exceedingly numerous, pistillate ; ligules white or pink or purple, or in some species wholly wanting. Disk-corollas yellow. Style-appen- dages (at least in our species) triangular, obtuse to truncate, rarely much exserted. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and nerved. Pappus more scanty and fragile than in Astor, often with a distinct short outer series. A.— Bays conspicuous, much surpassing the disk. Involucre 2 cm. or more wide: leaves over 1.5 cm. wide: submaritime perennial 1. E. glaucus. Involucre, and usually also the leaves, much narrower. Plants low, mostly under 3 dm., simple or diffusely branched. Leaves entire. Eoot perennial. Herbage canescent or silvery with a soft appressed pubescence. Pappus double: stems stout, silvery-white 2. E. Parishii. Pappus simple: stems slender, merely canescent 4. E. linearis. Herbage green or cinereous with a harsh pubescence. Stems crowded on a thick multicipital caudex: pappus double, the outer series short 3. E. concinnus. Stems from slender rootstocks: pappus simple 6. E. sanctarum. Eoot annual or biennial: heads loosely cymose.. 12. E. divergens. Leaves ternately parted 5. E. compositus. 88 University of California Publications in Botany. (TOL- 3 Plants tall, mostly 3 to 6 dm., cymosely branching above. Leaves linear to filiform : rays about 30 to 40 or 80. Involucre pubescent. Herbage cinereous with spreading hairs 7. E. Breweri. Herbage strigose-pubescent (especially the leaves) 8. E. foliosus. Involucre glabrous 9. E. striatus. Leaves broadly spatulate to oblong or ovate: rays much over 100, pink or white 10. E. Philadelphicus. B.— Rays inconspicuous or none. Perennials: 3 dm. or less high. Leaves entire: var. aphanactis of 3. E. concinnus. Leaves trifid: var. discoideus of 5. E. compositus. Annuals: 3 to 20 dm. high (unless depauperate). Branched from the base: heads long-peduncled : pappus double 11. E. incomptus. Simple belcw: heads in diffuse panicles: pappus simple. Involucre glabrous 13. E. Canadensis. Involucre pubescent 14. E. linifolius. 1. E. glaucus Ker., Bot. Reg. i. t. 10 (1815). SEASIDE DAISY. Flowering stems erect, 1 to 3 dm. high, commonly one-headed. arising from a radical tuft of leaves crowning the fleshy caudex and often also from rosulate offsets terminating prostrate woody branches: leaves finely puberulent, stems pilose-pubescent, heads somewhat tomentose : leaves rather succulent, spatulate or ob- ovate, entire, rarely with a small tooth on each side below the apex, 3 to 10 cm. long: upper cauline small and scattered: rays very numerous (60 to 100 or more), rather broad, lilac or violet. Common on San Miguel Island, ace. to Greene, and plentiful along the seashore further north. Not reported from the main- land of Southern California. 2. E. Parishii Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 212 (1884). Stems rigid, erect, from a more or less woody base : herbage silvery-white with a soft appressed pubescence: lower leaves narrowly spatulate, 3 to 4 cm. long, less than 5 mm. wide ; upper leaves smaller, linear, acute : heads solitary, terminating the branches: involucre 5 to 6 mm. high: rays numerous, linear- oblong, 1 cm. long, violet or "purple": achenes hirsute: inner 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 89 pappus-bristles rather numerous, the shorter outer ones con- spicuous. Abundant on stony hillsides at Cushenberry Springs, on the desert base of the San Bernardino Mts., Parish, who only has collected it. 3. E. concinnus (H. & A.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 174 (1841). Dis- tasis ? concinna H. & A., Bot. Beech. 350 (1840). Stems numerous, erect, from a strong perennial caudex, more or less branched : herbage gray with a long hispid pubescence : leaves linear-spatulate, acute, 2 to 5 cm. long : heads terminating slender peduncles, hemispheric, nearly 1 cm. in diameter: ligules numerous, narrow, 5 to 8 mm. long, violet or blue or rarely white : outer pappus of conspicuous subulate to oblong paleae. Providence Mts., Mohave Desert, in the Upper Sonoran Zone, May 26, 1902, Brandegee; Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mts. Var. aphanactis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540 (1865). E. aphanactis Greene, Fl. Fr. 389 (1897). Heads discoid, the li- gules being very short or wanting. — San Bernardino Mts., from 1950 m. alt. in the Transition Zone of Bear Valley to 3450 m. alt. in the Alpine Zone of Mt. San Gorgonio; also in Colorado, Nevada, etc. The range of variation in the pappus is as great in the variety as in the species ; it cannot therefore be specifically separated, the absence of rays not constituting a specific charac- ter. Certain of our specimens, notably those gathered on the summit of Sugarloaf Peak, San Bernardino Mts., by Professor and Mrs. Grinnell, under no. 211, are only 4 or 5 cm. high and with scapose stems leafy only below. In general appearance they seem quite different from the more northern form, but a collection from Nevada by Shockley exhibits intermediate forms. 4. E. linearis (Hook.) Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. xi. 567 (1906). Diplopappus linearis Hook., FL Bor. Am. ii. 21 (1834). E. filifolius Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 213 (1884) ; not E. filifolius Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 308 (1841). Stems rather numerous, slender, 1.5 to 3 dm. high from a slender scarcely woody base, usually branched above and bear- ing several or numerous heads: herbage canescent or cinereous with a fine close pubescence : leaves crowded, all linear-filiform or 90 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 the lower very slightly dilated upward, 3 or 4 cm. long, 1 mm. or less wide : involucre 4 or 5 mm. high : rays 30 to 50 or 80, purple violet or white, 5 to 10 mm. long: achenes slightly pubescent or glabrate : pappus simple, the bristles fragile. Providence Mts., Mohave Desert, Brandegee; Nevada and eastern Sierra Nevadas to British Columbia. 5. E. compositus discoideus Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 237 (1862). Stems cespitose from a multicipital caudex: herbage hirsute to glabrate : leaves much crowded on the crowns of the caudex, mostly 1 to 3-ternately parted into linear or short-spatulate lobes : peduncles erect and scape-like, monocephalous, 1 to 10 cm. long, either naked or with a few mostly entire bracts : involucre hemispheric, about 1 cm. broad: rays in this var. none: pappus simple. Summit of San Gorgonio Peak (Grayback), 3490 m. alt., Jul. 16, 1906, J. and H. W. Grinnell, no. 275 ; Sierra Nevadas to Greenland. Typical E. compositus Pursh, differs from the var. here described only in having 40 to 60 white-purple or violet rays, these mostly 5 to 7 mm. long. It is to be expected with the var. in Southern California. 6. E. sanctarum Wats., Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 83 (1889). A few cm. to 2 dm. high: stems one to several, erect or sub- decumbent, from slender perennial rootstocks, leafy below, near- ly naked above, monocephalous: herbage minutely rough-pubes- cent, the involucre densely hispid: leaves entire, 4 cm. or less long, oblanceolate or the small upper ones linear, all acute: in- volucre hemispheric, 7 to 10 mm. high ; its numerous bracts very narrow and acute: rays numerous, narrow, 7 to 10 mm. long, rose-purple : pappus simple, sordid, fragile. Santa Inez Mts., Santa Barbara Co., 1888, Santa Rosa Island, Jun., 1888, and .San Simeon, Jun., 1889, all by Brandegee; La Graciosa, near the boundary between Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties, May 11, 1896, Miss Eastwood. 7. E. Breweri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541 (1865). Mostly 2 to 6 dm. high: stems from slender rootstocks, erect or ascending, leafy up to the terminal cyme: herbage scabrous- 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 91 cinereous with a harsh spreading pubescence : leaves rarely over 2.5 cm. long, narrowly spatulate or linear, obtuse or barely acute : involucre glabrous or granulose-glandular to cinereous, never with appressed hairs, the bracts acute: rays mostly 10 to 20, violet, 6 to 8 mm. long: pappus essentially simple. Arid portion of the Sierra Nevada Mts. ; Hesperia, Mohave Desert, Parish, no. 3603. Mr. Parish's plant is doubtfully of this species, differing from the typical form mainly in the spreading pubescence of the involucre. More material is needed. 8. E. foliosus Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 309 (1841). Three to 6 dm. high : stems many, from an herbaceous peren- nial base, erect, simple up to the open cymose inflorescence: herbage roughened with short rigid pustulate incurved hairs, es- pecially on the leaves, or nearly glabrous: leaves rigid, very fragile when dry, linear, 1.5 to 4 cm. long, 2 to 4 or 6 mm. wide, only the upper ones reduced: involucre strigose-pubescent : rays about 30 to 40, violet or purple, 6 to 8 mm. long: achenes linear- oblong, the margins thickened, pubescent with spreading setiform hairs : pappus apparently simple but usually with a few short inconspicuous outer bristles. Common on hills and in the mountains up to 2100 m. alt. throughout California. Var. stenophyllus (Nutt.) Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 330 (1876). E. stenophyllus Nutt., PI. Gamb. 176 (1848). E. tenuissimus Greene, Pitt. iii. 25 (1896) ? E. Nuttallii Heller, Bull. Torr. Club xxv. 628 (1898). E. fragilis Greene, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. i. 39 (1902). Differs from the species only in its leaves which are 2 mm. or less wide, often filiform. — A common form, es- pecially in dry exposed places. Var. tenuissimus Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 215 (1884). E. tenuissimus Greene, Pitt. iii. 25 1896? Slender, small-leaved: leaves nearly all filiform, erect or ascending, the longest only 2.5 cm. long ; upper ones gradually shorter, becoming setaceous-sub- ulate: heads much smaller. — Along the Mexican border; the type of E. tenuissimus Greene from Ventura Co. Var. Blochmanae (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. E. Blochmanae Greene, Pitt. iii. 25 (1896). Stout: herbage canescent with a 92 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 soft pubescence : heads short-peduncled in a terminal cyme : rays 50 to 60 : achenes glabrous or nearly so.— A seashore form, gath- ered in northern Santa Barbara Co. by Mrs. Blockman (ace. to Greene) and by Miss Eastwood (no. 784). 9. E. striatus Greene, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. i. 39 (1902). Three to 9 dm. high : stems erect, bright green, striate, cym- osely branched at summit : herbage glabrous throughout except the margins of the leaves, these somewhat scabrous: leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, about 4 cm. long : rays numerous, narrow, deep violet: achenes sparsely strigulose or almost glabrous, the margins not prominently thickened: outer pappus of a very few short bristles. Houston -Flat, in the Transition Zone of the San Bernardino Mts., Dr. W. R. Shaw; not seen by me. 10. E. Philadelphicus L., Sp. PL 863 (1753). SKEVISH. Plant biennial or perennial from creeping rootstocks, 5 to 9 dm. high, branched only toward the summit: herbage short-his- pid: leaves spatulate or oblong, serrate or coarsely few-toothed; the radical 10 to 15 cm. long (including the long margined petiole) ; the cauline smaller, with auriculate-clasping base, passing above into reduced ovate or lanceolate and commonly entire acute leaves of the inflorescence : rays white or pink, fili- form, very numerous, about 6 mm. long : pappus simple. Along streams and in springy places throughout the Upper Sonoran and Lower Transition zones of our district, but not very common; widely distributed in North America. 11. E. incomptus Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 218 (1884). Slender, erect, branched from the base, 3 to 7 dm. high : her- bage somewhat hirsute : leaves narrowly linear or the lower nar- rowly spatulate, 7 cm. or less long, less than 5 mm. wide, mostly entire: involucre 4 or 5 mm. high: rays minute, bluish or purplish : pappus in two series. Carysito, Lower California, Orcutt, no. 874 ; Tia Juana River, San Diego Co., Miss Stokes. 12. E. divergens T. & G., Fl. ii. 175 (1841). Stems several or numerous, ascending, from a stout taproot, sometimes decumbent at base: herbage roughened with a short Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 93 hispid pubescence: leaves linear, 1 to 2 cm. long, or the lower somewhat longer and linear-spatulate, the uppermost reduced: heads solitary, terminating slender peduncles: rays numerous, filiform, 6 mm. long, violet or purplish (or white?) : inner pappus of scanty slender bristles, the outer of much shorter subulate squamellae. Lower California, Brandegee; Laguna, San Diego Co., Cleve- land; San Bernardino Mts., where common ; Chuckawalla Bench, Colorado Desert, Hall & Great a, no. 5881; near Palm Springs, Oilman; Swartout Canon, San Antonio Mts. ; north to Washing- ton and east to Nebraska. 13. E. Canadensis L., Sp. PL 863 (1753). Leptilon Cana- dense Britton, Illus. Fl. iii. 391 (1898). HORSEWEED. Stem simple, erect, 6 to 25 dm. high: herbage hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous: leaves linear to lanceolate, the lowest spatulate or narrowed to a petiole, 5 to 7 or 8 cm. long, mostly entire but the lower often acutely toothed or lobed : heads small, very numerous in a sometimes dense terminal panicle: involucre 4 mm. high, either perfectly glabrous or the outer bracts sparsely pubescent : ray-flowers numerous, their lig- ules white, shorter than or scarcely exceeding the pappus : pappus simple. An indigenous weed, very common in waste places and cul- tivated fields, flowering in late summer and autumn. Widely distributed in the Old World, where it has become naturalized, and in South America. With us the stems often grow to a height of 25 dm. and become 1 cm. in diameter at the base in a single season and much larger specimens are to be expected from the irrigated portions of the Desert Area. The root is rarely bien- nial. 14. E. linifolius Willd., Spec. iii. 1955 (1810). Rather strict, 2 to 7 dm. high from an annual or biennial root : herbage somewhat hispid, also scabrous with a minute appressed pubescence : leaves narrowly spatulate to linear, 3 to 10 cm. long (the upper gradually shorter), all but the lower entire: heads rather few, in a loose panicle: involucre 4 or 5 mm. high; its bracts linear-subulate, all copiously pubescent : ligules very small, 94 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 shorter than the style and the pappus, white: pappus simple, sordid and becoming ferruginous. A wayside weed recently introduced from the tropics: San Diego, Jul. 1, 1895, Miss Stokes : Redlands, Sept. 1905, Reed, no. 806, and Greata; Pasadena, Grant, Grinnell, etc.14 In all these collections, except the first, the pappus is dull white, but other- wise they agree in every detail with typical E. limfolius. It is probable that the pappus colors with age. 25. CONYZA. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves and rather small heads mostly in cymes or racemes. Bracts of the involucre in two or more rows, often with membranaceous margins. Recep- tacle naked. Pistillate flowers in two or more outer circles; their corollas slender, dull white or yellowish, much shorter than the style, with notched or obscurely ligulate border. Perfect flowers central, mostly fertile. Achenes small, compressed. Pappus usually a single series of bristles. 1. C. Coulter! Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355 (1868). Two to 10 dm. high: stems erect from an annual root, her- baceous and leafy throughout, branching above into an oblong panicle of numerous heads : herbage viscidly pubescent or short- hirsute with many-jointed hairs : leaves thin, the lower oblanceo- late in outline (often 1 dm. long), the main cauline varying to narrowly oblong and closely sessile by a broad base (2 to 5 cm. long), all thin and coarsely toothed : involucre 3 mm. (whole head about 5 mm.) high; bracts linear-acuminate, the inner ones scarious, the outer obscurely white-margined: pistillate flowers numerous, their nearly white corollas only one-half as long as the style and with obscurely toothed summit: perfect flowers 5 to 8 : achenes elliptic-oblong, minutely pubescent : pappus dull white, soft, much exceeding the involucre. Lower and Upper Sonoran zones, in moist soil at low altitudes, from the San Joaquin Valley and Southern California to Mexico ; rare in our district: Santa Cruz Island, ace. to Greene;15 Santa 14 Now reported also from Eiverside and Old San Bernardino by Parish, Muhlenbergia iii. 61 (1907). is Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 401 (1887). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 95 Catalina Island, ace. to McClatchie ;16 near Los Angeles; San Bernardino ; Riverside ; Temescal Wash ; bottom lands along the Colorado River; etc. 26. BACCHARIS L. Perennials, mostly shrubs but some herbaceous from a woody base, commonly resinous or glutinous, rarely pubescent. Leaves alternate. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Flowers whitish or yellowish, dioecious. Staminate flowers with tubular corolla slightly dilated at the throat, the limb cleft into 5 linear lobes; ovary abortive; style present. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like, obscurely toothed at apex, the teeth erect, not spreading. Pappus in the sterile plant of scanty capillary bristles; in the fertile copious and often very long. Evergreen shrubs. Leaves all less than 5 cm. long. Keceptacle naked: pappus of fertile flowers copious, becoming 6 to 12 mm. long. Leafy up to the glomerate heads with obovate obtuse leaves 1. B. pilularis. Less leafy; the leaves mostly linear or oblong. Pappus of sterile flowers bearded at tip; of fertile flowers 10 to 12 mm. long 2. B. Emoryi. Pappus of sterile flowers naked at tip; of fertile flowers 6 to 8 mm. long 3. B. sarothroides. Eeceptacle chaffy: pappus of fertile flowers scanty, 3 mm. or less long 4. B. scrgiloides. Leaves 5 to 12 cm. long (except a few upper ones), willow-like. Cymes terminating main branches: leaves denticulate, 3-nerved: stems herbaceous above 8. B. glutinosa. Cymes terminating short lateral branchlets: leaves mostly entire, inconspicuously 3-nerved: stems shrubby throughout 9. B. viminea. Herbaceous perennials, the base sometimes woody. Herbage pubescent: leaves linear. Leaves very small, entire 5. B. brachyphylla. Leaves 2 to 5 cm. long, acutely serrate 6. B. Plummerae. Herbage glabrous but resinous: leaves lanceolate 7. B. Douglasii- i«Eryth. ii. 125 (1894). 96 University of California Publications in Botany. [VoL- 3 1. B. pilularis DC., Prodr. v. 407 (1836). Compactly branched shrub, 1 to 3 m. high or much lower and sometimes prostrate when growing near the sea : branchlets an- gular: leaves sessile, cuneate-obovate, very obtuse, 1 or 2 cm. long, coarsely or sinuately few-toothed, or occasionally entire: heads solitary or several in the axils or in terminal clusters on the numerous leafy branchlets, short-cylindric or ovoid; involucre 4 mm. high ; the outer bracts broadly, the inner narrowly oblong, sometimes denticulate at apex: achenes 10-nerved: pappus of the fertile flowers abundant, becoming 10 mm. long, that of the staminate flowers dilated at apex. Upper Sonoran Zone : near Santa Monica, Davidson, Hasse, Barber; Port Harford, San Luis Obispo Co., Davy, no. 2715, in part ; San Miguel Island, Greene ; more plentiful from Monterey to Oregon. 2. B. Emoryi Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 83 (1859). B. sali- cina Gray, Bot: Calif, ii. 456 (1880), in part; not B. salicina T. & G. Moderately branched erect shrub, 1 to 4 m. high; branchlets striate-angled : leaves linear to oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse at apex, spatulate or attenuate at base, the larger ones (2 to 4 cm. long) 3-nerved and commonly with several short broad teeth : heads in small glomerules terminating short nearly naked pe- duncles, the whole inflorescence forming a more or less open panicle : involucre campanulate or oblong, 6 mm. high, closely imbricated ; its outer bracts oval, firm, bordered by a narrow scarious minutely ciliate margin ; the inner bracts oblong to linear, thin : achenes glabrous, 10-nerved : pappus of the fertile flowers copious, in fruit 10 or 12 mm. long, of the staminate flowers scant and bearded at the tip. In moist places of Upper and Lower Sonoran zones : Los Angeles; Riverside; San Diego; Colorado Desert; plentiful at Redondo, San Pedro, etc., ace. to Parish; also in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. 3. B. sarothroides Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 211 (1882). Erect fastigiately much branched shrub, 2 or 3 dm. high: twigs striate-angled, very numerous and slender, forming 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 97 crowded broom-like clumps : leaves few, linear, entire, 2 cm. long (or usually much less), not over 5 mm. wide (those of the branch- lets sparse and much reduced) , 1-nerved : heads mostly solitary on the naked wiry peduncles but these are so numerous that the infllorescence is densely paniculate : involucre campanulate or oblong, barely 5 mm. high, closely imbricated ; outer bracts oval, obtuse, very firm; the inner ones thin, narrow, and much elon- gated: achenes glabrous, 10-nerved: pappus of fertile flowers soft and copious, sordid or reddish, 6 to 8 mm. long; of the staminate flowers scant, slightly dilated at tip but not bearded. Southwestern San Diego Co., Arizona, and Mexico : therefore to be expected anywhere along our southern border : plentiful in dry soil from Mission Valley, near San Diego, and the Sweetwater dam to the Mexican line. 4. B. sergiloides Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 83 (1859). Erect glabrous shrub, 1 or 2 m. high, with many broom-like branches : twigs green, strongly striate-angled, either nearly leaf- less or the sterile shoots leafy : leaves entire or rarely few-toothed, linear to spatulate or obovate, usually small and sparse but some- times numerous and as much as 4 cm. long by 2 cm. broad on sterile shoots : inflorescence densely paniculate ; heads solitary on the short bractless peduncles: involucre about 5 mm. high, its bracts firm : receptacle either flat or conical, bearing few or nu- merous chaffy bracts among the flowers similar to the inner bracts of the involucre : achenes 10-nerved : pappus rather rigid and scanty, not elongated in age, of the fertile flowers even in fruit not surpassing the style and barely twice the length of the mature achene. Lower Sonoran Zone, in dry creek-beds, etc., from the east base of San Jacinto Mt. and San Felipe Creek across the Colorado and Mohave deserts to Nevada and Utah: Banner, San Diego Co., Apr., 1901, Brandegee; Chuckawalla Bench, Riverside Co., Oct. 9, 1904, Scliellenger, no. 6 (nearly leafless) : Providence Mts., May 25, 1902, Brandegee (very leafy). In the Panamint Mts. this species is restricted to the vicinity of the small streams occupying the bottoms of the steep narrow canons, and for this reason is known to miners as the "Desert Willow." 98 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 5. B. brachyphylla Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 83 (1853). Diffusely much branched, 6 to 10 dm. high: stems slender. woody at base : herbage scabro-puberulent or smooth : leaves most- ly linear, entire, 1.5 cm. or less long, those on the branchlets much reduced and scale-like: involucre 4 or 5 mm. high, 12 to 15- flowered, somewhat canescent ; bracts oblong-lanceolate or broad- er, acute, with greenish back and scarious margins : achenes 4 or 5-nerved: pappus scant, rigid, in fruit 6 mm. long, sordid. Southern San Diego Co. to Arizona : Larkins Station, Palmer, no. 149 ; Bradshaw Mts., Arizona, Purpus, no. 8502 ; San Bernar- dino Co., ace. to Gray, but there was probably an error in the label since recent collectors have not found it north of San Diego Co. 6. B. Plummerae Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48 (1879). Herbaceous from a woody base, 1 m. high (in our specimens), the stems slender and loosely branched : herbage viscidly pubes- cent, especially the inflorescence : leaves linear or narrowly ob- long, obtuse, narrowed to the base, 2 to 5 cm. long, sharply ser- rate : heads few, paniculate or cymose at the ends of the branches : involucre 5 to 7 mm. high ; bracts linear, acute, with a green midrib and scarious margins : achenes pubescent, obscurely 5- nerved : pappus scanty, rigid, in fruit 8 mm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone, in canons near the sea : near Santa Bar- bara, 1876, J. G. Lemmon and wife (Mrs. Sarah Plummer Lem~ mon, for whom the species is named) ; near Santa Monica, Parish, no. 1110 ; Topango, Barber ; Santa Cruz Island, ace. to Greene.17 7. B. Douglasii DC., Prodr. v. 400 (1836). Herbaceous nearly or quite to the base, 18 dm. or less high : stems simple up to the terminal cyme or with a few simple ascend- ing branches : herbage very glutinous : leaves lanceolate, attenuate above, tapering below to a short petiole, 3-nerved from the base, 6 to 12 cm. long, the upper reduced, serrulate or entire : heads numerous in a terminal compound almost naked cyme ; involucral bracts linear or lanceolate-linear with greenish center, the scari- ous margins erose-ciliate : receptacle broadly conical : achenes 5- nerved, pubescent : pappus of fertile flowers short and soft, of the sterile ones clavellate at summit. Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 401 (1887). Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 99 In damp soil along streams or in thickets of the Upper Sono- ran Zone from San Diego Co. to middle California; only occa- sional with us. 8. B. glutinosa Pers., Syn. ii. 425 (1807). Shrubby, at least below, 1 to 3 m. high, the slender leafy stems usually simple above and flowering only at the summit : herbage glutinous: leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, remotely but saliently denticulate (or rarely entire), 5 to 10 cm. long, 3-nerved from the base: heads in terminal cymes or panicles: involucre and receptacle as in B. viminea: pappus of fertile flowers more or less scabrous. On moist ground in the Upper and Lower Sonoran zones from Butte Co. to San Diego, east and south to Colorado and Mexico ; also in Chile : Ballona marshes, Los Angeles Co., Chand- ler, no. 2030; Santa Ana River, near Riverside, Koethen: Im- perial, Colorado Desert, Wales, no. 18 ; Banning, Parish, no. 726 ; Owens Valley, Inyo Co., Austin. 9. B. viminea DC., Prodr. v. 400 (1836). B. caerulescens DC., 1. c. 402. MULE FAT. GUATEMOTE, Distinctly shrubby and willow-like, 2 to 4 m. high, the very leafy stems producing usually numerous short lateral flowering branches, these striate-angled : herbage scarcely glutinous : leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or sparingly den- ticulate, 3 to 10 cm. long, inconspicuously or not at all 3-nerved : heads rather numerous in terminal and lateral cymes : involucre 5 mm. high; bracts chartaceous, oblong or the outer ones ovate, destitute of greenish center, with scarious margins, erose and mostly villous-ciliate : receptacle flat: pappus of fertile flowers apparently smooth but minutely scabrous as seen under the mi- croscope. Lower and Upper Sonoran zones ; common along ditches and in waste places, especially on low damp ground, often forming dense thickets; Riverside and San Bernardino to the Sacra- mento Valley and from the desert to the coast. r 100 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 TRIBE 3. INULEAE. EVERLASTING TRIBE. 27. PLUCHEA. Cass. Tall leafy herbs or shrubs. Heads numerous, clustered in corymb-like terminal cymes, hemispheric, discoid, the numerous flowers purplish. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate and perfect, with tubular-filiform truncate entire or 2 or 3-toothed corolla and slender 2-cleft style ; central flowers few, perfect, but sometimes sterile, with tubular 5-cleft corolla (enlarged above) and trifid or merely notched style. Involucre imbricated. Re- ceptacle flat, naked. Achenes grooved. Pappus a single series o'f capillary bristles. The genus Pluehea is here made to include two plants which are very different in general appearance but which represent two extremes of a genus in which the species are well united by technical characters. Some botanists have attempted to force our second species into the South American genus Tessaria, which disposition of it is apparently favored by Hoffman,18 who gives as the range of that genus "Argentine to California.". Since no other species of Tessaria ranges near California he probably had T. borealis in mind. But Hoffmann distinguishes Tessaria from Pluchea largely by the fewer (one to ten) hermaphrodite flowers. Now, P. borealis often has, in California, at least, as high as twenty hermaphrodite flowers, while in P. camphorata — a geuine Pluchea — they are sometimes reduced to twelve. Since also the involucral bracts in the two genera are quite similar it is necessary, if both genera are to be retained, to fall back on other characters, among which those proposed by Gray19 may be useful, namely, "the narrow heads and the long villosity of the small receptacle" in Tessaria. This would restrict Tessaria to South America and leave our second species in Pluchea, where it undoubtedly belongs, unless a new genus based on habital char- acters alone be erected for it. Herb : glandular-pubescent 1. P. camphorata. Shrub: herbage silvery with a close dense pubescence 2. P. sericea. Hoffmann, in Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenf. iv. abt. 5, 177 (1890). . Am. Acad. xvii. 212 (1882). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 101 1. P. camphorata (L.) DC., Prodr. v. 452 (1836). Erigeron camphoratus L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1212 (1763). SALT-MARSH FLEA- BANE. An erect annual, branching above, 3 to 8 dm. high (some- times even 4 or 5 m. high, when growing near saline springs in the desert): herbage soft-puberulent, glandular above: leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acute at each end, glandular-dentate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, the larger 7 to 14 cm. long and 2 or 3 cm. wide: involucral bracts chartaceous, ovate- lanceolate, commonly reddish : central hermaphrodite flowers varying from 10 or 12 to numerous : achenes pubescent : pappus- bristles all slender, not at all dilated above. In moist, saline soil from San Diego Co., Santa Catalina Island, and the Colorado Desert (Dos Palmas, etc.), north; also in Arizona and Texas and along the Atlantic seaboard ; especial- ly common in salt-marshes near the coast. 2. P. sericea (Nutt.) Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 128 (1893). Polypappus sericeus Nutt., PI. Gamb. 178 (1848). Tessaria borealis Gray, PL Wright, i. 102 (1852). Pluchea borealis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 212 (1882). ARROW-WEED. Slender willow-like shrub 2 to 5 m. high (or in depauperate plants much smaller) : herbage silvery-silky throughout except on the old stems: leaves alternate, entire, linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3.6 cm. long, 3 to 6 mm. wide, acute at apex, tapering to the sessile base : outer involucral bracts brown or purplish, firm- coriaceous, the white inner ones much thinner : style-branches of the pistillate flowers slender, long-exserted at maturity: central hermaphrodite flowers 20 or less, their pappus-bristles slightly dilated at tip. Fairly common west of the mountains from the northern boundary of Santa Barbara Co. (Cuyama River) and Santa Catalina Island to San Diego ; very common in suitable localities on the Colorado Desert ; less common on the Mohave Desert (Death Valley, ace. to Coville; Needles; etc.); east to the Eio Grande. A specimen gathered by Dr. Davidson on Wilsons Peak illustrates the effect of unfavorable environment, being nearly simple and only 45 cm. high, but the flowers of the four well developed heads are perfectly normal. 102 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 The Arrow-weed inhabits the borders of springs, ditches, and streams and frequents washes and river-bottoms, often forming impenetrable thickets. The long straight stems furnish valuable materials to the Indians for the making of arrows, while the plants are used on the desert both by Indians and white settlers for thatch in building small dwellings, sun-shades, etc. 28. MICROPUS L. Slender erect floccose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and clustered several-flowered heads. Involucre of a few open scarious bracts surrounding the flower-bearing bracts of the re- ceptacle. Receptacular bracts woolly, conduplicate, each en- closing a fertile pistillate flower only the corolla-tube and style of which are exserted through a lateral slit in the sac-like bract. Perfect flowers in the center sterile and mostly naked. Achenes gibbous, the corolla and style borne laterally, remaining enclosed in the cucullate bracts which finally fall away from the recep- tacle. Pappus commonly none. 1. M. Californicus F. & M., Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 42. Gnaphalodes Californica Greene, Man. Bot. Reg. S. F. Bay 183 (1894). Stem erect, .5 to 2 or 3 dm. high, commonly branched only toward the summit: leaves linear-oblong, acuminate: receptacle low, with several scale-like processes : fruit-bearing bracts 4 to 6, semiobovate, tipped with a scarious appendage, at length indu- rated; the surrounding bracts of the involucre commonly 5, or- bicular or ovate, scarious, with a green spot in the center : sterile flowers about 3, the corolla filiform but expanding somewhat to- ward the throat : 'pappus none. Frequent on plains and in the foothills and mountains up to about 1500 m. from Southern San Diego Co. to Oregon; not reported from east of the San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mts. 29. STYLOCLINE Nutt. Low erect or spreading woolly annuals with small ovoid or nearly globular clustered heads. Receptacle column-like or almost filiform, bearing at its tip, and therefore in the center of Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 103 the head, 4 or 5 sterile hermaphrodite flowers, each of these com- monly subtended by a plane or slightly concave bract. Pistillate flowers marginal, each completely enfolded by the medial or (in one species) the basal portion of its very woolly subtending bract. Pappus none in the fertile flowers, sometimes of a few caducous bristles in the sterile ones. Bracts of the sterile flowers inconspicuous, merely acute: fertile flowers numerous. Pistillate flowers enclosed in the central portion of wholly hyaline bracts, the margins of which are wing-like 1. S. gnaphalioides. Pistillate flowers enfolded by the entire basal portion of the bracts, the margins not wing-like 2. S. micropoides. Bracts of the sterile flowers tapering into conspicuous rigid hooked cusps: fertile flowers 5 to 9 3. S. filaginea. 1. S. gnaphalioides Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 338 (1841). Diffusely branched from the base, commonly 5 to 15 cm. long: leaves broadly linear or spatulate-linear ; the upper some- what broader ones, obtuse and 5 to 12 mm. long : pistillate fertile flowers numerous; their bracts (barely 3 mm. long) ovate, nearly plane on the outer surface, a central portion at the base pro- duced on the inner side into a sac enclosing the achene, this portion firm, the remainder hyaline : sterile flowers little shorter than their bracts, with rudimentary ovary and a pappus of few caducous bristles. On the plains and in dry sandy creek-beds: from San Diego and Santa Catalina Island20 to middle California and the borders of the deserts. 2. S. micropoides Gray, PL Wright, ii. 84 (1853). Plant low, beginning to blossom when only a few cm. high: cauline leaves linear, those involucrate to 'the heads lanceolate- linear, rather acute, .5 to 1 cm. long: pistillate fertile flowers numerous, their very woolly bracts oblong, without hyaline mar- gins or wings, but ending above in a small oblong-ovate hyaline tip, the whole body enwrapping the achene : sterile flowers naked or barely subtended by oblong glabrous paleae, with abortive ovaries and a pappus of 3 or 4 slender and smooth caducous bristles. Ace. to Lyon, Bot. Gaz. xi. 333 (1886). 104 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 In moist sand-washes of the Lower Sonoran Zone: Palm Springs, on the Colorado Desert, Parish, no. 1657, in part; Palo- verde Valley, near the Colorado River, Hall; Inyo Co., Brande- gee; east to Mexico and New Mexico. 3. S. filaginea Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652 (1873). Ancistrocarphus filagineus Gray, I.e. vii. 356 (1868). Plant 5 to 12 cm. high, variable as to habit, the stem some- times simple below and cymosely branched above, sometimes simple throughout with a single terminal cluster of heads, but more commonly branched from the base and the branches erect: cauline leaves narrowly linear to spatulate, about 1 cm. (.5 to 2 cm.) long, those involucrate to the heads much broader: pistillate fertile flowers 5 to 9; their enfolding bracts (barely 3 mm. long) boat-shaped, firm except at the hyaline tip, smaller than the 5 empty bracts which surround the sterile flowers in the center: empty bracts (4 or 5 mm. long) somewhat coriaceous, tapering into a rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent and at length stellately spreading : sterile flowers without pappus. Mohave Desert, Parry, Lemmon, ace. to Gray ; dessicated pool, Mohave Desert side of Cajon Pass, May, 1882, Parish; Caliente, Kern Co., Brandegee; near Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo Co., Apr., 1899, Barber; thence to Oregon. Mr. Parish suggests that its presence near Cajon Pass may be due to sheep, for which the pass was long a much traveled highway, and that the Parry and Lemmon specimens probably came from this same station. This occurrence of the species out of its proper range would thus be explained. Very different in appearance from S. gnaphalioides. Ir that species the large rounded heads are rendered conspicuous by the tawny white-woolly hyaline bracts of the fertile flowers. In 8. filaginea the most conspicuous organs of the small heads are the rigid bracts of the central sterile flowers, with their slender incurved tips. 30. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. Depressed or prostrate white-woolly annuals. Leaves oppo- site, entire, the uppermost ones involucrate around the small globose heads which lack a true involucre and are solitary in the lj)0~] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 105 forks or at the ends of the branches, or some clustered. Recep- tacle globose. Bracts of the pistillate flowers clothed with soft wool, crowded on the low receptacle; each bract sac-like, half- obovate in side view, hooded and rounded °t the top with the apex introrse (turned downward and inward) and beaked by a hyaline appendage or scale. Pistillate fertile flowers with fili- form corolla. Hermaphrodite-sterile flowers few, occupying the center of the head, destitute of enclosing or other bracts. Achenes straight or slightly curved. Pappus none. The following disposition of our species is only tentative. Further studies in the field, a comparison with the types, and a knowledge of the Chilean forms, will be necessary before a final revision can be made. Herbage loosely lanate: heads not numerous ]. P. globiferus. Herbage canescent with appressed wool: heads numerous 2. P. tenellus. 1. P. globiferus (Bert.) Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2. vii. 340 (1841). Micropus globiferus Bert., in DC., Prodr. v. 460 (1836) ? Bezanilla Chilensis Rerny, in Gay, FL Chil. iv. 110, phanerog. t. 46 (1849) ? Plant simple-stemmed and erect, or freely branched and the branches prostrate or ascending: herbage loosely lanate: leaves broadly linear, those involucrate to the heads oblong, 3 cm. or less long, obtuse : heads mostly terminal, rendered inconspicuous by the whorled upper leaves: achenes elliptic-oblong. Heavy soil on mesas near San Diego, Abrams, no. 3453, and Brandegee (collection of 1903, not the plant distributed as P. globiferus by Baker under no. 1649, which is Stylocline gna- phalioides, correctly determined by Brandegee) ; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish, no. 3723 ; common in the vicinity of Los Angeles, ace. to Abrams. 2. P. tenellus Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 341 (1841). Usually depressed, the forking stems prostrate or ascending and often forming a dense mat 1 to 3 dm. broad : herbage canes- cent with a fine and closely appressed wool; leaves numerous, spatulate or linear, mucronate, .5 to 1.5 cm. long: heads in all the upper leaf-axils, about 4 mm. wide : achenes oblong or slightly broadened upward. 106 University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L- 3 Near Glendale, Los Angeles Co., Braunton; near Santa Bar- bara, ace. to Nuttall; Santa Catalina Island, Mrs. Trask; sand- hills near Santa Maria, Santa Barbara Co., Miss Eastwood, no. 373 ; Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo Co., Brewer, no. 453 ; north to Washington. 31. EVAX. Gaertn. Low but rigid densely woolly annuals with small heads most- ly surrounded by a circle of bract-like leaves. Receptacle nearly flat (§Diaperia) or columnar from a broad base (§Hesperevax). Pistillate fertile flowers numerous, each subtended by a plane or slightly concave scarious oblong bract. Hermaphrodite- sterile flowers few, central, subtended (in our species) by open scarious bracts. Achenes smooth or minutely papillose, obcom- pressed. Pappus none. Leaves narrowed to a slender petiole : receptacle columnar....!. E. sparsiflora. Leaves closely sessile: receptacle nearly flat 2. E. multicaulis. 1. E. sparsiflora (Gray) Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 549 (1901). E. caulescens sparsiflora Gray, Syn. FL 1. pt. 2, 229 (1884). Hesperevax sparsiflora Greene, FL Fr. 402 (1897). Erect, 2 to 10 cm. high, the stems branching from the base or rarely simple : leaves spatulate, narrowed to a very slender petiole, the whole leaf 1 or 2 cm. long, 3 or 4 mm. wide in the upper portion : heads solitary in the axils or slightly glomerate at the ends of the branches: bracts of the oblong involucre (5 mm. high) and of the fertile flowers woolly externally and long- hirsute at base, persistent and becoming coriaceous: receptacle columnar: sterile staminate flowers usually 4 or 5; their bracts roundish and tomentulose, whorled near the summit of the re- ceptacle. San Diego, Cleveland, ace. to Gray; San Luis Obispo, Brewer, no. 464; middle California. 2. E. multicaulis DC., Prodr. v. 459 (1836). Diffusely branched from the base; the leafy ascending branches sometimes 1.5 dm. long, bearing small terminal glom- erules which are nearly hidden by the bract-like upper leaves: leaves broadly spatulate, sessile by a broad base, .6 to 1.2 cm. long, about 2 to 5 mm. wide : receptacle depressed-hemispheric : bracts 1907 J Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 107 of the fertile flowers woolly toward the apex, glabrous toward the more or less narrowed base: bracts of the staminate flowers spatulate, woolly on the back. Mohave Desert, Lemmon, ace. to Gray ; east to Texas. 32. FILAGO L. Low woolly annuals with more or less glomerate small heads. Receptacle hemispherical or conical. Fertile pistillate flowers in two sets, the outer set separated from the inner by a circle of open scarious or chaff-like nearly glabrous bracts ; flowers of the outer set, which is borne on the margin of the receptacle, com- monly destitute of pappus, each loosely enfolded by a concave or boat-shaped long-woolly bract : flowers of the inner set pro- vided with a pappus of copious capillary bristles, not enfolded by bracts. Hermaphrodite flowers in the center of the head few, often fertile, their pappus abundant. Achenes terete or nearly so, either smooth or minutely granular. Plant erect: bracts of the inflorescence scarcely longer than the heads 1. F. California. Plant depressed and spreading: bracts of the inflorescence short, obtuse.... 2. F. depressa. Plant erect or spreading : bracts of the inflorescence linear, elongated, sev- eral times longer than the heads 3. F. Arizonica. 1. F. Californica Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 405 (1841). Plant or its branches erect, .5 to 2 (or sometimes 4) dm. high, leafy throughout: leaves .8 to 2 cm. long, narrowly oblong to linear or somewhat spatulate, sessile, commonly apiculate at apex : heads ovate, 3 or 4 mm. high, scarcely exceeded by the bracts of the inflorescence ; receptacle convex, rough : bracts of the outer pistillate flowers 8 to 10, very woolly, deeply boat- shaped and somewhat incurved at the broad and obtuse hyaline tip ; bracts of the inner series thin and less woolly, plane or merely concave; all stellately spreading at maturity: marginal achenes smooth; central achenes either smooth or dotted with shining papillae. Common in dry open places of the Cismontane Area from Guadalupe Island and Ensenada, Sonora, north throughout the state, and ascending the mountains to 2200 m., ace. to Parish; 108 University of California Publications in Botany. LV°L- 3 also collected in the typical form at Palm Canon and to be ex- pected elsewhere in the Desert Area, since it occurs in Utah. 2. F. depressa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 3 (1883). Plant branching from the base, the short branches depressed and spreading, or ascending, 1 dm. or less high (depauperate plants sometimes simple-stemmed and erect) : leaves as in F. Calif ornica but smaller : heads about 3 mm. high, borne in small clusters which nearly equal or exceed the shortened upper in- ternodes and are surrounded by short and obtuse bracts of the inflorescence: marginal pistillate flowers 5 or 6, their woolly enclosing bracts nearly straight: marginal achenes obovate, smooth and shining; inner achenes oblong or fusiform, smooth. The type locality is Palm Springs, Colorado Desert, where first collected by Parry, ace. to Gray, then by Parish; and Wright's no. 1819, labeled merely "in damp places, Colorado Desert," was probably gathered here; Colorado Desert in Im- perial Co., Brandegee. I have collected the species in Marshall Canon (no. 5801) and near the Pinto Mts. (no. 6021), both on the Colorado Desert, and near Daggett (no. 6150), on the Mohave Desert, whence it ranges north to Keeler, Inyo Co. (Brandegee). It nearly always grows in dry sandy soil and appears to be restricted to the Lower Sonoran Zone. 3. F. Arizonica Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652 (1873). Plant diffuse or at first erect, with widely spreading branches : leaves short, linear, the upper ones involucrate around and much exceeding the glomerules, which are widely separated by the elon- gated filiform internodes: marginal pistillate flowers 10 to 15; their bracts of firm texture, ovate, open on the face : ' ' achenes clavate-oblong and arcuate, very smooth." Mohave Desert, Mrs. Brandegee; Santa Catalina Island, ace. to Lyon,21 Mrs. Trask; San Diego Co. and south, ace. to Gray; Arizona. 33. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Low woolly perennial herbs. Leaves mostly in crowded basal tufts, the cauline ones alternate and sessile. Heads dioecious, many-flowered, solitary or terminally cymose (paniculate in one 21Bot. Gaz. xi. 333 (1886). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 109 extra-Californian species. Receptacle convex, not chaffy. In- volucral bracts scarious, imbricated. Staminate flowers with filiform corolla, entire or merely notched style, and a pappus of rather scant bristles which are barbellate or plumose at the tip and thus apparently thickened. Pistillate flowers with abundant pappus of fine filiform bristles commonly united at base, and falling away in a ring. Heads solitary, terminating short stems or sessile among the basal leaves: pappus-bristles of sterile flowers hardly thickened at apex 1. A. dimorpha. Heads in cymose clusters terminating short or elongated stems: pappus- bristles of sterile flowers with thick or dilated tips. Tips of involucral bracts green to pale brown 2. A. media. Tips of involucral bracts rose-pink or white. Leaves permanently hoary on both faces 3. A. speciosa. Leaves green above 4. A. marginata. 1. A. dimorpha (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 431 (1843). Gnapha- lium dimorpJnim Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 405 (1841). Depressed, cespitose, the stout caudex much branched and bearing rosulate clusters of narrowly spatulate leaves which are tomentose on both sides : heads solitary, subsessile at the crown or terminating branches 4 cm. or less long : involucre of the staminate heads about 6 mm. high, of the pistillate heads enlarg- ing to 1 or 2 cm., the former with brownish or bluish obtuse bracts, the latter with often paler bracts, the innermost of which are narrow and attenuate into a hyaline tip. On dry stony slopes in the mountains : Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Lytle Creek, San Antonio Mts. ; sum- mit of Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co. ; thence to British Columbia, Montana, etc. 2. A. media Greene, Pitt. iii. 286 (1898). Densely cespitose, 1 dm. or less (usually 4 or 5 cm.) high including the flowering stems: herbage tomentose throughout: leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, .4 to .8 (rarely 1.2) cm. long: involucre about 4 mm. high; bracts obtuse, green or greenish-brown with lighter tips, those of the pistillate heads oblong or linear-oblong, of the staminate heads oval. 110 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Summit of Mt. Graybaek, 3500 m. alt., in the Alpine Zone, Wright, Blasdale, Mrs. C. M. Wilder; common in the High Sierras and Rocky Mts. 3. A. speciosa E. Nelson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxiii. 705 (1901). Cespitose, with many short sterile shoots forming a leafy mat from which arise the flower-bearing stems, these .7 to 2 dm. high and terminating in a single rounded cluster of showy heads: herbage tomentose throughout: leaves spatulate, the cauline varying to linear, 1 to 2 cm. long, 5 mm. or less wide : involucre of pistillate heads fully 6 mm. high, closely imbricated ; its outer bracts narrowly oblong, obtuse; the inner ones linear, acute, all with rosy or nearly white tips : staminate plant unknown. First collected in Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., by Parish; Dry Lake, Mt. San Gorgonio, in the same range; very plentiful at a few places in Tahquitz and Tamarack valleys, San Jacinto Mt. It belongs to the upper edge of the Transition Zone. 4. A. marginata Greene, Pitt. iii. 290 (1898). Cespitose, with many short sterile leafy shoots, the flowering stems from a few cm. to 2 dm. high and bearing a single terminal cluster of pale-colored heads: herbage hoary-tomentose, except that the upper surface of the leaves is green and glabrous or only lightly pubescent : basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, mucronate, com- monly 1.5 to 2 cm. long and 6 mm. broad ; leaves of the flowering stems few, linear, sessile: heads few, the lower ones short-pedun- culate, the upper sessile: involucre of pistillate heads broadly campanulate, 8 mm. broad and high (in California plants), con- spicuously imbricated ; its bracts with a greenish tinge but the conspicuous membranous tips pure white, the long inner ones very narrow and acute. San Bernardino Mt., on the "trail to South Fork Santa Ana River via Barton Flats, elevation 7200 ft.," Mrs. Wilder, no. 489 ; near Flagstaff, Arizona, Wilson, no. 115. Heretofore known only from New Mexico and Colorado. Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. Ill 34. GNAPHALIUM L. CUDWEED. EVERLASTING. Woolly herbs with sessile and commonly decurrent leaves. Heads white, yellowish, or rose-tinted, disposed in panicles, cymes, or spikes. Receptacle flat or convex, not chaffy. Invo- lucral bracts scarious, imbricated. Pistillate flowers in several series, with filiform corollas. Central flowers hermaphrodite- fertile, with tubular 5-lobed corollas and entire obtuse styles. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. Pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring: inflorescence spike- like: low herb.... 1. a. purpureum. Pappus-bristles not united at base, falling separately. Involucre imbedded in loose wool, its inconspicuous bracts brown except at the scarious tips: low branching annual 2. G. palustre. Involucre woolly only at base, its bracts scarious. Herbage in age becoming green (at least the upper surface of the leaves), somewhat glandular. Eoot perennial: stems woody below 3. G. bicolor. Eoot annual or biennial: stems herbaceous throughout. Inflorescence cymose: involucre broad; bracts white: var. Californicum of 4. G. decurrens. Inflorescence paniculate: involucre narrow; bracts rose-color or white 5. G. ramosissimum. Herbage persistently white-woolly throughout, scarcely glandular. Involucre bright white: heads in loose panicles 6. G. microcephalum. Involucre greenish-yellow or rusty: heads in close glomerules ..7. G. Chilense. 1. G. purpureum L., Sp. PL 854 (1753). PURPLE CUDWEED. Root perennial : stems commonly several, simple, from an erect or slightly decumbent base, 1 to 3 dm. high: herbage canescent with a close dense coating of white wool, the upper surface of the leaves usually early glabrate: leaves broadly spatulate, obtuse, 2 to 5 cm. long and 3 to 12 mm. wide : heads crowded in a spike- like inflorescence which is dense and oblong, or rarely more elong- ated and more or less interrupted : involucre about 5 mm. high, brownish or purplish: achenes sparsely scabrous. In saline and alkaline soil : San Diego, Cleveland; Claremont, Shaw; near Santa Barbara and on Santa Rosa Island, Brandegee. 112 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 Common on low open ground near the coast of middle Cali- fornia. Also on the Atlantic coast of North America and in Mexico and South America. 2. G. palustre Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 403 (1841). LOWLAND CUDWEED. Plant .5 to 1.5 or 2 dm. high: stems commonly several and erect or ascending from an annual root : herbage loosely floccose with long wool, sometimes partially deciduous : leaves nearly all spatulate, or a few about the inflorescence oblong or lanceolate, 1 to 3 cm. long : heads in small dense clusters at the ends of the branches : involucre barely 4 mm. high ; its bracts linear, brown- ish or greenish at base, the pearly-white obtuse tips' sometimes denticulate : achenes either smooth or scabrous. Occasional in moist places, especially on margins of ponds or slow-flowing streams, from near the coast to 2500 m. alt. in the mountains ; San Diego Co. to Washington and Wyoming. 3. G. bicolor Bioletti, Eryth. i. 16 (1893). Stout, 6 to 9 dm. high, from a perennial root : stems branching and .lignescent below, terminating above in a compact cyme or branching to form a more or less open panicle, the branches of which are terminated by close cymes: herbage glandular, whi- tened by a very thick dense tomentum, which is deciduous only from the upper surface of the leaves : leaves oblong, or linear, or the upper lanceolate, closely sessile by a broad auriculate base, 2 to 5 or 8 cm. long, .5 to 1 (or the lower even 1.5) cm. wide, the margins commonly undulate and revolute: involucre carnpanu- late, 6 mm. high and broad ; its bracts white, becoming sordid, at least the inner often with a greenish tinge ; the outer ones ovate and obtuse, the inner varying to narrowly oblong and acute. In the foothills and along the coast, from Lower California to the Kaweah River and Monterey Co. ; common on low chap- arral-covered hills of the Upper Sonoran Zone in the southern part of its range. I have examined the following specimens, many of which were distributed as other species, some even as Anaphalis margaritacea: San Diego, Mar. 25, 1891, G. W. Dunn (Univ. Calif, no. 31964) ; Botanic Garden, Berkeley, Sept., 1892, Greene (Univ. Calif, no. 31962) ;22 vicinity of San Diego, Wright. 22 The first two specimens cited are presumably the ones from which the original description was drawn. OF THE ^ UNIVERSITY OF 1907] ZfaW. — Compositae of Southern California. 113 no. 121, also 1885, Greene, Feb. 14, 1891,Mm Eastwood, and Mar., 1906, Ifrs. Brandegee; Todos Santos Island, Anthony, no. 205 ; San Miguel Island, 1903, Beck; San Martin Island, Barke- lew, no. 148 ; San Sebastian, Apr., 1889, and Saucito, Oct., 1893 (both in Lower California), Brandegee; San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands, Mrs. Trask, nos. 10 and 20; Santa Catalina Is- land, Grant, no. 519 ; Witch Creek, 1893, Alderson ; Valley Center, Jun., 1901, Sparkman; Ramona, Mar., 1906, Mrs. Brandegee; near Riverside, Geo. R. Hall; near San Bernardino, Parish, no. 4375 ; Playa del Rey, Hall, no. 3773 ; Pasadena, May 16, 1904, Grinnell; Mt. Wilson, at 1800 m. alt., Grinnell, no. 85c; Santa Monica Forestry Station, Barber, no. 69; Kaweah River, 30 kilo- meters east of Visalia, P. 8. Woolsey; near Monterey, Heller, no. 6508. The following have very narrow and acuminate leaves 5 to 8 cm. long : Pasadena, Grant, no. 516 ; Arroyo Seco, Jul. 8, 1904, Grinnell; Santa Anita Canon, Aug. 3, 1904, Grinnell. Allied to G. leucocephalum Gray, from which it may be dis- tinguished by its more branching habit and by the broad auricu- late leaves. From G. decurrens and its variety it differs notably in the woody character of its stem and the more dense and per- sistent tomentum of the stem and of the lower surface of the leaves. 4. G. decurrens Californicum (DC.) Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 341 (1876). G. Californicum DC., Prodr. vi. 224 (1837). CALI- FORNIA EVERLASTING. Stems stout, 4 to 8 dm. high, from a biennial root, cymosely branched at summit, the branches bearing glomerules of large heads and forming a broad and somewhat flat-topped inflores- cence : herbage soon becoming green and more or less glabrate, at maturity glandular and balsamic-scented: lower leaves oblong (6 to 12 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad), diminishing in size upward and becoming lanceolate, all obviously decurrent : involucre 6 or 7 mm. high, roundish, its bracts white or in age rusty-tinged. San Bernardino, Parish, in a very robust broad-leaved form ; near Redlands, Dr. R. J. Smith, no. 20 (similarly broad-leaved) ; Echo Mt., Pasadena, Santa Monica, Santa Catalina Island, and elsewhere in Los Angeles Co. ; thence northward. Common to- 114 University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L- 3 ward the coast in middle and northern California. G. bicolor has often been mistaken for this species in Southern California. 5. G. ramosissimum Nutt., PL Gamb. 172 (1848). PINK EVERLASTING. Slender, 5 to 15 dm. high : stems usually several from the biennial root, terminating in a much branched oblong panicle which is often 3 dm. or more long: herbage glandular and very sweet-scented, soon becoming green through the shedding of the light tomentum, only the stem remaining more or less arachnoid : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, seldom more than 5 or 6 mm. broad, obviously decurrent : involucre narrowly ovate or turbi- nate, 4 to 6 mm. high, reddish or pinkish, rarely white. Wooded slopes from the south base of the San Antonio Mts. (Leslie Canon, Chandler) and Los Angeles (Griffith Park, Braun- ton, no. 643, etc.) to the Sacramento. Not common in Southern California. 6. G. microcephalum Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 404 (1841). SMALL-HEADED EVERLASTING. Three to 6 or 9 dm. high: stems commonly several from the herbaceous perennial base, branching above into an elongated or sometimes broad loose panicle, which is usually less than 3 dm. (mostly 1 or 2 dm.) long: herbage clothed with a bright-white persistent woolly tomentum : leaves linear, or narrowly oblong, or spatulate, the larger ones 4 to 6 cm. long and 3 to 12 mm. broad, mostly short-decurrent : heads small, disposed in rather small glomerules or clusters at the ends of the branches of the panicle : involucre narrow, 5 or 6 mm. high; bracts ovate or oblong and obtuse at apex, or the very innermost linear, bright white. Lower California (San Vicente, Orcutt, no. 1239) to Shasta (Grant, no. 5075) and, ace, to Gray, to Oregon both along the coast (including Santa Rosa Island, etc.) and in the mountains to at least 1800 m. alt. (Strawberry Valley, Bear Valley, etc.). The type specimens, which came from San Diego, are described by Nuttall as having heads conglomerate in a short spike about 5 cm. long and white-silvery acute bracts. 7. G. Chilense Spreng., Syst. iii. 480 (1826). G. Sprengelii H. & A., Bot. Beech. 150 (1833). COTTON-BATTING PLANT. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 115 Plant 1.5 to 6 dm. high from an annual or biennial root, stems either several and erect from a decumbent base or single and wholly erect, terminating in a large close glomerule or branching above into a more or less open panicle (this less than 1.5 dm. long) the branches of which are terminated by close glomerules : leaves narrowly spatulate (the larger ones 3 to 6 cm. long, 4 to 12 mm. broad) or the uppermost ones linear or lanceolate, the short- decurrent base rather broad and somewhat auricle-like : involucre roundish, 5 or 6 mm. high and broa*d, the bracts with a greenish- yellow tinge. Common on sandhills near the coast (San Diego, Santa Monica, etc.) ; plentiful in moist places toward the foothills (Witch Creek, San Bernardino, Pasadena, Ojai, etc.) ; less com- mon in the Transition Zone of our mountains (San Jacinto Mts., at 1600 m. alt.), and on the desert (Palm Springs, Calexico) ; north to Oregon, east to Texas and Mexico. Var. confertifolium, Greene, Fl. Fr. 400 (1897). A stout and low form with linear leaves densely clothing the stem up to the mostly sessile dense cluster of heads. — Near Los Angeles, Braunton, nos. 237, 628; Mt. Pinos, Hall, no. 6591; and north- ward with the species. G. WRIGHTII Gray has been reported from Ojai, Ventura Co., by Miss Eastwood,23 but I am unable to find specimens of this species from west of Arizona. It is related to G. micro ceplialum, but the spatulate or lanceolate leaves are not at all decurrent. ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA (L.) B. & H. has been reported from Santa Catalina Island by Mr. Brandegee,24 but his speci- mens cannot now be found. Since it is not otherwise known from south of the Sierra Nevadas of Kern Co., an error in the determination is suspected. This suspicion is strengthened by the fact that other botanists have distributed Gnaphalium bicolor from this island under the name of Anaphalis margaritacea, which may be distinguished from all species of Gnaphalium by the dioecious flowers. 23Eryth. iv. 32 (1896). 24Zoe i. 114 (1890). 116 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 TRIBE 4. AMBROS1EAE. RAGWEED TRIBE. 35. IVA L. Ours coarse herbs and low shrubs with thickish alternate (or the lower opposite) leaves and small nodding heads of greenish- white flowers. Receptacle with chaff-like linear or spatulate bracts. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate, 1 to 5 in number, their corollas tubular or none. Disk-flowers perfect, with 5-lobed funnelform corolla and undivided style. Anthers almost distinct. Achenes somewhat flattened, glabrous. Involucral bracts united into a cup: stems herbaceous 1. 7. axillaris. Involucral bracts distinct: stems suffrutescent 2. 7. Hayesiana. 1. I. axillaris Pursh., Fl. 743 (1814). POVERTY- WEED. Herbaceous perennial with creeping rootstocks, 1.5 to 5 dm. high: stems many, erect from a mostly decumbent or prostrate base: herbage pubescent or glabrous: leaves sessile, entire, nar- rowly obovate varying to lanceolate or linear, 1 to 3 cm. long: heads solitary in all the upper axils, short-peduncled, surpassed by the leaves : bracts of the involucre united into a lobed or merely toothed cup 3.5 mm. high. In saline or alkaline soil from Southern California (coast of San Diego Co., Coahuilla Valley, Colton, Bear Valley, Cushen- berry Springs, Antelope Valley, Ventura Co., Panamint Mts.) to British Columbia and Nebraska. 2. I. Hayesiana Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78 (1876). Stem suffrutescent, branched from the base, the ascending branches 6 to 9 dm. high : herbage strigose-puberulent or nearly glabrous : leaves spatulate-oblong or linear, narrowed to the base, obtuse, entire or rarely with one or two short teeth, 3 to 6 cm. long, 6 to 12 mm. wide, the upper ones lanceolate and slightly if at all surpassing the heads: involucral bracts about 5, distinct, roundish. Brackish or alkaline soil of western San Diego Co. and south- ward: near Warner's Ranch, Oct. 4, 1858, Suit on Hays; Tia Juana Wash, Abrams, no. 3514; Elida, Lower California, Dr. Veitch; Socorro and Canon de Gato, Lower California, Brande- gee; Cedros Island, Anthony, no. 41. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 117 36. OXYTENIA Nutt. Shrubby perennial with erect branches. Leaves alternate, 3 to 5-parted into filiform divisions, or the upper ones often sparse and entire. Involucral bracts about 5, somewhat coria- ceous, their tips rigidly acuminate. Bracts of the receptacle slender, chaffy, with cuneate-dilated tips. Pistillate flowers about 5, destitute of corolla ; staminate flowers 10 to 20. Young achenes obovate, very villous with long soft hairs, terminated by a large areola. Pappus none or a mere vestige. 1. 0. acerosa Nutt., PI. Gamb. 172 (1848). Stems canescent, half -woody, 1 to 2 m. high, sometimes leaf- less and rush-like, sometimes covered with leaves 1.5 dm. or less long : heads 4 mm. high, numerous, in dense panicles. Alkaline plains from eastern California and Arizona to Utah : southeastern Inyo Co., ace. to Coville. I have seen no specimens from this State. Flowers sometimes pleasingly fragrant with the odor of lilacs, ace. to Miss Eastwood. 37. DICORIA T. & G. Diffusely branched annuals of the Desert Area. Upper leaves alternate. Inflorescence loosely paniculate. Involucral bracts 6 or 7, distinct; the 5 outer ones herbaceous; 1 or 2 of the inner ones much larger, scarious and subtending the fertile flowers, or these wanting in staminate heads. Receptacular bracts few, nar- row. Pistillate flowers 1 or 2, destitute of corolla; staminate flowers 6 to 12, their filaments almost free from the corolla and monadelphous up to the lightly connected anthers. Achenes surpassing the outer involucre, convex on the dorsal side, flat on the anterior face, conspicuously margined with a scarious pecti- nate border. Pappus of several small squamellae. 1. D. canescens T. & G., Bot. Mex. Bound. 87, t. 30 (1859). Plant 3 to 10 dm. high : herbage canescent with a harsh spreading pubescence, or this somewhat appressed: leaf-blades 1.5 to 3 cm. long, on evident petioles, ovate, obtuse, from sinuous- dentate to laciniate, 3-nerved from the broad base; uppermost 118 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 leaves minute and scattered : heads nodding in fruit : outer invo- lucre 2 mm. high. In dry sandy soil, Lower Sonoran Zone: Whitewater, Colo- rado Desert, Parish, Schellenger (no. 50) ; Daggett, Mohave Des- ert, and Inyo Co., ace. to Coville; east to Arizona and southern Utah. Also as a waif at East Los Angeles, Davidson. 38. HYMENOCLEA T. & G. Diffusely branched xerophytic shrubs with glabrous or min- utely canescent herbage. Leaves alternate, filiform, entire or the lower parted into filiform lobes. Heads numerous, small, stami- nate and pistillate either intermixed in the panicles or the latter in the lower axils. Involucre of staminate flowers saucer-shaped, commonly 4 to 6-lobed. Pistillate flowers solitary ; the involucre ovoid or fusiform, beaked at apex and winged with broad scarious scales. Scales of pistillate involucre spirally alternate, imbricated....!. H. Salsola. Pistillate involucre winged only from the middle with a single whorl of scales 2. H. monogyra. 1. H. Salsola T. & G., PL Fendl. 79 (1849). An erect bushy shrub, commonly 1 m. high : leaves sparse, .5 to 3 (rarely 7) cm. long: scales of the pistillate involucre spirally arranged from the base to near the middle, orbicular and often with a mucro, nearly 5 mm. wide, the margins commonly erose. Common in sandy washes and alkaline soil throughout the Lower Sonoran Zone in the Desert Area : Lower California, Palm Springs, Coyote Canon, Mecca, Flowing Wells, Paloverde, Bars- tow, Antelope Valley, and Inyo Co. Also near Bakersfield, Kern Co., Apr. 9, 1893, and Cuyama, Santa Barbara Co., May 6, 1896, both by Miss Eastwood. 2. H. monogyra T. & G., PI. Fendl. 79 (1849). Branches commonly less spreading and more leafy than in no. 1 : scales of the pistillate involucre 7 to 9, in a single whorl around the middle, obovate with a minute mucro, only 1 or 2 mm. wide, the margins erose. In washes from Mission Valley, near San Diego, and Lower California east to Arizona and Texas, in the Lower Sonoran Zone. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 119 39. AMBROSIA L. RAGWEED. Ours coarse perennial monoecious herbs with mainly alternate pinnatifid leaves and inconspicuous greenish flowers. Staminate heads nodding, in erect ament-like leafless racemes ; involucral bracts united into a broadly turbinate cup; receptacle with slender bracts subtending at least the outer flowers; corollas funnelform, 5-lobed. Pistillate heads in the axils of the upper leaves at the base of the staminate racemes; involucre oblong or turbinate, closed, containing but a single flower; corolla none; pappus none ; fruit an achene-like bur which is beaked or pointed and commonly armed near the top with a single row of prickles. Herbage rough-pubescent: leaf -lobes lanceolate, acute....!. A. psilostachya. Herbage soft-pubescent: leaf -lobes crowded, short-oblong, obtuse 2. A. pumila. 1. A. psilostachya DC., Prodr. v. 526 (1836). WESTERN RAGWEED. Stems simple, erect, commonly 5 to 10 (2 to 15) dm. high from slender running rootstocks : herbage scabrous or short- hirsute, somewhat strigose : leaves once or the lower twice pin- natifid, with acute lobes: fruit an obovoid turgid bur, about 3 mm. long, mostly solitary in the axils, pubescent, rugose-reticu- lated, bearing 4 protuberances or sometimes unarmed. A common weed along roadsides and in waste places through- out western North America. 2. A. pumila (Nutt.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217 (1882). Franseria pumila Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 344 (1841). Stems often branching, erect, 4.5 dm. or less high from slender running rootstocks : herbage canescent with a dense soft pubes- cence : leaves mainly alternate, long-petioled, crowded, as also are their numerous short-oblong or narrower obtuse lobes : fruit said to be 2 mm. long, obovoid, muticous, the surface pubescent. Known only from the vicinity of San Diego : Nutt all, Cleve- land, etc., ace. to Gray : Purpus, Miss Rose Smith, Mrs. Brandegee. 120 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 40. FRANSERIA Cav. Herbs or shrubs with chiefly alternate leaves. Habit, flowers, and inflorescence as in Ambrosia. Pistillate heads 1 to 4-flow- ered; the involucre closed, 1 to 4-celled and 1 to 4-beaked or -pointed, armed with several rows of prickles, in fruit becoming a bur. Stems herbaceous (leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted except some in no. 4). Fruiting involucre (bur) 3 mm. -or less long, its spines mostly uncinate 1. F. tenuifolia. Fruiting involucre larger, its spines straight. Staminate heads 2 to 4 mm. broad: spines thin: inland species 2. F. acanthicarpa. Staminate heads 5 to 7 mm. broad: spines thick: seashore species. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid or pinnately parted 3. F. bipinnatifida. Leaves (at least the upper) merely serrate 4. F. Chamissonis. Stems woody (leaves parted only in no. 5 and sometimes in no. 7). Petioles present: leaves not spinosely dentate. Leaves pinnately parted: bur with straight glabrous or minutely pubescent spines 5. F. dumosa. Leaves ovate, obtusely dentate or nearly entire: bur with uncinate spines woolly at base 6. F. chenopodii folia. Leaves various: bur with straight spines villous to the tip 7. F. eriocentra. Petioles none: leaves spinosely dentate 8. F. ilicifolia. 1. F. tenuifolia Gray, PL Fendl. 80 (1849). Gaertneria tenuifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. i. 339 (1891). An erect herbaceous perennial, 3 to 15 dm. high: herbage variously pubescent or glabrate, but usually hispid : leaves pin- nately parted or dissected into narrowly oblong or linear lobes and the primary rachis often with some interposed small lobes, the terminal lobe elongated : Staminate racemes paniculately dis- posed: fruiting involucres glomerate below, minutely glandular, obovate with narrow base, about 2.5 mm. long, usually 2-flowered ; spines stout, incurved and nearly always hooked, a cartilagin- ously bordered pit above each. Common at Hollywood and Cahuenga Pass, near Los Angeles, 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 121 ace. to Davidson and to Abrams ; dry plains near San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and San Felipe, ace. to Parish ; Colorado to Mexico, 2. F. acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, iv. 129 (1893). Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook., Fl., Bor. Am. i. 309 (1834). Franseria Hookeriana Nutt, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 345 (1841). Gaertneria acanthicarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club v. 332 (1894). Diffusely spreading or sometimes rather strict, 3 to 6 dm. or more high, from an annual (or more enduring?) root: herbage scabrous or short-hirsute and somewhat canescent : leaves on long petioles, broadly ovate in outline, once or twice pinnatifid into short rounded often toothed lobes : staminate racemes solitary or in small panicles, the heads nodding on short slender peduncles : fruiting involucres in the axils below, either solitary or 2 or 3 together, 1-flowered, glabrous; spines flat, thin, lanceolate-subu- late, with straight or slightly curved but not uncinate tips. Common on sandy plains and in stubble from Southern Cali- fornia (Valley Center, Van Deventer Flat, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Mohave Desert, Ft. Yuma, etc.) to Washington and Colorado. 3. F. bipinnatifida Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 344 (1841). F. Chamissonis bipinnatisecta Less., Linnaea vi. 507 (1831). Gaertneria bipinnatifida Kuntze, 1. c. Stems procumbent, 6 to 10 dm. long, from an herbaceous perennial root, somewhat hirsute : leaves 3 to 10 cm. long, twice or thrice pinnately parted into oblong lobes, canescent or almost silky : staminate heads in dense terminal spikes or racemes : fruit- ing involucre ovate-fusiform, armed with thick somewhat flat- tened spines, some of which are curved at the tip, but not at all hooked. Common in sandy places along the beach from San Martin Island (off the coast of Lower California), San Diego, and Santa Catalina Island to British Columbia. Probably only a form of F. Chamissonis, since the two com- monly occur together, and intermediate leaf -forms are plentiful at least on the San Francisco Peninsula. 4. F. Chamissonis Less., Linnaea vi. 507 (1831). Gaertneria Chamissonis Kuntze, 1. c. 122 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Habit, pubescence, etc. of G. bipinnatifida but the leaves narrowly ovate or obovate with cuneate base and merely serrate, or the lower laciniate or incised or even pinnately parted into oblong divisions which are again lobed; bur thicker, sparsely hirsute, the spines broader and channeled. San Miguel Island, Sept., 1886, Greene; San Clemente Island, Mrs. Trask (leaves only) ; seaboard of middle California to Washington. F. CAMPHORATA Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 192 (1885), of Lower California, may reach our southern border. It is much like F. bipinnatifida but the burs are globose, with short stout spine-tipped tuberculations which are not at all flattened : herbage resinous and with the odor of camphor. 5. F. dumosa Gray, Frem. 2nd. Kept. 316 (1845). Gaert- neria dumosa Kuntze, 1. c. SAND-BUR. A low spreading shrub, seldom over 5 dm. high, with rigid and brittle branches: herbage whitened with a fine close pubes- cence: leaves small (commonly 1 or 2 cm., rarely 4 cm. long), pinnately parted into few short very obtuse lobes : fertile invo- lucre mostly 2-flowered, glabrous or pubescent, globular, its spines tapering from a broad flat base to a straight acerose tip. Abundant on the Colorado and Mohave deserts ; east to Utah and south into Mexico ; a characteristic species of the Larrea belt of the Lower Sonoran Zone. 6. F. chenopodiifolia Benth., Bot. Sulph. 26 (1844). Plant low, much branched, the stems woody only at base : herbage pubescent with a very close and soft tomentum, the upper surface of the leaves glabrate : leaves round-ovate, obtuse, the base varying from almost truncate to cuneate, sinuate-crenate to obtusely dentate, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, on margined petioles 1 or 2 cm. long: fertile involucre globular, 2 or 3-flowered, arachnoid between the spines, these lanceolate-subulate and hooked at the tip. Tia Juana, San Diego Co., Apr., 1902, Grant, no. 1637; Apr., 1903, Hall, no. 3974; May 14, 1903, Abrams, no. 3476: Lower California, Orcutt, Greene, Palmer, Brandegee, Barkelew, Pur- pus. Apparently a Lower Sonoran species. 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 123 7. F. eriocentra Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355 (1868). Gaertneria eriocentra Kuntze, 1. c. Shrubby, 3 to 9 dm. high, with numerous rigid branches: herbage canescent with a minute tomentum, the leaves soon gla- brate and green above : leaves cuneate-oblong to lanceolate, from sinuately few-toothed or -lobed to sparingly and irregularly sinuate-pinnatifid, nearly sessile by an attenuate base, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long: pistillate involucre 1-flowered, equalled by its single subulate beak and clothed with whitish wool which is almost as long as the straight rigid subulate spines. Providence Mts., Mohave Desert, Cooper (ace. to Gray), Brandegee; Arizona, Palmer, no. 611, also Apr., 1886, Miss Shat- tuck, and Jun., 1884, Lemmon; Nevada, Jones, no. 5065. 8. F. ilicifolia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77 (1876). Gaert- neria ilicifolia Kuntze, 1. c. Shrubby, the branches hirsute or hispid, leafy to the summit : leaves rigidly coriaceous, scabrous, oblong or ovate, sessile by a clasping auriculate base, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, coarsely dentate with spinose teeth and tipped with a rigid spine: fertile involucre ovoid, glandular-pubescent, 12 mm. broad including the very numerous slender uncinate prickles. Signal Mt, Colorado Desert, Imperial Co., Mar. 30, 1901. Brandegee; same station, Abrams, no. 3184; Cajon de Santa Maria, Lower California, May 14, 1889, Brandegee. F. AMBROSIOIDES Cav., a shrubby species of Arizona and Mexico, is to be looked for along our southeastern borders. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, dentate or serrate, 5 to 10 cm. long : bur nearly 12 mm. long, with slender uncinate-tipped prickles 4 mm. long. 41. XANTHIUM L. Coarse annual weeds with widely branching and very stout stems. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, petioled. Heads uni- sexual, the flowers greenish. Staminate heads subglobose, in a terminal cluster; involucre of several distinct narrow bracts in 1 or 2 series • receptacle cylindrical ; flowers many, separated by the bracts of the receptacle; corolla tubular. Pistillate heads 124 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 axillary, below the staminate ; involucre closed, forming in fruit an ovoid or oblong indurated bur covered with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-celled, each cell containing 1 flower ; corolla none ; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted through the beaks. Leaves deltoid-ovate, their axils not spiny 1. X. Canadense. Leaves lanceolate, their axils bearing 3-divided spines 2. X. spinosum. 1. X. Canadense Mill., Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2 (1768). COCKLEBUR. About 6 dm. high: herbage scabrous: leaves deltoid-ovate or somewhat cordate, irregularly serrate or incised, often distinctly 3-lobed, green on both sides, 6 to 12 cm. long, on petioles nearly as long: bur 2 to 2.5 cm. long, 1 to 1.5 cm. thick, pubescent or glandular between and on the lower part of the crowded prickles and bearing at apex a pair of strong beaks hooked or incurved at tip. A common weed along ditches and in waste places. Intro- duced from eastern North America. Ace. to Hoffmann,25 X. Canadense is not specifically distinct from X. orientate L. 2. X. spinosum L., Sp. PL 987 (1753). SPINY CLOTBUR. Stem puberulent, much branched : leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2 or 3-lobed or -cut, or the upper entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole, green above, white- pubescent beneath, 5 to 10 cm. long : by the sides of the leaves are borne yellowish 3-pronged spines 2 or 3 cm. long: corolla pubes- cent with short rusty hairs : bur narrowly oblong, about 12 mm. long, sparsely beset with weak hooked prickles ; beaks inconspic- uous, only one of them spine-like. An occasional weed in waste ground; increasing rather rap- idly and far too common in some places. Probably a native of South America (ace. to Ascherson), but reaching us by way of Europe. 25 Hoffmann, in Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenf. iv. abt. 5, 223 (1890). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 125 TRIBE 5. HELIANTHEAE. SUNFLOWER TRIBE. 42. BEBBIA Greene. Half-shrubby strongly scented xerophytes with green and nearly leafless intricately branched stems. Heads long-peduncu- late or two or three together terminating the branches, discoid. Bracts of the involucre in about 3 rows, obscurely striate. Bracts of the receptacle scarious, lanceolate, concave and partially en- folding the achenes. Flowers homogamous, yellow. Achenes linear or turbinate, densely pubescent with long appressed hairs. Pappus of about 15 plumose bristles, longer than the achene. 1. B. juncea (Benth.) Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 180 (1885). Carphephorus junceus Benth., Bot. Sulph. 21 (1844). Plant 5 to 10 dm. high, the woody portion with a smooth gray bark which becomes fibrous: herbage perfectly smooth in the typical form : leaves opposite below, alternate above, very remote or almost none, linear (rarely oblong), sometimes with a few short lobes : involucre 4 to 8 mm. high ; outer bracts from oblong and obtuse to lanceolate and acute ; inner bracts lanceolate, acute, brown or reddish in color. Western San Bernardino Co. to Lower California, in the Lower Sonoran Zone : Cedros, Natividad, and Magdalena islands, off the coast of Lower California, and on the adjacent mainland, various collectors ; canon of the Santa Ana River, Orange Co., Hall, no. 6729 ; Point of Rocks, near Riverside, Hall, no. 3803 (peduncles minutely scabrous) ; Rubidoux Mt., Riverside, 8. Grout (peduncles smooth) ; City Creek wash, near Highlands, San Bernardino Co., Abrams, no. 2803. Var. aspera Greene, 1. c. B. aspera A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. xxxvii. 273 (1904). Herbage scabrous with upturned white hairs, or these deciduous from the stems leaving only the pustule-like base. — Near Foster, San Diego Co., Mrs. Brandegee; San Jacinto River at west base of San Jacinto Mt., Hall, no. 2674 (western- most station for the variety, leaves and stems very rough) ; com- mon in sandy and stony places on the Colorado Desert, less common on the Mohave Desert and in eastern Inyo Co., east to- Nevada and Arizona. 126 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 43. GALINSOGA R. & P. Annual herbs with opposite leaves and inconspicuous solitary or cymose heads. Involucre nearly hemispheric, of few ovate thin and striate nearly equal bracts in two series and often some additional outer and much smaller ones. Ray-flowers 4 or 5, fertile, with 2 or 3-lobed white ligules, these often very small. Receptacle conical. Pappus of several broad paleae with fim- briate or almost plumose margins, or wanting in the ray-flowers. 1. G. parviflora Cav., Ic. iii. 41, t. 281 (1794). Plant 2 to 6 dm. high, with slender ascending branches, leafy almost throughout: herbage more or less pubescent: leaves thin, ovate to lanceolate, acute, entire or serrate, 2 to 6 cm. long beyond the petiole: heads long-pedunculate, barely 4 mm. high: rays scarcely exserted: achenes black, turbinate, 4 or 5-angled: disk- pappus of 8 to 16 broad paleae nearly as long as the achene. Adventive in waste places at Los Angeles (near University Station, and at Vernon) where its appearance was first made in 1902, when it was collected by Greata, Braunton, Grant, and others. Native of Mexico and South America. 44. BALSAMORHIZA Hook. BALSAM ROOT. Low perennials with thick roots crowned by a tuft of radical leaves and several naked or few-leaved stems bearing one or several heads of yellow flowers. Bracts of the broad involucre either nearly equal or the outer ones foliaceous. Ray-flowers pistillate and with conspicuous ligules. Achenes destitute of pappus, those of the disk 4-sided. 1. B. deltoidea Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 351 (1841). B. glabrescens Benth., PL Hartweg. 317 (1849). Herbage green and more or less scabrous throughout or some- what tomentose below and on the involucres : scapes 2 to 4 or 7 dm. high : petiole of radical leaves stout, 1 or 2 dm. long ; blade ovate or lanceolate, cordate at base, 1 to 2 dm. long, 8 to 15 cm. broad, the entire or serrate margins sinuate: cauline leaves few and small, lanceolate with narrowed base : outer bracts of the involucre commonly foliaceous, obtuse or acute, 1.5 to 4 cm. long ; 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 127 inner bracts lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1.5 cm. long : rays 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 3-toothed at apex or entire. Principally in the Upper Sonoran Zone : Mono Creek, Santa Barbara Co., Hall, no. 7797 ; near Manzana, Antelope Valley, Los Angeles Co., Davy; summit of Tejon Pass, Los Angeles Co.; Tehachapi Valley, Kern Co. ; north to British Columbia. It has been suggested26 that the California plants commonly referred to this species should be separated from the "true" B. deltoidea of Oregon and Washington as a distinct geographical variety or species, because of their scabrous leaves and smooth or merely hirsute involucres. These variations, however, are not strictly geographic, some specimens from Southern California (Davy, no. 2185, etc.) now at hand exhibiting tomentose invo- lucres and scarcely scabrous leaves while some Oregon specimens (Cusic~k, no. 1679) have scabrous involucres and foliage; and perhaps this latter form is typical B. deltoidea, which Nuttall described as "wholly green." 45. WYETHIA Nutt. Perennial herbs with very stout roots crowned by a short caudex which bears a tuft of ample mostly entire leaves. Invo- lucre hemispheric or camp'anulate, its bracts in 2 or 3 series, the outermost often foliaceous and much enlarged, the innermost small and bract-like. Receptacle flat or nearly so ; its bracts rigid, linear or lanceolate, either flattish or partially folded around the achenes. Flowers yellow (varying to white in one species), fertile in both ray and disk, the latter perfect. Branches of the style in perfect flowers produced into subulate-filiform hispid append- ages. Achenes prismatic-quadrangular or in the ray triangular. Pappus firm and persistent, consisting of a crown of unequal scales, or with rigid awns at the angles. 1. W. ovata T. & G., Emory's Kept. 143 (1848) ; Abrams, Bull. Torr. Club xxxii. 541 (1905). Not W. ovata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357 (1867), Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 268 (1884), etc. W. coriacea Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77 (1876) ; Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Botany, i. 131 (1902). 26Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 130 (1893). 128 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Herbage densely tomentose, the leaves somewhat glabrate: stems leafy, 1 m. or less high, sometimes very short or almost none: leaves firm-coriaceous, entire, broadly ovate or oval, from 1 to nearly 2 dm. long, on petioles of various lengths: heads short-penducled or subsessile, nearly hidden by the leaves : outer bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, foliaceous, usually ex- ceeding the rays; inner bracts 1.5 to 2 cm. long: rays 5 to 9, barely 1.5 cm. long: pappus forming a crown about the summit of the achene, variously cleft, the lobes sometimes awn-like, some- times broad and entire or fimbriate. In dry clayey soils at altitudes of 750 to 1400 m., in northern Lower California (Jul. 7, 1885, Orcutt), San Diego Co. (Laguna, Julian, Mesa Grande), and Riverside Co. (Palomar and San Jacinto Mts.). May- Jul. 46. VIGUIERA HBK. Ours shrubby plants with slender brittle stems and hispidu- lous-scabrous petioled leaves, at least the lower of which are opposite. Heads medium-sized, conspicuously pedunculate near the ends of the branches, the peduncles not thickened at summit. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, imbricated. Bracts of the receptacle persistent and embracing the lightly compressed or 4-angled disk-achenes. Ray-flowers yellow, neutral. Pappus of two awns or acute paleae, one to each principal angle of the achene, and two or more intervening short erose paleae on each side. Leaves lanceolate: involucre green: achenes sparsely pubescent 1. F. laciniata. Leaves ovate: involucre cinereous: achenes densely villous: var. Parishii of 2. F. deltoidea. 1. V. laciniata Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 89 (1859). Stems leafy to summit, branching to form a round-topped bush 6 to 12 dm. high : herbage scabrous-pubescent, resinous : leaves from pinnatifid to nearly entire, lanceolate from a broad often hastate base, acute, 2 to 5 cm. long including the short petiole, the veins very prominent on the under side: involucre about 8 mm. high; outer bracts ovate with abruptly acuminate spreading tips ; inner bracts narrow, erect : rays 1 to 1.5 cm. long : Hall — Compositae of Southern California. 129 achenes sparingly pilose, glabrate: principal pappus-paleae. tapering into a slender awn shorter than the achene, obscurely denticulate throughout, deciduous, the intermediate scales erose or laciniate. Southwestern San Diego Co. and Lower California; common back of San Diego. 2. V. deltoidea Parishii (Greene) Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 72 (1890). V. Parishii Greene, Bull. Torr. Club ix. 15 (1882). A compact twiggy shrub 3 to 5 dm. high : leaves ovate, acute, short-petioled from the broad or truncate base, 1 to 3 (rarely 4) cm. long including petiole, coarsely serrate or nearly entire : heads on conspicuous nearly naked peduncles: involucre about 8 mm. high; outer bracts cinereous with a close pubescence, linear- lanceolate, loose ; inner bracts linear, erect : rays 1 to 1.5 cm. long : aehenes villous : awns of the pappus very slender, as long as the achene, obscurely chaffy at base, the intermediate scales erose or laciniate. San Luis Rey Mission, western San Diego Co., Apr., 1881, Parish, no. 963 (type) ; Vallecito, western San Diego Co., Parish, no. 963 B; Mountain Spr. Grade, San Diego Co., Cleveland, no. 366; occasional on benches and in canons across the Colorado Desert, various collectors ; Providence Mts., Mohave Desert, Bran- degee; Lower California, Orcutt, Palmer, no. 250. V. RETICULATA Wats, has been collected only in Inyo Co. Somewhat like V. deltoidea Parishii but leaves "entire, canescent with soft appressed hairs above, prominently reticulated, and loosely tomentose beneath, not scabrous in any part."27 47. HELIANTHUS L. SUNFLOWER. Stout coarse herbs with rough leaves, yellow mostly entire rays, and brownish purplish or yellow disk. Leaves mostly alter- nate but the lower or lowest commonly opposite. Heads middle- sized or large, hemispheric, solitary on the ends of the branches or in terminal cymes. Bracts of the involucre imbricated. Re- ceptacle flat or convex, its bracts persistent and embracing the 27 Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 130 (1893). 130 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 achenes. Ray-flowers neutral. Achenes thick, slightly com- pressed, 4-sided or elliptic in cross-section. Pappus of pointed paleae borne at the angles of the achene, often with very small intervening scales, all caducous. Annuals: receptacle flat or nearly so. Involucral bracts ovate, abruptly attenuate 1. H. annuus. Involucral bracts lanceolate, gradually attenuate. Foliage green: mountain species 2. H. petiolaris. Foliage white with a strigose pubescence: desert species 3. H. tephrodes. Perennials: receptacle convex to low-conical. Outer bracts exceeding the disk, lanceolate or linear-subulate. Pappus-paleae slender-subulate 4. H. Parishii. Pappus-paleae broadly lanceolate 5. H. Calif 'ornicus. Outer bracts not exceeding disk, ovate, acute 6. H. gracilentus. 1. H. annuus L., Sp. PL 904 (1753). (COMMON SUNFLOWER. Erect and simple or more or less branching, 5 to 30 dm. high : herbage rough-hispid: leaves petiolate, deltoid-ovate, serrate, the uppermost narrow and often entire : bracts of the involucre ovate, slenderly acuminate, ciliate: bracts of the receptacle 3-cleft at apex, the middle lobe lanceolate and longer than the others : rays about 2 or 3 cm. long. Common along roadsides and in waste places throughout western North America. 2. H. petiolaris Nutt., Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 115 (1821). Slender plant with simple or branched stems, 3 to 9 dm. high : herbage scabrous to sparsely strigose-pubescent : leaves lanceo- late, acute, entire or nearly so, the blades about 5 cm. long, nar- rowed to the petiole or the lower with broad base : involucre 1 to 1.5 cm. high ; its bracts lanceolate-acuminate, merely scabrous or obscurely ciliate, sometimes canescent at base but not villous : bracts of the receptacle 3-cleft at apex; middle lobe lanceolate, much longer than the others, somewhat hispid : rays about 2 cm. long. Fredalba Park, in the Transition Zone of the San Bernardino Mts., Miss Nora Pettibone, ace. to Parish; generally distributed in western North America. 1907J Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 131 3. H. tephrodes Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 90 (1859) and Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 450 (1886) (where complete synonymy). Slender, erect, the commonly simple stem 3 to 6 dm. high: herbage whitened with a dense hispidulous or strigose pubes- cence: blade of the main cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire, 2.5 to 4 cm. long, tapering to the petiole; uppermost leaves ob- long to linear : heads short-peduncled in terminal clusters and solitary in axils of upper leaves : involucral bracts oblong-lanceo- late, acute : rays large for the size of the head (2 or 3 cm. long) : disk-achenes silky-pubescent (at least above), the long hairs nearly equalling the slender caducous paleae of the pappus. Lower Sonoran Zone of the Colorado Desert, south into So- nora ; rare : ' ' Mirasol de Monte, in the Calif ornian desert of the Colorado, in sandy places by the road-side; October, 1855, Schott," ace. to Gray; in sand at Palm Springs, Colorado Desert, 1882, Parish, no. 1212 (duplicate type of Gymnolomia encelioides Gray) ; Colorado Desert, 1889, Wright, no. 1750. 4. H. Parishii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7 (1883) ^David- son, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. ii. 30 (1903). H. Oliveri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx.. 299 (1885). Tall and stout, 2.5 to 5 in. high, with thick tuber-like roots: pubescence extremely variable ; the stems glabrous to short-hispid, sometimes tomentose near the heads; the leaves strigose or sca- brous on the upper surface, strigose to densely white-tomentose beneath ; the involucre more or less canescent : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to a short petiole, entire or nearly so, the margins inclined to be revolute, 10 to 25 cm. (or more?) long, 1 to 2 or 3 cm. wide : heads short-peduncled, the peduncles com- monly exceeded by the upper leaf-like bracts : involucre 10 to 18 rum. high, its bracts linear-subulate : chaff of the receptacle with abrupt densely ciliate tips : rays 2 to 3.5 cm : long : disk-corollas with a villous ring above the short proper tube, or this wanting in flowers from the same head : achenes glabrous : pappus-paleae linear-subulate, 4 mm. or less long. In wet places: near San Bernardino; low ground near Los Angeles ; Cienaga, near Santa Monica ; probably also along Spring Brook, near Riverside. The excellent specimens recently 132 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 collected by Parish, Great a, Braunton, etc., as well as the cultural experiments carried on by Dr. Davidson (1. c.) furnish conclusive evidence that H. Parishii and H. Oliveri are in no way distinct. My own no. 2612 from Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mt., may belong here, or may be a form of H. Calif ornicus, but is much too immature to be positively determined. 5. H. Californicus DC., Prodr. v. 589 (1836). Erect, 1 to 3 m. or more high, with somewhat tuber-like roots, the stems scabrous only toward the inflorescence : leaves scabrous on both sides, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, some of the lower ones ovate, usually entire, 1 to 2 dm. long including the petiole : heads in a terminal cymose panicle, the peduncles leafy-bracteate : proper involucre 10 or 12 mm. high ; bracts imbricated, lanceolate, the outer ones tapering into spreading tail-like tips and some- times 1.5 or 2 cm. long, all scabrous : receptacular bracts obtuse : rays about 15 to 20, 2 cm. or more long : achenes glabrous : pappus of 2 or 3 lanceolate paleae. National Ranch, San Diego, JuL, 1899, and Tehachapi, Mrs. Brandegee; along streams to middle California. 6. H. gracilentus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77 (1876). Rather strict, erect, 6 to 12 dm. high, the stems rough-his- pidulous or becoming smooth above : leaves short-hispid on both sides, entire or obscurely denticulate ; the lower cauline ovate- lanceolate, contracted to a short margined petiole, 15 cm. or less long ; the upper ones narrowly lanceolate or linear, entire : heads terminal on the elongated branches of the inflorescence; the peduncles much exceeding the upper leaves : involucre 7 to 10 mm. high, shorter than the disk; the bracts imbricated, ovate, either abruptly or gradually contracted to the acute apex, all puberulent and the outer commonly ciliolate : receptacular bracts with pubescent obuse or acute tips: rays 12 to 16, 2 to 2.5 cm. long. In dry gravelly or rocky soil on hillsides and in canon bot- toms of the Upper Sonoran Zone west of the mountains, from Mt. Gleason and Newhall, Los Angeles Co., to Ramona, San Diego Co. ; near Claremont, Baker, nos. 3692, 4719 ; etc. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 133 48. ENCELIA Adans. Herbs and low shrubs confined to the western part of North and South America. Leaves 3-nerved from the base, entire or remotely toothed. Heads on nearly naked peduncles, ours with showy yellow rays and yellow or purple disk. Kay-flowers neu- tral. Disk-achenes flat, in our species obovate or cuneate and with conspicuously ciliate margins, the sides either smooth or pubescent in the same species. Pappus none, or of 1 or 2 slender awns in some species. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES. Perennials, the stems woody at least below. Peduncles pubescent: heads solitary, terminating elongated simple branchlets which are leafy or bracteate below. Involucre densely white-villous, 10 to 15 mm. high: rays 1.5 to 3 cm. long: disk purple, the corolla-lobes either pubescent or glabrous: leaves green 1. E. Calif ornica. Involucre canescent, 5 to 10 mm. high : rays 1 to 1.5 cm. long or none: disk yellow, the corolla-lobes pubescent: leaves green to white-tomentose 2. E. frutescens. Peduncles smooth, glabrous: heads in cymes, the ultimate branches (peduncles) of which are relatively short and naked: involucre sparsely pubescent, 5 to 8 mm. high: rays 1 to 1.5 cm. long: disk yellow, the corolla-lobes glabrous: leaves white-tomentose 3. E. farinosa. Annual or biennial herbs (root of no. 5 unknown). Heads radiate: involucral bracts acuminate, white-setose 4. E. eriocephala. Heads discoid: involucral bracts obtuse or merely acute, viscid .....5. E. viscida. 1. E. Californica Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 357 (1841). Slender spreading stems 6 to 10 dm. high, shrubby only below, usually growing in clumps of considerable size : leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute, 2 to 6 cm. long, narrowed to the petiole, green, minutely scabrous or glabrate : heads solitary, terminating elong- ated nearly naked pubescent peduncles : involucre densely white- villous, 10 to 15 mm. high : rays 16 to 30, 1.5 to 3 cm. long : disk purple, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad: corolla-lobes either smooth or pubescent. 134 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Common on dry hillsides of the Upper Sonoran Zone through- out Southern California, except on the desert; much resembling Helianthus gracilentus in external characters. This species connects with E. frutescens through forms from Lower California in which the leaves, heads, and rays are all much reduced in size. Specimens of these southern forms have been repeatedly distributed as E. frutescens but their long-villous involucres and purple disk-flowers are exactly those of E. Cali- fornica. A teratological form occurs at San Diego, first noticed by Mrs. Brandegee, in which the ligules of the ray-flowers are often deeply cleft. Both normal and abnormal flowers are com- monly found in the same head. 2. E. frutescens Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657 (1873). Simsia frutescens Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 89 (1859). A round-topped bushy shrub 6 to 12 dm. high, the stems com- monly whitened by a rough cinereous pubescence : leaves 1 to 2.5 cm. long, ovate to oblong or elliptic, narrowed to a short petiole, hispiduious-scabrous on both sides, or even cinereous-pubescent: peduncles rather long, terminating leafy branchlets, scabrous: involucre white-hispid, 5 to 10 mm. high: rays few in number and 1.5 cm. or less long or lacking : disk-flowers yellow, with pu- bescent teeth : pappus of 2 delicate long-villous awns or wanting. Chiefly of the Desert Area, but extending from San Jacinto, Riverside Co., and the Greenhorn Mts., Kern Co., to Arizona and Utah. As here characterized, this species includes a number of very perplexing forms. Certain of these have been recognized as dis- tinct species, but the transitions between them are so gradual that a specific segregation seems inadvisable at present. It is pos- sible, moreover, that some of these forms are of hybrid origin, since certain of them exhibit characters of E. Calif ornica, others of E. farinosa. E. frutescens is best distinguished from the former by the shorter and canescent (never villous) hairs of the involucre and by the yellow disk ; from the latter by its inflores- cence and by the scabrous peduncles. The pappus is character- istic when present. The typical form, as first described by Gray, has scabrous and green leaves which are oblong or narrower, and 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 135 discoid heads. It is represented by such collections as: Sheep- Hole Mts., Mohave Desert, Hallf no. 6055; Bagdad, Mohave Desert, Brandegee; Canon Springs and McCoy Wash, Colorado Desert, Hall, nos. 5859, 5939; Cariso Creek, Colorado Desert, Brandegee; Foothills Station, California, Lemmon, no. .51 ; Ord Mts., Mohave Desert, Hall & Chandler, no. 6825; Panamint Valley, Inyo Co., Hall & Chandler, no. 6906; California State Survey (locality not given) ; Peach Springs, Arizona, Jul., 1889, Greene (leaves ovate-oblong). The remaining material of E. fru- tescens now at hand may be segregated into the following forms : f. radiata Hall, form. nov. Leaves ovate, rather large, sca- brous and green : heads radiate. — Northern Arizona, Apr., 1893, Wilson; Grand Canon, Arizona, Grant, no. 396 ; S.E. Utah, May, 1892, Miss Eastwood. f. ovata Hall, form. nov. t Leaves ovate, rather large, sca- brous and green : heads discoid. — Signal Mt., Colorado Desert, Abrams, no. 3156; near Tucson, Arizona, May 8, 1884, Pringle; "Palmetto Springs," Stephens, no. 53. f. Virginensis (A. Nelson) Hall, comb. nov. E. Virginensis A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. xxxvii. 272 (1904). Leaves ovate, rather large, cinereous with a rough pubescence: heads radiate: outer involucral bracts linear-lanceolate. — Southern Nevada, Goodding, no. 666 (type number of E. Virgenensis) ; near St. George, Utah, Parry, no. 142; Inyo Co., Hall & Chandler, no. 6903 (approach- ing f. Actoni in pubescence). f. Actoni (Elmer) Hall, comb. nov. E. Actoni Elmer, Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 47 (1905). Leaves ovate, large, whitened by a soft pubescence : heads large, radiate : outer involucral bracts ovate- acuminate. — Acton, Los Angeles Co., Elmer, no. 3724; Greenhorn Range, Kern Co., Hall & Babcock, no. 5091; Antelope Valley. Davy, no. 2643 ; Cabazon, Riverside Co., Dr. R. J. Smith, no. 302 : Inyo Co., May, 1892, Brandegee (peduncles soft-pubescent) ; Walker Pass, Coville & Funston, no. 1020 ; Olancha, Purpus, no. 1976; Inyo Co., Rixford, also Austin, no. 30; Providence Mts. May 30, 1902, Brandegee; Inyo Co., Purpus, no. 5383, also Hall & Chandler, nos. 7062, 7217, 7308; Ord Mts., Hall & Chandler, no. 6812; San Jacinto, Hall, no. 2007; Utah, Jones, no. 5195; Nevada, Sliockley, no. 540. — This form approaches E. farinosa 136 University of California Publications in Botany. [V°L- 3 in foliage and pubescence but has an entirely different inflores- cence, the simple scabrous peduncles terminating leafy branchlets. 3. E. farinosa Gray, Emory Eept. 143 (1848). INCIENSO. Plant 3 to 5 dm. high, commonly with a distinct trunk-like stem, the numerous short branches forming a round-topped leafy bush from the summit of which arise the long-stemmed cymes : leaves broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, 2 to 5 or 10 cm. long, nar- rowed to the petiole, whitened by the dense silvery tomentum : heads cymose, the branches of the cyme perfectly smooth and naked except for a few minute bracts : involucre rather sparsely pubescent, 5 to 8 mm. high : rays 8 to 18, 1 to 1.5 cm. long : disk yellow, 1 or 2 cm. broad : lobes of disk-corollas glabrous : pappus none. Plentiful in the San Bernardino Valley, thence south to western San Diego Co. and Lower California, east into Arizona, and north to Death Valley: very common on benches and low mountains of the Colorado Desert, probably much less common on the Mohave but not rare at Newberry and collected near Death Valley by Coville: chiefly in the Lower Sonoran Zone. In Lower California this plant is known as Incienso because of the custom of collecting and burning the resinous exudation as an incense in the churches.28 This cognomen may well be accepted as its common name. 4. E. eriocephala Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657 (1873). Simsia canescens Gray, PI. Fendl. 85 (1849) ; not Encelia canes- cens Cav., Ic. i. 45 (1791). DESERT SUNFLOWER. Annual, from 1 to fully 6 dm. high, usually with several erect branches from the base: herbage hirsute with long white hairs, rarely glabrate above : leaves mainly toward the base, 3 to 10 cm. long, ovate or lanceolate to obovate, acute, narrowed to the short margined petiole, few-toothed or entire: heads 1 to several, on short peduncles terminating long leafless branches or more numer- ous in an open panicle : involucre 7 to 10 mm. high, its lanceolate- acuminate bracts green but the margins and base very white with a long villous pubescence: rays variable, commonly 12 to 16 in number and 1 or 2 cm. long : pappus of 2 stout awns, continuous ssBrandegee, Zoe i. 83 (1890). 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 137 with the margins of the achenes, much thickened below and about as long as the disk-corollas. Very common in sandy soil of the Lower Sonoran Zone on both the Colorado and Mohave deserts, where large areas are rendered brilliant by its showy yellow heads in good seasons ; east into Arizona and Nevada. 5. E viscida Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78 (1876). Somewhat branching, 3 to 6 dm. high, leafy up to the usually short simple peduncles: herbage viscid-glandular and hirsutely villous : cauline leaves 6 to 8 cm. long, ovate to oblong, obtuse or acute, clasping, entire or more often sharply toothed: involucre 12 to 15 mm. high and fully as broad : achenes narrowly cuneate, truncate between the awns. Near Campo in the mountains of southern San Diego Co., Palmer, ace. to Gray, Parish, no. 242 ; Abrams, no. 3633, Brande- gee; Lower California. Lower leaves and base of stem unknown. 49. VERBESINA L. Ours erect branching annuals with simple dentate or entire leaves. Heads on more or less elongated peduncles. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its ovate to linear bracts in several series. Receptacle usually conical; its bracts concave, folded about the outer edge of the achenes. Both disk and ray yellow in our species. Achenes strongly compressed laterally, usually ob- long or obovate, winged on each edge. Pappus of two awns, one to each edge of the achene. Leaves sessile, green on both sides 1. F. dissita. Leaves petioled, canescent at least beneath. Disk-achenes broadly winged, pubescent: var. exauriculata of 2. F. encelioides. Disk-achenes narrowly winged, glabrate 3. F. australis. 1. V. dissita Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 299 (1885). Tall, probably from a suffruteseent perennial base: herbage ^reen and nearly glabrous, only the leaves obscurely scabrous and the involucres cinereous : leaves thin-membranous, remote, mostly opposite, sessile or short-petioled, ovate, serrate or entire, 4 to 8 cm. long: heads short-peduncled, few in a terminal panicle: in- 138 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 volucre about 1 cm. high, equalling or shorter than the disk ; its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or the outer very obtuse : achenes nearly glabrous, the body oblanceolate, 1 cm. long ; wings narrow at base but becoming very broad above, the whole fruit therefore obovate : pappus-awns slender, longer than the body of the achene, the base coalescent with the wing. Near Arch Beach, Orange Co., May, 1903, Mrs. M. F. Brad- shaw; Dobbs Camp, Mill Creek Canon, San Bernardino Mts., at 2200 m. alt. (Transition Zone), Rev. Geo. Robertson (det. by Dr. B. L. Robinson) ; Sauzal, Lower California, Orcutt; first collected at All Saints Bay (Ensenada), Lower California, by Orcutt, no. 1233. 2. V. encelioides exauriculata Rob. & Greenm., Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiv. 544 (1899). Three to 6 dm. 'high, from a straight taproot, cinereous or canescent : leaves whitened below with appressed hairs, green and somewhat scabrous above, narrowly to broadly ovate or cordate ; the blade mostly 5 to 10 cm. long, commonly dentate with salient teeth; petioles slender, or those of the upper leaves provided on each side with a wing which broadens at base into a semi-ovate auricle : outer involucral bracts oblong or lanceolate, about 1 cm. long: rays 12 to 15, deeply tridentate, about 1 cm. long, often orange-colored: achenes rather densely pubescent, obovate, broadly winged; the wrings becoming corky-thickened, obtuse at apex : awns of the pappus short, setiform. Fairly common on low ground from San Fernando, Los An- geles, and San Bernardino to Colorado and Mexico. Probably an introduced plant with us. This variety can be distinguished from typical V. encelioides only by the complete or partial reduc- tion of the auriculate expansions at the base of the petiole and by the broad summit of the wings to the achenes. Specimens with none of the petioles at all dilated at base have involucres considerably longer than the disk. 3. V. australis (H. & A.) Baker, in Mart., Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 3, 215 (1884). Ximenesia microptem DC., Prodr. v. 627 (1836). X. australis H. & A., in DC., 1. c. vii. 291 (1838). Not Verbesina microptera DC., Prodr. v. 616 (1836). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 139 Herbage cinereous throughout except the upper surface of the leaves, this green and only strigose-pubescent : leaves ovate, sa- liently toothed, the larger ones 10 cm. or more long, the petioles of only the narrow uppermost ones auriculate-dilated at base : involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, 8 to 10 mm. long, shorter than the disk: ligules orange-colored, tridentate, 1 to 1.5 cm. long: achenes narrowly obovate, sparsely pubescent, glabrate; wings narrow or almost none except at the summit : awns of the pappus short, setiform. Oxnard, Ventura Co., 1901, Davy, no. 7818; Mexico, Chile, Argentine, etc. 50. COREOPSIS L. Mostly herbaceous plants, a few species shrubby. Heads medium-sized or large, long-peduncled, solitary or in loose cymes. Involucre double ; bracts of the inner series 8 to 12, erect, mem- branous ; bracts of the outer series 5 to 8, narrow, loose and f olia- ceous. Flowers of both ray and disk yellow in our species and the ray-flowers either pistillate or neutral. Achenes flat to meni- scoidal, linear-oblong to oval, the margins either smooth or ciliate or winged. Pappus none or of bristles, scales, or teeth proceeding from the angles of the achene. The species here described all fall into the section Leptosyne, characterized by a single character, namely, a thickened or hairy ring around the upper part of the corolla-tube of the disk-flowers. As a genus, Leptosyne was first assigned the additional character of possessing pistillate and usually fertile ray-flowers, but Dr. Gray, in extending it to include his genus Pugiopappus, in which the ray-flowers are often neutral and usually infertile, left only the annular swelling of the disk-corollas to separate Leptosyne from Coreopsis. There are, moreover, certain species, described under Leptosyne, 29> 30 in which the ray-flowers are fertile and the disk-corollas destitute of the annulus. In L. Mexicans Gray,31 the ray-flowers have fertile achenes and the disk-corollas a mere trace of the annular swelling. Since there is no habital differ- 29 L. insularis Brandegee, Eryth. vii. 5 (1899). so L. pinnata Bob., Proc. Am. Acad. xxvii. 176 (1892). si Gray, in Wats., Proc, Am. Acad. xxii. 429 (1887). 140 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 ence of importance, I follow Bentham & Hooker and Hoffmann32 in disposing of Leptosyne as a section of Coreopsis. Annuals: disk-achenes either thickened and corky-winged or conspicuously ciliate. Pappus none: disk-achenes corky -winged 1. C. Douglasii. Pappus of 2 linear awns: mature disk-achenes ciliate with long hairs. Outer bracts of the involucre linear 2. C. Bigelovii. Outer bracts of the involucre broadly ovate 3. C. calliopsidea. Perennials: achenes glabrous, flat, narrowly winged. Peduncles scattered, 1.5 dm. or more long: rays 3 cm. long 4. C. maritima. Peduncles corymbosely clustered, mostly less than 1.5 dm. long: rays 2.5 to 3 cm. long 5. C. gigantea. 1. C. Douglasii (DC.) Hall, comb. nov. Leptosyne Douglasii DC., Prodr. v. 531 (1836). L. Calif.ornica Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 363 (1841). L. Newberryi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358 (1868). Stems scapose, 1.5 to 4 dm. high, simple and monocephalous, usually several from the slender taproot and ascending, some- times few or solitary, then slender and erect : leaves mostly in a dense basal tuft, 3 to 10 (or 15) cm. long, filiform-linear and entire or more commonly 2 to 3-parted into slender lobes : bracts of the outer involucre linear, 5 to 7 mm. long ; inner involucre of ovate scarious-margined bracts : rays commonly 1 cm. long but much reduced in depauperate plants, yellow, or not infrequently white on the upper third : ring of disk-corollas usually distinctly bearded : achenes of both ray and disk obovate with broad wings which become corky in age, also corky-ridged down the inner face, rough with short rigid hairs: pappus represented by a minute cup-like border terminating the achene. Plains and foothills almost throughout the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones of Southern California, particularly common west of the mountains, often beneath chaparral and then much re- duced in size and delicate. Mar.-May. There is a seashore form, plentiful along the coast of San Diego Co., with short thick leaves in a dense basal cluster, stout stems, and large heads. It corre- 32 Hoffmann, in Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pfianzenf . iv. abt. 5, 243 (1890). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 141 sponds to the seashore forms of Chaenactis glabriuscula, Baeria chrysostoma, etc. 2. C. Bigelovii (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Pugiopappus Bige- lovii Gray, Pacif. R. Kept. iv. pt. 5, 104 (1857). P. Breweri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 660 (1873). Leptosyne Bigelovii Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. pt. 2, 300 (1884). Stems several or numerous, from an annual root, 2 to 4 dm. high except in depauperate specimens, commonly simple and scape-like but often branching and leafy below : leaves 5 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 3-parted into linear lobes : outer involucre of narrowly linear loose bracts; inner involucre 8 to 10 mm. high, its bracts broadly ovate, erect : rays 1 to 2 cm. long : ring of disk-corollas beardless : ray-achenes with narrow callous-winged margin ; disk- achenes oblong, the villous marginal hairs conspicuous: pappus- paleae 2, broadly oblong, erose-margined, half as long as the achene. Western portion of the Desert Area and warm places west of the mountains in northern Los Angeles Co. and in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties: Palm Springs, on the Colorado Desert, and Morongo, on the Mohave Desert, north to Kern and Inyo counties; particularly abundant on gravelly slopes around Ante- lope Valley in Apr. and May ; the westernmost station is probably Zaca Lake Forest Reserve, Santa Barbara Co., Miss Eastwood, no. 585. — Rays commonly deep yellow throughout but in speci- mens from Elizabeth Lake they are intense yellow on the lower half, pale yellow on the upper half, the difference being especially noticeable in age when the upper portion fades to white. 3. C. calliopsidea (DC.) Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 90 (1859). Agarista calliopsidea DC., Prodr. v. 569 (1836). Leptosyne calliopsidea Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 300 (1884). Branching and leafy below, 3 to 6 dm. high: bracts of the outer involucre broadly ovate, conspicuously shorter than the oblong-ovate inner ones: rays cuneate-obovate, commonly 2 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, 15 to 20-nerved: ring of the disk-corolla pubescent : achenes of the ray and outer disk-flowers oval, flat, glabrous ; central achenes cuneate-oblong, long-villous on the mar- gins and inner face : pappus-paleae 2, linear, nearly as long as the achene. 142 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 On the Mohave Desert at the base of Fremonts Peak, San Bernardino Co., Hall & Chandler, nos. 6868, 6869 ; Mohave Sta- tion, Kern Co., Pringle (in a dwarf form) ; between Manzana and Cuyama, in southeastern San Luis Obispo Co., Miss Eastwood; north to middle California. 4. C. maritima (Nutt.) Hook, f., Bot. Mag. t. 6241 (1876). Tuckermannia maritima Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 363 (1841). Leptosyne maritima Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358 (1868). Stems fleshy-herbaceous, spreading, much branched, the plant 3 to 8 dm. high : leaves two or three times pinnately divided into linear lobes ; these .5 to 1 cm. long in the upper leaves, often 3 cm. in the lower: heads large (disk 2.5 or 3 cm. broad), on naked peduncles 1.5 dm. or more long : outer involucre of ovate or oblong herbaceous bracts ; inner involucre of longer oblong bracts which approach the rays in texture and color : rays 16 to 20, about 3 cm. long : ring of disk-corollas beardless : achenes oblong with thin narrow wings, glabrous : pappus commonly none, rarely 1 or 2 short awns. Coast of San Eiego Co. and northern Lower California, and on the adjacent islands. Cultivated for its handsome foliage and showy flowers. ,5. C. gigantea (Kell.) Hall, comb. nov. Leptosyne gigantea Kell., Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 198 (1873). Robust fleshy-woody trunks erect, 3 to 12 or even 20 dm. high and often 1 dm. or more thick: primary branches distant, hori- zontal or ascending, leafy only towards the ends: leaf -divisions filiform, from very short to 5 cm. or more long, varying between these extremes from year to year on individual plants: heads medium-sized (disk about 2 cm. broad) on cymosely clustered peduncles 1.5 dm. or less long: outer involucre of oblong or lan- ceolate bracts; inner bracts longer, oblong, yellowish, the mid- nerve prominent toward the base : rays 10 to 16, 2.5 to 3 cm. long : ring of disk-corollas beardless: achenes narrowly oblong, mar- gined, glabrous : pappus none. Near the coast from Los Angeles Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. (probably further north) and on the adjacent islands. I have 1P07] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 143 seen the following: Dume Point, Los Angeles Co., Mar., 1898, Barber, no. 372 ;33 foothills east of Hueneme, Ventura Co., 1894, Wright; Point Sal, Santa Barbara Co., 1892, Jared, and May, 1896, Miss Eastwood; Santa Cruz Island, 1886, Greene, and 1888, Brandegee; Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, and San Nicolas islands, Mrs. Trask; Santa Rosa Island, Harford; San Miguel Isl- and, 1903, Beck. Labels accompanying Mrs. Trask 's specimens state that the heads are sometimes discoid and that the rays, when present, are sometimes pale yellow at the tip. The longevity of plants grown in the Botanic Garden at Berkeley is 4 to 6 years. When removed from the ground and placed in a dry room, they continue to send forth leaves and flowers for several weeks, this being possible because of the thick stems which apparently act as storage reservoirs. 51. BIDENS L. BEGGAR TICKS. Herbs with toothed, pinnatifid, or pinnately compound op- posite leaves. Heads many-flowered, solitary racemose or pan- icled. Ray-flowers mostly neutral or wanting. Involucre dou- ble, the inner bracts membranous and more numerous than the outer ones. Chaff of the receptacle flat or merely concave. Disk-achenes obcompressed, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 to 4 rigid persistent retrorsely barbed awns. Leaves simple: rays showy, yellow 1. B. expansa. Leaves compound: rays none or inconspicuous 2. B. pilosa. 1. B. expansa Greene, Pitt. iv. 266 (1901). B. sveciosa Parish, Zoe v. 75 (1900) ; not B. speciosa Gardn., in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 126 (1845). WATER DAISY. Perennial by stolons, the stems decumbent at base but soon erect and 1 to 12 dm. long : herbage glabrous throughout : leaves 1 to 2 dm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the connate base, evenly sub-serrate with short callous-tipped teeth : heads on stout peduncles, erect in flower, nodding in fruit : outer involuc- ral bracts 4 to 8, linear-oblong, from nearly equalling to much exceeding the disk, serrate when foliaceous; inner bracts 8, 33 First reported from Dume Point, or ' ' Point Dumas, ' ' by Dr. H. E. Hasse, Bull. Torr. Club xxiv. 448 (1897). 144 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 broadly ovate, membranous, striate with dark lines: rays about 8, golden yellow, 2 or 3 cm. long by about 1 cm. broad, entire or minutely toothed at apex : mature achenes black, flat, 1-nerved on each side, retrorsely barbed on the margins : pappus of 2 retrorsely barbed awEs, 3 mm. long, and often a third awn half as long. A handsome aquatic, blossoming in the summer and autumn, fairly common in shallow streams from San Bernardino to Los Angeles and perhaps further north : near San Bernardino, Parish. no. 4598; near Riverside, Koethen; Pomona, Baiter, no. 3727; Los Angeles River and Oak Knoll, Braunton, nos. 576, 665, 728 ; Ballona Marshes, Chandler, no. 2029. 2. B. pilosa L., Sp. PL 832 (1753). Annual, 5 to 10 or 15 dm. high, usually branched from the base: herbage from pilose-pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3 to 5, ovate, serrate, 1.2 to 2.5 cm. long : heads about 1 cm. broad, scattered, the peduncles commonly 2 to 6 cm. long: rays usually none, small and yellowish-white when present: achenes linear, tetragonal, about 1 cm. long, marked with scat- tered ascending barbs : pappus of 2 to 4 retrorsely barbed awns. A native of -the tropics ; frequent in Southern California as a weed. 52. MELAMPODIUM L. Herbaceous plants with ample opposite leaves. Heads medium-sized, in leafy-bracted cymes or panicles. Outer in- volucre of several loose often foliaceous bracts; inner involucre of smaller bracts each completely enclosing a marginal achene with which it is deciduous as a pericarp-like accessory covering. Rays yellow or white. Disk yellow, of hermaphrodite-sterile flowers. Pappus none. 1. M. perfoliatum (Cav.) HBK., Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 274 (1820). Alcinia perfoliata Cav., Ic. i. 10, t. 15 (1791). A coarse widely branched annual, commonly 10 or 12 dm. high: leaves 2 dm. or less long, scabrous, broadly ovate, acute, contracted below as if into a winged petiole, connate around the stem in pairs, the margins dentate : heads on slender peduncles : bracts of the outer involucre 1 to 1.5 cm. long, united at base. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 145 Waste places at Los Angeles, where it has been introduced from Mexico. GYMNOLOMIA MULTIFLORA (Nutt.) B. & H. A few specimens have been collected at Los Angeles by Dr. Davidson, and near Santa Monica by Dr. Hasse. At neither place has the species reappeared and it can therefore scarcely be admitted to our flora.3* Herbaceous branched perennial, 3 to 6 dm. high, with a rough herbage : leaves linear or lanceolate, mostly entire : rays showy, yellow : achenes smooth, without pappus. An extreme form with very narrow revolute leaves and slender stems, segre- gated as G. Nevadensis by A. Nelson,35 occurs in Southern Ne- vada and reaches the Argus Mts. of Inyo Co., California, where collected by Purpus, no. 5025. TRIBE 6. MADIEAE. TARWEED TRIBE. 53. MADIA Mol. TARWEED. Erect annual and perennial herbs (one Mexican species shrubby), often glanular-viscid and heavy-scented. Leaves al- ternate (at least the upper), entire or serrate. Flowers yellow, opening in the evening and closing before noon of the next day. Involucre angled by the carinate or almost conduplicate bracts, these in 1 series, each completely enfolding its ray-achene with which it is deciduous, and with a free moderately long or short tip. Receptacle flat or convex, its bracts in a single row between ray and disk-flowers and often united into a cup. Rays few to many, pistillate, the ligules 3-lobed. Disk-flowers 1 to many, perfect, but their achenes mostly abortive. Ray-achenes lateral- ly compressed, oblique, with narrow backs, rarely beaked. Pappus, in our species, none. Rays short and inconspicuous : receptacle glabrous or nearly so. Disk-flowers 5 to 20. Plant stoutish, viscid-glandular : heads clustered : disk-achenes angular 1. M. sativa. Plant slender, moderately glandular: heads scattered: disk-achenei flat 2. M. dissitiflora. Disk-flower solitary 4. M. exigua. Rays showy: receptacle fimbrillate-hirsute 3. M. elegans. 34 Davidson, Eryth. i. 61 (1893). 35Bot. Gaz. xxxvii. 271 (1904). OFTHE^\ UNIVERSITY ) 146 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 1. M. sativa Molina, Chile ed. 1., 136 (1782). CHILE TAR- WEED. Usually robust, 3 to 6 dm. high: herbage pubescent with slender hairs and beset with pedicillate very viscid glands, ill- scented: leaves from broadly lanceolate to linear: heads short- peduncled or sessile, disposed in the upper axils and in small clusters terminating short branches : involucre 8 to 12 mm. high ; its bracts hispid: ray-flowers 5 to 12, with pale-yellow ligules about 4 mm. long: cup of receptacle campanulate and enclosing many disk-achenes, these cuneate-oblong and somewhat 4-angled. being prominently 1-nerved on each face: ray-achenes somewhat falcate-obovate, either with or without an obvious nerve on each side : receptacle either glabrous or minutely hirsute. At low altitudes from the Cuyamaca Mts., San Diego Co., north to Oregon ; very common in some districts, rare or wanting in others. Doubtless introduced from Chile. 2. M. dissitiflora (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 405 (1843). Mador- ella dissitiflora Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 387 (1841). Very slender, 2 to 6 dm. high, simple or loosely branched : herbage pubescent but moderately if at all viscid, at least below : heads loosely racemose or more often paniculate, the peduncles seldom very short : involucre 5 to 8 mm. high : cup of receptacle ovoid but not closed, containing few disk-flowers : ray-flowers 5 to 8, the sulphur-yellow ligules 3 or 4 mm. long: disk-achenes short and broad, flat, not angled but with one or both of the faces more or less prominently 1-nerved: receptacle glabrous. In rather moist soil of the Upper Sonoran Zone from San Diego Co. (Witch Creek, Alderson; Noble Mine, Chandler, no. 5489) to Oregon. Some specimens from near Los Angeles com- bine the characters of M. dissitiflora and M. sativa in a very perplexing manner, indicating that these two species are perhaps confluent. 3. M. elegans Don., in Lindl., Bot. Reg. t. 1458 (1831). Ma- daria elegans DC., Prodr. v. 692 (1836). COMMON MADIA. Stout, 5 to 15 dm. high: herbage, particularly above, viscid with short gland-tipped hairs, the inflorescence more or less hirsute with white hairs : lower leaves linear, short-hirsute ; .1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California, 147 upper leaves much reduced in size, linear-lanceolate : heads in a corymbose panicle: receptacle convex, fimbrillate-hirsute : rays 12 to 15 ; the ligules 8 to 16 mm. long, yellow or with a red spot at base : achenes flattish, light brown to almost black, smooth. Common at middle and lower altitudes in the mountains (Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones), from Palomar, San Diego Co., to Oregon. Var. hispida (DC.) Hall, comb. nov. Madaria corymbosa /?? hispida DC., Prodr. v. 692 (1836). Madia hispida Greene, Pitt, ii. 217 (1891). A slender form with long almost hispid spread- ing hairs and nearly destitute of the black tack-shaped glands: stems 3 to 6 dm. high: lower leaves opposite, in rather remote pairs : rays clear yellow. — Upper Sonoran Zone : Tehachapi. Jun., 1899, Greene; near Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Coville & Funston, no. 1172, and Hall, no. 6274: north along both the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada Mts. to middle California. 4. M. exigua (Sm.) Greene, Eryth. i. 90 (1893). Sdero- carpus exiguus Sm., in Rees' Cycl. xxxi. no. 3 (1816). Harpae- carpus exiguus Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound, 101 (1859). Madia filipes Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 391 (1872), and ix. 189 (1874). Stem slender, paniculately branched to nearly simple, the whole plant commonly 1 to 2 dm. high : herbage viscid-glandular, sweet-scented: leaves linear, entire: heads on naked filiform pe- duncles: involucre 3 mm. high; its bracts 4 to 8, lunate and strongly carinate, the free tip minute : ligules inconspicuous : bracts of the receptacle united : disk-flower only one : ray-achenes laterally compressed, obovate-lunate, pointed by a small disk. Mostly in the Lower Transition Zone; frequent at middle and lower altitudes from San Diego Co. northward to British Columbia. 54. HEMIZONELLA Gray. Low annual herbs, hirsute throughout or the stems glabrate. Leaves linear and entire, mainly opposite. Involucre of 4 or 5 bracts, which are broad on the back, the margins infolded for their whole length and completely enclosing the obcompressed incurved ray-achenes. Bracts of the receptacle united to form 148 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 a 3 to 5-toothed cup encircling the solitary (or rarely 2 to 4) infertile disk-achene. Flowers minute, yellow. Pappus none. 1. H. minima Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189 (1874). Hemi- zonia minima Gray, 1. c. vi. 548 (1865). Harpaecarpus minimus Greene, Fl. Fr. 417 (1897). Plant depressed, seldom over 5 cm. high, branched: seed- leaves oval, the others linear, 1 cm. or less long: heads in small glomerules, sessile or on very short peduncles: involucre 2 or 3 mm. high: ray-achenes obovate, rounded at summit, either beak- less or with a minute inflexed apiculation. Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mt., Jepson, and Hall, no. 1802 ; Antelope Valley, Davy, no. 2462 ; and in the Sierra Nevada Mts., especially on the eastern slope. To be expected anywhere in the Transition Zone of our district. Var. parvula (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Hemizonia parvula and H. Durandi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 549 (1865). Hemi- zonella parvula and H. Durandi Gray, 1. c. ix. 189 (1874). Har- paecarpus parvulus Greene, Fl. Fr. 416 (1897;. Ray-achenes tipped with a short incurved beak : stems sometimes 15 cm. long and the earliest heads slender-peduncled, but plants frequently as depressed as in the species. — Transition Zone : Cuyamaca Lake. San Diego Co., Jul. 17, 1906, Mrs. Brandegee; San Bernardino Mts., Parish, nos. 2400, 2086; Wilsons Peak, San Gabriel Mts.. McClatchie; the common form in the Sierra Nevada Mts. and Oregon. An extensive series of specimens, mostly from the Sierra Nevadas, exhibits all gradations in the ray-achenes from those with smooth rounded summits to those with conspicuous inflexed beaks. Of the specimens seen from Southern California only those from Cuyamaca are strictly typical of var. parvula, but it reappears just over the line in Kern Co. (Mt. Pinos, Hall, no. 6431.) 55. HEMIZONIA DC. TARWEED. Mostly annual or biennial herbs (one of our species some- what woody) with at least the upper leaves alternate. Flowers yellow or white, in mostly numerous heads. Receptacle flat, its bracts deciduous. Ray-achenes obcompressed with broad back, 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 149 thick and turgid (never laterally compressed with narrow back), each partially enclosed by the lower part of its involucral bract. Disk-achenes sterile. A.— Receptacle with a cup-like circle of bracts between disk and ray: leaves (never spinose) destitute of truncate glands. Pappus none: flowers yellow. Leaves entire 1. H. Wheeleri. Lower leaves pinnately divided 3. H. corymbosa. Pappus of disk-achenes present. Flowers yellow: leaves linear or broader. Eays 8 to 20: disk-flowrers as many or more. Perennial: herbage not glandular: insular 2. H. Clementina. Annuals: at least the involucres glandular. Disk-achenes wholly sterile and with pappus of minute fimbri- ate scales or wanting 3. H. cormybosa. Disk-achenes well formed and with pappus of oblong obtuse pubescent or erose paleae. Beak of ray-achenes curved: some of the cauline leaves pinnatifid 4. H. paniculata* Beak of ray-achenes straight : cauline leaves all entire 5. H. floribunda. Bays mostly 5 (3 to 8) : disk-flowers not over 10. Involucral bracts not carinate: heads on slender peduncles 6. H. Wrightii. Involucral bracts carinate: heads mostly in small clusters 7. H. fasciculata. Flowers white: leaves nearly filiform 8. H. tenella. B.— Receptacle with chaffy bracts throughout; no cup-like circle between disk and ray: flowers yellow. Leaves not spinose, the uppermost ones tipped with a truncate gland. Eays 4 or 5: leaves crowded on the branchlets 9. H. virgata. Eays 5 to 8 : leaves scattered on the branchlets 10. H. Heermanni. Leaves spinose and rigid (at least the upper) : rays 25 to 40, 2-lobed. Disk-pappus of 3 to 5 entire paleae or wanting 11. H. pungens. Disk-pappus of 8 to 12 paleae, fimbriate at the tip 12. H. FitcJiii. 1. H. Wheeled Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 617 (1876)- Madia tenella Greene, Pitt. iii. 167 (1897). Slender, erect, 1.5 to 6 dm. high: stem simple or branching below, more or less cymosely branched above and bearing scat- tered heads of bright-yellow flowers ; the cymes sometimes con-' densed (simple-stemmed and monocephalous only in depauperate plants) : herbage hirsute with spreading white hairs, the inflor- escence glandular: leaves scattered (the lower opposite, the upper 150 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 alternate), linear, rather obtuse, 3 to 6 or 7 cm. long: involucre 5 to 7 mm. high ; its bracts rounded on the back, the lower portion half -enfolding the ray-achenes: ray -flowers 5 to 13, usually 8; the 3-cleft ligules 4 to 8 mm. long : bracts of the receptacle lightly united for two-thirds their length: ray-achenes with broad back and acute inner edge, therefore triangular in cross-section, broad at summit, pointed at base, 3.5 mm. long, nearly black; disk- achenes infertile : pappus none. A species of the arid Transition Zone : San Jacinto Mt., Hall. nos. 2268, 2662, and May, 1899, without number; Bluff Lake. San Bernardino Mts., Williams; Little Green Valley, San Ber- nardino Mts., Geo. R. Hall; South Fork Santa Ana River, Mrs. Wilder, no. 313; Potrero, Mt. Pinos, Grinnell; Southern Sierra Nevada from Greenhorn Range, Kern Co., to Olancha Peak and Mineral King, Tulare Co., Hall & Babcock, nos. 5103, 5128, 5206, 5212, 5275, 5276, 5399, 5643. With the habit and whole aspect of a Madia, this species combines the technical achenial and involucral characters of Hemizonia. It was originally collected by Dr. Rothrock at Mo- nache Meadows, etc., on the west slope of Olancha Peak, in which district it is very plentiful in loose granitic soil and exhibits a remarkable range of variation in habit, pubescence, and number of rays. Dr. Coville36 has already pointed out that the outer receptacular bracts are not distinct, as originally described ; and although Dr. Greene states that they are distinct in his Madia tenella, I have yet to see specimens in which they are not united, although easily torn apart while being examined. 2. H. Clementina Brandegee, Eryth. vii. 70 (1899). H. Streetsii Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 451 (1886) in part, not of Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 162 (1877). Plant probably a half-shrubby perennial, 3 to 6 dm. high : stems many, at length much branched and leafy to the numerous cymosely crowded heads : herbage sparsely hirsute, not conspicu- ously glandular but more or less viscid above : leaves rigid, linear, entire or with a few short teeth : rays 12 to 20 ; disk-flowers nu- merous: ray-achenes rugose-tuberculate, stipitate, beaked: pap- pus-paleae of disk-achenes about 10, subulate-linear, unequal. seContr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 133 (1893). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 151 Santa Catalina Island, Nevin & Lyon, Brandegee, Mrs. Trask; San Nicholas and Santa Barbara Islands, Mrs. Trask; San Cle- mente Island, Brandegee. 3. H. corymbosa (DC.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 398 (1843). Hart- mannia corymbosa DC., Prodr. v. 694 (1836). Zonanthemis corymbosa Greene, Fl. Fr. 425 (1897). Cymosely and widely branched, 3 to 5 dm. high: herbage hirsute-pubescent and glandular: radical and lower leaves pin- nately divided into linear lobes, the upper and those of the flowering branches linear and entire : involucre broadly hemis- pheric, 6 to 8 mm. high : rays 12 to 20, oblong-cuneate, 5 to 8 mm. long, 3 or 4-toothed : pappus of the sterile disk-achenes of minute fimbriate-bristly scales, or none: ray-achenes with a short up- turned beak on the inner side at apex. Gaviota, Santa Barbara Co., Mrs. Curran, and northward along the coast. Dr. Palmer's no. 237 is labeled "District of Mohave R.," but this is certainly erroneous. It was probably gathered near San Simeon, San Luis Obispo Co., ace. to Mrs. Brandegee. 4. H. paniculata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 17 (1883). Diffusely branched above, 3 to 10 dm. high ; the stem hirsute below, viscid-glandular above: cauline leaves narrowly oblong, laciniate-pinnatifid ; those of the numerous short branchlets crowded, erect, entire : ray-flowers usually 8 ; their achenes rugose or pitted on the back, and with short upturned beak at summit of inner angle: disk-achenes usually about 13 (11 to 20), pubes- cent; their 8 to 10 oblong pappus-paleae equalling the proper tube of the corolla and conspicuously pubescent or even erose at the summit. On bench lands and plains of the Upper Sonoran Zone ; com- mon at a few places in Southern California : Santa Barbara, Pasa- dena, San Bernardino, Riverside, San Jacinto, San Diego, Santa Rosa Island. 5. H. floribunda Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79 (1876). A stout erect annual, 6 dm. or more high, the very leafy stem terminating in an elongated raceme or racemose panicle : herbage minutely glandular but not hirsute : cauline leaves linear, 1 to 3 152 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 cm. long, entire : ray-achenes about 20, in more than one series. somewhat tuberculate-rugose, with very short straight beak : pap- pus-paleae of the numerous disk-achenes 5 to 8, shorter than the proper tube of the corolla, acute, conspicuously hirsute. Southern part of San Diego Co. : Palmer, no. 177 ; Cleveland. 6. H. Wrightii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 17 (1883). Dein- andra Wrightii Greene, Fl. Fr. 424 (1897). Paniculately branched above, 2 to 6 or 9 dm. high: herbage sparsely hirsute, at least below, the inflorescence glandular and sweet-scented : lower leaves oblanceolate, with few and remote short lobes or teeth, narrowed to a petiole ; upper leaves reduced to bracts of the inflorescence, oblong with broad sessile base, ob- tuse, mostly 5 mm. or less long, entire : heads solitary, terminating the numerous short branchlets: involucral bracts covered with stipitate glands and usually somewhat hirsute, the midrib not obviously thickened: ray-achenes black when mature, rugose, beaked on the inner angle, short-stipitate : pappus-paleae of disk- achenes lacerate at summit. First collected about San Bernardino ; now known also from near San Jacinto, at altitudes of 450 to 1600 m., from Riverside, where it covers large areas in the foothills, and from Antelope Valley. Also collected in the San Joaquin Valley where it is ap- parently rather common. H. KELLOGGII Greene, Bull. Torr. Club x. 41 (1883) is per- haps not specifically distinct from H. Wrightii, differing only in its pappus-paleae, some or all of these being united to near their summits. It has been collected near Pasadena by Grinnell, ace. to Abrams. 7. H. fasciculata (DC.) T. & G, Fl. ii. 397 (1843). Hart- mannia fasciculata DC., Prodr. v. 693 (1836). Deinandra fasci- culata Greene, Fl. Fr. 424 (1897). D. simplex Elmer, Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 48 (1905). Paniculately branched above the base, 2 to 6 dm. high: her- bage sparsely hirsute and hispid, or disposed to be nearly glabrous above: radical leaves pinnately parted, 4 to 8 cm. long; stem- leaves linear to oblanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid, few-toothed, or entire : those of the branchlets shorter and mostly entire : heads 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 153 fascicled in rather dense small clusters, normally with 5 rays and 6 disk-flowers: bracts of the involucre glabrous or glandular- hispidulous, carinate by a thickened midrib, those of the re- ceptacle slightly united: corolla-lobes pubescent: ray-achenes smoothish or transversely rugose, with a very short beak ; disk- achenes with a pappus of 6 to 10 linear paleae some of which are toothed or lacerate at tip. On mesas throughout Southern California except on the des- ert, north to San Francisco Bay ; common, especially toward the coast and on the islands. Var. ramosissima (Benth.) Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 310 (1884). H. ramosissima Benth., Bot. Sulph. 30 (1844). More diffuse : heads less fascicled or all scattered. — Same range as the species but less common. 8. H. tenella (Nutt.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 191 (1874). Osmadenia tenella Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 392 (1841). Calycadenia tenella T. & G., Fl. ii. 402 (1843). Slender, usually 1.5 to 3 dm. high: herbage sparsely hispid, minutely glandular above: leaves very narrowly linear, acute, mainly alternate, at least the upper ones ciliate with long white hairs : heads subtended by a few bract-like leaves : involucre 5 to 7 mm. high : li gules white with a transverse purple blotch across the midde (or pure white and whole herbage pale in albi- noes), both ray and disk becoming reddish in age: ray-achenes 3 to 5, rugose and with an evident dorsal nerve: disk-achenes 5. each with a pappus of 4 or 5 scabrous bristles as long as the corolla alternating with as many oblong lacerate-truncate paleae only half as long. On dry plains and in sand-washes from Los Angeles to San Bernardino, Temeeula, and San Diego; especially plentiful to- ward the coast. 9. H. virgata Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100 (1859). Deinandra virgata Greene, Fl. Fr. 425 (1897). Stem (3 dm. or more high) commonly branching at the middle into several virgate branches bearing numerous solitary or racemosely disposed heads on short lateral branchlets : herb- age either glabrous or short-hirsute and glandular: branchlets 154 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 crowded with linear leaves only about 2 mm. long, those of the flowering branchlets ending in a truncate or somewhat saucer- shaped gland: involucral bracts stipitate-glandular on the back, the involute tip ending in a truncate gland : ray-flowers 4 or 5 ; disk-flowers 7 to 10 : pappus none. Abundant in places on dry hills near the coast of San Diego Co., ace. to Parish ; vicinity of San Diego, Brandegee, also W. 8. Wright, no. 77 ; Poway, San Diego Co., Cleveland : middle Cali- fornia.— Often very glandular and strongly scented. 10. H. Heermanni Greene, Bull. Torr. Club ix. 15 (1882). Deinandra Heermanni Greene, Fl. Fr. 425 (1897). Paniculately branched above, 3 to 10 dm. high: herbage pu- bescent and viscid, heavy-scented : leaves of the flowering branch- lets small, scattered, each tipped with a minute truncate gland : involucral bracts beset with stalked glands and the apex truncate- glandular : ray-flowers 5 to 8 ; disk-flowers 10 to 15 : ray-achenes with a somewhat conspicuous beak and stipe : pappus none. Ojai, Ventura Co., Hubby; Santa Barbara, ace. to Gray; Te- hachapi Pass, Parry; not rare in Kern Co. 11. H. pungens (H. & A.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 399 (1843). Hart- mannia pungens H. & A., Bot. Beech. 357 (1840). Centromadia pungens Greene, Man. Bot. Reg. S. F. Bay 196 (1894). COMMON SPIKEWEED. Freely branching, 3 to 10 dm. high : herbage yellowish-green, sparsely hirsute or hispid with spreading hairs, hardly viscid or glandular, sweet-scented: leaves (especially of the flowering branches) linear-subulate, spinose, entire; the lower and lowest pinnately parted into oblong lobes, or pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth spinosely or pungently tipped: heads commonly equalled or somewhat surpassed by the uppermost leaves: bracts of the receptacle cuspidate: ray-flowers 25 to 40, their small ligules bifid : ray-achenes roughish, somewhat laterally 2-nerved on back : disk-achenes without pappus. Abundant on low or alkaline ground throughout our district and northward through the San Joaquin Valley, often forming dense patches. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 155 Var. Parryi (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. Hemizonia Parry i Greene, Bull. Torr. Club ix. 16 (1882). Centromadia pungens Parryi Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 532 (1901). Herbage usually minutely glandular: bracts of the receptacle thin, villous on the margin, obtuse or rarely acute but not at all pungent: sterile disk-achenes with 3 to 5 linear or subulate paleae as long as the corolla, these either smooth or with a few loose hairs. — Near Los Angeles and probably elsewhere toward the coast in Southern California ; more common further north. 12. H. Fitchii Gray, Pacif. R. Kept. iv. 109 (1857). Centro- madia Fitchii Greene, Man. Bot. Reg. S. F. Bay 197 (1894). FITCH'S SPIKEWEED. Diffusely branched, 2 to 9 dm. high : herbage dark, hirsute or villous with spreading hairs, more or less beset with stalked glands, .ill-scented: leaves of the radical tuft pinnately parted into remote narrowly linear pungent lobes; cauline leaves linear and entire, tapering into a subulate or pungent tip ; those about the head spreading and star-like, exceeding the involucre : bracts of the involucre subulate ; those of the receptacle pointless, soft, hairy: ray-achenes flattened laterally, nearly semicircular in out- line, smooth: ligules of the 25 to 40 ray-flowers small, bifid: pappus of disk-achenes of 8 to 12 paleae as long as the corolla and hairy or fimbriate at the tip. Quite abundant in a large wheat field on the Mohave River. Parish, no. 1426. Probably introduced from the north where it is more common. H. LUZULAEFOLIA DC. occurs in San Luis Obispo Co. and possibly within our limits. Annual : leaves linear, entire, the lower ones appressed-silky : receptacle chaffy throughout, its mar- ginal bracts united : flowers white or pale yellow : pappus none. 56. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. Slender plants with mainly alternate entire leaves and rather small heads in leafy-bracted clusters. Bracts of the involucre about 5, thin-herbaceous; flat on the back, with margins at base infolded and completely enclosing their achenes with which they 156 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 are deciduous. Eeceptacle small and flat, bearing in our species about 5 perfect disk-flowers, these surrounded by a single row of distinct chaffy bracts. Rays cuneate, palmately 3-cleft. Ray- achenes obcompressed, obovate-oblong, smooth, nearly straight, pointless : disk-achenes slender, sterile. Pappus none. Bracts and achenes all deciduous at maturity. 1. L. ramosissima Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 391 (1841). Usually simple, strict throughout or paniculately very much branched above, 2 to 8 dm. high: leaves (especially the upper) silky-hirsute with soft hairs, the short ones subtending the heads densely villous-ciliate ; lower leaves oblanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, often narrowed at base to a slender petiole, 3 to 6 cm. long, early deciduous: heads almost sessile, crowded on the leafy branchlets or the lower somewhat scattered ; the involucre 6 mm. high : rays barely exserted, pale yellow, changing through salmon- color to saffron: fertile achenes carinately 1-nerved down the inner face. Frequent in open places of the Upper Sonoran Zone from the Cuyamaca Mts. (Palmer, no. 181) and San Bernardino to Oregon and from the coast barely to the Desert Area (Mohave River. Parish. ) 57. LAYIA H. & A. Vernal annuals with mainly alternate leaves and medium- sized heads on evident peduncles. Bracts of the involucre flat- tened on the back below, with abruptly dilated thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-achene, the tip flat. Ray-flowers 8 to 20 ; ligules yellow, white, yellow tipped with white, or roseate. Disk-corollas yellow, their lobes hirsute or villous. Receptacle broad and flat, with a row of thin bracts between ray and disk- flowers and sometimes additional ones among the flowers. Ray- achenes obcompressed, commonly glabrous, destitute of pappus, fertile. Disk-achenes usually pubescent, mostly sterile, in ours bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles or awns (these rarely wanting in the last species). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 157 Pappus-bristles long-plumose or villous below. Kays white or roseate, much surpassing the disk 1. L. glandulosa. Kays bright yellow or cream-color (sometimes white-edged). Inner hairs of pappus-bristles woolly and interlaced 2. L. elegans. Hairs of pappus-bristles all straight (no woolly inner ones). Ligules inconspicuous, barely surpassing the disk: leaves mostly laciniate-dentate 3. L. hieracioides. Ligules showy, much surpassing the disk: leaves all entire (rarely toothed) 4. L. graveolens. Pappus of merely scabrous aristiform bristles or rarely wanting 5. L. platyglossa. 1. L. glandulosa (Hook.) H. & A., Bot. Beech. 358 (1840). Blepharipappus gland ulosus' Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. i. 316 (1834). Layia glandulosa rosea Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 368 (1876). Commonly branching from the base, 1 to 4 or 6 dm. high: herbage rough with short hispid hairs among which (particu- larly near the heads) are few or numerous stipitate dark glands: leaves linear and entire or the lower commonly oblong and toothed to pinnatifid: involucre 8 to 10 mm. high: rays showy. 1.5 to 2 cm. long : pappus bright white, the bristles 10 to 12, with straight hairs toward the base outside and woolly tangled hairs inside. Common on foothills of the Upper Sonoran Zone throughout Southern California, extending barely to the edge of the Desert Area ; north to British Columbia ; also from Idaho to New Mexico. Rose-purple and pure-white ligules sometimes occur on a single plant, as in specimens from near Pasadena (Greata, no. 319), and in others from Victorville (Hall, no. 6208). Var. heterotricha (DC.) Hall, comb. nov. Madaroglossa heter- otricha DC., Prodr. v. 694 (1836). Layia heterotricha H. & A., Bot. Beech. 358 (1840). Blepharipappus heterotrichus Greene. Pitt. ii. 245 (1892). B. glandulosus heterotrichus Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 536 (1901). Rays 8 to 18, white (rarely roseate) : hairs of the pappus-bristles all straight and erect, there being no crisped or woolly inner ones. — Very common in the Upper So- noran and Transition zones of Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, nos. 6346, 6493, 6529; Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Hall, no. 6280; north to Inyo and Mendocino counties. 158 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 This variety passes directly into the species through forms (Hall, no. 6208, etc.) in which the inner crisped hairs of the pappus-bristles are present but very sparse. All of my specimens from Mt. Pinos and Fort Tejon, as well as a specimen in Dr. Davidson's herbarium without locality, and also Hall & Babcock, no. 5043, from the Greenhorn Range, Kern Co., Pur pus, no. 5017. etc., belong to a form with entire leaves and short ligules, these latter scarcely longer than broad (4 or 5 mm.) and only 8 or 10 in number. This form — apparently a product of the arid mon- tane district to the west of the Mohave Desert — bears the same relation to var. heterotricha that Professor Greene 's L. hispida,37 from the * ' high mountains south of Tehachapi ' ' bears to typical L. glandulosd. L. hispida has also been reported from near Los Angeles by Professor Abrams38 but the description in his flora (under Blepharipappus hispidus Greene) is that of L. glandulosa. The original description of L. hispida calls for a plant with nar- row entire leaves, small heads, inconspicuous rays, and a pappus with the inner hairs interlaced. BLEPHARIPAPPUS NUDATUS Greene, Pitt. iii. 168 (1897), is a form from Lower California with entire leaves, short rays, and few or no glands: approached in specimens from Del Mar, San Diego Co., Brandegee. L. CARNOSA (Nutt.) T. & G., said by Nuttall to have been col- lected on the beach at San Diego, has not been found south of Monterey Co. by recent collectors. Mr. Parish39 thinks that either it has become extinct at San Diego or there was an error in Nuttall's locality. It has a succulent herbage, minute white rays, and 20 or more pappus-bristles, these sparsely plumose with straight hairs. 2. L. elegans (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 394 (1843). Madaro- glossa elegans Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 393 (1841). Blepharipappus elegans Greene, Pitt. ii. 246 (1892). Simple or diffuse, 1.5 to 8 dm. high: herbage short-hispid, the stems often brown-dotted; stipitate glands small and scat- 37 Pitt. ii. 20 (1889). 38 Bull. So. Calif. Acad. ii. 14 (1903), and Abrams, Fl. Los Angeles and Vic., 424 (1904). soZoe v. 119 (1901). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California,. 159 tered : leaves linear, the lower toothed or pinnately parted : rays 10 to 13, yellow, sometimes tipped or edged with white, .8 to 2 cm. long : pappus white, villous with copious and interlaced hairs, much shorter than the awn-like bristles. Very common on plains and in the foothills from Lower California to San Bernardino and Santa Barbara ; less plentiful in middle California. A plant gathered near Riverside (Hall. no. 3981) has one head with deep-yellow ligules and two heads in which the ligules are straw-color with rose-purple tips, recall- ing the purple-rayed state of L. glandulosa. 3. L. hieracioides (DC.) H. & A., Bot. Beech. 358 (1840). Madaroglossa hieracioides DC., Prodr. v. 694 (1836). Blephari- pappus hieracioides Greene, Pitt. ii. 246 (1892). Coarse erect plant, 3 to 9 dm. high : stems mostly simple below and branching above, hispid with hairs arising from dark spots : lower leaves oblong, 4 to 8 cm. long, laciniate-dentate, usually somewhat narrowed at base ; upper leaves broadest at the sessile base, the teeth fewer and mostly toward the apex: involucre 7 or 8 mm. high : rays yellow, little exceeding the disk : pappus- bristles about 15, dull white or rusty, pubescent with straight hairs. From Mendocino Co. to Point Sal, Miss Eastwood, and Santa Barbara, Brandegee. 4. L. graveolens Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 92 (1885). Ble- pharipappus graveolens Greene, Pitt. ii. 246 (1892). Commonly simple below, sparingly branched above, about 3 to 5 dm. high : herbage short-hirsute and with numerous black stipitate glands, or succulent and nearly glabrous when growing in moist places: leaves narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, rarely toothed : involucre 9 mm. high : rays lemon-yellow or cream-color. 1 to 1.5 cm. long: achenes slenderly clavate : pappus either bright white or sordid, the hairs of the 15 to 20. bristles all straight and erect. Tehachapi, Kern Co., Jun., 1884 (type), and May 17, 1905, Mrs. Curran; mouth of North Creek, Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., at 1600 m. alt,, Hall, no. 6476; Alcalde, Fresno Co., Brandegee; all in the Upper Sonoran Zone. 160 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 5. L. platyglossa (F. & M.) Gray, PI. Fendl. 103 (1849). Callichroa platyglossa F. & M., Ind. Sem. Petr. ii. 31 (1835). Layia platyglossa breviseta Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 370 (1876). Ble- pharipappus platyglossus Greene, Pitt. ii. 246 (1892). TIDY TIPS. Simple or more commonly branching below, erect or some- times diffuse, 2 to 6 or 8 dm. high: herbage short-hirsute and usually with some small stipitate glands: basal leaves oblong, toothed or pinnatifid, the rameal narrower and either toothed or entire, the uppermost linear and entire : peduncles turbinate- thickened beneath the head : involucral bracts linear, with broad tips: rays 5 to 13, sulphur-yellow, the tips commonly white, 1 to 1.2 cm. long : disk-achenes somewhat flattened, densely clothed with appressed silky hairs: pappus of 15 to 20 upwardly sca- brous stout awn-like bristles, nearly as long as the corolla, neither villous nor plumose, rarely wanting. Common throughout western California; east barely to the edge of the Colorado Desert. Mrs. Brandegee has gathered specimens near San Diego to illustrate variation in coloring: in some the rays vary from lemon-yellow to orange-yellow on a single plant, while others have yellow rays with purple tips. Here also the pappus is occasionally sepaloid, the bristles being broad, thin, and yellowish. L. JONESII Gray, with pale-yellow ligules and a pappus of oblong-ovate naked paleae, grows in San Luis Obispo Co., not far from our northern boundary. 58. ACHYRACHAENA Schauer. Soft-pubescent annual with narrow leaves, the lower opposite, and rather large heads terminating the few erect branches. In- volucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, each enfolding a ray-achene. Bracts of the receptacle membranous, in a single series between ray and disk. Kay-flowers 5 to 10, little exceed- ing the disk; their ligules short and broad, palmately 3-cleft. Kay-achenes fertile, linear-clavate, all the ribs or the alternate scabrous. Disk-achenes with a pappus of about 10 silvery scales. the outer as long as the achene, the inner nearly twice as long. 1907] Hall. — Compositor of Southern California. 161 1. A. mollis Schauer, Del. Sem. Hort. Vratisl/3 (1837). Erect, simple or branching, 2 to 4 dm. high, pilose-pubescent : leaves linear, remotely toothed or entire, 12 cm. or less long: heads solitary, in flower 15 to 20 mm. high, in fruit expanding and becoming globose, then 3 or 4 cm. broad: rays light yellow, soon changing to reddish-brown : paleae of the achenes expanding or rotately diverging. In open places toward the coast throughout the Upper Sonoran Zone of western California, but not common in the south : Ramona and Ysidora, San Diego Co. ; Pasadena, ace. to McClatchie ; Santa Cruz Island, ace. to Greene40 ; common on Santa Catalina Island, ace. to Brandegee41; Ojai, Ventura Co. TRIBE 7. HELENIEAE. SNEEZEWEED TRIBE. 59. JAUMEA Pers. Perennial glabrous herbs. Leaves linear, entire, opposite, connate in pairs at base. Heads medium-sized, many-flowered, solitary, terminating the branches. Flowers yellow, the rays pis- tillate, all fertile. Involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, its bracts broad and imbricated, the outermost short. Receptacle naked, conical. Corolla glabrous. Style-branches of the disk- flowers thickened upward and papillose. Achenes linear, striately 10-nerved. 1. J. carnosa (Less.) Gray, Wilkes. Exped. xvii. 360 (1874). Coinogyne carnosa Less., Linnaea vi. 521 (1831). Stems rather slender, many from the fleshy crown of the tap- root, mostly simple, 1 to 2 or 3 dm. long, decumbent at base and rooting at the nodes : herbage succulent : leaves semiterete, about 2.5 (1.5 to 5) cm. long: involucre 1 cm. high : rays mostly 5 to 10, not longer than the convex disk : achenes glabrous : pappus none. Common in saline soil all along the California coast, and to British Columbia. 40 Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 403 (1887). 4iZoe i. 139 (1890). 162 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 60. VENEGASIA DC. Perennial herb with tall leafy stems. Leaves petioled, ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate, crenate-dentate to sub- entire. Heads large, few, in the upper axils and terminal, short- pedunculate, heterogamous. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of broadly oval mostly membranaceous erect bracts, the innermost and the herbaceous outermost narrower than the intermediate ones. Re- ceptacle flat. Corolla-tube densely glandular-bearded at base. Rays numerous, showy, yellow. Achenes many-nerved. Pappus none. — A single species restricted in distribution to the Coastal Subarea of Southern California. 1. V. carpesioides DC., Prodr. vi. 43 (1837). Erect, sparingly branched, commonly 1 to 2.5 m. high: her- bage glabrous, or minutely pubescent above : leaves thin, 5 to 15 cm. long, 3 to 12 cm. broad at base ; petioles 2 to 5 cm. long : rays 13 to 20, about 2.5 cm. long, normally entire and acute, often toothed or irregularly lacerate at tip : achenes about 12-nerved. papillose-roughened. In moist or shaded places of the Coastal Subarea, especially in ravines of the hill district, from Santa Barbara south nearly to San Diego Co. : common along the southern foothills of the Santa Inez Mts., Santa Barbara Co. ; also plentiful in the shade of Live Oaks at 600 to 1000 m. alt. in the west fork of Matilija Canon, Ventura Co. ; Casitas Pass, Ventura Co. ; Santa Rosa Island, ace. to Brandegee42 ; Santa Cruz Isl. ; Santa Monica and Laurel canons, near Los Angeles ; Sherman and Santa Ana Mts.. ace. to Abrams ; Temecula, Riverside Co. ; and to be expected further southward. — General aspect of Helianthus, for which it is sometimes mistaken. 61. PSILOSTROPHE DC. Xerophytic herbs or low shrubs with narrow alternate leaves. Heads rather small to medium-sized, solitary or cymose. Ray- flowers 3 to 8, pistillate, the yellow ligule persistent and becoming papery. Disk-flowers 5 to 12, perfect and fertile; the corollas 42proc. Calif. Acad. ser. 2, i. 213 (1888). 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 163 elongated-cylindraceous, with very short proper tube and short externally glandular-bearded teeth. Style-branches truncate- capitate. Achenes narrow, terete, obscurely nerved or angled. Pappus of 4 to 6 hyaline paleae. De Candolle's Psilostrophe dates from 1838, whereas Nuttall's Eiddellia, a better-known name for the same genus, dates from 1841. By the rule of priority, Psilostrophe is therefore the name to be retained. 1. P. Cooperi (Gray) Greene, Pitt. ii. 176 (1891) ; A. Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xvi. 20 (1903). Riddellia Cooperi Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358 (1868). Shrubby at base, the rounded clumps about 5 dm. high : herb- age white with a densely pannose tomentum: leaves linear or narrowly spatulate and obtuse, entire, 1 to 5 cm. long, green and glabrate in age : heads scattered, on evident peduncles : involucre 5 to 7 mm. high ; bracts 15 to 30, the inner ones much softer than the rigid and oblong outer ones : rays 4 to 8, broadly oval, 1 or 2 cm. long, shallowly 3-lobed at the broad ape£: pappus-paleae oblong or lanceolate, entire to erose-laciniate, shorter than the achene. Lower Sonoran Zone: Chuckawalla Bench, Colorado Desert, in Riverside Co., Sckellenger, no. 24, and Hall, no. 5890 ; Provi- dence Mts., Mohave Desert, Brandegee; Arizona ; Nevada ; Lower California. 62. BAILEYA Harv. & Gray. Densely white-woolly erect annuals or perennials of the Desert Area. Lower leaves pinnatifid, the upper entire, all alternate. Heads solitary, on conspicuous peduncles. Involucre of numer- ous distinct densely floccose bracts. Ray-flowers pistillate ; ligules yellow and showy when young, becoming papery and reflexed in age. Disk-flowers numerous, fertile, the corolla gradually ex- panding above the short proper tube, the teeth bearded. Style- branches short, obtuse. Achenes oblong or clavate, truncate at the obscurely toothed apex, conspicuously pluristriate. Pappus none. Eays 5 to 8: peduncles under 3 cm. in length 1. B. pauciradiata. Bays 25 to 50 : peduncles often much elongated 2. B. multiradiata. 164 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 1. B. pauciradiata Harv. & Gray, PI. Fendl. 105 (1849). Freely branching, 1 to 5 dm. high from a perennial root (but flowering the first year) , leafy, clothed throughout with a white and floccose woolly tomentum : lower leaves oblong or spatulate. few-toothed or -lobed, the longest over 7 cm. long; upper leaves shorter, oblong or lanceolate to linear, closely sessile: involucre 5 mm. high: rays roundish-oval, 5 to 10 mm. long, the nerves conspicuous: achenes muriculate on the nerves, obscurely resin- ous-atomiferous. Rather common in sandy soil of the Lower Sonoran Zone from Palm Springs, Colorado Desert, and Ash Hill, Mohave Desert, east into Arizona. 2. B. multiradiata pleniradiata (Harv. & Gray) Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 133 (1893). B. pleniradiata Harv. 6 Gray, PL Fendl. 105 (1849). B. multiradiata Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 318 (1884) ; not B. multiradiata Harv. & Gray, in Emory Kept. 144 (1848). Annual or perennial, usually taller than B. pauciradiata; herbage similarly white-woolly but the pubescence more ap- pressed: branches chiefly basal, ascending or erect: lower leaves variously cleft into short obtuse lobes, narrowed to a wing- margined petiole; upper leaves small, mainly entire and sessile: heads on slender often much elongated peduncles : involucre hem- ispheric ; its bracts narrowly oblong, acute : rays 8 to 12 mm. long, oblong or at length broader, narrowed below, 3-toothed at the truncate apex : disk-flowers numerous : achenes as in B. pauci- radiata. In loose or sandy soil of the Lower Sonoran Zone from Rabbit Springs and Ludlow, on the Mohave Desert, and Paloverde, Colo- rado Desert, to New Mexico and Lower California. Also in southwestern Inyo Co. The original B. multiradiata is the form with long naked peduncles and large heads, not known from California (=var. nudicaulis, of Syn. Fl.) 63. PERITYLE Benth. Annual or biennial herbs. Herbage glabrous or viscid-pubes- cent, never white-woolly. Leaves petiolate, the upper alternate, the lower often opposite. Heads numerous, on evident peduncles, 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 165 many-flowered. Involucral bracts in a single series, the margins overlapping, faintly keeled externally, shallowly grooved on the inner surface, the groove being occupied by the outer edge of the ray-achene. Disk-flowers numerous, yellow, 4-toothed. Rays short, white or yellow. Achenes flat with ciliate or cartilaginous margins. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate crown and often a slender awn from one or both of the angles. 1. P. Emoryi Torr., Emory's Kept. N. Mex. 142 (1848) ; Rose, Bot. Gaz. xv. 116 (1890). P. nuda Torr., Pacif. R. Rept. iv. 100 (1857). P. California Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 321 (1884), in part ; not P. Calif ornica Benth. P. Greenei Rose, Bot. Gaz. xv. 117 (1890). Three to 6 dm. high, the striate stems freely branching and widely spreading from an annual or more enduring root : herbage viscid and glandular-pubescent throughout and also somewhat short-hirsute, or glabrate below, ill-scented: leaves roundish or cordate in outline, incisely 5 to 9-lobed or -cleft, the divisions acutely few-toothed ; lower leaves 1.2 cm. long on petioles of equal length ; upper smaller, often nearly sessile : peduncles 1 to 4 cm. long: heads 7 mm. high: outer involucral bracts oblong, acute, ciliate ; inner bracts narrower, scarious-margined : rays about 12. 2 or 3 mm. long ; all the corollas glandular-pubescent : style- branches with short minutely hirsute appendages: achenes flat, oblong to subclavate, black, smooth and shining or rarely puberu- lent on the sides, hispid-ciliate on the margins : pappus an incon- spicuous erose or lacerate crown and a single slender awn about as long as the achene, or the awn usually wanting. Lower and Upper Sonoran zones : near Santa Monica, Hasse; Catalin* Island, Davidson; San Clemente Island, Nevin & Lyon, ace. to Rose; San Diego, Hall; throughout the Colorado Desert, various collectors ; Newberry, in the southern part of the Mohave Desert; Panamint Mts. (in the epappose form); Arizona and Mexico. Often forming dense clumps 5 to 10 dm. in diameter, covered with a profusion of flower-heads, in which the yellow disks are sometimes as conspicuous as the white rays. Some specimens have been referred to P. microglossa (=P. acmella of Bot. 166 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Calif.), but that is a species of Mexico, far beyond our limits. The form in which the pappus-awn is wanting is the var. nuda of Gray (=P. nuda Torr.). Both forms occur throughout the range of the species. P. Greenei Rose, of Santa Cruz and Cedros islands, etc., is an indistinguishable form. Ace. to Greene it is strongly aromatic. Dr. Rose has also described (Bot. Gaz. xv. 117) as P. Emoryi var. Orcuttii "a slender form with small leaves, achenes with small crown or none, and often with faces quite pubescent" from material collected at Cantillas, Lower California. P. PLUMIGERA Gray, PI. Fendl. 77 (1849). Leaves small: heads narrow, barely 6 mm. high : awn solitary, longer than the achene. — Known only from Coulter's ' * Calif ornian collection," but it is probable (ace. to Gray) that the specimens were gath- ered in Arizona. Perhaps only a form of P. Calif ornica. P. LEPTOGLOSSA Gray, 1. c. Leaves 1.2 to 2 cm. long : heads 1 cm. high, witfy rays 8 mm. long: disk-corollas with very slender tube and long and narrow cylindrical throat : awn solitary, longer than the achene, exceeded by the disk-corolla. — Likewise reported from California, Coulter, but probably Arizonan, or more likely only Mexican. Dr. Rose43 reports that there is a specimen in the U. S. National Herbarium from Guaymas, Mexico, collected by Dr. Palmer in 1869. P. ROTUNDIFOLIA Brandegee, Zoe iv. 210 (1893). Amauria ro- tundifolia Benth., Bot. Sulph. 31 (1844). Perityle Fitchii Torr.. Pacif. R. Report, iv. pt. 5, 100 (1857) ; Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. ser. 2, ii. 177 (1889); Rose, Bot. Gaz. xv. 113 (1890). Laphamia peninsularis Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 8 (1884). Best distinguished by its 4-angled achenes ; the faces smooth, the angles slightly hirsute with straight appressed hairs. — "Califor- nia, Rev. A. Fitch," according to the label. Since it has been frequently collected in Lower California but not again reported from upper California, it seems very unlikely that it occurs within our limits. 43 Bot. Gaz. xv. 118 (1890). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 167 64. LASTHENIA Cass. Glabrous slightly succulent annuals. Leaves opposite, mostly narrow and entire, sessile. Heads on slender peduncles terminat- ing the branches. Involucral bracts 5 to 15, more or less united into a hemispheric or campanulate toothed cup. Receptacle coni- cal, covered with projecting points which bear the linear or linear- oblong flattened achenes. Flowers yellow. Pappus, in ours, none. 1. L. glabrata Coulter! Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 324 (1884). L. Coulteri Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 192 (1885). Usually branching, 1.5 to 3 dm. high : leaves linear and entire or sometimes the upper pair broadly lanceolate and toothed, con- spicuously connate and sheath-like at base : peduncles erect, often elongated : involucre broadly hemispheric, 5 to 7 mm. high : ligules about 8 mm. long : achenes narrowly obovate, mostly with obtuse edges, the surface sprinkled with yellow rough gland-like points. Common along borders of salt-marshes near the coast and on inland alkali flats from San Diego to Santa Barbara and the San Joaquin Valley. There has been an attempt to specifically separate L. Coulteri. the southern form, from L. glabrata, of middle and northern California, on the basis of achenial characters, but these char- acters are inconstant. The achenes of the typical form are prob- ably never "perfectly smooth" but, as viewed through the microscope, are always more or less roughened with minute pa- pillae resembling, except for size, the more conspicuous ones of the variety. The papillae of the variety are, moreover, quite variable. They are commonly globular or obtuse-cylindrical in shape, but in specimens from the San Joaquin Valley (Davy, no. 2430) they are slender and acute with incurved tips. The surface of the achenes from a single head varies in color from silvery gray and shining to dull brown and lustreless, this range being shown in specimens from near San Diego (Hall, no. 3956). The achenes are usually more obtusely angled in the variety than in the species but sometimes the angles are decidedly acute, as, for example, in specimens collected in Ventura Co., Apr. 7, 1902, by Davy. Since these achenial characters are thus shown to be in- constant and since there is not the least difference between the 168 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 two forms as regards habit, foliage, or flower, there is no ap- parent reason for assigning specific rank to L. Coulteri. It may be retained as a variety of L. glabrata, however, because of the more conspicuous papillae of its achenes. 65. BAERIA F. & M. GOLD FIELDS. Ours low and mostly slender annuals. Herbage commonly pubescent and often glutinous but never hoary. Leaves opposite, linear, entire or laciniate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, the heads on slender peduncles. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts as many as the rays, ovate or oblong and becoming more or less carinate below the middle in most species. Receptacle from hemispheric to subulate, usually conical. Ray-flowers mostly 5 to 18 (1 to 4 in B. micro glossa) , pistillate, showy for the size of the heads, or the ligules sometimes very short. Disk- flowers hermaphrodite, their style-branches obtuse and either with or without a minute appendage. Achenes linear, but somewhat broadened upward. Pappus of paleae, or awns, or both, or none. All of our species of Baeria, save only the first, which belongs to the monotypic subgenus Burrielia, are very closely related. This relationship is so close that even Doctor Gray's division into three sections, representing the three genera, Baeria, Dichaeta. Ptilomeris, of earlier botanists, is of doubtful value.44 These genera were based on characters of the pappus, receptacle, and leaves. Pappus characters are entirely unreliable (as I shall dem- onstrate under B. chrysostoma, and B. aristata), several species of Eubaeria and Ptilomeris exhibiting at times the pappus of Dichaeta, while epappose forms may be expected in any species. The receptacle is described as muricate-roughened in Eubaeria and Dichaeta, scrobiculate in Ptilomeris. But the receptacle in every case is covered wtih papillae, each papilla being more or less concave or cup-shaped at summit where it fits around the callous base of its achene. Now, if the papillae are elongated and distinct the receptacle will appear muricate, as is always the case, so far as I am aware, in Eubaeria and Dichaeta ; but, if the pa- pillae are short, thick, and close together, they present a smooth 44 Of our species, no. 2, belongs to Dr. Gray's § Eubaeria; no. 3 to § Dichaeta; no. 4 to § Ptilomeris. 1907] Hall. — Composite of Southern California. 169 surface marked only by the depressions which once surrounded the bases of the achenes, and such a receptacle will appear scrobi- culate, as is often, but not always, the case in Ptilomeris. In B. aristata, of the Ptilomeris section, the receptacle is often as plainly muricate as in species of Eubaeria ; or a portion of the receptacle may be muricate while the remainder is merely scro- biculate, as a result of fusion of the papillae. The receptacle is commonly glabrous in Eubaeria and Dichaeta, glabrous to densely villous in Ptilomeris. It is thus seen that neither pappus nor receptacle furnishes characters upon which to found species, much less sections or genera, and leaf characters are likewise elusive, as may be inferred from the specific descriptions beyond. Involucre of only 3 or 4 bracts: ligules obsolete or wanting: pappus of at- tenuate paleae: leaves entire 1. B. microglossa. Involucre of more numerous bracts. Leaves all linear and entire 2. B. chrysostoma. Leaves toothed, cleft, or parted, or some entire. Leaves broadly linear to oblong: plants robust: pappus either of two sorts or none 3. B. uliginosa. Leaves or their divisions filiform or linear 4. B. aristata. 1. B. microglossa (DC.) Greene, Fl. Fr. 438 (1897). Bur- rielia microglossa DC., Prodr. v. 664 (1836). Stems very slender, the plant 5 cm. to 1 or 2 dm. high : her- bage more or less hirsute : leaves linear, 1 to 3 mm. wide or the upper sometimes more dilated: involucre cylindric, 5 to 8 mm. high; bracts only 3 or 4, oblong: receptacle subulate: pistillate flowers 1 to 3, their ligules shorter than the styles or wanting: disk-flowers not over 15 : achenes fusiform-linear, flattish, sparsely short-pubescent : pappus-paleae 2 to 4, attenuate-subulate. Andreas Canon, near Palm Springs, Colorado Desert, Apr., 1882, Parish, no. 747; San Luis Obispo Co. to middle California, on low ground. 2. E. chrysostoma F. & M., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 29 (1835). GOLD FIELDS. Plant low and with unbranched stems when growing in poor or dry soil; becoming robust, profusely branched, and 10 to 25 cm. high under favorable conditions: herbage strigulose to hir- sute : leaves narrowly linear, 3 mm. or less wide, entire : in- 170 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 volucre broad, 3 to 6 mm. high; bracts 10 to 15 (or 18) or in depauperate plants 5 to 10 : ray-flowers as many as the bracts ; ligules 3 to 8 mm. long: style-tips capitate and seldom, if ever, with a minute apiculation : achenes in the typical form linear- clavate, slightly rounded at summit, either perfectly smooth and shining or with minute rounded papillae: pappus in the typical form none. Southern Oregon to Lower California and the borders of Arizona : in its numerous varieties and forms very abundant in early spring on plains and over the lower foothills, often covering the slopes for miles with its golden-yellow bloom; rare on the deserts and not found in the mountains above the Upper Sonoran Zone. The typical form, distinguished from the following va- rieties only by the achenes, has been reported as rather common around Los Angeles and may occur throughout western Cali- fornia. I have not seen it south of Antelope Valley. A specimen determined by Meyer, now in the Brandegee Herbarium, has clavate achenes, rounded at summit, not pubescent but minutely papillose ; the herbage is succulent and the heads large with broad involucre, as in the sea-coast form. Var. gracilis (DC.) Hall, comb. nov. Burrielia gracilis DC.. Prodr. v. 664 (1836). Baeria gracilis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196 (1874). Achenes linear, truncate, more or less strigose- pubescent : pappus usually present. — The typical form of this variety has a pappus of 3 or 4 awns from small lanceolate paleae, about equalling the disk-corollas. Very abundant in Southern California. The following forms, most of them treated as varieties of B. gracilis or as distinct species in Gray's Synoptical Flora (where full synonymy), are here referred to the var. gracilis. Var. gracilis f . nuda Hall, form. nov. Pappus none. — A form very close to typical B. chrysostoma but the achenes are narrower, not at all rounded at the summit, and more conspicuously pubes- cent. However, perfectly glabrous achenes are sometimes very narrow and truncate, and all degrees of pubescence occur, so that these characters cannot be used for specific diagnoses. — San Fran- cisquito Canon, Los Angeles Co., Hall, no. 3100, and elsewhere with the typical form of var. gracilis. !907] Hall. — Compositor of Southern California. 171 Var. gracilis f. aristosa (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. B. gracilis aristosa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21 (1883). B. aristosa Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. 354 (1900). Disk-pappus of 3 or 4 awns very gradually and slightly widened downward. Var. gracilis f. tenerrima (DC.) Hall, comb. nov. Burrielia tenerrima DC., Prodr. v. 664 (1836) ? B. gracilis tenerrima Gray, Syn. FL i. pt. 2, 326 (1884). Disk-pappus of f. aristosa but awns often fewer : stems low and slender, often simple : rays and bracts only 5 or 6 each. — A starved form of sterile soil. Mr. Parish has collected in the San Bernardino Mts. some speci- mens (no. 235 as represented at Univ. Calif. Herb.) of this form in which the receptacle is paleaceous, each achene being sub- tended by a cuneate palea of its own length. Var. gracilis f. paleacea (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. B. gracilis paleacea Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21 (1883). B. Clevelandi Gray, 1. c. 22. Disk-pappus of 2 to 4 ovate or deltoid paleae more or less abruptly contracted to a slender awn. — B. Clevelandi was described as glabrous except for some fine deciduous woolliness. the style-tips with a conical or subulate appendage, and the pappus of only 2 paleae. Mrs. Brandegee, after having examined the type, says that she is unable to detect any difference between the pubescence or style-tips of B. Clevelandi and of B. gracilis, and that in the type of the former the pappus-paleae are some- times 3 in number. Further evidence against B. Clevelandi as a species is the following : Specimens from Ocean -Beach, near San Diego, Apr. 21, 1894, Brandegee, have all the characters of B. c. gracilis except that the pappus-paleae are only 2 or 3 in number and with the shape assigned to those of B. Clevelandi; specimens from Rialto, San Bernardino Co., Hall, no. 2941, dup- licate the pappus characters of B. Clevelandi in some flowers, other flowers from the same plant have 4 awned paleae, and still others have 2 paleae and 2 intermediate squamellae, etc. The style-tips and pubescence of my. no. 2941 are as in the common form of B. c. gracilis. Var. gracilis f. Clementina (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. B. Palmeri Clementina Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 452 (1886). Paleae of both ray and disk-flowers mostly 5, ovate, firm, attenuate into a stout awn, sparingly erose-laciniate or only denticulate : plants 172 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 robust. — Known only from the Californian islands, but almost duplicated, so far as pappus is concerned, by small specimens from the San Joaquin Valley (Davy, no. 1739a), in which the pappus-paleae are entire to erose, or even dentate with long sharp teeth. Var. gracilis f. crassa Hall, form. nov. Disk-pappus of 4 en- tire lanceolate paleae each tapering to a slender awn : stems low, stout, branched: herbage somewhat succulent: leaves narrowly oblong, obtuse, 1.5 to 3 mm. broad — A seashore form: Ocean Beach, near San Diego, May, 1906, Mrs. Brandegee. Var. gracilis f. curta (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. B. curta Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21 (1883). Pappus of ovate or oblong paleae, most or all of them obtuse or truncate and destitute of awn. — The original specimens were described as having ' ' pappus of ovate or oblong pointless paleae, not exceeding the breadth of the achene, usually 4 or 5, or in ray-flowers reduced to a single one, in some plants all obsolete." They were from near San Bernardino, Wright, Lemmon, and the form has recently been found near Riverside by Geo. R. Hall, no. 1669. I have exam- ined some of Mr. Lemmon 's plants gathered with the types (no. 135) and find the paleae to be 2 to 4 in number or more often entirely .wanting. Specimens collected by myself (no. 2971) on Box Springs Mt, not far from San Bernardino, exhibit the fol- lowing variations in pappus, all the achenes being taken from a single head: achene (a), one lanceolate palea tapering into a slender awn (as in paleae of typical B. c. gracilis) the whole equalling the achene, no other pappus; achene (b), 2 erose paleae equalling the breadth of the achene; achene (c), 1 erose palea equalling the breadth of the achene and 3 minute scales ; achene (d), four minute scales; achene (e), one minute scale; achene (f), pappus none. Other combinations could be cited and most of the specimens under this number have achenes destitute of pappus. This demonstrates the extreme variability of pappus characters in this genus even on individual plants, and leads one to the conclusion that species founded on such characters alone cannot stand. 3. B. uliginosa (Nutt.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197 (1874). Dichaeta uliginosa Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 383 (1841). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 173 One to 3 dm. high, at length loosely branched and diffuse: herbage somewhat succulent, villous-tomentose when young, com- monly glabrate: leaves narrowly oblong to broadly ligulate. laciniate-pinnatifid (especially above the middle) or the upper entire; the larger sometimes 5 to 10 cm. long and with the con- spicuously nerved undivided portion 1 cm. broad : involucral bracts and oblong exserted rays 10 to 13 : pappus (rarely want- ing) of 2 to 4 awns and about 6 truncate-fimbriate intervening paleae. An inhabitant of low wet places : Santa Barbara, ace. to Gray ; Tulare, Davy; north to San Francisco Bay. 4. B. aristata (Nutt.) Hall, comb. nov. Ptilomeris aristata Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 382 (1841). P. coron- aria Nutt., 1. c. Baeria coronaria Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23 (1883). Stem simple to diffusely much branched, 5 to 30 cm. high: herbage minutely glandular-pubescent throughout: leaves most- ly pinnately parted into long linear-filiform divisions : involucre 4 or 5 mm. high; bracts deciduous with ray-achenes; midnerve prominent: ray-flowers usually about 12 (8 to 15) ; ligules 4 to 10 mm. long: pappus of 8 to 12 lanceolate or oblong paleae in the typical form, some or all of them tapering into awns about equalling the corolla. Very common at San Diego (Pur pus, Univ. Calif, no. 30414 ; etc.), thence to Riverside (and Port Ballona, Los Angeles Co., ace. to Abrams). First described as Ptilomeris aristata Nutt., from specimens in which all of the paleae were awned in disk- flowers; two of them awned, the remainder muticous, in ray- flowers, and the receptacle naked. In P. coronaria Nutt. none of the paleae in the ray-flowers are awned and the receptacle is densely villous. That these characters are much too variable, even in individual plants, to be of any value, is very evident from the abundant material now at hand. f. mutica (Nutt.) Hall, comb. nov. Ptilomeris mutica Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 382 (1841). Baeria mutica Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23 (1883). Pappus of oblong paleae, the obtuse or truncate summit erose. — Likewise common at San Diego (Setchell, Univ. Calif, no. 53902; etc.), thence to 174 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 San Jacinto, Beaumont, and Redondo. Specimens gathered by myself near Riverside, under numbers 3714 and 3833, belong partly to this form, partly to typical B. aristata, while some ex- hibit the characters of both. The paleae of disk-flowers are sometimes all truncate and awnless, or from 1 to 4 of them may be awned, all combinations occurring in a single head. f. anthemoides (Nutt.) Hall, comb. nov. Ptilomeris anthem- oides Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 382 (1841). Baeria anthemoides Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 328 (1884). Pappus none : receptacle usually scrobiculate. — Known only from south- western San Diego Co. (Hall. no. 3950, etc.) Var. affinis (Nutt.) Hall, comb. nov. Ptilomeris affinis Nutt.. PL Gamb. 173 (1848). Baeria affinis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23 (1874). Stems slender: involucre 3 or 4 mm. high: ray- flowers 6 to 8 ; ligules 4 mm. or less long : pappus, in the typical form, of 6 to 10 oblong or lanceolate paleae as long as the corolla- tube, the margins erose or laciniate, some or all of them continued into awns about equalling the corolla, or in the ray all blunt and awnless: herbage (always?) sweet-scented. — This form has been collected near Los Angeles and at North Pomona, Clare- mont, Cajon Pass, and San Bernardino. It differs from typical B. aristata only in being generally smaller and more slender, and in having smaller heads with less numerous rays. It has a pappus form (f. truncata) corresponding to f. mutica of B. anthemoides. Var. affinis f. truncata Hall, nom. nov. Ptilomeris tenella Nutt., PL Gamb. 173 (1848). Baeria tenella Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23 (1883). Not Dichaeta tenella Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 383 (1841), which is Baeria tenella Greene. FL Fr. 439 (1897) and Jepson, FL W. Mid. Calif. 520 (1901). Pappus of 6 to 10 oblong or cuneate paleae mostly shorter than the corolla-tube, the truncate summit erose or denticulate.— Piru, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 3122; North Pomona, Braunton, no. 254, in part; Claremont, Chandler; etc. Often found with the typical form of var. affinis, from which it differs only in the pappus, and the two forms are not infrequently mounted in her- baria under a single label. Field observations on the odor of the herbage are desirable. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 175 Var. Parishii (Wats.) Hall, comb. nov. B. Pariskii Wats., Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 83 (1889). Plant very slender, seldom over 1.5 dm. high : stem simple to much branched above : herbage pubescent with loose hairs: leaves narrowly linear, acute or ob- tuse, mostly pinnately cleft into one to several pairs of slender lobes, rarely all entire: involucre only 2 to 4 mm. high; bracts 8 to 12, scarcely enfolding the ray-achenes and the midvein not prominent : ray-flowers 8 to 12 ; ligules about 3 mm. long : style- tips truncate-apiculate : achenes linear, with truncate summit, sparsely and minutely pubescent: pappus none in the typical form. — Known only from the type locality ; namely, on clay hill- sides at about 450 m. alt. in Waterman Canon, near San Ber- nardino: May 29, 1888, Parish, no. 2041 (duplicate type), in part; May 8, 1895, Parish, no. 3642, in part. Var. Parishii f. varia Hall, form. nov. Pappus of 6 to 10 quadrate or ovate paleae with erose summits, some of them pro- vided with awns as long as the corolla. — Claremont, Feb. 10. 1897, Chandler. Corresponds to the typical form of B. aristata and of B. aristata affinis, so far as pappus is concerned. Var. Parishii f. quadrata Hall, form. nov. Pappus of 6 to 10 quadrate paleae only half the length of the corolla-tube, their summits erose-truncate. — At the type locality of var. Parishii. Parish, nos. 2041, in part, and 3642, in part, the remaining plants gathered under these numbers differing only in the eppapose achenes. Bears the same relation to f. varia that B. aristata f. mutica does to typical B. aristata, and similarly corresponds to f. truncata of var. affinis. 66. MONOLOPIA DC. White-woolly annuals with mostly alternate sessile leaves and long-peduncled heads of golden-yellow flowers. Involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts either distinct to near the base or united into a cup with broad or triangular teeth. Receptacle globular or conical in our species, naked. Ray-corollas with ample 3 or 4- toothed or -lobed ligule and bearing at the orifice on the opposite side of the style a roundish denticulate appendage ; lobes of disk- corollas somewhat hairy. Achenes obovoid, angular, black. Pappus none. 176 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 1. M. major DC., Prodr. vi. 74 (1837) ; Hook., Ic. PL t. 344 (1841), and Bot. Mag. t. 3839 (1840). Stoutish, simple or branching, 1.5 to 5 dm. high: tomentum floccose and tardily deciduous : leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, low-denticulate or commonly entire, 8 cm. or less long : involucre mostly 6 to 12 mm. high; bracts united into a broadly campan- ulate cup with triangular teeth : rays .8 to 1.5 or 2 cm. long, the oblong or roundish denticulate appendage less than 1 mm. in diameter. Common in the central part of the state and, ace. to the Botany of California, extending southward to San Diego. Var. lanceolata (Nutt.) Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 384 (1876). M. lanceolata Nutt., Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 175 (1847). Bracts of the involucre distinct to near the base ; otherwise as in the species. —Grassy slopes, especially on heavy soils ; Upper Sonoran Zone ; apparently rather rare: Highland Park, Los Angeles, Greata; Cahuenga Pass, Brewer, no. 185 ; San Rafael Mts., Santa Bar- bara Co., Hall, no. 7805; Antelope Valley, Dr. Vogt, no. 51, and Davy, no. 2166; head of San Joaquin Valley, Davy, nos. 1704, 1893b, 1724, 1990. Mr. Davy's specimens nos. 1704 and 1724 from near Bakersfield, specimens gathered in Tulare Co. by Mr. G. C. Roeding, and also Brewer's no. 185 from Cahuenga, ap- proach in the size of their involucres and achenes very closely to M. gracilens Gray, which should be considered only a small- flowered variety of M. major. 67. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS Gray. Low and commonly diffuse white-woolly annuals principally of the Desert Area. Leaves narrow, entire, or lobed at the apex, mostly alternate. Heads small, short-peduncled, with yellow or purplish ray-flowers and yellow disk-flowers. Involucre narrow, of 5 to 8 narrow bracts partly enfolding the ray-achenes. Re- ceptacle small, flat. Style-branches flattened, acute. Achenes linear-turbinate, pubescent. Pappus of numerous bristles united at base or none. Kays yellow: pappus of numerous barbellate awns 1. S. Fremonti. Eays rose-purple, edged or marked with white: pappus none ....2. S. Lemmoni. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 177 1. S. Fremont! Gray, Pacif. R. Kept. iv. 106, t. 15 (1857). Plant low and spreading, much branched from the base: leaves broadly linear or spatulate, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed near the apex, 5 to 15 mm. long : heads short-pedunculate : in- volucre 5 or 6 mm. high, the bracts scarious-margined : rays golden-yellow, 3 to 6 mm. long: pappus bright white, the nu- merous barbellate bristles often paleaceously united at base, de- ciduous. Abundant from Cajon Pass to the Mohave River, Parish, no. 1267, and Hall, no. 6179; Randsburg, Mohave Desert, C. M. Drake, no. 8; Cameron, Tehachapi Pass, Brandegee- Inyo Co., Purpus, Brandegee, Coville & Funston; Soda Lake, Cooper, ace. to Gray ; east to Utah and Arizona. 2. S. Lemmoni Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20 (1883). Act- inolepis Lemmoni Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 101 (1880). Mi- crobahia Lemmoni Ckll., Muhlenbergia iii. 9 (1907). Stem very slender, often erect, only a few cm. high : herbage glabrate in age: leaves linear or slightly enlarged above, entire: involucre 4 or 5 mm. high, its 6 to 8 bracts narrowly oblong and scarious-margined : rays 7 or 8, fading from rose to flesh-color, commonly almost white on the upper surface, deep rose and with dark-red veins beneath, the margins white. Manzana, Antelope Valley, Davidson • Cajon Pass., Parish, no. 1250, Hall & Chandler, no. 6756; San Bernardino Plains, Mar., 1880, Lemmon. 68. HYMENOPAPPUS L'Her. Herbs with alternate or mostly basal pinnatifid leaves. Heads medium-sized, discoid in most species, borne in an open .panicle or solitary and terminal on the elongated branchlets. Involucral bracts 6 to 12, in 1 or 2 series, broad, the margins scarious and often colored. Corollas with narrow tube, abruptly dilated throat, and spreading or recurved lobes. Achenes obpyramidal. 4 to 5-angled. Pappus of 10 to 20 thin obtuse or awned paleae. sometimes reduced or wanting. Pappus-paleae not awn-tipped: flowers yellow. Involucral bracts very unequal 1. H. lugens. Involucral bracts nearly equal 2. H. filifolius. Pappus-paleae awn-tipped: flowers white or purplish 3. H. Wrightii. 178 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 1. H. lugens Greene, Pitt. iv. 43 (1899). Stems erect, from a perennial multicipital caudex, 3 to 5 dm. high : herbage loosely tomentose, the stems glabrate : leaves clus- tered near the base, about 8 cm. long including the petiole, twice or thrice pinnately parted into linear acute lobes: heads scat- tered, on slender peduncles : involucral bracts broadly oblong or obovate, obtuse, very unequal, the short outer ones with broad reddish-brown margins, the inner somewhat scarious or greenish : rays none : disk-flowers yellow ; throat cylindric, narrowed to the nearly equal tube : anthers exserted : style-tips conic : villous hairs of the achene somewhat shorter than the strongly 1-nerved obtuse paleae, which either equal or are somewhat shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. Mountains and foothills bordering the deserts: Transition Zone at Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish, no. 3717, Hall. nos. 1339, 7558, and Abrams, no. 2899 ; Lower Sonoran Zone at Coyote Canon, Riverside Co., Hall, no. 1178.1; Warner's Ranch. San Diego Co., ace. to Parish; Cuyamaca Mts., Jul. 16, 1906, Mrs. Brandegee; Tantillas Mts., Lower California, Palmer, no. 183 ; San Pedro Martir, Lower California, Brandegee. Professor Greene includes Inyo Co. in the range of H. lugens, but he had only specimens collected by Mr. Parish and the latter informs me that he has not botanized in Inyo Co. An excellent species, well marked, in its group, by the very unequal bracts of the involucre. 2. H. filifolius Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. i. 317 (1834). Stems several and erect from the perennial caudex, 3 to 6 (Jm. high, somewhat leafy: herbage loosely tomentose, the tomentum deciduous except from the leaf -axils : leaves once or twice pin- nately parted into linear lobes : heads few, in a loose terminal cyme ; peduncles 1 to 8 cm. long : involucral bracts broadly oblong or narrowed to the base, very obtuse, nearly equal, tomentose on the back, the margins greenish-white : rays none : disk-flowers yel- low, teeth reflexed : throat cylindric, narrowed to the nearly equal tube : villous hairs of the achene commonly as long as the pappus- paleae which barely equal the corolla-tube, or the paleae some- times much shorter. Providence Mts., Mohave Desert, Jun. 6, 1902, Brandegee; east to Nebraska. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 179 3. H. Wrightii, Hall, comb. nov. Hymenothrix Wrightii Gray. PL Wright, ii. 97 (1853). Stems rigid, corymbosely branched, 2 to 10 dm. high, from a biennial or perennial root: herbage somewhat hirsute below, glandular or glabrous above, no woolly tomentum : leaves once or twice ternately divided into linear or filiform divisions : in- volucre (6 to 8 mm. high) of obovate-oblong and very obtuse pur- ple-tinged bracts and a few smaller narrow accessory ones : rays none: disk-flowers white or purplish, with very slender tube, short throat, and limb 5-parted into widely spreading lobes : style-tips flat, cuspidate : anthers exserted : achenes villous : pap- pus-paleae lanceolate, the strong midrib continued as a scabrous awn nearly equalling the corolla. Pine Valley, San Diego Co., Alderson, ace. to Parish; Stone- wall Mine, Cuyamaca Mt., San Diego Co., Brandegee; southern Arizona and Lower California. 69. PALAFOXIA Lag. Ours a robust much branched herb of the Desert Area. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads narrow, discoid, the flowers either all alike or the outer corollas sometimes with very unequal lobes. Involucre of linear nearly equal bracts. Achenes nearly as long as the involucre, the slender pappus therefore much exserted. 1. P. linearis (Cav.) Lag., Nov. Gen. et Spec. 26 (1816) ; Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 2132 (1819). Ageratum lineare Cav., Ic. PL iii. 3, t. 205 (1794). Flowering as an annual but becoming perennial and some- what lignescent at base : herbage scabrous or hispid, the leaves canescent: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 cm. long in- cluding the petiole-like base, acute, 1-nerved: involucre about 15 mm. high; bracts linear, acute, lightly clasping the outer achenes : corolla-lobes 5, subequal or in the outer flowers often very unequal, one-half to one-fourth as long as the throat : pappus of 4 or 5 linear acute paleae nearly as long as the achene, trav- ersed by a strong midrib and bordered with a membranous mar- gin; in addition sometimes 2 to 4 shorter obtuse ones, or the paleae of the outer flowers sometimes all much reduced. 180 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Common in the Lower Sonoran Zone throughout the Colorado Desert: less common on the Mohave Desert, where it ranges as far north as Coso Mts., ace. to Coville; east into Arizona; south into Mexico. 70. ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. Annual and perennial herbs or suffruticose plants. Herbage white-woolly, at least when young. Leaves mainly entire, or variously toothed, divided, or incised. Involucre oblong to hemispheric, its bracts distinctly rigid and permanently erect, concave and disposed to enfold the mature outer achenes. Re- ceptacle flat or convex. Rays 4 to 13 or 15, broad, rarely lack- ing. Tube of disk-corollas commonly glandular and hairy. Style- branches from truncate to conical or subulate. Achenes linear or linear-clavate. Pappus various, sometimes lacking. A.— Annuals: low (under 2 dm.) and diffuse. Heads mostly sessile: receptacle flat or nearly so. Kays 2 mm. long 1. E. multicaule. Kays none 2. E. Pringlei. Heads pedunculate: receptacle convex or conical: rays conspicuous. Achenes linear: leaves entire or toothed. Pappus-paleae very unequal; about 5 short obtuse paleae alternat- ing with as many longer awned ones 3. E. lanosum. Pappus-paleae equal or wanting. Anther-tips linear-subulate: tomentum copious, persistent 4. E. Wallacei. Anther-tips obtuse or merely acute: tomentum less copious, deciduous 5. E. ambiguum. Achenes clavate: leaves mostly pinnately parted 6. E. Heermanni. B.— Biennials and perennials: taller (3 dm. or more) and erect. Heads small, terminally clustered: leaves mainly divided or parted. Rays 6 to 10: stems mostly over 6 dm. high: maritime species. Leaves green above: pappus-paleae 8 to 12 7. E. staechadifolium. Leaves white-tomentose on both sides: pappus-paleae 4 to 6 8. E. Nevinii. Rays 4 or 5, or none: stems mostly under 6 dm. high 9. E. confertiflorum. Heads large, solitary on long peduncles: leaves mainly entire: var. obovatum of 10. E. lanatum. 1. E. multicaule (DC.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 24 (1883). Actinolepis multicaulis DC., Prodr. v. 656 (1836) ; Hook., Ic. PI. t. 325 (1841) ; Torr., Bot. Hex. Bound. 96, t. 33 (1859). 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 181 Diffusely branched from the base, 2 to 10 cm. high, often forming mats 1 dm. in diameter : flocculent tomentum deciduous except from the heads : leaves 1 cm. or less long, broadly spat- ulate, mostly with 2 or 3 short rounded lobes or teeth at the apex : heads in leafy-bracteate close terminal clusters : involucre 3 mm. high: receptacle nearly flat: rays 3 to 7, yellow, 2 mm. long: achenes sparsely pubescent, soon glabrate: pappus of 10 to 15 narrow somewhat fimbriate paleae, continued above into subulate awns, nearly as long as the corolla, sometimes lacking in part or all of the disk-flowers. Common in Southern California west of the mountains and north to the upper Salinas Valley. Also in southern Arizona, ace. to Gray, and therefore to be expected in our Desert Area. 2. E. Pringlei Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25 (1883). Actin- olepis Pringlei Greene, Fl. Fr. 441 (1897). Stem much branched from the base, forming dense woolly tufts 1 to 5 cm. high and 15 cm. or less in diameter : leaves and heads as in the last preceding but rays lacking: achenes ap- pressed-pubescent : pappus-paleae silvery-scarious, broadly lan- ceolate, obtuse, erose, equalling the corolla-tube. Plentiful in gravelly soil on the Mohave Desert and the sur- rounding mountains (even to 1800 m. alt.) ; ranging west to Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6322, north to the Greenhorn Range, Hall & Babcock, no. 5075, and east into Arizona, ace. to Gray. 3. E. lanosum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25 (1883). Bur- rielia lanosa Gray, Pacif. R. Rept. iv. 107 (1857). Actinolepis lanosa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198 (1874). Plant 4 to 10 cm. high, the few to numerous branches ascend- ing or erect: leaves linear, mostly entire, 1 cm. or less long: heads scattered on more or less elongated naked peduncles: involucre narrow, 5 or 6 mm. high : receptacle convex, obtuse : rays white or rose-color, 5 mm. long: anther-tips subulate: style-branches obtuse : achenes sparsely pubescent : pappus of about 5 paleaceous awns nearly as long as the corolla and as many obtuse alternating paleae of half this length. A rare species occurring from Lower California and along 182 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 our eastern borders to southern Nevada ; Needles, Feb., 1886, Mrs. Brandegee. 4. E. Wallace! Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25 (1883). Bahia Wallacei Gray, Pacif. R. Kept. iv. 105 (1857). Actinolepis Wal- lacei Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198 (1874). Stem freely branching from the base ; the branches ascending, 2 to 10 cm. high : the copious matted wool tardily or not at all deciduous : leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, mostly entire, 1 cm. or less long : heads short-pedunculate : involucre 5 mm. high, its overlapping bracts not united : receptacle low-conical, obtuse : rays about 10, yellow, 4 mm. long and nearly as broad: anther- tips subulate: style-branches conical, acutish: pappus-paleae, 6 to 10, oblong or obovate, obtuse, erose, one-half to one-fourth as long as the corolla. In gravelly or sandy soil: San Bernardino Valley; San Jacinto Mts. ; east to Arizona and southern Utah. A form with the pappus reduced to a mere border comes from the Santa Ana Eiver bottoms near Redlands, F. M. Reed, no. 784, and Greata, no. 572, part, but it passes into the typical form at the same locality. There is also a color form (Bahia rubella Gray) in which the rays are pale purple and white or even dull rose-color : western borders of Colorado Desert at San Felipe, San Diego Co., Parry, ace. to Gray, also Brandegee, and Apr. 25, 1899. Mrs. Brandegee; Vallecito, San Diego Co., Parish, no. 1625. It will probably be found that color characters are no more con- stant here than they are in Layia glandulosa, where analagous forms occur. 5. E. ambiguum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 26 (1883), and Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 330 (1884). Lasthenia (Monolopia) ambigua Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vf. 547 (1865). Bahia parviflora and B. ambigua Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 382 (1876). E. paleaeeum Bran- degee, Bot. Gaz. xxvii. 450 (1889). Annual, .5 to 3 dm. high: stem slender, ascending or erect, freely and widely branched, especially from the base : tomentum tardily deciduous from the leaves and stems: leaves alternate, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate and obscurely few-toothed, or linear and entire, 1 to 2 or 4 cm. long : peduncles 1 to 5 cm. long, 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 183 each bearing a solitary head: involucre usually 5 mm. high (4 to 6 mm.) ; its rigid carinate bracts about 8, either distinct to the base or lightly united for about two-thirds the way up into a campanulate cup with ovate acute teeth : receptacle acutely coni- cal, varying from chaffy to scrobiculate : rays about 5 to 10, yel- low, 4 to 10 mm. long : disk-corollas funnel-form with a short cylindric glandular tube : anther-tips ovate, merely acute : style- branches conical, acute : achenes linear, pubescent with appressed hairs : pappus commonly a mere crown of quadrate erose scales, sometimes conspicuous and lacerate, sometimes quite obscure or wanting. Confined to the Desert Area and surrounding mountains, from Palm Springs, Riverside Co., to Fort Tejon, Kern Co., and Owens Valley, Inyo Co. It would not be difficult to segregate a number of species from the aggregate E. ambiguum if one had only the extreme forms. An abundance of material shows, however, that species based on length and number of rays, union or separation of involucral bracts, character of pappus, and presence or absence of chaff on the receptacle, are neither natural nor of scientific value. Not only do these characters vary greatly, but they may be found in almost all possible combinations, the variations not being con- commitant. The original Lasthenia ambigua had united bracts, a "scrobic- ulate, rarely smooth" receptacle, and a coroniform pappus of short erose-truncate paleae. It came from near Fort Tejon, where I have recently re-collected it under no. 6297. A similar form but with the bracts distinct and the rays hardly longer than the disk was described as Bahia parviflora from specimens gathered at the same station. It has not been re-collected. E. paleaceum was based on specimens gathered at Kernville and Olancha. It combines distinct bracts, developed rays, and a short paleaceous pappus, with a chaffy receptacle, the upper paleae of which are persistent and become 1 mm. long. Exactly the same form, except that the paleae of the receptacle are usual- ly less numerous and smaller or quite obscure, is common in good seasons from the Argus and Panamint Mts. south to Fremonts 184 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Peak on the Mohave Desert (Hall & Chandler, nos. 6856, 6873. 6941, 7092), and reappears on the Colorado Desert at Palm Springs, where the receptacle is nearly or quite smooth (Parish. nos. 4120,. 6088; Hall, no. 5760). This is perhaps the normal form of the species, it being common and widely distributed. In it the number of rays is normally 8. 6. E. Heermanni (Durand) Greene, Fl. Fr. 445 (1897). Monolopia Heermanni Durand, Jour. Phila. Acad. ser. 2, iii. 93 (1855). Slender, 1 to 3 dm. high, from an annual root, freely branched : herbage tomentose, tomentum deciduous from at least the stems at time of flowering : leaves alternate, mostly pinnately parted into several linear segments but the basal ones sometimes spatulate and merely toothed, the upper ones linear and entire : heads solitary, on peduncles 1 to 5 cm. long: involucre about 5 mm. high; bracts about 8, united below the middle: receptacle conical, naked: rays 8 to 10, yellow, 4 to 8 mm. long: tube of disk-corollas glandular-pubescent : anther-tips ovate, acute : style-branches linear, obtuse: achenes clavate, 4-angled, pubes- cent: pappus none, or represented by 1 or more minute paleae. ace. to Greene. On the Mohave Desert at Kramer, San Bernardino Co., May 30, 1892, Mrs. Brandegee; Sierra Nevada foothills of middle California. 7. E. staechadifolium Lag., Nov. Gen. et Spec. 28 (1816). Bahia art emisiae folia Less., Linnaea vi. 253 (1831) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 380 (1876). LIZARD TAIL. Robust, 6 to 9 dm. high: leaves pinnately parted into 5 or 7 lobes; these again pinnately parted, or toothed, or entire; the margins revolute and the under surface white with a dense felt- like tomentum, green and glabrous or lightly pubescent above: tomentum of the stems deciduous: heads disposed in close com- pact cymes: involucre broadly oblong or somewhat turbinate, 5 mm. high ; bracts linear, rigid, becoming carinate at base : rays 6 to 8, yellow: pappus-paleae 9 to 12, those at the angles of the achene longer. Along the coast from Santa Barbara, ace. to Gray, and the 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 185 Channel Islands, ace. to Brandegee,45 northward; near Santa Maria, Miss Eastwood, no. 837. 1 1 Lagasca 's original appears to have been a branch of the form with uppermost leaves entire." — Gray. This form has been re- collected by Heller, no. 6704, along the beach at Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., presumably the type locality. In Mr. Heller's specimens the main branches are woody and leafless, the twigs densely clothed with linear entire leaves. In the ordinary form only the small bract-like leaves of the inflorescence are entire. 8. E. Nevinii Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt 2, 452 (1886). Decidedly woody below, about 10 dm. high: leaves 15 cm. or more long, ovate in outline, once or twice pinnately parted into numerous oblong obtuse lobes, equally white-tomentose on both sides: tomentum of the stems deciduous: heads numerous, crowded in naked-pedunculate broad flat-topped compound cymes : involucre cylindrical, 6 to 7 mm. high ; bracts oblong, obtuse, rather loose : rays 7 to 10, yellow, short : pappus of 4 to 6 erose paleae, often unequal, the longer ones lanceolate and acute. San Clemente Island, on rocks overhanging the sea, Apr.. 1885, Nevin & Lyon, ace. to Gray, Aug., 1894, Brandegee; Santa Catalina Island, on the sea-cliff, Jun., 1896, Mrs. Blanche Trask. May, 1890, Brandegee. 9. E. confertiflorum (DC.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25 (1883). Bahia confertiflora DC., Prodr. v. 657 (1836). Plant 2 to 6 dm. high : stem slightly woody at base, often un- branched: herbage with a close dense (at length deciduous) to- mentum : leaves of the flowering branches 3 cm. or less long, ter- nately or pinnately parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear divisions : heads in compact terminal clusters: involucre obovoid-oblong, 4 mm. high : its bracts about 5, ovate : rays 4 or 5, yellow, about 4 mm. long: paleae 8 to 10, nearly equal, about one-half as long as the achene. Abundant on dry hills from San Diego north throughout western California. Var. trifidum (Nutt.) Gray, I.e. Bahia trifida Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 374 (1841). Leaves small, entire 45Zoe i. 139 (1890). 186 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 except near the apex where they are cleft into 3 to 5 short linear lobes. — With the ordinary form and in the mountains to at least 2000 m. alt Var. laxiflorum Gray, 1. c. Leaves as in the species : heads more loosely cymose, the peduncles being mostly 5 to 10 cm. long. — Also with the species; an uncommon form. Var. discoideum Greene, Fl. Fr. 443 (1897). Stems more leafy: heads large, in congested cymes, destitute of rays. — First known from Sonoma Co. ; since collected by Miss Alice King at Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo Co., and by Mrs. C. M. Wilder in the San Antonio Mts. at altitudes of 2100 to 2400 m., no. 594. In Mrs. Wilder 's specimens the leaves are palmately trifid and the involucres 6 mm. high. Var. latum Hall, var. nov. Leaves broadly spatulate or ob- ovate (7 to 14 mm. wide), with few very blunt and short lobes or the upper entire : heads mostly on evident peduncles : rays present. — Plains near Riverside, E. L. Koethen, no. 20 (type). Specimens collected at San Bernardino by 8. B. & W. F. Parish. May, 1888, also belong here. 10. E. lanatum obovatum (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. E. obovatum Greene, Eryth. iii. 123 (1895), and iv. 67 (1896). Stems numerous, seldom branched, erect from a decumbent base or strong perennial root, 2 or 3 dm. high, not woody, ter- minated by solitary long-peduncled heads: herbage densely and permanently tomentose : leaves obovate to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, either entire or the broader ones with several teeth or lobes, mostly 2 cm. but the lower sometimes as much as 5 cm. long: involucre 7 to 10 mm. high, its rigid acute bracts more or less united at base : rays about 13, broad, 1 cm. long, deep yellow : achenes glabrous or nearly so : pappus variable, usually of about 8 short obtuse erose paleae, some of these rarely elongated and acute. Not uncommon in the Transition Zone of the San Bernardino Mts. at 1200 to 2200 m. alt. : Wright, no. 1811 (type of E. obova- tum1!); Parish, nos. 1086, 1451, 3344, 3714, 3716; Davidson; Hall, nos. 1070, 1289.5 ; etc. In Mr. Wright's specimen and in some others the tomentum has a greenish-yellow tinge, while in some cases it is dull white. 1907] Hall. — Compogitae of Southern California. 187 But specimens collected together, as under Hall, no. 1289.5, ex- hibit both sorts of tomentum and intermediate shades occur. Mr. Wright 's plant is the only one seen in which the longer lanceolate pappus-paleae occur. This var. can be distinguished from cer- tain Sierran forms of E. lanatum Pursh45* (=E. caespitosum Dougl.45b) only by its larger size. 71. AMBLYOPAPPUS H. & A. Low annual with gummy sweet-scented herbage. Heads small, discoid, in loose elongated cymes and racemes terminating the simple erect stems. Involucral bracts 4 to 6, rather broad, obovate-oblong. Receptacle small, conical. Achenes small, 4- angled, narrowed below. Pappus of 8 to 12 oblong obtuse paleae, oftened colored. 1. A. pusillus H. & A., Journ. Bot. iii. 321 (1841). Aromia tcnuifolia Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 396 (1841). Infantea Chilensis Remy, in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 259, t. 48, f. 1. (1849-1866). Plant about 2 (rarely 5) dm. high: leaves alternate, linear, entire or the lower pinnately 3 to 5-parted and sometimes op- posite: involucres 3 mm. high: flowers 5 to 25 ( !), yellowish. From Monterey, ace. to Parry,46 to Lower California and re- appearing in Peru and Chile. Common near the sea from Los Angeles Co. to San Diego and on the islands from San Miguel47 to San Martin. 72. RIGIOPAPPUS Gray. Slender annual with alternate linear leaves. Heads rather small, solitary, on filiform peduncles terminating the simple stems or branches. Bracts subulate, similar to the upper leaves. Re- ceptacle flat. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. Pistillate flowers 5 to 15, their ligules scarcely or not exceeding the disk. Style-branches of the perfect disk-flowers with a slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Achenes linear. Pappus of mostly 3 to 5 subulate awns, rarely wanting. 45*Pursh, Fl. ii. 560 (1814). 45»DougL, in Lindl., Bot. Eeg. xiv. t. 1167 (1828). 4c Bot. Mex. Bound 96 (1859). 47 Ace. to Greene, Pitt. i. 90 (1887). 188 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 1. R. leptocladus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 548 (1865). Slender, erect, a few cm. to 3 dm. high: herbage short-hairy or nearly glabrous : involucre 6 mm. high ; bracts becoming con- cave around the ray-achenes : achenes hispidulous. Upper Sonoran Zone: San Francisquito Canon, Los Angeles Co., Hall & Chandler, no. 7395 ; Santa Inez Mts., Santa Barbara Co., Brandegee; Cuyama, San Luis Obispo Co., May 7, 1896, Miss Eastwood; Fort Tejon and San Emigdio Potreros, Kern Co.. Hall, nos. 6269, 6432 ; Tehachapi, Kern Co., Hasse & Davidson. no. 1675; north to Washington and east to Nevada (Miss Stokes). 73. CHAENACTIS DC. Annuals and low perennials with alternate pinnately parted or dissected or sometimes entire leaves and yellow or white flowers. Heads peduncled, solitary or cyj^osely arranged. In- volucre campanulate; its bracts herbaceous, linear to lanceolate, commonly equal, in one series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas with short tube and long throat, or the marginal corollas in some species with the limb palmately enlarged, forming a kind of ray. Pappus of hyaline paleae, the paleae in the outer flowers com- monly shorter and fewer, early deciduous or wanting in the last species. A.— Pappus-paleae persistent, entire or merely erose. Flowers yellow: annual 1. C. glabriuscula. Flowers white or purplish tinged. Annuals. Stamens exserted from the corolla-tube. Pappus of disk-flowers of 4 equal paleae, or these sometimes unequal (paleae rarely 5 to 6 in C. Fremonti). Involucral bracts setaceously acuminate 2. C. carphoclinia. Involucral bracts obtuse or merely acute. Leaves pinnatifid, with short thick lobes 3. C. stevioides. Leaves entire or with a few elongated slender lobes 4. C. Fremonti. Pappus of 4 equal paleae about as long as corolla and 2 to 4 very small outer ones 5. C. Xantiana. Stamens included 6. C. macrantha. Perennials: pappus of 8 to 15 equal paleae. Leaf -lobes crowded, crispate 7. C. santolinoides. Leaf-lobes fewer, not crispate, mostly entire 8. C. Parishii. 1907J Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 189 ^.—Pappus of deciduous fimbriate paleae or none. Achenes flat, obovate or clavate: glandular-pubescent annual 9. C. artemisiae folia. 1. C. glabriuscula DC., Prodr. v. 659 (1836). Annual, 1.5 to 5 dm. high, leafy up to the inflorescence, com- monly branching only above: herbage thinly floccose, soon gla- brate : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into linear lobes or the upper linear and entire : involucre 7 to 10 mm. high ; its bracts broadly linear, with obtuse thickish tips: corollas pubescent throughout or the tube nearly glabrous ; marginal corollas with ampliate palmate limb surpassing the disk: pappus-paleae 4. rarely 5 ; those of the disk-achenes as long as the corolla, acute ; those of the marginal achenes either as long as the corolla and acute or of varying lengths and the shorter ones obtuse. Including its various forms and varieties, this species has a range extending from Lower California to the northern tier of counties in Alta California. It is very common west of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mts. and extends to the bor- ders of the Desert Area. While apparently very easy to dis- tinguish several well marked species when only a few specimens are at hand, this separation is seen to be inadvisable when the forms are studied in the field or when several hundred sheets from as many localities are examined. Pappus characters are here entirely unreliable and distinctions based on the size or shape of the marginal corollas are of no value. Perhaps the best char- acters are to be found in the involucre but here all intermediate stages between broad flat bracts with thick obtuse tips and linear deeply concave bracts with thin acute tips may be found, and the two forms often occur, moreover, in a single head. KEY TO THE VARIETIES AND FORMS OF C. GLABRIUSCULA. Stem branching only above, or also at base: peduncles never scape-like. Involucral bracts narrowly oblong; their tips thick, obtuse: marginal corollas mostly with palmate limb. Pappus-paleae of inner achenes about as long as the corolla, acute: typical C. glabriuscula. Pappus-paleae all much shorter than the corolla, very obtuse and in two series; the outer minute var. heterocarpha. in one series; all very short var. heterocarpha f. curia. 190 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Involucral bracts linear, acute: marginal corollas regular. Leaf -lobes slender, elongated. Stems and leaves moderately slender: the common form var. tenuifolia. Stems and leaves exceedingly slender: extreme form var. tenuifolia f. filifolia. Leaf -lobes short, thick, obtuse: inflorescence glandular var. Orcuttiana. Stem branching only near the base: peduncles mostly elongated, the earlier ones scape-like: herbage lanate var. lanosa. The typical form of this species is represented by such speci- mens as the following, all from middle California : Madera, Apr. 22, 1897, Setchell; Sierra foothills of Fresno Co., Apr. 3, 1898; Woolsey ; Summerville, Contra Costa Co., Apr. 16, 1889, Chesnut & Drew; Antioch, Contra Costa Co., Davy, no. 874; same locality. Mrs. Curran, no. 26. The following collections from Southern California approach very near to the typical form and may be classed with it : Bear Valley, Parish, no. 2013 ; Ballona, Los An- geles Co., Braunton, no. 429 (very robust with large heads and glandular inflorescence but passing through other forms gathered in the same locality by Mr. Braunton into var. tenuifolia) ; near Bardsdale, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 3238; Ojai Valley, Hubby, no. 86. Var. heterocarpha (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. C. heterocarpha Gray, PL Fendl. 98 (1849). Disk-achenes with 4 unequal very obtuse elliptic-oblong paleae one-half as long as the corolla or longer, and 1 to 4 very short roundish outer ones or these obsolete ; pappus-paleae of the ray-achenes all short. — Humboldt Co., Jul. 23, 1888, Chesnut & Drew; San Bernardino Co., ace. to Gray, but there is no specimen in the Gray Herbarium from south of Ventura Co., ace. to Parish.474 J. P. Tracy has collected a form in Napa Co. (no. 1571) having disk-achenes with 5 principal pap- pus-paleae nearly as long as the corolla, and in addition an outer series of 5 short ones. Var. heterocarpha f. curta (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. C. hetero- carpha curta Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 452 (1886) ; Hall, Bot. Gaz. xxxi. 391 (1901). Heads often small: pappus of 4 or 5 oval or broadly oblong paleae, either equal or one of them longer but not 470 Zoe v. 119 (1901). 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 191 exceeding one-half the length of the corolla, sometimes reduced to a mere crown ; no outer series. — Western end Antelope Valley. Davy, no. 2661; Gorman Station, Jun., 1887, Parish; Estrella. San Luis Obispo Co., Jared (pappus very short, this form being therefore near C. Nevii Gray) ; Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Hall, no. 6310; near Cahuenga Peak, Los Angeles Co., Chandler, no. 2008 (very slender; some paleae elongated, acute); Greenhorn Mts.. Kern Co., Hall & Babcock, no. 5086; Box Springs Mt., near Eiverside, Zumbro, no. 525. Mr. Zumbro's specimens beautiful- ly combine the characters of this variety and the next. They possess exactly the habit and involucres of var. tenuifolia but the marginal corollas are enlarged and the limb palmate, as in f. curta. In the disk-flowers the pappus-paleae are 5 in number, one slightly longer than the others and nearly one-half as long as the corolla : ray-pappus short. My no. 6326, from Mt. Pinos. Ventura Co., has light-yellow or whitish flowers, suggestive of a hybrid origin between this variety and C. stevioides brachy- pappa. Var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Hall, comb. nov. C. tenuifolia Nutt.. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, vii. 375 (1841). Slender in all its parts: leaves or their divisions usually filiform and elongated: involucre about 7 mm. high; its bracts linear, thin, acute: mar- ginal corollas often enlarged but seldom exceeding the disk or with palmate limb : pappus-paleae of disk-flowers equalling the corolla, acute ; of the marginal flowers similar or much shorter and obtuse. — Very common, usually in light soil, from 1500 m. alt. in the mountains to the Pacific and from Santa Barbara to San Diego — the original locality. The following collections may be selected as fairly typical of this variety : San Diego, Hall, no. 3937 ; San Jacinto Mt., Hall, nos. 2036, 2056 ; San Luis Key, San Diego Co., Alderson, no. 1192; Santa Maria Rancho, San Diego Co., Parish, no. 1395; Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6485. Specimens gathered near Riverside (Hall, no. 3800) are perhaps best referred here although some of the inner paleae are obtuse and the marginal corollas sometimes irregular, thus approaching the var. heterocarpha. Var. tenuifolia f. filifolia (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. C. filifolia Gray, PL Fendl. 98 (1849). The most slender-leaved form, both 192 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 rachis and lobes slenderly filiform. — Pala, San Diego Co., Parish. no. 4398; Witch Creek, San Diego Co., 1893, Alderson. Var. Orcuttiana (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. C. tenuifolia Or- cuttiana Greene, West Am. Sci. iii. 157 (1887). C. Orcuttiana Parish, Eryth. vi. 92 (1898). Stouter than var. tenui folia: leaves 2 or 3-pinnatifid, the ultimate lobes short and obtuse: inflores- cence resinous-glandular : involucre about 7 mm. high ; its bracts linear, acute: marginal corollas regular: pappus-paleae (at least in the disk) nearly equalling the corolla, acute. — Along the beach of San Diego Co., passing directly into var. tenuifolia: North Island, Coronado, Chandler, no. 5168; Encinitas, Parish, no. 4435. Var. lanosa (DC.) Hall, comb. nov. C. lanosa DC., Prodr. v. 659 (1836). Plant commonly 1 to 3 dm. high: stems leafy only at the branching base, bearing many long peduncles which are naked and scape-like : herbage whitish with floccose wool which is only tardily deciduous: leaves thickish, simply pinnate with few narrowly linear and mostly short lobes or the upper entire : marginal corollas usually little if at all ampliate, seldom exceed- ing the disk (yet sometimes conspicuously enlarged) : pappus- paleae of disk-flowers 4, sometimes 5, equal or nearly equal, acut- ish. — Common in dry or sandy places throughout the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones of Southern California, except in the Des- ert Area ; north to Stockton. The extreme form of this variety, with a somewhat persistent lanate tomentum and large heads terminating simple scape-like peduncles from the much branched very leafy base, is represented by such collections as the fol- lowing : San Jacinto Mt., Hall, nos. 1141, 2165 ; Mohave River district, Parry & Lemmon, no. 200 ; Nascimiento River, Monterey Co., Brewer, no. 541, also May, 1901, Miss Eastwood. It passes, however, by insensible gradations as regards all its characters into the var. tenuifolia, and plants with all the other characters of var. lanosa sometimes have irregular marginal corollas almost as large as in typical C. glabriuscula. The involucral bracts are always narrower than in the species and somewhat acute. 2. C. carphoclinia Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 94 (1859). Annual, 3 dm. or less high, the slender stem cymosely branched: herbage cinereous-pubescent, not at all woolly: leaves 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 193 once or twice pinnately parted into narrow lobes : heads numer- ous, on short filiform peduncles: involucre about 8 mm. high; bracts linear-lanceolate, tapering into setaceous often pinkish awns : receptacle with 5 to 10 rigid persistent awns nearly equal- ling or even exceeding the flowers : paleae of disk-achenes usually 4, narrow, acuminate, nearly equalling the flowers, or some much shorter and obtuse ; paleae of marginal achenes all short and sometimes much reduced. Common in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones from Inyo Co. across the Mohave and Colorado deserts to Utah, Arizona, and Lower California and ascending the desert side of the moun- tains to 2000 m. alt. : Swansea and Independence, Inyo Co., Hall 6 Chandler, nos. 7173, 7307; Morongo, Colorado Desert, Parish, no. 769 ; Upper Lake, Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish, no. 1833 ; Mohave Desert, Hall, no. 6048 ; Colorado Desert, Hall, nos. 5809, 5847, 5904; Signal Mt., Colorado Desert, Brandegee; Gold Mt., Nevada, 1500 to 1800 m. alt., Purpus, no. 6002; Cala- majuet, Lower California, Brandegee, in part; etc. Var. attenuata (Gray) Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. ser. 2, v. 699 (1895). C. attenuata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 73 (1874) ; Co- ville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 134 (1893). Pappus-paleae of even the central flowers very short and obtuse, erose, or some of them acute but not more than one-third the length of the corolla : fimbrillae of the receptacle said to be few in number, but often numerous in otherwise typical plants. — Ehrenberg, Arizona, 1874, Janvier • Death Valley, ace. to Coville ; Independence, Inyo Co., Hall & Chandler, no. 7307 (paleae quadrate, minute) ; Bor- rego Springs, Colorado Desert, Apr. 17, 1895, Brandegee ; San Felipe, Colorado Desert, Brandegee ; Calamajuet, Lower Califor- nia, Brandegee (with some paleae acuminate and one-half as long as corolla, others, even on same achene, very short and ob- tuse). 3. C. stevioides H. & A., Bot. Beech. 353 (1840). Annual, a few cm. to 2 or 3 dm. high : herbage clothed with a light tomentum which is somewhat deciduous, leaves once or twice pinnately parted into numerous linear lobes which are only 7 mm. or less long, or a few of the upper leaves entire : heads scattered on short slender peduncles : some of the marginal co- 194 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 rollas commonly more or less enlarged : involucre 6 to 9 mm. high ; bracts obtuse or merely acutish, the midrib obtuse : pappus-paleae of the disk-achenes 4, oblong-lanceolate, in the typical form nearly equalling the corolla and acute. Lower Sonoran Zone of the Colorado and Mohave deserts, east to Arizona, north to Idaho ; very common and mostly typical in the eastern part of the Colorado Desert, less plentiful in the western and northern parts of the Mohave Desert, where it grades into the var. brachypappa. Specimens examined : Colorado Des- ert, Hall, nos. 5903, 5935, 6018 ; Ash Hill, Mohave Desert, Hall no. 6099; Antelope Valley, Hall, no. 3033; Morongo, Colorado Desert, Parish, no. 1213 ; Catalina Mts., Arizona, Lemmon, no. 194 ; Diamond Creek Canon and near Kingman, Arizona, Wilson; Diamond Valley, Utah, Goodding, no. 891. Var. brachypappa (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. C. brachypappa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390 (1873). Leaf-segments thick and short, obtuse: marginal corollas not enlarged: pappus re- duced to a mere crown of obtuse erose paleae or in the central flowers one of these often twice as long as the others, but even then less than 1 mm. long. — Near Independence, Inyo Co., S. W. Aus- tin, no. 500 ; southeastern Tulare Co., in the Pinon belt between Kernville and Cannell Meadows, about 1500 m. alt., Hall & Bab- cock, no. 5101 ; Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Coville & Funston, no. 532, also Hall & Chandler, no. 6947 ; Cuddy Valley, northeastern Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6318; Frazier Mt., Ventura Co., in the Transiton Zone (!), Hall, no. 6608; Colorado Desert, Hall, no. 5874; Maturango Kange, Purpus, no. 5457; Lone Pine, Brande- gee; Johannesberg and Ord Mts., Hall & Chandler, nos. 6876. 6778. The pappus in the extreme form is very different from that in typical C. stevioides, but, as shown under C. Fremonti, pappus characters are of little specific value in this group. My no. 3033, cited under the species, is an intermediate form, the disk- pappus consisting of 3 rather obtuse paleae one-half as long as the corolla and an additional one commonly a little longer and acut- ish. The series is completed by my nos. 5874 and 6318 in which the pappus consists (in central flowers) of 3 obtuse paleae nearly as short as in typical brachypappa and a fourth palea about one- half as long as the corolla and either obtuse or acute. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 195 4. C. Fremont! Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30 (1883). Annual, either slender or robust, .5 to 4 dm. high, branching: herbage slightly woolly when young but early glabrate except the puberulous or tomentose peduncles and involucres : leaves 2 to 5 cm. long (rarely even 1 dm.), narrowly linear and entire, or once pinnately parted into similar lobes: heads terminating simple erect peduncles : involucral bracts broadly linear, acutish, with prominent midrib: marginal corollas often much enlarged and irregular, sometimes developing a cuneate 4 to 5-cleft ligule : pappus of central achenes usually of 4 to 6 slender acute paleae nearly equalling the corolla, sometimes of 1 long and several shorter paleae, these often of varying lengths and either acute or obtuse ; pappus of marginal flowers also variable but mostly of 1 long acute palea and 3 short obtuse scales. Chiefly in the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Mohave and Colo- rado deserts, north to Bakersfield, east to Arizona : Coyote Canon. Colorado Desert, Hall, no. 2807 and no. 2807a; east base San Jacinto Mt., Jepson & Hall (Hall, no. 1850) ; from near Palm Springs to Whitewater, Colorado Desert, Parish, nos. 343, 4119 ; same locality Oilman, no. 33, also Copeland; above Whitewater, Schellenger, no. 76; Antelope Valley, Mohave Desert, Hall, no. 3032 (Palmdale) and no. 3042 (Rock Creek) ; desert slope Cajon Pass, Hall, no. 6215 ; Santa Ana Canon, San Bernardino Mts., at 2100 m. alt. in the Transition Zone ( !), Hall, no. 7574 (very rare at this altitude) ; Argus Mts. and Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., Hall & Chandler, nos. 6898, 7240 ; Bakersfield, Davy, no. 1891 ; Needles, eastern San Bernardino Co., Miss Warner, no. 26 ; Fort Mohave, Arizona, Cooper; etc. The variation in this species, as exhibited by the specimens cited above, is remarkable. The disk-pappus commonly consists of 4 equal lanceolate acute paleae about as long as the corolla, while the marginal achenes have one of these long paleae and 3 short obtuse scales. But the following deviations occur: (a) two or three of the paleae reduced and obtuse in some of the inner flowers (Hall, nos. 1850, 3042) ; (5) all the achenes, marginal as well as central, with 4 long acute paleae (Cooper) ; (c) some of the marginal achenes with 4 long equal paleae, some with 1 long palea and 3 short obtuse unequal ones (Parish, no. 4119. 196 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Copeland, Miss Warner, no. 26) ; (d) central achenes with 4 to 6 slender paleae about as long as corolla (Hall, no. 3032, and paleae sometimes 5 in Davy, no. 1891) ; (e) all the achenes with 1 long acute palea and 3 short ones, the latter of varying lengths and attenuate to obtuse (Hall, no. 2807a). It is a common occurrence for the flowers of the second circle from the involucre to have paleae of several different lengths on a single achene. Since such numerous variations as those enumerated above are found in plants growing near together, and even within single heads of some plants, pappus characters can be of no value in separating species of this group. It should be noted, however, that an outer series of paleae occurs only in C. Xantiana and C. macrantha. two species also well marked by other characters. 5. C. Xantiana Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545 (1865) ; Hall, Bot. Gaz. xxxi. 391 (1901). C. Xantiana integrifolia Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 390 (1876). A stout and somewhat fistulous-stemmed annual, 1.5 to 3 dm. high: herbage early glabrate, except on the involucres and pe- duncles, which commonly retain a slight woolliness : largest leaves 4 to 8 or 10 cm. long, all linear and entire or usually once-parted into similar lobes: heads scattered on stout commonly fistulous peduncles: involucral bracts extremely variable, sometimes shorter than the disk, often with spreading obtuse foliaceous tips much exceeding the disk, traversed by 1 strong nerve and several obscure ones: flowers white or flesh-colored, the marginal ones scarcely enlarged : inner paleae of the pappus as long as or longer than the flowers; outer paleae conspicuous, obtuse, as broad as long. Common in and around Antelope Valley from the Mohave River to Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., and Fort Tejon, Kern Co., as- cending the mountains to 2200 m. ; north along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevadas to Oregon. This species and C. Fremonti are much alike in general appearance and exhibit similar ecolog- ical variations but differ in pubescence, in the pappus, and in the involucre, the bracts of which have a strong tendency to end in foliaceous tips in C. Xantiana, In alkaline soil the plants be- come more robust and succulent, and the involucral bracts and pappus much elongated. 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 197 6. C. macrantha Eat., Bot. King Exped. 171, t. 18 (1871). Annual, commonly 2 dm. or less high, much branched from the base: herbage floccose-tomentose, glabrate at least below: leaves 2 to 4 cm. long, the expanded upper portion 1 to 2-pin- natifid with oblong lobes, or the uppermost entire : heads short- peduncled, or the earlier on long peduncles : involucre nearly 15 mm. high; the loose bracts linear, acuminate but obtuse at the very tip, strongly 1-nerved : corollas flesh-color, much exceeding the involucre, the marginal not appreciably enlarged: anthers included : pappus of 4 oblong-linear paleae only half as long as the corollas and 2 to 4 very short oblong-cuneate outer ones, or these sometimes obsolete. Originally known from Nevada and Utah but now collected at the following stations in the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Mo- have Desert: Cushenberry Springs, Parish, no. 1255; Camp Cady, Parish, no. 1256 ; Newberry and Daggett, Hall, nos. 6138, 6828; Barstow, Mrs. Brandegee; Keeler, Brandegee. It also comes from Tucson, Arizona, W. F. Parish, no. 122, and is prob- ably widely distributed over the Desert Area, although nowhere very common. Mr. Marcus E. Jones has noted48 that the flowers are more expanded at night than during the day. 7. C. santolinoides Greene, Bull. Torr. Club ix. 17 (1882) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 341 (1884). Stems scapose, 1 to 3 dm. high, mostly simple and numerous, from a perennial lignescent base : herbage densely and perma- nently white-tomentose below, glandular-pubescent above : leaves crowded on short tufted basal shoots, 3 to 10 cm. long, narrowly oblong in outline with many obtusely few-lobed crispate divi- sions, these oblong and only a few mm. long: involucre 10 to 13 mm. high ; its bracts oblong, obtuse, obscurely nerved, a few of the outer ones commonly very short and spreading: achenes densely hispid: pappus-paleae 8 to 10, a little shorter than the corolla. Dry gravelly slopes of the Transition Zone, rarely in the Upper Sonoran ; not common : near Talmadge 's Mill, Little Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish, no. 1045 (type collection) ; 48Zoe v. 41 (1900). 198 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Bear Valley, Parish; Fish Creek, • Grinnell; San Antonio Mt., Mrs. Wilder, nos. 257, 592 ; Mill Creek Falls, Parish, no. 2515 ; Swartout Canon, San Antonio Mts., 1900 m. alt., Hall, no. 1508 ; Wilsons Peak, San Gabriel Mts., McClatchie, Grant, no. 164; Mt. Gleason, San Gabriel Mts., 2000 m. alt., Barber, no. 269; Pah Ute Peak, Southern Sierra Nevada Mts., 1500 to 2100 m. alt., Purpus; Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, nos. 6321, 6646, 6671; Frazier Mt., ace. to Coville. — Mr. Parish informs me that the type material certainly came from Little Bear Valley, although probably labeled ' * Bear Valley. ' ' He did not submit any speci- mens from Bear Valley to either Dr. Gray or to Professor Greene until after the publication of the species. 8. C. Parishii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 299 (1885). Low bush-like plants often several dm. in diameter; the base perennial and suffrutescent ; the annual branches numerous, erect, 2 to 5 dm. high, leafy only below, merely bracteate above, where they either branch and bear 2 or 3 long-pedunculate heads or are simple and monocephalous : herbage very white with close wool, glabrate only above: leaves 2 to 5 cm. long (including the broad petiole of half this length) ; the blade oblong in outline, pinnately parted into obtuse linear lobes about 5 mm. long, these rarely toothed: involucre 12 to 15 mm. high; its very unequal bracts loose, linear, obtuse : pappus-paleae 9 to 15, linear, nearly as long as the corolla. Western borders of the Colorado Desert, south to Lower Cali- fornia ; ascending the mountains to 2100 m. alt. but only where the conditions are influenced by hot and dry ascending air- currents from the desert: Aguanga, San Diego Co., Parish, no. 1396 (duplicate type) ; Coyote Caiion, Santa Rosa Mt., 1500 m. alt., Hall, nos. 1178, 1901, 2128 ; Tahquitz Peak, San Jacinto Mt.; Hall, no. 2326 ; Cuyamaca Peak, Brandegee. That this species cannot be separated from C. suffrutescens. with which it was first confused, by the number of pappus-paleae. is shown from the fact that in our southern species this number varies from 9 to 15, while in C. suffrutescens it is 9 or 10. More- over, the paleae of C. Parishii are often toothed or even cleft one- half or two-thirds of the way down and this splitting is undoubt- Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 199 edly sometimes continued to the base, thus producing 2 distinct paleae from one. But the paleae are always much narrower and less obtuse than in C. suffrutescens. C. suffrutescens has been re-collected (JuL, 1887, Brandegee, also Hall & Babcock, no. 4081) at what Mr. Lemmon, the discoverer of the species, informs me is probably the type locality, namely, upper Shasta Valley at about 1200 m. alt., and Mr. Lemmon has permitted me to ex- amine the original specimens also. Although the pappus char- acters are unsatisfactory, there are others which clearly mark C. Parishii as a distinct species, particularly the smaller leaves and their shorter divisions and the lack of all glandular pubes- cence ; the peduncles and involucres of C. suffrutescens being minutely but densely glandular after the fall of the tomentum. In the latter species the involucral bracts are inclined to end in foliaceous tips sometimes exceeding the disk, after the manner of C. Xantiana, a tendency not yet observed in C. Parishii. 9. C. artemisiaefolia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74 (1874). Acarphaea artemisiaefolia Gray, PL Fendl. 98 (1849) ; Bot. Mex. Bound. 95, t. 32 (1859). Chaenactis lacera Greene, Pitt. i. 291 (1889). Erect from a perpendicular annual taproot, 3 to 15 dm. high, simple below, branching above into a rather open leafless often paniculate cyme: herbage furfuraceous-pubescent below, viscid and glandular-hirsute above: leaves sometimes 2 dm. long and two-thirds as wide but usually only half this size, 2 to 3-pin- nately divided and parted, the ultimate divisions numerous and irregularly oblong or linear: involucre about 1 cm. high; its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute: flowers white: achenes attenuate at base, flat, glabrous or nearly so : pappus of deciduous fimbri- ate paleae or usually none. Bather common in the Upper Sonoran Zone away from the sea ; from the Sierra Santa Monica to San Jacinto and south into Lower California. Apr.-Jul. An exceedingly robust form has been collected by Mr. Ernest Braunton in the Cahuenga Hills, near Los Angeles (no. 273). One plant measures 16 dm. in height, some of the leaves are over 2 dm. long, and the involucral bracts are strongly reddish-tinged. 200 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 OROCHAENACTIS THYSANOCARPHA (Gray) Coville, of the south- ern Sierras is to be looked for in the Tehachapi Mts. It is a slender annual with linear entire leaves, yellowish discoid heads, clavate-obovate achenes, and a deciduous pappus of 8 or 9 spatu- late paleae fimbriate nearly to the base. It has an exact synonym in Bahia Palmeri Wats., Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 83 (1889), as already pointed out by Mrs. Brandegee in Zoe v. 142 (1901). 74. HULSEA T. & G. Biennial or perennial montane herbs. Leaves alternate, ses- sile, scattered or in many species mainly basal. Heads rather large, yellow or purple, solitary or paniculate. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series, narrow, acute. Receptacle flat. Style-append- ages of hermaphrodite flowers obtuse. Achenes linear-cuneate, compressed, soft-villous especially on the margins. Paleae of the pappus mostly 4, from nearly entire to lacerate at the truncate summit. Floccose-woolly when young: upper leaves reduced and bract-like: rays yellow to saffron. Leaves mostly green at time of flowering, the tomentum deciduous: rays 12 to 20 mm. long 1. H. Calif ornica. Leaves white-tomentose, the tomentum usually permanent: rays not over 15 mm. long, or wanting 2. H. vestita. No woolly pubescence, very glandular: upper leaves not bract-like: rays saffron 3. H. heterochroma. 1. H. Californica T. & G., Bot. Mex. Bound. 98 (1849). Robust biennial, 6 to 9 dm. high, leafy throughout: herbage clothed with a loose woolly tomentum when young, this deciduous with age exposing the glandular hairs : lower leaves ample, spatu- late, the upper ones lanceolate to linear : heads several, in a leafy - bracted panicle : involucre 12 to 17 mm. high : rays very numer- ous, 12 to 15 mm. long: pappus-paleae erose-denticulate at the truncate summit. Mountains of Southern San Diego Co. and Lower California, not common: near Campo, Parish, no. 297; San Pedro Martir. Brandegee. 2. H. vestita Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547 (1865). H. Parryi Gray, 1. c. xii. 59 (1876). 1907] Hall — Compositae of Southern California. 201 The typical form with several to numerous simple scape-like stems 1 to 2 dm. high from a stout perennial root : leaves mainly basal, oblanceolate or obovate, 2 to 6 cm. long, about 1 cm. or less broad near the obtuse summit, entire or sinuate-dentate, clothed with a heavy permanent white tomentum : heads commonly soli- tary on the viscid-pubescent scapes which usually bear a few linear bracts: rays 20 to 30 (sometimes very few or wanting), linear-oblong, short, yellow or saffron : pappus-paleae toothed. Mono Craters, Brewer, no. 1824, and Soda Springs of the San Joaquin, Congdon, south to Southern California whence the fol- lowing collections, all from the Transition Zone: Frazier Mt.. Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6598 ; San Bernardino Mts., Grinnell, no. 14, and Parish, nos. 1833, 3380.— Like the other species of Hulsea, H. vestita grows only in loose gravelly soil. Var. pygmaea Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 343 (1884). Much depressed, the heads sessile or subsessile in the tuft of basal leaves: rays perhaps always saffron. — In the Canadian, Hud- sonian, and Alpine zones of San Gorgonio and neighboring peaks of the San Bernardino Mts. ; also on Mt. Whitney and perhaps elsewhere in the High Sierra Nevadas. A series gathered at many places in the San Bernardino Mts. shows the variation to be gradual and strictly altitudinal. Subsessile and long-pedunc- ulate heads sometimes occur on the same plant. Var. callicarpha Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Botany i. 129 (1902). H. callicarpha Wats., in Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 342 (1884), as synonym. EL CAPAROSSA. Stems from an annual or biennial root, loosely branched above; the whole plant 2 to 6 or 8 dm. high: leaves mainly basal but also scattered along the branches, passing above into small bracts of the elongated peduncles : rays yellow, sometimes with a purplish base, 12 mm. or less long. — Open hillsides and beneath pines, often in sand-washes, at 1200 to 2700 m. alt. in the Lower Transition (and Upper Sonoran?) zones of the San Jacinto, Palomar, and Cuyamaca Mts. A form from the summit of Mt. Gleason, San Gabriel Range, Barber, no. 261 belongs here although the root is sometimes perennial. Owing to the wide range of climatic and other conditions, it is not un- usual for plants which are normally annual to become biennial or even perennial with us. 202 University of California Publications in^ Botany. [VOL. 3 3. H. heterochroma Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 359 (1868). Robust, 5 to 15 dm. high, from an annual root : herbage very viscid, exhaling a rank disagreeable odor : leaves oblong, strongly dentate, the largest sometimes 15 cm. long : heads racemosely dis- posed on the simple ascending branches: involucral bracts lan- ceolate, attenuate, about 15 mm. long: rays 50 to 60, narrowly linear, purple, usually conspicuous but said to be sometimes in- conspicuous or obsolete: disk-corollas yellow; tube hirsute: pappus-paleae unequal, lacerate. At middle altitudes on the San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mts., north to the Yosemite ; also in the Coast Ranges of Monterey Co., ace. to Brandegee ;49 rarely collected. 75. TRICHOPTILIUM Gray. Low and spreading floccose-woolly desert annual with alter- nate (or the lower opposite) leaves. Heads yellow, discoid, scat- tered on slender ascending peduncles. Involucre hemispheric; bracts about 20, nearly equal, those of the outer series ovate- lanceolate and acute, the thin inner ones narrowly spatulate and often obtuse. Corolla with very short proper tube and elongated throat, the short lobes pubescent externally, spreading; outer corollas slightly enlarged : style-branches linear, obtuse. Achenes oblong-turbinate, villous. Pappus-paleae 5, much cut into un- equal slender fimbriae, the middle ones approximating the corolla. 1. T. incisum Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 97 (1859). Psathy- rotes incisa Gray, PL Thurb. 322 (1854). Plant 1 to 1.5 dm. high: leaves 1 to 5 cm. long, narrowly spatulate to obovate, narrowed below to a margined petiole, more or less incised-dentate with acute teeth: peduncles about 5 cm. long on the larger plants, glandular-pubescent, not woolly : invo- lucre 6 to 8 mm. high ; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute. Lower Sonoran Zone, in stony soil or in cracks of rocks : Colo- rado Desert (Coyote Canon, Palm Springs, Indio Mt, Chucka- walla Bench, Signal Mt., etc.) to Arizona and Lower California. Probably also in the southeastern part of the Mohave Desert, since it comes from Ft. Mohave, Arizona. In some specimens 49Zoe iv. 154 (1893). Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 203 the pappus and achenial hairs are reddish-brown, in others white, but no other difference can be detected. 76. HYMENOXYS Cass. Herbaceous plants with aromatic herbage, alternate leaves, and pedunculate heads. Ray-flowers pistillate or the heads homogamous. Bracts of the involucre in two series, in our species the narrow and rigid outer bracts united at base into a shallow cup enclosing the broadly oblong obtuse inner ones. Flowers yellow. Achenes turbinate, hairy. Pappus of 5 to 12 conspicuous hyaline paleae. For reasons stated by Dr. Cockerell in his revision of the North American Species of Hymenoxys,50 it seems advisable to unite Hymenoxys and Picradenia into one genus. The oldest tenable name for this group is Hymenoxys Cass. (1828), Picra- denia Hook, dating from 1834. This group cannot take the name Actinella, since Actinella Nutt. (1818) is apparently a distinct genus, distinguished by habit and involucre (= Tetraneuris Greene, Pitt. iii. 265). There is also an earlier Actinella Pers. (1807), the only species of which is now referred to Cephalophora (Gray says wrongly so referred) . Leaves pinnatifid. Pappus-paleae very obtuse, erose at summit 1. H. Cooperi. Pappus-paleae acuminate or cuspidate. Involucre hemispheric, about 12 mm. broad; outer bracts 12 to 14 2. H. biennis. Involucre campanulate, 6 to 9 mm. broad; outer bracts 8 to 10: var. excurrens of 3. H. chrysanthemoides. Leaves entire 4. H. latissima. 1. H. Cooperi (Gray) Ckll., Bull. Torr. Club xxxi. 495 (1904). Actinella Cooperi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 359 (1868). Plant 6 dm. or more high, the stems paniculately branched above: herbage puberulent: leaves much parted into nearly fili- form lobes : involucre nearly hemispheric ; outer bracts 6 to 10 : achenes densely covered with ferruginous hairs : pappus-paleae 5, of firm texture, ovate or oblong, with very obtuse erose summit, not half the length of the disk-corolla. so Cockerell, Bull. Torr. Club xxxi. 461 (1904). 204 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Providence Mts., Mohave Desert, at 1500 m. alt., 1860-61, Cooper, ace. to Gray; this is the only collection of the typical form, but several subspecies or varieties have been found in Ari- zona by Lemmon, Wilcox, MacDougal, and others. 2. H. biennis (Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Actinella biennis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 373 (1878). Hymenoxys canescens biennis CklL, Bull. Torr. Club xxxi. 482 (1904). Plant 4 to 6 dm. high : stem stout, much branched, probably from a biennial root : herbage puberulent or green and glabrate : leaves divergent, numerous at base, scattering above, simply 3 to 5-parted into narrow linear lobes: heads loosely cymose: invo- lucre hemispheric, 10 or 12 mm. broad; outer bracts 12 to 14. acuminate, nearly distinct; inner bracts slightly longer, with short subulate tips: rays 12 to 14, 12 to 25 mm. long: achenes with ferruginous hairs: pappus-paleae ovate-lanceolate or cuspi- date, about half as long as disk-corolla. Providence Mts., Mohave Desert, Brandegee ; Arizona to Utah. 3. H. chrysanthemoides excurrens CklL, Bull. Torr. Club xxxi. 501 (1904). Three to 6 dm. high: stem striate, much branched, from a strong annual taproot : herbage minutely pubescent, the growing parts somewhat tomentose : leaves 2 to 5 cm. long, 3 to 5-parted into nearly filiform lobes which are sometimes again divided: heads numerous, scattered on elongated peduncles: involucre campanulate or almost cylindric, 5 to 9 mm. broad ; outer bracts about 8, lanceolate, rigid, 5 mm. long; inner bracts ovate and slightly longer, entire: rays 8 to 10 (rarely 11 or 12), yellow, 7 to 10 mm. long, merely toothed at apex: pappus-paleae ovate, pointed, two-thirds the length of the corolla. Abundant on overflow land of Paloverde Valley, Riverside Co. ; Schellcnger, no. 10, and Hall, no. 5914. Also near Yuma. on the Arizona side of the Colorado River, Vasey, ace. to Cock- erell, and Parish, no. 198. Perhaps plentiful along the river both north and south of these localities, which are within the Lower Sonoran Zone. 4. H. latissima CklL, Bull. Torr. Club xxxi. 498 (1904). Herbage glabrous save for some loose white hairs : cauline 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. . 205 leaves sessile, elongate-oval, acute, entire, about 3 cm. long : heads on slender peduncles, hemispheric, about 2 cm. broad excluding rays, very woolly at base: inner bracts with long-pointed tips: receptacle high-conic, obtuse: achenes pubescent: pappus-paleae white, nearly three-quarters as long as disk-corolla, long-pointed, the tip sometimes bifid. Known only from a scrap in the herbarium of Dr. E. L. Greene, labeled as coming from Southern California and com- municated by Prof. Wickson ; but possibly not Calif ornian. H. RICHARDSONII (Hook.) Ckll., in some of its forms, is to be looked for along our northeastern borders. Stems usually low (2 dm. or less), from large perennial roots: leaves pinnatifid, the radical with wool in their axils : pappus-paleae long-acuminate or aristate. H. FLORIBUNDA uTiLis Ckll. is the Colorado Rubber Plant, at home in the mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. All parts of the plant, but especially the thick yellow roots and stems, yield a caoutchouc-like substance. 77. HELENIUM L. SNEEZEWEED. Erect herbs, ours perennial and with resinous-dotted foliage. Leaves alternate, sessile except the lower, often decurrent on the stem. Heads solitary or cymose, borne on long naked peduncles. Flowers yellow, or the lobes of the disk-corolla turning yellowish or brownish, either all perfect or the ray-flowers pistillate or neutral. Rays several, usually drooping. Bracts of the involucre linear, reflexed. Receptacle globose or hemispheric, naked. Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin or hyaline paleae, in ours short-pointed. Kays shorter than the disk, 2 to 8 mm. long 1. E. puberulum. Kays equalling or longer than the disk, 10 to 20 mm. long 2. H. Bigelovii. 1. H. puberulum DC., Prodr. v. 667 (1836). Heleniastrum puberulum Ktze., Rev. Gen. i. 342 (1891). ROSILLA. Paniculately branched, 6 to 15 dm. high, the branches ending in long slender peduncles : herbage puberulent : basal leaves ob- lanceolate, usually sinuate-margined ; cauline leaves lanceolate, oblong, or the upper ones linear, entire, sessile and strongly de- 206 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 current on the stem: disk 10 to 15 mm. broad: rays reflexed. short and inconspicuous : disk-flowers red-brown : pappus-paleae ovate, short-awned. Along streams and in meadows and wet places generally, within the Upper Sonoran Zone: Lower California, Brandegee; Witch Creek, San Diego Co., Alderson, ace. to Parish; Santa Catalina Island, Mrs. Trash; southern base of San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mts. ; thence to northern California, where it is abundant near the coast. 2. H. Bigelovii Gray, Pacif. K. Kept. iv. 107 (1857). Helen- iastrum Bigelovii Ktze., 1. c. BIGELOW SNEEZEWEED. Branching above into several erect peduncle-like branches, 6 to 12 dm. high : herbage almost glabrous : leaves lanceolate, thick- ish, 1 to 2.5 dm. long, conspicuously decurrent: rays showy, golden-yellow, 10 to 20 mm. long : disk brownish-yellow : pappus- paleae 5 to 8, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender awn : achenes hairy. Stream banks and wet meadows of the Transition Zone in the San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mts. ; north to Oregon. Our form differs from typical H. Bigelovii in its coarser and thicker foliage which is harsh to the touch. It belongs to what Professor Greene has characterized as Heleniastrum rivulare,51 but the other characters assigned to this species — nature of pubescence, pappus, etc. — are inconstant. 78. BLENNOSPERMA Less. Low annual herbs with alternate pinnately parted leaves and peduncle-like branches bearing solitary yellow heads. Involucral bracts equal, broadly oblong, united only at the base. Receptacle naked. Heads many-flowered. Ray-flowers fertile; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Achenes obovate, not compressed or angled, densely covered with minute papillae which swell up and form a mucilaginous covering when moistened. Pappus none. 1. B. Californicum (DC.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 272 (1842). Conio- thele California DC., Prodr. v. 531 (1836). 51 Greene, Fl. Fr. 435 (1897). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 207 Steins branching from near the base, becoming diffuse, about 1 dm. high, often naked above: herbage glabrous, slightly suc- culent : leaves parted into narrowly linear remote lobes : invo- lucre greenish with purple markings : ray-flowers 8 to 11, the ligule of the corolla 4 to 6 mm. long, or the alternate pistils des- titute of corolla ; style-branches of ray-flowers broad : disk flowers 20 to 45, shorter than the involucre, their styles undivided and capitate at summit: achenes obscurely 8 to 10-ribbed. In moist places; not so common in Southern California as in the middle and northern parts of the state : Cuyamaca, San Diego Co., Orcutt, Brandegee; Wilmington, Los Angeles Co., Lyon, ace. to Parish, also Barber, no. 294; Gardena, McClatchie, ace. to Parish. 79. NICOLLETIA Gray. Perennial very glabrous and somewhat succulent erect herbs of the Desert Area. Leaves narrow, pinnately parted into short linear pungent lobes. Involucre oblong or cylindraceous, either with or without 2 or 3 short outer bracts ; its principal bracts 8 to 12, broadly oblong, acute, dotted with oil-glands and often colored. Style-appendages long, filiform. Achenes attenuate at base, truncate at apex, rusty-pubescent. Pappus of two sorts; the outer of numerous capillary bristles ; the inner of 5 lanceolate paleae, the costae of which are continued into scabrous awns. 1. N. occidentalis Gray, Kept. Fremont. 2nd Exped. 816 (1845). Stout, erect, 2 to 6 dm. high : herbage ill-scented : heads nearly sessile among the upper leaves : involucre about 15 mm. long and two-thirds as broad: rays normally 8, lurid purple striped with pink, 5 to 7 mm. long. Lower Sonoran Zone from the northern borders of the Colo- rado Desert north: first collected by Fremont, ace. to Gray; Twenty-nine Palms, Riverside Co., Brandegee; Mohave Desert, about 1200 m. alt., Parish, no. 3712 ; Mohave River near Hesperia, Palmer, no. 195, Parish, no. 2403 ; Daggett, Hall, no. 6149 ; plains near Indian Wells, Kern Co., Purpus, no. 3042, Hall & Chandler. no. 7365. 208 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 80. DYSODIA Cav. Ours strong-scented perennial desert herbs with conspicu- ously striate stems and rather large terminal heads. Herbage either -glabrous or minutely pubescent but the involucres blotched with large purple oil-glands. Involucre with an inner series of nearly or quite distinct bracts and an outer series of much shorter calyculate ones. Achenes cylindrical or angled, striate, glabrous in our species. Pappus-paleae about 10, each resolved into numer- ous capillary divisions. Leaves spinulose-dentate : involucre 12 to 15 mm. high 1. "D. Cooperi. Leaves 3 to 5-parted: involucre 10 to 12 mm. high 2. D. poroplvylloides. 1. D. Cooperi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 201 (1874). Plant 3 to 9 dm. high, with numerous erect stems (simple or branched) from a more or less woody base: leaves alternate, 15 mm. or less long, broadly ovate or orbicular to lanceolate, spinu- lose-dentate: principal bracts of the involucre 20 to 30, acumi- nate: rays usually 8 to 12, orange-yellow (said to turn reddish). 1 cm. long. From the Mohave and Colorado deserts (Lower Sonoran Zone) east into Arizona: Hesperia to Cushenberry Springs, Par- ish, nos. 1257, 2392, 3721; Mohave River district, Palmer, no. 194; near Hesperia, May, 1901, Parish & Greata; near Barstow. Hall, no. 6168 ; Mountain Springs, near the southern boundary of Imperial Co., Parish, no. 2096; Providence Mts. and Warren's Well, Brandegee; near Kingman, Arizona, Jun., 1893, Wilson. 2. D. porophylloides Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. v. 322 (1855). Size and habit of the last preceding : lower leaves (some oppo- site or even alternate) petioled, parted into cuneate to lanceolate entire or incised divisions ; upper leaves reduced, entire and linear or simply incised : principal bracts of the involucre 14 to 20, ab- ruptly acute or mucronate: rays yellow, few and inconspicuous or none. In the Lower Sonoran Zone from the western borders of the Colorado Desert east into Arizona, south into Mexico : eastern base of San Jacinto Mt., Parish, Hall, no. 2109 ; San Felipe. Parish; near Dale, San Bernardino Co., Hall, no. 6038. 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 209 81. POROPHYLLUM Vaill. Slender perennial herbs of arid districts; very glabrous but the involucres dotted with oil-glands. Leaves narrowly linear, entire. Heads solitary, narrow, discoid. Involucre of about 5 broadly oblong equal bracts, with no calyculate outer ones. Style- appendages subulate. Achenes (in our species) attenuate at apex, rusty-pubescent. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 1. P. gracile Benth., Bot. Sulph. 29 (1844). Plant 3 to 9 dm. high, with numerous very slender branches : leaves few, filiform-linear, 1 to 5 cm. long, entire : involucre 10 to 15 mm. high, naked at base, often purplish-tinged; its bracts oblong, obtuse, bordered with a hyaline margin : corollas dull white arid purple. Common on arid plains and hillsides from near the coast of San Diego Co. across the Colorado Desert to Arizona and Texas ; south into Mexico. Also collected in the Cismontane Area (that is, west of the mountains) near Riverside; and on the Mohave Desert at Needles. Herbage strongly and disagreeably scented. 82. PECTIS L. Low branching herbs. Leaves opposite, connate, usually bear- ing glands containing an essential oil, hence often aromatic. Heads medium-sized or small, mostly radiate, solitary or sub- corymbose. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate, of a single series of equal bracts which are inclined to embrace the ray- achenes. Style hispidulous, the short branches obtuse and with- out appendages. Achenes fertile in both disk and ray, terete. 1. P. papposa Harv. & Gray, PL Fendl. 62 (1849) ; Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiii. 85 (1897). CHINCH- WEED. Plant low, divergently much branched, the branches com- monly short, but vigorous specimens often forming mats 4 dm. in diameter: leaves opposite, narrowly linear, 1 to 5 cm. long, entire or with a few sharp lobes, bearing 2 to 5 pairs of basal setae: heads 6 mm. high, on peduncles 6 to 20 mm. long: rays 4 to 8 mm. long, yellow : achenes rusty-pubescent : ray-pappus a mere crown, rarely 1 or 2 awns; disk-pappus of 12 to 20 bristles, or sometimes reduced to a crown. 210 University of California Publications in Botany. [ VoL- 3 In the Lower Sonoran Zone from the Mohave and Colorado deserts east to Utah and New Mexico. Common in sandy irri- gated places on the Colorado Desert, where known as Chinch- weed, because of its strong disagreeable odor, similar to that of the Chinch-bug. Reported from San Diego, but erroneously so, as pointed ou1 by Mr. Parish.52 P. ANGUSTIFOLIA Torr. has a coroniform pappus of 4 or 5 short squamellae and sometimes 2 slender upwardly scabrous awns in addition (the awned form being var. subaristata Gray) ; heads short-peduncled and more or less fastigiate. Colorado to Lower California and to be expected along our eastern border. P. FILIPES Gray may be known by the pappus of 1 to 4 rigid upwardly scabrous awns with usually some very short interposed squamellae; heads on elongated capillary peduncles; first re- ported from "California, Coulter/' but many of Coulter's plants labeled as Californian were collected in Arizona. P. COULTERI Gray has a pappus of 2 to 6 retrorsely barbed awns and a puberulent herbage. Likewise reported from Coul- ter's "California" collection, but probably restricted to Arizona and Mexico.53 P. LINIFOLIA L. (P. punctata Jacq.) has a pappus of 2 or 3 corneous nearly smooth divergent awns. The Synoptical Flora credits it to Southern California by an evident typographical error for Lower California. It occurs in Arizona as the var. marginalis Fernald.54 TRIBE 8. ANTHEMIDEAE. MAYWEED TRIBE. 83. ANTHEMIS L. CAMOMILE. Aromatic branching herbs with alternate never entire leaves. Heads solitary on terminal peduncles. Ray-flowers white or yellow; disk-flowers yellow. Involucre hemispheric. Receptacle conical, chaffy toward the summit. Achenes not flattened, gla- brous. Pappus none. 52Zoe v. 120 (1901). ssCoville, Bot. Gaz. xx. 528 (1895). 54Froc. Am. Acad. xxxiii. 85 (1897). Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 211 1. A. Cotula L., Sp. PL 894 (1753). MAYWEED. Annual, 2 to 6 dm. high, nearly glabrous: leaves mostly sessile, finely and pinnately dissected into linear acute lobes: involucre about 7 mm. broad, shorter than the disk, its bracts imbricated in several series : rays 10 to 20, white, 8 to 10 mm. long, at length reflexed : chaff of the receptacle narrow and acute or bristle-like : achenes rugose, 10-ribbed. Pastures and waste ground. Naturalized from Europe. 84. ACHILLEA L. Ours an erect strongly scented perennial herb with finely dissected alternate leaves. Heads radiate, cymose at the ends of the stem and branches. Kay-flowers few, pistillate, fertile. In- volucral bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat, the chaff membranous and sub- tending fertile disk-flowers. Achenes linear or oblong to obovate. obcompressed. Pappus none. 1. A. Millefolium L., Sp. PL 899 (1753). COMMON YARROW. MILFOIL. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks, the stems simple, 3 to 9 dm. high: herbage glabrate or sparsely villous to lanate-pubes- cent: leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, the petiole with dilated base, the ultimate segments linear and generally with setaceous callous tips : cyme compound, mostly flat-topped : involucre ovoid, about 5 mm. high : rays 4 to 6, white or pink, about 3 mm. broad : achenes linear, with a more or less obvious wing or margin. Widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America. In Southern California we have two forms, as follows : f. Calif ornica (Pollard) Hall, comb. nov. A. Calif ornica Pollard, Bull. Torr. Club xxvi. 369 (1899). Plant robust, the lower branches of the inflorescence elongated : stems sparsely pu- bescent, the foliage green and glabrate : tips of the ultimate leaf- segments harsh and spinulose : achenes narrowly margined. — The type of A. Calif ornica was "collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw on the Calif ornian sea coast at Santa Ysabel, May, 1893," ace. to Pollard ; Santa Ysabel, at the western base of Cuyamaca Mt., San Diego Co., and about 20 kilometers inland, being probably in- 212 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 tended. The same form comes from San Diego, Palmer, no. 191 ; from Reche Canon, near San Bernardino, Parish (who thinks it a waif at this station) ; and from Laurel Canon, near Los Angeles, May 12, 1901, Braunton. The only difference I am able to detect between this form and certain European specimens of typical A. Mille folium is the slightly more obvious subspinu- lose tips of the leaf -segments. It is apparently the common east American and European form introduced at a few isolated sta- tions in Southern California and slightly modified by its new environment. Specimens recently distributed from the seaboard of middle California (Heller, no. 6740, etc.) under the name of A. Californica, do not belong to this form. Var. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper, Fl. Palouse Reg. 198 (1901). A. lanulosa Nutt., Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 36 (1834). Herbage lanate-pubescent : leaves finely dissected, the segments closely approximate : achenes rather broadly margined. — Very common in the pine belt of all our mountains (San Jacinto Mts., Hall, no. 2507, etc.) ; also near the coast and on the islands, ranging far north and east of our district. Almost certainly a native in Southern California. 85. MATRICARIA L. Ours glabrous annuals with alternate leaves pinnately dis- sected into narrowly linear segments. Heads solitary or some- what cymose, with many greenish-yellow or white flowers. Re- ceptacle mostly slender-conical, naked. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in few series, the outer ones a little shorter than the inner, persistent, scarious-margined. Corollas tubular and wiMi- out limb in our species. Pappus reduced to a coroniform border, or none. Achenes glabrous, irregularly nerved. Heads 5 to 8 mm. high: achenes with an obscure margin at summit 1. M. matricarioides. Heads mostly 8 to 14 mm. high: achenes with a broad irregularly lobed crown 2. M. occidentalis. 1. M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club v. 341 (1894). Artemisia matricarioides Less., Linnaea vi. 210 (1831). Matricaria fr'scoidea DC., Prodr. vi. 50 (1837). 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 213 Stems leafy, at length much branched, the whole plant 1 to 3 dm. high: herbage glabrous, sweet-scented: heads short-pedun- cled, 5 to 7 or 8 mm. high: involucral bracts broadly oblong or the outer ones lanceolate, hardly half as long as the greenish- yellow ovoid disk : pappus reduced to an obscure border. Common on low ground. Native of the Old World. 2. M. occidentalis Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 150 (1886) ; K. Brandegee, Zoe ii. 76 (1891). Two to 6 dm. high, the stems either branching or simple below the cymose summit: herbage not so strongly scented as in the preceding : mature heads 8 to 12 or 14 mm. high : achenes sharply angled, crowned by a broad margin which bears two approximate lobes and is thus one-sided. San Jacinto, 1890, Mrs. Gregory; near San Bernardino (High- lands), Parish, no. 3648; middle California. 86. COTULAL. Low herbs with mostly alternate leaves. Flowers yellow. Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, low-hemispheric. Bracts of involucre greenish, nearly equal, in 1 or 2 ranks. Receptacle flat or nearly so, naked. Outer series of flowers pistillate only. Disk- flowers with 4-toothed corolla, perfect, fertile or infertile. Ma- ture achenes raised on pedicels, in our species compressed and spongy-margined or narrowly winged. Pappus none. Annual: leaves pinnately dissected: pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows .....1. C. australis. Perennial: leaves pinnatifid to entire, sheathing at base: pistillate flowers in a single row 2. C. coronopifolia. 1. C. australis (Sieb.) Hook f, Fl. Nov. Zel. 128 (1853). Anacyclus australis Sieb., in Spreng., Syst. iii. 497 (1825-8). One-half to 2 dm. high, with slender branching stems : herbage not succulent, sparsely pubescent with soft spreading hairs : leaves once or twice pinnately dissected into linear lobes: heads 2 to 5 mm. broad: bracts of the involucre brownish-tipped and with scarious edges : pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows, pediceled, apeta- lous ; disk-flowers nearly or quite sessile : marginal achenes some- 214 University of California Publications in Botany. LV°L- 3 what compressed, minutely hispid on both faces but the margin glabrous. Occurs sparingly as a waif along the streets of San Diego. Riverside, and Los Angeles. Native of Australia. 2. C. coronopifolia L., Sp. PL 892 (1753). Herbaceous perennial, often subaquatic and then rooting from the lower nodes : herbage somewhat succulent, glabrous : stems commonly many and clustered, decumbent or ascending, 1 to 4 dm. long: leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, entire to coarsely toothed or pinnatifid on the same plant, dilated at base into a short sheath around the stem : heads depressed, 8 to 10 mm. broad : pistillate flowers in a single row, their pedicels becoming one- half as long as the involucre, without corolla ; disk-flowers on much shorter pedicels. Well established along streams and in wet ground. Native of South Africa. 87. SOLIVA R. & P. Small depressed herbs with petioled and pinnately dissected leaves and small discoid heads of greenish flowers sessile in the forks. Involucre of nearly equal bracts in 1 to 3 series. Re- ceptacle naked. Outer series of flowers pistillate and apetalous ; innermost flowers perfect but sterile, the corolla 4-toothed. Achenes obcompressed, pointed with the hardened persistent style, callous-margined or winged, each wing continuing above as a bristle or tooth. Pappus none. 1. S. sessilis R. & P., Prodr. 113 (1794). Plant commonly 5 to 10 cm. across, minutely pubescent or rusty-villous : one, two, or three of the heads sessile at the very base, the somewhat tortuous stems radiating from under these: involucral bracts 7 or 8, oblong, acute, greenish, pilose-pubescent : pistillate flowers 9 to 12 : staminate flowers 7 to 9 : style stout, subulate, conspicuously exserted beyond the disk-corolla : each wing of the achene terminating above in an incurved tooth. Moist ground near the coast in Santa Barbara Co., ace. to Gray; Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo Co., Miss King. Prob- ably introduced from Chile. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 215 88. ARTEMISIA L. WORMWOOD. Herbs or shrubby plants, mostly bitter and aromatic, with alternate leaves. Heads small, discoid, nodding or erect, in pan- icled spikes or racemes. Flowers yellow or purplish, all tubular ; disk-flowers perfect and marginal ones pistillate, or all perfect. Corolla of the pistillate flowers 2 or 3-toothed, of the perfect flowers 5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Re- ceptacle nearly flat to hemispheric, naked in all our species ex- cept the last. Achenes obovoid or oblong, glabrous (except in A. Parishii), with a small terminal areola. Pappus none. Flowers of the margin pistillate; central flowers perfect (their achenes abor- tive and sterile in no. 1). Herbage glabrous. Leaves linear, mostly entire 2. A. dracunculoides. Leaves serrulate to bipinnatifid 4. A. biennis. Herbage (at least the lower surface of the leaves) tomentose. Branches spinescent: flowers cobwebby with crisped hairs 1. A. spinescens. Branches not spinescent: flowers resinous. Shrubby: leaves or their segments linear-filiform 3. A. Calif ornica. Herbaceous (except at base in some) : leaves or their segments broader. Leaves wThite-tomentose on both sides 5. A. Ludoviciana. Leaves green and early glabrate above 6. A. heterophylla. Flowers all perfect and fertile: shrubs. Eeceptacle naked: leaves white-tomentose or canescent on both sides. Achenes glabrous. Accessory bracts of the involucre short and ovate: leaves 3- toothed to entire 7. A. tridentata. Accessory bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceolate: leaves 3-cleft or -parted to entire 8. A. trifida. Achenes arachnoid with long hairs: leaves mostly entire 9. A. Parishii. Eeceptacle chaffy, most of the flowers being subtended by scale-like bracts: leaves green above 10. A. Palmeri. 1. A. spinescens Eat., Bot. King Exped. 180, t. 19, ff. 15 to 21 (1871). Picrothamnus desertorum Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 417 (1841) ; not Artemisia desertorum Spreng. (1825-8). 216 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Stems woody, intricately branched, 1 to 5 dm. high, the per- sistent branches becoming stout spines : herbage white-tomentose. especially the young branchlets: leaves about .5 to .7 cm. long including the petiole, pedately 5-parted and the divisions 3-lobed. the lobes spatulate: heads in short lateral spikes: involucre glo- bose, 3 mm. in diameter; bracts 5 or 6, obovate, obtuse: flowers 5 to 12, both corolla and achene loosely arachnoid with long crisped hairs. Southern part of the Mohave Desert (Rabbit Springs, Hes- peria, Lancaster, etc.), north and east to Oregon and Wyoming. Plentiful in sandy soil from Owens Valley to the Panamint Mts. Flowering period earlier than of other Artemisias and the habit different, but plainly congeneric with them. 2. A. dracunculoides Pursh, Fl. ii. 742 (1814). Six to 12 or 15 dm. high: stems not woody, either virgately or paniculately branched above : herbage glabrous, strong- scented: leaves linear, 2 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, entire or the lowermost 3-toothed or -cleft : heads numerous, on very slender short peduncles in a close or open panicle, the clusters sometimes secund on the slender branches : involucre nearly hem- ispheric, 2 or 3 mm. high : receptacle hemispheric. Common throughout western North America ; with us ranging from the seashore to 2500 m. alt. in the mountains, and from National City, San Diego Co., north. 3. A. Californica Less., Linnaea vi. 523 (1831). HILL-BRUSH. Gray shrub, 6 to 12 dm. high : herbage aromatic, clothed with a minute appressed pubescence, varying to green and nearly gla- brous: leaves once or twice parted into linear-filiform segments, or the upper ones entire and more or less fascicled : heads many, in long racemose panicles, nodding: involucre hemispheric, 2 or 3 mm. high : achenes with a minute squamellate crown. Common on hills of the Upper Sonoran Zone from Lower California (Guadalupe Island, Francesclii, no. 11) north to San Francisco Bay; most plentiful toward the coast (including Santa Catalina Island) but ranges as far inland as the borders of the desert in San Gorgonio Pass (Cabazon, Scliellenger, no. 44). Specimens from the islands have broader and thicker leaves with 1907] Hall—Ccmpositae of Southern California. 217 less numerous and shorter lobes, and more scattered heads of larger size. A form intermediate betwen this and the mainland form comes from the Coronados Islands. 4. A. biennis Willd., Phytogr. 11, no. 39 (1794). Erect, 4 to 8 dm. high, from an annual or biennial root : her- bage glabrous, inodorous : leaves 3 to 8 or the lower even 12 cm. long, bipinnately divided into lanceolate or broadly linear in- cised or serrulate divisions, or the uppermost only pinnatifid to nearly entire : heads erect, sessile, crowded on the short branch- lets, forming a spike-like inflorescence, which is more or less leafy : involucre hemispheric, about 2 mm. high : achenes with a small epigynous disk. Sparingly introduced on low moist ground near Los Angeles and Santa Ana ; to be expected elsewhere. Native of northwestern America. 5. A. Ludoviciana Nutt., Gen. ii. 143 (1818). Three to 10 dm. high : stems scarcely woody below, from run- ning rootstocks, simple and erect, or with few virgate branches : herbage whitened throughout with a lanate tomentum or the upper surface of the leaves rarely somewhat glabrate: lower leaves 4 to 6 cm. long, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, somewhat dilated above and coarsely toothed, cleft, or parted into entire acute lobes : upper leaves becoming narrow and entire, acute : heads erect or horizontal, the dense spikes in a narrow compact panicle the lower part of which is leafy-bracteate : involucre hemispheric, 15 to 25-flowered, 3 to 4.5 mm. high. Western North America ; not common in our district : San Bernardino Mts. at Bear Valley, etc., Blasdale, Parish, no. 1456, Abrams, no. 2823, Grant, no. 6367 ; Santa Rosa Mts., Mrs. Trask. nos. 85, 112, 138; Providence Mts., Brandegee (herbage only). In case A Ludoviciana Nutt., and A. gnaphalioides Nutt.55 are considered not distinct then, by the rule of priority of position, the latter name has precedence. 6. A. heterophylla Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 400 (1841). A. Kennedyi A. Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xviii. 55 Nuttall, I.e. 218 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 175 (1905). Not A. heterophylla Besser (1834). CALIFORNIA MUGWORT. Stems erect, woody at base, strict, 6 to 16 dm. high : leaves 4 to 10 cm. long, lanceolate to broadly oblong or elliptic, sparingly pinnatifid (with downward incisions), cleft, or often entire (especially the upper), green above, white-tomentose beneath: heads mostly erect, the spikes in an open or more commonly dense terminal panicle, the main axis leafy below and bracteate above : involucre ovoid, 12 to 25-flowered, 3 or 4 mm. high, perma- nently arachnoid. Common on wet ground toward the coast, less plentiful in the mountains up to 1500 m. alt. (Upper Sonoran Zone), from Orange Co. to Washington and the Rocky Mts. : San Jacinto Mt., Hall, no. 2633 ; Verdugo Canon, near Los Angeles, Chandler, no. 2051 ; etc. From Nuttall's A. heterophylla have been segregated two distinct species : A. Suksdorfii Piper,56 and A. Kennedyi A. Nel- son. Although I have not seen the type of A. heterophylla Nutt., I judge it to be identical with A. Kennedyi, since Nutt all had only specimens from the Rocky Mountains. A. heterophylla Besser being an unsustained species, our plant takes the name A. heterophylla Nutt., in accordance with Art. 50 of the Vienna rules. It has been assumed that this is not a seacoast species, but besides occurring on the seacoast of Southern California, as noted above, it is plentiful along the seaboard of middle California, whence came three specimens cited by Professor Nelson, viz., Heller, no. 7195, from Pacific Grove, which is as near the Pacific as it could well be, Michener & Bioletti's plant from Temescal Lake, which is within 4 kilometers of San Francisco Bay, and Heller, no. 7209, from Los Gatos, also near the coast. However. A. Suksdorfii and A. heterophylla (A. Kennedyi) do belong to distinct geographic areas; the former to a narrow, humid coast belt from British Columbia to Humboldt Co., California, the latter to the interior districts from Washington to Southern Cali- fornia and the seaboard from San Francisco Bay south. This distribution is not surprising when we consider that numerous 56 Bull. Torr. Club xxviii. 42 (1901). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 219 other species of the northwest coast extend south to middle Cali- fornia, while many forms belonging to the interior of our north- ern states reach the seacoast only in Southern California. 7. A. tridentata Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 398 ( 1841 ) . SAGEBRUSH. Commonly an erect much branched shrub with a distinct trunk and shreddy bark: herbage aromatic, canescent or silvery throughout with a fine and close tomentum : leaves mostly 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long, narrowly cuneate, the truncate summit with 3 or 4 obtuse teeth or lobes, the uppermost ones linear and entire : pan- icles diffuse, commonly 3 dm. or more long: involucre narrow, 5 to 8-flowered, about 4 mm. high ; accessory bracts short, ovate. This, the true Sagebrush, ranges from Lower California north along the desert ranges to the high plains of the Great Basin and extends even into Washington and Montana. It is by far the most abundant and best-known shrub in this whole region, in many places forming the principal vegetation of thousands of acres. In Southern California the Sagebrush is abundant on the lower slopes of mountains facing the Colorado and Mohave des- erts, where it occupies the Upper Sonoran Zone and often extends into the Lower Transition. West of the mountains it has been found at the following stations: Descanso, San Diego Co. Mrs. Brandegee; Fallbrook, San Diego Co., Parish; Colton and San Bernardino, Parish; near Riverside Reed, no. 832; and between Glendale and Burbank, near Los Angeles Bmunton, no. 907. Var. angustifolia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49 (1883). Leaves all narrower, the lower barely 3-toothed, the upper entire and less than 2 mm. wide. — Idaho and the Mohave Desert to southern San Diego Co., ace. to Gray. 8. A. trifida Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 398 (1841). A. tripartite Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. i. 432 (1900). A much branched shrub, 2 or 3 to rarely 6 dm. high : herbage silvery or canescent with a very fine close tomentum : leaves about 1 cm. long, linear except the dilated upper portion which is cleft or parted into 3 linear lobes ; upper leaves entire : inflorescence contracted, sometimes of simple spikes only a few cm. long ter- 220 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 ruinating the slender stems : involucre cylindric, 3 to 9-flowered. nearly 5 mm. high, the accessory bracts oblong or lanceolate. Near Lancaster, Mohave Desert, Parish, no. 1177 (identical with Nuttall's plants, ace. to note by Gray in Herb. Parish). More common in the Sierra Nevada Mts., Utah, etc. 9. A. Parishii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220 (1885). Plant distinctly shrubby, 6 to 9 dm. high: herbage densely and closely cinereous-pubescent: leaves 2 to 4 cm. long, linear- spatulate, strongly 1-nerved, mostly entire but some of the lower ones 2 or 3-toothed at apex, the margins revolute : heads inclined to nod when mature, in small close glomerules which are scat- tered on short branchlets of the rather loose oblong panicle: involucre oblong, 5 to 7-flowered, 3 or 4 mm. long: achenes arachnoid-villous. Newhall, Los Angeles Co., Nov., 1881, Parish, no. 1065 (dupli- cate type) ; Mohave Desert, Oct. 19, 1882, Pringle; Rosamond, in the creosote belt of Antelope Valley, Los Angeles Co., Oct., 1896. Davy, no. 2933 ; all in the Lower Sonoran Zone. The report that this species was collected at Cajon Pass is erroneous, ace. to Parish.57 10. A. Palmeri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79 (1876). Stems herbaceous or somewhat woody, slender and erect, tall. minutely pubescent: leaves (about 5 cm. long) almost glabrous above, densely cottony-tomentose beneath, linear and entire or mostly with few linear lobes, the margins closely revolute : heads mostly nodding when mature, either glomerate or somewhat loosely disposed on the branches of the elongated panicle: in- volucre hemispheric, 3.5 mm. high : receptacle chaffy, its scarious bracts subtending at least many of the flowers. From the vicinity of San Diego to Lower California: Jamul Valley, Palmer, Miss Bird, ace. to Gray; near National City, Purpus, Brandegee, etc. v. 120 (1901). 1907] Hall.— Composite of Southern California. 221 TRIBE 9. SENECIONEAE. GROUNDSEL TRIBE. 89. RAILLARDELLA Gray. Ours a low scapose perennial of the Alpine Zone, with entire silvery-tomentose leaves and solitary heads. Involucral bracts barely overlapping. Receptacle flat. Heads discoid in our species. Disk-corollas with short tube, elongated throat, and 5 short naked teeth. Style-appendages flattish, with lanceolate or cuspidate tips. Achenes linear, pubescent. Pappus of 12 to 25 slender soft-plumose bristles. 1. R. argentea Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 417 (1876). Raillardia ar- gent ea Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 550 (1865). Scapes 1 to 10 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks : leaves crowded in a basal tuft and on short sterile shoots, linear-spat- ulate to oT^lanceolate, acute, from less than 1 cm. to 4 or 5 cm. long: involucre narrowly campanulate, 8 to 10 mm. high, its bracts acuminate: flowers yellow. Known to occur in Southern California only on the summit of Mt. San Gorgonio (Grayback), where a depauperate form is common in gravelly soil above timber line : plentiful in the high Sierra Nevadas. 90. LEPIDOSPARTUM Gray. Ours a rigid broom-like shrub with alternate leaves, all but the earliest of which are reduced to scales. Bracts of the involucre regularly imbricated in 3 or 4 series, chartaceous, oblong, obtuse. Receptacle naked. Heads discoid. Corolla with long tube; the short campanulate throat exceeded by the spreading lobes. Anthers exserted, sagittate at base, the tips lanceolate. Style- branches flattish, with acute tips. Achenes terete, faintly 8 to 10-nerved. Pappus of numerous minutely scabrous capillary bristles. 1. L. squamatum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50 (1883). Linosyris squamata and var. Breweri Gray, 1. c. viii. 290 (1870). Tetradymia squamata Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 408 (1876). A round-topped bush, 1 to 2 m. high, with ascending virgate branches : very young plants tomentose and leafy with spatulate 222 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 entire leaves 1 cm. or so long, but the tomentum early deciduous and all the later leaves reduced to ovate-acute scales (1 mm. or less long) of the green branches : heads solitary terminating the short lateral branchlets and thus appearing as if racemose or spicate, the uppermost nearly or quite sessile and thus glomer- ate : involucre campanulate, 5 to 8 mm. high : achenes glabrous. Common in sand-washes and in dry gravelly soil of the Sono- ran zones, from San Luis Obispo Co. to Lower California and east to Arizona. Also near Exeter, Tulare Co., in the San Joaquin Valley, Jul. 23, 1905, Mrs. Brandegee. 91. ARNICA L. Erect perennial herbs of temperate and arctic regions. Leaves all opposite or the upper alternate. Heads large, yellow- flowered, mostly several and long-peduncled at the summit of the single stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, not calyculate at base; bracts equal. Eeceptacle flat, naked to fimbrillate or vil- lous. Disk-flowers many, yellow; ray-flowers pistillate when present, yellow. Style-branches with flattish tips acute or ob- tuse. Achenes slender, somewhat 5 to 10-costate or angled. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened denticulate white bristles. Lower leaves cordate or ovate, obtuse 1. A. cordifolia. Lower leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute 2. A. Bernardino,. 1. A. cordifolia Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. i. 331 (1834). Stems 3 to 6 dm. high, from creeping rootstocks: herbage pubescent, the stems and peduncles commonly hirsute or villous: lower leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate to ovate, obtuse, den- tate; upper leaves small, sessile: heads either solitary and ter- minating the simple stem or several and long-peduncled in a loose cyme : involucre about 15 mm. high : rays about 2.5 to 3 cm. long: achenes somewhat hirsute. Lower Transition Zone on Cuyamaca Ml, San Diego Co., Aug., 1898, Dunn; Sierra Nevadas to British Columbia and Colo- rado. 2. A. Bernardina Greene, Pitt. iv. 170 (1900). Stems 2.5 to 5 dm. high, from a cluster of thick roots : herbage cinereous with a fine tomentose pubescence, this overspread (often 1907] Hall— Compositor of Southern California. 223 copiously) with long arachnoid hairs, at least the stems glabrate in age : leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, the upper partly clasping by a narrowish base, the lower with the tapering bases connate in pairs, sparingly denticulate or entire, the largest 12 cm. long and 2 cm. broad : heads peduncled, 2 or 3 in a terminal cluster or solitary : involucre 8 or 9 mm. high ; its oblong bracts comose at the obtuse or merely acutish apex : rays about 1.5 cm. long : disk- flowers conspicuously exceeding the involucre : achenes sparsely short-setulose. Meadows of the Upper Transition and Canadian zones, at 2000 to 2750 m. alt., San Bernardino Mts. : Bear Valley, Parish, no. 3719; Bluff Lake, Jul., 1889, Hall, also Grinnell, no. 82; Dry Lake, on north side San Gorgonio Mt. (Grayback), Mrs. Wilder. no. 599. 92. PEUCEPHYLLUM Gray. Desert shrub with crowded terete resinous-punctate leaves. Heads discoid. Involucre campanulate, foliaceous. Receptacle naked, flat. Flowers yellowish: corolla with very short proper tube and long cylindric throat; teeth short, ovate, obtuse, erect, puberulent. Style-branches linear, semi-terete; the tip broad, obtuse and destitute of appendage. Anthers with oval obtuse tips. Achenes turbinate-oblong, very hirsute. Pappus shorter than the corolla, of numerous unequal rather sordid and roughish bristles, the longer of these sometimes toothed or with hyaline toothed margins or not infrequently flattened and passing into linear hyaline paleae! The affinities of this peculiar genus are not known. It was once placed in the Eupatorieae, but its yellow corollas and flat style-branches seem to indicate a different relationship. Mr. M. E. Jones58 would place it near Dysodia and it may belong some- where in the Helenieae, but scarcely in Tagetineae, the nature of the oil-glands, the involucre, and the habit being very different. Mr. Jones was the first to point out the sometimes paleaceous nature of the pappus and this character is certainly suggestive of a Helenioid origin, but certain species of Ligularia (Senecillus). which is always accepted as Senecioid, has short flattened almost 58 Jones, Contr. W. Bot. viii. 42 (1898). 224 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 paleaceous toothed bristles. The style-branches, moreover, are more like those of Luina, than of. any genus in the Helenieae. while in corolla and some other characters it resembles Psathy- rotes. Since its affinities are so doubtful I here follow Bentham59 in placing Peucephyllum in the Senecioneae, at least provisional- ly. 1. P. Schottii Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 74 (1859) ; Jones, Zoe v. 41 (1900). Psathyrotes Schottii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206 (1874). Inyonia dysodioides M. E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. viii. 42 (1898). Sometimes only 3 dm. or so high and spreading, more often 1 to 3 m. high and with a trunk-like stem: bark rough: leaves green, crowded on the ultimate branchlets, 5 to 20 or even 30 cm. long, punctate and exuding a balsamic resin: heads scattered, nearly sessile and hidden by the upper leaves: involucre nearly 1 cm. high ; bracts green, linear-subulate. In canons and on foothills of the Lower Sonoran Zone from Inyo Co. to Lower California and Arizona: Panamint canon. Inyo Co., M. E. Jones; Ord Mts. ; Warrens; Whitewater; Mo- rongo Pass; Thousand Palms; hills near Coachella; Indio Mts.; Palm Springs ; Canon Springs Wash ; Split Mt. ; Calamujuet, on the coast of Lower California, May 11, 1889, Bran-degee. 93. PSATHYROTES Gray. Low winter annuals (and biennials?) of the Desert Area. Herbage scurfy or tomentose. Leaves alternate, petioled, broad and rounded. Heads discoid. Involucre broadly hemispheric. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla with very short proper tube, elongated cylindric throat, and short teeth which are more or less woolly or glandular. Style-branches flattish, obtuse. Achenes turbinate, villous. Pappus of numerous short scabrous bristles. varying from white to ferruginous in the same species. Outer involucral bracts much broader than the inner, the obtuse tips spread- ing or recurved: leaves thick 1. P. ramosissima. Outer involucral bracts not very different from the inner, all with erect tips: leaves thinner 2. P. annua. 59 Bentham, in Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PI. ii. 438 (1873). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 225 1. P. ramosissima (Torr.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363 (1868). Tetradymia ramosissima Torr., in Emory Kept. 145 (1848). Stem suffrutescent at base and persistent for at least one year: much branched and densely leafy forming a compact rounded plant 15 cm. or less high and 5 to 20 cm. across : herbage white with a dense close tomentum, strongly scented with a tur- pentine-like odor : leaves thick, coarsely and irregularly toothed, subcordate or tapering into the stout petiole : peduncles either short and erect or longer and recurved, so that the heads always remain embedded in the dense foliage : involucre 6 or 7 mm. high ; outer bracts broadly oblong, obtuse, the broad tips somewhat spreading or recurved ; inner bracts narrower, sometimes acutish : corollas yellow or purplish : achenes short-turbinate. Lower Sonoran Zone: Borregos Springs, Colorado Desert. Brandegee; near Palm Springs, Colorado Desert, Schellenger, no. 40 ; Sheephole Mts., Mohave Desert, Hall & Chandler, no. 6071 ; Panamint Valley, Inyo Co. ; east into Arizona, south into Lower California. Very common on ledges of rocks and in stony soil on the Colorado Desert of eastern Riverside and Imperial coun- ties. 2. P. annua (Nutt.) Gray, PL Wright, ii. 100 (1853). Bul- bostylis annua Nutt., Journ. Phila. Acad. n. ser. i. 179 (1848). Root strictly annual : stem loosely branched, the branches ascending, 5 to 15 cm. high : herbage with a scurfy tomentum : leaves short-cuneate at base, coarsely and irregularly dentate, the small often entire ones of the inflorescence carried beyond the heads by their petioles : peduncles very short, commonly reflexed in age : involucre 7 to 9 mm. high ; bracts ovate-oblong to linear- lanceolate, usually acute, all erect and the outer ones not larger than the inner : corollas pale yellow or purplish : achenes oblong- turbinate : pappus less copious than in no. 1. Lower Sonoran Zone: alkaline soil near Rabbit Springs, southern Mohave Desert, Parish, no. 1260: Red-rock Canon, east- ern Kern Co., Hall & Chandler, no. 7375 ; Owens Valley ; east to Utah and Arizona. 226 University of California Publications in Botany. [TOL- 3 94. TETRADYMIA DC. Low rigid shrubs of arid districts. Herbage clothed with dense and matted or floccose wool which is deciduous in some species. Leaves alternate, entire, solitary or fascicled, the prim- ary ones often modified into spines. Involucre cylindric to ob- long, composed of 4 to 6 firm concave overlapping bracts which are often enlarged and thickened at base. Heads discoid, 4 to 9- flowered. Receptacle flat, small. Corollas yellow ; lobes spread- ing, longer than the short-campanulate throat, much shorter than the elongated tube. Anthers exserted, sagittate at base, the tips triangular-lanceolate. Style-branches flat, obtuse. Achenes terete, faintly 5-nerved. Pappus of fine and soft scabrous capil- lary bristles, white or whitish. Pappus copious, much exceeding the hairs of the achene, or the achenes glabrous. Heads 4-flowered: leaves not spiny. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 1 to 2 cm. long, not glabrate 1. T. canescens. Leaves linear to subulate, less than 1 cm. long, glabrate 2. T. glabrata. Heads 5-flowered: upper leaves rigid, spiny 3. T. stenolepis. Pappus-bristles in a single series, scarcely exceeding the long ascending hairs of the achene. Heads pedunculate, scattered or loosely racemose 4. T. spinosa. Heads nearly sessile in a close terminal cyme ..5. T. comosa. 1. T. canescens DC., Prodr. v. 440 (1837). Stems 1 to 3 dm. high, freely branching: foliage and in- florescence white with a permanent close tomentum : leaves some- what crowded but rarely at all fascicled, linear or linear-lanceol- ate, pungently acute, mostly 1 to 2 cm. long : heads short-pedunc- ulate in cymose clusters terminating the short branchlets: in- volucre 8 to 10 mm. high, 4-flowered; bracts 4 or 5, strongly carinate, oblong : achenes varying from glabrous to villous : pappus copious, sordid or yellowish. Upper Sonoran and Transition zones below 2300 m. alt: San Bernardino Mts. (Barton Flat, South Fork, Bear Valley, Doble). San Antonio Mts. (Rock Creek), Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mts. — Also (in the var. inermis (Nutt) Gray, with shorter leaves and 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 227 involucres) in the Coast Ranges near San Luis Obispo (Palmer. no. 261). 2. T. glabrata Gray, Pacif. R. Rept. 11. pt. 2, 122, t. 5 (1855). Stems branching to form rounded bushy plants 1 m. or less high: leaves early glabrate, mostly 5 to 10 mm. long, 3 to 6 in each fascicle; the primary ones rigid-subulate, cuspidate, mostly 5 to 10 mm. long, early deciduous; axillary fascicled leaves soft and pointless, persistent; leaves of sterile shoots linear-subulate, appressed, without fascicled ones in their axils : heads in terminal cymes or the cymose clusters sometimes racemosely disposed : in- volucre 7 or 8 mm. high, white-tomentose or glabrate and green, 4-flowered; bracts 4 or 5, oblong, carinate: achenes densely vil- lous : pappus copious, sordid. Lower and Upper Sonoran zones from the Mohave Desert to Oregon and Utah: Rabbit Springs, Parish; Lancaster, Davidson; Owens Valley, where common on low hills. 3. T. stenolepis Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 92 (1885). Stems about 6 or 8 dm. high, corymbosely much branched: herbage permanently white-tomentose with appressed wool : lower primary leaves oblanceolate, tipped with a sharp mucro, about 2 cm. long; upper (and often all) primary leaves modified into rigid spreading spines 2 to 3 cm. long ; secondary fascicled leaves oblanceolate and 1 cm. or less long, or entirely wanting : heads in close terminal cymes: involucre 10 to 12 mm. high, 5-flowered; bracts 5, oblong, very thick and rigid, obtuse : achenes canescent but glabrate : pappus comparatively coarse. Lower Sonoran Zone of the Desert Area from Antelope Val- ley, Los Angeles Co., to Inyo Co. : Hesperia, San Bernardino Co.. Sept., 1907, Edw. Hoykendorf; Fairmount, Los Angeles Co.. Hall, no. 6712 ; Kernville, Purpus, no. 5651 ; Argus Mts., Purpus. no. 5463 ; Cottonwood Ranch, Inyo Co., Brandegee. Ace. to Mrs. Brandegee the type specimens were gathered a short distance southwest of the Southern Pacific railroad between Cameron and Mohave stations. 4. T. spinosa H. & A., Bot. Beech. 360 (1840). A rigidly branched shrub 6 to 12 dm. high: stems densely white-tomentose : primary leaves modified into rigid spines which 228 University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L- 3 may be either straight or recurved, 1 to 4 cm. long, tomentose or glabrate; secondary fascicled leaves commonly present, small, linear-clavate, glabrous or early glabrate: heads on stout pe- duncles arising from the leaf -axils : involucre about 8 mm. high, usually 6 or 7-flowered ; bracts 5 or 6, the outer ones oblong, the inner ones from broadly oblong to nearly orbicular, all obtuse: achenes with soft white wool nearly equalling the rigid pappus- bristles. The most common species of the Desert Area; characteristic of the upper portion of the Lower Sonoran Zone, ace. to Coville : Warren's Well, at the eastern end of the San Bernardino Mts., Brandegee; thence to Oregon, Utah, Arizona, etc. 5. T. comosa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60 (1876). Stems with many virgate branches forming an erect bush 6 to 12 dm. high : herbage permanently and densely white-tomentose : earlier primary leaves soft, linear, 2.5 to 5 cm. or more long ; the later ones narrower, rigid and more or less spine-like ; fascicled secondary leaves like those of T. spinosa, or usually absent : heads in close terminal cymes: involucre 8 to 10 mm. high, 6 to 9- flowered ; bracts 5 or 6, oblong, obtuse : long soft wool of the achene concealing the true pappus. Scattered throughout the warmer and drier parts of the Sono- ran zones west of the mountains, from Los Angeles Co. to San Diego Co. : Newhall, ace. to Davidson ; Pasadena, ace. to Mc- Clatchie ; Pomona ; West Riverside ; San Bernardino ; Temecula Creek ; Palomar ; Buckmans Springs ; Campo ; San Diego. Also at Lancaster and Hesperia, in the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Mohave Desert, ace. to Parish ; and in Nevada, ace. to Gray. 95. SENECIO L. GROUNDSEL. Herbs or woody plants with alternate leaves and with heads in terminal cymes or rarely solitary. Heads many-flowered, radiate or discoid. Flowers in our species yellow. Involucre cylindrical to campanulate, mostly with 1 or 2 rows of outer erect bracteoles at base, these elongated and exceeding the proper in- volucre in a few non-Californian species. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers mostly rounded at base. Style-branches truncate. Achenes terete. Pappus of abundant white and soft bristles. 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 229 A.— Perennial herbs and suffrutescent plants. Stems herbaceous: lower leaves either undivided or with broad and rounded lobes. Leaves from entire to serrate or pinnatifid. Heads discoid: leaves ample 1. S. astephanus. Heads radiate. Plant leafy up to the inflorescenc : leaves acute. Blade of leaf triangular-lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm. wide 2. S. triangularis. Blade of leaf linear, 1 to 3 mm. wide: var. sanctus of 3. S. serra. Plant nearly leafless above the middle, 2 to 4 dm. high: leaves obtuse 4. S. ionophyllus. Leaves mostly pinnately divided or parted and again lobed or incised 5. S. eurycephalus. Stems suffrutescent at base: leaves pinnately parted into linear lobes (ex- cept the upper ones). Leaf -lobes acute: involucre copiously bracteolate 6. S. Douglasii. Leaf -lobes obtuse: involucre sparingly bracteolate: insular species 7. S. Lyoni. B.— Annuals. Eays conspicuous , 8. S. Calif orni<"us. Kays wanting or very inconspicuous. Indigenous desert annual: leaves ample 9. S. Mohavensis. Naturalized weeds. Involucral bracts with green or pale tips: rays present, minute 10. S. sylvaticus. Involucral bracts black-tipped: rays none 11. S. vulgaris. 1. S. astephanus Greene, Pitt. i. 174 (1888). 8. ilicetorum Davidson, Eryth. ii. 85 (1894). Stout, erect, 4 to 10 dm. high, from a perennial root, leafy: herbage floccose-woolly, the upper surface of the leaves and the inflorescence glabrate : leaves thin, elliptic or oblanceolate, acute, remotely dentate with small spreading callous-tipped teeth ; lower leaves 2 to 3 dm. long including the petiole, 3 to 5 cm. wide; upper leaves smaller, tapering to a sessile base, some entire : heads 6 to 12, nearly sessile in a compact terminal cyme: involucre 8 mm. high ; bracts numerous, linear-lanceolate, acute, some of the outer ones reduced and calyculate : rays none : achenes 10-nerved. glabrous. Mountains of San Luis Obispo Co., 1887, Mr. and Mrs. Lem- mon, ace. to Greene ; Upper Sonoran Zone, on the trail to Wilsons Peak, San Gabriel Mts., Davidson. 230 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 2. S. triangularis Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. i. 332, t. 115 (1834). S. trigonophyllus Greene, Pitt. iii. 106 (1896). Erect, 1 or 2 m. high, simple and leafy up to the loose terminal cyme: herbage glabrous: leaves thin (usually drying black under pressure), triangular-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1.5 dm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad at the truncate or cordate base, short-petiolate, shal- lowly sinuate-dentate or sometimes with salient sharp teeth; uppermost leaves smaller, narrow, with tapering base, some of them entire: involucre narrowly campanulate, 6 mm. high, with several calyculate bracts at base : rays 6 to 12, deep yellow, 5 to 8 mm. long. Along streams and in bogs of the Canadian and Hudsonian zones : San Jacinto Mts. at 2400 to 2800 m. alt. ; San Bernardino Mts. at Bluff Lake, 2200 m. alt., and on South Fork of the Santa Ana River at 2500 m. alt. ; more common in the Sierra Nevadas and Rocky Mts., extending north to Saskatchewan. Stems com- monly several or numerous in a close clump, carrying their rather showy clusters of heads above other herbaceous vegetation. Jul.- Sept. 3. S. serra sanctus Hall, var. nov. Root perennial, woody, perpendicular: stems several, herba- ceous, erect, very leafy up to the flowering branches, the whole plant 2 to 3.5 dm. high : herbage completely glabrous except the inflorescence which bears a minute and sparse tomentum : leaves ascending or spreading or even deflexed, often curved, linear, all entire, acute, 4 to 7 cm. long, 1 to 3 mm. wide : heads numerous in a loose terminal leafy-bracted cyme: involucre nearly cylin- dric but slightly narrowed downward, 7 mm. high; bracts 8 or 9, linear, with acute pubescent tips, green, the margins scarious; outer calyculate bracts few or none : rays 5, yellow, about 5 mm. It- ng : disk-flowers 10 to 12 : achenes glabrous. Moist north slopes South Fork, Santa Ana River, San Ber- nardino Mts., California, along the lower edge of the Canadian Zone at 2600 m. alt., Hall, no. 7610. Nearest to 8. serra integri- usculus Gray, differing mainly in having all the leaves linear and entire. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 231 4. S. ionophyllus Greene, Pitt. ii. 20 (1889). Erect from a thick perennial caudex: stems several, 2 to 4 dm. high, densely leafy below, nearly naked above the middle: herbage lightly floccose-woolly when young but early glabrate. inclined to become reddish especially on the lower parts : lower leaves thick and somewhat fleshy, orbicular, 1 to 3 cm. wide, cordate at base or somewhat tapering to the petiole (this 2 to 6 cm. long) , coarsely crenate : middle cauline leaves few, pin- nately parted into linear lobes or the terminal lobe commonly broader and crenate or coarsely toothed : heads in a rather loose terminal cyme (occasionally solitary) : involucre campanulate, 8 to 10 mm. high, many-flowered, sparingly calyculate and more or less white-tomentose at base ; bracts 15 to 22, lanceolate : rays showy, light yellow : achenes cylindric, 10-nerved, 5-angled by the strong alternate nerves, glabrous. Upper Sonoran and Transition zones : Tehachapi, Kern Co.. Jun. 25, 1889, Greene (type) ; Swarthout Canon, San Antonio Mts., Jun., 1899, Hall: head of Rock Creek, San Gabriel Mts.. JuL, 1893, Davidson; Corkscrew Falls of Bear Creek, San Ber- nardino Mts., 2000 m. alt., Parish, no. 3604: Fish Creek, San Ber- nardino Mts., 2000 m. alt., Grinnell, no. 30 (largest leaves only 1.3 cm. wide). Many forms of this species are found in the mountains of Southern California and several of the extreme variations have received specific names. The characters on which they are founded, however, are not constant, as shown by the presence of connecting forms. In the typical form the caudex is stout and horizontal, in others it is short, erect, and multicipital. But plants otherwise identical and gathered at the same locality differ in this respect, and the direction the caudex takes is of course in- fluenced by the slope on which the plants grow. The amount of woolliness is likewise an elusive character. In certain specimens some of the basal leaves are green and naked, while other leaves just above them are white-tomentose (Parish, no. 3718). The outline of the leaf may be of value in segregating varieties but is too variable to furnish specific characters. The rounded basal leaves are seldom more than coarsely crenate or dentate; yet in many specimens we find rounded crenate leaves neighboring with 232 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 pinnately parted leaves in which the number of lobes varies from one to five (Mrs. Wilder, no. 244, in part; Parish, no. 3604; Hall. no. 1456). In type specimens the leaves are generally larger than in any others I have seen, but one of these (on Univ. Calif, sheet no. 35995) has no leaf more than 15 mm. wide. The num- ber and height of the stems are of course variable characters. A low form not yet segregated is represented by my no. 1456 from Lytle Creek Canon, San Antonio Mts., 1830 m. alt., in the Lower Transition Zone. These specimens are only 1 to 1.5 dm. high : leaves mostly basal on the summit of a thick caudex, rather small, dentate to pinnatifid: cyme 1 to 3-headed, the involucre sometimes 1 cm. high. Two other forms, both of which have received specific names, may be characterized as follows : Var. Bernardinus (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. 8. Bernardinus Greene, Pitt. iii. 298 (1898). More slender than typical 8. ionophyllus, 1.5 to 3 dm. high : tomentum rather persistent : leaves crowded at the base ; the blade orbicular or cuneate-obovate. .5 to 1 cm. wide, merely dentate or rarely a pair of small lobes on the petiole : heads mostly 3 to 10 in each terminal cyme. — Dry hillsides in the Transition Zone at Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., 2100 m. alt., Parish, nos. 1450, 3718, and Hall, no. 7557. Var. sparsilobatus (Parish) Hall, comb. nov. 8. sparsilobatus Parish, Bot. Gaz. xxxviii. 462 (1904). Very slender, 1 to 2 dm. high : herbage tomentose in the types but green and nearly devoid of tomentum in some specimens collected under the same number : leaves usually crowded in a basal tuft, sometimes clothing the stem to the middle ; blade 1 to 2 cm. broad, occasionally roundish and merely dentate, more commonly pinnatifid and the 3 to 5 broad lobes entire or coarsely toothed: heads mostly 2 to 4 in each terminal cyme, or not rarely solitary. — Transition Zone of the San Bernardino Mts. from the upper Santa Ana River to Mt. San Gorgonio ; not common in any one place but well distributed usually in open forests of White Fir: Barton Flats and South Fork, 2125 to 2600 m. alt., Mrs. Charlotte M. Wilder, no. 244 (type, in Herb. Parish) ; Upper Santa Ana Canon (Coon Creek, etc.) to Dry Lake, 2300 to 2700 m. alt., Hall, nos. 7511, 7575, 7626. Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 233 5. S. eurycephalus T. & G., in Gray, PL Fendl. 109 (1849). 8. Breweri Davy, Eryth. iii. 116 (1895). Rather stout, erect, 1 to 7 dm. high, from a perennial root: herbage nearly glabrous or (in northern forms) tomentose, com- monly a slight woolliness at least in the axils of basal leaves: lower leaves 1 to 3 dm. long including the long petiole, irregular- ly pinnately parted or divided, the divisions diminishing in size from the broad rounded terminal lobe to the minute and narrow lower ones; middle cauline leaves narrower and with narrower acute divisions, these commonly lanceolate to cuneate and vari- ously lobed or incised : heads 3 to 30, in a loose terminal cyme ; bracts of the inflorescence linear-lanceolate or subulate, small : in- volucre 8 to 11 mm. high; bracts 10 to 20, linear-oblong, acute, scarious-margined, the outer calyculate ones few and very short : rays 7 to 12, oblong, 8 to 16 mm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone, commonly on moist grassy slopes : Tejon Pass, Los Angeles Co., 1280 m. alt., Parish, no. 1893, and Hall, no. 6262 ; Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Hall, no. 6273 ; Tehachapi Pass, Kern Co., May, 1889, Brandegee (herbage scurfy), and Jul., 1895. Davidson (glabrous) ; Blue Mt., Kern Co., Hall & Babcock, no. 5000; Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo Co., Apr. 23, 1899, Barber; thence north through the Coast Ranges to northern and north- eastern California. With the exception of Mr. Brandegee 's collection, all of the specimens cited are glabrous save in the leaf-axils, and these often also glabrous. In northern California, at least the leaves are commonly white-tomentose even at time of flowering, but some from even so far north as Modoc Co. (Goose Lake Valley. Mrs. Austin) are quite smooth and green. It will probably be found that woolly plants come only from arid places, the most woolly ones at hand being from very dry soil in the Sacramento Valley. 6. S. Douglasii DC., Prodr. vi. 429 (1837). 8. Blochmanae Greene, Eryth. i. 7 (1893). Stems branching from the suffrutescent base and forming a bushy plant usually 1 to 1.5 m. high, leafy up to the inflorescence : herbage at first whitish-tomentose, later more or less glabrate : 234 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL.-S lower leaves pinnately divided into 5 to 9 narrowly linear revol- ute lobes, the upper with only 3 lobes (the middle one several times larger) , or the uppermost entire : heads in broad terminal open cymes: involucre 8 to 10 mm. high, broadly turbinate; the bracts linear with attenuate tips, dorsally carinate below: rays about 13, the ligules about 10 mrn. long : achenes linear, pubescent. Common throughout Southern California in the Upper Sono? ran Zone, especially in sand-washes and other gravelly places ; north to Lake Co. and east to Nebraska. 8. Blochmanae is ap- parently a form with glabrous herbage and entire leaves. A plant in the botanic gardens at Berkeley has the erect woody stem and the habit of typical 8. Douglasii. Specimens gathered by Miss Eastwood (no. 281) at the type locality have small-sized heads and puberulent herbage. Further collections will prob- ably demonstrate that the two species are not distinct. S. MONOENSIS Greene, Leaflets, i. 221 (1906). Near 8. Douglasii but lower, less woody, and the herbage always bright green and glabrous: copiously branched from the short woody portion ; the branches 5 dm. or less high, but often long, flaccid, and decumbent. Near Southern Belle Mine, Mono Co., Heller. no. 8330; among rocks in the Panamint and Argus Mts. and in the Alabama Hills, all in Inyo Co., Hall & Chandler, nos. 6946. 7071, 7181. 7. S. Lyoni Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 456 (1886). Somewhat suffrutescent at base, probably 1 m. or so high, freely branching and leafy throughout: herbage at first tomen- tose, soon glabrate except for persistent dense tufts of wool in the leaf-axils and often a sparse tomentum on the under side of the leaves : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into broadly linear obtuse segments and lobes, sessile by an auriculate base or petiol- ate and the petiole dilated at base: inflorescence loosely cymose. the peduncles bearing a few subulate bracts: involucre broadly turbinate, 7 or 8 mm. high; bracts linear, with acute pubescent tips, the medial line thickened and the margins scarious. First collected by N.evin & Lyon on San Clemente Island, ace. to Gray; Santa Catalina Island, May 20, 1890, Brandegee; San Quentin Bay, Lower California, Palmer, no. 644; San Martin Island, Brandegee. 1907] Hall — Compositae of Southern California. 235 8. S. Californicus DC., Prodr. vi. 26 (1837). A simple or diffusely branched erect annual, 1.5 to 4 dm. high : herbage glabrous or early glabrate : leaves linear to lanceol- ate, remotely toothed or lobed or some even pinnately parted with short obtuse lobes, the upper ones auriculate-clasping at the broad base: heads commonly several or more numerous on elongated peduncles: involucre 6 to 8 mm. high, nearly naked at base: rays 15 to 20, oblong, 6 to 8 mm. long : achenes canescent. Lower California to Santa Barbara : very common in loose soil of the chaparral belt and also on sand dunes along the sea- shore (where commonly robust and succulent). Feb. -May. 9. S. Mohavensis Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 454 (1886). A slender much branched annual, a few cm. to 4 dm. high: herbage glabrous: leaves ample, broadly oblong or oblanceolate. obtuse, all but the basal with broad clasping base, coarsely few- toothed (the largest 2 by 7 cm., but commonly much smaller) : heads in a loose terminal cymose panicle; peduncles slender, bracteolate: involucre 7 or 8 mm. high; bracts 12 to 15, linear, acute, often penicillate but not black at tip ; calyculate bracts few and minute: rays commonly wanting, when present usually de- formed and not longer than disk (ace. to Gray) : achenes densely canescent. Confined to the Desert Area: near the Colorado River, Lem- mon, ace. to Gray; Signal Mt., Colorado Desert, Brandegee; Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., ace. to Coville; Lower Sonoran Zone. 900 m. alt., in Pleasant Canon, Panamint Mts., Hall & Chandler. no. 6910. 10. S. sylvaticus L., Sp. PI. 868 (1753). A slender annual, branching more or less from the base, 1 to 3 or 4 dm. high : herbage glabrous or nearly so : leaves sessile by an auricled base, linear or oblong, somewhat pinnatifid with small oblong lobes, these entire or dentate : heads evidently peduncled. in loose terminal clusters: involucre narrow, 6 mm. high; prin- cipal bracts 10 to 20, not black-tipped ; minute outer bracts acute, green or brown : rays about 5, not over 1 mm. long : achenes ap- pressed-silky, the hairs short. Seldom seen, or passed over for S. vulgaris : Lower California ; 236 University of California Publications in Botany. San Diego, Brandegee (distr. by Baker under no. 3414 as 8. aphanactis Greene, but rays present!); Saugus, Davy. Native of Europe and Asia. 11. S. vulgaris L., Sp. PL 867 (1753). COMMON GROUNDSEL. An erect annual, 1 to 3 dm. or more high : herbage somewhat succulent, glabrous or with a little loose tomentum : leaves sessile, auricled, pinnatifid, the lobes oblong and with irregularly dentate margin : heads in terminal cymose clusters : involucre 6 or 7 mm. high ; principal bracts about 20, their tips black and often penicil- late ; small outer bracts several, black : achenes slightly pubescent. Common in waste places, flowering throughout the year. Native of Europe. S. PARRYI Gray. The report that this Senecio grew in the San Bernardino Mts. was, with scarcely a doubt, due to an error in the label. TRIBE 10. CYNAREAE. THISTLE TRIBE. 96. ARCTIUM. BURDOCK. Coarse biennials, unarmed except for the hooked tips of the involucral bracts forming the bur. Leaves large and roundish, the lower on stout petioles. Heads hemispheric, medium sized, pink or purplish. Keceptacle densely setose. Filaments glab- rous. Achenes oblong. Pappus of numerous short and rigid or chaffy bristles falling separately. 1. A. Lappa L., Sp. PI. 836 (1735). Plant usually 1 or 2 m. high : leaves more or less cordate at base, mostly green above, white-tomentose beneath : involucral bracts narrow, green and smooth, strongly uncinate. An European weed, now establishing itself near a deserted garden at West Riverside, Jul., 1907, Reed. 97. CARDUUS L. THISTLE. Spiny herbs with mostly lobed or pinnatifid alternate or basal leaves, all of ours more or less tomentose. Heads large, solitary or clustered, homogamous (rarely dioecious) ; the flowers white, reddish, or crimson. Involucral bracts imbricate, the outer ter- 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California, 237 minating in spines, the inner inocuous. Receptacle soft-bristly or hairy, not fleshy. Corollas tubular, their segments linear- filiform. Achenes compressed or 4-angled, smooth in all our species. Pappus a single series of bristles connate at the very base and deciduous as a whole. The subgenus Cirsium, which includes all the native Ameri- can thistles, is distinguished from Eucarduus only by the plumose pappus-bristles of all but the marginal achenes. Yet some bot- anists would receive it as a distinct genus. Leaves moderately if at all decurrent. Heads sessile or short-pedunculate, bracteose-leafy at base. Involucral bracts entire, the innermost often with scarious tips. Corolla-lobes with callous capitate tips: bracts of the involucre not appressed-imbricate, narrow 1. C. edulis. Corolla-lobes acute: bracts of the involucre appressed-imbricate, the short outermost ones ovate 2. C. Drummondii. Involucral bracts finely spinescent on the margins above the middle 3. C. maritimus. Heads solitary on long peduncles, not bracteose-leafy at base. Flowers red or crimson, the corolla-lobes longer than the throat 4. C. occidentalis. Flowers white or cream-color to pink, the corolla-lobes equalling or shorter than the throat 5. C. Californicus. Leaves strongly decurrent, the middle cauline ones for one-third their length : desert species 6. C. Mohavensis. 1. C. edulis (Nutt.) Greene, Proc. Phila. Acad. for 1892, 362 (1893). Cirsium edule Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 420 (1841). Cnicus edulis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 47 (1874). Stem simple, robust but tender and succulent, 2 or 3 dm. high ; pubescent and leafy up to the terminal cluster of nearly or quite sessile heads: leaves narrowly oblanceolate or oblong, sinuate- pinnatifid, very prickly-ciliate but the prickles weak, the upper surface green, more or less white-tomentose beneath: heads de- pressed-globose : involucre 2.5 to 3 cm. high, conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young; bracts gradually tapering from a narrow base to a weak prickle or soft point, not very unequal: flowers dull purple or whitish, segments of the corolla shorter than the throat and callous-thickened at apex. Rare at Pasadena and San Bernardino ; near the sea-coast not far from Santa Maria, Santa Barbara Co., Miss Eastwood, no. 238 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 847 ; middle California to British Columbia. Mr. Parish, who thinks that this is an introduced species in his district, writes that it first appeared at San Bernardino about 1884, by a roadside and that it is still confined to the immediate vicinity where first ob- served. It was not reported from Pasadena until 1896. 2. C. Drummondii (T. & G.) Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb iv. 142 (1893). Cirsium Drummondii T. & G., Fl. ii. 459 (1843). Cnicus Drummondii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40 (1874). C. Hallii Parish, Eryth. vii. 97 (1899) ; not Gray. Stem simple, 4 dm. or less high, glabrous and leafy up to the heads, which are terminally clustered : leaves oblong or oblanceo- late in outline, from deeply sinuate-pinnatifid with spinulose lobes to nearly entire, somewhat arachnoid-woolly, especially be- neath: involucre 3.5 to 4 cm. high; its bracts chartaceous, the inner with weak scarious tips which vary from entire and acute to obviously dilated and fimbriate, the outer gradually shorter and becoming ovate, their tips acute and short-spinose : corollas white (or sometimes rose-purple), the lobes not longer than the throat : anthers very acuminate. Julian, San Diego Co., Jun. 14, 1894, Brandegee; in meadows at Yucaipe, near Eedlands, Parish, no. 4594 and Greata, no. 571 ; Mt. Pinos, in Ventura and Kern counties, Hall, nos. 6684, 6364; near Santa Maria, Santa Barbara Co., Miss Eastwood, no. 859; north to the Arctic Region. Var. acaulescens (Gray) Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 142 (1893). Cnicus Drummondii acaulescens Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40 (1874). Heads smaller, few or several, sessile in thq center of a rosette of radical leaves. — Not rare in meadows of the Transition Zone from Lower California north. A mere form, passing directly into the species, with which it sometimes grows, as, for example, on Seymour Creek, Mt. Pinos, at 2000 m. alt. 3. C. maritimus Elmer, Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 45 (1905). Stems succulent, numerous, branched to form a rounded bushy plant 1 m. or so high: herbage clothed with a densely matted white wool : leaves 1 to 3 dm. long, narrowed to the base, from spinosely lobed to deeply pinnatifid ; the segments tapering into long spines and spinose on the margins, the lower gradually 1907] Hall — Compositae of Southern California. 239 reduced to spines of the broad rachis : heads sessile or subsessile among the upper leaves : involucre about 4 cm. high ; the bracts very unequal, imbricated, lanceolate-acuminate, terminating in a short spine and spinosely ciliate above the middle, straight and erect or ascending, cobwebby-pubescent: corolla-lobes broad- linear, acutish : anther-tips acute. In saline soil near the coast of Santa Barbara Co. at Surf. Elmer, no. 3631. The only specimen I have seen is the type, preserved at the Stanford University Herbarium. A similar spe- cies, or perhaps only a form of this, has been gathered at Santa Maria by Miss Eastwood, whose specimens were unfortunately de- stroyed in the San Francisco fire. As I remember them they were much greener than Elmer's type, being nearly destitute of tomentum, and with more nearly equal bracts. 4. C. occidentalis Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 418 (1841). Cnicus occidentalis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45 (1874). Cirsium Occident ale Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 509 (1901). Stout, 5 to 10 dm. high, white with a thick coating of cottony wool when young : leaves from sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, not very prickly, glabrate above, canescent beneath : heads subglo- bose, on nearly naked peduncles : involucre 3 to 6 cm. high ; its bracts straight and subulate-lanceolate, with slender spines, not widely spreading, densely festooned with cobwebby hairs : flowers red or purple : corolla-segments longer than the throat : anther- tips narrow and acuminate : pappus rather scanty. San Diego Co. (Sweetwater, Miss Eastwood; near San Diego. Cleveland) to Oregon ; most common toward the coast and on the islands but extending inland to the foothills of the San Bernar- dino, San Gabriel, and Sierra Liebre Mts. Var. Coulteri (Harv. & Gray) Hall, comb. nov. Cirsium Coul- teri Harv. & Gray, PL Fendl. 110 (1849) ; Eaton, Bot. King Exped. 195 (1871) ; Jepson, FL W. Mid. Calif. 508 (1901). Car- dims venustus Greene, Proc. Phila. Acad. for 1892, 359 (1893). Herbage loosely lanate, rarely becoming green : involucre 3 to 5 cm. high, arachnoid-woolly (glabrate in specimens from the North Coast Ranges) ; its bracts lanceolate, gradually narrowed 240 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 into a slender spine; the outer ones appressed at base, then spreading, the tips either again incurved or straight or deflexed ; innermost bracts erect: flowers bright crimson: corolla-lobes longer than the throat. — Zaca Mt., Santa Barbara Co., Jun., 1902. Miss Eastwood; eastern base of Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6693 ; inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada Mts. to Nevada. Var. candidissimus (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. C. candidissi- mus Greene, Proc. Phila. Acad. for 1892, 359 (1893). Whole herbage almost snow-white with a close persistent tomentum: bracts of the involucre appressed at base, all but the innermost squarrose-spreading or recurved from the middle, festooned with cobwebby hairs: flowers crimson: corolla-segments longer than the throat, their tips somewhat dilated. — Near the coast at Santa Barbara, ace. to Greene; San Emigdio Canon and Tehachapi, Kern Co., 1894, Miss Eastwood: plentiful in northeastern Cali- fornia. Typical C. occidentalis belongs to the Coastal Subarea; the var. Coulteri to the mountains bordering on the hot interior val- leys and deserts ; var. candidissimus is apparently a mere form of var. Coulteri. In traversing these areas all gradations from the species into its varieties are met with. Intermediate forms between the type form and var. Coulteri are plentiful in the vicin- ity of Elizabeth Lake, Los Angeles Co. The bracts of var. can- didissimus seem much more rigid than those of var. Coulteri, but when the dense wool is removed this apparent difference vanishes. 5. C. Californicus (Gray) Greene, Proc. Phila. Acad. for 1892, 359 (1893). Cirsium Calif ornicum Gray, Pacif. E. Kept, iv. pt. 5, 112 (1857). Cnicus Californicus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45 (1874). Carduus lilacinus and C. neglectus Greene Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 404 (1887). Stem tall and paniculately branching, often 15 to 25 dm. high, very leafy toward the base, the white wool more or less deciduous, leaves narrow, mostly 1 to 2 or 3 dm. long, from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, moderately spinose : heads solitary on the long peduncles: involucre hemispheric, somewhat woolly, 2 to 3 cm. high ; outer bracts with coriaceous base and lanceolate spreading but at last incurved upper portion, the terminal prickle slender; 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 241 inner bracts straight, their herbaceous tips often crispate : corollas cream-color, white, or rarely purple; lobes shorter than the throat : anther-tips ovate-acuminate. Occasional in dry sandy soil : San Pedro Martir, Lower Cali- fornia, Brandegee; Palm Springs, Colorado Desert; San Jacinto Mt., to 1600 m. alt.; Reche Canon, near San Bernardino; Santa Catalina Island ; Los Angeles ; Ojai ; Elizabeth Lake ; Mt. Pinos ; thence north to Placer Co. Var. Bernardinus (Greene) Parish, MS., comb. nov. C. Ber- nardinus Greene, Proc. Phila. Acad. for 1892, 361 (1893). Stem slender, not very tall : leaves narrow, rather sparsely spinose : heads globose when young, hemispheric in age : involucre only 1.5 to 2 cm. high, sparsely tomentose, glabrate; bracts appressed. somewhat imbricated, the outer minutely ciliate and with weak erect or spreading spines : corolla-lobes about equalling the throat. —Dry hillsides of Little Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Par- ish, no. 1686 (type collection) ; vicinity of San Bernardino, Par- ish, no. 3680; near Pomona, May 11, 1897, Chandler; Palomar. Aug., 1898, Brandegee, and May, 1901, Jepson; Valley Center. McClatchie, no. 1159 ; thence to San Diego, various collectors. The prevailing thistle in the Coastal Subarea of San Diego Co. 6. C. Mohavensis Greene, Proc. Phila. Acad. for 1892, 361 (1893). Somewhat stout, strict or moderately branched, 10 to 15 dm. high : leaves from narrowly lanceolate to oblong in outline, the, lobes not overlapping, bearing numerous yellow spines, the mid- dle cauline decurrent on the stem for one-third their length or more and all except the very lowest manifestly decurrent : invo- lucre oblong, becoming hemispheric, 2 cm. high; its bracts ovate and fully equalled by their slender at length deflexed spines : cor- olla said to be reddish, the acute lobes equalling the throat : anth- er-tips attenuate-subulate: pappus of outer achenes scabrous, of the others plumose except at the tip. In alkaline meadows about springs in the Mohave Desert: Rabbit Springs, Parish, no. 1834 (duplicate type) ; Warm Springs (Newberry), Parish, no. 1261; Providence Mts., May 26, 1902. Brandegee (in a robust, large-headed form) ; Cushenberry Springs, ace. to Parish. 242 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 C. OCHROCENTRUS (Gray) Greene is to be expected along our northeastern borders. It differs from C. Mohavensis in its pinna- tifid scarcely decurrent leaves. 98. CYNARA L. Mostly robust herbs with alternate pinnatifid leaves and very large solitary globose heads. Involucre imbricated; its bracts broad, coriaceous, terminating in long spines (or spineless in the cultivated varieties). Receptacle fleshy, alveolate-fimbrillate. Flowers all perfect. Corolla tubular, the segments narrow. Achenes obovate-oblong, 4-angled, smooth. Pappus in several series ; its bristles connate at base and deciduous in a ring, plum- ose or those of marginal achenes smooth. An Old World genus, two species sparingly naturalized in California. Leaves and involucral bracts unarmed 1. C. Scolymus. Leaves and involucral bracts spinose 2. C. Cardunculus. 1. C. Scolymus L., Sp. PL 827 (1753). ARTICHOKE. Stem fleshy, striate, corymbosely branched above : leaves very ample, bipinnatifid, the lobes acute but scarcely spinose, tomen- tose at least beneath : heads 6 cm. or more wide : outer bracts of the involucre with thickened obtuse or acute tips ; the inner bracts with scarious tips : flowers blue. An occasional escape from gardens near Los Angeles, ace. to Abrams. 2. C. Cardunculus L., Sp. PL 827 (1753). CARDOON. Perhaps only a cultural variety of C. Scolymus : leaf -lobes and involucral bracts short-spinose. A garden escape at San Bernardino and well established at Trujillo's Ranch, San Diego Co., both ace. to Parish.60 99. SILYBUM Vaill. Annual or biennial herbs with very ample prickly clasping leaves, these smooth and shining above and very conspicuously blotched with white along the veins. Heads very large, solitary eoEryth. vii. 97 (1899). 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 243 at the ends of the branches, homogamous. Bracts of the involucre broad, appressed, bearing an abruptly spreading spine which is broadly lanceolate or ovate and ciliate-prickly toward the base. Flowers purple. Corollas with filiform tube conspicuously dil- ated below the narrowly linear lobes. Pappus-bristles in several series, flattish, minutely barbellate. Two species, natives of the Mediterranean Region, one of them becoming naturalized in California. 1. S. Marianum (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. ii. 378 (1791). Car- dmis Marianne L., Sp. PL 823 (1753). MILK THISTLE. Branching, 10 to 20 dm. high : lower leaves 5 dm. or more long and over 1 dm. wide, sinuate-pinnatifid, strongly undulate at the sinuses; upper leaves smaller, merely spinulose-toothed : heads 2.5 to 5 cm. broad exclusive of the stout spreading or recurved spines, these often 3 cm. long. Sparingly introduced: Riverside; San Bernardino; Santa Catalina Island; Oak Knoll and El Monte, ace. to Davidson; coast of Ventura Co. 100. CENTAUREA L. STAR THISTLE. Erect or diffuse usually rigid herbs with alternate leaves and medium-sized or large heads. Involucre ovoid or globose, the bracts imbricated and ending in a needle-like spine or in a fringed or toothed (rarely entire) appendage. Receptacle dense- ly bristly, the bristles persistent. Flowers all tubular, the mar- ginal much larger and neutral or the heads homogamous. Achenes somewhat compressed, mostly smooth, notched just above the base, indicating the oblique or lateral attachment. All our spe- cies naturalized from Europe. Flowers yellow: involucral bracts spinose. Plant erect, branching mostly above the base: spines .5 to 1 cm. long 1. C. Melitensis. Plant diffuse, branching from the base: spines 1 or 2 cm. long 2. C. solstitialis. Flowers blue (varying to white or purple) : involucral bracts merely fim- briate 3. C. Cyanus. 244 University of California Publications in Botany. LVoL- 3 1. C. Melitensis L., Sp. PI. 917 (1753). TOCALOTE. An erect commonly much branched annual, 3 to 8 dm. high, with a roughish indument, the stems narrowly winged by the de- current leaves: basal leaves pinnatifid, the upper narrow and mostly entire: heads terminal and solitary, or 2 or 3 together: involucre 1 cm. high, its bracts rigid, the outer with palmatifid spine, the intermediate and inner ones with a rigid spine 5 to 10 mm. long which is either simple or with divaricate short spines at base: flowers yellow: pappus-bristles in about 3 rows, the middle row long, the outer and inner very short. A common introduced weed in waste places and fields. 2. C. solstitialis L., Sp. PL 917 (1753). YELLOW STAR THISTLE. Diffuse, branching from the base, 3 to 8 dm. high, from an annual root, cottony-pubescent : basal leaves pinnatifid; cauline leaves linear, entire, rather closely ascending, decurrent on the stem as long narrow wings : heads all solitary at the ends of the branches, ovoid-globular: bracts much like the preceding except that the spines of the intermediate ones are mostly 1 to 2 cm. long and that the innermost bracts end in a small shining appendage : flowers bright yellow : outer pappus of short squamellae, inner pappus of copious slender bristles. Sparingly introduced at San Diego, ace. to Gray, but not found by recent collectors ; El Rosario, Lower California, Brande- gee; middle California. Native of Europe. 3. C. Cyanus L., Sp. PI. 911 (1753). BLUEBOTTLE. An erect annual, 3 to 6 dm. high, lightly flocculent-tomentose when young: leaves linear, entire or the lower rarely dentate or pinnatifid : heads terminating naked peduncles : involucre 1.5 cm. high, fringed with a scarious fimbriate border : flowers deep blue - marginal corollas much enlarged, ray-like: pappus-bristles un- equal. Los Angeles, Nevin, ace. to Parish,61 as a garden escape. Na- tive of Europe. eiBot. Gaz. xxxviii. 462 (1904). 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 245 TRIBE 11. MUTISIEAE. MUTISIA TRIBE. 101. PEREZIA Lag. Perennial branching herbs. Involucre imbricated; bracts dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Reeeptacle flat, usually naked. Flowers never yellow. Style-branches flattened above, truncate. Achenes elongated-oblong, terete, sometimes narrowed at apex but not beaked. Pappus of many capillary scabrous bristles. 1. P. microcephala (DC.) Gray, PL Wright, i. 127 (1852). Acourtia microcephala DC., Prodr. vii. 66 (1838). Somewhat stout, commonly 1 m. or more high, leafy : herbage scabrous-puberulent and minutely glandular : leaves thin, 1 to 2 dm. long by 3 to 8 cm. broad, oblong, mostly acute, sessile by a broad or clasping base, finely and closely denticulate : heads num- erous, in terminal cymose panicles, 10 to 15-flowered: involucre 7 to 9 mm. high; bracts oblong, abruptly acuminate or mucro- nate: corollas rose-color or whitish or pure white, bilabiate, the outer lip broad and 3-toothed, inner 2-lobed : pappus white, soft. Rather common in the chaparral belt of the Upper Sonoran Zone from Santa Rosa Island (Brandegee) and San Luis Obispo Co. (Templeton, Alfred Carling) to western San Diego Co. 102. TRIXIS P. Browne. Ours a low desert shrub with medium-sized heads and yellow flowers. Involucre little if at all imbricated; the proper bracts 8 to 12, equal and in a single series, or in two unequal series. Receptacle mostly pilose. Style-branches flattened above, trun- cate. Achenes slender, tapering to the summit or beaked, 5-cos- tate. Pappus soft, copious. 1. T. angustifolia latiuscula Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 410 (1884). T. suffruticosa Wats., Bot. Calif, ii. 459 (1880). An erect bushy shrub about 6 dm. high, leafy up to the heads : herbage minutely glandular-puberulent, perhaps sometimes glab- rate, said to be strongly scented with the odor of wormwood: leaves lanceolate, narrow at base, acute, entire or sparingly den- ticulate, usually 2 to 4 cm. long by 8 to 12 mm. broad: heads 246 University of California Publications in Botany. [VoL- 3 cymose or solitary at the ends of short branchlets, leafy-bracted : proper involucre about 15 mm. high, shorter than the flowers and pappus ; bracts about 10, linear, acute, traversed by a strong mid- rib which becomes thickened at base : flowers bright yellow, bila- biate, outer lip of the marginal ones 6 mm. long: achenes gland- ular. In stony or gravelly soil of the Lower Sonoran Zone from the Colorado Desert to Arizona and Mexico : West, Andreas, and Palm Canons, all near Palm Springs ; Whitewater ; Chuckawalla Wash ; San Felipe ; Mountain Spring Grade ; etc. TRIBE 12. CICHORIEAE. CHICORY TRIBE. 103. CICHORIUM L. Erect herbs, the leaves mostly near the base, those of the stiff branching stem reduced and bract-like. Receptacle without bracts. Bracts of the oblong involucre herbaceous, in 2 series; the outer somewhat spreading; the inner erect, the lower part half -enfolding the marginal achenes. Achenes 5-angled, trun- cate, beakless. Pappus of 1 to 3 series of short blunt paleae. 1. C. Intybus L., Sp. PL 813 (1753). CHICORY. Stem erect from a deep taproot, 6 to 12 dm. high: herbage more or less hispid : radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in outline, narrowed to a petiole, 6 to 12 cm. or more long ; upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate, with clasping base: heads in sessile clusters along the nearly naked branches : flowers blue or rarely white. A native of the Old World, adventive at San Diego, at Ber- nardino, ace. to Parish, near Los Angeles, ace. to Abrams, and to be expected elsewhere as a garden escape. 104. ATRICHOSERIS Gray. Glabrous desert annual with broad basal leaves and a tall solitary scape, cymosely branched above. Involucre of about 15 equal linear acute bracts and several small outer ones. Recep- tacle scrobiculate. Achenes oblong with corky-thickened peri- carp. Pappus none. !S07] Hall. — Compositor of Southern California. 247 1. A. platyphylla Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 410 (1884). Mala- cnthrix platyphylla Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 214 (1874). TO- BACCO-WEED. Scape commonly 3 to 8 dm. high, obscurely striate, white and shining, ending above in a diffuse cymose panicle : radical leaves obovate, obtuse, sessile, 5 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 to 4 cm. broad, spin- ulose-denticulate ; cauline leaves reduced to minute scale-like bracts of the inflorescence : involucre 6 mm. high ; its bracts with scarious margins: ligules about 1 cm. long, quadrate or oblong, sharply 5-toothed at the truncate apex, white : achenes white, 4 mm. long, somewhat pubescent, the truncate apex with no trace of a border ; ribs corky-thickened at maturity, 5 of them usually more so than the others, rendering the achene obtusely 5-angled. A winter and spring annual, its period of flowering depend- ing upon the rains, confined to gravelly mesas and washes in the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Desert Area. Quite common on the Colorado Desert, from Mecca east, and on the southern Mohave Desert, from the Ord Mts. east, Hall, nos. 5834, 5854, 6033, 6084; 6126, 6246, 6814 ; Funeral and Grapevine Mts., Inyo Co., Coville & Funston, nos. 576, 975 ; east to Arizona and Utah. 105. MICROSERIS Don. Herbaceous plants, mostly acaulescent or short-stemmed, glabrous or slightly puberulent. Leaves chiefly in a basal tuft, pinnatifid with mostly linear and often falcate lobes, or entire in the same species. Peduncles one-headed. Main bracts of the involucre nearly equal but with short outer ones at base or un- equal and loosely imbricated. Ligules short, yellow, inconspic- uous in dried specimens. Achenes slender-fusiform, or turbin- ate, or cylindric, ribbed, mostly truncate. Pappus-paleae 5 to 10. each with a more or less elongated scabrous or short-plumose awn. Our first three species fall into the section Eumicroseris ( Calais § Eucalais DC.) ; the fourth and fifth into the section Uropappus ( Calais § Calocalais DC.) ; the last into the section Scorzonella. These sections are treated by some authors as distinct genera, but they are very similar in general appearance and it is difficult to find constant technical characters of importance on which to 248 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 separate them. Uropappus is distinguished from Eumicroseris by its erect heads on more or less swollen peduncles and by its pappus-paleae being cleft at the tip. Scorzonella has the nodding heads (in anthesis) of Eumicroseris and paleae either entire, as in that section, or cleft, as in Uropappus, but is best marked by its enduring root, imbricated involucre, and long ligules. The achenes have swollen tubercle-like bases only in Eumicroseris. The pappus-paleae are usually 5 in Eumicroseris, but 10 in its type species ; always 5 in Uropappus ; usually 10 but occasionally 5 in Scorzonella. A.— Annuals: pappus-paleae mostly short, abruptly or gradually passing into a slender awn: heads nodding in the bud; peduncles not en- larged at summit. (§ Eumicroseris.) Paleae reduced to a triangular base or obsolete 1. M. elegans. Paleae conspicuous, 2 mm. or more long. Awns longer than the paleae 2. M. Douglasii Awns much shorter than the ovate paleae 3. M. platycarpha. B.— Annuals: pappus-paleae elongated, flat, cleft at tip; the awn pro- ceeding from the cleft: heads erect and peduncles enlarged at summit. (§ Uropappus.) Achenes attenuate to a beak: pappus clear white or brownish 4. M. linearifolia. Achenes truncate: pappus dull brown or sordid 5. M. Lindleyi. C.— Perennial with fusiform taproot. (§ Scorzonella.) Involucre imbricated: ligules elongated: pappus-paleae 10. ...6. M. montana. 1. M. elegans Greene, in Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 419 (1884). Scape slender, often decumbent at base, a few cm. to 1 or even 3 dm. high : leaves variable : involucre 6 to 8 mm. high : achenes 2 to 2.5 mm. long, gradually tapering from the broad truncate sum- mit to the base: pappus brown or rufescent; the paleae ovate- deltoid, 1 mm. or less long ; the slender awn about 4 mm. long. San Diego, Brandegee, distr. Baker, PL Pacif. Coast, Sperm. 6 Ferns, no. 820 (indicated by Dr. Greene as a new species) ; Santa Monica, 1891, Hasse (in Hb. Davidson, labeled M. aphan- tocarpha tenella, but certainly M. elegans) ; Santa Cruz Island. Apr., 1888, Brandegee; San Miguel Island, 1903, Beck; middle California. 1907] Hall—Compositae of Southern California. 249 2. M. Douglasii (DC.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209 (1874). Calais Douglasii DC., Prodr. vii. 85 (1838). C. cyclocarpha Gray, Pacif. R. Kept. iv. 113, t. 18 (1857). Microseris proxima Greene, Pitt. v. 8 (1902). Scape usually 1.5 to 4 dm. high : leaves in the rosulate radical cluster many, pinnatifid: involucres broadly ovoid, or in age hemispheric, 1 to 1.5 cm. high : achenes oblong-turbinate, thickish. contracted under the summit, about 5 mm. long, the outermost usually white-villous : paleae of the pappus glabrous, or villous externally, ovate to orbicular, the margins incurved, 3 or 4 mm. long, imbricated or convolutely overlapping, abruptly contracted into awns of about twice their length. A species chiefly of western middle California but collected in meadows at Elizabeth Lake, Los Angeles Co., by Parish, no. 1902. and also reported from this locality by Davidson ; Bimini Baths, near Los Angeles, Miss Eastwood, no. 93 ; north slope of the Santa Monica Mts., ace. to Abrams (under M. cyclocarpha) ; Santa Inez Mts., Brandegee. It belongs to the Upper Sonoran Zone. 3. M. platycarpha Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 210 (1874). Calais platycarpha Gray, Pacif. R. Kept. iv. 113 (1857). Micro- series breviseta Greene, Pitt. v. 8 (1902). Scapose peduncles 2 dm. or less high, several to numerous from the dense rosette of oblong entire or pinnatifid radical leaves: involucre about 1 cm. high, subcylindric when young, be- coming obovoid or broadly turbinate as the achenes mature; its outer bracts minute, ovate ; principal bracts oblong, merely acute : achenes 4 or 5 mm. long, more or less narrowed at base, scabrous on the prominent ribs and sometimes also pubescent or even vil- lous, especially the outer: pappus-paleae dull white to smoky or almost black, more or less pubescent, broadly ovate, with incurved margins, convolutely overlapping, about as long as the achene, the awn much shorter. Abundant on the mesas of western San Diego Co. and north- ern Lower California in the Upper Sonoran Zone. Var. Parishii (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. M. Parishii Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 46 (1886). Achenes slender: pappus-paleae lanceolate, 6 mm. long, attenuate into an awn 2 to 4 mm. long. — With the species. In the type of the variety (Parish, no. 955, 250 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 preserved at the Herbarium of the California Academy) the achenes are narrowed at the base and some of the pappus-paleae are brown, others smoky, at least those of the outer achenes con- spicuously scabrous. The variations in pappus and in achenial characters — color, shape, pubescence, relative length of parts — are so numerous that any attempt to characterize and name the different forms of this species would, if logically carried out, result practically in the naming of individual specimens. A number of forms now at hand are fully as distinct as many of those recently segregated as species and the number could undoubtedly be greatly extended by careful collection in western San Diego County. 4. M. linearifolia (DC.) Schultz Bip., Pollichia xii.-xxiv. 308 (1866) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211 (1874). Calais lineari- folia DC., Prodr. vii. 85 (1838). Uropappus linearifolius Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 425 (1841). Calais macro- chaeta Gray, PL Fendl. 112 (1849). Microseris macrochaeta Schultz Bip., I.e. 309; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211 (1874). M. anomala Wats., Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 475 (1887), and xxiv 84 (1889). Plant 1 to 4 or even 6 dm. high : stems or peduncles often sev- eral from the base, erect, the peduncle in robust plants thickened or fistulous under the oblong head: leaves linear (8 to 15 cm. long, 1 to 5 mm. wide) and with 2 or 3 to several pairs of more or less remote salient lobes or entire: achenes attenuate above into a beak, usually black : pappus deciduous, from silvery white to sordid, 12 to 15 mm. long, including the very delicate awn, this about one-half the length of the deeply notched palea. Common throughout Southern California except on the higher mountains ; north to British Columbia and east to New Mexico ; ranging from the Lower Sonoran well into the Transition Zone. Mr. T. S. Brandegee62 has pointed out that in this and related species the awns of the pappus develope much earlier than the paleae, attaining their full length by the time the flower opens ; while the paleae, then many times shorter, increase in length un- til the seed is mature, at which time they equal or exceed the 62Zoe i. 126 (1890). 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 251 awns. Since M. machrochaeta, as originally described, differs from M. lineari folia only in its shorter paleae, it is thus seen to be but the immature state of this species. 5. M. Lindleyi (DC.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 210 (1874). Calais Lindleyi DC., Prodr. vii. 58 (1838). Uropappus Lindleyi^ Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 425 (1841). Calais Parryi Gray, Pacif. R. Rept. iv. 112 (1857). Microseris Parryi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209 (1874). Calais pluriseta Greene, Pitt. i. 30 (1887)(f). Stem short or scarcely any, but the stout naked scapes or scape-like peduncles usually 2 to 5 dm. high, scarcely thickened under the head: herbage glabrous, or furfuraceous-puberulent when young : leaves as in M . lineari folia, but rather broader : achenes commonly reddish-brown to gray, slightly narrowed to- ward the truncate summit: pappus dull brown or sordid, per- sistent, at maturity 12 to 15 or 18 mm. long including the awn. this arising from a shallow notch and but little shorter than the mature palea. On the plains and in the foothills ranging into the Transition Zone, from middle California to San Diego and on the islands; not so common as M. linearifolia and not reported from the Desert Area. M. Parryi was based on immature specimens in which the paleae are exceeded by the awns and, as suggested by Mr. T. S. Brandegee,03 is probably only an early stage of M. Lindleyi. In the absence of specific characters on which to separate it, this species may well be suppressed, as is likewise the case of a number of others in this genus which would never have received names if their characterization had been deferred until complete and ma- ture specimens were at hand. Var. Cleveland! (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. Calais Clevelandi Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 153 (1886). C. Parryi Greene, 1. c. 49 ; not Microseris Parryi Gray. Uropappus Clevelandi Greene. Eryth. 1. 136 (1893). U. Lindleyi Clevelandi Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 494 (1901). Scapes slender, not at all fistulous- thickened: achenes not narrowed toward the summit: awn less i. 126 (1890). 252 University of California Publications in Botany, [VOL. 3 than half as long as the palea. — San Diego, Cleveland, ace. to Greene; plains near Colton, San Bernardino Co., Parish, no. 2150; vicinity of Riverside, Hall, no. 3824; middle California. Specimens collected at San Diego, 1898, by Purpus, are interme- diate between M. Lindleyi and var. Clevelandi, being moderately slender and with the pappus-awns slightly exceeding one-half the length of the palea. 6. M. montana (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. Scorzonella mon- tana Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 53 (1886). Plant stout, often 4 or 5 dm. high, the stems somewhat leafy and usually several or numerous from the perpendicular fusiform perennial taproot : leaves elongated-lanceolate (2 dm. or less long), laciniate : involucre hemispheric, becoming 2 cm. high ; its outer bracts ovate, the inner oblong, all with slenderly acuminate often recurved tips : achenes columnar, truncate, 8 to 10 mm. long, either glabrous or minutely scabrous on the ribs: pappus-paleae 10, linear-lanceolate, the tips acute or narrowly truncate, entire or slightly notched, 7 mm. long, about equalled by the rigidly short-plumose awn. Moist places in the Upper Sonoran Zone, not common : Te- hachapi, Jun., 1884, and May, 1905, Mrs. Brandegee; hillsides at Elizabeth Lake, Jun., 1887, Parish; Crane Lake, Antelope Valley, May 6, 1895, Davidson; grown at Berkeley from seed gathered in Kern Co., by N. C. Wilson. The type specimens are among those saved from the San Francisco fire by Miss Eastwood. 106. RHAGADIOLUS Tourn. Herbaceous annuals branching from the base, with either glabrous or hispidulous herbage. Basal leaves coarsely dentate or pinnatifid, the cauline often entire. Involucre of 1 series of equal narrow bracts which in age become indurated and concave enfolding the marginal achenes, and often an additional outer series of short linear bracts. Ligules short, yellow. Achenes narrow, terete or the outer subcompressed, 5 to 10-costate, the summit truncate to attenuate or beaked, the outer ones incurved, the inner ones straight. Pappus of marginal achenes a single series of short denticulate paleae; of central achenes a similar !907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 253 series of paleae alternating with stout bristles which are palea- ceous-dilated at base. 1. R. Hedypnois AIL, Fl. Pedem. i. 226 (1785) ; not E. He- dypnois F. & M., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iv. 46 (1835-46). Hedypnois polymorpha DC., Prodr. vii. 81 (1838). H. Creticq Cav., Ic. i. t. 43 ; not Willd. Garkadiolus Hedypnois Jaub. & Spach, Illustr. iii. 120 (1842-57). Coarse herb, .5 to 2 dm. or more high, with several to numer- ous widely spreading branches: herbage green, short-hispid: lower leaves oblanceolate, sessile, 3 to 6 cm. long, coarsely toothed ; cauline leaves few, linear or lanceolate, acute, mostly entire: heads solitary, on long peduncles which are more or less thick- ened above: involucre 8 or 10 mm. high: principal bracts 10 to 15, becoming firm and linear in age, then incurved and embracing the marginal achenes : achenes terete, truncate, hispidulous on the nerves. San Diego (near the Ostrich farm), Jun., 1906, Mrs. Bran- degee; Mariposa Co., May, 1895, Congdon; Sonoma Co., Apr.. 1900, ace. to Miss Eastwood, who states that the plants are some- times 6 to 9 dm. high;64 Texas, ace. to Watson.65 Introduced from the Mediterranean Region. 107. ANISOCOMA Gray. Scapes several from a strong taproot, each bearing a single rather large yellow-flowered head. Leaves all in a basal tuft. Involucre cylindric, the inner bracts linear and acute, the outer successively shorter and very obtuse, the outermost reduced to orbicular scales, all with green midrib and brd£d scarious mar- gins. Receptacle flat, its scarious bracts linear. Achenes oblong or somewhat turbinate, truncate, crowned with a narrow entire border, 10 to 15-nerved, pubescent. Pappus bright white, of 10 to 12 plumose bristles in two series (the outer sometimes naked). 1. A. acaulis Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. Ill (1845). Pterostephanus runcinatus KelL, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 20, f. 4 (1863). 64Zoe v. 34 (1900). 65 Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 110 (1883). 254 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 Herbage glabrous except for the more or less persistent to- raentum of the foliage : peduncles 3 dm. or less long, either erect or decumbent and radiating from the tuft of pinnately lobed radical leaves : involucre 2 or 3 cm. high when fully mature ; its bracts inclined to be edged with red toward their tips and the exposed portion spotted with reddish dots. In dry sandy soil of the Desert Area and the surrounding ranges from San Jacinto Mt, Rock Creek, and Mt. Pinos north ; also as a waif at San Bernardino, Parish, Although most com- mon in the Lower Sonoran Zone, this species ranges well up into the Transition, reaching an altitude of 2450 m. on warm south slopes in the San Antonio Mts. 108. HYPOCHOERIS L. Stems naked, commonly branched and bearing several long- peduncled heads. Leaves in a radical cluster or rosette. Flowers yellow. Involucre campanulate or cylindric, its bracts rather few, lanceolate, imbricated, appressed, the outer ones successively shorter. Receptacle flat, its scarious chaffy bracts thin and nar- row. Achenes upwardly scabrous, the body 10-ribbed, narrowly oblong or fusiform, tapering upward into a slender beak, or the outermost truncate. Some of the outer pappus-bristles often short and not at all plumose. Herbage pubescent: achenes all beaked 1. H. radicata. Herbage glabrous: outermost achenes truncate, inner ones beaked 2. H. gldbra. 1. H. radicata L., Sp. PI. 810 (1753). GOSMORE. Stems 5 to 20 dm. high, several from a fleshy perennial root, usually branching and bearing several peduncled heads : leaves hispid with spreading hairs, pinnatifid below the large terminal lobe into oblong obtuse lobes: rays longer than the involucre, which is disposed to twist slightly after anthesis: achenes all beaked. Reported by McClatchie as being introduced at Pasadena ; streets of Redlands, Jun., 1907, Greata. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 255 2. H. glabra L., Sp. PL 810 (1753). Scapes several, erect from a straight annual taproot, 1 to 5 dm. high : herbage glabrous : leaves broadest above, denticulate to broadly toothed or saliently lobed: ligules scarcely longer than the involucre: outermost achenes truncate at summit, the others all beaked. A naturalized weed : Pasadena, Grant; abundant on low hills back of Santa Barbara, 1907, Hall, no. 7738; sandhills near Santa Maria, 1906, Miss Eastwood, no. 366; Paso Robles, Cobb; Santa Cruz Island, ace. to Greene66 ; and northward. 109. STEPHANOMERIA Nutt. Tall and rather slender herbs, the stems either strict or panic- rJately branched. Upper leaves reduced to herbaceous bracts. Heads small, 3 to 20-flowered. Flowers pink or flesh-color, open in the early morning, the ligules all equal. Involucre cylindric or rarely campanulate. Eeceptacle flat. Achenes oblong, short- linear or somewhat turbinate, strongly angled, glabrous, often rugose, truncate at each end, the broad base hollowed at the insertion. Pappus-bristles white or sordid, more or less plumose. Eeceptacle deeply pitted, hirsute: involucre imbricated: root perennial: young herbage woolly 1. S. cichoriacea. Eeceptacle naked: involucre not imbricated but calyculate at base with minute bracts, rarely one or two intermediate bracts. Involucre 10 to 14-flowered, 12 mm. or more high: perennial with sharply lobed upper leaves 2. S. Parryi. Involucre 3 to 6 (or 9) -flowered, less than 12 mm. high. Perennials. Stems herbaceous, erect and very slender 3. S. tenuifolia. Stems woody below, spreading and nearly leafless above. Branches rigid, mostly divaricate 4. S. runcinata. Branches very slender, flexuous, ascending 5. S. myrioclada. Annuals and biennials. Pappus plumose almost throughout, the base scarcely thickened. Herbage glabrous 6. S. virgata. Herbage white-tomentose when young 7. S. tomentosa. Pappus plumose only above; the naked base thickened or pal- eaceous, often toothed or giving off short secondary bristles 8. S. exigua. 66 Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 405 (1887). 256 University of California Publications in Botany, [VOL. 3 1. S. cichoriacea Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552 (1865). Pti- loria cickoriacea Greene, Pitt. ii. 133 (1890). Root strong and woody, perennial : stems virgate, erect, stout, the whole plant 4 to 12 dm. high: herbage woolly when young, sometimes densely so, but early glabrate : leaves oblong or lanceo- late, acute, narrowed to the sessile base, remotely and saliently toothed or some quite entire, the largest 2 dm. or more long and 1 to 3 cm. wide: heads on short scaly-bracteate peduncles along the stems, about 12-flowered: involucre 12 to 15 mm. high; the outer bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series: receptacle with hirsute alveoli: achenes smooth, faintly 5-angled: pappus sordid, the 1L' to 20 bristles plumose for their whole length. Rocky slopes and canons in the foothills (Upper Sonoran Zone) from Tejon Pass and the Santa Barbara Islands to the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mts. 2. S. Parryi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 61 (1883). Ptiloria Parryi Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 144 (1893). Plant 6 dm. or less high, from a perennial root : stem widely branched throughout : leaves thickish, runcinate-pinnatifid ; those near the heads small, somewhat spinulose-lobed : involucre 10 to 14-flowered : achenes smooth and even, with slender ribs : pappus- bristles thickened, often united in twos or threes at the naked base, sordid. A species of the Mohave Desert (Lower Sonoran Zone), and eastward to Utah: Alpine, Los Angeles Co., Parish, no. 1961; Rock Creek, ace. to Davidson ; Mohave, Mrs. Curran; near Victor- ville, Hall, no. 6207 ; Rabbit Springs, Parish, no. 1835 ; Panamint Mts., Coville & Funston, no. 755 ; Owens Valley, Hall & Chandler. no. 7294. 3. S. tenuifolia (Torr.) Hall, comb. nov. Prenanthesf tenui- folia Torr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210 (1828). Ptiloria tenuifolia Raf., Atl. Journ. 145 (1832). Lygodesmia minor Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. i. 295, t. 103 f. A (1833). Stephanomeria minor Nutt.. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 427 (1841). Stems herbaceous, from a perennial root, erect, with numerous ascending slender branches, the whole plant 1 to 5 dm. high : her- bage pale, glabrous: leaves commonly erect, slender and almost grass-like, even the rameal mostly 2 to 5 cm. long; the early 1907] Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 257 lower ones more or less runcinate : heads terminal : involucre 8 to 10 mm. high, usually of 5 principal bracts and 5-flowered: achenes striate : pappus-bristles 15 to 25, white or sordid, plumose throughout. A species of the Sierra Nevada Mts. and northward : reported from the mouth of Mill Creek Canon, San Bernardino Mts., by Parish, no. 4577; not seen by me. 4. S. runcinata Nu-tt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 427 (1841). Stems woody at base, rigidly and intricately much branched, the nearly leafless branches divaricate or slightly ascending, forming rounded bushy plants 4 to 6 dm. high: herbage pale, glabrous : lower leaves runcinate ; upper leaves linear-subulate. 5 cm. or less long, many reduced to scales : heads solitary, on short peduncles scattered along the branches or terminating short geniculate branchlets : involucre 8 to 10 mm. high, commonly of 5 principal bracts and as many or more short calyculate ones: flowers 3 to 5 : achenes narrowly oblong, striate : pappus-bristles 12 to 25, sordid, plumose to near the base. Lower Sonoran Zone of the Mohave and Colorado deserts from Antelope Valley, Palm Springs, and San Felipe east and north ; also in Lower California; nowhere abundant. Nuttall's speci- men came from "Big Sandy Creek, a rivulet of the Colorado." Rafinesque's Ptiloria pauciflora, of the Great Plains and Rocky Mts., is probably a different species. Mr. L. H. Henderson67 has referred specimens from White- water, San Bernardino Co., Parish, no. 3228, as represented in the Gray Herbarium, to S. lygodesmoides M. E. Jones. The speci- men in Herb. Parish under this number is easily referable to S. runcinata and differs from the description of S. lygodesmoides in its divaricate branches, in the involucre (8 mm. high) of 5 principal bracts, and in the pappus, which is plumose two-thirds the way down. PTILORIA DIVARICATA Greene, Eryth. i. 224 (1893) is doubt- fully distinct from 8. runcinata. In plants grown at Berkeley from seed gathered by N. C. Wilson, presumably with the type 67 Bull. Torr. Club xxvii. 349 (1900). 258 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 specimens, near Caliente, Kern Co., the pappus-bristles are dis- tinct to the base. 5. S. myrioclada Eat., Bot. King Exped. 198, t. 20, figs. 1 to 4 (1871). Branches ascending, very slender: rameal leaves all reduced to scales 1 cm. or less long : heads sometimes only 3 or 4-flowered and involucral bracts reduced to 3 or 4: otherwise as in 8. run- cinata, of which it is probably only a form. Piute Creek, eastern San Bernardino Co. or western Nevada. Jun. 5, 1893, N. C. Wilson; Yosemite Valley, 1893, /. B. Lem- bert; first collected in Nevada by Watson, ace. to Eaton. 6. S. virgata Benth., Bot. Sulph. 32 (1844). Ptiloria virgata Greene, Pitt. ii. 130 (1890). Stems rigid, virgate or with usually virgate branches, some- times widely and paniculately branched, 3 to 20 or even 40 dm. high: herbage usually glabrous: lower leaves oblong or spatu- kte, often sinuate or pinnatifid; upper leaves linear, small and entire : heads subsessile along the naked branches, mostly 4 to 16-flowered : involucre 7 mm. high : ligules reddish-purple on the back, lighter on the upper surface, sometimes clear white : achenes svibclavate or oblong, longitudinally ribbed, the intervening spaces more or less rugose and traversed by a deep narrow groove : pappus clear white, plumose almost throughout, fragile but the base commonly persistent. On the plains and in the foothills, very common throughout the Upper Sonoran Zone in Southern California, including the islands; north to Oregon, east to Utah. Jul.-Sept. This species attains its greatest development at San Diego, where there is also a puberulent form. Here the flowers are commonly 14 to 16, not rarely 20 to 22 in a head. Var. pleurocarpa (Greene) Hall, comb. nov. Ptiloria pleuro- carpa Greene, Pitt. ii. 131 (1890). Achenes light-colored, the spaces between the ribs either plane or rugose but not grooved: pappus deciduous. — With the species on Mt. San Jacinto, at Riverside, Pomona, Cucamonga, Santa Monica, and north. In some plants, otherwise typical S. virgata, the pappus is decid- uous ; on others both light and dark-colored achenes may be found. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 259 Hence only one constant character remains to separate the va- riety from 8. virgata and even this — the absence of the intercostal groove — is apparently somewhat variable. 7. S. tomentosa Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 152 (1886). Ptiloria tomentosa Greene, Pitt. ii. 131 (1890). Stout, erect, 7 dm. or more high, from an annual or biennial ( ? ) root : stem simple below, paniculately branched above : her- bage white-tomentose when young, glabrate at least above : leaves spatulate or lanceolate, sinuate-dentate or the lower runcinate- pinnatifid, 7 cm. and less long : heads subsessile along the virgate branches, " 5 to 8-fl owered ' ' : involucre 6 mm. high ; its principal bracts equal, the outer calyculate ones minute : achenes 5-angled. rugose-tuberculate between the angles : pappus of numerous white bristles, plumose to the base, deciduous. Central parts of Santa Cruz Island, Jul.-Aug., 1886, Greene. who only has collected it. 8. S. exigua Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 428 (1841). 8. coronana Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 194 (1885). Ptiloria exigua Greene, Pitt. ii. 132 (1890). Plant 2 to 6 dm. high: stem with numerous ascending or spreading branches, glabrous below, often minutely glandular- pubescent above: lower leaves narrowly oblong, remotely lobed, auriculate-clasping, the upper cauline small and bract-like : heads scattered or somewhat paniculate, numerous : ligules at first rose- color, soon turning sordid-yellow : involucre 6 or 7 mm. high, of about 5 principal bracts, mostly 5-flowered : ligules 5 mm. long : achenes linear-oblong, 5-angled, with a double row of tubercles between the angles: principal pappus-bristles 8 to 18, plumose above, naked on the lower third, commonly united into 4 or 5 clusters by their thickened bases which are sometimes setulose or lacerate or some of the setae may split entirely away from the central portion and form a row of short secondary bristles. A species chiefly of the Desert Area and eastward but ex- tending to Redlands and to Monterey Co. and reaching the coast in San Diego Co. The form with a secondary pappus of short scabrous bristles formed by the splitting off of setae from the principal ones comes from Riverside, Redlands, etc. Specimens 260 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 from near Los Angeles also seem to belong here, as do others from Soledad Canon. 8. coronaria is the form in which the pappus-bristles are deciduous above the paleaceous base, leaving a crown of setose scales. The common form in southwestern San Diego Co. is intricately branched, the twigs very slender, the herbage conspicuously glandular, and the pappus that of the 8 coronaria form. It apparently grades into typical 8. exigua as regards all of these characters. Var. pentachaeta (Eat.) Hall, comb. nov. 8. pentachaeta Eat, Bot. King Exped. 199, t. 20, ff. 8, 9, 10 (1871). Ptiloria pentachaeta Greene, Pitt. ii. 133 (1890). Stem less branched, the branches ascending : herbage pale : pappus of only 5 or sometimes 7 bristles, all distinct to the base which is slightly dilated and commonly with a few minute teeth, plumose only on the upper half. — San Felipe, San Diego Co., Parish; Pacoima, San Fer- nando Valley, Barber, no. 184 (with secondary pappus of short bristles) ; Watermans, Mohave Desert, Mrs. Curran; northward into Inyo Co. ; eastward to Arizona and Nevada. Differs from the species chiefly in the less plumose pappus-bristles and in the number of these, but this latter character inconstant. S. SCHOTTII Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 427 (1876), has been found only on the Gila Kiver, Arizona, but is to be expected along our eastern borders. Similar to 8. exigua but pappus of 5 or 6 linear- lanceolate and blunt rigid scales or scariously margined awns, naked below and sparingly barbellate-plumose towards the sum- mit ; achenes minutely scabrous between the smooth angles. S. ELATA Nutt., PL Gamb. 173 (1847), said to be a blue- flowered plant with narrowly linear leaves, a resinous herbage, and plumose white pappus, collected long ago at Santa Barbara, has not been since seen. CHEATADELPHA WHEELERI Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 218 (1874) ; Rothrock, in Wheeler Kept. 182, t. 15 (1878). Similar to Stephanomeria, with which it is probably congeneric: invo- lucre of 5 principal bracts and some minute calyculate ones, about 12 mm. high : achenes short-linear, 5-angled, very smooth : pappus or 5 rigid upwardly tapering awns which bear on each side to- ward the base 3 to 7 rather shorter and slender rigid bristles. — 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 261 Western Nevada, Wheeler, and near Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Lemmon, both. ace. to Gray; Wadsworth, Nevada, Miss Stokes; Gold Mt., Nevada, Purpus, no. 5953 ; Candelaria, Nevada, Shock- Icy, no. 567 ; Eastern Oregon, Cusick, no. 2019. 110. RAFINESQUIA Nutt. Stout and sometimes fistulous glabrous branching annuals. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Panicle more or less cymosely branching. Heads 15 to 30-flowered. Involucre in anthesis cunical-cylindraceous. Flowers white, the outer ligules more or less tinged with rose-color; ligules unequal. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes terete, with a few obscure ribs, excavated at the insertion but with callous thickening. Pappus-bristles capillary, 10 to 15, long-plumose from the base to near the tip. Pappus dull white: achenes with very slender beak 1. E. Calif ornica. Pappus bright white : achenes with very stout beak ....2. R. Neo-Mexicana. 1. R. Californica Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 429 (1841). Nemoseris Californica Greene, Pitt. ii. 193 (1891). Robust, branching above, 3 to 25 dm. high: leaves oblong in outline, pinnatifid to denticulate or almost entire, sessile and auriculate-clasping or the lowermost narrowed to a winged petiole. 15 cm. less or long; those of the inflorescence much reduced and often spinulose-toothed and angular : involucre 16 to 18 mm. high, of 11 to 15 (or even 22) linear or lanceolate-acuminate main bracts with some loose subulate ones at base : ligules short, white : beak of achene as long as the body : pappus dull white. Beneath foothill shrubs almost throughout the state; also re- ported from Oregon and Arizona. Very common in the Upper Sonoran Zone ; only casual in the Lower Sonoran. 2. R. Neo-Mexicana Gray, PL Wright, ii. 103 (1853). Nem- oseris Neo-Mexicana Greene, Pitt. ii. 193 (1891). Plant 2 to 6 dm. high ; the stem rather weak, branching : lower leaves oblong or oblanceolate in outline, from toothed to saliently lobed; the lower cauline narrower and runcinately parted into linear lobes; the uppermost reduced to minute usually spinulose bracts ; all but the lowest with auriculate-clasping base : involucre narrow, in fruit about 20 (18 to 25) mm. high, of 8 to 10 main 262 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 bracts and some loose subulate ones at base : ligules white, veined externally with rose-purple, 15 mm. or more long: beak of the achene very stout, tapering from the base : pappus clear white. Common among shrubs in the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Desert Area: Antelope Valley and Coyote Cafion to Utah, the Rio Grande, and Lower California. 111. TRAGOPOGON L. Tall and erect perennial herbs with slender fleshy taproots, alternate grass-like flaccid leaves clasping at the base, and large heads of purple or yellow flowers, which are open only during the morning. Involucral bracts in a single series, united at the very base. Rays 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Receptacle naked. Achenes muricate, 5 to 10-ribbed, long-beaked or the outermost beakless. Pappus-bristles connate at the base, plumose with interwebbed branches. 1. T. porrifolius L., Sp. PL 789 (1753). SALSIFY. VEGE- TABLE OYSTER. Stem simple and robust, often 1 m. or more high, bearing at the summit a single head on a long fistulous peduncle : herbage glaucous and perfectly glabrous except for a sparse woolly pu- bescence on the lower part of the leaves: longest leaves 20 or 30 cm. long, 2 cm. wide at base, narrowly long-acuminate : involucre contracted above the broad base, 4 or 5 cm. high; bracts all lanceolate-acuminate and keeled, the outer ones foliaceous : achenes 12 mm. and the beak 15 to 20 mm. long : pappus sordid, of about 5 slender bristles, exceeding the corolla-tube, plumose only toward the base. Waste places around Los Angeles, San Bernardino, etc., as an escape from gardens. 132. MALACOTHRIX DC. Chiefly herbaceous plants, a few woody at base, commonly with a radical cluster of leaves, the stems either leafy or almost naked. Heads small or medium-sized, solitary or panicled, never sessile, commonly nodding in the bud. Flowers yellow, white, or pinkish. Receptacle bristly or naked. Achenes short, truncate !907] Hall — Compositae of Southern California. 263 at apex, crowned with an entire or denticulate border, 10 to 15- ribbed, terete or 4 or 5 of the ribs stronger than the others ren- dering the achene somewhat 4 or 5-angled. Pappus-bristles soft, scabrous, more or less united at base and falling away together, or with 1 to 8 stronger ones which are more persistent. Involucre imbricated in several series, all but the innermost bracts (which vary from oval to linear) orbicular or ovate and very obtuse, all silvery-scarious with a dark medial line 1. M. Coulteri. Involucre much less imbricated, its bracts lanceolate to linear, all acute. Annuals, less than 6 dm. high. Scapose: leaves all basal: peduncles monocephalous 2. M. Calif ornica. Caulescent: stems branching and bearing leaves, at least below. Leaves and their lobes filiform, elongated: persistent pappus- bristles 2 or more 3. M. glabrata. Leaves and their lobes broader and shorter: persistent bristles only one or lacking. Ligules about 1 cm. long: desert species 4. M. sonchoides. Ligules 2 mm. long: stems leafy only below: montane species. Flowers yellow: one pappus-bristle and a crown of setulose teeth persistent 5. M. Clevelandi. Flowers pale: pappus all deciduous 6. M. obtusa. Ligules short: stems very leafy throughout. Involucres 10 to 12 mm. high : leaves and their lobes acute 7. M. foliosa. Involucres 6 or 7 mm. high: lower leaves with obtuse lobes 8. M. indecora. Perennials, mostly with suffrutescent base (the herbaceous species with stems 1 m. or more high). Herbage white-tomentose when young: inner bracts of the involucre obtuse 9. M. incana. Herbage essentially glabrous: involucral bracts attenuate. Stems several, much branched from the base 10. M. saxatilis. Stem solitary, usually simple below 11. M. altissima. 1. M. Coulteri Gray, PL Fendl. 113 (1849). Malacolepis Coulteri Heller, Muhlenbergia ii. 147 (1906). SNAKE'S HEAD. Annual, 1 to 6 dm. high : stem simple from the base, panic- ulately branched above: herbage glabrous and glaucescent: cau- line leaves sinuately pinnatifid, broad or somewhat auriculate at the sessile base and with an elongated terminal lobe : heads sub- globose : involucre 12 to 15 or 18 mm. high ; its bracts silvery- scarious with a linear central portion green, regularly imbricated in several ranks, the short outer ones orbicular, the inner ones 264 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 oval to lanceolate or linear: ligules light yellow: achenes 15- ribbed and 4 or 5-angled, the summit obscurely denticulate by projection of the ribs : 1 or 2 stouter pappus-bristles persistent. Occurs sparingly from San Diego Co. and Santa Cruz Island to the San Joaquin Valley and extends to the borders of the desert (and S. Utah, Parry, no. 130), but not found in the moun- tains. 2. M. Calif ornica DC., Prodr. vii. 192 (1838). - Scapes several, 1.5 to 3 or 4 dm. high, from a dense rosette of radical leaves, bearing at their summits solitary heads of showy yellow flowers: herbage conspicuously woolly when young with very long and soft hairs: leaves pinnatifid into narrowly linear or almost filiform lobes: peduncles occasionally bearing a few scattered bractlets above : involucre 12 to 15 mm. high ; its bracts linear or subulate, in about 3 ranks : ligules 12 mm. or more long : bristles of the receptacle delicate, usually present: achenes nar- row, lightly striate: outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles and some intervening minute teeth. In sandy soil throughout the coastal slope, ascending the mountains to about 1400 m. ; north to the Sacramento Valley. 3. M. glabrata (Eat.) Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 422 (1884). M. Calif ornica glabrata Eat., Bot. King Exped. 201 (1871). Basal branches ascending, leafy below, usually again branched above and bearing several heads: herbage glabrous throughout except the outer calyculate bracts of the involucre which are sometimes canescently pubescent: peduncles usually with a few bractlets above: leaves, flowers, etc., as in M. Calif ornica. Plentiful, especially in sandy places, in the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Colorado and Mohave deserts; also on the coastal slope at Lakeside, San Diego Co., and near Riverside (Jurupa Hills, Gavilan Hills, etc.), north along the eastern side of the Sierras to Oregon and in the San Joaquin Valley to Fresno Co. In specimens collected near Piute Creek, by Norman C. Wilson. the persistent bristles of the pappus vary from 2 to 4 in number. 4. M. sonchoides (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 486 (1843). Lepto- scris sonchoides Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 439 (1841). 19071 Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 265 Stem freely branching, the branches ascending and sparsely leafy except near the base: herbage glabrous or early glabrate: leaves oblong, or the upper narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid with short callous-toothed lobes: peduncles 3 cm. or less long: invo- lucre about 8 mm. high; its bracts linear-acuminate: ligules bright yellow, a full cm. long: achenes 15-striate, 5 of the ribs stronger than the others, rendering the achene somewhat 5-angled, crowned with a 15-denticulate white border : permanent pappus- bristles none. Lower Sonoran Zone, not common: Antelope Valley, Mohave Desert, Davidson; Rabbit Springs, Parish, no. 1264; Olancha, Lone Pine Creek, etc., Inyo Co. ; eastward to Nebraska. M. TORREYI Gray, and M. FENDLERI Gray, are to be expected along our eastern borders. In the former the achenes are 5- angled by as many salient ribs which are often almost wing-like : permanent bristles 2 to 8 and between them some minute teeth. In M. Fendleri the achenes are cylindric, bordered by a shallow crown with entire margin : persistent bristles none or only one. 5. M. Cleveland! Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 443 (1876). Plant 2 to 4 dm. high, the stem diffusely branching through- out and bearing numerous loosely panicled heads of yellow flow- ers: herbage glabrous: radical leaves numerous, pinnatifid, the cauline scattered and more nearly entire: involucre 6 to 8 mm. Idgh, few-flowered ; its narrow bracts with purplish tips : ligules yellow : achenes oblong-linear, minutely striate-costate : outer pap- pus of one persistent bristle and a circle of white setulose teeth. At middle and lower altitudes in the mountains: Rancho Vie jo, Lower California, Brandegee; Ramona, San Diego Co.. Brandegee; Santa Cruz Island, Brandegee; south side of San Jacinto Mt, Hall, nos. 1817, 2087; Cajon Pass, Parish, no. 4868; Jurupa Hills, near Riverside, Mrs. Wilder, no. 582; Santa Inez Mts., Dunn; Zaca Lake Forest Reserve, Santa Barbara Co., Miss Eastwood, no. 568; north to the base of Mt. Shasta (Sissons). Brandegee. 6. M. obtusa Benth., PL Hartweg. 321 (1849). M. parviflora Benth., 1. c. Habit, foliage, and involucre of M. Clevelandi, but often with 266 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 traces of tomentum on the leaves and in their axils and the heads not so numerous: ligules white to pink, purple-veined on the back ; throat of central flowers sometimes yellow : achenes obovate- oblong, slightly narrowed at summit, angled by 5 prominent ribs : pappus-bristles all deciduous, leaving only a narrow scarious entire rim to the achene (no outer circle of setulose teeth). Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6457; Santa Inez Mts.. Santa Barbara Co., Brandegee; Mono Creek, Santa Barbara Co. (growing near M. Clevelandi), Hall, no. 7792; San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., Mrs. W. Jasper; thence north through the Coast Ranges to Humboldt Co., Marshall, Chesnut & Drew, and through the Sierra Nevada Mts., to Plumas Co., Hall & Babcock. no. 4433, and to Washoe Co., Nevada, Hall & Chandler, no. 4557. Like M. Clevelandi, this species inhabits gravelly hillsides of the Upper Sonoran and Lower Transition zones. It is perhaps most abundant in the Yosemite district. The type specimens of M. obtusa and M. parvi flora have been compared at Kew by Professor W. L. Jepson, who informs me that he is unable to distinguish them by any technical character, although the type of the former has little flocks of wool on the leaves, these being absent from the type of M. parviflora. He further adds that neither of these types has the persistent setu- lose teeth crowning the achenes, so characteristic of M. Cleve- landi. 7. M. foliosa Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 455 (1886). M. squalida Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 152 (1886). Erect, from an annual root, 1.5 to 6 dm. high, much branched above and very leafy nearly to the yellow-flowered heads: her- bage glabrous: leaves mostly lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid, and 5 to 10 cm. long, but the uppermost reduced: heads numerous, short-ped uncled : involucre 10 to 12 mm. high : achenes obscurely 5- angled and 2 or 3-striate between the angles: pappus wholly deciduous leaving neither bristles nor crown. San Clemente Island, Apr., 1885, Nevin & Lyon; Santa Bar- bara Island, May, 1901, Mrs. Trask; Santa Cruz Island, Jul. and Aug., 1886, Greene. — The last specimen cited is the type of Dr. Greene's M. squalida, a condensed form 2 dm. high; the leaves short and broad and with short lobes; the inflorescence more 1907] Hall.— Composite of Southern California. 267 compact. It is strikingly different in appearance from typical M. foliosa but the characters separating it are all vegetative. 8. M. indecora Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii. 152 (1886). Stems from an annual root, sometimes diffuse and forming mats 15 cm. or less thick, sometimes erect, slender, and even 4 dm. high : leaves very thick and succulent, oblong-lanceolate, pin- nately lobed, the lobes mostly obtuse : involucre 6 or 7 mm. high, imbricated ; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, green ; outer ones said to be purplish : ligules short, greenish-yellow : achenes 5-angled and 2 or 3-striate between the angles : pappus all deciduous. Santa Cruz Island, Jul. and Aug., 1886, Greene; San Miguel Island, Sept., 1886, Greene; San Nicholas Island, Mrs. Trask, no. 8. In the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences is a sheet (Acad. no. 49859) indicated as the type sheet of this species and mounted on it are several plants of very different habit but alike in technical characters. Some of these are only 1 dm. high and widely branched; others have erect stems as much as 4 dm. high and are not at all matted. But another sheet in the California Academy Herbarium (Acad. no. 49858), although labeled by Professor Greene as the type of one of his unpub- lished species, is undoubtedly the one from which the description of M. indecora was drawn, the specimens being all matted and only 6 to 10 cm. high, the largest forming a mat 17 cm. in diameter. The label reads "Island of Santa Cruz, * * * Rocky islets and promontories, Edw. L. Greene, July and August, 1886." The San Miguel specimens are low and compact.68 The species is best distinguished from M. foliosa by the size and character of its involucres. 9. M. incana (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 486 (1842). Malacomeris incanus Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 435 (1841). Malacothrix succulenta Elmer, Bot. Gaz. xxxix. 44 (1905). Stems several from a strong perennial root, somewhat woody below, commonly 3 dm. or less high : herbage covered with matted white wool when young, glabrate in age : leaves 5 to 10 cm. long. es The two sheets mentioned above were examined before the recent San Francisco fire. It is hoped that they are among the types rescued by Miss Eastwood. 268 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 oblanceolate in outline, tapering to the long narrow base, from entire to irregularly and shallowly lobed, or even pinnatifid with narrow lobes: peduncles exceeding the leaves, 1 or 2-cephalous: involucre 12 to 15 mm. high; inner bracts equal, linear-oblong, obtuse; outer bracts short, imbricated, passing into scale-like bracts of the peduncle: ligules lemon-yellow: achenes oblong, truncate, 15-striate, lightly pubescent or glabrous : pappus-bristles all deciduous. San Diego, "on an island in the bay" (probably Coronados Islands), 1836, Nuttall; Santa Cruz Island, Aug., 1886, Greene; San Miguel Island, Sept., 1886, Greene (leaves, in one specimen, only 2 cm. long) ; Santa Rosa Island, Brandegee; Santa Maria, Santa Barbara Co., Mrs. Ida M. Blochman; Pecho, San Luis Obispo Co., Mrs. R. W. Summers; Surf, Santa Barbara Co., ace. to Elmer (as M. succulenta). 10. M. saxatilis (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. ii. 486 (1842). Leuco- seris saxatilis Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 440 (1841). Diffuse or decumbent from a suffrutescent base, 3 to 6 dm (or more?) high: herbage succulent, minutely tomentose when young: leaves lanceolate to spatulate, mostly obtuse and entire but some of the lower ones toothed or pinnatifid : involucre 10 to 15 mm. high; its bracts linear-attenuate, the outer ones very short: ligules probably white: achenes 10 to 15-costate, about 5 of the costae stronger than the others and rib-like, crowned with a minute denticulate white border : persistent pappus-bristles none. "St. Barbara, on shelving rocks near the sea," ace. to Nuttall. who first collected it. I have seen specimens from Santa Barbara. Gaviota, and Santa Catalina Island. Var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Gray, Syn. Fl. i. pt. 2, 423 (1884). Leucosyris tenuifolia Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii 440 (1841). Stems several, erect, 1 to 2.5 m. high, scarcely suffrutescent: herbage glabrous, not succulent: leaves (or their lobes) acute; the lower often 10 cm. long; the upper ones simple and linear to filiform, or pinnately parted into narrow lobes; those of the inflorescence much reduced : ligules white with a pink medial line. — Hillsides and canons of the Upper Sonoran Zone. 19°7] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 269 i from Santa Cruz Island, Franceschi, and Santa Barbara, to San Jacinto and San Diego; also reported from Arizona. The ex- treme form with leaves or their lobes much elongated and nearly filiform comes from the Santa Ana Canon, Orange Co., Hall, no. 6728. Var. implicata (Eastw.) Hall, comb. nov. M. implicata Eastw.. Proc. Calif. Acad. ser. 3 (bot.) i. 113 (1898). Stems woody, densely leafy up to the inflorescence: leaves irregularly bipin- nately parted into filiform or narrowly linear segments : flowers white, pinkish-tinged. — San Nicholas Island, 1897 and 1901, Mrs. Trask; Santa Cruz Island, Brandegee; Santa Rosa Island, Bran- degee, Miss Eastwood; San Miguel Island, Harford, Mrs. Trask. It. H. Beck. 11. M. altissima Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 195 (1885), and Pitt. ii. 21 (1889). Root only annual or biennial : stem solitary, herbaceous, erect, simple below, cymosely branching above, the whole plant about 1 or 2 m. high : herbage minutely tomentose, glabrate : lower leaves lanceolate, acute or attenuate, usually with a few coarse teeth. 10 or 15 cm. long ; upper leaves linear-attenuate, entire : peduncles ascending or erect : involucre 10 to 12 mm. high ; its bracts linear- attenuate, the outer ones short : ligules white, often with a broad pink or rose-colored medial line: achenes and pappus as in M. saxatilis. Upper Sonoran Zone: Tehachapi Station, Kern Co., Mrs. Curran; near Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Coville & Funston, no. 1158 -f near Templeton, San Luis Obispo Co., Aug., 1907, Alfred Carl- ing; in fields at Newhall and near Redlands, ace. to Parish. A splendid series of specimens has been collected by Mr. Carling. All are strictly herbaceous throughout, with a single long taproot, and mostly with a single stem unbranched except above the middle ; but a few have one to several lateral branches from near the base. 113. CALYCOSERIS Gray. Much branched desert annuals, glabrous below, commonly dotted above with tack-shaped glands. Heads rather large, long- peduncled. Involucre many-flowered, of numerous narrow sea- 270 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 rious-margined equal bracts and an outer series of much shorter loose calyculate ones. Receptacle bearing capillary bristles among the flowers. Achenes 5-ribbed, narrowed above to a short beak which terminates in a shallow denticulate crown. Pappus co- pious, white, the bristles united at base and falling away in a ring. Flowers yellow 1. C. Parryi. Flowers white, turning purplish: var. California of 2. C. Wrightii. 1. C. Parryi Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 106 (1859). Plant from a few cm. to 3 dm. or more high : leaves linear and entire or pinnately parted into short linear lobes : glands of the inflorescence black : involucre 10 to 15 mm. high : ligules bright yellow, 10 to 15 mm. long: achenes 6 mm. long including the slender beak, ending in a small apical cup, the ribs acute : pappus somewhat longer than the achene. In the Desert Area from San Diego Co. to Utah: Jacumba. Cleveland, no 905 ; Palomar Mt., in the southern part of River- side Co., Jepson and Hall; near Palm Canon, Colorado Desert. Hall, no. 1857; north slope Cajon Pass and Ord Mts., Mohave Desert, Hall, nos. 6214, 6794; Morongo, Parish, no. 1214; Piute Creek, Mohave Desert, Wilson; Argus Mts., Coville & Funston. no. 731; Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., Hall & Chandler, no. 7239; Arizona, Wilson, Pringle, Tourney. The type locality given for this species, namely, "mountains east of Monterey, California," is certainly erroneous. 2. C. Wrightii Californica Brandegee, Zoe v. 155 (1903). Habit, foliage, involucres, etc., as in C. Parryi : glands of the inflorescence pale : ligules white, the outer with pink-brown dots or streaks on back : achenes 6 mm. long, stout and thick, acutely ribbed, the ribs rugulose and the beak short, ending in a rather conspicuous apical cup. In sand near San Felipe, western borders of the Colorado Desert (with C. Parryi), Purpus; common on Chuckawalla Bench and in McCoy Wash, Colorado Desert, Hall, nos. 5872, 5966 (often 4 dm. high, growing among shrubs) ; Needles, Mohave Desert, Miss Warner. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 271 114. GLYPTOPLEURA Eaton. Tufted desert annuals with leaves much exceeding the inter- nodes and surrounding the numerous short-peduncled heads. Involucre of 7 to 12 equal linear-lanceolate bracts and some loose foliaceous ones at base. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, straight or incurved, obtusely 5-angled, each of the intervals marked by two rows of large tubercles, abruptly contracted above t<. a short stout 5-nerved beak, the base of which is surrounded by a narrow cup-like border: pappus-bristles bright white, in several series, the outer falling separately. Ligules short, little exserted 1. G. marginata. Ligules 10 to 15 mm. long, much exserted 2. G. setulosa. 1. G. marginata Eaton, Bot. King Exped. 207, t. 20 (1871). Stem branching from the base, the whole plant not over 5 cm. high excluding the long straight taproot : leaves obovate to spat- ulate-linear, commonly 3 or 4 cm. long, sinuately lobed, the mar- gin with a narrow scarious minutely toothed fringe; the upper bract-like leaves linear-lanceolate, commonly dilated at tip, the margins pectinate: involucre 10 or 12 mm. high: ligules white, turning pink, scarcely exserted. Lower Sonoran Zone : Mohave Desert, Parish, no. 1412 ; north to Oregon, Cusick, no. 2589 ; and S.E. Utah, Miss Eastwood. 2. G. setulosa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211 (1874). Similar to G. marginata but the scarious margin of the leaves less conspicuous and often broken up into longer acicular white teeth ; the upper bract-like leaves commonly linear and bearing teeth only at their dilated tips : ligules conspicuosly exserted, 10 to 15 mm. long, white or yellow, sometimes changing to pink. Mohave Desert (Lancaster, Barstow, Ludlow, Rabbit Springs. Hinckley) to S. Utah. Perhaps not distinct from G. marginata. Two specimens in the Parish Herbarium have been named by Dr. Gray as G. setulosa and G. marginata (Parish, nos. 1263. 1412, respectively) but they are exactly alike except that one has elon- gated yellow ligules, the other inconspicuous ligules. The color, however, is not a reliable character, elongated pure-white ligules sometimes changing to yellow in drying, as in Hall & Chandler's 272 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 no. 6870 from Fremonts Peak. The two species sometimes grow side by side. 115. TARAXACUM Haller. Perennial acaulescent herbs with pinnatifid or toothed leaves all in a basal tuft and large heads of yellow flowers terminating usually simple and naked hollow scapes. Principal bracts of the involucre nearly equal, the outer much shorter and in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays 5-toothed at the truncate summit. Achenes oblong or linear-fusiform, 4 or 5-angled, 5 to 10-nerved, somewhat spinulose above, tapering into a slender beak which bears at its summit a copious pappus of unequal per- sistent bristles. 1. T. officinale Weber, Prim. Fl. Hols. 56 (1780). Leontodon Taraxacum L., Sp. PI. 798 (1753). Taraxacum Dens-leonis Desf., Fl. Atlant. ii. 228 (1800). T. Taraxacum Karst, Deutsch. Fl. 1138 (1880-83). DANDELION. Root thick and long, bitter : leaves oblong or spatulate in out- line, irregularly dentate to sinuate-pinnatifid, from a few cm. to nearly 3 dm. long, usually pubescent when young and somewhat succulent: inner bracts of the involucre linear or linear-lanceo- late, acute, 10 to 15 mm. long; outer ones similar but shorter, reflexed : flowers yellow : pappus brownish or white, maturing into a globose mass. Occasional in lawns but not becoming naturalized. Intro- duced from Europe. Var. lividum (Waldst. & Kit.) Koch, FL Germ. 428 (1837). Leontodon lividus Waldst. & Kit., PI. Rar. Hung. ii. 120 (1805). Taraxacum lividum Heller, Bull. Torr. Club xxiv. 480 (1897). Outer involucral bracts broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate. — Wet meadows at 1800 to 2500 m., Little Bear Valley, Bear Valley; and Bluff Lake, all in the San Bernardino Mts., Parish; South Fork Meadows, San Bernardino Mts., Hall, no. 7512 ; boreal and arctic regions generally. 116. SONCHUSL. SOW-THISTLE. Leafy-stemmed coarse succulent herbs, chiefly smooth and glaucous. Heads cymose or umbellate, swollen at base or jug- shaped. Involucral bracts few, thin, with many shorter ones at 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 273 base ; these becoming callous-thickened. Flowers yellow. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed, not beaked. Pappus copious, of cottony- white exceedingly soft and fine hairs, mainly falling together. Leaves runcinately or lyrately pinnatifid into broad lobes, or sometimes only serrate. Leaf -auricles mostly acute: achenes longitudinally ribbed; the intervals transversely rugose 1. S. oleraceus. Leaf -auricles mostly rounded: achenes longitudinally ribbed; the inter- vals smooth 2. S. asper. Leaves pinnately parted into narrow lobes 3. S. tenerrimus. 1. S. oleraceus L., Sp. PL 794 (1753). COMMON SOW-THISTLE. A nearly simple-stemmed annual, 3 to 30 dm. high: leaves with the terminal segment commonly large and triangular, dentic7 ulate or toothed; lower leaves petioled; uppermost sessile and commonly lanceolate: peduncles occasionally glandular-hirsute: involucre 8 to 16 mm. high: achenes longitudinally ribbed and transversely rugose. Naturalized European weed : in waste places, flowering at all seasons. 2. S. asper (L.) Hill, Herb. Brit. i. 47 (1769). 8. oleraceus asper L., Sp. PL 794 (1753). PRICKLY SOW-THISTLE. Very similar to the preceding, but the leaves sometimes undi- vided and commonly clasping by an auricled base, the auricles rounded ; margins spinulose-denticulate : peduncles often conspic- uously hirsute with spreading gland-tipped hairs: achenes flat, margined with a narrow wing and longitudinally ribbed; inter- vals between the ribs smooth, but the ribs as well as the marginal wing rugulose or serrulate. Naturalized European weed : very common. 3. S. tenerrimus L, Sp. PL 794 (1753). Much branched, 3 to 10 dm. or less high, very leafy up to the short-pedunculate heads : herbage glabrous : leaves oblong in out- line, the linear or narrowly lanceolate lobes commonly cuspidate and either spinulosely denticulate or entire: achenes longitudi- nally striate and transversely rugose. Native of Europe ; introduced at San Diego, and on San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and San Nicholas islands. Mr. Bran- 274 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 degee reports it as abundant and appearing as though native on the Todos Santos, Natividad, Cedros, San Martin, and Guadalupe islands, all off the coast of Lower California, and at San Jorge, on the mainland. 117. LACTUCA Tourn. LETTUCE. Tall leafy-stemmed herbs with panicled heads of (in our species) yellow flowers. Leaves alternate. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical, its bracts imbricated in 2 or more series of unequal lengths. Rays 5-toothed at summit. Achenes obcom- pressed, i.e., flattened parallel to the bracts, 1 to 5-nerved on each face, contracted into a beak, which bears at its dilated summit a copious very soft and white or brown capillary pappus, the hairs of which fall separately. 1. L. Scariola var. integrata Gren. & Godr., Fl. France ii. 320 (1850) ; Dewey, Rhodora vii. 11 (1905). PRICKLY LETTUCE. Plant 6 to 18 dm. high, branching above into an open panicle, glabrous throughout or hirsute or prickly below : leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or sagittate-clasping, with a row of soft prickles on the midrib and along the margins : heads numer- ous, 6 to 14-flowered : involucre 10 to 14 mm. high ; its outer bracts much shorter than the inner : rays cream-yellow changing to blue : achenes light brownish gray, narrowly obovate, about as long as the filiform beak, striate, margined : pappus white. An introduced European weed which, during the last decade, has become exceedingly abundant on waste lots and along road- sides near Los Angeles, San Bernardino, etc. Typical L. Scariola L., which has apparently not yet appeared in Southern California, has runcinate or pinnately lobed leaves. L. SATIVA L., the common Lettuce, may be found as an escape from gardens. It has broad and tender root-leaves and cordate- clasping stem-leaves. L. LUDOVICIANA (Nutt.) DC., of the middle states, may occur as an immigrant. It has black achenes, lightly 1-nerved on each face : involucre 2.5 to 3 cm. high. 19071 Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 275 118. LYGODESMIA Don. Herbs, mostly with glabrous rush-like tough stems and narrow leaves. Heads scattered or terminal, erect, 3 to 12-flowered. Flowers pink or rose-color. Achenes slender, terete, obscurely striate or angled, truncate at each end. Pappus of numerous unequal white or whitish capillary bristles, not plumose. 1. L. exigua Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217 (1874). Pren- anthes exigua Gray, PL Wright, ii. 105 (1853). A diffusely branched glabrous annual, 1 to 3 (or 5) dm. high: leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, entire or dentate, or pinnatifid with sharp lobes, 2 or 3 cm. long, the upper reduced to scale-like bracts : heads on slender peduncles : involucre 5 mm. high ; its principal bracts about four, linear-oblong, acute; the calyculate ones few and very short : achenes scarcely longer than the copious white pappus-bristles. Rabbit Springs, Mohave Desert, Parish, where it is probably not uncommon; Paloverde Valley, Riverside Co., near the Colo- rado River, Hall, no. 5918; Colorado Desert, Stephens; Lower California, Brandegee; Inyo Co., in the Argus Mts., Purpus, no. 5319 ; Panamint Mts. and Owens Valley, ace. to Coville ; thence to Utah and New Mexico, ace. to Gray. L. SPINOSA Nutt., a spinescent perennial with matted-woolly base has been reported from the eastern borders of California, but has probably not been collected within our limits. It is not rare in Inyo Co. 119. TROXIMON Nutt. Perennial herbs with strong and often deep taproots, or an- nuals. Stems nearly naked and scape-like, bearing single large heads. Leaves in a radical tuft or a few scattered on the stem below, elongated. Bracts of the campanulate involucre imbri- cated, the outer ovate or narrower ; the inner ones linear or lan- ceolate. Flowers, in our species, yellow. Achenes terete, oblong, or fusiform, 10-ribbed, narrowed above, in all of our species prolonged into a slender or filiform beak. Pappus-bristles fine, copious, inserted on the dilated apex of the beak. Achenes in 276 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 fruit expanding and forming a globose head, the bracts of the involucre then reflexed. The reinstatement of the genus Agoseris Raf. (1817) has been proposed for those species of Troximon in which the achenes are beaked. But the two groups are best received into one genus, being connected by the thick-beaked T. glaucum. Troximon was first used as a generic name by Gaertner (1791), but since his genus is not sustained, we may properly write Troximon Nutt. (1813) as the name of the present group. Perennials: involucre 2.5 to 5 cm. high. Achenes abruptly beaked from a broad truncate summit.. ..1. T. retrorsum. Achenes tapering into the beak 2. T. plebeium. Annual: involucre 1.2 to 1.8 cm. high 3. T. heterophyllum. 1. T. retrorsum (Benth.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 216 (1874). Macrorhynchus retrorsus Benth., PL Hartweg. 320 (1849). M. angustifolius Kell., Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 47 (1873) ? Agoseris retrorsa Greene, Pitt. ii. 178 (1891). Scapes 1.5 to even 4 dm. high, from a stout perennial taproot : herbage woolly-pubescent when young, the wool deciduous in age : leaves commonly 1 to 2.5 dm. long, sometimes as long as the peduncles, pinnately parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate mostly retrorse segments, the rachis linear and the lobes more or less remote: outer involucral bracts broadly oblong and merely acute ; inner bracts linear and narrowly acuminate, 2.5 to 4 or 5 cm. long, about equalling the pappus : ligules short : achenes 5 to 6 mm. long, passing abruptly into the slender (18 to 20 mm. long) beak : pappus soft and white. On open foothills and in the lower part of the pine belt, usually in loose gravelly soil, from the Cuyamaca Mts., San Diego Co. (and Lower California?), north to Oregon. Not common in Southern California. 2. T. plebeium Greene, Pitt. ii. 79 (1890). Agoseris plebeia Greene, 1. c. 178 (1891). Scapes stout, 2 to 6 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves: herbage short-hirsute or lightly tomentose, glabrate : leaves 1 to 2 dm. long, oblong or spatulate in outline, dentate to pinnately parted into linear usually ascending lobes: involucre broad, 2.5 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 277 to 3 cm. high, its broad outer bracts well imbricated and with rather persistent traces of white wool: ligules shorter than the involucre : achenes 4 or 5 mm. long, tapering into a filiform beak 12 to 15 mm. long: pappus usually bright white. Talmadge's Mill, in the San Bernardino Mts., at an altitude of 1500 m., Parish, no. 3051 ; Laguna, San Diego Co., Cleveland. no. 435 ; Cuyamaca Mts., San Diego Co., Brandegee; eastern base San Jacinto Mts., Hall; Santa Ana and San Gabriel Mts., ace. to Abrams; Casitas Pass, Ventura Co., Hall, nos. 3205a, 3218; Mono Flat, Santa Barbara Co., Hall, no. 7790; and north. The Southern California specimens usually have leaves with broad and merely acute terminal lobes ; in the region of San Francisco Bay the leaves are much more slender and the terminal lobe is acuminate; my number 3205a is exactly intermediate between these two forms. 3. T. heterophyllum Greene, Bull. Torr. Club x. 88 (1883). T. Chilense Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 216 (1874) ; not Macro- rhynchus Chilense Less. Scapes slender, .5 to 4 dm. high, from an annual root, often numerous : leaves linear to oblong or spatulate, entire or dentic- ulate to sinuate-pinnatifid, sparingly villous-pubescent or gla- brous : involucral bracts lanceolate-acuminate ; the inner ones glabrous, 1.2 to 1.8 cm. long: ligules inconspicuous (except in var. Calif ornicum) , seldom exceeding the involucre: achenes 4 mm. or less long, variable, as indicated below; the outer ones glabrous to villous : pappus whitish, commonly shorter than the beak of the achene. SYNOPSIS OF VARIETIES AND FORMS OF T. HETEROPHYLLUM. Ligules inconspicuous, about as long as the involucre. Outer achenes with straight ribs f. normale. Outer achenes with sinuate ribs f. Jcymapleurum. Outer achenes enlarged, not ribbed f. cryptopleurum. Ligules conspicuous, much exceeding the involucre. Outer achenes with straight ribs var. Calif ornicum f. idiale. Outer achenes with sinuate ribs var. Calif ornicum f . crenulatum. Outer achenes enlarged, not ribbed var. Calif ornicum f. turgidum. f. normale (Piper) Hall, comb. nov. T. heterophyllum Greene, I.e. Agoseris heterophylla Greene, Pitt. ii. 178 (1891). A.heter- ophylla subsp. normalis Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. xi. 544 278 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 (1906). Achenes with straight ribs, or the inner ones smoothish or merely costate. — Palomar, San Jacinto, and San Bernardino Mts., north to British Columbia, and on the islands from Guada- lupe at least to Santa Cruz. f. kymapleurum Greene, Bull. Torr. Club x. 88 (1883), as var. Macrorhynchus heterophyllus Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 430 (1841). Kymapleura heterophylla Nutt., 1. c. errat 455. Agoseris heterophylla kymapleura Greene, Pitt. ii. 179 (1891). Ribs of the outer, and sometimes also the inner achenes corky-thickened and beautifully sinuate or undulate. — A common form, usually with the species, but not yet detected in Southern California. It will be noted that this is the form first named and described and therefore represents the taxonomic type of the species, while f. normale evidently represents the morphologic type. f. cryptopleurum Greene, Bull. Torr. Club x. 88 (1883), as var. Agoseris heterophylla var. cryptopleura Greene, Pitt. ii. 179 (1891). A. heterophylla California Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat Herb. xi. 544 (1906) ; not Cryptopleura Calif ornica Nutt. Outer achenes or some of them much inflated and inconspicuously striate, not at all ribbed or winged. — Also with the species in middle California and northward but not yet seen within our borders. Var. Calif ornicum (Nutt.) Hall, comb. nov. Cryptopleura Calif ornica Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 431 (1841). characters extended. Plant usually larger and coarser than in typical T. heterophyllum; scapes 15 to 45 cm. high : ligules con- spicuous, about 1 cm. long, much exceeding the involucre : achenes exhibiting a series of variations exactly parallel with those of the species. Var. Californicum f. idiale Hall, form. nov. Achenes with straight ribs or the inner ones with straight striae. — Near Goshen. Tulare Co., Brandegee, as formerly represented in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences; New York Ravine, El Dorado Co., Mrs. Brandegee (Herb. Univ. Calif, no. 88020) ; Simpsons, El Dorado Co., Mrs. Brandegee (Herb. Univ. Calif, no. 88021). Several other collections are intermediate between this morphologically typical form and the next. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 279 Var. Californicum f. crenulatum Hall, nom. nov. Troxi- mon elatum Greene, Pitt. i. 71 (1887) ; not Stylopappus elatus Nutt. Agoseris major Jepson, Pitt. ii. 179 (Sept. 15, 1891), and Bull. Torr. Club xviii. 325 (Nov., 1891). Ribs of at least the outer achenes corky-thickened and conspicuously undulate, ren- dering the body obtuse or truncate at summit. — Plains of the lower Sacramento River, ace. to Greene ; Willow Branch, Marys- ville Buttes, Apr. 20, 1891, Jepson; Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo Co., Barber, no. A 19; same locality, May, 1907, Benj. Cobb, in part; Ojai Valley, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 3198; Santa Inez Mts.. 1888, Brandegee; Zaca Lake Forest Reserve, Santa Barbara Co.. Miss Eastwood, no. 736, in part; Tehachapi, Mrs. Brandegee (Herb. Univ. Calif, no. 88022). Var. Californicum f. turgidum Hall, nom. nov. Crypto- pleura Calif ornica Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 431 (1841). Outer and sometimes all of the achenes more or less inflated, often even 2 mm. thick and truncate at apex, sometimes less inflated and tapering to the beak, inconspicuously striate or their nerves quite obsolete. — "Near Santa Barbara," ace. to Nut- tall, who obtained only depauperate specimens ("about three to four inches high") ; near Santa Barbara, 1888, Brandegee; grassy valley near the coast of San Luis Obispo Co., Apr. 23, 1886, Mrs. R. W. Summers, in part (distributed as Agoseris grandi flora] ; Cuddy Valley, Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Hall, no. 6421; Santa Inez Mts., 1888, Brandegee (some specimens approaching var. Californicum f. idiale) ; Paso Robles, May, 1907, Benj. Cobb, in part; Zaca Lake Forest Reserve, Santa Barbara Co., Miss East- wood, no. 736, in part; Tehachapi, Mrs. Brandegee (Herb. Univ. Calif, no. 88023) ; Simpsons, El Dorado Co., Mrs. Brandegee (Herb. Univ. Calif, no. 88024). The above arrangement of the forms of this aggregate species is intended to express the idea that they represent two lines of descent, the one being distinguished by short ligules, the other by elongated ligules. In each of these series we have three similar forms, differing only in their achenes, and each form in the one series is strictly analogous to a corresponding form in the other series. The length of the ligule in this species furnishes us with a 280 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL- 3 fairly constant character for separating the two varieties. So far as noted it does not vary beyond reasonable limits, so that there is never any question as to the variety to which any par- ticular specimen belongs. But in all other characters — habit, size. pubescence, involucre, etc., — the two varieties exhibit the same forms, and since they both run into strictly parallel strains as regards their achenes they cannot be considered as distinct species. A splendid series of several hundred specimens of var. Cali- fornicum, recently gathered near San Luis Obispo by Mr. Benj. Cobb, indicates that the achenial characters, although remarkable in their extremes, are of comparatively trivial importance. The central achenes are mostly traversed by straight ribs, or costae In the marginal achenes these ribs vary from slightly undulate to strongly and closely crinkled, so that the surface of the achene appears as though honey-combed (f. crcnulatum). On other plants, gathered at the same station, the marginal achenes vary from slightly swollen and spindle-shaped, with the costae still evident, to strongly swollen and balloon-like, all traces of costae 01 ribs having been obliterated through the stretching of the surface (f. turgidum). The same variation, but to a more lim- ited extent, is observable in collections from other localities. 120. CREPIS L. Herbaceous annuals, biennials, and perennials, similar to Hie- racium but distinguished from that genus by the shape of the achenes and by the pappus. Involucre cylindric or campanulate ; its principal bracts in a single row, equal, with more or less thick- ened midribs ; the outer calyculate ones much smaller or wanting. Flowers yellow. Achenes narrowed toward the summit and sometimes also at base, 10 to 30-ribbed. Pappus copious, white and soft. Introduced species: root annual or biennial. Involucre 7 to 9 mm. high : achenes 10-striate 1. C. virens. Involucre 9 to 12 mm. high : achenes 13-striate 2. C. biennis. Native species: root perenniaL Involucre 5 to 10-flowered, its principal bracts only 5 to 8 3. C. acuminata. Involucre 10 to 30-flowered, its principal bracts 8 to 24 ...A. C. occidentalis. 1907] Hall.—Compositac of Southern California. 281 1. C. virens L., Sp. PL ed. 2, 1134 (1763). SMOOTH HAWKS- BEARD. Annual or biennial, 3 to 7 dm. high: stem slender, simple below, paniculate above : herbage green and glabrous, or some- what hirsute below: radical leaves numerous, oblanceolate. toothed to pinnatifid, narrowed at base into a petiole; cauline leaves lanceolate, with sessile subsagittate base ; uppermost leaves commonly linear or subulate and entire : heads many : involucre 7 to 9 mm. high, somewhat calyculate ; its bracts linear, acumin- ate, often pubescent : achenes linear-oblong, narrowed equally to each end, 10-ribbed. On Big Rock Creek, desert slopes of the San Gabriel Mts.. Jul. 6, 1896, Davidson. Introduced from Europe. 2. C. biennis L., Sp. PL 807 (1753). ROUGH HAWKSBEARD. Biennial, branched above, 5 to 12 dm. high: herbage pubes- cent, often hirsutely so, especially above : lower leaves oblong or spatulate, runeinate-pinnatifid or sometimes merely dentate, nar- rowed at base into a petiole ; upper cauline leaves sessile by a sagittate-dentate base: involucre 9 to 12 mm. high: achenes ob- long, somewhat narrowed above, 13-ribbed. Streets of Pasadena, ace. to McClatchie. Introduced from Europe. 3. C. acuminata Nutt., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 437 (1841). Perennial, slender, 3 to 8 or 9 dm. high, cymosely branched above: herbage cinereously puberulent but the inflorescence nearly glabrous : lower leaves 15 to 25 cm. long, broadly lanceo- late in outline, pinnatifid with narrow spreading or retrorse lobes, attenuate below into a petiole and above into a tail-like prolong- ation 8 cm. or less long : involucre narrow, 10 to 12 mm. high ; minute outer bracts canescent ; inner bracts 5 to 8, bright green, glabrate: flowers 5 to 10: achenes fusiform, somewhat narrowed at summit. On dry slopes in open forests of the Transition Zone: San Bernardino Mts., at Bear Valley, Parish, no. 1460, and Upper Santa Ana Canon, Hall, no. 7538 ; Frazier and Alamo Mts., Ven- tura Co., Hall, nos. 6596, 6702; Mt. Pinos, in Kern Co., Hall 282 University of California, Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 no. 6384, and Jim., 1904, Grinnell; Tehachapi Mts., Kern Co.. Hasse & Davidson, no. 1737 ; thence north and east. 4. C. occidentalis Nutt., Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. 29 (1834). GRAY HAWKSBEARD. Stems stout, usually several from the strong perennial root, branching above, the whole plant 1 to 2 dm. high : herbage tomen- tose (the tomentum sometimes with a tendency to fall in age) and often glandular-hirsute above, especially on the peduncles: leaves thickish, runcinately toothed or deeply pinnatifid into lin- ear or lanceolate lobes, the uppermost portion entire, acuminate : involucre 10 to 30-flowered, 12 to 15 mm. high, calyculate, its 8 to 24 bracts oblong-lanceolate: achenes brown, fusiform. 10 to 18- costate, 8 or 9 mm. long. On dry forested slopes of the Transition Zone (rarely in the Upper Sonoran) : Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish, no. 1459; Pinos, Frazier, and Alamo Mts., Ventura Co., Hall, nos 6556, 6595, 6703, respectively; north to Washington, east to Nebraska, etc. Var. subacaulis KelL, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 50 (1873). C. subacaulis Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 562 (1896). Herbage (especially the peduncles, petioles, and midribs of the leaves) usually hirsute with spreading glandless hairs; leaves deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. — Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish, ace. to Coville ; northern Sierra Nevadas. Two distinct forms (in addition to the named variety) may be segregated from C. occidentalis as above characterized; the one, represented by such specimens as my nos. 6595 and 6703. being merely canescent-tomentose ; the other, represented by Mr. Parish's no. 1459 and my no. 6556, having bristly gland-tipped black hairs on the inflorescence, in addition to the tomentum. The non-hirsute form sometimes exhibits a few sessile yellow glands on the involucral bracts. The var. subacaulis differs from, the species mainly in the absence of glands on the spreading hairs when these are present, but some specimens of both the species and the variety are destitute of spreading hairs. Hall.—Compositae of Southern California. 283 121. HIERACIUM L. HAWKWEED. Perennial herbs, ours rough-hairy, with entire or dentate leaves and small or middle-sized heads in a panicle. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its main bracts in 1 to 3 ranks with shorter ones at base, destitute of thickened midribs. Achenes linear, not at all narrowed above, striately ribbed. Pappus a single row of fragile capillary bristles. One of the largest of plant genera, a majority of the species European. Several of our species are but very imperfectly understood. It seems quite probable that further investigation will prove our nos. 3 and 5, together with H. Brandegei, to be only forms of H. argutum. Flowers white: stems tall 1. H. albiflorum. Flowers yellow. Stems leafy. Pappus rufous or brown: leaves entire 2. H. horridum. Pappus nearly white: leaves mostly dentate. Inflorescence leafy: peduncles and involucres with light-colored stipitate glands, or smooth 3. H. Parishii. Inflorescence merely bracteate: peduncles and involucres with black stipitate glands 4. H. argutum. Stems nearly naked except at base: involucre and peduncles roughened by stipitate glands 5. H. Grinnellii. 1. H. albiflorum Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. i. 298 (1834). Five to 9 dm. high: stems leafy below, nearly naked above, ending in a panicle of white-flowered heads: herbage thickly beset below with tawny bristly hairs ; glabrous above except for a minute glandular pubescence and sometimes a few soft hairs on the inflorescence: lower leaves oblong, narrowed at base to a winged petiole, 10 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 4 cm. broad, from entire to saliently repand-dentate ; upper leaves oblanceolate to linear, those of the inflorescence linear-subulate: involucre about 10 mm. high ; its bracts linear-attenuate : pappus dull white. In open pine forests of the Transition Zone, from the San Jacinto Mts. north throughout the state and also in the Rocky Mts. 2. H. horridum Fries., Epic. Hier. 154 (1862). H. Breweri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 553 (1865). Plant 1 to 3 dm. high, with commonly numerous stems from 284 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 stout horizontal roots: herbage pubescent with long brown or whitish shaggy hairs : leaves oblanceolate or ligulate, obtuse ; the lower 10 cm. or less long by 10 to 15 mm. wide, tapering to broad- ly margined petioles; the upper ones somewhat smaller, sessile: panicle rather close: involucre 6 or 7 mm. high; its bracts nar- rowly lanceolate, acute : ligules bright yellow : pappus fuscous. Always among rocks or in decomposed granite : Upper Tran- sition and Canadian zones (altitude 1800 to 2500 m.) in the San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mts., and on Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co. ; to be expected in the San Gabriel Range ; northward throughout the Sierra Nevadas. In Sierran specimens the color of the crin- ite pubescence runs through all shades from rich reddish-brown to pure white. 3. H. Parishii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 67 (1883). Plant 3 to 6 dm. high, stems several, apparently from stout horizontal rootstocks, leafy up into the narrowly oblong panicle : pubescence shaggy-hirsute on lower leaves and basal portion of stem, glandular hairs of the inflorescence light-colored or none: lower leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to margined petioles, remotely but saliently toothed on the margins, 8 to 20 cm. long, 12 mm. or more wide ; upper ones narrow, sessile and entire, 5 cm. or more long : peduncles shorter than or slightly ex- ceeding the heads : involucral bracts linear-subulate : flowers yel- low : pappus nearly white. , Foothills of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mts. in the Upper Sonoran Zone. Dr. Gray describes this species as having ' ' no glandular hairs or stipitate glands : * * * : involucre pale, granulose-puber- ulent." Mr. Parish has collected it a number of times and writes: "All specimens collected by me came from a limited space on some cliffs at about 3000 ft. alt. in Waterman Canon." Now, while these specimens are mostly only viscid-glandular in the inflorescence, some of them have conspicuous but light- colored stipitate glands, thus exhibiting an interesting variation in this character. Mr. Parish further writes that the species must have been founded on his no. 1132, of Sept. 25, 1881, this being the only number of it collected previous to the publication of the species. 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 285 4. H. argutum Nutt, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 447 (1841). Plant 3 to 10 dm. high, leafy up to the inflorescence : herbage shaggy with brown hairs below, the upper part of the stem and the inflorescence blackish-green and glandular : leaves oblong to lanceolate, acute, remotely but saliently dentate ; the lower ones 7 to 20 cm. long, 1 to 4 cm. wide ; upper cauline leaves sessile and narrow : ligules probably yellow : pappus gray. A little-known species first collected in the hills back of Santa Barbara by Nuttall, who described the involucre as ' ' smooth and blackish-green." My description is drawn from the following specimens, all of which have a densely glandular inflorescence: Santa Cruz Island, Aug., 1886, Greene; Santa Lucia Mts., Aug.. 1885, Plaskett; Santa Rosa Island, Jun., 1888, Brandegee. 5. H. Grinnellii Eastwood, Bull. Torr. Club xxxii. 217 (1905). Slender, 2 to 6 dm. high, with leaves mainly in a basal cluster : herbage densely clothed below with long white or brown woolly hairs; upper part of stem granular-puberulent ; peduncles and involucres beset with numerous short-stipitate glands: basal leaves oblanceolate, tapering to a broad petiole, mostly repand- denticulate and acute, a few entire and obtuse, 4 to 12 cm. long. 1 or 2 cm. wide ; the cauline few, linear-acuminate, sessile, entire or nearly so : panicle open, the branches few and widely spread- ing: peduncles 1 to 3 cm. long: involucre 8 to 10 mm. high; its bracts linear-attenuate: ligules yellow: pappus white or with a yellowish tinge. Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena, Dec., 1903, and Jul., 1904,6rn'w- n-ell; Malibu Creek, Santa Monica Mts., Aug. 5, 1898, Barber; Fish Creek, San Bernardino Mts., J. and H. W. Grinnell, no. 246 (less pubescent above). H. BRANDEGEI Greene is known only from the original collec- tion, Santa Lucia Mts. (north of our district), 1885, Brandegee. but is to be expected further south. It is much like H. Grinnellii. but may be distinguished by its short and broad (5 cm. or less long) obtuse entire leaves. 286 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 INDEX. PAGE Acarnptopappus 4] microcephalus 53 Shockleyi 41 sphaerocephalus 41, 11 Acarphaea artemisiae folia 199 Achillea 211 California 211 lanulosa 212 Millefolium 211 f. Californica 211 f. lanulosa 212 Achyrachaena 160 mollis 161 Acknowledgments 7 Acourtia microcephala 245 Actinella biennis 204 Cooperi 203 Actinolepis lanosa 181 Lemmoni 177 multicaulis 180 Pringlei 181 Wallacei 182 Agarista calliopsidea 141 Ageratum lineare 179 Agoseris 276 heterophylla 277 var. Californica 278 var. Cryptopleura 278 var. kymapleura 278 subsp. normalis 277 major 279 plebeia 276 retrorsa 276 Alcinia perfoliata 144 Alpine Zone 9 Amauria rotundifolia 166 Amblyopappus 187 pusillus 187 Ambrosia 119 acanthicarpa 121 psilostachya 119 pumila 119 Ambrosiaceae 4 Ambrosieae 18, 116 Amellus villosus 113 Amphiachyris 36 Fremontii .. 36 PAGE Amphipappus Fremontii 36 Anacyclus australis 213 Anaphalis margaritacea 115, 112 Ancistrocarphus filagineus 104 Anisocoma 253 acaulis 253 Antennaria 108 dimorpha 109 marginata 110 media 109, 9 speciosa 110 Anthemideae 23, 210 Anthemis 210 Cotula 211 Aplopappus (see Haplopappus) Arctic-Alpine Zone 9 Arctium 236 Lappa 236 Arnica 222 Bernardina 222, 10 cordifolia 222 Aromia tenuifolia 187 Arrow-weed 101 Artemisia 215, 297 biennis 217 Californica 216, 10 desertorum 215 dracunculoides 216 gnaphalioides 217 heterophylla 217, 218 Eennedyi 217, 218 Ludoviciana 217 matricarioides 212 Palmeri 220 Parishii 220 Bothrockii 297 spinescens 215, 11 Suksdorfii , 218 tridentata 219, 297 var. angustifolia 219 trifida 219 tripartita 219 Artichoke 242 Aster 76 adscendens 82 aestivus 81 Andersonii . . 83 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 287 PAGE Bernardinus 79 canescens 85 var. tephrodes 86 carnosus 83 Chamissonis 80 Chilensis 80 defoliatus 79, 80 delectabilis 82, 10 ensatus 81 ericaefolius 86 exilis 85 filaffinifolius 70 Fremonti 83 var. Parishii 82, 10 Greatai 81 hesperius 81 incanus 86 Menziesii 78, 9, 80 Mohavensis 11, 77 occidentalis 83 Orcuttii 78 parviflorus 85 patulus 81 prenanthoides 81 radulinus 78 spinosus 84, 11 tanacetifolius 85 tortifolius 77 tortifoliua 77 Aster, Desert 75 Broad-leaved 78 Mohave 77 Orcutt 78 Purple 78 Slender 85 Aster Tribe 15, 34 Astereae 15, 34 Atrichoseris 246 platyphylla 247 Baccharis 95 brachyphylla 98 caerulescens 99 Douglasii 98 Emoryi 96 glutinosa 99 pilularis 96, 10 Plummerae , 98 salicina 96 sarothroides 96 sergiloides 97, 11 viminea 99 Baeria 168 affinis 174 anthemoides 174 aristata 173, 168, 169, 174, 175 var. affinis 174, 175 f. truncata 174, 175 f. 'anthemoides 174 f. mutica ... .. 173 PAGE var. Parishii 175 f. quadrata 175 f. varia 175 aristosa 171 chrysostoma 169, 168, 170 var. gracilis 170, 171 f. aristosa 171 f. Clementina 171 crassa 172 curta 172 nuda 170 paleacea 171 tenerrima 171 Clevelandi 171 coronaria 173 curta 172 gracilis 170, 171 var. aristosa 171 var. tenerrima 171 var. paleacea 171 microglossa 169, 168 mutica 173 Palmeri var. Clementina 171 Parishii 175 tenella 174 tenella 174 uliginosa 172 Bahia ambigua 182 artemisiae folia 184 confertiflora 185 palmeri 200 parviflora 182, 183 rubella 182 trifida 185 Wallacei 182 Baileya 163 multiradiata 164 var. nudicaulis 164 var. pleniradiata 164 pauciradiata 164, 11 pleniradiata 164 Balsam Root 126 Balsamorhiza 126 deltoidea 126, 127 glabrescens 126 Bebbia 125 aspera 125 juncea 125 var. aspera 125 Beggar Ticks 143 Bezanilla Chilensis 105 Bidens 143 expansa 143 pilosa 144 speciosa 143 Biffelovia acradenia 64 brachylepis 56 ceruminosa 59 Cooperi 56 288 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 3 PAGE Douglasii 58 var. stenophylla 59 var. tortifolia 59 graveolens 61 var. albicaulis 60 var. glabrata 60 intricate, 83 Menziesii 62 Mohavensis 59 paniculata 58 Parishii 55 Parryi 61 rupestris 52 spathulata 52 teretifolia 57 Blennosperma 206 Californicum *. 206 Blepharipappus elegans 158 glandulosus 157 var. heterotrichus 157 graveolens 159 heterotrichus 157 hieracioides 159 hispidus 158 nudatus 158 platyglossits 160 Bluebottle 244 Brachyris Cclifornica 35 Euthamiae 35 Brickellia 28 atractyloides 29, 11 Californica 32 var. desertorum 33 desertorum 33 frutescens 31 incana 30 Knappiana 33 linifolia 30, 31 longifolia 34 microphylla scabra 32 Mohavensis 30, 31 multiflora 34 Nevinii 31 Bulbostylis annua 225 Californica ...... 32 Burrielia gracilis 170 lanosa 181 microglossa 169 tenerrima 171 Calais Clevelandi 251 cyclocarpha 249 Douglasii 249 Lindleyi 251 linearifolia 250, 251 macrochaeta 250 Parryi 251 platycarpha 249 pluriseta 251 Callichroa platyglossa 160 PAGE Calycadenia tenella 153 Calycoseris 269 Parryi 270 Wrightii var. Californica 270 Camomile 210 Canadian Zone 9, 10 Cardoon 242 Carduaceae 4 Carduus 236 Bernardinus 241 Californicus 240 var. Bernardinus' 241 candidissimus 240 Drummondii 238 var. acaulescens 238 edulis 237 lilacinus 240 Marianus 243 maritimus 238 Mohavensis 241, 242 neglectus 240 occidentalis 239, 10, 240 var. candidissimus 240 var. Coulteri 239, 240 ochrocentrus 242 venustus 239 Carphephorus junceus 125 Centaurea 243 Cyanus 244 Melitensis 244 solstitialis 244 Centromadia Fitchii 155 pungens 154 var. Parryi 155 Chaenactis 188 artemisiaefolia 199 attenuata , 193 brachypappa 194 carphoclinia 192, 11 var. attenuata 193 filifolia 191 Fremonti 195, 196 glabriuscula 189, 192 var. heterocarpha 190, 191 f. curta 190 var. lanosa 192 var. Orcuttiana 192 var. tenuifolia 191, 192 f. filifolia 191 heterocarpha 190 var. curta 190 lacera 199 lanosa 192 macrantha 197 Orcuttiana 192 Parishii 198, 199 santolinoides 197 stevioides 193, 194 var. brachypappa 194, 191 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 289 PAGE suffrutescens 198, 199 tenuifolia 191 var. Orcuttiana 192 Xantiana 196, 199 var. integrifolia 196 Chaetadelpha Wheeleri 260 Chicory 246 Chicory Tribe 25, 246 Chinch-weed 209 Chrysocoma graveolens 61 nauseosa 60 Chrysoma arborescens • 55 brachylepis 56 Cooperi 56 cuneata var. spathulata 52 ericoides 54 Merriami 52 Palmeri 53 paniculata 58 Parishii 55 pinifolia 54 teretifolia 57 Chrysopsis 43 Californica 44 echioides : 43 fastigiata 43 scdbra 42 sessiliflora 44 villosa 43 var. echioides 43 var. fastigiata 43 var. sessiliflora 44 Wrightii 44 Chrysothamnus 56, 51 Californicus var. occidentalis 60 ceruminosus 59 corymbosus 53 Mohavensis 59 nauseosus 60 var. graveolens 61, 11 var. occidentalis 60 occidentalis 60 paniculatus 58, 11, 51 Parryi 61 teretifolius 57, 51 viscidiflorus 58 var. stenophyllus 59 var. tortifolius 59 Cichoriaceae 4 Cichorieae 25, 246 Cichorium 246 Intybus 246 Cirsium Californicum 240 Coulteri 239 Drummondii 238 edule 237 occidentale 239 Cismontane Area 11 Citation of Specimens 7 Clotbur, Spiny 124 Cnicus Californicus _ Drummondii var. acaulescens edulis Hallii _ occidentalis _ _... Cocklebur Coinogyne carnosa _ „ Coleosanthus atractyloides Californicus desertorum incanus frutescens Knappianus linifolius _ Nevinii venulosus Collections examined _ Colorado Rubber Plant Compositae denned 4, Coniothele Californica Conyza Coulteri Coreopsis Bigelovii calliopsidea Douglasii ..1 gigantea maritima Corethrogyne 69, cana filaginifolia 69, var. Bernardina var. glomerata var. latifolia var. linifolia var. Pacifica v var. rigida 71, var. robusta var. virgata incana var rigida virgata var. Bernardina Cotula australis coronopifolia Cotton-batting Plant Crepis acuminata 281, biennis occidentalis var. suoacaulis subacaulis virens „ Crinitaria viscidiflora Cryptopleura Californica 278, Cudweed Lowland Purple PAGE 240 238 238 237 238 239 . 124 161 29 32 33 30 31 33 30 31 29 5 205 12 2 06-. 94 94 139> 141 141 140 142 67 65 70 71 72 70 71 73 73 72 71 72 72 71 71 213 213 214 114 280 10 281 282 282 282 281 58 279 111 112 111 290 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 PAGE Cynara 242 Cardunculus 242 Scolymus 1 242 Cynareae 24, 236 Daisy, Seaside 88 Water 143 Dandelion - 272 Deinandra fasciculata 152 Heermanni -- 154 simplex - 152 virgata - 153 Wrightii 152 Desert Area 11 Devil-weed, Mexican 84 Dichaeta tenella 174 uliffinosa 172 Dicoria 117 canescens 117 Dieteria gracilis 50 Diplopappus ericoides 54 linearis 89 scaber 42 Diplostephium canum 65 Distasis concinna 89 Dysodia 208 Cooperi 208, 11 porophylloides 208 El Caparossa 201 Encelia 133 Actoni 135 Californica 133, 10, 134 canescens 136 eriocephala 136 farinosa 136, 134, 135 frutescens 134, 135 f. Actoni 135 f. ovata 135 f. radiata 135 f. Virginensis 135 Virginensis 135 viscida 137 Eremiastrum bellioides 75 var. Orcuttii 75 Orcuttii 75 Ericameria 51 arborescens 55 brachylepis 56 Cooperi 56 cuneata var. spathulata 52 ericoides 54, 10 laricifolia 53 microphylla 54 monactis 53, 11, 51 Palmeri 53 Parishii 55 pinifolia 54, 10, 51 Erigeron 87 Andersonii 83 aphanactis 89 PAGE Blochmanae 91 Breweri 90 camphoratus 101 Canadensis 93 compositus 90 var. discoideus 90, 9 concinnus 89 var. aphanactis 89 divergens 92 filifolius 89 foliosus 91, 89 var. Blochmanae 91 var. stenophyllus 91 var. tenuissimus 91 fragilis 91 glaucus 88 incomptus 92 Jacinteus 86, 87 linearis 89 linifolius 93 Nuttallii 91 Parishii 88 Philadelphicus 92 sanctarum 90 stenophyllus 91 striatus 92 tenuissimus 91 Eriocarpum aracile 50 junceum 50 Eriophyllum 180 ambiguum 182, 183 cacspitosum 187 confertiflorum 185 var. discoideum 186 var. latum 186 var. laxiflorum 186 var. trifidum 185 Heermanni 184 lanatum 187 var. obovatum 186, 10 lanosum 181 multicaule 180 Nevinii 185, 10 obovatum 186 paleaceum 182, 183 Pringlei 181 staechadifolium 184 Wallacei 182 Eupatorieae 14, 27 Eupatorium glandulosum 34 Pasadenense 34 saggittatum 34 Eupatory Tribe 14, 27 Euthamia occidentalis 47 Evax 106 caulescens var. sparsiflora 106 multicaulis 106 sparsiflora 106 1907] Hall. — Compositor of Southern California. 291 PAGE Everlasting Ill California 113 Pink 114 Small-headed _ 114 Everlasting Tribe 100, 17 Filago 107 Arizonica 108 Californica 107 depressa 108 Fleabane 87 Salt-marsh 101 Franseria 120 acanthicarpa 121 ambrosioides 123 bipinnatifida 121, 122 camphorata 122 Chamissonis 121 var. bipinnatisecta 121 chenopodiifolia 122 dumosa 122, 11 eriocentra 123 Hookeriana 121 ilicifolia 123 pumila 119 tenuifolia 120 Gaertneria acanthicarpa 121 bipinnatifida 121 Chamissonis 121 dumosa 122 eriocentra 123 ilicifolia 123 tenuifolia 120 Galinsoga 126 parviflora 126 Garhadiolus Hedypnois 253 Geographic distribution 9 Glyptopleura 271 marginata 271 setulosa 271 Gnaphalium Ill bicolor 112, 115 Calif ornicum ! 113 Chilense 114, var. confertifolium 115 decurrens 113 var. Californicum 113 dimorphum 109 leucocephalum 113 microcephalum 114, 115 palustre 112 purpureum Ill ramosissimum 114 Sprengelii 114 Wrightii 115 Gnaphalodes Californica 102 Goldenrod 45 Coast 45 Common 46 Western ... . 47 PAGE Gold Fields 169, 168 Gosmore 254 Grindelia 37 camporum cuneifolia * 38 latifolia 37 robusta 38 Groundsel Common 236 Groundsel Tribe ... 24, 221 Guatemote 99 Gum Plant : 37, 38 Gutierrezia bracteata 36 Californica 35 var. bracteata 36 divergens 35 Euthamiae 35 var. microcephala lucida 35 Sarothrae 35 Gymnolomia multiflora ... 145 Haplopappus 49, 51 apargioides 50 ericoid.es 54 gossypinus 49, 50, 10 gracilis 50 interior 48 junceus 50 lanceolatus 50 linearifolius 48 var. interior 48 monactis 53 Palmeri 53 pinifolius 54 sphaerocephalus 41 spinulosus 50 squarrosus 65 tortifolius 7? Harpaecarpus exiguus 147 minimus 148 parvulus 148 Hartmannia corymbosa 151 fasciculata 152 pungens 154 Hawksbeard, Gray 282 Rough 281 Smooth , - 281 Hawkweed 283 Hazardia 64 Berberidis 66 cana 65 detonsa 65 obtusa 66 Orcuttii 66 serrata 65 squarrosa 65, 66 Hedypnois Cretica 253 polymorpha 253 292 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 PAGE Heleniastrum Bigelovii 206 puberulum 205 rivulare 206 Helenieae 7, 161 Helenium 205 Bigelovii 206, 10 puberulum 205 Heliantheae 19, 125 Helianthus 129 annuus 130 Californicus 132 gracilentus 132, 134 Oliveri 131, 132 Parishii 131, 132 petiolaris 130 tephrodes 131 Hemizonella 147 Durandi 148 minima 148, 10 var. parvula 148 parvula 148 Hemizonia 148 Clementina 150 corymbosa 151 Durandi 148 fasciculata 152 var. ramosissima 153 Fitchii 155 floribunda 151 Heermanni 154 Kelloggii 152 luzulaefolia 155 minima 148 paniculata 151 Parryi 155 parvula 148 pungens 154 var Parryi 155 ramosissima * 153 Streetsii 150 tenella 153 virgata 153 Wheeleri 149, 10 Wrightii 152 Hesperevax sparsiflora 106 Heterotheca 41 grandiflora 42 floribunda 42 Lamarckii 42 scdbra 42 subaxillaris 42 Hieracium 283 albiflorum 283, 10 argutum 285 Brandegei 285 Breweri 283 Grinnellii 285 horridum 283 Parishii 284, 10 PAGE Hill-brush 216 Hofmeisteria 27 pluriseta 27 viscosa 28 Horseweed 93 Hudsonian Zone 9, 10 Hulsea 200 Californica 200 callicarpha 201 heterochroma 202 Parryi 200 vestita , 200 var. eallicarpha 201 var. pygmaea 201 Hymenoclea 118 monogyra 118 Salsola 118 Hymenopappus 177 filifolius 178 lugens 178 Wrightii 179 Hymenothrix Wrightii 179 Hymenoxys 203 biennis 204 canescens var. biennis 204 chrysanthemoides var. excurrens 204 Cooperi 203 floribunda var. utilis 205 latissima 204 Richardsonii 205 Hypochoeris 254 glabra 255 radicata 254 Incienso 136 Infantea Chilensis 187 Inula ericoides 86 scdbra 42 subaxillaris 42 Inuleae 17, 100 Inyonia dysodioides 224 Isocoma 62 acradenia 64 bracteosa 64 decumben* 62, 63 eremophila 64 latifolia 62, 63 leucanthemifolia 64 microdonta 62, 63 oxyphylla 64 sedoides 62, 63 veneta var. acradenia 64 var. vernonioides 62 vernonioides 62, 63 villosa 62, 63 Iva 116 axillaris 116 Hayesiana 116 Jaumea 161 carnosa .. .. 161 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 293 PAGE PAGE Kev to the genera 14 Life areas 11 Key to the tribes 13 Life zones 9 Eymapleura heterophylla 278 Linosyris arborescens 55 Lactuca 274 carnosa 83 Ludoviciana 274 ceruminosa 59 sativa 274 Parryi 61 Scariola 274 squarnata 221 var. integrata 274 var. Breweri 221 Lagophylla 155 teretifolia 57 ramosissima 156 Lizard Tail 184 peninsularis 166 Lower Sonoran Zone 9, 10 Lasthenia 167 Lygodesmia 275 awbigua '...-. 182 exigua 275 Coulteri 167 minor 256 glabrata 167 spinosa 275 var. Coulteri 167 Machaeranthera Pinosa 85, 6 Lavia 156 tanacetifolia 85 carnosa 158 tephrodes 86 elegans 158 Macrorhynchus angustifolius 276 glandulosa 157, 158, 159, 182 Chilense 277 var. heterotricha .157, 158 heterophyllus 278 var. rosea 157 retrorsus 276 graveolens 159 Madaria corymbosa var. hispida .... 147 heterotricha 157 elegans 146 hieracioides 159 Madaroglossa elegans 158 hispida 158 heterotricha 157 Jonesii 160 hieracioides 159 platyglossa 160 Madia 145 var. breviseta 160 dissitiflora 146 Leontodon lividus 272 elegans 146 Taraxacum 272 var. hispida 147 Lepidospartum 221 exigua 147 squamatum .221, 11 filipes 147 Leptilon Canadense 93 hispida 147 Leptoseris sonchoides 264 sativa 146 Leptosyne Bigelovii 141 tenella 149, 150 Calif ornica 140 Madia, Common 146 calliopsidea 141 Madieae 20, 145 Douglasii 140 Madorella dissitiflora 146 gigantea 142 Malacolepis Coulteri 263 insularis 139 Malacomeris incanus 267 maritima 142 Malacothrix 262 Mexicana 139 altissima 269 Newberryi 140 Calif ornica 264 pinnata 139 var. glabrata 264 Lessingia 66 Cleveland! 265, 266 albiflora 69 Coulteri 263 Germanorum ...69, 68 Fendleri 265 glandulifera ...68, 69 foliosa 266, 267 heterochroma 67 glabrata 264, 11 Lemmoni ...69, 68 implicata 269 ramulosa var. tenuis 68 incana 267 Lettuce 274 indecora 267 Prickly 274 obtusa 265, 266 Leucelene 86 parviflora 265, 266 ericoides 86 platyphylla 247 Leucosyris carnosa 84 saxatilis 268, 10 saxatilis 268 var. implicata 269 spinosa 84 var. tenuifolia 268 tenuifolia 268 sonchoides 264 294 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 squalida succulenta 267 Torreyi Malperia tenuis Matricaria discoidea matricarioides occidentalis Mayweed Mayweed Tribe 23 Melampodium perfoliatum Microbahia Lemmoni Micropus Californicus fflobiferus Mieroseris anomala aphantocarpha var. tenella breviseta cyclocarpha Douglasii elegans Lindleyi -TIZZZI var. Cleveland! 251 linearifolia 250 macrochaeta 250 niontana Parishii Parryi platycarpha var. Parishii proximo, Milfoil ".".""" Monolopia gracilens Seermanni lanceolata major var. lanceolata Monoptilon bellidiforme 74 bellioides yc Mugwort, California ... Mule Fat Mutisia Tribe ..25 Mutisieae 25 Nemoseris Californica Neo-Mexicana Nevadan Area Nicolletia occidentalis Oreastrum Andersonii Oreostemma Andersonii Orochaenactis thysanocarpha Osmadenia tenella Oxytenia PAGE . 266 268 . 265 . 28 . 28 . 212 . 212 . 212 . 213 . 211 210 144 . 144 . 177 . 102 102 . 105 . 247 . 250 248 . 249 249 249 248 251 252 251 251 252 . 249 251 249 249 249 211 175 176 184 176 176 176 74 75 11 218 99 245 245 261 261 11 207 207 83 83 200 153 117 - 117 209 Palafoxia linearis Pectis angustifolia var. subaristata Coulteri filipes linifolia var. marginalis . papposa punctata Pentachaeta aurea Lyoni Orcuttii paleacea Perezia microcephala 245 Perityle acmella Californica ig5 Emoryi var nuda var. Orcuttii Fitchii Greenei 166 leptoglossa microglossa 100, 101, plumigera rotundifolia Peucephyllum Schottii 224 Picrothamnus desertorum Pluchea borealis camphorata sericea Poli/pappus sericeus Porophyllum gracile 209, Poverty Weed Prenanthes exigua tenuifolia Psathyrotes annua incisa ramosissima Schottii " Psilactis Coulteri Psilocarphus globiferus tenellus Psilostrophe Cooperi Pterostephanus runcinatus Ptilomeris affinis anthemoides .. PAGE . 179 . 179 . 209 . 210 . 210 . 210 . 210 . 210 . 210 , 11 . 210 . 39 . 39 . 40 . 40 - 40 . 245 , 10 . 164 . 165 , 166 . 165 . 166 . 166 . 166 , 165 . 166 . 165 , 166 . 166 . 166 . 223 , 11 . 215 . 100 , 101 , 100 . 101 . 101 . 209 11 . 116 . 275 . 256 . 224 225 202 225 224 73 73 104 105 105 162 163 253" 174 174 1907] Hall. — Compositae of Southern California. 295 PAGE aristata 173 coronaria 173 mutica 173 tenella 174 Ptiloria cichoriacea 256 divaricata 257 exiffua 259 Parryi 256 pauciflora 257 pentachaeta 260 pleurocarpa 258 tenuifolia 256 tomentosa 259 virgata 258 Puffiopappus Bigelovii 141 Breweri 141 Pyrrocoma gossypina 49 Rabbit-brush 61 Rafinesquia -- 261 Californica 261 Neo-Mexicana 261 Ragweed 119 Western 119 Ragweed Tribe 18, 116 Raillardella 221 argentea 221, 9 Raillardia argentea 221 Rhagadiolus 252 Hedypnois 253 RiddelUa Cooperi 163 Rigiopappus - 187 leptocladus 188 Rosilla 205 Rubber Plant, Colorado 205 Sagebrush 219 Salsify 262 Sand Bur 122 Sclerocarpus exiguus 147 Scorzonella montana 252 Senecio 228 astephanus 229 Bernardinus 232 Blochmanae 233 Breweri 233 Californicus 235 Douglasii 233, 234 eurycephalus 233 ilicetorum 229 ionophyllus 231, 232 var. Bernarainus 232 var. sparsilobatus 232 Lyoni 234 Mohavensis 235 Monoensis 234 Parryi 236 serra var. integriuseula 230 var. sanctus 230 sparsilobatus 232 sylvaticus _ 235 PAGE triangularis 230 trigonophyllus 230 vulgaris 236, 235 Senecioneae 24, 221 Sericocarpus tortifolius 77 Silybuin - 242 Marianum 243 Simsia canescens 136 frutescens '. 134 Skevish 92 Snake's Head 263 Sneezeweed 205 Bigelow 206 Sneezeweed Tribe 7, 161 Solidago 45 Californica 46 confinis 45, 46 f. luxurians 46 limonifolia 45 occidentalis 47 Sarothrae 35 spathulata 45 Soliva 214 sessilis 214 Sonchus 272 asper 273 oleraceus 273 var. asper 273 tenerrimus 273 Sow-thistle 272 Common 273 Prickly 273 Spikeweed, Common 154 Fitch's 155 Stenotus 48 linearifolius 48, 49 var. interior 48 Stephanomeria 255 cichoriacea 256 coronaria 259 elata 260 exigua 259, 260 var. pentachaeta 260 lygodesmoides 257 minor 256 myrioclada 258 Parryi 256 pentachaeta 260 runcinata 257, 258 Schottii 260 tenuifolia 256 tomentosa 259 virgata 258 var. pleurocarpa 258 Stylocline 102 filaginea 104 gnaphalioides 103, 104, 105 micropoides 103 Stylopappus elatus 279 296 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 3 PAGE Sunflower 129 Sunflower, Common 130 Desert 136 Sunflower Family 12 Sunflower Tribe 19, 125 Syntrichopappus 176 Fremonti 177 Lemmoni 177 Taraxacum 272 Dens-leonis 272 lividum 272 officinale 272 var lividum 272 Taraxacum 272 Tarweed 148, 145 Chile 146 Tarweed Tribe 20, 145 Tessaria borealis .....100, 101 Tetradymia 226 canescens 226 comosa 228 glabrata 227 inermis 226 spinosa 227, 11 squamata 221 stenolepis 227 ramosissima 225 Tnistle 236 Milk 248 Star 243 Yellow Star 244 Thistle Tribe 24, 236 Tidy Tips 160 Tobacco-weed 247 Tocalote 244 Tragopogon 262 porrifolius 262 Transition Zone 9, 10 Trichoptilium 202 incisum 202 Trixis 245 angustifolia var. latiuscula :.. 245 suffruticosa 245 Troximon 275 Chilense 277 elatum 279 glaucum 276 PAGE heterophyllum 277, 278 var. Californicum 278, 280 f. crenulatum 279, 280 f. idiale 278, 279 f. turgidum 279, 280 f. cryptopleurum 278 f. kymapleurum 278 f. normale 277 plebeium 276 retrorsum 276 TucJcermannia maritima 142 Tumionella monactis 53 Upper Sonoran Zone 9, 10 Uropappus Clevelandi 251 Lindleyi 251 var. Clevelandi 251 linearifolius 250 Vegetable Oyster 262 Venegasia 162 carpesioides 162 Verbesina 137 australis 138 dissita 137 encelioides 138 var. exauriculata 138 microptera • 138 Viguiera 128 deltoidea var. Parishii 129 laciniata 128 Parishii 129 reticulata 129 Wormwood 215 Wyethia 127 coriacea 127 ovata 127 Xanthium 123 Canadeiise 124 orientate 124 spinosum 124 Xanthocephalum lucidum 35 Ximenesia australis 138 microptera 138 Xylorhiza Orcuttii 78 tortifolia 77 Yarrow, Common 211 Zonanthemis corymbosa 151 ADDENDUM. Artemisia Rothrockii Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 618 (1876). A low shrub, nearest to A. tridentata : herbage canescent with a close pubescence : leaves 1 to 2 cm. long, sometimes narrowly cuneate and obtusely 3-lobed at summit, usually spatulate- lance- olate or linear and entire, obtuse : heads glomerate-paniculate, 12 to 14-flowered: involucre larger than in A. tridentata and more globose, about 4 mm. high ; bracts ovate .or oval. San Bernardino Mts., at 2100 m. alt., with A. tridentata, Aug. 25, 1907, Vernon Bailey: eastern crest of the Sierra Nevadas from Olancha Peak to Mt. Dana. [297] PLATE 1. Aster Menziesii Lindl. 1 and 2. Flowering stems, showing the rigid leaves with broad sessile base and the arrangement of the heads. 3. Leaf -surface, showing the character of the pubescence. 4. An outer bract of the involucre. 5. An inner bract of the involucre. 6. A ray-flower. 7. The style-branches of a ray-flower. 8. A disk-flower. 9. The style-branches of a disk-flower. 10. Three stamens from a disk-flower. 11. A single pappus-bristle from a disk-flower. All the figures were drawn from the type specimen at Kew by Miss M. Smith under the direction of W. L. Jepson. [298] UNIV. CALIF. PUB. BOT. VOL.3. (HALL) PLATE 1. . ERS1TY OF ^4 LI Ft; PLATE 2. Aster Bernardinus Hall. 12. A flowering stem, showing the lax foliage and the arrangement of the heads. 13. A more loose inflorescence. 14. Leaf -surface, showing the character of the pubescence. 15. Two leaf -hairs. 16. An outer bract of the involucre. 17. An inner bract of the involucre. 18. A ray-flower. 19. The style-branches of a ray-flower. 20. A disk-flower. 21. The style-branches of a disk-flower. 22. Three stamens from a disk-flower. 23. A single pappus-bristle from a disk-flower. Figures 12 and 13 are reduced to one-half. The remaining figures are enlarged. All the figures were drawn by H. N. Bagley under the direction of H. M. Hall. [300] UNIV. CALIF. PUB. EOT. VOL.3. (HALL) PLATE 2. 18 PLATE 3. Aster delectabilis Hall. 24. An entire plant, showing the habit, the sheathing leaf-bases, and the solitary head. 25. An inflorescence of two heads, showing the arrangement of the bracts of the involucre. 26. A portion of a leaf, showing the margins and venation. 27. A portion of the upper part of the stem, showing the character of the pubescence. 28. An outer bract of the involucre. 29. An inner bract of the involucre. 30. A ray-flower. 31. The style-branches of a ray-flower. 32. A disk-flower. 33. The style-branches of a disk-flower. 34. Three stamens from a disk-flower. 35. A single pappus-bristle from a disk-flower. Figures 24 and 25 are reduced to one-half. The remaining figures are enlarged. All the figures were drawn by H. N. Bagley under the direction of H. M. Hall. [302] UNIV. CALIF. PUB. EOT. VOL.3. (HALL) PLATE 3. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF H.M. HALL.1907. 8 10 20 SCALE OF MILES 30 40 50 «0 70 KILOMETERS O 10 10 30 +0 SO to 70 to y [1 « k-irrr ...~-.-.— — T- I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PU BLICATION S-(CONTI N U ED) AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. (Octavo). Vol.1. 1903-1904. 378 pp., with 30 plates Price, $4.25 Vol.2. 1904-1907. 392 pp., with 21 plates and map. . . Price, 3.50 Vol. 3. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pages 344, June, 1905 Price, 3.50 Vol.4. 1906-1907. 356 pp., with 10 plates Price, 3.50 Vol. 5. No. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language: Part I, The Indi- vidual Sounds, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pages 20, Plates 8, March, 1907. Price, .35 No. 2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs with Texts and Trans- lations, by Washington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pages 43, September, 1907. Price, .75 Vol. 6. No. 1 . The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo Indians, by S. A. Barrett (in press). Vol. 7. No. 1. The Emeryville Shellmound, by Max Uhle. 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