Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Report of the First Regional Workshop held at the Jameson Hotel, Harare, Zimbabwe 9-11 July 1996 WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE The World Conservation Monitoring Centre, provides information services on the conservation and sustainable use of species and ecosystems and supports others in the development of their own information systems. Contents Page No Introduction 1 Presentations 3 Working Groups 25 Closing Remarks 2 ANNEXES Annex 1 Resolution 29 Annex 2 Agenda 31 Annex 3 Participants 33 Annex 4 Tree Conservation Information Service - discussion paper 35 Annex 5 Guidelines for the application of the 1994 IUCN red list categories to trees 47 Annex 6 Revised Document 3 incorporating information based on discussions during Workshop 59 Annex 7 Additional exploited tree species for conservation evaluation in Uganda 97 Introduction This Workshop was convened by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) as part of the joint WCMC and IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) project entitled the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, funded by the Government of the Netherlands. The Workshop had three objectives: e to review existing information on the conservation status of African tree species and to collect additional information on species of conservation concern; e to advise on the development of a Tree Conservation Information Service appropriate for national, regional and international needs; e to plan for the establishment of an SSC African Tree Specialist Group. The Workshop Agenda is given in Annex 2 to this report and the participants list is provided in Annex 3. The Workshop was chaired by Sara Oldfield who welcomed participants on behalf of WCMC and SSC and thanked them for their input to the project over the past six months. She pointed out that good progress had been in the collection and exchange of information on the conservation status of African trees and that the Workshop provided an excellent opportunity to take this process successfully forward and plan future collaborative activities. Sara Oldfield informed participants that the Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe had communicated that they welcome the Workshop because it addresses very pertinent forestry issues. The National Botanic Garden and Herbarium of Zimbabwe had generously offered the use of their facilities to Workshop participants during their stay in Harare. Four background documents were introduced to aid discussions during the Workshop: Document 1 Tree Conservation Information Service - data management issues. Document 2 Guidelines for the application of the 1994 IUCN red list categories to trees. This addresses some of the problems raised at the project’s Technical Workshop held in Wageningen and is designed to be read in conjunction with the JUCN Red List Categories booklet. Document 3 A preliminary list of globally threatened trees of Africa. Document 4 Draft species conservation profiles of widespread heavily utilised tree species for evaluation of conservation status. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/conservationsust96repo Presentations 1 Introduction to the Project - Sara Oldfield The Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project is a three-year project funded by the Government of the Netherlands. WCMC and SSC are the main collaborators, and we are working with a wide range of other national, regional and international organisations. The goal of the project is to provide a reliable and up-to-date information service on the distribution, conservation status, local uses and economic values of tree species worldwide, in order to assist countries in the planning of sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation, through appropriate international or intergovernmental processes. This is clearly an ambitious goal but should be fully achievable given the existing strengths of WCMC and SSC. To ensure that the project is a success it will be necessary to continue working effectively with a wide network of experts. At an international level, collaboration has been established with FAO and IPGRI. Collaboration with IPGRI will be discussed further by Dr Abdou-Salam Ouédraogo in a presentation to the Workshop. Conservation data at WCMC is gathered from a wide variety of sources, it is managed and maintained in a series of databases and made available to Governmental, Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental users worldwide. Databases maintained at WCMC include: The Animals database which is used to compile the UCN Red List of Threatened Animals in collaboration with SSC. The WCMC CITES Trade Database, maintained on behalf of the CITES Secretariat The Biodiversity Map Library, a geographical interface which allows rapid access to a wide range of mapped information on the world’s biodiversity. Global coverage of tropical moist forests is, for example, maintained and the collection of data on tropical dry forests is a current priority. The integration of species distribution data is being developed with a particular focus on trees. The Protected Areas Database which has over 37,000 records and nearly 5000 individual site sheets. The WCMC Plants Database which currently records information on the distribution and status of over 100,000 plants; 30,000 of which are globally threatened. Information stored in the WCMC Plants Database is the starting point for information collection in the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. There are currently records of about 15,000 tree species; about half of which have been added or annotated as trees since the start of the project. The procedure adopted is to review this data, checking taxonomy and distributions of the existing tree species records, and adding further endemic species records on a country or generic basis, following expert advice or literature review. More detailed information is then collected on threatened tree species, using a standard data collection form, as described by Sam Kanyamibwa, and the new IUCN categories of threat are applied. Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop The proposed outputs of the project by the end of 1997 are: A world list of Threatened trees using the new IUCN threat categories A report on the sustainability of tree utilisation A world tree database made available to users in electronic format On-line access to tree conservation information service Development of an SSC tree network These products are being developed in collaboration with SSC’s network of experts worldwide. The mission of the SSC is to conserve biological diversity by developing and executing programs to save, restore and manage wisely species and their habitats. The existing SSC Groups for trees are the Temperate Broadleaved Trees Specialist Group and the Conifer Specialist Group. One of the aims of this project is to develop further SSC Tree Specialist Groups. The Conifer Specialist Group has evaluated the conservation status of all conifers and filled in standard data collection forms as a contribution to the project. The Temperate Broadleaved Trees Group has adopted a generic approach. At a meeting earlier this year experts were identified to work on the various genera. The project has funded two issues of the Group’s newsletter and the mapping of threatened species of Magnolia, Betula and Quercus. For African trees we have been working with experts in 16 African countries, some of which have been able to join us at the Workshop. Document 3 provides a working list of African tree species which are of global conservation concern, derived from the WCMC Plants Database. Species which have been evaluated using the new IUCN categories of threat as part of the current project are indicated on this list. Standard data collection forms have been, or are in the process of being, annotated by experts for trees of Céte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda. National projects to mirror the aims of the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project are being developed in Kenya and Uganda. Discussion It was agreed that more discussion was needed on the preliminary list of globally threatened trees of Africa, prepared as a draft for the Workshop. The definition of "tree" was also discussed. A strict definition has not been adopted for the purposes of this project. Information collected on woody species which are not included in the final project outputs can be made available to other groups. 2 Tree Conservation Information Service - Sam Kanyamibwa Sam Kanyamibwa presented Document 1 Tree Conservation Information Service, which is provided in full as Annex 4 to this report. General principles of data management covered in the presentation included the use of standards to facilitate data compatibility and exchange; data quality; data custodianship and collaboration. The importance of people’s contributions to the project in terms of expertise and information was highlighted. Presentations The steps taken so far in the design and development of the Tree Conservation Information Service were described focusing on the user needs survey, consultation with key organisations and use of the standard data collection form. Sam Kanyamibwa explained that a prototype database had been developed based on the standard data collection form and that this was available for review at the meeting. Discussion The design of the standard data collection form was discussed and various revisions to this suggested to enhance ease of use. The different sources of information, for example, herbarium specimens, field observations were discussed in relation to data quality and the need to specify data sources. The value of the different types of information on species, their habitats, ecology, utilisation and conservation status were discussed and the need to share information between different potential users including those involved in tree exploitation and conservation. The value of local information was recognised and the need to link local and national datasets with a global overview database on trees, as being developed through this current project. 3 IUCN Red List Categories and Guidelines - Charlotte Jenkins Charlotte Jenkins presented Document 2 Guidelines for the application of the 1994 IUCN red list categories to trees, which is provided as Annex 5 to this report. In her presentation Charlotte drew attention to the following points and discussed the new IUCN threat categories in the context of tree species. IUCN threat categories serve as standards to indicate how concerned we should be about the status of a species. The old categories have been used by IUCN for over 30 years. The new categories, adopted in 1994 and described in the JUCN Red List Categories given to Workshop Participants, indicate specific criteria which must be fulfilled and applied to global population of a species. When designing the new system the main objectives were to: have a system that was repeatable, in other words different people would get the same result if given the same data, to improve objectivity by provide clear guidance, to facilitate comparisons of taxa across different kingdoms, and to give people a better understanding of how individual species were classified. The new categories of threat are Extinct, Extinct in the wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable. There are other categories which may be applied but do not indicate that the species is threatened. These are Lower Risk which is subdivided into Conservation Dependent, Near Threatened and Least Concern. This last category is equivalent to the old "not threatened". There are also categories, Not Evaluated and Data Deficient. Inclinations to add species to Data Deficient are often strong. It is more useful, however, to employ available data to its full and apply a category of threat wherever appropriate. It is recognised that precise information on the status of rare species is, in itself, scarce. It is stressed that although the criteria are quantitative and well-defined a large degree of projection and assumption will be required in order to establish appropriate species as Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop threatened. The IUCN pamphlet on the Red List Categories reads "In cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through, for example, deterioration of its only known habitat, it is important to attempt threatened listing, even though there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself." As people attempt to assign categories to tree species the paucity of necessary data becomes very evident. Different appliers will inevitably perceive varying amounts of flexibility in the interpretation of criteria and the definitions involved. The guidelines presented have been prepared from the comments and questions which have arisen. They are intended to help equate the different evaluations of tree species around the world and to highlight various aspects of the application process particularly pertinent to trees. In order to assign a species to a threat category one of five criteria needs to apply. The criteria are the same for each category except that they differ in degree. For instance, Criterion A applies to species which have experienced or which will experience a considerable reduction in population numbers, habitat or range. To apply a category of Critically Endangered the reduction should be in the form of an 80 per cent population loss over the last 10 years or 3 generations. For Endangered the reduction should be 50 per cent and for Vulnerable it needs to be 20 per cent. The other four criteria differ similarly over the different categories. It is extremely important to emphasize the role of the criteria in the new system. Categories indicate the severity of threat but it is the criteria that give some sense of why the species is threatened. It is the criterion assigned that will enable people to see whether it is exploitation or its localisation that has caused the listing of a species as threatened. To illustrate this it is worth outlining each criterion and how they apply to species with different biologies and different threats. Criterion A is useful to assess species which are widespread and not generally rare but which have experienced serious declines in their numbers, distribution or the habitat to which they are confined. This is the only criterion which does not require some degree of rarity in the species. With regards to trees, here, it should be clear that precise estimations of generation time and population declines are not essential. Three generations in non-pioneer trees always exceed 10 years. In some cases they total more than 300 years. It is, however, declines influenced by human activities which are most important to consider. It is often appropriate to give general estimates of population or habitat declines in the last century for most tree species. Criterion B applies to species which are restricted in range. It is not often that information on tree species localities is sufficiently plentiful to measure the "area of occupancy" of a species. Frequently, however, tree species range or habitat, excluding discontinuities, can be estimated to cover less than 20,000km? or two degree squares. This will be a common way to assign a category of threat to tropical tree species where information on the precise species location and population numbers are poorly known but the habitat to which species are specific is rare and restricted and probably has declined or been degraded over the past century. Presentations Criterion C applies to species with low population numbers. The operative word in the description of this criterion is "mature individuals". Estimates of population should only include individuals which are effective at reproduction. They should, therefore, not include parts of the population where for instance individuals are so isolated that they are incapable of reproducing sexually, or where populations are not regenerating or where the dominance of one sex results in parts of the population becoming ineffectual in terms of reproduction. Individuals which are not fully mature should also not be counted. Estimates of population numbers in a canopy species should include only individuals which are of canopy height. This criterion often works best for the severely threatened species where population estimates are possible. Criterion D is the only criterion which does not imply a decline in the species population. Numbers or populations need only be small or confined to one or a few localities. This is where trees "only known from the type locality" belong or those confined to areas such as mountain tops. In many cases these species are not threatened so it is of great importance that they can be discerned from threatened species by the allocation of the D criterion. Criterion E can only be assigned when quantitative analysis has been carried out. To conclude, the new process of applying threat categories to species is not a simple one but it is an informative one. Specific criteria, which at first encounter appear to be highly quantitative and well-defined, must be fulfilled in order to assign a category of threat. The criteria, however, can be applied in multiple ways in order to deal with the many instances where good data are lacking. It is important to recognise the criteria may be useful in illustrating different types of threat. The new system may now distinguish species threatened by exploitation from those which are relatively safe but confined to one locality. 4 Application of the new IUCN threat categories to tree species of Mozambique - Salomao Bandeira As a contribution to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project, the standard data collection forms were filled in for 42 tree species of Mozambique, with the new IUCN categories of threat applied in each case. An overview of the botanical situation in Mozambique was presented as an introduction to this task and the results of the species conservation status evaluation given. In Mozambique there is currently minimal concern for the conservation of flora. Some areas are conserved as National Parks and reserves, but the focus has been on the conservation of fauna. There are an estimated 5,500 plant species in Mozambique. Many localities within the country have not been collected. Mozambique has three main phytogeographic regions according to White’s classification, with approximately 80 per cent falling within the Zambezian Regional Centre of Endemism. Within the country there are seven broad vegetation types, the largest of which is miombo followed by mopane woodland and coastal mosaic. Woody vegetation covers 71 per cent of Mozambique; 49.2 per cent of the vegetation is mixed forest, 21.7 per cent grassland, 0.6 per cent mangroves and 0.1 per cent artificial forest. Important forest products include five key species for roundwood production: Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Afzelia cuanzensis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Millettia stuhlmannii, Dalbergia melanoxylon and Spirostachys spinosa. In comparing the new IUCN categories with the previous system it is clear that the old categories were highly subjective whereas the new categories use quantative criteria. The category DD (Data Deficient) is very well defined compared to old version of using Indeterminate and Insufficiently Known. Concerns over the new categories of threat system are that "not threatened" and "out of danger" have not been replaced, therefore is seems that every species could be near to threat, and "Rare" is no longer available as a category. Examples of species which are evaluated according to the new threat categorisation system are Raphia australis - Critically Endangered, a species distributed in few parts of Mozambique, and close to Maputo occurring only at Bobole Special Reserve (about 100 individuals); and Warburgia salutaris Enangered, a species heavily used for medicine (bark) and charcoal. Over half the species have been evaluated as Data Deficient. Problems encountered in applying the new IUCN categories of threat can be summarised as: e deficiency in current data - there are many remote areas in Mozambique that have not been collected e ack of taxonomic expertise within the country insufficient ecological and ethnobotanical information lack of resources for current literature and manpower Discussion The sources of data for assessing the conservation status of trees in Mozambique were discussed. Saloméo pointed out that he had based his conservation assessments both on field knowledge and herbarium specimens. This is noted on the standard data collection forms. The use of remote sensing was discussed and it was agreed that this had limited value in assessing the conservation status of individual tree species. The need for more fieldwork was emphasised. The application of the new threat categories to "rare" species was also discussed and the difference between species rarity and threat status. 5 Application of the new IUCN threat categories to threatened trees of Eastern Tanzania - Phil Clarke Phil Clarke reported on application of the threat categories undertaken for the project at the University of York, led by Dr Jon Lovett. A full paper on this work will be presented at the XVth AETFAT Congress. Presentations Abstract Restricted range tree taxa in eastern Tanzania are concentrated in the forests of the Eastern Arc and Coastal forests, and in the arid Eastern Arc rain shadow. Habitat loss, rather than over exploitation, is the main threat to taxa in eastern Tanzania and so provides the basis of defining IUCN threat categories for individual taxa. However, in compiling a list of threatened forest trees and assigning IUCN categories to them, a number of problems were encountered. Variables that required clarification included size, taxonomic rank, habit and distribution pattern. In this study we divide a list of restricted range tree taxa into three height classes according to the tallest record of the tree: <10 m tall, 10-20 m tall and >20 m. Four levels of taxonomic rank were recognised: genus, species, subspecies and variety. Two growth habits were recognised: shrubby tree and tree. Four patterns of restricted range distribution were used: restricted to a few specific localities in Tanzania and one other country; a widely disjunct population of a taxon occurring elsewhere. The results are discussed in relation to conservation priorities for sustainable management of trees in eastern Tanzania. Application of threat categories Positive aspects of applying the new categories are that they highlight the degree of threat and also being required to list the criteria by which the categories are applied is useful. It would, however, be more useful to find a way to make the criteria more descriptive rather than recording letter codes. For example, for forest fragment species, it could be useful to record "single-location, declining". The new categories can be used for species that are targeted for exploitation or for non- selective reduction. For relatively widespread targeted species there is likely to be a smooth population decline. For restricted range species which are threatened by habitat destruction it is more likely that species will "jump" categories as habitat is lost. There has been relatively little change in extent of area of Tanzanian Forest Reserves over the past 90 years. As soon as some locations are lost however, species restricted to them can immediately move into the Endangered category. Species can go directly from Near-threatened to endangered, for example, a species with an area of occupancy of less than 500km? (Endangered B), severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than n locations and a continuing decline projected in the extent of occurrence (Endangered B.2.(a)), area of occupancy (Endangered B.2.(b)) area, extent and quality of habitat (Endangered B.2.(c)) numbers of locations or subpopulations (Endangered B.2.(d)) and number of mature individuals (Endangered B.2.(e)) If n >5 but < 10 Near threatened, but.... as soon as n < <5 then Endangered without progressing via Vulnerable Some species can go directly from Vulnerable to Critically Endangered, for example, a species with a population that is very small or restricted in the form of an acute restriction in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100km/7) or in the number of locations (typically less than 5) (Vulnerable D.2.). Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop If that species is formerly known from two sites and then is known from just one site, then it becomes Critically Endangered. If its area of occupancy falls to less then 10km‘’, then it becomes Critically Endangered. The category Conservation Dependent can be difficult to interpret and to apply to tree species in Forest Reserves. The Rondo plateau, for example, has possibly 50 endemics in an area of 50Km?. Some species are Vulnerable and not declining at present because of conservation activities, but if these were removed the species might become Critically Endangered. Such species are Conservation Dependent as per the definition: "In cases where it is only conservation action that prevents the taxon from meeting the threatened criteria, the designation of Conservation Dependent is appropriate". However the following should be noted: e for many species that would be classified as Vulnerable since their population is very small or restricted in the form of an acute restriction in their area of occupancy (typically less than 100km’) or in the number of locations (typically less than 5) [Vulnerable D.2.] the removal of existing conservation initiatives would immediately shift their classification to Critically Endangered due to a reduction of at least 80 per cent, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat [Critically Endangered A.2.(c)]. e Such species may then appear to be of low conservation priority but would immediately become a very high conservation priority if existing conservation — measures are removed. Another difficulty in application of the categories is the concept of location and how this should be defined. Taking the definition A geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single event will soon affect all individuals of the taxon present’, should this represent: A contiguous block of forest? A forest reserve? A mountain? A mountain chain? An example was given of two close locations cited as two different ones, but which are almost linked, and could then be considered one location. The two locations have different species. The area described consists of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves. Discussion The conservation status of the forest fragments was discussed in relation to land use policy and practice in Tanzania. Phil Clarke pointed out that land shortage is not a problem in Tanzania but the fact that forest clearance is relatively easy does put pressure on the reserves. In general only a few species are targeted for pitsawing within Tanzanian forest Presentations reserves. There is some harvest of small trees for use as poles in areas close to cities but this pressure is not specific to particular species. Abdou-Salam Ouédraogo emphasised the need to look at different level of forest conservation focusing on ecosystem conservation, in which case individual species might be lost, and also species, population and genotype conservation. IPGRI’s work at an intra- specific level is fully complementary with the species focus of the current project. 6 Conservation status of Nigerian trees: application of IUCN threat categories - Jonathan Okafor Nigeria has a wide diversity of habitats represented by the diverse vegetation zones which range from the coastal swamps to arid areas. The wide range of habitats is also associated with great species richness. However, these habitats, together with their consistent species are subjected to severe modifications or outright destruction in all segments of the ecological range in the country. One major factor of global concern and interest, which affects the conservation status of Nigerian trees is deforestation; described as the temporary or permanent removal of forest cover for agricultural or other purposes. The rate of forest destruction in Nigeria has been great over the past three decades. Ola-Adams and Lyamabo (1977) estimated that about 26,000 ha were destroyed annually in the forest zone along, during conversion of natural forests to artificial plantations and other forms of land development. Recent estimates are that over 90 per cent of the natural vegetation has already been cleared in Nigeria (WWF, 1989), and up to 350,000 ha of forest and natural vegetation are still being lost annually over the whole country (Nest, 1991). Okafor (1993) has suggested that the factors which have contributed to such alarming rate of forest loss include: a) intensification of cultivation, employing extensive shifting cultivation system, usually described as slash and burn agriculture b) uncontrolled burning of natural vegetation c) lumbering and over-exploitation of forest and tree resources, involving extensive damage to vegetation and modification of habitats d) poorly planned and poorly implemented urban, industrial and infrastructure development, often destroying trees of ethnobotanical importance in villages. e) rapid population growth averaging 3.1 per cent annually, resulting in stretching the natural resources beyond their expected carrying capacities. 11 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Factors affecting conservation status of trees in Nigeria a) b) C) d) e) g) Deforestation: This is the single most important factor affecting conservation of trees. Deforestation is now resulting in substantial loss of plant/tree diversity of indigenous germplasm in Nigeria. Ola~-Adams (1975) had suggested that there is real possibility of extinction of many Nigerian trees through over exploitation. The estimate in this regard is that up to 484 plant species in 112 families of the 4,600 plant species in the country are endangered (Abile et al. 1981). Endemism: About 205 of the 484 species mentioned above are said to be endemic species and their loss will therefore mean extinction from the earth. The factor of endemism is unarguably an important consideration. However, species with widespread distribution which are intensively and/or destructively collected or harvested such as Irvingia gabonensis and are also endangered or vulnerable: fruits of I. gabonensis are intensively collected and cracked to produce Agboro kernels. Over-utilisation or exploitation: Widespread species of high cash income are prone to danger of future extermination, except if consciously conserved for example Dennettia tripetala, Maesobotrya spp. and Chrysophyllum albidum. Destructive methods of harvesting can also be considered here (for example, cracking of fruits). Recalcitrant species: Seeds of many forest trees often lose viability early and therefore fruit to germinate or regenerate in the wild. This factor is also linked with over- exploitation in which the fruits are not given the chance of germinating in the wild. Chrysophyllum albidum is an example. Under-utilised tree crops: These include species which are generally neglected and are fast disappearing in various parts of their distribution range. Danger of fruit fall may also be a deterrent for conservation for example Treculia africana. Such tree crops are therefore conservation dependent for example Pentaclethra macrophylla and Dacryodes edulis. Uneconomic timber species concept: Forest management practices had for long placed emphasis on economic timber species with the result that useful uneconomic or non- timber forest species are usually felled or ’poisoned’ during silvicultural operations under the Tropical Shelterwood System (TSS). Lack of adequate policy measures: This results in the continued neglect of indigenous trees in research, development utilisation and conservation with preference and higher priority placed on exotics. This, therefore, results in exotics replacing the indigenous, unjustifiably in many cases. The vast distribution of Eucalyptus can affect the Miombo woodland species in Zimbabwe. Comments on the application of IUCN Red List categories The introduction and factors affecting conservation status of Nigerian trees, presented above, provide a useful background for this section. Furthermore, the document titled "IUCN Red 12 Presentations List Categories’ prepared by IUCN/SSC especially the Preamble definitions, specific categories and the criteria for CR, EN and VU represents an authoritative and explicit text that should be carefully studied and followed in the application of the IUCN threat categories to taxa in any country. An attempt to fill standard data collection forms for about 34 Nigerian tree species was undertaken as a contribution to the project. As already discussed by other speakers, detailed information and data are necessary for each of the three sections (nomenclature and occurrence; conservation status, and uses and ecology) to be filled. From the selection of the 34 species, it was clear that most of them are either rare with localised distribution in Southeastern Nigeria or are insufficiently known. The categories of DD and NE are therefore widely applicable to them, requiring a field appraisal for the species before they can be assigned threat categories. Other observations on filling in the forms: e The cultural observance of trees as sacred/religious trees should be listed under Uses and Ecology, and this is covered by ’social’ use. e Indications of destructive methods of harvesting, for example, uprooting and large scale seed collection and cracking, where applicable, may also be included to evaluate threat even in species which do not appear to be presently threatened. e Information on species associations, light tolerance and frequency of occurrence requires field studies. e Ethnobotanical studies are also essential to obtain valuable information on uses and ecology. e Herbarium notes can provide useful information on species uses and ecology. In all, the difficulty of assigning an appropriate threat category to a taxon relates more to lack or insufficient data rather than difficulty of definition or classification of the categories themselves. Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Priority list of under-utilised and/or fast disappearing (threatened) trees in the Nigerian flora The following species require conservation action (in situ, ex situ), because they are progressively threatened due to over-exploitation, habitat modifications and general neglect in research and development. Forest Zone Savanna zone Beilschemeidia mannii Adansonia digitata Blighia unijugata Afzelia africana Chrysophyllum albidum Balanites aegyptiaca Dacryodes edulis Borassus aethiopum Cola accuminata Detarium microcarpium Cola lepidota Ceiba pentandra Cola pachycarpa Parkia biglobosa Garcinia kola Irvingia smithii Garcinia mannii Prosopis africana Irvingia gabonensis Tamarindus indica Monodora myristica Pentaclethra macrophylla Phoenix reclinata Treculia africana Vitellaria paradoxa Synsepalum dulcificum Xylopia spp. Myrianthus arboreus Spondias mombin The above species are of national importance for ecological, socio-economic and cultural reasons. The propagation techniques and infra-specific delimitations to enhance their conservation should be studied and adopted. Discussion The importance of regeneration studies and plantation development were considered and it was noted that many valuable exploited species are not within plantations. A general point of discussion was the use of information collected on the conservation status of species. It was suggested that information on management requirements should also be assembled so that practical measures could be taken to enhance the survival of the species. The role of farmers and cultural practices in conservation of tree species was also emphasised. It was agreed that an overview project of this nature could not provide fully detailed information on all tree species but that it could pull together existing information and help set priorities. 7 Tree species conservation status in Uganda - Anthony Katende Uganda has an area of 236,578 km’; 28 per cent of the land surface is cultivated, 21 per cent is pasture and 25 per cent is forest/woodland. The population of Uganda (1989 data) is 17,008,000, of which 81 per cent is rural. 14 Presentations The biogeographic affinities of the country are predominantly Lake Victoria Mosaic with Sudanian in the north, Somalia Masai in the extreme north-east, Guinea-Congolean in the south-west and Afromontane in the mountains. The vegetation consists of grassland and cultivation lowland forest, Commiphora thickets and grasslands and montane forest, bamboo, heath and moorland. There are extensive wetland and floodplains. Uganda is a relatively small country with a rich diversity of species and habitats. Until the early 1970s, Uganda had a well organised and successful conservation effort. Since then, 15 years of political instability have taken a heavy toll on the country’s protected areas system and the flora and fauna therein. Large portions of forest reserves were encroached upon and timber logging and charcoal burning were done illegally. There are now encouraging signs that both conservation and security are improving. Tree species are protected in both forest and savanna reserves. The government of Uganda has a clear policy on protected forest reserves. For the last ten years all people who had encroached on forest reserves have been evicted. Six forest reserves of great concern have been declared National Parks. There are more than 5,000 species occurring in the country, but endemicity is low numbering about 30 species. The flora is extremely diverse for a small country, because of the number of biogeographic regions. Within this rich flora erosion of genetic resources is experienced. A list of trees which have been heavily exploited was presented for consideration. This is given in Annex 7 to this report. The Uganda Forest Department has carried out inventories of trees and shrubs in all the forest reserves. Checklists have been compiled and stored in their databases. The same department has studied the woody biomass throughout the country and the results are also stored in the databases. The Institute of Environment and Natural Resources of Makerere University has carried out studies of higher plant distribution in Uganda and is checklisting plant species and storing the information in the databases. WWF is sponsoring studies in ethnobotany of native plants and making checklists. The work of consolidating the knowledge and conservation status of tree species in Uganda is not complete. The forest reserves in western Uganda occur in an area known as the Albertine Rift of the western rift valley and are said to be within a refugium similar to that of the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa. More research work is needed. Researchers who have visited these areas recently have found new records of plant species. 8 IPGRI Forest Genetic Resources Programme - Abdou-Salam Ouédraogo Abdou-Salam Ouédraogo welcomed the opportunity to attend the meeting, emphasising that the work of IPGRI and WCMC is complementary and will have more impact if we work together and assist national programmes. The mission of IPGRI is to encourage, support and engage in activities to strengthen the conservation and use of plant genetic resources worldwide, with special emphasis on the needs of developing countries. To do this we are working in partnership with national and international programmes. Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop IPGRI has four objectives: to assist with assessing and meeting the needs of plant genetic resource conservation to promote international collaboration to develop and promote improved strategies and technologies for plant genetic resources, and integrated methods of conservation e to provide an information service on plant genetic resources The distinguishing features of forest genetic resources were outlined in the presentation highlighting the differences between forest genetic resource conservation and conservation of the crop genetic resources of crop species. Biological characteristics of forest plant species are recognised as being more diverse. In general there is a lack of information on genetic diversity of forest species and on how genetic diversity is distributed within forest ecosystems. When considering the conservation of forest genetic resources we have to look at a wide range of uses to fulfil different functions such as material and cultural needs. Forest genetic resources look beyond a single species through an ecosystem approach. However, because we are dealing with such a huge number of species, it is necessary to set priorities. This is why we are meeting here to select species using clear categories and criteria. Forests are one of the most valuable natural renewable resources and are increasingly vulnerable. Major threats to forests include: conversion for agriculture, urban development and fire. Conservation efforts must occur at national and international levels. In terms of sustainable management it is important to promote the wise use of harvesting and extraction. Information Service The information system currently in use for forest genetic resources is TREESOURCE which is being developed jointly by IPGRI, ICRAF, CIFOR and FAO. A central coordinating unit has been developed with data maintained at regional and national levels. Information on the particular location of different species is stored only at local level. Around 11,000 tree species are currently recorded in TREESOURCE. Functional links in data management are being developed with FAO and WCMC. The current priority is to enter data into the system. Genetic resource location and assessment Various projects are underway to locate genetic resource diversity focusing on selected species. Work has started in Thailand and, in India, methodology has been developed. Areas of forest have been identified for conservation. In situ conservation and sustainable use It is important to know where a species is located and what is important to conserve. Studies are in place to look at the impact of deforestation, fragmentation and selective logging and management practices, working collaboratively with CIFOR. Study sites are located in Malaysia, India and Thailand. 16 Presentations Ex situ conservation and sustainable use A project is currently underway on recalcitrant species, with 22 countries involved. Guidelines are being provided for germplasm movement and in vitro conservation techniques. The priorities for IPGRI’s work in forest genetic resource conservation are to: collect information and make accessible to partners, particularly in the countries assess needs and priorities at both national and regional level consolidate national/regional strategies develop methods and procedures that national programmes adopt 9 Management and sustainable use of tree species - Sara Oldfield One of the main outputs of the project is a report on the sustainability of uses of trees. The work undertaken so far on this topic has been carried out by Dr Adrian Newton, under contract to the Species Survival Commission. Adrian Newton was asked to: a) b) c) d) Examine the different definitions of sustainability including: sustainability in terms of maintaining the production of key products (for example, timber, medicine, fruits); maintaining the regenerative capacity, abundance and age structure of target species; sustainability in terms of the impacts on non-target species (broader impacts that uses have on biodiversity); sustainability in terms of maintaining essential ecological services; cultural and social impacts on local people; the institutional mechanisms in place to manage trees; sustainability in terms of the true economic viability of different utilisation practices. Examine the different types of uses that are made of trees, what part of the plant is collected, the reaction of the tree to harvesting, and the intrinsic likelihood of sustainability of such uses. The uses to be considered should include: ii) timber ii) non-timber products iii) indirect benefits Consider the relationship between sustainability and threat and genetic erosion and threat in relation to tree species, with specific reference to the new IUCN threat categories. Evaluate the options for developing simple indices of sustainability for potential inclusion in the World Tree Database. A draft report covering the above topics and concentrating on definitions of sustainability, was presented at the project’s Technical Workshop in Wageningen last December. Based on 17 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop discussions at the meeting and comments subsequently received from experts a second draft was produced in February this year and copies are available for review. Sustainability is clearly a complex issue and is currently subject to very active international debate particularly with a focus on forest management at the ecosystem level. In general there has been much less consideration of sustainability at a species level, for example, at the level of individual tree species which may or may not occur within a forest ecosystem. A notable exception has been the work of Charles Peters outlined in the publication Sustainable harvest of non-timber plant resources in tropical moist forest - an Ecological Primer. This describes six steps to sustainability based on 1) species selection; 2) forest inventory; 3) yield studies; 4) regeneration surveys; 5) harvest assessments and 6) harvest adjustments. Peters points out that species selection will be based largely on social and economic criteria. A third criterion that should also be considered is the overall potential of the resource to be managed on a sustained-yield basis. "Although the fact is frequently overlooked, some forest species are inherently better able to withstand the continual perturbations caused by resource extraction than others." It is this issue that we would particularly like to develop in the context of this particular project. Looking at the various definitions of sustainability as reviewed by Adrian Newton for the project, it is clear that all aspects of sustainability are relevant both at the ecosystem and species level and more consideration needs to be given to the latter. The study is now concentrating on tasks two, three, and four outlined above and Adrian Newton has asked for specific input from this Workshop. Discussions have also been held with Tony Cunningham, Co-Chair of the SSC Medicinal Plant Specialist Group on issues of sustainable use and threat status at the species level. The harmonised collection of data to help establish priorities for the conservation of tree species and other medicinal plants was discussed in this context and it is intended to develop these ideas further at the XVth AETFAT Congress. In his report Adrian Newton has noted that the impact of use of a tree will depend on the part of the species used and the method of harvesting. For each plant part used, the impact on growth and survival of the species can be considered. In general, for example, removal of exudates, flowers or fruit has minimal impact on growth and survival of the tree (although this needs some qualification, as for example, many fruits and seeds are needlessly harvested by felling the tree) the effect of the removal of the stem is likely to be far more detrimental to the individual tree, and would therefore have a much lower likelihood of being sustainable. The impact of use of different plant parts on the environment can also be considered. Again this is likely to be more marked when stems rather than any other plant part are harvested, with the possible exception of roots. Harvesting of tree stems (trunks) usually results in soil compaction during harvesting, which may increase run-off and surface erosion. Impact of use on the reproductive processes of the species also depends on the part of the plant harvested as does the impact of use of plant parts on other organisms. The assumption here is that as most organisms dependent on particular tree species are generally associated 18 Presentations with fruits or flowers, as dispersers or pollinators, removal of these parts would be expected to be relatively deleterious to associated species. Similarly the tree stem may be an important habitat or substrate for many other species, and its removal would have a relatively large impact on them. The relationship between use of plant parts and cultural value assumes that most medicinal products used by forest dwelling people are derived from fruits, bark or exudates; other tree parts such as flowers or wood products may have cultural significance for the production of religious artefacts etc. The relative value of different plant parts will obviously differ significantly from species to species, although it may perhaps be suggested that roots and branches generally have less cultural importance than other parts of the tree. Similarly it is assumed that forest products with economic value are generally derived from fruits, exudates or stem wood. The overall intrinsic likelihood of sustainability is based on an overall assessment of the different components of sustainability in relation to the plant use. For example the removal of tree stems will have a high impact on growth and survival of the tree, as well as its reproductive ability and may also be expected to adversely affect associated species which depend on stemwood. Removal of tree trunks would also be expected to have relatively large impact on environmental aspects such as soil structure and carbon sequestration. The use of tree stems (for example for timber) therefore could be said to have a relatively low intrinsic likelihood of being sustainable. Similarly the relatively high cultural and economic value of fruits, together with their importance for other organisms and the reproductive ability of the tree itself, would reduce the intrinsic likelihood of their use being sustainable. In comparison the impacts of use of other plant parts might be expected to be relatively slight and have a higher chance of being sustainable. It is emphasised by Adrian Newton that such assessments are highly generalised and relative. There is no guarantee that the harvesting of a particular non-timber forest product will be sustainable despite its higher intrinsic likelihood of being so. At a species level we can collect basic biological information on different parts of the tree species: stem, bark, roots, flowers, fruits and leaves; that will help determine the intrinsic likelihood of sustainability. Stem characteristics, for example, such as mode of regeneration, ability to coppice are obviously important considerations. With regard to bark, in general removal is damaging to trees. Certain species are able to withstand bark removal more readily for example Prunus africana produces a gel which protects the cambium and likewise figs produce protective latex. At the other end of the scale species of Podocarpus (for example Podocarpus henkelii and Faurea macnaughtii) and Proteaceae are very vulnerable to bark removal. Another consideration is whether the tree is thick or thin barked. Most forest trees are the latter, and so if bark is removed the species will be prone to fire damage. It is clearly important to look at the characteristics of individual species. As an example given by Cunningham, 1991, Barringtonia racemosa and Warburgia salutaris both are relatively slow growing trees with restricted distributions in Natal, both are popular sources 19 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop of herbal medicines. In Barringtonia use of abundant fruits poses little threat to the species, whereas commercial exploitation of Warburgia salutaris bark is considered to be the major threat to populations of this plant in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Tanzania. Resource stock or population size, representing the product supply, and demand represented by the amount harvested will obviously be important considerations in species sustainability. As pointed out by Cunningham 1991, low stocks are likely to produce only small sustainable yields, particularly if the resource is represented by slow-growing species that take a long time to reach reproductive maturity. In general "scarce slow-growing forest species are particularly vulnerable to over-exploitation. Indigenous forests cover only 0.3 per cent of South Africa but are a source of over 130 commercially exploited traditional medicinal plants". At the Wageningen Workshop, the information requirements for assessing degree of threat and sustainability were discussed and it was agreed that there is considerable overlap in the information requirements. To a certain extent the projects standard data collection form has been designed with this in mind, for example, indicating the part of the plant used and giving an indication of the level of trade. Tony Cunningham has suggested the addition of more information on the characteristics of the plant parts used along the lines outlined above which might help indicate likelihood of sustainability and provide a potential early warning system on the need for management. It was agreed at the Wageningen Workshop that if indices of sustainability are to be developed for tree species as part of the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project it will be important to decide what they will be used for, by whom and how they will be used. At this stage, we can suggest that the objective is to highlight those species where use is likely to cause conservation concern, given the biological characteristics of the species. The indices if developed will be applied by WCMC in association with experts (for example, SSC members) for inclusion in the World Tree database which will be distributed as an output of the project. Indices will be developed through the project through discussion with all interested parties. Adrian Newton suggests that the IUCN Red list categories provide a suitable framework for the development of sustainability indices. The indices would therefore comprise different categories of sustainability to which individual species would be assigned, based on a set of criteria, which should be as objective as possible. Reference Cunningham, A.B. (1991). Development of a conservation policy on commercially exploited medicinal plants: a case study from Southern Africa. In: Akerele, O.; Heywood, V. and Syngh, H. (eds). The conservation of medicinal plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Discussion The importance of biological information on species, including growth rate and phenology, in assessments of sustainability was emphasised. Inventory data is important and also 20 Presentations utilisation data. The role of long term monitoring was discussed. Straightforward field observation can sometimes be sufficient to assess whether regeneration is taking place, for example, in miombo woodland. 10 Options for sustainable harvesting of timber products from woodlands - Coert Geldenhuys Coert Geldenhuys summarised ideas in a paper previously presented at the FC/SAREC International Conference on Sustainable management of indigenous forests in the dry tropics. Kadoma, Zimbabwe, 28 May to 1 June 1996. The abstract of this paper is given below. In most cases products from the woodlands are harvested with no concern for management to secure regeneration, or to optimise and economise the utilisation of the trees that are felled, or to pursue multiple-use systems. Very few species are utilised, and some of the harvested species are relatively rare, or are over-utilized, and the management systems do not favour their regeneration. Sustained-use management of woodlands require the maintenance of (a) the essential ecological processes of disturbance and recruitment, and (b) the balance of species. If inventories are conducted, the timber volume of only the commercially useful tree species and sizes are recorded. However, appropriately planned inventories could be used to assess the resource status of all species, ie. the ratio between regeneration and mature trees, as well as indications of the appropriate management system to secure regeneration of canopy species. Two criteria are used for this assessment. Grain gives the relationship between the composition of canopy species in the regeneration and canopy of the same stand. The shape of stem diameter distributions of species in different stand types provides useful insights into the resource status and management requirements for the specific species. Examples from a forest inventory in miombo woodland in Sofala Province, Mozambique, are used to demonstrate the techniques used and their benefits. In particular the relative importance of fire-tolerant and fire-sensitive species in different communities require appropriate management with fire. Discussion The methods used for developing a working plan to regulate yield were discussed. The need for regional agreements on utilisation of miombo woodland was raised and the need for local people to benefit from woodland exploitation. 11 Conservation data and intellectual property rights - Dr Sue Edwards Sue Edwards discussed the role of the-Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in relation to the control of germplasm exploitation. In theory this should regulate the exchange of technology and finance for germplasm but the proposed new relationship is not working. The North continues to take biological resources from South although this may now be more covert, for example, through collection for botanic gardens. Patenting is another major area of concern in relation to germplasm, favouring the industrial corporations at the expense of countries of the South. 21 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop There is a great need for equitable arrangements and respect for the rights of local farmers and indigenous peoples. People in their teens and twenties are in great numbers in countries such as Ethiopia and education systems are designed in such a way that is makes it difficult to go back to farming after education. A system is needed to develop rural economies. In Ethiopia the urban society is still smail. The rural society is most important; these people should be given the means to look after their biodiversity which they have been maintaining for centuries. The ancient agricultural system incorporates the knowledge of farmers in selection and improvement of crops. Farmers must be compensated for their work to improve crops at the expense of yield. Farmers rights should be properly recognised. With regard to tree crops, this is area of particular importance to women. As soon as influences are involved things became very difficult as women are no longer able to sell their traditional crops. The outcomes of the recent Leipzig Conference, on Plant Genetic Resources had been disappointing in terms of new arrangements for equitable sharing of the benefits of genetic resources. No commitments have resulted or new financial undertakings. The financial implications of germplasm resources should not be underestimated. In one example, yellow dwarf virus badly affected barley growers of the US. The world collection of barley is held by the USDA. Ethiopian barley had resistance to the virus. This is now worth 3.5 million USD/year because it has saved barley industry but none of this income is returned to Ethiopia. In another example, Endod or the soap berry has provided a biodegradable moluscicide. Screening was carried out in Ethiopia. The scientist involved then went to the US, and although original work was carried out in Ethiopia, the product was patented in US. Again | none of the revenue is returned to Ethiopia. Throughout the Tropics, trees contain medicinal properties which can be exploited by pharmaceutical companies. So-called agreements exist with local experts for example in Amazon countries. However the local people have no control over the results of screening and commercialisation. The next stage in the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project should be to work out how to conserve trees species using the information collected. It is very important to involve local people as far as possible in this process. They have the genuine interest and genuine involvement. Enormous amounts of forest disappeared during the two Ethiopian Civil wars, but with political stability real conservation progress can be made. Discussion Abdou-Salam Ouédraogo commented that the issues raised are extremely important. In some countries there has been a lot of effort developing technical and scientific aspects, but these are constrained at the policy level. Information is gathered about tree species, but at national level and regional level, policy weaknesses can act as a bottleneck and the impact is limited. 22 Presentations If we look at criteria and different levels of sustainability, sustainability has a price. The cost is generally being paid by the farmers and local people who are directly involved in conservation of trees. Genetic material is of interest today and we forget about price paid by people in the past. It should be recognised that no country in the world is self sufficient in genetic resources. There must be interaction between partners; those rich in biodiversity and those rich in financial resources and technology. There should be a two-way flow of information and resources with technical and training aspects included in national planning processes. The importance of involving local people was discussed. It was agreed that information and material should not be collected without acknowledgement, but at a local level, there sometimes needs to be greater understanding of the value of resources. Support is needed for this and in some cases better organisation at a local level. Cathy Rogers outlined Zimbabwe’s work in community based conservation programmes, exemplified by Campfire. Frequently the local community pays the price for conservation, as in the case of elephant damage to crops and danger to people. In Zimbabwe it is recognised that these communities that live with wildlife and forests should get returns. This involves changing attitudes. Local people now benefit from elephant hunting and efforts are being made to extend the process to forest conservation. 12 The work of AETFAT - Jonathan Timberlake Jonathan Timberlake summarised the work of AETFAT. The organisation has a loose membership, currently over 600 people and is open to all. There is a need to encourage more African botanists to join. A Congress is held every three years, and the next will be held in Zimbabwe, 3-7 February 1997. Details are available to Workshop Participants. The current AETFAT Secretary General is Professor Bruce Campbell, at the University of Harare. A permanent library for AETFAT is maintained at the University of Leuven. 13 The FFI Soundwood Programme - Sara Oldfield Sara Oldfield outlined the work of Fauna and Flora International’s Soundwood Programme drawing attention to the background material and videos available for participants. She highlighted the successful outcomes of the regional workshop for Dalbergia melanoxylon held in November 1995, as a result of a partnership between FFI and the Mozambique Centre for Experimental Forestry. 14 Networking and development of SSC - Nina Marshall The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is one of six commissions or voluntary networks of IUCN, the umbrella organisation for the world’s conservation agencies and NGOs. The SSC is the largest network in the world of professionals dedicated to the cause of conserving species and biological diversity. Membership in the SSC is voluntary. It offers an opportunity 23 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop for individuals to work with others to contribute to species conservation and be part of a well-respected and effective body of experts. The SSC Secretariat is based at the Headquarters of IUCN in Switzerland. Activities of the various Specialist Groups are coordinated by the Secretariat. There are currently over 100 Specialist Groups with a combined membership of around 7000. Activities of the Groups include preparation and implementation of Action Plans, networking through newsletters, meetings and workshops, provision of advice to governments and inter-governmental organisations and helping to implement international conventions. There are currently a range of plant Specialist Groups. To provide an example of one, the Medicinal Plant Specialist Group was recently formed and is successfully bringing together botanists, experts in medicinal plant utilisation and representatives from the pharmaceutical industry. The Group is coordinating collection of data on the conservation status, utilisation and trade in medicinal plants and is working closely with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The first full meeting of the Group will be held in conjunction with the 5th International Congress of Ethnobiology, to be held in Nairobi, Kenya from 2-6 September 1996. Discussion Participants in the Workshop unanimously supported the formation of an IUCN/SSC African Tree Specialist Group. A resolution on this, as agreed by the meeting, is given as Annex 1. Issues discussed included the possibility of sub-dividing the responsibilities of the Group on a taxonomic, product (timber, fruit tree), or regional basis and the need to involve forestry interests. It was also recognised that some administrative support would be necessary to ensure that the Group functioned effectively and start-up funding would be helpful. The potential value of the Group in assigning conservation categories, and coordinating data collection was agreed. The value of synthesising fragmented species distribution data as one aspect of this was discussed. 24 Working Groups Three working groups were formed to discuss’ the conservation status of African tree species on a regional basis. The working groups used Document 3 (preliminary list of globally threatened tree species of Africa); and Document 4 (Draft species conservation profiles of widespread heavily utilised tree species for evaluation of conservation status) as a basis for discussion. A revised version of Document 3, incorporating information based on discussion during the Workshop and some additional information received subsequently is presented as Annex 6 to this report. The conservation evaluations of the heavily exploited species included in Document 4 are also listed in Annex 6. Working Group A - Conservation status of East African tree species Participants: Salmon O Achieng’, Loutfy Boulos (rapporteur), Phil Clarke, Sue Edwards, Tony Katende, Nina Marshall This group met twice during the course of the meeting to review the preliminary species list provided in Document 3, note additional species to be added to the list and to comment on the conservation status of the species listed. Additional standard data collection forms were filled in by members of the group. In general the format of the data collection forms was found to be helpful and some suggestions for improving the forms were made. Suggestions were also made fore refining the criteria for the IUCN threat categories. These suggestions can be proposed to IUCN. Working Group B - Conservation status of widespread/heavily utilised tree species of West/Central Africa Participants: Sam Kanyamibwa, Ndjele Mianda-Bungi, Dominique N’Sosso, Jonathan Okafor, Nicholas Songwe (rapporteur) Working Group B worked through the species profiles for widespread, heavily exploited tree species provided as Document 4. Although representatives were not present for all the countries within the range of the species, members of the group drew on their personal knowledge and from literature they had brought to the meeting. They added notes to the species profiles and applied the new IUCN threat categories to all the species concerned (41 species). The categories were found to be easy to apply. Most species in the list fall in the Vu group because the potential for exploitation, and decrease in area of habitat, is great. Some species were evaluated as EN, for example, Microberlinia bisulcata, a species which is endemic to Cameroon. Other species of conservation concern were suggested for evaluation notably Khaya senegalensis, Anougeissus leiocarpus, and Pterocarpus erinaceus. 23) Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Working Group C - Conservation status of Southern African tree species Participants: Salomao Bandeira, Bob Drummond, Coert Geldenhuys, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Charlotte Jenkins (Rapporteur), Alfred Maroyi, Patrick Phiri, Cathy Rogers, Jonathan Timberlake All of the Southern African species listed in Document 3 were discussed. In some cases an IUCN category of threat was assigned. Other taxa were removed from the list either because changes had occurred in their taxonomy, or their status was considered to be safe and in some cases they were not considered to be trees. The status of the commercially important species, Baikiaea plurijuga, Lovoa swynnertonii, Milicia excelsa, Prunus africana and Pterocarpus angolensis was also discussed. All in this group except for Lovoa swynnertonia and Milicia excelsa were considered to be Low Risk, although it is evident that specific habitat types, for instance Baikiaea forests are heavily threatened. It was noted that Lovoa swynnertonii exists in small and fragile populations in Southern Africa but is more widely spread further north. The Zimbabwe population of Milicia excelsa is critically threatened by habitat degradation and lack of regeneration. In Mozambique, however, the populations appear to be regenerating and are actively being exploited at a local and commercial level. Craig Hilton-Taylor agreed to coordinate the completion of standard data collection forms for the 65 South African species which are listed as threatened. Dr. Phiri identified and provided information on two Zambian species to add to the list. Bob Drummond and Tom Miiller are preparing information on Zimbabwean species which should be included in the list. Salomao Bandeira has also taken some additional data collection forms for Mozambique species which he will complete with reference to herbarium specimens. | A number of probably threatened taxa from Southern African countries also extend further north. Information on the status of northern populations is required before a global threat category can be assigned. Taxa included are Bivinia jalbertii, Bombax rhodognaphalon var. tomentosum, Euphorbia lividifolia, Gardenia imperialis, Lovoa swynnertonii, Ocotea keniensis and Sterculia schliebenii. 26 Closing remarks Sara Oldfield thanked all participants for their contributions to a very productive Workshop, for generating the many positive ideas to emerge from the meeting and for the provision of information in support of the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. She summed up some of the key points of agreement to emerge from discussions including: e The need for fundamental recognition of the importance of the knowledge and rights of farmers and local communities. e The need to compile currently available species information in support of conservation and sustainable use initiatives at a national and regional level and to use this information in setting priorities for forest genetic resource conservation ¢ The need for WCMC to coordinate further consolidation of information presented during the Workshop, particularly for species with a relatively wide distribution, seek comments on the conservation evaluations and to make this available to the AETFAT Congress. ¢ The need for more field work to support the evaluation of tree species conservation status (for example, in Mozambique, Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe) ¢ The need to establish an SSC African Tree Specialist Group to facilitate networking, data collection and data exchange. On behalf of the Participants of the Workshop, Coert Geldenhuys thanked WCMC for organising the Workshop. In conclusion, it was agreed that the positive developments for African tree conservation initiated through the project, and discussed during the Workshop should be taken forward on a collaborative basis involving all the Workshop representatives and a wider network of experts. 27 Corer @ eee.) ” - ~ Warde? oa ane qoduaahs v= bails i Miley a Gh Belin janedj tities +e ortg adi ca, aa hte oe sila ura? ¢ h aie ie ! 7 —ad - a ee Annex 1 Resolution for the formation of an African Tree Specialist Group Following the fruitful meeting of experts and professionals dealing with conservation and sustainable management of trees in the African continent, the need for the formation of an expert group to handle these issues was viewed to be urgent. Consequently, participants from the different regions of Africa (southern, eastern, northern, western and central) do hereby resolve as follows: 1 That an organisation to be known as ’African Tree Specialist Group’ should be formed. 2 That WCMC and SSC should provide the administrative frame to actualise this formation. 3 That to satisfy the objectives of conservation and sustainable management of trees, a steering committee representing the various regions and interest groups/disciplines may be selected to draw up an initial plan for the development of the group. 4 That the African Tree Specialist Group will meet for the first time at the next AETFAT Congress. 29 i i acme | - fa omni iaeting® Dit, (aA iew tO. Do Eee nits face: die gilt ots elacpaszshan4 bes aia 79 2 ni st yrhwollor ag Wr cvidiaaweros MA bore mtr itaponis nist A sil) w mae jo wa Tegene r thchaahatse ieape el 210) apogw a6 2! tg f ts Pa & yore sqft, ies diie caine sins kgs cxgadivva) 6 or ecokget teagan sa 7 silico Be — i ) PA pices: wt slab ui} i — ote were * sr Gul wy comeannnify sala AT) hy getonene ween: nih an see sauce me + Signe ae « =e tonsa A 0) meas) iW? wileneihe agai aorihirsy p30! ag mea Se. 4a eae | i! - Dias eal a = a De ¢ => ' ihiglies w Bey el it Uy xaos hay SS 50 ge of os Annex 6 Revised Document 3 Globally threatened trees occurring in Africa This is a preliminary list of threatened or restricted-range tree taxa, occurring on the African mainland. All taxa are recorded with baseline information, including old IUCN threat categories, in the WCMC Plants Database. The species names in bold have been evaluated according to the criteria for the new IUCN Red List Categories. Species marked ** have been assigned a category of "Data Deficient". Currently available information is extremely limited for these species, for example, for those tree species endemic to northern Mozambique. This is a dynamic list. It is expected that some species may be removed after further consultation and evaluation and other species added. At the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project Regional Workshop in Harare, trees of particular concern were discussed, based on an earlier version of this list and amendments were made. Participants of the workshop and other botanists have been and continue to help in evaluating taxa for inclusion on the list. There remain, however, certain areas where more work is required. Some countries and areas are poorly represented on the list. These include Liberia and Sierra Leone, Angola and Gabon. It is also true that there may be a bias towards moist forest species and some dry forest and non-forest species may be missing. Your comments are essential for the improvement of this list. We would be grateful for any views as to areas which may be under-represented. Information on the status of these trees or any other globally threatened trees would be greatly appreciated. Species Distribution Abies numidica Algeria (Mt Babor, Mt Tababor) Abies pinsapo var. marocana Morocco (Rif Mts) Abies pinsapo var. tazaotana Morocco (Mt Tazaot) Acacia ankokib Somalia (north-east) Acacia caraniana Acacia cernua Acacia condyloclada Acacia densispina Acacia flagellaris Acacia gummifera Acacia hebeclada ssp. chobiensis Acacia manubensis Acacia mbuluensis Somalia (north) Somalia (north) Ethiopia Kenya (Rhamu) Somalia (northern) Somalia (central) Somalia (north-east) Morocco Botswana Namibia Zimbabwe Somalia (north-east) Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Mbulu & Moshi) 59 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Acacia moggii Acacia montis-usti Acacia ochracea Acacia origena Acacia pachyceras var. najdensis Acacia permixta Acacia prasinata Acacia pseudonigrescens **Acacia purpurea Acacia robynsiana **Acacia schlechteri Acacia tanganyikensis Acacia venosa Acioa cinerea Acioa dichotoma Acioa eketensis Acioa laevis Acioa pierrei Adenopodia rotundifolia © Aerisilvaea sylvestris Afrocarpus usambarensis Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Afzelia bella var. glabra Alberta magna Albizia aylmeri 60 Distribution Somalia (central) Namibia Somalia (south-west) Ethiopia (Welo) Eritrea (west) N. Yemen S. Yemen Egypt (eastern Sinai) Iraq (south) Kuwait Oman Israel (Negev) Jordan Saudi Arabia Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe Ethiopia (Wello Upland) Ethiopia (Kelafo) Mozambique — Namibia Mozambique Tanzania (Mwanza, Singida, Dodoma) Ethiopia (Tigray Upland) Eritrea (west) Cameroon (Bipindi) Nigeria (Eket) Nigeria (Eket) Gabon (Libreville) Gabon (Libreville & Tchibanga) Somalia (south) Tanzania (Lushoto and Pare) Tanzania (Morogoro District) Tanzania (Mbulu & Lushoto) Cameroon Ghana Congo (Makoua-Owando) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Sudan Species Albizia malacophylla var. malacophylla Albizia obbiadensis Albizia suluensis Albizia tanganyicensis ssp. adamsoniorum Allanblackia stuhlmannii Allanblackia ulugurensis Allexis obanensis Allophylus agbala Allophylus amplissimus Allophylus chirindensis Allophylus letestui Allophylus melliodorus Allophylus zimmermannianus Aloe ballyi Aloe comosa Aloe eminens Aloe fibrosa Aloe khamiesensis Aloe nyeriensis Aloe pillansii Aloe ramosissima Alsodeiopsis schumannii Amanoa bracteosa Amanoa strobilacea Angylocalyx braunii Aningeria superba Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution Ethiopia (Tigray & Gondar) Eritrea (west) Somalia (central & south) South Africa - Natal Kenya (central) Tanzania Tanzania (Morogoro, Iringa) Nigeria (Oban) Zaire (Ubangi-Uele) Zaire (Haut-Katanga) Zimbabwe (east) Gabon (Ayem & Koulamotou) Tanzania Kenya Tanzania (coast) Kenya Tanzania Zimbabwe South Africa - Cape Province Somalia (north) Kenya Tanzania South Africa - Cape Province Kenya South Africa - Cape Province Namibia South Africa - Cape Province Namibia Tanzania (Lushoto, Tanga, Morogoro) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Angola - Cabinda Cameroon Ghana Liberia Kenya Tanzania Angola 61 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Anisophyllea obtusifolia Anonidium usambarense Anthonotha lebrunii Anthonotha nigerica **Anthonotha obanensis Anthonotha vignei Aoranthe penduliflora Arbutus pavarii Argania spinosa Aristogeitonia monophylla Asteranthe asterias ssp. asterias Asteranthe asterias ssp. triangularis Asteranthe trollii Atalaya capensis Atalaya natalensis Aubregrinia taiensis Bafodeya benna Baikiaea ghesquiereana Balsamocitrus camerunensis Balthasaria shliebenii Baphia abyssinica Baphia cordifolia Baphia dewildeana Baphia keniensis Baphia kirkii Baphia latiloi Baphia leptostemma var. gracilipes 62 Distribution Tanzania (East Usambara Mts.) Tanzania (Lushoto District) Zaire Nigeria (south-east) Zaire Nigeria (southern) Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Tanzania Libya Morocco Kenya (Kilifi) Tanzania (Tanga, Pangani & coast) Kenya Tanzania Tanzania (Lushoto & Handeni) Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Guinea Sierra Leone Tanzania (Rufiji & Kilwa Districts) Cameroon Tanzania Ethiopia Sudan (southeast) Tanzania (Mpwapwa, Iringa) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Kenya (Fort Hall) Kenya Mozambique Tanzania (Tanga, Uzaramo, Rufiji) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Cameroon Species Baphia macrocalyx Baphia obanensis Baphia pauloi Baphia puguensis Baphia punctulata Baphia semseiana Bauhinia bowkeri Bauhinia loeseneriana Beilschmiedia ambigua Beilschmiedia bracteata Beilschmiedia giorgii Beilschmiedia kweo Beilschmiedia mayumbensis Beilschmiedia vermoesenii **Berlinia coriacea Berlinia hollandii Berlinia occidentalis Berlinia orientalis Bersama swynnertonii Bertiera pauloi **Bombax mossambicense Bombax rhodognaphalon var. tomentosum Boscia foetida ssp. minima Boswellia ogadenensis Boswellia pirottae Bottegoa insignis Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution Nigeria (south-east) Mozambique (northern) Tanzania (Lindi) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.) Tanzania (Pugu & Kazimzumbwi) Mozambique Tanzania Tanzania (Morogoro & Ulanga) South Africa - Cape Province (Transkei) Tanzania (south-east) Zaire (Haut-Katanga) Zaire (ceniral Forestier) Zaire (central Forestier) Tanzania (Usambara Mts.) Zaire (Mayumbe) Zaire (Mayumbe) Nigeria (southern) Nigeria (southern) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Mozambique Tanzania Zimbabwe Tanzania Mozambique Mozambique Tanzania Botswana South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Transvaal Ethiopia (Harege) Somalia (Webi Schebele River) Ethiopia Ethiopia Kenya Somalia (central & south) 63 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Brachystegia angustistipulata Brachystegia bakeriana Brachystegia kennedyi Brachystegia nigerica Breviea sericea Brucea macrocarpa Bussea eggelingti Bussea xylocarpa Buxus obtusifolia Byttneria ivorensis Calodendrum eickii Caloncoba lophocarpa Camptolepis ramiflora Campylospermum scheffleri Canthium glaucum ssp. frangula Canthium impressinervium Canthium keniense Canthium Kilifiensis Canthium oligocarpum ssp. intermedium Canthium racemulosum var. nanguanum Canthium robynsianum Canthium rondoense Canthium shabanii Canthium siebenlistii Canthium vollensenii Casearia barteri Distribution Tanzania (Mahali Mts. & Mpanda) Zaire Angola Zambia Cameroon Nigeria Cameroon Nigeria (southern) Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Zaire Kenya Tanzania (Lindi) Mozambique (Zambezi River) Kenya (coastal) Tanzania (Tanga & coast) Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania Cameroon (Mt. Cameroon) Kenya (east) ?Madagascar Somalia (south) Tanzania Tanzania (Usambara & Uluguru Mts.) Kenya Tanzania (coast) Kenya Kenya Kenya (Teita Hills) Tanzania Mozambique Tanzania (Kilwa & Lindi) Kenya Tanzania Tanzania (Rondo Plateau) Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Cameroon Gabon Species Casearia engleri Cassia aubrevillei Cassia fikifiki Cassipourea adami Cassipourea eketensis Cassipourea firestoneana Cassipourea flanaganii Cassipourea hiotou **Cassipourea obovata Cassipourea swaziensis Cephalosphaera usambarensis Ceratonia oreothauma ssp. somalensis Chassalia albiflora Chlamydocarya anhydathoda Chlamydocarya soyauxii Chrysophyllum azaguieanum Chytranthus longibracteatus Chytranthus obliquinervis Citropsis gabunensis Cleistanthus evrardii Cliffortia arborea Coffea fadenii Coffea lemblinii Coffea mongensis Coffea mufindiensis ssp. mufindiensis Coffea pseudozanguebariae Coffea salvatrix Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution Ghana Nigeria (south) Tanzania (West Usambara Mts.) Gabon Cote d’Ivoire Céte d’Ivoire (south-west) Guinea Nigeria (Eket) Liberia South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Ghana Cote d’Ivoire (south-west) Mozambique Swaziland Kenya (Shimba Hills) Tanzania Somalia (north) Tanzania Gabon Gabon (Libreville & Sibang) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania Kenya Tanzania (East Usambara Mts.) Ghana Guinea-wide Zaire (central Forestier) South Africa - Cape Province Kenya (Mbololo Forest, Teita Hills) Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania Tanzania Kenya Tanzania ?Malawi Mozambique Tanzania (Rungwe) Zimbabwe 65 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Distribution Coffea togoensis Ghana Togo Coffea zanguebariae Mozambique Tanzania (Kilwa) Cola attiensis Céte d’Ivoire Cola boxiana Ghana Cola bracteata Uganda (Albertine Rift, Kalinzo Forest) Cola clavata Mozambique Cola crispiflora Gabon (Haut Ogooue) Cola duparquetiana Gabon (Lastoursville) **Cola gigas Nigeria (Oban) **Cola glabra Nigeria (southern) Cola hypochrysea Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Cola letestui Gabon (Lastoursville) Cola lourougnonis Cameroon Cote d’Ivoire Cola mossambicensis Malawi (southern) Mozambique Zimbabwe Cola nigerica Nigeria (southern) Cola octoloboides Kenya Cola porphyrantha Kenya Cola reticulata Ghana Guinea (Mi. Nzo) Cote d’Ivoire Cola scheffleri Tanzania Cola semecarpophylla Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Cola uloloma Kenya Tanzania (Pangani & coast) Cola umbratilis Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Cola usambarensis Tanzania Colubrina nicholsonii South Africa - Cape Province Combretum mkuzense South Africa - Natal Combretum petrophilum South Africa - Transvaal Combretum tenuipetiolatum Kenya (coastal) Tanzania (Tanga) Commiphora acuminata Tanzania (Ruaha Valley) 66 Species Commiphora alata Commiphora albiflora Commiphora chaetocarpa Commiphora ciliata Commiphora corrugata Commiphora guidottii Commiphora hodai Commiphora monoica Commiphora obovata Commiphora pseudopaolii Commiphora sphaerophylla Commiphora sulcata Commiphora swynnertonii Commiphora truncata Commiphora unilobata Cordeauxia edulis **Cordia mandimbana Cordia mukuensis Cordia obovata **Cordia stuhlmannii Cordia suckertii Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution Somalia (south) Ethiopia (Sidamo & Sidamo/Bale border) Somalia Kenya Somalia (central) Ethiopia (southern) Kenya Somalia (central & south) Ethiopia Kenya Somalia (central & south) Ethiopia (Sidamo & Bale) Somalia Ethiopia (Harege) Somalia Ethiopia (Bale) Ethiopia Kenya Somalia (north & central) Kenya Somalia (central & south) Ethiopia (Harege) Somalia Somalia (north & central) Kenya Tanzania Ethiopia (Harege) Somalia Ethiopia Kenya Somalia (central & south) Ethiopia Somalia Mozambique Zaire (Haut-Katanga) Oman Socotra Somalia (north-east) Mozambique Ethiopia 67 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Cordyla densiflora Cordyla richardii Cordyla somalensis Craibia atlantica Craibia brevicaudata ssp. schliebenii Crateranthus talbotii Craterispermum longipedunculatum Crotalaria exaltata Croton alienus Croton aubrevillei Croton dictyophlebodes Croton jatrophoides Croton longipedicellatus ssp. austrotanzanicus Croton megalocarpoides Croton talaeporos Crotonogyne manniana Cryptosepalum diphyllum Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum Cupressus atlantica Cupressus dupreziana Cussonia bancoensis 68 Distribution Somalia (central) Tanzania (Ruaha Valley) Sudan Uganda (W.Nile & Acholi) Somalia Cameroon Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Nigeria Mozambique Tanzania Nigeria (south-east) Tanzania Ethiopia Kenya Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania (West Usambara Mts.) Tanzania Tanzania (coast) Kenya Mozambique (northern) Somalia (south) Tanzania (Lindi & coast) Kenya Somalia (south) Cameroon Gabon Bioko Ghana Nigeria (Eket) Nigeria (southern) Ghana Guinea Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Morocco (southern, near Tizi-n-Test) Algeria Ghana Species Cussonia gamtoosensis Cussonia kirkii var. bracteata Cussonia kirkii var. quadripetala Cussonia ostinii Cuviera migeodii Cuviera schliebenii Cuviera tomentosa Cynometra brachyrrhachis Cynometra engleri Cynometra filifera Cynometra gillmanii Cynometra longipedicellata Cynometra lukei Cynometra suaheliensis Cynometra ulugurensis Cynometra webberi Dacryodes igaganga Dactyladenia dinklagei Dactyladenia hirsuta Dahlgrenodendron natalense Dalbergia acariiantha Dalbergia eremicola Dalbergia gilbertii **Dalbergia sambesiaca Dalbergia vacciniifolia Dasylepis assinesis Dasylepis burtt-davyi Dasylepis integra Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution South Africa - Cape Province Tanzania (Lindi) Tanzania (Songea District) Ethiopia (Gonder, Gojam, Welega, Kefa) Tanzania (coast) Tanzania (coast) Mozambique (north) Tanzania (Kilwa) Tanzania (Tanga Region) Tanzania (Tanga Region) Tanzania (Lindi) Tanzania (Kilwa) Tanzania (Tanga) Kenya Tanzania (Selous Game Reserve) Kenya (Kwale, Kilifi) Tanzania (Pangani) Tanzania (Morogoro) Kenya Tanzania Cameroon Congo Gabon (Ngounie) Ghana Upper Guinea Ghana Cote d’Ivoire South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Tanzania (Uzaramo, Lindi) Kenya (Northern Frontier Province) Somalia Zaire (Mayumbe) Mozambique Kenya Tanzania Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Malawi (Mt. Mulanje) Kenya 69 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Deinbollia acuminata Deinbollia longiacuminata Deinbollia molliuscula Deinbollia nyasica Deinbollia rambaensis Delonix baccal Delpydora macrophylla Dennettia tripetala Desmostachys vogelii Dialium bipindense Dialium holtzii Dialium orientale Dichrostachys kirkii Dicraeopetalum stipulare Dicranolepis usambarica Didelotia idae Didelotia unifoliolata 70 Distribution Tanzania Zaire (Mayumbe) Zaire (central Forestier) Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Malawi Gabon (Ramba) Ethiopia Kenya Somalia (south) Gabon (Libreville) Ghana Guinea-wide Cameroon Ghana Nigeria Cameroon Gabon Kenya Mozambique Tanzania Kenya (Kilifi, Lamu) Somalia (southern) Tanzania (Tanga) Ethiopia (Harege) Somalia (south) Ethiopia Kenya Somalia (central & south) Kenya Tanzania Benin Cameroon Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Togo Cameroon Species Diospyros amaniensis Diospyros anitae Diospyros barteri Diospyros capricornuta Diospyros engleri Diospyros feliciana Diospyros greenwayi Diospyros kabuyeana Diospyros katendei Diospyros magogoana Diospyros occulata Diospyros shimbaensis Diospyros vermoesenii Diospyros wagemansii Diospyros wajirensis Diphasiopsis fadenii Dirachma somalensis Dissotis angustifolia Dissotis aprica Dissotis arborescens Dissotis bussei Dissotis glandulicalyx Dissotis humilis Dissotis johnstoniana var. strigosa Dissotis lanata Dissotis linearis Dissotis pygmaea Dissotis sessilis Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ... Distribution Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Zaire (central Forestier) Kenya Tanzania (Usambara Mts.) Mozambique Cameroon Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Tanzania (Pugu Forest reserve) Guinea Kenya Tanzania Kenya Tanzania (Tanga, coast & Mafia Is.) Uganda (Kasyoka & Kitomi Forest) Tanzania (Rondo Plateau) Tanzania Kenya Tanzania (coast & Mafia Is.) Gabon (Tchibanga) Zaire Kenya Somalia Kenya Somalia (central) Mozambique Tanzania Tanzania (Iringa) Tanzania (Iringa & Kondoa) Tanzania (Mpanda District) Guinea Malawi Malawi Guinea Guinea Sierra Leone (Loma Mts.) 71 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Dissotis splendens Dissotis sylvestris Dombeya amaniensis Dombeya leachii Dombeya rotundifolia var. velutina Dombeya sisyrocarpa Dombeya sphaeranthax Dovyalis spinosissima Dracaena ombet Drypetes afzelii Drypetes gerrardinoides Drypetes laciniata Drypetes natalensis var. leiogyna Drypetes pellegrinii Drypetes sclerophylla Drypetes singroboensis Drypetes usambarica var. mrimae Drypetes usambarica var. rugulosa Drypetes usambarica var. stylosa Drypetes usambarica var. trichogyna Drypetes usambarica var. usambarica Ehretia glandulosissima Ellipanthus hemandradenioides Enantia kummeriae 72 Distribution Guinea Guinea Tanzania Mozambique Namibia Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.) Tanzania Malawi Djibouti Egypt (Gebel Elba) Ethiopia Somalia (northern) Sudan Uganda Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Tanzania Cameroon Gabon Cote d’Ivoire (south-west) Kenya Somalia (south) Tanzania Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Kenya Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Kenya Tanzania Tanzania (Lindi Region) Kenya (Kwale, Kilifi) Tanzania (Tanga, Utete & Lindi) Tanzania (East Usambara Mts.) Species Englerodendron usambarense Erica caterviflora Eriocoelum oblongum Eriocoelum pungens var. inermis Erythrina greenwayi Erythrina haerdii Erythrina sacleuxii Erythrina schliebenii Erythrophysa septentrionalis Erythrophysa transvaalensis Eugenia erythrophylla Eugenia tabouensis Eugenia umtamvunensis Eugenia verdoorniae Eugenia zeyheri Euphorbia betulicortex Euphorbia bwambensis Euphorbia cussonioides Euphorbia doloensis Euphorbia dumeticola Euphorbia hubertii **Fuphorbia lividiflora Euphorbia magnicapsula var. lacertosa Euphorbia nigrispinioides Euphorbia noxia Euphorbia pseudoburuana Euphorbia quadrialata Euphorbia sekukuniensis Euphorbia somalensis Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Tanzania (Lushoto) South Africa - Cape Province Gabon Nigeria (south-east) Nigeria (Degema, Eket) Tanzania (Ruaha Valley) Tanzania (Ulanga) Kenya Tanzania Tanzania (Lindi) Ethiopia (Harerge) South Africa - Transvaal South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Cote d’Ivoire (Bas-Cavally) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal South Africa - Cape Province Ethiopia (Sidamo) Uganda (Bwamba Forest) Kenya Ethiopia (Sidamo) Tanzania (Ruaha Valley) Tanzania (Mwanza, Musoma) Malawi Mozambique Tanzania (Mikindani) Zimbabwe Kenya Sudan Uganda Ethiopia (Shewa Upland) Somalia (north) Kenya (Masai) Tanzania (Masai) Tanzania (Pare, Lushoto, Handeni) South Africa - Transvaal (Lebowa) Ethiopia 73 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Euphorbia tanaensis Euphorbia thulinii Euphorbia uniglans Euphorbia wakefieldii Euphorbia zoutpansbergensis Fagara brieyi Fagara mezoneurospinosa Faurea macnaughtonii Fernandoa lutea Ficus bizanae Ficus oreslia Ficus ruspolii Fleurydora felicis Garcinia acutifolia Garcinia bifasciculata Garcinia brevipedicellata Garcinia echirensis Garcinia punctata Garcinia semseii Garcinia staudtii Gardenia transvenulosa Gigasiphon macrosiphon Gilbertiodendron bilineatum Gilbertiodendron klainei Gilbertiodendron pachyanthum Gilbertiodendron robynsianum Gilbertiodendron splendidum 74 Distribution Kenya (Witu Forest) Somalia (north-east) Ethiopia (Sidamo) Kenya (Mombasa-Kilifi) Tanzania (South Pare Mts.) South Africa - Transvaal (Zoutpansberg) Zaire Céte d’Ivoire South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Swaziland South Africa - Transvaal Tanzania (Rondo Plateau) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Cameroon Ethiopia (Kefa) Guinea Mozambique Tanzania (Uzaramo) Tanzania (Morogoro District) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Gabon (Belinga Mts.) Gabon (Belinga Mts.) Tanzania (Nguru & Uluguru Mts.) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Kenya Tanzania Kenya Tanzania (Usambara Mts. & Lindi) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Gabon (Libreville) Cameroon Céte d’Ivoire (south-west) Ghana Species Gilletiodendron glandulosum Gilletiodendron pierreanum Gluema ivorensis **Glyphaea tomentosa Greenwayodendron suaveolens ssp. usambaricum Grewia goetzeana **Grewia limae **Grewia transzambesica Greyia flanaganii Guibourtia schliebenii **Guibourtia sousae Gymnostemon zaizou Hannoa ferruginea Hannoa kitombetombe Haplocoelopsis africana Haplocoelum mombasense Haplocoelum trigonocarpum Heinsenia diervilleiodes ssp. mufindiensis Hemandradenia chevalieri Hemandradenia mannii **Hexalobus mossambicensis Hexalobus salicifolius Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution Cote d’Ivoire Sierra Leone Mali (Kita Massif) Cameroon Gabon Cameroon Gabon Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Mozambique Tanzania (East Usambara Mts.) Tanzania Mozambique Mozambique South Africa - Cape Province (Ciskei) Mozambique Tanzania Mozambique Cote d’Ivoire (Sassandra & Cavally) Cameroon Nigeria (Mt. Koloishe) Zaire (Haut-Katanga) Angola Kenya Tanzania Kenya Tanzania Kenya Mozambique Somalia Tanzania Tanzania Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Eq. Guinea Cote d’Ivoire (south-west) Nigeria Mozambique (north) Cameroon (south-west) 75 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Hildegardia gillettii Hirtella megacarpa Holmskioldia gigas Homalium dalzielii Homalium gracilipes Homalium latoursvillensis Homalium rufescens Homalium smythei Hoplestigma pierreanum Hunteria ghanensis Hymenostegia aubrevillei Hymenostegia bakeriana Hymenostegia gracilipes Hymenostegia klainei Hymenostegia normandii Hymenostegia talbotii Tlex mitis var. schliebenii Indigofera rothii Isoberlinia scheffleri Isolona congolana Isolona deightonii Isolona dewevrei Isolona heinsenii Ixora albersii Ixora scheffleri ssp. keniensis Ixora scheffleri ssp. scheffleri 76 Distribution Céte d’Ivoire (south-west) Somalia (south) Tanzania (West Usambara & Udzungwa) Kenya (Mwarakaya) Tanzania Benin (Dja & Kpoguidi) Nigeria (Lagos) Tanzania (Luwira-Kiteza Forest reserve) Gabon (Lastoursville) Céte d’Ivoire (west & south-west) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Guinea Céte d’Ivoire (south-west) Liberia Sierra Leone Cameroon (Mt. Cameroon) Ghana Upper Guinea Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Nigeria Nigeria (Oban) Ghana Gabon Gabon Nigeria (Eket) Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.) Ethiopia (Shewa Upland, Harerge) Tanzania (Lushoto District) Uganda (Toro) Zaire (For. Central, Bas-Katanga) Ghana Sierra Leone Zaire (Mayumbe) Tanzania (Lushoto & Ulanga Districts) Tanzania Kenya (Mt. Kenya) Malawi Species Julbernardia letouzeyi Julbernardia magnistipulata Julbernardia unijugata Keetia koritschaneri Keetia purpurascens Kirkia burgeri ssp. burgeri Kirkia burgeri ssp. somalensis Kirkia dewinteri Kotschya platyphylla Kraussia speciosa Lagynias pallidiflora Lagynias rufescens ssp. angustiloba Lannea asymmetrica Lasianthus grandifolius Lasianthus kilimandscharicus ssp. laxinervis Lasianthus pedunculatus Lasianthus wallacei Lasiodiscus mildbraedii ssp. ferrugineus Lecaniodiscus punctatus Lecomtedoxa heitzana Lecomtedoxa nogo Leptactina delagoensis ssp. bussei Leptactina papyrophloea Leptonychia mayumbensis Leptonychia wagemansii Lettowianthus stellatus Leucadendron argenteum Leucadendron discolor Leucadendron nobile Leucadendron strobilinum Lijndenia brenanii Lijndenia greenwayii Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Tanzania Cameroon Kenya Tanzania Tanzania (Kigoma District) Tanzania Tanzania Ethiopia Somalia (north) Namibia Tanzania (Iringa) Kenya Tanzania (Shimba Hills,Dzomba & Witu) Kenya Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania (Mahali) Zaire Zambia Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Kenya (coastal) Cameroon Ghana (Baku & Supong Forests) Gabon Gabon (Fernan Vaz) Tanzania Tanzania (Rondo Plateau) Zaire (Mayumbe) Zaire (Mayumbe) Kenya Tanzania (Morogoro, Ulanga & Lindi) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Cape Province Tanzania Tanzania 77 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Loesenera talbotii Loesenera walkeri Lonchocarpus kanurii Macaranga beillei Macaranga conglomerata Macaranga paxii **Vaerua acuminata **Maerua andradae **Maerua brunnescens Maerua elegans **Maerua scandens Magnistipula butayei var. greenwayi Magnistipula butayei var. sargosii Mallotus oppositifolius var. lindicus Mammea usambarensis Manilkara nicholsonii Maytenus abbottii Maytenus acuminata var. uva-ursi Maytenus addat Maytenus arbutifolia var. sidamoensis Maytenus bachmannii Maytenus harenensis Maytenus oleosa Medusandra richardsiana Memecylon bequaertii Memecylon brenanii Memecylon candidum 78 Distribution Cameroon Nigeria (Oban) Gabon Kenya Somalia (south) Céte d’Ivoire Kenya (Teita Hills) Tanzania (Magamba & Sungwi Forests) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Mozambique Tanzania (Lindi) Mozambique Mozambique Zaire (Bas-Katanga) Mozambique Tanzania Zaire (Haut-Katanga & Bas-Katanga) Ghana Mozambique Tanzania (Kilwa & Lindi) Tanzania (West Usambara Mts.) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Malawi Ethiopia Ethiopia (Sidamo) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Ethiopia (Bale) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Cameroon Uganda (Impenetrable Forest & Kigezi) Zaire Tanzania (Usambara Mts.) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Species Memecylon greenwayii Memecylon teitense Mesogyne insignis Micrococca scariosa Mildbraedia carpinifolia Millettia bussei Millettia conraui Millettia elongistyla Millettia eriocarpa Millettia macrophylla Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Tanzania (Usambara Mts.) Kenya (Teita Hills) Sao Tome Tanzania Kenya Tanzania Kenya Mozambique Tanzania Mozambique Tanzania Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Tanzania (Morogoro & Ulanga Districts) Tanzania (Lindi & Newala) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Millettia micans Tanzania **Millettia mossambicensis Mozambique Millettia oblata ssp. intermedia Tanzania Millettia oblata ssp. oblata Tanzania Millettia oblata ssp. stolzii Tanzania (Rungwe District) Millettia oblata ssp. teitensis Millettia psilopetela Uganda Zaire (central & east) Kenya (Teita District) Millettia sacleuxii Tanzania (Lushoto & Morogoro) Millettia schliebenii Tanzania Millettia semseii Tanzania Millettia sericantha Tanzania (Morogoro District) Millettia stenopetala , Zaire (central Forestier) Millettia usaramensis ssp. usaramensis var. parvifolia Tanzania (Kilwa) Millettia warneckei Ghana Guinea Liberia Sierra Leone Togo Mimetes arboreus South Africa - Cape Province Mimusops angel Somalia (north-east) Mimusops penduliflora Tanzania Mkilua fragrans Kenya 79 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Distribution Tanzania Monadenium parviflorum Malawi (Nyika Plateau) Monadenium spinescens Tanzania (Chunya) Monanthotaxis capea Céte d’Ivoire (Mudjika Forest) Monocyclanthus vignei Ghana Liberia **Monodora junodii var. macrantha Mozambique **Monodora unwinii Nigeria (western) Monopetalanthus compactus Liberia Sierra Leone Monopetalanthus durandii Gabon (Monts de Cristal) Monopetalanthus hedinii Cameroon Monopetalanthus richardsiae Tanzania (Kigoma & Manda Districts) Zaire (Katanga) Zambia Monotes lutambensis Tanzania Morinda asteroscepa Malawi Tanzania Moringa arborea Kenya (Rhamu) Multidentia castaneae Tanzania (coast) Multidentia sclerocarpa Kenya (Mkongani North Forest) Tanzania (East Usambara Mts.) Mussaenda microdonta var. microdonta Tanzania Mussaenda monticola var. glabrescens Tanzania Mussaenda monticola var. monticola Kenya Tanzania Napoleonaea lutea Nigeria (Eket) Napoleonaea parviflora Nigeria (Oban) Napoleonaea reptans Nigeria (Eket) Necepsia castaneifolia ssp. chirindica Zimbabwe Necepsia castaneifolia ssp. kimbozensis Tanzania Neoboutonia mannii Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Neochevalierodendron stephanii Gabon Neohemsleya usambarensis Tanzania (West Usambaras & Nguru Mts.) Neolemonniera clitandrifolia Ghana Liberia Nigeria (south-east) Sierra Leone Neostenanthera hamata Ghana 80 Species Neostenanthera robsonii Nesogordonia holtzii Newtonia erlangeri Newtonia paucijuga Nicotiana africana Nothospondias staudtii Nuxia glomerulata **Ochna angustata **Ochna beirensis Ocotea argylei Ocotea gabonensis Octoknema orientalis Oddoniodendron normandii Oldenburgia grandis Olea chimanimani Olea laperrinei Olea schliebenii Ophrypetalum odoratum ssp. longipedicellatum Ophrypetalum odoratum ssp. odoratum Opilia campestris var. strobilifera Oricia suaveolens Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Gabon (Lastoursville & Moumba) Kenya Mozambique (Zambesi Region) Tanzania (Mafia Island) Kenya (Boni Forest & Tana River) Somalia Tanzania Kenya Tanzania Namibia Cameroon Gabon Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Nigeria South Africa - Transvaal Mozambique (central coast) Mozambique (central coast) Kenya Gabon (Lastoursville) Tanzania (Udzungwa & Mahenge Mts.) Gabon South Africa - Cape Province Mozambique Zimbabwe (Chimanimani Forest) Algeria Morocco Niger Sudan Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.) Tanzania (Morogoro District) Kenya Tanzania Ethiopia (Harege) Ghana Guinea Cote d’Ivoire 81 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Distribution Nigeria Sierra Leone Zaire Oricia trifoliolata Cameroon (Limbe) Oriciopsis glaberrima Cameroon (Bertona) Ormocarpum sennodes ssp. zanzibaricum Kenya Tanzania Ouratea amplectens Ghana Liberia Ouratea sacleuxii Kenya (Shimba Hills) Tanzania Ouratea schusteri Kenya (Teita Hills & Kasigau) Tanzania (West Usambara & Uluguru Mts.) Oxyanthus lepidus ssp. kigogoensis Tanzania Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. brevitubus Kenya Tanzania (Mt. Meru) Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. longitubus Kenya Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. tanganyikensis Tanzania Oxystigma msoo Kenya (Pangani & Tana Delta) Tanzania Ozoroa namaquensis South Africa - Cape Province Namibia Ozoroa reticulata var. nyasica Malawi (Mt. Mulanje) Pachypodium namaquanum South Africa - Cape Province Namibia Pachystela subverticillata Kenya Pachystigma burtti ssp. burtti Tanzania (central) Pachystigma burtti ssp. hirtiflorum Tanzania (Ruaha Valley) Pachystigma gillettii Kenya Pachystigma loranthifolium ssp. loranthifolium Kenya Tanzania Pandanus embuensis Kenya Pandanus kajui Kenya (central) Paranecepsia alchorneifolia Mozambique Tanzania (Selous Game Reserve & Ruaha) Parkinsonia raimondoi Somalia Pausinystalia lane-poolei Ghana Liberia 82 Species Pavetta abyssinica var. usambarica Pavetta axillipara Pavetta comostyla ssp. nyassica var. matengoana Pavetta comostyla ssp. nyassica var. nyassica Pavetta holstii Pavetta intermedia Pavetta johnstonii ssp. breviloba Pavetta kyimbilensis var. iringensis Pavetta kyimbilensis var. kyimbilensis Pavetta linearifolia Pavetta lynesii Pavetta macrosepala var. macrosepala Pavetta macrosepala var. puberula Pavetta manyanguensis Pavetta mollissima Pavetta nitidissima Pavetta sepium var. massaica Pavetta sepium var. sepium Pavetta sparsipila Pavetta sphaerobotrys Pavetta sphaerobotrys ssp. lanceisepala Pavetta sphaerobotrys ssp. sphaerobotrys Pavetta subumbellata var. subcoriacea Pavetta tarennoides Pavetta teitana Pavetta tendagurensis var. glabrescens Pavetta tendagurensis var. tendagurensis Peddiea kivuensis Pellegriniodendron diphyllum Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution Sierra Leone Tanzania Tanzania (Morogoro District) Tanzania (Lake Nyasa) Malawi Tanzania (Rungwe) Tanzania Uganda (Kibale Forest) Zaire Tanzania Zambia Tanzania Tanzania (Lake Nyasa) Kenya Tanzania (coastal) Tanzania Tanzania (Selous G.R. & Mikindani) Tanzania (coast) Tanzania Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania Tanzania (north) Kenya (Loitokitok & Teita Hills) Tanzania Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.) Kenya (Lower Tana River) Somalia (southern) Tanzania (Tanga & coast) Tanzania (coast) Tanzania Malawi Tanzania (Iringa) Kenya (Shimba Hills) Kenya Tanzania (coast) Tanzania (coast) Zaire (central Forestier) Cameroon Gabon 83 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Phyllanthus inflatus Phyllanthus profusus Pierreodendron kerstingii Piptostigma fugax Piptostigma giganteum Piptostigma oyemense Pistacia khinjuk var. glabra Pittosporum goetzei Placodiscus amaniensis Placodiscus attenuatus Placodiscus bancoensis Placodiscus boya Placodiscus bracteosus Placodiscus oblongifolius Placodiscus paniculatus Placodiscus pedicellatus Placodiscus pseudostipularis Plagiosiphon gabonensis Platypterocarpus tanganyikensis 84 Distribution Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Zimbabwe Ghana Guinea Liberia Benin (Bassila Peninsula) Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Togo Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Liberia Nigeria (Oban) Gabon (Oyem) Egypt Israel Palestine Saudi Arabia Tanzania Tanzania Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Upper Guinea Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Ghana Upper Guinea Zaire (central Forestier) Tanzania Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Gabon (Lastoursville) Tanzania (Usambara Mts.) Species Polyceratocarpus scheffleri Polyscias farinosa Polyscias kikuyuensis Polyscias stuhlmannii var. inarticulata Polyscias stuhlmannii var. stuhlmannii Polysphaeria macrantha Populus ilicifolia Pouteria pseudoracemosa Premna grandifolia Premna maxima Protea aurea ssp. potbergensis Protea comptonii Protea curvata Protea laetans Protea lanceolata Protea nyasae Protea roupelliae var. hamiltonii Pseudagrostistachys africana Pseudosabicea sanguinosa Pseudosalacia streyi Pseudoscolopia polyantha Psoralea arborea Psychotria albidocalyx var. mosambicensis Psychotria alsophila Psychotria crassipetala Psychotria cyathicalyx Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Tanzania Ethiopia Kenya (central) Tanzania (West Usambara Mts.) Kenya (Teita Hills) Tanzania Tanzania Kenya Tanzania Tanzania Cote d’Ivoire Kenya South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Swaziland South Africa - Transvaal South Africa - Transvaal South Africa - Transvaal South Africa - Cape Province Malawi (Mt. Mulanje) South Africa - Transvaal Cameroon Eq. Guinea Bioko Sao Tome Ghana Nigeria Fernando Po Gabon South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal South Africa - Natal Swaziland Mozambique Kenya (Teita Hills) Tanzania Kenya (Teita District) Tanzania 85 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Psychotria elachistantha Psychotria goetzei var. goetzei Psychotria goetzei var. platyphylla Psychotria megalopus Psychotria megistantha Psychotria peteri Psychotria petitii Psychotria pseudoplatyphylla Psychotria taitensis Psychotria zombamontana Psydrax faulknerae Psydrax kibuwae Psydrax micans Pteleopsis barbosae Pteleopsis habeensis Pteleopsis tetraptera Pterocarpus brenanii Pterocarpus mildbraedii ssp. usambarensis Pycnocoma littoralis Pycnocoma macrantha Pyrus mamorensis Quercus afares Rapanea gilliana Raspalia trigyna Rawsonia burtt-davyi Rhaptopetalum beguei Rhaptopetalum sindarense 86 Distribution Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Kenya (Teita District) Kenya (Teita Hills) Tanzania (Mt. Meru; Mt. Kilimanjaro) Kenya (Teita District) Tanzania Kenya Tanzania Tanzania Mozambique Tanzania (Rufiji, Kilwa, Lindi) Mozambique Ghana Mali (Bandiagara) Nigeria (Yankari Game Reserve) Kenya (Mombasa, Kilifi) Tanzania (Tanga) Mozambique Zambia Tanzania Tanzania (coast) Tanzania (Pimbi Mts.) Morocco Algeria South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal (southern) Malawi (Mt. Mulanje) Cameroon Gabon Bioko Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Nigeria (Ogoja & Calabar Forests) Gabon (Ngounye) Species Rhipidantha chlorantha **Rhodognaphalon mossambicense Rhus brenanii Rhus glutinosa ssp. abyssinica Rhus glutinosa ssp. glutinosa var. unifoliolata Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides Ricinodendron heudelotii ssp. africanum var. tomentellum Rinorea convallarioides var. marsabitensis Rinorea djalonensis Rinorea keayi Robynsia glabrata Rothmannia macrosiphon Rytigynia adenodonta var. adenodonta Rytigynia adenodonta var. reticulata Rytigynia binata Rytigynia bugoyensis ssp. glabriflora Rytigynia caudatissima Rytigynia celastroides var. nuda Rytigynia eickii Rytigynia hirsutiflora Rytigynia induta Rytigynia lichenoxenos ssp. glabrituba Rytigynia lichenoxenos ssp. lichenoxenos Rytigynia longipedicellata Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Tanzania Mozambique Tanzania Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia (SE & NW Highlands) Sudan Ethiopia (Gojam) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal (southern) Kenya Tanzania Kenya Guinea Nigeria (Obudu) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Nigeria (south) Kenya Tanzania Malawi Tanzania (Ufipa & Rungwe) Zambia (Nyika Plateau) Malawi Tanzania (Iringa) Zambia (Nyika Plateau) Tanzania (coast) Malawi Tanzania (Kilosa & Songea) Tanzania Tanzania (coast) Kenya (Teita Hills) Tanzania Tanzania Kenya Tanzania (Loliondo, Kondo, Mt. Ufiomi) Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania 87 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Rytigynia nodulosa Rytigynia pseudolongicaudata Sabicea caminata Salacia miegei Salix antiatlantica Sapium aubrevillei Sapium leonardii-crispi var. leonardii-crispi Sapium triloculare Savia fadenii Scaphopetalum parvifolium Scaphopetalum talbotii Schefflera lukwangulensis Schefflerodendron usambarense Schizocolea linderi Schumanniophyton problematicum Sclerocarya gillettii Scolopia oreophila Sericanthe odoratissima var. odoratissima Sericanthe odoratissima var. ulugurensis Sericanthe toupetou Sesbania goetzei ssp. multiflora Sesbania kapangensis Sibangea pleioneura Sindoropsis letestui Sorindeia calantha Sorindeia mildbraedii 88 Distribution Tanzania Tanzania Gabon (Belinga & Makokou) Céte d’Ivoire Morocco Ghana (Atewa) Céte d’Ivoire Uganda (Kayonza Forest Reserve) Zaire (Kivu) Kenya (Pangani Rocks) Tanzania (Uzaramo, Masai, Newala) Kenya Nigeria (southern) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Tanzania Gabon Tanzania Zaire Céte d’Ivoire Liberia Sierra Leone Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Sierra Leone Kenya South Africa - Natal Tanzania Malawi Tanzania (Uluguru Mts. & Mwakaleli) Ghana Céte d’Ivoire Tanzania (Pare District) Zaire (Kasai) Tanzania (Udzungwa Mts.) Cameroon Gabon Tanzania Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Species Spathandra barteri Stadmannia oppositifolia ssp. rhodesiaca Staudtia kamerunensis Steganotaenia commiphoroides Sterculia alexandri Sterculia schliebenii Strelitzia alba Strychnos chromatoxylon Strychnos mellodora Strychnos millepunctata Stuhlmannia moavi Suregada lithoxyla Symphyochlamys erlangeri Synadenium compactum var. compactum Synsepalum aubrevillei Synsepalum glycydorum Synsepalum kassneri Synsepalum tsounkpe Syzygium pondoense Talbotiella eketensis Talbotiella gentii Tannodia swynnertonii Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Ghana Guinea-wide South Africa - Natal South Africa - Transvaal Zimbabwe Cameroon Ethiopia (south) Somalia South Africa - Cape Province Kenya Mozambique Tanzania South Africa - Cape Province C. African Rep. Cameroon Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Mozambique Tanzania Zimbabwe Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Tanzania (Handeni & Lindi) Tanzania Somalia (south) Kenya (Kamba, Embu) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Nigeria (south-east) Kenya (Shimba Hills) Mozambique (Manica & Sofala) Tanzania (coast & Lindi) Zimbabwe (east) Cote d’Ivoire South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Nigeria (southern) Ghana Mozambique 89 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Tapiphyllum schliebenii Tapura ivorensis Tarenna drummondii Tarenna luhomeroensis Tarenna quadrangularis Teclea borenensis Teclea carpopunctifera Teclea eggelingii Teclea ferruginea Teclea hanangensis var. hanangensis Teclea hanangensis var. unifoliolata Teclea macedoi Temnocalyx nodulosus Tephrosia pondoensis Ternstroemia polypetala Tessmannia burttii Tessmannia densiflora Tessmannia martiniana var. martiniana Tessmannia martiniana var. pauloi Tetraberlinia moreliana Tetrorchidium ulugurense Toussaintia orientalis Tricalysia acidophylla Tricalysia africana Tricalysia anomala var. anomala Tricalysia anomala var. montana Tricalysia concolor Tricalysia nyassae var. angustifolia Distribution Tanzania Zimbabwe Tanzania (Lindi) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Tanzania Tanzania Tanzania Ethiopia (SE Highlands) Kenya Céte d’Ivoire (Fresco) Tanzania Uganda (Itwara & Mabira Forests) Mali (Sangali) Kenya Tanzania Kenya Mozambique Tanzania (Lake Nyasa) South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Natal Tanzania Tanzania (Mpanda) Zambia Tanzania (Rufiji & Kilwa Districts) Tanzania (coast) Tanzania (coast) Gabon Tanzania (Morogoro District) Tanzania (Uzaramo & Ulanga Districts) Tanzania South Africa - Cape Province Tanzania Rwanda Tanzania (Kwiro Forest Reserve) Zaire (Kivu) Gabon (Belinga) Mozambique Zimbabwe (Mozambique border) Species Tricalysia obstetrix Tricalysia ovalifolia var. glabrata Tricalysia ovalifolia var. taylorii Tricalysia pangolina Tricalysia pedicellata Tricalysia schliebenii Tricalysia soyauxii var. pedunculosa Tricalysia soyauxii var. pilosula Tricalysia vignei Trichilia lovettii Trichilia ornithothera Trichocladus dentatus Trichocladus goetzei Trichoscypha albiflora Trichoscypha atropurpurea Trichoscypha beguei Trichoscypha cavalliensis Trichoscypha chevalieri Trichoscypha liketensis Trichoscypha mannii Trichoscypha parvifoliolata Trichoscypha preussii Trichoscypha ulugurensis ssp. submontana Turraea adjanohounii Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Gabon (Belinga) Kenya Tanzania Kenya Tanzania Gabon (Nzoumou) Tanzania Tanzania (coast) Gabon Gabon Ghana Cote d’Ivoire (west) Tanzania (Udzungwa Mts.) Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania (Rungwe) Tanzania (Uluguru Mts, Iringa, Rungwe) Ghana Liberia Ghana Liberia Nigeria Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Zaire (central Forestier) Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Zaire (Kasai) Cameroon Ghana Nigeria (south-east) Uganda (Kalinzu Forest) Zaire (eastern) Céte d’Ivoire (south-west) 91 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Turraea fischeri ssp. eylesti Turraea kimbozensis Umiiza listeriana Uvariastrum zenkeri Uvariodendron anisatum Uvariodendron gorgonis Uvariodendron kirkii Uvariodendron magnificum Uvariodendron occidentale Uvariodendron oligocarpum Uvariodendron pycnophyllum Uvariodendron usambarense Uvariopsis bisexualis Vangueria bicolor Vangueria randii ssp. vollesenii Vangueria volkensii var. kyimbilensis Vangueriopsis longiflora **Vepris allenii Vepris carringtoniana Vepris glandulosa Vepris heterophylla Vepris mandangoa Vepris morogorensis var. morogorensis Vepris morogorensis var. subalata Vepris samburuensis Vismia pauciflora Vismia torrei Vitellariopsis cuneata Vitellariopsis dispar 92 Distribution Zimbabwe (Matopos Hills) Tanzania (Morogoro District) South Africa - Cape Province Cameroon Nigeria (south-east) Kenya (Thika; Karura, Meru & Emali) Kenya (Kwale) Tanzania (Morogoro) Kenya Tanzania Uganda Cameroon Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Liberia Nigeria Tanzania (East & West Usambara Mts.) Tanzania (East & West Usambara Mts.) Tanzania (E.Usambara & S.Nguru Mts.) Tanzania (Udzungwa Mts.) Tanzania Tanzania (coast) Tanzania (Lake Nyasa) Tanzania Mozambique Mozambique Kenya (Muguga; Ragati; Limuru) Cameroon Ghana Mali Zaire Tanzania Tanzania Kenya (Northern Frontier Provence) Tanzania (Lindi) Mozambique Tanzania (West Usambara Mts.) South Africa - Natal Species Vitellariopsis ferruginea Vitellariopsis kirkii Vitex amaniensis Vitex keniensis Vitex zanzibarensis Warburgia elongata Warburgia salutaris Warburgia stuhlmannii Warneckea memecyloides Widdringtonia cedarbergensis Widdringtonia schwarzii **Xylia mendoncae Xylopia elliotii Xylopia latipetala Xylopia talbotii Xylopia torrei Zanthoxylum atchoum Zanthoxylum chevalieri Zanthoxylum psammophilum Zenkerella capparidacea ssp. capparidacea Zenkerella capparidacea ssp. grotei Zenkerella egregia Zenkerella perplexa Zimmermannia capillipes Zimmermannia nguruensis Zimmermannia ovata Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 Distribution Swaziland Mozambique Zimbabwe (Beira) Kenya Tanzania (Pangani, Kisarawe) Tanzania Kenya Kenya Tanzania (Gongoni, Kinondo) Tanzania (Uzaramo) Mozambique (Lebomba Mts.) South Africa - Natal Swaziland South Africa - Transvaal Zimbabwe (eastern) Kenya (Kwale) Tanzania (Msubugwe Forest) Cameroon Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Nigeria South Africa - Cape Province South Africa - Cape Province Mozambique Ghana Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania (Rondo Plateau) Nigeria (Eket, Oban) Mozambique Céte d’Ivoire Ghana Upper Guinea Cote d’Ivoire Tanzania (Uluguru Mts.) Tanzania (Usambara Mts.) Tanzania Tanzania (Uluguru & Malundwe Mts.) Tanzania (Lushoto) Tanzania Kenya 93 Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees - Report of Regional Workshop Species Zimmermannia stipularis **Ziziphus pubescens ssp. glabra Ziziphus robertsoniana Distribution Tanzania Mozambique Kenya Additional commercially exploited timber species, evaluated according to the new IUCN Red List categories and criteria during the Regional Workshop Species Afzelia africana Afzelia bipindensis Afzelia pachyloba Aucoumea klaineana Autranella congolensis Baikiaea plurijuga Baillonella toxisperma Brachylaena huillensis syn. Brachylaena hutchisonii Cordia millenti Cordia platythyrsa Copaifera salikounda Diospyros crassiflora Entandrophragma palustre Eribroma oblonga Syn. Sterculia oblonga Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Guarea cedrata Guarea thompsonii Guibourtia ehie Hallea ledermanni syn. Mitragyna ciliata Haplormosia monophylla Khaya ivorensis Lophira alata 94 Distribution summary Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, C.A.R., Chad, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda & Zaire Angola, Cameroon, C.A.R., Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Uganda & Zaire Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria & Zaire Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo & Cameroon Cameroon, Congo, Gabon & Nigeria Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia & Zimbabwe Cameroon, Congo, Gabon & Nigeria Angola, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, South Africa (Transvaal) & Uganda Angola, C.A.R., Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda & Zaire Cameroon, Céte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone Céte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia & Sierra Leone Cameroon, C.A.R., Congo, Gabon, Nigeria & Zaire Zaire Cameroon, Céte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria & Zaire Cameroon, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda & Zaire Cameroon, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, & Zaire Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia & Nigeria Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Zaire Cameroon, Céte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone Angola, Cameroon, Céte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia & Nigeria Cameroon, Congo, Céte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone & Zaire Species Lovoa swynnertonii Lovoa trichilioides Mansonia altissima Microberlinia brazzavillensis Microberlinia bisulcata Milicia excelsa syn. Chlorophora excelsa Milicia regia syn. Chlorophora regia Monopetalanthus heitzii Millettia laurentii Nauclea diderrichit Nesogordonia papaverifera Pericopsis elata Pouteria altissima syn. Aningeria altissima Prunus africanus Pterocarpus angolensis Swartzia fistuloides Testulea gabonensis Tieghemella africana Tieghemella heckelii Triplochiton scleroxylon Turreanthus africanus Annex 6 - Revised Document 3 ....... Distribution summary Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire & Zimababwe Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda & Zaire Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana & Nigeria Congo, Gabon (& Cameroon?) Cameroon Angola, Benin, Burundi, C.A.R., Cameroon, Congo, Céte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tomé & Principe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire & Zimbabwe Benin, Cameroon, Céte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia & Senegal Gabon Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea & Zaire Angola, C.A.R., Cameroon, Congo, Céte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda & Zaire Benin, C.A.R., Cameroon, Congo, Céte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Zaire Burundi, C.A.R., Cameroon, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda & Zaire Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea - Bioko, Sao Tome & Principe, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa (Cape Province, Natal, Transvaal), Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire and Zimbabwe Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Transvaal, Zaire, Zambia & Zimbabwe Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria & Zaire Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea & Gabon Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Congo & Gabon Cameroon, Céte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone & Zaire Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Céte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda & Zaire 95 eA lee Meeps apeti reaerentie cotta. fmm ttdgetvoter # : 7 i H , en any A oak ean! eel sigpecteeel4 Cet | pebeneens wee, th Pine * ; 1) wee otal cal ; vane Pwo trnh cia yet dt. aes) aig 2 cre) prt’) nace ngan se. ot nities cnaiely