BIOLOGY

11379

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

A Continuation of the
BOTANICAL SERIES

of
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 32

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHICAGO, U.S.A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. A New Guatemalan Spigelia. By Dorothy N. Gibson 1

2. Three New Nicaraguan Epidendrums. By Alfonso H. Heller 7

3. Syagrus oleracea ( Mart. ) Becc. and Closely Related Taxa. By

S. F. Glassman 13

4. Tropical American Plants, X. By Louis O. Williams 35

5. Two New Guatemalan Tournefortias. By Dorothy N. Gibson 65

6. A New Member of Morganella. By Patrick) Ponce de Leon 69

7. A New Odontoglossum from Nicaragua. By Alfonso H. Heller 73

8. Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. II. By S. F. Glassman 77

9. Revision of the Genus Vascellum ( Lycoperdaceae ) . By Patricio

Ponce de Leon 109

10. A Conspectus of the Palm Genus Butia Becc. By S. F. Glassman 127

11. Studies in American Plants, II. By Dorothy N. Gibson 173

12. Tropical American Plants, XI. By Louis O. Williams 179

13. The Juglandaceae of Guatemala. By Louis O. Williams and Antonio

Molina R 207

14. An Overlooked Genus of the Scrophulariaceae. By Louis O. Williams 211

15. A Synopsis of the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman 215

16. A New Hybrid in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman 241

(J

REVISION OF THE GENUS VASCELLUM
(LYCOPERDAGEAE)

PATRICK) PONCE DE LEON

A CONSPECTUS OF THE PALM GENUS
BUTIA BECG.

S. F. GLASSMAN

STUDIES IN AMERICAN PLANTS, II
DOROTHY N. GIBSON

TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, XI

LOUIS 0. WILLIAMS

FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 32, NUMBERS 9, 10, 11, 12

Published^by

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
MAY 22, 1970

Th« Ubwy of the

MAY 1 5 197?

REVISION OF THE GENUS VASCELLUM
(LYCOPERDACEAE)

PATRICK) PONCE DE LEON

Assistant Curator, Cryptogamic Herbarium
Field Museum of Natural History

A CONSPECTUS OF THE PALM GENUS
BUTIA BECC.

S. F. GLASSMAN

Research Associate in Palms, Field Museum of Natural History
Professor of Biological Science, University of Illinois, Chicago Circle

STUDIES IN AMERICAN PLANTS, II

DOROTHY N. GIBSON

Supervisor, Herbaria
Field Museum of Natural History

TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, XI

LOUIS 0. WILLIAMS

Chief Curator, Botany
Field Museum of Natural History

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

VOLUME 32, NUMBERS 9, 10, 11, 12

Published by

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
MAY 22, 1970

CONTENTS

PAGE

Revision of the Genus Vascellum (Lycoperdaceae) by Patricio Ponce de Leon . 109

A Conspectus of the Palm Genus Butia Becc. by S. F. Glassman 127

Studies in American Plants, II by Dorothy N. Gibson 173

Tropical American Plants, XI by Louis O. Williams 179

FIELDIANA . BOTANY

Volume 32, No. 10 May 22, 1970

Publication 1093

A Conspectus of the Palm Genus
Butia Becc.*

S. F. CLASSMAN

RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN PALMS, FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY

3FESSOR OF BlOLOdCAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, CHICAGO CIRCLE

The name Butia was first used as a subgenus of Cocos by Beccari
m 1887; and in 1903, Barbosa Rodrigues made a subsection of Butia
under Cocos. In a later paper, Beccari (1916) elevated Butia to
generic status, and at the same time transferred 10 species of Cocos
to the genus Butia, described four new species and varieties listed
three other species of Cocos as possibly belonging to Butia (C. areni-
cola Barb. Rodr., C. amadelpha Barb. Rodr., and C. wildemaniana
Barb. Rodr.), and also included a key to the taxa.

Beccari defined the genus by using the following characters-
trunk covered with petiole bases for a long period of time, these
falling off in older trees and leaving scars on trunk; margins of the
petioles conspicuously armed; pinnae elongated and narrow, gradu-
ally acuminate in subulate, short bifid tip; spathes of two kinds,
a lower, short, narrow one and an upper, larger, wider one, these
being coriaceous and glabrous or tomentose and smooth (not sulcate-
plicate) on the outer surface; spadices simply branched, rachillae
elongated and bearing on the lower part for some distance clusters
of one female flower accompanied by two male flowers, the remaining
part of each rachilla bearing male flowers only, upper male flowers
surrounded by bracteoles; male flowers small, irregularly ovate,
calyx consisting of three small triangular sepals which are more or
less united at base, pedicellate in some species, corolla much longer
than calyx, of three valvate petals, stamens six, with subulate fila-
ments and versatile anthers; female flowers inserted on pulvinuli
surrounded by small bracts, globose-ovate or ovate-conical in shape,
sepals three, broad and imbricate, with acute or slightly cucullate

GB-*6899S W°rk haS been supported by National Science Foundation Grant No.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 78-104622

127

128 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 32

tips, corolla somewhat longer, with three very wide petals, involute-
imbricate, with short, triangular tips, ovary ovate, acute, glabrous,
stigmas three, small and thick; fruit globose, ovate or ovate-conical,
terminating in the remains of the small stigmas, exocarp thin, meso-
carp fleshy-fibrous or mucilaginous; endocarp woody-bony, globose,
ovate or elliptical, smooth on the surface, normally consisting of
three locules separated by woody-bony dissepiments, each containing
one seed, the seed of each locule showing a clear band, sometimes the
endocarp is two-loculed or even unilocular, and hence one or two
seeded, in this condition traces of abortive locules may be present;
seeds conforming to shape of endocarp cavities, more or less regular,
endosperm homogeneous, oily, with hardly a sign of a cavity in the
center, embryo more or less lateral.

In his key to the subdivisions of the genus Cocos, Beccari (1916)
separated Butia from the genera Barbosa Becc., Rhyticocos Becc.,
Arikury Barb. Rodr., Arecastrum Becc., and Syagrus Mart, by the
upper spathes being smooth rather than plicate-sulcate on the out-
side. Burret (1953) used essentially the same separation characters
in his key to the genera of Cocoideae.

In his treatment of the genus Butia, Bailey (1936) included a
revised description of the genus, with slight modifications from Bec-
cari's and a key to the cultivated species and varieties. He divided
the genus into the Major Butias, i.e., cultivated species with con-
spicuous trunks, and the Minor Butias, i.e., essentially acaulescent
palms and not known from cultivation in North America. Most of
the discussion pertained to the cultivated species, with very little
new information added to the acaulescent Butias.

Bondar (1964), in his Palmeiras do Brasil, treated Butia, as well
as Syagrus and other related genera, as a group under the genus
Cocos. Under "Grupo" Butia, he included Cocos capitata Mart.,
C. eriospatha Mart., C. leiospatha Mart., C. microspadix Burret, C.
odorata Barb. Rodr., C. pulposa Barb. Rodr., and C. yatay Mart.
There are no keys to these species which are merely listed along
with their distributions, and almost no descriptive information is
given.

I first became interested in Butia while working on a revision of
the genus Syagrus. Several species, B. amadelpha (Barb. Rodr.)
Burret, B. arenicola (Barb. Rodr.) Burret, and B. wildemaniana
(Barb. Rodr.) Burret were transferred by Frambach (in Dahlgren,

. worn P*W»«TK»,

lljlt Sh«ll Explored) Pr<xiukt« Ubor«ori«

, PUKTftE PARAGUWiEHSES.
/. ».*. «/».

FIG. 1.

arenicola. Holotype. Hassler 3761 (G).

129

•

FIG. 2. Syagrus arenicola. Part of holotype.
130

FIG. 3. Syagrus arenicola. Showing subterranean stem. Balansa £773 (G).

131

132 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 32

1936) to Syagrus and one species of Syagrus, S. dyerana (Barb. Rodr.)
Becc., was transferred to Butia by Burret (1937). Beccari (1916),
in his key to the subdivisions of Cocos, separated Butia from Syagrus
mainly by non-pi icate-sulcate spathes, petioles with conspicuous
spines on margins, and three-seeded fruits (1-2 seeded by abortion)
rather than plicate-sulcate spathes, petioles with smooth to fibrous
margins, and one seeded fruits. Although most of the specimens of
Butia examined by me seem to have fairly smooth (non-plicate-
sulcate) spathes, some others I have seen, B. arenicola (Burchell
5799-K), B. capitata (Martins s.n.-M; Herter 346a-F, G, S), and B.
paraguayensis (Hassler 896-G; Fiebrig ^097-K; Pedersen 3030-K),
appear to have definite or even rather deep grooves (plicate-sulcate),
especially older ones in which the waxy coat has fallen off of the
spathes. In at least one species of Syagrus, S. archeri Glassm., most
of the spathes with a waxy coat seem to be fairly smooth, whereas
the older spathes without the waxy coat seem to be definitely grooved.
In a number of cases, I have examined and re-examined the spathes
of several species in both Butia and Syagrus for long periods of time
and still was not quite certain whether they should be considered
plicate-sulcate or smooth. It seems to me that many of these so-
called smooth spathes become gradually plicate-sulcate with aging
and drying. In view of what I have observed, the distinction be-
tween smooth and grooved spathes is not always clear cut, therefore,
use of this characteristic as a basis for separating Butia from Syagrus
becomes increasingly questionable.

In two previous papers (Glassman, 1965, 1968), I mentioned the
presence of spines or flat, spine-like projections on the petioles in
several taxa of the genus Syagrus, S. x camposportoana (Bondar)
Glassm., S. coronata (Mart.) Becc., S. x matafome (Bondar) Glassm.,
S. schizophylla (Mart.) Glassm., S. x tostana (Bondar) Glassm., S.
treubiana (Becc.) Becc., and S. vagans (Bondar) Hawkes. Although
all of the species of Butia have spiny petiole margins, in occasional
specimens of B. arenicola (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. (Balansa 4773-G)
and B. capitata (Mart.) Becc. (Macedo 3321-US) some or all of the
petioles are merely fibrous along the margins.

At one time, I believed that the multiple-chambered fruit of
Butia was a valid characteristic to use for separating this genus
from Syagrus. I have since changed my mind because I recently
discovered (Glassman, 1968) in four different species, Syagrus archeri
Glassm., S. campicola (Barb. Rodr) Becc., S. graminifolia (Drude)

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 133

Becc., and S. leptospatha Burret, the presence of fruits with 1-2
locules (and 1-2 seeds) separated by firm partitions. As previously
stated in the above article, all of these species have plicate-sulcate
spathes and fibrous petiole margins, and therefore do not belong to
Butia.

Other important characteristics of Butia not mentioned or em-
phasized by Beccari are the unclustered pinnae which are usually
with oblique, split tips. About one-third of the species of Syagrus
have unclustered pinnae, and pinnae with oblique tips which are
occasionally split is also a common occurrence in the genus.

Other indications of the close affinity of Butia with Syagrus are
reports in the literature of S. romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassm hy-
bridizing with B. capitata by Barbosa Rodrigues (1903) Beccari
16), and Burret (1940) and with B. eriospatha by Bondar (1964).
In view of the fact that the genus Syagrus seems to have many
diverse elements such as groups with trunks and without trunks
clustered and unclustered pinnae, branched and unbranched spa-
dices, armed and unarmed petioles, two-chambered and one-cham-
bered fruits, seeds with homogeneous and ruminate endosperm and
groups with gibbous-uncinate and regular seeds, there is no sound
basis for maintaining Butia as a genus distinct from Syagrus Per-
haps at this time it would be more appropriate to designate Butia
as a section of Syagrus, but this will be done at a later date when my
revision of the genus is completed. At any rate, in this paper I am
transferring all species of Butia that I believe to be fairly clear-cut
to the genus Syagrus.

Although Beccari (1916) included 14 species and varieties and
three possible species, and Bailey (1936) listed 21 different taxa
under the genus Butia, I am recognizing only five distinct species in
the present paper. Main reasons for such a wholesale reduction of
taxa are lack of or incomplete type specimens, incomplete and im-
mature specimens of other collections, and many varieties based on
altivated plants (especially in B. capitata) which are usually more
variable and often have larger dimensions than plants growing in
their native habitats.

KEY TO SPECIES OF Butia IN THE GENUS Syagrus

1. Female flowers 10-16 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, mature fruit 3.0-4 2 cm long

2. Acaulescent or trunk 1-2 m. tall, 10-20 cm. in diameter, middle pinnae

3-13 mm wide, up to 50 cm. long, rachis of leaf up to 76 cm long up to 42

pairs of pinnae, spathe up to 43 cm. long and 5 cm wide . . . S. pa^guayensis

FIG 4. Syagrus capitata. Lectotype. Martins s.n. (M).

134

FIG. 5. Syagrus capitata. Martins s.n. (M).

135

136 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 32

2. Tree 8-10 m. tall, up to 40 cm. in diameter, middle pinnae 20-24 mm. wide,
up to 81 cm. long, rachis of leaf up to 170 cm. long, up to 72 pairs of pinnae,
spathe up to 125 cm. long and 12 cm. wide S. yatay.

1. Female flowers 3-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, mature fruit 1.5-2.6 cm. long.

3. Tree 3-6 m. tall, middle pinnae 18-27 mm. wide, 60-70 cm. long, spathe
up to 135 cm. long, 4-16 cm. wide, spadix with 40-60 branches; petiolar
spines frequently only a few mm. long, but in older specimens up to 11 cm.
long.

4. Spathe up to 16 cm. wide, densely brownish tomentose on outside,
female flowers 3-5(6) mm. long S. eriospatha.

4. Spathe up to 8.5 cm. wide, glaucous on outside, female flowers 4-8 mm.
long S. capitata.

3. Acaulescent or with very short trunk, middle pinnae 7-11 mm. wide, up to
40 cm. long, spathe up to 33 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, spadix with up to
22 branches; petiolar spines short, usually not exceeding 2 mm. in length.

S. arenicola.

Syagrus arenicola (Barb. Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgr., Field
Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 14: 264. 1936. Figures 1-3. Cocos arenicola
Barb. Rodr., Sert. Palm. Bras. 1: 100, t. 75B. 1903. Figure 31B.
Butia arenicola (Barb. Rodr.) Burret, Notizbl. 10: 1051. 1930;
Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 46. 1936.

Acaulescent palm or with very short trunk, subterranean woody stem up to
5 cm. long and 8 cm. in diameter (only seen in one specimen). Petiole up to 23 cm.
long and 1 cm. wide, margins mostly with short spines, occasionally only fibrous,
sheathing base up to 17 cm. long with lateral wings 3 cm. wide; rachis of leaf up to
93 cm. long; pinnae up to 37 pairs, mostly unclustered, more or less glaucous on
both surfaces, middle ones up to 40 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide, mostly with oblique
and occasionally split tips; expanded part of spathe up to 30 cm. long and 2.7 cm.
wide (33 cm. x 3 cm. — fruiting), mostly with shallow grooves, and glaucous or
brownish pubescent on outside, becoming eglaucous or glabrous with age; branched
part of spadix up to 28 cm. long, branches up to 22 in number, each up to 18 cm.
long; lower male flowers 8-10 mm. long and those above 4-7 mm. long; female
flowers 5-8 mm. long and 4-5 mm. wide; fruit (immature) beaked, 2.0-2.3 cm. long
and 1 cm. in diameter, partially covered by persistent perianth scales; seeds not
seen.

Flowering from May to January.

Type: Paraguay, alto planitie arenosa ad Cordillera de Altos,
Jan. 1898-99, Hassler 3761 (G).

Distribution: Paraguay; and Brazil, in the states of Mato Grosso
and Minas Gerais?.

Vernacular name: Coquerinho.

Cited specimens: PARAGUAY: Cordillera de Altos, Jan. 1898
99, Hassler 3761 (G, holotype of Cocos arenicola; NY); Moquinia
Wald, 1914, Chodat 740 (G); Vallee de 1'y-acanguazu, pres de Valen-

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA

137

FIG. 6. Syagrus capitata. After Martius (1826, t. 78).

zuela, Nov. 1882, Balansa 4773 (G). BRAZIL: Mato Grosso-Jara-
guaray, Campo Grande, Sept. 1936, Archer & Gehrt 178 (US).

Doubtful specimens: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais-Uberova, July 1855,
Regnett 1288a (S); Ponte Novo, May, 1950, Macedo 2401 (US).
Without locality, Burchell 5350, 5799 (K); Oct. 1826, Riedel 394
(LE).

Syagrus arenicola seems to be a distinct taxon. Some of the
specimens examined are fairly complete, especially Balansa 4773
which is represented by an entire plant with a subterranean stem,

138

FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 32

FIG 7. Syagrus capitata. After Martius (1826 /. 79).

whole leaves, and spathes and spadices with flowers. Apparently,
there are some gaps in distribution, however, between Mato Grosso
and Minas Gerais. This may be due to spotty collecting, or to the
fact that some immature specimens of S. capitata are often indis-
tinguishable from S. arenicola. Some specimens, e.g., Riedel 393
(LE) from Brazil, are not cited here even though the parts repre-

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA

139

FIG 8. Syagrus capitata. Stand of trees in Uruguay. After Herter (1930).

sented are within morphological limits of S. arenicola because the
trunk is too tall (4-5 feet in this case). Another specimen which I
have cited here, Macedo 2401 (US), has a stem or trunk 1 m. tall.
The question is where does one draw the line on the height of the
trunk? When fully mature, S. capitata is a tree up to 5 m. tall and
its pinnae, spathes, and spadices have much larger dimensions than
S. arenicola. Several specimens I have examined show pinnae within
the size range of S. arenicola, but spathes and spadices intermediate
between the two species or close to the dimensions of either species.
Information regarding the trunk size is not always supplied with
these collections so that one cannot be sure which species he is
looking at. One cannot always be certain that the leaves, or spathes
or spadices of a given collection are immature ones from a mature
plant (i.e., there is a tendency to collect the smallest leaves or only
parts of leaves on a palm because they fit more easily into a plant
press), or whether the leaves on a plant are smaller in size because
the tree itself is immature. In cases where only portions of the leaf
are collected, it is important to determine which section you are
examining. Pinnae from the middle part are almost always the
widest and often the longest, whereas those from the upper and lower
sections are usually much narrower and shorter. Examination of

FIG. 9. Syagrus capitata. Note part of plicate-sulcate spathe (upper left)
and large petiolar spines (middle left).

140

FIG. 10. A. Cocos odorata. Parts of leaf, petiole, spathe, flowers and part of
spadix with fruits. B. Cocos eriospatha. External and sectioned view of fruit.
C. Cocos pulposa. Part of petiole, single pinna, and fruits. After Barbosa Rod-
rigues, (1903) t. 68.

141

v

FIG. 11. Syagrus eriospatha. Lectotype. Showing parts of leaf, spadix, and
tomentose spathe. Glaziou 8059(K).

142

GLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 143

large numbers of herbarium specimens and considerable field ex-
perience is necessary before some of these problems can be resolved.

Syagrus capitata (Mart.) Glassman, comb. nov. Figures 4-9.
Cocos capitata Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 114, t. 78-79. 1826.
Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 507, t. 5, figs. 7-8.
1916; Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 26, fig. 9-15. 1936. Fig. 27, 7-8.
C. elegantissima Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 77: 516. 1905. B. capitata
var. elegantissima (Chabaud) Becc., I.e. 10: 517, t. 12. 1916. C.
erythrospatha Chabaud, I.e. 516. B. capitata var. erythrospatha (Cha-
baud) Becc., I.e. 515, t. 7A. C. liliaceifolia Chabaud, I.e. 516. B.
capitata var. liliaceifolia (Chabaud) Becc., I.e. 518. B. nehrlingiana
Bailey, Hortus 105. 1930. B. capitata var. nehrlingiana (Bailey)
Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 33, fig. 17. 1936. C. odorata Barb. Rodr., PL
Nov. Cult. Jard. Bot. Rio 1: 11, t. 4A. 1891; Sert. Palm. Bras. 1:
92, t. 68A. 1903. Fig. 10. B. capitata var. odorata (Barb. Rodr.)
Becc., I.e. 513, t. 5, fig. 11, t. 8-9, 10B. Fig. 27, 11. C. pulposa
Barb. Rodr., PI. Nov. Cult. Jard. Bot. Rio 1: 14, t. 4B. 1891;
Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio 2: 38, t. 3f. B, a-c. 1901; Sert. Palm. Bras.
1: 93, t. 68C. 1903. Fig. 10. B. capitata var. pulposa (Barb.
Rodr.) Becc., I.e. 516, t. 5. fig. 10, t. 11. 1916. Fig. 27, 10. B.
capitata var. strictior Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 32, fig. 18. 1936.
B. capitata var. subglobosa Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 513, t. 10A.
1916. B. capitata var. virescens Becc., I.e. 519.

Palm up to 5 m. tall, 40-50 cm. in diameter (fide Beccari). Petiole up to 70
cm. long and 3 cm. wide, margins mostly armed with short teeth, on upper portion,
coarse spines up to 11 cm. long on lower part, complete sheathing base not seen;
rachis of leaf up to 183 cm. long, pinnae up to 63 pairs, mostly single, but sometimes
in loose clusters of 2-3, more or less glaucous on both surfaces, middle ones GO-
TO (75) cm. long, 1.5-2.0 (2.7) cm. wide, mostly with oblique, split tips; expanded
part of spathe 40-100 cm. long, 4.0-8.5 cm. wide, mostly with shallow grooves,
more or less glaucous outside, becoming eglaucous with age; branched part of
spadix up to 94 cm. long, branches about 40-60 in number, each up to 62 cm.
long; lower male flowers 7-10 mm. long, those above 4-7 mm. long; female flowers
4-8 mm. long and 4-6 mm. wide; fruit ovoid, with short beak, up to 26 mm. long
and 22 mm. in diameter (fide Beccari), locules usually two, sometimes one or three,
seeds 18-24 mm. long, 10-14 mm. in diameter (fide Beccari).

Flowering from May to September.

Type: Brazil, Minas Gerais, campis, Aug., Martins s.n. (M).

Distribution: Endemic to Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais,
Goias, Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul
(where it is common in "campos sablonneux," fide Beccari, 1916);
and from Uruguay, fide Herter, 1930 (see Fig. 8).

FIG. 12. Syagrus eriospatha. Showing part of tomentose spathe. P. J. Green-
way 1039(K).

144

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUT! A 145

Vernacular names: Cabecudo, Guariroba do campo.

Cited specimens: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais — Martins s.n. (M, lecto-
type of Cocos capitata)', Campo Alegre, June 1950, Macedo 2424
(US). Goias — Chapada de N.I. d'Adabia, moist wooded places,
May 1840, Gardner 4388 (K); Balsamo, July 1951, Macedo 3321
(US). Parana — Tamandare", in campo, Sept. 1914, G. Jonsson 985a
(F, G, K, NY, S). Santa Catarina — Sombrio, in campo, Jan. 1949,
P. R. Reitz 2965 (G). Rio Grande do Sul— Glaziou 8047 (C, K).

Cultivated: Argentina, Tucuman, Nov. 1927, Venturi 5594 (US) ;
Uruguay, Montevideo, March 1930, Herter 346a (F, G, GH, LE,
NY, S), Dept. Rocha, Oct. 1930, 346b (F, G, GH); Brazil, Rio de
Janeiro, Glaziou 9334 (C, LE), 16481 (C, K, LE), 20535 (C, K),
Herb. Saldanha 6516 (R), Dahlgren & Millar 611648 (F); Italy, La
Mortola, Ventmiglia, 1895, Hanbury s.n. (K) ; Texas, Houston, May
1960, A. Traverse 1520 (GH).

Varieties of this species described or transferred by Beccari and
Bailey are not recognized here as being distinct because they are
either based on cultivated specimens or merely on illustrations. As
mentioned previously, S. capitata is very variable in different stages
of growth and sometimes it is even difficult to distinguish it from S.
arenicola because of immature or incomplete herbarium specimens.

Syagrus capitata seems to be most closely related to S. eriospatha
from southern Brazil because both are trees about the same size,
have pinnae approximately the same length and width, and have
spadices about the same size. The former species, however, is easily
distinguished from S. eriospatha in the glaucous, rather than brown
tomentose, spathes which are much narrower at maturity, and usual-
ly by the longer ovoid fruits rather than shorter, globose fruits
(up to 26 mm. long and 22 mm. in diameter rather than 18-19 mm.
long and 17-18 mm. in diameter).

Syagrus eriospatha (Mart, ex Drude) Glassman, comb. nov.
Figures 11-12. C. eriospatha Mart, ex Drude, Fl. Bras. 3: 424.
1881; Becc., Malpighia 1: t. 9, figs. 10-12. 1887; Lindman, Bih.
Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. 26 III: 23. 1900; Barb. Rodr., Contr. Jard.
Bot. Rio 1: 31, t. 3D. 1901; Sert. Palm. Bras. 1: 91, t. 68B. 1903.
Fig. 10 B. eriospatha (Mart, ex Drude) Becc., L' Agric. Colon.
10: 496. 1916; Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 44, figs. 24-27. 1936.

Palm up to 6 m. tall, about 50 cm. in diameter (fide Bailey and Beccari).
Petiole up to 100 cm. long, margins armed with short teeth or spines up to 2 cm.

FIG. 13. Syagrus paraguayensis. Lectotype. Hassler 896(G).

146

FIG. 14. Syagrus paraguayensis. Part of lectotype.
147

FIG. 15. Syagrus paraguayensis. After Barbosa Rodrigues (1903,

148

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 149

or more long, sheathing base partly covered with brownish tomentum; rachis of
leaf up to 2.5 m. long, pinnae 50 or more pairs (fide Beccari and Bailey), unclustered
mostly glabrous above, more or less glaucous below, middle -ones up to 80 cm.
long and 2.3 cm. wide, mostly with oblique, split tips; expanded part of spathe
up to 135 cm. long and 16 cm. wide, covered with a dense brownish tomentum,
becoming glabrous with age; branched part of spadix up to 100 cm. long (fide
Bailey), branches numerous, each up to 40 cm. or more long; lower male flowers
6-8 mm. long, those above 4-5 mm. long; female flowers 3-5 (6) mm. long (7-9
mm. long — fide Bailey) and 3.5-5.0 mm. wide; fruit usually globose, with short
beak, 18-19 mm. long and 17-18 mm. in diameter (up to 20 mm. long and 26 mm.
in diameter — fide Bailey), locules 1-3, seeds globose, 14-16 mm. in diameter, or
oblong, 15 mm. long and 10 mm. in diameter (fide Beccari and Bailey).

Flowering from April to December.
Type: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 1876, Glaziou 8059 (K).
Distribution: Endemic to Brazil in the states of Rio Grande do
Sul and Sant Catarina.

Vernacular names: Butia, Macuma.

Cited specimens: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul — 1876, Glaziou
8059 (K, lectotype of Cocos eriospatha; C).

Cultivated: Brazil, Sao Paulo — Ypiranga, Nov. 1907, Luederwaldt
6.191 (SP); Campinas, April 1942, A.S. Lima 6748 (SP); Rio de
Janeiro, Glaziou 8050 (G). Cuba, Soledad, Aug. 1931, Jack 8296
(A, NY). East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Dec.
1928, P. J. Greenway 1039 (K).

In his original description, Drude (1881) lists Glaziou 296 and
8059, but I have seen only the latter number. I have designated
Glaziou 8059 from Kew as the lectotype because it represents a
more complete collection than those from Copenhagen, and further-
more the Kew specimen was annotated by Drude. Beccari (1916)
cites Glaziou 8059 (FI) with the following data: "Spontane" dans
les campos de Rio Grande-do-Sul et de Santa Catharina et cultive"
dans les jardins publics de Rio-Janeiro ou il fleurit en Novembre
et De"cembre."

Lindman (1900, fig. 6) illustrates a tree of Cocos eriospatha, but
Beccari (1916) says that this is actually Butia yatay. In t. 1A, the
fruits illustrated by Lindman appear to be a mixture of S. yatay or
S. capitata and S. eriospatha.

Syagrus eriospatha is a distinctive species characterized by brown-
ish tomentose spathes, relatively small female flowers and globose
fruits. As previously stated, it appears to be most closely related to
S. capitata.

-..-.;» J»tV
.

4-IP-1SM

FIG. 16. Syagrns paraguayensis. Showing spathe which is partially plicnte-
sulcate, spadix and spadix branches with flowers. T.M. Pedersen 3030(K).

150

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 151

Syagrus paraguayensis (Barb. Rodr.) Classman, comb. nov.
Figures 13-17. C. paraguayensis Barb. Rodr., Palm. Nov. Parag.
9. t. 2. 1899; Palm. Hassler. Nov. 12. 1900; Sert. Palm. Bras. 1:
110, t. 82. 1903. B. paraguayensis (Barb. Rodr.) Bailey, Gentes
Herb. 4: 47. 1936. B. yatay var. paraguayensis (Barb. Rodr.)
Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 503. 1916. Fig. 27, 3.

Acaulescent or with trunk 1-2 m. tall, 10-20 cm. in diameter. Petiole 45-48
cm. long (fide Barb. Rodr.), margins mostly with short spines, interspersed with
fibers, sheathing base about 20 cm. long; rachis of leaf up to 76 cm. long; pinnae
up to 42 pairs, mostly unclustered, more or less glaucous above, mostly green below,
middle ones up to 50 cm. long, 8-13 mm. wide, mostly with oblique, split tips;
expanded part of spathe up to 43 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, mostly with shallow
grooves and brownish pubescent on outside, becoming glabrous with age; branched
part of spadix up to 38 cm. long, branches up to 43 in number, each up to 23 cm.
long; lower male flowers 8-13 mm. long and those above 4-7 mm. long; mature
female flowers 10-16 mm. long and 6-9 mm. wide; fruit ovoid, 3.0-3.7 cm. long,
2.1-2.3 cm. in diameter (fide Barb. Rodr.); seeds not seen.

Flowering from January to October.

Type: Paraguay, in rupestribus Cordillera de Altos, Aug. 1885-
1895, Hassler 896 (G).

Distribution: Paraguay, and Argentina in the province of Cor-
rientes.

Vernacular name: Yatay guazu.

Cited specimens: PARAGUAY: Cordillera de Altos, Aug. 1885-
95, Hassler 896 (G, lectotype of Cocos paraguayensis; K, NY), Sept.
1902, Fiebrig 62 (G) ; Centurion, between Rios Apa and Aquidaban,
Oct. 18, 1908-09, Fiebrig 4097 (G, GH, K, M). ARGENTINA:
Corrientes-Loma Alta, Dept. Mburucuya, April, 1954, T.M. Peder-
sen 3030 (G, GH, K, NY, S).

Doubtful specimens: Paraguay, Campos, Jan. 1932, Jorgensen &
Hassler 4185 (A, C, F, S).

In his original publication, Barbosa Rodrigues (1899) lists the
type locality as "in Paraguay, ad S. Salvador prope Tagatiya" with-
out mentioning any actual specimens. In a later paper (1903),
however, he listed Hassler 896 under C. paraguayensis. Therefore,
I have designated this specimen from Geneva as the lectotype.

Even though specimens of S. paraguayensis which I have ex-
amined seem to be distinct from S. yatay, it is possible that they
came from immature trees of S. yatay or represent immature parts
from mature trees of S. yatay. All of the characteristics used to
distinguish the two taxa, i.e., size of trunk, size and number of

FIG. 17. Syagrus paraguayensis. Showing whole leaf blade and part of petiole
with spines interspersed with fibers. T.M. Pedersen 8030(NY).

152

r. >>

Fie. 18. Syagrus yatay. Type. After Martius (1844, /. 30B).

153

FIG. 19. Syagrus yatay. Stand of trees and individual trees in Argentina.
After Bailey (1936, fig. 21).

154

FIG. 20. Syagrus yatay. Showing part of sheathing base and parts of petiole.
T.M. Pedersen ^56 (NY).

155

f-te I

tv X

FIG. 21. Syagrus yatay. Showing part of leaf. Pedersen

156

GLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 157

pinnae, and size of spathes, could vary with age of the plant or
degree of maturity of the parts involved. Jorgensen & Hassler 4.185
(A, C, F, S) is a case in point. I have included these collections
under Doubtful Specimens because the pinnae are very narrow and
relatively short like S. paraguayensis, but the label says "(trunk)
4-6 m." which is closer to the size of S. yatay. Information on the
label of the lectotype says "trunk 1-2.5 m. tall," that of Fiebrig
4097 says "without stem," whereas the label of Pedersen 3030 gives
no information on the size of the trunk. Until some of the ideas
listed above can be substantiated with field observations and until
more complete information on the geographic distribution of the
two species can be obtained, I am obliged to maintain S. paraguay-
ensis as a distinct taxon.

Syagrus yatay (Mart.) Classman, comb. nov. Figures 18-24.
C. yatay Mart., Palmet. Orbign. 93, t. 1, fig. 1, t. SOB. 1844; Drude,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3: 421, t. 94-95. 1881. B. yatay (Mart.) Becc.,
L'Agric. Colon. 10: 498, t. 6. 1916; Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 41-44,
figs. 21-23. 1936.

Palm 8-10 m. tall, up to 40 cm. in diameter, old petiole bases persistent on
trunk when young, eventually dehiscing completely. Petiole up to 54 cm. long
(50-70 cm. long — fide Beccari), margins armed with coarse spines up to 3 cm. or
more long on lower part, spines becoming gradually smaller on upper part, shea-
thing base up to 60 cm. long; rachis of leaf up to 170 cm. long (2-3 m. long — fide
Beccari), pinnae up to 72 pairs, mostly single, middle ones up to 81 cm. long and
2.4 cm. wide, mostly with oblique, split tips; expanded part of spathe up to 125
cm. long (fide Bailey) and 12 cm. wide, mostly with shallow grooves, more or less
glaucous outside; branched part of spadix up to 82 cm. or more long, branches up
to 100 or more in number, each up to 32 cm. or more long; lower male flowers
8-11 mm. long, those above 5-8 mm. long; female flowers 10-14 mm. long, 7-10
mm. wide; fruit ovoid or more or less conical, with prominent beak, 30-42 mm.
long, 25-28 mm. in diameter, locules 1-3; seeds 25-30 mm. long, 12-14 mm. in
diameter (fide Beccari).

Flowering from November to February.

Type: t. SOB, Martius (1844).

Distribution: Endemic to Argentina in the provinces of Cor-
rientes and Entre Rios (forming great forests in sandy areas of these
two provinces — Bailey, fig. 21, 1936); and listed from Paraguay, and
Brazil in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, by Bondar (1964), and from
Uruguay, in the Department of Rocha where it forms extensive
natural stands, by Beccari (1916).

Vernacular name: Yatay.

FIG. 22. Syagrns yatay. Showing almost complete spathe. T. M. Pedersen

158

FIG. 23. Syagrus yatay. Showing part of spadix with flowers. T. M. Pedersen

159

FIG. 24. Syagrus yaiay. Mature fruits. After Beccari (1916, t. 6).

160

GLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 161

Cited specimens: ARGENTINA: Corrientes-Goya, Nov. 1913,
Curran s.n. (US) ; Dept. Mburucyua, Estancia Santa Teresa, sandy
soil, often forming extensive groves, Jan. 1957, T. M. Pedersen 4456
(GH, NY, S). Entre Rios-Concordia, Feb. 1937, Castellanos 31/974

(K).

Cultivated: Uruguay, April 1926 Herter 346 (F, G, NY, S, SP).

As stated previously, it is not certain whether S. paraguayensis
represents immature stages of S. yatay, or whether it is normally a
small plant with smaller dimensions than S. yatay. Syagrus yatay
is very distinct and can be separated easily from mature plants of
S. arenicola, S. capitata, and S. eriospatha by the larger female flowers
and larger fruits.

No type specimens were listed by Martius (1844) for Cocos yatay,
however illustrations of the leaf, flowers, and fruits (t. SOB), although
not exactly diagnostic, can be substituted for a type specimen in
this case (see Fig. 18).

DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN SPECIES

Cocos AMADELPHA Barb. Rodr., Palm. Hassl. Nov. 7. 1900;
Sert. Palm. Bras. 1: 98, t. 72. 1903. Figure 25. Butia amadelpha
(Barb. Rodr.) Burret, Notizbl. 10: 1050. 1930. Syagrus amadelpha
(Barb. Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgr., Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot.
Ser. 14: 264. 1936.

Cocos amadelpha was based on Hassler 6083 from Capibary in
Paraguay. Unfortunately, I have not been able to find any speci-
mens at Geneva where most of Hassler's collections were deposited,
or any other herbaria. According to Barbosa Rodrigues' description,
the plant is acaulescent with arcuate leaves, has narrow pinnae with
oblique, split tips, smooth (non-plicate) spathes, and female flowers
14-15 mm. long. Petioles and fruits are not described, but the de-
scription and illustration (t. 72) of this species seem to fit Butia. It
appears to be most closely related to S. paraguayensis, however,
since the type specimen has not been seen, I can't be certain as to
its correct identity.

Cocos BARBOSII Barb. Rodr., Sert. Palm. Bras. 1: 86, t. 67.
1903; Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 611. 1916. Figure 26.

According to Beccari (1916), this species does not seem to be
different from Butia bonneti Becc. In his original article, Barbosa
Rodrigues does not cite any specimens, but lists the type locality

, l\ '
•V

FIG. 25. Cocos amadelpha. After Barbosa Rodrigues (1903, t. 72).

162

FIG. 26. Cocos barbosii. After Barbosa Rodrigues (1903, t. 67).

163

FIG. 27. Fruits of various taxa of Butia. 1-2. B. yatay. 3. B. ya<az/ var.
paraguayensis. 4-6. B. bonneti. 7-8. B. capitata. 10. B. capitata var. pulposa.
11. B. capitata var. odorata. 12. B. leiospatha. After Beccari, (1916. <. 5).

164

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 165

as Minas Gerais, Alfenas, Cabo Verde. In t. 67, the petiole seems
to be without spines, the fruits are single chambered, and it cannot
be ascertained if the spathe is smooth or grooved because the view
is from the inside. Since no type specimen is available for study,
C. barbosii must be considered a doubtful species.

BUTIA BONNETI Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 504, t. 5, fig. 4-6.
1916; Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 36, fig. 19. 1936. Figure 27, 4-6.

Originally published under Cocos bonneti Linden by Wendland
(1878) as a name only. Beccari (1916) validated the specific epithet
by including a description of it under Butia. This palm was intro-
duced as seeds from Mexico and planted in Hyeres, France by
Linden. Beccari's description is summarized as follows: smaller
than B. capitata, with shorter, arcuate leaves, petiole with more
slender spines, pinnae 30-35 cm. long and 12-15 mm. wide, spathe
narrow fusiform, glaucescent, flowers small, fruit ovate, 2.0 cm. long
and 1.5 cm. in diameter, seeds 14-16 mm. long and 7-9 mm. in diam-
eter. Beccari also includes three illustrations of fruits (Fig. 27, 4-6),
but does not list any type specimens. In addition to this, he equates
Cocos leiospatha var. angustifolia Drude with this Taxon. Bailey
(1936) discusses B. bonneti at length and includes a plate of a tree
purporting to be this species, but he essentially follows Beccari's
conclusions. It is possible that B. bonneti represents an immature
growth stage of S. capitata, but without type specimens it would be
difficult to definitely tell what it may be.

Cocos DYERANA Barb. Rodr., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2 (3) : 626.
1903;Sert. Palm. Bras. 1:95, L76B. 1903. Figures 28-29. Syagrus
dyerana (Barb. Rodr.) Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 466. 1916. Butial
dyerana (Barb. Rodr.) Burret, Notizbl. 13: 696. 1937.

Specimen examined. PARAGUAY: Concepcion, Aug. 1901-2,
Hassler 7166 (G, holotype of Cocos dyerana).

Unfortunately, the holotype as well as the illustration by Barbosa
Rodrigues (t. 76) lack petioles, spathes, and fruits. The size of the
trunk (2-4 m.) and female flowers (12-14 mm. long) could place it
in S. yatay, but the middle pinnae are up to 63 cm. long and only
1 cm. wide. Since the type specimen and description of this palm
is incomplete, I cannot be certain where it belongs. From the in-
formation I do have, however, C. dyerana seems to be closer to
S. yatay than any other species.

Cocos LEIOSPATHA Barb. Rodr., Rev. Hort. 2: 23, fig. 7. 1877;
Sert. Palm. Bras. 1: 81, t. 61 A, 62B. 1903; Drude, Mart. Fl. Bras.

(v <•••

In -Vru»
4>l t t » .!.«. «.) H 1 „ u^

I I 1.J »...—-.., p, i:...

FIG. 28. Cocos dyerana. Holotype. Hassler 7166(G).

166

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS BUTIA 167

3: 423, t. 96, fig. 1. 1881. Figure 30, I. Butia leiospatha (Barb.
Rodr.) Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 520. 1916. Figure 27, 12. Cocos
capitata var. leiospatha (Barb. Rodr.) Berger, Hort. Mortol. 87. 1912.

In neither of his articles does Barbosa Rodrigues cite any speci-
mens, but does mention one locality, Serra do Aguape", state of Minas
Gerais, Brazil. Orginally, he described the plant as "acaulescent,
rarely with a stem," but illustrated a fairly large tree (his fig. 7).
Beccari (1916) considers this species to be a variety of Butia capitata.
Judging from the descriptions and illustrations I have seen, Cocos
leiospatha seems to be an immature growth stage of Syagrus capitata.

Cocos LEIOSPATHA var. ANGUSTIFOLIA Drude, Mart. Fl. Bras.
3: 423, t. 96, fig. 2. 1881. Figure 30, II.

Specimen examined: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa, Warm-
ing 1845 (C, lectotype).

In addition to the above specimen, Drude also cites Sello, without
locality, but I have not seen this one. The lectotype consists of
two leaf parts in which the pinnae are only 31 cm. long and 6 mm.
wide. Drude's description is rather brief, but says that the trunk
is 2-3 feet tall. As mentioned before, Beccari (1916) equates this
variety with Butia bonneti. Because of the incomplete description
and poor type specimen it is extremely difficult to put a final deter-
mination on Cocos leiospatha var. angustioflia. If I had to hazard a
guess, I would say that it is either S. arenicola or an immature stage
of S. capitata.

BUTIA MICROSPADIX Burret, Notizbl. 10: 1050. 1930; Bailey,
Gentes Herb. 4: 47. 1936.

This palm has been previously discussed by me in another article
(Glassman, 1968). I have been unable to locate the holotype (Seloiv
s.n.) and the paratype (J. Keller s.n.) of this species, cited by Burret,
because they were probably destroyed in the Berlin-Dahlem her-
barium during World War II. Burret listed another specimen "very
near to this species" which I have seen: BRAZIL. Rio Grande do
Sul, Luederwaldt 12267 (SP). This specimen shows a striking re-
semblance to Syagrus hatschbachii Glassm. from Parana, Brazil, but
it is immature and cannot be determined with certainty. There-
fore, I have designated Butia microspadix as species incerta.

Cocos PONI Hauman, Physis 4: 604, figs. 1-2. 1919. Butia poni
(Hauman) Burret, Notizbl. 10: 1051. 1930; Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4:
48. 1936.

Dr. E. Has;ler. Piinue Paraguarienses. • 1901 2

FIG. 29. Cocos dyerana. Part of holotype. Hassler 7166(G).

168

COCO S I. leiospatha, If.var

FIG. 30. I. Cocos leiospatha. After Drude, (1881, t. 96, fig. 1). II. C leio-
spatha var. angustifolia. After Drude, (1881, t. 96, fig. 2).

169

1

;

FIG. 31. A. Cocos uildemaniana. After Barbosa Rodrigues, (1903, /. 75A}.
B. Cocos arcnicola. After Barbosa Rodrigues, (1903, /. 75B).

170

CLASSMAN: PALM GENUS DUTIA 171

Hauman's description of this plant is inadequate, but his illus-
trations show a very small palm with small leaves, narrow pinnae, a
small spathe and a spadix with about 30 branches, and a cluster of
ovate fruits. He says that the plants grow in savannas in Misiones,
Argentina, however no specimens are cited. From the information
available it is impossible to tell where to place this palm. If the size
of the female flowers were known, I may be able to tenatively iden-
tify it as S. arenicola or S. paraguayensis. It is also possible that
Cocos poni is an immature stage of S. yatay.

BUTIA PUNGENS Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 523. 1916: Bailey,
Gentes Herb. 4:48. 1936.

I have not seen the specimen cited by Beccari: ARGENTINA:
Campina de Americo, Feb. 1907, Spegazzini s.n. Beccari equates
this species with Cocos acaulis ssp. glauca Drude ex Lindman, but
I have shown elsewhere (Glassman, 1968) that this subspecies is
probably the same as Syagrus campylospatha (Barb. Rodr.) Becc.
According to Beccari's description (small palm, rachis of leaf 130
cm. long, pinnae 30-35 cm. long, 10 12 mm. wide, female flowers
13-15 mm. long and 9 mm. in diameter), B. pungens is probably
close to S. paraguayensis or may be an immature growth stage of
S. yatay.

COCOS STOLONIFERA Barb. Rodr., Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio 2: 40,
/. 4, fig. A. 1901; Sert. Palm. Bras. 1: 89, t. 62A. 1903. Butia
stolonifera (Barb. Rodr.) Becc., L'Agric. Colon. 10: 492. 1916.

Barbosa Rodrigues described this plant as being acaulescent with
long subterranean stolons and having short spiny petioles, but ap-
parently the spadices, flowers, and fruits were not seen by him. He
lists the following locality: URUGUAY. Pan d' Azucar, pr. Monte-
video (cult. Jard. Bot. Rio no. 2259), but does not cite any definite
specimens. Because of the lack of information, I am designating
this palm as species dubia.

COCOS W1LDEMANIANA Barb. Rodr., Sert. Palm. Bras. 1: 101,
/. 75A. 1903. Figure 31, A. Butia wildemaniana (Barb. Rodr.)
Burret, Notizbl. 10: 1050. 1930. Syagrus wildemaniana (Barb.
Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgr., Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 14: 270.
1936.

Barbosa Rodrogues cited the following: PARAGUAY. Rio Apa,
Hauler 8554. Unfortunately, I have not been able to find this
specimen at the herbarium in Geneva, Switzerland where most of
Hassler's original collections are deposited. Although exact size

172 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 32

of the female flowers and nature of the petiole are not given in the
description, the illustration (/. 75 A), the acaulescent habit and other
characteristics indicate that C. wildemaniana may be closely re-
lated to S. paraguay ensis.

REFERENCES

BAILEY, L.H.

1936. The Genus Butia. Gen tes Herb., 4: 21-50, figs. 9-27.

BARBOSA RODRIGUES, J.

1899. Palmae Novae Paraguayensis. 9. Rio de Janeiro.

1903. Sertum Palmarum Brasiliensium ou Relation des Palmiers Nouveaux
du Bresil, Decouverts, Decrits et Dessines d'apres Nature, 1: 81-110.

BECCARI, O.

1887. Le Palmae Incluse nel Genero Cocos Linn. Malpighia, 1: 352.
1916. II Genere Cocos Linn, e le Palme Affini. L'Agricoltura Coloniale, 10:
489-524.

BONDAR, G.

1964. Palmeiras do Brasil. 64-67. Institute de Botanica. Sao Paulo.

BURRET, M.

1937. Die Palmengattung Syagrus Mart. Notizblatt Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin
Dahlem, 13: 696.

1940. Um caso de hibridacao entre Arecastrum Romanzoffianum e Butia capi-

tata. Rodriguesia, 4; 277, t. 1-3.
1953. Systematische Ubersicht iiber die Gruppen der Palmen. Willdenowia,

1: 60-62.

DAHLGREN, B.E.
1936. Index cf American Palms. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., 14: 264, 270.

DRUDE, O.

1881. Martius Flora Brasiliensis, 3: 424.

GLASSMAN, S.F.

1965. Preliminary studies in the palm genus Syagrus Mart, and its allies.
Fieldiana: Bot., 31: 147-164.

1968. Studies in the palm genus Syagrus Mart. Fieldiana: Bot., 31: 363-397.

HERTER, G.

1930. Estudios Botanicos en la Region Uruguaya. IV. Florula Uruguayensis.
Plantae Vasculares. 64. Montevideo.

LlNDMAN, C.A.M.

1900. Beitrage zur Palmenflora Sudamerikas. Bihang K. Svenska Vet. -Akad.
Handl., 26. 111:23.

MARTIUS, C.F.P. VON.

1844. Palmetum Orbignianum. In A. d'Orbigny, Voyage dans L'Amerique
meridionale, 7: 93.

WENDLAND, H.

1878. Kerchove, Les Palmiers. 240 pp. Paris.

Publications 1092, 1093, 1094 and 1095

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA