Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees

Report of the Third Regional Workshop

held at

The Army Hotel, Hanoi, Viet Nam

18-21 August 1997

WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE

The World Conservation Monitoring Centre,
provides information services on the conservation and

sustainable use of species and ecosystems and supports
others in the development of their own
information systems.

Contents

Introduction
Presentations

Opening Speech
Introduction to the project — its aims, activities and progress

Forest and tree species conservation in Viet Nam

Page No.

5

9

Strategy for conservation of forest genetic resources — an important part of biodiversity conservation in Viet Nam 13

Forest tree genetic resources conservation activities at the Research Centre for forest tree improvement
Scientific value of Pinus krempfii in Viet Nam

Conservation status of trees of Yunnan (Mainly NW part)

Conservation status of tree species in Taiwan

Overview of trade in gaharu in Indonesia

Defining the conservation status of endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia — the progress and problems
Conservation status of trees of the Philippines

Conservation status of the trees of Australia

State of knowledge of tree species in Papua New Guinea

Tree conservation as related to the Palmae

The work of IUCN/SSC Plant Specialist Groups

The Conifer Specialist Group

Reports from the Working Groups

Conclusions and follow-up activities

ANNEXES

Annex 1 Agenda

Annex 2 Participants List

Annex 3. Tree Conservation Information Service (Working Document 1)

Annex 4 Guidelines for the application of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories (Working Document 2)
Annex 5 Sustainable use and the conservation of tree species (Working Document 5)
Annex 6 Results of Working Group evaluations

Annex 7 List of forest trees recorded in Viet Nam

Annex 8 List of endangered forest wild flora in Decision No. 18/HDBT

Annex 9 The forest trees listing in Red Data Book of Viet Nam

Annex 10 Forest tree species suggested for genetic resources conservation

Annex 11 Priority list of tree species of conservation concern in NW (NE Yunnan)

15
19

Vier Nam Workshop Report

INTRODUCTION

The Workshop was convened by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) as part of the joint WCMC
and IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) project entitled the Conservation and sustainable management of
trees, funded by the Government of the Netherlands.

The Workshop had three objectives:

e to review existing information on the conservation status of Asian tree species and to collect additional
information on species of conservation concern;

e to discuss the development of the Tree Conservation Information Service appropriate for national, regional and
international needs;

e to plan for the establishment of an SSC Asian Tree Specialist Group.

The Workshop Agenda is given as Annex | to this Report and the participants list is provided as Annex 2.

To aid discussions during the Workshop, a series of working documents was provided to participants as follows:
Working Document 1 Tree Conservation Information Service — data management issues.

Working Document 2 Guidelines for the application of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories to trees

Working Document 3 Tree species for conservation evaluation

Working Document 4 Draft list of Asian species evaluated with the new IUCN categories and criteria

Working Document 5 Sustainable use and the conservation of tree species.

Working Documents 1, 2 and 5 are included as Annexes to this report. Working Documents 3 and 4 were draft
outputs for review. The results of conservation evaluations for the species contained in Working Document 3 are
given in Annex 6.

The Workshop was chaired by Sara Oldfield who welcomed participants on behalf of WCMC and SSC. She
explained that Viet Nam was chosen as the location for the Workshop because of the tremendous conservation
efforts for biodiversity taking place within the country, because of the convenience of Hanoi as a central location for
delegates throughout Asia and for the renowned hospitality of the country.

The Chair thanked the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment for agreeing to act as the sponsor
agency for the workshop and in particular, Dr Sinh, the Director of NEA and Tran Lien Phong and Ms Huong for
their assistance in facilitating visas and other arrangements for the Workshop. Thanks were also given to Hans

Friederich and Sulma Warne of the IUCN Viet Nam National Office for logistical support. Sincere thanks were
expressed to the Government of the Netherlands for funding the Workshop and the project as a whole.

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Vier Nam Workshop Report

Opening speech
The Honourable Vice-minister Professor Chu Tuan Nha, MOSTE

It is my pleasure on behalf of the Government of Viet Nam to welcome all delegates to this international workshop
on the Conservation and sustainable management of trees. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment.
through its National Environment Agency is pleased to sponsor the workshop and to work closely with the Viet Nam
National office of IUCN and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre to facilitate its success. It is my particular
pleasure to welcome overseas visitors from Asia, Europe and North America to Viet Nam and I hope that you will
find all aspects of your visit pleasurable and rewarding. Viet Nam is a country rich in tropical rainforests and
monsoon ecosystems all with important tree resources. The protection of Viet Nam’s natural ecosystems is vital for
the country and for the world. Over the past decade Viet Nam has developed many important new initiatives to
conserve its rich biodiversity. 1 am delighted therefore that representatives from the leading conservation agencies of
Viet Nam including the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, the Institute of Ecological Economy. the
Institutes of Tropical Ecology and Tropical Biology, the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute. the Forest Science
Institute, together with Forest Departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, and the National
Environment Agency, will be here with you this week to share our Viet Namese experiences of biodiversity
conservation. We can, of course, all benefit from the exchange of ideas, scientific information and technology
resulting from national initiatives and international cooperation.

Viet Nam is employing both in situ and ex situ conservation measures to protect its rich biodiversity and I am
delighted that during the course of the workshop delegates will have the opportunity to visit one of Viet Nam’s
protected areas, Ba Vi National Park. I hope that delegates will also take the opportunity during their visit to see the
Botanic Garden and Herbarium of the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources here in Hanoi.

The abundance and diversity of Viet Nam’s biological resources includes 12,000 plant species, 40% of which are
endemic to the country. Around 700 tree species occur within our country and provide foods, medicines, timber and
fuelwood with significant importance for both the national and rural economies. In addition to timber, about 2300
plant species are harvested for fruit, flowers, bark, roots, stems and resins used for food, medicine, construction,
textile production and water proofing. Rapid population growth, decrease in forest cover, over-exploitation of certain
resources, particularly for timber and fuelwood all contribute to the decline of tree species and the urgent need for
their conservation.

In recognising the economic and cultural importance of its biodiversity, the overall framework for the conservation
of biological resources in Viet Nam is provided by various strategic planning documents. These include the National
Conservation Strategy produced in 1985, the National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development (1991)
and the Tropical Forestry Action Plan (1991). The Biodiversity Action Plan approved in 1995 builds on these
documents and provides a broader integrated scope for action. Implementation of the Biodiversity Action Plan
provides the mechanism for Viet Nam to meet its commitments to the Convention on Biological Diversity signed by
Viet Nam in 1993 and ratified one year later. The Biodiversity Action Plan was designed to help national and
international agencies understand biodiversity conservation in Viet Nam and to see where their inputs would be most
effective. Implementation of the Action Plan reviews and strengthens institutional arrangements and international
collaboration (particularly in Southeast Asia) for conservation management, laws and regulations governing
biodiversity conservation, policies concerning property rights, protected areas and species. It is in this context that I
welcome the discussions you will hold this week on the conservation and sustainable management of tree species.
Up-to-date information on the conservation status, threats, uses and ecological requirements of tree species is vital to
the success of their integrated conservation.

In opening this workshop it only remains for me to wish you once again every success with your meeting this week. I
hope that your discussions will be fruitful and that the objectives of the workshop will be successfully reached.

Bhs ah agi Re ae,
; ‘ j js ia i un iy
oi eres OE

“4 abi AA! oi te
a Ni “ply i ba ot

=

Viet Nam Workshop Report

Introduction to the project — its aims, activities and progress
Sara Oldfield

The Government of the Netherlands has provided funding for this three-year collaborative project in support of the
worldwide conservation of trees. WCMC and SSC are the major partners and are working closely with a wide range
of other national and international organisations to develop a Tree Conservation Information Service. The overall
goal of the project is to provide a reliable and up-to-date information service on the distribution. conservation status.
local uses and economic values of tree species worldwide in order to assist countries in the planning of sustainable
forest management and biodiversity conservation through appropriate international or intergovernmental processes.

At an early stage in the project, following wide consultation, it was decided that we should focus on the collection of
information on trees of conservation concern. It has thus been a primary objective to identify which tree species are
under threat worldwide. The methodology used to gather and manage data for the project is described by Martin
Sneary in Working Document 1. The 1994 IUCN categories and criteria have been applied through the project and
their application to trees is described by Charlotte Jenkins in Working Document 2.

The ambitious tasks undertaken during the project have only been possible through a collaborative approach, through
building on existing datasets and drawing on the strengths of the key partners. In order to place the activities of the
project in context, I will describe the work of WCMC and SSC.

WCMC is an independent non-profit organisation, established by three of the key international organisations
working in the field of biodiversity conservation; IUCN - The World Conservation Union, WWF - the World Wide
Fund for Nature and UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme. The aim of WCMC is to provide
information services on conservation and sustainable use of the world's living resources and help others to develop
information systems of their own. To achieve this aim, WCMC offers three principal services: Information Services
that provide and facilitate wide access to information on the status, value and management of biological diversity;
Capacity-building Services, helping others to gather, manage, interpret and use information on living resources; and
Data Management Services that include secure storage, sharing and management of data on behalf of other agencies
and networks.

WCMC has recently gone through a period of restructuring and has identified a series of programme areas on which
to focus its work. Current programmes include:

Forests,

Polar and Mountain Regions
Seas, Coastlines and Freshwaters
Biodiversity Assessment

Trade and the Environment
Protected Areas and Landscapes

The Forest Programme was established in 1995 with the aim to inform and guide international, regional and national
policy and action on the conservation and sustainable management of forests and their biodiversity through the
provision of integrated, timely and accessible information. It was the first programme area to be established at
WCMC. One current activity of the Forest Programme is the development of the Global Forest Information Service
(GFIS). This is an internet-service delivering integrated information on the world’s forests. Initial funding has been
provided by CIFOR and WWF. The Conservation and sustainable mangement of trees project will contribute to the
development of integrated forest biodiversity information through the provision of data on trees in appropriate
formats.

Programmatic activities at WCMC are supported by comprehensive data management systems. Conservation data
are gathered by WCMC from a wide variety of sources, and are managed and maintained in a series of databases.
Databases maintained at WCMC which are relevant to the Conservation and sustainable management of trees
project include

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

The Biodiversity Map Library - a geographical interface which allows rapid access to a wide rang
mapped information on the world’s biodiversity. It is designed to integrate much of the diverse informal
managed by WCMC - on species, ecosystems and protected areas — into a common geographical fo
using ARC/INFO as the base tool. Mapped information in the Biodiversity Map Library inclu
Ecofloristic zones; Global tropical forest coverage; Internationally important wetlands; Coastal ecosyst

and Protected Areas. |

The Protected Areas Database which has over 37,000 records and nearly 5,00 individual site sheets.

The WCMC CITES Trade Database holds over 2 million records on trade in wildlife species and
derivative products. It is managed for the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trad
Endangered Species, to which there are currently 134 Parties. The information spans from 1975 to pre!
and information is updated from annual reports submitted by CITES Parties which are then entered ei
manually or loaded directly into the database.

Species Databases - WCMC works closely with the IUCN Species Survival Commission
Environmental Law Centre, BirdLife International, FAO, Botanic Gardens Conservation Internati
many herbaria, national wildlife departments and others to build and maintain the databases of threat
and protected species of animals and plants. The data are managed in relational database applications
as far as possible, information from them is made available on the Internet. The WCMC Animals Data
is used to compile the JUCN Red List of Threatened Animals in collaboration with the SSC. The W
Plants Database currently records information on the distribution and status of over 100,000 plants, 30
of which are globally threatened following the old IUCN threat categories. Information stored in
WCMC Plants Database was the starting point for information collection in the Conservation
sustainable management of trees Project.

To maintain all the data managed by WCMC it is essential to follow a networking approach. WCMC has one o}
but works with various existing networks around the world. Data collection for the Conservation and sustain
management of trees project has been undertaken in collaboration with SSC’s network of experts.

SSC is one of the six volunteer commissions of IUCN. The mission of the SSC is to conserve biological diversit
developing and executing programmes to save, restore and manage wisely species and their habitats. The goals o
SSC are: to assess the conservation status of species worldwide; to identify conservation priorities for species
their habitats and develop strategies for their conservation; to initiate the actions necessary for the surviv
species; to develop and promote policies for species conservation, and to provide an expert resource network o
conservation of biodiversity.

SSC Groups represented at this meeting include the Conifer Specialist Group; Temperate Broadleaved
Specialist Group; Palm Specialist Group; Indian Sub-continent Plants Specialist Group; South Korean
Specialist Group; and China Plants Specialist Group.

In addition to working with SSC Groups, we have also worked on the project with a wide range of other internati
and national organisations. At an international level we have, for example, collaborated with FAO and IPGRI
regard to the development of appropriate information management systems. These are:

REFORGEN - a database system developed by the Forest Resources Division of FAO. This g
database system is designed to house information related to the world’s forest genetic resources.

TREESOURCE — a global information system on forest genetic resources. This represents a collabor:
effort between FAO, CIFOR, ICRAF and IPGRI and has been designed to provide readily, reliable
accessible information on forest genetic resources. i

An important source of information on Southeast Asian trees has been PROSEA. At a national level we
worked, for example, with the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) in the collection of data.

Vier Nam Workshop Report

To ensure that the project is a success it will be necessary to continue working effectively in a collaborative manner.
WCMC appreciates involvement from all interested individuals and organisations in this project and all input will be
fully acknowledged.

We used the WCMC Plants Database as a Starting point for the project. Data on trees within this has resulted from
various previous initiatives. One of these was a pre-project study undertaken by WCMC for ITTO, entitled
Conservation Status of Tropical Timbers in Trade. Following on from the pre-project report, published in 1991. the
Government of the Netherlands offered support for a broader project looking at all trees, temperate and tropical. and
not restricted to timber species.

We are now near the end of the project and are beginning to prepare the final outputs. Martin Sneary, in his
presentation will describe the methodology we have followed for data collection during the project and the data
management issues. The proposed outputs of the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project by the
end of 1997 are:

A world list of threatened trees using the 1994 IUCN threat categories
A report on the sustainability of tree utilisation
A world tree database made available to users in electronic format free of charge to all collaborators and
other appropriate agencies
e On-line access to tree conservation information maintained by WCMC
Development of an SSC network

Highlighting the results of the project, it is interesting to note that out of approximately 27,000 species currently

recorded in the project database, nearly 4,000 are recorded as threatened or data deficient following evaluation with
the new IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The interim results of species evaluations are shown in the table

below.
Summary totals for the Tree Conservation Database (July 1997)

Total number of trees 27,513

TOTAL 5,776

It is expected that the number of species recorded as threatened will increase significantly by the end of the project,
on the basis of species currently being evaluated. In addition, a further 3,000 tree species were evaluated as globally
threatened using the previous IUCN categories of threat. It may not prove possible to re-evaluate all these species,
but where the data are considered reliable we will incorporate them as an annex in the published world-list of
threatened trees.

It is thus likely that we will document approximately 8,000 tree species as globally threatened by the end of the
project. This is approaching 10% of the world’s tree flora, and compares with approximate figures of 1,100 globally
threatened mammals (20% of the total) and 1000 globally threatened birds (10% of the total). The information
collected has clear implications for tree species conservation on a global scale. The data suggests a need for
international policy review and potentially a shift in resource allocation within conservation programmes. Whereas

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

nd documented the scale of threats to the tree flora, we are aware

over the past two years we have identified a
for follow up work. One aspect which needs further attention is

major gaps in our knowledge and the need
sustainability of uses of tree species.

Vier Nam Workshop Repon

Forest and tree species conservation in Viet Nam
Professor Cao Van Sung

Viet Nam was originally almost completely forested. In 1943, the country had 43.7% forest cover. today this amount
has decreased to 27.7%. In the current epoche of scientific and technological development and increasing population
pressure, with natural resources being exploited and declining, the problem of protection and regeneration of forest
areas proves to be an urgent task. Viet Nam considers this situation seriously and is paying attenuon to monitoring
and measures for forest protection. The Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) is one of the main
organizations responsible for these matters in Viet Nam.

The work of the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR)

IEBR's functions consist of studying the biological resources of Viet Nam, specifically the scientific basis for their
rational utilization and conservation to meet the needs of people and the requirements for environmental
protection.The Insitute has fourteen departments. These include the Departments of Botany, Plant Ecology, Plant
Resources, Ethnobotany, Environment, Bioresources and Chemistry, which are responsible for investigating plant
resources and for conservation, and are most relevant to the Conservation and sustainable management of trees
project.

In recent times IEBR has carried out surveys and inventories of biological resources in different regions of the
country. The surveys have assessed the current distribution, density and status of species with high scientific and
economic value. The results of these surveys provided the basis for recommendations for utilization, restoration,
protection and sustainable management of the biodiversity and precious resources. IEBR has closely collaborated
with other institutions and organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, in completing and publishing
the flora of Viet Nam. So far records have been made for 3000 species of plants, including 50 new species for
science and 200 new ones for Viet Nam. The Institute has built a herbarium with more than 300,000 specimens, for
the purposes of research, scientific exchange and the basis for management and conservation of plant resources.

During the period from 1971 to 1988, a series of books was completed and published, entitled Vier Nam forest trees
consisting of 700 indigenous and exotic tree species found in the country. During recent years many new materials
and information have been collected, increasing the total to 749 species (See Annex 7 to Workshop Report
(Appendix 1)). This publication provides detailed information relating to name, description, distribution and habitat
accounts, ecology, use and conservation status. It serves as a useful guide for assisting scientists, managers and
conservationists in the forestry field. The summary totals of forest trees are provided in Table 1.

Table 1: Summary totals of forest trees covered in Viet Nam forest trees.

ee aE a
[Se ae |

34
Forest conservation measures

3
7

One reason for forest destruction in Viet Nam is the shifting cultivation practised by ethnnic minorities in marginal
areas. It is therefore necessary to conduct a review of the policy and strategy for settlement. This in turn will modify
traditional work patterns, help improve living conditions for these people and promote improved methods of
collection of forest products. The process must be based upon principles of protection and sustainable management
of resources and also should serve both national interests and local people. The IEBR has set up model self-sufficient
socio-forestry communes, using and developing indigenous trees for restoration of bare land and limestone forest and
raising the income of local people in mountainous areas. We have already had success in restoration and plantation
of indigenous species multicultures.

The natural resources, especially timber trees, are important in providing raw materials for construction and industry.
They also provide a gene pool for improving the quality of traditional cultivated and regreening plants and beautiful
elements of the natural landscapes. Being aware of the important role of biodiversity and biological resources in the

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

development of social economy, the State of Viet Nam has issued policies and action plans for good managemen
natural resources. For instance, Viet Nam has promulagated decision 433/QD dated August 4.1989 to protect

exploitation and trade in seven species of rare trees.

New promulgation N° 34/HDBT of 3 February 1990 of the Council of Ministers concerns the prohibition in tra
the protected species and some classes of round logs and exports of semi-processed wood of these species. In If
the Government announced a ban on all wood exports aimed at ending widespread deforestation in parts of cour
Prior to this Viet Nam had banned log exports and applied quotas for the export of sawn umber.

On January 17, 1992 the Council of Ministers issued Decision 18/HDBT stipulating a list on precious and
species of forest plants and regulation concerning management and protection. , This list consists of 13 sp
belonging to Group 1 First class prime timber: Endemic species with special value; and 19 species to Grou
Second class prime timber: Species with high economical value which are subject to over exploitation (See Anné
to Workshop Report (Appendix 2)).

One of the important tasks contributing to the protection of wild biological resources is the production ¢
threatened species list and a Red Data Book. The IEBR in close collaboration with scientists of different Instit
(FIPI, Universities) has completed and published the Red data book of Viet Nam (1996) listing 356 specie)
vascular and lower plants. Criteria for listing in the RDB follow the IUCN threat categories (E=Endange
V=Vulnerable; R=Rare, T=Threattened; K=Insufficiently known). For trees 151 species are listed.

Table 2: Forest trees in Viet Nam RDB

The full text of these threatened species is found in Annex 9 to the Workshop Report (Appendix 3).

Economic and production activities resulting in exploitation of forests has caused reduction of forest area
significant impacts on plant species. To counterbalance these impacts, the Government of Viet Nam has set |
system of protected areas, consisting of 90 special use forests with a total of 953,822 ha (6 National Parks, 52 né
reserves, 32 cultural, historical and environmental sites). This system plays an important role in the protectio
forest resources and their gene pools and provides conditions favourable for preserving in situ forest trees espe

threatened species. |

According to suggestions by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) the system of protected é
will increase to 2,092,527 ha. This includes 10 national parks (252,290ha), 61 natural reserves(1 ,692,351 ha) a

cultural, historical and environmental sites(147,886 ha). By the year 2000 this system will account for 109
forested and forestry area of the country. The system of protected areas is of importance for conservati :
endangered species because almost all these species are found in tropical rainforest and their populations
declined in the wild because of the demand for timber export market. With assistance from scientific institutions
foreign scientists, MARD will revise the current lists of protected species. Legislation should be amended to im)

these revisions and accommodate the need to control trade under the CITES convention. Moreover the Viet |
Government has declared that logging wood exploitation has been banned completely in forest areas. |

Information networks —

One of the tasks of the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project is to set up a networking data
on threatened trees and their conservation. For monitoring and conservation of resources in general, and forest
in particular, IEBR has close cooperation with different institutions such as FIPI, NEA and foreign organiza!
such as WWF, UNDP, PROSEA in building the database of biodiversity resources in Viet Nam. This task:
enhanced by Viet Nam’s involvement in the PROSEA project with a Viet Nam country office established in IE
Advanced technology such as GIS, computer using GPS is being encouraged for application to forest res¢
inventory, protection and management. The IEBR has documented and made available the existing weall

10

Vier Nam Workshop Report

information on the plant resources, to make operational a computerized databank on the plant resources of S.E Asia.
A documentation system has been developed for information storage and retrieval called SAPRIS and BIMS. We
have made BASELIST providing a primary checklist of more than 6200 plant species. PREPHASE: Reference to
literatures from S.E.Asia, TEXTFILE: All PROSEA publications and additional information.

_Up to now there are collected 210 personym records from scientists, 48 organym and about 5000 references to
literature with abstracts; and more than 3182 records have been computerized. Based on collected materials. 40 paper
from 36 Viet Namese authors have registered to write for PROSEA handbook.

For delivering the PROSEA books to users the Viet Nam country office has translated handbook volume PROSEA
1,2,5,6,7 into Viet Namese and has printed book 1,2,5,6. Moreover eight booklets summarized from four PROSEA
books (Pulses, Edible Fruits and Nuts, Timber trees) have been printed and distnibuted to many institutions and
offices over the country. In summary, all these activities have an important role in increasing collaboration in the
development of a computerized data bank and providing information on the plant resources and sources of literature
from Viet Nam and S.E Asian countries.

Clearly the up-to-date information service on the distribution, conservation status, Bioecological features, local use
and economic values of tree species is important work in the planning of sustainable forest management and
biodiversity conservation through international cooperation.

The conservation of the natural riches especially in tropical zones through protection management and sustainable
utilization is a matter of high importance to Viet Nam. In this respect Viet Nam hopes to participate and contribute to
the project Conservation and sustainable management of trees.

The Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources- a potential research unit in Viet Nam with strong staff of works
related to tree inventory information on species of conservation concerns, data management and Asian database links
- will play a network role in the international tree conservation information service.

1]

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Strategy for conservation of forest genetic resources
an important part of biodversity conservation in Viet Nam

Dr Nguyen Hoang Nghia

Viet Nam has a very diverse flora and about 40% endemism. For various reasons, the area of natural forest has
decreased considerably. The forest cover was reduced from more than 40% in 1943 to 26.2% in 1985. Some forest
ecosystems are over-exploited, a number of plant species are in danger of extinction and numerous animal species
have few options for survival. So far, the Viet Namese Government has approved 94 special-use forests including 10
National Parks, 56 nature reserves, and 28 culture-history-environment forests. This system is a complete system for
nature conservation as well as conservation of forest plant genetic resources.

It must be noted that genetic conservation aims at preserving genes, gene complexes and genotypes, preventing
extinction of landraces, provenances and in some extreme cases, it aims to prevent the extinction of the species.
Genetic variation plays a very important role because that is the origin of diversity and it ensures the survival and
stability of the species during the process of adapting to the environment. Water pine (Glyprostrobus pensilis) is an
extreme case where the last 32 individual trees found in Trap Ksor are in danger of extinction. Pinus kwangtungensis
occurs in only two small areas with a total number of less than 100 individuals.

Although genetic conservation and nature conservation have some similar objectives and activities, there are
important differences between them. Genetic conservation pays more attention to preservation of genetic variation.
For example, Da Nhim Protected Forest is able to protect genetic resources of Pinus kesiva only in Lam Dong
province, while genetic resources found in other areas of the Western Highland as well as in North Viet Nam could
not be included.

According to the strategy for genetic.conservation, priority species have been categorized into four main groups:

e Endangered, economically very valuable species such as Afzelia xylocarpa, Aquilaria crassna, Cupressus
torulosa, Dalbergia spp., Diospyros mun, Fokienta hodginsii, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Madhuca pasquieri,
Parapentace tonkinensis, Markhamia stipulata, Taxus chinensis, Taxus wallichiana, Sindora siamensis, Sindora
tonkinensis.

e Endangered, rare, scientifically valuable species such as Calocedrus macrolepis, Ducampopinus krempfii,
Glyptostrobus pensilis, Pinus dalatensis, Pinus kwangtungensis, Podocarpus neriifolius, Cephalotaxus fortunei,
Keteleeria calcarea, Anamoarya sinensis, Carya tonkinensis, Fagus longipetiolata, Garcinia fagraeoides,
Hopea cordata, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Phyllostachys bambusoides var aucro.

e Native tree species for planting such as Cinnamomum cassia, Dendrocalamus spp., dipterocarps,
Erythrophloeum fordii, Chukrasia tabularis, Illicium verum, Pinus kesiya, Pinus merkusii.

e Exotic tree species for planting such as Acacia spp., Anacardium occidentale, Casuarina equisetifolia,
Eucalypts, pines, Tectona grandis.

In situ conservation is the most effective conservation method which is suggested for most native tree species in Viet
Nam. It should be noted that our people have preserved many valuable tree species for hundreds of years, for
example Cinnamomum cassia, Illicium verum, Toxicodendron succedanea, Melia azedarach, Toona sinensis,
Castanea mollissima, Camellia oleosa and Dendrocalamus membranaceus, etc. This can also be considered as a
form of on-farm conservation. ; :

Ex situ conservation has been suggested for some species. In such cases seed collection and sampling should follow
strict regulations in order to widen the genetic base of the species. Seeds of Erythropholeum fordii have been
collected from nine areas within the distribution range of the species and ex sifu conservation stands will be
established at Cau Hai Silviculture Centre. Rooted cuttings of Taxus wallichiana trees will be planted for
conservation at Lam Dong Silviculture Centre.

13

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

There is some scattered information and knowledge about genetic resources, however, there is a need to carry ov
following urgent activities:

Determining distribution of the species as well as the whole range of genetic variation which will serve as a
for conservation work.

Studying biological characteristics, ecological requirements of the species, flowering, fruit-setting. natura
artificial regeneration, etc. .

Establishing plans and measures for conservation (in situ and ex situ) of priority species.
Plans for sustainable use of genetic resources.

Information collection and dissemination.

Additional recommendations are as follows:

14

National Parks and Protected Forests are good areas for nature conservation, however less attention was p?
genetic conservation. Therefore, genetic conservation of important tree species should be implem
according to the strategy and plan suggested.

Reasonable policies relating to conservation of plant genetic resources should be formulated to give a goo
for funding and cooperation.

National Program for Genetic Conservation Research should be well designed to give a strong scientific ba’
conservation.

More funds should be allocated to research and conservation work.

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Forest tree genetic resources conservation activities at the
Research Centre for forest tree improvement

Le Dinh Kha

Viet Nam’s forest cover has decreased by over 20% since 1945. Many economically valuable tree species have been
over-exploited and are currently endangered. Mean annual increment of natural forest is only 2-3 m*/ha/year, with
the highest value only 5-6 m°/ha/year (Tran Xuan Thiep, 1996). The area of total forest plantations is only slightly
more than one million hectares (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Viet Nam. 1997). Plantation
establishment and protection, as well as conservation of forest genetic resources, are therefore the most important
tasks to maintain and develop the current existing forest tree vegetation of the country. This will help to increase
productivity of forest plantations and improve the ecological environment of Viet Nam.

Activities for the conservation of forest genetic resources at the Research Centre for Forest Tree Improvement
(RCFTI)

The main steps in the conservation of forest genetic resources are:

e Inventory

e Collection of forest tree seed and specimens
e Evaluation

e Conservation

e Utilization

These are also the main components of tree improvement programmes together with other important activities. The
main responsibilities of RCFTI in the field of forest tree improvement are:

e Selection of species and provenances which are adaptable to ecological conditions of Viet Nam (through the
work of species/provenance trial).

e Selection of plus trees, progeny and clonal test as well as seed production areas and seed orchard establishment.
e Vegetative propagation by various methods including tissue culture, cuttings, grafting and air-layering.
e Carrying out hybridization to produce new seed sources.

e In-situ and ex-situ conservation of forest genetic resources.

In order to implement these activities, existing forms of geographical and ecological variations of forest tree species
have to be identified, and seed sources selected from different geographical and ecological zones for the priority
species (including both native and exotic trees). The next step is to establish different trials to select the most
promising species and provenances that are adaptable for each ecological zone. These trials could also be considered
as ex-situ conservation areas for forest genetic resources.

Up to now, a set of more than 300 provenance seedlots of the main planting species, both native and exotic, had been
gathered by RCFTI for establishing species/provenance trials. As a result, some fast growing seed sources that are
adaptable to environmental conditions of major ecological zones of Viet Nam have been selected and are currently
used for reforestation.

Tree species being tested in trials are Acacia‘sp. (for low-land and highland areas and for dry zones), Eucalyptus sp.
(for low-land and highland area), Pinus sp., Casuarina sp. (for coastal area and hill sites) as well as Azadirachta
indica, Chukrasia tabularis, Erythrophloeum fordii, Melaleuca cajuputt ...

Selection of plus trees according to their economical utilization has also been successfully conducted. Up to now,

hundreds of plus trees for some main planting species have been selected by RCFTI and different kinds of progeny
tests, seed stands and seed orchards established. In addition, within the framework of UNDP/FAO Regional Project

15

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

on Forest Tree Improvement (FORTIP Project), seeds collected from hundreds of plus trees selected in

countries had been supplied to our RCFTI for establishment of seedling seed orchards in different ecological

of Viet Nam. Such seedling seed orchards are in fact very important genetic resources for further improvement

and could also be considered as ex-situ conservation areas for these selected tree species.

Cutting propagation had also been successfully carried out for some species such as Acacia sp., Eucalyptus
Casuarina equisetifolia, Pinus sp.,Fokienia hodgensii, Calocedrus macrolepis, Taxus sinensis, Cephalotaxus ob
and Chukrasia tabularis. Moreover, some suitable rooting stimulators in powder form had been success:
prepared by RCFTI for cutting propagation of some main planting species. |

Meristem tissue culture of forest tree species is quite a new technology for the Viet Nam forestry sector. ae
not able to import this new technology from overseas as other Viet Namese institutions have done. However
relatively short time meristem tissue culture has been successfully carried out for some tree species such H
mangium x A. auriculiformis hybrids, E. camaldulensis x E. exserta hybrids as well as Calamus platyacanthus

Chukrasia tabularis.

Controlled hybridization was first conducted in Viet Nam by RCFTI and positive results have also been obtain
some exotic species, particularly for Eucalyptus species. Natural hybrids between A. mangium and A. auriculife
have been identified. Plus trees of these acacia hybrids have been selected and clonal tests established from cu
propagation. These hybrid clones have the potential to significantly contributed to the increase of plant
productivity in Viet Nam. |

Conservation of forest tree genetic resources was started in 1989. In the first year, a book on Conservation of
Tree Genetic Resources was prepared and published to introduce the theoretical basis of conservation of fores}
genetic resources. Thus all relevant people and authorities were made aware of the importance of conse
activity as well as the relationship between conservation of forest tree genetic resources and natural and biodivé
conservation. Together with conservation of medical plant genetic resources and agriculture crop genetic resov
conservation of forest tree genetic resources have set up a conservation system for plant genetic resources that |
basis for further breeding work of plant species in general.

Due to the immense variations and diversity among forest tree species, we cannot have conservation program f
presently existing forest tree species. Therefore, conservation activity needs to concentrate on the main tree spec

In the past, the following activities for conservation of forest tree genetic resources have been implemented:

e Investigation, setting up of conservation plans and carrying out in-situ and ex-situ conservation activitil
cooperation with different national parks and some other organizations) for some rare and valuable tree sp
such as Pinus krempfii, P. dalatensis, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Calocedrus macrolepis, Fokienia hodgensit.

e Up-grading and establishing herbarium gardens at Trang Bom (South-eastern Viet Nam), Cau Hai (Vinh
~ province) and Ba Vi (Ha Tay province) for ex-situ conservation of economically valuable wooden tree, |
and bamboo species as well as tree species used for scenery planting.

e Moreover, within the framework of the forest tree improvement programme, a number of conservation are
the most important native and exotic species, have established in different ecological zones of Viet nam.

e Asaresult of research, different kinds of forest tree seeds had been collected and stored at RCFTI, togethe:

the seedlots from seed exchange with other countries. Moreover, numerous trials had also been estab:
within the frame - work of international network of species/provenance trial.

16

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Relationship between conservation of forest tree genetic resources and forest tree improvement work could be
figured as follows

Natural
forest

seed collection
and storage “

Provenance
selection
(Prov. trial)

Plus tree

Species selection
selection”

(Species trial) “”’

Hybridization”

stand

(A)

Seed
establishment

Progeny, family

(A)

and clonal test

Seed orchard
establishment”

Newly
established
plantation”

. As conservation activity
®~ Related activity.

General process of forest tree improvement programme

Future activities
The aim of forest tree genetic resources conservation is to serve the work of forest tree improvement, both long term
and short term, as well as for inland use and international germplasm exchange. Therefore, conservation work in Viet

Nam in the forthcoming years will be concentrated on the following activities:

1. Determination of tree species necessary for conservation: As mentioned above, genetic resources of forest
trees in Viet Nam are immensely diversified and have a scattered distribution. Therefore, immediate

17

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

objectives of genetic resources conservation can only be concentrated on the most important tree spe

(See Annex 10).

Thus, tree species necessary for genetic resources conservation should include three groups that
endangered, economically and scientifically valuable or widely used tee species for reforesta
programme. Belongs to endangered group are tree species of the 3 subgroups as classified by IUCN (1
They are Critically endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU).

Dn Investigation to determine the genetic diversity and collection of seeds or specimens of selected tree spe

It includes field survey, bio-chemical analysis in laboratories and data analysis. Therefore, this activil
quite costly, time consuming and requires a lot of laborers. In order to conduct this activity, internati
donors and assistance, as well as cooperation with other research organizations within Viet Nam, inclu
universities and research institutes, are needed. To obtain standardized data about investigated species
use in other countries of the region, characteristics needed for evaluation and standard of speci
collection have to be prepared and agreed among countries in the region. The required characteristics:
standards to be as simple as possible, easily implemented and require less amount of money so th
participated countries in the region are in position to implement.

3h, Providing technical and financial assistance to national parks, natural conservation areas and provi
forestry units to maintain and extend conservation areas for indigenous tree species having particularly
economic value. Moreover, new conservation areas should also be established (including establishme
new herbarium gardens).

4 Providing technical and financial assistance to forestry research organization to maintain, protect
monitor the existing species/provenance tials, seed stands and seed orchards. In addition,
species/provenance trials, seed stands and seed orchards have to be established.

5. Providing necessary assistance for setting up a cool room used for seed and specimen storage as we
necessary assistance for plant tissue culture laboratory to maintain germplasm specimens in-vitro.

6. Participating in international seed exchange according to general regulation: In order to implement
activity, government approval as well as agreement between participated countries are needed.

Conclusion

Conservation of forest tree genetic resources is an important activity within tree improvement programmes. I
past years, within frame work of tree improvement programmes, conservation activity of forest tree genetic reso!
have been conducted at different level for the most important tree species. A close cooperation between res
institutions within Viet Nam as well as with other countries in the field of genetic resources conservation woul
and facilitate the work of forest tee improvement as well as conservation of forest tree genetic resources to de
further.

18

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Scientific value of Pinus krempfti in Viet Nam
Claire Williams

Southeast Asia is one of two centers of Pinus species diversity. Of the 100 Pinus species, 24 are found in Asia. To
underscore the scientific value of this region and, in particular the scientific value of the rare. endangered pine-like
species P. krempfti, I will briefly summarise its discovery, its putative evolutionary importance and research needs.

In 1921, Krempf found a pine-like species which was described by Le Comte (1921) as P. krempfii. In 1944.
Chevalier elevated this species to the category of monospecific genus, Ducampopinus. Ferre (1948, 1953) noted that
the basis for a new genus to be premature, noting the variation in leaf size.

The debate over the taxonomic classification continues today largely because of inaccessibility to Krempf’s pine. P.
krempfii is restricted to the Da lat Plateau in the central highlands of Viet Nam. Reproductive biology has not been
studied and seed collection is constrained by seed ripening in the rainy season. No botanical garden collections
include this tree and very few herbaria have a specimen.

Further study of this important tree is imperative. Mirov (1967) considered P. krempfii to be a tertiary relic, linking
Pinus to other, more primitive genera in the Pinaceae: Keeteleria and Pseudolarix. Limited molecular phylogeny
studies both support and refute Chevalier’s reclassification of P. krempfti as a separate genus.

If P. krempfti is indeed a putative tertiary relic, and progenitor of all Asian pines then its scientific value to the

international community is immeasurable. Molecular phylogeny, taxonomy, population dynamics and genomic
architecture will provide valuable insights for pine evolution.

19

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Conservation Status of trees of Yunnan (Mainly NW Part)
Weibang Sun

Yunnan accounts for about 4% of the land area of China and has over 50% of the plant diversity. There is a
tremendous range of different habitat types within Yunnan, accounting for the diverse flora.

There are about 8,000 woody plant species in China, of which some 5,300 can be found in Yunnan. Among
Yunnan’s 5,300 woody plants, about 800 species are trees. The most important trees consisting the main forests in
Yunnan are about 200 species belonging to the families of Pinaceae, Toxodiaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae. Theaceae
and Magnoliaceae. Yunnan is not only rich in tree speices, but is also renowned for its ancient trees.. Approximately
1600 tree specimens from 338 species in 178 genera of 77 families have been recorded as over 100 years in age.
These are found in their natural habitats, public parks, temples and villages. They are provincial treasures and worthy
of protection. ;

Assessment of the conservation status of threatened plants can be problemmatic because of differing views of
botanists. A list of 183 threatened tree species with IUCN categories has been provided for the Conservation and
sustainable management of trees project. The categories given are. based on the Red Data Book for China, the
Yunnan Red List and personal observations based on extensive travels throughout the province. Illustrations of over
30 threatened tree species were shown during the presentation.

Conservation measures

The Natural Preserves

About 24 natural preserves in Yunnan were planned in 1959. The project of the natural preserves conducted by the
Forestry Department of Yunnan government has been developed rapidly since 1980. So far, there are 30 different
natural preserves for plants and animals and 5 others in Yunnan have been established. The total area covered for
preserves are 1,212,071 ha., which is about 12,152 square kilometers. So about 3.1% of 390,000 square kilometers of
Yunnan has been used for conserving the plants and animals, as well as other natural importances.

Table 1 The natural preserve types in Yunnan

(sq. km)

propre oe se 738625
S. Subtropical AES ee
C. Subtropical aE 2

OS at Paani

Temperate& Alpine |4 =|: 3848.4
Plateau Lakes [3 247.3

Botanic Gardens and other Organisations

Kunming Botanic Gardens (KBG) - Founded in 1938; belongs to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is one of the
most important institutions for conserving the subtropical and temperate plants in China. The Botanic Gardens is
located in N Kunmng, the capital of Yunnan. The Botanic Garden has 44 hectares and more than 5,000 living plant
collections so far, and about 300 rare and endangered plants listed for protection by the government.

Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Gardens - This also belongs to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Founded in
1959, it is located in Xishuangbanna of S Yunnan. It is one of the most important institutions to conserve the tropical
and subtropical plants in China. The Garden has 1,000 hectares and some 4,000 more plant species have been
collected and cultivated.

2]

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

The Arboretum of Yunnan Academy of Forestry - Located in Heilongtan of.N Kunming, about 12 kilometers
the centre of the city. The Arboretum has 30 hectares and about 500 different tees have been planted. About
third of the trees are rare and endangered introduced from Yunnan and other parts of China.

Kunming Gardening Botanic Gardens

=

Founded in 1986, this garden belongs to the City Council of Kunming: The garden is situated by the golden tem
famous tourist point in Yunnan. So far about 2,000 living plant species have been collected and cultivated
garden, among them abut 100 species are rare and endangered plants listed by the Government.

The Center of Yunnan Rare and Endangered Plants - This belongs to Yunnan Institute of Environmental Sc:
The center was created about 8 years ago. It has 5 hectares. So far some 200 rare and endangered living plant
been collected and cultivated.

Public Parks and Temples - A number of parks and temples in Yunnar have living plant collections. All the par
temples belong to the City Council of Kunming or the Local City Council. Some temples have lots of very old
for example Caoxi Temple in Kunming has a 700 year Magnolia delavayi. Parks and temples are important |
for plant conservation.

Private Nurseries and Family Gardens - At present some private nurseries in Yunnan specialise in propagati
cultivating wild plant species both for business and conservation purposes. Some families grow plants in the |
yard or garden space, the most popular plants grown are Orchidaceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, Liliaceai
Enaceae.

Lijiang Alpine Botanic Gardens - About two years ago, the Lijiang Government and the Yunnan Government
create an Alpine Botanic Garden in Lijiang where the famous Jade Dragon Snow Mountain is located. One
main purposes in establishing this Garden was to conserve the rare and endangered alpine plants both in Yunn
part of Sichuang. Kunming Botanic Garden conducted a Feasibility Study and produced a Report. However, t
the Botanic Garden is still not established.

See Annex 11 for a priority list of tree species of conservation concern in NW (NE Yunnan).

22

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Conservation status of tree species in Taiwan
Fuh-Juinn Pan

Taiwan is located off the southeast coast of mainland China with an area of 3,577, 700 ha. It lies between 120° 00°
04” and 120° 02’ 16”, 21° 53’ 42” and 25° 17’ 48”. To the west are groups of islands called Penghu. and to the east
Lanyu (Botel Tobago) and Lutao. Most areas of Taiwan are mountains of more than 1,000 m, with more than 200
peaks over 3,000 m. Recent aerial surveys indicate that 58.53% of the total area of Taiwan is covered by forest
(Taiwan Forest Bureau, 1995). There has been tremendous loss of germplasm in the composition of the flora due to
expansion of human habitation, cultivation, and forest destruction. In order to protect the natural resources and
ecological systems, and prevent forest gene-pools from extinction, both in situ and ex situ conservation has been
attempted in Taiwan since the late 1970's (Yang and Pan, 1995), so that the maximum amount of genetic variability
remaining to the plant species can be saved to allow their chance of survival.

In the flora of Taiwan, there are 4,102 species (including infraspecific taxa) of native vascular plants, and % of which
1,069 species, are woody species (Liu et al., 1994). Among the native flora, 502 species were preliminary identified
as rare or endangered (Lai, 1991) and 97 of them were woody and endemic. Recent revision of the work on
identification is being undertaken by the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute based on the criteria indicated by IUCN
(IUCN, 1994), ie. 10 threat categories are used. The first volume titled ‘Rare and Endangered Plant Species (1)’ has
been published (Lu and Pan, 1996). It is planned to publish 5 volumes for the whole work, one volume each year.
Field survey and status reports of potentially rare and endangered species are being undertaken.

In situ Conservation

One hundred and seven natural forest stands have been established to prevent the future-destruction of forest. There
were also 24 protected areas and 18 nature reserves designated within national forest ecosystems. Many of them
were established to protect rare or endangered plants and their associated ecosystems. For example, Pinlin Taiwan
Keteleeria Reserve was set aside to protect Keteleeria davidana var. formosana, and Taitung Honyeh Reserve to
conserve the endangered and relic Cycas taitungensis.

Taiwan has established six national parks, ranging from 4,750 to 105,409 ha, since 1984. The total area of the six
parks is 322,107 ha, occupying about 8.6% of the total land area of Taiwan. The entire ecosystem, including rare and
endangered plant species within the parks is strictly preserved.

Laws have been passed to authorize the designation and protection of the above areas: Cultural Heritage Preservation
Law, and the National Park and Forest Law. Eleven plant species are in danger of extinction or serious genetic
erosion caused by destruction of habitats, and have been put on the rare:and valuable list under very strict protection.
These species are: Amentotaxus formosana, Cycas taitungensis, Keteleeria davidana var. formosana, Fagus hayatae,
Bretschneidera sinensis, Rhododendron hyporythrum, R.. kanehirai, Podocarpus costalis, Juniperus sargentit,
Epilobium nankotaizanense and Isoetes taiwanensis. Most of them are woody species except the last two, which area
perennial herb and small fern respectively.

Ex situ Conservation

Seeds are the most convenient parts of plants for storage. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute has a seed bank for
storing and testing tree seeds. The construction possesses modern storage facilities, with rooms of different
temperatures of 5°C - 0°C, -10°C and -20°C, and humidity of 65%.The seed bank constantly houses 200 species of
forest tree seeds, including some 50 threatened tree species, to ensure their long-term survival. Some species such as
Taiwania cryptomerioides have been stored for at least 30 years. The viability of each sample to germinate is tested
at regular intervals, ie. every 1-5 years. Orthodox seeds in storage usually retain viability much longer than those of
recalcitant, the latter must be replaced by new seed collections each year.

Botanic gardens have long been involved in the assessment and study of plant resources and have played a very
significant part in the practice of resource conservation. They undertake conservation work through investigations of
propagation, maintenance and growth, and provide a convenient environment for long-term studies. Taiwan has now
eight botanic gardens and arboreta: Taipei Botanic Garden, Fu-Shan Botanic Garden, Heng-Chun Tropical Botanic
Garden, Chia-I Tropical Arboretum, Hsia-Ping Tropical Arboretum, and Shuan-Shi Tropical Arboretum. They are
tasked to maintain germplasm of rare and endangered plant species in Taiwan.

23

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

micropropagation of rare and endangered species (Ya
f Taiwania cryptomerioides, Taxus celebica, Chamaec)
blems of storage of meristems, callus have not yet

Tissue and cell culture is being increasingly used for th
Lee, 1993). It is especially used in the propagation o
spp. and Pseudotsuga wilsoniana (Tsai, 1989). The pro
adequately solved (Yang and Lee, 1993).

Conservation practices of rare tree species in Taiwan Forestry Research Institute

Conservation in Experimental Forests

The Institute has six branch stations located in each part of Taiwan island. Each station is characterized by its u
ecosystem and vegetation type. All of them comprise large areas of experimental forests, in which natural fore
plantation are well managed. Both in situ and ex situ conservation of rare or endangered plant species are
practised in the experimental forests. For example, the rare species of Cinnamomu pseudomelastoma is confi
Fu-Shan area and scattered only in the experimental forest of Fu-Shan Branch. Survey of phenology and asso}
vegetation, and reproductive biology of the species were made in the habitats. Rooting cuttings of the species
purpose of establishing field gene banks were also proceeded. The lowland species, Cinnamomun reticu)
Decussocarpus nagi, Euonymus pallidifolia, Gleitsia rolfet, are distributed or restricted in the experimental for
Heng-Chun Branch. Conservation progress of both ex situ and in situ programmes were well developed in the §
(Pan and Yang, 1995). A large area of natural vegetation, which is 1250 ha in area and 2100-3300 m in elevati¢
adjacent to the planned alpine botanic garden, can also be used for in situ conservation of high elevation specie!

Field gene bank of rare and endangered tree species

It was suggested to plant the specimens in semi-natural habitats alongside the botanic gardens if there is
space in the gardens. So far, six botanic gardens and arboreta have been established, under the administration
Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Taipei Botanic Garden is one of the oldest gardens, and is located in Taip
It is responsible for the design of conservation programmes of rare and endangered tree species for all other b
gardens and arboreta of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Heng-Chun Tropical Botanic Garden, elevation’
150, was designated to collect and establish field gene banks for 44 lowland species. Fuh-Shan Botanic G
elevation 650-1100 m, was taking responsibility for 22 species that are distributed in the northern part of Tai
on mountain slopes at elevations of 650~1500 m. There is one planning alpine garden, Chia-Yang Botanic ¢
which is located in elevations of 2100~2500 m, to collect and conserve 32 species occurring in the moun’
1500-3000 m. Conservation is far more than just cultivating a few specimens of a threatened plant in a |
(IUCN, 1989). The collection of each rare or endangered species includes as many accessions as pf
representing most of the populations in its distribution to maintain the diversity of germplasm. Therefor
collection has to comprise a certain number of individuals. For example, at least 50 individuals must be collec
tree species of each accession and 100~200 individuals for shrubs and vine species. The plantation of fiell
banks for each rare or endangered species is thus more than | ha. To avoid competition from other specie:
stands were established within the same category. The three gardens also have exhibition areas for the |
endangered species, and seed orchards for biological studies and seed collection. |

Genetic and variation studies of Rare and Endangered Tree Species

There is a need to ensure that the genetic base of the populations concerned in the conservation programmes |
enough. Before sampling a species for ex situ collections, a study should be made of the variation ac
geographical and ecological range. Genetic and variation data can be used to direct the conservation stra'
threatened species. It will also increase our understanding of how to manage populations. Variations of 16 r
endangered species have been conducted since 1991, and their distribution patterns and variation types hav
well understood. Among them, four are gymnosperm species and 12 anigosperms. Isozyme variation with
among different populations of the species could allow decisions to be made as to the sampling methods, arez
sampled and probable number of samples needed when proceeding with the conservation programmes. RAF
proved to be a powerful tool for the same purpose. Variation patterns and other threatened species occu
Taiwan by using isozyme or DNA markers are under inventory. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, togeth
scientists of other institutes and universities, are planing to finish surveying at least five species each year un
support of the government agencies.

24

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Discussion and conclusion

Conservation of rare or endangered plants has attracted more attention of the people and the government of Taiwan.
Council of Agriculture (Central government) and Taiwan Provincial Government have offered relatively large
funding, about US$800,000 and US$200,000 respectively, directly supporting the conservation studies for 1997-
1998 fiscal year. By now, the rare or endangered species have been identified, and ranking based on IUCN category
are being initiated. Field surveys of the species need to be made to evaluate the current distribution and status of
them. However, there is a need to encourage researchers of the country to assess biology and ecology of the
threatened species. Knowledge of the breeding system and reproductive biology is especially important since it
determines the pattern of variation and genetic diversity. Knowledge of pollinators and dispersal agents is also
essential for maintenance of the materials in cultivation. Besides, some species such as Cycas taitungensis,
Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana are poor in regeneration, and it is necessary to remove competing plants and do
regular weeding to provide open ground for seedlings. Work needed in the future should include cultivation
requirements, reproductive biology of rare and endangered species. The information is essential to reintroduce the
plants back into the wild and to provide material for restoring and rehabilitating natural habitats.

References

Huang, S. 1994. Genetic variation and structure of Bretschneidera sinensis of Taiwan populations. Bull. Taiwan
Museum..

Huang, S., J.M. Chen, S.L. hsu and S.Y. Lu. 1995. Genetic variation within population of endangered Rhododendron
kanehirai. Bull of National Taiwan Normal Univ. 30:63-68.

IUCN. 1989. The Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy. 'UCN Botanic Gardens Conservation Secretariat, Kew,
UK.

IUCN. 1994. IUCN Red List Categories.

Lai, M.J. 1991. Criteria and measure for assessing rare and threatened plant species in Taiwan. Ecology Series No.
12. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuen, ROC.

Lin, T.P., Y.P. Cheng and S.G. Huang. 1997. Allozyme variation in four geographic areas of Cinnamomum
kanehirai. J. Heredity 88 (in press).

Lin, T.P., T.Y. Lee, L.F. Yang, Y.L. Chung and J.C. Yang. 1994. Comparison of the allozyme diversity in several
populatios of Chemaccyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. Can. Journal for Research. 24:2128-
2134.

Lin, T.P. and Y.S. Wang. 1991. Paulawnia taiwaniana, a hybrid beteween P. fortunei and P. kawakamii
(Scrophulaciaceae). Plant Syst. Euol. 178:259-269.

Liu, Y.C., F.Y. Lu and C.H. Ou. 1994. Trees of Taiwan. Monographic Publ. No 7. College of Agriculture, National
Chun-Hsing Univ., Tai-Chung, Taiwan, pp. 925.

Lu, S.Y. an dFj.J.Pan. 1996. Rare and Endangered Plants. Vol. 1. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuen, ROC.

Pa. F.J. 1997. Vairation and systematic studies n the genus Pasania (Fagaceae) in Taiwan. Journal International Oak
Society. In Press.

Pan, F.J. and J.C. Yang. 1995. An ex-situ conservation plan for endangered speices of Taiwan. Jn Temperate Trees
under Threat. Pp. 108-120. IDS.

Taiwa forest Bureau. 1995. The Third Forest Resources and Land Use Inventory in Taiwan. Taiwan Forest Bureau,
Taipei.

Tsai, C.J. 1989. Mass propagation of Taiwan Yellow cypress and Taiwan Red Cypress thorugh Tissue Culture. Ms.
Thesis, Dept. of Forestry, National Taiwan University, Taipei.

Wang, C.T. 1995. Allogyme variation in populations of Amentotaxus formosana Li. Ms. Thesis, Dept of Forestry,
Natioal Taiwan University.

Yang, K.C. 1996. Inter and intra-specific variation of the genus Salix in Taiwan. PhD. Thesis, Dept of Botany,
Natinal Taiwan University.

Yang, J.c. and C.H. Lee. 1993. The forest gene conservation program I berate J. For. 1(6):40-42.

Yang, J.c. and C.H. Lee. 1993. The current status of native woody vegetation in Taiwan. In Temperate Trees under
Threat. Pp. 89-107. IDS.

25

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Overview of trade in gaharu in Indonesia
Tonny Soehartono

Introduction

Gaharu, karas, gumbil, kelambak depending on the region, is the trade name of the fragrant wood theat originates
from the infected trees of Aquilaria spp. and other species such as Gonysrylus spp. The wood is also known in
English as agarwood, eaglewood, aloewood (Sidiyasa, 1986; Cakrabarty er al., 1994; Wiriadinata. 1995; Jalaluddin.
1977; Chang and Kadir, 1997; Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997). The wood is popular in Chinese and Arab
communities due to its aromatic products which have high commercial value for incense, perfume, traditional
medicine, preservative products and accessories (Ding Hou, 1960; Burkill, 1966; Charkrabarty er al., 1994:
Jalaluddin, 1977; Chang and Kadir, 1997; Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997).

The aromatic wood comes from the dying trees of the above mentioned species due to the effects of infection by by
certain species of fungi (Jalaluddin, 1977; Santoso, 1996; Chang and Kadir, 1997) or wounding (non-pathologic)
(Nobuchi and Siripatanadilok, 1991). The fragrant wood appears to be light brown to dark brown or nearly black in
colour depending on resin substances. The favourite and commercially valued gaharu, due to its aroma is the wood
from trees of Aqguilaria spp. (Burkill, 1966; Chang and Kadir, 1997).

In natural populations, the trees of Aguilaria spp. are only infected at certain ages (Chang and Kadir, 1997).
Sadgopal (1960) indicated that the best gaharu yields from trees aged 50 years or above. Approximately 10 % of
Aquilaria spp. in the forest produce oleoresins from decaying wood in the infected trees (Gibson, 1977).
Traditionally, local people in India, Malaysia and Sumatera only select and log the dying and infected trees
(Chakrabarty er al.,1994; Jalaluddin, 1977; Chang and Kadir, 1997; Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997). However,
for the last ten years, as the wood has high value, trade in the wood has increased significantly leading to excessive
harvest of Aquilaria spp. throughout the area where the species occur.

Indonesia is a major exporting country for gaharu. The export destination from Indonesia are countries in Asia such
as Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirate, Oman and Yemen (Departemen
Perdagangan, 1995; Departemen Kehutanan, 1996; Sidiyasa and Suharti, 1987; Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997).
The export volume of gaharu from Indonesia between 1976 to 1996 ranges from 20-300 tons per year (Sidiyasa and
Suharti, 1987; Departemen Kehutanan, 1996). This paper presents the situation of trade in gaharu in Indonesia.

Taxonomy

Aquilaria spp. is a genus of trees belonging to the family Thymeleaceae which consists of 50 genera with 500
species of trees, shrubs and climbers (Beniwal,-1987; CIFOR, 1996). The genus is taxonomically poor defined
(Burkill, 1966). Chang and Kadir (1997), Beniwal (1987) and Agustina (1994) reported that there are 15 species of
Aquilaria. On the other hand, Ding Hou (1960) indicated that only 12 species belong to genus Aquilaria. Some of
the species were reported taxonomically similar or variant to other species e.g., Aquilaria agallocha is variant of A.
malacensis (Sidiyasa et al., 1986; Chang and Kadir, 1997). Of the 12 species of Aquilaria spp. six indicated occur
in Indonesia (Aquilaria malaccensis, A. microcarpa, A. hirta, A. beccariana, A. cumingiana and A. filaria) (Ding
Hou, 1960).

Geographical distribution

The species of Aquilaria are distributed in a wide range area covering most of East Asia including India, Pakistan,
Myanmar, Viet Nam, Lao DPR, Thailand, Kampuchea, Southern China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia
(Ding Hou, 1960; Burkill, 1966; Baruah er al., 1982; Sidiyasa, 1986; Whitmore, 1972; Chakrabarty er al., 1994,
Chang and Kadir, 1997; Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997).

In Indonesia the six species are distributed almost throughout the country except in the region of Jawa and Lesser
Sunda Island (Table 1) (Ding Hou, 1960; Wiriadinata, 1995).

27

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Table 1. Distribution of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia

fe Name of Species Geographical distribution

No.
Aquilaria microcarpa BAILL
Aquilaria filaria (OKEN) MERR
Aquilaria beccariana VAN TIEGH

| 6 | Aquilaria cumingiana (DECNE) RIDL East Kalimantan and Maluku

Source: Ding Hou (1960); Wiriadinata (1995)

Characteristics and habitat

Following are the general characteristics of the six species occur ing in Indonesia, adopted from Ding Hou (
Sidiyasa (1986); Burkill ( 1966); CIFOR (1996); Soehartono er al. (1997).

Aqguilaria malaccensis Lamk.
Tree up to 40 m_ tall with diameter up to 60 cm. Bark smooth and whitish; branchlets slender, pale t
pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves shinning on both surfaces, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 7'/> -12 cm
5'/. cm. Inflorescenes terminal, axillary or supra axillary. Flowers green or dirty-yellow, campanulate, §
long, scattered puberulous outside. Fruits obovoid or obovoid-oblong, rounded at the apex, cuneate to the bai
by 2'/> cm usually compressed. Seeds proper ovoid, including the beak 10-6 mm, densely covered with re
The trees occur in secondary to primary tropical forest up to 270 m.

Aquilaria microcrapa Bail.
Tree up to 40 m tall with diameter up to 80 cm.. Bark grey, superficially fissured; branchlets light |
puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, 4'/5 -10 by 11/2 - 4
Inflorescenes axillarry or supra-axillary, terminal. Flowers white, light yellow or yellow, 5 mm long.
subcordate, slightly compressed, 8-12 (-16) by 10-12(-15)mm, 1-(2) seeded; persistent floral tube sometimes
on one side. Seeds ovoid, 6 by 4mm, densely brownish pubescent; caruncle-like appendage 2 mm long. T!
occur in lowland tropical forest up to 200m.

Aquilaria filaria (Oken) Merr. :
Tree up to 17 m.tall with diameter up to 50 cm. Young branchlets light brown, pubescent and glabrescent. ]
oblong, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate-oblong, 10-20 by 3-5/, cm. Inflorescenes axilla
extra -axellary, rarely cauliforous. Flowers yellowish -green or white, infundibular, 5-6'/. mm long.

Fruits ellipsoid to obovoid or subglobose, slightly compressed, rugose, 1'/, -1'/. by 1'/, cm, sparsely hairy, }
Seeds deltoid, including the appendage, %4 by % cm, plano-convex, black. The trees occur in lowland tropica
up to 130 m.

Aquilaria hirta Ridl.
Tree up to 14 m tall with whitish and rather smooth bark. Leaves elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, 6'/ -14 by 2!
cm. Inflorescenes sessile or up to 10 mm peduncled, pubescent, 5-14 flowered; bract small. Flowers white |
yellowup to 2 cm pedicelled, pubescent. Fruits protruding from the floral tube, oblanceolate, abruptly acuti)
apex, attenuate to the base, including the stipe 3'/. -5 by 1 cm, densely golden puberulous; pericarp corii
Seeds ovoid, 10 by 6 mm, puberulous, glabrescent. The trees occur in hill slopes of the tropical forest from I
up to 300 m.

Aquilaria beccariana Van Tiegh |
Tree up to 20 m tall with diameter up to 60 cm. The bark is grey and smooth. Leaves oblong, oblong- lancec
elliptic-oblong, rarely elliptic, (7-)11-27 by (3-) 6-81/2 cm. Inflorescenes axillary or extra-axillary, brancl
up to 11/2 cm peduncled, short-paniculiform, pubescent 3-7 mm. Flowers 7-12 mm long, yellowish, greé
yellowish-white. Fruits protruding from the top of the floral tube, ellipsoid or obovoid, 2-31/2 by13/4 cm,

28

Vier Nam Workshop Report

puberulous and glabrescent. Seeds black, ovoid, 10 by 5 mm long. The trees occur in secondary and primary
tropical forest, sometimes in swamp, from lowland up to 800 m.

Aquilaria cumingiana (Deone.) Rid].

Srub or small tree up to 5 m tall. Bark ashy grey, mottled and smooth. Leaves elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong .
rarely obovate-oblong, 14-18 by 51/2-81/2 cm. Inflorescenes simple or sometimes branched. few to many
flowered. Flowers whitish, 13-16 mm long. Fruits globose, slightly obovoid, or ellipsoid, 13/4 by 11/3 cm. Seeds
broad-ovoid, plano-convex, 1 by % cm. The tree occur in primary tropical forest at low and medium altitude.

Population

As indicated in the previous section Aqguilaria spp. occur spread out in natural forest in Indonesia. However, the
population distribution is patchy across the forest habitat making it difficult to estimate the actual population per
unit area at species level (Ding Hou, 1960; Whitmore,1972; Burkill, 1966; WWF, 1994; Soehartono er al., 1997).
The assessment from the Indonesian National Forest Inventory (NFI) has revealed the following estimates (Table 2).

Table 2. Population estimate for Aquilaria spp. according to NFI

Number of Individual ha 1

Ee aa 1 ae

Source: Soehartono et al., 1997

The NFI project does not cover the island of Jawa. The NFI data available does not also show any indication of the
species occurrence within the island of Maluku. Possibly, because the current population of the species is low, it is
missed from the NFI samples. For comparison La Frankie (1994) reported that the estimated population of A.
malaccensis in lowland forest Malaysia is 2.5 per ha. It was also reported that in northern tropical forest in India the
density of A. agallocha, variant of A. malaccensis, is 0.73-0.77 % (Beniwal, 1987; Chakrabarty er al., 1994).

The basic point from the figures above is to estimate the volume of agarwood available in the wild. It was estimated
that the tree may produce resin (agar) at the aged of 20 years or above (Beniwal, 1987; Chakrabarty er al., 1994;
Chang and Kadir, 1997). Yet, as not all the trees of Aquilaria spp appear to be infected (Sadgopal, 1960) it leads to
a very complicated estimation in providing a consensus picture of natural stock of agarwood. Much works still
need to be done in order to find the acceptable figure of standing stock of agarwood in tropical forests of
Indonesia.

Production

Traditionally, harvesting and trading in gaharu have been carried out for many decades by the local people in
Kalimantan and Sumatera (Burkill, 1966), trading with Chinese and Arab people who visit the areas. Now, as the
country becomes one of the principal exporters of tropical timber and other forest products, the trade of gaharu is
quantitatively significant. The export volume of gaharu fluctuates, yet in the last three years the export volume has
reached the level of attention due to its high number (Departemen Perdagangan, 1995; Departemen Kehutanan,
1996).

Ata national level, compared to timber, the economic share from export gaharu is not significant (Departemen
Kehutanan/FAO, 1990) even the product has not been recognised in the minor forest product from Indonesia
(Menon, 1989). However, in reality the economic potential of this product has substantial inputs into the livelihood
of very large numbers of local people in major islands like Sumatera, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya (Departemen
Perdagangan, 1995; Wiriadinata, 1995; Sidiyasa and Suharti, 1987; WWF, 1994; Soehartono and Mardiastuti,
1997). ;

29

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Following is the figure of Indonesian export of gaharu between 1975 - 1995.

250000
200000
150000
100000

Volume (Kgs)

50000

0)

7576 #77 +78 #%(79 80 81 82 8 91 92 93 94 95
Years

Figure 1. Export of Gaharu from Indonesia between 1975-1995
Source: Adopted from Sidiyasa and Suharti (1986) and Departemen Kehutanan (1996).

The major source of gaharu from Indonesia are East Sumatera (Riau) and Northern Sumatera (Aceh), Kalir
and Irian Jaya (Departemen Perdagangan, 1995; Departemen Kehutanan, 1996).

Quality and prices
Species noted to produce high quality gaharu are A. agallocha, A. crasna, A. baillonii and A grandiflora (E
1966; Sidiyasa and Suharti, 1987; Chang and Kadir, 1997). The species occuring in Indonesia which know#
variant of A. agallocha is A. malaccensis (Sidiyasa et al., 1986)

Regardless of international quality, the gaharu traders in Indonesia have their own grade which sometimes
slightly between regions. Yet, in principle the traders set the grade according to substantial resin conten
higher quality corresponds to better price, although, in reality price always relates to market demand.

Generally, the traders in Indonesia have classified the products into six different grades. The prices ranges bi
US $ 2-7 for the lowest quality to US $400-600 for the best quality (Oetomo, 1995; Soehartono and Mar
1997). However, for the purpose of practical redsons in control and taxes, the government only recognis
kinds of gaharu grade namely kemedangan and gaharu (Departemen Kehutanan, 1996).

Permits and control

Gaharu products are classified as forest products, hence, officially harvest and transport of the products wit
out of country is controlled by the Ministry of Forestry and its regional offices. Before November 199
gaharu products were listed under CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Will
and Fauna) Appendix II all permits relating to gaharu were regulated by the Forestry Regional Offices.

As Indonesia is a party to CITES, since early 1995 when the CITES regulations came into effect, all regulz
harvest and transport of gaharu have been reorganised according to CITES procedures. The Indonesian S
Institutes (LIPI) as the National Scientific Authority to CITES, was appointed as single authority which esta
the national quota for annual harvest of gaharu from natural habitat. The quota then is distributed to the R
Offices with potential to produce gaharu.

The Regional Offices which have quotas will redistribute the quota to registered gaharu traders located ul
own authority. The corresponding traders are expected to arrange the given quota with their own collector
domestic transport of gaharu is under the authority of Regional Offices.

Export permitting is undertaken by the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PF
the National Management Authority to CITES (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1996). This office is located in.

30

Vier Nam Workshop Report

the capital city, and for the security reasons the office does not delegate the permit authority to its own Regional
Offices.

Problems

The recent development of gaharu trade due to high demand and commercial value causes several major problems
such as excessive and illegal harvest, lack of documented information on population and standing stock,
enforcement and trafficking.

A. Excessive and Illegal Harvest vs Enforcement: The wild populations of Aquilaria spp., regardless the content
of gaharu, are practically open access to anyone who harvests the resource. The open competition for resources
makes it difficult to control. The authority, except within the strict nature reserves, has no power to control the
individual trees of Aquilaria spp. within natural forest. With the recent high demand and better price of gaharu, the
rate of extraction of the resources has become alarming (WWF, 1994).

The fact that the country has a large geographical area with more than 60 % occupied by forest and limited support
to control the entire forest resources makes it very difficult to enforce the existing forest regulations (Ministry of
Forestry/FAO, 1990). This situation has created a dilemma. In one hand, the authority has tried hard to accelerate
the so called non-timber forest product (gaharu) and to enhance opportunities and abilities for local people to gain
benefits from forest resources in a sustainable manner. On the other hand, the limited control of utilisation and lack
of co-operation with the traders has escalated illegal harvest.

The traders, quite naturally always look for the largest personal profit. For them, the lack of resources normally, in
the short run, could be an advantage especially when the demand and price is high leading to high profit per unit.
Ultimately when the resources run out, the traders can easily switch to other businesses.

The traders also know ways of by-passing regulations. The authority has limited access and facilities to control the
distribution of gaharu quotas between traders and collectors. The local people who have easier access to the
resources and do not have any connection with registered traders usually ignore the quotas system as they may not
even understand what the quota is.

Some of the collectors also believe that gaharu does not necessarily occur in standing tree of Aquilaria spp. but also
can be formed in the felled trees which originally did not contain gaharu. This practices creates even more rapid
felling of the species as some of the collectors may log any Aquilaria trees regardless the content of gaharu. The
lack of information and research on Aquilaria spp. population within the natural forest are worsening the situation.
Finally, the business of gaharu at regional levels becomes confusing and practically out of control.

B. CITES and its implications: CITES only listed one species of Aquilaria (A. malaccensis) whereas in reality
gaharu products originate from many different trees of species of Aquilaria spp. (Burkill, 1966; Jalaluddin, 1977;
Sidiyasa, 1986; Chang and Kadir, 1997). The authority has no ability yet to identify to species level the gaharu
products which normally are in the form of chips and powder. In practice, therefore, all gaharu products, regardless
of the species must comply with CITES procedures and regulations (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1996), when they
are exported. :

Many traders when they deal with high value gaharu (grade super) which normally is carried out in small units (1-2
kg) try to escape the government taxes as the products are small and easy to hide. They try to do similar things
when they export the products. They tends to avoid CITES procedures as they reluctant to declare the goods and
prepare CITES document in several CITES check points before it leaves the country.

Plantations

Not all the gaharu traders in Indonesia are dishonest. Some of them have foreseen the future of trading gaharu by
establishing Aquilaria spp. plantations. There are at least four plantations known in the county (Riau-east
Sumatera, West Kalimantan, Lombok and Bogor-West Jawa). These plantations, except the one in West
Kalimantan, belong to private gaharu traders. The area of each private plantation is not large ranging from 10 to 15
ha with the average age of plantation at 8-9 years.

3]

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

o the Forest Services of the province. It was established in 1988
purpose of gaharu research (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1977). Currently research on gaharu has been going
the area under taken by BIOTROP (the Institute of Tropical Biology) located in Bogor . Although, the

plantation areas are small compared to the entire production of gaharu in the country, the activities within the)
are encouraging and should be appreciated. ]

The plantation in West Kalimantan belongs t

The owners with the help of government and privates researchers have tried different method in inoculating
types of fungi into the Aquilaria spp. trees with expectation of having instant and good quality gaharu.

Concluding remarks aa0 ks
The business of gaharu in Indonesia has substantial importance in particular for local communities. The o

development of the trade although there are problems has positive aspects as indicated by the ongoing re
activities relating to gaharu and plantation development. More research in species distribution, natural pop’
and fungi inoculation are encouraged whereas improvement of enforcement activities are required.

REFERENCES

Agustina, R. 1994. Gaharu, Serbuk Setanggi Yang Langka. TRUBUS 297:54-60.
Baruah, J.N., Mathur, R.K., Jain, S.M. & Kataky, J.C-S. 1982. Agarwood. Pp. 663- 667 in Atal, C.K. &
RM. (Eds.) Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. Regional Research Laboratory Council of Sci
& Industrial Research, Jamiltawi.
Beniwal, B.S. 1987. Silvical Characteristics of Aquilaria agallocha ROXB.
Arunachal Forest News 5(1):33.
Burkill, LH. 1966, A Dictionary of the Economic Products of Malay Peninsula. Vol. 1:198-206. Minis
Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur.
Chakrabarty, K., Kumar, A. & Menon, V. 1994. Trade in Agarwood. TRAFFIC-
India Publications, New Delhi.
Chang, L.T.Ng. Y.S. & Kadir. A.A. 1997. A Review on Agar (Gaharu) Producing Aquilaria Species. Jour
Tropical Forest Products 2(2):272-285.
CIFOR. 1996. Manual of Forest Fruits, Seeds and Seedlings Version 1.0. CIFOR
CD-Rom Publication No.1.
CITES. 1994. Resolutions of The Conference of The Parties. Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Partie)
Lauderdale (United States of America) 7-8 November 1994.
Departemen Kehutanan. 1996. Statistika Kehutanan. Biro Perencanaan Sekertariat Jenderal Departemen Keh
Departemen Perdagangan. 1995. Perkembangan Ekspor Gaharu. Pertemuan Teknis Perdagangan Damar
Direktorat Jenderal Perdagangan Luar Negeri Departemen Perdagangan, Jakarta, 11-12 April 1995.
Ding Ding Hou. 1960. Thymeleaceae. Flora Malesiana. Ser. 1,6(1):1-15.
Gibson, I.A.S. 1977. The Role of Fungi in the Origin of Oleoresin Deposits Agaru) in the Wood of Aq
agallocha Roxb. Bano Biggyan Patrika 6(1):16-26.
Jalaluddin, M. 1977. A Useful Pathological Condition of Wood. Economic Botany 31(2) : 222-224.
La Frankie, J.V. 1994. Population Dynamics of Some Tropical Trees That Yields Non-Timber Forest Pre
Economic Botany 48 (3):301-309.
Menon, K.D. 1989. Minor Forest Products-Prospects For Development. Directorate General of Forest Utili
Ministry of Foréstry, Government of Indonesia/ Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations
Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia/F.A.O. 1990. Situation and Outlook of the Forestry Sector in Indonesia. V
1, Issue, Finding and Opportunities. Directorate General of Forest Utilisation, Ministry of Forestry of Ind:
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
Nobuchi, T. & Siripatanadilok, S. 1991. Preliminary Observation of Aquilaria crasna Wood Associated
Formation of Aloeswood. Bulletin of the Kyoto University Forests 63: 226-232.
Oetomo, H. 1995. Tinjauan Terhadap Pemasaran Komoditi Gaharu Indonesia Di Perdagangan Interné
Asosiasi Pengusaha Damar, Gubal dan Kemedangan Indonesia.
Sadgopal. 1960. Exploratory Studies in the Development of Essential Oils and Their Constituents in Al
Plants. Part 1. Oil of Agarwood. Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics, London 33(1):41-46.
Santoso, E. 1996. Pembentukan Gaharu Dengan Cara Inokulasi. Diskusi Hasil Penelitian Dalam Mer
Pemanfaatan Hutan Yang Lestari. Cisarua,11-12 Maret 1996.

32

Viet Nam Workshop Report

Sidiyasa, K. 1986. Jenis-Jenis Gaharu di Indonesia (Gaharu in Indonesia). Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Kehutanan 2(1):7-16.

Sidiyasa, K. & Suharti. M. 1987. Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu. ProsidingDiskusi Pemanfaatan Kayu
Kurang Dikenal. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Cisarua, 13-14 Januari 1997.

Sidiyasa, K., Sutomo, K. & Prawira, R.S.A. 1986. Eksplorasi dan Studi Permudaan Jenis-Jenis Penghasil Gaharu di
Wilayah Hutan Kintap, Kalimantan Selatan (Exploration and Study of Regeneration of Gaharu producing
species in Kintap Forest Region, South Kalimantan) Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan No.474:59-66.

Soehartono, T., &-Mardiastuti, A. 1996. An Overview of Wildlife Trade in Indonesia. Selected Paper on
Sustainable and Management of Forest in Indonesia.Indonesian Forest Association.

Soehartono, T., & Mardiastuti, A. 1997. The Current Trade in Gaharu in West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas Indonesia.
In press.

Soehartono, T,. Mardiastuti, A & Newton, A. 1997. Status and Distribution of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia. Jn prep.

Whitmore., T.C. 1972. Tree Flora of Malaysia. A Manual For Foresters, Vol. 2. Longman, Kuala Lumpur.

Wiriadinata, H. 1995. Gaharu, Aquilaria spp. Perkembangan dan Pemanfaatan
Berkelanjutan. Lokakarya Pengusahaan Hasil Hutan Non Kayu
Indonesia. Indonesia-ODA-UK Tropical Forest Management Programme,

Surabaya,31 Juli-1 Agustus 1995.

WWF. 1994. Kegiatan Pemungutan Gaharu di Apau Kayan: Melanggar Berbagai Peraturan. Proyek Kayan

Mentarang World Wide Fund For Nature Indonesia Programme (in Prep).

33

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Defining the conservation status of endemic trees of. Peninsular Malaysia —
the progress and problems.

Lillian Chua

Assessment of the conservation status of trees of Malaysia by staff at FRIM has focussed on the endemics of
Peninsular Malaysia, based on a list of species published in 1990 (Ng et al. 1990). It was noted that a similar list of
endemic tree species is not yet available for Sabah and Sarawak. The species assessments have been undertaken as a
contribution to the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, following the standard data collection
form provided by WCMC.

Tree diversity in Peninsular Malaysia is as follows (modified after Ng et al. 1990)

100 families

532 tree genera

2830 tree species

720 endemic tree species (25.4%) (this is probably lower once information about plant distribution particularly from
Sumatra and Borneo becomes available)

The original number of endemic species in 1990 was 746, but this is now reduced to 720 species because of
taxonomic work. Examples of families with a high percentage of endemic tree species are:

Family % of endemism
Aquifoliaceae (66%)
Araliaceae (54%)
Theaceae (57%)
Saxifragaceae (44%)
Proteaceae (42%)
Annonaceae (40%)
Tiliaceae (41%)
Elaeocarpaceae (37%)
Myrtaceae (36%)
Rubiaceae : (33%)
Rutaceae (33%)
Guttiferae (30%)
Melastomataceae (30%)
Euphorbiaceae (30%)

Recently work has been undertaken on the status of the montane tree flora for those families which are particularly
important in Peninsular Malaysia.

To provide information for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, the application of the
1994 IUCN threat categories and criteria were considered by botanists at FRIM and various problems were
encountered. These relate to the difficulties in estimating actual numbers for tree species; the lack of taxonomic
research for some of the large and more difficult genera or families and the lack of biological, ecological and
phytogeographical data for many tree species. In general there is insufficient collection of herbarium material and
unfortunately certain forest habitats and species which have no present commercial value are given low priority for
research. In some cases very detailed information is available on tree species composition and abundance but this is
only for isolated forest research plots. Nevertheless an approach was agreed for the application of the categories and
criteria based on limited information and the interim results are given in the table below. Certain assumptions were
made in the use of the categories based on knowledge of the habitat and presumed degree of forest protection.

After carrying out this work it is recommended that several modifications should be made to the present IUCN threat

categories. New sets of definitions should be developed, tailored to the biological characteristics of plant families;
and phytogeographical patterns should be taken into account. Information available on herbarium specimens should

35

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

be utilised in application of the categories. Furthermore it would be valuable to explore in greater dep)
relationship between severely fragmented habitats and decline in species diversity in species populations.

Malaysia is addressing the conservation of forest species in the following ways: the establishment of re}
programmes; general documentation of biological diversity, specific attention to critical habitats such as peat s
mangrove, lowland and hill dipterocarp and montane forests and to specific species; modification of the resent)
categories acording to the country’s needs: identification of hotspot areas; promoting the role of sustainable
management and the conservation of biodiversity.

Number of species categorised according to the 1994 IUCN Red List categoreis (based on current limit
(preliminary listing). S

Family CR EN VU LR:cd
Aquifoliaceae 0 1 3 5
Araliaceae 0 0 3 8
Theaceae 0 0 12 6
Annonaceae 4 1 8 7
Elaeocarpaceae 0 1 3 7
Myrtaceae 0 3 10 20
Guttiferae 0 0 3 7/
Rutaceae ] 2 3 4

36

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Conservation status of trees of the Philippines
Domingo Madulid

One of the most important forest products in the Philippines is umber derived from numerous hardwood species in
primary forests around the country. Records show that almost the entire archipelago was originally covered by thick
and lush natural forests of various types from sea level to the summit of the highest mountains. This rich natural
resource, however, was subjected to human pressure as population gradually increased. A great percentage of the
forests were soon exploited and its valuable timber indiscriminately felled and harvested resulting to depletion of its
natural population and endangerment of several tree species.

Of the more than 8,000 species of flowering plants in the Philippines more than 3,000 species are trees. Many of
these tree species are endemic and found mostly in primary forests. A number of these species are presently
threatened in various degrees and need protection to ensure their survival.

There are several reasons why many species of Philippine trees are currently threatened. Forest degradation,
fragmentation and destruction are the more common factors that bring about species decline. Logging and slash and
burn agriculture (kaingin) cause widescale devastation of the natural forests where most of the endemic tree species
are found. Clearing of forests to give way to urbanization and infrastructure development such as roads, bridges and
dams account for the other causes of species endangerment. Natural causes of endangerment of tree species include
volcanic eruption, drought, flood and soil erosion.

An initial step towards formulating conservation measures for threatened trees in the Philippines is the development
of an information base from available sources. Data about the taxonomy, local names, biology, ecology, distribution,
uses and other pertinent information of these trees is placed in a computerized data base for easy storage and retrieval
of information. Important and useful data to be collected by botanists and foresters is the conservation status of
individual tree species following the 1994 IUCN threat categories. This data base will serve as a vital reference from
which necessary action and management planning can be undertaken by the concerned government agencies and
other institutions involved in biodiversity conservation.

Gathering relevant information and assessing the conservation status of each tree species in the Philippines is a
‘delicate and rather difficult task requiring adequate knowledge of various aspects of the plant such as its taxonomy,
past and present distribution, population structure and dynamics biology. Research on conservation status is best
done by experienced or professional staff but even then their knowledge of particular species may be limited or
Tequire verification in the field.

A number of Philippine tree species are now very rare that it is very difficult to find them in their original habitat.
Often the description and notes of their habitat and distribution are based only on one or two specimens. Attempts to
recollect these trees in their original place of collection have not proved successful and it is very likely that a number
of these tree species are extinct. Many others are now threatened with extinction and it is a matter of a few years that
these will also succumb unless immediate conservation action is undertaken. It is imperative and urgent that the
concerned public and private organizations and individuals should make a concerted effort towards saving the
endangered Philippine trees. There are several options still open for those who want to face this challenge. What is
important is for everyone concerned to start now before it is too late.

37

Vier Nam Workshop Repon

Conservation status of the trees of Australia
John Benson

Australia contains about 25 000 vascular plant species growing in vegetation formations including alpine herbfields.
open eucalypt forests, eucalypt woodlands and savanna, cool temperate, subtropical and tropical rainforest. semi-arid
shrublands, and both temperate and arid grasslands to arid in temperate to tropical zones of the hemisphere. Several
genera dominate many plant communities. These include 700 species of Eucalyptus, 900 species of Acacia and 2000
species of Poaceae. While a large proportion of the 25 000 species are woody shrubs or trees numbers. of different
life forms are not available.

The rare or threatened Australian plant list (ROTAP) has been developed through five editions over 22 years (1974,
1979, 1981, 1988, 1995). The last four editions have been produced by the CSIRO but future maintenance of the list
lies with the Federal Government’s agency Environment Australia. The history of ROTAP is summarised in the
introduction chapter of Briggs and Leigh (1995). The 1995 ROTAP list includes subspecies and varieties but uses
modified pre-1994 IUCN codes. A debate is current as to whether to modify the IUCN 1994 codes before applying
the categories to plants in Australia.

Cooperation between conservation agencies and herbaria in each state and territory of Australia has been critical in
developing the national list. The endangered and vulnerable categories of the national list are protected under the
Federal Endangered Species Act. State lists have also been developed and these apply to State laws dealing with
threatened species conservation. This is important in Australia because State Governments rather than the Federal
Government are vested with most authority for land management and nature conservation. The NSW Threatened
Species Conservation Act and the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act can list as threatened both species and
communities. The New South Wales legislation ties in with planning legislation and critical habitats of threatened
species can be delineated in state, regional or local environmental plans. Also, the NSW Act provides for the
preparation of threat abatement plans and species recovery plans.

5031 taxa are listed on the 1995 ROTAP list. This is about 20% of'the flora of Australia. Using the pre-1994 IUCN
categories, 76 taxa are presumed extinct, 301 are endangered, 708 vulnerable, 1570 rare and 2376 poorly known but
suspected to be E, V or R. Therefore, over 1000 taxa are in the threatened categories at present (E and V) but it is
expected that many in the K category are threatened, particularly those listed as K in Western Australia. The hotspots
for threatened taxa are south-west Western Australia, north coast of New South Wales and Cape York in
Queensland. The main threatening processes that have lead to the decline in the flora have been land clearing for
agriculture or urban expansion, over-grazing by domestic stock and feral animals (particularly the rabbit), and
competition with introduced weedy plant species.

Lyn Meredith of Environment Australia will supply WCMC with a list of Australian trees by November 1997. This
list will be a subset of the ROTAP list and the threat categories used will be pre-IUCN (1994), ie X, E, V, Rand K. It
will contain many rainforest taxa along with a large number of the ubiquitous genus Eucalyptus. The definition of
tree includes the multi-stemmed mallee eucalypts that mainly occur on sandy soils subject to frequent fire.

Over the last two decades conservation reserve system has quadrupled in Australia to over 6% of the land mass with
many other areas protected in other ways. The current National Forest Policy Statement proposes that additional
reserves shall be established to protect 15% of the pre-European settlement extent of each forest type. In some
regions this implies all remaining forest will be protected. Large areas of remaining old growth forest in public
forests have recently been transferred to conservation reserves in the state of New South Wales. Land clearing
controls exist in some states but not others. This effects the protection of trees on private land that contain
ecosystems that are mostly not well represented in the public land reserve system.

As mentioned above there is some debate in Australia about the suitability of applying the 1994 IUCN categories to
plant species. A recent paper by Keith and Burgman (1997) analyses the IUCN codes and suggests some
modifications. In summary these are:

e Modify Rule B of IUCN (1994) by decreasing the distributional and habitat occupation thresholds for sessile

organisms such as plants. An example being that for the critically endangered category (CE) a species should be
contained within a 10 km radius or an area of occupancy of less than 1 ha;

39

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

e Add a qualitative assessment of life history as some species have difficulty in regenerating after a poy

loss because of infertility, predation or other factors,
e Add defined thresholds’on the number of mature individuals protected in conservation reserves;

e Account for skewed metapopulation structure counting only the larger subpopulations. This li
importance of small unsustainable subpopulations. Add a rule that accounts for the number of subpop’
that make up 90% of the total population of a species. For example, 1 = CE, 5 =E, 10= Ve

References

Briggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1995) Rare or threatened Australian plants. 1995 Revised Edition (CSIRO Pub

Collingwood, Australia).
Keith, D.A. and Burgman, M.A. (in review) An evaluation and modification of IUCN Red List crit)

classification of extinction risk in vascular plants.
IUCN Species Survival Commission (1994) IUCN red list categories (IUCN Gland: Switzerland).

40

Vier Nam Workshop Report

State of knowledge of tree species in Papua New Guinea
David Frodin

Background

New Guinea as a whole, along with the Solomon Islands and including Papua New Guinea, is marked by a relatively
late formal historical development, although coastal contacts began in the 16th century (Souter, 1963). Serious
biological exploration thus began relatively late when compared with many other parts of the world, although a
sketchy knowledge of coastal areas had been obtained from 1700 through 1850. Rugged topography, disease and
highly fragmented indigenous linguistic and social organisation impeded outside penetration when serious interest in
New Guinea finally developed; primary geographical and biological exploration, initiated in 1871, was effectively
completed only in the 1950s. A more intensive secondary phase of biological study, particularly in Papua New
Guinea, was manifest from 1946 through the 198(s, generating a large literature including summary treatises such as
New Guinea Vegetation (Paijmans, 1976), Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea (Gressitt, 1982), and
vegetation maps including Robbins (1974) and CSIRO (1975). Since then, there has been a general decline in new
research work and particularly in botanical exploration in Papua New Guinea (Conn, 1994) with at present perhaps
relatively more productive activity in Inan Jaya.

General floras

Until 1978, general coverage of the flora was largely in the form of collection reports and regional revisions, or in
works of larger scope such as Flora Malesiana (1948- ) and generic and family revisions covering the Malesian
region. Around 1970 or so, the Division of Botany of the Department of Forests in Papua New Guinea, then under
the direction of John Womersley, initiated work towards a descriptive flora. Since 1978 this has appeared as
Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea under a succession of editors, most recently Barry Conn for the third
volume (1995). Coverage was also extended to Irian Jaya and the Solomon Islands as far as available material in the
Division of Botany herbarium permitted. It is, however, very far from complete and its continuation is by no means
certain, given a current near-absence of effective support from Papua New Guinea.

Several partial floras and enumerations of varying quality also exist. The best of these, though of limited scope, is
Flora of Motupore Island (1996) by H. G. Fortune Hopkins and J. Menzies. It is also the only floristic work covering
any part of the distinctive flora of the monsoon belt of southeastern Papua New Guinea. Useful for the north coast is
An Annotated Checklist of the Flora of Kairiru Island (1989) by O. William Borrell and, for New Ireland and
northeastern New Britain, Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for Naturalists (1984) by P. G. Peekel. Both these
latter works are well-illustrated. Some families have also been treated in separate works, notably A Manual of the
Grasses of Papua and New Guinea (1969) by E. E. Henty, A Manual of New Guinea Legumes (1979) by B.
Verdcourt and A Survey of Lowland Orchids of Papua New Guinea (1992) by P. O'Byrne.

Certain floras of wider scope cover Papua New Guinea. The chief of these is Flora Malesiana, initiated in 1948 and
now covering some 20% of the flora of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, East Timor and Papua New Guinea,
now thought to contain nearly 40 000 species. Series I covers seed plants except orchids; series II, pteridophytes. A
separate series Orchid Monographs incorporates revisions of Malesian orchid genera. Many separate papers on
individual genera and families of vascular plants have also been published; as far as possible, these are indexed
annually in Flora Malesiana Bulletin.

Tree species

Collection of tree species has featured in all botanical exploration from the beginning, but with the relatively slow
development of forestry activities no attempts were made to document the tree flora in its own right until the 1920s.
In this respect Papua New Guinea lagged far behind what are now the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. A first
survey of forest resources was conducted in the Territory of Papua a few years after its transfer to Australia, but the
resulting report, The Timber Trees of Papua (1908) by G. Burnett, was deeply flawed in its use purely of vernacular
names for the species. Following the mandate of former German New Guinea in 1921, the Commonwealth of
Australia charged Charles E. Lane-Poole to undertake a new survey. His report, The Forest Resources of the
Territories of Papua and New Guinea (1925), included a botanical section based on his collections as well as general
sections on vegetation, forests and forest resources. A separate forest service was established in the Mandated

4]

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Territory of New Guinea only in 1938; collections of tree species were initiated by one of its two Officers. Jz
McAdam, but work was suspended in 1942 with the outbreak of World War II in the Pacific.

In 1944, a Forestry Battalion was formed in the A.I.F. and McAdam placed in charge. Lectures on forest bota
prepared by Cyril T. White, Queensland Government Botanist, for the troops; in 1961 these were revised
Henty and published as Forest Botany Lectures with the aim of providing a text for students at the new f
School in Bulolo. They comprise the first dendrology for Papua New Guinea. In the early 1960s J.J. Havel, a
at the School (later College), composed an illustrated dendrology focussing on the most important speci
appeared in 1975 in two parts as Forest Botany. R.J. Johns, a later lecturer at the College, revised and expan
as Common Forest Trees of Papua New Guinea (12 parts and index, 1975-77; parts 1-3 revised 1983). This }
the most complete national dendrology. Also in the postwar period, a new Department of Forests was establis
the Territory of Papua and New Guinea under McAdam; its Division of Botany was formed in Lae in 1946 u
Womersley. Inheriting the collections of the A.I.F. from 1944-45, it steadily built up a substantial herbariu|
one of the larger in greater Southeast Asia. By the 1960s resources were considered sufficient to undertake a
work on forest trees; the result was Manual of the Forest Trees of Papua and New Guinea (1964-69). This, h
was left substantially incomplete with efforts being transferred to the already-mentioned Handbooks. The [
has since published next to nothing per se on forest trees; a compendium initiated by J.R. Croft in the 19
continued through 1984 under the title Timber Tree Species: scientific names and synonyms arranged alpha
and cross-referenced remains unpublished (Saulei 1996: 33).

A need for increased development of the economy of Papua New Guinea induced Australia to expand exploit,
the forest resource from the mid-1960s. The Division of Utilisation in the Department of Forests and its
Products Research Centre accordingly produced Properties and uses of Papua and New Guinea Timbers
under the authorship of P.J. Eddowes. This was revised in 1977 as Commercial Timbers of Papua New
(Eddowes, 1978); the author has a further revision in preparation, planned to cover some 500 species. This la
sadly to date failed to attract the support needed for its completion and publication; a leading local industry
labelled it ‘too academic for industry purposes’! (P.J. Eddowes, personal communication).

The main outside work also covering Papua New Guinea trees is PROSEA Series 5. This will comprise one
on major commercial species (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1993) and two on minor commercial species (Le)
Soerianegara & Wong 1995; second volume in preparation as of writing). These volumes have been produc
the sponsorship of the PROSEA Foundation, an organisation formed in 1986 with the aim of develo}
information system, a series of publications and outreach programs on economic plants in greater Southeast /
main centres are in Indonesia and the Netherlands, and several country offices established; one of these is il
New Guinea (at the P.N.G. University of Technology, Lae).

At the present time, there is no critical and effective dendrology for Papua New Guinea and little prospect
without substantial outside support. In the absence of such a work prospects for improved knowledge of the §
individual principal tree species are slight. The situation is even less satisfactory for ‘lesser’ species of litt
commercial value.

Exploitation

Forest exploitation in Papua New Guinea has existed since the late nineteenth century, although generally on
small scale until the 1950s. Guides to key commercial species have appeared have appeared since 1957 w
forests and forest conditions in the Territories of Papua and New Guinea by J.S. Womersley and J.B. McA
published by the Department of Forests. With some notable exceptions development of the industry r
relatively slow, however, until the 1960s when, as already noted, a more proactive policy towards exploitatic
into effect. In 1973 the Department produced an attractive publicity booklet, New Horizons: Forestry in Pa
Guinea (Brisbane: Jacaranda Press). This covered the major ‘timber areas’ based on type and accessibi
included synopses, with colour illustrations, of quality timbers. In 1978, as already noted, a relatively d
guide to commercial species was published (Eddowes, 1978).

Principal hardwoods (cf. Eddowes 1978) include amberoi, Pterocymbium beccarii (Sterculiaceae); PNG ba
Endospermum Spp- including E. myrmecophilum (Euphorbiaceae); Wau Beech, Elmerrillia tsiampacca (fort
papuana, Magnoliaceae); calophyllum, Calophyllum spp. including C. soulattri (Guttiferae); pencil

<=

42

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Palaquium spp. including P. supfianum (Sapotaceae); white cheesewood or milky pine, Alstonia scholarts
(Apocynaceae); erima, Octomeles sumatrana (Tetrameleaceae); water gum, Syzygium spp. including S. effusum
(Myrtaceae); light and heavy hopea, Hopea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae),; kamarere, Eucalyptus deglupta (Myrtaceae):
kwila, Intsia bijuga and I. palembanica (Leguminosae); labula, Neolamarckia cadamba or Anthocephalus chinensis
(Rubiaceae; the correct name remains a matter for study and possible formal nomenclatural action); PNG mersawa.,
Anisoptera thurifera (Dipterocarpaceae); PNG chestnut-oak, Castanopsis acuminatissima (Fagaceae): PNG oak,
Lithocarpus spp. including L. celebicus (Fagaceae); planchonella, Pouteria spp. (formerly Planchonella.
Sapotaceae); PNG rosewood, Pterocarpus indicus (Leguminosae); taun, Pometia pinnata (including P. tomentosa,
Sapinaceae); spondias, Spondias novoguineensis (Anacardiaceae); brown, pale brown, red-brown, pale yellow. and
yellow-brown terminalia, Terminalia spp. (Combretaceae), PNG vitex, Vitex cofassus (Labtatae), and PNG walnut,
Dracontomelum dao (Anacardiaceae). In addition, many conifer species are exploited, notably hoop (Araucaria
cunninghamii) and Klinkii pine (A. hunsteinii) along with various podocarps (notably from the rimu genus.
Dacrydium), and there has been considerable interest in ebony (Diospyros spp.). In the Highlands, beech
(Nothofagus spp.) has been much sought after as the best general-purpose timber, with corresponding depletion in
more accessible areas. [This list covers both ‘export’ and ‘domestic’ species. For alternative lists, see Table 9.1 in
Sekhran & Miller (1994).]

The emphasis of the Department of Forests (in the 1970s and 1980s the Office of Forests of the Department of
Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries and from the early 1990s, the Forest Authority) has remained largely directed
towards exploitation. Forest legislation was in the 1970s amended to facilitate access to the resource within the
constraints of customary ownership of most forest lands, a right embodied in the Organic Law. Numerous Timber
Rights Purchases (based on landowner-State agreements) and Local Forest Area Agreements (based on landowner-
contractor negotiations) have been made, concessions granted and projects set up. The nature of exploitation for
export shifted from a mixture of logs, sawn timber and processed wood products to one based largely on logs and
chips, to some extent at least through a great expansion at the lowest levels (by 1993 logs accounted for over 99% of
forest sector exports). In the 1980s the acqusition of rights became tainted by increasing corruption; concessions also
came to be viewed as partly or wholly lacking in promised benefits. Logging operations in particular became
increasingly destructive. Indeed, the industry was called ‘out of control’ (Sekhran & Miller 1994: 156). A Comission
of Enquiry was accordingly held in the latter part of the 1980s; its full report is Report of the Commission of Enquiry
into Aspects of the Forest Industry in Papua New Guinea by T. E. Barnett (Ombudsman Commission of P.N.G.,
1989, unpublished; 20 vols.). A summary has been published in Barnett (1990).

The government response to the Enquiry took the form firstly of a Tropical Forest Action Plan; this was in 1991
broadened to form a National Forestry and Conservation Action Program (NFCAP) (Sekhran & Miller 1994: 156-
158). Reforms were instituted including the transformation of the Department’ of Forests into a statutory Forest
Authority committed in theory to sustainable forest management. These were reinforced in 1994 under a World
Bank/IMF economic adjustment package. With continuing government instability, a need for revenue, and industry
pressure, however, there are signs that these steps have been less than truly effective. The NFCAP was in the first
instance only implemented for an initial three-year term. More significantly, the question of retroactive application of
the reforms to existing concessions had not been resolved by the mid-1990s. There were also signs that incentives
and awareness campaigns were failing in the face of many obstacles (Sekhran & Miller 1994: 369-70). Of individual
timber projects, the Gogol Project near Madang became particularly notorious and the Vanimo Project in the
northwest was long in gestation. Supervision of projects and concessions has been a particular problem. In the last
decade, the industry has to a substantial extent come under the control of a Malaysian company, Rimbunan Hijau
(which owns one of-the two daily newspapers in Port Moresby; the other is owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News
International). My former student Simon Saulei in 1988 — at the time of the Enquiry — labelled the whole the result of
an “incohesive’ forest policy; there is little sign of change since.

With respect to forest research, in the late 1980s a single Forest Research Institute was created which incorporated
the Division of Botany and other formerly scattered research units. The Institute was physically and technically
developed with assistance from the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA); provision in the Lae building
was made for cooperative researchers from that country. Its research and publication record has, however, been
relatively slight and it has suffered from several changes in directorship in the 10 years since its formation. The role
of the cooperative researchers moreover remains unclear. As with other forestry research organisations, there is much
interest in provenances and in fast-growing plantation species; the influence in particular of Australia was a great
emphasis on eucalypts. Relatively little ‘small-scale’ work has been pursued; any ‘village forestry’ largely fell to

43

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

lands than anywhere else; the ‘Planim Yar’ (Casuarina oligo

regional offices (pursued more in the High ‘Plan Be
Gymnostoma papuanum) programme of the late forest officer John Levien in the mid-20th century

outstanding example of the use of native species). Research into tees of lesser commercial importance as
other forest products has been relatively limited, although in the latter sector there is at least some effort bein
in the study of rattans (mostly Calamus spp.) With respect to the Division of Botany, hardly any new collect
pursued after 1984; moreover, little material was incorporated into the herbarium for nearly a decade
personal observations, 1992 and 1993; Conn, 1994). Publications have also been few.

It has been left largely to the two major universities, as well as researchers from outside the country, to si
impact of the increased forestry activities on local communities. Several studies are listed by Saulei (199
have also been discussions from time to time on forest policy, forward planning, and reforestation, notab
wake of the above-mentioned judicial inquiry, but to date there seems to be little in the way of
developments. As in some other countries, instability and unfavorable working conditions may be forcing
join the private sector or to leave the country. The universities and research institutions, necessary to an 1
understanding of the biological and human diversity of Papua New Guinea and its resources, remain es
underfunded and serious publishing has correspondingly declined.

Biodiversity and Conservation

A first conservation assessment for the plants of Papua New Guinea appeared in 1974 in Conservation
Plant Communities in Australia and Papua New Guinea by R.L. Specht, E.M. Roe and V.H. Boughton (
Australian Journal of Botany, Supplement 7). Two chapters on Papua New Guinea discussed current and I
impacts but concluded that for most species information on actual rarity or threats was largely deficie
attention was drawn to orchids, but nothing of note on trees. In the same year, with the advent of self-goverr
Papua New Guinea a Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) was formed. This continues to ful
yet, in the absence of reforms in relation to inherited practices, without sufficient related institutional a
resources desirable to make it more effective (no central national scientific research organisation was ever
and nothing comparable to the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources in Vietnam exists). Until thi
conservation in Papua New Guinea remained largely an academic pursuit although DEC gradually inc
activities and influence, in the latter part of the 1970s acquiring responsibility for wildlife from the Depart
Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries. The main collections of contributions are in Lamb and Gressitt (1

Morauta, Pernetta and Heaney (1982). |
The Barnett judicial inquiry and the impacts of increased forest exploitation on local communities resulte
emergence of a real ‘grass roots’ awareness of conservation of the environment and resources. An inter:
minds in the United States of America around this time gave rise to a symposium in June 1991, published lat
year as Conservation and Environment in Papua New Guinea: Establishing Research Priorities and edit
Pearl, B. Beehler, A. Allison and M. Taylor (Pearl et al., 1991). In the same year the PNG government app
the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) for technical assistance with respect to DEC.

implemented through AID’s Biodiversity Support Program. Available biodiversity data were assessed by ex
plants by R.J. Johns) and a national workshop conducted in 1992 at the Christensen Research Institute
Madang. The following year the reports, results and recommendations appeared as Papua New Guinea Cons
Needs Assessment under the aegis of DEC (Alcorn & Beehler, 1993). Of particular significance was the rei
of the essential role of landowners in conservation strategies. Among short-term developments stemming f
review as well as the already-mentioned NFCAP was the formation within DEC of a Conservation Resour
with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) (Sekhran & Miller 1994: 158). In addition a Bi
Country Study was commissioned by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in the wak
Convention on Biological Diversity, Papua New Guinea having been one of the first countries to ratif
appeared in late 1994 as Papua New Guinea Country Study on Biological Diversity (Sekhran & Miller 1994}
only effectively placed on general release in early 1996.

Noble aims, however, are one thing. The translation of these aims into practical Steps, including the prepa
books and other tools for tree identification and information, the assessment of tree species in the field,
formation and implementation of plans of action will all require funds and political will. To date, there is r
little sign that positive steps are being taken. The country is faced with the continuing Bougainville crisis (un
since 1989), the related Sandline mercenary affair of 1997, current negative economic growth, urban ct

Vier Nam Workshop Report

difficult working conditions, problematic relationships with Australia (which continues heavily to exploit the
country, its companies taking out in profit five times what is returned in grant-in-aid), the strength of the exploitation
‘lobby’ (the government reportedly seeks to ‘complete’ the harvest of the lowland forests by 2005), the already-
mentioned negative attitudes in some quarters to research and higher education (as evidenced by the lack of concrete
suppport for a revision of the Eddowes book), and political instability resulting from a weak structure of government
and sense of higher nationhood; all these would seem to militate against much progress at least in the short term.
With respect to plants, there has been no real ‘meeting of minds’ or moves towards development of a ‘Red Data
Book’. Indeed, relatively little attention was paid to botany in the above-mentioned Counrry Study; among its
‘resource people’ there was no one with a serious knowledge of the vascular flora. Given also the low current
exploration rate and the serious research and documentation backlog (Conn 1994), my overall conclusion with
respect to tree status and conservation must be one of ‘data deficency’. Enough is known, however, about certain
timber species to make some decisions regarding threats including the application of categories; these have been
incorporated into the assessments made during this Conference.

Revised 2 September 1997
References

Alcor, J.B. and Beehler, B.M., eds. (1993). Papua New Guinea conservation needs assessment. 2 vols., synopsis
report, map. Washington, D.C.: Biodiversity Support Program/Port Moresby, P.N.G.: Department of
Environment and Conservation, Papua New Guinea.

Barnett, T.E. (1990). The Barnett Report: A summary of the Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Aspects of the
Timber Industry in Papua New Guinea. Hobart, Tasmania: Asia-Pacific Action Group.

CSIRO (1975). Explanatory notes to the vegetation map of Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: CSIRO. (Accompanied
by a vegetation map in 4 sheets.)

Conn, B.J. (1994). Documentation of the flora of New Guinea. In C.-I. Peng and C.-H. Chou, eds., Biodiversity and
terrestrial ecosystems: 123-156. Taipei: Academia Sinica. (Institute of Botany, Monograph Series 14.)

Eddowes, P.J. [1978]. Commercial timbers of Papua-New Guinea. [Port Moresby]: Office of Forests, Department of
Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.

Gressitt, J.L., ed. (1982). Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. 2 vols. The Hague: Junk. (Monographiae
Biologicae.)

Lamb, K.P. & Gressitt, J.L., eds. (1976). Ecology and conservation in Papua New Guinea. Wau, P.N.G. (Wau
Ecology Institute Pamphlet 2.)

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C., eds. (1993). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Leiden:
Backhuys. (PROSEA Series 5(2).)

Morauta, L., Pernetta, J.C., and Heaney, W., eds. (1982). Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea:
implications for today. Boroko, P.N.G.: Institute for Applied Social and Economic Research. (Monograph 16.)

Paijmans, K. (1976). New Guinea vegetation. Canberra: Australian National University Press.

Pearl, M., Beehler, B., Allison, A., and Taylor, M., eds. (1991). Conservation and environment in Papua New
Guinea: establishing research priorities. Washington, D.C.: Wildlife Conservation International.

Robbins, R.G. (1974). Vegetation. In E. Ford, ed., Papua New Guinea Resource Atlas: 12-13. Brisbane: Jacaranda
Press.

Saulei, S.M. (1996). A bibliography of the flora and vegetation of Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea J. Agric.
Forest. Fisheries 39(2): 20-168.

Sekhran, N. & Miller, S.E. (1994). Papua New Guinea country study on biological diversity. Waigani, Papua New
Guinea: Conservation Resource Centre, Department of Environment and Conservation/Nairobi: Africa Centre for
Resources and Environment.

Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J., eds. (1993). Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys.
(PROSEA Series 5(1).)

45

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Viet Nam Workshop Report

Tree conservation as related to the Palmae
Dennis V. Johnson

General Introduction

This brief account is an attempt to describe some of the complexity found within the Palm family and how that
complexity is being dealt with in following the guidelines for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees
project. Application of the new IUCN Red List Categories to palms is also considered as related to the palm species
selected for inclusion in the Project database.

Palm Introduction

Palms in general are most commonly thought of as being trees, but this is a misconception derived from the image of
most familiar palm of all: the coconut, Cocos nucifera. Cocos is but one of about 195 palm genera; its specific
epithet, nucifera, distinguishes it from 1,500 to 2,000 other valid palm species. In describing palms, there have been
a large number of binomials assigned. The WCMC palm database contains about 3,150 recorded names.

Five major growth habits are found within the Palm family. 1) Solitary palms are very common and range in height
from as little as 30 cm to as much as 60 m. Stems may be as thin as a pencil or measure 2 m in diameter. 2)
Clustering palms with a few up to a dozen or more stems from the same root system are also a common growth form.
In general, clustering palms do not reach the height or diameter extremes of solitary species. 3) Aerial branching
occurs in a few palm genera, the best example being within the genus Hyphaene which is common in Africa. 4)
Subterranean branching is found in some palms which do not produce an above-ground trunk. The nipa palm of
Asia is perhaps the best known with this growth form. 5) Climbing palms can be either solitary or clustering and can
only thrive where other trees are present which they can use for support. Rattans are climbing palms.

The leaf form of a palm represents one of the primary means of description. ee palm leaf forms are pinnate,
palmate, bipinnate and entire. Size can vary from 20 cm to 20 m.

Palm fruits are highly variable in shape and size. Individual seeds may weight as little as 0.23 g to the 20 kg double
coconut seed. Palms planted from seed require from 3 to 40 years before reaching sexual maturity. A number of
palms are terminal flowering, such as the sago palm.

In terms of habitats, palms also exhibit a remarkable range. Extending from 44° north to 44° south latitudes, palms
are found in forest, montane, scrubland, grassland, desert and unusual soil-type habitats.

Palm Conservation Data

The WCMC plants database lists all species of the Palmae, whether threatened or not. For some reason when palm
data began to be entered, the decision was taken to include the entire family. This factor has been advantageous to
palm conservation. Such is not the case in all plant families in the database.

Palm records in the WCMC database include taxa below the species level. Subspecies, varieties and forms are listed
under 38 different genera. Natural hybrids occur in the Palmae but they are not recorded in the database. Palm
conservation efforts to date have been focused at the species level.

Selection of CSMT palms.

The two criteria for inclusion of palms in the Project were: 1) species known to be under threat; 2) solitary or
clustering palms with stems at least 2 m in height, without regard for stem diameter. : It should be pointed out that the
first criteria eliminates many palm species for which conservation data are lacking. The result is that geographic
areas where knowledge is adequate (e.g. Latin America) are better represented than areas such as Indochina and the
island of New Guinea where the majority of the palms fall into the old "unknown" conservation category. As far as
the second criteria is concerned, data is sketchy on a number of palm species with regard to height.

47

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Using the two criteria above, a provisional list of 355 palms species, representing 109 genera, were selected
Project. The palms included are certainly representative but far from complete, for the reasons indicated
Through the cooperation of palm specialists around the world, Project data sheets are being completed for the
palms and the old conservation categories being converted to the new.

Problems in Assigning the new IUCN Categories

It is useful to review the 12 definitions on which the new categories are based as they relate to the state of kno}
of the Palm family.

1 Population. A fundamental problem involves clustering palms. Is a cluster of 8 stems from a sin
system 1 palm or 8 palms? If one were to decide to count root systems, in some areas It would be im
because they cannot be distinguished one from another at the surface. Reliable population numbers fo}
are available in rare instances where only a few palms remain in the wild, such as in the case of

endemics where habitat is virtually gone. |

Ds Subpopulations. It is documented that some palms have a patchy distribution over their range. Desert}
are a good example. Subpopulations also undoubtedly occur among the numerous forest palms, but
almost nonexistent.

3. Mature individuals. It is not difficult to distinguish mature from immature palms. However, given
period to sexual maturity in many species, it is impossible to estimate population dynamics. Charact
terminal flowering palms under this definition is problematic.

4. Generation. Total lack of data for palms.

5, Continuing decline. Without a baseline, decline cannot be even guessed at for palms under threat.

6. Reduction. Total lack of data for palms.

le Extreme fluctuations. Because of the long time period for palm reproduction, it would require

hundreds of years of monitoring to make a determination of the degree of fluctuation. /

8. Severely fragmented. The same comments as applied to Subpopulations above.

9. Extent of occurrence. Geographic range of a fair number of palm species is known, but only in t
sense. A fundamental problem is that distribution species maps are based primarily on herbarium re¢
collection locations, which may or may not accurately represent patterns in the wild. The best ¢
available for the most threatened species of palms. |

10 Area of occurrence. Not enough detail is available in most cases to be able to approximate ar
particular species of palm. Some palms have very narrow habitat requirements, occurring, for exam
certain soil types which may be infrequent over its geographic range.

11. Location. Highly threatened palms have in some instances been precisely located so that the prim
are known. Certain island endemic palms are the best examples.

12. Quantitative analysis. Insufficient data are available for such analysis on threatened palms.

The only solution for overcoming the paucity of palm data needed for the foregoing definitions is to con
singlemost important factor for palms: habitat. Perhaps 90% of all palms species are forest dwelling, and
those species cannot survive removal of the forest canopy. Therefore one can infer the conservation status
species by an estimate of the pressures which are present, or expected in the near future, on habitat. Admitte
is a crude method to carry out an assessment of the conservation status of palm species, but given the current
knowledge there is no practical alternative.

48

Vier Nam Workshop Report

TUCN Palm Action Plan

In 1996, the Palm Specialist Group produced an Action Plan which represented the culmination of more than a
decade of effort. We now have a better idea of what is and what is not known about the conservation status of palms.
Possibly the most useful aspect of the exercise was to identify the major knowledge gaps which exist. That
knowledge permitted the development of a list of priority conservation measures to be undertaken.

Three of the major priority action recommendations are as follows. 1) Compile conservation checklists of the
Atlantic forest of Brazil, and the island of New Guinea. 2) Design and implement management plans for Endangered
palms in Madagascar. 3) Design and implement management plans for Endangered island palms in the Indian and
Pacific Oceans.

Information was also gathered for inclusion in the Action Plan about economic palm species since in many instances
utilization and conservation are interrelated.

Because the Action Plan was begun before the new red list categories had been published, the old categories
were used. The CSMT Project is complementary to one of the next objectives to improve the quality of palm
conservation data, that is to replace the old red list categories with the new. Experience gained from
completing CSMT data sheets represents an initial step toward applying the new conservation categories to all
species of palms.

49

Vier Nam Workshop Report

The work of IUCN/SSC Plant Specialist Groups
Wendy Strahm

Background

IUCN-The World Conservation Union (also known as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and
Natural resources), is one of the largest and longest established international conservation organisations. having
been founded in 1948. The unique feature of IUCN is that it brings together a diverse group of organisations
involved in conservation (over 800 members from some 125 countries to date), which includes States, government
agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations. This provides access and discussion between
governmental (States and government agencies) and non-governmental.

Under the umbrella of IUCN are its six commissions: Species Survival, Protected Areas, Environmental Law,
Ecosystems Management, Education and Communication, and Environmental Strategy and Planning. Each
Commission has its own network and programme, although all are linked through the IUCN Secretariat, which is
headquartered in Switzerland, with regional offices in Meso-America, South America, East Africa and Southern
Africa, and numerous country offices found mostly in developing countries.

The Species Survival Commission

A year after IUCN was founded, the Species Survival Commission (formally named as such in 1956) came into
being, and one of its principal activities was to work on Red Data Books for different groups of plants and animals.
However today the Species Survival Commission has greatly diversified, and while still concerned with Red Books
and determining threat status of species, it also engaged in a large number of activities aimed to mobilize action by
the world conservation community on behalf of species, in particular those threatened with extinction and those of
importance to human welfare.

The goals of the Species Survival Commission are:

e Toassess the conservation status of species worldwide;

e To identify conservation priorities for species and their habitats and develop strategies for their conservation;

e To initiate the actions necessary for the survival of species;

e To develop and promote policies for species conservation;

e To provide an expert resource network on the conservation of biodiversity.

The Species Survival Commission today is composed of some 120 ‘Specialist Groups’ of which a quarter are
concerned with plants, both with a taxonomic as well as regional focus (see Table 1).

Table 1. IUCN/SSC Plant and related specialist groups

Plant Specialist Groups

African Tree Japanese Plants

Arabian Plants Korean Plants

Australasian Plants Lichen :
Bamboo Macaronesian Island Plants
Brazil Plants Madagascar Plants
Bryophytes Medicinal Plants

Bulb Mediterranean Island Plants
Cactus an Succulent North American Plants
Carnivorous Plants NW South American Plants
China Plants Orchids

5]

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Plant Specialist Groups continued

Conifer Palms

Cycads Pteridophyte

East African Plants Southern African Plants
European Plants South Atlantic Island Plants
Fungi Temperate South American Plants
Indian Ocean Island Plants - Temperate (broadleaved) Trees

Indian Subcontinent Plants
Disciplinary

Invasive Species Re-introductions

The Specialist Groups listed in Table 1 are networks of individuals or organisations that are working tog
achieve a common objective which cannot easily be attained by any of the network members working in is
Therefore they must be composed of members that are focused on a clear objective and actively work to im
activities. In the SSC Specialist Groups focus on a number of objectives which include:

e To access species conservation priorities through an Action Planning programme, and deli
recommendations of Action Plans to appropriate agencies and organisations within the global cons
community, with particular emphasis on IUCN’s members.

e To promote the implementation of species conservation Action Plans by governmental and non-gover
conservation agencies, with particular emphasis on IUCN’s members.

e To develop policies and guidelines pertaining to the conservation of species and genetic resources and
these to the attention of governments and the conservation community.

e To provide technical advisory services to IUCN and its members and partners on the developm
implementation of projects and programmes relating to conservation of species and biological d
(including development and screening of project proposals).

e To gather data pertinent to the conservation of species through SSC’s volunteer network and to mana
data in a standardized, distributed, computerized database.

To achieve these objectives, the network works through its members (largely voluntary although includi
staff) and cooperating and partner institutions. For example the last objective is achieved through close colla
with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), under the umbrella of the BCIS (Biod
Conservation Information Service) Programme.

Plant activities in the SSC are coordinated by a ‘plants officer’, a position created in 1993, and the over:
programme of the SSC is guided by the ‘Plant Conservation Subcommittee’, another network of some 18 pr
botanists chosen to represent different botanical disciplines and regions, which is currently chaired by D
Given of New Zealand. ;

Some recent activities of the SSC

Categories of Threat . The well-known IUCN categories of threat, which is the system developed by Sir Pet
in 1963 of calling species either Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare or Not Threatened, has been revised over
by hundreds of conservationist fieldworkers and scientists, and new criteria have been developed (IUCN, 19
new criteria provide a much more objective assessment of which species are most threatened with ex
helping conservationists as well as decision-makers to focus limited resources. The goal is to assess all
currently listed as threatened with the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories, one of the principal goals of this Wor

52

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Centres of Plant Diversity. This joint IUCN/WWF project aimed to provide a global overview of the main areas in
the world of plant diversity, in order to provide priorities which would allow the conservation of the maximum
amount of plant diversity. Three volumes, the first on Europe and Africa, the second covering Asia and Australasia.
followed by the third on the Americas have been published (IUCN & WWF 1994-7). These volumes provide a
blueprint and measuring stick for plant conservation action as well as monitoring to understand if we have been
successful. The IUCN/SSC Plant Conservation Subcommittee recommended that all future plant conservation action
be directed towards conservation in the important plant sites identified by the CPD project.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Specialist Groups have a major role to play in the assignment of IUCN Red
List or Threatened Species categories for the species within their brief. Globally threatened species (using the old
IUCN categories) will shortly be published in the first (Walter and Gillett, in press) attempt to list as many higher
plant species known to be threatened at the global scale. The next challenge is to apply the new IUCN Red List
categories for species currently listed as threatened.

Action Plans. The activity that has been shown to most unite the Specialist Groups is the development of an “Action
Plan’, either for a group of species, or area of concern to the expert group. To date four plant Action Plans have been
produced on palms (Johnson er al., 1996), Mediterranean Island Plants (Delanoé er al., 1996), Orchids (IUCN/SSC
Orchid SG,1996), and Cacti and Succulent Plants (Oldfield, 1997). Plant Specialist Groups which are currently
working on Action Plans include the Bryophyte, Carnivorous Plant, China Plan, Conifer, Cycad, Pteridophyte, and
Temperate South American Plants. These Action Plans are distributed to key Governmental and NGO bodies, and
Action Plan Implementation is a key activity of the Specialist Groups.

Newsletters. It is often difficult or impossible for Specialist Groups to meet, and other communication means must
be found. Six groups are currently producing newsletters, including Cacti and Succulent Plants, Carnivorous Plant,
Conifer, Medicinal Plant, Pteridophyte, and Temperate (broadleaved) Tree. In addition, ‘Plant Conservation News’
(produced by the Plant Conservation Subcommittee) serves to keep the Plant Specialist Group members in touch.
This newsletter is sent to all botanically minded members of the SSC, and is published in English, French and
Spanish. The Invasive Species SG has also produced its second issue of ‘Aliens’ which treats many plant-related
issues, and the Reintroduction SG produces ‘Reintroduction News’ which also includes plants.

Meetings. People love to meet, and although this is an expensive and time-consuming activity to organise, it is often
essential to develop a programme of activities. Thus far most of the Specialist Groups have been able to meet, often
piggy-backing their meetings on other meetings. Workshops where Specialist Groups address and resolve specific
species conservation issues are also very useful. Workshops held as part of the ‘Conservation & Sustainable
Management of Trees’ project have served to launch the ‘African Tree Specialist Group’ and we hope that a similar
network for Asian trees may see the light of day, provided a core of members are interesting in developing the
network, and an energetic leader is nominated.

Conclusions

The Species Survival Commission of IUCN has been around for a long time but is constantly facing new
challenges as the world increasingly recognises the essential need to conserve nature. The Convention on Biological
Diversity is an important mechanism, but in order to conserve biological diversity, strong networks of experts who
know what biodiversity really is are needed. In order for plants to receive support from decision and policy-makers,
strong, clearly focused and well-communicated plant conservation priorities are essential, through Action Plans and
other methods. Networks are also important to share conservation experience on what has and has not worked, and
in general to support each other in the common goal of ensuring that plants and their habitats are better conserved
for the generations to come.

53

Conservation and sustainable management of trees
|

References:

ivier, L. and the IUCN/SSC Mediterranean Islands Plant Specialist

Delanoé, O., Montmollin, B. de, Ol
Strategy for Action. YUCN, Gland, Switzerlar

(1996). Conservation of Mediterranean Island Plants. 1.
Cambridge, UK. 106pp.

IUCN (1994). IUCN Red List Categories. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 21pp.

IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group (1996). Orchids — Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN.
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 153pp.

Walter, K.S. and Gillett, HJ. [eds] (in press). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the’
Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 862pp. )

Johnson, D. [ed] and the IUCN/SSC Palm Specialist Group (1996). Palms: Their Conservation and Sus
Utilization. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Canbaees
116+Vviii pp. |

Oldfield, S. (comp) (1997). Cactus and Succulent Plants — Status survey and Conservation Action Plan. YUC
Cactus and Succulent Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 10+212 pp.

WWE and IUCN (1994-1997). Centres of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. 3 vo

IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK.

—

54

Vier Nam Workshop Report

The Conifer Specialist Group ~
Aljos Farjon (presentation given by David Frodin)

The Conifer Specialist Group is chaired by Aljos Farjon of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Group currently
has over 30 members. In recent years geographical representation of expertise within the Group has improved but
new members, particularly from Southeast Asia are most welcome. Taxonomic expertise is not essential. People
involved in forestry, dendrology, arboriculture or similar disciplines, with an interest in conifers are most welcome
to join. Zi a

There are currently two themes guiding the work of the Group. The first is the production of an updated world list of
threatened conifers. The first edition of the world list was published in 1993 in the journal Biodiversin: and
Conservation entitled A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa (Farjon ef al 1993). The current version, in
preparation, incorporates much new information sent in by regional members, for example from Chile, China,
Himalayas, Japan, New Caledonia and Taiwan. It also follows the new IUCN categories and criteria. In addition the
standard data collection forms developed by WCMC are being annotated while assessing each taxon. This ensures
that in addition to applying the IUCN categories a large amount other relevant information is being gathered. Further
contributions are welcome, particularly where additional data are available from unpublished sources. In general,
much more data could be recorded by botanists for potential use in assessment of conservation status. Herbarium
specimen citations record only a proportion of the information. Much more could be added from field observation. It
is clear that a great many species are truly threatened , particularly those restricted to forest fragments.

The second theme is the production of an Action Plan for conifers. A text has been drafted for conifers worldwide.
This includes a global assessment of threats prepared by Chris Page, former Chair of the SSC Conifer Group. As a
component of the Action Plan, the threatened conifer list has been analysed in two ways. Firstly, a priority list of 40
species has been selected for conservation action. Secondly, conifer hot spots ie. areas having both high taxonomic
diversity and a high degree of threat have been selected. These are: New Caledonia, Tasmania, California,
Caribbean Islands (Cuba and Hispaniola), Borneo, southern South America, Mexico, China, Japan, Taiwan and New
Guinea.

There are still problems to be resolved in collecting data and assessing priorities for conifer species conservation.
Taxonomic disagreements continue and in some areas, for example, in New Guinea, populations of Agathis are
being lost before their taxonomic status is understood. This is why the work of the Conifer Specialist Group is so
important and new input from experts around the world is welcomed.

55

Sy oe

se es

he Pee

4
*

i

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Reports from the Working Groups

Four Working Groups were convened to discuss the new IUCN categories and criteria and to apply these to selected
groups of tree species. Working Groups | and 2 were asked to:

1 Consider the application of the 1994 IUCN Threat Categories to widespread tree species which are of
resource importance, and provide general comment

2 Apply the categories and criteria to as many of the species in Working Document 3 as possible on the basis
of the information provided and knowledge within the group.

The results of the evaluations for widespread species given by Working Groups | and 2 are provided in Annex 6 to
this report.

Working Group 3 was asked to consider the application of the 1994 IUCN Threat Categories to Viet Namese
Species, and to undertake evaluations where possible. Working Group 4 consisted of palm experts who discussed the
application of the IUCN categories and criteria to Southeast Asian palm species.

Working Group 1:
Professor Babu, Vongxay Manivong, Fuh-Juinn Pan, Yong Shik Kim, Weibang Sun (rapporteur), Claire Williams.

The group discussed at length the problems of applying the IUCN categories and criteria to widespread species for
which data may be lacking or only available for certain countries. For some of the species included in Working
Document 3 it was very difficult to apply the new categories. However, taking into account four additional factors,
the categories were applied to 48 species. The additional factors were: extent of distribution; nature and magnitude of
threat; extent of utilisation; and regeneration potential.

Working Group 1 assessed 11 species as Endangered; 12 as Vulnerable; 7 as Low Risk; and 18 as Data Deficient.

Working Group 2:
Domingo Madulid, Lillian Chua, Tonny Soehartono, David Frodin (rapporteur), John Benson, Wendy Strahm.

The group spent most of its time working through the draft species profiles in Working Document 3 and discussing
the application of the IUCN categories and criteria to these species. General issues were discussed and noted as they.
became apparent. Species confined to South Asia and/or Sri Lanka were not considered as they were largely outside
the competence of the group.

The lack of good information relating to the majority of the species, either throughout their range or in individual
countries, was stressed. This made the application of the threat categories difficult. Members of the group offered to
look into the situation for certain species and the assignment of a threat category was deferred in these cases. It was
also noted that, to some extent, the criteria for application of a category were sometimes difficult or even
inappropriate. For forest trees, it was emphasised that loss of habitat (or its degradation) was paramount, along with
unsustainable removal (logging/gathering). Taxonomy was another important issue; with many studies of the trees of
Southeast Asia largely herbarium based, how does this information translate to the field situation? It was suggested
that additional species should be added to the list for evaluation and that in future evaluation documents family
names would be useful.

Working Group 3:

The main task of this group was to discuss the evaluation of Viet Namese tree species using the new IUCN
categories and criteria. The group agreed there are problems with the use of the new system because it is based on
quantitative data which is not generally available at species level. In the past Viet Namese field studies have
concentrated on species composition rather than autecolological information. There is a need to collect more
information to apply the new IUCN threat categorisation system and to form a group of botanists with a range of
different experiences.

57

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

The group reviewed the draft list of tree species of Vietnam provided as a printout from the project ee

group noted that the composition of this list of 1400 species was unbalanced with, for example, 158 speci
Shorea included and 93 species of Myristicaceae, whereas many other species were missing form the list. I
noted that only six species of Fagaceae were included and an additional list of endangered species for this famil
provided by the group. Taxonomic inconsistencies were also noted together with certain species included as
which are, in fact, climbers or herbs. Comments were also provided on the draft categories which had alread

applied to species in the list. The group, for example, disputed the category VU for Dipterocarpus intricatus wh
considered to be very common in Viet Nam (dominant over an area of 400,000 ha). Pinus merkusti is also co

and should not be considered VU.

Despite the apparent problems with the application of the new categories and criteria, the working group agree
they would adopt the categories and apply these over time to the threatened trees of Viet Nam.

Working Group 4:
Dennis Johnson, Domingo Madulid and Johanis Mogea.

The Group discussed the application of the new categories and criteria to arian palm species and filled in som
collection forms. Comments on the application of the IUCN categories and criteria are included in Dennis Joh

presentation (see. Page 47)

58

10.

Vier Nam Workshop Report

Conclusions and follow-up activities
Sara Oldfield

There are already, in many Asian countries, tremendous efforts to document the conservation status of tree
species based on detailed scientific knowledge. The breadth of work on tree conservation in Viet Nam as
Teported at this meeting has been particularly impressive.

These initiatives do, however, in many cases need international support and recognition. In some countries new
initiatives need to be developed. The situation in Papua New Guinea is of notable concern.

The importance of understanding the conservation biology of individual species, including the scientific
importance of relic species, the economic and local values of tree species and their sustainable use is paramount.

The work of WCMC and SSC through the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project is
important in highlighting the conservation status of trees worldwide and promoting greater public attention to
the requirements for tree species conservation.

The methodology used in this particular project could be developed for use at a national level. In several
countries the completed data collection forms for selected tree species of conservation concern have already
provided a useful resource. Copies of the database will also be available to data providers, for their own use and
reference.

It has been an over-riding principle throughout this project that database management should as far as possible
be developed to ensure compatibility between different initiatives. We do not wish to see duplication of efforts
where these can be avoided. :

The 1994 IUCN threat categories are an important step forward in evaluating the global conservation status of
species. Further consideration and guidance is however needed to ensure their standard application to tree
species. The development of a compatible system applicable at a national level is also important.

Assessment of the conservation status of widespread but declining species is a demanding task which requires
exchange and sharing of scattered information. This is particularly important as the tree species concerned are
frequently of general interest, beyond the scientific community, because of their utility.

During the meeting concerns have been expressed regarding the threat categories applied to Dipterocarps.
Further consideration will be given to the use of the categories for this important family

It is clear that there is great potential for the development of a successful working group made up of tree experts
from the region. We hope that all participants at the workshop will keep in touch and continue the excellent
progress that has been made this week. WCMC and SSC are willing to help facilitate this process in any way we
can..

It only remains for me to thank once again all who have been involved in the workshop. I would like to thank all the
speakers, and everyone who has provided information , completed data collection forms or has offered to provide
information after the meeting. Finally I would like to express thanks again to our Vietnamese hosts and to the
Government of the Netherlands for financial support.

59

+

ont j
eal

a

ws)

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

ANNEX 1

Third Regional Workshop, Hanoi, Viet Nam
18 - 21 August 1997

Objectives
The objectives of this workshop will be:

« to review existing information on the conservation status of Asian tree species and to collect additional
information on species of conservation concern;

- to discuss the development of the Tree Conservation Information Service appropmiate for national, regional and
international needs; ;

- to plan for the establishment of an SSC Asian Tree Specialist Group.
Agenda

Monday 18 August

Registration
Welcome and opening of the meeting - The Honourable Vice Minister, Professor Chu Tuan Nha, MoSTE
Introduction to the project - Sara Oldfield

the work of WCMC and SSC
project aims, activities and progress

Development of Tree Conservation Information Service - data management issues - Martin Sneary

Introduction to the 1994 IUCN categories of threat and overview of their use for trees - Charlotte Jenkins

Case studies on the conservation status of tree species and application of the 1994 threat categories
Conifers - Aljos Farjon (Presented by David Frodin)
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia - Lillian Chua
Conservation status of trees of Yunnan - Weibang Sun
Conservation status of trees of Philippines - Domingo Madulid
Conservation status of trees of Taiwan — Fuh Juinn Pan

Discussion on application of new threat categories to tree species

61

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Tuesday 19 August

Forest and tree species conservation in Viet Nam

The role of IEBR in tree conservation and sustainable management — Prof Cao Van Sung

Strategy for conservation of forest genetic resources - an important part of biodiversity conservation in Vig
Nam - Dr Nguyen Hoang Nghia

Forest tree genetic resources conservation activities at the Research Centre for forest tee imporovement —
Dinh Kha

Pinus krempfii - evolutionary importance and conservation status - Claire Williams
Case studies continued
Conservation status of the trees of Australia - John Benson ~
State of knowledge of tree species in Papua New Guinea - David Frodin

Discussion

Working Groups to review the conservation status of widespread and heavily utilised tree species

Wednesday 20 August
Excursion to Ba Vi National Park
Thursday 21 August

Reports from the Working Groups

Conservation and sustainable management of Aquilaria malaccensis - Tonny Soehartono
The work of IUCN/SSC Plant Specialist Groups - Wendy Strahm
The Korean Plant Specialist Group — Yong Shik Kim
The Indian Sub-Continent Plant Specialist Group - Professor Babu
The Palm Specialist Group - Dennis Johnson
Development of an SSC Asian Tree Specialist Group

Conclusions and follow-up activities

62 ; E .

ANNEX 2 Participants

Prof Dr Chu Tuan Nha

Vice Minister of MoSTE

Ministry of Science Technology and the Environment
(MOSTE)

39 Tran Hung Dao str.

Hanoi, Viet Nam_ -

Prof. Dr Nguyen Tien Ban

PROSEA Viet Nam

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
Nghia Do - Tu Liem

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8346306

Fax: 84 4 8361561

Email: ban@prosea.ac.vn

Dr Vu Van Dzung

Deputy Director

Center of Environment and Natural Resources
Forest Inventory and Planning Institute
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Tranh Tn

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Dr Le Trong Cuc

Director

Center of Environment and Natural Resources
Forest Inventory and Planning Institute
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Tranh Tn

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Prof Dr Cao Van Sung

Director

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
Nghia Do, Tu Liem

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8 361441

Fax: 84 4 8 361196

Email: sung @iebr.ac.vn

Prof Dr Dang Huy Huynh
Institue of Ecology and Biological Resources
Nghia Do, Tu Liem
Hanoi, Viet Nam
Tel: 84 4 8 345404
’ Fax: 84 4 8 361196

Email: huynh @iebr.ac.vn

Viermam Workshop Report. Annexes

Mr Ninh Khac Ban

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
Department of Plant Resource

Nghia Do, Tu Liem

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8 364624

Fax: 84 4 8 361196

Dr Pham Hoai Duc

International Cooperation Officer

Department for Forestry Development

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
2 Ngoc Ha, Ba Dinh

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8 439185

Fax: 84 4 8 438793

Dr Doan Diem

Deputy Director

Department for Forestry Protection

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
164 Tran Quang Khai,

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Prof Dr Nguyen Van Truong

Director

Institute of Ecological Economy (ECO-ECO)
189B Tay Son St

Dong Da

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8 574400

Fax: 84 4 8 537697

Mrs Duong Thi To

Chief of Networking & Database Management Division
Ministry of Science, Technology & Environment
National Environment Agency

39 Tran Hung Dao

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8 260781

Fax: 84 4 8 235308

Prof Dr Thai Van Trung

National Centre of Natural Sciences &
Technology, Southern Branch

17 Tran Doan Khanh, Dakao, Dist]
Ho Chi Minh City

Viet Nam

Tel: 84 8 8291537

Fax: 84 8 8 296101

63

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Nguyen Thanh Phong

Director

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
6 Nguyen Thanh Y St

Dist 1

Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 8 8 296299

Fax: 84 8 8 456836

Mr Tran Lien Phong

Biodiversity Officer

Ministry of Science Technology and the Environment
(MOSTE)

National Environmental Agency (NEA)

39 Tran Hung Dao

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Ms Nguyen Hoang Anh

Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment
(MOSTE)

National Environment Agency (NEA)

39 Tran Hung Dao .

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Prof. Dr Le Dinh Kha

Director

Research Centre for Forest Tree Improvement
Chem Tu Liem

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8 347813

Fax: 84 4 8 362280

Email: rcfti@netnam.org.vn

Dr Nguyen Hoang Nghia

Chief — International Cooperatoin Division

Manager — Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources
Chem Tu Liem ©

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Tel: 84 4 8 362232

Fax: 84 4 8 345722

Email: nghia@1ad.fsiv.ac.vn

Dr Lillian Chua

Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Kepong :

52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: 603 63 42633

Fax: 603 63 67753

Dr David Frodin

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE
United Kingdom

Tel:

Fax: 44 181 332 5278

Email: D.Frodin@rbzkew.org.uk

Dr Dennis V. Johnson

P.O. Box 4522

Pocatello, Idaho 83205-4522
USA

Tel: :

Fax: 1 208 232 8090

Email: Djohn37 @aol.com

Dr Domingo Madulid
Botany Division

National Museum
Executive House Building
P. Burgos Street

P.O. Box 2659

Manila, Philippines

Tel: 63 2 5271218

Fax: 63 2 5270267

Email: ppiproj @ wtouch.com.ph

Dr Wendy Strahm

IUCN Plants Officer

Species Survival Commission
Rue Mauverney 28

CH 1996 Gland, Switzerland
Tel: 41 22 999 0157

Fax: 41 22 999 0015

Email: was @hq.iucn.org

Dr Johanis P. Mogea

Head of Herbarium Bogoriense

R & D Centre for Biology

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
Jalan Raya Juanda No. 22

Bogor 16122, Indonesia

Tel: 62 251 322035

Faxl: 62 251 325854

Email: herbogor@indo.net.id

Dr Yong Shik Kim

Department of Landscape Architecture
College of Natural Resources
Yeungnam Unversity

Kyongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
Tel: 82 53 810 2975

Fax: 82 53 813 6470

Email: yskim] @ynucc. veungnam.ac.kr

Fuh-Juinn Pan

Head, Division of Biology

Taiwan Forestry Research Institute
(Taipei Botanical Garden)

53 Nan Hai Road

Taipei, Taiwan 10728

Tel: 886 2 3311669

Fax: 886 2 3757415

Email: fjpan @serv.tfri.gov.tw

Dr Weibang Sun

Deputy Director

Kunming Botanic Gardens
Kunming Institute of Botany
Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
Fax: 86 871 5150227

Email: swb@ms.kmb.ac.cn

Profesor C R Babu
Department of Botany
University of Delhi
110 007 Delhi, India
Tel: 91 11 7257725

Mr John Benson

Plant Ecologist

Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
Mrs Macquarie Road

Sydney 2000

Australia

Tel: 61 29231 8111

Fax: 61 2 9251 7231

Email: John Benson @rbgsyd.gov.au

Tonny Soehartono

DUTA PAKUAN

Block E 11/18

Bogor 16144

Indonesia

Tel/Fax No: 62 251 317724

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

Vongxay Manivong

Deputy Director

Forestry Research Centre

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Department of Forestry

PO Box 7174

Vientiane

Lao PDR

Tel: 856 21 215005

Fax: 856 21 222861

Claire Williams

Associate Professor

Genetics and Forest Science

Texas A&M University

303 Horticulture-Forest Science Building
College, Station, TX 77843-2135, USA
Tel: 1 409 862 3745

Fax: 1 409 845 6049

Email: claire-williams @tamu.cdu

WCMC Staff
Charlotte Jenkins
Sara Oldfield
Julie Reay
Martin Sneary

65

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

ANNEX 3

Working Document 1

Tree Conservation Information Service
Data management issues
July 1997 -

This paper outlines the development of the Tree Conservation Information Service, which, through the collaborative
efforts of a wide range of individuals and organisations, provides access to high quality information relating to tree
species. The service aims to harmonise and enhance the value of the data collected and maintained by the expanding
Species Survival Commission (SSC) Trees Network by facilitating its application to the conservation and management
of trees at the local, national and international level.

The service will be of value to individuals and to key organisations whose decisions rely on access to accurate
information. Access to high quality data and information will enhance capacity at all levels to make informed and well
reasoned decisions. Whether determining the best use of local land or negotiating the obligations of an international
treaty, authoritative data and information on tree species will inform the process and increase the likelihood that
sustainable practices are employed and negative environmental consequences are minimised.

Background

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has long recognised the importance of information management, integration and
distribution. The Union created the Conservation Monitoring Centre in 1979 (later the World Conservation Monitoring
Centre (WCMC) in 1988) to help manage and disseminate the wealth of data deriving from the activities of the IUCN
Commissions. The importance of sound information management is now being expressed in the development of the
Biodiversity Conservation Information System (BCIS). BCIS is a collaborative effort of IUCN commissions, programs
and partners, including the IUCN SSC, and WCMC, with the broad objective of supporting decision making and
management practices that affect biodiversity and natural resources through the provision of data and information. A
process is now underway to plan the BCIS in detail, and partner reviews were undertaken during May and June 1996 and
presented in a report titled Parmer needs and capability assessment. The development of the SSC Trees Network and the
formation of the Tree Conservation Information Service are complimentary to this ambitious project, and collectively
they aim to enhance the conservation of biodiversity through the provision of accurate data and information. f

To provide a reliable and up-to-date information service on the distribution,
conservation status, local uses and economic values of tree species worldwide, in order
to assist countries in the planning of sustainable forest management and biodiversity
conservation, through appropriate international or intergovernmental processes.

67.

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Data harmonisation and data quality management

Data are widely distributed amongst individual experts, national, and international organisations. For these data to reg
their full value, they need to be harmonised and presented in an integrated form. Indeed. whether presenting informal
for an action plan, a national survey, or to develop legislation, the supporting data will have greater impact if
consistent. For example, when evaluating the status of a species, either regionally, nationally or internationally,
essential to ensure that all potential sources have been identified, and that all the material being considered refers te

same taxonomic species.

The process of harmonising data can be reduced if data are collected along similar guidelines, and considerations |
need to be given to the use of existing data standards. The application of appropriate standards facilitates consolida)
and communication (exchange of data) and helps to ensure consistency within and between datasets.

The following benefit considerably from standards:

Taxonomy

Geographic areas (e.g. Biological recording units - BRUs)
Habitat classifications

Other standards (e.g. IUCN threat categories)

oooo

Although the service will aim to encourage the use of standards, the adoption of existing standards will depe (
individuals, who will need to assess their suitability for use.

In addition to suggesting collection guidelines and identifying standards, the service aims to promote and maif
excellent data quality management. Quality management refers to the overall process that governs the quality |
product from beginning to end. In the case of information the process begins with data collection and ends with
application. Quality control checks and quality assurance methods are applied throughout all stages. |

There can be no absolute measure of the quality of a dataset. What may be "high quality" data for regional planning }
be "low quality" for local decision making because of factors such as scale, detail, and error. Datasets may
"100%" accurate, as the data are often based on subjective observation (such as deciding a boundary of a haby
incomplete sampling (e.g. field observations), or indirect measurement (e.g. remote sensing). Even if it %
theoretically possible to collect complete and accurate data, time and cost considerations often make this ext
difficult from a practical standpoint. Therefore, datasets will generally contain an element of error and uncerta}
“Quality” must be considered a measure of "fitness for use” and is therefore relative to the proposed or intended use. }
is a very important consideration when data are being integrated and used for applications beyond the original purpoj)
data collection.

Quality management requires attention to quality assurance, integrity protection, and to the complete documentati¢
the dataset in terms of its quality, uncertainty, limitations, origin and intended purposes.

Data custodianship

A key to good management of biodiversity data is to ensure that data are always maintained by the organisation
placed to ensure quality. "Custodianship" provides a framework under which responsibility for a dataset can be asst
and accepted by the most appropriate agency. It provides a mechanism to ensure that each information holdiij
established, maintained and made available by the agency best able to do so. The responsibilities of custodial
encompass data acquisition, management, and documentation, as well as determining under what conditions a dé
may be accessed and used.

As the Tree Conservation Information Service evolves, and more data are collected throughout the networ
custodians, accuracy will be maintained by relying on the individuals best qualified to comment on and maintai
doing so at the appropriate level. Indeed, custodianship should be recognised as being at the core of efficient
effective information management, and essentially provides a mechanism to ensure that each dataset is establi
maintained and made available by the organisation best able to do so.

a

68

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

Licensing Agreements

Custodians may be responsible for management of the various licensing agreements, which can become very complex.
Where appropriate, every effort should be made to develop relatively simple generic licences for data access and use
within each jurisdiction. "Memorandum of Understanding” and similar high-level mechanisms that would allow the
unrestricted flow of information between agencies may need to be negotiated. Successful biodiversity management
Tequires ready access to many datasets from a wide variety of institutions. There should be an absolute minimum of
administrative, cost and other impediments to the flow of information, consistent with the protection of copynght.
intellectual property and other legitimate custodian nights. Any obstacles to the free flow of information will inevitably
inhibit responsible decision making and sound biodiversity management.

The concept of custodianship can be very useful when attempting to build co-operative networks of information systems,
whether linkages between the partners are electronic or informal. An important principle of the scheme is that all datasets
are, in theory, accessible by all the partners. Designated custodians, however, have responsibility for collection and
maintenance of the data and the sole right to update it and perform corrections. Varying conditions may be attached to
data on the network. For example, data may be used for government decision-making, public information or research
purposes, but not for any commercial purposes, at least without specific permission.

Collaboration

Linking with other organisations is an important aspect of the information service, and will ensure that information
collected through the project is compatible with other data gathering initiatives. Two important areas of collaboration
have been developed: between WCMC and IPGRI and between WCMC and FAO. These relate to the following
projects: i

O REFORGEN database system, developed by the Forest Resources Division of FAO, is a global database system
designed to house information related to the world's forest genetic resources.

OQ TREESOURCE, a global information system on forest genetic resources, represents a collaborative effort between
FAO, CIFOR, ICRAF and IPGRI, and has been designed to provide readily, reliable and accessible information on
forest genetic resources.

These collaborative links will also minimise replication of effort and promote exchange of data. Furthermore, wherever
possible, the information service will adapt to support other initiatives for which the data may have a use.

Capacity Building

The service will not aim to maintain all the information potentially available on tree species. Central to the success of the
service will be the development of regional capacity and in the development of the Tree Conservation Information
Service, we are discussing with various national agencies their data management capacity and development needs. We
would welcome your views on local needs during the course of the workshop, particularly as there is no single way to
achieve improvements in the environment through the use of information. In all cases the approach has to be tailored to
local conditions. Practically, WCMC can offer advice to agencies and individuals implementing their own priorities for
information management. Topics covered, in a broad sense, include information systems development, database
development, the role of quality management and its implications, techniques for information production and the role of
information for decision support.

WCMC has been very active in supporting the development of in-country information management and is the hub of a
network of organisations preparing guidelines and materials for capacity building. Documents developed for the UNEP-
supported project Development of Supporting Materials for Biodiversity Data Management and Exchange are instructive
in providing guidance on the conceptual processes, techniques and tools involved in the management of biodiversity
information, and will provide valuable experience for the project.

69

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Q Guidelines for a National Institutional Survey (in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversi
provides guidance to countries in the conduct of a survey and assessment of the capacity of existing nai
institutions to support biodiversity information management

Q Framework for Information Management - guidelines meant to facilitate the development of capacity
information management and exchange as required by the Convention on Biological Diversity

Q Electronic Resource Inventory - represents a compilation of reference directories, guidelines. and standards relq
to biodiversity information management

Characteristics of the information service

The Tree Conservation Information Service has been designed to be more than a simple catalogue of data, and aiff
provide benefits to individuals and institutions, at all levels. To serve the needs of this wide audience, the informi
service has many different features, and central to its success will be the ability to provide practical solutions to

collection, data storage and information dissemination. |

Data collection will benefit from standards. Data storage will require an operational database, providing sta 1
database functions such as add, edit and delete, coupled with comprehensive reporting. The use of appropriate loa
tables and standards will ensure good data integrity. Dissemination of information will rely upon present
functionality, with a strong emphasis on providing information on a’selected topic in a range of forms: The media fot
will vary, and will certainly take advantage of technologies such as the World Wide Web as well as a desktop 5)
presentation solution for those without Internet access.

The development of the information management system component of the information service invol
number of distinct phases: :

User needs analysis

Functional specification and prototyping
System design and development
Implementation

Operation

Ooooo

This approach, following a recognised path from concept to an operational system, is often referred to as the Stru
Development Life Cycle. Adopting this methodology helped ensure that the final product was developed)
appropriate consultation between prospective users and developers, and that the system provides the ne e|
information management infrastructure to support the information service and its future maintenance and expansion

User Needs Analysis

When building an information service, it is essential to identify clearly the requirements of the people who will be}
the system, and to identify clearly the information products they require. These will provide clear direction for}
phases in the development of the service itself, and ensure that the information service fulfils the objective of
involved.

To assist with establishing user needs, a tree and timber database questionnaire was prepared and mailed (July, 198
over 500 organisations in the following categories:

National governmental forestry and conservation departments

Bilateral and multilateral development agencies C
National and international NGOs

Research organisations

Forest product trade organisations

Individuals

ooooood

70

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

The questionnaire survey had two main aims:

Q Tocollect information on existing databases
Q To determine priority user needs for the Tree Conservation Information Service

Information on over 50 existing tree and timber databases has been received and is collated into a meta-database, which
may itself become part of the information service. Where the appropriate consent has been given, details of the
individual databases will be added to a larger database network, such as CIESIN (Consortium for International Earth
Science Information Network) or UNEP GRID (United Nations Environment Programme Global Resource Information
Database) meta-database. Information on priority information requirements has been provided by over 80 potential user
organisations and individuals and these are summanised in table 1.

Table 1: Priority information requirements

Species distribution

:
Indication of species abundance
Conservation information in situ
Growth & regeneration
Species description

Qa s;a
ZS EIS If 15
Blaicjs 1/313
plo ls/2/e
ao | |B s |3
o|/&ir lO ;32 ]oa
s|>I1s 185
Big is ig |B sg
218 x |e 15
5s /O2/eo Jo [OTe
21S S15 ]c
UZ jsq Solu 1G
p |< B |b 19
8 S./6
=o o}|}a
re] 5
a9
S
<i

Qa

5 aE

3 o |o@

dD Qo; o

ie} o | a
c o

E ale

Blo

Z q |8

IE) a

® &

Cc

a

=

Q

=.

is)

5

Conservation information ex situ

Species identification 50%

Certified timber sources

Wood properties

71

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

The range of information categories being considered lead to a number of possible questions with which the info
service could assist:

Is the species of conservation concern?

Has the species been evaluated for the new IUCN threat categories?

If so, what is the category and criteria by which it was assigned?

What information is available to support the threat category?

What is the distribution of the species?

What are the uses of the species?

Is the use of a species sustainable?

What are the current levels of trade of the species?

What are the types, levels and values of use that are being made of a species?

Is the species legally protected - regionally, nationally, internationally?

What are the administrative and legislative structures pertaining to the conservation/sustainable use/manage

tree species in any particular context?

Q Whatare the implications of specified human actions and/or natural phenomena?

O What current actions are being taken to manage tree species, and how effective are they in achieving
objectives?

Q~ Which individual or organisation holds, has access to, or can generate the data or information relevant to a

issue?

ooooooooo0o0

In addition to identifying key questions, the objectives of collecting the data were also explored. Information
required for a range of purposes, such as:

To support policy development

To support strategic decisions

To develop effective legislation (for example, CITES)

To be able to implement legislation

To evaluate, compare and thus help determine priorities

To identify what natural resources currently exist and where

To identify where resources exist together (especially where in conflict; e.g. minerals and high biodiversity)
To build scenarios of possible consequences of management actions
To identify what changes are taking place, why and how fast

To identify what actions will slow or reverse adverse changes

To implement conservation measures

To comply with international obligations -

oooooo0o000000

From the range of information categories, and the associated questions, certain data will be required and the fol
broad categories of data were considered:

Taxonomic (scientific names, authority, synonyms, common names)
Distribution (point records, polygons, inferred)

Conservation status (criteria and supporting references)

Local Use

Economic (trade figures, commercial use, level of exploitation)
Ecology

Habitat type

Threats

Legal structures

Source of knowledge and expertise

Links to other systems (Protected areas, legislation (ELC), land use

ooooooo0o0000

|

Through the views expressed in the questionnaire, discussion at the workshop in December 1995 and foll
meetings with a number of organisations, including FAO and IPGRI, and the two SSC specialist Groups, Conift
Temperate and Broadleaved Trees, a data collection form (appendix A) was designed.

72

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

The data requested in the form can be summarised as follows:
Section 1: Nomenclature and occurrence

Section 2: Conservation status, including revised global TUCN threat category and cniteria, threats and
conservation measures

Section 3: Uses and Ecology, including habitat type

This form was designed to collect species information from regional and taxonomic experts. Existing details of species
name and distribution are provided from the WCMC Plants Database, and the partially completed forms are distributed
to experts who are asked to assign the new IUCN red list categories and complete the form with details of species
conservation status, uses, habitat and ecology. By providing a framework for data collection these forms greatly assisted
the collection of information, facilitated the use of standards and ensured that the information could easily be entered into
the database.

Several thousand of these forms have already been completed by members of the SSC Specialist Groups for Conifers
and Temperate Broadleaved Trees and by regional experts in Africa, Asia and America.

The data collection form provides a framework for a number of data categories. These have been refined and extended to
cover other information categories as the project progressed, and importantly, adapted in response to suggestions from
ongoing consultation and collaboration with other organisations. One example of collaboration is illustrated by the
Medicinal Plants Specialist Group, who have made some very useful comments on the data collection form and, in
particular, how to make the data more relevant to sustainable use issues. It is hoped that this type of liaison will continue
throughout the project and act as a trigger for the development of new collaborative initiatives.

Functional specification and prototyping

On the basis of the questionnaire results, and ongoing discussions with other organisations and SSC specialist groups. a
functional specification of the desired information system was developed. In addition to this document, a prototype was
developed. A prototype promotes an interactive approach to development, and ensures that the proposed functioning
system correctly addresses the requirements of the users. The development of a small version of the system, built quickly
and inexpensively, allowed discussion of the potential capabilities, and identified, at an early stage, areas requiring
refinement.

The prototype database provided the first draft operational database, and was focused on providing standard database
functionality for the information being collected through the data collection form. It was developed using Microsoft®
Foxpro® 2.6 for Windows™. The decision for using this relational database management system to develop the
prototype was based upon the ease and speed of development offered by the product, and did not preclude the use of a
different product for the final version. The prototype provided the basis for review and comment from interested parties,
and was refined as part of the ongoing development.

During this phase, the following were documented and produced:

Precise information needs of intended users

Conceptual and logical data models

Process and data flow diagrams

Description of all desired information products

Inventory of key data holdings and information systems; this will involve the completion of the meta-database
Functioning prototype

Oooood

73

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

System Design and Development

In the system design phase, the functional requirements resulting from the previous phase were translated}
system specifications. The descriptions of data and processes became the basis for database structures. ang
definition of procedures and programs. The inter-relationships of the modules and the transfer of data between
were also specified. It was at this phase that final decisions were taken on the overall system architecture
hardware and software to be used. With on-going advances in technology, it was important that the database}
implemented in industrial strength development tools, which would enable suitable upgrade paths as and whe
technologies become available. The choice of which software tool to use was further influenced by the ability to
with other applications, including mapping tools (GIS). In addition, the system is required to run in single-uset
multi-user environments, and to be designed for the latest generation of Windows based network environm
especially Windows "95 and Windows NT. With many users now familiar with Windows-based products)
database needed to be simple to use and intuitive in operation, as well as conforming to recognised Wi
standards. In addition, a Windows-style searchable help system was to be developed.

Taking these and other factors into consideration, the decision was taken to implement the system in Microg
Visual Basic and Access.

The recommended basic specification is:

Q 486 DX4 or higher
Q Windows 95, Windows NT 3.5 or higher
QO 16MBRAM

The prototype database developed in the earlier phase provided invaluable guidance for this phase, and was
starting point for the development of the functioning system. During design, although the major effort came fror
developers, continued user involvement and input was maintained to ensure that the evolving system reflected con
their needs.

The design specification defined the development tasks to be undertaken during the development phase. In this
again the major effort was from the developers, with essential input and guidance from users. The output of thi
was a functioning system, which had been thoroughly tested during development and met the users’ requirements. |

Implementation and Operation

During these phases, the system was tested in an operational environment to ensure that it provided the e
functionality. Essentially, the functionality of the system was checked against the original user requiremef
documented in the functional specification. Once approved, the system moved into an operational phase, which
continue for its lifetime. This will involve continual maintenance of the system, which may involve refinemen
minor modification to adapt to changing requirements.

Information Products

Information products are an essential part of the Tree Conservation Database and a number of standard outpuy
available: |

Q list-type reports, offering a range of formats and selection criteria

Q fact-sheet type summaries, offering a range of formats and selection criteria

a)

An example report is given in Appendix B; species summary and data sources.

74

Viemam Workshop Repor: Annexes

To provide flexibility within the database, there is comprehensive user-defined reporting capabilities, and records
can be selected using a comprehensive range of criteria, including:

Higher taxa (family/genus)
Geographic (region, country, BRU)
IUCN Threat Category

Level of endemism

Habitat

Threat type

Use type

OO0o0oooo0

Output format

A range of report outputs are offered. This way, information can be readily used in other applications, such as word
processors and spreadsheets. In addition to printing directly, reports may be written to file in the following formats:

ASCII, plain text

ASCII, tab delimited
ASCII, comma delimited
dBase format (dbf)
Hyper-text (html)

Rich text format (rtf)

OoOooooo0d

Quality Control

The Tree Conservation Database will hold information from a wide range of experts. The information gathered through
the project therefore represents an accurate evaluation of a species, based on available information sources. New data, or
differing interpretations, may lead to a revision of the assessment of conservation status. By identifying all data sources,
and allowing others to consult the same material, and possibly bring new documents into consideration, the evaluation
process is open, and is available for independent scrutiny. This is essential, as the assessments and recommendations are
only accurate within the bounds of the data that were available during the data collection phase. Quality control will be
an ongoing ad hoc process, potentially complimented by more thorough structured reviews.

Future developments

The evaluation of the conservation status of species and the collation of data are an ongoing process. The database
provides a tool by which to achieve this. Areas of potential development include:

Upgrades to the database and information products in line with feedback from users

Species mapping facilities

Inclusion of annual trade data

Using conservation status to identify potential candidate species for inclusion on the CITES appendices.
Refinement of the habitat criteria, and linking to forest cover GIS layers

Re-evaluations of species

oooooo

Summary

The information management component of the Tree Conservation Information Service will provide practical solutions
to data collection, data maintenance and information dissemination. The development of a data collection form and
the use of appropriate standards will promote consistency and guide the collection of data. Data storage will be served by
an operational database, providing standard database functionality together with a comprehensive set of reporting tools.
A prototype database has been developed, and will serve as a focal point for discussion, and will also guide the

75

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

development phase. Information presentation will involve a number of media, and will certainly involve establish
World Wide Web site for the project. Web pages will initially give project information, the list of temperate threai
tree species, and links to other related web sites. To serve those without Internet connection, other forms of presen
will be considered. In addition the Tree Conservation Information Service will aim to make available information

following:

Comprehensive information on species of conservation concer (including maps)
Material on sustainable use '

Details of legislation

Collection methodologies

Information management guidelines

Application of the new threat categories

oooooo

To make a significant contribution to the conservation and sustainable use of tree species, the information servic
aim to address the following key points:

Make information available to individuals and organisations at all levels

Protect custodians’ legitimate interests

Ensure information is available in a timely manner

Provide information in a form that is readily understood and easily communicated
Ensure information is accompanied by an audit trail so all underlying data and intermediate products ci
scrutinised and independently reviewed

Aid the development of regional capacity for information management
Promote data exchange ;

Develop collaborative links with other organisations

Be responsive and flexible

ooooo

Oooo

76

Viemam Workshop Repon: Annexes

Appendix A - Data Collection Form (reduced in size)

Section 1 - Nomenclature and ae
a a
fa | a
use
a ey ma enone bel |
Sesion. |. page sel
a ee
(*Basic Recording Unit)

tae |) re
i _ i are eee
el eT Reo

Is the distribution complete? If not, in which
additional counmes or states can the species be
found?

|

If the species distribution is confined to a
particular area? (e.g. a mountain range)
Please give the details

Section 2 — Conservation Status |

Is this species of conservation concern in any O Yes ONo
part-of its range? Please specify where

Revised global IUCN threat category (1994) OEX OEW OcR OEN Ovu

OLRed OLRn OLRIc ODD O NE
Criteria (e.g A-1.(d) etc.)

Comment
Please use this space to sum up the status of the
species. Please include any information about
the population size or decline, restricted
range, ecological or taxonomic uniqueness,
characteristics of regeneration or
| reproductive strategy. and any indications of
the fragility of the state of the species,
especially where data are insufficient to
assign a threat category

Felling [] Grazing [] Exploitation of plant parts

Threats

0)
If multiple threats please indicate order of | [] Fire [ ] Natural Disaster [ ] Pollution
concer - use 1 for the most serious threat(s) [] Pests & Diseases [ ] Invasive species [ ] Lack of dispersal/pollination agents
[ ] Seed Predation [ ] Poor regeneration for unknown reasons
[] Mining {] Tourism [ } Industral development
[) Agnculture [ ] Forestry
{] Expansion of human habitation [ ] Decline in soil water content
[ ] Other major threat:

Conservation measures
Please give the details of any on-going
conservation activities, including _ legal
measures, presence in protected areas,
management practices and ex situ
conservation. especially where the species is

categorised as LRcd

77

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Brief species description

Please enter in the columns provided the | EXAMPLE Non-vertebrate poison
appropniate letter and number corresponding to | Medicine Gum. resin. oil etc
the part used and the level exploitation | Timber Fibre

respectively Fuel Gene source
Unspecified, Enure plant, SeeDling. Gall, STem. | Food Social use

Bark, Leaf, Inflorescence, Fruit, Seed, EXudate, | Food addiuve Environmental use
Root Animal food Omamenial

1 Major International trade Invertebrate food Other

2 Minor International trade (LKS) Bee plant (please specify)

3 National or Local trade Vertebrate poison

4 Local use only

***Habitat Type O Closed forest O Cloud forest
Please tick whichever boxes | O Open forest O Coniferous D Mangrove
describe the species natural | O Scrub O Mixed OD Swamp forest
habitat most appropriately. D Herbaceous vegetation D Wetland
D Sparsely vegetated D Sclerophyllous
D Anthropic landscape

O Temperate
D Tropical

Please define habitat type further if necessary

Species associations

Regeneration guild O Early pioneer O Late secondary O Pnmary
Spatial distribution D Abundant D Scattered OD Clumped

See ns. .. Si

DispersaVpollination agents

Status of the species in cultivation O Plantation grown O Widely cultivated O Small scale D None

Relevant references
Please cite any references used to complete this
form

"*Please indicate the uses of species only when relevant to human use e.g. only those plants eaten by invertebrates such as silkworms, lac insects etc. should be i
as invertebrate food. Bee plants are those which are used for honey production. Animal food refers to those plants eaten by domesticated animals. Environme
refers to shade trees, windbreaks and trees used in erosion control etc. Examples of plants of social use are narcotics, contraceptives, plants of ritual significance

***Closed forest consists of trees with interlocking crowns. Open forest (woodland) contains trees with crowns not interlocking. Herbaceous vegetation is doy
by non-woody plants with scattered trees. I

78

Appendix B1 — example Species Report

Quercus acerifolia

Fagaceae EN
B1l+2c, C2b

USA (Arkansas)

Three localities of this species are known, two of
them being recently discovered, in open glades and
shrubland in central west Arkansas. The
populations are small, each numbering less than
500, but stable and contained within a National
Forest. Data accumulated by Stoynoff and Hess
support the contention that the taxon is a species
and not a subspecies of Q.shumardii.

Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 8470, 10353

Quercus albocinta

Fagaceae LR/c
Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora)
Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 7538, 9653, 11715

Quercus arkansana

Fagaceae VU b2
USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas)

Less than five localities of this woodland species
are known to exist. Populations are thought to be
declining because of habitat destruction caused by
grazing and conversion to farmland.

Assessor: Unspecified

Quercus aucheri
Fagaceae NE
Greece, Turkey
A small tree very similar to Q.coccifera. It grows
in the Aegean region on the Greek Islands and in
Anatolia in Turkey. Populations are localised and
isolated.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 3489, 4863, 7538

‘
Quercus x basaseachicensis
Fagaceae :
Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango)
A hybrid of Q.rugosa and Q.depressipes known
from 4 sites in Chihuahua and | in Durango in
submontane woodland or scrub. The populations
are isolated and none are believed to be large.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 7538, 9653

EN D1

Viernam Workshop Report: Annexes

Quercus benthamii

Fagaceae } VU Alc
Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca)

Until.the taxonomy of Central American specimens
is confirmed the exact range of this species cannot
be consolidated but could extend to southern parts
of Central America. The rate of destruction of the
moist forest habitat in the last few decades
qualifies the species as threatened.

Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 7980, 9653

Quercus brandegeei

Fagaceae EN
Bl+2e

Mexico (Baja California)

The species occurs in low density in a xeric habitat
in the foothills of the Sierra Lazaro. The area is
accessible and subject to grazing pressure.
Regeneration has not been observed in recent
years.

Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 7538, 9653, 12945

Quercus brenesii

Fagaceae DD
Costa Rica

A taxonomically doubtful species apparently
endemic to the department of Alajuela.
Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 6678, 7538, 7980

Quercus buckleyi

Fagaceae NE
USA (Oklahoma, Texas)

A tree confined to scrub on Edward's Plateau.
Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 3786, 7538, 10353

Quercus bumelioides

Fagaceae VU Alc
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama

The montane moist forest habitat of this species
has suffered serious declines in past decades. The
tree can grow to large proportions and has obvious
value as.a timber tree.

Assessor: Unspecified D
Refs: 730, 7538, 11715

79

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Quercus cedrosensis

Fagaceae VU D2
Mexico (Baja California)

A species restricted to a specialised sclerophyllous
habitat at lowland to montane altitudes. Cedros
Island suffers from overgrazing by goats. More
information on the regeneration of this species may
qualify it for a status of endangered.

Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 7538, 8470, 12945

Quercus cerrioides

Fagaceae LR/cd
Spain

The taxonomic status of this localised oak is
uncertain. It may be a hybrid. The taxon occurs in
dry montane forest in Catalonia, Aragon, Mallorca,
La Rioja and Navarra, possibly extending into
France. Fire, forest management activities and
hybridisation pose threats to the taxon. 21332
Assessor: Unspecified

Refs: 5287, 7222, 7741

80

Quercus coahuilensis
Fagaceae DD
Mexico (Coahuila)

It is suspected the species will prove to be
threatened when the area of occupancy is
calculated taking into account the altitudinal ra
of the species.
Assessor: Unspecified
Refs: 7538

Appendix B1 — example Data Sources Report

412

730

3489

3786

4863

4934

4974

5287

5988

Muller, C.H. 1979. Quercus deliquescens,
a new species from Chihuahua, Mexico.
Phytologia 42(2): 289-291.

Stevens, W.D. Flora de Nicaragua (in
preparation). (unpublished).

Guener, A. 1995. Conservation status of
Turkish woody plants. (unpublished).
12pp.

Center for Plant Conservation (CPC).
1992. Printout of CPC's data for North
American plants.

Ekim, T., M. Koyuncu, S. Erik, & R.
Ilarslan et al. (eds.). 1989. Tiirkiye'nin
tehlike altindaki nadir ve endemik bitki
turleri. Ankara: Tiirkiye Tabiatini Koruma
Dernegi [Turkish Association for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources]. 227pp. ‘

Martinez, M. 1974. Los encifios de
México. An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton.
México Ser. Botanica 45(1): 21-56.

Standley, P.C., J.A. Steyermark, & L.O.
Williams. 1946. Flora of Guatemala.
Fieldiana Bot. 24

Tutin, T.G et al. (eds.). 1964. Flora
Europaea. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 5 vols, 1964-1980. 2nd
ed. vol I 1993.

U.S. Department of the Interior. Fish and
Wildlife Service. 1985. Review of plant
taxa for listing as endangered or
threatened species; notice of review.
Federal Register 50(188): 39526-39584.

\

6678

7272

7538

7741

7980

8470

9653

10353

Viermam Workshop Report: Annexes

Jiménez, Q.. Luis Poveda. Nelson
Zamora, & P. Sanchez. 1988. Arboles
amenazados o en peligro de extincion para
la Peninsula de Osa. (unpublished). 5pp.

Tutin, T.G., V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges.
D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, & D.A.
Webb (eds.). 1995. Flora Europaea Vol 1-
5.

Woodson, R.E. er al. 1943. Flora of
Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 30

Govaerts, Rafael. 1994. Checklist of
Quercus species world wide.
(unpublished).

Vivero, J.L, M. Clemente-Munoz, & E.
Hernadez-Bermejo. 1997. Completed data
collection forms for threatened tree
species in Spain.

The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural
Heritage Central Database. (Status and
distribution data on Latin American
plants, developed in collaboration with
Latin American Conservation Data
Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.).

Nixon, Kevin. 1996. Comments in an
email from Allen Coombes to Sara_
Oldfield concerning the list of threatened
Quercus.

Nixon, K., W. Hess, A. Coombes, & M.
Rodriguez. 1996. Discussions on the
status of Quercus species in the Americas.
Regional workshop for the Conservation
and Sustainable Management of Trees
project.

Hess, William. 1996. Data collection
forms for Quercus species

&]

Viernam Workshop Report: Annexes

ANNEX 4
Working Document 2

Draft Charlotte Jenkins, WCMC

Guidelines for the application of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories to trees

These guidelines are for use in conjunction with the red pamphlet JUCN Red List Categories (1994). They, are
intended to provide practical advice and examples of the application of the categories specifically to tree species.
IUCN categories of threat have been in use for over thirty years. The 1994 revision represents the first step to
make the categories more quantitative, objective and equable over all taxa (except for microorganisms). As from
now, a category can only be assigned to a species if one or more of a choice of five criteria apply.

The revised IUCN categories are being applied to tree species as part of the Conservation and sustainable
management of trees project being carried out by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in collaboration
with the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Over 15000 tree species have already been evaluated by various
experts using different methods and sources, some of which are outlined below. It is the aim of the project that
all tree species of global conservation concern will be evaluated by the end of 1997 and it is envisaged that these
evaluations will be added to and updated as further information becomes available.

Information sources for evaluating tree species

In order to qualify for a category of threat, evidence is needed to demonstrate that a species is experiencing, to
various degrees, one of the following:

Criterion A. Population is seriously declining or is expected to decline at a specified rate
Criterion B. Population is localised, fragmented and declining at an unspecified rate
Criterion C. Population is small and declining, and either fragmented or localised
Criterion D. Population is very small or localised, but stable

Information on species conservation status and threats, although more commonly available than in the past,
remains scarce and patchy for many countries. Taxonomists, or their published floras and taxonomic revisions,
provide essential baseline data on taxonomy, nomenclature, species distribution, habitat type and sometimes
additional information. In many cases this is the sole source of information on rare and restricted-range species.

It is possible, by examining the geographical and altitudinal ranges, the location and habitat of species, to make
preliminary evaluations of their status. The numbers of collections in herbaria and the date they were made can
help to indicate the rarity of the species. Species which are known from less than five specified locations can
technically qualify for a threat category, VU D2. Frequently, species which are rarely collected are overlooked or
from areas or habitats that are rarely visited. It is up to the assessor to judge whether this is likely to be the case.
It is important to record these poorly known species even though they may, ultimately be downgraded.

Relevant data may also be obtained from forest inventorying and mapping. Rarely do restricted-range and
uncommon species appear in these datasets but these data can indirectly indicate population declines because of
habitat loss. An excerpt from Will Hawthorne's report in appendix 2 gives an example of this type of evaluation.

GIS (Geographical Information System) is a powerful tool to store and analyse species distribution information
in a standard way. Where species’ point localities can be stored in a GIS, data can be very successfully
manipulated to assess whether their AOO (Area of Occupancy) or EOO (Extent of Occurrence) are within the
limits set by the B criterion and also by the criterion for VU D2. David DuPuy and Jonathan Hughes have

evaluated a subset of Madagascan Legumes in this way.

83

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

It is important, initially, to note:

e The categories only apply at a global level to the entire species population.

e The categories can be applied to any taxonomic level, including infra-specific taxa, microspecies and naturai
hybrids.

e It is not expected that all the criteria will be appropriate for any one species. Different criteria apply to
different species according to the biology and habit of the taxon.

e Exact population figures or species ranges are not essential to apply categories. It is possible to infer o
project into the future the effects of current and potential threats. The situation known in a major part of
range may also be extrapolated to assess the overall status of the species if it is unknown elsewhere
Population declines can also be estimated from habitat loss or levels of trade.

e It is essential that the criterion and subcriterion applied are recorded with the category of threat (e.g. VU
Alc,d). Lower risk species should be recorded as LRcd, LRat or LRc.

e The Bcriterion should only be used when two of the subcriteria are fulfilled.

e The category “Rare” from the previous version of the IUCN categories of threat no longer exists. Species
which are naturally rare can only be assigned a category of threat by having less than 5 localities (VU D2) or
by showing signs of some population decline or loss of habitat.

e The most serious category applicable should be assigned to the taxon.

The definitions interpreted for tree species

1. Mature individuals ("number of individuals known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction")
The capability of reproduction in tree species varies widely and vaguely according to age/size class of
individuals (e.g. Bailonella toxisperma first flowers at 50-70 years and doesn't fruit until roughly twenty years
later, conversely Sequoiadendron giganteum may produce seed at less than 20 years of age and continue to do x
for 3000 years). We suggest 80% of individuals in any age/class should be capable of fruiting in order to call)
them "mature". If little is known about age at fruiting, mature individuals should be counted as those of a typical
size; e.g. canopy species should be canopy height etc. In addition, individuals should be reproductively effective;
Individuals which are unable to regenerate or those hampered by their isolation or by inbalanced sex ratios may
be discounted from population estimates. Clones of apomictic and vegetatively reproducing species count as

individuals.

2. Generation time ("average age of parents in the population"). The only practicable calculation for generation
time is to simply use the age of species at maturity (see above). Where there is no information we suggest t \e
following estimations: 50 years for most tree species, 10-20 for pioneer species or small trees, 100 years or more
for slow-growing trees.

3. Population ("the total number of mature individuals"). These estimates should include only mat r
individuals. For most non-pioneer species population estimates should be a fraction of the total populatio
number. q

4. Continuing decline ("a recent, current or projected future decline...liable to continue unless remedia
measures are taken”). Declines could be regarded in the context of the species generation time. If dramati
declines in the past have since halted for the duration of a generation then it does not seem appropriate to say th
species is suffering from continuing declines, unless, of course, there are strong prospects that further declin
will take place in the next generation. If the establishment of Forest Reserves or National Parks is helping
prevent declines but is not a safeguard against future declines it is quite appropriate to assign a category (
threat.

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

4. Extreme fluctuations ("in a number of taxa where population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly
and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude"). Tree species are unlikely to
experience extreme fluctuations. Therefore in order to qualify a species as threatened according to the B criterion
the population must be fragmented or in ten or fewer locations and also.declining or likely to decline.

5. Extent of occurrence (EOO) ("the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary
which...encompasses all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon. excluding cases
of vagrancy"). In tropical regions, if the total population or the sum of disjunct subpopulations takes up the
equivalent of approximately 2 degree square then this should qualify the species as having an EOO less than
20,000km?. In more temperate latitudes around 2.5 degree squares can be occupied. Endangered and Critically
endangered species should be assessed at a finer scale, perhaps on a 1:1,000,000 map using grid squares of
50km x 50km. Good examples of disjunct subpopulations occur where a species is distributed in upland
vegetation on separate mountains or where species occur on separate islands. More difficult to discern as a
disjunct distribution is where a species occurs in a number of isolated forest patches. If gene flow is impossible
between them then they should be considered as disjunct.

6. Area of occupancy (AOO) ("smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing populations").
This is intended to be a more accurate figure for the area to which species are confined. The estimate should take
into account the habitat requirements of the species, whether this is a specific canopy height, species
composition or microclimatic condition. AOO should be measured on a scale roughly ten times finer than that
used to measure EOO. For more endangered species grids of 5 X 5 km and maps of 1:100,000 would be useful.

7. Subpopulation ("distinct groups in the population between which there is little exchange...one successful
migrant..per year"). In the case of tree species we may define a subpopulation as an isolated population which
experiences insignificant seed or pollen migration from other populations within a generation time.

8. Extinct in the wild ("exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat...throughout its historic range have
failed to record an individual..over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form"). There is no
suitable time frame in which to judge a tree species to be extinct, especially where few exhaustive surveys have
been carried out to recover it. We suggest if its habitat has disappeared or the site has been visited by botanists
then the species can be considered as Extinct. If the area is restricted then at least WU D2 is appropriate. Where
the species is taxonomically poorly determined then the species status should be considered Data Deficient.

The criteria applied to tree species
Criterion A

This criterion is useful in applying the categories to species which are not localised but whose habitat or
population has been heavily exploited or degraded or which are regenerating poorly and also for species
which are sparsely distributed and declining.

How to make estimates of population decline in the last 100+ years. Three generations of a tree species may
span a millennium. Population declines are rarely supported by direct evidence but are more commonly inferred
from habitat loss and in most cases the changes in habitat or population declines which have occurred over the
course of the twentieth century are the most appropriate to take into account.

Should species which are widespread but have experienced a general decline of 20% because of habitat
destruction be Vulnerable? Many tropical forest species have experienced a 20% decline in their natural habitat
over the past 3 generations. Some of these species, however, do have a wide ecological tolerance (e.g. Baikaea
plurijuga). The most likely candidates for this criterion are those which are strictly confined to declining habitat
types and not able to regenerate outside of them, or species which are specifically and heavily exploited. A
ceiling on the acceptable extent of the species range may be incorporated into criterion A.

8&5

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Where species are regenerating poorly. If regeneration is known to be poor then the A criterion could be
applied by using projected decline. Will individuals replace themselves in the next three generations? If the
species is long living or its regeneration depends on stochastic events it will be hard and not advisable to projec
a decline. Alternatively, criteria C or D may apply here.

Where species have experienced a genetic decline. In many cases tree species have suffered a tremendou}
genetic decline or loss of fitness in the population where the larger and fitter individuals have been harvested.
this is a significant proportion (20% or more) of the mature population then the taxon can be registered ar
threatened under criterion A.

Criterion B

This criterion is useful in order to assign categories to threatened species which are regionally endemic 0
confined to a particular location or habitat. Much of the necessary discussion concerning these criteria can bi
found under the definitions for AOO, EOO, Extreme fluctuations and Continuing decline. Incidentally, it
expected that many threatened tropical tree species will be assigned under this criterion. {

Criteria C & D

These criteria can only be used where population numbers or locations, from which the species is know! n
are small or highly restricted. It is also possible to assign these criteria to species which are rare and no
regenerating.

Where species are known only from type localities or less than five locations. A species can technically 6
assigned a category of Vulnerable D2 on this information alone. If there are doubts as to whether the populatio
still exists a more serious threat category should be assigned by assuming a decline and that the extent
occurrence is small, EN B1+2c, CR B1+2c, or the population size is less than 10,000 mature individuals,
C1, C2a or b or CR C1, C2a or b. The assessor may alternatively choose to assume the species is mor
widespread than evidence suggests and assign a category of Lower Risk or DD.

Where species are not regenerating. It is embedded in the definition of "mature individuals” that individual
should be effective at reproducing. Individuals which produce offspring which are not viable should not 6
counted in the population estimate. Therefore population estimates may be made by taking reasonable estimat
of the proportion of the population which are reproducing effectively, the population density and the area ¢
occupancy.

Where species are sparsely distributed. Where population density is low or populations do not occur in easil}
recognisable clumps, from which AOO can be estimated, the only way to denote the species as threatened |
through estimating population declines (criterion A) or population sizes (criteria C or D).

Criterion E

Few population viability assessments (PVA) have been carried out for tree species. We would be pleased to hed
of any.

Category Lower Risk, conservation dependent (LRcd)

When should presence in protected areas be used as a means for applying LRcd? In some cases, if protect
area boundaries were to be taken away the tree species inside would rapidly be wiped out and, where the ensull
declines in species population are significant, the species would register as threatened. If the current status of
species does not qualify as threatened, LRcd is the appropriate category to use in these cases. The effectivenes
of protected areas in preventing declines in species populations is sometimes questionable or unknown. In thes
cases, species should be allocated a category of LRnt. All species which can satisfy the criteria for a th
category should be assigned one whether protected or not.

86

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

Category Lower Risk, near threatened (LRnt)

This category should contain species which narrowly miss the criteria for threatened species. It is also useful for
species which appear not to suffer from serious threats but would quickly qualify as threatened if unforeseen
pests, exploitation or habitat loss were to occur.

Category Lower Risk, least concern (LRIc)

This is the appropriate categorisation for the species recorded as "not threatened" under the old red list category
system.

Category Data Deficient (DD)

This category is useful to apply to species which are taxonomically dubious. As long as the name is published,
however, a threat category can be applied. It must be emphasized that data are largely deficient for a wholly
accurate evaluation of the status of most tree species. Species which are obviously threatened but to an unknown
degree can still be given one of the threat categories. The evaluations are not permanent and should be updated
. where new information indicates a change in category is appropriate. DD is most useful as a last measure.

Case Studies

The examples of species evaluations below are provided by regional and taxonomic experts. They are intended
to help illustrate how assessments for tree species may be based on limited information. The IUCN Species
Survival Commission will be insisting on the documentation of each species evaluation in the future. The
supporting comments here are an important step towards this aim and are stored, along with the IUCN category,
in the Tree Conservation Information Service.

Species for which there is limited information

Engelhardtia mendalomensis - VU D2 is an uncommon tree which is known only from the type
specimen collected in primary mixed dipterocarp forest in the Mendalom Forest Reserve, Sarawak.

Cynometra filifera - CR A2, B1 & 2(a-e) is locally dominant in a patch of Tanzanian forest of about
0.25ha. It is only known elsewhere from a forest, 40km away, which has not been visited: for 40 years
and is believed no longer to exist.

Nectandra herrerae - EN B1+2c was discovered near the train station of Aguas Calientes in Machu
Picchu Historical Sanctuary in Peru. The area is heavily visited by tourists on foot and. by train. The
town is rapidly expanding and there is frequent burning of the forests in surrounding areas.

Nothaphoebe javanica - CR C2b, D1 is known from a single specimen collected in Mt. Payung in
Ujong Kulon National Park, Java. It is not known whether the species is now extinct.

Quercus uxoris - VU Alc occurs in Colima, Guerrero and Jalisco. Population declines are not
documented but the species occurrence in an area which has experienced dramatic forest destruction
qualifies the species as at least vulnerable.

Extinct species

Thuja sutchuenensis - EX was collected from a site, where it was possibly planted, near a temple in
Sichuan in 1892. No-one has collected a wild specimen since, despite botanical visits to the area.

Chrysophyllum januariense - EX was once collected in Rio de. Janeiro in the Laranjeiras forest, which
has since been cleared.

87

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

A species displaying poor regeneration
VU C1 consists of about 1000 trees on Guam. several hundred on Tinian and}
Guam is the major problem there. This may be caused
bs. Habitat loss is a minor problem currently and the
f regeneration is found to be a significant problem

Heritiera longipetiolata -
less than 100 on Saipan. Lack of regeneration on
by seed or seedling predation by ungulates or cra
species status is not especially fragile. If the lack o
this species could easily qualify for a category of EN.

Mountain top or isolated species

Quercus X macdonaldii - VU D2 is restricted to a few scrubby localities in Santa Rosa, Santa Catali a

Santa Cruz Island.

Rhododendron protistum var. giganteum — VU D2 is known from a population of several dozen trees:

restricted to an area of submontane evergreen broadleaved forest in the Gaoligong Mts. in south-west}
Yunnan. The designation of the area as a nature reserve is believed to help in protecting this flamboyant

variety.

f

Widespread timber species

Amburana acreana - VU Ald+2d formerly abundant in terra firme forest, this species has been heavily
exploited for its wood which is used for making luxury furniture. In Rondénia the number of sawmills)
which process principally A.acreana, has increased 8 fold between 1975 and 1982. |

Entandrophragma cylindricum - VU Alcd is a major source of African mahogany. It is scattered im
semi-deciduous forest and heavily exploited throughout tropical Africa. Genetic erosion has occurret
because of the serious depletion of mature individuals from many populations. Compared to othe
Entandrophragma species this tree can occur in drier habitats, including abandoned fields, but it doe
not respond well after burning and growth rates are amongst the slowest in the genus. Protected
populations and felling limits exist in various countries.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
i
|

Pseudotsuga sinensis var. sinensis - VU Alcd is widespread in southern China and Taiwan,
scattered as isolated individuals or in small stands. It provides an important timber, which is extensively
extracted where accessible. Populations remain primarily on mountain ridges in mixed submontan

forest. ¢

Lower Risk near threatened species

Agathis vitiensis - LRnt is a timber species endemic to Fiji. It is found in low densities but is relativel
unthreatened. If logging activities intensify in the area then the status of this species will become a concern.

Micropholis gnaphaloclados - LRnt is a tree of submontane cerrado, caatinga and rocky outcrops.
ranges from Pernambuco to Mato Grosso in Brazil but the populations appear to be highly fragmented.

Bretschneidera sinensis — LRnt is uncommon and thought to be getting rarer over its range througho

south-east China extending into Lai Chau in Viet Nam and Taibei in Taiwan. The Vietname
populations are considered to be threatened. It occurs in low to middle elevation forest in ravines and

streams.

Lower Risk least concern taxa

Dacrycarpus expansus - LRic is locally common or in pure or co-dominant stands in disturbed are
and on the edge of tree fern grassland in Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea.

88

Viemam Workshop Report. Annexes

Lower Risk conservation dependent taxon

Pinus balfouriana ssp. balfouriana - LRcd is known from a few isolated subalpine populations on the
Klamath Mts. within USDA National Forest lands. The wees are extremely slow growing and
populations may be susceptible to fire and overgrazing by wildlife. Old trees are protected from being
cut or damaged.

Geissanthus vanderwerfii - LRcd is endemic to the south-central Andes of Ecuador where it occurs in
open elfin forest or scrub above 2200m. It is currently not believed to be threatened. It forms a
conspicuous element of cloud forest and a sizeable population occurs in a remote national park.

Prunus kinabaluensis - LRed is known from Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah, but has also recently been
discovered on Luzon Island in the Philippines. The species occurs in Mt. Kinabalu National Park and is
well protected.

Data Deficient species

Monodora junodii var macrantha - DD is endemic to northern Mozambique, where war and its
aftermath has prevented any kind of field work. The taxonomy, extent of the species range and current
Status needs to be confirmed.

Solanum betaceum - DD. The native range of the tamarillo tree is not resolved. It is thought by some to
be extinct. Putative wild populations are small, occurring in restricted areas in Argentina and Bolivia. It
is widely cultivated in the Andes, Europe, Africa and New Zealand. Wild representatives are important
for the genetic improvement and understanding of cultivated forms.

Abies chengii — DD. Populations in the wild remain unknown. The species was described from a
specimen in cultivation at Hilliers, U.K. Repeated attempts to discover the wild population have failed.

8&9

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Appendix 1 Key to the application of red list categories to tree species

Can the species population or habitat be said to
the past, present or future?

Is the species population and habitat in a completely state?

Has or will the global population experience declines of 20% or more because of poor
regeneration, exploitation, habitat degradation or loss, or any other reason?’
(N.B.Geographically confined or small populations may also qualify for other criteria,
continue to 3.)

Assign
20% habitat/species declines VU AI

or 2(a-e)

EN Al
50% habitat/species declines or 2(a-e)

CRAI
or 2(a-e)

80% habitat/species declines

Is the global population decline unqualified or less than 20%?

Is the global population known or likely to contain less than 10,000 mature
individuals? (N.B. Geographically confined species may also qualify the B criterion,
continue to 5.)

Is the global population unknown or likely to contain more than 10,000 mature
individuals?

1 . - .
It is assumed that three generations is greater than 10 years and is at least 100 years

90

Viernam Workshop Repor: Annexes

Is the global population experiencing declines of 10% or more and does it contain
more than 10,000 mature individuals? :
or 2500 mature individuals + 20% decline?

or 250 mature individuals + 25% decline?

Is the global population fragmented and containing no more than
10,000 mature individuals + subpopulations of less than 1000 mature individuals?

or 2500 mature individuals + subpopulations of less than 250 mature individuals?

or 250 mature individuals + subpopulations of less than 50 mature individuals?

Is the species only known from one population containing no more than10,000
mature individuals?

or 2500 mature individuals?

or 250 mature individuals?

Does the species exend over a range less than 20,000km? and can it be assumed that
the species is known from less than ten locations or its distribution is fragmented?”

Assign

Extent of Occurrence 20,000km? VU B1&2(a-e)

EN B1&2(a-e)

Extent of Occurrence 5000km:?, fragmented or 5 or less locations

CR B1&2(a-e)

Extent of Occurrence 100km?, fragmented or just 1 location

Does the species extend over a range greater than 20,000km? or can the assumptions
above not be made?

Go to 7

2 If an accurate measure of the actual species Area of Occupancy (AOO) can be made refer to the IUCN red list
categories booklet.

91

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Is the global population known or likely to contain less than 1000 mature individuals

in the wild? Assign
Less than 1000 mature individuals VUDI1
Less than 250 mature individuals EN D1
Less than 50 mature individuals CRD1

Is the global population unknown or likely to be more than 1000 mature indivduals in
the wild? Go to 7

Is the species only known from less than five localities or from an area less than :
100km??

Is the species known from more than five localities?

sometimes likely that individuals of the species are overlooked in the field and should
be found to be more widespread. The decision whether to take this to be the case or
not is up to the assessor.

Assign VU D2

It may be worthwhile to reconsider whether species can be presumed to be declining
and either confined to less than 20,000km? or to less than 10,000 mature individuals.

Return to 1

Does the species narrowly miss qualifying one of the above criteria or will it become
threatened should circumstances worsen or change for the worse?

Go to 10

Is the species unlikely to qualify as threatened unless under very unusual
circumstances?

Assign LRIc

Is a significant proportion of the population contained within a protected area so that,
in the future, the species will be cushioned from fulfilling a category of threat? Assign LR cd

Does the species occur outside protected areas? : |
Assign LR nt

92

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

Appendix 2 An excerpt from "Conservation priorities amongst Ghana's forest trees. An assessment of
the IUCN red-list guidelines, and a comparison with Ghana's own star-rating

Population numbers are next to impossible to estimate for continental tree species in the tropics. Ghana has
carried out one of the most extensive surveys of its forests in Africa and yet it is impossible to collect sufficient
details about rare species to validate a population estimate. The approach taken by William Hawthorne in
assessing the status of tree species in Ghana involves estimating the likely EOO from the distribution of the
species habitat and-assuming its rate of destruction in the last few decades from published figures. The following
is an extract from the working document prepared by William Hawthorne for the project's technical conference
in Wageningen in November 1995.

Forest Types are those defined by Hall and Swaine (1981):
WE Wet Evergreen, ME Moist Evergreen

Wet forest species: General trends
[In Ghana] the decline in forest quality and quantity has been less dramatic here [in wet forests] than in drier
forests, yet the statistics are rarely presented in a way which allows this to be quantified.

The greatest number of globally rare species in Ghana are wetter evergreen forest species, apparently restricted
to these forests by a wetter climate/base-poor soil there, although there is also much speculation about their
Status as 'refugees' in or near Pleistocene refugia there (see summary discussion and references in Hawthorne,
1995). A sketch of enclaves of Wetter (evergreen) Guinean forest is shown in Parren and de Graaf, 1995. A
species restricted to this vegetation in Ghana has a maximum EOO of about 2000 km?, but the internal variation
is substantial and no rare species are found‘throughout. Many such species favour swamps or riverside forest, for
instance. Much of this vegetation type in Ivory Coast is deforested. The total area in the Ghana and Ivory Coast
Block is probably < 3000 km?. A species restricted to this area would qualify as at least endangered (B1,B2),
without further consideration. Most species occur outside this block, however, either in the Liberian block of WE
forest or in the ME zone in Ghana and elsewhere. In Liberia and Sierra Leone, the remnant WE type zone is
larger, possibly about 15000-20000 km? (from maps in Parren and de Graaf, 1995).

Some species are restricted to the WE zone, others extend various degrees into the drier ME zone. In Ghana the
area of ME zone forest is about 2.5 times the WE area, but is more widely disturbed. Assuming the same trend
for the Liberian block, we can estimate an effective ME area of the order of perhaps 30,000 km?. Combined with
the WE area, this sets a maximum area on Upper Guinean wetter-forest species.

White (1983) includes both WE and ME type forest in his mapping unit la ("hygrophilous coastal evergreen
Guineo-Congolian rain forest"). The extent of this mapping unit in Lower Guinea is about twice the extent of
that of Upper Guinea. Most Guinea-wide species (i.e. species in both Upper and Lower Guinea) have been
filtered out from consideration; those that remain for consideration here are those like Afrostyrax lepidophyllus
which seem restricted within these zones, so these total areas of Guinean Wet forest are much broader than the
EOO (esp.AOO) of these species°

Although the area of this type of forest is limited, it seems that forest loss has not been as bad in such areas
(especially the WE type) as in drier areas, because of negligible loss due to fire, lower densities of timber than in
semideciduous forests and rather infertile (heavily leached) soils, although mining in the ME belt of Ghana has
accounted for significant losses e.g. around Tarkwa. Cocoa farming has not been as great a factor in the WE
zone as it as in the ME zone. Mining is a potential threat for deforestation in Ghana, with recent quarrying in
Neung and Cape Three Points, and there has been significant forest loss on unreserved land in the WE zone (and
in Western Region generally) since Ahn's (1959) summary of land-use patterns. Deforestation of Subri Forest
Reserve and elsewhere due to industrial plantation is, being moderately optimistic, unlikely to expand much
further.

3 Note that attempts to model AOO using known distribution and the environmental associations of such species
would in most cases lead to a gross overestimate of AOO.

93

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Wet Forest species: Specific cases Loss Neat Se
It is hard to place with confidence any WE species as critically endangered. in spite of the limited range of many;

of them. Some potential contenders, like Trichoscypha chevalieri (found only a few times ever. ina limited total
range) come very close, but our picture of this species’ situation is a little too hazy to commit it to this alarming
status. Instead, I propose to put the majority of such (locally and globally) rare, systematically declining
species in the Endangered category, preferably with a hair-trigger, set to upgrade their status to critical if any)
more negative factors arise. Alternatively, any future records e.g. in Lower Guinea are liable to render the}
species merely Vulnerable. For species with a wider distribution, only Monocyclanthus vignei (from two maifl
areas) attains endangered status. The others must therefore be defined as Vulnerable. Y

Wet forest species: tentative conclusions:

VULNERABLE (VU-B1&2C & Alc)

Tapura ivorensis

Drypetes afzelii (EN?)
Sapium aubrevillei
Cassipourea hiotou

Cola umbratilis

Placodiscus bancoensis

(P. bracteosus?)
Spathandra barteri

Trichilia ornithothera
Xylopia elliotii

Croton aubrevillei
Desmostachys vogelii
Amanoa bracteosa
Anthonotha vignei

Berlinia occidentalis
Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum
Dactyladenia dinklagei
Deinbollia molliuscula
Didelotia idae
Gilbertiodendron bilineatum
Gilbertiodendron splendidum
Isolona deightonti
Neostenanthera hamata
Ouratea amplectens
Pausinystalia lane-poolei

ENDANGERED (B1 & 2c)

Chrysophyllum azaguieanum
Dacryladenia hirsuta
Hemadradenia chevalieri
Hymenostegia gracilipes
Sericanthe toupetou
Trichoscypha chevalieri
Monocyclanthus vignei

Neolemonierra clitandrifolia This large tree probably a very long generation time. Its habit extends to Upla
evergreen forest, which has declined more than the lowland variants.

94

Pavetta mollissima
Phyllanthus profusus
Piptostigma fugax
Placodiscus oblongifolius
Rhaptopetalum beguei
Schumanniophytum
Synsepalum aubrevillei
Trichoscypha albiflora

T. beguei

T. cavalliensis

Afrostyrax lepidophyllus
Allexis cauliflora
Dasylepis assinesis
Amanoa strobilaceae
Citropsis gabunensis
Crotonogyne manniana
Didelotia unifoliolata
Gluema ivorensis

Oricia suaveolens
Pellegriniodendron diphyllum
Piptostigma fugax
Pseudagrostistachys africana
Trichoscypha atropurpurea
Warneckea memecyloides

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

The following species are perhaps of less concern than the above: LRcd ‘Conservation dependent’ (in Forest
reserves), might be more appropriate.

Crudia gabonensis Probably well-buffered in lower Guinea.

T. oba

Raphia Palma-pinus Guinea-wide Swamp species often outside forest.
Uapaca paludosa

Xylopia rubescens

Magnistipula zenkeri

Anisophyllea meniaudii

Dichaetanthera africana Although rare in Ghana a pioneer of wet forest
Ehretia trachyphylla Pioneer-ish and well into ME zone

Ficus tesselata

(Homalium dewevrei & longistylum) Complicated taxonomy/variation pattern and distribution area. These
appear to be widespread. ?Data Deficient.

References

Ahn, P.M., 1959. The principal areas of remaining original forest in western Ghana and their potential value for
agricultural purposes. Journ. West African Science Association 5(2):91-100.

Hall, J.B. and Swaine, M.D., 1981. Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest. Forest
vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany 1. Junk, The Hague. 383pp.

Hawthorne, W.D., 1995. Holes and the sums of parts in Ghanaian forest:regneration, scale and sustainable use.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 104b

Parren, M.P.E. and de Graaf, N.R. de, 1995. The quest for natural forest management in Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire
and Liberia. Tropenbos series 13. Wageningen, The Netherlands.

95

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

ANNEX 5

Working Document 5

ase
Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees
Regional Workshop

Hanoi, Viet Nam
From 18-21 August 1997

Sustainable use and the conservation of tree species
ADRIAN C NEWTON

Institute of Ecology and Resource Management
University of Edinburgh

97

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Abstract: The concept of sustainable use of natural resources is now widely accepted as an important policy
objective at both national and international levels. Although sustainability has been defined in a vanity of ways. the!
concept implicitly includes the conservation of species and ecosystems which are subjected to human use. Paruicula

attention is currently focussing on how sustainable management of forests may be defined and assessed, reflectin 4
concern about the high rates of forest depletion in many areas. However, current approaches to assessing sustainable’
forest management fail to assess the impact of use on the conservation status of individual tree species. To addre :
this, new approaches to assessing sustainability need to be developed. It is suggested that the potential for sustainable
use of different tree species may be assessed by reference to their key biological charactenistics, such as aspects 0
their reproductive biology and seedling regeneration requirements. Different uses of trees also vary in their intainsi¢
likelihood of sustainability; harvesting of timber, for example, is intrinsically less likely to be sustainable thar
harvesting of fruits or exudates, because of its greater impact on the growth and survival of the individual tree. Such
assessments would help identify those species which are currently threatened with extinction as a result of,
overexploitation, or which may be particularly vulnerable to unsustainable use in the future. Greater appreciation of,
the impact of use on the conservation status of tree species would also assist in the development of appropriate
conservation action for the species concerned.

Resumen:

Introduction

The concept of sustainability became the focus of international attention largely as a result of the Brundtland Report
(WCED 1987), which defined sustainable development as 'meeting the requirements of present generations without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. This statement has subsequently prov
the foundation for numerous national and international development policy initiatives, despite some confusion over
the what the term ‘sustainability’ means precisely (Dixon and Fallon 1989). The second World Conservation)
Swategy, for example, highlights the difference between ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainable use’ - the former
relating to the improvement in quality of human life within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems, the lat er|
referring specifically to the use of natural resources within their capacity for renewal (Holdgate 1996). In a sense, ;
concept of sustainability links development activities with conservation objectives, by requiring that species and)
ecosystems which are subjected to human use be effectively conserved (Cassells 1995). q

er

In the context of forestry, the concept of sustainability became the focus of international attention following the
statement of Forest Principles and Chapter 11 of Agenda 21, which were formulated at the 1992 UN Conference oni
Environment and Development (UNCED). The Forest Principles aim to ‘contribute to the management, conservation]
and sustainable development of forests’ and note the need for setting relevant standards for forest use (Upton and
Bass 1995). Sustainability concepts have in fact been recognized for at least 200 years by foresters (Wiersum 1995),
Traditionally, the concept was equated with the principle of sustained yield of timber; in recent years the concept as)
broadened to include environmental and socio-economic aspects (Wiersum 1995; Cassells 1995). A number off
authors have recently attempted to define sustainable forest management in a variety of ways (for example, see
Botkin and Talbot, 1992; Gale and Cordray 1991; Poore 1993, ITTO 1992, DBB 1994, Heuveldop 1994). Mos

authors agree that sustainability may be considered to comprise three main components: environmental, social and
economic (Upton and Bass 1995). Environmental sustainability requires that an ecosystem be able to support healthy
organisms, whilst maintaining its productivity, adaptability and capability for renewal; social sustainability require
that an activity does not stretch a community beyond it’s tolerance for change; and economic sustainability require!
that some form of equivalent capital (such as a natural resource) is handed down from one generation to the ne)

(Upton and Bass 1995).

With the objective of sustainable use of forest resources now included in a number of national and international
policy initiatives, attention is focussing how the sustainability of forest management activities may be assessed In
practice. This has led to the development of a wide variety of different criteria and indicators of sustainable forest
management. This paper highlights how these current initiatives fail to address the impact of use on the conservation
status of individual tree species. Trees have in recent years been the focus of increasing conservation concern, a
reflected in the recent attempts to list a number of species on Appendix II of CITES (ref). Large numbers of tee
species as now considered to be threatened with extinction, according to IUCN Red List categories. - cite conifers a
an example. To a large extent, this increasing concer reflects the current high rates of deforestation in many are
(Sharma 1992). Although deforestation is caused by a variety of factors, which vary with the region concei

98

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

(Sharma 1992), human use is globally one of the most important. This is a consequence of the fact that very many
socially and economically important products are derived directly from trees.

To assess the relationship between sustainable use and conservation of tree species, this paper first examines the
current initiatives assessing sustainable forest management, and the limitations of these approaches for assessing the
impact of use on the conservation of tree species. It is suggested that a new approach is required in order to be able to
assess the sustainability of the use of different tree species. Three different aspects are considered separately: the
potential for sustainable use, based upon the biological characteristics of a species; the intrinsic likelihood of a
particular use being sustainable, based upon the part of the plant harvested; and the impact of use on the conservation
status of a species. The links between these different approaches are highlighted, and suggestions are made as to how
more meaningful assessments of sustainable use may be developed in future.

Assessing sustainable forest management

Since the need to formulate criteria to characterise sustainable forestry was recognised by international policy
statements such as Agenda 21, a large number of initiatives have been developed. For example, the International
Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) published a definition of sustainable forest management in 1992 along with a
provisional list of criteria and indicators of sustainability (ITTO 1992). The aim was to provide a framework within
which producer countries would be able to generate their own national and local standards. A detailed set of criteria
was also developed by the ‘Montreal Process’, an international working group focussing on sustainable management
of temperate and boreal forests (Montreal Process 1995). Again, the aim of this initative was to provide a basis for
national policies and international cooperation. A set of Principles and Criteria for ‘responsible’ forest management
(check) has also been produced by The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), an independent non-governmental
organization established to provide consumers with reliable information about the source of forest products. These
Principles are again designed to provide a framework for the development of national and local management
standards (FSC 1994), and to provide a basis for timber certification initiatives. The FSC Principles are increasingly
being seen as an international standard to which other initiatives should conform.

Other initiatives which have been developed focus at the level of the forest management unit. For example, the
Responsible Forestry Standards produced by the Soil Association were designed to enable forestry operations to be
assessed objectively by inspectors in the field, providing a basis for timber certification. The Standards include a list
of indicators which is one of the most comprehensive currently available (SA 1994). Similarly, the Rainforest
Alliance, a non-profit organization aiming to conserve tropical rain forests, has produced a set of generic guidelines
to provide a basis for field assessments as part of the timber certification process, and to provide a ‘minimum
acceptable measure for assessing the sustainability of logging operations’ (RA 1993). The criteria developed by these
organizations are more specific than the general statements developed by international policy initiatives such as those
described earlier.

The wide variety of organizations involved in developing criteria and indicators of sustainability, with their
contrasting backgrounds and objectives, has resulted in a high diversity of different approaches. There-is rather little
consensus about what the key criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management actually are. For example, in a
comparison of nine different initiatives, Upton and Bass (1995) noted pronounced variation in emphasis and breadth
of scope, despite their similar broad objectives. In general, the emphasis to date has very much been on timber
species rather than non-timber forest products, and social aspects have received relatively little attention. However,
‘conservation of biodiversity’ is one of the few aspects which seems to be common to all approaches (Upton and
Bass 1995). There is a current trend towards convergence of the different criteria which have been proposed; this
process is being encouraged by the FAO and by the Cente for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), who aim to
produce a regionally adaptable set of criteria and indicators through a programme of field evaluation (Prabhu 1994a,b
Prabhu 1995).

Sustainable management versus sustainable use

Although sustainable forest management is clearly a laudable objective, there is no guarantee that sustainable
management will successfully conserve tree species which they contain. The emphasis of current initatives is on the
assessment of forests as a productive ecosystem, rather than tree species per se. Management of any forest generally
focuses on a limited range of economically valuable species. Harvesting of these preferred species may have a
negative impact on non-harvested species as a result of habitat disturbance during logging. It is arguable that those
species which occur at low density and which may therefore be under greatest threat of extinction, are likely to suffer

99

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

most from management activities directed at other species. In addition, it should not be assumed that all species
sourced from a forest certified as ‘sustainably managed’ will necessarily themselves be sustainably harvested. Foi
example, management of peat swamp forests in Sarawak is currently achieving a sustainable yield in terms of tota
timber volume. However, the most valuable timber species in this forest type (Ramin, Gonystlus bancana) is being
heavily overcut (ITTO 1990). :

Current initatives aimed at assessing sustainability tend to focus on forests which are under some form of forma
management. For example, many of the criteria listed’ by the Soil Association (SA 1994) refer to the existence of
forest management plans and appropriate institutional support. Such a focus ignores the many individual trees which
grow in forests which are not formally managed but are used intensively by local people. Many individual trees gro
outside forests altogether, in hedgerows on farms, as scattered individuals in rangeland, or in small patches oj
woodland. Many such isolated or non-forest trees may be intensively used without being included in any formal
forest management. Such a situation even applies to some valuable timber species which are traded internationally,
such as many African savannah species. It is possible therefore that the emphasis on sustainable forest managemen|
will lead to significant areas of tree use, which may be highly relevant to the conservation status of these specie |
being entirely ignored.

Another problem with current approaches is the issue of scale. Assessments of forest management at the scale of the
management unit, or even at the national scale, are inappropriate for assessing the impact of use on individu
species. Many tree species have broad distributional ranges; assessments of use across the full range of a species i
required for the impact on conservation status of the species to be fully evaluated.

These difficulties indicate that assessing the sustainability of forest management does not provide an adequal
framework for assessing the conservation status of individual tree species. Alternative approaches therefore need
be developed. Rather than forest management, use of individual species provides a more appropriate focus.
Sustainable use of a tree species might be broadly defined as one which does not impact adversely on the
conservation status of that species. The different components of sustainable use are described in the followi

|

is

|
!
|
section. a
P|
‘|

|

|

Components of sustainable use

Sustained yield

Sustained yield may be defined as maintaining a regular and continuing supply of forest products without impairi ry
the capacity of the land to support production (after Matthews 1989). The key objective is the achievement of an
appropriate (‘normal’) distribution of size classes of trees within the area under management (Smith 1986). Although]
management for sustained yield is a traditional objective in forestry, it may conflict with other components of
sustainability. For example, large ancient trees of primary (or ‘old growth’) forests may often be felled to produce 4
size structure appropriate for sustained yield (Smith 1986; Parry et al. 1983), despite their high ecological value}
Sustained yield concepts have also been criticized for failing to take account of natural ecological processes in fores
ecosystems, leading to ecologically inappropriate management (Mladenoff and Pastor 1993). Although some authots|
have suggested that sustained yield (resulting in a continuous flow of forest products) is an essential component of
sustainable use (ITTO 1992), it is arguable whether this is in fact the case (Newton 1996).

Maintenance of regenerative capacity
In order for the use of a particular tree species to be sustainable, the species must retain sufficient genetic variation tO
be able to adapt to changing environmental conditions, and the processes enabling this adaptation to occur must be
maintained. In addition, sufficient numbers of individuals must also be maintained to avoid extinction. This requires
that key regenerative processes, such as pollination, seed development and dispersal, seedling establishment and
growth, should be maintained.

Maintenance of biodiversity
Sustainable use of a tree species will require that populations of other species are also maintained. Organisms hal
depend on trees may face three problems as a consequence of tree uses: (i) fewer trees, (ii) a different spatial
distribution of trees and (iii) different patterns of fruit and leaf production (Johns 1992). Those species which ale
obligately associated with particular tree species, such as some pollinating insects and avian seed dispersers, are more!
likely to be adversely affected by the use of their ‘host’ tree species, than other organisms.

100

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

Maintenance of ecological services

Trees provide a number of ecological services, including (after Sharma 1992) regulation of runoff and groundwater
flow, maintenance of soil fertility, and regulation of local and regional climate. Sustainable use may be defined as
maintaining the quantity or quality of services being provided, or in the capacity to provide such services in the
future. This principally involves the maintenance of canopy structure and vegetation cover, and the adoption of
appropnate harvesting techniques which minimize soil disturbance and compaction.

Social and cultural impacts

The concept of social sustainability reflects the ability of a society to withstand shocks or stresses brought about by a
change in conditions (Barbier et al. 1994). Sustainable use of a tree species should therefore maintain the coherence
of local communities, and the processes and institutions which enable them to persist. A key aspect of social
sustainability is the well-being of the social group concerned (Wollenberg 1995), including cultural heritage and
identity, justice, safety and health. Recently, the sustainability concept has also been applied to the maintenance of
cultural diversity (Colfer 1995, Carley and Christie 1992). Social and cultural impacts of tree use are especially
pronounced where species have particular cultural or spiritual importance, such as the shrine forests associated with
Buddhist temples (Cernea 1992).

Institutional mechanisms

The term ‘institution’ refers to the rules and conventions of society that facilitate coordination among people
regarding their behaviour (Barbier et al. 1994). The role of institutions in the sustainable use of trees may be
considered from two perspectives: the structure and activity of the institutions themselves, and the policies which
they formulate and implement. Institutional failures account for many of the basic causes of unsustainable resource
use, and may result conflict between stakeholders, uncoordinated decision-making, and weak or ineffective
government control mechanisms (Upton and Bass 1995). Policies are required which address the main problems
affecting forest trees, and provide incentives for sustainable use (Upton and Bass 1995)

Economic sustainability

Upton and Bass (1995) defined economic viable forestry operations as those which are sufficiently profitable to
enable stability of operation, but not at the expense of the forest resource, the ecosystem or the affected communities.
Essentially, the activities of current generations should not result in future generations being economically worse off
(Barbier et al. 1994). Trees may be viewed as economic assets; how these assets are valued is central to defining
whether or not a particular use is economically sustainable (Barbier er al. 1994). Failure to properly value forest
resources results in timber being traded at artificially low prices (Repetto and Gillis 1988) and an undervaluation of
forest land by governments. Another key component of economically sustainable use is the provision of appropriate
financial incentives which encourage investment in responsible forestry practices (Upton and Bass 1995).

The potential for sustainable use of tree species

Peters (1994) made the important observation that tree species differ in their potential for sustainable use, as a result
of their contrasting biological characteristics. This variation in potential provides an alternative basis for assessment
of sustainability, which avoids many of the limitations associated with assessing forest management.

The biological characteristics which determine the ability of a species to withstand use are those which enable the
species to tolerate or to recover after harvesting. The key characteristics, therefore, are those which determine the
regeneration capacity of the pM, including reproductive biology and regeneration characteristics. Differences
between species in such characteristics can be used to classified them according to their potential for sustainable use
(see Table 1, adapted from Peters 1994).

For example, those species with relatively regular and copious production of flowers and fruits, and with relatively
abundant pollinators and seed dispersers, will be more likely to be able to maintain populations through natural
regeneration. Such species may be considered to have a relatively high potential for sustainable use (Table 1). In
contrast, those species with highly specific pollinators, seed dispersers or requirements for seedling establishment,
may be much less able to maintain population size. Natural regeneration of such species may be irregular or highly
sporadic, leading to populations with few young individuals, or a high proportion of individuals within a narrow
range of age classes. Such species will be much less able to maintain population size if individuals are removed by

101

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

harvesting; such species may therefore be considered to have a relatively low potential for sustainable use (Table 1
The same applies to species which occur at low density, particularly with uneven or ‘clumped’ distributions (Peter

1994).

This analysis focuses solely on the biological aspects of sustainability, with no reference to cultural. economic or
institutional aspects. This has the advantage of considering only objective biological cnitena, which determine the
response of a species to use, and which therefore underpin other other components of sustainabiltty. However,
cultural and economic characteristics of a species could potentially be included into such a scheme, by considering
their relative value. Use of a species with a high cultural value, for example, would arguably have a lower potential,
for sustainability because of the magnitude of the effects of use on local communities.

The potential for sustainability of different uses

The different uses of a tree may also be considered to vary in their intrinsic likelihood of sustainability, as noted by
Peters (1994). The impact that a particular use has on a tree will depend on the part of the tree used. and the method)
of harvesting. This may be assessed by reference to the different components of sustainability outlined earlier (se¢
Table 2).

Whereas removal of exudates, flowers or fruit has minimal impact on growth or survival of an individual
removal of the stem is likely to be far more detrimental, and would therefore have a much lower likelihood of being
sustainable. Harvesting of fruits or exudates are also likely to be less damaging to the environment purely because the;
volume of the product, and therefore the potential for soil compaction, will tend to be lower. Cunningham (1991), for
example, notes that removal of bark or roots has a more damaging effect on both habitat and.species populations than
harvesting of leaves or fruits. However, harvesting of flowers or fruits could have a relatively large impact on)
regenerative processes (Hall and Bawa 1993). As most organisms dependent on particular tree species are associate
with fruits or flowers, as dispersers or pollinators, harvesting of these parts would also be expected to be relatively)
deleterious to associated species. The relative cultural value of different plant parts will obviously differ from specié
to species, although in general roots and branches perhaps have less cultural importance than other parts of the tee.
Similarly, forest products with economic value are generally derived from fruits, exudates or stem wood; very few!
economically important products are derived from tree flowers or roots.

The overall intrinsic likelihood of sustainability (indicated in the final column on Table 2) is based on a combined)
assessment of the different components of sustainability. The use of tree stems (e.g. for timber) appears to have aj
relatively low intrinsic likelihood of being sustainable, as a consequence of its high impact on growth and survival f
the tree, as well as its reproductive ability, and on ecological services. Similarly, the relatively high cultural and
economic value of fruits, together with their importance for other organisms and the reproductive ability of the tee

very little research attention (Clay 1992). However, the results compare closely with those of Peters (1994), who also}
concluded that harvesting of the stem has a relatively low potential for sustainability. Peters (1994) also consideredl
fruit to be either of medium or high potential for sustainable management, depending on the species, pointing thal
species producing a relatively high yield may be expected to have a higher potential for sustainable use. In contrast 10
the present analysis, Peters (1994) also considered bark and roots to be of low potential for sustainable use, perhaps
reflecting his consideration of non-timber products in general rather than only tree species, and his consideration of
only ecological aspects of sustainability. Harvesting of sufficient roots to severely affect the survival of a mature tee
must be comparatively rare, although it clearly can occur (Cunningham 1991).

Clearly it is not simply which part of the tree is used but how it is harvested that will determine the impact of use.
example, although trees may be able to recover from harvesting of exudates or fruit, if the trees are felled duri
harvesting the impact will obviously be far greater. The analysis presented (Table 2) is therefore very muc
generalization, assuming the adoption of the lowest impact method of harvesting available. Another key point is the
growth stage of the plant used. The removal of leaves or roots, for example, would have a significantly larger impa
if juveniles rather than adults were harvested (Hall and Bawa 1993).

102

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

Towards a methodology for assessing the sustainable use of tree species

As noted above, species may be classified into categories of low, moderate or high potential for sustainable use,
according to their intrinsic biological characteristics Peters (1994) suggested that this classification could be achieved
by calculation of a simple index of ‘sustainability potential’ derived. by assigning a numerical value to each
characteristic, and summing to provide an overall score. However, this approach assumes that all characteristics
included in the classification have equal weighting. A more conservative approach would be to classify a species
with a low potential for sustainable use on any single biological characteristic, as of Low potential’ overall. This
would ensure that species with a particularly vulnerable part of its life-cycle would be recognized as being
particularly susceptible to use.

It is also important to differentiate between classifying the potential of sustainability of species and the uses to which
they are put. Peters (1994) combined different uses with the biological characteristics of the species, to provide an
overall assessment of the potential for sustainable management. This approach fails to recognize the overriding
importance of the type of use that the tree is put to. For example, species being harvested for timber will always be in
greater danger of unsustainable use, regardless of their biological characteristics. The key aspect of use is the ability
of the species to recover following harvesting. The impacts of different uses on a species may therefore best be
assessed by consideration of the biological characteristics of the species which determine its ability to tolerate use.
For example, the ability of a species to regrow bark after removal will clearly determine the sustainability of bark
harvesting; the ability of a stem to resprout will influence the ability of a species to tolerate branch removal.

Impact of use on conservation status

IUCN Categones of threat

A framework for assessing the impact of use on the conservation status of tree species already exists in the form of
the IUCN Red List categories of threat (IUCN 1994). These are designed to provide an assessment of the likelihood
of extinction of a taxon under current circumstances. Species are evaluated according to a series of criteria, relating to
trends in population size extent of occurrence. Recent revisions of the criteria have sought to improve the objectivity
of the classification process (Mace and Lande 1991).

Clearly, use of a tree species may affect its likelihood of extinction. For the use of a tree species to be sustainable, the
likelihood of extinction should not be increased. The impact of use is addressed explicitly in the IUCN criteria
relating to population reduction, which lists ‘actual or potential levels of exploitation’ as a possible cause of decline
(TUCN 1994). Use of a tree species may also result in a decline in the area of occupancy and the number of mature
individuals of the species; a decline in the extent of occurrence of the species and / or quality of its habitat; or an
increase in population fragmentation. Each of these is included in the criteria on which the Red List categories are
based (IUCN 1994).

Classification of a taxon as Vulnerable’ requires an estimated reduction of at least 20% of mature individuals within
3 generations, either inferred from the past or suspected to be met in the future. Since 1850, the forests of N Africa
and the Middle East declined by 60%; those of S Asia by 43%; those of tropical Africa by 20% and those of Latin
America by 19% (Rowe et al. 1992). Given the long generation time of most trees, it is probable that very many tree
species in these areas would qualify as Vulnerable on this basis. To what extent such declines are the result of
unsustainable use is not clear. To assess whether the use of a species is increasing its threat of extinction, explicit
reference is required to the impacts of use during the process of assessing species according to the Red List criteria.

CITES :

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) provides a framework for the prevention of
trade in endangered species, and for regulation of trade in other species of concern. New criteria for listing species‘on
the respective Appendices were adopted in 1994 to provide a more objective basis for classification. The criteria
were developed along similar lines to the revised IUCN criteria for categorizing species on the Red List (IUCN
1994). The three main biological criteria are population size, area of geographic distribution and population decline.

The criteria for listing on Appendix II, which requires strict regulation of international trade, includes the following:

‘it is known, inferred or projected that harvesting of specimens from the wild for international trade has, or may have,
a detrimental impact on the species by exceeding over an extended period the level that can be continued in

103

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

perpetuity’ (Rosser and Haywood 1996). This is essentially a definition of sustainability. The phrase ‘an extended
period’ is obviously critical to this criterion. Annex 5 to the Resolution of conference 9.24 states that the length of the}
period ‘will depend upon ... whether the number of specimens removed from the wild is consistent with a sustainable

harvesting programme’.

Since the concept of sustainable use is enshrined within the concept of ‘detrimental impact’, any species being
harvested above sustainable thresholds for international trade would qualify for listing on Appendix II of CITES. As
few forests are currently being managed on a sustainable basis (Poore 1989), it could be argued that a large number
of timber species being traded internationally qualify for listing on Appendix II under these criteria. The recent
attempts to list some tropical timber species on Appendix II of CITES have been highly controversial. However, the
fact is that many timber species currently being traded internationally have undergone massive reductions i
population size in the last few decades. As noted earlier, many tree species qualify as at least Vulnerable under the
revised Red List criteria, and therefore arguably meet the criteria for listing on the CITES Appendices, if they a
traded internationally.

Genetic erosion and threat

The possible occurrence of genetic erosion has recently been one of the main conservation concerns relating to tre
species (Rodan et al. 1992). Forest trees generally display considerable genetic variation within and between)
populations (NRC 1991). Depletion of intraspecific genetic variation (‘genetic erosion’) is therefore likely to occur as
a result of deforestation, as genetically distinctive populations and individuals are lost. However, little quantitative
evidence is available to indicate whether genetic erosion has taken place, largely because few baseline data a e
available (Ledig 1992). The best examples are perhaps provided by the wild populations of tropical tree crops, man
of which have demonstrably suffered since the onset of domestication (Smith et al. 1992). Genetic erosion may alsd
result from forest fragmentation and the interruption of gene flow, which may result in the loss of variation through
genetic drift (Ledig 1992), although again, this process has rarely been quantified in trees.

Whether or not use of a species will cause genetic erosion will largely depend on the genetic structure and age
distribution of the population, as well as system of use adopted. Ledig (1992) highlighted the importance ol
harvesting intensity: impacts of logging on genetic variation are likely to be higher the greater the proportion of trees
removed, particularly if only the poorest formed tees are left after logging. In the cases where very few trees a
recorded in the smaller size classes, removal of the largest trees could have a very severe effect on total geneti¢
variation of a population. In such circumstances, it is conceivable that a single harvest could cause significant genetic
erosion, particularly in individual populations which are genetically distinctive (Newton et al. 1996). Logging may
also increase the incidence of inbreeding, by reducing the density of reproductively mature individuals (Ledig 1992))
This could have implications for the evolutionary viability of an individual population.

If the use of a species results in genetic erosion, then this will increase the threat of extinction of that species:
However, intra-specific genetic variation is not explicitly addressed by the IUCN Red List categories in their curren
form (IUCN 1994). No attempt is made to consider genetically distinct populations, genotypes or individual genes}
As mentioned earlier, it is not only the existing genetic variation that is important for long-term viability of a species;
but also the processes involved in maintaining that variation (such as gene flow). These processes are also nol
included in the criteria explicitly, although a reduction in population size or extent of occurrence, which are includes
in the criteria, take account of these processes to some extent. The IUCN criteria could perhaps be amended in future
to include intra-specific genetic variation, although assessing genetic erosion presents a number of technical
difficulties, demonstrated by the lack of quantitative data currently available

Conclusions

As the conservation of biological diversity will not be achieved solely by designation of protected areas (Casse Is
1995), the development of land use systems which are compatible with conservation objectives is of paramoul
importance. Sustainability concepts can potentially provide a tool by which this may be achieved, providing a lir
between development and conservation objectives. The challenge is to realize this potential, by developing a concepl
of sustainability which can meaningfully be applied to assess the impact of human activities (Wiersum 1995).

Existing approaches to assessing the sustainability of forest management fail to address the impact of use on
conservation status of individual tree species. Alternative approaches to assessing sustainability therefore need to b

104

Viemam Workshop Report: Annexes

developed. One approach is to consider the potential for sustainable use of different species, based upon their
biological characteristics. Those species better able to maintain population size, as a result of these characteristics.
could be considered to have a higher potential for sustainable use. The different uses of trees may also be considered
to vary in their intminsic likelihood of sustainability, based upon the part of the tree used, and its impact on growth
and reproductive processes.

Analysis of the potential for sustainable use would be highly complementary to the assessment of threat of extinction
using the IUCN Red List criteria. In particular, sustainability assessments would help identify species which are not
currently considered threatened with extinction (‘Lower risk’ according to the IUCN Red List criteria), but may
become so in the future as a consequence of overexploitation. Those tree species which are already threatened with
extinction (in that they fulfill the criteria for inclusion on the IUCN Red List) primarily as a result of unsustainable
use may also be identified with greater precision, by highlighting the extent to which use of a species is responsible
for its decline. Assessment of the potential for sustainable use would also be of value when considering tree species
for listing on CITES Appendices. Greater appreciation of the impact of use on the conservation status of tree species
would also highlight the fact that large numbers of tree species are of increasing conservation, largely because of
unsustainable land use practices.

Acknowledgements

This paper was produced as a contribution to the WCMC / IUCN SSC project, ‘Conservation and sustainable
management of trees’, which is funded by the Government of the Netherlands. Particular thanks to Sara Oldfield
(WCMC), Alison Rosser (IUCN), Wendy Strahm (IUCN), Dr Ted Gullison (Imperial College), Dr Jon Lovett
(University of York), Dr William Hawthorme (University of Oxford) and Dr Peter Ashton (Harvard University?) for
hélpful discussion and comments on a draft manuscript.

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xfor

106

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Viet Nam Workshop Report:Annexes

ANNEX 6

Results of Working Group Evaluations

Species Distribution TUCN Conservation Category
Group1 Group2_ Consensus

Acer laurinum Myanmar, possibly Thailand, China DD DD . DD
(Hainan), Malaysia, Java, Borneo,

Sumatra, Celebes and Lesser Sunda
Islands, Philippines.

Afzelia rhomboidea Eastern Sumatra, northern Borneo and VU Ald VU Alcd VU Alcd
Philippines.

Ailanthus integrifolia Found in the Bismarks and the LR LR:Ic LR: lc

ssp. integrifolia Solomons in Melanesia and in Malesia
on all the islands except Java and the
Lesser Sunda Islands.

Alstonia Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, LR:Ic LR:lc

pneumatophora Sulawesi, Borneo.

Aquilaria malaccensis _ Found in north-east India (Arunachal CR (based = VU Alcd VU Alcd
Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, — India)

Tripura, West Bengal, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Sikkim), Bhutan, Myanmar,
Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia,
Indonesia (Sumatra and Borneo),
Philippines, Laos and Viet Nam.

Cantleya corniculatum Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular vU VU Alcd VU Alcd
Malaysia, Ria, Lingga Archipelago and
Bangka.

Chloroxylon swietenia _India and Sri Lanka VU Alc VU.Alc

Cinnamomum China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and DD DD DD

parthenoxylon Viet Nam

Dalbergia This species is found in Cambodia, VU Alc+d VU Alc+d

cochinchinensis Thailand, Laos and Viet Nam.

Dalbergia latifolia This species is found in Nepal, Javaand VU Deferred VU criteria to be
western and north-eastern India, in the SES
states of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. It also occurs in Madhya Pradesh
and Andhra Pradesh and sporadically in
northern India.

Dehaasia cuneata Thailand, Indonesia and Peninsular DD DD DD
Malaysia

Diospyros celebica This species is endemic to Sulawesi. It CR Deferred Deferred

is found mainly in the central and
northern regions, with very few trees

111

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Species

Diospyros ebenum

Diospyros mun

Diospyros
philippinensis

Diospyros pilosanthera
Diospyros rumphii
Durio kutejensis
Dyera costulata
Eusideroxylon zwageri

Homalium foetidum

Hydnocarpus
sumatrana

Intsia bijuga

112

Distribution

remaining in the south.

Southern India and Sn Lanka,
cultivated in Peninsular Malaysia.

D. mun is endemic to Viet Nam. In the
northern provinces it is found at Ha
Tuyen, Lang Son, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh,
Quang Binh; in the south it occurs at the
communes of Cam Thinh Dong and
Cam Thinh Tay, district Cam Ranh,
province Khanh Hoa.

This species is endemic to the
Philippines and Northern Sulawesi.

This widespread species is found in
Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet
Nam, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia
(Sumatra, Java; Borneo, and the
Moluccas) and the Philippines.

Sulawesi and the Moluccas.

Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei,
Kalimantan). Cultivated in other areas
of Malesia e.g. Java and E. Kalimantan.

Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular
Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo
and intervening islands

Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo,
Sulu Archipelago, Kalimantan, Sabah,
Sarawak, Philippines (Palawan).

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo,
the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas,
Papua New Guinea and the Bismark
Archipelago.

Thailand, Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak,
Kalimantan, south/central Java,
Philippines.

American Samoa, Australia, Burma,
Cambodia, India, Indonesia,
Madagascar (at low altitudes in the
west), Malaysia, Myanmar, Pacific
Islands, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Seychelles, Tanzania,
Thailand, and Viet Nam.

IUCN Conservation Category
Group] Group2 Consensus
DD Deferred Deferred

VU Alcd Category given by Working Group 3

EN EN Alc EN Alc +B1+B2
+B1+B2A- A-C
Cc
VU Lillian Deferred
Chua to
look for
info
DD DD DD
VU Lillian Deferred
Chua will
look for
info.
VU LR:Ic LR:Ic
VU Atleat VU VUAI cd+A2
Alcd+A2_ cd
cd
LR: Ic LR:Ic LR:lc
DD DD DD
EN (more Lillia Chua Deferred
infor to find
needed) more info.

Species

Jackiopsis ornata

Kalappia celebica

Koompassia excelsa

Koompassia
malaccensis

Mangifera decandra

Mangifera macrocarpa

Merrillia caloxylon

Neobalanocarpus
heimii

Ochanostachys
amentacea

Parinari costata_ ssp.
costata

Parinari oblongifolia.

Pericopsis mooniana

Pterocarpus
dalbergioides

Pterocarpus indicus

Pterocarpus

Distribution

Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,

. Sarawak.

Endemic to Sulawesi.

Southern Thailand, Peninsular
Malaysia, north-eastern Sumatra,
Borneo and Palawan.

Thailand, Indonesia (Sumatra), the Riau
Archipelago, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo
Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah

Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, E.
Kalimantan) and Sumatra.

Peninsular Thailand, Cambodia,
Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Sabah,
Kalimantan, Western Java and Borneo.

South Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sabah, Sumatra.

Indonesia (it may be extinct), Peninsular
Malaysia, Thailand (south of Pattani).

Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak, Bangka,
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and
intervening islands. It is probably
erroneously reported from the Nicobar
and Andaman Islands.

Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
(Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Kalimantan),
Philippines. ‘

Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
(Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Kalimantan).

Micronesia, Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi,
southern Sumatra, Moluccas), Eastern
Borneo (Sabah, East Kalimantan),
Philippines (Mindanao), the Moluccas,
Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah.

Andaman Islands. Planted from India to
Indonesia and in Madagascar.

Southern Burma, Philippines,
Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, Sabah,
Singapore, India, Myanmar, Thailand,
Indochina, the Malay Archipelago,
Pacific islands.

Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam

Vier Nam Workshop Report-Annexes

TUCN Conservation Category

Group1 Group 2

DD Lillian
Chua to
find more
info.

EN VU D2

LR:cd NE

LR:cd NE

LR Lillian to
investigate

VU Alc Lillian to
find out
more

DD Lillian to
find out
more info

CR VU

LR:Ic DD

(more info

needed)

DD DD

DD DD

EN) VU Al cd

DD Deferred

EN (in LR:Ic

India at

least)

DD DD

Consensus

Deferred

VU D2

LR:cd

LR:cd

Deferred

Deferred

Deferred

Deferred

DD

DD

DD

VU Al cd

Deferred

VU Ald

DD

113

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Species

macrocarpus

Pterocarpus santalinus

Pterocymbium beccaritt

Pterocymbium
tinctorium

Santalum album

Shorea curtisii

Sindora beccariana

Sindora inermis

Sindora supa

Strombosia javanica

Tectona philippinensis

Toona calantas
Vavaea bantamensis

Vitex parviflora

Wallaceodendron
celebicum

114

Distribution

Occurs mainly in the southern eastern
Ghats states of Peninsular India
(Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu) and sporadically in other states.

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

Indonesia, Philippines, Sabah.

Widely scattered in China, India,
Indonesia (Timor, Sumba and Flores
and planted in Java and Bali), the Lesser
Sunda Islands, the Philippines and
Australia. Once the tree was thought to
have originated from India, but most
botanists now believe that sandalwood
was taken from Indonesia to India.

Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra,
Thailand, the Riau and Lingga
Archipelago.

Borneo, Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak

Philippines from south Luzon to
Mindora and the Sulu Archipelago.

Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro).

Myanmar, Sumatra, Thailand,
Peninsular Malaysia, West Java, Borneo
(Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan).

Endemic to Philippines (Mindoro,
Luzon and province Batagas).

Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines.
Indonesia

Philippines, Sulawasi, Timor, the
Moluccas; possibly also Sabah and
Java; planted in Central America.

Indonesia, Philippines.

IUCN Conservation Category

Group1 Group2 Consensus
EN EN Bl+2de
DD DD (Frodin DD
to
invesngate)
DD DD DD
LR (nt) in VUAId VU Ald
India
VU LR: Ic LRilc
LR:lc DD DD
VIAld VU Ald VU Ald
EN VU Ald VU Ald
DD DD DD
EN EN B1+B2 EN B1+B2 A-C
A-C ‘
DD DD DD
DD DD DD
DD DD DD
DD DD DD

ANNEX 7
Apperidt x 1)

A. GYMNOSPERMAE

CEPHALOTAXACEAE
Cephalotaxus oliveri 1

CUPRESSACEAE

Calocedrus macrolepis 2
(Libocedrus macrolepis)
Cuppressus torulosa 3
Fokienia hodginsii 4

PINACEAE
Ducampopinvs krempfii 5
Keteleeria davidiana 6
Pinus dalatensis 7
Pinus kesiva (P. khasya) 8&8
Pinus kwangtungensis 9
Pinus massoniana 10
Pinus merkusii 11
Tsugadumosa 12

PODOCARPACEAE
Dacrydium pierrei 13
Podocarpus brevifolius 14
Podocarpus fleuryi 15
Podocarpus imbricalus 16
Podocarpus nagi 17
Podocarpus nerrifolius 18

TAXACEAE
Amentotaxus ynnanensis 19
Taxus chinensis 20

TAXODIACEAE
Cunninghamia konishii 21
Cunninghzmia lanceolata 22
Glyptostrobus pensilis 25

( Taxodium sinense)

Viemam Workshop Report:Annexes

LIST OF FOREST TREES RECORDED IN VIETNAM

_ B. ANGIOSPERMAE

ACERACEAE ;
Acer decandrum 24
Acer erythranthum 25
Acer flabellatum 26
Acer oliverianum 27
Acer wittsonii 28

ALANGIACEAE
Alangium chinense 29
Alangium kurzii 30
Alangium ridley 31

ANACARDIACEAE
Allospondias lakonensis
Anacardium occidentale
Buchanania latifolia 34
Choerospondias axillaris 35
Dracontomelon mangiferum
Melanorzhea laccifera 537
Rhus succedanea 38
Semecarpus annamensis 39
Semecarpus caudata 40
Spondias pinnata (S.mangifera) 41

')
Ov

ANNONACEAE

Alphonsga hainanensis 42
Alphonsea monogyna <3
Miliusa balansae 44
Mitrephora thorelii 45
Polyanthya cerasoides 45
Polyalthia jucunda 47°
Polvalthyva laui 48
Polyalthya nemoraiis 49
Polvalthy2 sp. 50
Mvlopiavieiind aed

APOCYNACEAE

115

Alstonia callophylla 52
Alstonia scholaris 55
Alstonia spathulata 5+
Holarrhena antidysenterica
Wrightia annamensis 56
Wrightia pubescens 57
Wrightia tomentosa 58

Ur
tn

AQUIFOLIACEAE
Tlex ficoidea 59
Ilex rotunda 60
Ilex thorellii 61

ARALIACEAE
Dendropanax chevalieri 62
Heteropanax fragrans 63
Schefflera octophylla 64

ASTERACEAE
Vernonia arborea 65

BETULACEAE
Alnus nepalensis 66
Betula alnoides 67-
Carpinus viminea 68

BIGNONIACEAE
Markhamia cauda - felina 69
Markhamia stipulata 70
Oroxylum indicum 71°
Stereospermum annamense 72
Stereospermum cylindricum 73

BIXACEAE
Bixa orellana 74

BOMBACACEAE —

Bombax anceps 75

Bombax cziba 76
Ceiba pentandra 7

BORAGINACEAE
Ehretia acuminata 78

BURSERACEAE

Bursera tonkinensis 79
Canarium album 80
Canarium bengalensis 81
Canarium littorale 82
Canarium subulatum 83
Canarium tonkinensis 84
Canarium tramdenum (C.nigrum) 85
Dacryodes dungii 86
Garuga pinnata 87
Protium serratum 88

CAPPARIDACEAE
Crataeva religiosa 89

CASUARINACEAE
Casuarina equisetifolia 90

CELASTRACEAE
Euonymus cochincinensis 91
Kurrima robusta 92
Siphonodon celastrineum 93

CHRYSOBALANACEAE
Parinari annamensis 94

CLUSIACEAE
Calophyllum ceriferum 95
Garcinia cowa 96
Garcinia fagraeoides 97
Garcinia multiflora 98
Garcinia oblongifolia (G.bonii)
Garcinia tinctoria
(G.cambodgensis) 100
Mammea siamensis 101
( Ochrocarpus siamensis)
Mesua ferrea 102

COMBRETACEAE
Combretum quadrangulare 103
Lumnitzera coccinea 104
Anogeissus acuminata 105
Terminalia alata 106
Terminalia bellirica 107
Terminalia catappa 108
Terminalia chebula 109
Terminalia corticosa 110
Terminalia myriocarpa 111
Terminalia nigrovenulosa 112

CORNACEAE
Diplopanax stachyanthus 113
Mastixia arborea 114

CRYPTERONIACEAE
Crypteronia paniculata 115

DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE
Daphniphyllum atrobadium 116

DATISCACEAE
Tetrameles nudiflora 117

DILLENIACEAE
Dillenia heterosepala 118
Dillenia pentagyna 119
Dillenia scabrella 120

DIPTEROCAPPACEAE
Anisoptera costata
(A.cochinchinensis ) 121
Anisoptera scaphula
(A. glabra) 122
Dipterocarpus alatus 123
Dipterocarpus baudii 124
Dipterocarpus costatus
(D. artocarpifolius ) 125
Dipterocarpus dyeri 126
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 127
Dipterocarpus intricatus 128
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius 129

Dipterocarpus retusus subsp.
tonkinensis 130
(Dipterocarpus tonkinensis)
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus 13
Dipterocarpus turbinatus 132
Hopea ferrea 153

Hopea hainanensis 134
Hopea hongayensis 135
Hopea mollissima 136
Hopea odorata 137
Hopea pierrei 138

Hopea recopei 139
Hopeasp. 140 —
Parashorea chinensis 14]
Parashorea stellata

(P. lucida) 142

Shorea guiso

(Shora vulgaris) 143
Shoreahypochra 144
Shorea obtusa 145

Shorea roxburghii

(S. cochinchinensis) .146
Shorea siamensis

(Pentacme siamensis ) 147
Vatica odorata

(V. tonkinensis) 148

Vatica odorata

ssp. brevipetiolata 149

7
4

’ ( Vatica fleuryana)

Vatica subglabra 150

EBENACEAE

Diospyros bangoiensis 151
Diospyros ehretioides 152
Diospyros embryopteris 153
Diospyros eriantha 154
Diospyros longibracteata 155
Diospyros mun 156
Dtospyros nitida 157
Diospyros pilosella 158
Diospyros rubra 159

ELAEOCARPACEAE

117

118

Elaeocarpus apiculatus 160
Elaeocurpus chinensis 16]
Elaeocarpus dongnaiensis 162
Elaeocarpus dubius 163
Elaeocarpus grandiflorus 164
Elaeocarpus griffithii 165
Elaeocarpus hainanensis 166
Elaeocarpus harmandii 167
Elaeocarpus laoticus 168
Elaeocarpus nitentifolius 169
Elaeocarpus stafianus 170
Elaeocarpus subglobosus 171
Elaeocarpus sylvestris 172
Elaeocarpus thorellii 173
Elaeocarpus tonkinensis 174
Elaeocarpus varunua 175
Elaeocarpus viguieri 176
Sloanea sp. 177

ERICACEAE

Lyonia ovalifolia 178
Nuihonia sclerantha 179

EUPHORBIACEAE

Aleurites fordii 180
Aleurites moluccana 181
Aleurites montana 182
Antidesmacoriaceum 183
Antidesma maclurei 184
Antidesma yunnanense 185
Apcrusa dioica 186
Aporusa planchonania 187
Aporusa tetrapleura 188 ©
Baccaurea annamensis 189
Baccaurea harmandii 190
Bacaurea oxycarpa 19]
Baccaurea sylvestris 192
Bischofia javanica 193
Breynia rostrata 194
Bridelia balansae

(B. minutiflora) 195
Bridelia cambodiana 196
Bridelia monoica 197
Bridelia ovata 198

- Macaranga trichocarpa 232

Cechalomappia sinensis 19
Chaetocarpus

" eastaniocarsus 200
Claoxvien lengifclium 20]
Claoxylon polot 202
Cleidiocarpen cavaiieri 20
Cleidiocarpon laurinum 2
Cleidion brevipetiolatum 2
Coelodepas hainanensis 20
Croton argyratus 207
Croton joufra 208
Croton laevigatus 209
Croton oblongifolius 210
Croton poilanei 211
Croton tiglium 212
Deutzianthus tonkinensis 2]
Drypetes hainanensis 214
Drypetes perreticulata 215
Endospermum sinensis 216
Epiprinus sijetianus 217
(Symphyliia siletiana)
Erismanthus sinensis 218
Excoecaria agallocha 219
Gelonium multiflorum 226
Glochidion daltonii 221
Glochidion gamblei 222
Glochidion hirsutum 223
Glochidion lanceolarium 22
Glochidion zeylanicum 225
Hevea brasiliensis 226
Macaranga adenantha 227
Macaranga auriculata 228
Macaranga balansae 229
Macaranga denticulata 230
Macaranga kurzii

(M. andersonii) 231

Mallotus apelta 233
Mallotus barbatus 234
Mallotus cochinchinensis 7
Mallotus contubernalis 236
Mallotus floribunlda 237
Mallotus hookerianus 238

Mallotus metcalfianus 239
Mallotus philippinensis 240
Microdesmis caseariaefolia 241
Paracleisthus subgracilis 242
(Cleiscanthus saichikii )
Phyllathus emblica 243
Sapium baccatum 244
Sapium discolor 245
Sapium rotundifolium 246
Sapium sebiferum 247
Sauropus grandifolius

var. tonkinensis 248
Trewia nudiflora 249
Trigonostemon flavidus 250

FAGACEAE

Castanea mollissima 251
Castanopsis boisii 252
Castanopsis carlesii 253
Castanopsis ceracantha

Var. semiserrata 254

_ Castanopsis chinensis 255
Castanopsis echinocarpa 256
Castanopsis ferox 257
Castanopsis fissa

(Pasania fissa) 258
Castanopsis formosana 259
Castanopsis hystrix 260
Castanopsis indica 261
Castanopsis kawakamii 262
Castanopsis lecomtei 263
Castanopsis pyriformis 264
Castanopsis tesselata 265
Castanopsis tonkinensis 266
Castanopsis tribuloides 267
Fagus longipetiolata 268
Lithocarpus amyedalifolia 269
Lithocarpus anamensis 270
Lithocarpus bacgiangensis 271
Lithocarpus balansae 272
Lithocarpus bonettii 273
Lithocarpus cerebrina 274
Lithocarpus comea 275

LithocarplisSdealbatus 276
Lithocarpus ducampii 277
Lithocarpus echinocarpus 278
Lithocarpus elegans 279
Lithocarpus fenestratus 280
Lithocarpus finettii 281
Lithocarpus fordianus 282
Lithocarpus harmandii 283
Lithocarpus hemisphaericus 284
Lithocarpus magneinii 285_
Lithocarpus mucronatus 286
Lithocarpus podocarpus 287
Lithocarpus polystachius 288
Lithocarpus silvicolaram 289
Lithocarpus sphaerocarpa 290
Lithocarpus touranensis 291
Lithocarpus truncatus 292
Lithocarpus tubulosus 293
Lithocarpus vestitus 294
Quercus acutissima 295
Quercus bambusaefolia 296
Quercus blakei 297
Quercus chapaensis 298
Quercus fleuryi 299
Quercus griffithii 300
Quercus helferiana 301
Quercus kermii
(Cyclobalanopsis kerrii) 302
Quercus laotica 303
Quercus macrocalyx 304
Quercus myrsinaefolia 305
Quercus platycalyx 306
Quercus poilanei 307
Quercus variabilis 308

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearina membranacea 309
Flacourtia jangomas 310
Flacourtiarukam 311
Hemiscolopia trimera 312°
Homalium ceylanicum
(H. hainanensis ) 313

119

120

Homalium cochinchinensis

(H. fagifolium) 314

Homalium

phanerophlebium 315

Homalium tomentosum 316

Hydnocarpus anthelmintica 317
_Hydnocarpus hainanensis 318

(Taraktogenos hainanensis)

Hydnocarpus ilicifolia 319

Hydnocarpus kurzii

(Taraktogenos kurzii) 320

Scolopia saeva 321

Xylosma longifoluim 322

GROSSULARIACEAE
Polyosma cambodiana 323

HAMAMELIDACEAE
Altingia chinensis 324
Altingia excelsa 325
Altingia siamensis
(A. takhtajanii) 326
Liquidambar formosana 32
Mytilaria laosensis 328
Rhodoleia championii 329
Semiliquidambar cathayensis 330
Symingtonia populnea 331

229

Symingtonia tonkinensis 332

id

HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Aesculus chinensis 333

ICACINACEAE
Apodytes dimidiata 334
Gonocaryum maclurei 335
Platea latifolia 336

ILLICICACEAE
Ilicium griffithi 337
Ilicium terstroemioides 338
Ilicium verum 339.

IXONANTHACEAE

JUGLANDACEAE

LAURACEAE

_ Cinnamomum

Ixonanthes chinensis 340
Ixonanthes cochinchinensis 3+

Annamocarya sinensis 3-42
Caryatonkinensis 345
Engelhardtia chrysolepis 34+
Engelhardtia spicata 345
Juglans regia 346
Platycarya strobilacea 347
(Fortunea chinensis)
Pterocaryatonkinensis 348

Actinodaphne
conchinchinensis 349
Actinodaphne elliptibacca 350}
Actinodaphne sesquipedalis 3
Alseodaphne hainanensis
Beilschmiedia balansae 35
Beilschmiedia intermedia 354
Beilschmiedia laevis 355
Beilschmiedia obovalifoliosa 35
Beilschmiedia percoriacea 35}
Caryodaphnopsis baviensis 35
Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis 3
(Notaphoebe tonkinensis)
Cunnadenia paniculata 360
(Dodecadenia paniculata)
Cinnamomum balansae 361
Cinnamomum bonii 362 .
Cinnamomum burmannii 363}

cambodianum 364
Cinnamomum camphora 365
Cinnamomum cassia 366
Cinnamomum curvifolium

(C. albiflorum) 367
Cinnamomum iners 368
Cinnamomum litseafolium 36
Cinnamomum obtusifolium 3
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon 3

Cryptocarya chingii 372
Cryptocarya concinna 373
Cryptocarya densiflora 374
Cryptocarya ferrea 375
Cryptocarya impressa 376
Cryptocarya lenticellatta 3
Cryptocarya metcalfiana 3
Cryptocarya obtusifolia 379
Endiandra hainanensis 380
Lindera balansae 381

Lindera kwangtungensis 382
Lindera spicata 383
Linderatonkinensis 384
Litsea baviensis 385

Litsea cambodiana 386

Litsea cubeba (L. citrata) 387
Litseaeuosma 388

Litsea garretii 389

Litsea lancilimba 390

Litsea monopetala 391

Litsea oblongata 392

Litsea sebifera 393

Litsea vanz 394

Litsea verticillata 395
Machilus bonii 396

Machilus chinensis 397
Machilus cochinchinensis 398
Machilus odoratissima : 399
Machilus parviflora 400
Machilus platycarpa 401
Machilus pomitera 402
Machilus thunbergii 405
Neocinnamomum caudatum 404
Neolitsea ellipsoidea 405
Neolitsea oblongifolia 406
Neolitsea obtusifolia 407
Neolitsea phanerophlebia 408
Phoebe cuneata 409

Syndiclis lotungensis 410

LECYTHIDACEAE

Barringtonia acutangula 411
Barringtonia usiatica 412

Careva sphaerica 415

LEGUMINOSAE (CAESALPINIOIDEAE )

Afzelia xvlocarpa

( Pahudia cochinchinensis) 414
Caesalpinia sappan 415

Cassia fistula’ 416

Cassia javanica 417

Cassia siamea 418

Crudia chrysantha 419
Cynometra ramiflora 420
Dialium cochinchinensis 421
Erythrophloeum fordii 422
Gleditsia fera (G. austrata) 423
Lysidice rhodostegia 424
Peltophorum dasyrthachis 425
Peltophorum tonkinensis 426
Saraca dives 427

Sindora siamensis 428
Sindora tonkinensis 429
Tamarindus indica 430

Zenia insignis 431

LEGUMINOSAE (MiMOSOIDEAE)

Acacia auriculiformis 452
Acacia confusa 433
Adenanthera microsperma 434
Adenanthera pavonina 435
Albizia atopeuensis 436
Albizia chinensis 437
Albizia falcataria 438
Albizia lebbekoides 439
Albizia lucida 440
Albizia odoratissima 441
Albizzia procera 442
LLeucaena leucocephala
_ (L. glauca,) 443
Paralbizia lucida °
(Archidendron lucida) 444
Parkia sumatrana 445 :
Pithecolobium clypearia

var. acuminatum 446
Pithecellobium dulce 447

12]

Xylia xylocarpa
(X. dolabriformis) 448

LEGUMINOSE (PAPILLIONOIDEAE )

Antheroporum pierrei 449
Butea frondosa 450

Dalbergia balansae 451
Dalbergia bariaensis 452
Dalbergia cochinchinensis 453
Dalbergia cultrata var. fusca 454
Dalbergia dongnaiensis 455
Dalbergia hupeana

var. laccifera 456

Dalbergia lanceolaria 457
Dalbergia mammosa 458
Dalbergia nigrescens 459
Dalbergia olivieri 460
Dalbergia tonkinensis 461
Derris microphylla 462
Millettia ichthyocthona 463
Millettia nigrescens 464
Ormosia balansae 465

Ormosia cambodiana 466
Ormosia fordiana 467

Ormosia henryi_ (O. mollis) 468
Ormosia pinnata 469 |
Ormosia semicastrata 470
Pongamia pinnata (P. glabra) ‘471
Pterocarpus macrocarpus 472
Pierocarpus pedatus 475

LOGANIACEAE

Fagraea fragrans 474
Strychnos nux-blanda 475
Strychnos nux-vomica 476

LYTHRACEAE

Lagertroemia balansae 477
Lagertroemia calyculata
(L. angustifolia) 478
Lagertroemiia ovalifolia 479

MAGNOLIACEA

Magnolia albosericea 480

MALVACEAE

MELIACEAE

Magnolia dancyi1 481
Manglietia glauca 482
Manglietia hainanensis +483
Michelia balansae 48+
Michelia braiaensis 485
Michelia champaca 486
Michelia faveolata 487
Michelia mediocris 488
Pachylamax praecalva 489
Pararichelia baillonii
(Michelia baillonii) 490
Tsoongiodendron odorum 491

Kydia calycina 492

Aglaia argentea 495
Aglaia edulis (Milnea edulis) 4
Aglaia gigantea 495
Aglaia marcrocarpa 496
(Epicharis macrocarpa)
Aglaia oligephylla 497
Aglaia perviridis 498
Aglaia roxburghiana 499
Aglaia silvestris

(Lansium silvestris) 500
Aglaia tsangii 501
Amoora dasyclada
(Aglaia dasyclada) 502
Amoora tetrapetala 505
Aphanamixix grandiflora 5
Aphanamixis polystachya 5
Chisocheton paniculatus

(C. thorellii) 506
Chukrasia tabularis . 507
Cipadessa baccifera 508
Cipadessa cinerescens 509
Dysoxylum arborescens 510
Dysoxylum binectariferum i
Dysoxylum caulifiorum 512
Dysoxylum gobarum 513 —
(D. procerum, Guarea gobara)

5)

|

Dysoxylum juglans 514
Dysoxylum loureirii 515
Dusoxylum lukii 516
Dysoxylum tonkinense 517
Heynya trijuga 518
(Trichilia connarvides)
Khaya senegalensis 519
Melia azedarach 520
Melia toosendan 521]
Sandoricum indicum 522
Swietenia macrophylla 523
Toona sinensis 524

Toona sureni 525
Walsura bonii 526
Walsuraelata 527
Walsura robusta 528
Xylocarpus grantatum 529
( Carapa obovata)

MORACEAE
Antiaris toxicaria 530
Artocarpus petelotii 531
Artocarpus styracifolius 532
Artocarpus tonkinensis 533
Broussonetia papyrifera 534
Dimerocarpus brenieri 535
Ficus altissima 536
Ficus auriculata 537
Ficus callosa 538
Ficus championii 539
Ficus chrysocarpa 540
Ficus cunia 541
Ficus elastica 542
Ficus fulva 543
Ficus gibbosa 544
Ficus glandulifera 545
Ficus harlandii 546
Ficus hispida 547
Ficus lacor 548
Ficus nervosa 549
Ficus pilosa 550
Ficus racemosa
(F. glomerata) 551

Ficus religiosa 552
Ficus retusa 5
Ficus variegata 554

Ficus vasculosa 555
Sureblus asper 556
Teonongia tonkinensis 557

Un
17>)

MYRICACEAE
Myrica sapida 558

MYRISTICACEAE
Horsfieldia amygdalina 559
Knema corticosa 560
Knema pierrei 56]

MYRSINACEAE
Aegiceras corniculatum 562
Rapanea neriifolia 563

_ MYRTACEAE

Acmena acuminatissima 564
Cleistocalyx

consperipuactatus 565
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 566
Eucalyptus citriodora 567
Eucalyptus exerta 568
Eugenia resinosa 569
Melaleuca leucadendra 570
Syzygium chunianum 571
Syzygium hancei 572
Syzygium jambos 573
Syzygium levinei 574
Syzygium odoratum 575
Syzygium wightianum 576
Syzygium zeylanicum 577
Tristania burmannica 578
Tristania merguensis 579

OCHNACEAE
Gomphia serrata 580
Ochna harmandii 581

OLACACEAE
Harmandia mekongensis 582

123

OCLEACEAE
Fraxinuns chinensis
var. rhynchophylla 585
(F. rhynchophylla)
Lincciera ramiflora 584

OPILIACEAE
Meliantha suavis 585

PENTAPHYLACACEAE
Pentaphylax euryoides 586

PLATANACEAE
Platanus kerii 587

PROTEACEAE
Grevillea robusta 588
Helicia cochinchinensis 589
Helicia grandifolia 590 ©
Helicia hainanensis 591
Helicia obovatifolia 592
Heliciataiwaniana 593
Heliciatonkinensis 594
Heliciopsis lobata 595

RHAMNACEAE
Alphitonia philippinensis 596

RHIZOPHORACEAE
Bruguiera cylindrica 597
Bruguiera gymnorhiza 598
Bruguiera parviflora 599
Bruguiera sexangula 600
Carallia brachiata 601
Carallia diplopetala 602
Ceriops decandra 603
Ceriops tagal 604
Kandelia kandel- 605
Rhizophora apiculata 606
Rhizophora mucronata 607
Rhizophora stylosa 608

RHOIPTELEACEAE

Rhoiptelea chiliantha 609

ROSACEA
Eriobotrya bengalensis 610
Eriobotrya cavalerie: 611
Eriobotrya deflexa 612
Eriobotrya japponica 613
Eriobotrya serrata 614
Malus doumeri 615
Photinia arguta
var. salicifolia 616
Photinia benthamiana 617
Photinia davisoniae 618
Photinia prunifolia 619
Prunus fordiana 620
Pygeum arboreum
(Prunus arborea) 621
Rhaphiolepsis indica 622

RUBIACEAE
Adina cordifolia 625
Adina pilulifera
(Cephalanthus pilulifera) 624
Anthocephalus indicus 625
Canthium dicoccum 626
Gardenia erythroclada 627
Hymenodictyon excelsum
var. velutinum 628
Mitragyne diversifolia 629
Neonauclea sessifolia 630
Randia acuminatissima 631
Randia oxyodonta 632

RUTACEAE
Acronychia oligophleibia
Merr 633 b
Acronychia pedunculata 634
Clausena duniana 635
Euodia bondinieri 636
‘Euodia meliaefolia 637
Hesperethusa crenulata 638
Micromelum hirsutum 639
Zanthoxylum avicennae 640

SABIACEAE
Mcliosma angustifolia 641
Meliosma harmandiana 642
Meliosmathorelii 643

SALICACEAE
Salix tetrasperma 644

SANTALACEAE
Scleropyrum wallichianum 645

SAPINDACEAE

Amesiodendron chinense 646
(Paranephelium chinense)
Arrytera littoralis 647
Delavaya yunnanensis 648
Dimocarpus fumatus

ssp. indochinensis 649
Dimocarpus longan 650
Harpullia arborea 651
Harpullia cupanoides 652
Lepisanthes rubiginosa 653
Mischocarpus fucescens 654
Mischocarpus sundaicus 655
Nephelium chryvseum 656
Nephelium cuspidatum

var. bassacense 657
(N. bassacense)
Paviesia annamensis 658 -
Pometia pinnata 659
Sapindus saponaria 660
Schleichera trijuga 661

SAPOTACEAE
-Donella lanceolata
(D. roxburghii) 662
Eberhardtia aurata 663
Eberhardtia tonkinensis . 664
Madhuca alpina 665
Madhuca hainanensis 666
Madhuca pasquieri 667
Madhuca subquincuncialis 668
Mimusops elengii 669
Palaquium obovatum 670

Planchonelia obovata 671
Sarcosperma kachinense €72
Sarcosperma laurina 673
Sinosideroxylon wightianum 67+

roc

Xantolis cambodiana 675

SCROPHULARIACEAE
Paulownia fortunei 676

SIMAROUBACEAE
Allanthus altissima 677
Ailanthus malabarica 678
Irvingia malayana 679
Picrasma javanica 680

SONNERATIACEAE B
Duabanga sonneratioides 681
Sonneratia caseolaris 682
Sonneratia ovata 683

STAPHYLLEACEAE
Tapiscia sinensis 684
Turpinia montana 685
(Zanthoxylum montanum)
Turpinia nepalensis 686

STERCULIACEAE

Commersonia batramia 687
Eriolaena candollei 688
Firmiana simplex 689
Heritiera littoralis 690
Heritier2 macrophylla 691
Pierospermum diversifolium 692

’ Pterospermum heterophyllum 693
Pterospermum lancaefolium 694
Pterospermum pierrei 695
Pterospermum semigittatum 696
Pterospermum

truncalobatum 697

Plerospermum venustum 698
Reevesia thyrsoides 699 ~
Sierculia-aberrans 700
Sterculia alata) 701
Sterculia coccinea 7()2

125

siérculsa cochinchinensis 703
Sterculia parviflora 704
Sterculia populifclia 705
TASS pipettes) 1 TLS

STYRACACEAE
Alniphyllum eberhardtii 707
Alniphyllum fortune: 708
Rehderodendron
macrocarpum_ 709
Styrax agrestis
(Cyrta agrestis) 710
Styrax annamensis 711]
Styrax benzoin 712
Siyrax tonkinensis 7i3
SYMPLOCACEAE
Symplocos cochinchinensis 714
Symplocos lancifolia 715
Svmploces laurina 716

THEACEALE
Adinandra hainanensis 717
Schima superba 718
Schima wallichii 719
Temstroemia gymnanthera 720
Temstroemia japonica 721

TITYMELEACEAE
Aquillaria crassna 722
Rhamnoneuron balansae 723

TILIACEAE
Burretiodendron hsienmu 724
Colona floribunda 725

Source. Vu Van Dung (ed.) 1996 Vietnam Forest trees,

Golensicctiane:m 2s
Golenaithcrelin 72m
Grewia hirsuta 728
Feainania tGacssemncumias

Microces paniculata 73C

ULMACEAE
Celtis sinensis 75]

Gironniera subaequalis 732

man

Trema orientalis 733
Ulmus tonkinensis 734

VERBENACEAE
Avicennia alba 735
Avicennia marina
var. intermedia 736
Avicennia marina
var. rhumphiana 737
Avicennia officinalis 738
Callicarpa arbcrea 739
Gmelina arborea 740
Gmelina hainanensis 741
Tectona grandis 742
Vitex pierreana 745
Vitex pubescens 744
Vitex pubescens var. ptilota
Vitex quinata 746
Vitex sumatrana
var. urceolata 747
Vitex trifoliata 748

XANTHOPHYLLACEAE
Xanthophyllum hainanensis

Agricultural publishing house. Hanoi

126

7

7 -

LIST OF ENDAN&ERED FOREST WILD FLORA IN DECISION N" 18/HDBT

SNNEXS (Appendix 2)
Species _ | Threat category

Pinus kwangtugensis

| 6 _| Pinus dalatensis J AVS
Be oS) Glyptostrobus pensilis. Se A a
Bees.) | Keteleeria calcarea, a ee
Bos <i Amentotaxus argotenia. 1
Me ONO) Abies nukjangensis. 9 a
eee Aguilana crassna RE eh

13

Ducampopinus krempfii

AIA Alm m

<

Si

Iberg
See | Dalbergia bariaensis,
eas | Dalbergia'dengnaicnsis 8
| 6 | Sindora cochinchinensis
Sindora tonkinensis _
ee eh | Pterocarpus pedatus
pee? | Prerocarpus cambodianus (0. i) ) il ee
Patou | Perocarpus idicus (307 5 ee
ite | :Chukrasia tabularis 11). ay) | ea

)

<

~w

|

nw

-_

iChulkrasia’sp | #51 Us Se
14__|Dalbergiacochinchinensis
fpiespyros min: SONS) ee ee
EDicspyios sp.0 rc) 2)

a
WI

a
\O} 00

15
16
17
20

>

127

Order Species | Threat category)

21 Madhuca pasquieri
De, Burretiodendron hsienmu V

23 Ervthrophloeum fordii |

24 Padocarpus fleuryi V
5

2 | ;
2
26 Morinda offficinalis kK

28
29 Amomun longiligulare

30 Amomum tsaoko

Yyit
~

128

THE FOREST TREES LISTING IN RED DATA
BOOK OF VIET NAM.

APPENDIX 3.

ANNEX 9

THREAT
| CATEGORY

ORDER SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME

DIVIS. 1. ANGIOSPERMAE

_CLASS. 1 .DICOTYLEDONES

Thoa

Croton

il. Acmena acuminatissima Ni
Pa Actinodaphne ellipticibacca Bop qua bau duc a0
3. Adina cordifolia Gao ay
4. Adinandra megaphylla Sum 14 to if
Sh, Aesandra dongnaiensis Xung dao a
6. Afzelia xylocarpa G6 do Vv
Ts Alniphyllum eberhardtii La duong do R
8. Altingia chinensis Tim R
5: Amesiodendron chinense Truong ngan T
10. Annamocarya sinensis Cho dai Vv
Aquilaria banaensae Do ba la a
Aquilaria crassna Tram huong E
Argusia argentea Phong ba R

Aucuba chinensis O16 ba R

Azima sarmentosa Gai me R
Barmingtonia asiatica Bang vu6ng R
Bennettiodendron cordatum Ben nét tim R
Bretschneidera sinensis Chuéng dai ne

| Buddleja macrostachya Bo cho béng to R
Burretidendron tonkinensis Nghién Vv

Bursera tonkinensis Ram k
Caesalpinia sappan T6 méc Tr
Camellia fleuryi Ché s6p | TT
Camellia gilbertii Che gilbert ip
Camellia pleurocarpa Ché 14 mong T

Carya_ tonkinensis May chau Vv
Chukrasia tabularis Lat hoa K
Cinnadenia paniculata Khao xanh K
Cinnamomum balansae Vi huong R
Cinnnamomum parthenoxylon | Re huong K
Cleidiocarpon laurium Den Id r6ng R
Cleistanthus petelotii Cach hoa petelot R

Colona poilanei Chong R
Craibiodendron scleranthum Hoa khé R
Craibiodendron stellatum Cap méc R
phuquocensis Ba dau Phu Quéc T

129

JT Ge oy a ed «
pe eet oO me FS a

ed

Viemam Workshop Report:Annexes

ANNEX 10

FOREST TREE SPECIES SUGGESTED FOR GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION

1. Rare and valuable tree species which are endangered or critical endangered:

- Pinus krempfii A.Chev. Pinaceae

- P. dalatensis Y de Perre Pinaceae

- Glyptostrobus pensilis K.Koch. Taxodiaceae
- Cupressus torulosa D.Bon Cupressaceae
- Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Taxaceae

- Diospyros mun A.Chev. ex Lecomte Ebenaceae

- Abzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib Fabaceae

- Dalbergia cochinchinesis Pierre. Fabaceae

- Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz Fabaceae

2. Tree species having high economic value which are endangered and presently planted:

- Fokienia hodginsii (Dun) Alenry et Thomas. Cupressaceae
- Aquilaria crassa Pierre et Lecomte. Thymeleaceae
- Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss Meliaceae
- Erythophloeum fordii Oliver Fabaceae
3. Tree species presently used in reforestation programmes:
- Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae
- Anisoptera costata Korth Dipterocarpaceae_ -
Hopea ordorata Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae
- Parashorea chinensis Wang tise Dipterocarpaceae
- Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon Pinaceae
- P. merkusti Jung et vriese Pinaceae
- Styrax tonkinensis Pierre. Styracaceae
- Manglietia glauca Blume Magnaliaceae
- Melaleuca cajuputi Powell Myrtaceae
4. Widely planted, exotic tree species:
- Tectona grandis L. Verbenaceae
- Pinus caribaea Morelet Pinaceae
- P. massoniana Lambert Pinaceae
- Acacia mangium Willd. Fabaceae
- A. auriculiformis Cunn ex Benth Fabaceae
- A. crassicarpa Cunn ex Benth Fabaceae
- A. aulacocarpa Fabaceae
- Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Myrtaceae
- E. tereticornis Myrtaceae
- E. camaldulensis Dehnh Myrtaceae
- E. microcorys F. Muell. Myrtaceae
- E. grandis Myrtaceae
- E. brassiana §.T.Blake Myrtaceae
- Casuarina equisetifolia J.Ret J.G. Forester Casuarinaceae
- C. junghuhniana Casuarinaceae
- Azadirachta indica A.Juss Meliaceae

131

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

5. Useful and valuable rattan and bamboo species:

132

- Bambusa bambos (L.) Druce

- Bambusa spinosa Roxb.

- Phylostachys pubescens Mazel ex Lehail
- Dendrocalamus membraceus Munro

- Chimonobambosa quadrangularis

- Calamus platyacanthus Warb.

Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae

Viernam Workshop Report:Annexes

ANNEX 11

Priority list of tree species of conservation concern in NW (NE Yunnan)

Tree Species Distribution Categories
Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgo biloba _ NE Yunnan EN :
Pinaceae

Abies ernestii var. salouensis NW Yunnan VU

Abies georgei NE and NE Yunnan - VU

Abies georgei var. simthii C and NE Yunnan EN

Pinus griffithii Gongshan cf NW Yunnan VU

Larix speciosa W and NW Yunnan VU
Pseudotsuga forrestii NW Yunnan CR
Pseudotsuga sinensis NE Yunnan VU

Tsuga forrestii Degin, Weixi and Lijiang of NW Yunnan EN
Taxodiaceae

Taiwania flousiana W and NW Yunnan VU
Cupressaceae-

Sabina (Juniperus) recurva var. W and NW Yunnan VU

coxii

Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus forrestii ? EW(?)

Cephalotaxaceae

Cephalotaxus fortunei C, W and NW Yunnan VU

Cephalotaxus lanceolata W Yunnan EN

Taxaceae

Taxus yunnanensis W, NW Yunnan EN

Torreya vunanensis Lijiang, Weixi, Zhongdian of Yunnan EN

Lauraceae

Phoebe nanmu S, SW and W Yunnan VU

Cinnamomum mairei Zhaotong, Daguan and Yilian of NE Yunnan EN

Eupteleaceae :

Euptelea pleiosperma W and NW Yunnan EN

Tetracentraceae

Tetracentron sinense NW, SW, NE and SE Yunnan VU

Ranunculaceae

Paeonia lutea C, W and NW Yunnan EN

Berberidaceae

Mahonia salweenensis W Yunnan VU

Mahonia taronensis W Yunnan VU

Theaceae .

Camellia yunnanensis W and NW Yunnan VU

Gordonia yunnanensis W and NW Yunnan EN

Rosaceae

Malus sikkimensis Lijiang, Weixi and Degin of NW Yunnan EN :

Leguminosae

Cercis yunnanensis W Yunnan VU
_Acrocarpus fraxinifolius == WandSW Yunnan VU

Meliaceae

Toona cilliata W, S and SE Yunnan EN

Toona microcarpa. W, NW and S Yunnan VU

= 133

Conservation and sustainable management of trees

Tree Species Distribution Categories

aa Se 8 ee ee
Hamamelidaceae :

Rhodoleia forrestit W (NW) Yunnan VU

Betulaceae

Corylus chinensis Degin, Zhongdian, Weixi and Lijiang of NW VU
Yunnan

ee ne
Eucommiaceae :

Eucommia ulmoides NW and NE Yunnan VU
Sapindaceae

Delavaya yunnanensis W. Sand SE Yunnan VU
Hippocastanaceae

Aesculus lantsangensis W and SW Yunnan EN
Anacardiaceae

Mangifera sylvatica W and SW Yunnan VU
Juglandaceae

Juglans regia Most parts of Yunnan LR
Pterocarva delavavyi W and NW Yunnan VU
Davidiaceae

Davidia involucrata NW and NE Yunnan VU
Eriaceae

Rhododendron haematodes W Yunnan (only in Cangshan Mt.) CR
Rhododendron giganteum W and NW Yunnan CR
Rhododendron forrestii W and NW Yunnan EN
Rhododendron fictolacteum W and NW Yunnan VU
Rhododendron gongshanense W Yunnan EN
Rhododendron rex W, SE and NE Yunnan VU
Compositae

Nouelia insignis NW Yunnan VU
Nyssaceae

Nyssa sinensis NE, S and SE Yunnan VU
Nyssa shweliensis W and SW Yunnan EN
Oleaceae é

Syringa yunnanensis W and NW Yunnan VU
Osmanthus delavayi C, W and NW Yunnan LR
Rubiaceae

Emmenopterys henryi C and NE Yunnan VU
Palmae

Trachycarpus princeps NW Yunnan CR
Trachycarpus nana C and W Yunnan VU
Gramineae

Qiongzhuea tumidinoda Daguan, Yongshan, yilian of NE Yunnan EN
Guttiferae

Garcinia nujianensis W Yunnan EN
Tiliaceae |

Tilia chemoui i W Yunnan
Sterculiaceae :
Firmiana major C to W Yunnan (?)
Pterospermum kingtungense W Yunnan
Rosaceae

Amygdalus (Prunus) mira NW Yunnan

Cercidiphyllaceae

Cercidiphyllum japonicum var. NE Yunnan EN
sinense

134

B

Viemam Workshop Report:Annexes

Tree Species Distribution Categories
Thymelaceae

Edgeworthia garderi W Yunnan EN
Cornaceae

Cornus monbeigii Lijiang, Zhongdian and Deqin of NW Yunnan VU

135

WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE

World Conservation Monitoring Centre
219 Huntingdon Road
Cambridge CB3 0DL

United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 1223 277314
Fax: +44 1223 277136
e-mail: info@wemce.org.uk

\ @ The World Conservation Monitoring Centre is a joint-venture between the th
¢ hy o 0 partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy and its successor
IUCN Nebel 7 for the Earth: 'UCN-The World Conservation Union, UNEP-United
The World Conservation Union UNEP WWE

Environment Programme, and WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature.

ee 3 et

SS es