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UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
AT AMHERST

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Special Collections & Rare Books

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CONSTITUTION

BY-LAWS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BOSTON:

TUTTLE, WEEKS & DENNETT, PRINTERS.
1836.

^©^ ©5? ajM©®3!?.3F©si^ ^a

COMMONWEALTH OP MASSACHUSETTS.

IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND TWENTYNINE.

AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THEfMASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETV.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives in General Court assem-
bled, and by the authority of the same, That Zebe-
DEE Cook, Jr., Robert L. Emmons, William Wor-
THiNGTON, B. V. French, John B. Russell, J. R.
Newell, CheeverNewhall, and Thomas G. Fes-
senden, their Associates and Successors, be and
they hereby are incorporated under the name and by
the description of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, for the purpose of encouraging and improv-
ing the science and practice of Horticulture, and
promoting the amelioration of the various species of
trees, fruits, plants, and vegetables, and the introduc-
tion of new species and varieties ; with power to
make by-laws not inconsistent with the Laws of the
Commonwealth, for the regulation of said Society,
and the management of the same and of its con-
cerns ; to receive donations, bequests and devises for
promoting the objects of said Society ; to lay and

ACT Ol- I.VCORFOKA'J'IO.V.

collect assessments on the Members, not exceeding
two dollars per annum ; to enforce the payment of
such assessments by action for the same ; to pur-
chase and hold real estate to the amount of ten
thousand dollars, and personal estate to the amount
of twenty thousand dollars ; to elect a Treasurer,
Secretary, and other officers — the appointment of
which shall be provided for in the by-laws of said
Society ; the meeting for the election of such offi-
cers to be called at the times and in the manner pro-
vided in such by-laws ; to empower the President,
Directors, Comptrollers, Treasurer, Committees, or
other Officers or Members, or any Attorneys, Agents,
or Representatives of said Society, to transact the
business, manage and apply the funds, disc barge the
functions, and promote the objects thereof ; to au-
thorise any of the Members or Officers of said Soci-
ety to fill vacancies in the various offices of the same
that may happen in the intervals between the meet-
ings of the Members for choosing Officers ; and to
commence and defend suits.

SectioxN 2. Be it further enacted, That in case
the said Corporation shall at any time contract debts
beyond their means and ability to pay at the time of
contracting the same, the Officers or other Agents
of said Corporation so contracting such debts shall
be personally liable for the same.

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That any
Member of said Corporation may cease to be a Mem-
ber thereof, by giving notice to that effect to the

ACT OF INCORPORATION.

President, Treasurer, Secretary, or other Officers,
and paying the amount due from him to the Society.

Section 4. Be it further enacted, That the first
meeting of the Members of said Corporation may be
called by any two or more of the persons named in
the first section, by giving one week's notice or more,
by advertisement in any newspaper printed in Bos-
ton.

Section 5. Be it further enacted, That this Act
may be altered or repealed at the discretion of the

Legislature.

Passed to be enacted.

In House of Representatives, June 12, 1829.
WM. B. CALHOUN, Speaker.

Passed to be enacted.

In Senate, June 12, 1829.
SAMUEL LATHROP, President.

Approved.

June 12th, 1829.

LEVI LINCOLN.

A true Copy of the Original Act.

Attest, EDWARD D. BANGS, Sec'y of the Comm'lth.

®a®wif5rw ^wm'wm.m ©iiEss^ii'iiiii^,

ACT INCORPORATING THE PROPRIETORS OF MOUNT AUBURN CEME-
TERY.

Section 10. Be it further enacted as follows :
First, that the present proprietors of lots in the said
cemetery, who shall become members of the corpora-
tion, created by this act, shall thenceforth cease to
be members of the said Horticultural Society, so far
as their membership therein depends on their being
proprietors of lots in the said Cemetery. Secondly,
that the sales of the Cemetery lots shall continue to
be made as fast as it is practicable by the corporation,
created by this act, at a price not less than the sum
of sixty dollars for every lot containing three hundred
square feet, and so in proportion for any greater or
less quantity, unless the said Horticultural Society,
and the corporation created by this act, shall mutual-
ly agree to sell the same at a less price. Thirdly,
that the proceeds of the first sales of such lots, after
deducting the annual expenses of the Cemetery es-
tablishment, shall be applied to the extinguishment
of the present debts due by the said Horticultural
Society on account of the said Garden and Cemetery,
and after the extinguishment of the said debts, the

JMUUNT AUBURN CEMETKRV.

balance of the said proceeds, and the proceeds of
all future sales, shall annually, on the first Monday
in every year, be divided between the said Horti-
cultural Society and the corporation created by this
act, in manner following, namely : fourteen hundred
dollars shall be first deducted from the gross pro-
ceeds of the sales of lots, during the preceding year,
for the purpose of defraying the superintendent's
salary and other incidental expenses of the Cemetery
establishment, and the residue of the said gross pro-
ceeds shall be divided between the said Horticultu-
ral Society, and ihe corporation created by this act,
as follows, namely : one fourth part thereof, shall be
received by and paid over to the said Horticultural
Society, on the first Monday of January of every
year, and the remaining three fourth parts shall be
retained and held by the corporation created by this
act, to their own use forever. And if the sales of
any year shall be less than fourteen hundred dollars,
then the deficiency shall be a charge on the sales of
the succeeding year or years. Fourthly, the money
so received by the said Horticultural Society, shall
be forever devoted and applied by the said society,
to the purposes of an experimental garden, and to
promote the art and science of horticulture, and for
no other purpose. And the money so retained by
the corporation created by this act, shall be forever
devoted and applied to the preservation, improve-
ment, embellishment and enlargement of the said
Cemetery, and garden, and the incidental expenses

.1

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERV.

thereof, and for no other purpose whatsoever. Fifth-
ly, a committee of the said Horticultural Society, duly
appointed for this purpose, shall, on the first Monday
of January, of every year, have a right to inspect and
examine the books and accounts of the treasurer, or
other officer acting as treasurer of the corporation
created by this act, as far as may be necessary to
ascertain the sales of lots of the preceding year.

©®Mr^S'211?W'S'2©SS*

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION I.

THE OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

The officers of this Society shall consist of a Pres-
ident, four Vice Presidents, a Treasurer, a Corres-
ponding Secretary, a Recording Secretar}^ and a
Council of not more than tvventyfour, who, together
with such officers as are provided for by the By-Laws,
shall be elected annually, by the ballots of a majority
of the members present at the annual meeting of the
Society, and shall hold their offices for one year, and
until others are installed in their stead, and in case
of any vacancy the same to be filled at any stated
meeting. Provided, however, that the present a-
mendments to this Constitution shall in nowise affect
the election of officers on the third Saturday of Sep-
tember, A. D. 1835, any farther than that their re-
spective terms of service, shall cease and determine
on the first Saturday of October instead of the first
Saturday of December, 1836, if others shall have
been elected in their stead.
2

10 CONSTITUTION.

SECTION II.

THE PRESIDENT

The duty of the President shall be to preside at
all the meetings of the Society ; to keep order ; to
state the business lying before the Society ; to state
and put questions, which shall have been moved and
seconded, and, in case of an equal division on any
question, to give the casting vote; tocall for accounts
and reports from all committees ; to call all extra
meetings of the Society, when requested so to do
by any five of its members, and generally to execute
or superintend the execution of such By-Laws and
regulations, as the Society shall from time to time
enact or adopt, not otherwise provided for.

SECTI{3N IIT.

THE VICE PRESIDENTS,

In case of the absence of the President from any
of the meetings of the Society, it shall be the duty
of the senior Vice President then present, to take
the chair, who shall for the time, have and exercise
all the authority, privileges and power of the Presi-
dent ; and in case neither the President, or either
of the Vice Presidents shall be present at any meet-
ing of the Society, the Society shall then choose viva
voce, a President |?ro tempore, who shall, for the time,
be invested with all the power and authority of the
President.

CONSTITUTION. J J

SECTION IV.

THE TREASURER.

The Treasurer shall receive for the use of the
Society all sums of money due or payable thereto,
and shall keep and disburse the same, as shall be
prescribed from time to time, by the regulations and
By-Laws of the Society.

SECTION V.

THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

The Corresponding Secretary shall prepare all
letters to be written in the name of the Society,
and conduct its correspondence. He shall receive
and read all letters and papers addressed to the So-
ciety, and shall dispose of them in such manner as
shall be prescribed by the By-Laws, or directed by
the Society. He shall inform members, when ad-
mitted, of their election and furnish them with a di-
ploma. In the absence of the Corresponding Sec-
retary, the Recording Secretary shall perform his
duties under the direction of the President.

SECTION VI.

THE RECORDING SECRETARY.

The Recording Secretary shall keep the minutej
of the proceedings of the Society, and shall regulai

12 CONSTITUTION.

\y record the same in a book to be provided and kept
for that purpose, and prepare and give notice of all
meetings of the Society. In the absence of the Re-
cording Secretary, the Corresponding Secretary shall
perform his duties. And in the absence of both sec-
retaries the President shall appoint either a Corres-
ponding, or Recording Secretary, or both, jjro tem-
pore.

SECTION VII.

THE ELECTION OF MEMBERS.

All elections of members of this Society shall be
by ballot. Candidates for admission may be propo-
sed and balloted for at any meeting of the Society
regularly notified.

SECTION VIII.

ANNUAL ASSESSMENT.

Whensoever any member shall, after notice, ne-
glect for the space of three years to pay his annual as-
sessment, his connexion with the Society shall cease;
and any member may at any time withdraw from the
Society, on notice given to any officer of the Society,
and paying to him the amount for which he is
liable, but he shall be responsible for the annual as-
sessments up to the period of such notice.

SECTION IX.

THE ANNIVERSARY.

The Anniversary of the Society shall be observed
m the fust Saturday of October in each year.

CONSTITUTION. 13

SECTION X.

THE STATED MEETINGS

The stated meetings of the Society shall be held
on the first Saturday of March, of June, of Septem-
ber, and of December, at such time and place as
shall be directed by the Society. And such number
of members as shall from time to time be prescribed
by the By-Laws, shall form a quorum for the trans-
action of business.

SECTION XI.

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, HOW MADE.

This Constitution may be amended in manner fol-
lowing. Any amendment, or amendments, thereto
may be proposed at any stated meeting of the So-
ciety. They shall be entered on the minutes, and
the President shall read, or direct them to be read
by the Secretary, and stated for discussion at the
next stated meeting of the Society, and if a ma-
jority of the members present, shall vote in favor of
adopting them, they shall be recorded as part of the
Constitution.

'//.•

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ARTICLE 1.

NO TICS OF ELCTIONS

At least ten days notice shall be given by the Re-
cording Secretary, of every annual election, by pub-
lishing the same in not more than three newspapers
printed in this city. The notice shall specify partic-
ularly the time and place, when and where the said
election is to be held, and the different officers to be
voted for. And unless thirteen members at least
shall attend on the first Saturday in October, and
give in their votes, the President or presiding officer
shall adjourn the said election to some convenient
day, prior to the next stated meeting of the society,
of which adjourned election the like notice shall be
given, as of the regular annual election, and the elec-
tion shall then proceed, whatever may be the number
of members present.

ARTICLE II.

THE CHOICE OF STANDING COMMITTEES.

There shall be chosen by ballot at the annual meet-
ing the following standing committees, viz : — an Ex-

^

16 BY-LAWS.

ecutive Committee, of five members ; a Committee
on Trees and Fruits, of eleven members ; a Com-
mittee on Products of Kitchen Gardens, of seven
members ; a Committee on Flowers and Shrubs, of
seven members ; a Committee on the Library, of
five members and one Librarian ; a Committee on
Finance, of three members ; a Committee on Sy-
nonyms, of four members, and such other Commit-
tees as may from time to time be deemed expedient,

ARTICLE III.

DUTIES OF TREASURER.

The Treasurer shall keep regular accounts of all
sums of money received and disbursed by him on
account of the Society. All payments shall be
made by order of the Society, or of the Committes
of Finance. The accounts of the Treasurer shall
be audited annually by a Committee of the Society,
who shall report at the Anniversary Meeting the bal-
ance in the Treasurer's hands, and the general state
of the funds of the Society.

ARTICLE IV.

THE COUNCIL.

The Council shall consist of not more than twenly-
four, besides the officers of the Society, who shall
be members ex officio — whose duty it shall be to
supervise the general interest of the Society, and

BV-LAWS. 17

suggest such measures for its adoption as may be
calculated to promote its welfare, and which may be
acted upon at any meeting of the Society legally
notified.

ARTICLE V.

THE OBJECT AND DISTRIBUTION OF PREMIUMS.

Premiums or gratuities may be awarded to such
persons as shall have essentially advanced the objects
of the Society, or for the exhibition to the Society
of any fruits, vegetables or plants of their growth or
cultivation, and either new in their kind, or of un-
common excellence as to quality, or for any new and
successful method of cultivating any kind of escu-
lent vegetables, fruits, ornamental flowers, shrubs or
trees, or any other subjects connected with horticul-
ture— Provided, that seeds, cuttings, scions or plants,
as the case may be — or the fruits, vegetables or
plants shall have been given to the Society for dis-
tribution and have been exhibited at some of the
meetings of the Society ; and provided also, the Ex-
ecutive Committee do report that it is expedient to
award such premium or gratuity.

ARTICLE VL

EACH MEMBER TO HAVE COPY OF CONSTITUTION, ETC.

Every member, at the time of his admission, shall
be presented by the Recording Secretary with a
printed copy of the Charter, Constitution and By-
Laws of the Society.

1° BY-j.AUS.

ARTICLE VII.

FEE or A n .-M 1 s .s I o N ,

Each member, before he receives his certificate or
takes his seat, shall pay the sum ol five dollars.

ARTICLE VIII.

THE ANNUAL CONTRIBUTION.

The Annnal Contribution shall be payable at the
time of his election ; but any member of the Soci-
ety may at any time compound for his future con-
tributions by the payment of fifteen dollars.

ARTICLE IX.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF NOT PAYING CONTRIBUTIONS.

No member of the Society shall be entitled to re-
ceive any publication of the Society, or to vote at
any election or meeting of the Society, or be eligible
to any office therein, who has for more than three
years omitted to pay his annual contribution. And
if his contribution shall at any time be in arrears for
more than that time he may be ejected from the So-
ciety, by the votes of two thirds of the members
present, at any stated meeting.

ARTICLE X.

THE ADMISSION OF EVERY MEMBER TO BE RECORDED.

The election and admission of every member, with
the time thereof, shall be recorded, and the Record-
ing Secretary shall issue notice to each person elect-

dL

19

ed of his election, and shall also notil'j the Treasurer
of the fact.

ARTICLE XI.

Q U O H U M .

Six members, exclusive of the President or presi-
ding officer, shall be a quorum for transaction of
business.

ARTICLE XIL

DIPLOMAS TO BE FURNISHED.

There shall be transmitted to each honorary mem-
ber, and to each corresponding member, as soon as
may be after his election, a diploma or certificate of
his election, under the seal of the Society, signed by
the President, and countersigned by the Secretary.

ARTICLE XIH.

PRACTICAL GARDENERS JIAY BE AD 51 IT TED AS MEBIBEES.

Any person exercising the trade or profession of a
gardener, who shall have received any reward from
the Society, or who shall have communicated a pa-
per, which shall have been read at a general meeting
of the Society, and which shall be deemed worthy of
publication, or who may be recommended by the Ex-
ecutive Committee, may be admitted a member of
the Society, and shall be entitled to all the privileges
and benefits of a member upon the payment of two
dollars for his admission fee, and one dollar in each
year for his contribution, instead of the fee and
annual contribution, as before provided for.

M

20

ARTICLE XIV.

LECTUBERS.

Lecturers on Botany and Vegetable Physiology,
on f'ntomology, so far as it relates to Horticulture,
and on Horticultural Chemistry, shall be elected at
the annual meeting of the Society.

ARTICLE XV.

OF VOTING.

Voting by proxy shall not be admitted at the meet-
ings of the Society.

ARTICLE XVL

DUTIES OF STANDING COMMITTEES.

The Committee on Fruit Trees and Fruits shall
have charge of whatever relates to the multiplica-
tion of fruit trees and vines, by seed, scions, buds,
layers, suckers, or other modes ; the introduction of
new varieties ; the various methods of pruning and
training them, and whatever relates to their culture,
and that of all other fruits ; the recommendation of
objects for premiums to the Executive Committee.

The Committee on the Culture and Products of
the Kitchen Garden, shall have charge of whatever
relates to the location and management of Kitchen
Gardens ; the cultivation of all plants appertaining
therc^to ; the introduction of new varieties of escu-
lent, medicinal, and all such vegetables as are useful

21

in the arts, or subservient to the other branches of
national industry ; the structure and management of
hot-beds, and the recommendation to the Executive
Committee of objects for premiums.

The Committee on Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
Flowers, and Green-Houses, shall have charge of
whatever relates to the culture, multiplication, and
preservation of ornamental trees and shrubs, and
flowers of all kinds ; the construction and manage-
ment of green-houses, and the recommendation
to the Executive Committee of objects for premi-
ums.

The Committee on the Library shall have charge
of all books, drawings, and engravings, and to recom-
mend from time to time such as it may be deemed
expedient to procure ; to superintend the publication
of such communications and papers as may be di-
rected by the Society ; to recommend, as before pro-
vided, premiums for drawings of fruits and flowers,
and plans of country houses, and other edifices and
structures connected with horticulture ; and for com-
munications on any subject in relation thereto; may
annually appoint a Librarian ; and shall also adopt
and enforce the following regulations for the Library
and Cabinet, viz : —

ARTICLE I.

All books, man iiscri[)ts, drawings, engravings, paintings, tnodels and
other articles belonging to the Society shall be confided to the special
care of the Committee on the Library, which shall make a report at
the annual meeting on the first Satnrday of October, of their condi-
tion, and what measures may be necessary for their preservation and
auffinentation.

i

22

ARTICLE II.

Tliore sliall be [jrocureil proper cases and cabinets for the books
and all other article?, in which they shall be arranged, in such a man-
ner, as the Committee on the Library may direct.

ARTICLE HI.

All additions to the collection of books and other articles shall be
placed upon the table, in the Hall of the Society, fur exhibition for
one week, and as much longer as the Library Committee may deem
expedient, previous to their being arranged in their appropriate situ-
ations,

ARTICLE IV.

The following books of record shall be kept in the Hall of the
Society.

Number 1. To contain a Catalogue of the Books.

" 2. To contain a Catalogue of the Manuscripts.

" 3. To contain an account of the drawings, engravings,

paintings, models, and all other articles.
" 4. The register of books loaned.

ARTICLE v.
When any book, or any other article shall be presented to the So-
ciety, the name of the donor shall be inserted in the appropriate re-
cord book, and the time it was received.

ARTICLE VI.

Every book and article shall have a number affixed to it, in the or-
der in which they are arranged in the several books of record.

ARTICLE VII.

When any new book is received, it sliall be withheld from circula-
tion at least one week ; and very rare and costly works shall not
be taken from the Hall without the permission of the Library Com-
mittee.

ARTICLE VIII.

Not m )re than two volumes shall be taken out by any member, at
one time, or retained longer than two v, ceks ; niid every person shall

BY L.-^WS. 23

be subject to a fine of ten cents a week for every volume retained
beyond tliat time.

ARTICLE IX.

Every book shall be returned in good order, regard being had to
the necessary wear thereof, with proper usage ; and if any book shall
be lost or injured, the person to whom it stands charged shall replace
it by a new volume or set, if it belonged to a set, or pay the current price
of the volume or set, and thereupon the remainder of the set, if the
volume belong to a set, shall be delivered to the person so paying for
the same.

ARTICLE X.

All books shall be returned to the Hall for examination on or before
the first Saturday of September, annually, and remain until after the
third Saturday of said month ; and every person then having one or
more books, and neglecting to return the same, as herein required,
shall pay a fine of one dollar ; and if, at the expiration of one month
after the third Saturday of September, any book has not been return-
ed, which was taken out previous to the annual examination of the
Library, the person to whom it stands charged, shall be required to
return the same, and if, after such request, it is not placed in the Hall
within two weeks, he shall be liable to pay therefor, in the manner
prescribed in the ninth article.

ARTICLE XI.

No member shall loan a book to any other person, under the penal-
ty of a fine of one dollar.

ARTICLE XII.

When a written request shall be left at the Hall for a particular
book, then out, it shall be retained for the person requiring it, for two
days after it shall have been returned.

The Committee on the Synonjmesof Fruits shall
facilitate an interchange of fruits with the Philadel-
phia, New York, and Albany Horticultural Socie-
ties, and others, for the purpose of establishing their
sjnonymes.

24 BY-LA U'S.

ARTICLE XVII.

ME SI BEES RESIDING AT A DISTANCE.

Members of the Society, residing more than
twenty miles from the city of Boston, shall be ex-
empt from the annual assessment, provided they
have paid the fee of admission and one general as-
sessment.

AN

ADDRESS

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ON THE ^"^

CELEBRATION OF THEIR FIRST ANNIVERSARY,

SEPTEMBER 19, 1829.

BY H. A. S. DEARBORN.

Man hath his daily work of body, or mind

Appointed, which declares his dignity.

And the regard of heaven on all iSs ways. Milton.

SECOND EDITION.

BOSTON:

PRINTED BY J. T. BUCKINGHAM.

M DCCC XXXIII.

A

ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, —

The history of Horticulture is co-extensive with
that of the human race. The first movement to-
wards civilization is evinced, in the cultivation of the
soil ; and a garden is the incipient type of extended
agriculture, and of flourishing empires ; the wild and
erratic pursuits of the savage are exchanged for the
local and quiet avocations of the husbandman ; the
arts and sciences are gradually developed, and ren-
dered subservient to the wants of society : but in the
progress of intelligence and refinement, those which
were earliest called into existence, although expanded
and rendered universal, to meet the demands of an in-
creased, and condensed population, are the last which
are perfectly matured. All the others must, previ-
ously, have approximated towards perfection. It is
then, that the grand results of their united applica-
tion are manifested, in the variety, number, utility,
and beauty of the products of rural industry ; and that
the conveniences, comforts, and enjoyments of life
are fully realized, by the triumphant labors of the
accomplished horticulturalist.

The imperious demands of man are food, raiment,
and shelter. These are furnished by the harvests,

4

herds, and flocks of agriculture, and the toils of the
mechanic. As riches are multiplied, and ambition
excited, they are rendered conspicuous in the splen-
dor of apparel, the magnificence of mansions, and the
sumptuousness of furniture. The embellishments of
letters, and the discoveries of science gradually claim
attention, and operating, alternately, as cause and
effect, accelerate the progress of nations, in the ca-
reer of prosperity, power, and glory ; — legislation,
jurisprudence, and statistics, become subjects of pro-
found study, and the deepest interest ; — the honorable
profession of arms, in the field and on the ocean, ob-
tains precedence among the active, and aspiring, over
the less alluring and unostentatious vocations of civil
life ; while music, poetry, eloquence, painting, sculp-
ture and architecture have their votaries, and com-
petitors, for the prize of distinction and immortality ;
but it is not until after all these various objects of
immediate interest, or of contingent and associated
importance, have been zealously pursued and success-
fully attained, that horticulture unfolds her endearing
attributes and exalted beauties. She forms the wreath
which crowns the monument of an empire's greatness,
and takes rank among the number, and becomes the
most distinguished of the fine arts.

The mighty kingdoms of antiquity were conspicu-
ous for their martial achievements, wealth, and ex-
tended domination, — for the intellectual attainments
of their inhabitants, and most of the embellishments
which gave them lustre, and renown, in the imposing
•march towards national grandeur, before the genius of
horticulture was successfully invoked. Egypt, the

cradle of civilization, so far perfected her tillage, that
the fertile banks of the Nile were adorned by a suc-
cession of luxuriant plantations, from the cataract of
Syenna to the marine shores of the Delta ; — but it
was after Thebes, with its hundred brazen gates, had
been erected, and wliile the regal cities of Memphis,
Heljopolis and Tentjra, were rising in magnificence,
and the stupendous temples, pyramids and obelisks
of her mythology became the wonders of the n orld.

The olive-crowned hills, extended vales, and teem-
ing plains of Palestine, have ever been celebrated for
the beautiful gardens which varied and enriched the
landscape, — indicating the effect of that long ances-
tral residence of the Israelites within, and their Juxta-
position to the realm of the Pharaohs ; but it was not
until the embattled walls and holy temple of Jeru-
salem announced the resources and advancement,
and the prophets had rebuked the extravagance and
luxurious pleasujces of that eternal race. The queen
of the East " had heard of the fame of Solomon,"
and went to do him homage, — his commercial fleets
of Ezion-Geber and Tharshish, brought him the gold
of Ophir, the silver, ivory, spices, and precious stones
of Africa and Asia, — the kings of Tyre and Arabia
were his tributaries, and princes his merchants, ere
he " made orchards," " delighted to dwell in gar-
dens," or planted the " vineyard of Banlhamon."

The Assyrians had peopled the borders of the
Tigris and Euphrates, from the Persian Gulf to the
mountainous regions of Ararat, and their victorious
princes had founded Nineveh and Babylon, before we
hear of the expensive gardens of Semiramis.

6

The Persian empire had extended from the Indus
to the Archipelago, when the Paradise of Sardis ex-
cited the astonishment of the Spartan General, and
Cyrus mustered the Grecian auxiliaries in the garden
of Celfense.

The Greeks had repulsed the formidable invasions
of Darius and Xerxes, and Athens had reached the
culminating point of her exaltation, when the accom-
plished and gallant Cimon established the Academus,
and presented it to his fellow-citizens, as a public
garden. Numerous others were soon planted and
decorated Avith temples, porticos, altars, statues, and
triumphal monuments ; — but this was during the
polished age of Pericles ; — when Socrates and Plato
taught their sublime philosophy, in the sacred groves ;
— when the theatres were thronged to listen to the
enrapturing poetry of Euripides and Aristophanes ; —
when the genius of Phidias was displayed in the con-
struction of the incomparable Parthenon, and sculp-
turing the statues of the gods ; — when eloquence
and painting had reached perfection, and history was
taught by Herodotus, Thucydides. and Xenophon.

Imperial Rome had subjugated the w^orld, and
emulated Greece in literatui'e, science, and the arts,
when the superb villas of Sallust, Crassus, Pompey,
Caesar, Mecasnas, and Agrippina were established,
and the palaces of the Emperors were environed by
magnificent gardens.

The history of modern nations presents similar re-
sults. Horticulture had lingered in the rear of other
pursuits, until the commencement of the eighteenth
century, when it began to claim the attention of some

of the most illustrious characters of England ; but the
origin, establishment, and extension of the present
improved style of gardening are of recent date. " Ba-
con was the prophet, Milton the herald, and Addison,
Pope, and Kent the champions of true taste." The
principles, which were developed in their writings,
and those of Shenstone, the Masons, and Wheatly,
and their successful application in the examples pro-
duced by the taste and genius of Bridgeman, Wright,
Brown, and Eames, soon rendered the system popu-
lar, and, gradually extending over Europe, it ulti-
mately reached this country. Still, gardening, in the
broadest signification of the term, did not receive that
distinguished and universal consideration, which it
merits, until the establishment of the London Horti-
cultural Society, which constitutes an era in the an-
nals of Great-Britain, of momentous import. It has
given an impetus to cultivation, which is felt in the
remotest regions of the globe. The noble example
has been followed in the most flourishing kingdoms of
the Eastern continent, and many similar institutions
have been founded in the United States. An interest
has thus been excited, and a spirit of inquiry awak-
ened, which cannot fail of producing highly important
results. The auspices are favorable, and the period
is not distant when these associations will become
the foci for concentrating, and from whence will be
disseminated the horticultural intelligence and prod-
ucts of every clime.

Notwithstanding gardening preceded, it was ulti-
mately surpassed, by agriculture, for a long succession
6f ages ; still, when prosecuted with the lights of ex-

Jiik^

8

pcrience, the instructions of matured theory, and the
advantages of various and multiplied examples, horti-
culture becomes the successful rival of her younger,
yet more favored sister, and finally usurps her entire
domain ; for, " that field is best cultivated, which as-
sumes the appearance of a wide-extended garden."
It was this learned and skillful tillage, which, in an-
cient times, maintained the dense population, that
crowded the classic shores of the Mediterranean, the
fertile islands of Crete, Cyprus, and Rhodes, the em-
eralds which spangle the ^Egean sea, and realized in
Sicily the Hesperides of fabulous poetry ; — and which,
in our age, is so conspicuous in China, Holland, por-
tions of France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, and
has rendered the rural economy of England the model
of all countries.

When nations first emerge from a state of barbar-
ism, the demands for food and clothing offer the most
powerful inducements for agricultural industry, and
the coarsest products satisfy the general consump-
tion ; but as manufactures and commerce begin to
divide the labors of an increasing and more intelli-
gent population, and the accumulated wealth of suc-
cessful enterprise creates a more refined taste, and
furnishes the means of gratification, the industrious
cultivator of the soil is encouraged to increase the
variety, quantity, delicacy and value of his legumes,
esculent vegetables, fruits and flowers, until his rude
fields are converted into gardens. It is then that
horticulture assumes a station, which commands, not
only individual interest, but governmental considera-
tion, as one of the most important branches of

national industry, and is deemed "vvoithj of the pat-
ronage of the state. Such is its present elevated
character ; and while the sovereigns, princes, and
nobles of Europe are proud to enroll their names
among the members of those institutions, which have
been founded for the rational and patriotic purposes
of mutual instruction, and the diffusion of informa-
tion on all the branches of rural economy, we must
profit by the experience of other nations, and emulate
the honorable examples they have presented, for per-
fecting the tillage of our native land.

The co-operation of individuals, by the means of
variously organized societies, for the accomplishment
of objects of public utility, and general, local or pri-
vate interest, is a discovery of the moderns, and has
been one of the most efficient means of accelerating
the progress, and enlarging the bounds of knowledge.
They have explored the vast Herculaneum of antiq-
uity for those treasures of intellect, which once gave
lustre to empires, and traced the history of the inven-
tions, discoveries and improvements of all ages ; they
have collected the facts of isolated research, and the
valuable results of private experiment ; they have
brought to light the labors of unobtrusive genius, ren-
dered local information available to all, and concen-
trated the scattered intelligence of nations, in every
department of science and art. With the facilities
afforded by the wonderful art of printing, they are
substitutes for, or have superseded that long-cherish-
ed desideratum, a universal languao;e ; for whatever
is valuable, merits attention, or is worthy of adop-
tion, in the writings of the ancients, or the publica-
2

10

tions of existing nations, is speedily acclimated and
rendered as familiar, as if it were of indigenous
growth. There is still another glorious advantage
in these institutions, most honorable to the human
race ; — in war, as well as in peace, their names be-
come the paroles of intercourse between the republics
of letters, of science, and of arts, round the globe.

Having witnessed the happy effects of associations,
for the promotion of literature, natural history,
physics, agriculture, the mechanic, economical and
fine arts, we may confidently anticipate, that the
same salutary influence will be experienced, in the
operations of horticulture, by the harmonious labors
of those numerous societies, which have been found-
ed for its encouragement.

The literature, history, science, art and practice of
gardening, open a wide field for study and inquiry,
and present exhaustless sources of pleasure, instruc-
tion and wealth. Blessed is the man who partici-
pates in these enjoyments. They are not too hum-
ble for the most exalted, or beyond the reach of hon-
est and retiring industry. It is a banquet of reason,
at which wisdom and health preside, and where the
amphictyons of genius and taste revel, in the unsa-
tiating luxuries of nature and intellect.

The holy scriptures teach us, that the Almighty
sanctioned the peerless beauties and refined pleasures
of a garden, by planting that of Eden, and consecrat-
ing it as a terrestrial paradise, for the progenitors of
the human race. The Elysian Fields were the
heaven of heathen mythology, and to each part of
their prototypes, on earth, was assigned a tutelary

11

divinity. The promised rewards of the Mahomedan
religion are the perennial felicities of celestial gar-
dens.

The bards, scholars, and philosophers of the classic
ages, have transmitted descriptions of the picturesque
plantations of the ancients, from those in which Ho-
mer places the regal palace of Alcinous and the rustic
dwelling of Laertes, to the magnificent villas of Pliny
and Lucullus.

By numerous works of imagination and instruc-
tion,— which have rendered their authors illustrious,
and established epochs in the grand cycle of events,
since the revival of letters, — we are enabled to ascer-
tain the actual state of cultivation, to perceive the
relative estimation in which it has been held, and to
appreciate the beneficial consequences of progressive
ameliorations, from the first humble efforts of the
anchorites of St. Basil and St. Benedict, to the
splendid developments of individual enterprise and
public patronage, which characterize the period in
which we live.

The scientific relations of Horticulture are numer-
ous, and require an extensive acquaintance with the
various branches of Natural History and Physics.
Botany, Mineralogy, Hydraulics, Chemistry, Archi-
tecture, and Mechanics are called upon to furnish
their several contributions ; and it is the special
province of the artist, to render them subservient to
his practical operations, by a judicious application of
each to its appropriate purpose.

In this pursuit, as in all others, practice has bee
too long estranged from scientific theory. Each has

.M

12

had its prol'essois and disciples, but without any
reciprocation of benefits, or scarcely the recognition
of affinity. Science was cultivated as an abstract
mental embellishment, rather than to facilitate the
labors of the artist, while the arts have been prac-
tised, unaided by the instructions of science. The
latter was deemed too ctherial and sacred, to pass
even beyond the seclusions of philosophy, save in a
language which was unintelligible to the multitude ;
and the uninitiated operator accomplished his work,
ignorant that he was successfully performing an
experiment, which depended on established theoret-
ical principles, as the scientific was incapable of
illustrating the correctness of his theory, by actual
experiment. There was an ostentatious display of
intelligence without practical utility, while the useful,
unaided by intelligence, was but imperfectly prac-
tised. But more comprehensive and liberal views
are now entertained, and it is the enlightened policy
of modern instruction, to effect a re-union of science
and art, of theory and practice. We behold philoso-
phy directing the labors of the work-shop, and prac-
tical mechanics giving instruction in the halls of
science. The happy consequences of this moral
revolution — its exhilarating influence on all the eco-
nomical, as well as the ornamental arts, are apparent,
in the unparalleled prosperity of those nations, which
have taken the lead in the development of the mind,
the encouragement of industry, and the prudential
management of their natural resources.

Chemistry has taught the manufacturer the mode
of ascertaining the causes, which so often disappoint-

!M

13

ed his hopes of successful results, — has enabled him
to rectify mistakes, without the loss of materials, —
to discover new resources, perfect his manipulations,
improve the quality of his products, and open other
avenues to wealth.

The mechanic is guided by a knowledge of phys-
ics ; — the illustrations of science have enabled the
machinist to triumph over the inertia of matter, and
to give it such an infinitely varied combination of
movements, that they appear the effects of viialii}'
and intelligence. Who can behold the mysterious
movements of the steam-engine, without being forci-
bly impressed with the idea, that it acts like a thing
of life, — that it is some huge monster, — a subdued
Polyphemus, who, breathing vapor, and smoke, and
fire, labors, in agony and wrath, obedient to the will
of man. Located in the gorges of the mountains, it
drains subterranean rivers, from the profound caverns
of the miner ; and, affixed to the fleets of commerce
and of war, they are driven triumphantly through
adverse tides and storms, like roused leviathans.

The unnatural alienation of the sciences and arts,
which so long retarded every other branch of national
industry, had the same deleterious effect on tillage,
which was also doomed to encounter other difficul-
ties, equally if not more discouraging. It was too
generally considered as a degrading occupation, and
was scarcely ranked among the pursuits of the learn-
ed and affluent, until Lord Bacon and the erudite
Evelyn deemed it worthy of attention, and gave it
the sanction of their illustrious names.

The first English treatise on rural economy was

M.

14

Fitzherbert's " Book of Husbandry," which was pub-
lished in 1634. Tusser's " Five Hundred Points of
Husbandry," appeared about thirty years after, and
was followed by Barnaby Googe's " Whole Art of
Husbandry," and " The Jewel Houses" of Sir Hugh
Piatt. Early in the eighteenth century, the cele-
brated treatise of Jethro Tull excited much attention,
and several new works of considerable consequence
were announced before 1764, when the valuable
publications of Arthur Young, Marshel, and of nu-
merous other authors, spread a knowledge of cultiva-
tion, and cherished a taste for rural improvements
throughout Great-Britain, which has rendered that
kingdom as distinguished for its tillage, as for its
advancement in manufactures and commercial enter-
prise. Agriculture has covered her barren heaths
with luxuriant crops, converted her pools and mo-
rasses into verdant meadows, and clothed her bleak
mountains with groves of forest trees, — while horti-
culture is rapidly extending her beneficent and glad-
some influence, from the palace to the cottage, and
adorning the precincts, or overspreading the entire
regions of her adventurous precursor.

After the immortal Linnaeus published his " Sys-
tem of Nature," Botany became a popular science,
and its numerous votaries produced a variety of inter-
esting elementary works, which, with those of Mil-
ler, Wheatly, Abercrombie, Hepton, Price, Maddock,
Panty, Sang, Loudon, and Knight, — the British
Columella, — rapidly diffused intelligence among all
classes of society. A passion for experiment and
ornamental planting was thus induced, which give

15

sufificient promise, that what had been figuratively
expressed, might be, ultimately, realized, and the
whole island become, in truth, a " Garden."

Architecture claims a conspicuous rank among the
arts which are subservient to rural economy ; but in
the United States it cannot be expected, that indi-
viduals should indulge that natural propensity of
man, for magnificent edifices ; still their establish-
ments may assume the beauties of a refined taste,
and be made to harmonize more perfectly with the
purposes of their appropriation, and the scenery in
which they are embowered, without enhancing the
cost of construction. The error has not been merely
that of negligence in the plan, indifference as to loca-
tion, and a disregard of all the characteristics of the
various orders of architecture ; but in the heedless
selection of materials, an ostentatious extravagance
in the size, and a wasteful exuberance of fancied
embellishments.

There being no law of primogeniture in the Amer-
ican Republics, estates are continually subdivided,
until each portion is so reduced, as not to exceed the
means of general occupancy : whatever sums, there-
fore, are lavished on a country residence, beyond the
conveniences and comforts usually required by the
great mass of the freeholders, are lost to the heirs,
and often prove ruinous to the aspiring projector.

We admire what has been done in other countries,
and, possessing means ample as the actual proprietor
of the stately edifice, rashly imitate the pleasing ex-
ample, without reflecting, that what we behold, has
been the work of successive heirs, during the lapse of

16

ages, and will descend with increasing grandeur to
countless generations.

If stone be substituted for wood, utility and neat-
ness for extent and fantastic ornaments, and less be
expended on the structures and more in improving
the grounds, each farm would be rendered intrinsic-
ally more valuable, and the whole country would as-
sume that flourishing, picturesque, and delightful
aspect, which so emphatically bespeaks the prosper-
ity, intelligence, and happiness of a people.

The natural divisions of Horticulture are the Kitch-
en Garden, Seminary, Nursery, Fruit Trees and
Vines, Flowers and Green Houses, the Botanical and
Medical Garden, and Landscape, or Picturesque Gar-
dening.

Each of these departments require to be separately
considered and thoroughly understood, in all its rami-
fications, before it can be ably managed, or all so
happily arranged, as to combine utility and comfort
with ornament and recreation. To accomplish this,
on a large scale, and in the best manner, artists and
scientific professors are employed in Europe, and are
much required in this country. Hitherto their ser-
vices have been generally supplied by the owners of
the soil, who, as amateurs, have devised and executed
plans of improvement, which do honor to their taste
and skill, and encourage the hope, that these lauda-
ble examples of successful cultivation, will have a
salutary influence throughout the Union.

The Kitchen Garden is an indispensable appendage
to every rural establishment, from the stately mansion
of the wealthy, to the log hut of the adventurous

,.&MI^

17

pioneer, on the borders of the wilderness. In its
rudest and most simple form, it is the nucleus, and
miniature sample of all others, having small compart-
ments of the products of each, which are gradually
extended, until the whole estate combines those
infinitely various characteristics, and assumes that
imposing aspect, which constitutes what is graphically
called the picturesque.

The details of each grand division of Horticulture
cannot be embraced within the range of such general
remarks, as propriety seems to prescribe for an occa-
sion like the present. They are to be sought in the
works of the learned, and rendered familiar by pre-
cedent and progressive experiments. The field is
ample, and requires an untiring perseverance, to gather
in the rich harvest of instruction, and render it prac-
tically available. I'hat this may be achieved in the
most economical, speedy, effectual and satisfactory
manner, Horticultural Associations have been deemed
indispensable. They excite the public interest, foster
a taste for the useful and ornamental branches of
culture, and stimulate individual exertion ; by the
distribution of entertaining and instructive publica-
tions,— by a correspondence between the officers and
among the members of like institutions, — by the
establishment of libraries, — by premiums for rare,
valuable, beautiful, early, or superior products, —
important discoveries, estimable inventions, excellence
of tillage, and meritorious communications, — by peri-
odical meetings, for the interchange of opinions and
mutual instruction, — by public exhibitions, — and by
3

18

collecting and disseminating seeds, plants, models of
implements, and information on all subjects, connect-
ed with the theory and practice of gardening.

Numerous esculent vegetables, delicious fruits,
superb flowers, ornamental shrubs and trees, cereal,
vulnerary, and medicinal plants, and others subservient
to the arts, manufactures, and public economy, both
exotic and indigenous, are either unknown to us, or
but partially cultivated. Several varieties, which
have been obtained from the equatorial regions, and
confined to the shelter and warmth of green-houses,
stoves and conservatories, have been found to bear
the severities of a boreal winter, even when first
exposed, or have been gradually acclimated ; and
many are annually detected, in every quarter of the
globe, which deservedly merit naturalization ; and
still, what numbers are " born to blush unseen, and
waste their fragrance on the desert air !"

Most of our common fruits, flowers, and oleraceous
vegetables were collected by the Greeks and Romans
from Egypt, Asia, and other distant climes, and suc-
cessively extending over Western Europe, finally
reached this country. But so gradual was their
progress, " it was not till the reign of Henry VIII.
that any salads, carrots, turnips, cabbages, or other
edible roots were produced in England. The little
of these vegetables that was used, was imported from
Holland." Fuller observes, that " Gardening was
first brought into England, for profit, about the com-
mencement of the seventeenth century, before which
we fetched most of our cherries from Holland, apples
from France, and hardly had a mess of rath-ripe peas.

19

but from Holland, which were dainties for ladies, they
came so far, and cost so dear."

Peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, pears, cher-
ries, strawberries, melons, and grapes were luxuries,
but little enjoyed before the time of Charles II. who
introduced French gardening at Hampton Court,
Carlton, and Marlborough, and built the first hot and
ice houses.

At this period Evelyn, the great apostle of plant-
ing, translated " The Complete Gardener," and a
Treatise on Orange Trees by Quintinyne, a French
author of great merit ; and having devoted the remain-
der of his life to the cultivation of his rural seat, at
Sayes Court, near Deptford, and in the publication of
his Sylva, Kalendarium Hortense, Terra, Pomona
and Acetaria, he " first taught gardening to speak
proper English."

The Horticulture of France had hitherto been con-
siderably in advance of that of Great-Britain ; it was
soon, however, destined to be surpassed by her pow-
erful rival in the contest for national grandeur ; but
these kingdoms are again approximating towards an
equality, in the progress of tillage.

In the literature and science of Gardening, France
has produced numerous authors of celebrity, and sev-
eral whose works have not been superseded by those
of any other country. The publications of Du Hamel,
Thouin, Buffon, Gerardin, D'Argenville, Rosier, Du
Petit Thours, and the two Jussieus are agronomic
text-books of the highest repute.

The nursery of the fathers of the Chartreaux,*i
established by Louis XIV. near the Luxembourg, long

20

supplied a great part of Europe with fruit trees. The
Jardin des Plants, in Paris, " includes departments
which may be considered as schools for horticulture,
planting, agriculture, medical botany, and general
economy ;" and there can be no question, says Lou-
don, of its being the most scientific and best kept in
Europe.

The flower garden of Malmaison, the botanical
garden of Trianon, and numerous nursery, herb,
medicinal, experimental, and botanic gardens, in vari-
ous parts of the kingdom, are pre-eminent for the
variety, number, and excellence of their products, and
for the perfection of their cultivation.

Holland has been di&tinguished, since the period of
the Crusades, for her flower gardens, culinary vegeta-
bles, and plantations of fruit trees. The north of
Europe and this country, are still dependent upon her
florists, for the most splendid varieties of the bulbous
rooted plants, and her celebrated nurseries, which
long replenished those of England, have been recently
enriched by the acquisitions of Van Mons and Du-
quesne. Several of the new kinds of fruits produced
by those indefatigable experimentalists, already orna-
ment our gardens, and, with the excellent varieties
created by Knight, promise to replace those, which
have either become extinct, or are so deteriorated in
quality, as to discourage their farther cultivation.

This method of hybridous fructification is founded
on Linnaeus's Sexual System of Plants ; but the ven-
erable President of the London Horticultural Society
is entitled to the merit of having first practically
availed of a suggestion, which emanated from the

21

beautiful theory of the northern Plmy. On the Afri-
can coast of the Mediterranean, a custom, based on
the same principles, has prevailed, from the earlie&t
ages, in the cultivation of the Date — that " Tree of
Life" to the natives of those sultry regions. The
stamens and pistils of that species of Palm are pro-
duced on different trees, and those which afford the
former being relatively quite low, it is necessary to
cut off the blossoms and place them, by means of
ladders, over those of the female trees, which are
very lofty. If this is not done, the pollen does not
reach the stigmas, and there is no fruit. This prac-
tice, however, does not derogate from the honor due
to the scientific Knight, to whom we are unquestion-
ably indebted for that valuable discovery, by which
new varieties of every species of fruit and flower
may be infinitely multiplied.

Having been so long dependent upon our trans-
atlantic co-laborators, it now becomes a duty, to at-
tempt a reciprocation of the numerous benefits we
have received ; and, by emulating their zeal, intelli-
gence, and experimental industry, we must develop
the resources of our own country, which offers such
an extensive, interesting, and prolific field of research
to the adventurous naturalist. Many of the most use-
ful and magnificent acquisitions of the groves, fields,
gardens, and conservatories of Europe, are natives of
the Western hemisphere. The indigenous forest-
trees, ornamental shrubs, flowers, fruits, and edible
vegetables of North-America are remarkable for their
variety, size, splendor, and value. Extending from
the Polar regions to those of the tropics, and from the

22

shores of the Atlantic to the waves of the Pacific, this
mightj section of the continent, embraces every clime
and every variety of soil, teeming with innumerable
specimens of the vegetable kingdom, in all the luxu-
riance of their primeval and unexplored domains.

Catesby, Pursh, Michaux, Mulenburg, Bigelow,
Nuttall, Eliot, Torrey, Golden, Bartram, Barton,
Hosack, Mitchell, Darlington, Ives, Dewey, Hitch-
cock, and Short, have rendered themselves illustrious,
as disciples of Botany, by traversing our immense
forests, mountains, and prairies, and exploring the
borders of our mighty rivers and lakes in quest of
additions to the Flora of the United States.

Peters, Hosack, Lowell, Perkins, McMahon, Cox,
Dean, Thacher, Adlum, Powel, and Buel, have, by
precept and example, assiduously fostered a taste for
cultivation, and successfully promoted developments,
in all the various branches of rural economy. As
pioneers in the science and art of Agriculture or gar-
dening, their services have been invaluable ; and
while most of them still live to behold the rapid and
extensive progress of their cherished pursuits, the im-
portant results of their experiments, and the gladden-
ing influence of their beneficent labors, their names
will be ever held in grateful remembrance, as distin-
guished benefactors of their country.

Enlightened by their instructions, and roused by
their manly enthusiasm, let us zealously imitate their
commendable efforts, and endeavor to render our in-
stitution as beneficial, in its practical operations, as
it is cheering, in theoretical promise.

FIRST
ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first Anniversary of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety was held on Saturday the 19th Sept. at the Exchange
Coffee House, under the n)ost promising auspices, and in a
manner truly gratifying to its friends. The dining-hall was very
tastefully ornamented with festoons of flowers suspended from
the chandeliers ; and the tables were loaded with orange trees in
fruit and flower; (from Mr. Lowell's green-house;) a large
variety of Mexican Georginas of uncommon size and beauty ;
(from Air. Pratt and others;) a splendid collection of roses and
other choice flowers; (from Mr. Aspinwall of Brookline ;) a
fine specimen of the India rubber tree, (from Mr. Belknap of
this city,) interspersed with large boquets of beautiful flowers,
and numerous baskets of grapes, peaches, pears, melons, apples,
&.C. tfcc. The arrangement of the decorations was made by
Mrs. Z. Cook, Jr. and Misses Downer, Haven, Tuttle, and
Cook, of Dorchester, assisted by Mr. Haggerston of Charles-
town, and Messrs Senior and Adamson of Roxbury.

The address before the Society and others, was delivered in
the picture gallery of the Athenaeum, at three o'clock, by the
President, Gen. Dearborn. He gave an interesting and com-
prehensive view of the origin and progress of Horticulture ; its
various branches ; its effects in multiplying and enriching the
fruits of the earth ; and alluded to the promoters and benefactors
of the art ; to the formation and beneficial labors of Horticultural
Societies ; and to their prospects of increasing usefulness.

Among the fruits presented, were two baskets of uncommonly
fine grapes and pears from Wm. Dean of Salem ; a basket of
superior peaches and grajies from S. G. Perkins of Brookline ;
fine fruits, (including a single bunch of grapes weighing three
pounds,) from Mr. Lowell ; a basket of fine sweet water-grapes

24

and peaches from Mr. Fosdick of Charlestown ; several baskets
of white Muscadine grapes, intermixed with the Bartiett pear
and Malaga grape from Z. Cook, Jr. of Dorchester ; superior
black grapes from E. Breed of Charlestown ; fine grapes,
peaches, and nectarines from Mrs. T. H. Perkins of Brookline;
a basket of beautiful nectarines from E. Sharp of Dorchester; a
basket of peaches and nectarines from John Breed of Chelsea ;
a basket of choice apples and pears from J. Prince of Roxbury ;
two large baskets, comprising six varieties of superior melons
from T. Brewer of Roxbury ; Bartiett pears, with peaches and
nectarines from Enoch Bartlett of Roxbury ; a basket of
beautiful Semiana plums fioin John Derby of Salem ; a basket
of Black Hamburg and Black Cape grapes, large peaches, and
100 kinds of ornamental plants from Winship's Nursery at
Brighton ; a box of choice apples and pears from Gorham
Parsons of Brighton ; a box of fine fruits from Rev. G. B. Perry
of Bradford ; several varieties of fine pears, currant wine, six
years old, and raspberry wine, from S. Dow^ner of Dorchester ;
a basket of fine large French pears from John Heard, Jr. of
Watertown ; three baskets of Fulton pears, and a fine native
autumnal apple from John Abbott of Brunswick, Me. ; fine
bunches of Black Hamburg grapes from Richard Sullivan of
Brookline ; various fruits from A. D. Williams of Roxbury ; a
basket of fine Black Hamburg and Black Cape grapes from D.
Haggerston's Charlestown Vineyard ; a large basket of melons
from H. A. Breed of Lynn ; Isabella and other grapes from N.
Seaver of Roxbury ; several large specimens of the fruit of the
egg plant from N. Davenport of Milton ; a box of fine Persian
melons from C. Oakley of New- York ; a basket of large peaches
from J. Hastings of Cambridge; a basket of rare peaches from
R. Manning of Salem ; a basket of the new Fulton pear from
T. Greenleaf of Quincy ; a basket of various fruits from Gen-
eral Dearborn of Roxbury, and a specimen of Isabella wine,
three years old, from Wm. Prince of Long-Island ; a basket of
Cushing pears from Benj. Thomas, of Hingham — a delicious fruit,
first brought into notice by the exertions of the Society.

The plants were furr)islied by Mr. Lowell, Mr. Pratt, by the
Botanic Garden at Cambridge, by Mr. Aspinwall of Brookline,
Mr. Leathe of Cambridge, Mr. Lemist of Roxbury, Mr. Hag-
GERSTON of Charlestown, Mr. Prince of Jamaica Plains, Mr.
Breed of Lynn, Messrs. Winships of Brighton, and many other
gentlemen in this vicinity. Mr. Pratt's splendid collection of
Mexican Georginas was unrivaled. The show of fruits and
flowers, generally, was probably never surpassed in New-England.
It would bei unpleasant to make any invidious comparisons, where
all exhibited such satisfactory specimens ; but, in the opinion of
many, the grapes of Mr. Cook and Mr. Fosdick, raised in the

25

open air, and the green-house grapes of Messrs. Dean, Perkins,
and Sullivan, deserved particular commendation.

A large box of very fine peaches, nectarines and pears, sent by
Mr. Wilson of New- York, were received too late for the dinner,
in consequence of the detention of the steam-boat.

The Hall of the Exchange was literally crowded with visiters,
from twelve to two. It was much regretted by the Committee of
Arrangements that a larger Hall had not been engaged for the
occasion.

At four o'clock, the Society, with their friends and invited
guests, to the number of nearly IGO, sat down to a sumptuous
dinner, prepared by Messrs. Johnson & Castlehouse, when the
following sentiments were drunk.

REGULAR TOASTS.

1. Hortiadtiire — That rational and noble art, which regales and delights
nearly all the senses ; which nourishes a generous gratitude to the Author
of all blessings ; and enables man to create a new Eden in recompense of
that which his first ancestor forfeited.

2. Human Skill and EnUghtcned Cultivation — They have changed the
Crab to the Newton Pippin — the austere Mazzard to th« Tartarean and
Bio-arreau — the Hog peach to the Noblesse and Vanguard.

3. That art which makes all climates one — which mocks at local distinc-
tions, and makes the tropics tributary to the comforts and luxuries of Hy-
perborean regions — which gives even to Russia the Pine Apple and the
Mangostein.

4. Our Native Fruits— Ma.y they be sought out with care and judicious
skill — one Scckic will be a reward for ten years' research. Nature is our
best preceptress, and where she points we may safely follow.

5. May our cultivators be distinguished rather by their deeds than their
words. Select cautiously, but cultivate liberally. A good fruit will reward
labor.

6. Let us encourage a taste for Flowers. God gave them to us for our
delight, and it is an omen of a cultivated age to encourage them. They
are the best apparel of the best part of human nature.

7. The Curator of the Cambridge Garden, Thomas Nuttall— modest and
unpretending^ — few men have done more for American Botany than he.

8. Jigriculture and Horticulture — Allied Divinities, who cause the Desert
to teem with abundance, and the " Wilderness to blossom like the Rose."

9. Gardening — In all its degrees and diversities, from the plat of culinary
vegetables, which embosoms the cottage of economy, to the paradise of
sweets which embowers the mansion of opulence.

10. The Fair Sex and Floriculture —

Wliile many a Fair, in youth and beauty's sheen,
Presides the Flora of the Sylvan srene,
Full many a flower shall boast its cultivator,
Herself the fairest, finest flower in nature.

11. Historical Facts — God made the first Garden — Cain built the first
City.

12. The Feast of Reason — God made a world of good thing& — and it is.
man's duty, as well as his privilege, to make the most of them.

4

26

13. The Empire of Man — May it be enlarged by fresh acquisitions from
the vegetable kingdom. Every cultivated plant was once wild — may every
wild plant, capable of being rendered useful, be cultivated, till not a fruit
or a flower sliall dissipate its fragrance, nor " waste its sweetness on the
desert air."

VOLUNTEERS.

By the President, Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. Intelligence and Industry —
the only conservators of the Republic.

By the Hon. Thomas L. Winthrop. The Massachusetts Horticultural
Society — the intelligence and zeal manifested in its inlancy are sure pre-
sages of its future usefulness and prosperity.

By the Hon. Harrison Gray Otis, Mayor of the City. The standard prin-
ciples wliich our fathers planted in the old garden of Massachusetts — may
the taste and fashion, introduced from the old world, come free from the
canker-worm and rot.

From several gentlemen invited and expected, letters were received, ex-
pressing their respect and interest in regard to the Society, but declining to
accept the invitation to attend on this occasion. Among these were Mr.
Lincoln, Governor of Massachusetts, J. Q. Adams, Ex-President of the
United States, Joseph Story, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States, John Lowell, Esq. Sir Isaac Coffin, Commodore Morris, Josiah
QuiNCY, President of Harvard University, Benjamin Gorham, M. D. and
Gen. Wadsworth, of New-York. Judge Story sent the following senti-
ment : —

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, whose excellence is proved by
the best of maxims ; " By their fruits ye shall know them."

Mr. Lowell transmitted the following: —

The Horticultural Society of Massachusetts — I give it welcome, as the
proper means, the best means, the only means of concentrating, the individ-
ual skill of our excellent and intelligent cultivators — May its success equal
my hopes, it cannot exceed them.

Sent by Jacob Lorrillard, Esq. President of the New- York Horticul-
tural Society : —

Massaclaisclts — A trunk whose distinguished branches produce good
fruits in every state of the Union.

Transmitted by Wm. Prince, Esq. Vice-President of the New-York
Horticultural Society, and a generous patron of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society : —

The State of Massachusetts — First in achieving the independence of our
country, and foremost in developing the independence of her soil.

Transmitted by Wm. Robert Prince, Esq. of the New-York Horticul-
tural Society : —

The Spirit of Horticulture — Which strews our paths with the sweets of
Flora, and loads our tables with the offerings of Pomona.

Bjj Dr. Bigelow, Corresponding Secretary of the Society. In allusion to a
sentiment expressed by the President, in his Address : —

That department of the Horticulturist, in which all citizens are interest-
ed, the Seminary.

By Mr. Emmons, Recording Secretary. Horticulture — The first employ-
ment of man ; may every day's experience convince him that it is the best.

By the Hon. Daniel Webster, a. member of the Societi/, accompanied by
some pertinent introductory remarks upon the high professional character
and useful life of Mr. Lowell. The Hon. John Lowell — The uniform
friend of all sorts of rural economy.

27

By Rev. F. W. P. Greemcood. The cultivation of the eartli, the mind
and tlie heart — May they advance among us rapidly and simultaneously,
till our whole country blooms like Eden.

Bij John C. Gray, Esq. 2d Jlcc-Prcsldcnt. The art of Horticulture,
which furnishes us with delicious but wholesome luxuries, and with cheap
but splendid ornaments ; May it never want encouragement in a Repub-
lican and economical country.

By Enoch Bartlett, Esq. 3d Vice-President. Agriculture, Horticulture,
and all other cultures which ameliorate the condition of man.

By a generous Patron of the Society. The United States — May their por-
tion of the earth never be " subdued," but by the musket turned into the
ploughshare, and the sword into the pruning-hook.

By H. J. Finn. The Heraldry of English Horticulture. Great-Britain
may be pi^ud of her privilege to confer titles of nobility, but Nature be-
stowed a higher honor on its peerage, when she created a Knight.

By Thomas Green Fessendcn, Esq. Editor of the Xew-EngJand Farmer.
The greatest good of the greatest number. The whole world a garden,
hands enough to cultivate it, and mouths enough to consume its produc-
tions.

By a Guest. The rising generation ; May these twigs be so trained as to
need but little trimming, become va\aable staridurds, produce fruits worthy
a premium, and receive prizes at the great final exMbition.

By a Guest. Thomas A. Knight, Esq., President of the London Horti-
cultural Society ; the Genius and Philanthropist in the science of Horticul-
ture.

By Hon. Oliver Fishe, of Worcester. Horticulture, the best substitute to
our progenitors for their loss of Paradise, and the best solace to their pos-
terity for the miseries they entailed.

By George Kent, Esq. of JV. II. The fruits and flowers this day e.xhibit-
ed. A splendid exemplification of the industry and enterprise of the intel-
ligent founders of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. " If such
things are done in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?"

By a Guest. Horticulture — The first occupation instituted for man : to
him was given " every herb, and every tree upon the face of the earth."

By John Prince, Esq. of Salem. The wedding we this day celebrate,
the union of hearty culture and horticulture. May the pair be ever held at?
choice as the apple of our eye.

By the Editor of the Boston Courier. Hon. Daniel Webster —

Jleii are the growth our frozen realms supply,
And iojtZs are ripened in our northern sky.

By D. L. Child, Esq. Editor of the Massachusetts Journal. The Ladies —
They are like " the lilies of the field, which toil not, neither spin ; and yet
Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed as one of these." No wonder
then, that we have such a profuse display of coxcombs and marigolds.

By the same. The farmers of Massachusetts ; success to their efforts to
extirpate the worst enemy of their mowing lands, the Can-a-day thistle.

By J. Thornton Mams, E.fq. Editor of the Ccntinel. Agriculture and
Horticulture. Fields of action and ambition as extensive as the soil of our
country.

By Kathan Hale, Esq. Editor of the Boston Daily Mvertiscr. Horticul-
ture— the Art by which nature is taught to improve her own production.

By Mr. Wilson, of the Kcio-York Horticultural Society. The State of Mas-
sachusetts— the love of liberty is an indigenous production of her soil.

28

Her sons led the van in cleaning it from the deleterious brush of tyrannical
oppression. May equal success attend their^ labors in the more pleasant
and delightful departments of a milder species of Horticulture.

By T. Brewer, Esq. of Rorhury. Hon. John Lowell — the Macajnas of
New-England Horticulture. IJiinself a Patron, and his premises a Pattern
of correct and scientific cultivation.

By Ben]. J'. French, £.*(/. of the Committee of Arrangements. The Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society, — proniising in its infancy, — may its fruits,
like those of olden time, require two to carry a bunch of grapes upon a
staif.

After the President had retired, Zebedee Cook, jr. Esq. 1st Vice-Presi-
dent, gave —

H. A. S. Dearborn, President of the Society — Under his auspices it is
more honorable to gatiier garlands in the garden of the cultivator, than to
win laurels in the field of the conqueror. *

By Samuel Downer, Esq. of Dorchester. Our native fruits — may they
continue to advance, developing their excellent qualities, until, like their
native soil, they become the admiration of other climes and the pride of
our own.

By a Crucst. The Queen of flowers, the Lily — which (as is had on the
best authority) eclipsed tiie glory of Solomon in his imperial purple — " for
he was not arrayed like one of these."

By a Guest. Horticulture — the science which teaches man to increase
by diminishing ; a profitable barter of quantity for quality.

By Mr. J. B. Russell, Publisher of the JVcto- Engl and Farmer. The Long
Island Prince of Horticulture — Entitled, by his science, zeal, and activity
to the coronet of Flora, a badge of distinction more honorable than the
crown of the conqueror : in hiui we are favored with an excellent excep-
tion to the ancient adage, " Put no trust in Princes."

Sent by Mr. Grant Thorhurn, of .M'cw-York. The city of Boston — its
splendid churches, its public-spirited citizens, and its magnificent villas.

By Mr. E. IV. Mctcalf. The cultivation of the earth, and the Art of
Printing; the sources of animal life, and of mental improvement.

By. Mr. Jeremiah Fitch. Our country's independence : the best fruit its
soil ever produced.

By Mr. Rchello, Charge d' Affairs from Brazil. Mutual transplantations
between North and South-America — the happiness of mankind is based on
the liberal exchange of respective natural products.

By Dr. Thacher, of Plymouth. American Farmers — who increase the
capabilities of the soil, gather the honey, and shear the _^cecc, and reap the
harvest for themselves and not for another.

By the same. Mrs. Mary Griffith, the scientific Apiarian of New-
Brunswick.

By Capt. Mcholson, of U. S. JVavy. Agriculture, Horticulture, and Com-
merce— the graces of civilization.

The following Song, written for the occasion hy Mr. Finn, of
the Trcmont Theatre, loas sung by him.

" Let one great day,

To celebrated sports and tloral play
Be set aside." — Prior.

This is our Rome, and I

A Flamen Pomonnlis ;

V 11 prove in Men's pursuits,

Some Horticultural is;

But while [he glass goes round,

Let not a sucker stray, Sirs ;

Transported by the xine,

'T would be our Botany hay, Sirs.

The Fruits o? Horticulture
You '11 find in every shape, Sirs,
Our sailors stem the Currant,
In battle, /orcc the Grape, Sirs.
King George, in olden Thyme,
Could not with Spcar-m\n\. loyal,
Compel our soldiers Sage,
To pay the Pe7iny-Royal.

A lawyer in his books,

Discovers foliation.

And often makes his bread

By a.floiver-y oration ;

The Sportsman likes the Turf

To train his cattle jadish,

If he buys a reddish horse,

He 's sure to like Horse-radish.

Fairest of Eden's flowers
Was Woman, ere farewell. Sirs,
She bade to Eden's fruit,
The fatal Nonpareil, Sirs.
Here's Woman ! from the time
Creation's pencil drew lips.
And the breathings of the iR.ose,
That lives upon her two-lips.

And when at Gretna greens
Young ladies wish a frolic,
If Pa says " Cant-elope,"
Why they feel JIfe/on-cholic ;
Good wives the Nursery love,
Their tender plants to feed. Sirs,
And widows wish, siih-rosa,
To throw aside their toeeds, Sirs.

30

The Gambler, on a spade

His all on earth will stake, Sirs ;

Tlie Drunkard is a sieve,

The Libertine 's a rake, Sirs :

May he who — lilie a blight —

The Maiden's peace has broke, Sirs,

A lifniging-Ga.rden see.

And feel the Art-lo-choke , Sirs.

T!he pretty Gentleman,
So lady-like and lazy,
Who goes to Mari-gold,
And lisps out " lauk a daisey,^'
Of Navarino stock —
A nice corsetted scion,
Among the Garden stuff.
He 's dubbed a Dande-lion.

The Spendthrift ends with slugs,

And " Verbum-sat" 's a hint, Sirs —

The Miser is a Snail,

That starves upon the Mint, Sirs :

You may Old Bachelors

In Elder-hernes nab. Sirs,

Old Maids they say are Medlars

Grafted on the Crab, Sirs.

We '11 toast the kitchen garden,
The dishes all and each. Sirs,
It would our taste un-pair.
Their goodness to im-peach. Sirs :
And may we never want
The means such limbs to lop, Sirs,
And always have good grounds.
To gather a full Crop, Sirs.

My lines I must re-trench,
They better things impede, Sirs,
And as my song 's sow, sow.
Perhaps you may see seed. Sirs ;
I 'm certain, with your leaves.
If doggrels thus should trick us
Out of our good wine, —
Each would be Hortus siccus.

Then may Life's evening sun,
In setting be serene, Sirs ;
Time well employed — in Age
Will make us evergreen, Sirs ;
And when the pruning -knife —
From feather, or from cot-bed —
Transplants us to the soil,
May we escape a Hot-bed.

31

NAMES OF MEMBERS

ADMITTED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-
LAWS OF THE SOCIETV, AUGUST, 1829.

DANIEL WEBSTER, Boston.

JOHN B. DAVIS, "

JEREMIAH FITCH, "

EBENEZER ROLLINS. "

E. P. HARTSHORN, ' "

CALVIN WHITING, "

JAMES READ, "

NATHANIEL BALCH, "

BENJAMIN GIBBS, "

AARON D. WILD, Jr. "

JOHN DERBY, Salem.

SAMUEL WALKER, Roxbury.

JOHN PARKINSON, "

JOHN HEATH,

EBENEZER CRAFTS, "

RICHARD WARD, "

EDMUND M'CARTHY. Brighton.

NATHL RICHARDSON. M. D. South Reading.

FERDINAND ANDREWS, Lancaster.

JOSEPH WILLARD, "

JOHN SPRINGER. Sterling.

JOSEPH W. NEWELL, Maiden.

ISAAC MEAD, Charlestown.

WILLIAM HURD, "

AMOS ATKINSON, Brookline.

WILLIAM P. ENDICOTT, Danvers.

EDWARD M. RICHARDS, Dedham.

LEONARD STONE. Watertown.

WILLIAM COTTING, West Cambridge.

NATHAN WEBSTER, Haverhill.

J. B. FRANCIS, Warwick, R. I.

STEPHEN H. SMITH, Providence, R. I.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

ABRAHAM HALSEY, Esq. of New-York, Corresponding Secretary of the

JS'ew-York Horticultural Society.
GEORGE C, THORBURN, Esq. "New- York.

The name of BENJAMIN ABBOTT, LL. D. Principal of Phillips's
Exeter Academy, (admitted an Honorary Member of the Society, at a
special meeting held on the 27th of June last) was accidentally omitted in
the publication of the Constitution and By-Laws.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY.

The following papers have been read before the Society, at
different meetings, and have been published in the New-England
Farmer, as mentioned below : —

1. " On engrafting the European Swreet Water Grape on American

Stocks." By John Prince, Esq. and Gen. W. R. Armistead.
JYew-England Farmer, vol. vii. page 329.

2. " On the Cultivation of Squashes and Melons, and the Extirpation of

Insects from Vines." By J. M. Gourgas, Esq. Weston. Ihid. vol.
vii. page 345.

3. " Schedule of Fruit Trees, of fifty-two choice varieties, presented to

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, by the Proprietors of the
Linna;an Garden, near New-York, April, 1829. By William Prince,
with Descriptive Remarks." Ibid. vol. vii. page 385, and vol. viii.
page 18.

4. "Description of the Capiaumont Pear, with a Drawing." By S.

Downer. Ibid. vol. vii. page 409.

5. "On the Culture of the Strawberry." By the Hon. H. A. S. Dear-

born, (President.) Ibid. vol. viii. page 9, 22.

6. " On the Treatment of Bees ; and Observations on the Curculio." By

Mary Griffith, New-Jersey. Ihid. vol. viii. page 17.

7. " Description of a Native Seedling Pear, in Dorchester, with a Draw-

ing." By S. Downer. Ibid. vol. viii. page 51.

8. "On the Culture of the Sweet Potatoe, and description of different

varieties." By Hon. John Lowell. Ibid, vol viii. page (35.

9. " Description of the Cushing Pear, with a Drawing." By S. Downer,

and B. Thomas, Esq'rs. Ibid. vol. viii. p. 113.

10. " On Budding or Inoculating Fruit Trees." By Levi Bartlett,

Warner, N. H. Ibid. vol. viii. page 114.

11. "Notes and Observations on the Vine." By Wm. Kenrick. Ibid..

vol. viii. page 129.

In addition to the above, the New-England Farmer contains
a weekly Report and description of the new Fruits left at the
Society's Hall, No. 52, North Market-street, for examination.

AN

ADDRESS,

PRONOUNCED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

IN COMMEMORATION OF ITS J

SECOND ANNUAL FESTIVAL,

THE 10th of SEPTEMBER, 1830.

BY ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr

BOSTON:

PRINIED BY ISAAC K. BUTTS.

1830.

\

ADDRESS.

I

i^!P^^

sy <*

Mr President,

AND Gentlemen of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, —

The propitious circumstances under which we
have assembled to celebrate our second|^annual festi-
val, must be gratifying to all who cherish an interest
in the prosperity of our institution, and more particu-
larly to those who have labored to acquire for it its
present prosperous and elevated condition. The ex-
periment has been fairly tested, and thus far its results
are too apparent to permit even the most skeptical
to doubt of cither its utility or its final success. Its
interests are too closely identified with the general
good, as well as with individual comfort and happi-
ness, to allow us to waver in our hopes, or to falter
in our exertions to effect the original design of its
creation.

We have not come up hither to recount the ex-
ploits of military prowess, or to mingle in the strife,
or participate in the conquests of political gladiators.
We come not to swell the paeans of the conqueror or

to mourn over our prostrate liberties. We come not
to indulge in the feelings which are incited by the
contemplation of such objects, for we war not with
the sword, nor seek to gather laurels in the field of
hostile or fierce contentions.

But we have come together at the ingathering of
the harvest, to exhibit an acceptable offering of a
portion of its bounties. We have come in the pa-
cific and genial spirit of the pursuits we love to partici-
pate in, the enjoyments the occasion imparts, and we
have come to reciprocate the congratulations of the
season, in the success with which our labors and our
experiments have been crowned.

The primitive employment of man was that of a
tiller of the ground, and the garden of Eden, planted
and ornamented by the hand of its Creator, was as-
signed to the care of our great progenitor ' to dress
and to keep it.' From the earliest period of the
world to the present day, the cultivation of the ground
has been viewed with special favor by all civilized
nations. Even heroes, philosophers, and statesmen
have sought in rural employments a temporary re-
laxation from the cares and perplexities incident to
their public labors. It is not necessary to explore the
annals of ancient history for the names of individuals
who have been thus distinguished. The records of
our own times, and especially of our own country,
and our own personal observations, afford instances of
illustrious men who have been thus preeminent, and
there are those now living amongst us, who, by their
precept and example, by their scientific and practical

knowledge and skill, and devotion to its interests,
have imparted an impulse to the pursuit, that will be
felt and acknowledged long after they have ceased
to cheer us by their presence, or to influence us by
by their personal illustrations.

The pursuits of horticulture are peaceful. The
cultivation of fruits and flowers is an unfailinij source
of pleasant and instructive occupation and amuse-
ment. Labor is lightened, and care is recompensed,
and industry is cheered in the contemplation of the
expanding beauties of spring, in the delightful fra-
grance and glowing and grateful anticipations of
summer, and in the consummation of our hopes in
autumn.

The pursuits of horticulture are salutary to the
physical and moral nature of man. They impart
vigor to the body, and expansion and elevation to the
mind. The plants that are everywhere scattered in
his pathway, and around, above and beneath him,
delighting the senses with their sweetness, their sim-
plicity, their grandeur, and perfect adaptation to his
joys and to his necessities, are silent but impressive
emblems of the benignity of our heavenly Father,
admonishing the recipient of his indebtedness, and
claiming from him the return of a sincere and lively
gratitude.

Industry, intelligence, and skill are indispensable
agents in the business of horticulture. A thorough
acquaintance with the views of eminent scientific
and experimental writers, as well as with the more
legible and definite compositions of nature, are

essential to the formation of an accomplished, and
distinguished cultivator. The information we derive
from study, as from the practical observations of the
workings of inanimate nature, will administer to our
success, and prevent in a measure the recurrence of
errors which flow from inattention, or from the want
of some established system of operation. A judicious
selection of soil and aspect is necessary to the health
of the plant, and will repay our care in the vigor of its
growth, and in the improvement of the quality and
quantity of its fruit.

The opinions of foreign writers, however applicable
they may be in practice to the mode of cultivation
pursued in those regions of which they treat, are not
always suited to the climate and soil of that which
adopts them. That which is ascertained to be of
practical utility in one country, under one climate,
may be unfavorable to the production or maturity of
the same variety of fruit or vegetables, or ornamental
trees in another.

In some climates, indigenous and exotic plants and
fruits, that require the aid of artificial culture and
great care in their preservation, are matured in
others with comparatively little labor. Unassisted
nature performs nearly all that is needful in their pro-
duction, relieving man from the toil and anxiety of
cultivation, and affording him, at the appropriate sea-
son, a portion of her abundance.

The present flourishing condition of horticulture
inour country may, I think, be ascribed to the refined
taste and liberality of its citizens, and in a measure to

the improved condition of those whose ingenuity and
industry is exerted in affording the means of gratify-
ing that taste, and exciting that hberahty. A laudable
spirit of competition has been awakened among the
practical and amateur cultivators in this vicinity, which
I hope will be productive of great and useful results
to this community. We have witnessed with no ordi-
nary gratification the increasing variety of flowers, the
introduction of new and valuable kinds of fruits, and
the amelioration of those which have been long fami-
liar to us. And among those fruits which we may,
without the imputation of a violent presumption, con-
sider as original native productions, the Baldwin Ap-
ple, theSeckle, Gushing, Wilkinson, Gore's Heathcote,
Lewis, Andrews, and Dix Pears, the Lewis or Boston
Nectarine, and the Downer Gherry, may be classed
among the most desirable of their kinds.

It is true that the introduction of these several varie-
ties of fruits was the result of accident ; this consid-
eration does not diminish their value, nor should de-
tract from the merit of those under whose auspices
they were derived, or introduced to public notice.

An opinion seems to be entertained by some of our
most experienced cultivators, that few if any of the
choice varieties of pears, considered by others as na-
tive fruits, are indigenous to our soil. That this opi-
nion is not w^ell founded, I think has been abundantly
demonstrated by the production of some in the in-
stances to which I have before referred. Those
fruits were discovered in isolated situations, in pas-
tures or in the woods, or generally remote from habi-

8

tations, and where no traces of ' mail's device ' could
be discernible in their vicinity, or the ameliorating ef-
fects upon the tree itself, by engrafting or inoculation.
In some cases we have positive evidence, derived from
the personal observation of the proprietor, that the
tree originated in the place it now occupies, and has
never been subjected to the operation of artificial
change. The process of raising ameliorated fruits of
this description is very slow, if we wait the develop-
ment of the product in the maturity of the original
tree. The first generation of fruit may aflford the de-
sired degree of amelioration, although the balance of
probabilities may be against the fulfilment of that ex-
pectation. A more summary mode of producing the
desired result is to transfer a shoot or a bud from a
young plant to a* thrifty mature tree, and to plant
the seed of the fruit that it may produce, and thus
proceed in the multiplication of chances by alternate
planting and engrafting from the fruit and plant pro-
duced, until the required quality is obtained. This,
according to the theory of an ingenious modern
writer, may be effected in the fifth or sixth genera-
tion. The experiment, though it may require much
time and labor, and demand no inconsiderable share
of patience, is worthy the attention of those, whose
views are not confined to the narrow precincts of a
selfish and exclusive pohcy, but are disposed to imi-

* It has been suggested to me by a distinguished Horticulturist,
that this experiment would probably succeed better, if the shoot or bud
were placed upon an old tree, or one of slow growth, as it would thus
earlier develope the fruit.

tate their predecessors in the hberal provision they
made for their successors. But I make not this ap-
peal to any who are actuated by similar feelings to
those which were indulged by the enlightened legis-
lator, who, in the discussion of a subject bearing some
analogy to this, inquired, what has posterity done for
us ! that we should be required to do this for our pos-
terity !

The reflection that we may not realize the advan-
tages of those experiments, should not deter us from
making them. We should be influenced by more
patriotic and liberal sentiments. Every generation
of men is a link in the great chain that has been
forming from the creation of the world, connecting
the present with the past, and is to be lengthened out
through succeeding ages. Be it our province then,
as it is our duty, to preserve the brightness of this
chain, that our appropriate division of it may loose
nothing upon a comparison with all its parts, but that
the period of which it is typical, may be regarded as
one that was characterized by a suitable respect for
ourselves, and as a stimulus to the coming generation
to evince a like regard to the claims of those who are
to follow.

The agricultural interests of Nev/ England have
been greatly promoted by the skilful, judicious, and
generous exertions of the society long since instituted
in Massachusetts for that purpose. To the ardor
and zeal that has been unceasingly manifested by the
distinguished men who have directed its eflbrts, this
2

10

section of our country is particularly indebted for the/
advances that have been made in this department of
national industry, and which may not be inaptly
termed a branch of the ' American System.' They
have given an impulse to the energies and the hopes
of our yeomanry. They have instilled into their
minds a portion of their sentiments, and have excited
in them a spirit of emulation, and the advantages that
have accrued, and still continue to follow their la-
bors, are legible in every field, and are daily conspicu-
ous in our market-places.

The industry, and perseverance, and forecast of
the people of New England, is the basis upon which
their prosperity and security must be sustained.

Possessed of fewer natural advantages of soil and
climate than are enjoyed in other sections of our
country, \Ye are happily exempted from many of the
evils to which they are necessarily subjected, by cir-
cumstances they cannot control. If we are denied
the privilege of a milder atmosphere, and a more
temperate climate, if we m.ust submit to the rigors of
our northern winter, and find no escape from the
chilling colds of a protracted spring, we can do so
without murmuring or repining.

If Providence has been pleased to withhold from
us, what in its wisdom it has seen fit to confer on
others, it has given us much, and withheld from us
much for which we should be grateful.

The habits and peculiarities of trees and plants is
a subject which should interest our attention, as a
knowledge of it will tend to prevent much of the

11

confusion, and avert much of the disappointment, to
which those are exposed who neglect it.

The unskilful use of the sav/ and the pruning knife,
is frequently detrimental to trees, not only in the ex-
tent of their application, but in the unseasonableness
of the operation. Winter pruning is sometimes prac-
tised for the very cogent reason that it is a time
of comparative leisure. Similar excuses have not
been unfrequently resorted to, on other occasions,
and the reminiscences of by-gone days may remind
some of us of certain mischievous acts performed, for
the equally commendable reason, that we could find
no more rational employment for our time. It is
thought by those who have given much attention to
the subject, that the most appropriate time for such
operations is when the sap flows freely, or from the
latter end of April to the middle of May. This is un-
doubtedly true in relation to the apple and pear tree,
but in the opinion of some experienced, and distin-
guished cultivators, the peach, nectarine,j apricot,
plum, and cherry trees should not be pruned except
in August or September. The latter should be sub-
jected to this operation as sparingly as possible. Lop-
ping off the leading shoots, or any other of the prin-
cipal branches, should be avoided as much as practi-
cable, and while they preserve their health and vigor,
those parts should be suffered to remain entire, and
only the smaller superfluous branches removed.

The wounds caused by the removal of the greater
or lesser branches should be immediately covered
by a composition of adhesive and healing ingredients.

12

which will prevent the air and moistore from pene-
trating, and as the juices are then in an active state,
little or no injury may be apprehended. If this were
practised more generally than it has been, we should
not witness so much of premature decay that is seen
so extensively in our orchards and gardens.

I am unwilling to dismiss this subject without urging
upon you the necessity of avoiding as much as possible,
the removal of large and vigorous branches from your
trees at any season. To secure success in the cultiva-
tion of fruit trees, and to give them a tasteful and orna-
mental, as well as useful form, with a view to produc-
tiveness, and a simultaneous ripening of their fruits,
pruning should be commenced the year after they are
transplanted, and repeated every successive spring,
by cutting out from the centre, and from the exterior
all the small, and superfluous, and intersecting shoots,
wherever they appear, leaving the interior of the tree
in the form of a tunnel. By this method the fruit, on
all parts of the tree, will be equally accessible to the
influence of the sun, and will consequently be more
equally matured, and of similar qualities on all its
sections. Trees, like children, should be taught cor-
rect habits v^hile they are susceptible of good impres-
sions, and as v/e are directed to train up the latter in
the way they should go, that in maturer life they shall
not depart from the precepts that are instilled into
their minds in youth, so is it desirable in relation to
the former, that we should cultivate the young plant
with reference to the future tree, and prune and train
it as we would have it to ^row.

13

But this is not all that is essential to give efficacy
to our labors. There is an evil to which many kinds
of trees and plants are subjected, that demands our
particular attention, and even when that has been
patiently and zealously exercised, it has proved only
partially successful. The numerous kinds of insects
which not only produce incalculable mischief to the
health, and beauty, and productiveness of the tree,
but deprives us of no inconsiderable portion of their
fruits, has hitherto eluded the vigilance and the in-
genuity of man, in his efforts to provide either a pre-
ventive or a remedy for the injury thus occasioned.
The insidious mode of attack in which they are
guided by an unerring instinct, would seem to require
the exercise of almost super-human skill, to avert or
repress their ravages.

Cleanliness is indispensable to the health, and beau-
ty, and usefulness of fruit trees. The moss- covered
wall is venerated as an object of antiquity ; but the
moss-covered tree excites no such reverential emo-
tions. Nor is our respect for the sentimental cultiva-
tor of caterpillars, elevated in the ratio of success he
attains in the pursuit of his favorite art. It were well
enough while it administers to his pleasures, and
gratifies his taste, that he should enjoy the exclusive
benefit of his labors, and far better if he would re-
strain those objects of his regard within the limits of
his own domain. If the propagation of those inge-
nious architects is an interesting employment ; if he is
gratified by the exhibition of their industry, and is
impressed with the belief that it would be an act of

14

cruelty to demolish their dwellings, and devote the
occupants to death ; that they would thus

' in corporal suffering

Feel a pang as great as when a giant dies,'

he must be indulged in the exercise of those kindred
feelings, and in the unenvied possession of his vitiated
taste. But the criminal disregard of the duties he
owes to his neighbors, in the indulgence of such pro-
pensities, whether they proceed from choice or in-
dolence, deserve the most severe and unrestrained
rebuke.

Exudations, or any other unusual appearance of un-
healthiness or unthriftiness in trees often indicate the
proximity of the enemy, although such effects are pro-
duced sometimes by unskilful pruning. An early and
careful examination will lead to the detection of the
assailant, and, if seasonably made, may preserve the
tree. No effectual preventive against the injurious
operations of the borer upon many of our fruit, and
some of our forest trees, has yet been devised.

The cankerworm and the curculio are the most
extensively fatal, as they are the most crafty of the
insect race, and no certain means have yet been dis-
covered to induce the belief that an effectual preven-
tive will be found to stay their annual ravages. The
time, and labor, and experiments that have been de-
voted to the attainment of this desirable object, or
employed in the investigation of the subject, are
deserving of more success than have resulted from
those efforts. Much useful and satisfactory informa-
tion as to their character and habits, has, however,

15

been elicited, but that most desirable end, the pre-
vention of their devastating effects, has been but par-
tially attained. ' It is a consummation devoutly to
be wished,' that all who are interested would unite
their eftbrts in the endeavor to arrest the further pro-
gress of this scourge of our fruit trees. The energies
of the whole agricultural world could not be concen-
trated in, and applied to a more important purpose
connected with the cultivation of fruits. Should any
individual be so fortunate as to make the discovery
that shall prove an infallible antidote to the incursions
of this withering and blighting infliction, he will
have the proud and enviable satisfaction of contribu-
ting much to the prosperity of his country, and will
richly deserve to be numbered among its benefactors.
It must be obvious to those who have devoted their
attention to the cultivation of fruits, that the same
varieties will thrive better in one quality of soil, than
in another. This is undoubtedly true even of some
of the most hardy, and more especially of those of
the more tender and delicate kinds. The russetting
apple affords an example of this ameliorating effect,
and will furnish a satisfactory elucidation of this po-
sition. The most perfect are those which are pro-
duced upon elevated or dry soils interspersed with
rocks; while those which grow in low and moist
lands, possess less of the distinguishing traits of that
variety. I do not state this so much as the result of
my own practical observations, as from those of more
experienced cultivators. Such being the fact in re-
lation to one sort of fruit, may it not be rationally in-

16

ferred that it should be likewise true of many others ?
The subject commePids itself to our attention with
peculiar interest, and I cannot doubt but that it will
receive the consideration it merits.

Associations directed to the promotion of horticul-
tural pursuits are of comparatively recent date. It
was reserved to that country, from whence the in-
trepid band of Pilgrims came, to found an empire in
this Western hemisphere, to become the pioneers in
this acceptable work, as she had ever been in all
others that had a tendency to shed a lustre upon her
name, and to impart to other nations the influence
of her beneficent and glorious example. The time
has passed away, and with it the excitement, I trust,
never to be revived, when to speak in commendation
of the institutions of Great Britain, would subject the
eulogist to the suspicion that he was distrustful of
those of his native country. I leave to abler hands,
and more gifted minds, the correction of those un-
manly and illiberal personalities, that have degraded
the literature of England in relation to our manners
and habits, and the uncharitable and mistaken views
of our government, and the administration of its laws,
which have been furnished by itinerant book-makers,
in return for the generous hospitalities of our country-
men, and thus made the only adequate return of which
they were capable.

The Horticultural Society of London was estab-
lished in 1805, under the highly flattering auspices
of distinguished scientific and practical men, and was
the first institution of the kind that had been founded

17

in Europe. It has developed a wide field of opera-
tions, and extended its researches to almost every
accessible part of the globe. Innumerable specimens
of the riches of the natural world have been collected
under its direction, and transferred to England. Asia
and Africa, and America and Continental Europe,
have contributed to swell the catalogue of rare and
valuable plants, to enrich and beautify the rural re-
treats of our father land.

In 1 809 the Caledonian Horticultural Society was
formed in Scotland, and still numbers among its pa-
trons the first of the nobility and gentry of that loyal
nation.

The Horticultural Society of Paris was instituted
in 182G, and is rapidly increasing in numbers and in
influence. Between the society of Massachusetts
and that of Paris the most friendly relations exist, and
are fostered. We have received t e most conclusive
evidence of their regard, and of their desire to pro-
mote a reciprocal interchange of opinions and sen-
timents upon the subject of our mutual pursuits.

We have invited the cooperation of the several
Horticultural Societies in our own country, to par-
ticipate with us in extending the influence, and im-
parting a taste for rural employments. W^e have ex-
pressed a desire to be identified with them in the
general design of our labors. We founded this insti-
tution for purposes of public utility, and we wish to see
its benefits become coextensive with the limits of our
land. W^hatever of good may result from our indus-
try, or be achieved by our exertions, must be seen and
3

18

felty and will, I trust, ])e ackovvledged by the conr-
munity.

A taste for rural pursuits and improved culture hag
been widely diffused through the influence and ex-
ample of this society. An emulation has been excited
which has been productive of highly gratifying results.
The weekly exhibitions at our Hall the past and pass-
ing season, have furnished undeniable evidence of the
truth of this assertion. The increased varieties of
beautiful flowers, and rich fruits, and fine culinary
plants, have surpassed our anticipations, and more
than all these, are the gratifying effects that have
followed those exhibitions in the expressions of delighS
we have heard from those w^ro have attended them.
We cannot be insensible to the commendation of our
fellow-citizens; we ask for their support and en-
couragement ; and I feel assured that a generous and
tasteful community can never be unmindful of the
importance of sustaining an institution that contributes
so essentially to the supply of their common necessi-
ties, and administers so abundantly to the happiness
of the healthful, and the solace of the invalid.

The varieties of soil and of climates with which
our country is diversified, are favorable to the growth
of almost every plant, which nature yields to the wants
or the tastes of man. The magnolia, the tulip, the
judas, the laurel, and other flowering trees that may
vie in beauty and fragrance with almost any of the
exotic plants, are indigenous to our forests, and are
improved by cultivation when transplanted to appro-
priate situations. And we are indebted to the provi-

19

deiU care of nature for the origin of many of our
most valuable esculents which have become amelior-
ated by culture, and which use has rendered in a
measure indispensable to our convenience and comfort.
In the interminable forests where the voice of civi-
lized man has not been heard, nor the foot of civilized
man penetrated, where the silence of nature has con-
tinued undisturbed since the earliest dawn of creation,
save by the hov/lings of the untamed enemies of our
race, or the murmuring of v.aters rushing to their
appointed destination in hidden meanderings, or glid-
ing in silvery brightness through verdant meadows,
and over rocky precipices, tumbhng in wild and fear-
ful confusion into the deep chasm, thence flinging
their glittering spray upv^^ards, mingling in sunbeams,
and hanging midway in the heavens the transient
beauties of the bow of promise! — there, where na-
ture reposes in her lofty, but rude and simple gran-
deur, in coming years, though perhaps remote, men
from all sections of this vast country, and from nations
beyond the sea, will bo gathered together, and from
the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the far-off bor-
ders of the Pacific Sea, under the protecting ssgis of
our insignia of liberty, villages, and towns and cities
will arise, and associations will be established where
the cheering light of science and the arts shall blend
their influence, and seminaries of learning will be
founded, that shall give to mind its power and to
man his m.erited elevation, and a taste for all that ad-
ministers to the improvement of social life, and the
diffusion of the means of social happiness, and God

20

shall be worshipped in temples consecrated to His
service in the simplicity, and truth, and power of
His word.

In this future vision, that is not destined to bless our
sight, but is reserved to future generations to look
upon, may we not hope that the influence of those
principles we now commemorate may be implanted
and widely diff'uscd.

It is a common observation of travellers, that in the
interior portions of New England, remote from popu-
lous towns, very httle if any attention is given to the
cultivation of good fruits, and it is equally true that
many of our substantial practical agriculturists in
those regions, deny themselves even the convenience
or luxury of a kitchen garden. Mankind must be
permitted to stint themselves in the enjoyments of
the bounties of nature if such be their pleasure. If
indifference or parsimony induce such self-denial,
and they who practise it were alone inconvenienced,
it is a matter with which a stranger need not inter-
meddle ; but, inasmuch, as such a disuse of the boun-
ties of heaven are detrimental to the public at large,
we may rebuke the unpatriotic spirit by which they
are influenced.

It is worthy of remark, that in all parts of the conti-
nent of Europe where fruits are abundant, and cheap-
ly procured, a greater degree of temperance in the
use of intoxicating liquors is prevalent among all
classes of the inhabitants than elsewhere. This con-
sideration alone, conmicnds the subject most forcibly
to the general favor, and in an especial manner to

21

those philanthropic men who arc devising plans for
the suppression of that debasing and destructive prac-
tice of intemperance. Horticultural societies are in
a measure auxiliary to this benevolent design, in ad-
ministering an antidote to that baneful indulgence
which makes havoc of the mind, by furnishing a sub-
stitute in the wholesome beverage expressed from the
apple, the pear, the grape and the currant, as in the
solace to be derived from the natural and ordinary
use of the fruit.

Rural architecture may not inappropriately claim a
passing notice on the present occasion. It has not
hitherto, here, received the attention it deserves.
One reason why it has not, is probably the unwilling-
ness, or the apprehension of incurring an expensive
outlay, without the immediate prospect of an ade-
quate return. This, I think, it may be made apparent,
is niore imaginary than real. It is not to be denied
that large sums have been injudiciously expended in
the construction of some of our rural retreats, and
more especially in the erection of the house, the pre-
paration of gravel-walks, the construction of observa-
tories, artificial caverns, fish-ponds, etc. Those who
possess the means have an unquestionable right to
gratify their tastes, and indulge their fancies, in such
expenditures, but it does not follow that others, with
more limited resources, may not procure as much
satisfaction by a less conspicuous display of their
tastes and their fancies. Durability in the materials
selected, and convenience and simplicity in the de-
sign and construction of the house, are all that is

22

essential for a country residence. A white exterior,
which presents a pleasing contrast to the green vest-
ments, the prevailing coloring of nature in her rural
empire, is preferable to any other. The artificial
embellishments of the exterior of the house are of
secondary consideration. The honey-suckle, the big-
nonia, the eglantine and the woodbine, intermingling
and entwining their flexible branches, and attaching
themselves by their tendrils, or other means with
which nature has provided them, to any object that
v/ill afford them support, or artificially secured and
tastefully arranged, will present a far more pleasing
aspect than the ingenuity of man can devise, or the
application of art accomplish. But it is upon the
grounds that the taste of the proprietor should be ex-
hibited, and this can be effected at comparatively
little expense. Most of the native, and many of the
foreign varieties of ornamental trees and shrubs, may
be raised from seeds, and a nursery thus formed will
in a few years afford a sufficient supply to occupy the
borders or other places designed for their reception.
Collections of many desirable kinds may be procured
from the contiguous forests. The work of preparing
the borders or divisions of the enclosure to be appro-
priated to the location of the plants, may be done at
intervals when leisure will permit, or when it will not
interfere with more important duties. The gravel-
ling of garden avenues may be dispensed with. Tiie
ordinary soil levelled, and laid smooth with the roller,
will present an agreeable surface with less labor and
cost than the former. Grass edgings are preferable

to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with
less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the
treasonable practice of affording shelter and suste-
nance to myriads of insects which prey upon the de-
licious products of the vine and other rare fruit.

We have been too long accustomed to rely- upon
foreign nurseries for fruit trees and other plants. 1 am
aware that to a certain extent this is unavoidable. But
we should depend more upon our own resources, and
learn to appreciate them. We have suffered too much
of disappointment, and experienced too much of vexa-
tion from the carelessness of others to submit with
patience to a repetition of them. We have waited
season after season for several successive years for the
development of fruits that were sent to us under the
imposing title of some rich and rare variety, and have
found in the reality that the good consisted alone in the
name. I would encourage the public nurseries in
our own vicinity, not to gratify any exclusive or sec-
tional views, but because we may thereby the more
easily avoid the inconveniences which have long been
the subject of complaint against others more remote.
The fear of prompt and immediate detection and ex-
posure, will have a tendency to render their proprie-
tors more cautious, w^hile the liberal support they
would receive, would stimulate them to secure and
retain the confidence reposed in them. The imposi-
tion that Vv^as practised upon the patriarch Jacob, who
was compelled to accept Leah as the reward of seven
years of labor and toil, for^Seteffia, is somewhat
analagous to the case of many of us. We, too, have

24

numbered full seven years in anticipation of the de-
velopment of fruits under assurances as specious as
those by which the patriarch was stimulated to the
performance of his stipulated servitude, and, like him,
-^ on its termination, have found a Leah in the place of

^^JuJL^^ -/^LnjiitiTf, and have again, like him, to accomplish
another term of years ere we could realize the hopes
we had formed in the acquisition of the object of
our desires.

The pubhc nurseries and gardens of Middlesex
and Norfolk are entitled to preeminence among those
of New England, and Newton and Brighton, and
Charlestovvn and Milton and Roxbury, are laudably
competing with similar establishments in other sec-
tions of our country for the general patronage.

A familiar acquaintance with the synonymes, and
their identity with the fruit, is essential to the conve-
nience of all classes of cultivators, and indispensable
to the proprietors of extensive nurseries. It will pre-
vent much of the confusion which now prevails, and
tend to correct the mistakes which frequently occur
to those who have not attended to this subject.

If it has been the prevailing fashion to underrate
almost everything of domestic origin, and attach a
value to exotics in proportion to the distance from,
and the expense at which they were procured, it
was no less true of the products of the soil, than of
those of the workshop and the loom. Even the in-
tellectual labors of our countrymen have, until within
a short period, been received with the cold formality
with which an indigent acquaintance is often re-

25

cognised. While everything that bore the impress
of a foreign original was sought after, admired and
eulogised without much regard to its intrinsic merits.
But these antinational prejudices and predilections
are fast receding before the beaming and unquencha-
ble light of intelligence and patriotism.

I have spoken of the influence that our association
has exerted in relation to the primary objects of its
institution. There are other subjects connected with
its success and usefulness, to which I have adverted,
and which should interest our attention. A practical
acquaintance with the different departments of natural
history will be found to be highly advantageous in the
business of horticulture. I hope we may avail our-
selves of the facilities that will be afforded us, to ac-
quire a knowledge of this subject, when it will com-
port with the convenience of the gentlemen who have
been designated as professors and lecturers on botany
and vegetable physiology, entomology and horticul-
tural chemistry. I anticipate from those resources
not only much intellectual gratification, but that,
from their abundant stores of scientific attainments,
we may be instructed and encouraged to persevere in
obtaining a familiar intimacy with all that is essential
to our pursuits.

The protection and preservation of useful birds is
a subject I would propose for your particular consid-
eration. To those whose souls are attuned to the
harmony of their music, who delight to listen to the
warbling of nature's choristers, little need be urged to
ensure them security in the peaceful possession of
4

^6

their accustomed haunts. But if this consideration
is not sufficient, there is another vi'ew in which the
subject may be presented, that cannot fail to render
them tlie objects of our care and watchfulness. We
must eitlier encourage them, or resign our gardens
and orchards to the overwhehning ravages of innume-
rable insatiate insects. We must preserve them, and
consent to tolerate their minor depredations, or suffer
them to be destroyed, and with them all hopes of pre-
serving any portion of our fruits.

It is asserted upon competent authority, that nearly
all the food of small birds from the commencement of
spring to the middle of June, consists of insects; and
that a pair of sparrows during the time they have their
young ones to provide for, destroy every week about
three thousand three hundred caterpillai-s. By a wise
and judicious enactment of the legislature of Mas-
sachusetts, the protection of the law is extended to
the preservation of certain kinds of birds that are
enumerated, and a penalty provided for every infrac-
tion of its provisions. Let this association unite in
giving efficiency to the laws, by enforcing its opera-
tions upon every violater, and thus shall we subserve
the pubhc interests, protect our property, and pre-
serve those innocent and useful co-laborers, who am-
ply repay us in the aid they afford, and in the grati-
fication we derive from their presence, and in listening
to their inspiring and animating melody.

The pursuits which it is our object to promote, are
not only subservient to the happiness of social and
domestic life, in multiplying the resources of inno-

^1

cent indulgence, and of the interchange of the kind
offices of mutual good will, and not only tend to excite
and elevate that taste for the beauties of creation,
which almost of necessity leads to communion with
its All-Glorious Author, but may be consecrated also
to the holy purpose of randering more interesting and
cittractive our final resting-place.

The improvement and embellishment of grounds
devoted to public uses, is deserving of especial consi-
deration, and i-hould interest the ingenious, the libe-
ral and tasteful in devising ' ways and means ' for the
accomplishment of so desirable an object ; and i
deem this a suitable occasion to direct the attention
of our citizens to a subject I have long wished to
see presented to tlieir consideration, with an elo-
quence that could not fail to awaken, and with argu-
ments that will not fail to insure the influence of all
in its execution.

I refer to the establishment of a public cemetery,
similar in its designs to that of Pere La Chaise in the
environs of Paris, to be located in the suburbs of this
metropolis. A suitable regard for the memory of the
dead is not inconsistent with tlie precepts of religion
or of our duty to the living. The place of graves
affords to the serious and the contemplative, instruc-
tion and admonition. It teaches us ' what shadows
we are, and what shadows we pursue.' It is there
that the heart is chastened, and the soul is subdued,
and the affections purified and exalted. It is there
that ambition surveys the boundaries of its powers,
of its hopes, and its aspirations. And it is there that

28

we are constrained to adinit, that human distinctions,
and arrogance, and influence must terminate. I
would render such scenes luoio alluring, more fami-
liar and imposing, by the aid of rural embellishments.
The skill and taste of the architect should be exerted
in the construction of the requisite departments and
avenues ; and appropriate trees and plants should de-
corate its borders ; — the weeping willow, v/aving its
graceful drapery over the monumental marble, and
the sombre foliage of the Cyprus should shade it,
and the undying daisy should mingle its bright and
glowing tints with the native laurels of our forests.
It is there I would desire to see the taste of the florist
manifested in the collection and arrangement of beau-
tiful and fragrant flowers, that in their budding and
bloom and decay they should be the silent but expres-
sive teachers of morality, and remind us that, although,
like the flowers of autumn, the race of man is fading
from off' the earth, yet like them his root will not per-
ish in the ground, but will rise again in a renewed
existence, to shed the sweet influence of a useful life,
in gardens of unfading beauty !

SECOND
AIVNIVERSARY FESTIVAL

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Second Anniversary of tlie Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety was celebrated on Friday, the 10th of September, at the Ex-
change Coffee House, in a very splendid manner, notwithstanding
the unpropitious state of the weather for several days previous, which
it was feared would prevent so handsome a display of fruits as was
made last year. The dining hall was very tastefully ornamented
with festoons and vases of flowers, and the table loaded with nu-
merous baskets of beautiful peaches, grapes, pears, melons, apples,
&c., arranged in a very chaste and appropriate manner. Much
credit is due to the public spirit of E. Edwards, Esq., of Spring-
field, Mass., a member of the Society, who, in addition to the pleasure
his own company gave at the dinner table, enriched it with ten
baskets of beautiful peaches, plums, and pears, the produce of his
own and his neighbors' gardens. The trellis of grapes, raised in
the open air by Mr Fosdick, of Charlestown, excited much atten-
tion. The Hall of the Exchange was literally crowded with visiters
from 12 to 2 o'clock.

The Society was favored with an eloquent and interesting Ad-
dress, by Z. Cook, Jr., Esq., of Dorchester, at the Lecture Room
at the Athenaeum, at 11 o'clock, A. M.

Among the fruits presented, were baskets of very fine Esperione
and Black Hamburg Grapes, from Wm. De.\n, of Salem ; from J*

30

W. Treadwell, Salem, Pears, Johonnot; from T. H. Peukins,

Grapes, St Peters, Muscat of Alexandria, white Fronlignac, black
do. ; black Hamburg, flame colored Tokay, Chasselas or Sweet
Water ; Peaches and Nectarines, branches of Irish Ivory, from
plants raised by Col. P., from cuttings taken by himself from Car-
risbrook and Warwick castles, England, a beautiful vine, and per-
fectly hardy ; from John Lowell, Grapes, black Hamburg, (one
bunch weighing' 3-2 ounces,) and white Tokay ; Peaches ; a plant
in flower, of Musea Coccinea, has never been flowered before in
this country; from Rufus F. Piiii'ps, Charlestown, Nectarines, and
Andrews Pears; from Dr Webster, Cambridge, flowers, Dahlias,
.&,c. ; from Du Aoams, Boston, magnum bonum Plums; from
Thomas Whitmarsh, Brookline, Peaches; from John Heard, Jr.
Watertown, Bartlett Pears ; from Du. S. A. Suurtleff, Boston, St
Michael's and Broca's Bergamot Pears, White Muscadine Grapes,
open ground; from N. Clapp, Dorchester, Peaches, natural of the
oth and Gth generation, has never deteriorated from the parent fruit;
from J. B. RicHAiiDSOiV, Boston, Peaches; from E. M. Richards,
Dedham, Summer Russet, Red Juneating, and Benoni (a native)
Apples, and uncommonly fine natural Peaches ; from David Fos-
DicK, Charlestown, White Muscadine Grapes, tastefully arranged
;Upon a trellis ; from David Haggerston, Charlestown, black
Hamburg Grapes and Flowers; from Elisha Edwards, Spring-
field, Peaches, natural, very large and beautiful, also large and
beautiful Pears and Plums ; from John A. W. Lamb, Boston,
Peaches; from Nathaniel Seaver, Roxbury, Bartlett Pears and
Peac'ies ; from J. and F. Winship, Brighton, flowers ; from Messrs
Kenrick, Newton, flowers ; from Ebenlzer Breed, Charlestown,
'Grapes, five clusters black Hamburg, (two weighing 2i lbs. each,
1 weighing 2 lbs.) white Chasselas and Muscat, also flowers ; from
S. Downer, Bartlett Pears, Porter and Ribstone Pippin Apples.
Morris' White Peaches, four pots Balsam ine, and two pots Snow-
berry; from Ezra Dyek, Boston, Plums and Peaches; from John
Prince, Roxbury, Ribstone Pippin Apples; Verte longue, An-
drews, Bartlett, and green Catharine Pears; yeliow letter Melon,
Royal D'Tours, Plums, a large braiich of Datura Arborea, in
flower, Dahlias, &.c.; from Z. Cook, Jr., Dorchester, Bartlett

31

Pears, and flowers; from Hector Coffin, Newburyport, Bon Cre-
tion Pears; from Enoch Baktlett, Dorchester, Peaches, and
Bartlett Pears ; from S. R. J(jhns(in, Charlcstovvn, White Gage
and Bohnar's Washington Plams; from R. Tooiiey, Waltham, by
E. W. Payne, Black Hamburg Grapes, Pears, Peaches, and Mel-
ons; from VVm. Stone, city farm, Soutii Boston, a Muskmelon,
weighing 19^ lbs. ; from E. G. Austin, Boston, magnum boniim
white Plums; from Edward Sharp, Dorchester, very fine red
Roman Nectarines; from Richard Sullivan, Brookline, black
Hamburg Grapes; from Andrew Brimmer, Boston, White Gage,
or Prince's fine white and Hill's native Plums, and a branch of
Swan Pears, and a basket of Pears; from H, A. S. Dearboun,
Roxbury, great mogul Plums ; from G. W. Pratt, Waltham, huge
Bouquets of flowers; from Wm. Carter, Botanic Garden, Cam-
bridge, natural Peaches, very large and beautiful, and flowers ;
from Elias Phinney, native Grapes, and Nectarines; from Che-^
VER Newhall, Dorchester, fine natural Peaches; from Nehemiah
D. Williams, Roxbury, Porter and other Apples ; from O. Pettee,.
Newton, Caroline Cling-Stone Peaches; from S. G. Perkins, a
dressed basket of fruit, consisting of black Hamburg, black Cape,
and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes; and the Alberge Admirable,.
Great Montague Admirable, Morris' White or Pine, and Landreth's
Cling-Stone Peaches; from E. Vose, of Dorchester, beautiful
Groose Mignonne Peaches, Bartlett Pears, Persian and Pine Ap-
ple Melons, and large Watermelons; from Henry A. Breed, of
Lynn, Watermelons; from Peter C. Brooks, of Medford, by
Georcje Tiio:\!pson, gardener, large clusters of black Hamburg
Grapes, and fine Spice Apples ; from John Lemist of Roxbury,
several varieties of beautiful flowers ; Charles Senior, flowers ;
William W'orthington flowers, in wreaths.

At four o'clock the Society, with their friends and invited
guests sat down to a dinner prepared by Mr Gallagher, when the
following sentiments were drunk.

regular toasts.
1. JYa/} England — The hills that gave shelter to Liberty are
now crowned with the blessings of Ceres.

32

2. The Constitution of tJte United States — The vigor of the
B'tock will soon correct the saplings that may be engrafted on it.

3. Liberty — Having completed her Temple — we would entwine
he stately columns with the peaceful vine.

4. Our Senator in Cangress. — Himself invulnerable ; he fur-
nishes arms for the security of States.

5. Our Controversies with the Parent Cotaitrij — Let them be
manly struggles for a more honorable union on reciprocal principles-

6 Massachusetts Cultivators — May our efforts and success be
in an inverse ratio to our climate and soil.

7. Golden Apples and Golden Fleeces — M y they cease to be
emblems of discord and disunion.

8. NuWJication — A mode of re-dressing — highly destructive of
the black and white sorts.

9. Horticulture and Floricidture — By wliich all climates and
all soils may be compelled to concentrate their uses and beauties at
the pleasure of man.

10. The practical and scientijic Cultivator — A man who makes
experiments in farming and in gardening for the heneft of his
7ieighbijr.

11. Diffusion of kind and of kindness — Our grapes can never be
sour, for they wdl be within the reach of everybody.

12. Woman — The Industry, science, and taste of man, is improv-
incr the soil for a more extended dominion of Flora.

13. Thefruits of the Patriots of France— We would return them
renovated and more grateful to the world by American adoption.

14. The monarchies of Europe — Vicious stocks w««/s< go to the
wall for improved cultivation.

15. Cultivation in its two great branches, mental and manual —
The latter without the former is an eddy in a stream— always
moving, never advancing.

IG. Novelties in cultivation — Never adopted without caution,
nor rejected without trial— for although everything which is new
may not be useful, yet everything useful was once ne:o.

VOLUNTEERS.

By the President, General Dearborn: Lafavette— ' Without
fear and without reproach;' the illustrious Champion of Liberty in
three Revolutions.

Bi/ His Excellency Gov. Lincoln. The vine, under the shadow
of which Freemen dwell securely— May its ncio growth be pro-
tected in that country, where it requires rather training than
heading.

By his Honor the Mayor. New England — May every farm be-
come a garden, every garden adorned with vines— and may it be
the boast of our posterity, that their Fathers did not eat sour grapes.

Bij the Chief Justice. Education — The culture of the mind,
which always requites the faithful laborer with the sweetest flowers
and the richest fruit.

Bij Hon. B. TV. Crouminshield. The Apple and Plum — May
we never eat of the apple of discord, and have plums enough to
make smooth the way of life.

By the Rev. Mr Picrpont. A Garden— The primitive and
perpetual scene of all that makes man great— labor and serious
thought ; in which, having seen the smile of God in the heat, he
may hear his voice ' in the cool of the day.'

By Judge Chipmnn, of New Brunstcick. The city of Boston —
May it preserve its high character and its public spirit.

Communicated by the Hon. John Lowell. The Massachusetts
Horticultural Society — May liberality, without a tincture of jealousy,
and cautious and scientific scrutiny, be its distinguished charac-
teristic.

By Zebedce Cook, Jr. Esq., Ist Vice President. The Press —
Charles X. and his ' travclhng Cabinet ' — the best modern com-
mentary upon its power and influence when exerted in the cause
of civil liberty and the rights of man.

By the Hon. Edivard D. Bangs, Secretary of the Common-
wealth. Agriculture and Horticulture — Pursuits in which compe-
tition excites no jealousy, and where ambition is often crowned
with success.

5

34

By John a Gray, Esq. The memory of Stephen Elliot of South
Carolina— The death of an accomplished botanist is the loss of
the whole world.

By E. Phinney, Esq., Vice President. Rural employment— I
gives purity and freshness to the opening ftwc? of youth— beauty and
fragrance to the floiccr of manhood-and a wholesome soundness
to thc/rw«7sof old age.

By Dr Thacher of Plymouth. The noble achievements of
Horticulture-Peaches and Pears big as pumpkins, and grapes in
clusters like that borne on a staif by two men from the valley of
Grapes in the wilderness of Paran.

By Gen. Sumner. The Nullificators— South Carolina Borers—
as nobody cares about them out of their own State, they ought to
be dug out there.

By Dr S. A. Shurtlcff. Gen. Lafayette— The Hero of three
Revolutions.

Communicated by Judge Story, who was prevented by illness
from attendmg the meeting : The pleasures of the f%-The fruits
of good tasle, and the taste of good fruits.

r/ic soil of Algiers under French culture—Lei them plant the
tree of Knowledge, and that of Liberty will spring up of itself.

By J C Gray, Esq. TheRepublicsofSouth America— Thrifty
plants which have withstood fire and steel by dint of vigorous
5/.oo^4-may they never be injured by any injudicious attempt
at Crown Grafting.

By S. Dormer, Esq. The Second Anniversary of our Society-
It brincrs with it the strengthened assurance of its great success, in
promoting the elegant, useful, and interesting science, which it

has for its object. . .

The Recipes of our English 'Kitchener' may suit a foreign
taste— We prefer the prescriptions of a Yankee Cook.
The Garden Festival —

' Blossoms and fruits and flowers together rise,
And the whole year in wild profusion lies.'

After the Governor had retired—

Gov. LiNcoLN-Fearless, independent, and patnotic-May he

35

who never forgets his country, be always supported by his country-
men.

Communicated by Jacob Lorrillard, Esq., President of the New
York Horticuhural Society : The Massackuseits Horticultural So-
ciety— Her blossoms insure a fruitful harvest.

Communicated by Judge Buel, President of the Albany Horti-
cultural Society : Old Massachusetts — a nursery of Industry, En-
terprise, Talent, and Patriotism — Her Plants have been widely dis-
seminated, and are found to flourish and fruit well, in every climate
and in every soil.

Sent by William R. Prince, Esq. of Flashing, N. Y. : The Star
of Promise — the Ancients watched its glory in the East — We
hail its brightest ascension in the West.

By Dr Storcr, of Boston. Our Society — In these her days of
successful operation, may she gratefully remember the vehicle
which has borne her on to popularity and usefulness — a Dearborn.

Sent by Alfred S. Prince, Esq., of Flushing, N. Y. : Boston —
Nature's favored spot, where the flowers of rhetoric commingle
with those which spring from the domain of Flora.

On motion of Mr Z. Cook, Jr., the Hon. Ward Chipman, of
New Brunswick, was elected an honorary member of the Society.

When Judge Chipman retired —

Judge Chipman — Our new member, and the agent of the British
Government for establishing our Eastern boundary — We should
be pleased to have such a one fixed as would bring him within
our limits.

By Mr Edteards, of Springfield. The Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society — Success and prosperity to all her experiments.

After the President had retired, Mr Cook gave —

Henry A. S. Dearborn, President of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society — Under his assiduous, skilful, and energetic ad-
ministration, this institution cannot fail to realize the hopes and
anticipations of its founders.

THE COURSE OF CULTURE.

BY G. T. FESSENDEN.

Sting at the Second Anniversary of the Massachusetts^ Horticultural Society,
to the tune— ' Jluld Lang Syne:

Survey the world, through every zone,

From Lima to Japan,
In lineaments of light 't is shown

That CULTURE makes the man.
By manual culture one attains

What Industry may claim,
Another's mental toil and pains

Attenuate his frame.

Some plough and plant the teeming soil.

Some cultivate the arts ;
And some devote a life of toil

To tilling heads and hearts.
Some train the adolescent mind.

While buds of promise blow,
And see each nascent twig inclined

The way the tree should grow.

The first man, and the first of men,

Were tillers of the soil ;
And that was Mercy's mandate then,

Which destined man to moil.
Indulgence preludes fell attacks

Of merciless disease.
And Sloth extends on fiery racks

Her listless devotees.

Hail Horticulture! Heaven-ordained,

Of every art the source,
Which man has polished, life sustained,

Since time commenced his course.

37

Where waves thy wonder-working wand
What splendid scenes disclose !

The blasted heath, the arid strand,
Out-bloom the gorgeous rose !

Even in the seraph-sex is thy

Munificence described ;
And Milton says in lady's eye

Is Heaven identified.
A seedling, sprung fi-om Adam's side,

A most celestial shoot !
Became of Paradise the pride,

And bore a world of fruit.

The Lilly, Rose, Carnation, blent

By Flora's magic power,
And Tulip, feebly represent

So elegant a flower.
Then, surely, Bachelors, ye ought,

In season to transfer
Some sprig of this sweet 'toucii-me-not,'

To grace your own parterre ;

And every Gardener should be proud,

With tenderness and skill.
If haply he may be allowed

This precious plant to till.
All that man has, had, hopes, can have,

Past, promised, or possessed.
Are fruits which culture gives or gave

At Industry's behest.

OFFICERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRESIDENT.

HENRY A. S. DEARBORN, Roxbury.

YICE-PRESIDENTS.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr., Dorchester.
JOHN C. GRAY, Boston.
ENOCH BARTLETT, Roxbia-y.
ELIAS PHINNEY, Lexington.

TREASURER.

CHEEVER NEWHALL, Boston.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

JACOB BIGELOW, M. D., Boston.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT L. EMMONS, Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, Brookline.
THOMAS BREWER, Roxbury.
HENRY A. BREED, Lynn.
BENJ. W. CROVVNINSHIELD, Salem.
J. G. COGSWELL, JVorthampton.
NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, Milton.
E. HERSEY DERBY, Salem.
SAMUEL DOWNER, Dorchester.

39

OLIVER FISKE, Worcester.

B. V. FRENCH, Boston.

J. M. GOURGAS, Jfeston.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D., Milton.

S VMUEL JAQUES, Jr., Charlestown .

JOS. G. JOY, Bosto7i.

WILLIAM KENRICK, JVewton.

JOHN LEMIST, Ruxhwy.

S. A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.

BENJAMIN RODMAN, Mw Bedford.

JOHN B. RUSSELL, Boston.

CHARLES SENIOR, Roxhury.

WILLIAM H. SUMNER, Dorchester.

CHARLES TAPPAN, Boston.

JACOB TIDD, Roxbury.

M. A. WARD, M. D., Salem.

JONA. WINSHIP, Brighton.

WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.

ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.

AARON D. WILLIAMS, Roxbury.

E. M. RICHARDS, Dedham.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANT AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

MALTHUS A. WARD, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

STANDING COMMITTEES

or THE

COUNCIL..

I.

ON FRUIT TREES, FRUITS, &C.

To have cliarge of whatever relates to the multiplication of fruit
trees and vines, by seed, scions, buds, layers, suckers, or other
modes; the introduction of new varieties; the various methods of
pruning and training them, and whatever relates to their culture,
and that of all other fruits ; the recommendation of objects for
premiums, and the awarding of them.

ELIAS PHINNEY, Chairman.
SAMUEL DOWNER,
OLIVER FISKE,
ROBERT MANNING,
CHARLES SENIOR,
ELIJAH VOSE,
WILLIAM KENRICK,
E. M. RICHARDS.

II.

ON THE CULTURE AND PRODUCTS OF THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

To have the charge of whatever relates to the location and
management of Kitchen Gardens ; the cultivation of all plants
appertaining thereto ; the introduction of new varieties of esculent,
medicinal, and all such vegetables as are useful in the arts or are
subservient to other branches of national industry ; the struc-
ture and management of hot-beds; the recommendation of object
for premiums, and the awarding of them.

DANIEL CHANDLER, Chairman.
JACOB TIDD,
AARON D. WILLIAMS,
JOHN B. RUSSELL,
NATHANIEL SEAVER,
LEONARD STONE.

41

III.

ON ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, AND GREEN-HOUSES.

To have charge of whatever relates to the cuhure, multi-
plication, and preservation of ornamental trees and sliruhs, and
flowers of all kinds ; the construction and management of green-
houses, the recommendation of objects for premiums, and the
awarding of them.

ROBERT L. EMMONS, Chairman.
JONATHAN WINSHIP,
JOSEPH G. JOY,
DAVID HAGGERSTON,
GEORGE W. PRATT.

IV.

ON THE LIBRARY.

To have charge of all books, drawings, and engravings, and to
recommend from time to time such as it may be deemed expedient
to procure ; to superintend the publication of such communications
and papers as may be directed by the council; to recommend pre-
miums for drawings of fruits and flowers, and plans of country
houses, and other edifices and structures connected with horticul-
ture ; and for communications on any subject in relation thereto.

H. A. S. DEARBORN, Chairman.

JOHN C. GRAY,

JACOB BIGELOW,

T. W. HARRIS,

E. H. DERBY,

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

COMMITTEE ON THE SYNONYMES OF FRUITS.

At a meeting of the Society, June 20, the following gentlemen
were chosen a Committee to facilitate a change of fruits with the
Philadelphia, New York, and Albany Horticultural Societies, and
others, for the purpose of establishing their synonymes.

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman,
ROBERT MANNING,
SAMUEL DOWNER.

MEMBERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ASPINWALL, AUGUSTUS, Brookline.
AMES, JOHN W., Dcdham.
ANDREWS, JOHN H., Salem.
ANDREWS, EBENEZER T., Boston.
ANTHONY, JAMES, Providence,

BARTLETT, ENOCH, Roxbury,
BREWER, THOMAS, «'

BRIMMER, GEORGE W., Boston.
BRADLEE, JOSEPH P., ««

BREED, EBENEZER, "

BUSSEY, BENJAMIN, "

BREED, HENRY A., Lynn.
BIGELOW, JACOB, Boston.
BALDWIN, ENOCH, Dorchester.
BREED, JOHN, Charlestown.
BREED, ANDREWS, Lynn.
BAILEY, KENDAL, Charlestown.
BALLARD, JOSEPH, Boston.

COOK, ZEBEDEE, Jr., Dorchester.
CODMAN, JOHN, "

CUNNINGHAM, J. A., "
CLAPP, NATHANIEL, "
COOLIDGE, JOSEPH, Boston.
CORDIS THOMAS, "

COPELAND, B. F., Koxbury.
COGSWELL, J. G., Northampton.
CHAMPNEY, JOHN, Roxbury.
COWING, CORNELIUS, "
CHANDLER, 1>ANIEL, Lexington.
CALLENDER, JOSEPH, Boston.
CHASE, HEZEKIAH, Lynn.

ANDREWS, FERDINAND, Lancaster,
ATKINSON, AMOS, Brookline.
APPLETON, SAMUEL, Boston.
ADAMS, D.\NIEL, Newbury.

B

BROW"N, JAMES, Cambridge.
BARTLETT, EDMUND, Newburyport.
BUCKMLNSTER, LAWSON, Framingham^
BUCKMINSTER, EDWARD F., "
BRECK, JOSEPH, Pepperell.
BADLAM, STEPHEN, Boston.
BRADFORD, SAMUEL H., Boston.
BAILEY, EBENEZER, Boston.
BANGS, EDWARD D , Worcester.
BOWDOIN, JAMES, Boston.
BALCH, JOSEPH, Roxbury.
BOND, GEORGE, Boston.

c

COLMAN, HENRY, Salem.
CARNES, NATHANIEL G., New Yorfe.
CURTIS, EDWARD, Pepperell.
CHANDLER, SAMUEL, Lexington.
CAPEN, AARON, Dorchester.
CROWNINSHIELD, BENJ. W., Salem.
COTTING, WM., West Cambridge.
CABOT, SAMUEL, Brookline.
COFFIN, HECTOR, Rock Farm, Newbury.
CURTIS, NATHANIEL, Roxbury.
CLAP, ISAAC, Dorchester.
CRAFTS, EBENEZER, Roxbury.

43

DEARBORN, H. A. S., Roxbury.
DAVIS, ISAAC P., Boston.
DOWNEK, SAMUEL, Dorchester.
DICKSON, JAMES A., "
DOWSE, THOMAS, Cambridgeport
DUDLEY, DAVID, Roxbury.
DOGGETT, JOHN, Boston.
DREW, DANIEL, "
DERBY, JOHN, Salem.

EMMONS, ROBERT L., Boston.
EVERETT, EDWARD, Charlestown.
EUSTIS, JAMES, South Reading.

D

DAVENPORT, NATHANIEL, Milton.
DAVIS, CHARLES, Roxbury.
DORR, NATHANIEL, "
DODGE, PICKERING, Salem.
DEAN, WILLIAM, ««

DERBY, E. H., "

DODGE, PICKERING, Jr. Salem.
DAVIS, JOHN R, Boston.

E

EDWARDS, ELISHA, Springfield.
EAGER, WILLIAM, Boston.
ENDICOTT, WILLIAM P., Danvers.

FRENCH, BENJAMIN V., Boston. FLETCHER, RICHARD, Boston.

FESSENDEN, THOMAS G., Charlestown. FIELD, JOSEPH, Weston.

FROTHINGHAM, SAMUEL, Boston,
FORRESTER, JOHN, Salora.
FISKE, OLIVER, Worcester.
FOSDICK DAVID, Charlestown.

GRAY, JOHN C, Boston.
GREENLEAF, THOMAS, Quincy.
GOURGAS, J. M., Weston.
GREEN, CHARLES W., Roxbury.
GORE, WATSON, "

GANNETT, T. B., Cambridge.

HARRIS, SAMUEL D., Boston.
HUNTINGTON, JOSEPH, Rosbury.
HASKINS, RALPH, «

HUNTINGTON, RALPH, Boston.
HEARD, JOHN, Jr., "

HILL, JEREMIAH, "

HOLLINGSWORTH, MARK, Milton.
HARRIS, WILLIAM T., "

HOLBROOK, AMOS, "

HARRIS, THADDEUS M., Dorchester.
HOWE, RUFUS, '«

HAYDEN, JOHN, Brookline.

rVES, JOHN M., Salem.

JAaUES, SAMUEL, Jr., Charlestown.
JOY, JOSEPH G., Boston.

FITCH, JEREMIAH, Boston
FRANCIS, J. B., Warwick, (R. I )
FREEMAN, RUSSELL, New Bedford.
FAY, SAMUEL P. P., Cambridge.

G

GARDNER, W. F., Salem.
GARDNER, JOSHUA, Dorchester.
GOODALE, EPHRAIM, Bucksport.
GOODWIN, THOMAS, J., Charlestown.
GUILD, BENJAMIN, Boston.
GIBBS, BENJAMIN, Boston.

H

HOWES, FREDERICK, Salem.
HAGGERSTON, DAVID, Charlestown.
HUNT, EBENEZER, Northampton.
HOWL AND, JOHN, Jr., New Bedford.
HAYWARD, GEORGE, Boston.
HIGGINSON, HENRV, Boston.
HALL, DUDLEY, Medford.
HARTSJIORNE, ELIPHALET P., Boston.
HOUGHTON, ABEL. Jr., Lynn.
HOVEY,P. B., Jr., Cambridgeport.
KURD, WILLIAM, Charlestown.

I

J

JOY, JOSEPH B., Boston.
JONES, THOMAS K., Roxbury.

44

JOHNSON, SAMUEL, R., Charlestown.
JACKSON, PATRICK T., Boston.

KENRICK, WILLIAM, Newton.
KELLIE, WILLIAM, Boston.

JACKSON, JAMES, Boston.
JOHONNOT, GEORGE S., Salem.

K

KING, JOHN, Medford.

LINCOLN, LEVI, Worcester.
LINCOLN, WILLIAM, "
LOWELL, JOHN, Roxbury.
LEE, THOMAS, Jr. '«
LEWIS, HENRY, "
LEMIST, JOHN, "

LYMAN, THEODORE, Jr., Boston.
LOWELL, JOHN A., "

MANNING, ROBERT, Salem.
MANNERS, GEORGE, Boston.
MINNS, THOMAS, "

MORRILL, AMBROSE, Lexington.
MUNROE, JONAS, ^'

MUSSEY, BENJAMIN, Boston.

NEWHALL, CHEEVER, Dorchester.
NICHOLS, OTIS, "

NUTTALL, THOMAS, Cambridge.
NEWELL, JOSEPH R., Boston.

OTIS, HARRISON G., Boston.
OLIVER, FRANCIS J., «

LAWRENCE, ABBOTT, Boston.
LYMAN, GEORGE W., "
LAWRENCE, CHARLES, Salem.
LITTLE, HENRY, Bucksport, Maine.
LELAND, DANIEL, Sherburne.
LELAND, J. P., "

LITTLE SAMUEL, Bucksport.

M

M'CARTHY, EDWARD, Brighton.
MACKAY, JOHN, Boston.
MEAD, ISAAC W., Charlestown.
MEAD, SAMUEL O., West Cambridge.
MOFFATT, J. L., Boston.

N

NEWHALL, JOSIAH, Lynnfield.
NEWMAN, HENRY, Roxbury.
NICHOLSON, HENRY, Brookline.
NEWELL, JOSEPH W., Charlestown.

o

OLIVER, WILLIAM, Dorchester.
OXNARD, HENRY, Brookline.

PERKINS, THOMAS, H., Boston.
PERKINS, SAMUEL G., "
PARSONS, THEOFHILUS, "
PUTNAM, JESSE, "

PRATT, GEORGE W., "

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM, '<
PENNIMAN, ELISHA, Brookline
PARSONS, GORHAM, Brighton.
PETTEE, OTIS, Newton.
PRINCE, JOHN, Roxbury.
PHINNEY, ELIAS, Lexington.
PRINCE, JOHN, Jr., Salem.
PEABODY, FRANCIS, "
PICKMAN, BENJU T., Boston.
PENNIMAN, JAMES, Dorchester.

POOR, BENJAMIN, New York.

PERRY, Ret. G. B., East Bradford.

PERRY, .TOHN, Sherburne.

POND, SAMUEL, Cambridge.

PAYNE, EDWARD W., Boston.

PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, "

POND, SAMUEL M., Bucksport.

PRESCOTT, C. H., Curnwallis, Nova Scotia.

PARKER, DANIEL P., Boston.

PRATT, WILLIAM, Jr., Boston.

PRIEST, JOHN P.,

PHILBRICK, SAMUEL, Brookline.

PAKKKR, THOMAS, Dorchester.

PARKER, ISAAC, Boston.

PARKINSON, JOHN, Roxbury.

45

RUSSELL, JOHN B., Boston.
KOUBIXS, E. H., "

ROLLLXS, WILLIAM, "
RICE, JOHN P., "

RICE, HENRY, "

RUSSELL, J. W., Roxbury.
READ, JAMES, "

ROBBINS, P. G., Roxbury.
ROLLINS, EBENEZER, Boston.

SHURTLEFF, BENJAMIN, Boston.
SEARS, DAVID,
STEVENS, ISAAC, «'

SILSBY, ENOCH, "

STORER, D. HUMPHREYS, «'
SULLIVAN, RICHARD, Brookline.
SEAVER, NATHANIEL, Roxbury.
SENIOR, CHARLES, "

SUMNER, WILLIAM H., Dorchester.
SWETT, JOHN, "

SHARP, EDWARD, «'

SMITH, CYRUS, Sandwich.
SUTTON, WILLIAM, Jk., Danvers.
STORY, F. H., Salem.

TAPPAN, CHARLES, Brookline.
TIDD, JACOB, Roxbury.
THOMPSON, GEORGE, Medford.
TRAIN, SAMUEL, "

THORNDIKE, ISRAEL, Jr., Boston.
THWING, SUPPLY C, Roxbury.

R

ROWE, JOSEPH, Milton.
ROGERS, R. S., Salera.
RODMAN, BENJAMIN, New Bedford.
ROTCH, FRANCIS, "

ROTCH, WILLIAM, "

RICHARDSON, NATHAN, South Reading
RAND, EDWARD S., Newburjport.
RICHARDS, EDWARD M., Dedham.

S

STRONG, JOSEPH, Jb., South Iladley.
STEARNS, CHARLES, Springfield.
SHURTLEFF, SAMUEL A., Boston.
SPRINGER, JOHN, Sterling.
SALTONSTALL, LEVERETT, Salem.
SHAW, LEMUEL, Boston.
SMITH, J. M., "

STORRS, NATHANIEL, Boston.
SISSON, FREEBORN, Warren, (R. I.)
SWIFT, HENRY, Nantucket.
SMITH, STEPHEN H., Providence.
SWAN, DANIEL, Medford.
STONE, LEONARD, Watertown.
STONE, WILLIAM, South Boston.

T

TUCKER, RICHARD D., Boston.
TILDEN, JOSEPH, "

TOOHEY, RODERICK, Waltham.
THOMAS, BENJAMIN, Hingliam.
TRULL, JOHN W., Boston.
TAYLOR, CHARLES, Dorchester.

VOSE, ELIJAH, Dorchester.

w

WILLIAMS, NEHEMIAH D., Roxbury.
WILLIAMS, FRANCIS I., Boston.
WILDER, M. P., Boston.
WILLIAMS, AARON D., Roxbury.
WILLIAMS, MOSES, "

WILLIAMS, G., "

W'ELD. BENJAMIN, "

W^ORTHINGTON, WILLIAM, Dorchester.
WELLES, JOHN, ••

WALES, WILLIAM,
WEBSTER, J. W., Cambridge.
WHITE. ABIJAH, Watertown.
WILLIAMS, SAMUEL G., Boston.

WIGHT, EBENEZER, Boston.
WYATT, ROBERT,
WINSHIP, JONATHAN, Brighton.
WILKINSON, SIMON, Boston.
WILDER, S. V. S., Bolton.
WALDO, DANIEL, Worcester.
WYETH, NATHANIEL J. Jk., Cambridge.
WEST, THOMAS, Haverhill.
WILLARD, JOSEPH, Lancaster.
WHITMARSH, SAMUEL, Northampton.
WHITMARSH, THOMAS, Brookline.
WARREN, JONATHAN, Jb., Weston.
WEBSTER, NATHAN, Haverhill.

46

WHITE, STEPHEN, Salem. WARD, RICHARD, Roxbury.

WARD, MALTHUS A. " WELD, AARON D. Jr., Boston,

WEBSTER, DANIEL. Boston. WALKER, SAMUEL, Roxbury.

HONORARY MEMBERS,

ADAMS, Hon. JOHN QUINCY, late President of the United States.
AITON, WILLIAM TOWNSEND, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.
ABBOTT, JOHN, Esq., Brunswick, Me.
ABBOTT, BENJAMIN, LL. D., Principal of Phillips' Academy, Exeter, New

Hampshire.
BUEL, J., Esq. President of the Albany Horticultural Society.
BODIN, Le Chevalier SOULANGE, Secretaire-General de la Societe D'Hor-

ticulture de Paris.
BANCROFT, EDWARD NATHANIEL, M. D., President of the Horticul-
tural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
BARCLAY, ROBERT, Esq., Great Britain.
BEEKMAN, JAMES, New York.
BARBOUR, P. P.. Virginia.
COXE, WILLIAM, Esq., Burlington, N. J.
COLLINS, ZACCHEUS, Esq. President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
COFFIN, Admiral Sir ISAAC, Great Britain.
CHAUNCY, ISAAC, United States' Navy, Brookline, New York.
CLAPIER, LEWIS, Philadelphia.

DICKSON, JAMES, Esq., Vice President of the London Hort. Society.
DE CANDOLLE, Mons. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS, Professor of Botany in the

Academy of Geneva.
ELLIOT, Hon. STEPHEN, Charleston, S. C.
EVERETT, HORACE, Vermont.
EVANSON, CHARLES ALLAN, Secretary King's County Agricultural Soc.

St. John, New Brunswick.
FALDERMAN, F., Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg.
FISCHER, Dr., Professor of Botany, of the Imperial Botanic Garden at St.

Petersburg.
GREIG, JOHN, Esq., Geneva, President of the Domestic Hort. Society of

the Western Part of the State of New York.
GORE, REBECCA, Miis, Waltham.
GRIFFITHS, MARY, Mrs, Charlies Hope, New Jersey.
GIRARD, STEPHEN, Philadelphia.
GIBBS, GEORGE, Sunswick, New York.
HERICART DE THURY, Le Vicomte, President de la Societe D'Horticul-

ture de Paiis.
HOSACK, DAVID, M. D., President of the New York Horticultural Soc.

47

IIOPKIRK, THOMAS, Escj., President of the Glasgow Hort. Society.

HUNT, LEWIS, Esq., Hunt^burg, Ohio.

HILDRETH, S. P., Marietta, Ohio.

INGERSOLL, JAMES R., President of the Horticultural Society of Pennsyl-

vania, Philadelphia.
JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United States.

KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW, Esq,., President of the London Hort. Society.
LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, Great Britain.
LA FAYETTE, General, La Grange, France.
LASTEYRIE, Le Comte de. Vice President de la Societe D'Horticulture

de Paris.
LORRILLARD, JACOB, President of the New York Hort. Soc. New York.
LONGSTRETH, JOSHUA, Philadelphia.

MADISON, Hon. JAMES, late President of the U. S. Virginia.
MONROE, Hon. JAMES, late President of the U. S. Virginia.
MICHAUX, MoNs. F. ANDREW, Paris.
MENTENS, LEWIS JOHN, Esq., Bruxelles.
MITCHILL, SAMUEL L., M. D., New York.

MOSSELMANN, , Esq., Antwerp.

POITEAU, Professor of the Institute Horticole de Fromont.

POVVEL, JOHN HARE, Powelton, Pa.

PRINCE, WILLIAM, Esq. Long Island, New York.

PRATT, HENRY, Philadelphia.

PALMER, JOHN, Esq., Calcutta.

ROSEBERRY, ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of, President of the Caledonian

Hort. Society.
SABINE, JOSEPH, Esq., Secretary of the London Hort. Society.
SHEPHARD, JOHN, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.
SCOTT, Sir WALTER, Scotland.
SKINNER, JOHN S., Baliimore.

TURNER, JOHN, Assistant Secretary of the London Hort. Society.
THACHER, JA3IES, M. D., Plymouth, Mass.
THORBURN, GRANT, Esq., New York.
TALIAFERRO, JOHN, Virginia.
THOURS, M. Du Petit, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institute Horticole de

Fromont.
VILMORIN, MoNs. PIERRE PHILLIPPE ANDRE, Paris.
VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, Esq., Hallowell, Maine.
VAN MONS, JEAN BAPTISTE, M. D., Brussels.
VAUGHAN, PETTY,EsQ., London.
WELLES, Hon. JOHN, Boston, Mass.

WILLICK, NATHANIEL, M. D., Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
WADSWORTH, JAMES, Geneseo, New York.
YATES, ASHTON, Esq.^ Liverpool

48

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

ADLUM, JOHN, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
ASl'INWALL, Col. THOMAS, U. S. Consul, London.
APPLETON, THOMAS, Esq., U. S. Consul, Leghorn.

ALPEY,

BARNETT, ISAAC COX, Esq., U. S. Consul, Paris.

BURTON, ALEXANDER, U. S. Consul, Cadiz.

BULL, E. W., Hartford, Connecticut.

CARR, ROBERT, Esq., Philadelphia.

COLVILLE, JAMES, Chelsea, England.

CARNES, FRANCIS G., Paris.

DEE RING, JAMES, Portland, Maine.

FLOY, MICHAEL, New York.

FOX, JOHN, Washington, District Columbia.

GARDINER, ROBERT H., Esq., Gardiner, Maine.

GIBSON, ABRAHAM P., U. S. Consul, St. Petersburg.

GARDNER, BENJAMIN, Consul U. States, Palermo.

HALL, CHARLES HENRY, Esq., New York.

HAY, JOHN, Architect of the Caledonian Hort. Soc.

HALSEY, ABRAHAM, Corresponding Secretary of the New York Hort. Soc.

New York.

HUNTER, , Baltimore.

HOGG, THOMAS, New York.

HENRY, BERNARD, Consul U. S. Gibraltar.

LANDRETH, DAVID, Jr., Esq., Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania

Hort. Society.
MAURY, JAMES, Esq., U. S. Consul, Liverpool.

MILLER, JOHN, M. D., Secretary of the Hort. and Agr. Soc. Jamaica.
MILLS, STEPHEN, Esq., Long Island, New York.
MELVILLE, ALLAN, New York.
NEWHALL, HORATIO, M. D., Galena, Illinois.
OFFLEY, DAVID, Esq., U. S. Consul, Smyrna.
OMBROSI, JAMES, U. S. Consul, Florence.
PARKER, JOHN, Esq., U. S. Consul, Amsterdam.
PAYSON, JOHN L., Esq., Messina.

PRINCE, WILLIAM ROBERT, Esq., Long Island, New York.
PRINCE, ALFRED STRATTON, Long Island.
PERRY, M. C, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.
PAL31ER, JOHN J., New York.
ROGERS, WILLIAM S., U. S. Navy, Boston.
ROGERS, J. S., Hartford, Connecticut.
SMITH, DANIEL D., Esq., Burlington, New Jersey. '
SMITH, CALEB R., Esq., New Jersey.
SPRAGUE, HORATIO, Gibraltar.
THORBURN, GEORGE C, New York
WILSON, WILLIAM, New York
WINGATE, J. F., Bath, Maine.

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, &c.

At the annual metBting of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety, held at their Hall on Saturday, September 18, 1830, it was

Voted, That the alterations in the Constitution and By-Laws of
this Society, with a list of the Members and Standing Committees,
be appended to the Anniversary Address, lo be published agreea-
bly to a vote of the Society.

At a stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
held on Saturday, March 0, 1830, at the Hall of the Society, it was

Resolved, That Honorary and Corresponding Members may be
hereafter elected by the Council, instead of the manner prescribed
in the XXI Vth article of the By-Laws.

The following Resolutions to amend the Constitution, were
offered, to be acted upon at the next stated meeting of the Society.

Resolved, That the Vllth section of the Constitution be so far
amended, as that all members be elected by the Council, instead
of the mode prescribed in said section.

Resolved, That the IXth section of the Constitution be so far
amended, that the Anniversary of the Society shall hereafter be
observed on the third Wednesday of September.

Voted, To amend the By-Laws of the Society by reducing the
fee of Life Membership to Fifteen Dollars, including the annual
subscription of the first year.

An adjourned meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety was held on the 13th of March, when the following regula-
tions for the Library and Cabinet were adopted.

ARTICLE I.

All books, manuscripts, drawings, engravings, paintings, models,
and other articles belonging to the Society, shall be confided
to the special care of the Committee on the Library, which shall
7

50

make a report at the annual meeting, on the third Saturday of
September, of their condition, and what measures may be necessary
for their preservation and augmentation.

ARTICLE II.

There shall be procured proper cases and cabinets for the books
and all other articles, in which they shall be arranged, in such a
manner, as the Committee on the Library may direct.

ARTICLK III.

All additions to the collection of books and other articles shall
be placed upon the table, in the Hall of the Society, for exhibition
for one week, and as much longer as the Library Committee may
deem expedient, previous to their being arranged in their appro-
priate situations.

ARTICLE IV.

The following books of record shall be kept in the Hall of the
Society.

Number 1. To contain a Catalogue of the Books.

" 2. To contain a Catalogue of the Manuscripts.

'' 3. To contain an account of the drawings, engravings,

paintings, models, and all other articles.
'' 4, The register of books loaned.

ARTICLE V.

When any book, or any other article, shall be presented to the
Society, tlie name of the donor shall be inserted in the appropriate
record book, and the time it was received.

ARTICLE VI.

Every book and article shall have a number affixed to it, in the
order in which they are arranged in the several books of record.

ARTICLE VII.

When any new book is received, it shall be withheld from circu-
lation at least one week ; and very rare and costly works shall not
be taken from the Hall without the permission of the Library
Committee.

51

ARTICLE VIII.

Not more than two volusnes shall be taken out by any member,
at one time, or retained longer than two weeks ; and every person
shall be subject to a fine of ten cents a week for every volume
retained beyond that time.

ARTICLE IX.

Every book shall be returned in good order, regard being had
to the necessary wear thereof, with proper usage ; and if any book
shall be lost or injured, the person to whom it stands charged
shall replace it by a new volume or set, if it belonged to a set,
or pay the current price of the volume or set, and then upon the
remainder of the set, if the volume belong to a set, shall be deliv-
ered to the person so paying for the same.

ARTICLE X.

All books shall be returned to the Hall for examination on or
before the first Saturday of September annually, and remain until
after the third Saturday of said month ; and every person then
having one or more books, and neglecting to return the same, as
herein required, shall pay a fine of one dollar ; and if, at the expira-
tion of one month after the third Saturday of September, any book
has not been returned, which was taken out previous to the annual
examination of the Library, the person to whom it stands charged,
shall be required to return the same, and if after such request, it
is not placed in the Hall within two weeks, he shall be liable to
pay therefor, in the manner prescribed in the ninth article.

ARTICLE XI.

No member shall loan a book to any other person, under the
penalty of a fine of one dollar.

ARTICLE XII.

When a written request shall be left at the Hall for a particular
book, then out, it shall be retained for the person requiring it, for
two days after it shall have been returned.

52

At a special meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
held on Saturday, May 8, 1830, the following resolution was
adopted :

Resolved, That the four Committees on Fruits, the products of
the kitchen garden, Flowers, and the synonymes of fruits, be
specially charged to examine the various products within their
several departments, which may be weekly exhil)ited in the Hall
of the Society, and to furnish reports thereon for publication in
the New England Farmer.

At a stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
which was held on Saturday, June 12, by adjournment, it was

Voted, That the several Committees on Fruits, the products of
the kitchen garden. Flowers, and the synonymes of Fruits, which
were directed at the meeting held on the 8th of May last, to make
weekly reports on the products exhibited in the Hall of the Society,
be requested to present them for publication, with distinctive cap-
tions, and that they be signed by the chairman, or such member of
the Committee, as may be charged with the duty of preparing them
for the press.

liesolved, that the Vllth section of the Constitution be so far
amended that all members be elected by the Council instead of
the manner prescribed in said section.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL.

At a meeting of the board of-Counsellors of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, held on Saturday, December 5th, 1829, the
following resolutions were adopted :

1st. Resolved, That an Executive Committee of the Council be
chosen to consist of five members, w ith authority to exercise all the
powers of the Council ; and said Committee to convene at such
times and places as may be deemed expedient, and to make re-
port of the proceedings to the Council at the stated meetings of the
board, and at such other times as may be required.

53

2d. Resolved, That the stated meetings of the Council shall he
held at ten o'clock, A. M., on the first Saturday of March, June,
September and December, at the Hall of the Society.

3d. Resolved, That there be an addition of one member to the
Library Committee. Zebedee Cook, Jr., having been nominated,
he was accordingly elected.

4th. Resolved, That all letters and communications to or from
any of the officers or members of the Society, which relate to ob-
jects for which it was instituted, and it may be deemed expedient
to publish as a part of the transactions of the Society, shall be
transmitted to the Library Committee, and said Committee shall
prepare them for, and superintend their publication.

5th. Resolved, That the four Standing Committees of the
Council prepare lists of such objects as they may think worthy of
premiums, and cause the same to be published in the New England
Farmer during the month of January next.

Cth. Resolved, That all seeds, plants, or other articles, presented
to the Society, or purchased therefor, shall be disposed of as the
Executive Committee may direct.

The following Gentlemen were then elected in pursuance of the
first resolution.

SAMUEL DOWNER, Dorchester.
ELIAS PHINNEY, Lexington.
CHEEVER NEWHALL, Dorchester.
CHARLES TAPPAN, Brookline.
JOHN B. RUSSELL, Boston.

RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STANDING COMxMITTEES.

1. It is the duty of the Standing Committee on Fruits, Flowers,
Vegetables, and the synonymes of Fruits, to attend the weekly ex-
hibitions at the Hall of the Society, and to carefully examine all
specimens which may be offered for premium or exhibition.

2. Reports on Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables, offered for exhi-
bition only, may be drawn up, signed, and delivered to the Library
Committee, for publication, by any member of each Committee,

54

who may be present, in the Hall, in the event the Chairman is
absent, and provided the consent of such other members, as may
be in attendance, is given.

3. No Report, awarding premiums, to be made on objects offer-
ed therefor, until after the season of the maturity of each kind of
fruit, flower, and vegetable, for which premiums have been offered,
has passed.

4. No premium to be awarded, but by the consent and approba-
tion of a majority of each committee.

5. All reports awarding premiums, to be signed by the Chair-
man, and transmitted to the Library Commitee for publication.

The foregoing Rules were read and adopted, at a meeting of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, on the 2d of October, 1830.
H. A. S. DEARBORN, Pres. Mass. Hort. Soc.
E. L. EMMONS, Recording Sec.

AN

ADDRESS

PRONOUNCED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

IN COMMEMORATION OF ITS

THIRD ANNUAL FESTIVAL,

SEPTEMBER 21, 1831.

BY MALTHUS A. WARD, M. D.

BOSTON:

PRIITTED BY J. T. &. E. BUCKINGHAM.

1831.

Boston, October 1, 1831.

"""^I had the honor, this day, at Uie annual meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society to move, that the thanks of the same be communicated to you for the interestmg
and acceptable Discourse delivered by you at the celebration of the Festival, on the 2l3t
ult., and that you be requested to furnish a copy for publication, which was unanimously

^%^be Committee, who had the pleasure to invite you to the performance of the duty you so
ably performed, are charged with the execution of the vote of the Society ; and, in pursu-
ance of the same, I have now to request that you will, at as early a day as your con-
venience permits, favor me with a copy of the Discourse, that it may be published.

A compliance with this request, I take leave to assure you, wUl afford the members of
the Society much pleasure, and renew, to those who heard it, the gratification they eiyoyed
on the occasion, and afford, to those who did not, a corresponding degree of satisfaction.
With the sincerest personal regard,
I am, dear Sir,

Your very obedient servant,

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr., Chairman.

Dr. M. a. Ward.

Salem, October 5, 1831.

"''ihe' Discourse, which you have been pleased to compliment so highly as to request a
copy for the press, was prepared without the slightest reference to such a purpose ; and, as
s intimated in th introduction to it, is little else than a compilation from the writings of
"whose sentiments, and whose language I scrupled not to adopt whenever they
v^eelind better adapted to my purpose, than the crude lucubrations of my own mnd.
CoTscious of a liability to be convicted of plagiarism in almost every ^^^^'^J^^lZ
sent that it should be published accompanied by this -'^^^'^l'^''^^'^' ^'"^''^^^^
may be shielded from the imputation of being accessory to the palming off upon the public,
as native fruit, that which has been derived from a foreign soil.

rm the opinion of the Committee, the publication of such a composition wUl many
way promote the objects of the Society, or contribute to the gratification of its members

Tarn not sure, that ihe fear of acquiring no credit by '^^ '>-^^\\'^ ^^''^''^^''ZIZ
my withholding a copy of it from your service ; therefore, it is herewith submitted to be
disposed of at your discretion.

With much respect,

Your obedient servant.

MALTHUS A. WARD.

Z. Cook, Jr. Esq., Chairman
of the Committee Mass. Horticultural Societif.

ADDRESS.

Mr. President,

And Gentlemen of the

Massachusetts Horticcltural Society :

It were strange, indeed, should one with my
feeble abilities, on such an occasion as the present,
attempt to address such an audience as that now be-
fore me, without experiencing some inward misgiv-
ings, and betraying some outward perturbation, —
without feeling the immediate necessity of saying
something to secure an interest in their favorable re-
gard, and predispose them to look with somewhat
more of lenient candor on his efforts to please, than
belongs to a rigid though a just criticism. I know
too well the value of your time to imagine this may
be done by a protracted exordium, however highly
elaborated, or gracefully uttered ; but I cannot for-
bear alluding, as among the disadvantages of my posi-
tion, to the circumstance of its being but two years,
since, in this place, we were instructed and delighted
with whatever, relating to the early history of our art,
could be drawn from the stores of a mind imbued
with all the knowledge which a profound investiga-

6

tion could bestow, and set forth by a taste formed on
a familiarity with the purest models in the walks of
polite literature ; and at our last anniversary, which
seems but as yesterday, the present state, and future
prospects of Horticulture, particularly in our own
country, were portrayed, in glowing colors, by one,
whose ardent zeal, whose energetic and successful
researches, have made him a master of the subject
he loves so well. ¥'ere I, therefore, to pursue the
track of those who have preceded me, it would be
the highest presumption to suppose that any observa-
tions I could make v/ould deserve attention. It
would be to offer the Society a few scanty gleanings,
after the full harvest has been gathered in.

Other paths are indeed open, where clusters of the
loveliest flowers and richest fruits are displayed in
prodigal profusion on every side ; but, to make a
happy selection and profitable appropriation of them,
requires the skill derived from a series of attentive
observations which I have never made, and an in-
ventive originality which I never possessed. I am
aware of the severe sarcasms which are often, and, no
doubt, in many instances, justly thrown upon " closet
naturalists." I know the peculiar air of suspicion
with which practical men and " out-of-door students
of nature," regard all communications emanating from
such a source ; and I am not ignorant of the exulting
exclamation so often and so triumphantly reiterat,ed
by Linnaeus, " I care not how learned my adversaries
are, if they be only so from books r yet, from the
manner of my life, it is to books and the observations

of others, that I must be principally indebted for the
entertainment, if any there be, in what I have pre-
pared to offer you at this time.

It is admitted that among the various pursuits,
w^hich occupy the attention of man at the present
day, few hold a more distinguished place than Hor-
ticulture. Even in the primeval ages of the world,
before luxury had established its control over every
relation of human life, and the wants, and the ne-
cessities of man were confined to the immediate pro-
ductions of his native soil, we even then find that
*' the garden" was one of the primary objects of his
industry, and an important source on which he de-
pended for subsistence. Now, if the culture of the
kitchen garden, as a means of subsistence, be one of
the first arts attempted by man, on emerging from
barbarism, so is the flower, or at least the land-
scape garden, as an art of design, one of the last
inventions for the display of wealth and taste in
periods of luxury and refinement.

Lord Bacon observes that "when ages grow to
civility and elegancy, men come to build stately,
sooner than to garden finely ; as if gardening were
the greater perfection."

I propose to make this sentence the theme of my
discourse ; and crave your indulgent attention while
I attempt to inve tigate the causes of this tardy pro-
gress of Horticultural improvement, and point out
the way to obviate them.

Notwithstanding the aversion most savages man-
ifest to working in the soil, and which in them is

8

but the result of education, the sentiment of the love
of a garden is indubitably natural to man. We see
it developed in children at a very early age. Both
boys and girls, almost so soon as they are masters of
sufficient language to express such a want, desire a
few square feet — some nook of the garden or court-
yard, to be assigned them for their exclusive tillage ;
and they soon learn to emulate each other in the
taste and neatness with which it is planted and kept.
Often in the closest lanes of the city, we see children
of a very tatterdemalion appearance sedulously nurs-
ing their miserable little rose-bush, or sickly tuft of
daisies. This cannot be altogether referred to the
propensity for imitation, or to the love of property,
but must be ascribed to another, equally innate, and
far more amiable principle. It is that the human
heart is prone to sympathy. It must have some-
thing,— some sensitive if possible, or at least some
animate being, to cherish and look forward to with
hope. "Even every Cockney," say the Scottish re-
viewers, " must have his garden^ consisting of a pot
of geranium and a box of mignionette."

Captain Lyon, after noticing a fact which might
strike some as very extraordinary, viz. that on leav-
ing his winter quarters in one of the most desolate,
inhospitable regions on earth, where he had been
imprisoned for nine dark and dreary months, his own
sensations certainly bordered closely on regret ; — and
giving as a reason, that, miserable as it was, it had
still afforded him a kind of home, and some spots
there had from habit become possessed of many

points of interest, — mentions "the garden" of each
ship, as having been, of all such places, the favor-
ite lounge. These "gardens" were two small hot-
bed frames, which had been brought out from England
for the purpose, and set up on a sunny hill-side.
"The attempt," says he, "at rearing a variety of
vegetables, succeeded to admiration ; by dint of coax-
ing, mustard and cress — peas two inches high — and
radishes the thickness of threads, crowned our en-
deavors in the Heckla, to the weight of three pounds
when all mixed together. But the gardens, never-
theless, answered one excellent purpose, by making
many of our people walk to observe their progress,
who otherwise would have taken no exercise." On
their return to England the next year, they passed
near Winter Island about the first of September, and
Captain Parry could not resist the temptation, though
attended with some risk, of sending a boat ashore to
see what had become of their gardens ; and on their
return, they brought with them radishes, mustard and
onions, which had survived the winter, and were
still alive, seventeen months from the time they were
planted.

If this sentiment was so strong in the breasts of
these sailors, where it scarcely could be the effect
of education and habit, how powerful must it prove
under more propitious circumstances ! The enjoy-
ment of a garden is, in truth, so congenial to our
ideas of happiness, as to be desired by all men, of
all ranks and professions. Those who toil hard in
the pursuit of gain, amid the dust and turmoil of
2

10

cities, commonly solace themselves by hoping, with
the poet Cowley, " one day to retire to a small house
and a large garden." The care of a garden is a
somce of agreeable domestic recreation, especially to
the female sex, whose sensibilities are keenly alive
to the placid beauty of the objects it presents to the
eye ; and the air of retirement, tranquility and re-
pose which settles on such a scene, is favorable to
contemplations full of tenderness and hope. " Our
first most endearing and sacred associations," Mrs.
Hoffland observes, " are connected with gardens ;
our most simple and most refined perceptions of beau-
ty are combined with them, and the very condition
of our being compels us to the cares, and rewards us
with the pleasures attached to them."

To the valetudinarian the garden is a source of
health, and to the aged a source of interest ; for it
has been remarked of a taste for gardening, that, un-
like other tastes, it remains with us to the very close
of life. Where this has been duly nurtured and suf-
fered to produce its best effects, the grace of a re-
fined and practical wisdom will prove an ample re-
compense for the loss of the livelier energies of
youth ; and one glimpse of nature will repay the mind
for the failure of its early visions, and the destruc-
tion of the airy architecture of romance. What a re-
deeming, and, at the same time, beautiful touch of
natural feeling may be discerned in Mistress Quick-
ly's description of the death of the inimitable philos-
opher, Falstaff — whom, when all the glories of un-
equalled wit, and the raptures of a riotous sensual-

11

ity were exhausted — we are told that the white-
headed veteran of the world, even in the last mo-
ment of his life, " played with flowers," and " bab-
bled of green fields !"

Such, then, being the innate force and universality
of this passion, we may well wonder at the apparently
inadequate effects which it has produced. The de-
ficiencies of the ancients are certainly very striking,
if we compare their attempts in this department, with
their glorious achievements in poetry, eloquence, his-
tory and morals, — in sculpture and architecture, — not
only in those arts in which chiefly the taste and imag-
ination are concerned, but also in those which demand
a more vigorous exercise of the understanding, such
as mathematics, logic and metaphysics. The writings
of Cato and Varro, of iElian and Columella, are now
almost useless on account of the want of precision in
their descriptions of the objects and the processes
about which they treat ; and it would seem that, dur-
ing the sad lapse of time, of more than fourteen
hundred years which succeeded them, the class of
men whose minds were not altogether occupied with
rapine and bloodshed, scarcely ventured to see with
their own eyes ; or rather disdained to condescend
to aught lower than the workings of their own fan-
tastic imaginations. Nature, — the boundless exhibi-
tion of the ineffable power, wisdom, and beneficence
of the Creator, — was almost totally neglected, except
for purposes of poetic illustration ; or if referred to
with other views, it was rather to support some idol

12

of the mind, than to discov er the true character of
her operations.

It is worthy of remark, however, that the early re-
ligious devotees, who austerely secluded themselves
from nine-tenths of the enjoyments of life, never-
theless permitted the pleasures of a garden ; and we
are constrained to admit that the Catholic clergy have
in all ag:es rendered the most valuable services to
Horticulture. They not only wrought with their
own hands, but were the cause of industry in others.
The Monks of St. Basil and St. Benedict restored
many extensive tracts to fertility in Italy, Spain and
the south of France, which had lain in desolation and
neglect ever since the first incursions of the Gauls
and Saracens. No longer ago than in 1 826, the Cu-
rate of Montagano, in the kingdom of Naples, gave as
a penance to the farmers who confessed to him, that
they should plant so many vines, olives, or other
trees in certain naked parts of the country ; the con-
sequence was, that, in a very short time, what before
was a desert, had the appearance and productiveness
of an orchard. A recent writer asserts that there
probably would not have been a fruit-tree in Scot-
land till the sixteenth century, had it not been for
the labors of the peaceful monks. " Whoever," says
he, " has seen an old Abbey, where for generations,
destruction only has been at work, must have, al-
most invariably, found it situated in one of the
choicest spots, both as to soil and aspect; — and if
the hand of injudicious improvement has not swept
it away, there is still " the Abbey garden." Even

13

though it be wholly neglected — though its walls be
in ruins, covered with stone-crop, and wall-flower,
and its area produce but the rankest weeds, — there
are still the remains of the aged fruit-trees, the ven-
erable pears, the delicate little apples, and the lus-
cious black-cherries. The chesnuts and the walnuts
may have yielded to the axe, and the vines and the
fig-trees died away ; — but sometimes the mulberry is
left, and the strawberry and the raspberry still strug-
gle among the ruins."

The author of Waverly is allowed to be a faithful
painter of the manners of the times, and of the scenes
he represents in his novels ; and he tells us, that an
old Monk, to beguile a tedious hour which the im-
patient Quentin Durward was obliged to wait at the
palace of the Bishop of Liege, before he could be
admitted to an audience, led him through the garden,
where he was entertained with an enumeration of
the plants, herbs, and shrubs pointed out to him by
his venerable conductor, — of which, "some were re-
markable for the delicacy and brilliancy of their flow-
ers,— some were choice, because of prime use in med-
icine,— others more choice, for yielding a rare flavor
to pottage, — and others choicest of all — because they
possessed no merit whatever, but their extreme
scarcity."

In comparatively modern times, according to Hum-
boldt, the Jesuits, in an incredibly short period,
spread the knowledge and the enjoyment of all our
common culinary vegetables from one end of the
American continent to the other, and from the shore

14

of either ocean to the foot of the Cordilleras. It
seems but fair, therefore, to infer from these facts,
that, although Horticulture may have languished in
common with all those branches of knowledge which
rest on the basis of experiment and observation, yet
we cannot accuse the ecclesiastics of the middle ages
with paralysing and suppressing it, as they undoubt-
edly did those sciences the extension of which would
either directly or indirectly tend to the subversion of
their power.

The term " Science of Horticulture," as I under-
stand it, implies little else than a systematic arrange-
ment and application, to horticultural purposes, of
the knowledge derived from various other sciences ;
in other words, he is to be esteemed the most scien-
tific gardener, other things being equal, who is the
most profoundly versed in all those sciences which
throw light upon the various processes of his art.
Now these include not merely the different depart-
ments of general Physics, but, in an especial manner,
the whole circle of Natural History ; those causes,
therefore which retarded the progress of Natural His-
tory, are, to a great extent, the same to which must
be ascribed the slow advancement of Horticulture.
These are in general all those grand sources of pre-
judice and error, to which the mind of man was sub-
ject, before released from its thraldom, by the intro-
duction of the inductive philosophy of Bacon, and
many of which are but too prevalent even at the
present day ; such as those arising from the infirm-
ities and waywardness of human nature itself ; — the

15

tendencies of the judgement to be biased and cor-
rupted by particular courses of study or habits of
life ; the imperfection of language ; a blmd rever-
ence for antiquity ; the influence of the visionary
theories and romantic philosophies which prevail in
the world ; and last, though not least, a slavish pros-
tration to the authority of great names.

But Natural History was not one of the favorite
pursuits of the revivers of literature ; and it was
not till long after the effects of Bacon's method of
investigation had been felt in other sciences, that
any very sensible improvement took place in those
whose object is to make us acquainted with the
works of nature. And yet the scholars of that pe-
riod displayed a degree of industry in collecting facts,
or rather stories, (for a small part only of them were
true) which appears almost incredible. Conrad Ges-
ner, the most considerable of them, is styled by Hal-
ler " a monster of erudition." Some other cause
must therefore be sought to account for the phenom-
enon ; and the grand secret which explains the \\ hole
is the want of system. It is system in the application
of powers which were before often antagonizing or
inert, and in the arrangement of facts and fragments
of knowledge, which,- like the scattered sybilline
leaves, were without meaning or use, that has been
the grand engine of advancement in the sciences,
arts and literature of modern times. But as we
understand the term, neither the ancients nor mod-
erns, till towards the close of the seventeenth cen-
tury, had any system in their study of nature.

16

It is for this reason, that ot all the plants described
by Theophrastus and Dioscorides, not a single one
can now be satisfactorily identified. Pliny's work is
valuable, as collecting all that had been done by the
authors before him ; but his descriptions are so
vague, taken from such uncertain marks, and from
comparison with other plants of which we know
nothing, that, as a system of plants, it is perfectly
useless. And in this same way. Botany, which has
perhaps always been in advance of the other depart-
ments of Natural History, went on for fifteen hundred
years, till Lobel shadowed out something like a sys-
tem of classes, which was afterwards improved upon
by the two Bankins. But the first really systematic
writer is Ray, whose synopsis was published in 1677,
and is, strictly speaking, a systematic work, having
an arrangement into classes, genera, and species, —
though in this respect still very imperfect. His
classes are founded on such indefinite distinctions as
trees and shrubs ; his genera are formed upon such
characters as the shape of the leaf, color, taste, smell,
and even size. His nomenclature is of such a for-
midable and repulsive character that none but the
most studious and laborious would ever undertake to
master it. It seems incredible to a young botanist,
accustomed to the concise precision of the present
day, which renders his study inviting even to the
careless, the indolent, and the fashionable, that a
pupil of Ray, when he mentioned a plant, was
obliged to repeat, often, a line and half of Latin de-
scription,— which, as Miss Kent observes, would

17

sound much more like an incantation than a name.
We can imagine the overwhelming astonishment,
with which the vulgar and the genteel ignorant must
have listened, when he was pouring out these " ses-
quipedalia verba''' to designate a common weed.
Well may we excuse them for replying, when urged
to partake of the pleasures of such a study, " The
kernel of your nut, for aught we know, may be very
sweet, but the shell is too hard for us to crack."

Again, so long as the mind remained occupied in
no other manner than the acquisition of new plants,
without knowing in what way to appreciate their
respective peculiarities, discoveries continued to be
made slowly, and to be of little value when made.
As soon, however, as botanists arrived at the art of
arranging upon philosophical principles, the materials
they possessed, their attention was strongly directed
towards supporting their respective systems by the
addition of new objects and new facts ; — and the
strenuous investigations, instituted on this account,
naturally brought them acquainted w ith an abundance
of subjects, the existence of which the imperfection
of their previous knowledge could not have led them
to suspect.

The following statistics will place this in a strong
light. The entire Flora of Homer amounts to less
than thirty species. In the Holy Bible, according to
Sprengel, seventy-one plants are noticed by name ;
and two hundred and seventy-four are spoken of by
Hippocrates, who was born four hundred and fifty
years before Christ. Theophrastus, of about the same
3

18

period, whose ^^oik is the first, expressly devoted to
plants, of which we have any knowledge, enume-
rates somewhat less than five hundred. Three hun-
dred years later, or about the time of Cleopatra,
Dioscorides notices nearly seven hundred ; and Pli-
ny, in the first Christian century, gives an account,
collected, as he says, from more than two thousand
Greek and Roman writers, of about one thousand
species, — the results of the investigations of forty
centuries! For fourteen hundred years after Pliny,
an increase of only five hundred new species is al-
loAved ; but in the next two centuries, when the
knowledge of plants was assuming a scientific form,
upwards of four thousand five hundred new plants
were added to the catalogue ; — a number four times
greater than had been ascertained in all the preced-
ing ages of the world. So extraordinary was the ad-
vance of botany under the auspices of Linnseus,
that, in a few years, fifteen hundred other plants
were added to the list ; and the whole number,
actually described at the time of his death in 1778,
was between eleven and twelve thousand. But
since that period, the increase has been so pro-
digious, that the number of species of all descrip-
tions now known, according to an estimate given
in a late journal, is not less than one hundred
thousand !

Such has been the effect of system on Botany —
or, at least, such an effect never could have been
produced without it. The mere Linnaean nomencla-
ture is a gigantic effort, and itself a wonderful in-

19

strument of order and perspicuity. In Chemistry,
where there is not a tenth part of the individual ob-
jects to be specified that there is in Botany, the ad-
vantages of nomenchiture have been most remark-
able in promoting facility of investigation and clear-
ness of description ; and we find, that not only all
the divisions of Natural History, but several other
sciences, to which the system of arrangement and de-
signation established by Linnaeus have been applied,
advanced with a rapidity and extent, irresistibly con-
clusive as to its power and efficacy. It therefore
only remains for me to demonstrate the dependence
of Horticulture, scientifically piu'sued, upon Natural
History, and I trust I shall have acquitted myself
of the first part of my engagement ; as to the second
part, if the causes which obstruct the progress of
gardening are once well understood, the way to
obviate them will be too plain to require expatiating
upon.

Natural History, in its broadest acceptation, em-
braces a knowledge and description of all the objects
in the material universe. In this sense it will in-
<^lude the heavenly bodies and their phenomena.
These, however, though in some respects matters of
observation, are yet so completely subservient to the
laws of mechanics, and the mode of studying them
is so different from what he is usually accustomed to,
that the Naturalist long ago abandoned them to the
Astronomer. And since the abolition of the la^^"s of
judicial astrology, the gardener is content with
knowing the cause of the seasons, and of day and

20

night ; resting satisfied in their being immutable,
and that the devices of man can never vary their
order or their influence.

Meteoroloo'y, for somewhat similar reasons, has
also been commonly excluded from the pale of Nat-
ural History. But this science, in its whole extent,
has a most important bearing upon vegetable culture.
Water and air are the very blood and breath of life
to plants. The different states of the atmosphere as
indicated by the barometer, thermometer, hygrome-
ter and electrometer ; — the action of light and heat,
whether solar or artificial, whether accumulated or
diminished, whether applied after long or short in-
tervals ; — the influence of the diflerent winds, and
the effects of exposure to or protection from them ; —
the phenomena of clouds, fog, dew, frost, rain, snow,
and hail, are among the subjects which most nearly
affect the operations of the gardener, and whose
nature and powers it behooves him thoroughly to
understand.

But some of the first considerations demanding
his attention relate to the materials of which the sur-
face of the earth, on which he operates, is composed.
The necessity of an acquaintance with Mineralogy is
here manifest ; — preparatory for which a knowledge
of Chemistry is requisite, as well as for the analysis
and composition of soils, and also of vegetable pro-
ducts. Next, it will soon be found that the proper-
ties of soils vary not only Avith the elevation and as-
pect of the surface, but are also greatly modified by
the nature of the rocky or other strata on which they

21

rest, or with which they are in any way associated.
Hence, he, who would most successfully cultivate
them, must know something of Geology, a vast and ex-
ceedingly interesting field of inquiry, as yet but imper-
fectly explored, and the importance of which to agri-
culture and arboriculture is but beginning to be prop-
erly appreciated. To know the kind of plant which
can be most profitably cultivated on a given soil, is
one thing ; but to prepare a soil for the best culture
of a given kind of plant, demands other and much
more complicated considerations. Indeed two of the
chief points in the gardener's art consist in the ac-
commodation of the soil to the nature of the plant,
and in teaching the plant to accommodate itself to
the soil and climate.

So numerous and intimate are the reciprocal rela-
tions between the Animal and the Vegetable kingdom,
that no one of them can be thoroughly understood
without a pretty full acquaintance with the other.
Hence, a knowledge of Zoology, Ornithology, and
Entomology must prove of high utility to the garden-
er ; enabling him to distinguish those quadrupeds,
birds, and insects, which are friendly, from those
which are inimical to his interests ; for it is only by
accurately discriminating their kinds, and by study-
ing their natures and habits, that he can avail himself
of the services of one, or protect himself from the
depredations of the other.

There is no one class, in whose success the inter-
ests of mankind are so much involved, as in that of
the cultivators of the soil. By this I mean, that, as

food is the first necessary of life, and fine fruit one
of its greatest luxuries, every question which con-
cerns their production deserves serious attention.

Now it is well known that, every year, some un-
expected failure of crops, originating in the ravages
of the insect world, takes place ; — that the labors
of the farmer, and the hopes of the orchardist and
florist are continually destroyed by these minute and
subtle enemies; and that, often, local scarcity, and
sometimes individual ruin, is the result. With these
evils upon record, and continually coming under our
notice in one form or another, any one would fancy
that this portion of Natural History, at least, had
been well studied ; — that the forms and appearances,
the habits and economy of all these scourges of veg-
etation had been well investigated and distinctly de-
scribed. But, incredible as it may appear, no work
professing to give the horticulturist a right knowledge
of the animals, birds, insects, reptiles or worms, use-
ful or injurious to his labors, exists in our language !

It mostly happens, when a naturalist is applied to
for information on such points, by those who are the
immediate sufferers, and he begins to put the ques-
tions which alone can enable him to form an opinion,
he can seldom make out whether the thing complain-
ed of is a beetle, a fly, or a moth. He is told that
" it may have only two wings, though possibly it has
more ;" " it may have very short wings, but perhaps
none at all ;" and generally the sum total that can be
positively ascertained is that " the creature looks
very much like a gnih.''''

If Ave turn to books on gardening, even by re-
spectable writers, how vague, and sometimes how
absurd, are the general directions for preserving fruit
trees " from the slug," and " from the caterpillar,"
as if all slugs and all caterpillars were alike, infest-
ed the same trees, appeared at the same time, and
were to be destroyed by the same means. In this, as
in medicine, the disease must be sedulously watched
from its commencement through all its stages ; — ac-
curate observations must be noted down, even on
the most trivial points ; — and finally, if the injury
does really originate in an insect, specimens of that
insect in all its stages must be preserved. With
such materials the Naturalist's advice may be asked
with some prospect of advantage. How this subject
has been so unaccountably overlooked I know not ;
but I do know that it deserves the immediate atten-
tion of this Society, and might well be entitled to
its highest premium.

The science, however, which sheds the strongest
and most widely diffused radiance upon the labors of
the Horticulturist, is Botany, in all its branches, but
more especially that of Phytology, which teaches the
structure of plants, and the functions of their several
organs ; for the gardener, like the physician, has to
deal with the vital principle ; — and, like him, should
understand the anatomy and physiology of the sub-
jects that come under his care. This is essential, in
order to enable him, in any other than the hazardous
manner of an empiric, to promote their health, to re-

24

cognize their diseases, and to apply the appropriate
remedies.

This, as a distinct branch of Botanical science is
not of a very remote date, and, notwithstanding the
immense force of talent which has been made to bear
upon it, is still in an imperfect state. The princi-
pal English writers in this department are Grew
and Hales, who treated of the solids and fluids of
plants ; Dr. Priestley, who brought in the aid of
Pneumatic Chemistry ; and Dr. Darwin, whose
" Phytologia," notwithstanding the unpleasant color-
ing which his peculiar philosophical notions concern-
ing vitality have thrown over it, ought to be care-
fully studied by every one, who would manage his
garden well himself, or know when it is well man-
aged for him by others ; — and lastly, Mr. Knight, of
the extent and utility of whose labors it would be
impertinent in me to think I could inform this audi-
ence. The principal European laborers in this field,
are Malpighi, Bonnet, Duhamel, Desfontaines and
De Candolle ; and particularly the late French writers
Mirbel, Turpin, Poiteau and Dutrochet, who, in this
path, are far in advance of their English brethren.
Indeed, the latter advanced so far that he has been
obliged to retrace at last some of his steps, though
his merits on the whole are unquestionably very high.

It is probable that many, though perhaps not all, in
this assembly are aware that to Mons. Dutrochet was
awarded the gold medal of the French Academy for
his researches on the Motilite, or cause of motion in

25

plants, — particularly with regard to the flow of sap.
This he ascribed to a sort of galvanism, or intra-
capillary electricity; to the two currents of which, or,
more properly, to the motions produced by them, he
gave the melodious epithets of endosmose and exos-
mose. His experiments and his reasonings were,
however, afterwards shown to be fallacious; and, with
a degree of candor and love of truth, more honora-
ble to him than many golden medals, he retracted his
opinions.

Another gentleman has still more recently come
forth with the publication of a series of experiments
and inferences, which are said to prove satisfactorily,
at least to himself, that caloric^ in its annual and di-
urnal fluctuations, is alone the cause of movement in
the sap. It were well, perhaps, if both these gentle-
men had been satisfied with attributing the phenom-
enon to an inherent vital action, without puzzling
themselves with a vain search after first causes, —
which always leaves the most successful inquirer ex-
actly where he set out.

Although observation is the faculty principally em-
ployed in the study of Natural History, and should
always be on the alert to surprise Nature in the
midst of her operations, and thus detect her secrets ;
yet, in some cases, and to a limited extent, experi-
ment may be employed to extort them from her.
But the Naturalist cannot, like the Chemist, regulate
the conditions of the phenomena he studies ; nor can
he separate the elementary parts from each other, in
the objects he examines. Such objects usually come
4

26

under his view in a complex form ; and he can de-
compose them and analyze their component parts
only in thought. What a variety of conditions, for
example, are necessary to vegetable life f If, in at-
tempting to analyze the nature of life, we were to
separate from it any of those requisite conditions, its
duration must instantly cease, and the object of our
researches be frustrated ; so that, in matters like this,
the utmost we can ever expect to attain is but an
approximation to the truth.

Mere observation will, however, avail but little
without comparison. We must observe attentively
the same body in the various positions in which it is
placed at different times by Nature ; and we must
compare different bodies with each other until we
can recognize any invariable relations, which may
exist between their structure and the phenomena
they exhibit. Thus may such bodies, when diligently
observed and carefully compared with each other,
be considered as experiments ready prepared by the
hand of Nature ; who may be supposed to add to, or
subtract from, each, in the manner the Chemist does
in his laboratory with the inert materials subject to
his control, — and herself to present us with the re-
sult of such additions and subtractions. In this way
we may arrive at some knowledge of the laws which
regulate the phenomena of Natural History, strictly
speaking, subject to our observation ; and which are
employed by the great Governor of the Universe
with the same determinate precision, as those which
are opened to our view by the general sciences.

27

The reproduction of vegetable forms is unquestion-
ably a vital process, but there is no reason to believe
that more may not be known respecting it, than has
yet been developed ; and it is possible future re-
searches may throw such light upon its different
modes, and the modifications of which it is suscep-
tible from the varied conditions under which it may
take place, as will enable art to eifect a proposed
end, by supplying and arranging those conditions.
The whole surface of the globe has now been so
thoroughly explored, that we can scarcely expect the
discovery of any very important addition to our kitch-
en, fruit, or even flower gardens ; our principal re-
source, therefore, for improvement in this respect,
lies in the production of new varieties. To avail
ourselves of this, with any determinate degree of
success, requires that knowledge to which 1 have
just alluded. This field is still open to the enter-
prising physiologist, and promises a rich reward to
him whose industry and skill shall compel it to yield
a harvest.

With regard to the other departments of botanical
science, viz — Glossology, which teaches the names of
the different parts of plants; Phytography, which treats
of nomenclature, and the art of describing plants, so
that they may be easily recognized ; Taxonomy, or
the theory of classification and arrangement, applied
to plants ; Botanical Geography, which teaches the
natural distribution of plants over the earth's surface,
showing their relations to temperature, elevation,
soil, fee. as well as the several minor divisions adopt-

28

ed by modern writers, such as Historical, Agricul-
tural, Medical, and Economical Botany, — they may
all be studied with an advantage, often essential, and
always important, by every one who would have his
ground or his intellect cultivated in the most pleasant
and useful manner. Picturesque or Landscape Gar-
dening, the period for the study of which is now
dawning upon our country, is a subject involving prin-
ciples profoundly and intricately connected with the
most refined and with the most recondite specula-
tions, which have occupied the human mind. Con-
scious that no notice I could now make of it, or of
the studies connected with it, would convey any
adequate or satisfactory exposition of the subject, I
leave it entire, for a more convenient time and a
more able hand.

Such then, gentlemen, are some of the most prom-
inent features in the science of Horticulture, — and
such its associated and auxiliary studies. It is un-
necessary to expatiate upon the peculiar interest that
is attached to such pursuits, even when followed
merely as a recreation ; on the pleasant excitement
which they kindle in the youthful mind, or the ex-
pansion they give to the heart in more mature life ;
on the advantages they possess in an eminent degree,
of disciplining the intellectual powers, — training us
to habits of quick observation, accurate discrim-
ination, and methodical distribution of ideas; or on
the benign influence which they are calculated to
have upon the moral sentiments and conduct ; which
I believe to be far greater than is commonly suspe-ct-

29

ed ; for the more we trace design and purpose in
the works of Nature, shall we not sympathize the
more with the fitness of means to end in human
conduct ? The more we enter into the details of
natural operations, shall we not increase our taste
for facts ? — which is, in other words, the love of
truth — the very foundation of justice and honesty ?
The venerable Bewick boldly asserts that " a good
naturalist cannot be a bad man!"

It has been said that ignorance in philosophy is
preferable to superficial knowledge ; but it is other-
wise in the study of Nature ; where every acquisition
is useful, from the simplest perception to the deepest
researches ; from the minutest detail to the most gen-
eral views ; where there are problems to be solved
which may gently exercise the weakest, or severely
task the strongest, intellectual powers. Indeed, it
frequently happens, that the most ingenious and ap-
parently incontrovertible reasoning in Natural His-
tory is overturned or confirmed by facts accidentally
observed by the feeble and unscientific. Fortunately,
a profound knowledge of all, or even of any of its
branches is not essential to the horticulturist, however
desirable it may be ; and although a slight acquaint-
ance may not enable him to make make many very
valuable reprisals from the dark abyss of Nature's
mysteries, or add much to the advancement of science
for the good of mankind, it (certainly will do what is
perhaps the next best thing in the world, — it will
incalculably promote his own enjoyments.

30

The prosperity of this Society hitherto, is, I be-
lieve, "altogether unexampled ; and its future pros-
pects are bright and exhilarating in the extreme.
Warned by the deplorable embarrassments of some
and guided by the happy example of other Horticul-
tural establishments, the strong and sagacious minds
which have conducted the affairs of ours so felicit-
ously, to the present moment, will not be likely to
err greatly in their management of them hereafter.
Should heaven intercept some of them from seeing
all their wise and tasteful plans perfectly accomplish-
ed, they may at least enjoy the present confident
assurance, that posterity will appreciate and be
grateful for their labors. The amazing power of
combinations is well known ; but has seldom been
more agreeably illustrated, than in the formation of
associations where the results of individual exertions,
experiments and opinions are collected and compar-
ed, corrected and concentrated, and the knowledge,
thus acquired and prepared, diftlised in an attractive
form among the mass of mankind by periodical
publications. It has been, and I think may again
be, confidently asserted, that " more real, useful im-
provements have been made in gardening since the
formation of the London Horticultural Society, than
have been made in China within the last thousand
years."

Even in the short space since the foundation of
this Society, its influence has become strongly mark-
ed, not only around the residences of its members.

31

but throughout this section of the country. Never be-
fore was there so much inquiry for ornamental trees
and for the choicer kinds of fruits, among people of
all classes. Never before did gardening and rural
affairs engross so large a share of common conversa-
tion,— often entirely excluding those unprofitable and
acrimonious discussions on politics, and those relig-
ious controversies, which are so apt to terminate
only m uncharitableness and ill will. Never before
was there an opportunity for the interchange of
such cheap but acceptable civilities, as the offer of
desirable plants, seeds, and scions of favorite fruits,
or the timely donation of a delicious melon or basket
of grapes. By these means, harmony of neighbor-
hoods has been preserved, valuable acquaintances
acquired, unpleasant feuds have been suppressed, and
many petty jealousies, which secretly rankled in the
bosom, have been allayed, and may soon be forgot-
ten. If, within the last three years, there is a decided
improvement in the grounds of men of wealth and
leisure, it is still more conspicuous in the gardens
and court-yards of the middling class of citizens ;
and even the home of the laboring poor has, in not
a few instances, acquired an additional point of in-
terest, to attract him from the haunts of dissipation ;
his leisure hours are pleasantly occupied ; his mind
expanded, and his heart warmed and softened.

All this, it must be admitted, is more than well.
It is excellent. Had no higher benefits accrued from
the expenditure of the time, the labors, and the
funds of this society, the speculation must have been

32

accounted most fortunate. It is not, however, the
simple, the rude and uneducated, who derive the
most exquisite gratification from a contemplation
of the works of Nature. It is the mind, which, in
addition to refined literary accomplishments, an
intimacy with the fine arts and the cultivated sen-
sibilities of polite society, has added a considerable
attainment in those scientific pursuits which I have
been striving to recommend. The uniform testi-
mony of all who have walked in these paths is, that
they are ways of pleasantness. Dr. Elliott, to whom
the Botany of this country is so much indebted, says,
"It has been for many years, the occupation of my
leisure moments ; and it is a merited tribute to say,
that it has lightened for me many a heavy and
smoothed many a rugged hour ; that, beguiled by
its charms, I have found no road rough or difficult,
no journey tedious, no country desolate or barren.
In solitude never solitary, in a desert never without
employment, I have found it a relief from the lan-
guor of idleness, the pressure of business and the
unavoidable calamities of life." " I have traveled
throughout America," says Mr. Nuttall, "principally
with a view to becoming acquainted with some favor-
ite branches of Natural History. I had no other
end in view but personal gratification ; and, in this,
I have not been disappointed ; for innocent amuse-
ment can never leave room for regret. To converse,
as it were, with Nature, to admire the wisdom and
beauty of creation, has been, and I hope ever will
be, a favorite pursuit. To communicate to others a

33

portion of the same amusement and gratification, has
been the only object of my botanical publications."
There is not, in fact, a flower in the garden, or
by the way-side, but has some beauty only unveiled
to the minute inquirer ; — some peculiarity in struc-
ture, fitting it for its destined place and purpose, and
yet not obvious to a casual glance. Many are
full of remembrances and associations, in which it is
good for us to indulge. To the enlightened student,
" a yellow primrose on the brim" is something more
than a yellow primrose. He is, to borrow the words
of the author of the Sketch Book, " continually com-
ing upon some little document of poetry in the blos-
somed hawthorn, the daisy, the cowslip, or some
other simple object that has received a supernatural
value from the muse." And as his pursuits lead him
into the most wild and beautiful scenes of Nature,
so his knowledge enables him to enjoy them with a
higher relish than others. They are " full of his
familiar friends," with whom he holds a kind of in-
tellectual communion, and finds from experience that

" The meanest flower that blows can give
Thoughts that oft He too deep for tears."

In the spirit of that pure natural religion, and full
of those ennobling sentiments which such contem-
plations always awaken, he is ready to exclaim in
the language of the poet.

Nature in every form is lovely still;
Nothing in her is mean, nothing superfluous.
How wondrous is this scene ! where all is form'd
With number, weight, and measure ! — all design'd
For some great end ! — where not alone the plant
Of stately growth ; the herb of glorious hue,

5

34

Or food-full substance ; not the laboring steed ;
The herd and flock that feed us ; not the mine
That yields us stores of elegance and use ;
The sea that loads our tables, and conveys
The wanderer man from clime to clime, with all
Those rolling spheres, that, from on high, shed down
Their kindly influence : — not these alone,
Which strike even eyes incurious, but each moss,
Each shell, each crawling insect holds a rank,
Important in the plan of Him, who form'd

This scale of beings :

K « * *

A blade of silver hair-grass, nodding slowly
In the soft wind ; — the thistle's purple crown,
The ferns, the rushes tall, and fungus lowly, —
A thorn, a weed, an insect, or a stone,
Can thrill us with sensations exquisite ;
For all is exquisite ; — and every part
Points to the mighty hand that fashion'd it.

Then, as we look aloft with yearning heart.

The trees and mountains, like conductors, raise

Our spirits upward on their flight sublime.

And clouds, and sun, and Heaven's marmorean floor.

Are but the stepping-stones by which we climb

Up to the dread Invisible, to pour

Our grateful feelings out in silent praise.

THIRD

ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

The third Anniversary of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society was celebrated on the twenty-first of September. In the
forenoon a well written, learned and elaborate address was de-
livered to the members of the Society, and a collection of ladies
and gentlemen, assembled at the Athenteum Lecture Room, by
Dr. M. A. Ward, of Salem.

Among the donation of Fruits and Flowers, which were pre-
sented for the Festival were the following, viz :

By Dr. Webster, Sweetwater and Isabella Grapes, Peaches.
By Mr. H. A. Breed, of Lynn, Water-melons. By 'Mr. Abel
Houghton, of Lynn, Citron Muskmelons and Isabella Grapes.
By Mr. Samuel Pond, Cambridgeport, Sweet-water, Red Chasse-
las and Isabella Grapes. By Dr. O. Fiske, Worcester, a large
basket of Pears, called Chamberlain, re.sembling the St. Michael.
By Mr. Joseph Joy, Boston, Brown B'eurre Pears. By Mr. E.
Vose, Dorchester, Black Hamburg, White Chasselas, and Gros
Maroc Grapes, Capiaumont Pears, and Morris White Peaches.
By Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Boston, White Chasselas Grapes, St.
Michael, Seckle, and Broca's Bergamot Pears, and ShurtlefT's
seedling Grapes.. By Mr. D. Haggerston, Charlestown, Black
Hamburg and Sweetwater Grapes. By Mrs. R. Mackay, Wes-
ton, superb Clingstone Peaches. By Mr. C. Cowing, Roxbury,
Cape Grapes. By Gorham Parsons, Esq., Brighton, Hubbard's
Nonsuch, Pomme neige fameuse, and Washington Pearmain
Apples ; Broca's Bergamot, and Sylvanche verte d'hiver Pears.
By Mr. S. C. Lyford, Meredith, N. H., St. Michael Pears. By
Mr. R. F. Phipps, Charlestown, Andrews Pears. By Dr. Z. B.
Adams, Boston, St. Michael Pears, ajjd a. fine specimen of

36

Hibiscus Manihot. By Madam Parkman, Broca's Bergainot
Pears. By Mr. Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Black Ifamburg,
Red Chasselas, Isabella, Schuylkill, Troy, Nazro and Gale
Grapes, Capiaumont, Beune, Knox and Seckle Pears. By Mr.
Enoch Bartlett, Roxbury, Bartlett and Capiaumont Pears, Rib-
stone Pippins, and Spitzenberg Apples, Isabella Grapes, and
Watermelons. By Mr. William Kenrick, Newton, Isabella Grapes.
By Mr. J. Wilson, Boston, Peaches. By Mr. Daniel Chandler,
Lexington, Fruit of PassiBora edulis. By Mr. R. Toohey, Wal-
tham, Heathcott and Seckle Pears. By Messrs. Winship, of
Brighton, Black Hamburg, Black Cape, Black Muscadine, Black
Cluster, Royal Muscadine, White Chasselas, White, Sweetwater,
Saragossa, Wyatt, Isabella and Schuylkill Grapes. By Madam
Dix, Boston, Dix Pears, a fine specimen. By Mr. Charles
Senior, Roxbury, one large Lemon tree, one large and two small
Orange trees in fruit. By Mr. David Fosdick, Charlestown,
White Muscadine and Isabella Grapes, Apples, Pears and
Peaches. By Mr. J. Bumstead, Boston, a basket of small blue
Ischa Figs. By General Dearborn, Roxbury, Heath Peaches,
Marie Louise, Beurre d'Angleterre, English Berganiot, and a
beautiful cluster containing thirty-six Seckle Pears. By John
Prince, Esq. Jamaica Plain, Beurre du Roi, Fulton, Dr. Hunt's
Connecticut and Capiaumont Pears, and Hubbardston Nonsuch
Apples. By Mr. Ebenezer Breed, Charlestown, Black Hamburg
Grapes. By Mr. Charles Lawrence, Salem, Black Hamburg
Grapes, four clusters weighing 24, 18, 18, 17 ounces; white
Muscat Reisling or Clairette de Limoux, Petit Rauschling and
Gray Burgundy Grapes ; St. Michael Pears, and Kennedy's Car-
olina Clingstone Peaches. By Zebedee Cook, Jr. Esq., Dor-
chester, Black Hamburg, White Muscat, Barcelona, Constantia.
Catawba and Isabella Grapes, Seckle Pears, Watermelons, one
weighing thirty-eight pounds, and four varieties of Muskmelons,
By Mr. Thomas Whitmarsh, Brookline, large Carolina Water-
melons. By S. G. Perkins, Esq., Brookline, White Muscat,
Muscat of Alexandria, and Black Cape Grapes ; Belle de Vitry
(superb) Royal George, and Morris's Lucien's White Rare-ripe
Peaches ; a potted branch of White Chasselas Grapes, containing,
wood of the years 1831, and wood which in ordinary culture,
would have appeared in 1832,33, 34, with the fruit of the last
three years thereon, that of the present year having been gath-
ered. By Hon. Richard Sullivan, Brookline, Black Hamburg,
Sweetwater, and an unknown kind of Grapes. By Alderman
Hall, of New- York, a basket of large and handsome Pears, name
unknown.

31

The following letter from the Hon. O. Fiske, was sent with
his donation of Chamberlain Pears, mentioned above.

Worcester, September 16, 1831.
My Dear Sir,

I exceedingly regret that an engagement with the Governor as a Com-
mittee to examine White Mulberry Nurseries for a premium, in various
parts of the county (postponed on account of the weather) must deprive me
of the pleasure of meeting my Horticultural friends at our Annual Festival.
I, however, avail myself of the occasion to forward for their inspection a
basket of native Pears. Although the produce of a farm within two miles
of me, I was in ignorance of their existence until yesterday, when I re-
quested the owner to preserve the gleanings of thirtij bushels, which the
tree had borne, for my use. I was on the ground to-day, and found the
tree about fifteen inches in diameter near the ground, with a moderate de-
crease for eight feet, when it struck off into a perpendicular, and two later-
al branches, giving it a well proportioned and well balanced top. Although
it had the appearance of age, there was not a scar on the body, or a dead,
or a diseased limb, to be seen. I considered it as the best conditioned tree,
for its age, I had ever noticed. On the most careful inspection it had every
appearance of a native. .;

The account I obtained from the present owner, was, that the farm for-
merly belonged to a Deacon Chamberlain, one of whose sons found it in a
pasture, some distance from the house, where his cattle had their range, and
transplanted it to its present situation.

I called on General Chamberlain, a grandson of the Deacon, who owns
an adjoining farm. He corroborated the above statement, and added that
the tree was removed above sixty years ago by his uncle Jacob, now liv-
ing, and from that circumstance the fruit has always been called the
" Jacob's Pear." It is generally a free bearer ; and has never been
known wholly to fail. As a table fruit, from the redundancy of its saccha-
rine quality, and destitution of flavor, it will, doubtless, be considered as
inferior to many of our varieties of native Pears. But for all domestic uses
which in a family are of primary importance, I doubt whether it can be ex-
celled. It comes in use when fruit of this character is not readily obtain-
ed. I was told that it retains its form and size when baked, and gives a
red and rich pulp. It is, moreover, longer in eating than most other kinds,
as may be judged by the sample.

Should the Committee think proper to give it a place, in their nomencla-
ture, I would suggest the propriety' of calling it the Chamberlain Pear.
Respectfully your friend and servant,

O. FISKE.

Zebedee Cook, Jr., Esi^.

The following Letter from S. G. Perkins, Esq. was sent to-
gether v/ith the Fruit, &c. presented by the gentleman.

BrooJdhie, September 21, 1831.
Zebedee Cook, Jr., Esq.,
Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,

Dear Sir,

I herewith send you a branch of the White Chasselas Vine, containing
the wood of the years 1831, 1832, 1833, and 1834, with the fruits of the
three last years attached to their respective shoots — that of the present year
having been long since gathered and eaten.

You will perceive, therefore, that this Vine has borne this season, the
fruits of four years ; which may be considered by some of your guests an

38

object of curiosity, and I apprehend must be new to most of them. The
wood of 1832, lias one bunch of grapes only ; that of 1833, has two bunch-
es ; and that of 1834, has three bunches. The first is ripe ; the second
nearly so ; and the last, as you will see, quite small. There may be uses
drawn from this fact which every gardener, who is acquainted with the cul-
ture of the Grape Vine, will readily see ; and as it is in the power of every
one to produce the same result, they may ascertain the species of grape
they are cultivating one, two, or even three years before the vine in its
natural course, would produce its fruit.

Respectfully your obedient serva7it,

SAMUEL G. PERKINS.

At four o'clock, the Society, with their guests, consisting in all
of about two hundred, sat down to a dinner, prepared by Mr.
Eaton, at Concert Hall. This repast was all tliat could gratify
the most keen, as well as please the most fastidious, appetite. It
was served with a promptitude and precision, and attention to the
wants and wishes of every individual, but rarely witnessed in an
entertainment, given to so large a party. The Hon. Henry A.
S. Dearborn, President of the Society, presided at the table, and
was assisted as Toast-master by Zebedee Cook, Jr., Esq., first
Vice-President of the Society. The entertainment exhibited a
feast of intellect and a festival of wit, as well as choice viands,
for those who are inclined to mingle the repast of the senses with
the " flow of soul." The following regular toasts were drank.

1. Our country — Where each exotic finds support — where nothing but
the willow weeps.

2. Massachusetts — In peace she furnishes Grapes for her friends — in war.
Grape-shot for her enemies.

3. T/te Massachusetts Horticultural Society — By introducing new modes
and articles of culture, we hope to add new links to the chain of social be-
ing.

4. Political Horticulture — Which has shown experimentally that the
Floicer de luce does not succeed well in France, nor the Orange in
Belgium.

5. The Poles — Principle as well as Patriotism awakens sympathy in their
heroic struggle — since it is the duty of every free citizen " to go to the
polls."

6. The Russian Grand Duke and the Portuguese Tyrant — We would not
exchange a St. MichacT spear, for a. pair of such Michaels.

7. Lafayette — an anomaly in Cultivation — A Tree vigorous at 74 — whose
grafts will survive the parent stock, and perpetuate the original flavor of its
fruit.

8. Our Alma Mater — Constant improvements in this original Nursery,
until every Scion surpass the best of our Seedlings.

9. The Tico Wrhsters — One an X-pounder of the American Language —
the other a 7(3-pounder of the American Constitution.

10. The Industry of JS'cw -England — The braiding of palm leaves and the
spinning of cotton have shown that what we do not produce we render pro-
ductive.

39

11. Our Festivals — While we draw from Vineyards in Europe, and from
Plantations at the Tropics, we have satisfactory proofs of a good Kitchen
Garden at home.

12. Eden — The first abode of the living — Mount Auburn, the last resting
place of the dead. If the Tree of Life sprung from the soil of the one, Im-
mortality shall rise from the dust of the other.

13. Cultivation, Commerce, and Manufactures — They must be co-existent,
and we hope, in this country, they will be co-eternal.

VOLUNTEER TOASTS.

By Henry A. S. Dearborn, President. Rural and Intellectual Cultiva-
tion— The rival labor of Hercules in the Hesperian Garden, rewarded with
golden apples and the fruits of immortality.

By Doctor Ward, of Salem. The Flora and Pomona of Keic-England —
The man of science may plant, the man of wealth may water, but the man
of practical skill must give the increase. Success to them all.

By Rev. J. Pierpont. The tables turned since man first attended to
Horticulture — then he had his worst fall in the Garden — now he has his
best Garden in the Fall.

By Mr. Assur, (a native of Poland.) Tlie Poles — In America, they are
necessary for the cultivation of Hops — In Europe, the Russians are taught
by them a quicker step — flight.

By Hon. Nathan Appleton. Cultivation — The only process of obtaining
Fruit, whether applied to Mind or Matter.

By E. Vose, Esq. Belgium — The land of Van Mons ; in return for the
scions of its fine fruits, we offer to it scions from our own Tree of Liberty.

By E. Bartlett, Esq., Second Vice-President. Our Country — May those
who administer the government remember that the Apple of Discord
should never be cultivated.

By Hon. Judge Davis. Our Modern Druids, who turn Forests into
Fields, unite the Garden with the Grove, and are such decided Utilitarians
as to prefer Maize to Mistletoe.

By Samuel Appleton, Esq. The Garden of Eden — lost to Mankind by
the curiosity of Woman — regained for Womankind by Horticultural
Societies.

By Thomas G. Fessenden. The Hon. John. Lowell — the Patriarch of Im-
proved Husbandry — his influence, precepts and examples have ameliorated
the Farms and Gardens, and deserve the grateful acknowledgements of
every New-England Cultivator.

By a Member. The Orator of the Day — He has presented us this day, to
use his own language, a nut of the sweetest kernel, and happily easy to
crack.

By Dr. Bigelow. Bunker Hill Monument — We regret to find that it re-
sembles in nothing the worthies whom it commemorates, except in having
come to an obstinate stand.

By Zebedee Cook, Jr., Esq., First Vice-President, (after the President
had retired.) Henry A. S. Dearborn, the President of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society — The scientific and practical Cultivator — the annals of
our Institution attest the value of his labors ; the gratitude of his co-opera-
tors is cheerfully and liberally accorded him.

By a Member. Gorham Parsons, Esq. — a distinguished patron of the
sister sciences, Agriculture and Horticulture.

TRANSMITTED.

By WiUiam Prince, Senior Proprietor of the Linnrean Botanic Garden.
The Hon. John Lowell — the distinguished patron and benefactor of Horti-
calture.

40

By William Robert Prince. The Horticulturists of Poland — May the
Tree of Liberty, which they have so gloriously planted, overshadow and
exterminate all germs of despotism.

By Alfred S. Prince. Flora and Pomona. Alike animating the hearts
of their votaries in every clime.

THE FEAST OF FRUITS AND FLOWERS.

BY THOMAS G. FESSENDEN, ESQ.
Sung during the entertainment hy Mr. J. W. Newell, of Charlestown.

Come, Cultivators, leave awhile

Your Gardens, Fields and Bowers,
And join with us to celebrate

Our Feast of Fruits and Flowers ;
With blameless luxury enjoy

Rich products of the soil,
Rewards, which crown the Art of Arts,

When skill enlightens toil.

What though within our temperate zone,

No burning sun sublimes
The Fruits the Destinies bestow

On pestilential climes .'
All health and happiness require,

All man should ask of heaven
To satiate innocent desire

Is in profusion given.

The worst privations we endure

Prove blessings in the event,
And should our gratitude excite

Instead of discontent ;
For ills which task our highest powers

To conquer or evade
But bid the human race aspire

To reach its highest grade.

No imps of sloth lie basking here,

Like serpents in the sun,
Even mountain streams to turn machines

Must labor as they run ;
Within New-England's granite bounds

No useless beings lurk.
The rough and raging elements

We yoke and set to work.

When sentimental zephyrs blow

For love and rhyming fit,
Our windmills make them work like dogs

Compelled to turn the spit ;
Niagara's thundering cataract

Our power shall hamper till
It toils like Dutchman in a ditch

Or Samson in his mill.

41

Since fire and watpr, harnessed here,

Compose a YanKee team,
Perhaps our General Government

Might go as well by steam ;
But as this case w^re better brought

Before some higher court,
'Tis left for Cong -ess, when they meet.

To argue and rt port.

The Lime nor Olive will not grow

Spontaneous here — what then ?
We've hearts of cik and nerves of steel

In noble crops cf men ;
Our plant called Female Excellence

No hot-bed culture needs
To yield sublunar Seraphim

Of pure celestial breeds.

When winter dissipates the heat,

Beneath an iron sky.
Hot-houses with hot water fraught

Caloric will supply ;
Thus gardeners by and by will make

Fine climates of their own,
And raise, by manufactured heat,

The plants of every zone : —

With Lime and Sulphur doctor off

Vile insects by the host,
Till Art, at length, of Nature's plagues

Completely clears the coast.
Thus every blessing may be ours

Which Providence has given
To every land and clime beneath

The canopy of Heaven.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

AT A MEETING HELD AT THE HALL OF THE INSTITUTION,

ON SATURDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1831.

THE FOLLOWING OFFICERS WERE ELECTED FOR THF, F.NSUING YEAR I
PRESIDENT.

HENRY A. S. DEARBORN, Roxhury.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Dorchester,
JOHN C. GRAY, Boston.
ENOCH BARTLETT, Roxhury.
ELIAS PHINNEY, Lexington.'

TREASURER.

CHEEVER NEWHALL, Boston.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

JACOB BIGELOW, M. D. Boston.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT L. EMMONS, Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, BrookUne.

THOMAS BRr<:WER, Roxburn.

HENRY A. BREED, Lynn.

BENJAMIN W. CROWNINSHIELD, Salem.

J. G. COGSWELL, Northampton.

NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, Milton.

E. HERSEY DERBY, Salem.

43

SAMUEL DOWNER, Dorchester.

OLIVER FISKE, Worcester.

B. V. FRENCH, Boston.

J. M. GOURGAS, Weston.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D. Cambridge.

SAMUEL JAaUES, Jr. CkarUstown.

JOSEPH G. JOY, Boston.

WILLIAM KENRICK, Newton.

JOHN LEMIST, Roxbury.

S. A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.

E. M. RICHARDS, Dedham.

BENJAMIN RODMAN, Neiv-Bedford.

JOHN B. RUSSELL, Boston.

CHARLES SENIOR, Roxbury.

WILLIAM H. SUMNER, Dorchester.

CHARLES TAPPAN, Boston.

JACOB TIDD, Roxbury.

M. A. WARD, M. D. Salem.

JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.

WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.

ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.

AARON D. WILLIAMS, Roxbur^/.

J. W. WEBSTER, Cambridge.

GEORGE W. PRATT, Boston.

E. W. PAYNE, Boston.

GEORGE W. BRIMMER, Boston.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSFOLOGY.

MALTHUS A. WARD, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY,

J. W. WEBSTER, M D.

44

STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE COUNCIL.

ON FRUIT TREES, FRUITS, &LC.

To have cliarge of whatever i3lates to the muUiplication of
fruit trees and vines, by seed, scions, buds, layers, suckers, or
other modes ; the introduction of new varieties ; the various
methods of pruning and training them, and whatever relates to
their culture, and that of all other fruits ; the recommendation of
objects for premiums, and the awarding of them.

E. VOSE, Chrdrman.

SAMUEL DO'A'NER,

OLIVER FI&KE,

ROBERT MANNING,

CHARLES SENIOR,

WILLIAM KZNRICK,

E. M. RICHARDS,

B. V. FRENCH.

S. A. SHURTLEFF.

11.

ON THE CULTURE AND PRODUCTS OF THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

To have the charge of whatever relates to the location and man-
ment of Kitchen Gardens ; the cultivation of all plants appertain-
ing thereto ; the introduction of new varieties of esculent, medici-
nal, and all such vegetables as are useful in the arts or are sub-
servient to other branches of national industry ; the structure and
management of hot-beds ; the recommendation of objects for
premiums, and the awarding of them.

DANIEL CHANDLER. Chairman.

JACOB TIDD.

AARON D. WILLIAMS,

JOHN B. RUSSELL,

NATHANIEL SEAVER,

LEONARD STONE.

ni.

ON ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, AND GREEN-HOUSES.

To have charge of whatever relates to the culture, multiplica-
tion, and preservation of ornamental trees and shrubs, and flow-
ers of all kinds ; the construction and management of green-
houses, the recommendation of objects for premiums, and the
awarding of them.

ROBERT L. EMMONS, Chairman.

JONATHAN WINSHIP,

JOSEPH G. JOY,

DAVID HAGGERSTON,

GEORGE W. PRATT.

45

IV.

ON THE LIBRARY.

To have charge of all books, drawings, and engravings, and
to recommend from time to time such as it may be deemed ex-
pedient to procure ; to superintend the publication of such
communications and papers as may be directed by the council ;
to recommend premiums for drawings of fruits and flowers, and
plans of country houses, and other edifices and structures con-
nected with horticulture ; and for communications on any sub-
ject in relation thereto,

H. A. S. DEARBORN, Chairman.

JOHN C. GRAY,

JACOB BIGELOW,

T. W. HARRIS,

E. H. DERBY,

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

ON THE SYNONYMS OF FRUrTS.

At a meeting of the Society, June 20, the following gentle-
men were chosen a Committee to facilitate a change of fruits with
the Philadelphia, New- York, and Albany Horticultural Societies,
and others, for the purpose of establishing their synonyms.

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman.

ROBERT MANNING,

SAMUEL DOWNER.

VI.

ON THE GARDEN AND CEMETERY.

Hon. JUDGE STORY, Chairman.
H. A. S. DEARBORN,
JACOB BIGELOW, M. D.
G. W. BRIMMER,
GEORGE BOND,
EDWARD EVERETT,
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
B. A. GOULD,
G. W. PRATT.

VII.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE COUNCll..

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Chairman.
G. W. PRATT,
CHEEVER NEWHALL,
CHARLES TAPPAN,
JOSEPH P. BRADLEE.

46

The President read the following Report of the Cemetery and
Garden Committee, vvliich was accepted.

The committee on laying out the grounds and forming a plan
of the experimental Garden, and Cemetery of Mount Auburn,
respectfully

REPORT :

That measures were promptly taken for accomplishing those
objects, and, although considerable progress has been made, it
will require further time to complete the work.

Alexander Wadsvvorth, Esq. a skilfull civil engineer, was em-
ployed to make an accurate topographical survey, and to locate
the numerous avenues, which it was found necessary to establish,
through the extensive and beautifully diversified grounds of the
Cemetery and Garden, both for convenience and embellishment.
The map has been so far perfected, that it is submitted for in-
.spection, and to exhibit the general outlines of the projected im-
provements ; but considerable labor is yet required in clearing
out the principal carriage avenues and foot paths, before the
sites of the public and private cemetery squares can be definite-
ly established, and designated on the plan.

Models and drawings of the Egyptian gateways, and of a
Gothic tower, and a Grecian tower, one of which is proposed to
be erected on the highest hill, have been made, and are offered
for examination.

It has been ascertained that the most lofty eminence is one
hundred and twenty-five feet above Charles river, which grace-
fully sweeps round its gently sloping base; and, when crowned
by the proposed tower, will become a most interesting place
of resort, as commanding an extensive panoramic view of that
richlv variegated region of magnificent scenery, em.braced with-
in the far distant heights which encircle the metropolis, and the
waves of the ocean, while it will present a prominent and im-
posing feature in the landscape, of which it becomes the centre.

At some future period, when the munificence of the citizens
shall be commensurate with their debt of patriotic gratitude, this
structure may perhaps give place for a stupendous monument,
to the most illustrious benefactor of his country ; — there will be
reared the cenotaph of Washington, in massive blocks of granite
or ever-during marble. Should the funds hereafter justify it, a
Doric Temple, to be used as a chapel for the performance of
funereal rites, and lodges for the gardener and superintendent
of the Cemetery, are contemplated, and designs are in progress
tor each.

As the season for rural labor is far advanced, it is not con-
sidered expedient to commence the construction of the ave-
nues, before the next spring ; but they can be divested of the

47

underwood, and the whole of the grounds so far cleared up, as to
give them the appearance of a park, during the present autumn.
It is expected that the lots may be assigned within twenty days.

The committee has been cheered in the discharge of its du-
ties, by the deep interest which has been manifested for the suc-
cess of an undertaking, so important to the prosperity of the
Horticultural Society and so honorable to the country. Such is
the exalted estimation in which it is held by the public, — so
universal is the approbation, — so intense the interest, that, be-
side the constant requests for permission to become subscribers,
by the more affluent, numerous applications have been made for
cemetery lots, by farmers, mechanics and dealers in building
materials, on condition, that they may be paid for in labor, or
such articles as shall be required in the prosecution of the pro-
posed improvements. Within a few days, offers have been made
to a considerable amount ; and as it was the intention and is
the anxious desire of the Society, that every citizen should have
an opportunity of participating in the advantages of the establish
ment, the committee has availed of the services thus tendered
in executing much of the work which has been performed, and
there is not a doubt, that a very considerable portion of the ex-
pense in constructing roads, fences, gateways and the various
other edifices, may be defrayed, by a compensation in cemetery
lots; this will not only be a great accommodation to numerous
individuals, who are desirous to become subscribers, but be
highly advantageous to the Society ; it is therefore recommended
that the committee be authorized, to prosecute such improve-
ments, as may be deemed necessary, on these reciprocally ben-
eficial terms.

With the view of fully meeting the expectations and exigen-
cies of the comumnity, it is considered advisable that sites for
single graves should be designated, in various parts of the ceme-
tery, embracing all the diversified localities, to afford an oppor-
tunity for individuals, who have no families, and the friends of
such strangers as may be wept and honored far distant from their
native land, to procure eligible places of sepulchre, on reason-
able terras.

As the tract which has been solemnly consecrated, by relig-
ious ceremonies, as a burial-place forever, is so abundantly cov-
ered with forest trees, many of which are more than sixty years
old, it only requires the avenues to be formed, the borders', for
some ten feet in width, planted with shrubs, bulbous and peren-
nial flowers, the underwood cleared out, the fences, gateways
and appropriate edifices erected, to put the grounds in a suf-
ficiently complete state for the uses designed, and to render
them at once beautiful and interesting. Ail this can be done
within two years, at a comparatively small expense, and a result

48

produced which could not have been realized for forty years, if
it had been necessary to have commenced the establishment,
by planting out forest trees. There are numerous majestic oaks,
pines, beeches and walnuts, which have braved the storms of a
century. Towering aloft amidst the general verdure, and ex-
tending their huge branches far and wide, they appear as the
venerable monarchs of the grove, but still exhibit the vigor of
their luxuriant progeny, which, in umbrageous contiguity, cover
each hill and plain and sloping vale, and form many an

- alley green.

Dingle, or bashy dell, in this wild wood.
And many a bosky bourn, from side to side.'

The Garden also, can be very considerably advanced, within
the same short period which will suffice for developing the im-
provements of the Cemetery. The nurseries may be established,
the departments for culinary vegetables, fruit, and ornamental
trees, shrubs and flowers, laid out and planted, a green house
built, hot-beds formed, the small ponds and morasses converted
into picturesque sheets of water, and their margins diversified
by clumps and belts of our most splendid native flowering trees,,
and shrubs, requiring a soil thus constituted for their successful
cultivation, while their surface may be spangled with the brilliant
blossoms of the Nymphse, and the other beautiful tribes of aquat-
ic plants. The excavations for deepening and enlarging the
ponds and morasses will afford inexhaustible sources of manure,
of invaluable consequence to the Garden, as well as for those
portions of the Cemetery which will be embellished by cultivated
plants.

From these favorable circumstances and the generous zeal
which has been evinced for the energetic prosecution of the la-
bors, which are required to perfect the details of the whole ex-
tensive plan, there no longer remnins the least doubt, that in
the summer of 1834 Mount Auburn will rival the most celebrat-
ed rural burial grounds of Europe, and present a garden in such
a state of forwardness as will be highly gratifying to the Society,
and the public. The work has been commenced on an ever-
during foundation ; has the approbation, and patronage, of an
enterprising, intelligent and prosperous community ; and cannot
fail of progressing in a manner, that must give universal satis-
faction. There has Horticulture established her temple, — there
will all denominations of Christians surrender up their preju-
dices,— there will repose the ashes of the humble, and exalted,
in the silent and sacred Garden of the Dead, until summoned,
to thoge of eternal life, in realms beyond the skies.

H. A. S. DEARBORN,

For the Committe .

Horticuhnral Hall, SqH. mth. 1631.

MEMBERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUt.TURAL. SOCIETY.

ASPIXWALL. AT'GUSTUS, Brooklinc.
AMES, JOHN W., D.'dlmm.
ANDREWS, JOHN II., Salem.
ANDREWS, EBEXEZER T., Boston-
AiNTHOXY, JAMES, Providence.
ADAMS, SAMUEL, Milton.
ANDREWS, FERDINAND, Lancaster.
ATKINSON, AMOS, Brookline.
ADAMS, DANIEL, Newburv.
ADAMS, ABEL, Boston.
ADAMS, BENJAMIN, Boston.
ADAMS, C. FREDERIC, '•
ADAMS, Z. B.,
APPLETON, NATHAN, "
APPLETON, SAMUEL,
AUSTIN, JAMES T., "

AUSTIN, WILLIAM, CharUstown.

BARTLETT, ENOCH, Roxbun'.
BREWER, THOMAS, Roxbury.
BRIMMER, GEORGE W., Boston.
BRADLEE, JOSEPH P., "

BREED, EBENEZER,
BREED, HENRY A., Lvnn.
BIGELOW, JACOB, Boston.
BALDWIN, ENOCH, Dorchester.
BREED, JOHN, Charlestown.
BREED, ANDREWS, Lynn.
BAILEY, KENDAL, Charlestown.
BALLARD, JOSEPH, Boston.
BREWER, GARDNER, "
BROWN, JAMES, Cambridce.
BARTLETT, EDMUND, Neivburvport.
BUCKMINSTER, LAWSON, Framingham
BUCKMINSTER, EDWARD F., "
BRECK, JOSEPH, Pepperell.
BADLAM, STEPHEN, Boston.
BRADFORD, SAMUEL H., "
BAILEY, EBENEZER, "

BANGS, EDWARD D., Worcester.
BOWDOIN, JAMES, Boston.
BALCH, JOSEPH, Roxbury.
BOND, GEORGE, Boston."
BACON, S. N., "

BILLINGS, JOSEPH H., Roxburr.
BARNARD, CHARLES, Boston.
BROWN, CHARLES, "
BROWN, JONAS B.,

EUSSEY BENJAMIN, Roxbury.
BRADLEE, JOSEPH P., Boston.
BAKER, JOSEPH, "

BU(KIN<;HAM, JOSEPH T. "
BUCKINGHAM, EDWIN, "
BOYD, JA.MKS, "

BROWN, JOHN, "

BRIGH.\iM, LEVI, "

BLAKE, JOSHUA, "

BRiGHAJI, DENNIS, "

BIKi>, JESSE, "

BRYANT, JOHN, "

BULLARD, SILAS,

COOK, ZEBEDEE, Jr., Dorchester.
CODMAN, JOHN, "

CUNMN(;ilA.M, J. A., "

CLAPP, NATHANIEL, "

COOLIDGE, JOSEPH, Boston.
CORDIS, THOMAS, "

COPELAND, B. F., Roxbury.
COGSWELL, J. G., Northampton.
CIIAMPNEY, JOHN, Roxbury.
COWING, CORNELIUS, "
CHANDLER, DANIEL, Lexinirton.
CALLENDER, JOSEPH, Boston.
CHASE, HEZEKIAH, Lvnn.
CLAPP, JOHN, South-Reading.
CARTER, HORATIO, Lancaster.
COLMAN, HENRY. Salem.
CARNES, NATHANIEL G., New-York.
CURTIS, EDWARD, Pepperell.
CHANDLER, SAMUEL, Lexington.
.CAPEN, AARON, Dorchester.
CROWNINSHIELD, BENJ. W., Salem.
COTTING, WILLIAM, West-Cambridge.
CABOT, SAMUEL, Brookline.
COFFIN, HECTOR, Rock Farm, Newbury.
CURTIS, NATHANIEL, Roxbury.
CLAPP, ISAAC, Dorchester.
CRAFTS, EBENEZER, Roxburv.
CURTIS, CHARLES P., Boston.
CURTIS, THOMAS, B. "
COOLIDGE, SAMUEL F., "
CAREY, ALPHEUS, "

COFFIN, GEORGE W., "
CHANNING, GEORGE G., "
CR.\IGIE, Mrs. E., Cambridge.

50

COOLIDGE, JOSHUA, Boston. .
COBB, ELIJAH, «

DEARBORX, H. A. S., Roxbury.
DAVIS, ISAAC P., Boston.
DOWNER, SAMUEL, Dorclicster.
DOWSE, THO.MAS, Canibridgeiioit.
DUDLEY, DAVID, Roxbury.
DOGGETT, JOHN, Boston.
DREW, DANIEL, "

DERBY, JOHN, Salem.
DAVENPORT, NATHANIEL, Milton.
DAVIS, CHARLES. Roxbury.
DORR, NATHANIEL, "
DODGE, PICKERING, Salem
DEAN, WILLIAM, "

DERBY, E. H., "

DODGE, PICKERING, Jn., Salem.
DAVIS, JOHN B., Boston.
DRIVER, STEPHEN Jr., Salem.
DAVIS, JOHN, Boston.
DAVIS, DANIEL, Camhridge.
BUTTON, WARREN, Boston.
DENNY, DANIEL, "

DAVIS, JAMES, "

DICKSON, JAMES A., "
DERBY, RICHARD C, "
DARRACOTT, GEORGE, "

EMMONS, ROBERT L., Boston.
EVERETT, EDWARD, Charlestown.
EUSTIS, JAMES, Soutli-Rcading.
ELLIS, CHARLES, Roxbury.
EDWARDS, ELtSHA, Sprinefield.
EAGER, WILLIAM, Boston.
ENDICOTT, WILLIAM P., Danvers.
EVERETT, ALEXANDER IL, Boston.
ECKLEY, DAVID, Boston.

FRENCH, BENJAMIN V., Boston.
FESSENDEN, THOMAS G., "
FROTHINGHAM, SAMUEL, «
FORRESTER, JOHN, Salem.
FISKE, OLIVER, Worcester.
FOSDICK, DAVID, Charlestown.
FLETCHER, RICHARD, Boston.
FIELD, JOSEPH, Weston.
FITCH, JEREMIAH, Boston.
FRANCIS, J. B., Warwick, Rhode-Island
FREEMAN, RUSSELL, New-Bedford.
FAY, SAMUEL P. P., Cambridge.
FARRAR, JOHN, Cambridge.
FARLEY, ROBERT, Boston.
FOLSOM, CHARLES, Cambridge.
FISK, BENJAMIN, Boston.
FULLER, H. H., "

FOSTER, E. B., "

GRAY, JOHN C, Boston.
GRAY, FRANCIS C, "
GREENLEAF, THOMAS, Quincy.
GOURGAS, J. M., Weston.
GREi;\, CHARLES W., Roxbury.
GORli, WATSON, "

GANNIOTT, T. B., Cambridge.
GOULD, DANIEL, Reading.
GARDNER, W. F., Salem.
GARDNER, JOSHUA, Dorchester.
GOODALE, EPHRAIM, Bucksport, Me.
GOODWIN, THOMAS J., Charlestown.
GUILD, l!i;,\JA\l!\, Boston.
GIBBS, BENJAMIN, "

GRANT, BENJAMIN B., "
GOULD, BENJAMIN A., "

HARRIS, SAMUEL D., Boston.
HUNTINGTON, JOSEPH, Roxburj'.
HASKINS, RALPH, "

HUNTINGTON, RALPH, Boston.
HEARD, JOHN Jr., "

HILL, JEREMIAH, «

HOLLINGSWORTH, MAUK, Milton.
HARRIS, WILLIAM T., "

HOLBROOK, AMOS, "

HOWE, RUFUS, Dorchester.
HAYDEN, JOHN, Brookline.
HYSLOP, DAVID, Brookline.
HOWES, FREDERICK, Salem.
HAGGERSTON, DAVID, Charlestown.
HUNT, EBENEZER, Northampton.
HOWLAND, JOHN Jr., New-Bedford.
HAYWARD, GEORGE, Boston.
HIGGINSON, HENRY, Boston.
HALL, DUDLEY, Medford.
HARTSHORNE, ELIPHALET P., Boston.
HOUGHTON, ABEL Jr. Lynn.
HOVEY, P. B., Jr., Cambridgeport.
HURD, WILLIAM, Charlestown.
HOWE, HALL, J., Boston.
HASKELL, ELISHA, "
HICKLING, CHARLES, Boston.
HICKS, ZACHARIAH, "

HOWARD, ABRAHAM, "
HASTINGS, THOMAS, "
HASTINGS, OLIVER, Cambridge.
HOSMER, Z., Cambridge.
HENCHMAN, D., Boston.

HOBART, Enoch, "

HOWE, SARAH L., Cambridge.

IVES, JOHN M., Salem.
INCHES, HENDERSON, Boston.
INGALLS, WILLIAM, "

JAaUES, SAMUEL, Jr., Charlestown.
JOY, JOSEPH G., Boston.
JOY, JOSEPH B., "
JONES, THOMAS K., Roxbury.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL R., Charlestown.
JACKSON, PATRICK T., Boston.
JACKSON, JAMES, "

JOHONNOT, GEORGE S., Salem.
JARVIS, DEMING, Boston.
JACKSON, C. T., Boston.

KENRICK, WILLIAM, Newton.
KELLIE, WILLIAM, Boston.
KING, JOHN, Medford.
KIDDER, SAMUEL, Charlestown.
KUHN, GEORGE IL, Boston.
KENDALL, ABEL Jr., "

LINCOLN, LEVI, Worcester.
LINCOLN, WILLIAM, "
LOUTELL, JOHN, Roxbury.
LEE, THOMAS, Jr. «
LEWIS, HENRY, "

LEMIST, JOHN, "

LYMAN, THEODORE, Jr., Boston.
LOWELL, JOHN A., "

LAWRENCE, ABBOTT, "

LYMAN, (;r,(lR(;E W., "

LAWREX( i;, CH. \r>LES, Salem.
LITTLE, HEMiV, Bucksport, Maine.
LELAND, DANIEL, Sherburne.
LELAND, J. P., "

LITTLE, SAMUEL, Bucksport.
LEONARD, THOMAS, Salem.
LAWRENCE, WILLIAM, Boston.

i

51

LAWRENCE, AMOS, "

LrVERMORE, ISAAC, Cambridge.
LORING, JOSIAH, Boston.
LOWELL, CHARLES, "
LAMSON, JOHN, "

LYNDE, SETH S., "

LOWELL, FRANCIS C,"
LORING, HENRY, "

LIENOW, HENRY, "

MANNING, ROBERT, Salem.
MANNERS, GEORGE, Boston.
MINNS, THOMAS, "

MORRILL, AMBROSE, Le.xinaton.
MUNROE, JONAS, " "

MUSSEY, BENJAMIN, Boston.
MILLS, JAMES K., "

M'CARTHY, EDWARD, Brighton.
CACKAY, JOHN, Boston.
MEAD, ISAAC W., Cliariestown.
MEAD, SAMUEL O., West-Cambridse.
MOFFATT, J. L., Boston.
MELVILLE, THOMAS, Boston.
McLELLAN, ISAAC, "

MERRY, ROBERT D. C, "

NEWHALL, CHEEVER, Dorcliester.
NICHOLS, OTIS, "

NUTTALL, THOMAS, Cambridge.
NEWELL, JOSEPH R., Boston.
NEWHALL, JOSIAH, Lvnnfield.
NEWMAN, HENRY, Roibury.
NICHOLSON, HENRY, Brookline.
NEWELL, JOSEPH W., Charlestown.

OTIS, HARRISON G., Boston.
OLIVER, FRANCIS J., "
OLIVER, WILLIAM, Dorchester.
OXNARD, HENRY, Brookline.

PERKINS, THOMAS H. Boston.
PERKINS, SAMUEL G. «
PARSONS, THEOPHILUS, "
PUTNAM, JESSE, "

PRATT, GEORGE W., "

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM, "
PENNI.MAN, ELISHA, Brookline.
PARSONS, GORHAM, Brighton.
PETTEE, OTIS, Newton.
PRINCE, JOHN, Roxburv.
PHINNEY, ELIAS, Lexington.
PRINCE, JOHN, Jr., Salem.
PEABODY, FRANCIS, "
PICKMAN, BENJAMIN T., Boston.
PENNIMAN, JAMES, Dorchester.
POOR, BENJAMIN, New-York.
PERRY, G. B., East-Bradford.
PERRY, JOHN, Sherburne.
POND, SAMUEL, Cambridge.
PAYNE, EDWARD W., Boston.
PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, "
POND, SAMUEL M., Bucksport.
PRESCOTT, C. H., Cornwallis, N. S.
PARKER, DANIEL P., Boston.
PRATT, WILLIAM, Jk., "
PRIEST, JOHN F., "

PHILBRICK, SAMUEL, Brookline.
PARKER, THOMAS, Dorchester.
P.\RKER, ISAAC, Boston.
PARKINSON, JOHN, Roxburv.
PHILLIPS, S. C. Salem.
POOL, WARD, Danvers.
PIERPONT, JOHN, Boston.

PERKINS, T. H. Jr., Boston.
PARKMAN, FRANCIS, "
POND, SAMUEL, Jr.

QUINCY, JOSIAH, Cambridge.

RUSSELL, JOHN B., Boston.

ROBBINS, E. H., "

ROLLINS, WILLIAM, «

RICE, JOHN P., »

RICE, HENRY, '=

RUSSELL, J. W., Roxbuiy.

READ, JAMES, "

ROBBINS, P. G., "

ROLLINS, EBENEZER, Boston.

ROWE, JOSEPH, Jlilton.

ROGERS, R. S. Salem.

RODMAN, BENJAMIN, New-Bedford.

ROTCH, FRANCIS, "

ROTCH, WILLIAM, "

RICHARDSON, NATHAN, Soutli-Reading

RAND, EDWARD S.. Newburvport.

RICHARDS, ED^VARD M., Dedham.

RANDALL, JOHN, Boston.

RUSSELL, J. L., Salem.

RUSSELL, JAMES, Boston,

R.\YMOND, E. A., "

ROBINSON, HENRY, "

SHURTLEFF, BENJAMIN, Boston.
SEARS, DAVID, "

STEVENS, ISAAC, "

SILSBY, ENOCH, «

STORER, D. HUMPHREYS, "
SULLIVAN, RICHARD, Brookline.
SEAVER, NATHANIEL, Roxbury.
SENIOR, CHARLES, "

SUMNER, WILLIAM H., Dorchester.
SWETT, JOHN, "

SHARP, EDWARD, "

SMITH, CYRUS, Sandwich.
SUTTON, AVILLIAM, Jr., Danvers.
STORY, F. H., Salem.
STEDMAN, JOSIAH, Newton.
STRONG, JOSEPH, Jr., South-Hadley.
STEARNS, CHARLES, Sprinfffield.
SHURTLEFF, SAMUEL A., Boston.
SPRINGER, JOHN, Sterlins.
SALTONSTALL, LEVERETT, Salem.
STORRS, NATHANIEL, Boston.
SHAW, LEMUEL, "

SMITH, J. M., "

SISSON, FREEBORN, Warren, (R. L)
SWIFT, HENRY, Nantucket.
SMITH, STEPHEN H., Providence.
SWAN, DANIEL, Medford.
STONE, LEONARD, Watertown.
STONE, WILLIAM, South-Boston.
STONE, ISAAC, "

STORY, JOSEPH, Cambridge.
SHATTUCK, GEORGE C, Boston.
STANWOOD, WILLIA.M, "
STANWOOD, DAVID, "

SARGENT, L. M.,
STONE, HENRY B.,^ "

SIMMONS, D. A., Roxburv.
SAVAGE, JA:MES S., Boston.
SHAW, ROBERT G.,
SPARKS, JARED, "

SAVAGE, JAMES, "

STONE, P. K. L., "

STEARNS, ASAHEL, Cambridge.
STONE, DAVID, Boston.

»

52

STAPLES, ISAAC, "
SHAW, C. B.,

TAPPAN, CHARLES, Brookline.
TtDL), JACnl?, Koxbiirv.
THU.MPfJOX, GEORGE, Medford.
TRALV, SAMUEL, "

THORNDIKE, ISRAEL, Jr., Boston.
THWING, SUPPLY C, Koxbuiv.
TUCKER, RICHARD U., Boston,
TILDEN, JOSEPH, "

TOOHEY, ROHEUrCK, Waltliam.
THOMAS, BE.VJAxMIN, Hingham.
TRULL, JOHN V\'., Boston.
TAYLOR, CHARLES, Dorchester.
TUDOR, FREDERIC, Boston.
THAYER, J. H.,
THACHER, PETER, "

VOSE, ELIJAH, Dorchester.
VILA, JAMES, Boston.

WILLIAMS, NEHEMIAH D., Roxbury.
WILLIAMS, FRANCIS J., Biiston.
WILDER, M. P., "

WILLIAMS, AAROX D., Roxbury.
WILLIAMS, MOSES,
WILIJA^IS, G., "

WEJ,I), Hi:.VJAMIN, "

WUKTlll.XGTOiV, WILLIAM, Dorchester
AVE[,LES, JOILN,
WALES, WILLIAM,
"WEBSTER, J. W., Cambridge.

WHITE, ABIJAH, Watertown.
WILLIAMS, SAiMUEL G., Boston.
WIGHT, EBENEZER, "

WYATT, ROBERT, "

WINSHIP, JONATHAN, Brighton.
WILKINSON, SIMON, Boston.
WILDER, S. V. S., Bulton.
WALDO, DANIEL, Worcester.
WYETH, NATHANIEL J. Jb., Cambridge.
WEST, THOMAS, Haverhill.
WILLARD, JOSEPH, Boston.
WHITAIARSH, SAMUEL, Northampton.
WHITMARSH, TH03IAS, Brookline.
■^^'ARREN, JONATHAN, Jk., Weston.
WEBSTER, NATHAN, Haverhill.
WILSON, JOHN, Roxburv.
WHITE, STEPHEN, Boston.
WARD, MALTHUS A., Salem.
WEBSTER, DANIEL, Boston.
WARD, RICHARD, Roxbury.
WELD, AARON D. Jii., Boston.
WALKER, SAMUEL, Roxbury.
WELLS, CHARLES, Boston.
WHITWELL, SAMUEL,"
WHITE, BENJAMIN F. "
WILEY, THOMAS, Watertown.
WALES, THOMAS B., Boston.
V-'YMAN, RUFUS, Charlestown.
WARE, HENRY, Cambridge.
.WATERHOUSE, BENJAMIN, Cambridge.
V.TNSHIP, F. S. J., Brighton.
WELD, JAMES, Boston.
WHITTEMORE, GEORGE, Boston.

4

53

HONORARY MEMBERS.

ADAMS, Hon. JOHN QUINCY, late President of the United States.

AITON, WILLIAiM TOWNSEND, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kevv.

ABBOTT, JOHN, Escj., Brunswick, Me.

ABBOTT, BENJAMIN, LL. D., Principal of Phillipg Academy, Exeter, New-Hampshire.

BUEL, J. Esq. President of the Albany Horticultural Society.

BODIN, Le Chevalier SOULANGE, Secretaire-General de la Societe D'Horticulture
de Paris.

BANCROFT, EDWARD NATHANIEL, M. D., President of tlie Horticultural and Agri-
cultural Society of Jamaica.

BARCLAY, ROBERT, Esq., Great Britain.

BEEKM.W, JAMES, New- York.

BARBOUR, P. P., Viiginia.

COXE, WILLIAM, Esc^., Burlington, N. J.

COLLINS, ZACCHEUS, Esq., President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

COFFIN, Admiral Sir ISAAC, Great Britain.

CHAUNCY, ISAAC, United States Navy, Brooklyn, New-York.

BL.\PIER, LEWIS, Philadelphia.

DICKSON, JAMES, Es<i. Vice-President of the London Horticultural Society.

DE CANDOLLE, Mons. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS, Professor of Botany in the Academy
of Geneva.

ELLIOT, Hon. STEPHEN, Charleston, S. C.

EVERETT, HORACE, Vermont.

EV.VNSON, CHARLES .\LLAN, Secretary King's County Agricultural Society, St John,
New-Brunswick.

FALDERMAN, F. Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg.

FISCHER, Dr., Professor of Botany, of the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Petersburg.

GREIG, JOHN, Esc^., Geneva, President of the Domestic Horticultural Society of the
Western Part of the State of New-York.

GORE, Mrs. REBECCA, Waltham.

GRIFFITHS, Mrs. MARY, Charlies Hope, New-Jersey.

GIRARD, STEPHEN, Philadelphia.

GIBBS, GEORGE, Sunswick, New-York.

HERICART DE THURY, Le Vicomte, President de la Societe D'Horticulture de Paris.

HOSACK, DAVID, M. D., President of the New- York Horticultural Society.

HOPKIRK, THOMAS, Es<i. President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.

HUNT, LEWIS, Esti. Huntsburg, Ohio.

HILDRETH, S. P., Marietta, Ohio.

INGERSOLL, JAMES R., President of the Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia.

JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United States.

JOHONNOTT, Mrs. MARTHA, Salem.

KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW, Esq., President of the London Horticultural Society.

LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, Great-Britain.

LA FAYETTE, General, La Grange, France.

LASTEYRIE, Le Comte de, Vice-President de la Societe D'Horticulture de Paris.

LITCHFIELD, FRANKIJN, Consul of the United States at Porto Cabello.

It

54

LORRILLARD, JACOB, President of the New-York Horticultural Society, New- York.

LONGSTRETH, JOSHUA, Philadelphia.

MADISON, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.

MONROE, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.

MICHAUX, MoNs. F. ANDREW, Paris.

MENTENS, LEWIS JOHN, Esq., Bruxelles.

MITCHILL, SAMUEL L., M. D., New-York.

MOSSELLMANN, , Esq., Antwerp.

POITE AU, Professor of the Institute Horticole de Fromont.

POWELL, JOHN HARE, Powelton, Pennsylvania.

PRINCE, WILLIAM, Esq.., Long Island, New- York.

PRATT, HENRY, Philadelphia.

PALMER, JOHN, Esq., Calcutta.

ROSEBERRY, ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of. President of the Caledonian Horticultural

Society.
SABINE, JOSEPH, Esq., Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.
SHEPHARD, JOHN, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.
SCOTT, Sir WALTER, Scotland.
SKINNER, JOHN S., Baltimore.

TURNER, JOHN, Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.
THACHER, JAMES, M. D., Plymouth, Mass.
THORBURN, GRANT, Esq., New-York.
TALIAFERRO, JOHN, Virginia.

THOURS, M. Du Petit, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institute Horticole de Fremont.
VILMORIN, MoNs. PIERRE PHILLIPPE ANDRE, Paris.
VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, Esq., Hallowell, Maine.
VAN MONS, JEAN BAPTISTE, M. D., Brussels.
VAUGHAN, PETTY, Esq., London.
VAN RENSELLAER, STEPHEN, Albany.
VAN ZANDT, JOSEPH R., Albany.
WELLES, Hon. JOHN, Boston, Mass.

WILLICK, NATHANIEL, M. D., Curator of tlie Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
WADSWORTH, JAMES, Geneseo, New-York.
YATES, ASHTON, Esq., Liverpool.

i

55

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

ADLUM, JOHN, Georgetown, District of Columbia.

ASPINWALL, Col. THOMAS, United States Consul, London.

APPLETON, THOMAS, Es.^., United States Consul, Leghorn.

ALPEY, .

AaUILAR, DON FRANCISCO, of Moldonoda, in the Banda Oriental— Consul of the
United States.

BARNETT, ISAAC COX, Esq., United States Consul, Paris.

BURTON, ALEXANDER, United States Consul, Cadiz.

BULL, E. W., Hartford, Connecticut.

CARR, ROBERT, Esd., Philadelphia.

COLVILLE, JAMES, Chelsea, England.

CARNES, FRANCIS G., Paris.

DEERING, JAMES, Portland, Maine.

FLOY, MICHAEL, New-York.

FOX, JOHN, Washington, District of Colombia.

GARDINER, ROBERT H., Es<i., Gardiner, Maine.

GIBSON, ABRAHAM P., United States Consul, St. Petersburg.

GARDNER BENJAMIN, United States Consul, Palermo.

HALL, CH.ARLES HENRY, Esq., New-York.

HAY, JOHN, Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

HALSEY, ABRAHAM, Corresponding Secretary of the New-York Horticultural Society,
New- York.

HARRIS, Ret. T. M., D. D., Dorchester.

HUNTER, , Baltimore.

HOGG, THOMAS, New-York.

HENRY, BERN.ARD, United States Consul, Gibralter.

LANDRETH, DAVID, Jr., Esq., Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society.

LEONARD, E. S. H., M. D., Providence.

MAURY, JAMES, Esq., late United States Consul, Liverpool.

MILLER, JOHN, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural Soc. Jamaica.

MILLS, STEPHEN, Esq., Long Island, New-York.

MELVILLE, ALLAN, New-York.

NEWHALL, HORATIO, M. D., Galena, Illinois.

OFFLEY, DAVID, Esq., United States Consul, Smyrna.

OMBROSI, JAMES, United States Consul, Florence.

PARKER, JOHN, Esq., United States Consul, Amsterdam.

PAYSON, JOHN L., Esq., Messina.

PRINCE, WILLIAM ROBERT, Esq. Long Island, New- York.

PRINCE, ALFRED STRATTON, Long Island.

PERRY, M. C, United States Navy, Charlestown.

PALMER, JOHN J., New-York.

ROGERS, WILLIAM S., United States Navy, Boston.

ROGERS, J. S., Hartford, Connecticut.

SMITH, DANIEL D., Esq., Burlington, New-Jersey.

%

56

SMITH, GIDEOX E., Biiltimori'.

PHAW, WILLIAM, New-York.

STRONG, Judge, Rochester, New-York.

STEVENS, THOMAS HOLDUP, United States Navy, Middlctown, Connecticut.

SMITH, CALEB R., Esq., New-Jersey.

SPRAGUE, HORATIO, Gibraltar.

THORBURN, GEORGE C, New-York.

WILSON, WILLIAM, New- York.

WINGATE, J. F., Bath, Maine.

WINGATE, JOSHUA, Portland.

A

DISCOURSE

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ON THE CELEBRATION OF ITS

>

FOURTH ANNIVERSARY,

OCTOBER 3, 1832.

By THADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS, M. D.

CAMBRIDGE:

E. W. METCALF AND COMPANY.

1832.

DISCOURSE.

Upojv the return of this annual festival I have the
honor to present to the President and Members of
" The Massachusetts Horticultural Society " the con-
gratulations of the season.

During four years you have been associated for the
purpose of promoting Horticulture ; and, although the
summer has not been propitious, abundant evidence of
the utility of your united efforts is afforded by the
offerings of fruits and flowers with which your tables
are this day crowned.

To ensure continued success, it is necessary, not
only to study the artificial science of Horticulture it-
self, and to practise it in detail, but to advert to the
close connexion subsisting between it and the natural
sciences of Zoology, Botany, and Mineralogy. In the
interesting Address of your Botanical Professor,* de-
Hvered on the last anniversary, " the prominent fea-
tures of Horticulture and its associated and auxiliary
studies," were indicated. To pursue the subject so
ably opened would seem to be incumbent upon those
to whom, in the distribution of duties, you have as-

* Malthus A. Ward, M. D.

signed the illustration of these studies. Upon the
present occasion, however, it will be impossible to
exhibit a complete view of all or of any one of the
accessory sciences, and of their various bearings upon
Horticulture. I shall therefore endeavour only to show
the Relations subsisting between Insects and Plants,
and the useful results to be obtained by the cultivator
from a knowledge of the habits and economy of insects.
American Entomology is yet in its infancy. Mel-
sheimer, a Lutheran clergyman in Pennsylvania, may
be considered as the father of the science in this
country. His collection of insects was very extensive,
and he published a catalogue of one order or group of
them in 1806. It contained merely the names of
about thirteen hundred and sixty native species, with-
out descriptions or a history of their habits. The late
Professor Peck rendered no inconsiderable aid to Hor-
ticulture and Arboriculture, by his memoirs on several
insects injurious to vegetation, illustrated by plates
from original drawings of the most faithful kind. Pro-
fessor Say, the author of an unfinished work, entitled
" American Entomology," and of numerous papers in
various periodical publications, has been engaged, for
many years, in describing scientifically the unnoticed
insects of this country ; and, by his continued labors,
has materially facilitated the study, though he has been
unable to furnish much respecting the habits of insects.
Much, therefore, remains to be done in this department
of Natural History, much of immense importance in its
practical application to the various arts of life. Some
degree of regard for the science appears to be awaken-
ed among us ; and we are gradually growing sensible

6

of the utility of the pursuit. It must become a popular
study, and be allowed to share, with Botany and Min-
eralogy, a small portion, at least, of the time devoted
by a judicious, enlightened, and agricultural people, to
elementary education. It is recommended to us by
its intrinsic merits, the novelties and wonders it un-
folds ; it is enforced by the powerful influence which
insects are permitted to exert upon our persons and
possessions.

Insects may be said, without exaggeration, to have
estabhshed a universal reign over the earth and its
inhabitants. Their kingdom extends from the torrid
zone to the utmost hmits of polar vegetation ; from the
lowest valley to the mountainous regions of perpetual
snow. Some of them have sent forth their colonies
with man, and with him have circumnavigated the
globe ; while others hold undisputed sway where man
has not yet ventured to estabhsh himself, and where
their innumerable hosts and noxious powers have for-
bidden his approach.

As insects depend for sustenance either immediately
or remotely upon vegetable productions, their disper-
sion through various regions is subject to nearly the
same laws that govern the geographical distribution of
plants.

Temperature exerts an influence upon them. An
increase of heat is always attended with a proportional
increase in the kinds and numbers of these creatures.
Altitude has the same eff'ect as latitude in diminishing
the numbers of insects. Hence the insects, like the
plants, of high regions will be the same as those of
northern latitudes. On the summit of the White

Mountains are found some of the plants of Lapland,
and there also a species of butterfly* occurs, which
appears to be identical with one in Lapland. The
rice-weevil f is the constant concomitant of its favorite
grain ; and, though often found alive in imported rice,
does not seem to have established itself beyond the
natural regions of its appropriate food. In all parts of
America where the sugar-cane flourishes, the cucuij,
or luminous beetle, | which hves upon it, may be found.

The presence or absence of humidity, in a country
or district, gives predominance to certain insect and
vegetable races. Thus predatory and stercoraceous
insects are more common and abundant in dry, sandy,
and hot regions, than in more moist and temperate
ones. The prevailing insects of Africa, of the south of
Europe, of the steppes of Asia, of the pampas and
prairies of America, are of this description ; and such
also are those which frequent dry pathways and the
arid sands of the sea-shore every where. Other tribes,
destined to subsist upon vegetable juices, and those
that imbibe their food by suction, are more prevalent
in regions of perpetual moisture, as well as in the bogs
and fens, and on the marshy margins of rivers, lakes,
and seas, in all countries.

Pecuhar kinds of insects and plants appear to be
appropriated to particular continents and countries.
The laws, governing the geographical limits of indi-
genous insects, are more absolute than those already
specified. It is true that countries, possessing a simi-

* The Hipparchia semidea of Say, appears to be identical with the
Papilio fortunafus of Fabricius.

f Calandra Oryzw. L. | Elater nodilucus. L.

larity of climate and temprature, have many insects
allied to each other in forms and habits ; but it will be
found, that differences exist among them sufficient to
prove that they could not have descended from a com-
mon stock, or in other words, that they are of different
species. Thus, of the tribe of butterflies, called by
the French brassicaires, because they are appropri-
ated to the cabbage, turnip, mustard, and other allied
plants, there is one sohtary species in the mountainous
and northern parts of New England devoted to these
plants.* The common cock-chaffer f of Europe is
represented, in this country, by our nocturnal dorr-
bug, t as it is usually called ; and the European vine-
chaffer II by an alhed species, H which has recently
multiplied greatly, from some unknown cause, and
threatens, if unchecked, to become as great a depre-
dator. It appears now to be pretty well established,
that countries, separated by a wide expanse of water,
by extensive deserts of sterile sand, or by an unbroken
chain of lofty mountains, possess vegetable and animal
productions pecuHar to themselves, which do not,
under ordinary circumstances, pass these natural lim-
its ; but that, wlien two continents, or great divisions
of the globe, are contiguous, or nearly approach each
other, the same animals and plants may be found in
each to a limited extent. No one species or kind
could have originated on two different points of the
earth's surface ; each one must have commenced exist-
ence in some one place, from whence, in the course of

* It now attacks the turnip and cabbage, but probably lived originally
upon the Arahis rhomboidea. The insect is the Pontia oleracea. Harris.
f Melolontha vulgaris. F. | J\Ielolontha Qiiercina. Knoch.

II Anomala Vitis. L. H Anomala varians. F.

8

successive generations, it would have spread over the
whole globe, had it not been restrained and confined
within narrow hmits by insuperable geographical and
physical barriers. From a careful comparison of the
insects of our own country with those of other parts
of the world, I am fully convinced that these laws
are founded in nature, and can venture to assert that,
with the exception of the polar species, there are no
insects in America identical with those of the Eastern
continent, which have not accompanied man and his
imports from thence.

The introduction of foreign insects, in a country
before uninhabited by them, is a circumstance of more
importance, than at first would be anticipated. It may
occur in various ways. Man, in his wanderings and
migrations, has been instrumental in the dispersion and
colonization of a multitude of insects. They adhere
to his garments and bedding, riot in his stock of pro-
visions, and lurk among his imported seeds, fruits,
plants, and drugs. The bed-bug, the flea, the cock-
roach, the bacon-grub,* and the meal-worm f have been
universal travellers, and are now citizens of the world.
Commerce brought the first of these insects to England
from the continent at an early period. J " The Scotch,
it has been said, "bewail its introduction among them
as one of the evils of the union, and for that reason dis-
tinguish it by the name of the English bug." Kalm §
observes, that it was unknown to the northern Indians
of America. The common house-fly || is stated to have

* Dermestes lardarius. L. t Tenehrio molitor. L.

X See " A Treatise on Bugs, by J. Southall." 8vo. Lond. 1730.
§ Travels, ed. 1770. Vol. II. p. H.
II Belknap, Hist, of N. Hamp. Vol. III. p. 185.

been brought by shipping to our shores, where it had
not been seen before the arrival of Europeans. The
sugar-mite,* a native of the West Indies, is now rather
common in Europe and America. The violet-colored
borer f of the pine, originally indigenous to our forests,
is now naturalized in Europe, having been carried
thither in timber from America ; while, in return, we
have received from thence another pine-eating borer, %
whose mischievous powers render it a formidable
assailant of wooden edifices. This insect, we are in-
formed by Kirby and Spence, ^ does material injury
to the wood-work of houses in London, by piercing
the rafters in every direction. Its stomach seems to
have the insensibility of that of an ostrich, and its jaws
the strength of iron nippers ; for it has been known to
perforate sheets of lead, one sixth of an inch in
thickness, with which roofs were covered, and in its
stomach fragments of the metal were discovered. The
pea-bug II of America is now found in England and a
part of the continent of Europe. The minute beetle, H
so common in ship-bread, is a native of Europe ; it is
often seen in our vessels, and occasionally on shore.
The notorious poplar- worm,** a spiny caterpillar, whose
falsely reputed venomous powers caused almost the
extermination of the Lombardy poplar some years ago,
is not indigenous to this country, but was probably in-
troduced with the tree it naturally inhabits, but which

* Lepisma sacchmina. L. f Callidium violaceum. L.

J Callidium bajulum. L.

§ « Outlines of Entomology." (3d ed.) Vol. I. pp. 235, 236, note.
II Bruchus Pisi. L. U Anobium panicewm. P,

** The larva of the PapUio Jlntiopa. L.

2

10

it deserts in preference for our more abundant willows
and elms. The nettle and thistle have brought with
them from Europe some of their pecuhar insects,* which
happily are more serviceable than the weeds they have
accompanied. It cannot be denied that many of our
destructive insects are now spread far and wide through
those sections of the Eastern continent which have had
commercial intercom'se with America ; but it is evident
that we have not been gainers by an exchange ; for in
this country are now naturalized immense numbers of
foreign insects, whose ravages are by no means com-
pensated by the benefits derived from the Asiatic silk-
worm, at this time an object of so much interest to
statesmen and manufacturers, nor by those annually
abstracted from the European honey-bee, " the white
man's fly," now, through the instrumentality of our
forefathers, swarming even in the Western wilds of this
continent.

It is of the greatest consequence, in devising reme-
dies for the injuries of insects, first to learn something
of their economy. Were our insect enemies at all
times as apparent as their ravages, preventive means
might more readily be adopted ; but many of them
are not only masked in various disguises during the
period of their devastations, but carry on their oifen-
sive operations only in the obscurity of the night, or
insidiously conceal themselves while performing the
work of destruction. Others, though their attacks are
made in broad day-light, and though they may, while
thus employed, be constantly exposed to our examina-

* The Papilio Atalanla inhabits the nettle, the Papilio Cardui the
thistle.

11

tion, soon escape from us by changing their forms.
These facts show the necessity of learning their habits
and changes, if we wish to apply a remedy to the evils
they occasion. The transformations of insects are
indeed exceedingly interesting in themselves, and are
almost without a parallel in the other animal races.

Like birds, amphibious animals, and most fishes,
insects are produced from eggs ; but, unlike theirs, the
newly hatched young, either have not the same number
of members as their parents, or are wholly different
from them in form and habits. The offspring of rose-
bugs and of moths are not rose-bugs and moths ; they
are grubs and caterpillars, which, having been hatched
in situations where the parental instinct has discovered
their appropriate food, begin immediately to devour
what is before them, and at the expiration of a definite
period attain their full size, cast their skins, and ap-
pear in a new form. In this new form the insects are
said to be in the pupa or chrysalis state. Their former
activity and voracity cease ; they no longer use their
hmbs to change their situation, but remain with them
folded close to their bodies in a state of absolute ab-
stinence and almost complete torpidity and rest. In
process of time the delicate and tender skin that invests
their bodies hardens, the flesh, with its new-grown
skin, cleaves and separates beneath the old one, and
at length the imprisoned insects burst their useless
cases, withdraw their hmbs from their envelopes, and,
in due season, emerge from their retreats, warm and
dry themselves in the sunbeams, and launch upon their
untried wings into the air, the exact counterparts of
their progenitors.

12

The term larva, originally signifying a mask, is ap-
plied to all insects in the young or growing state ; to
caterpillars, grubs, and maggots, whose future forms
are completely disguised, and to the young of bugs,
crickets, grasshoppers, plant-lice, and some other in-
sects, whose subsequent stages are unattended with
any remarkable changes of form. The second state
is the pupa ; and, while in this, the insects last men-
tioned continue to feed, grow, and move about like the
larvae, which they also resemble in form. The third
or final change developes all in their perfect state, with
new organs and propensities. Hence two kinds of
transformation are recognised. One of them seems to
consist in little more than a casting of the external
skin, and the acquisition of additional organs, with a
preservation of the same general form and habits ; this
is called incomplete transformation : the other, including
an eating, a quiescent, and a winged state, exhibits
insects, in their progress, in three distinct forms, and
three different modes of existence ; this constitutes a
complete transformation.

A few examples will illustrate the transformations,
or metamorphoses, of some common insects, and pre--
sent a general view of their history. The squash-bug *
passes through an imperfect transformation. In shape
it is, while young or a larva, proportionally shorter and
more rounded than the perfect insect, and its color is
of a pale, ashy hue. When it enters upon the pupa
state its form lengthens, and two little scales are seen
upon its back, which are sheaths representing and

* Cortus ordinatus. Say.

13

actually enclosing the future wings of the insect. It
continues all this time to walk about, and to imbibe,
by means of its sharp proboscis, the juices of the plant
on which it subsists. In the perfect state it appears
with a pair of delicate, filmy wings folded beneath two
tough covers, which lie flat upon its back and cross
each other at their ends. In this stage it feeds also by
suction upon the juices of the squash leaves ; but,
with additional organs, it has acquired new propensi-
ties, which lead it to provide for the continuation of its
species, and, this being accomphshed, it perishes. The
transformations of grasshoppers also are incomplete ;
young and old, larvae, pupae, and perfect insects being
alike active, and partaking a common food.

The following are instances of complete metamor-
phosis. The white grub, which is so often turned up
by the plough in fields, hves beneath the surface of
the soil, and feeds upon the fibrous roots of the grasses.
It afterwards becomes a pupa, exhibiting a form inter-
mediate between that of a grub and a beetle ; legs
small and useless are visible, a pair of eyes, and two
little horns or antennae. For some time it remains at
rest in the earth, till, its appointed season having
arrived, it bursts the filmy skin that enfolded its body
and limbs, digs itself a passage to the surface, and
comes forth a chesnut-colored beede,* commonly
known here as the dorr-bug. In this, its last and
winged state, it devours the leaves of trees, seeks its
mate, and deposits its eggs in the ground. The whole
generation of dorr-bugs perishes within six weeks after
emerging from the earth in the beetle form.

* Melolontha Quercina. Knock.

14

The borer of the apple-tree, a white worm or grub,
devours the fragments of wood it has gnawed in
making its cylindrical path within the trunk of the
tree, and pushes the undigested refuse out of the hole
by which it has entered. When fully grown it be-
comes a pupa, which, like that of the dorr-bug, ex-
hibits short, folded legs, wings, and horns, of no use to
it while within its burrow. Early in June the pupa-
skin is ruptured, and the insect emerges from the tree
by gnawing through the thin covering of bark that
protected the upper extremity of its hole. Upon
issuing into the air it is found to be a beetle,* white
beneath and longitudinally striped with brown above.
In this, its perfect state, it hves only upon the young
and tender leaves of the apple and other alHed trees.

The caterpillars of the apple-tree, which are hatched
from those curious ring-like clusters of eggs surround-
ing the young twigs, are, as you well know, furnished
with jaws, and devour the leaves of this tree. They
have also sixteen legs, and, in crawling from leaf to
leaf and branch to branch, spin from their lips a dehcate
thread, which is a clue to conduct them back to the
shelter of their many-coated, silken tents. From the
first to the middle of June they descend from the
trees, and seclude themselves in various hiding-places.
Each one then weaves around its body a small silken
shroud or cocoon, fills the meshes with a yellowish
powder, slips off and packs in one end of its case its
old coat, and appears in a new form, that of a brown
chrysalis or pupa devoid of prominent legs and
wings. Sixteen days afterwards the pupa-skin is rent,

* Saperda bivittaia. Say.

15

a moth * issues from it, ejects from its mouth a quan-
tity of liquid matter to soften the end of its cocoon,
and then forces its way out. In the moth state it is
furnishycd with a very short tongue, and subsists only
upon the honey and dew of plants.

The common potato-worm, when it ceases feeding,
descends into the earth, and is there changed into a
brown pupa of a cylindrical form, pointed at one end
and rounded at the other, whence proceeds a sort of
stem or hook that passes backwards beyond the middle
of the body. This steni, which is the only external
member it appears to have, is a case enclosing the
tongue of the creature. It passes the winter in the
earth below the reach of frost, and the next summer
the perfect insect * comes forth, its robust body decked
with large orange-colored spots, and its enormously
long tongue compactly rolled up like a watch-spring.
In the morning and evening twilight hundreds of these
insects may be seen, now darting from flower to
flower with the velocity and sound of humming-birds,
now poising upon their extended wings over the fra-
grant honeysuckle, uncoiling in an instant their slender
tongues, and thrusting them with unerring aim into
the nectared tubes of the blossoms.

It is unnecessary to multiply examples ; enough
have been given to show that the forms, the organs
for taking food, the kinds of food, and the places of
abode of the insects which undergo ,1 complete trans-
formation, vary essentially in the larva and in the
perfect state of these insects.

* Bomhyx castrensis. L. f Sphinx Carolina. L.

16

It should be recollected, that the winged is the ulti-
mate stage of insect life ; that the last and, in many
instances, the only function performed in this stage of
existence is to provide for a succession of the species ;
and that, after the eggs are deposited in their appro-
priate situations, the parent insects, having then per-
formed the various tasks assigned them, and having
fulfilled the last injunctions of nature, universally perish,
most of them without witnessing the birth of the suc-
ceeding generation.

Insects are profusely scattered over vegetation.
Several kinds are often found upon one plant. Leaves,
blossoms, and fruits are alive with them ; the branches
and trunks afford concealment and nourishment to
thousands of intestine enemies, and the roots are
sapped and destroyed by them. Our present concern
is with some of those which arelnjurious to the kitchen
and flower garden, and to the fruitery.

The products of the kitchen-garden, though formerly
they received less attention that those of the field, are
growing more into general favor ; a result owing to
the change of pursuits in a portion of our population,
to the low price of farm-produce, and especially to the
recommendations and example of the horticultural so-
cieties of the country, and the improvements which
they have introduced.

The pea is universally esteemed one of the most
palatable of our vegetables. At its first appearance in
the markets it commands a high price ; and its first
appearance on the table is not only an object of pride
to the gardener, but of pleasure to the partaker. Few,
however, while indulging in the luxury of early pease,

17

are aware how many insects they unconsciously con-
sume. When the pods are carefully examined, small,
discolored spots may be seen within them, each one
corresponding to a similar spot on the opposite pea.
If this spot in the pea be opened, a minute, whitish
grub or maggot will be discovered. It is the insect in
its larva form, which hves upon the marrow of the
pea, and arrives at its full size by the time that the
pea becomes dry. It then bores a round hole quite
to the hull, which however is left untouched, as is also
the germ of the future sprout. In this hole the insect
passes the pupa state, and survives the winter ; at the
expiration of which, its last change being completed,
it has only to gnaw through the thin hull, and make its
exit, which frequently is not accompHshed before the
pease are committed to the ground for an early crop.
Pease, thus affected, are denominated huggy by seeds-
men and gardeners ; and the Httle insects, so often
seen within them in the spring, are incorrectly called
bugs, a term of reproach indiscriminately applied to
many kinds of insects which have no resemblance to
each other in appearance and habits. The pea Bru-
chus,* for such is its correct name, is a small beetle,
a native of this continent, having been unknown in
Europe before the discovery of America. Early in the
spring, while the pods are young and tender, and the
pease are just beginning to swell, it makes small perfo-
rations in the epidermis or thin skin of the pod, and de-
posits in each a minute egg. These eggs are always
placed opposite to the pease, and the grubs, when

* Bruchus Pisi. L.

3

18

hatched, soon penetrate the pod, and bury themselves
in the pease, by holes so fine, that they are hardly per-
ceptible, and are soon closed. Sometimes every pea
in a pod will be found to be thus inhabited ; and the
injury done by the pea Bruchus has, in former times,
been so great and universal as nearly to put an end to
the cultivation of this vegetable. That it should pre-
fer the prolific exotic pea to our indigenous, but less
productive pulse, is not a matter of surprise, analogous
facts being of common occurrence ; but that, for so
many years, a rational method for checking its ravages
should not have been practised, is somewhat remark-
able. An exceedingly simple one is recommended by
Deane, but to be successful should be universally
adopted. It consists merely in keeping seed pease in
tight vessels over one year before planting them.
Latreille recommends submitting them to the heat of
water at sixty-seven degrees of Fahrenheit, by which
the same results might be obtained ; and if this was
done just before the pease were to be put into the
ground, they would then be in a state for immediate
planting. The Baltimore Oriole, or hang-bird, is one
of the natural enemies of the Bruchus, whose larvae it
detects, picks from the green pease, and devours.
How wonderful is the instinct of this bird, which, un-
taught by experience, can detect the lurking culprit
within the envelope of the pod and pea: and how
much more wonderful that of the insect ; for, as the
welfare of its future progeny depends upon the suc-
cession of a crop of pease the ensuing season, the
rostellum or sprout of the pea is never injured by the
larva, and consequently the pulse will germinate, though
deprived of a third of its substance.

19

Roots are undoubtedly the most important produc-
tions of the vegetable garden ; and, among these, the
potato stands first in point of utiUty and value. I am not
aware that it is ever very seriously injured by insects,
though many appear upon its leaves. The common
potato- worm, has already been noticed. A small, striped
beetle,* of the size and shape of that appropriated to
the cucumber, is found in abundance upon the potato ;
and its numerous larvae, creeping about under back-
loads of filth, riot upon the luxuriant foliage. Occasion-
ally potato patches are ravaged by two or three species
of Cantharides, or blistering-beetles. It is only in the
perfect state that they are injurious to the potato-vine,
for the larvae live in the earth upon the small roots of
various kinds of herbage. Their appearance on the
potato is occasional only, for they devour the leaves of
several other plants. These native Cantharides are suc-
cessfully employed in medicine instead of the Spanish
Cantharides, and, were not the price of labor among
us so high, might be procured in sufficient quantity to
supply the demand in the markets for this important
medicinal agent. I regret to observe that the ash-col-
ored Cantharis f has recently appeared in great profu-
sion upon hedges of the honey-locust, t which are
almost defoHated by them. For many years past the
same insects have invariably attacked the Windsor bean
in the garden of a friend of mine in this vicinity. This
summer they were neglected ; and the consequence
was, that they entu-ely stripped the fohage from the
stalks, so that but a small and impoverished crop of

* Crioceris trilineata. 01 iv. j Cantharis cinerea. Oliv.

J Gledilschia triacanthos. Willd.

20

beans was gathered, and the prospect of a second
crop, usually obtained from the suckers after the stalks
are headed down, was entirely ruined. Should the
devastations of the Cantharides increase, it would be-
come an object to attempt to diminish their numbers
by collecting them for medical use.

I am disposed to rank the turnip, as a root, next in
value to the potato. In many countries it forms a
large part of the vegetable sustenance of man and of
his domestic animals. It is stated that in England,
soon after the turnip appears above ground, a host of
little jumping beetles, called by the farmers the fly *
attack and devour the seed-leaves, so that, on account
of this destruction, the land is often obliged to be re-
sown, and frequently with no better success.! The
consequent loss sustained in the turnip crops of Dev-
onshire, in the year 1786, is estimated, in Young's
" Annals of Agriculture," to amount, at least, to one
hundred thousand pounds sterhng. In the same country
the caterpillar of the cabbage -butterfly t attacks the
turnip also in great numbers. Insects allied to these
are found upon the turnip in this country. The leaves,
in all stages of their growth, are eaten through and
through with numerous holes by a small, black, jumping
beede, a species o{ Haltica. Some of these insects
infest several of our useful plants, such as the horse-
radish, the mustard, the radish, the cucumber, &c.
The same means for protecting these plants are to be

* Hallica nemorum. F.

f Kirby & Spence's Introduction to Entomology. Vol. I. (3d ed.)
p. 188.
J Pontia Brassica. L.

21

used, because the habits of all the Halticas are similar.
It has been recommended to sow a quantity of radish
seed with the turnip seed ; for the jumping beedes are
found to be so much more fond of the radish than of the
turnip leaf, that it will desert the latter for the former.
Air-slacked Hme, sifted or dusted over plants, in some
instances preserves them, and sprinkUng with strong
alkaline solutions * will kill the insects without injuring
the plants.

The native insect aUied to the European cabbage-
butterfly has been already mentioned.! Like its con-
geners, it can subsist upon many and perhaps all of the
cruciferous plants, among which are the cabbage, broc-
coli, cauliflower, kale, radish, mustard, and turnip. It
is of a beautiful white color, with dusky veins beneath
the hinder wings, and in size it is rather larger than
the small yellow butterfly of the New England States.
Hitherto it has been observed only in the hilly regions
of New Hampshire and of the northern part of Massa-
chusetts. There are two broods in a season. About
the last of May and the beginning of June the white
butterfly may be seen fluttering over plantations of
cabbages, and turnip and radish beds, but seems to
prefer the turnip leaf for the place of depositing its
eggs. These are hatched between the seventh and the
tenth day. The caterpillars attain their full size in
twenty-one days, and are then, on an average, one
inch and a quarter in length. Being of a pale green

* The solution may be made by dissolving' one pound of hard soap in
twelve gallons of the soap-suds left after washing, and it should be
applied twice a day with a water-pot or garden engine.

t Page 7.

22

color, they are not readily distinguished from the leaves
under which they reside, and upon which they subsist.
When they have completed the feeding stage, they quit
the plants, and retire beneath palings, or the edges of
stones, or into the interstices of walls, suspend them-
selves by the tail and a loop around the body, and be-
come pupae. This state lasts eleven days, at the ex-
piration of which the insect comes forth a butterfly,
which, during the month of August, lays the foundation
for a second generation, and perishes. The caterpil-
lars of the second brood become pupae or chrysalids
in the autumn, and remain in this form until the next
spring. In gardens and fields infested by these cater-
pillars, boards should be placed horizontally an inch or
two above the surface of the ground ; these would
form a tempting shelter for the pupae, and render it
easy for the farmer to collect and destroy them. '

Another American butterfly,* originally appropriated
to our native umbellate plants, has discovered the
natural affinities of those of foreign origin, and made
them subservient to the support of its progeny. The
carrot, parsley, and celery of the garden appear now
to be more subject to its attacks, than the conium and
cicuta of the fields, though these troublesome and
poisonous weeds are suffered to grow in unchecked
abundance. This butterfly is one of our most common
species ; it is of large size, of a black color, ornament-
ed above with yellow, and beneath with tawny spots ;
and the caterpillar, from which it proceeds, is a pale
green, smooth worm, checkered with black and yellow

* Papilio asterias. F.

23

spots. When irritated, this caterpillar has the power
of projecting from the fore-part of its body a pair of
orange-colored feelers, which exhale an intolerably
nauseous odor, and, like those of the snail, can be
withdrawn and concealed at pleasure. This scent-
organ is given to it for repelling its enemies, and it
has, undoubtedly, made the insect known to many
of you. Like the caterpillar of the turnip, this retires
from the plants when fully grown, suspends itself in
the same way, and, in process of time, becomes a but-
terfly. The only means that occur to me for destroy-
ing this insect, consist in carefully picking it, in the
caterpillar state, from the plants which it inhabits. It
is evident, however, that this can be done only to a
limited extent ; and, fortunately, it can be necessary
only with respect to the parsley, for the abundant
foliage of the other plants renders them less hable to
suffer by the loss of a portion of it.

The lettuce and cabbage, in common with almost
every plant, are subject to the attack of their pecuhar
aphides, or plant-lice. The fecundity of these insects
surpasses that of any known animal ; for Reaumur has
proved, that, in five generations, one individual may
become the progenitor of nearly six billions of descend-
ants ; and many generations succeed each other in a
single season. What is still more singular in regard
to these insects, is their mode of increase. The first
brood is hatched in the spring from eggs laid in the
preceding autumn, but all the other broods during
summer are produced ahve.* Aphides, in all their

* For some other particulars a paper, by the author, may be consulted
in "The New England Farmer," Vol. VI. p. 393.

24

stages, are active, and live by suction. They are fur-
nished with a tubular mouth or proboscis, with which
they pierce the leaves, buds, and annual stems of
plants, injuring and even poisoning them by their nu-
merous punctures, and exhausting them by abstracting
the sap for their own nourishment. Different methods
of destroying plant-lice have been suggested, all of
which may undoubtedly be useful. The preference,
in my opinion, is to be given to strong soap-suds, or
to a mixture of that with tobacco-water, thrown warm
upon the infested plants, which afterwards should be
thoroughly drenched with pure water, if their leaves
are to be used as food. It is said that hot water may
be employed with perfect safety and success to de-
stroy these noxious insects, wherever they exist.

An insect, called the cut-worm is the pest of the
cabbage yard. It is a naked caterpillar, the larva of a
moth or JVoctua, so named from its nocturnal habits.
It passes the first two states of its existence in the
earth, and in the last, or moth state, flies only by night.
In the night, also, the caterpillar issues from its retreat,
and attacks and eats off the young cabbage at its root.
In the morning the enemy may usually be discovered
an inch or two beneath the surface of the soil, im-
mediately about the roots of the cabbage. Rolling
the roots and stems of the plants in ashes or ground
plaster before transplanting, as well as surrounding
them with paper cylinders, has proved a preservative
against the cut-worm.

Cucumbers in England enjoy an immunity from
insect assailants, but with us they are deprived of this
privilege. Besides the minute black Haltka or jumping

25

beetle, which is so injurious to it immediately after the
expansion of its seed-leaves, the well-known cucumber-
fly,'^ a little beede, striped with black and yellow,
devours its leaves in the spring and summer, but is
pardcularly obnoxious in the early part of the season.
The metamorphoses of this insect have not yet been
traced, but I have reason for beheving that they take
place in the earth. Various means have been tried to
protect the vines, and to destroy the insects upon them.
Dr. Barton f says, that " nothing has been found so
beneficial as a mixture of tobacco and red pepper
sprinkled over the vines." Some have advised water-
ing them with a solution of one ounce of Glauber's
salts in a quart of water. One writer, in " The New-
England Farmer," applies ground plaster ; a second,
slacked lime ; and a third extols the use of charcoal
dust. Some protect their young vines with millinet
stretched upon small frames ; and others sdck in the
ground at night torches of pine knots, or splinters of
tar-barrels, to attract and consume the insects.

The squash, pumpkin, and melon vines are occa-
sionally attacked by these insects, but not to so great
an extent as the cucumber. They are, however, more
infested by some other noxious insects. Among these
the most redoubtable is the large squash-hug already
noticed. X This insect conceals itself on the approach
of winter in any crevice which will afford it shelter,
and remains torpid until the ensuing spring, when it
issues from its winter-quarters, and deposits its eggs

* Galeruca vitlata. F.

f Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania. Part I. Tables,
p. 4. \ Page 12.

4

26

in clusters beneath the leaves of the vme. These
ought daily to be sought for and crushed. Whatever
contributes to bring forward the plants rapidly, and to
promote the vigor and luxuriance of their foliage, ren-
ders them less liable to suffer by the exhausting punc-
tures of the young bugs. Water drained from a cow-
yard and similar preparations have, with this intent,
been applied with benefit.

During the month of August the squash and other
cucurbitaceous vines are frequently found to die sud-
denly down to the root. The cause of this premature
decay is a httle whitish worm or caterpillar, which be-
gins its operations near the ground, perforates the
stem, and devours the interior. It afterwards enters
the soil, forms a cocoon of a coarse, silky substance,
covered with particles of earth, changes to a chrysalis,
and comes forth the next summer a perfect insect.
The insect, thus disclosed, is nearly related to the
peach-tree borer, and belongs to the same genus. It
has been described * by the name o^^geria Cucurhitm,
the trivial name indicating the family of plants on
which the larva feeds. It is conspicuous for its orange-
colored body, spotted with black, and its hind legs
fringed with long orange-colored and black hairs.
From the tenth of July till the middle of August I have
seen it hovering over the vines, and occasionally alight-
ing upon them close to the roots to deposit its eggs.
From what is known of its habits, periods, and place
of attack, it is probable that smearing the vine around
the roots with blubber, repeatedly, during the month
of July, may repel the invader.

* New England Farmer. Vol. VII. p. 33.

27

So far as my own observations extend, the annual
and perennial flowers that embellish our parterres and
pleasure-grounds seem less exposed to insect depre-
dations, than the produce of the kitchen-garden. One
of our greatest favorites, the rose, often has its foliage
sheared by the leaf-cutter bee, which uses the scal-
loped fragments in the fabrication of its patch-w^ork
nest. That general despoiler, the rose-bug, which
receives its name from its fondness for the petals of the
rose, will be noticed in another place. For the extermi-
nation of the Jlphides that infest this and other plants,
in the garden, the parlour, or the green-house, fumiga-
tions and decoctions of tobacco, or solutions of soap,
may be used with advantage, as already recommended.

Housed plants are considerably injured by an oval
bark-louse, the Coccus Hesperidum of Linnaeus, which
has been introduced from abroad. It looks like an
inanimate scale adhering to the plant, and is furnished
with a proboscis beneath the breast, through which it
draws the sap and deprives the plant of no inconsider-
able portion of its nutriment. By piercing them with
a pin, they can be made to quit their hold in the early
stages of their life ; but later they become immovably
fixed, the males in order to undergo their last meta-
morphosis, and the females for the purpose of deposit-
ing their eggs. The body then hardens and becomes
a shell, under which these operations take place.
Subsequently the males, which are very small, and
furnished with wings, issue backwards from their
shells ; but the females perish without acquiring wings,
leaving beneath them the eggs, which their lifeless
bodies shelter till they are hatched. Another foreign

28

bark-louse, called the mealy-hug, is naturalized in our
green-houses, where it does much injury. It is the
Coccus Adonidum, and is at once distinguished from
the former by the white dust with which it is covered,
and by the cottony substance with which it envelopes
its eggs. Bark-Hce of every kind may be destroyed
by the application of a ley of ashes, or a solution of
potash.

An infinite number of noxious insects invade our
fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. It will be possible
to notice but a few of them. Passing by, therefore,
the minute bugs which revel upon the juices of the
raspberry and strawberry, and make themselves known
only by their abominable odor when crushed ; — the
ants, wasps, and flies, which unite to rob us of our ripe
grapes, cherries, peaches, and pears ; — the saw-fly, an
imported insect, whose gregarious larvae devour the
leaves of the gooseberry ; — the JEgeria,* also a for-
eigner, which, in the caterpillar state, perforates the
stems of the currant-bush; — the muscle-shaped bark-
louse which adheres to the Hmbs, and the moth whose
caterpillar lives in the fruit, of the apple-tree, both
apparently introduced from abroad ; — passing by
these, and a host besides, we must advert only to
some of the insects, whose threatened, repeated, or
extensive ravages render them peculiarly obnoxious
to the lover of good fruit.

From a period of high antiquity, the culture of the
grape has occupied the attention of civihzed man. In
regions favorable to its growth, it forms a very con-

* Mgeria tipuliformis. F.

29

siderable portion of the daily food of the inhabitants ;
to the well it is one of the most wholesome and nour-
ishing of fruits, and to the sick and feeble the most
innocent and grateful. As a staple commodity it is an
important source of national wealth and happiness,
affording employment and support to a great population
engaged in its cultivation, and in the manufacture and
exportation of its valuable products. The insects, which
prey upon this noble plant, have always been viewed
with great solicitude, and, at times, the most vigorous
individual and united efforts have been made for their
destruction. In our own country, where the foreign
vine is now successfully cultivated, and the native
sorts have already been brought to yield a profitable
vintage, some progress has been made in devising and
putting into execution the means of limiting the ravages
of insects. The more perfect our knowledge of these
insects, and the more general and united our pursuit
of them, the greater will be the success that will crown
our efforts.

It is said,* that some persons have entirely aban-
doned their vines in consequence of the depredations
of a small insect, which, for many years, was supposed
to be the vine-fretter of Europe. So far from being
identical, it does not belong even to the same genus,
and its economy is widely different from that of the
vine-fretter, puceron, or Jlphis. It is described, in the
" Encyclopaedia Americana," f by the name of Tetti-
gonia Vitis. In its perfect state it is nearly one tenth
of an inch long, is furnished w4th four wings, the under

* Fessenden's New American Gardener. 6th ed. p. 299.
t Vol. VIII. page 43. Article Locust.

30

pair, when at rest, being concealed by the upper pair,
which are straw-colored, with two broad scarlet bands
across them, and a black spot at the tips. On turning
up the leaves of the vine cautiously, the insects will
be seen in great numbers with their puncturing
tubes thrust into the tender epidermis. When the
vine is agitated, the little Tetiigonice leap from it in
swarms, but soon alight and recommence their destruc-
tive operations. The infested leaves at length become
yellow, sickly, and prematurely dry, and give to the
plant, at midsummer, the aspect it assumes naturally
on the approach of winter. These insects pass through
all their metamorphoses upon the plant ; the wingless
larvae and pupae are active, have a general resemblance
to the perfect insect, and feed together in the same
manner beneath the leaves, where also are found ad-
hering innumerable empty skins, cast off by them in
their progress to maturity. They survive the winter
in the perfect state, hybernating beneath sticks, stones,
and fallen leaves, and among the roots of grass. The
Tettigonia of the vine is more hardy, and more viva-
cious than the ^^phis ; hence the applications that have
proved destructive to the latter are by no means so
efficacious with the former. Fumigations of tobacco,
beneath .a movable tent placed over the trellises, an-
swer the purpose completely. They require frequent
repetition and considerable care to prevent the escape
and ensure the destruction of the insects ; circum-
stances which render the discovery of some more
expeditious method an object of great importance to
those whose vineyards are extensive.

31

The natural history of the rose-hug, one of the most
powerful assailants of the vine, was for a long time
involved in mystery, but is at last fully cleared up.*
Fabricius, a German naturahst, was the first to give a
scientific description of this insect, which he received
from America, and apphed to it the name of Melolon-
tha subspinosa. Its prevalence upon the rose, and its
annual appearance coinciding with the blossoming of
that flower, have gained for it the popular name by
which it is here known. For some time after they
were first noticed, rose-bugs appeared to be confined
to their favorite, the rose ; but within twenty years they
have prodigiously increased in number, have attacked
indiscriminately various kinds of plants, and have be-
come notorious for their extensive and deplorable
ravages. The grape-vine in particular, the cherry,
plum, and apple trees have annually suff'ered by their
depredations ; many other fruit-trees and shrubs, gar-
den vegetables and corn, and even the trees of the
forest and the grass of the fields, have been laid under
contribution by these indiscriminate feeders, by whom
leaves, flowers, and fruits are ahke consumed. The
simultaneous appearance of these insects in swarms,
and their sudden disappearance, are remarkable facts
in their history. They arrive early in June, and con-
tinue for about a month. At the expiration of this
time, the males become exhausted, fall to the ground,
and perish, while the females enter the earth, lay their
eggs, and also die. The eggs laid by each female are
about thirty in number, are deposited from one to four

* See The Massachusetts Agricultural Repository (for July, 1827),
Vol. X. p. 1, &c.; also the New England Farmer. Vol. VI. pp.18,
41, 49, &c.

32

inches beneath the surface of the soil, and are usually
hatched in twenty days. At the close of summer the
larvae, which are whitish grubs, attain their full size,
being then nearly three quarters of an inch long, de-
scend below the reach of frost, and pass the winter in
a torpid state. In the spring they approach the sur-
face, form htde cells or cavides by compressing the
earth around them, and become pupae. This change
occurs during the month of May ; and in the beginning
of June, having divested themselves of their pupa-
skins, they emerge from the earth in their perfect state.
Such being the metamorphoses and habits of these
insects, it is evident that we cannot attack them in the
egg, the larva, or the chrysalis state ; the enemy, in
these stages, is beyond our reach, and is subject to
the control only of the natural but inscrutable means
appointed by the Author of Nature to keep the insect
tribes in check. When they have issued from their
subteiTanean retreats, and have congregated upon our
vines, trees, and other vegetable productions, in the
complete enjoyment of their propensities, we must
unite our efforts to seize and crush the invaders.
They must indeed be crushed, scalded, or burned, to
deprive them of hfe, for none of the applications usually
found destructive to other insects seem to affect these.
Experience has proved the utility of ^gathering them
by hand, or of shaking them into vessels. They should
be collected daily during the period of their visitation,
Mr. Lowell* states, that in 1823 he discovered, on a
solitary apple-tree, the rose-bugs " in vast numbers,

* Mass. Agr. Repos. Vol. IX. page 145.

33

such as could not be described, and would not be
believed if they were described, or, at least, none but
an ocular witness could conceive of their numbers.
Destruction by hand was," in this case, " out of the
question." He put sheets under the tree, and shook
them down, and burnt thero. Rose-bugs are day-
fliers, and do not use their wings readily during the
night, which would therefore be the most suitable time
to perform the operation mentioned by Mr. Lowell.
Dr. Green, of Mansfield, whose investigations * have
rendered the history of this insect complete, proposes
protecting particular plants with millinet, and says that
in this way only did he succeed in securing his grape-
vines from depredation. A strong mixture of black
pepper and tobacco in water was applied by him with a
brush to the leaves and fruit ; but it came short of the
end desired. Air-slacked lime or flowers of sulphur,
dusted upon and beneath the leaves when wet with
dew, have, in several instances, under my own obser-
vation, partially screened them from attack. Of kte
years the rose-bug has perceptibly diminished in num-
bers ; but I regret to observe, that it is likely to be
replaced by a destroyer of the same genus, with simi-
lar habits and powers. This insect is of a broad oval
shape, of a rust color, and rather larger in size than
the rose-bug. It is the Melolontha varians of Fabricius,
and is closely allied to the vine-chaffer, so destructive
to the vine in Europe. The leaves of the wild grape-
vine are its natural food, but, like the rose -bug, it is not
particular in its choice. In the year 1825 I first

* New England Farmer, Vol. VI. pages 41, 49, &c.

5

34

observed it on the foreign grape-vine, in a garden in
this vicinity. In a late visit to the same spot, I found it
in great numbers on this vine, and also upon several
kinds of garden vegetables. A much larger beede,* of
a brownish yellow color, with eight black spots on its
back, also feeds upon the leaves of the cultivated and
wild grape. These insects are to be combated by the
same means that have been found successful against
the rose -bug.

The larvae of three species of Sphinx,] whose meta-
morphoses are similar to those of the potato-worm,
devour the leaves of the vine. They are large, fleshy,
naked caterpillars, feeding mostly at night, and re-
maining at rest during the day-time, when they will
sit with the head and fore part of the body erect in the
most self-sufficient and dogged manner for hours.
From this odd attitude, resembling that of the fabulous
Sphinx sculptured by the ancient Egyptians, the genus
received its name. Three or four of these insects are
able to devour every leaf upon a vine ; but their
ravages early betray them, and render it easy to arrest
them in their career.

Omitting several other insects of minor powers,
I shall close my list of the assailants of the vine with a
few observations upon a species of Tenthredo, J or
saw-fly, whose gradually increasing ravages I have
long noticed. This insect does not appear to have
been named or described, at least it is not to be iden-
tified by any description accessible to me. In its

* Melolontha punctata. L.

^Sphinx Grantor, Cramer; (S*. satellilia? , Drury ; and S, pam-
mnatrix, Smith.

I Tenthredo (Selandria) Vitis. Harris.

35

perfect state it is a little four- winged fly, of a jet-black
color, except the thorax, or part of the back between
the wings, which is red, and the legs, which are varie-
gated with pale yellow. The body of the female
measures one quarter of an inch in length, that of the
male is somewhat shorter. Small and apparently
innocuous as these insects are, each pair may become
the progenitors of forty or fifty destructive larvae. The
flies rise from the ground in the spring, not all at one
time, but at irregular intervals, and deposit their eggs
beneath the terminal leaves of the vine. The larvae,
unlike those of the saw-fly of the cherry-tree, are long
and cylindrical, resembling caterpillars ; they feed in
company, side by side, beneath the leaves, each fra-
ternity consisting of a dozen or more individuals.
Commencing upon the first leaf, at its edge, they
devour the whole of it, then proceed to the next, and
so on successively down the branch, till all the leaves
have disappeared, or tiU the insects have reached
their full size. They then average five eighths of an
inch in length ; the head and tip of the tail are black,
and the body is pale green, with transverse rows of
minute black points. Having finished the feeding state,
they leave the vine, enter the earth, form for them-
selves small oval cells, change to pupae, in due dme
emerge from the earth in the perfect state, and lay
their eggs for a second brood. The larvae of this
second brood are not transformed to flies until the
ensuing spring, but remain torpid in their earthen cells
through the winter. During the present summer many
vines have been entirely stripped of their leaves by
these insects, and the evil seems evidently on the

36

increase. Air-rslacked lime, which is fatal to these
larvae, should be dusted upon them ; and the ground
beneath the vines should also be strewed with it or
with ashes, to ensure the destruction of those that fall.
A solution of one pound of common hard soap in five
or six gallons of soft water, is used by Enghsh garden-
ers to destroy the Tenthredo of the gooseberry, and
might perhaps be equally destructive to that of the
grape-vine. It is applied warm, by means of a garden
engine, early in the morning or in the evening.

The slug-worm, which in some seasons does so
much injury to the cherry, pear, and plum trees, is a
species of Tenthredo, agreeing in its metamorphoses
with that just mentioned, but differing from it in some
of its habits and in its appearance. The excellent
and well-known history * of this insect, by Professor
Peck, has left for me nothing to say, excepting that
ashes or lime, sifted upon the trees by means of the
simple apparatus recommended by Mr. Lowell, is fully
adequate to the destruction of the slugs.

The cherry-tree annually suffers to a greater or less
extent from the destruction of its fohage by the beetle
or dorr-bug.^ From the middle of May till the end of
June, myriads of these large brown beetles congregate
at night upon our fruit-trees ; the air is filled with
swarms of them rushing with headlong and booming
flight, and impinging against every obstacle ; while the
very grass beneath our feet seems ahve and rustling
with the new-born beetles issuing from the soil, and
essaying their untried wings. The metamorphoses of

* Natural History of the Slug-worm. 8vo. Boston. 1799.
j- Melolontha (^uercina, Knoch.

37

these insects have ah-eady been explained.* Their
larvae continue in the soil three years, devour the roots
of the grasses, and destroy them sometimes to such an
extent, that the turf may be raised and rolled up like a
carpet.f In the evening these beetles may be shaken
from our young fruit-trees, and gathered in cloths
spread to receive them. A writer in the " New York
Evening Post " observes, that on the very first experi-
ment two pails -full of beetles were thus collected.

Cherries, in common with most other stone-fruits,
are often found to contain grubs within them ; and it
has been confidently and repeatedly asserted, that
these were produced by the May-beetle, or Melolon-
tha just mendoned. This is one of the many errors
committed by persons unacquainted with Entomology ;
and its correction is of importance to nomenclature,
and, in its results, to horticulture. The real source of
this mischief is a kind of weevil, called by Herbst, its
first de^criber, Curculio nenuphar, and re-described by
Professor Peck, % by the name of Rhynchcenus Cerasi.
This insect is one fifth of an inch long, of a dark brown
color, clothed with minute reddish and white hairs, and
its wing-shells are covered with tubercles. It is fur-
nished with a curved rostrum or snout, with which it
inflicts its noxious punctures. Repeatedly has this
insect been raised from the larvae or grubs, that are so
well known to occasion the premature ripening and
fall of the plum, cherry, nectarine, apricot, and peach.

* Page 12.

f This actually happened on the farm of John Prince, Esq. at Rox-
bury.
X Mass. Agr. Repos. k, Journal. Vol. V. p'Jge 312,

38

Professor Peck also obtained it from the grubs that
inhabit the excrescences of the cherry-tree ; and
hence there is reason for beheving, that those which
are found in similar excrescences, that deform the
hmbs of the plum-tree, are produced by the same
insect. Further observations are requisite to clear up
this point. The larvae, whatever they may be, leave
the diseased branches near the end of June ; hence is
established the expediency of extirpating and burning
the tumors early in that month. Those that inhabit
the fruits above mendoned, enter the earth soon after
the fall of the fruits, and pass through their last changes
in the course of three weeks afterwards. Fallen stone-
fruit should therefore be gathered without delay, and
be given to swine.

Peach-trees once were the glory of our gardens
and orchards, yielding their rich fruit in such abun-
dance, that not only were our tables amply supplied,
but it was used by the distiller for the purpose of
being converted into spirit, and by the farmer to feed
his swine. These valuable trees are now the victims
of disease and the prey of insects. From persons
skilled in vegetable physiology and meteorology we
have yet to learn, how far solar, atmospheric, and ter-
restrial influences are concerned in exciting the various
diseases with which they are annually attacked and
contaminated; what treatment can be adopted for
those which are upon the decline ; and what changes in
soil, aspect, and management, will ensure the continued
health of the young and vigorous. It is certain that
Jlphides and a species of Thrips attack the leaves,
puncture, poison, and exhaust them, and occasion

39

them in time to curl up, thicken, and perish. The
enemy is readily discovered, hving in numbers within
the litde hollow, red convexities that deform the leaves :
but it is not equally certain that these insects are the
cause of the sudden disease, which, like a pestilendal
miasm, pervades the foliage, rapidly changes its struc-
ture, suspends its vital functions, and causes it prema-
turely to wither and fall. In some instances that have
fallen under my own observation, no insects could be
discovered beneath the leaves ; and the symptoms of
disease were too recent and sudden in their appearance
to have originated from such a source. The means of
destroying Aphides are readily obtained and applied.
Solutions of soap, and weak alkaline hquors, used
warm, and thrown up by a garden engine, are the
proper remedies.

Nor is it difficult to guard the peach-tree against the
borer, which attacks it near the root, or at that place
denominated the 7ieck, the most vital part of the tree.
More than six years ago the following means were
pointed out,* and success has uniformly attended their
use. Remove the earth around the neck of the tree,
crush or burn the cocoons and larvae exisdng there,
apply the common composition or wash for fruit-treeSy
and surround the trunk with a strip of sheathing-paper,
eight or nine inches wide, which should extend one or
two inches below the level of the soil, and be secured
with strings of matting above. Fresh mortar should
be placed around the root, so as to confine the paper
and prevent access beneath it, and the remaining cavity
may be filled with fresh loam. This plan, if pursued

* New England Farmer, Vol. V. page 33.

40

every summer, will effectually protect the tree from
being girdled at its most vital part ; and although the
insects may occasionally attack the unprotected trunk
and hmbs, the injury will be comparatively slight and
never fatal. Scalding water, and also soap-suds, poured
round the root, have been highly recommended, both
for destroying the grubs and for restoring the vigor of
the tree. This remedy, from its simpUcity, is deserving
of further trial. The peach-tree borer is entirely dis-
tinct, in all its stages, metamorphoses, and habits, from
that which perforates the apple-tree. It is a whitish
caterpillar, furnished with legs. Soon after it is hatched,
it penetrates the cuticle, and lives upon the inner bark
and alburnum or new wood, being often involved in
great quantities of gum which issue from the w-ounds.
During the winter it remains torpid ; but in the course
of the spring it resumes its operations, and sooner or
later constructs a cocoon from grains of the bark ce-
mented by a glutinous matter, becomes a chrysahs,
eventually bursts open its cocoon, and is changed
to a four-winged insect. It deposits its eggs upon the
bark of the tree near the root, soon after its ultimate
metamorphosis is completed, which has been observed
to take place from the middle of July to the last of
September. In the " American Entomology " of Mr.
Say, this insect is correctly figured and described by
the name oi^geria exitiosa.

None of our fruit-trees are so long-lived as the pear,
and none have been so free from insect assailants.
The slug of the saic-fly, as already mentioned, occa-
sionally robs it of its fohage, and a minute wood-eating
insect has lately preyed upon its limbs. The latter

41

insect, named Scolytus Pyri by Professor Peck, who
detected the culprit in a withered branch of the pear-
tree, has produced a great deal of discussion in the
horticultural papers, which it is not my intention or
desire to renew. Permit me, however, to remark,
that, though long and carefully sought for in the blasted
limbs and trunks of these trees, neither the insect in
question nor its track has been found by me, and
that the only specimen in my possession was, with
many others, discovered by a friend in Worcester in
the diseased hmbs of his pear-trees. It is, therefore,
not in my power to add any thing to the account pub-
hshed by Professor Peck.* His testimony, drawn
from personal inspection of the seat and mode of attack
selected by the insect, others have confirmed by their
own observations heretofore made pubhc ; and there
can be no doubt that the Scolytus is capable of doing
extensive injury ; indeed, from what we know of the
habits of its nearest aUies, we have every reason to
fear, that, if permitted to increase in number, its pow-
ers will eventually be beyond control. It is gener-
ally admitted, if the leaves on the extreme branches
of the pear-tree should suddenly wither in the months
of July and August, that it is highly important imme-
diately to cut off the affected and blackened hmbs at
some distance below the apparent extent of the injury ;
and if, on a careful examination, these limbs are found
to contain insects, they should undoubtedly be burned
without delay.

* Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, Vol. IV. page 205.

6

42

To the inhabitants of New England, and even of
the Middle States, the apple-tree is far more useful and
important than any, and perhaps all, of the other fruit-
bearing plants. This invaluable foreign tree has con-
tinued to flourish in despite of the numerous insect
foes, that have come with it to claim the rights of natu-
ralization, and of those indigenous to the country,
which have never ceased to molest it and dispute its
claim to the soil. Among the former may be enume-
rated several kinds of Aphides, which infest its leaves ;
the muscle-shaped bark-louse,* and another species
of Coccus,\ of a larger size and broader form, both suf-
ficiently described in " The New England Farmer " ; J
the caterpillar, that lives beneath the rugged bark of the
tree, and is ultimately changed to a moth ; ^ another
caterpillar, || called here the apple-worm, that feeds in
the centre of the apple and causes it prematurely to
fall, an insect well known both in England and France ;
the tent-making insect, called here, by way of distinc-
tion, the caterpillar^^ which is also an imported spe-
cies ; and the misnamed Jlmerican blight, an Jlpkis **
clothed with a cottony fleece, which has been known
in this country comparatively but a short time. Not to
detain you by any further remarks upon these insects,
I will only state, that the apple-ivorm is not, as has
been asserted, the young of a curculio, nor of the

* Coccus arborum linearis. GeofTroy.

•j- Coccus cryptoganius ? Dalmann.

X Vol. VII. pages 186, 289.

§ Tinea corticulis. F.

II Tortrix pomana. F. See Rosel, Vol. I. Class IV. PI. 13.

H Bomhyx castrensis. L.

** Aphis lanigera. F. Eriosoma Mali. Leach.

43

beetle or May-bug ; but that it proceeds from a moth,
of which an account, by Joseph Tufts, Esq., was printed
in the Journal of the Massachusetts AgricuUural Socie-
ty,* and that it has also been described by the Euro-
pean naturalists Rosel and Reaumur. These worms or
caterpillars instinctively leave the fruit soon after it
falls from the tree, and retire to some place of con-
cealment to become pupae ; in order, therefore, to
get rid of these noxious vermin it is necessary daily
to gather wind-fall apples, and make such immediate
use of them as will ensure the destruction, or prevent
the metamorphoses, of the insects.

A sketch of the history of the common caterpillar of
the apple-tree has already been given, f Crushing
them while young and within their encampments, is
the best mode of destroying them. The use and
merits of the brush, invented by Col. Pickering, are
too well known and appreciated to require any ad-
ditional recommendation. It is much to be wished,
that some penalty could be enforced against those
who neglect to employ the appropriate means for
destroying caterpillars in the proper season, and thus
expose their neighbours' orchards to continued depre-
dations.

It is highly probable that the canker-worm moth X
will prove to be identical with the Phal^na brumata^ or

* Vol. IV. page 364. f Page 14.

I Phalana ( Geomdra) vernata. Peck. See his Prize Essay, published
in the " Papers of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society " for 1796.
See also the Rev. Noah Atwater's Prize Essay, ibid. ; Dr. Mitchell's
Remarks on the Canker-Worm, in the " New York Magazine," Vol. VI.
p. 201, with a plate ; Dr. R. Green on the same insect, in " The
Medical and Agricultural Register" for 1806, p. 134.

44

winter moth of Europe ; their external appearance and
habits correspond, and the difference in the season of
their occurrence in the perfect state may be occasioned
only by difference of cHmate. The canker-worm is
very irregular in its visitations. For a long period our
orchards may be entirely exempt from attack, and
then, during several successive years, immense num-
bers will appear, overspread fruit and forest trees, and
deprive them of their leaves at midsummer, when the
loss is most serious in its consequences. It is stated,*
that whole forests have perished, when thus stripped
of their sheltering foliage. Almost all insects, in the
perfect state, are furnished with wings : this insect is
an exception ; for, as you well know, the female is
without them ; a deprivation that fortunately confines
the individual within a hmited space, and renders the
migrations of the species slow and precarious. It was
for a while supposed, that these insects rose from the
earth only in the spring ; but it is ascertained that many
of them do also appear in the autumn or early part of
winter. In this vicinity f more were seen during the
month of October, 1831, than in the ensuing spring.
Irregularities in the period of the last developement of
insects are not unfrequent, and they are evidently
designed to secure the species from extinction. Com-
plete exemption from the ravages of the canker-worm
will depend upon keeping the wingless females from
ascending the body of the tree to deposit their eggs.
Many expedients to this end have, at various times,

* Kalm. Travels, Vol. II. page 7.

f I noticed their occurrence in the autumn in Cambridge, where, in
the open winter of 1830-31, an intelligent friend observed them
ascending in every month.

45

been suggested ; but on trial none have stood the
test of experience so well as the application of tar
around the trunks. This should be used both late in
the autumn and early in the spring, according to rules
which are sufficiently understood. Attempts have
been made * to destroy the insects in the pupa state
by turning up the soil, and exposing them to the action
of the frost, and by covering the earth an inch thick,
and to the extent of three or four feet around the tree,
with lime.f Should this practice supersede the neces-
sity of tarring, it will not only be an important saving
of time and expense, but will amply remunerate the
farmer by the improved condition of the land, and the
greater amount of the fruit.

Apple-trees, throughout our country, are subject to
the attack of a borer, a native insect ; nor is there any
one so extensively and constantly prevalent. Notwith-
standing the exertions annually made to banish it from
the orchard and nursery, year after year it makes its
appearance. The reasons of this are to be found in
the economy of the insect, and in individual neglect,
neither of which has excited sufficient attention. The
common use of the term borer is deceptive and incor-
rect ; but, when coupled with that of the plant upon
which it preys, is admissible. There is, in fact, an im-
mense number of kinds of insects, all agreeing in their
habits of boring the trunks and limbs of trees, but
differing essentially from each other in appearance,

* See a paper by the Hon. John Lowell in Uie fourth volume of" The
Massachusetts Agricultural Repository"; also, one by Mr. Roland
Howard, in "The New England Farmer," Vol. IV. p. 391 ; and Pro-
fessor Peck's communication, in " The Massachusetts Agricultural Re-
pository," Vol. IV. p. 89.

f Mass. Agr. Repos. Vol. III. p. 317.

46

periods, and metamorphoses, and as much in their
choice of food. No one ever reared the JEgeria exi-
tiosa from the apple-tree borer, nor could the latter
subsist in the peach-tree. Certain species of borers
are confined absolutely to one species of plant, while
other species live indiscriminately upon several plants
of the same natural family ; but there are few or none
which exceed these limits. The borer of the apple-
tree, or, in other words, the striped Saperda* lives, in
the larva state, within the trunks of several pome-
bearing plants, such as the apple-tree, quince,t medlar,
and the near allies of the last, the June-berry and
choke-berry bush, with other species of Aronia. In-
digenous plants of this last genus are its natural food,
the perfect insects being found upon their leaves, and
the larvae in their stems. This Saperda, after its final
change, leaves the trunks of the trees to fulfill the last
injunctions of nature. It is then furnished with ample
wings beneath its striped shells, that give to it con-
siderable powers of flight, which it does not fail to use
in searching for the tender leaves and fruits of plants,
upon which for a short period it subsists, in seeking
a mate, and in selecting a proper place for the depo-
sition of its eggs. Many orchards suffer from the ne-
glect of their proprietors ; the trees are permitted to
remain, year after year, without any pains being taken
to destroy the numerous and various insects that infest
them ; old orchards, especially, are overlooked, and not
only the rugged trunks of the trees, but even a forest
of unpruned suckers around them, are left to the undis-

* Saperda hivittata. Say.

t Also the Hawthorn and Mountain Ash, of the same family.

47

turbed possession and perpetual inheritance of the
Saperda. Did this slovenly and indolent practice
affect only the owner of the neglected domain, we
should have no reason for complaint ; but when the
interests of the community are exposed by the har-
bouring of such hosts of noxious insects, which annually
issue from their places of refuge and overspread the
neighbouring country, when our best endeavours are
thus frustrated, have we not sufficient cause for serious
accusation against those who have fostered our assail-
ants ? No plants are more abundant in our forests
and fields, than the native medlars or aronias, that
originally constituted the appropriate food of the striped
Saperda. Taking into view, therefore, the profusion
of its natural food, its ample means of migration, and
the culpable neglect of many of our farmers, we cannot
be surprised that this insect is so generally and con-
stantly prevalent. On the means that have been used
to exterminate it I shall make but few remarks. Kil-
ling it by a wire thrust into the holes it inhabits, is one
of the oldest, safest, and most successful methods.
Cutting out the larva, with a knife or gouge, is the
most common practice ; but it is feared that these
instruments have sometimes been used without suf-
ficient caution. A third method, which has more than
once been suggested, consists in plugging the holes
with soft Avood. To this it has been objected, that
the remedy is apphed too late, or after the insect has
issued from the tree. Now this is a gratuitous assump-
tion, and made without adverting to the habits of the
insect. The presence of the borer is detected by the
recent castings around the roots of the tree ; and upon

48

examination it will be be found, that these castings
proceed from a hole or holes, and that they are daily
thrown out by the insects to give themselves room in
their cyhndrical burrows, as well as to admit the air.
Before completing its last metamorphosis, the borer
gnaws, from the other end of its tube, a passage quite
to the bark, which, however, it leaves untouched until
the month of June, when, having become a winged
insect, it perforates the covering of bark, and makes
its exit from the tree. It cannot turn in its burrow,
nor does it ever leave it at its lower orifice. Those
persons, who have recommended plugging the holes,
never contemplated stopping any but those where the
insects enter, and from whence they expel their excre-
mentitious castings. By what I have seen of this
practice I am persuaded, that, if done at an early
period of the insect's hfe, it will be followed by suc-
cessful results.

Some of the remarks made upon the immunity
enjoyed by this Saperda and upon its powers of mi-
gration, will apply to many other noxious insects ; and
hence it becomes a serious question, what further steps
shall be taken to secure the productions of the garden,
orchard, and field, from their ravages. As an essen-
tial prerequisite, every opportunity should be employed,
and every facility afforded, for obtaining a thorough
knowledge of Entomology. Vain will be most of
our attempts to repel the threatened attack or actual
invasion of these creeping and winged foes, unless we
can detect them in their various disguises, and dis-
cover their places of temporary concealment. Those
who would undertake to investigate the history of

49

insects, should go to the task with minds previously
disciplined by habits of close observation and discrimi-
nation, and stored with the results of others' labors in
this department of science. Art is too long and life
too short to permit or justify unaided devotion to any
science. If a liberal and enlightened community make
the demand, our public institutions will no longer be
without the works of those who have preceded the
rising generation in these scientific pursuits ; and the
first principles of Entomology will no longer be omitted
among the elementary studies of the young. Let us
look to all branches of Natural History, and discover,
by a more intimate knowledge of them, wherein
through ignorance we have gone astray, and let us,
if possible, retrace our steps. Were the services of the
feathered race sufficiently known and duly appreciated,
the exterminating war now waged against them would
cease. But it is not to birds alone that we are indebt-
ed for diminishing the numbers of noxious insects ;
various quadrupeds, reptiles, and fish contribute to keep
them in check, some hving partially, and others entirely,
upon insect food. Among the advantages that may be
expected to arise from associations like yours, Gentle-
men, is the adoption of universal and simultaneous
efforts to repel and destroy noxious insects. Should
your own example and influence be ineffectual, it is
not unreasonable to expect legislative aid. If, in the
season appointed for the annual visitation of each
destructive kind, it w^ere to become an object of pur-
suit and extermination, and if every proprietor were
obhged to destroy the more common insects on his
own grounds, our gardens, nurseries, orchards, and
7

50

fields would no longer be despoiled of their best pro-
ductions. The animals that assist in keeping the
insect tribes in check, deserve and should receive
protection, and may well be permitted to glean from
our abundant harvests their scanty remuneration.

When their merits are better understood, we shall
be in no danger of mistaking our friends, of the insect
race, for the foes whose ravages we deplore. Of
insects that are indirectly beneficial to us, may be
mentioned those that remove animal and vegetable
nuisances. Through the unremitted exertions of these
litde scavengers, all offensive animal substances and
decayed vegetation are reduced to their primitive ele-
ments, and incorporated with the soil, which is thus
rendered more fertile, while the air above it becomes
pure and salubrious. Others are the lions, the tigers,
the exterminating animals of prey, of the insect world ;
Uving wholly by rapine, and chiefly too upon those
insects that are destructive to vegetation, they appear
destined to restrain their ravages, and are therefore to
be accounted benefactors to ourselves and to the use-
ful animals that depend upon the products of the soil
for support. Besides being the appropriate food
of many beasts, birds, and fishes, and being useful to
the sportsman by affording him various tempting baits,
as well as lines for his hooks, insects are actually em-
ployed by man as nutritious and palatable articles of
sustenance in many parts of the world. It has been
remarked, that " probably a large proportion of insects
were intended by Providence for food, and that, if we
will not eat them, it is unreasonable to complain of
their numbers." To insects are we indebted for many

51

valuable drugs employed in medicine and the arts, and
to them also for materials for clothing, unrivalled in
richness and durabihty by any animal or vegetable
fabric.

In addition to the obvious and salutary influence
which insects are appointed to exert in keeping within
due bounds the luxuriance of vegetation, they are of
immense importance to plants in disseminating the
fertihzing principle of blossoms. This principle, a
yellow dust, called pollen, is brought, through the
agency of insects that frequent flowers, into immediate
contact with the organ which contains the yet un-
formed or infertile seeds, that afterwards expand and
are brought to perfection. Without this agency many
plants would never mature their fruits, and others
would yield no fertile seeds. Notwithstanding all that
has been said to the contrary, it is evident that the
bee was as much made for the blossom, as the blossom
for the bee. Are not the beauty and harmony of the
creation, and the mutual dependence of its various
portions, strikingly exempUfied in the relations subsist-
ing between insects and plants ? Allured by the
attractions of flowers, insects confer an immediate
benefit upon them by ensuring the fertility of their
seeds, while, by a virtuous theft, they seek to rifle
them of their sweets.

The consequences resulting from the actual or an-
ticipated introduction of insects into various countries
are of very considerable importance in political, me-
chanical, and agricultural economy. It is related that
Kalm, the Swedish traveller, after his return from
America, was filled with consternation upon discover-

52

ing the pea Bruchus in a parcel of pease brought from
this country, fearing, and very justly too, that he might
be the instrument of introducing so noxious an insect
into his beloved Sweden. Greater was the panic and
more serious were the consequences to the British
nation, arising from ignorance and error respecting the
Hessian-fly. In 1 788 the ravages of this insect had
become so great in New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania, that an alarm was excited in England
by an unfounded fear of importing it in cargoes of
wheat from this country. After the subject had occu-
pied the Privy Council and the Royal Society a long
time, during which despatches were forwarded to his
majesty's ministers in France, Austria, Prussia, and
America, and expresses were sent to all the custom-
houses to search the cargoes, — a mass of documents,
amounting to above two hundred octavo pages, was
collected, which, so far from affording any correct
information on the subject, led only to the obnoxious
and mistaken pohcy of prohibiting the importation of
American grain, and ordering that which had arrived
to be seized and stored. In the mean time the cele-
brated Dr. Currie, of Liverpool, who had resided in
this country, and knew something of the history of our
miscalled Hessian-fly, pointed out to the committee of
investigation the errors they had fallen into ; but, in
consequence of political prejudice, it was not till many
months afterwards, upon a confirmation of his state-
ment being received from America, that the British
government saw fit to reverse its orders, and take
upon itself the expense to which it had put the parties
by its ignorance. If, as soon as the ravages of this

53

insect had become notorious in America, an entomolo-
gist could have been found to trace out its metamor-
phoses and the brief duration of its existence, this
panic and expense would have been avoided. So
true is it, that a thorough knowledge of insects will
serve to dissipate many unnecessary alarms, or will
point out when and how preventive means may most
effectually be adopted. One of our greatest philoso-
phers, yea, one of the greatest that modern ages has
produced, Franklin, did not deem it beneath his dignity
to descend from the region of the clouds and investi-
gate the transformations of a musquito : nor were his
investigations without a useful result ; for, by directing
us to cover our rain-water hogsheads and cisterns, he
taught us how to put a stop to the multiphcation of
these insects around our dwelhngs. But the most
remarkable triumph of science over the powers of
insects was that achieved by Linnaeus. Being em-
ployed by the king of Sweden to discover the cause
of the rapid decay of the timber in the dock-yards, he
traced it to the operations of insects ; and having
ascertained the period of their metamorphoses, he
directed the timber to be immersed in water during
the time that the insects deposited their eggs, and
thus secured it against further depredation.

Horticulture and Agriculture have already derived
some benefit from Entomology ; and more is to be
expected, when a larger number of individuals shall
be found to undertake the necessary investigations.
Guided by a knowledge of the habits, changes, and
period of existence of each noxious insect, the culti-
vator will find the way for successful experiment

54

clearly marked out to him. Correct descriptions and
scientific names of insects will obviate much of the
confusion existing in regard to them, and will enable
the future investigator to transmit to others, without
the risk of mistake, the useful results of his observa-
tions. The prejudices of mankind have attached an
idea of insignificance and worthlessness to the pursuits
of the Entomologist; but these prejudices can no
longer rest in any but contracted minds. However
minute or mean, insects, individually considered, may
seem, they cannot be accounted beneath our notice
when they are found able to lay waste our most val-
uable possessions, to counteract our agricultural plans,
and to deprive us of the pleasure and profit of our
labors.

FOURTH
ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Anniversary of tire Massachusetts Horticultural Society wag
celebrated on the third of October. At noon a Discourse was
delivered, by Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, to the members of the
Society and a respectable and intelligent audience of ladies and gentle-
men, assembled at the Masonic Temple.

The display of Fruits and Flowers in the Dining-Hall was much
superior to what could have been anticipated from a season so inau-
spicious as the present to their production. It seemed that neither
cold nor cholera could check the course of cultivation, nor prevent
the display of that dominion of mind over matter, which moderates
and modifies the untoward eccentricities of the elements, and gives
the vegetable productions of every climate to seasons and soils appar-
ently very unfit for their developement.

The following are some of the donations of Fruits and Flowers,
which were presented for the festival.

Jacob Tidd, Roxbury ; three very large clusters of Grapes, called
Horatio Grapes, the largest weighing 2 lbs. 13^ ozs. Mrs. Timothy
Bigelow, Medford ; two elegant Roman Cypress trees, Lemons, and
clusters of Lemons, weighing 3 lbs., 2 lbs. J 5 ozs., and 2 lbs. 6 ozs.
James Read, Esq., Roxbury ; unconmionly large Porter Apples, fine
Dahlias, Roses, &c. Thomas Whitmarsh, Esq., Brookline ; three fine
clusters of Hamburg Grapes, two baskets of Lady Pears, Dahlias, and
two fine clusters of St. Peter's Grapes. Enoch Bartlett, Esq., Roxbury;
very fine Bartlett and Capiaumont Pears ; Ribstone Pippin, Porter, and
Moody Apples; and Dahlias. David Haggerston, Charlestown ;
three baskets of beautiful Black Hamburg and White Sweet-Water
Grapes, a fine specimen of the Brugnon Nectarines, and a large and
very splendid collection of Dahlias. Elijah Vose, Esq., Dorchester;
superb Capiaumont Pears; Pine Apple, Green Citron, Nutmeg, and Rock
Melons; and large Water Melons. Madam Dix, Boston; splendid Dix
Pears. Perrin May, Esq., Boston ; very fine Black Hamburg, White
Sweet- Water, and Red Chasselas Grapes ; out-of-door culture. John

56

Lee, Esq., Boston ; Isabella Grapes. John Prince, Esq., Roxbury ; a
dozen of fine Pine-Apple Melons ; Pomme Reine, Early Greening, Spit-
zenbertr, and Doctor Apples ; real Borroseau Apples ; and handsome Bon
Chretien pears. Dr. S. A. Shurtleff; three fine bunches of Shurtleff's
Seedling Grapes, St. Michael and late Catherine Pears. Professor
Farrar, Cambridge ; very large and handsome Porter Apples. Hon.
John Lowell, Roxbury ; splendid clusters of White Chasselas, Black
Hamburg, and other Grapes, and Flowers. J. P. Bradlee, Esq., Boston ;
a basket of fine Peaches. Hon. Peter C. Brooks, Medford ; very large
and fine clusters of Black Hamburg and Grisly Tokay Grapes. Mrs.
J. Bray, Boston ; White Sweet- Water Grapes, and very fine Arango
Quinces. B. A. Gould, Esq., Boston ; very large and fine Magnum
Bonum Plums. Cheever Newhall, Esq., Dorchester ; two baskets oi
beautiful White Chasselas Grapes ; out-of-door culture. Jeremiah Fitch,
Esq., Boston ; a large basket of fine Peaches, and a Fig Tree, full of
fruit. John Mackey, Esq., Weston ; three baskets of very beautiful
Apples. Stephen Williams, Esq., Northborough ; Red Calville, Sum-
mer Pearmain, Ribstone Pippin, and five very fine varieties of imported
Apples. Messrs. Kenrick, Newton ; a vase, containing Dalilias,
Roses, and other beautiful flowers. Messrs. Winship, Brighton ; a
great variety of very handsome flowers. Dr. Z. B. Adams ; a basket
of very beautiful St Michael Pears. S. G. Perkins, Esq. ; a flower-
pot, containin^r a plant of the Cantua coronopifolia. Benjamin Guild,
Esq., Brookline ; fine clusters of Black Hamburg, Black Cape, (grown
under the direction of C. Senior,) Miller's Burgundy, and Isabella
Grapes, (the latter, open culture,) and a variety of Peaches. Hon. T.
H. Perkins ; White Chasselas Grapes, and a bunch of very fine
Dahlias. C. Senior ; two fine bunches of Black Hamburg, two do.
Frontignac, two handsome White Chasselas, and three varieties of fine
French Grapes. John Breed, Esq. ; a collection of splendid Roses.
Mrs. Watson, Boston ; fine American Swaalch Peaches. Gorham
Parsons, Esq., Brighton ; Blue Pearmain, Summer Gilliflower, Hub-
bardston Nonsuch, Bell flower, and Winter Gilliflower Apples.
Charles Taylor, Ksq., Dorchester ; three baskets of fine Black Ham-
burg Grapes ; berries, very large size, and perfect. George Thomp-
son, Brighton ; a very splendid collection of Dahlias. From the
garden of Gardner Greene, Esq., Boston; Green Citron and other
Melons, and Bergamot Pears ; under the care of Mr. Senior.

After the exhibition, the Society, with their guests, sat down to an
excellent dinner, prepared at Concert Hall, by Mr. Eaton. The Hon.
H. A. S. Dearborn, President of the Society, presided at the table,
and was assisted, as Toast-master, by Z. Cook, Jr., Esq., first Vice-
President of the Society. The following regular toasts were drank.

1. J\''ew Ensland. — While her fields are crowned with the gifts of Cere*
and Pomona, let us care little for the more questionable favors of Bacchus
and Pluttis.

2. Rotation. — A principle so advantageous in Horticulture, cannot be
otherwise than useful in its application to politics.

3. Cattle Shows. — The noblest .'spectacle is the industrious race who show
the cattle.

4. Mount Jluhurn. — A fortunate conception, happily bodied forth. While
it adds solemnity and dignity to the attributes of Death, it offers to grief its
proper mitigations.

57

5. Machinery. — An unsettled national policy is worse than the friction of
the ipheels, — this tnaj he estimated and yield to remedy, — the other eludes
calculation.

6. A'lilUJJcatwn, — the Spasmodic Cholera of the Union. Let speedy
purgation and persevering cicunliness save us from its fatal collapse.

7. Tlie Statesman, who is true to his principles, and whose principle is
the true interest of his country.

8. The cause of Liberty in Europe. — The seeds have been profusely
sown, though the growth has been kept down by the crown imperial and the
Siberian crab.

9. Gardeners. — The most iisrful, else the Creator had not made them the
frst class in his great school of icisdom and benevolence.

10. Heroes. — The earth has bubbles, as the water hath, and these are of
them.

11. Woman ! — Like the Iris, indigenous in all countries, — like the Rose,
admired by all nations ; — in modesty, equalling the Cowslip, — in fidelity,
the Honeysuckle, — in disposition, the Clematis ; — may she never sufl^er from
approximation to the Coxcomb, nor lose her reputation by familiarity with
Bachelors' Buttons.

VOLUNTEER TOASTS.

By Gen. H. A. .^. Dearborn. The Orator of the Day. — A true Philoso-
pher, who renders science subservient to the useful arts.

By E. Vose, Ksq. Our Horticultural Brethren throughout the Union. —
Their only competition being in doing each other good. — May no '' root of
bitterness" spring up among them.

By T. G. Fessenden, Esq. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society. —
Those who survey our Morning Glories, and peruse our Dahlias [not adver-
tisers], " see our folks and get some peaches," will hope that in Thyme we
shall be worth a .Mint to the '• land we live in."

Ey S. Appleton, Esq. Agriculture, Manufuctures, Commerce, and Horticul-
ture.— The first gives us food, — tlie second clothing, — the third gives us
riches, — the fourth adds grace and ornament to the others ; and though now
mentioned last, was first before Jldam^s Fall.

By Vice-President J. C. Gray. The Gardener, and Florists who have con-
tributed to this day's Exhibition. — May we always honor the merit which is
displayed in good Fruits and in striking Colors.

By Vice-President Bartlett. The Massachusetts Agricultural Society. — A
pioneer in good works. — May the only contention among her children be,
which shall excel.

By Z. Cook, Jr., Esq., First Vice-President of the Society. Culture in all
its branches, — from that which raises a seed in a garden, to that which
plants a Washington or a Franklin on the summit of human excellence.

After some pertinent and eloquent remarks, Gen. Dearborn gave the
following. Hon. John Lowell. — The Patriarch, Patron, and Pattern, of
Farmers and Horticulturists.

By Dr. T. W. Harris. Gentlemen Farmers, who bringing scientific attain-
ments to bear upon practical skill, have done every thing for Horticulture in
this cotmtry, and whose success these festivals annually exhibit.

By Professor Farrar. Phrenology. — As our Country is more distin-
guished by her rich and fertile plains, than by the number and height
of her mountains, so may her sons be better known by the general devel-
opement of all their faculties, than by the cultivation of any one power to the
exclusion of the vest.

By Gen. H. A.S.Dearborn. Drs. Knight and Van Mons. — The orna-
ments of England and Belgium, and the benefactors of the human race.

By Rev. Dr. Harris. —

" The tree that bears immortal fruit,
Without a canker at the root ! "
Its healing leaves to us be given,
Its bloom on earth, — its fruit in heaven !

8

58

By George C. Barrett. As^riculiure, HortieulUire, and Floriculture. —
Three sisters more amiable than the three Graces, and more useful than the
nine Muses.

By B. V. French. Horticultural .Associations, whose pursuits are pleasant,
and lead to results, not, like many others, founded on selfishness, but con-
ferring essential benefits on the whole human race.

Anonymous. The Emperor jYicholas. An Anti-Horitculturist He has
undertaken to engraft the noblest scions in the icy region of Siberia, in the
vain hope of blasting the Tree of Liberty. May he soon learn that he has
attacked a tree, whose roots are fixed from Pole to Pole.

By Z. Cook, Jr., Esq , 1st Vice-President, after General Dearborn had
retired. H. Jl. S. Dearborn, the worthy President of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society. His indefatigable labors, in both the scientific and prac-
tical departments of Horticulture, reflect equal honor upon himself, and
benefit upon the Society over which he so ably presides.

Anonymous. If he be a benefactor, who instructs us how two spires of
grass may grow where but one grew before, let everlasting gratitude, and
the Society's first premium, be awarded to the man who shall devise (and
make public) a method by which beets and turnips may be raised without
tops, and peas without pods.

Other toasts were uttered and responded too numerous for insertion.

ODE,

Wiilten for the Anniversary Dinner of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Societi/, Wednesday, October 3, 1832.

BY MISS H. F. GOULD.

]^Sung, during the entertainment, by Mr. J. W. Newell, of Chaiiestown.]

From him who was lord of the fruits and the flowers
That in Paradise grew, ere he lost its possession —
Who breathed in the balm and reposed in the bowers
Of our garden ancestral, we claim our profession;
While fruits sweet and bright,
Bless our taste and our sight,
As e'er gave our father, in Eden, delight.
And fountains as pure in their crystal, still gush
By the 'V^ine in her verdure, the Rose in her blush.

While others in clouds sit to murmur and grieve,

That Earth has her wormwood, her pit-falls, and brambles,
We, smiling, go on her ricli gifts to receive

Where the boughs drop their purple and gold on our rambles.
Untiring and free.
While we work like the bee,
We hear off" a sweet from each plant, shrub, and tree.
Where some will find thorns but to torture the flesh.
We pluck the ripe clusters our souls to refresh.

X /^yr i/Sa.^^t:^^' ^y^-4^^i€^'<r^

69

Yet, not for ourselves would we draw from the soil
The beauty that Heaven in its vitals has hidden ;
For, thus to lock up the fair fruits of our toil.

Were bliss half-possessed, and a sin all-forbidden.
Like morning's first ray,
When it spreads into day,
Our hearts must flow out, until self fades away.
Our joys in the bosoms around us, when sown.
Like seeds, will spring up, and bloom out for our own.

And this makes the world but a garden, to us,

Where He, who has walled it, his glory is shedding.
His smile lays the tints ; and, beholding it thus,
We gratefully feast while his bounty is spreading.
Our spirits grow bright,
As they bathe in the light
That pours round the board where, in joy, we unite.
While the sparks that we take to enkindle our mirth
Are the gems which the skies sprinkle down o'er the earth !

And, now, that we meet, and the chain is of flowers.

Which bind us together, may sadness ne'er blight them.
Till those who tnust break fiom a compact like ours,
Ascend, and the ties of the blest reunite, them !
May each who is here,
At the banquet appear,
Where Life fills the wine-cup, and Love makes it clear,
ThenJGilead's balm in its freshness will flow.
O'er the wounds which i\iQ pruning-knife gave us below!

AN

ACCOUNT OF THE PROCEEDINGS,

IN RELATION TO THE

EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN AND THE CEMETERY

OF

MOUNT AUBURN.

On the establishment of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, an
Experimental Garden was considered indispensible for the full deve-
lopement of all the great purposes of that institution. It was often the
subject of anxious inquiry and interesting discussion, and the only
cause of delay, in commencing the important work, on an extensive
plan, was the deficiency of adequate means.

A Rural Cemetery had claimed the attention of several distin.ffuished
gentlemen, some ten years since, but no definite measures were taken
for accomplishing an object of such deep interest and genera! solicitude
among all classes of society. Among the originators of that laudable
yeffraitless attempt, Ur. Jacob Bigelow was conspicuous for his zealous
efforts to insure success ; and, although disappointed in his expectations
at that time, he never abandoned the hope of an ultimate triumph over
the numerous obstacles, which were to be encountered, in tiie achieve-
ment of such a momentous project. Soon after the organization of the
Horticultural Society, with characteristic promptness and energy, he
suo-gested to the President the expediency and propriety of combining
a Cemetery with an Experimental Garden. The proposition was cor-
dially approved, and, having been communicated to the Society, it be-
came a favorite theme of conversation among the members ; but no
feasible plan was digested which promised a favorable result. The
measure was commended to the serious attention of the public by
Z. Cook Jr., Esq., in the Address wliich he delivered before the Horti-
cultural Society, on the celebration of its second anniversary ; and the
great advantages of a Garden of Experiment was repeatedly urged in
the horticultuial communications pubUshcd in "The New England
Farmer." There was no discrepancy of opinion as to tlie urgent
necessity of founding both establishments ; all considered them, not
only desirable, hut highly important objects of attainment. Still there
were wantin--- the re(iuisite funds ; and how to procure them was a
problem of difficult solution, when George W. Brimmer, Esq. proposed

61

that a tract of land, called " Sweet Auburn," which he owned in Cam-
bridge, should be taken by the Horticultural Society and appropriated
for a Garden and Cemetery, and invited the President to visit that
lemarkable and most picturesque site, to ascertain whether it would
answer the desired purposes. After a thorough examination of the
varied features and numerous advantages which it combines, they were
perfectly satisfied that it was impossible to make a more admirable
selection within the vicinity of the metropolis.

The land had been purchased by Mr. Brimmer with a view of appro-
priating it to a country residence, and he had planted out many orna-
mental trees, and opened several extensive avenues, which rendered it
a favorite resort for the students of the University and the inhabitants
of the town. But long previous it had been much frequented by the
admirers of rural scenery, and was known as " Stone's Wood " ; but that
appellation was changed to " Sweet Auburn " by Colonel George Sulli-
van and Charles W. Green, Esq., some thirty years since, when they
were pursuing their studies in the academic halls of Harvard. Having
passed the closing hours of a summer's day, in one of its many silent
and secluded dells in the pleasing but melancholy perusal of that illus-
trious bard, who sang the sad and varied fortunes of his own

" Sweet smiling village, loveliest of the lavra,"

they bestowed its dearly cherished name upon the scene of their youth-
ful meditations.

Notwithstanding Mr. Brimmer's attachment to the groves of Sweet
Auburn, — for there, too, he had passed many delightful hours, while a
pupil of tlie University, — still so anxious was he to advance the science
and art of Horticulture, and to encourage the foundation of a Rural
Cemetery, that he liberally offered to surrender the wliole estate to the
Society for these purposes. It was presumed, that by subscriptions, the
division of the property into shares, or some other practical mode, suffi-
cient funds could be readily obtained for the purchase of the grounds,
and to aSbrd an income for their cultivation and embelisiiment ; it was,
therefore, determined that the President should draw up a memoir ex-
planatory of the great objects for which the land could be advantageously
appropriated, and the means of accomplishing them. This was immedi-
ately done,* and submitted to such gentlemen as it was supposed would
readily cooperate in the undertaking ; and some thirty or forty having
promptly expressed a disposition to do so, a special meeting of the Hor-
ticultural Society was culled, to whom the project was submitted, and
H. A. S. Dearborn, Jacob Bigelow, George W. Brimmer, George Bond,
and Abbot Lawrence, were chosen a committee to report on the expedi-
ency of establishing a Garden of Experiment and Rural Cemetery in
the vicinity of Boston. - That committee had numerous meetings ; and
in June, 1^31, it was authorised to increase the number of its members,
and to ask the aid of such other gentlemen not belonging to the So-
ciety as were disposed to forward the desired objects ; and to petition
the Legislature for an act to enable the Society to hold real estate for
the purposes of a Cemetery.

* Besides the Experimental Garden and Cemetery, the plan recommended
in the memoir included a Botanical Garden and an Institution for the educa-
tion of scientific and practical gardeners.

62

In conformity to the authority thus granted, the Committee was
enlarged, and consisted of the following members :

JOSEPH STORY, Chairman.
DANIEL WEBSTER,
H. A. S. DEARBORN,
SAMUEL APPLETON,
CHARLES LOWELL,
JACOB BIGELOW,
EDWARD EVERETT,
GEORGE BOND,
G. W. BRIMMER,
L. M. SARGENT,
ABBOT LAWRENCE,
FRANKLIN DEXTER,
ALEXANDER H. EVERETT,
CHARLES P. CURTIS,
JOSEPH P. BRADLEE,
JOHN PIERPONT,
ZEBEDEE COOK,
CHARLES TAPPAN,
G, W. PRATT.

After much deliberation, a plan having been matured, it was deter-
mined to submit the following Reports to the consideration of the
Society :

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society at an adjourned
meeting, held in the apartments of the Institution, on Saturday the
18th of June, I831.

The following Report was made by the committee on a Garden of
Experiment and Rural Cemetery.

The committee appointed to inquire into the expediency of measures
being taken for the establishment of an Experimental Garden, and
Rural Cemetery, ask leave to

REPORT.

When the Massachusetts Horticultural Society was organised, it
was confidently anticipated, that, at no very distant period, a Garden of
Experiment would be established in the vicinity of Boston ; but, to
arrive at such a pleasing result, it was deemed expedient that our efforts
should first be directed to the accomplishment of objects which would
not require very extensive pecuniary resources ; that we should proceed
with great caution, and, by a prudential management of our means,
gradually develope a more complete and efficient system for rendering
the institution as extensively useful as it was necessary and important.
Public favor was to be propitiated by the adoption of such incipient
measures as were best calculated to encourage patronage and insure
ultimate success.

With these views, the labors of the Society have been confined to
the collection and dissemination of intelligence, plants, scions, and
seeds, in the various departments of Horticulture. An entensive cor-
respondence was therefore opened with similar associations in this

63

country and Europe, as well as wilh many gentlemen, who were dis-
tinguished for their theoretical attainments, practical information and
experimental researches, in all the branches of rural economy, on this
continent, and other portions of the globe.

Tlie kind disposition which has been generally evinced to advance
the interests of the Society, has had a salutary and cheering influence.
Many interesting and instructive communications have been received,
and valuable donations of books, seeds, and plants have been made by
generous foreigners, and citizens of the United States. A liberal offer of
cooperation has been promptly tendered, in both hemispheres, and great
advantages are anticipated from a mutual interchange of good offices.

A library of considerable extent lias been (ormed, containing many
of the most celebrated English and French works on Horticulture, sev-
eral of which are magnificent ; and the apartments for the accommoda-
tion of the Society, have been partially embellished with beautiful paint-
ings of some of our choice native varieties of fruits. By weekly exhibi-
tions, during eight months of the year, of fruits, flowers, and esculent
vegetables ; — by awarding premiums for proficiency in the art of
gardening, and the rearing of new, valuable, or superior products ; —
by disseminating intelligence, and accounts of the proceedings of the
Society at its regular and special meetings, through the medium of
" The New England Farmer " ; and by an annual festival, and public
exhibition of the various products of horticulture, an interest has been
excited, and a spirit of inquiry awakened, auspicious to the institution,
while a powerful impulse has been given to all branches of rural in-
dustry, far beyond our most sanguine hopes.

To foster and extend a taste for the pleasant, useful, and refined art
of Gardening, the time appears to have arrived for enlarging the sphere
of action, and giving the most ample developement to the original de-
sign of the Society.

The London, Paris, Edinburgh, and Liverpool Horticultural associa-
tions have each established Experimental Gardens ; and their beneficial
effects have been conspicuously experienced, not only throughout Eng-
land, Scotland, and France, but tiie whole civilized world is deriving
advantages from those magnificent depositories of the rarest products
which have been collected from the vast domains of Pomona and Flora.
These noble precedents have been followed in Russia, Germany, Hol-
land, and Italy. We must also emulate the meritorious examples of
those renowned institutions, and be thus enabled to reciprocate their
favors from like collections of useful and ornamental plants. An equally
enlightened taste will be thus superinduced for those comforts and em-
bellishments, and for that intellectual enjoyment which the science and
practice of horticulture afford.

With the Experimental Garden it is recommended to unite a Rural
Cemetery; for the period is not distant, when all the burial grounds
within the city will be closed, and otiiers must be formed in the coun-
try,— the primitive and only proper location. There the dead may
repose undisturbed through countless ages. There can be formed a
public place of sepulture, where monuments can be erected to our illus-
trious men, whose remains, thus far, have unfortunately been consign-
ed to obscure and isolated tombs, instead of being collected within one
common depository, where their great deeds might be perpetuated and
their memories cherished by succeeding generations. Though dead.

64

they would be eternal admonitors to the living, — teaching them the
way which leads to national glory and individual renown.

When it is perceived wliat laudable efforts have been made in Eu-
rope, and how honoralde the results, it is impossible that the citizens of
the United States should long linger in the rear of the general march
of improvement. They will hasten to present establishments, and to
evince a zeal for the encouragement of rural economy, commensurate
with the extent and natural resources of the country, and the variety of
its soil and climate.

Your Committee have not a doubt that an attempt should be made in
this state to rival the undertakings of other countries, in all that relates
to the cultivation of the soil. The intelligent, patriotic, and wealthy
will cheerfully lend their aid in the estal)lishmcnt of a Garden of Ex-
periment, and a Cemetery. Massachusetts has ever been distiniruished
for her public and private munificence, in the endowment of colleges,
academies, and numerous associations for inculcating knowledge, and
the advancement of all branches of industry. A confident reliance is
therefore reposed on the same sources of beneficence. The Legisla-
ture will not refuse its patronage, but will readily unite with the people
in generous contributions for the accomplishment of objects so well
calculated to elevate the character of the Commonwealth and that of
its citizens.

The Experimental Garden is intended for the improvement of horti-
culture in all its departments, ornamental as well as useful.

The objects which will cliiefly claim attention, are the collection and
cultivation of comn-ion, improved, and new varieties of the different
kinds of Fruits, Esculent Vegetables, Forest and Ornamental Trees
and Shrubs, Flowering, Economical, and other interesting Plants, which
do not exclusively belong to the predial department of tillage ; — pay-
ing particular attention to the qualities and habits of each ; — instituting
comparative experiments, on the modes of culture, to which they are
usually subjected, so as to attain a knowledge of the most useful, rare,
and beautiful species; — the best process of rearing and propagating
them by seeds, scions, buds, suckers, layers, and cuttings; — the most
successful methods of insuring perfect and abundant crops, as well as
satisfactory results, in all the branches of useful and omamental plant-
ing appertaining to horticulture.

Compartments to be assigned for the particular cultivation of Fruit
Trees, Timber Trees, Ornamental Trees, and Shrubs, Esculent Veget-
ables, Flowers, and for the location of Green Houses, Stoves, Vineries,
Orangeries, and Hot Beds.

For the accommodation of the Garden of Experiment and Cemetery,
at least seventy acres of land are deemed necessary ; and in making
the selection of a site, it was very important that from forty to fifty
acres should be well or partially covered with forest trees and shrubs,
which could be appropriated for the latter establishment ; and that it
should present all possible varieties of soil, common in the vicinity of
Boston ; be diversified by hills, valleys, plains, brooks, and low
meadows, and bogs, so as to afford proper localities for every kind of
tree and plant, that will flourish in this climate ; — be near to some
large stream or river ; and easy of access by land and water ; but still
sufficiently retired.

To realize these advantages it is proposed, that a tract of land called

65

" Sweet Auburn," situated in Cambridge, should be purchased. As a
large portion of the ground is now covered with trees, shrubs, and wild
flowering phints, avenues and walks may be made through them, in
such a manner as to render the whole establishment interestmg and
beautiful, at a small expense, and within a few years ; and ultimately
offer an example of landscape or picturesque gardening, in conformity
to the modern style of laying out grounds, which will be highly credit-
able to the Society.

The streams and parcels of bog and meadow land may be easily con-
verted into ponds, and variously formed sheets of water, which will
furnish appropriate positions for aquatic plants, while their borders may
be planted with Rhododendrons, Azaleas, several species of the superb
Magnolia, and other plants, which require a constantly humid soil, and
decayed vegetable matter, for their nourishment.

On the southeastern and northeastern borders of the tract can be
arranged the nurseries, and portions selected for the culture of fruit-
trees and esculent vegetables, on an extensive scale ; there may be
arranged the Arboretum, the Orchard, the Culinarium, Floral depart-
ments, Melon grounds, and Strawberry beds, and Green houses.

The remainder of the land may be devoted to the Cemetery.

By means of a more extensive correspondence, with eminent horti-
culturists it is certain that many valuable, rare, and beautiful plants
may be obtained, not only from all parts of our own country, but other
regions of the globe, which could be naturalized to the soil and climate
of New England. This can be efficiently undertaken so soon as a
Garden of Experiment is formed ; but it would be almost useless to pro-
cure large collections of seeds or plants, until we are enabled to culti-
vate them, under the immediate direction of the Society.

Accounts of the experiments which may be made should be periodi-
cally reported and published ; and seeds, buds, cuttings, and uncommon
varieties of rooted plants may be distributed among the members of the
Society, and be sold for its benefit, in such manner as may be found
most expedient, to render the garden the most extensively useful in
all its relations with the wants, comforts, and pleasures of life.

Such an establishment is required for " collecting the scattered rays
of intelligence, and blending them with the science and accumulating
experience of the times," and then diffiising them far and wide, to cheer
and enlighten the practical horticulturist in his career of agreeable and
profitable industry. It will powerfully contribute to increase the taste
for rural pursuits, — stimulate a generous spirit of research and emula-
tion,— suggest numerous objects worthy of inquiry and experiment, —
multiply the facilities of information and the interchange of indigenous
and exotic plants, — develope the vast vegetable resources of the Un-
ion,— give activity to enterprise, — increase the enjoyment of all
classes of citizens, — advance the prosperity, and improve the general
aspect of the whole country.

The establishment of a Cemetery in connexion with the Garden of
Experiment, cannot fail of meeting public approbation. Such rural
burial places were common among the ancients, who allowed no grave-
yards within their cities. The Potter's Field was without the walls of
Jerusalem, and in the Twelve Tables it was prescribed "that the dead
should neither be buried nor burned in the city" of Rome. Evelyn
states, " that the custom of burying in churches and near about them,

9

66

especially in great cities, is a novel presumption, indecent, sordid, and
very prejudicial to health ; it was not done amonor the Christians in the
primitive ages ; " was forbidden by the Emperors Gratian, Valentian,
and Theodosiiis, and never sanctioned until the time of Gregory the
Great. The Eastern Christians do not now inter the dead within their
churches. During the age of the patriarchs, groves were se'ected as
places of sepulture. When Sartih died, Abraham purchased "the field
of Ephron, in Machpelah, with .ill the trees that were therein and the
borders round about, as a burying place," and there he buried his wife ;
" and there they buried Abraham, Isaac, Rebekah, and Leah " ; and
when Jacob had l)Iessed his sons, " he said unto them, I am to be
gathered unto my people : bury me with my fathers in the cave that is
in the field of Ephron." Deborah "was buried beneath Bethel under an
oak," and the valiant men of Jabeshgilead removed the bodies of Saul
and his sons from the wall of Bcthshan and " buried them under a tree."
Moses was buried in " a valley in tlie land of Moab " ; Joseph in " a par-
cel of ground in Shechem" ; Elcazer, the son of Aaron "in a hill that
pertained to Phinehas," and Manassah with Amon " in the garden of
Uzza."

The planting of rose-trees upon graves is an ancient custom; Anac-
reon says, that " it protects the dead " ; and Propertius indicates the
usage of burying amidst roses.

Plato sanctioned the planting of trees over sepulchres, and the tomb
of Ariadne was in the Arethusian Grove of Crete. The Catacombs of
Thebes were excavated in the gorges of the forest-clad hills, on the
opposite bank of the Nile, and those of Meniphis were beyond the lake
Acherusia, from whence the Grecian mythologists derived their fabu-
lous accounts of the Elysian Fields. There it was supposed the souls
of the virtuous and illustrious retired after death, and roamed through
bowers, forever green, and over meadows spangled with flowers, and
refreshed by perennial streams. In the mountains near Jerusalem were
located the tombs of the opulent Israelites ; and in a garden, near the
base of Calvary, had Joseph, the Aramathean, prepared that memorable
sepulchre in which was laid the crucified Messiah. The Greeks and
Romans often selected the secluded recesses of wooded heights and
vales, as favorite places of interment, or the borders of the great public
highways, where elegant monuments were erected, and surrounded
with cypress and other ever verdant trees. Many of the richly sculp-
tured sarcophagi and magnificent tombs, reared by the once polished
nations of Asia Minor are still to be seen in the vicinity of the numer-
ous ruined cities on the deserted coast of Karamania.

The Athenians allowed no burials within the city. The illustrious
men who had either died in the service of tiieir country, or were
thought deserving of the most distinguished honors, were buried in the
Ceran)icus, — an extensive public cemetery on the road to Thria.
Tombs and statues were erected to their memory, on which were re-
counted their praises and exploits ; and to render them familiar to all,
to animate every citizen to a love of virtue and of glory, and to excite
in youthful minds an ardent desire of imitating those celebrated
worthies, the spacious jrrounds were embellished with trees and made a
pui)lic promenade. Within the Ceramicus was the Academy where
Plato and the great men wJio followed him met their disciples and held
assemblies for philosophical conference and instruction. Connected

67

with the Academy was a Gymnasium and a garden, which was adorned
with delig^htful covered walks, and refreshed by the waters of the
Cephisus, wliicli flowed under the shade of the plane and various other
trees, through its western borders. At the entrance and williin the
area of the garden were temples, altars, and statues of the gods.

The bodies of the Athenians, who had fallen in bottle, were collected
by their countrymen, and, after they were consumed on the funeral pile,
their hones were carried to Athens ; there they were exposed, in
cypress coffins, under a large tent, for three days, that the relations
might perform those libations, which affection and religion enjoined ;
then they were placed on as many cars as there were tribes, and the
procession proceeded slowly through the city to the Ceramicus, where
funeral games were exhibited, and an orator, publicly appointed for the
occasion, pronounced an eulogium.

Even the Turks, who are so opposed to the cultivation of the fine
arts, embellish their grave-yards Avitli evergreens. With them it is a
religious duty to plant trees around the graves of their kindred, and
the burying ground of Scutari is one of the most interesting objects in
the environs of Constantinople. Situated in the rear of the town and
extending along the declivity of the Asiatic shore, towards tlie sea of
Marmora, it presents a vast forest of majestic trees ; and thither the
inhabitants of the imperial city generally resort, during the sultry
months of summer, to enjoy the cool breezes which descend from the
Euxine, or are wailed over the waves of the Propontis. Throughout
Italy, France, and England, there are many cemeteries which are
ornamented with forest trees and flowering shrubs. Pere La Chaise,
in the environs of Paris, has been admired and celebrated by every
traveller who has visited that beautiful garden of the dead.

In Liverpool a similar burying-ground was completed three years
since, and a meeting has recently been held in London for forming one
in the vicinity of that city, of a size and on a scale of magnificence
which shall quadrate with the wealth and vast extent of the mighty
capital of a great nation. Within the central area are to be exact
models of the superb temples, triumphal arches, columns, and public
monuments of Greece and Rome, as receptacles, or memorials of the
departed worthies of the empire.

The establishment of rural cemeteries similar to that of Pere La
Chaise, has often been the subject of conversation in this country, and
frequently adverted to by the writers in our scientific and literary pub-
lications. Bnt a few years since, a meeting was held in Boston, by
many of its most respectable citizens, for the purpose of maturing a
plan and forming such an establishment in the environs of the city.
No one can be indifferent to a subject of such deep and universal inter-
est. In whatever point of view it is considered, who is there that does
not perceive numerous and powerful inducements for aiding in its
accomplishment? How consoling and pleasing is the thought that our
memories shall be cherished sfter death ; and that the spot, where our
ashes repose, shall be often visited by dear and constant friends ; that
they will there linger to call up the soothing yet melancholy reminis-
cences of by gone times ; that the sod, which covers us, will be kept
ever verdant; that a magnificent forest will be reared to overshadow
our graves, by those truly kind hands which performed the last sad
office of affection ; that flowers will fringe the pathways, leading to

68

our lowly resting-place, and their fragrance, mingled with the holiest
aspirations, ascend towards the throne ofthe Eternal.

To tliose who mourn, what a consolation to visit the bower-seques-
tered monument of a much loved friend, under circumstances and with
associations so favorably calculated to revive agreeable recollections of
the past; and when those revolting ideas are excluded, wjjich obtrude
upon the mind, while standing in the usually dreary, desolate, and ruin-
ous repositories of the dead.

In a Rural Cemetery the names and virtues of the departed would
live in perpetual freshness, and their souls seem to commune with those
who come to do honor to their names. Thus would all like to repose in
death : and who would not deem it a blessing, to be able to confer that
favor on a parent, child, wife, husband, or friend ? How can this object
be so succe.ssfuUy accomplished as in connexion with an Experimental
Garden ? That part of the land wliich has been recommended for a
Cemetery may be circumvallated by a spacious avenue, bordered by
trees, shrubbery, and perennial flowers ; rather as a line of demarca-
tion than of disconnexion ; for the ornamental grounds of the Garden
should be apparently blended with those of the Cemetery, and the
walks of each so intercommunicate as to afford an uninterrupted range
over both, as one common domain.

Among the hills, glades, and dales, which are now covered with
evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, may he selected sites for
isolated graves, and tombs, and these, being surmounted with columns,
obelisks, and other appropriate monuments of granite and marble, may
be rendered interesting specimens of art ; they will also vary and em-
belish the scenery embraced within the scope of the numerous sinuous
avenues, whicli may be felicitously opened in all directions and to a
vast extent, from the diversified and picturesque features which the
topography ofthe tract of land presents.

Besides the great public advantages which will result from the horti-
cultural departments, and from that portion of the land which may be
consecrated to the dead, and rendered, like the Elysian fields of the
Egyptians, a holy and pleasant resort for the living, — the whole will
present one of the most instructive, magnificent, and pleasant prome-
nades in our country. From its immediate proximity to the Capital of
the State, it will attract universal interest, and become a place of
healthful, refreshing, and agreeable resort from early spring until
the close of autumn.

To accomplish these two great objects, it is necessary that a fund
should be created immediately, sufficient for the purchase of the land,
surrounding it with a substantial fence, the erection of a gardener's
lodge, laying out the grounds, and preparing them for the purposes of
an Experimental Garden and a Cemetery. That this can be done, your
committee do not entertain a doubt, and respectfully recommend the
adoption of the following measures, as best calculated to insure success.

H. A. S. DEARBORN,

For the Committee.

The Committee, to whom was referred the method of raising sub-
scriptions for the Experimental Garden and Cemetery, beg leave to
REPORT:

1. That it is expedient to purchase, for a Garden and Cemetery, a
tract of land, commonly known by the name of " Sweet Auburn," near

69

the road leading from Cambridge to Watertown, containing about
seventy-two acres, for the sum of six thousand dollars ; provided this
sum can be raised in the manner proposed in the second article of
this report.

2. Thiit a subscription be opened for lots of ground in the said
tract, containing- not less than two hundred square feet each, at the
price of sixty dollars for each lot, — the subscription not to be binding
until one hundred lots are subscribed for.

3. That when a hundred or more lots are taken, the right of choice
shall be disposed of at an auction, of which seasonable notice shall be
given to the subscribers.

4. That those subscribers, who do not offer a premium for the right
of choosing, shall have their lots assigned to them by lot.

5. That the fee of the land shall be vested in the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, but that the use of the lots, agreeably to an act
of the legislature respecting the same, shall be secured to the sub-
scribers, their heirs and assigns for ever.

6. That the land devoted to the purpose of a Cemetery shall contain
not less than forty acres.

7. That every subscriber, upon paying for his lot, shall become a
member for life of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, without
being subject to assessments.

8. That a Garden and Cemetery Committee of nine persons shall be
chosen annually, first by the subscribers, and afterwards by the Horti-
cultural Society, whose duty it shall be to cause the necessary surveys
and allotments to be made, to assign a suitable tract of land for the
Garden of the Society, and to direct all matters appertaining to the
regulation of the Garden and Cemetery; five at least of this committee
shall he persons having rights in the Cemetery.

9. That the establishment, including the Garden and Cemetery, be
called by a definite name, to be supplied by the committee.

JOSEPH STORY,
DANIEL WEBSTER,
HENRY A. S. DEARBORN,
SAMUEL APPLETON,
CHARLES LOWELL,
JACOB BIGELOW,
EDWARD EVERETT,
GEORGE BOND,
GEORGE W. BRIMMER,
ABBOT LAWRENCE,
FRANKLIN DEXTER,
ALEXANDER H. EVERETT,
JAMES T. AUSTIN,
CHARLES P. CURTIS,
JOSEPH P. BRADLEE,
JOHN PIERPONT,
ZEBEDEE COOK,
CHARLES TAPPAN,
LUCIUS M. SARGENT,
GEORGE W. PRATT.
Boslon, Junt 11, 1831.

70

Resolved, That the Report of the Committee on an Experimental
Garden and Rural Cemetery, be accepted, and that said committee be
autliorized to proceed in the establishment of a Garden and Cemetery,
in conformity to the Report which has this day been made and
accepted.

It having' been considered important, that the public should be
generally informed us to the character of the two associated establish-
ments, the Hon. Edward Everett was requested to prepare an Address,
explanatory of the objects which it was proposed to accomplish; and
he furnished the following, which was published in the Boston papers.

THE PROPOSED RURAL CEMETERY.

At the late session of the Genera] Court, an act was passed,
enlarging the powers of the Horticultural Society in such a manner,
as to enable it to establish a rural cemetery, in connexion with the
experimental garden, which forms a part of the original plan of that
Society. Preliminary steps have been taken to exercise the powers
granted by this additional act of incorporation. The subject has been
under the consideration of a large and highly respectable committee,
selected for their known interest in the design ; and a plan of meas-
ures to be pursued, for carrying the object into effect, has been pre-
pared and adopted.

The spot, which has been selected for this establishment, has not
been chosen without great deliberation, and a reference to every other
place in the vicinity of Boston, which has been named for the same
purpose. In fact, the difficulty of finding a proper place has been for
several years the chief obstacle to the execution of this project. The
spot chosen is as near Bsston as is consistent with perfect security
from the approach of those establishments, usually found in the neigh-
bourhood of a large town, but not in harmony with the character of a
place of burial. It stands near a fine sweep in Charles River. It
presents every variety of surface, rising in one part into a beautiful
elevation, level in others, with intermediate depressions, and a con-
siderable part of the Avhole covered with the natural growth of wood.
In fact, the place has long been noted for its rural beauty, its romantic
seclusion, and its fine prospect ; and it is confidently believed, that
there is not another to be named, possessing the same union of
advantages.

It is proposed to s'et apart a considerable portion of this delightful
spot, for the purpose of a burial place. Little will be required from
the hand of art to fit it for that purpose. Nature has already done
almost all that is required. Scarcely any thing is needed but a suit-
able enclosure, and such walks as will give access to the different
parts of the enclosed space, and exhibit its features to the greatest
advantage. It is proposed, (as it appears from the report above cited,)
to divide the parts of the tract, best adapted to that purpose, into lots,
containing two hundred or more square feet, to be used by individuals
becoming proprietors of them, for the purposes of burial. It will be
at the option of those interested, to build tombs of the usual construc-
tion on these lots, or to make graves in them, when occasion may
require ; identifying the lot by a single monument, or the graves by
separate stones, or leaving the whole without any other ornament,
than the green turf and the overshadowing trees.

71

By the act of the legislature, authorizing the Horticultural Society
to establish this Cemetery, it is placed under the protection of the
laws, and consecrated to the perpetual occupancy of the dead. Being
connected with ilie adjacent experimenlal garden, it will be under the
constant inspection of the Society's Gardener, and thus possess ad-
vantages, in reference to the care and neatness with which it will be
kept, not usually found in places of burial. A formal act of dedica-
tion, with religious solemnities, will impart to it a character of sanc-
tity, and consecrate it to the sacred purposes for which it is destined.

It is a matter of obvious consideration, tiial, with the rapid increase
of the city of Boston, many years cannot elapse, before the deposit of
the dead within its limits must cease. It is already attended with
considerable difficulty, and is open to serious olijections. The estab-
lishment now contemplated, presents an opportunity for all, who wiish
to enjoy it, of providing a place of burial for those, tor whom it is their
duty to make such provision. The space is ample, affording room for
as large a number of lots, as may be required for a considerable length
of time ; and the price at which they are now to be purchased, it is
believed, is considerably less than that of tombs, in the usual places of
their construction.

Although no one, whose feelings and principles are sound, can
regard, without tenderness and delicacy, the question, where he will
deposit the remains of those, whom it is his duly to follow to their last
home, yet it may be feared, that too little thought has been had for the
decent aspect of our places of sepulture, or their highest adaptation to
their great object. Our burial places are, in the cities, crowded till
they are full ; nor, in general, does any other object, either in town
or country, appear to have been had in view in thein, than that of
confining the remains of the departed to the smallest portion of earth
that will hide them. Trees, whose inexpressible beauty has been
provided by the hand of the Creator as the great ornament of the
earth, have rarely been planted about our grave-yards ; the enclosures
are generally inadequate and neglected, the graves indecently crowded
together, and often, after a few years, disturbed; and the whole ap-
pearance as little calculated as possible to invite the visits of the
seriously disposed, to tranquillize the feelings of surviving friends, and
to gratify that disposition which would lead us to pay respect to their
ashes.

Nor has it hitherto been in the power even of those, who might be
able and willing to do it, to remedy these evils, as far as they are
themselves concerned. Great objections exist to a place of sepulture
in a private field ; particularly this, that in a few years it is likely to
pass into the liands of those, who will take no interest in preserving its
sacred deposit from the plough. Tlie mother of Washington lies
buried in a field, the property of a person not related to her family,
and in a spot which cannot now be identified. In the public grave-
yard it is not always in the power of an individual to appropriate to a
single place of burial, space enough for the purposes of decent and
respectful ornament.

The proposed establishment seems to .^urnish every facility for grati-
fying the desire, which must rank among the purest and strongest of
the human heart, and which would have been much more frequently
indicated, but for the very serious, and sometimes insuperable obstacles

72

of which we have spoken. Here it will be in the power of every one,

who may wish it, at iin expense considerably less than that of a com-
mon tomb, or a vault beneath a church, to deposit the mortal remains
of his friends, and to provide a place of burial I'ur himself, which, wliile
livin;,^ he may contemplate witliout dread or disgust; one which is
secure from the danger of being encroached upon, as in the grave-
yards of the city ; secluded from every species of uncongenial intru-
sion ; surrounded with every thing that can fill the heart with tender
and respectful emotions; beneath the shade of a venerable tree, on
the slope of the verdant lawn, and within the seclusion of the forest ;
removed from all the discordant scenes of life.

Such were the places of burial of the ancient nations. In a spot
like this were laid the remains of the patriarchs of Israel. In the
neighbourhood of their great cities the ancient Egyptians established
extensive cities of the dead ; and the Greeks and Romans erected
the monuments of the departed by the road side, en the approach to
their cities, or in pleasant groves in their suburbs. A part of the
Grove of Academus, near Athens, famous for the school of Plato, was
appropriated to the sepulchres of their men of renown ; and it was the
saying of Themistocles, that the monuments he beheld there would
not permit him to sleep. The " Appian Way " was lined with the monu-
ments of the heroes and sages of Rome. In modern times, the Turkish
people are eminent for that respectful care of the places of sepulture,
which forms an interesting trait of the oriental character. At the
head and foot of each grave, a cypress tree is planted, so that the
grave-yard becomes, in a few years, a deep and shady grove. These
sacred precincts are never violated ; they form the most beautiful
suburbs to the cities, and, not unfrequently, when the city of the
living has been swept away by the political vicissitudes, frequent under
tliat government, the Grove of Cypress remains, spreading its sacred
shelter over the city of the dead.

In the city of Boston, the inconveniences of the present modes of
burial are severely felt; and it is as a becoming appendage and inter-
esting ornament of the town, tiiat this cemetery should be regarded.
When it shall be laid out with suitable walks, and the appropriate
spots shall begin to be adorned with the various memorials which
affection and respect may erect to the departed, what object in or
near Boston will l)e equally attractive? What would sooner arrest
the attention of the stranger ? Wliither would a man of reflection
and serious temper sooner direct his steps ? f (ad such a cemetery,
with prophetic forethought of posterity, been laid out in the first
settlement of the country, and all our venerated dead, — the eminent
in church and state, — been deposited side by side, with plain but
enduring- monuments, it would possess already an interest of the
most elevated and affecting character. Such a place of deposit is
Pere la Chaise, near Paris, which has already become a spot of the
greatest interest and attraction, furnishing the model to similar estab-
lishments in various parts of Europe, and well deserving to be had in
view, in that which is in contemplation here.

The vicinity of our venerable University suggests an interesting
train of associations, connected with this spot. It has ever been the
favorite resort of the students. There are hundreds now living, who
have passed some of the happiest hours of the happiest period of their

73

lives, beneath the shade of the trees in this secluded forest. It will
become the place of burial tor the University. Here will the dust of
the young men, wlio mny be cut off before their academic course is
run, be laid by their class-mates. Here will be deposited tliose who
may die in the offices of instruction and government. Nor is it impos-
sible, that the several class-associations, which form a beautiful feature
of our college life, may each appropriate to tiiemselves a lot, where
such of their brethren as may desire it, may be brought back to he
deposited in the soil of the spot where they passed their early years.

The establishment contemplated will afford the means of paying a
tribute of respect, by a monumental erection, to the names and memory
of great and good men, whenever or wherever they have died. Its
summit may be consecrated to Washington, by a cenotaph inscribed
with his name. Public sentiment will often delight in these tributes
of respect, and the place niay gradually become the honorary mauso-
leum for the distinguished sons of Massachusetts.

This design, though but recently made public, has been long in
contemplation, and, as is believed, has been favored with unusual
approbation. It has drawn forth much unsolicited and earnest con-
currence. It has touched a chord of sympathy which vibrates in every
heart. Let us take an affectionate and pious care of our dead ; let
us turn to some good account, in softening and humanizing the public
feeling, that sentiment of tenderness toward the departed, which is
natural and ineradicable in man. Let us employ some of the super-
fluous wealth, now often expended in luxury worse than useless, in
rendering the place where our beloved friends repose, decent, attrac-
tive, and grateful at once to the eye and the heart.

At a meeting of the Horticultural Society on the second of July, the
following additional act was accepted.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one.
An Act, in addition to an Act entitled, " An Act to incorporate the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society."
Section I. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
in General Court assembled, and bjj the authority of the same, That the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society be, and hereby are, authorized, in
addition to the powers already conferred on them, to dedicate and
appropriate any part of the real estate now owned or hereafter to be
purchased by them, as and for a Rural Cemetery or Burying-Ground,
and for the erection of Tombs, Cenotaphs, or other Monuments, for, or
in memory of the dead ; and for this purpose, to lay out the same in
suitable lots or other subdivisions, for family and other burylng-places ;
and to plant and embellish the same with shrubbery, flowers, trees,
walks, and other rural ornaments, and to inclose and divide the same
wi'h proper walls and enclosures, and to make and annex thereto other
suitable appendages and conveniences, as the Society shall from time
to time deem expedient. And whenever the said Society shall so lay
out and appropriate any of their real estate for a Cemetery or Burying-
Ground, as aforesaid, the same shall be deemed a perpetual dedication
thereof for the purposes aforesaid ; and the real estate so dedicated

10

74

shall be for ever held by the said Society in trust for such purposes,
and for none other. And the said Society shall have authority to grant
and convey to any person or persons the sole and exclusive right of
burial, and of erecting tombs, cenotaphs, and other monament-j, in any
sucli designated lots and subdivisions, upon such terms and conditions,
and subject to such regulations, as the said Society shall, by their by-
laws and regulations, prescribe. And every rigiit so granted and
conveyed shall be held lor the purposes aforesaid, and for none other,
as real estate, by the proprietor or proprietors thereof, and shall not
be subject to attachment or execution.

Section II. Be it further enacted, That for the purposes of this
act, the said Society shall be, and hereby are authorized to purchase
and hold any real estate not exceeding ten thousand dollais in value,
in addition to the real estate which they are now by law authorized to
purchase and hold. And to enable the said Society more effectually to
carry the plan aforesaid into effect, and to provide funds for the same,
the said Society shall be, and liereby are authorized to open subscrip-
tion books, upon such terms, conditions, and regulations, as the said
Society shall prescribe, which shall be deemed fundamental and per-
petual articles between the said Society and the subscribers. And
every person, who shall become a subscriber in conformity thereto,
shall be deemed a member for life of the said Society without the
payment of any other assessment whatsoever, and shall moreover be
entitled, in fee simple, to the sole and exclusive right of using, as a
place of burial, and of erecting tombs, cenotaphs, and other monu-
ments, in such lot or subdivision of such cemetery or burying ground,
as shall, in conformity to such fundamental articles, be assigned to him.

Section III. Be it further enacted, That the President of the said
Society shall have authority to call any special meeting or meetings
of the said Society at such time and place as he shall direct, for the
purpose of carrying into effect any or all the purposes of this act, or
any other purposes within the purview of the original act to which
this act is in addition.

In the House of Representatives, June 22d, 1831.

Passed to be enacted. WILLIAM B. CALHOUN, Speaker.

In Senate, June 23d, 1831. Passed to he enacted.

LEVi':RETT S ALTON STALL, President.

June SSd, 1831. Approved. LEVI LINCOLN.

A true Copy.
Attest, EDWARD D. BANGS, Secretary of Commomvealth.

At a meeting of the subscribers for lots in the Cemetery, in July,
the following gentlemen were elected members of the Garden and
Cemetery Committee.

JOSEPH STORY,

HENRY A. S. DEARBORN,

Dr. JACOB BIGELOW,

GEORGE W. BRIMMER,

EDWARD EVERETT,

B. A. GOULD,

CHARLES WELLS,

G. W. PRATT,

GEORGE BOND.

75

At the first meeting of the Garden and Cemetery Committee,
H. A. S. Dearborn, Jacob Bigelow, and G. W. Brimmer were ap-
pointed a sub-committee to report a plan for laying out the grounds;
and the Hon. Joseph Story, the Rev. Dr. Lowell, and otiiers were
instructed to report on t!ie propriety of consc'-rating the Cemetery by
religious ceremonies, who submitted the following:

At a meeting of the Horticultural Society the following Report,
from a committee chosen by the subscribers to the Cemetery, was
made by the Hon. Judge Story.

The committee, appointed at a meeting of the subscribers to the
Mount Auburn Cemetery, to consider jind report to the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, whether it is expedient to have any, and if any,
what religious ceremonies, for the purpose of consecrating the said
Cemetery, have had that subject under consideration, and beg leave
respectfully to report to the said Society :

1. That, in the opijion of the committee, it is expedient to have the
said Cemetery consecrated by religious ceremonies on Saturday the
twenty-fourth day of September instant, in the afternoon, at Mount
Auburn. And if that day should not be fair, then on the next fair
day, excluding Sunday.

2. That the religious ceremonies proper for the occasion would be

An Introductory Prayer,

An Address, and

A Closing Prayer,
with an original Hymn to be sung by the Assembly, and other ap-
propriate music.

3. That the choice of the persons to officiate at the religious ceremo-
nies of consecration, and all other arrangements suitable for the
occasion, should be made by a committee of arrangements, to be
chosen by the Horticultural Society, with full powers for that purpose.

4. That the committee of arrangements should have full power to
fill all vacancies occurring in their own body, and to appoint all suit-
able officers to assist them in the discharge of their duties ; and that
they should give due public notice of the order of their arrangements
when they shall have been completed.

All which is respectfully submitted.

JOSEPH STORY,
By order of the Committee.

Voted, That the Report be accepted.

Resolved, That a Consecrating Committee of nine members be
chosen.

The following gentlemen were elected : Hon. Joseph Story, Henry
A. S. Dearborn, Charles P. Curtis, Rev. Charles Lowell, Zebedee
Cook, Jr., J. T. Buckingham, George W. Brimmer, George W. Pratt,
Z. B. Adams.

At a meeting of the committed above named, on the same day,

It was ordered, that Messrs. Curtis, Buckingham, and Pratt be a
committee to invite the orator and clergyman, and to provide an ap-
propriate hymn and suitable music, for the dedication of the Cemetery.
1^: Voted, That General Dearborn, Mr. Brimmer, and Mr. Cook be a
committee to prepare the grounds at Mount Auburn, and to make
arrangements for the accommodation of the company.

76

Voted, That Messrs. Cook and Pratt be a committee to make suit-
able appointments of marshals and other officers, and to arrange all
matters of police for tlie occasion.

The sub-committee first above named announce to the Society that
they have, as far as practicable, at present, performed the service
assigned them, and that an address, at the solemn consecration of the
Cemetery, will be delivered by the Hon. JOSEPH STORY; the
Prayers will be offered by the Rev. Dr. WARE and the Rev. Mr.
PIERPONT ; and an original Hymn will be prepared by the Rev.
Mr. PIERPONT. The other arrangements will be announced as
soon as completed.

The site, selected for the performance of the consecration cere-
monies, was a deep circular dell, formed by the united bases of four
beautiful hills, in the south-western portion of the Cemetery grounds.
In the centre is a small pool supplied by perennial springs, and
from its margin, the acclivities, on three sides, gracefully rise, for
more than a hundred feet in extent, presenting a magnificent am-
phitheatre, sufficiently capacious to accommodate from six to eight
thousand spectators. The flanks and summits of each eminence
being covered with majestic forest trees, shrubs, and " many a wood
flower wild," an area of more than six hundred feet in circuit,
extending up the broad escarpments, for at least seventy feet, was
divested of the under wood, and lined with seven ranges of seats for
the accommodation of the audience. Near the northern margin of the
miniature lake a rostrum was formed, a few feet above the surface of
the water, for the orator, clergy, and officers of the Horticultural
Society. This was decorated with evergreens, giving it the appear-
ance of a natural bower, open towards the south. On the declivity of
the fourth hill, and on the right of the rostrum, ranges of seats were
placed, as an orchestra, for the band of music, choristers, and the
various committees of arrangements.

The approach from the main road leading to Watertown, was by a
broad and umbrageous avenue to the foot of the hill, which closes the
dale of consecration on the north. This small eminence was thickly
overgrown with pines and cedars, but the lower limbs having been
pruned, the symmetrical countour of the mound was disclosed, and
it assumed the appearance of an ancient tumulus, reared to the memory
of some great chieftain, like thatof Achilles, of Ajax, and of Patroclus, on
the plains of Troy. In the rear, under the shade of a stately grove of
walnuts, where the main avenue divides and gracefully sweeps round
the lofty hills to the east and west, the company descended from
their carriages, and entered the secluded and romantic silvan theatre,
by two foot paths, which wound through lonely vales of arching
verdure.

The day was cloudless, and the deep, blue vault of heaven cano-
pied the immense area with a dome of more resplendent grandeur
than all that genius can conceive, or art accomplish ; whispering
zephyrs rustled the many-twinkling leaves of those towering groves,
which crowned the surrounding heights ; the glorious sun gilded, with
his cheering beamiS, the smiling landscape ; while, far and wide over
the deep and expanded glen, a thickened, flickering shadow screened,
with balmy freshness, the assembled multitude, who listened, with
intense and elevated thoughts, to the fervent prayer, the eloquent

77

appeal, the thrilling hymn of praise, and those swelling notes of
music, which pealed sublime, through every vale and tufted hill of
thnt sacred garden of tiie dead. Such wts the solemn stillness, so
motionless the surface ot the dark, deep pool, that it mirrored the
steep, receding acclivities, and the innumerable spectators who
thronged the encircling seats.

At twelve o'clock a procession was formed, beyond the northern
hill, of the officers of the Society, as an escort lo the orator and
officiating clergy, and, preceded by llie band, entered the rostrum
through the eastern vale. The effect was grand and imposing, callmg
up vivid recollections of those solemn funeral rites, which were
performed by the patriarchs of old, in the field of Machphela ; or the
assembled Athenians in the venerable groves of the Ceramicus.

At the Annual Meeting of the Horticultural Society, September 30,
1831, the Committee on laying out the grounds and forming the
plan of the Experimental Garden and Cemetry at Mount Auburn,
REPORT,

That measures were promptly taken for accomplishing those objects,
and although considerable progress has been made, it will require
further time to complete the work.

Alexander VVadsworth, Esq., a skilful civil engineer, was employed
to make an accurate topographical survey, and to locate the numerous
avenues, which it was found necessary to establish through the exten-
sive and beautifully diversified grounds of the Cemetery and Garden,
both for convenience and embellishment. The map has been so far
perfected, that it is submitted for inspection, and to exhibit the general
outlines of the projected improvements ; but considerable labor is yet
required in clearing out the principal carriage avenues and foot paths,
before the sites of the public and private cen)etery squares can be
definitely established, and designated on the plan.

Models and drawings of the Egyptian Gateways, and of a Gothic
tower, and a Grecian tower, one of which is proposed to be erected
on the highest hill, have been made, and are offered for examination.

It has been ascertained, that the most lofty eminence is one hundred
and twenty-five feet above Charles River, which gracefully sweeps
round its gently sloping base ; and, when crowned by the proposed
tower, will become a most interesting place of resort, as commanding
an extensive panoramic view of that richly variegated region of mag-
nificent scenery, embraced within the far distant heights which
encircle the metropolis, and the waves of the ocean ; while it will
present a prominent and imposing feature in the landscape, of which it
becomes the centre.

At some future period, when the munificence of the citizens shall
be commensurate with their debt of patriotic gratitude, this structure
may perhaps give place for a stupendous monument to the most illus-
trious benefactor of his country; — there will be reared the cenotaph
of Washington, in massive blocks of granite or ever-during marble.
Should the funds hereafter justify it, a Doric Temple, to be used as a
chapel, for the performance of funeral rites, and lodges for the gar-
dener and superintendent of the Cemetery, are contemplated, and
designs are in progress for each.

78

As the season for rural labor is far advanced, it is not considered
expedient to commence the construction of the avenues before the
next sprinor; but they can be divested of tlie underwood, and the
whole of the grounds so far cleared up, as to give them the appearance
of a park, during"- the present autumn. It is expected that the lots may
be assigned within twenty days.

The committee lias been cheered, in the discharge of its duties, by
the deep interest which has been manifested for the success of an
undertaking, so important to the prosperity of the Horticultural So-
ciety, and so honorable to the country. Such is the exalted estimation
in which it is held by the p;iblic, so universal is the approbation, so
intense the interest, tiiat, beside the constant requests for permission
to become subscribers, by the more affluent, numerous applications
have been made for cemetery lots, by farmers, meclianics, and dealers
in building materials, on condition, that they may be paid for in labor,
or such articles as shall be required in the prosecution of the proposed
improvements. Within a few days offers have been made to a con-
siderable amount; and as it was the intention and is the anxious
desire of the Society, that every citizen should have an opportunity of
participating in the advantages of the establishment, the committee
has availed itself of the services thus tendered, in executing much of the
work which has been performed ; and there is not a doubt, that a very
considerable portion of the expense in constructing roads, fences, gate-
ways, and the various other edifices, may be defrayed, by a compen-
sation in cemetery lots. This will not only be a great accommodation
to numerous individuals, who are desirous to become subscribers, but
be highly advantageous to the Society. It is therefore recommended,
that the committee be authorized to prosecute such improvements as
may be deemed necessary, on these reciprocally beneficial terms.

With the view of fully meeting the expectations and exigencies of
the community, it is considered advisable that sites for single graves
should be designated, in various parts of the cemetery, embracing all
the diversified localities, to afford an opportunity for individuals, who
have no families, and the friends of such strangers as may be wept
and honored far distant from their native land, to procure eligible
places of sepulture, on reasonable terms.

As the tract which has been solemnly consecrated, by religious
ceremonies, as a burial-place for ever, is so abundantly covered with
forest trees, many of which are more than sixty years old, it only
requires the avenues to be formed, the borders, for some ten feet in
width, planted with shrubs, bulbous and perennial flowers, the under-
wood cleared out, the fences, gateways, and appropriate edifices
erected, to put the grounds in a sufficiently complete state for the
uses designed, and to render them at once beautiful and interesting.
All this can be done within two years, at a comparatively small
expense, and a result produced which could not have been real-
ized for forty years, if it had been necessary to commence the
establishment by planting out forest trees. There are numerous
majestic oaks, pines, beeches, and walnuts, which have braved the
storms of a century. Towering aloft amidst the general verdure,
and extending their huge branches far and wide, they appear as the
venerable monarchs of the grove, but still exhibit the vigor of their
luxuriant progeny, which, in umbrageous contiguity, cover each hill
and plain, and sloping vale, and form many an

79

" alley green,'

Dingle, or bushy dell, in this wild wood,
And many a bosky bourn, from side to side."

The Garden also can be very considerah'y advanced, within the
same short period which will suffice for developing the inijjrovementa
of the Cemetery. The nuiseries in;iy be established, the departments
for culinary vegf'tables, fruit and orniimental trees, shrubs and flowers,
laid out and planted, a green-house built, hot-beds formed, the small
ponds and morasses converted into picturesque sheets of water, and
their margins diversified by clumps and belts of our most splendid
native flowering trees and shrubs, requiring a soil thus constituted
for their successful cultivation, while tlieir surface may i)e spangled
with the brilliant Ijlossoms of the Nymphaea, and the other beautiful
tribes of aquatic plants. The excavations for deepening and enlarging
the ponds and morasses will afford inexhaustible sources of manure,
of invaluable consequence to the Garden, as well as for those portions
of the Cemetery whi'-h will be embellished by cultivated plants.

From these favorable circumstances and the generous zeal which
has been evinced for the energetic prosecution of the labors, which
are required to perfect the details of the whole extensive plan, there
no longer remains the least doubt, that, in the summer of 1^34, Mount
Auburn will rival the most celebrated rural burial grounds of Europe,
and present a garden in such a state of forwardness, as will be highly
gratifying to the Society and the public. The work has been com-
menced on an ever-during foundation, has the approbation and patro-
nage of an enterprising, intelligent, and prosperous community, and
cannot fail of progressing in a manner that must give universal satis-
faction. There has Horticulture eatablislied her temple, — there will
all denominations of Christians surrender up their prejudices, — there
will repose the ashes of the humble and exalted, in the silent and
sacred Garden of the Dead, until summoned to those of eternal life,
in realms beyond the skies.

Respectfully submitted by H. A. S. Dearborn,

For the Committee.

AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORK,

DONE AT MOUNT AUBURN, DURI.N'G THE TEAR 1832.

Most of the avenues and paths, whicli were laid out last autumn,
were constructed during the spring, affording a carriage drive of
nearly three miles, and an equal extent of foot walks, which rendered
Mount Auburn the most pleasant place of resort in the vicinity of the
capital, during the whole season. The visitors were numerous, be-
yond all expectation, who thronged the grounds until the close of
autumn.

Early in August the Garden and Cemetery Committee caused
other avenues to be laid out and constructed, and a road made on the
eastern side, which unites the highways on the south and north east,
and completes the line of centre comuninication with the main road
from Boston to Watertown, thus furnishing a new and most interest-
ing approach to the establishment, from Brighton, Brookline, Roxbury,
and other towns south of Charles River, as well as from the city.

80

Under the authority of the Horticultural Society, twenty-five acres
of land on the west have been purchased, making the whole quantity
over one hundred acres, now appropriated to the Cemetery and
Garden, which have been enclosed by a neat aud substantial fence
seven feet high. The main entrance has been embellished by an
Egyptian Gateway, twenty-five feet high, with lodues in imitation,
of small temples for the porter, and supermteiident, making the
entire front one hundred and ten feet, terminated by obelisks. The
plan of tho gate was taken from one of those in Thebes, described in
the great work of the French savans on Egypt.

The Experimental Garden, including an area of more than thirty
acres, has i)een laid out, and the paths ami avenues constructed, and
bordered with turf, so that the whole will be in readiness for cultivation,
and to be planted out with fruit and ornamental trees and shrubs,
next spring.

A cottage for the superintendent and gardener has been raised, and
will be finished, with the requisite offices, by the last of February.
The upper Garden Pond has been excavated, to a sufficient depth
to affiard a constant sheet of water, with a fall at the outlet of three
feet, and being embanked, avenues with a border of six feet, for
shrubs and flowers, have been made all round it. In the centre an
island has been formed, having a path on the margin, which is con-
nected with the avenue on the western side by a bridge twenty-four
feet in length, neatly railed and painted ; and another bridge of like
form and extent thrown over the outlet, which aifords a communica-
tion with the Cemetery ground by the way of the Indian Ridge Path.

A receiving tomb with walls formed of granite, and covered with
massive blocks of stone, and surmounted by a quadrangular tumulus,
covered with sods. The entrance is by a flight of stone steps, and
is secured with an iron Gothic door.

On the western side of Cypress Avenue, a public burial lot, ninety
feet long and twenty-four feet wide, has been laid out and surrounded
with an iron fence. Being divided into four compartments, by two
paths, crossing each other at right angles, it will afford sufficient
space for sixty sepulchres, for the accommodation of such persons as
do not own one of the large cemetery lots.

Arrangements have been made for excavating, to a greater depth,
Forest and Consecration-Dell Ponds, and surrounding them by em-
bellished pathways, like those of Garden-Pond, and for cleaning the
eastern portion of Garden and of Meadow Ponds, of bushes and weeds;
all which will be done during the winter, that season being the most
favorable for such work.

Mr. David Haggerston, of Charlestown, has been engaged as Su-
perintendent and Gardener of the Cemetery and Experimental Garden,
and will enter on his duties the first of March, when the Cottage will
be ready for his reception ; and from his known intelligence, skill,
and taste, in the cultivation of trees, and plants of all kinds, we have
the fullest confidence, that our labors, the next season, will be com-
menced under the most favorable auspices.

A number of superb marble and granite monuments, some of
them fifteen feet high, have been erected; many lots are surrounded
by beautiful iron fences, or prepared for planting out trees, shrubs, and
flowers, the next year ; while several tombs of superior construction
have been made.

81

But a little more than a year has elapsed since the purchase of the
land, and the various works were commenced ; and the result is much
more favorable than the most sanguine anticipated, leaving no doubt
of a successful and speedy accomplishment of the entire plan.

As some general system was considered necessary, as to the mode
of constructing tombs, enclosing the lots, and ornamenting them with
trees, shrubs, and flowers, the Garden and Cemetery Committee have
considered it expedient to submit the following remarks to the con-
sideration of the numerous proprietors, with the hope that they may be
favorably received.

SUGGESTIONS

AS TO THE MANNER OF LAYING OUT AND IMPROVING THE CEMETERY
LOTS, AT MOUNT AUBURN.

As various modes of interment and of embellishing the lots may
be projected, by the several owners, it is very desirable that such only
should be adopted, as will ultimately be most satisfactory to each
proprietor, and produce the best general effect, as connected with the
character and design of the whole establishment.

MODE OF INTERMENT.

The interments will be either in graves or tombs. Graves may be
made in the common manner, or, if it is thought desirable, they may
be so constructed as to possess most of the advantages of tombs,
while many of the objections to them are avoided. The grave having
been dug, a receptacle for the coffin may be formed, by surrounding
the sides and ends with a wall of bricks, laid in mortar, one course
thick and about a foot high. At the bottom, across each end, and in
the middle, supports should be formed of bricks, one course wide and
two thick, for the coffin ; and after it has been deposited, an arch is to
be turned over it, of the same thickness as the walls. By adopting
this method, the earth will not come in contact with the coffin, while
it will be rendered more secure, and when other graves are dug near
it, will remain undisturbed. The expense will be small, and the work
can be executed in a few hours.

If tombs are preferred, it is important that no part of them should
appear above the surlace of the ground ; and to accomplish this, the
excavation, where the lot is level, should be at least ten feet deep,
and, by covering the tomb with slabs of granite, there will be left a
space of two feet in depth, which can be filled with loam, and the
surface of the lot made again level, with the border in front, in which
plants, such as are proper to be cultivated within the area of tlie lot,
will have ample room to extend their roots. In the centre of the lot,'
a foundation being laid on the top of the stone slabs, a monument
can be erected, on the sides of which the names of the persons in-
terred may, if it is thought proper, he inscribed. The entrance is ta
be in front of the tomb by a flight of stone steps, and to be covered
with a thin, flat stone, that may be readily removed. A perpendicular
iron door, at the bottom of the steps, secured by a lock, will render
the entrance perfectly secure. Tombs, of this construction, have been
taithfully and neatly built, by Mr. Savage, for two proprietors of lots.

u

82

on Beech Avenue, whicli are excellent models of this mode of con-
struction.

If the lot is on the side of a hill, which slopes to the rear, it should
be made level by the earth, thrown out of the excavation for the tomb,
and the exterior side covered with sods, on a slope of at least forty-
five degrees. If the hill slopes towards the aveni-e, the mode oi' con-
struction must be reversed. In the former, the entrance is to be at
top in front, as in the first described tomb, and in the latter at top, in
the rear. This mode of construction, on hill sides, effectually conceals
the masonry, and the appearance of perpendicular openings is avoided,
which are offensive to good taste, unless the construction of the whole
work is of a highly ornamental and expensive character. If the monu-
ment and tomb are combined in a structure covering a large portion
of the lot, such as a temple, portico, mausoleum, or massive sar-
cophagus, like some of those which embellish the cemetery of Pere Le
Chaise, the entrance must necessarily be in one of the facades ; but
from the character of such monuments the portals are often the most
ornamental portions of the structure.

When the monuments consist of slabs, they should be placed hori-
zonlnlly on the ground, and never be raised in a perpendicular di-
rection, as is commonly the case in our chnrch-yards ; for they
would not harmonize with the natural and artificial beauties of a rural
cemetery, but give a gloomy aspect to the scenery, which is intended
to banish the cheerless associations, connected with the burial-places
of our cities and country towns. At Mount Auburn, the dead will
be ever in the midst of the living, as their place of interment will be
the resort of many visitors, who admire the magnificence of natural
scenery, combined with all the embellishments of tasteful gardening.
It is therefore of the first consequence, that such sacred grounds should
be rendered " pleasant, though mournful to the soul."

MODF. OF LAYING OUT AND EMBELLISHTNG THE LOTS.

In the attempt to improve the appearance of the lots, by enclosures
and cultivation, it should be constantly borne in mind, that they are
very small com))artraents in the midst of an extensive grove, and to
give tliem identity and beauty, the whole of their areas must be lefl
open and unincumbered. They cannot be planted with trees or
shrubs, and if surrounded by hedges, they will present, in a very few
years, a tangled mass of weeds and bushes. We must recollect that
they are to exist for ages ; and our eflxjrt shoidd be, to render their
appearance perpetually interesting, with the least possible attention,
after being once put in the best condition, for present and future effect.

Hedges, used as inclosures, will disappoint expectation, and require
to be entirely eradicated after a few years, if even for a short time
they should have a pleasing effect, when young, healthy, vigorous,
and well managed. They are only proper for extensive grounds, farms,
or large gardens, embracing some ten or twenty acres, or for long
lines of circumvallation, which are to be seen at a distance, in which
the imperfections, occasioned by insects and the ravages of time, are
lost in the persfioctive, but should never be employed to surround a
mere parterre, a buisson of roses, or a bed of hyacinths. To look
even beautiful, hedges, of all kinds, require constant attention ; they
must be kept clear of weeds, and be pruned and clipped several

83

times in the course of the season of vegetation, and this, too, by
a skilful Jiand. Edgings for such limited compartments as the
Cemetery lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping
with their size and character ; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy
rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used ;
and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed
location, these would constitute no barrier. Hedges of hawthorn,
holly, the tripple-thorned acacia, pyracantha, or cedar, or any other
naturally tall plant, would, if kept even tolerably well trimmed and
cultivated, become so much filled with wood as to present a mass of
branches, with but little verdure, save on the evergreens, while the
whole ground would be filled with roots ; besides, the whole area of
the lots and the monuments would be so screened from observation, as
to render them invisible from the avenues and distant points of view,
when the latter, at least, should be exposed from its base to its summit,
and to accomplish this the space must remain open, or only be enclosed
by the lightest constructed trellis, formed with iron posts and delicate
pales, or small stone or iron posts and chains.

As the proprietors of lots have a right to a foot of land beyond the
prescribed bounds, for a fence, there will be an area seventeen feet
wide and twenty-two feet in length to be improved. The length of
the lot, however, is to extend the twenty-two feet from the edge of
the strip of land, six feet wide, reserved, for the borders of the avenues
and paths, when the end fronts upon tliem ; but where the lots are so
laid out, as that the length is parallel thereto, the seventeen feet in
width will be outside of the six feet l)order.

Having equalized the surface of the lot, but leaving it any desired
declivity or acclivity, aci-ording as it may be located, on a hill-side,
that descends or rises from the avenue or pathway, it should be cov-
ered with turf laid down even and compact, leaving an open space,
one foot from the exterior edges, and two feet wide, all round, in which
bulbous and other perennial flowers may be planted, and so arranged,
in conformity to their periods of floration, as to present a constant
succession of blossoms, until the commencement of winter ; or, as a
less expensive mode, a verge of turf, one foot wide, may be laid round
the lot, and the area within sown with grass- seed, and the whole may
be thus rendered verdant in a few weeks. For this purpose red-top
grass should be alone cultivated, as it forms the most compact, tenacious,
and beautiful turf. Red clover, being a biennial plant, should not be
introduced, and the other grasses do not send out so many offsets
and roots as the red-top, and never produce so fine an effect, even
when managed in the best manner. To insure a perpetual green,
smooth, and pleasing surfuce, the grass should be cut every two or
three weeks ; and the oftener this is done the better ; for if neglected,
the tall grass loses its deep verdure, and when cut down, tlic surface
of the ground, having been long shaded, will appear seared like a
stubble-field. The wliole secret of keeping turf always green is,
tlie frequent cutting of the grass ; it can be done in no other way. In
England, so celebrated for the spacious and superb lawns, verdant
0,venues, and velvet walks, which eroljellish the country seats and
rural cottages of that nation of gardens, the grass is mowed, and
the turf rolled every fifth or tenth day, and even more often where
the best possible effect is desired.

84

The space of two feet in widtli, one foot from the edges of the lot
intended for flowers, should be trenched two feet deep, and filled
with loam and manure, taking care to rake out all the stones ; for
balhs require a light and rich soil.

There being a border six feet wide in front of the lots, and a
space of at least six feet between them, and a still greater one in the
rear, these can be planted with ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers,
which will be sufficient for all the purposes of shade and embellish-
ment ; and where there are deciduous forest trees now growing in
the immediate vicinity, especially if of a large size, it will not be proper
to multiply them, lest the lots be too much overshadowed and ob-
scured ; neither should the shrubs be numerous. The general appear-
ance of the whole grounds, should be that of a well-managed park,
and the lots only so far ornamented with shrubs and flowers, as to
constitute rich borders to the avenues and pathways, without giving
to them the aspect of a dense and wild coppice, or a neglected gar-
den, whose trees and plants have so multiplied and interlaced their
roots and branches, as to completely destroy all that airinesss, grace,
and luxuriance of growth, which good taste demands.

As the list of ornamental shrubs and plants, suitable for the decora-
tion of lots and avenues, would be too extensive for this publication,
the proprietors of lots Avill do well to consult an experienced gardener
or nursery-man, in reference to the species which are best suited to
particular soils, and which will secure a succession of flowers through-
out the season. Messrs. Winships of Brighton, Mr. Carter at the
Botanic Garden, or Mr. Haggerston on the premises, can give the
requisite information, and, in most cases, furnish the plants desired.
For the Committee,

H. A. S. DEARBORN,
President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

PROCEEDINGS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

AT A MEETING HELD AT THE HALL OF THE INSTITUTION,
ON SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1832.

THE FOLLOWING OFFICEES WERE ELECTED FOR THE ENSUING YEAR
PRESIDENT.

HENRY A. S. DEARBORN, Roxhimj.

VICE-PRESIDENTS,

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Dorchester.
JOHN C. GRAY, Boston.
ENOCH BARTLETT, Roxbury.
ELIAS PHINNEY, Lexington.

TREASURER.

CHEEVER NEWHALL, Boston.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

JACOB BIGELOW, M. D. Boston.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT L. EMMONS, Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, Brookline.
THOMAS BREWER, Roxbury.
HENRY A. BREED, Lj/nn.
BENJAMIN W. CROWNINSHIELD, S,ihm.
J. G. COGSWELL, .Yoiihampton.
NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, Milton.
B. HERSEY DERBY, Salem.

86

SAMUEL DOWNER, Dorchester.
OLIVER FISKE, Worcester.
B. V. FRENCH, Boston.
J. M. GOrJRGAS, Weston.
T. \V. HARRIS, C.tmbridge.
SAMUEL JACQUES, Jr. Charlestown.
JOSEPH Cr. JOY, Boston.
WILLIAM KENRICK, J^ewton.
JOHN LEMIST, Ro.vhun/.
S. A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.
E. M. RICHARDS, Dedhani.
BENJA1\HN RODMAN, Mew-Bedford.
JOIJN D. RUSSELL, Boston.
CHARLES SENIOR, Ro.ilmnj.
WILLIAM H. SUMNER, Dorchester.
CHARLES TAPPAN, Boston.
JACOB TIDD, Roxhvry.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.
ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.
AARON i:). WILLIAMS, Roxhury.
J. W. WEBSTJ';R, Cambridge.
GEORGE W. PRATT, Boston.
GEORGE W. BRIMMER, Boston.
DAVID HAGGERSTON, Charlestown.
CHARLES LAWRENCE, Sdtm.

PROFESSOU OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

MALTHUS A. WARD, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

87

STANDING COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE COUNCIL.

I.

ON FRUIT TREES, FRUITS, &C.

To have charge of whatever relates to the multiplication of fruit
trees and vines, by seed, scions, buds, layers, suckers, or other modes;
the introduction of new varieties ; the various methods of pruning and
training them, and whatever relates to their culture, and that of all
other fruits ; the recommendation of objects for premiums, and the
awarding of them.

E. VOSE, Chairmnn.

SAMUI<:L DOWNER,

OLIVER FISKE,

ROC CRT MANNING,

CflARLES SENIOR,

WILLIAM KEN RICK,

E. M. RICHARDS,

B. V. FRENCH,

S. A. SHURTLEFF.

II.

ON THF. CULTURE AND PRODUCTS OF THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

To have the charge of Avhatever relates to the location and man-
agement of Kitchen Gardens ; the cultivation of all plants appertaininc-
thereto ; the introduction of new varieties of esculent, medicinal, and
all such vegetables as are useful in the arts or are subservient to
other branches of national industry ; the structure and management
of hot-beds ; the recommendation of objects for premiums, and the
awarding of them.

DANIEL CHANDLER, Chairman.
JACOR TIDD,
AARON D. WILLIAMS,
JOHN B. RUSSELL,
LEONARD STONE,
NATHANIEL DAVENPORT.

in.

ON ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, AND GREEN-HOUSES.

To have charge of whatever relates to the culture, multiplication,
and preservation of ornamental trees and shrubs, and flowers of all
kinds ; the construction and management of green-honses, the recom-
mendation of objects for premiums, and the awarding of them.

JONATHAN WINSHIP, Chairman.
JOSEPH G. JOY,
DAVID HAGGERSTON,
GEORGE W. PRATT,
SAMUEL WALKER.

88
IV.

ON THE LIBRARY.

To have charge of all books, drawings, and engravings, and to
recommend from time to time such as it may be deemed expedient to
procure ; to superintend the publication of such communications and
papers as may be directed by the Council ; to recommend premiums
for drawings of fruits and flowers, and plans of country houses, and
other edifices and structures connected with horticulture ; and for
communications on any subject in relation thereto.

H. A. S. DEARBORN, Chairman.

JOHN C. GRAY,

JACOB BIGELOW,

T. W. HARRIS,

E. H. DERBY,

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

V.

ON THE SYNONYMS OF FRUITS.

At a meeting of the Society, June 20, the following gentlemen
were chosen a Committee to facilitate an exchange of fruits with the-
Philadelphia, New York, and Albany Horticultural Societies, and
others, for the purpose of establishing their synonyms.

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman.

ROBERT MANNING,

SAMUEL DOWNER.

VI.

ON THE GARDEN AND CEMETERY.

JOSEPH STORY, Chairman.
H. A. S. DEARBORN,
JACOB BIGELOW,
G. W. BRLMMER,
GEORGE BOND,
EDWARD EVERETT,
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
B. A. GOULD,
G. W. PRATT.

VIL

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Chairman,
G. W. PRATT,
CHEEVER NEWHALL,
CHARLES TAPPAN,
JOSEPH P. BKADLEE.

MEMBERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Aspinwall, Augustus, Brookline.
Ames, John W., Dedhnm.
An Irewi?, Jolin H., Snlein.
Andrews, Kbenezer T., Boston.
Anthony, James, Providence.
Aflarns, Samuel, Milton.
Andrews, Ferdinand, Lancaster.
Atkinson, Amos, Brookline.
Adams, Daniel, JVavhury.
Adams, Abel, Boston.
Adams, Benjamin, Boston.
Adams, C. Frederic, "
Adams, Z.B, "

Appleton, Nathan, "
Appleton, Samuel, "
Austin, James T., "
Austin, William, Charlestoivn.
Austin, E. G., Boston-
Adams, Charles F., Quincy.

Bartlett, Enoch, Roxbury.
Brewer, Thomas, "
Brimmer, George W., Boston.
Bradlee, Joseph P., "

Breed, Ebenezer, "

Breed, Henry A., Lynn.
Bigelow, Jacob, Boston.
Baldwin, Enoch, Dorchester.
Breed, John, Charlestown.
Breed Andrews, Lynn.
Bailey, Kendall, Charlestown.
Balhird, Joseph, Boston.
Brewer Gardner, "
Brown, James, JVest Camhridge.
Bartlett, Edmund, Meivburyport.
Buckminster, Lavvson, Framingham.
Buckminster, Edward F., "
Breck, Joseph, Pepperell.
Badlam, Stephen, Boston.
Bradford, Samuel H., "
Bailey, Ebenezer, "

12

Bangs, Edward D., Boston.
Bowdoin, James, "

Balch, Joseph, Roxbury.
Bond, George, Boston.
Bacon, S. N.,

Billings, Joseph H., Roxbury
Barnard, Charles, Boston.
Brown, Charles, "
Brown, Jonas B., "
Bussey, Benjamin, Roxbury.
Bradlee, Joseph P., Boston.
Baker, Joseph, "

Buckingham, Joseph T., "
Buckingham, Edwin, "
Boyd, James, "

I'rown, John, "

Brigham, Levi, "

Blake, Joshua, "

Brigham, Dennis, "

Bird, Jesse, "

Bryant, John, "

BuUard, Silas, "

Burridge, Martin, Medford.
Bond, George W., Boston.

Cook, Zebedee, Jr., Boston.
Codman, John, Dorchester.
Cunningham, J. A., "
Clapp, Nathaniel, "
Coolidge, Joseph, Boston.
Cordis, Thomas, "

Copeland, B. F., Roxbury.
Cogswell, J. G., JVorthampton.
Champney, John, Roxbury.
Cowing, Cornelius, "
Chandler, Daniel, Lexington.
Callander, Joseph, Boston.
Chase, Hezekiah, Lynn.
Clapp, John, South-Reading.
Carter, Horatio, Lancaster.
Colman, Henry, Salem.

90

Carncs, Nathaniel G., JVew York.
Curtis, Eihvartl, PeppcrelL
Chandler, Samuel, JLixiiiirton.
Capen, Aaron, Dorchester.
Crowninsliiekl, Benjamin W., Snlem.
Cotting, William, ff'est-Cainbridge.
Cabot, Samuel, Brookline.
Coffin, Hector, Rock Farm, Mwhwy
Curtis, Nathaniel, Roxhurij.
Clapp, Isaac, Dorchesler.
Crafts, Ebenezer, Roxhury.
Curtis, Charles P., Boston.
Curtis, Thomas B., "

Coolidge, Samuel F., "

Carey, Alpheus, "

Coffin, George VV., "

Channing, George G., " _

Craigie, Mrs. E., Cambridge.

Coolidge, Joshua, IVatertown.

Cobb, Elijah, Boston.

Cowing, llovvland, Jr., Roxhury.

Dearborn, H. A. S., Roxhury.
Davis, Isaac P., Boston.
Downer, Samuel, Dorchester.
Dowse, Thomas, Cambridge.
Dudley, David, Roxbury.
Doggett, John, Boston.
Drew, Daniel, "

Derby, John, Salem.
Davenport, Nathaniel, Milton.
Davis, Charles, Roxhury.
Dorr, Nathaniel, "
Dodge, Pickering, Salem.
Dean, William, "

Derby, E. H.,

Dodge, Pickering, Jr., Salem.

Davis, John B., Boston.

Driver, Stephen, Jr., Salem.

Davis, John, Boston.

Davis, Daniel, "

Dutton, Warren, "

Denny, Daniel, "

Davis, James, "

Dickson, James A., "

Derby, Richard C, "

Darracott, George, "

Emmons, Robert L., Boston.
Everett, Edward, Charlestown.
Eustis, James, South-Rtading.
Ellis, Charles, Roxhury.
Edwards, Elisha, Springfield.
Eager, William, Boston.

Endicott, William P., Danvers.
li^verett, Alexander H., Boston.
Eckley, David, "

French, Benjamin V., Boston.
Fessenden, Thomas G., "

Frotliiiigham, Samuel, "
, Forrester, John, Salem.

Fiske, Oliver, Worcester.

Fosdick, David, Charlestown.

Fletcher, Richard, Boston.

Field, Joseph, IVeston.

Fitch, Jeremiah, Boston.

Francis, J. B., Warwick, R. I.

Freeman, Russell, JS'cw- Bedford.

Fay, Samuel P. P., Cambridge.

Farrar, Joiin, "

Farley, Robert, Boston.

Folsom Charles, Cambridge.

Fisk, Benjamin, Boston.

Fuller, H. H.,

Foster, E. B., "

Faxon, Nathaniel, Boston.

Gray, John C, Boston.
Gray, Francis C, "
Greenleaf, Thomas, Quincy.
Gourgas, J. M., JVeston.
Green, Charles VV., Roxhury.
Gore, Watson, "

Gannett, T. B., Cambridge.
Gould, Daniel, Reading.
Gardner, W. F., Salem.
Gardner, Joshua, Dorchester.
Goodale, Ephranii, Bucksport. Me.
Goodwin, Thomas J., Charlestown,
Guild, Benjamin, Boston.
Gibbs, Benjamin, "

Grant, Benjamin B., "
Gould, Benjamin A., "
Grant, B. B., "

Harris, Samuel D., Boston.
Huntington, Joseph, Roxhury.
Haskins, Ralph, "

Huntington, Ralph, Boston.
Heard, John, Jr., "

Hill, Jeremiah, "

Hollingsworth, Mark, Milton.
Harris, William T., Cambridge.
Holbrook, Amos, Milton.
Ilowe, Rufus, Dorchesler.
Hayden, John, Brookline.
Hyslop, David, "

91

Howes, Frederick, Salem.
Hairgerston, David, Cambridge.
Hunt, Ebenezer, JVorthampton.
Howliind, John, Jr., JVtw- Bedford.
Hayward, George, Boston.
Hifirinson, Henry, "
Hall, Dudley, Med/ord.
Hartshorn, Eliphalet P., Boston.
Hou,f,rhton, Abel, Jr., Lynn.
Hovey, P. B., Jr., Cambridge.
Hurd, William, Charlestoivn.
Howe, Hall J., Boston.
Haskell, Eiisha, "
Hickling. Charles, "
Hicks, Zacliariah, "
Howard, Abraham, "
Hastings, Thomas, "
Hastings, Oliver, Cambridge.
Hosmer, Z., "

Henchman, D., Boston.
Hobart, Enoch, "
Howe, S. L., Cambridge.
Hodges, J. It., Taunton.
Hedge, Isaac L., Plymouth.

Ives, John M., Salem.
Inches, Henderson, Boston.
Ingalls, William, "

Jacques, Samuel, Jr., Charlestown.
Joy, Joseph G., Boston.
Joy, Joseph B., "
Jones, Thomas K., Roxburjj.
Johnson, Samuel R., Charlestown.
Jackson, Patrick T., Boston.
Jackson, James, "

Johonnot, George S , Salem.
Jarves, Deming, Boston.
Jackson, C. T., "
Johnson, Otis, Savannah, Ga.

Kenrick, William, JVeivton.
Kellie, William, Boston.
King, John, Medfurd.
Kidder, Samuel, Charlestown.
Kuhn, George H., Boston.
Kendall, Abel, Jr. "

Kenrick, John A., JVetvlon.

Lincoln, Levi, Worcester.
Lincoln, William, "
Lowell, John, Roxbury.
Lee, Thomas, Jr., "
Lewis, Henry, "

Lemist, John, Roxbury.
Lyman, Theodore, Jr. Boston.
Lowell, John A., "

Lawrence, Abbott, "

Lyman, George W., "

Lawrence, Charles, Salem.
Little, Henry, Bucksport, Me.
Lolan; , Daniel, Sherbu7-ne.
Leland, J. P., "

Little, Samuel, Bucksport, Me.
Leonard, Thomas, Salem.
Lawrence, William, Boston.
Lawrence, Amos, "

Livermore, Isaac, Cambridge.
Loring, Josiah, Boston.
Lowell, Charles, "
Lamson, John, "

Lynde, Seth S,, "
Lowell, Francis C.,' "
Loring, Henry, "

Lienow, Henry, "
Loring, W. J., "

Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manners, George, Boston.
Minns, Thomas, "

Morrell, Ambrose, Lexington.
Munroe, Jonas, "

Mussey, Benjamin, Boston.
Mills, James K., "

M'Carthy, Edward, Biighton.
Mackay, John, Boston.
Mead, Isaac W., Charlestown.
AJearl, Samuel O., West- Cambridge.
MofFatt, J. L., Boston.
Melville, Thomas, Boston.
Mc Lellan, Isaac, "
Merry, Robert D. C, "

Newhall, Cheever, Dorchester.
Nicholas, Otis, "

Nuttall, Thomas, Cambridge.
Newell, Joseph R., Boston.
Newhall, Josiah, Lynnfield.
Newman, Henry, Roxbury.
Nicholson, Henry, Brookline.
Newell, Joseph W., Charlestown.

Otis, Harrison G., Boston.
Oliver, Francis J., "
Oliver, William, JDorchester.
Oxnard, Henry, Brookline.

Perkins, Thomas H. Boston.

92

Perkins, Samuel G. Boston.
Parsons, Tlieophilus, "
Putnam, Jesse, "

Pratt, George W., "

Prescott, William, "

Penniman, Elisha, Brookline.
Parsons, Gorham, Brighton.
Pettee, Otis, A'eJt^/o/i.
Prince, John, Roxbui-rj.
Pliinney, tllias, Lexington.
Prince, Jolm, Jr., Salem.
Peabody, Francis, "
Pickman, Benjamin T., Boston.
Penniman, James, Dorchester.
Poor, Benjamin. JVew York.
Perry, G. B., East-Bradford.
Perry, John, Sherbur7ie.
Pond, Samuel, Cambridge.
Payne, Edward W., Boston.
Paine, Robert Treat, "
Pond, Samuel M., Bucksport, Me.
Prescott, C. H., Cornwatlis, JV. S.
Parker, Daniel P., Boston.
Pratt, William, Jr., "
Priest, John F., "

Philbrick, Samuel, Brookline.
Parker, Thomas, Dorchester.
Parker, Isaac, Boston.
Parkinson, John, Roxbury.
Phillips, S. C. Salem.
Pool, Ward, Danvers.
Pierpont, John, Boston.
Perkins, T. H. Jr., Boston.
Parkman, Francis, "
Pond, S:iniuel, Jr., "
Payne, W. E., "

Preston, John, "

Quincy, Josiali, Cambridge.

Russell, John B., Boston.

Bobbins, E. IT. "

Rollins, William, "

Rice, John P., «

Rice, Henry, "

Russell, J. \V., Roxbiuy.

Read, James, "

Robbins, P. G., "

Rollins, Ebenezer, Boston.

Rowe, Joseph, Milton.

Rogers, R. S , Salem.

Rodman, Benjamin, JVew Bedford,

Retell, Francis, "

Rotch, William, "

Richardson, Nathan, South- Reading

Rand, Edward S., JVeioburjjport.

Richards, Kdward M., Deiiham.

Randall, John, Boston.

Russell, J. L , Salem.

Russell, James, Boston.

Raymond, E A., "

Robinson, Henry, "

Russell, George, M D., Lincoln.

Rogerson, Robert, Boston.

Shurtleff, Benjamin, Boston.

Sears, David, "

Stephens, Isaac, "

Silsby, Enoch, "

Storer, D. Humphreys, "
Sullivan, Richard, Brookline.
Seaver, Nathaniel, Roxbury.
Senior, Charles, "

Sumner, William H., Dorchester.
Swett, John, "

Sharp, Edward, "

Smith, Cyrus, Sandwich.
Sutton, William, Jr., Danvers.
Story, F. H., Salem.
Stedman, Josiah, JVeivton.
Strong, Joseph, Jr., South- Hadley.
Stearns, Charles, Springfeld.
Shurtleff, Samuel A., Boston.
Springer, John, Sleriiiig.
Saltonstail, Leverett, Salem.
Storrs, Nathaniel, Boston.
Shaw, Lemuel, "

Smith, J. M., "

Sisson, Freeborn, Warren, R. I.
Swift, Henry, JVantucket.
Smith, Stephen H., Providence, R. I.
Swan, Daniel, Medford.
Stone, Leonard, IVatertown.
Stone, William, "

Stone, Isaac, "

Story, Joseph, Cambridge.
Shattuck, George C, Boston.
Stanwood, William, "

Stanwood, David, "

Sargent, L. M., "

Stone, Henry B., "

Simmons, D. A., Roxbury.
Savage, James S., Boston.
Shaw, Kobert G.,
Sparks, Jared, "

Savage, James, "

Stone, P. R. L., " ^

Stearns, Asahel, Cambridge.

93

Stone, David, Boston.
Staples, Isaac, "
Sliaw, C. B., "

Skinner, Francis, "

Tappan, Charles, Brookline.
Tidd, Jacob, Roxhunj.
Thompson, George, Medford.
Train, Samuel, "

Thorndike, Israel, Boston.
Thwing, Supply C, Roihiiry.
Tucker, Richard D., Boston.
Tilden, Joseph, "

Toothey, Roderick, Waltham.
Thomas, Benjamin, Hingham.
Trull, Jolin W., Boston.
Taylor, Charles, Dorchester.
Tudor, Frederic, Boston.
Thayer, J. H., "

Thachrr, Peter O., "
Tremlett, Thomas B., Dorchester.

Vose, Elijah, Dorchester.
Vila, James, Boston.

Williams, Neliemiah D., Roxhury.
Williams, Francis J., Boston.
Wilder, M. P., "

Williams, Aaron D., Roxbury.
Williams, Moses, "

Williams, G., "

Weld, Benjamin, "

Worthington, William, Dorchester.
Welles, John, "

Wales, William, "

Webster, J. VV., Cambridge.

White, Abijah, Watertoicn.
Williams. Samuel G., Boston.
Wight, Ebenezer, "

Wyatt, Robert, "

Winship, Jonathan, Brighton.
Wilkinson, iSimon, Boston.
Wilder, S. V. S., Bolton.
Waldo, Daniel, Worcester.
Wyeth, Nathaniel J., Cambridge.
West, Thomas, Haverhill.
Willard. Joseph, Boston.
Whitmarsh, Samuel, JVorthampton..
Whitmarsh, Thomas, Brookline.
Warren, Jonathan, Jr., JVeston.
Webster, Nathan, Hnverhill.
Wilson, John, Roxhury.
White, Stephen, Boston.
Ward, Malthus A., Salem.
Webster, Daniel, Boston.
Ward, Richard, Roxbury.
Weld, Aaron D., Jr., Boston.
Walker, Samuel, Roxbury.
Wells, Cliarles, Boston.
Whitwell, Samuel, "
White, Benjamin F. "
Wiley, Thomas, JVatertoton.
Wales, Thomas B., Boston.
Wyman, Rufus, Charlestown.
Ware, Henry, Cnmbridge.
Waterhou^e, Benjamin, Cambridge.
Winship, Francis, Brighton.
Weld, James, Boston.
Whittemore, George, Boston.
Willet, Thomas, Charlestown.
Wolcott, Edward, Pawtucket.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

ADAMS, Hon. JOHN QUINCY, late President of the United States.

AITON, WILLIAM TOWNSEND, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

ABBOT, JOHN, Esq., Brunswick, Me.

ABBOT, BENJAMIN, LL. D., Principal of Phillips Academy, Exeter,
New-Hampshire.

BUEfy, J. Esq., President of the Albany Horticultural Society.

BODIN, Lf, Chevalieii SOULANGE, Secretaire-General de la Society
d'Horticulture de Paris.

BANCROFT, EDWARD NATHANIEL, M. D., President of the Hor-
ticultural and Acjricultural Society of Jamaica.

BARCLAY, ROBERT, Esq., Great Britain.

BEEKMAN, JAMES, New- York.

94

BARBOUR, P. P., Virginia.

COXK, WILLIAM, Esq., Burlington, New Jersey.
COLLINS, ZACCIIEU^;, Esq., President of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Fhiliidelphiii.
COFFIN, Admiral Sir ISAAC, Great Britain.
CHAUNCY, ISAAC, United States Navy, Brooklyn, New York.
BLAPIER, LEWIS, Philadelphia.
DICKSON, JAMES, Esq., Vice-President of the London Horticultural

Society. „ „ „

DE CANUOLLE, Mons. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS, Professor of Bota-
ny in the Academy of Geneva.
De La SAGRA, Don RAMON, Cuba.
ELLIOTT, Ho.\. STEPHEN, Charleston, S. C.
EVERETT, HORACE, Vermont.

EVANSON, CHARLES ALLAN, Secretary of King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John's, New-Brunswick.
FALDERMANN, F., Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Pe-
tersburg.
FISCHER, Dr., Professor of Botany, of the Imperial Botanic Garden at

St. Petersburg.
GREIG, JOHN, Esq., Geneva, President of the Domestic Horticultural

Society of the Western Part of the State of New York.
GORE, Mrs. REBECCA, Waltham.
GRIFFITHS, Mrs. MARY, Charlies Hope, New Jersey.
GIRARD, STEPHEN, Philadelphia.
GIBBS, GEORGE, Sunswick, New- York.
HeRICART de THURY, Le VicoMTE, President de la Societe

d'Horliculture de Paris.
HOSACK, DAVID, M. D., President of the New York Horticultural
Society. ^_ . . ,

HOPKIRK, THOMAS, Esq., President of the Glasgow Horticultural

Society.
HUNT, LEWIS, Esq., Huntsburg, Ohio.
HILDRKTH, S. P., Marietta, Ohio.
INGERSOLL, JAMES R., President of the Horticultural Society of

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United States.
JOHONNOT, Mrs. MARTHA, Salem.

KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW, Esq., President of the London Hor-
ticultural Society.
LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, Great Britain.
LA FAYETTE, General, La Grange, France.
LASTEYRIE, Le Comte de, Vice-President de la Soci^fe d'HorticuI-

ture de Paris.
LITCHFIELD, FRANKLIN, Consul of the United States at Porto

Cabello.
LORRILLaRD, JACOB, President of tlie New York Horticultural So-
ciety, New York.
LON(JSTRETH, JOSHUA, Philadelphia.

LONGWORTH, NICHOLAS, Cincinnati. _ .

MADISON, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.
MONROE, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.
MICHAUX, MoNs. F. ANDREW, Paris.
MENTENS, LEWIS JOHN, Esq., Bruxelles.

95

MITCHILL, SAMUEL L., M. D., New York.

MOSSELLMANN, . Esq., Antwerp.

MERCEK, Hon. CHARLEa F., Virginia.

POITEAU, Professor of the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

POWELL, JOHN HARE, Powellton, Pennsylvania.

PRINCE, WILLIAM, Esq., Long Island, New YorL

PRATT, HENRY, Philadelphia.

PALMER, JOHN, Esq., Calcutta.

ROSEBERRY, ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of, President of the Cale-
donian Horticultural Society.

SABINE, JOSEPH, Esq., Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.

SHEPHERD, JOHN, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.

SCOTT, Sir WALTER, Scotland.

SKINNER, JOHN S., Baltimore.

TURNER, JOHN, Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultural So-
ciety.

THACHER, JAMES, M. D., Plymouth.

THORBURN, GRANT, Esq., New York.

TALIAFERRO, JOHN, Virjiinia.

THOURS, M. Du Pktit, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institut Hor-
ticole de Fromont.

VILMORIN, MoNS. PIERRE PHILLIPPE ANDRE, Paris.

VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, Esq., Hallowell, Me.

VAN MONS, JEAN BAPTISTE, M. D., Brussels.

VAUGHAN, PETTY, Esq., London.

VAN RENSELLAER, STLPH LN, Albany.

VAN ZANDT. JOSEPH R., Albany.

VANDERBURG, FEDERAL, M. D., New York.

WELLRS, Hon. JOHN, Boston.

WILLICK, NATHANIEL, M. D., Curator of the Botanic Garden, Cal-
cutta.

WADSWORTH, JAMES, Geneseo, New York.

YATES, ASHTON, Esq., Liverpool.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

ADLTJM, JOHN, Georgretown, District of Columbia.
ASPINWALL, Col. THOMAS, United Slates Consul, London.
APPLETON, THOMAS, Esq., United States Consul, Leghorn.

ALPEY, .

AQUILAR, DON FRANCISCO, of Moldonoda, in the Banda Oriental,

Consul of the United States.
BARNETT, ISAAC COX, Esq., United States Consul, Paris.
BURTON, ALEXANDER, United States Consul, Cadiz.
BULL, E. W., Hartford, Connecticut.
CARR, ROBERT, Esq., Philadelphia.
COLVILLE, JAMES, Chelsea, England.
CARNES, FRANCIS G., Paris.
DEERING, JAMES, Portland, Me.

96

FLOY, MICHAEL, New York.

FOX, JOHN, Washing-ton, District of Columbia.

GARDINER, ROBERT H., Esq., Gardiner, Me.

GIBSON, ABRAHAM P., United States Consul, St. Petersburg.

GARDNER, BENJAMIN, United States Consul, Palermo.

HALL, CHARLES HiaNRY, Esq., New York.

HAY, JOHN, Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

HALSEY, ABRAHAM, Corresponding Secretary of the New York
Horticultural Society, New York.

HARRIS, Rev. T. M., D. D., Dorchester.

HUNTER, , Baltimore.

HOGG, THOMAS, New York.

HENRY, BERNARD, United States Consul, Gibraltar.

LANDRETH, DAVID, Jk., Esq., Corresponding Secretary of the Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Society.

LEONARD, E. S. H., M. D, Providence.

MAURY, JAMi-:S, Esq., late United States Consul, Liverpool.

MILLER, JOHN, M. D., tjecretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural
Society, J;im;iica.

MILLS, STEPHEN, Esq., Lonjr Island, New York.

MELVILLE, ALLAN, New York.

NEWHALL, HOKATIO, M. D., Galena, Illinois.

OFFLEY, DAVID, Esq., United States Consul, Smyrna.

OMBROSI, JAMES, United States Consul, Florence.

PARKER, JOHN, Esq., United States Consul, Amsterdam.

PAYSON, JOHN L., Esq, Messina.

PORTER. DAVID, \V;.sliin-ton.

PRINCE, VMLLIAM ROBERT. Esq., Long Island, New York.

PRINCE, ALFRED STRATTON, Long Island.

PERRY, M. C, United States Navy, Charlestown.

PALMER, JOHN J., New York.

ROGERS, W^ILLIAM S., United States Navy, Boston.

REYNOLDS, M. D., Schenectady, New York.

ROGERS, J. S., Hartford, Connecticut.

SHALER, WILLIAM, United States Consul General, Cuba.

SMITH, DANIEL D., Esq., Burlington, New Jersey.

SMITH, GIDEON B., Baltimore.

SHAW, WILLIAM, New York.

STRONG, JuDGR, Rochester, New York.

STEPHENS, THOMAS HOLDUP, United States Navy, Middletown,
Connecticut.

SMITH, CALEB R., Esq., New Jersey.

SPRAGUE, HORATIO, Gibraltar.

THORBUllN. GEORGE C, New York.

WILSON, WILLIAM, New York.

WINGATE, J. F.. Bath, Maine.

WINGATE, JOSHUA, Portland.

ADDRESS

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

AT THEIR

FIFTH ANNUAL FESTIVAL

SEPTEMBER 18, 1833.

BY ALEXANDER H. EVERETT.

PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE SOCIETY.

BOSTON:

PRINTED BY J. T. BUCKINGHAM.

M DCCC XXXIII.

ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the Horticultural Society : —

In attempting to address you on this occasion, I
have consulted my wish not to appear insensible to
the kindness of the request that brings me here, to a
greater extent, perhaps, than prudence would justify.
Though fully aware of the importance and attractive
character of the art which forms the object of your
institution, the nature of my pursuits through life has
been such as to deprive me of the opportunity of
obtaining more than a very limited acquaintance with
its details ; and in the absence of the resources of
imagination and eloquence which others might draw
upon to supply the want of actual knowledge, I must
throw myself, without reserve, on your indulgence.
Even the little practical information to which I might
pretend on the subject of fruits, flowers, and gardens,
relates chiefly to those that are found in other coun-
tries, where it has been my fortune to pass the
greater part of the mature period of my life, and may
not, perhaps, be applicable here. May I venture to
add, that there is one particular in which my experi-
ence, in regard to foreign fruits, diflers from that of

4

some preceding travelers ? The companions of UIjs-
ses, as we are told by Homer, found, somewhere on
the coast of Africa, a fruit which he calls the Lotus,
the taste of which was so delicious, that those who
had once eaten it lost the desire to return to their
native country, and remained for life among the
Lote-Eaters, who, it seems, derived their ])olitical
name from their favorite fruit. Critics and horticul-
turists are not agreed as to the precise fruit intended
in this passage. Whatever it may have been, it has
not been my fortune, in the course of my travels, to
taste it ; and I have generally found that the fruits
and flowers which pleased me best in other coun-
tries, were those which brought most vividly to mind
the recollection of my own.

Horticulture, in its simplest application, proposes
to improve the qualities of vegetables, flowers, and
fruits. In its higher departments, it assumes the
character of one of the elegant arts, and teaches the
disposition of grounds and gardens, whether intended
for the recreation of individuals, the ornament of
cities and palaces, or the repositories of the dead.
Permit me to say a few words upon each of these
divisions of the subject.

I. The first in order and in immediate practical
importance of the objects of Horticulture, is the im-
provement of the qualities of vegetables, fruits, and
flowers, including the introduction of new and valua-
ble varieties from foreign countries. " I am astonish-
ed," says an elegant French writer, " at the indiffer-
ence with which we regard the names and memories
of those who have naturalized among us the fruits

and flowers of other climates." The case was not the
same among the Romans. Plinj makes it his boast,
that of the eight sorts of cherries known at Rome in
his time, one was called the Flinian^ in honor of one
of the members of his family, who had brought it
into Italy. The other seven, also, bore the names of
the most distinguished families, including the Julian,
w hich was that of the Emperors. The first cherry-
trees w ere brought to Rome from Pontus, in Asia-
Minor, by Lucullus, after the defeat of Mithridates,
who was king of that country. In less than a cen-
tury, they had spread themselves over the whole of
Europe, — even into the then remote and barbarous
island of Britain. The distinguished naturalist to
whom I just alluded, also commemorates the good
fortune of Pompey the Great, and the Emperor Ves-
pasian, in having carried, in their triumphant entries
into Rome, on their return from their campaigns in
Syria, the Ebony-tree and the Balm of Gilead.

Modern nations have not, however, been entirely
regardless of the services of eminent individuals in
this particular. France herself bestowed upon one
species of the same fruit, w hich bore, in ancient times,
the names of Csesar and Pliny, the scarcely less illus-
trious one of Montmorency. She also gave to our " fra-
grant weed" its scientific appellation of Nicotiana,
in honor of Nicot, her Ambassador in Portugal, who
is supposed, in France at least, to have introduced it
into Europe, although the merit is attributed, in En-
gland, to Sir Walter Raleigh. Her w-riters have
gratefully recorded the service rendered to the West
of Europe by Busbeck, an Austrian Ambassador at

Constantinople, who brouglit home with him from
his embassy, the Lihic, one of the most beautiful of
our flowering shrubs. Of late years it has even be-
come common to designate the most curious and
beautiful sorts of non-descript plants, as they are
discovered, by the name of the discoverer or that of
some other person of high scientific fame. Thus the
laurel of our woods has obtained its scientific name of
Kalmia, from the Swedish naturalist, Kalm ; while
his countryman, Dahl, has furnished one to the plant,
whose brilliant and various flowers, though so re-
cently naturalized among us, already adorn all our
gardens, and contribute so much to the beauty of
your exhibitions.

In the culture of flowers, the Dutch have per-
haps excelled all other nations. Their taste is, how-
ever, somewhat limited in its objects, and confines
itself almost exclusively to the tulip, the rose, and
the hyacinth. The rage for tulips, that prevailed at
one time in that country, and the extravagant height
to which the conventional value of particular varieties
was carried, are well known. A pressure in the tulip
market was then nearly as serious a thing in Holland
as a pressure in the money market is in this country
at the present day. Although the taste for flowers
no longer exists to the same degree as it once did
in Holland, that country is still tin; place where they
are most extensively cultivated, and whence they are
sent as articles of merchandize to all parts of the
world. The principal tulip and hyacinth gardens are at
Haarlem. The largest that I saw there contained not
less than three or four acres of ground, and was really

a brilliant spectacle. The principal rose-gardens are
at Nordwyck, on the German Ocean. In the tulip
gardens every variety has its name, derived commonly
from some great political character, and has its fixed
price in the florist's catalogue. We have seen, dur-
ing the present season, a specimen of one of these
tulip gardens, laid out on a small scale by one of your
members, in which a considerable number of the most
curious and brilliant varieties were collected in one
parterre. In selecting the individuals whose names
they affix to their favorite plants, the florists display
a very laudable impartiality, and take them alike
from all countries and all parties. We saw, for ex-
ample, in Mr. Walker's little collection, a Lewis the
Fourteenth, a Bonaparte, and a Washington, bloom-
ing very amicably, side by side, in the same enclos-
ure. There is even room to suspect that these
names were not bestowed with any reference to in-
tellectual capacity or moral worth ; but rather, per-
haps, under the influence of a slight tincture of legit-
imacy. Lewis the Fourteenth, was, by far, the most
brilliant flower in the collection, and commanded the
high price of ten guineas, while Bonaparte and
Washington mingled rather obscurely with the com-
mon herd, and might be had for about five shillings a
piece.

Washington has been rather more fortunate in
fruits than in flowers. His name, as I am told by
one of your most distinguished members, has lately
been given to a new and most delicious variety of
Pears, which, though very recently introduced, is

8

said to have already eclipsed the reputation of the
St. Michael's and the St. Germain's.

Our barren soil and wintry climate do not admit
of a very luxuriant vegetation, and we can never
hope to naturalize among us the magnificent products
of the tropical climates, which either perish at once
or dwindle into comparatively dwarfish shapes. We
possess, however, most of the flowers and fruits
which thrive in the corresponding temperate regions
of the old world. The Queen of Flowers presides in
our gardens, as in those of Greece and Persia ; and
the King of Fruits, as the vine has sometimes been
emphatically called, covers our rocks with a royal
mantle of spontaneous verdure. In improving these
natural gifts to the utmost, we have ample scope for
the exercise of skill and taste. The culture of the
Vine may, perhaps, be mentioned as one of the
branches of your art, which deserves more attention
than it has yet received. The best European wines,
such as Champagne, Burgundy, and the various sorts
of Rhenish and Moselle, which have recently become
such general favorites among us, are all produced in
latitudes considerably higher than ours. Where the
Vine grows spontaneously with great luxuriance,
there is reason to suppose, that, with proper care, its
fruit may be brought to any degree of perfection.
When the northern navigators from Iceland visited
the coasts of this country, seven or eight hundred
years ago, and made a settlement on a spot, probably
not very distant from the territory we occupy, they
were so much struck with the luxuriant growth of

9

the Vine, that they gave to their discovery the name
of Wineland, which was thus, by a rather singular
accident, appropriated to one of the few countries
within the temperate regions of the Christian world,
where no wine was ever made. A more general and
careful cultivation of the Vine may, perhaps, enable
us to justify the application of this ancient title, and
furnish the community, at a cheap rate, with a pal-
atable, healthy, and refreshing substitute for ardent
spirit, which the friends of temperance among us are
now so earnestly endeavoring to banish from general
consumption.

II. The disposition of grounds and gardens,
whether for the purpose of private recreation or
public utility and ornament, is another application of
Horticulture, not less interesting and important than
the immediate care of fruits and flowers. Under this
aspect, it is justly regarded as one of the elegant
arts, and has engaged the attention and employed the
pens of some of the greatest men of ancient and
modern times. Among the English writers on the
subject, we find Horace Walpole, Sir William Tem-
ple, and the ilkistrious Lord Chancellor Bacon, who
has devoted to it one of the longest and most agreea-
ble of his Essays. This department of the art has
not yet been much studied among us ; but as wealth
and population increase, it will gradually attract more
attention, and will cover the banks of our beautiful
streams and lakes, the southern slopes of our hills,
and the promontories and islands along our coast,
with ornamented grounds. Notwithstanding the com-
parative sterility of the soil, there are few regions,
2

10

better fitted for this purpose, by varieties in the sur-
face of the landscape, the abundance of water, and
tlie frequently wild and picturesque beauty of the
scenery, than New-England. Lake Champlain, —
Lake Winnepiseogee, with the neighboring White
Hills, — the charming valley of the Connecticut, and
a thousand other hills and streams of less celebrity,
but not inferior beauty, — the islands south of the
Cape, and in our own harbor, — all present the most
attractive natural situations, and only require the
magical touches of art, to be converted into scenes,
as elegant as any that grace the most cultivated re-
gions of Europe, or bloom perennially in the pages
of the poets.

In this, as in all the other arts, the progress of
taste has been slow and gradual. It is a striking
proof of the simple state of Horticulture in the time
of Homer, that, in describing the gardens of Alcinous,
King of Phoeacia, a prince to whom he has given a
palace with brazen walls and silver columns ; — de-
scribing them, too, with so much latitude of imagina-
tion, that he has enriched them with the gift of per-
petual spring ; — he can still imagine nothing more
magnificent than an enclosure of four acres devoted
exclusively to fruit.

Four acres was the allotted space of ground,
Fenced with a green enclosure ail around ;
Tall thriving trees confessed the fruitful mould,
The reddening apple ripens into gold.
Here the blue fig with luscious juice o'erflows ;
With deeper red the full pomegranate glows;
The branch here bends beneath the weighty pear.
And verdant olives flourish round the year;
Beds of all various kinds, forever green,
In beauteous order terminate the scene.

11

It is curious to compare with this simple scene,
the superb description of Paradise by Milton, who
found, in his own correct natural taste, a guide which
the practice of the art was, in his time, far from
affording.

the crisped brooJis,

Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold,
With mazy error under pendent shades
Ran nectar, visiting each plant, and fed
Flowers worthy of Paradise, which not nice Art
In beds and curious knots, but Nature boon
Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.

It was long, however, before the art reached in
practice the point of correct taste indicated by this
fine passage. Among the Romans, and in modern
times, until a very recent period, the prevailing taste
was for grounds ornamented in a formal and fantastic
way. Pliny, who was one of the wealthiest and most
distinguished, as well as most accomplished persons
of his time, has given in his works a description of
two .of his villas, which appear to have been orna-
mented very nearly in the same way with the Dutch
and French gardens of the time of Lewis XIV. They
were laid out in regular walks, adorned with artificial
flowers and basins, statues, obelisks, and evergreens,
cut into fantastic shapes. In the time of Lewis XIV.
this was the taste which prevailed throughout Europe
and extended even into England, But the better
spirits, as we have seen from the passage in Milton,
foresaw, by the instinctive light of their own good
taste, the improvement that occurred shortly after.
Pope, in one of his Moral Essays, finely ridicules the
style of the day, and predicts that its tasteless crea-

12

tions would soon be restored to a more natural con-
dition.

The time shall come that sees the golden ear
Embrown the waste or nod on the parterre ;
Dark forests cover what your pride has planned,
And laughing Ceres re-assert the land.

The most beautiful work which was produced
under the influence of this formal style, was undoubt-
edly Versailles, the residence of the remarkable
sovereign who gave his name to the age when it pre-
vailed. The palace at Versailles was constructed by
Lewis XIV. when at the height of his power, without
regard to expense ; and the gardens, though arranged
in accordance with the taste of the day, correspond
with the magnificence of the master. The principal
ornaments were the artificial fountains. The water for
the supply of them was brought several miles in an
aqueduct from the Seine, where it was raised by a
cumbrous piece of machinery, which, at the time
when it was erected, was celebrated as a wonder of
art, under the name of the Machine of Marly. A
steam-engine has recently been substituted for it.
The fountains are annually played on the festival day
of St. Lewis, Avhich is the 24th of August, and the
whole population of Paris goes out to witness the
spectacle, which is certainly very magnificent.

During the latter part of the life of Lewis XIV.
Versailles was his favorite abode, and its groves and
walks were thronged by the nobles and beauties of
the most brilliant court ever known in Europe. It
continued to be the residence of the royal family
until the memorable days of the 5th and 6th of Oc-

13

tober, 1790, when the populace of Paris took the
palace by storm, and, after slaughtering the guard,
penetrated to tlie Queen's bed-chamber, and carried
off the family in triuuiph to the capital. It was here
that Burke had seen the same unhappy Piincess, only
a few years before, on her first ap])earance at court,
as the Dauphiness, " glittering like the morning star,
full of life, and splendor, and joy." While the place
was under her direction she added to the embellish-
ments a small garden laid out in imitation of a Swiss
dairy. Since the fatal days of October Versailles has
been abandoned as a residence, and the gardens have
been in some degree neglected. 1 saw them for the
first time at the hour of sunrise, on a fine May morn-
ing, in the year 1812. The palace of Lewis XIV.
was then a ruin ; the last of his successors had per-
ished on the scaffold ; his sceptre had passed into the
hands of a Corsican adventurer, who was rulino; the
greater part of Europe with a rod of iron, under the
name of the Emperor Napoleon. The very bones of
the Bourbon family had been torn from their conse-
crated resting-place, by the mad rage of an infuriate
mob, and scattered to the four winds of heaven. Ten
years after, when I saw Versailles again, the scene
had already changed. The Bourbons again inhabited
the palace, and possessed the power of their ances-
tors. The Emperor Napoleon had fallen from his
high estate, and, under the name of General Bona-
parte, expired, in exile and misery, on a burning rock
in a distant ocean. His remains, in turn, had been
denied a resting-place in the land which he had so
long governed. Ten years more have produced an-

14

other change in the actors and decorations of this
great drama. Another hand now wields the sceptre
of Lewis, Napoleon, and Charles X., and another fam-
ily of royal exiles are wandering in beggary through
all the courts of Europe. In the mean time the
gardens of Versailles have annually bloomed as freshly
as before, and the nightingales that frequent them
have sung as gaily as if nothing had happened. These
violent and sudden changes in the political world,
contrasted with the steadiness and order that distin-
guish the course of nature, may serve, perhaps, to
recommend to us as our chief pursuits and pleasures
those that consist in the study of her works and the
enjoyment of her beauties.

When Lewis XIV. was at the height of his power,
he made it a part of his magnificence, — as his succes-
sor. Napoleon, afterwards did, — to place one of his
family upon the throne of Spain. Philip V. after es-
tablishing himself in his new kingdom, was ambitious
to imitate the splendor of the royal residences of that
which he had left, and undertook to create a new
Versailles, on the summit of the Guadarrama moun-
tain, at the distance of about sixty miles from Madrid,
and at the height of three thousand six hundred feet
above the level of the sea. This freak of fancy cost
the Spanish people forty millions of dollars, and pro-
duced, as its result, the palace and gardens of La
Granja, or, as they are often called, from the name of
the neighboring village, St. Ildefonso. Notwithstand-
ing the enormous expense at which they were con-
structed, there is little in the architecture of the build-
ings, or the general appearance of the place, to remind

15

one of the splendid residence of the old French court ;
but the gardens, and especially the fountains, are con-
sidered by many as even superior to those of Versailles.
They are situated on the declivity of the mountain,
and are abundantly supplied with pure and pellucid
water from the springs above them. One of them,
called the Fountain of Fame, throws up a stream of
water to the height of a hundred and thirty feet, the
upper part of which may be seen from the city of
Segovia at six miles distance.

Such was the state of Horticulture, as applied to
the disposition of grounds and gardens, in the time of
Lewis XIV. A better taste soon after grew up in
England, and spread itself thence over all parts of
Europe. The improvement lay in substituting a
more free and direct imitation of nature, for the
formal arrangements and fantastic decorations that
were in use before. Most of the grounds and gar-
dens that have been laid out in Europe within the
last half century, have been disposed upon this plan,
of which very beautiful specimens are to be found,
not only in England, France, and Germany, but in
Sweden, Poland, Austria, and Russia. The Wood
at the Hague, an enclosure of about a mile in length,
and half a mile in width, is justly considered as one
of the most remarkable of the number.

Of the grounds, ornamented in the purer taste of
the present day, that have fallen under my observa-
tion, those of the royal residence of Aranjuez, in
Spain, are, however, the most beautiful. This is the
place where the Court usually repair to pass the
months of May and June, and it seems to realize, as

16

nearly as fact can be supposed lo approach to romance,
the description of the Happy Valley in Rasselas. It is
situated about thirty miles from Madrid, at the con-
fluence of the noble river Tagus, which is here of
very moderate size, with one of its smaller branches,
called the Jarama. The country in this part of
Spain, though not barren, is destitute of wood, and
wears, through the greater part of the year, a parch-
ed and dry appearance. After passing over several
miles of this monotonous landscape, you descend into
an extensive valley of six or eight miles in length
and two or three in breadth, covered with the most
luxuriant vegetation, and laid out entirely in grounds
and gardens ; in the midst of which are embosomed
the buildings that form the royal residence and the
neighboring village. The two divisions, of which
ornamented grounds are naturally composed, that is,
a flower and fruit garden, and a park tastefully
planted and disposed, are here combined in high per-
fection. In the immediate neighborhood of the Pal-
ace, are two gardens devoted chiefly to flowers, and
planted with alleys of elms, sycamores, cypresses,
acacias, and various other sorts of ornamental trees,
which, in this rich and well-watered soil, grow luxu-
riantly, and rise, in some cases, to a very great
height. The rest of the valley is laid out into open
lawns, intersected by roads and variegated by clumps
of trees, which occasionally thicken into a sort of
forest, particularly at the point where the junction of
the rivers presents a scene, similar in kind, and pro-
bably not inferior in beauty, to the celebrated Meet-
ing of the Waters in the Vale of Avoca, in Ireland.

17

From this point, the Tagus proceeds with an in-
creased volume of water, and, after washing, a few
miles below, the base of the lofty precipitous rock,
which forms the site of the old Gothic capitol of
Toledo, pursues its course of about four hundred
miles to the ocean.

During my residence in Spain, a bold adventurer
set forth in a steam-boat from Aranjue^, for the pur-
pose of exploring the river from that place to its
mouth. It was the first time that a steam-boat had
ever been seen upon its waters, at least, in the inte-
rior of the Peninsula. The enterprise' occupied about
two months ; regular bulletins of its progress were
published in the newspapers, and it was evidently
regarded as a matter of some national importance.
Compare this state of the internal communications
in a kingdom that has been occupied ever since the
earliest dawn of history, with the hundred and fifty
magnificent steam-boats that are no^v regularly em-
ployed upon the Ohio and Mississippi, and you have
at least, one remarkable fact,— whatever objections
may be urged against them,— in favor of the influ-
ence of liberal political institutions.

III. The grounds and gardens, to which I have
alluded, have been laid out chiefly for the private
recreation of their owners ; but the art of Horticul-
ture is applied to higher and more interesting objects.
At Athens, the public gardens were employed by the
principal philosophers, as schools, or places of in-
struction. One of them, called Academus, or, as it
is modernized in English, the Academy, was frequent-
ed by Plato ; and in consequence of the great celeb-
3

18

rity and influence which have since been acquired by
the doctrines originally taught there, has given its
name to a great variety of literary and scientific in-
stitutions. The original Academy was nothing more
than a public garden, laid out by the distinguish-
ed Athenian General, Cymon, and planted chiefly
with olive-trees, of which there are many still
growing on the spot. The place was situated with-
out the walls of Athens, and near the spot appropri-
ated to the sepulchres of distinguished men. At the
entrance was an altar, dedicated to Love, and within
were altars to Minerva and the Muses. The tomb
of Plato was in the immediate neighborhood. The
Lyceum was another Athenian garden of the same
description, which was celebrated as the school of
Aristotle, and, like the Academy, has given its name,
in modern times, to innumerable institutions for edu-
cation and improvement.

The art of embellishing grounds and gardens, has,
also, been occasionally applied, both in ancient and
modern times, to the still more solemn and interest-
ing purpose of preparing repositories for the remains
of the dead. The cemeteries of the Eastern nations
are commonly situated without the walls of their
cities, tastefully planted with trees, and frequented
as public walks. The cemetery of Pere la Chaise at
Paris is of the same description ; and there is a beauti-
ful one, of a similar kind, though on a smaller scale,
at New-Haven, in Connecticut. It is much to be
desired, that repositories of this description may be
multiplied among us. While they tend to promote
the salubrity of cities, they connect agreeable images

19

with the recollections of the past, and the antici-
pations of the future ; and strip the idea of death
of a part of the horrors, with which superstition
and the weakness of our nature, have unnecessarily
invested it.

In connexion with this branch of the subject, I
would venture to remark, that it has often occurred
to me as a desirable thing, that some public funeral
ground of this description should be consecrated to
the memory of the patriots and heroes of the Revolu-
tion. The spot most suitable for this purpose would
be Mount Vernon, a territory Avell adapted to it
by its central situation in the Union, its vicinity to
the Seat of Government, its natural picturesque
beauties, and its noble position upon the banks of
one of the finest rivers in the world ; but especially
fitted for the object, above all other grounds, from
having been the residence of Washington. It seems
to be a sort of profanation, that the dwelling, which
was rendered sacred to the view of the American
people by having been the scene of his earthly pil-
grimage, should be afterwards devoted to the ordi-
nary purposes of life ; and without intending any
reflection upon the conduct of the present occupant,
whose leisure and privacy are as sacred as those of
any other individual, it is certainly a painful thing,
that the people should not be permitted, at all times
and seasons, to pay iheir vows in perfect freedom at
the tomb of their political father. It is evident that
they can never enjoy this advantage in its full extent,
while the place is held as individual property. Some
restrictions must be imposed upon the freedom of

20

access ; and the disagreeable scenes, which, from time
to time, will necessarily occur, in consequence of
this, without furnishing a proper occasion for censure
upon any one, should, if possible, be avoided in re-
gard to all matters connected in any way with the
memory of the great genius of the spot.

It is, therefore, desirable, on every account, that
Mount Vernon should be purchased by the people,
and held as a national property. The sacrifice, that
would be necessary in order to acquire it, is too
trifling to be mentioned ; and although the family of
Washington must, of course, set a high value on his
patrimonial domain, they would naturally be proud
and happy to cede it for the honorable purpose of
being consecrated as a perpetual monumental ground
to the memory of the Revolutionary fathers of the
country. The house and grounds should be kept in
perfect order, and, as nearly as possible, in the condi-
tion in which they were left by Washington. On
some elevated spot should be erected an equestrian
statue of the hero, that might catch from a distance
the view of citizens as they ascended the river to
visit the place, and might serve as an indication to
them that they had reached the end of their journey.
This imposing figure, towering majestically above
the clumps of trees that adorn the grounds, would
form a noble object as seen from a distance. Every
ship that passed, would strike her top-sails in honor
of it, as the mariners of Athens, when they entered
the Piraeus on their return voyages, were accustomed
to salute the tomb of Themistocles, which stood at
the bottom of that harbor.

21

Within the house might be placed the portraits of
the great proprietor and of his associates in civil and
military life. In the principal hall should stand his
own by Stuart, with that of his aid and confidential
friend General Hamilton on one side, and on the
other, that of Lafayette by Scheffer, which now hangs
in the Rotonda of the Capital. After these would
naturally follow those of Knox, Lincoln, Greene,
Lee, Gates, Morgan, Sumpter, and the others.
Warren, the young martyr of Bunker-Hill, should
hold a conspicuous place, and the hero of Benning-
ton should not be omitted. Another principal room
should be devoted to the commemoration of those
who served the country in civil life. At the head of
these, should be stationed Franklin, John Adams,
and Jefferson, with the members of the Continental
Congress grouped around them. In their company
should appear the others, whose services were
most conspicuous in the earlier scenes that preceded
the decisive action. There should be seen the open
face and manly person of Sajiuiel Adams, as repre-
sented by Copley. By the side of this, our more
than Cato, might stand Patrick Henry, our untaught
Demosthenes, John Dickinson, the lettered farmer,
and Otis, — a name endeared to the citizens of Bos-
ton by the patriotic virtues and charming eloquence
of more than one generation. In another of the
rooms should be collected the younger generation
who were associated with Washington in completing
the work of the Revolution, by reforming the govern-
ment and introducing the present Federal constitu-
tion. Here should be another portrait of Washing-

.22

ton in a civil dress as President, and another of Ham-
ilton on account of his signal services on that occa-
sion. Madison and Jay should accompany the latter
on either sidv^ ; and after them should come the
active friends and supporters of the constitution
throughout the country ; — the cloudy care-worn coun-
tenance of Parsons, the radiant visage of Ames, and
the fine manly features of Rufus King. With this
group the list should close, for it would scarcely he
expedient to make Mount Vernon a Westminster
Abbey, or general mausoleum of the illustrious dead,
but rather to devote it specifically to the honor of
the revolutionary worthies and the founders of the
government. The merit of these, as respects the
country, will always remain of a singular kind,
whatever titles of honor may hereafter be won by
others. In some more private apartment should be
collected the portraits of the family of Washington.
This interesting collection would at once furnish the
house in a manner suitable to its destination, and
concur in promoting the general object. The na-
tional flag should be displayed above the building, to
mark it as public property, and the estate might, for
purposes of jurisdiction, be considered as an appen-
dage to the District of Columbia.

The access to Mount Vernon, under this arrange-
ment, should be perfectly free to every one, at all
times and seasons, — effectual measures having been
taken to prevent disorder and injury to the property.
Under these circumstances, the resort to the place
would probably be much greater than it liad ever
been before ; and it would gradually come to be

regarded as a sort of sacred ground, like the plains
of Elis in ancient Greece, where the Olympic games
were celebrated at the end of every four years.
Mount Vernon, too, might, perhaps, be made the
theatre of public rejoicings on the anniversary of our
great national festival. The citizens of the neigh-
borhood would naturally meet there upon that occa-
sion ; and, in proportion as the importance of the day
shall be more and more felt, and the respect for the
memory of our political fathers shall go on increas-
ing, as it w ill, from year to year, many persons, from
all parts of the country, would naturally avail them-
selves of that opportunity to visit the abode and
burial-place of their illustrious leader. The festivi-
ties might, probably, be continued for several days,
and might be accompanied by devotional and literary
exercises, poems, plays, and other entertainments of
all descriptions. The whole drama of the Greeks
grew out of an annual religious festival, lasting four
or five days in succession, — during which, tragedies
and comedies, founded in the history and manners of
their country, were acted, without intermission, from
morning till night. We, too, might, perhaps, obtain
in this way, a national drama more congenial to the
state of manners and of morals among us, than that
of modern Europe. Here, too, some new Herodotus
might read to his assembled countrymen the yet
unwritten history of the achievements of their
fathers ; some modern Pindar restore the glory of
poetry, by devoting it anew to the praise of heroism
and virtue. A festival like this, held, perhaps, once
in three or four years, would produce no trifling

24

effect in maintaining among the people a high na-
tional spirit, and cherishing that principle of public
VIRTUE which we are taught to regard as the essence
of our government.

But, gentlemen, I am trespassing too long upon
your patience, with a detail of plans that, perhaps,
may never be realized. Whether such a disposition
as 1 have now suggested, will ever be made of the
sacred domain of Mount Vernon, will depend upon
the wisdom of the General Government. In the
mean time you have commenced on the smaller
scale, corresponding with the wants and the re-
sources of a single state, an establishment of this
description, which promises to become one of the
chief ornaments of the neighborhood, and of which
the progress, thus far, does great credit to the dis-
cernment and taste of your society. Superior in its
natural advantages of position to the famous sepul-
chral grounds of the ancient world, we may venture
to hope, unless the sons of the pilgrims shall degen-
erate from their fathers, that Mount Auburn will
hereafter record in its funeral inscriptions, examples
not less illustrious than theirs, of public and private
virtue. Even now, while the enclosures that sur-
round it are scarcely erected, — while the axe is still
busy in disposing the walks that are to traverse its
interior, — this consecrated spot has received the re-
mains of more than one, whose memory a grateful
people will not willingly permit to die. There was
laid, by the gentle ministration of female friendship,
as the first tenant of the place, the learned, devout,
and simple-hearted Daughter of the Pilgrims, who

25

has wrought out an honorable name for herself, by
commemorating theirs. There reposes in peace, 'the
joung Warrior, cut off like a fresh and blooming
flower, in the spring of his career. There, too, rests
beside them, the generous Stranger, who, in his
ardent zeal for the welfare of man, had come from a
distant continent to share the treasures of his wisdom
with an unknown people.* Around their remains will
gradually be gathered the best, the fairest, the brav-
est of the present and of many future generations.
In a few short years, we, too, gentlemen, who are
now employed in decorating the surfece of Mount
Auburn or describing its beauties, will sleep in its
bosom. How deep the interest that attaches itself
to such a spot! How salutary the effect which a
visit to its calm and sacred shades, will produce on
souls too much agitated by the storms of the world !
It was surely fitting that Art and Nature should com-
bine their beauties, to grace a scene devoted to pur-
poses so high and holy.

* The persons alluded to in the text are Miss Hannah Adams, Lieut. Watson, and Dr.
bpurzheim..

FIFTH

ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The fifth Anniversary of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety was celebrated on the 13th of September. At 11 o'clock,
an excellent Address was delivered at the Masonic Temple, by
Hon. Alexander Everett. This contained brief but compre-
hensive historical sketches of Horticulture, and notices of exist-
ing improvements in gardening, as displayed in various parts of
Europe, and noted by the personal observations of the Orator.
A portion of the Address had reference to Cemeteries, in different
portions of the globe, and particularly that at Mount Auburn,
which was originated and established under the auspices of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. This part of the perform-
ance was particularly interesting, eloquent, and impressive. From
half past 12 to 2 o'clock, the Dinner hall was open to public
inspection, and notwithstanding the rain, which fell profusely, a
large concourse of spectators proved that the public felt an inter-
est in the exhibition.

At three o'clock the Members of the Society, together with
numbers of respectable guests, sat down to a dinner, provided by
Mr. Eaton, which consisted of all the substantial and delicacies
the Epicure could wish for, or the Temperate Man enjoy. The
following are some of the donations of Fruits and Flowers, which
were presented for the festival : —

A fine basket of Isabella grapes, 6lc. from E. P. Hartshorn, of
Boston, — also a basket of Black Hamburgh and Sneet Water
grapes, from the same — open culture, fine for the season. A
basket of apples, and a basket of Seedling pears, from Joseph
Morton, Esq. of Milton. Freestone Rare-ripe peaches, a very
handsome specimen, from E. Cowing, of Roxbury. From John
Prince, Esq. of Roxbury, a basket of Ruckman's Pearmain, a
basket of Gilliflower apples, a basket of Bourasseau apples, a

28

basket of Pomme Niege apples, a basket of Summer Queen
apples, a basket of Ribstone pippin, Fall dueening apple,
Golden Pippin, French apple, French Bon Chretien pair, all very
beautiful. From E. M. Richards, of Dedham, two baskets of
natural peaches, superior, two baskets of Benoni apples, large,
one basket of Red Juniating. From Madam Dix, Boston, a
basket of Dix pears, very fine. From Dr. S. A. Shurtletf, Bos-
ton, a basket of St. Michael pears, and four baskets of White
Chasselas grapes, open culture, very beautiful. From Luther
Allen, of Sterling, three baskets of monstrous Red apples, for
baking. From J. Tidd, Esq. of Roxbury, four clusters of very
fine Black Hamburgh grapes, also a large Muskmelon. From
Charles Oakley, Esq. of the city of New-York, a basket of Heath
Clingstone peaches, a basket of plums, name unknown, a basket
of Orange Nectarin Clingstone seedlings, a basket of Orange
Clingstone seedlings, a basket of seedling pears, a basket of
pears, called Vergalieu in New-York, the St. Michael in New-
England, a basket of peaches, name unknown, all beautiful and
some splendid specimens. From Enoch Bartlett, Esq. Roxbury,
a basket of Bartlett pears, a basket of Andrews pears, a basket
of Capiaumont pears, all very superior. From John Wilson, of
Roxbury, two baskets of Melacaton peaches. From E, Vose,
Esq. of Dorchester, a basket of Capiaumont pears, a basket of
Bartlett pears, very superior. From John Breed, Esq. of Belle
Isle, two baskets of wall fruit peaches, one basket of Bartlett
pears, one basket of pears, name unknown, a basket of long green
pears, a basket of pears, name unknown, all very fine fruit.
From Howland Cowing, Roxbury, a basket of large sweet apples,
name unknown, and one basket of sour. From Dr. Webster, of
Cambridge, a variety of Flowers, also a vegetable called Glascol
Rabbi, a basket of almonds, open culture, a basket of white
Chasselas and red Chasselas grapes, a Persian and one other
variety of melon, very fine. From P. B. Hovey, and Charles M.
Hovey, of Cambridgeport, one highly decorated basket, contain-
ing Bartlett, Johonnot, and Andrews pears, and several varieties
of peaches, grapes, and flowers, also, another basket of Bartlett
and Johonnot pears, and a basket of Porter apples, very fine speci-
mens. From Messrs. Winship, of Brighton, two baskets of Sem-
iana plums, very superior. From E. P. Hartshorn, eight baskets,
containing Isabella, black Hamburgh, and v\hite Chasselas
grapes. From Messrs. Willet and Wilson, of Boston, one large
basket of Autumn Bergamot, also, a large basket of Gansels or
Brocas Bergamot pears, also, a large basket of white sweet water
grapes. From Professor Farrar, of Cambridge, a fine basket of
Porter apples. From E. Breed, Esq. of Charlestown, two large
decorated baskets, consisting of the white Muscat of Alexandria,
the St. Peters, and black Hamburgh grapes, Bartlett and Rous-
sellet de Rheims pears, and a variety of peaches, very beautiful

29

specimens. From Lawson Buckminster, Esq. of Framingham,
one large basket of Porter apples, very superb. From Mr. Mason,
of Charlestown, a basket of green citron melons, three baskets,
containing Malta peaches and Nectarines, four baskets of black
Hamburgh grapes, and one of Miller's Burgundy grapes, also
yellow Musknielons, very fine specimens. From Joshua Childs,
Boston, a basket of Manilla grapes, a beautiful specimen. From
the garden of the late Redtord Webster, Boston, a basket of St.
Michael's pears, a basket of sweet water grapes, and one of sweet
lemons. From David Fosdick, Charlestown, a very beautiful
ornamented pyramid basket of white Muscadine and Isabella
grapes, and a variety of apples and peaches. From Enoch
Bartlett, Esq. Roxbury, two baskets of beautiful peaches, and a
splendid specimen of Porter apples. From Zebedee Cook, Jr.
Esq. of Boston, 1st Vice-President of the Society, a basket of
most beautiful Bartlett pears. From Dr. Fisk, of Worcester, a
basket containing very large varieties of apples. From Wm. B.
Roberts, Gardener to Samuel G. Perkins, Esq. of Brookline, a
large and highly ornamented basket, containing black Hamburgh,
Cape, St. Peters, Linfendal, white Muscat of Alexander, Golden
Chasselas, common do. grapes. Admirable, Jaune, Bolle Chever-
euse, Morris's white early Admirable, Pine apple, Clingstones.
From Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, President of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, Roxbury, two baskets of red Roman Nec-
tarines, one do. containing Drap d'Or, and late blue French
plums, one do. Cantaleupe Melons, Trowbridge apples, Maria
Louisa pears, Beurre Angleterre do. Sickle do. some of them very
beautiful. From Jairus Lincoln, Esq. Hingham, a basket of Seek-
no-further apples. From Elisha Edwards, Esq. Springfield, a
basket of Freestone and Clingstone peaches, very fine, one do. of
St. Michael's and brown beurre pears, large and fair. From Wm.
Lawrence, Bulfinch-street, Boston, Seedling peaches, very beau-
tiful. From T. B. Coolidge, Esq. Bowdoin-square, Boston, a
basket of beautiful yellow plums. From the garden of the Hon.
T. H. Perkins, by W. H. Cowing, white Hambro-Muscat of
Lunel Frankendale, Royal Muscat of Alexandria, flame-colored
Tokay, black Frontignac, Melacaton (native) white peaches from
the wall, Bromfield Nectarine, American, all remarkably fine
specimens, and some uncommonly splendid.

The Floral decorations of the Hall, (which did great credit to
the taste of the Committee, who performed that service,) were
furnished from the Society's Garden at Mount Auburn, by Mr.
D. Haggerston, by Messrs. Winship, Mr. Mason, Mr. Walker,
Mr. P. B. Hovey, jr. Mr. C. M. Hovey, Messrs. Kenrick, Dr.
Webster, Henry Sheafe, Esq. and others. Gen. Sumner, fur-
nished some fine ])urple Egg Plants for the dinner.

Eleven varieties, consisting of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums,
and Lemons of Artificial Fruits, very nearly resembling natural

30

ones, were exhibited by Mr. Nelson D. Jones, No. 21, Joy's
Buildings, where the Society and others can see artificial speci-
mens of the finest fruits.

A large Orange Tree, in full bearing, exhibited by Messrs.
Willot and Wilson, attracted much attention.

By order of the Committee on Fruits, &-c.

EDWARD M. RICHARDS.

Nicholas Longtcorth, Esq. of Cincinnati, Ohio, an Honorary
Member of the Society, sent two bottles of native wine, the pure
juice of the native grape, which was very much admired, and was
of excellent quality.

After dinner, the following regular Toasts were drank : —

Cultivators and Conquerors. The former would make the whole world a
Garden, the latter would convert the " Great Globe" to a Golgotha.

Let the Trumpet of Fame
Resound with the name
And deeds of the Tiller,
But blast the Mankiller.

Manual Labor Schools. Success to those literary and scientific establish-
ments, which, by mixing corporeal with intellectual exercitations, set the
seal on that true greatness, which consists of a union of the most estimable
qualities of Body and Mind.

Nullification. A Pa.ssio>i flower, planted in a hot hotise, propagated by ar-
tificial heat, and matured by fermcntijig substances. Let us hope that the
process of division may not change it into a " Tremella nostor," or the
^'fallen Star."

Office seekers for Office sake. Parasitic plants, Creepers into party,
Climbers into popularity, and Twiners into power, a Tribe, sometimes very
ornamental to the people, always useful — to themselves.

The Veterans of '76. A few slips of the Elder, grafted on the tree of Lib-
erty. Their upright shoots did not need much training, to produce a col-
lection of Scarlet hunners.

Ireland, the land of the Potato. The Root is finely formed by Nature, but
does not thrive by being forced. If an Irishman is not allowed to eat his
Potatoes in peace at home, is it a wonder if he is not mealy-mouthed abroad .''

The Promotion of Patriotism. If we wish our citizens to love their coun-
try, we must make our country lovely by manual, mental, and moral culti-
vation.

Tlie Michael and Imperial Pear of Portugal. Both called Royal, but, as
Good Christians, we declare that they are neither of them worth half a
crown.

The Gardener. His wealth will be found to lie in his bed, provided he
does not lie there too long himself.

Gold Mines. With a spade, a hoe, and active industry, every cultiva-
tor will find one in his kitchen garden.

The Tree of Jlmerican Liberty. An union of twenty-four branches, sup-
ported by one trunk. It is more than half a century old — and each suc-
ceeding year extends its foliage and deepens its roots.

Public Education. A tree of knowledge; its opening and expanding
hlossoms are budding beneath the genial sunshine of popular patronage.
Its supporters will reap the Fruits,of an approving conscience, that ■' blesses
the giver more than the receiver."

Women, sweet herbs. In the summer of our existence, aromatic as the
Rosemary ; in the autumn, grateful as the Lavender; in the winter, balsamic
as the Sage — May the seasoning of domestic life never be mixed with the
sauce.

31

VOLUNTEERS.

By H. A. S. Dearborn, Pres. of the Mass. Hor. Society. The Orator of the
Day — May we cultivate the fruits and flowers of our gardens with as much
zeal and success, as he has those of literature and eloquence.

By the Hon. A. H. Everett, Orator of the Day. The Horticultural Societies
of Massachusetts and her sister states. We cannot wish them belter fortune,
than that their success should be equal to the excellencies oi" their desserts.

By Judge Story. The Massaclius/tts Horticultural Society. Its native
stock excellent, its foreign grafts lull of rich fruits, and its set-ofl!' of flowers
beautiful.

By the Hon. Ebenezer Mosely, President of the Newburyport Horticultural
Society ; present by invitation of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Education. That moral culture which eradicates the weeds of bad princi-
ples, swells the bud, unfolds the blossom, and ripens the fruit of science and
good morals.

, Sent by the Hon. T. H. Perkins, with a contribution of beautiful fruit.
May our Domestic, as well as our Horticultural Nurseries, produce fruit
which well deserves cultivation.

By E. Bailey. " Office-seekers for the sake of office," — borers who would
destroy the tree of Liberty.

By Grant Thorburn of JVew York. Bachelors. Those sleepy Adams in
the American gardens — May they awake like their grandfather — see Gene-
sis 2d chap, from the 21st to the 25th verse.

The Original Laurie Todd. The Veteran Horticulturist and Seedsman,
that commenced his career, with tv.'o Geraniums, in green painted pots.

By Charles Oakley, Esq. of Xew York, sent with a box of valuable Fruits.
The Friends of Horticulture and the Practical Gardeners of the East. May
they ever be prospered, not forgetting their associates in other climes.

By Elisha Edicards, Esq. of Springfield, sent with a large contribution of
valuable Fruits. Agriculture, Horticulture, and Floriculture, subject to the im-
proving taste and industry of man — May their march be onward till the
whole earth shall become fruitful fields and gardens, and man shall return
to his native innocence.

By H J. Finn. Miss Fanny Kemble—A rare and splendid specimen of
the Star Apple. Can we wonder at the splendid success of such a scion,
springing from such a talented Stock.

By the Hon. Mr. Gouldsborough, of Maryland. The refined and hospitable
inhabitants of Boston — May they long, very long, enjoy their beautiful and
various flowers, and their repast of delicious fruits in the lap of peace, and
under the protection of the Federal Union.

By Mr. G. H. Andrews. Fruits and Floivers. Grateful to the taste and
to the sight — May their buds and blossoms never be blighted by the chill of
ingratitude towards the Giver of them.

By B. V. French. The New-England Farmer and Horticultural Journal.
May its influence continue with the Agricultural and Horticultural com-
munity of New-England, till we can boast of a Sinclair, a Davy, a Knight,
and a Loudon of our own.

By T. G. Fessenden. The best Antidotes to Intemperance : Domestic en-
dearments, a taste for good Fruit, and a fondness for fine Flowers.

By David Haggcrston. America and Great- Britain. In the interchange
of productions between the two countries, may the Olive Branch ever be
the article most highly estimated.

By George C. Barrett. The Fruits of this dafs Exhibition. If the for-
bidden Fruit was equal to this, Madam Eve would scarcely need an apology
for yielding to the temptation which it presented.

By a Guest from Kantucket. The Sea and the Land. Their products
equally benefited by emulation, and alike augmented by encouragement :
May those, who plough either, reap a rich harvest, and their stores abound
in " Corn, wine, and oil."

32

By E. M. Richards. The 9th Congressional District. May it be repre-
sented with as much integrity, abilit)', and eloquence in the next Congress
as in tlie last.

Bij a Guest. Good Taste, the result of cultivation both in mind and mat-
ter. We here taste the <inud fruits produced by good taste.

By B. V. French. Judge Buel, of Albany. Tlie Patron and Pattern of
Agriculture and Horticulture. His Practice is Scientific, and tiis Science is
Practical.

By G. C. Barrett. Hon. J. Loicell. The Promoter and Benefactor of the
great interests oT .Agriculture and Horticulture.

The President having retired, Zehedee Cook, Jr. Esq. the 1st Vice-Presi-
dent, after remarking <>n the services rendered to the Society by Gen. Dear-
born, concluded will) a sentiment, e.xpressive of the high and grateful sense
he entertained of the President's talents, untiring zeal and devotion to the
interests of the association, which met with a cordial response from all
present.

LOVES OF BETSEY BUCKWHEAT AND SIMON SPARROW-
GRASS.

Written for the occasion by H. J. Finn, Esq. and sung by him.
When Dr. Darwin ruled the taste of folks with rod despotic,
He sung the loves of all the plants, both native and exotic ;
I mean to say he thought he did, but he forgot, alas !
The loves of Betsey Buckwheat, and one Simon Sparrowgrass.

A culinary maid was she, and he a man herbaceous.
" O, lauk a daisy," he exclaimed, and she "my goody gracious."
He took his bread and cheese with her, also a little shrub,
And after killing Caterpillars, swallowed down his Grub.

This Simon he was very thin, though thick with Bet, by gosh,
For he was like a Parsnip long, and she a Summer Squash ;
He called her his sweet sugar Pea — dwarf marrowfat I ween —
For love had in his head and heart — his poll and kidney-been.

His jacket soined in patches, was n't worth a single shilling.
His pantaloons were full of holes — of course were made o? drilling ;
She thought he looked like scurvy-grass, and it was most distressing,
Said she " you know I think a Goose, is nothing without dressing."

His love was deeply rooted — so he thought he'd stir his stumps,
And as his mouth did water, why, he bought a pair of pumps;
A reddish coat he got cut out, with turn-up collar juttings,
And so love apples he did mean to propagate by cuttings.

Her peepers were Black Hamburghs, and she sharpened all his sighs ;
When Cupid plants his round and grape, they're shoots from female eyes.
While Simon was a raking, little Cupid often laughed,
To think how Betty Buckwheat soon, would rake him fore and aft.

33

He vowed to pop the question, and one Sunday night they met,
And there they shared the loaves and fish — a kitclun cabinet.
He lliought he'd like a stock of Simons, from a little tallow tree,
And raise some little suckers, from a little nursery.

" O, Betty Buckwheat," then said he, "if ynu and I don't wed,
" I shall return from whence I came — tiiat 's to a. parsley bed;
" Them 'ere horse pistols what you see, shall visit these 'ere lugs ;"
Then slow as any snail he went, to choose a brace cif slugs.

" O Sparrowgrass ! O Sparrowgrass ! ! O Sparrowgrass ! ! !" said she,

" I can't resist — I'm all your own — it 's my/ai-ality."

But Simon thought, the fingers of her fist were so immense,

'T would take ten dollars to enclose one, in a gold-ring fence.

As calms succeed a storm sometimes, so storms succeed a calm ;
And weeks of loormwood followed Simon's honey-moon of balm ;
For brandy blossoms soon were seen upon her bottle-nose ;
And bulbs they budded on his head, for there she planted blows.

The forcing system she pursued, was, from the house to scold him ;
It proved a hot house, for she made his house too hot to hold him :
For Betsey planted lots of Box around his cranium's ledge,
And though he did dislike the Bet, it was too late to hedge.

His Waspish Bee he then found out, was but a mere humbug,
For daily to her jugular, she joined another jug.
Her hands would gather in his crop — for she would tear his hair;
And the nature of the Crab was grafted on this kitchen jjoir.

To make an end of Sparrov/grass, she swore, from the beginning ;
She starved him, though his long lean limbs did neverneed mach thinning ;
One day she knocked him down, and ran, in spite of all his prayer ;
She was an Offset out of doors — he on the ground a layer.

So he fell sick, to think no junior Sparrowgrass should be;
A little heir he thought to feel — a Son-flower to see.
The Faculty could not restore his faculties to try 'em ;
It is not strange that soon he died — he physic took per diem.

His plaguy Toad in our Frog pond, then drowned herself one night ;
But as all liquors from the Common, now are banished quite —
Each 'lection day her ghost appears, and laughs to think — od rot her —
That she 's the only Spirit there, allowed to mix with Water.

PROCEEDINGS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

AT A MEETING HELD AT THE HALL OF THE INSTITUTION,
ON SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1832.

Tlie following Report was made by H. A. S. Dearborn, Presi-
dent of the Society : —

Last autumn orders were sent to Paris and London for such
works as could be procured, in relation to cemeteries and funeral
monuments. Recently the following publications have been re-
ceived from France : —

1st. Les Mausolecs Francois, par F. C. T. Jolimont, 1 vol. 4to.
It contains an account of some of the most remarkable monu-
ments in the Cemetery of Pere La Chaise, illustrated with fifty
beautiful engravings.

2d. Rcaicil de Tomheaux dcs Quatrc Cimetiei'es de Paris, par
C. P. Arnaud, 2 vols. 8vo. It gives a description of the Ceme-
teries of Pera La Chaise, Sous Montmartre, Vougirard and Sainte
Catherine, embellished with eighty-tw-o plates.

3d. Mnnurl ct Itincraiue du Curioiix Dans la Cimetierc du
Pcre. La Chaise, par F. M. Marchant de Beaumont, 1 vol. 12mo.

This little volume contains a description of Pere La Chaise
and of three hundred and forty-two sepulchres. It is ornamented
with a plan of the cemetery and engravings of several of the
monuments.

I have translated portions of the historical and descriptive
accounts of that celebrated burial-place, from a belief it would
be interesting to the members of the Society, and to all persons
who have visited or patronized a similar establishment which has
been commenced at Mount Auburn.

In a former report I alluded to the progress which had been
made in the work, that was begun the last season, for preparing
that beautiful site as the garden of the dead; and I am now happy
to announce, that the whole of the land will soon be inclosed by
a neat and substantial picket fence, seven feet in height, and that

35

a magnificent Egyptian gate-way will be commenced immediately,
as well as the construction of a Receiving Tomb.

It is very important that measures should be taken without de-
lay, for laying out and forming the Garden of Experiment, and
furnishing accommodations for a gardener. There is a building
on the ground which could be converted into a neat cottage, at a
small expense, and the garden could be considerably advanced
during the autumn by making the avenues and paths, planting
out forest trees and ornamental shrubs on the external borders,
preparing compartments for fruit trees, nurseries, esculent vegeta-
bles, flowers, and other useful plants. To accomplish this, some
two or three thousand dollars are required, as the funds which
have been derived from the sale of cemetery lots have been ap-
propriated to the purchase of land, the constuction of avenues
and fiences, and for other indispensable expenses. The funds,
which will accrue in future, will be ample for all the purposes
connected with the Garden and Cemetery ; but the interests of
the former would be much advanced by an immediate erection
of the requisite edifices, and in the preparation of the grounds for
commencing their extensive cultivation next spring.

Believing that there are numerous gentlemen in Boston and its
environs, who feel a deep solicitude for the advancement of Horti-
culture, and who would be disposed to aid the efforts of our Soci-
ety in the establishment of an experimental garden, it has been
suggested, by many of our most zealous colaborators, whether it
would not be expedient to raise a committee, authorized to obtain
funds by subscription, to enable us to precipitate our contempla-
ted improvements, instead of delaying them, for some few years,
until the proceeds of the Cemetery lots shall have supplied the
means. A comparatively small sum being now placed at our dis-
posal, would enable the Society to present an advanced and inter-
esting garden, even during the next year, and to lay such a foun-
dation for its gradual extension, as would warrant the speedy
realization of all our expectations, and give great public satisfac-
tion. As the monuments are erected in the cemetery, and the
lots require to be embellished with trees, shrubs, and flowers, the
latter will be in great demand, and the garden may ultimately
furnish many of them ; the sooner therefore it is begun, the better
for both departments of the establishment. The improvement of
each will act as alternate cause and effect ; and we may confidently
anticipate the most successful results, from a simultaneous culti-
vation and embellishment of all the ground within the inclosure.

It will be perceived, from the accompanying account of Pere
La Chaise, that many years had passed by before that magnificent
cemetery claimed public attention, and became a resort of the
admirers of the arts, the opulent and enlightened, as well as the
common place of sepulchre for the most illustrious in letters,
science, and arms, and of the humblest citizen of Paris. A year

has not yet elapsed since the consecration of Mount Auburn, and
over one hundred and seventy lots have been purchased, which is
more than were sold at Pere La Chaise in eight years from its
foundaiion. As lo tlie result of the undertakuig there is there-
fore no lono-er any doubt, and we should be encouraged in the
most active'and liberal exertions for completely developing the
entire plan, in all its interesting and important departments. The
citizens of'our capital and country are nev(!r wanting in ardor
and munificence, when objects of moment are presented, worthy
of their consideration and patronage ; and, indulging a sanguine
belief that the Garden and Cemetery of Mount Auburn are
deemed among the most valuable undertakings which have been
projected for the benefit and gratification of the whole commu-
nity, tiiere can be no hesitation in appealing with confidence to
public liberality. The affluent, the enlightened, the virtuous, the
patriotic, and the industrious and enterprising among all classes
of society, will cheerfully aid in the achievement of objects, which
are sanctioned by the beneficent precepts of our religion, the dic-
tates of an exalted morality, a holy respect lor the ashes of the
dead, the kindest sympathies of the heart, and that active spirit
of improvement, which pervades every section of our country.
Respectfully submitted by

H. A. S. DEARBORN, President.
Brinley Place, >

Roxburij, Sept. 7, 1832. S

THE CEMETERY OF PERE LA CHAISE.

The celebrated Cemetery of Pere La Chaise is situated on the
eastern side of the range of hills which extend north-east of
Paris, from Belleville to Charonne, and commands a view of the
Faubourg of Saint Antoine. This inclosure has been renowned
since the fourteenth century, for the beauty of its position.

During the early period of the monarchy, the place was called
La Champ V Eveque, and belonged to the Bishop of Paris. In
the fourteenth century, a rich grocer, by the name of Regnault,
being pleased with the site, built there a magnificent country
seat,°for the Bishop, to which the people gave the name of La
FuUe Rco-)iauU. There could not be found a more pleasant and
picturesque position, affording a more varied and fertile soil, a
purer air, more extended and beautiful prospects, a view of a
richer country, or from whence Paris could be so perfectly seen,
in its universality and in its least details. This delightful retreat
commanded the admiration of every age.

But everything changes in this world ; no happiness is perma-
nent ; Regnault died, and his heirs sold his estate. A pious
female believed she should do a meritorious act in purchasing
La Folic Regnault, as a country residence for the holy fathers of

37

an establishment of Jesuits, situated in tlie street of Saint An-
toine, and it became the scene of their ambitious intrigues, at
the time that powerful religious and political association controll-
ed the sovereigns of Europe.

During the battle between the illustrious Turenne and the
Great Conde, in tiie Faubourg of Saint Antoine, on the second of
July, lt)o'2, the Jesuits opened their establishment to Cardinal
Mazarin, to enable Louis XIV. then a child ten years old, wiih
the court, to behold the conflict, in which his loyal legions
reduced to obedience the battalions of his revolted subjects.
Anxious to change the burlesque name of their mansion, the
Jesuits requested, as a favor, that it might be called Alont Louis,
which was granted by the King, and who, towards the close of
his reign, obtained the consent of the order to convert it into a
residence for his venerated confessor, the Pcrc LaCluiise; but
an inclosure of only six acres was considered too small for the
keeper of the king's conscience, and it was increased to fifty-two.
The grounds were highly embellished by various splendid addi-
tions to the edifice, a chapel, offices of various kinds, extensive
groves, shaded avenues, orchards, beautiful gardens, fish ponds,
and fountains. Here were held the secret conclaves of that asso-
ciation which decided the destinies of princes and empires. The
Pere La Chaise was not only the confessor of the king, but a
General of the Jesuits. He was of the noble family ofForets,
grand nephew of Pere Cotton ; and after controlling the domestic
establishment of his sovereign for thirty-four years, he died on
the 20th of January, 1709, aged 85 years.

During the reign of Louis XV. the Jesuits having been expell-
ed from France, the magnificent seat of Pere La Chaise was
directed to be sold, to pay the debts of that society, and was
purchased by the guardian of the Barons des Fontaines. These
noblemen held the estate for forty-seven years, but having been
reduced in fortune by the disasters of the revolution, they found
the establishment too expensive ; and being neglected, it fell into
ruin and became the retreat of owls. Its ornamental plantations
were gradually destroyed, and the land was then cultivated as a
common farm. Divided into numerous lots, it no longer resem-
bled a park, and nothing remained in IS04, to indicate its former
magnificence. But the beauty of the position, and its innumera-
ble natural advantages, saved it from imminent destruction. At
that time M. Frochet, Prefect of the Department of the Seine,
was desirous of finding an eligible site for a large public ceme-
tery. He considered it important that the location should be
beautiful, which was the reverse of the existing burial-ground of
the French capitol. M. Broguiart, a celebrated artist, was
instructed to discover an appropriate location, and he readily per-
ceived that the ancient park of Pere La Chaise presented .all the
requisites ; and it soon became celebrated as a cemetery throughout

38

Europe. It was immediately purchased for the sum of 160,000
francs, under the authority of the administration of Paris. It then
contained but lifty-two acres, but has since been extended to
seventy-two.

The pompous denomination of Mont Louis was abolished, and
it was called, by the administration of the department, Cimetiere
de L' Est ; but the public, unchangeable in its old customs,
imposed upon it the name of the Cimetiere du Pcre La Chaise,
to perpetuate the astonishing metamorphosis of the garden of a
Jesuit, and the confessor of Louis XIV. being converted into a
burial-place.

Heretofore all was confusion, disorder, and irreverence towards
the ashes of the dead, in the burial-places of Paris. Causes, ad-
verse to the indulgence of a recollection of our predecessors,
seemed to have combined in the accumulation of every thing
which was capable of exciting terror and disgust ; confined,
fcBtid, and horrible situations, where the rays of the sun scarcely
appeared — broad and deep pits into which the dead bodies of the
poor were thrown by hundreds, and generally without being even
inclosed in the meanest coffin ; — surrounded by high walls,
against which were piled up thousands of bones that had been
removed from the earth before decomposition, to make room for
the remains of other unfortunate beings ; no monuments, or
scarcely any other indication of friendly recollection : such were
the revolting places to which Paris gave the name of cemeteries.
The terror of the poor, who scarcely dare to enter them, even at
the interment of a dear relative ; hideous to the rich, who could
not even look at them without a shudder. But order, decency,
and respect for the ashes of the dead were induced by the perfect
regulation, order, and manairement of the new cemetery, under
the judicious and constant superintendence of Count Chabral de
Volvic, the present prefect of the Department of the Seine.

Having selected for the principal funeral asylum of the inhab-
itants, an incomparable site, M. Broguiart considered it incum-
bent upon him, to avail of those natural advantages which it pre-
sented, to produce tlie most imposing effect, without giving to the
whole a too sombre and lonely appearance. This he successfully
accomplished, by an appropriate distribution of the grounds, to
the various objects for which they were destined ; and in the
judicious and tasteful arrangement of the public edifices, ave-
nues, paths, and the infinitely various and superb monuments.

The grounds are inclosed by a vast and elegant wall, 2,400
toises in circuit. The principal entrance is from the Boulevard
d'Arlnay. On each side of the great gate are lodges for the
officers of the cemetery. On the left pilaster is the following
sentence from St. John the Evangelist, xi. 35.

" He that hclicvcth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he
live."

39

On the front of tlie gate-way is this sublime profession of faith
from Job, xix.

" / knotv that my Redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at
the latter day upon the earth ; and though worms destroy this
hody, yet in my jiesh shall I see God."

CJn the right pilaster is the following sentence from the Wisdom
of Solomon, iii. iv.

" Yet is their hope full of immortality ."

On the highest part of the inclosure, where there is now a
small chapel, is to be reared a pyramid two hundred feet high, in
the centre of which will be a temple for religious ceremonies. An
extensive square, on the left of the main avenue, is appropriated
as a common burial-place for the poor; and on the right, the Jews
have a large grave-yard; the remainder of the land has been
divided into fifty-seven compartments, by the intersection of the
numerous avenues, which have been formed in the style of modern
landscape and picturesque planting.

The poor are buried at the public expense; but that numerous
class of persons who live comfortably, by their own continual in-
dustry, yet, not having acquired an independency, were consider-
ed worthy of the kind attention of the government; nevertheless
it was not considered that they were entitled to a gratuitous in-
terment, because the procurement of a sepulchre was a debt of
consanguinity, of relationship, of gratitude or friendship, which
those should discharge who inherit the property of the deceased.
Still their humble situation prohibited an extravagant expendi-
ture ; but their virtues, the usual companions of the middling and
laborious portion of society, and their sentiments of affection im-
periously prescribed that they should not forget, in the night of
the tomb, those whom they had always loved ; it was, therefore,
necessary to enable them to discharge this debt of the heart.
The administration, attentive to its duties, prepared for them iso-
lated places of burial, where they could be assured of an undis-
turbed sepulchre on the payment of fifty francs for each succes-
sive term of five years. The third class of persons who are
interred in the cemetery, are those who purchase a perpetual
possession in a site for a sepulchre ; but not less than two square
metres are conveyed for an adult's grave, and one for that of a
child under seven years of age. The price is 125 francs per
square metre ; the cost, therefore, of a grave of two metres, is
250 francs, to which are to be added the fees, amounting to ISy^^^^
francs, making the whole sum 268^^^(5- francs.

The special management of the establishment is committed to
a superintendent, who is charged with the duty of causing the
laws and regulations to be carried into effect, under the immedi-
ate direction of the Inspector General of Cemeteries, and to keep
a register of the interments.

The superintendent has under him a principal grave-digger

40

u'itli assistants, an officer with assistants, who has the charge of
keeping the avenues, paths, gardens, and plantations around the
moniinients in perfect order, and tlie direction of all excavations
for the construction of perpetual sepulchies, and a guaid of seven
men under the coniniaiid of a chief, which keeps watch, night
and day, for the security of the monuments, the maintenance of
the police, and the enforcement and observance of the regulations,
which are posted up in various parts of the establishment.

All inscriptions must be left at the office of the superintendent
for examination, before they can be engraved on the monuments ;
and none are allowed, which are in violation of the principles of
religion, morality, the government, language, or orthography.

At the time this establishment was commenced, no one had
conceived of the high public favor which it was destined to ac-
quire. It presented nothing peculiar for a burying-place. A
disposition for its embellishment was evinced with a tardiness,
then not common in the erection of public monuments. The in-
humations cofumenced in the deepest and most remote part of
the vale, which was overlooked by the old habitation of Pere La
Chaise, then ftiUing in ruins. The entrance was from a narrow
street, bordered with houses — the interior edifices presented a
hideous aspect, in consequence of their antiquity, irregularity, and
dilapidated state. On arriving at the place of interment, it was
found to be without any point of view. The fir trees, which grew
along the walls, shaded a few grave-stones, or merely wooden
crosses. A deep pit, always open, was to be seen, in which the
remains of the poor were thrown. All was sad and cheerless in
this confined spot ; still it was visited by a few persons, who cher-
ished the memories of their friends ; filial piety traced upon a
humble monument the name of a virtuous father ; a few widows
came to shed tears over the graves of their husbands ; mothers
formed wreaths and crowns of myrtles and roses, which they
placed upon the tombs of their children : such tributes of the
heart were then not uncommon.

During eight years the temporary sepulchres were formed al-
most exclusively in the lowest part of the grounds, and there
were but a few perpetual monuments scattered over the top of the
eminence. When returning from an interment, no one was
tempted to ascend the steep acclivity of the hill, to behold more
near a ruined mansion and a few dispersed monuments, some
small clumps of trees, an isolated gothic chapel, and grounds
without embellishment or cultivation. The perspective of Paris
was very magnificent from this point ; but any other place thi-n a
cemet(!ry, seemed preferable for its contemplation.

Public opinion, which subjects every thing to its laws, had not
yet included, in the number of essential domestic virtues, a re-
spect for the ashes and memory of relations. A people intoxica-
ted with glory, satiated with victories, and proud of their power,

41

repulsed far from them all melancholy reflections ; every thing
which might induce them to tiiink of the fragility of human hap-
piness;. The dead are immediately forgotten, when our days glide
on in the midst of prosperity ; consequently there were erected
but three moiuimenls in this cemetery during the year 1804 —
their number, in 18Uo, was but fourteen, in 180G, nineteen, in 18U7,
twenty-six, in 181)"?, fifty-one, in 1809, seventy, in 1810, seventy-
six, iu 1811, ninety-six, and in 1812, one hundred and six. Pri-
vate sepulchres were but little frequented, and purchases of per-
petual sites for tombs very rare. Still there was nothing wanting
in this establishment which could materially encourage a pious
discharge of the duties of affection towards deceased^ friends.
The location possessed the most important advantages — an able
manufacturer of all kinds of funereal monuments, had an exten-
sive establishment within the inclosure, which |Was supplied with
marble, granite, freestone, and other appropriate materials — the
most perfect models, and workmen of the first talents, to execute
with promptness all orders in the best manner ; the superintend-
ent kept for sale iron palings, of various patterns, for protecting
the tombs from outrage ; the porter prepared wreaths and crowns,
for relatives to embellish the sepulchres of their deceased friends,
and undertook to decorate them with fresh flowers daily ; never-
theless, every thing languished in an inclosure destined to receive
the ashes of mortals in their last asylum ; a few families only hon-
ored them in secret — a generous public spirit had not yet inspired
the whole people with the fire of an ardent zeal to venerate their
relatives, in the night of the tomb. Its influence^ began to be
perceived in 1818, when the monuments amounted to two hun-
dred and forty ; it augmented in 18 J 4, when five hundred and
nine were to be seen, and it increased in 1815, when six hundred
and thirty-five appeared. During these last two years, aflluence
had introduced marble for the construction of the monuments of
Madame Guyot, M. Lenoir, Dufresne, and M. Lefebvre; the pyr-
amid of Clary was erected ; excavated in the side of the hill was
the tomb of the family of Delespine; the mortuary edifice of the
family of Poreet was constructed, and the tomb of the Abbe De-
lille consecrated his grave. Still, on the 31st of December, there
were only one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven tombs
or sepulchral monuments in the cemetery of Pere La Chaise ; but
in 1827, there was three thousand, whose erection cost between
three and four millions of francs ; and the whole number of bodies
interred was 160,800, not including those buried in the compart-
ment of the Jews. The average number of inhumations, annu-
ally, from 1820 to 1824, was 74-5 in perpetual sepulchres, 1546 in
temporary graves, and 7,885 in the compartment for the poor.
The receipts during the year 1828, for the sale of sites, for tempo-
rary and perpetual sepulchres, amounted to 247,951 francs, and
they have annually increased since.

6

42

It is interesting to examine the causes of this great change in
public sentiment and manners ; — they are worthy the consid-
eration of the enlightened.

The first reverses of France, whose armies had always been
victorious for a period of twenty-six years, produced, in 1815, a
universal gloom. During the same year, the death of the Abbe
Delille, overwhelmed the friends of literature with grief, and the
death of Gretry was a subject of mourning among the amateurs
of music ; an inmiense concourse attended their obsequies.
During periods of calamity we give ourselves up to serious reflec-
tions, and this multitude, which had thronged the Cemetery of
Pere La Chaise, appreciated the beauty of the position, the diver-
sity of the grounds, and were astonished at the pleasant sensa-
tions vvliich were produced, even in the midst of tombs. At this
time all sepulchres were prohibited in churches; the doors of the
Pantheon, which had been long closed to illustrious men, were
then immediately shut against the grand dignitaries of a govern-
ment which no longer existed, and it became necessary to con-
found their remains with those of the people in the dust of Pere
La Chaise. Military chieftains, who were known to all Europe,
from having commanded her armies, there found the term of their
glory, but not of their renown ; the companions of their victories
feared not to continue their homage in the night of death ; those,
who were emulous of their fame, were deposited by their side,
and there found there last place of rest; foreigners, looking upon
their tombs, considered the characters of those distinguished
warriors, whose valor had so often disturbed their repose ; French-
men recollected those victories, the evanescent dream of which,
still flattered their pride. At this period all perpetual sepulchres
were forbidden in the other burial-places of Paris, and the Ceme-
tery of Pere La Chaise, consequently became the place of rendez-
vous for all the great and opulent in Paris ; for the illustrious in
letters, the sciences and the arts ; for those who were successful
in commerce, and the numerous branches of national industry ;
for persons eminent from their public stations, and for men dis-
tinguished in political events. The spoils of the dead were here
collected, families were re-united, all opinions were confounded,
and strangers mingled their ashes with those of the inhabitants
of Paris. Each signalized his piety, by monuments proportioned
to his pecuniary means, rather than the merit of the deceased
relative. No one was willing to be considered wanting in grati-
tude, but rather that he possessed an elevated soul. Universal
admiration was the appendage of good hearts, whose sensibility
ceased not to offer in secret a sincere homage to their friends, in
shedding tears upon their dearly-cherished remains, by embellish-
ing their tombs, and in crowning them with wreaths of flowers :
the multitude attempted to imitate them, by cultivating plants on
the graves of their relatives, and by bringing garlands from a dis-

43

tance to ornament them. To devote a connexion to oblivion was
deemed a disgrace. Strangers, who behehl this revolution in the
customs and manners of the Parisians, were anxious to verify it
by visitmg the Cemetery of Pere La Chaise. They were filled
with admiration to find in a burial-place, whatever there was in
nature which could give satisfaction to the mind, and everything
in tlie arts which could gratify a refined taste, as well as lessons
of the most exalted philosophy, and of the soundest morals. All
extolled it as a phenomenon : it acquired, in a few years, an Eu-
ropean celebrity, which would have been still farther extended, if
It had been known what a picture of national manners was there
presented, and what impressive admonitions for the human heart
were there inculcated.

The magnificent sites of this inclosure have induced the opu-
lent to recall the arts for the embellishment of the final recepta-
cles of their relatives. Geriiis was no longer restrained to con-
tract his thoughts within the narrow limits of a church, where he
was only permitted to ornament one of its sides with a m'ausoleum.
Here he could give perfection to a monument, in which all the
parts were admirable in style, proportion, ornament, and beauty.
Each artist could choose the most favorable position for the execu-
tion of his design ; and happy is the architect or sculptor who is
enabled to study well his plan before putting it in execution ; and
not less fortunate is he, if not opposed by false taste or the parsi^
mony of those who require his services.

In passing over these grounds, where repose so many French-
men in the long sleep of death, it is surprising to beliold every
form of tomb, used among all the nations of the earth, from the
pyramid reared by Egyptian pride, to announce in reality the
profound humility of the princes who caused them to be con-
structed, because they could not occupy, in the immense pile bm
a small and gloomy cell, to the basket of flowers under which the
Turk and the Persian await the moment of beino- awakened to
everlasting life. There are to be seen, near each other the
Egyptian sarcophagus, decorated with onllons, the stele of the
Greeks^ their cenotaphs and their monuments,— the antique bourn
ot the Romans, and their mausoleums re-produced upon the soil of
France,— the columbariums of the ancients, in the mortuary
chapels and tombs,— the Greek orders near the architecture of the
Arabs,— the leaves of the Acanthus and the Doric triglyphs not
far from wreaths of natural foliage,— the cinerary urn,°the hide-
ous form of the coffin, the sable wing of the Egyptians reversed
flambeaux, the bird of death, heads of contrhion, crosses of every
form, crowns of oak and myrtle, rose-buds, the pelican nourish-
ing her young with her own blood, the humble grave-stone at the
base of the superb mausoleum, roughly hammered granite near
the best polished marble, the image of an illustrious man near the
figure of an unknown person, marble sparkling upon more than a

thousand sepulchres, bronze formed into funereal monuments,
and a thatched hut, furnishes a fond mother a protection for the
ashes of her sons ; finally, there exists such a variety in the forms
and arrangement of the three thousand stone monuments, that
there cannot be discovered, among one hundred and fifty-nine
small tombs, and more than six hundred mausoleums, or mortuary
structures, any which are exactly alike; nevertheless,' all the
productions of art, collected in this place, are not worthy of ad-
mitation; the fantastical, the ugly, and the deformed, are exhib-
ited near the beautiful and elegant ; but even their defects cause
those to be more fully appreciated, which are truly splendid, per-
fect, and admirable : thus disorder sometimes produces the sub-
lime ; art employs shadows to produce more splendor, by their
magical effects; and the great Artificer of the universe often ap-
proximates the most tremendous of the works, which are ioi med
by his almighty hands.

Persons learned in the arts are much interested in the examina-
tion of the monuments of Abelard and Eloise, Count JMonge and
the family of Ilennecart ; the sepulchral chapels of Madame de
Bassano, the family of Marshal McDonald, M. Bazouin, and of
the families of Vigier, Houdaille and Morainville ; the monuments
of Duke de Decres, Count de Bourcke, Marshals Lefebvre, Mas-
sena, and Perignon ; of General Foy ; the imposing mausoleums
of Countess Demidoff; the marble cross which surmounts the
sepulchre of Messrs De Saulx-Tavannes ; the bronze monument
placed over the grave of M. Chagot, the proprietor of the foundry
of Creusot. Their refined taste will discover many beauties of
detail in the ornamental sculptures ; they will examine the effects
of similar monuments placed in different positions ; under trees,
upon inclined planes, on level surfaces, against steep declivities,
or in receiving peculiar beauties from the neighboring foliage.
They will be often surprised in discovering a chef d'ceuvre on the
most simple grave-stone, and they cannot fail to admire the exquis-
ite bas-reliefs, which decorate the sepulchre of Madame Heim,
situated on the top of the hill, near the chapel. They will be
pleased to discover a new career opened to artists by this estab-
lishment— a new route to mechanical industry, and a new aliment
to commerce. They will be persuaded that an opulent city can
alone give this illustrious example, and that its influence should
extend over the whole of France.

The establishment of this funereal asylum — the last refuge of
the most exalted in reputation, of great renown, and of vast opu-
lence ; the final bourn of all classes of society ; the place of re-
pose of the most miserable, after long but unfruitful labor, has
produced an astonishing revolution in public opinion, and has
directed the attention of all Paris towards those persons, who, in
their presence, disappear from the world. Funerals are no longer
a mystery, of which the mourning families alone know tlie secrets

45

— a mere ceremony of parade, disguised under a pious veil : grief
is no longer obliged to conceal under the shadow of the domestic
root a ioiig-cherished remembrance, equally honorable to the
memory of the virtuous nian, who is no more, and to the hearts of
tiiose who survive him. Forgetfulness, ingratitude, and irreve-
rence towards the dead, denote frigid, seltish, and inconstant
friends, who are governed sol- ly by personal interests. The hon-
ors of which the departed are the object, are not limited to the
gloomy moments of the silent funeral ; they are perpetuated by
the erection of tombs, by the epitaphs engraved upon them, by
the cares of which they become the objects, and by those pious
duties, of which they are the never-failing termination.

The peculiar manners of each class of society, the inclinations,
the propensities, and the degree of sensibility of each person, is
revealed in spite of himself, by his countenance, his looks, and
his conversation, at the time he witnesses the obsequies ; and the
measure of the real worth of every individual, is easily apprecia-
ted by the sentiments which are excited in those who accompany
him, when his remains are transported to the sepulchre. Nothing
is more varied than the melancholy scenes which this place con-
stantly presents ; ail the virtues of the heart are displayed, and
all the vices are perceived. The rude multitude disclose their
feelings without restraint; they bitterly weep for those whose loss
they regret, and remain cold and unmoved near the tomb of such
as died without virtue and without vice, or were but little known
to them ; they are severe in their remarks upon those who did not
know how to estimate life ; their opinions, always strongly pro-
nounced, truly express the convictions of their minds.

The observer of manners and customs is not astonished at be-
holding the spendthrift, the gamester, the debauchee, and the
idler, interred in the common pit of the poor : during their whole
lives they had been rushing towards that abyss ; but he is in-
structed in human calamities when he witnesses the obsequies of
the honest man, who had struggled in vain, during a long life,
against misfortune ; his heart is deeply affected when he sees the
orphan, left without support, without resources, and without
friends, shedding tears on the grave of a kind father ; in hearing
the lamentations of a mother, calling in vain upon her departed
child ; in beholding the desolation of the widow, and is a spectator
of that agony of grief, which friends evince, and in which the
poor participate, at the decease of a truly charitable man : but
how deep is his commiseration, on perceiving the most miserable
of men conducted to his grave, by only a few funeral assistants ;
he had neither relatives nor friends, — no one pities his sad desti-
ny,— isolated in the world, his dreary days were passed without
consolation, without the kind proffer of any kind offices, — ever
suffering from some new cause of sorrow, some new calamity,
some new distress, — always unhappy. How many shades of sen-

46

timent are here manifested. The heart always proportions its
homage or its disapprobation, according to the merits of the per-
son whose ashes are consigned lo the tomb : his deeds alone de-
termine the honor or disiionor wliich will be evinced at his fu-
neral.

REPORT OF THE GARDEN AND CEMETERY COMMITTEE.

The Garden and Cemetery Committee made the following re-
port, which was read and accepted : —

The Garden and Cemetery Committee of tlie Massachusetts
Horticultural Society have the satisfaction of reporting, that in
pursuance of the authority granted them by the Society, at their
former meeting, they have made several purchases of land adjoin-
ing Mount Auburn, and making the whole quantity in the Gar-
den and Cemetery one hundred and ten acres.

The Committee have designated, as and fur the Cemetery, all
the land lying south of the northern junction of Maple and i.lm
Avenues, of Garden Ponds, and of the junction of Primrose Path
with Central Avenue, lying west of Central Avenue, which they
hope will meet the approbation of the Society ; the residue of the
land is appropriated to an experimental Garden.

They liave laid out about four hundred cemetery lots, and have
sold two hundred and fifty-nine lots of different dimensions,
which, with the premiums paid for choice, amount to

the sum of $17,291 72

most of which has been paid in.

The loan that the Committee were authorized to make,
was subscribed by individuals who are Proprietors
of lots, and amounts to - - - 4,400 00

Rent of a meadow, - - - - 3 00

Total funds, available, $21,694 72

The Committee have paid for the land, in cash, 7,413 14

For house for the Gardener, and for implements and

expenses relative to the garden, - - 2,420 09

For fence, gate, avenues, tombs, and other expenses

of various kinds, - - _ . 8,418 12

118,251 65
For Gardener's salary, 3 months, - - 150 00

Horse and cart for garden, - - _ 120 00

There is due to Mr, Cutter, David Stone, and the
heirs of C. Stone, for land purchased of them, pay-
able at future periods, - - - 2,600 00
And sundry bills outstanding, for work, for the payment of which,
however, funds are provided, as appears by the Treasurer's
statement herewith submitted.

47

The Committee have caused the whole estate to be surrounded
by a fence, as substantial as the present means at their disposal
would permit ; but they hope it may be replaced hereafter with
one of more permanent materials — and have erected a gate of
classical form, with lodges for a Porter and other purposes. They
have erected a cottage for the Gardener, have made about four
miles of avenues and paths, and have constructed a receiving
tomb at Mount Auburn, and purchased another under Park-street
Church, and have done considerable work in and about the gar-
den and ponds.

The present situation and prospects of this interesting institu-
tion are highly flattering.

For eighteen months and upwards, free access was given to all
who wished to visit tlie Garden and Cemetery, either on foot, or
horseback, or in carriages — but it was found that great abuses
were practised there, and the Committee deemed it essential to
the prosperity of the institution th.it some check should be put to
them; for many persons who had purchased lots, complained that
the Cemetery was used in a nianner very different from what
they had expected, destroying the solemnity and quiet which
ought to prevail in a place of repose for tiie dead ; and others
stated that they had intended to purchase lots, but should not do
so, if such indiscriminate admission were given to visiters, — by
some of whom trees were mutilated, fences round the lots broken,
and the lots theniselves trampled on. The Committee then
adopted the regulation of denying admission to persons on horse-
back altogether, — of admitting the proprietors of lots in carriages,
and of opening the gate to persons on foot freely, as before.
With but few exceptions, this regulation has met with approba-
tion, and the effects have been very salutary ; in a pecuniary
view it has been useful also, (though this was no part of the de-
sign of the Committee in establishing it,) for many persons have
become purchasers of lots, and others are known to be ready to
purchase, for the sake of enjoying the privilege of entering the
grounds with a vehicle ; the Committee are of opinion that from
$I"200 to $1500 worth of lots have been disposed of in this way ;
and as the Committee have no interest other than (in common
with all other members of the Society) the desire of beautifying
and improving the Garden and Cemetery, they hope that the re-
gulation they have adopted will meet the approbation of the
Society. The number of interments isforfy.

There are many objects of improvement for which the Com-
mittee hope that funds may be obtained — and among the first,
for the erection of a small edifice, in which religious services at
funerals may be performed. This is very much wanted, and it
is to be hoped that such a building may soon be erected there.
All which is respectfully submitted.

JOSEPH STORY, Chairman.

48

The Treasurer of the Cemetery made the following report,

which was read and acce[)led : —

Tile Treasurer begs leave to repoit the following statement to

the Committee, from his Books, to wit :

Amount of sales of lots, including $1314 02 received for premium
for right of selection, ... $l'/,-29l 72

Amount of loan made 1 Jan. and subject to interest, 4,400 00

Rent of meadow, .... 3 00

Notes payable, signed by the President of the Ilor. Soc.
and payable to Stone and others, for land, and sub-
ject to interest, .... 2,600 00

Balance due to D. Stone, guardian, for land, 103 44

$24,398 16
Payments made by, and debts due to the Committee.
For Land, in cash $7,413 44, notes $2,000, - $10,013 44
For House for Gardener, and expenses pertaining ex-
clusively to the Garden, - - - 2,420 09
For Improvements in Garden and Cemetery, 8,218 12
For Tomb under Park-street Church, " - 200 00
For Horse and Cart, ... - 120 00
For amount due from sundry persons, and payable in

labor, plants, «Sic. - - - - 300 00

For amount due from the Hor. Soc. paid, - 21,271 05

D. Haggerston's salary to 1 June, - - 150 00

For amount due from sundry persons for lots, 1,330 00

For cash on hand. . - - - 1,646 51

$24,398 16

There are some bills for labor on the grounds not yet present-
ed, which are payable in part in lots, by agreement.

Errors excepted. GEO. BOND.

Boston, 12th Sept. 1833.

On motion of Z. Cook, Jr. Esq. resolved. That the thanks of
the Society be given to Alexander H. Everett, Esq. for his
valuable and instructive Discourse, and that he be requested to
furnish a copy for publication, and that the Committee who
waited on him be requested to carry the same into effect.

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to Cheever
Newhall, and R. L. Emmons, for their past services as Treasurer
and Secretary of this Society.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

AT A MEETING HELD AT THE HALL OF THE INSTITDTION^
ON SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1833.

THE FOLLOWING OFFICERS WERE ELECTED FOR THE ENSUING YEAK :
PRESIDENT.

HENRY A. S. DEARBORN, Roxhury.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Boston..
ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.
ENOCH BARTLETT, Roxhury.
S. A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.

TREASURER.

WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

JACOB BIGELOVV, M. D. Boston,

RECORDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT TREAT PAINE, Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, Brooklyn.

THOMAS BREWER, Roxbury.

HENRY A. BREED, Lynn.

BENJAMIN W. CROWNINSHIELD, Boston.
,J. G. COGSWELL, Northampton.
'nATHANIEL davenport, Milton.

7

50

E. IIERSEY DERBY, Salem.
SAMUEL DOWNER, Dorchester.
OLIVER FISKE, Worcester.
B. V. FRENCH, Boston.
J. M. GOURGAS, Weston.
T. W. HARRIS, M. D. Cambridge.
SAMUEL JAaUES, Jr. Charkstuivn.
JOSEPH G. JOY, Boston.
WILLIAM KENRICK, Newton.
JOHN LEMIST, Roxbury.
S. A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.
E. M. RICHARDS, Dcdham.
BENJAMIN RODMAN, New-Bedford.
JOHN B. RUSSELL, Iloston.
CHARLES SENIOR, Roxbury.
WILLIAM H. SUMNER, Dorchester.
CHARLES TAPPAN, Boston.
JACOB TIDD, Roxbury.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.
AARON D. WILLIAMS, Roxbury.
J. W. WEBSTER, Cambridge.
GEORGE W. PRATT, Boston.
GEORGE W. BRIMMER, Boston.
DAVID HAGGERSTON, Cambridge.
CHARLES LAWRENCE, Salem.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

JOHN L. RUSSELL.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

51

STANDING COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE COUNCIL.

I.

ON FRUIT TREES, FRUITS, &C.

To have charge of whatever relates to the multiplication of
fruit trees and vines, by seed, scions, buds, layers, suckers, or
other modes; the introduction of new varieties; the various
methods of pruning and training them, and whatever relates to
their culture, and that of all other fruits; the recommendation of
objects for premiums, and the awarding of them.

S. A. SHURTLEFF, Chairman.

ROBERT MANNING,

SAMUEL DOWNER,

OLIVER FISKE,

CHARLES SENIOR,

WILLIAM KENRICK,

E. IVI. RICHARDS,

B. V. FRENCH,

SAMUEL POND,

E. VOSE,

THOMAS MASON.

II.

ON THE CULTURE AND PRODUCTS OF THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

To have the charge of whatever relates to the location and man-
agement of Kitchen Gardens; the cultivation of all plants apper-
taining thereto ; the introduction of new varieties of esculent,
medicinal, and all such vegetables as are useful in the arts, or are
subservient to other branches of national industry ; the structure
and management of hot-beds; the recommendation of objects for
premiums, and the awarding of them.

DANIEL CHANDLER, Chairman.

JACOB TIDD,

AARON D. WILLIAMS,

JOHN B. RUSSELL,

LEONARD STONE,

NATHANIEL DAVENPORT.

52
III.

ON ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, AND GREEN-HOUSES.

To have charge of whatever relates to the cuUure, miihiplica-
tion, and preservation of ornamental trees and shrubs, and flow-
ers of all kinds; the construction and management of green-
houses ; the recommendation of objects for premiums, and the
awarding of them.

JONATHAN WINSHIP, Chairman.

JOSEPH G. JOY,

DAVID HAGGERSTON,

GEORGE W. PRATT,

SAMUEL WALKER,

IV.

ON TUB LIBRARY.

To have charge of all books, drawings, and engravings, and
to recommend from time to time such as it may be deemed ex-
pedient to procure ; to superintend the publication of such com-
munications and papers as may be directed by the council ; to
recommend premiums for drawings of fruits and flowers, and
plans of country houses, and other edifices and structures con-
nected with horticulture ; -and for communications on any sub-
ject in relation thereto.

H. A. S. DEARBORN, Chairman.

JACOB BIGELOW,

T. W. HARRIS,

E. H. DERBY,

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

G. W. PRATT.

V.

ON THE SYNONYMS OF FRUITS.

At a meeting of the Society, June 20, the following gentlemen
were chosen a Committee to facilitate an exchange of fruits with
the Philadelphia, New-York, and Albany Horticultural Societies,
and others, for the purpose of establishing their synonyms,

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman.

ROBERT MANNING,

SAMUEL DOWNER.

53
VI.

ON THE GARDEN AND CEMETERY.

JOSEPH STORY, Chairman.
H. A. S. DEARBORN,
JACOB BIGELOW,
GEORGE BOND,
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
B. A. GOULD,
CHARLES BROWN,
JOSEPH P. BRADLEE,
CHARLES P. CURTIS.

VII.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Chairman.
G. W. PRATT,
CHEEVER NEWHALL,
CHARLES TAPPAN,
JOSEPH P. BRADLEE-

MEMBERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Armstrong, Samuel T., Boston.
Aspinwall, Augustus, Brookline.
Ames, John W ., Dcdiiam.
Andrews, John H., Salem.
Andrews, Ebenezer T., Boston.
Anthony, James, Providence.
Adams, Samuel, Milton.
Andrews, Ferdinand, Lancaster.
Atkinson, Amos, Brookline.
Adams, Daniel, Kerchury.
Adams, Abel, Boston.
Adams, Beniamin, Boston.
Adams, C. F^rederic, "
Adams, Z. B., "

Appleton, Nathan, "
Appleton, Samuel, "
Austin, James T., "

Austin, William, Lowell.
Austin, E. G., Boston.
Adams, Charles F.. Quincy.
Adams, G. W., Boston.
Andrews, Henry, "

Bartlett, Enoch, Roxhury.
Brewer, Thomas, "
Brimmer, George W., Boston.
Bradlee, Joseph P., "

Breed, Ebenezer, "

Breed, Henry A., Lynn.
Bigelow, Jacob, Boston.
Baldwin, Enoch, Dorchester.
Breed, John, Charlcstown.
Breed, Andrews, Lynn.
Bailey, Kendall, Cluirlcstown.
Ballard, Joseph, Boston.
Brewer, Gardner, "
Brown, James, West- Cambridge.
Bartlett, Edmund, JVcwlmryport.
Buckminster, Lawson, Framingham
Buckminster, Edward F., "
Breck, Joseph, Pcpperell.
Bedlam, Stephen, Boston.
Bradford, Samuel H., "
Bailey, Ebenezer, "

Bangs, Edward D., Boston.

Bowdoin, James, '•'

Balch, Joseph, Roxhury.
Bond, George, Boston.
Bacon, S. N., "
Billings, Joseph H., Roxhury.
Barnard, Charles, Boston.
Brown, Charles, "
Brown, Jonas B., "
Bussey, Benjamin, Roxhury.
Baker, Joseph, Boston.
Buckingiiam, Joseph T., Boston
Buckingham, Edwin,
Boyd, James,
Brown, John,
Brigham, Levi,
Blake, Joshua,
Brigham, Dennis,
Bird, Jesse,
Bryant, John,
Bullard, Silas,
Burridge, Martin, Medford.
Bond, George VV., Boston.
Bartlett, Levi, "

Bailies, Edmund, "
Bigelow, Abraham, Camhridge.
Barrett, George C, Boston.
Bowen, Charles, "

Bender, Jacob, "

Boyd, Thomas, "

Blanchard, W. E., "
Binney,John, "

Binney, Amos, "

Bacon, D. C, "

Cook, Zebedee, Jr., Boston.
Codman. John, Dorchester.
Clapp, Nathaniel, "
Coolidge, Joseph, Boston.
Cordis, Thomas, "
Copeland, B. F., Roxhury.
Cogswell, J. G., JVorthampton.
Champney, John, Roxhury.
Cowing, Cornelius, "

55

Chandler, Daniel, Lexington.
Callender, Joseph, Boston.
Cliase, Hezekiah, Lynn.
Clapp, John, Soutli-Readhig.
Caiter, Horatio, Lancaster.
Colinan, Henry, Stilem.
Carnes, Nathaniel G., Kew-York.
Curtis, Edward, Peppercll.
Chandler, Samuel, Lexington.
Capen, Aaron, Dorchester.
Crowninshield, Benjamin W., Salem
Cotting, William, West- Cambridge.
Cabot, Samuel, Brookline.
Coffin, Hector, lluck Farm,JYewhury.
Curtis, Nathaniel, Roxbury.
Clapp, Isaac, Dorchester.
Crafts, Ebenezer, Roxbury.
Curtis, Charles P., Boston.
Curtis, Thomas B., "
Coolidge, Samuel F., "
Carey, Alpheus, "

Coffin, George W , "
Channing, George G., "
Craigie, Mrs. E., Cambridge.
Coolidge, Joshua, IVatertotcn.
Cobb, Elijah, Boston.
Cowing, Holland, Jr., Roxbury.
Clark, Edward D., Boston.
Crockett, George W. "
Cowing, N. H., Brookline.
Crane, Joshua, Boston.
Coolidge, Thomas B., Boston.
Child, Joshua, "

Churchill, P., "

Carnes, Francis, "

(]^arter. Genrge D., "

Channing, W. E., "

Chase, C, "

Coburn, Anna, "

Dearborn, H. A. S., Roxbury.
Davis, Isaac P., Boston.
Downer, Samuel, Dorchester.
Dowse, Thomas, Cambridge.
Dudley, David, Roxbury.
Doggett, John, Boston.
Drew, Daniel, "
Derby, John. Salem.
Davenport, Nathaniel, Milton.
Davis, Charles, Roxbury.
Dorr, Nathaniel, "
Dodge, Pickering, Salem.
Dean, William, "

Derby, E. H., "

Dodge, Pickering, Jr., Salem
Davis, John B., Boston.
Driver, Stephen, Jr., Salem.
Davis, John, Boston.
Davis, Daniel, "

Dutton, Warren, "
Denny, Daniel, "

Davis, James, Bo.ston.
Dickson, James A., Boston.
Derby, Richard C, "
Darracott, George, "
Domett, George, "

Doanes, Johh, "

Davis, N. Morton, Plymouth.
Danforth, Isaac, Boston.

Emmons, Robert L., Boston.
Everett, Edward, Chartestown.
Eustis, James, South- Reading .
Ellis, Charles, Roxbury.
Edwards, Elisha, Springfield.
Eager, William, Boston.
Endicott, William P., Danvers.
Everett, Alexander H., Boston.
Eckiey, David, "

Eastburn, John H., "

Edwards, Henry, "

Eldredge, Edward, "

Eldredge, Oliver, "

French, Benjamin V., Boston.
Fessenden, Thomas G., "
Frothingham, Samuel, "
Forrester, John, Salem.
Fiske, Oliver, Worcester.
Fosdick, David, Charlcstoicn.
Fletcher, Richard, Boston.
Field, Joseph, Weston.
Fitch. Jeremiah, lioston.
Francis, J. B., Warioick, R. I.
Freeman, Russell, New-Bedford.
Fay, Samuel P. P., Cambridge.
Farrar, John, "

Farley, Robert, Boston.
Folsom, Charles, Cambridge.
Fisk, Benjamin, Boston.
Fuller, H. H.,
Foster, E. B., "

Faxon, Nathaniel, "
Fisher, Jabez, "

Fenno, J. W., "

French, Arthur, "
Fearing, A. C, "
Francis, Nathaniel, "
Foster, C. U., "

Gray, John C, Boston.
Gray, Francis C, "
Gr^enleaf, Thomas, Quincy.
Gourgas. J. M., Weston.
Green, Charles W., Roxbury.
Gore, Watson, "

Gannett, T. B., Cambridge.
Gould, Daniel. Reading.
Gardner, W. F., Salem.
Gardner, Joshua, Dorchester.
Goodale, Ephraim, Bucksport, Me.
Goodwin, Thomas J., Charlestown.

66

Guild, Benjamin, Boston.

Gibbs, Benjamin, "

Grant, Benjamin B., "

Gould, Benjamin A., "

Grant, B.B., "

Gould, James, "

Goodwin, Ozias, "

Grew, Henry, "

Harris, Samuel D., Boston.
Huntington, Joseph, Roxhury.
Haskina, Ral[)h, "

Huntington, llalph, Boston.
Heard, John, Jr., "

Hill, Jeremiah, "

Hoilingsvvorth, Ma-rk, Milton.
Harris, William T., Cambridge.
Holbrook, Amns, Milton.
Howe, Rufus, Dorchester.
Ha^'den, John, Brootdine.
Hyslop, David, "

Howes, Frederick, Salem.
Haggerston, David, Cambridge.
Hunt, Ebenezer, JVortliampton.
Howland, John, Jr., jXew-Bed/ord^
Hayward, George. Boston.
Higginson. Henry, "
Hall, Dudley, JVye^//orrf.
Hartshorn, Eliphalet P., Boston.
Houghton, Abel, Jr., Lynn.
Hovey, P. B., Jr., Cambridge.
Hurd, William, Ckarleslown.
Howe, Hall J., Boston.
Haskell, Elisha, "
Hicklinff, Charles, "■
Hicks. Zachariah, "
Howard, Abraham, "^
Hastings, Thomas, "
Hastings. Oliver, Cambridge.
Hosiner, Z., "

Henchman, D., Boston.
Hobart, Enoch, "
Howe, S. L., Cambridge.
Hodges, J. L., Taxmton.
Hedge, Isaac L., Plymouth.
Howard, Hepsy C, Boston.

Hill, S. Vr.,

Hovey, Charles M., Cambridge.

Hayward, Charles. Boston.

Hildrith, Charles T., "

Howe, Joseph N., Jr.. E. Cambridge

Henshaw, John, Boston.

Hall, Henry, "

Hall, A. T., "

Hav, Joseph, "

Hobart, Nathaniel, "

Ives, John M., Salem.
Inches, Henderson, Boston.
Ingalls, William, "

Jaques, Samuel, Jr., Charlcstown.

Joy, Joseph G., Boston.
Joy, Joseph B., "
Jones, Thomas K., Roxbury.
Johnson, Samuel R.., Clinrlestown.
Jackson, Patrick T., Boston.
Jackson. James, "

Johonnot, George S., Salem.
Jarves, Deming, Boston.
Jackson, C. T., "

Johnson, Otis, Savannah, Ga~
Jones, L. D., JS'cw- Bedford.

Kenrick, William, Newton.
Kellie, William, Boston.
King, John, Mcdford.
Kidder, Samuel, Charlestoicn.
Kuhn, George H., Boston.
Kendall, Abel, Jr.,
Kenrick, John A., J^'ewton.
Kuhn, John, Boston.
Kenrick, Enoch B., Kewton.

Lincoln, Levi, Worcester.
Lincoln, William, "
Lowell, John, Roxbury.
Lee, Thomas, Jr., "
Lemist, John, "

J>yman, Theodore, Jr., Boston^
Lowell, John A., "

Lawrence, Abbott, "

Lyman, George W., "

Lawrence, Cliarles, Salem.
Little, Henry, Bvcksport, Me.
Leland, Daniel, Sherburne.
Leland, J. P., "

Little, Samuel, Bucksport, Me.
Leonard, Thomas, Salem.
Lawrence, William, Boston.
Lawrence, Amos, "

Livermore, Isaac, Cambridge.
Loring. Josiah, Boston.
Lowell, Charles, "
Lamson. John, "
Lynde, SethS., "
Lowell, Francis C, "
Loring, Henry, "
Lienow, Henry, "
Loring, W. J., "

Lang, Wm. B., "
. Lombard, N. K. "
Lowell. John, Jr., "
Lane, Josiah, "

Lewis, S. S., "

Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manners. George, Boston.
Minns. Thomas, "
Morrell. Ambrose, Lexington.
Munroe, Jonas, "

Mussey, Benjamin, Boston.

57

Mills, James K., Boston.
M'Carthy, Edward, Brighton.
Mackay, John, Boston.
Mead, Isaac W., Cliarlestown.
Mead, Samuel O., West- Cambridge.
Moffatt, J. L., Boston.
Melville, Thomas, Boston.
Mc Lellan, Isaac, "

Merrv, Robert D. C, "
Marshall. William, '•'
Mason, Thomas, Cliarlestown.
Motley, Thomas, Boston.
Miller, Edward, "

Mariner, Joseph, "

Meldrum, Alexander, "
Mason, Jeremiah, "
Mears, James, "

Newhall, Cheever, Dorchester.
Nichols, Otis, "

Nuttall, Thomas, Cambridge.
Newell, Joseph R., Boston.
Newhall, Josiah, Lynnjield.
Newman, Henry, Rotbury.
Nicholson, Henry, Brookline.
Newell, Joseph W., Cliarlestown.

Otis, Harrison G., Boston.
Oliver, Francis J., "
Oliver, William, Dorchester.
Oxnard, Henry, Brookline.

Pferkins, Thomas H., Boston.
Perkins, Samuel G., "
Parsons, Theophilus, "
Putnam, Jesse, "

Pratt, George W., "

Prescott, William, "

Penniman, Elisha, Brookline .
Parsons, Gorham, Brighton.
Pettee, Otis, A'cioton.
Prince, John, Roxbury.
Phinney, Elias, Lexington.
Prince, John, Jr., Salem.
Peabody, Francis, "
Pickman, Benjamin T., Boston.
Penniman, James, Dorchester.
Poor, Benjamin, Keto- York.
Perry, G. B., East- Bradford.
Perry, John, Sherburne.
Pond, Samuel, Cambridge.
Payne, Edward W., Boston.
Paine, Robert Treat, "
Pond, Samuel M., Bucksport, Me.
Prescott, C. H., Cornicallis, JV. S.
Parker, Daniel P., Boston.
Pratt, William, Jr., "
Priest, John F., "

Philbrick, Samuel, Brookline.

Parker, Thomas, Dorchester.
Parker, Isaac, Boston.
Parkinson, John, Roxbury.
Phillips, S. C, Siiliiii.
Pool, Ward, Daiircrs.
Pierpont, John, Boston.
Perkins, T. H. Jr., Boston.
Parkman, Francis, "
Pond, Samuel, Jr., "
Payne, W. E., "

Preston, John, "

Palfrey, John G., Cambridge.
Putnam, Ebenezer, Sulem.
Pomroy, W. M.,Jr., "
Paige, J. W., Boston.
Phillips, John, JS'ew-York.
Prichard, Mary, Boston.
Power, Thomas, "
Petton, Oliver, "

Phelps, W. D., "

Quincy, Josiah, Cambridge^

Russell, John B., Boston.

Robbing, E. H., "

Rollins, William, "

Rice, John P., "

Rice, Henry, "

Russell, J. W., Roxbury.

Read, James, "

Robbins, P. G., "

Rollins, Ebenezer, Boston.

Rowe, Joseph, Milton.

Rogers, R. S., Salem,.

Rodman, Benjamin, JVeic Bedford.

Rotcli, Francis, "

Rotch, William, "

Richardson, Nathan, South- Reading.

Rand, Edward, S., JVewburT/port.

Richards, Edward M., Dcdham.

Randall, John, Boston.

Russell, J. L., Salem.

Russell, James, Boston.

Raymond, E. A., "

Robinson, Henry, "

Russell, George, M. D., Lincoln.

Rogerson, Robert, Boston.

Rich, Benjamin, *'

Reynolds, Edward, "

ShurtlefF, Benjamin, Boston.
Sears, David, "

Stephens, Isaac, "

Silsby, Enoch, "

Storer, D. Humphreys, "
Sullivan, Richard, Brookline.
Seaver, Nathaniel, Roxbury.
Senior, Charles, "

Sumner, William H., Dorchester..

58

Swett, John, Dorchester.
Sharp, Edward, "
Smith, Cyrus, Sandwich.
Sutton, VVilliam, Jr., Danvcrs.
Story, F. H., Salem.
Stedinan, Josiah, JVcicton.
Strong, Josepli, Jr.. Suutli-Hadlcy.
Stearns, Cliarles, Sprinujicld.
Shurtleft", Samuel A., Baston.
Springer, John, Sterling:
Saitonstall, Leverett, Salem...
Storrb, Nathaniel, Boston.
Shaw, Lemuel, "

Smith, J. M., "

Sisson, Freehorn, Warren, R. I.
Swilt, Henry, JWi/ituchet.
Smith, Stephen H., Providence, R.
Swan, Daniel, Medford.
Stone, Leonard, Watertown.
Stone, WiUiam, "

Stone, Isaac, "

Story, Joseph, Cambridge.
Shattuck, George C, Boston.
Stanwood, William, "

Stanvvood, David, "

Sargent, L. M., "

Stone, Henry B., "

Simmons, D. A., RoxhurTj.
Savage, James S., Boston.
Shaw, Robert G., "

Sparks, Jared, "

Savage, James, "

Stone, P. R. L., "

Stearns, Asahel, Cambridge.
Stone, IDavid, Boston.
Staples, Isaac, "

Shaw, C. B., "

Skinner, Francis, "
Swett, Samuel, "
Stanwood. Lemuel "
Stearns, Simon, "
Sparhawk, E. C, "
Stetson, Joseph, Waltham.
St.urgis, William, Boston.
Simmons, William, "
Stone, W. W., "

Sinallwood, Thomas, JVeicton.
Smith, M., Boston.
Scudder, Chnrles, Boston.
Scudder, Horace, "

Tappan, Charles, Boston.
Tidd, Jacob, Roxlmry.
Thompson, George, Medford.
Train, Samuel, "

Thorndike. Israel, Boston.
Thwing, Supply C, Roxhury,
Tucker, Richard D., Boston.
Tilden, Joseph, "

Toothey, Roderick, Waltham,

Thomas, Benjamin, Hingham.
Trull, John W., Boston.
Taylor, Charles, Dorchester.
Tudor, F'rederick, Boston.
Thayer, J. H., "

Thatcher. Peter O., "
Tremlelt, Thon;as B., Dorchester.
Tuckerman, Joseph, Boston.
Taylor, J. W., "

Tappan, John, "

Thorndike, J. P., "

Vose, Elijah, Dorchester.
Vila, James, Boston.

Williams, Nehemiah D., Roxbury.
I. Williams, Francis J., Boston.
Wilder, M. P., "

Williams, Aaron D., Roxbury.
Williams, Moses, "

Williams, G., "

Weld, Benjamin, "

Worthington, William, Dorchester.
Welles, John, "

Wales, William, "

Webster, J. W., Cambridge.
White, Abijah, Watertoion.
Williams, Samuel G., Boston.
Wight, Ebenezer, "

Wyatt, Robert, "

Winship, Jonathan, Brighton.
Wilkinson, Simon, Boston.
Wilder, S. V. S., Bolton.
Waldo, Daniel, Worcester.
Wyeth, Nathaniel J., Cambridge.
West, Thomas, Haverhill.
Willard, Joseph, Boston.
Whitmarsh, Samuel, Korthnmjiton.
Whitmarsh, Thomas, Brookline.
Warren, Jonathan, Jr., Weston.
Webster, Nathai, Haverhill.
Wilson, John, Roxlmry.
White, Stephen, Boston.
Webster, Daniel, "
Ward, iiichard, Roxbury.
Weld, Aaron D., Jr., Boston.
Walker, Samuel, Roxbury.
Wells, Charles, Boston.
Whitwell, Samuel, "
White, Benjamin F., "
Wiley, Thomas, Watertown.
Wales, Thomas B., Boston.
Ware, Henry, Cambridge.
Waterhouse, Benjamin, Cambridge.
Winship, Francis, Brighton.
Weld, James, Boston.
Whittemore, George, Boston,
Willet, Thomas, Charlestutcn.
Wolcott, Edward, Pawtucket.
Williams, John, Cambridge.

59

Wyman, Rufus, Charlestoion. Whipple, W. J., Cambridge.

Watson, Elizabetli, Boston. Winchester, W. P., Boston.

Waldo, Henry G., " Warren, J. L. L. F., "

Wilson, Robert, " Ware, Jolin, "

Ward, Thomas W., " Wadsvvorth, Alexander, Bosfore.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

ADAMS, Hon. JOHN QUINCY. late President of the United States.

AITON, WILLIAM TOWNSEND. Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

ABBOT, JOHN. Esq , Bronsuick, Me.

ABBOT, BLNJAMIN, LL. D., Principal of Phillips Academy, Exeter,
New-Hampsiiire.

BUEL, J. Esq., President of the Albany Horticultural Society.

BOULN, Le Chkvalikr, SOULAiNGE, Secretaire-General de la Societe
d' Horticulture de Paris.

BANCROFT, EDWARD NATHANIEL, M. D., President of the Horti-
cultural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.

BARCLAY, ROBKR.T, Esq , Great-Britain.

BEEKMAN, JAMES, New-York.

BARBOUll, P. P.. Virginia.

BLAl'lER. LEWIS, Philadelphia.

COXE. VVILLL\M, Esq., Burlington, New-Jersey.

COLLLNS, ZACCHEUS, Esq. President of the Pennsylvania Horticul-
tural Society, Philadelphia.

COFFLV, Ad.miral Sir ISAAC, Great-Britain.

CHAUNCY, ISAAC, United States Navy, Brooklyn, New-York.

CLAY, HENRY, Kentucky.

DICKSON, JAMES, Esq., Vice-President of the London Horticultural
Societv.

DE CANDOLLE, Mons. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS, Professor of Botany
in the Academy of Geneva.

Df. La SAGRA, Don RAMON, Cuba.

ELLIOTT, Hon. STEPHEN, Charleston, S. C.

EVERETT, HORACE, Vermont.

EVANSON, CHARLES ALLAN, Secretary of King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John's, New-Brunswick.

ELLIOT, JESSE D., United States Navy.

FALDERMANN, F., Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at St. Pe-
tersburg.

FISCHER, Dr., Professor of Botany, of the Imperial Botanic Garden at
St. Petersburrr.

GALES, JOSEPH, Jr., Vice-President of the Washington Horticultural
Society, Washington.

GOULDSBOROUGli, ROBERT H., Maryland.

GREIG, JOHN, Esq., Geneva, President of the Domestic Horticultural
Society of the Western Part of the State of New-York.

GORE. Mrs. REBECCA, Waltham.

GRIFFITHS, Mrs. MARY, Charlies Hope, New-.Ier8ey.

GIRARD, STEPHEN, Philadelphia.

-GIBBS, GEORGE, Sunswick, New- York.

60

IIERICART DE THURY, Le Vicojite, President de la Societe d'Hor-
ticulture de Paris.

HOSACK, DAVID, M. D. President of the New-York Horticultural
S'iciely.

HOPKIRK, THOMAS, Esq,. President of tiie Glasgow Horticultural
SDciely.

HUiNT, LEWIS, Esq. Hunf.sbur<T, Oliio.

HILDRFJTH. S. P., Maiietia, Oiiro.

INGERSOLL, JA.MKS R.. President of tiie Horticultural Society of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

JACKSON. ANDllKVV, President of the United States.

JOHONNOT. Mrs. MARTHA, Salem.

KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW, Esq., President of the London Horti-
cultural Society.

LOUDON. JOHN CLAUDIUS, Great-Britain.

L.\ FAYETTE, Genkral, La Grange, France.

LASTEYRIE, Le Comte de, Vice-President de la Societe d'Horticulture
de Paris.

LITCHFIELD, FRANKLIN, Consul of the United States at Porto
Cabello.

LORRILLARD, JACOB, President of the New-York Horticultural So-
ciety. New-York.

LONGSTRETH, JOSHUA, Philadelphia.

LONGWORTH, NICHOLAS, Cincinnati.

MADISON, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.

MONROE, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.

MICHAUX, MoNs. F. ANDREW, Paris.

MENTENS, LEWIS JOHN, Esq, Bnixelles.

MITCHELL, SAMUEL L., M. D., New-York.

MOSSELLMANN, . Esq. Antwerp.

MERCER, PIos. CHARLES F., Virginia.

M' CAULEY, D. SMll'H, Consul General United States, Tripoli.

OTTENFELS, Baron, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

POri'EAU, Professor of the Institut Horticule de P'romont.

POWELL, JOHN HARE, Powellton. Pennsylvania.

PRINCE, WILLIAM, Esq., Long island, Now-York.

PRATT, HENRY, Philadelphia.

PALMER, JOHN, Esq., Calcutta.

ROSEBERRY, ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of, President of the Cale-
donian Horticultural Society.

SABINE, JOSEPH, Esq., Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.

SHEPHERD, JOHN, Curator of tiie Botanic Garden, Liverpool.

SCOTT. SiK WALTER, Scotland.

SKINNER, JOHN S., Baltimore.

TURNER, JOHN, Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultural So-
ciety.

THACHER. JAMES, M. D., Plymouth.

THORBURN, GRANT, Esq., New-York.

TALI.AFERRO, JOHN, Virginia.

THOURS, M. Dv Petit, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institut Horticole
de Froniont.

TOWSON, xNATHANIEL, President of the Washington Horticultural
Society, Washington.

VILMORIN, MoNs. PIERRE PHILLIPPE ANDRE, Paris.

VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, Esq., Hallowell, Me.

VAN MONS, JEAN BAPTISTE, M. D. Brussels.

VAUGHAN, PETTY, Ksq., London.

VAN RENSF.LLAER, STEPHEN, Albany.

VAN ZANDT, JOSEPH R., Albany.

VANDERBURG, FEDERAL, M. D., New-York.

WELLES, Hon. JOHN, Boston.

61

WILLICK, NATHANIEL, M. D., Curator of the Botanic Garden, Cal-
cutta.
WADSWORTH, JAMES, Geneseo, New-York.

WARD. MALTHUS A., CoUeoe, Athens, Georgia,

WOLCOTT, FREDERICK, Litchfield, Connecticut.
YATES, ASHTON, Esij., Liverpool.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

ADLUM, JOHN, Georgetown. District of Columbia.

ASPINVVALL. CoL. THOMAS, United States Consul, London.

APPLETON, THOMAS, Es^., United States Consul, Leghorn.

ALPBY, .

AQUILAR, DON FRANCISCO, of Moldonoda, in the Banda Oriental,
Consul of the United States.

BARiNBT, ISAAC COX. Esc^., United States Con.'su]. Paris.

BURTON, ALEXANDER, United States Consul, Cadiz.

BULL, E. W., Hartford, Connecticut.

CARR, ROBERT, Esq., Philadelphia.

COLVILLE, JAMES, Chelsea, England.

CARNES, FRANCIS G., Paris.

DEERING, JAMES, Portland, Maine.

EMMONS, EHENEZER, M. D., Williamstown.

FLOY. MICHAEL, New-York.

FOX. JOHN, Washino-ton, District of Columbia.

FELLOWS, NATHaTvIEL. Cuba.

FOSTER, WILLIAM REDDING, Baltimore.

G.^RDINER, ROBERT H.. Esq., Gardiner, Maine.

GIBSON, ABRAHAM P., United States Consul, St. Petersburg.

GARDNER, BENJAMIN, United States Consul, Palermo.

HALL, CHARLES HENRY, Esti-, New-York.

HAY, JOHN, Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

HALSEY, ABRAHAM. Corresponding Secretary of the N«w-York Hor-
ticultural Society, New- York.

HARRIS, Rev. T. M., D. D., Dorchester.

HUNTER, , Baltimore.

HOGG, THOMAS, New-York.

HENRY, BERNARD, Gibraltar.

HITCHCOCK, I. I. Baltimore.

LANDRETH, DAVID, Jr., Escj., Corresponding Secretary of the Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Society.

LEONARD, E. S. H., M. D., Providence.

MAURY, JAMES, Esq., late United States Consul, Liverpool.

MILLER, JOHN, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural
Society, Jamaica.

MILLS, STEPHEN, Esq., Long-Island, New-York.

MELVILLE, ALLAN, New-York.

M'LEAY, WILLIAM SHARP.

NEVVHALL, HORATI,0, M. D., Galena, Illinois.

OFFLEY, DAVID, Esq., United States Consul, Smyrna.

OMBROSI, JAMES, United States Consul, Florence.

PARKER, JOHN, Esq., United States Consul, Amsterdam.

62

PAYSON, JOHN L. Esq., Messina.

PORTER, DAVID, Washington.

PRINCE, WILLIAM ROBERT. Es^., Long-Island, New-York.

PRINCE, ALFRED STRAITON, Long-Island.

PERRY, M. C, United States Navj', Charlestown.

PALMER, JOHN J., New-York.

ROGERS, WILLIAM S., United States Navy, Boston.

REYNOLDS, M. D., Schenectady, New-York.

ROGERS, J. S., Hartford. Connecticut.

RICHARDS, JOHN H., Paris.

ROTCH. THOMAS, Philadelphia.

SHALER, WILLIAM, United States Consul-General, Cuba.

SxMITH, DANIEL D., Esq.. Burlino-ton, New-Jersey.

SMITH, GIDEON B., Baltimore.

SHAW. WILLIAM, New-York.

STRONG. Judge, Rochester, New-York.

STEPHENS, THOMAS HOLDUP, United States Navy, Middtetown,

Connecticut.
SMITH. CALEB R., Esq., New-Jersey.
SPRAGUE, HORATIO. United States Consul, Gibraltar.
SUMMEREST, FRANCIS.
STRANGEWAY, WILLIAM FOX, British Secretary of Legation a.t

Naples.
THORBURN. GEORGE C, New-York.
TILLSON, JOHN, Jr., Illinois.

TENORE, Pkoikssor, Director of the Botanical Garden at Naples,
WILSON, WILLIAM, New-York.
WINGATE, J. F., Bath. Maine.
WINGATE. JOSHUA, Portland.
WINTHROP. JOSEPH AUGUSTUS, South-Carolina.

ADDRESS

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

AT THEIR

SIXTH ANNIVERSARY,

SEPTEMBER 17, 1834.

BY JOHN C. GRAY.

BOSTON:

PRINTED BY J. T. BUCKINGHAM.

M DCCC XXXIV.

At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Societj-, September 20th, 1634,

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to Hon. JOHN C. GRAY, for his

able, eloquent, and instructive address delivered before them on Wednesday, the 17th iust.

and that a copy be respectfully requested for publication.

Attest, R. T. PAINE, Recording Secretary.

At a meeting of the Society, held Septembei 27th, 1834,

The following letter was read : —
R. T. Paine, Esq. Recording Secretary of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Sir — Incompliance with the request of the Horticultural Society, I have the honor of
submitting to their disposal a copy of the Address delivered at Fanuei! Hall, Wednesday,
September 17th. Your most obedient servant,

September, ^Ith, 1834. JOHN C. GRAY.

And therefore

Voted, Tliat the copy of the address be committed to Elijah Vose, Cheever Newhall, and
B. V. French, Esq's, with instructions to cause the same to be printed, for the use of the
Society, in such a form and manner as to them may seem most expedient.

R. T. PAINE, Recording Secretary.

ADDRESS

Ladies and Gentlemen : —

I HAVE been requested by the Horticultural Soci-
ety to offer you some remarks on the present inter-
esting occasion. I am sensible of my inability to do
justice to the subject, or to present to you any thing
equal in merit to the elaborate, elegant, and valuable
productions with which the public have been enter-
tained on former anniversaries. But the respect
which I owe to the wishes of the Society, and the
deep interest which I feel in the great object of their
efforts, have induced me to comply with their request,
and I shall briefly notice some of the inducements
which exist to the pursuit of Horticulture, more
especially in our country.

This art may be recommended, in the first place,
as an innocent and salutary amusement. In bestow-
ing upon it these titles, I have said very much in its
favor. The topic of amusements has ever been a
most perplexing and difficult one to the moral casuist.
I suppose that no one would proscribe all relaxation.
All admit that the most industrious individual must
have his intervals either of recreation, or of idleness.

But what amusements should be recommended, or
tolerated, is a question on which there is far less
unanimity of sentiment. In this country, there is, I
believe, both a small amount and a smaller variety of
relaxation, than in most others. We are, at least in
New-England, emphatically, a grave people. The
simple manners and rigid morals which have de-
scended to us from our puritan ancestors, our rigor-
ous climate and stubborn soil, the equal distribution
of property by descent and its necessary consequence,
the small number of men of wealth and leisure,
have rendered us, though certainly not a gloomy, yet
a serious and practical community. Many amuse-
ments, which have prevailed in other countries, never
have, and we trust never will take root in our land.
Of those which are fashionable among us, there are
several, which are denounced, either as deleterious, or
at least perilous to our morals, by a large and respect-
able portion of our population. This is not the oc-
casion to inquire how far such sentiments are correct.
It is more to my purpose to observe, that there is, I
will not say, no ground, but no pretext, for such ob-
jections against the pursuit of Horticulture. He must
be a stern and astute casuist indeed, who can detect
any thing in this occupation, tending to inflame, to
debase, or to enfeeble the mind. You are well
aware, on the contrary, that a garden has been
selected by all poets of all nations, as the abode of
the virtuous in a future state ; that Horticulture has
often been recommended by the strictest moralists,
not only as a soothing, but as a most refining occu-
pation ; and that the wonders of creative power, with

which it renders us conversant, have furnished the
natural theologian with some of his most powerful
and impressive arguments.

It is an additional and a most important recom-
mendation to this art, that it does not call upon us to
cultivate the mind, at the expense of the body. I
have already said that we are a grave, and, I think I
may add, a sedentary people. I do not mean to say,
that we are not disposed to occasional locomotion, —
such an assertion is not lightly to be made, almost
within hearing of our rail-road cars. But I speak of
the constant habits of our community, compared with
those of the people of England, and of most other
European countries. A large, and certainly not un-
important portion of our citizens, are occupied in
professional and literary pursuits, and among these,
with one important qualification to be presently
noticed, bodily inactivity seems to be a prevailing
and an increasing habit. Besides, many of the rising
generation, at least in our largest towns, are confined
to study, during by far the greater part of their
waking; hours. It is not for me to determine how
far this confinement is necessary or beneficial, in the
decree to which it is now carried. It is for those
more interested to decide, whether, in endeavoring
to accelerate the march of mind, we have not forgot-
ten, that the mind is vitally connected with an asso-
ciate of delicate and curious structure indeed, but of
grosser elements, whose wants and whose welfare
are, nevertheless, not to be overlooked with impunity.

If there be evils attendant on our present systems
of literary discipline, perhaps the greatest is, that

6

they create habits of bodily indolence, and the
scholar, when emancipated from the dominion of his
instructers, and invested with the command of his
own time, carries with him a fondness for sedentary
amusements. Consequently, if his business should
be also of a sedentary character, his whole life, ivhile
it lasts, is one of close confinement. At any rate,
the debilitated health of many of our most distin-
guished professional men, has long been a subject of
the deepest public concern ; and to no cause does the
evil seem to be more imputed, than to their neglect
of habitual exercise. Why else is it that our clergy-
men are so often driven from the desk, and our law-
yers interrupted in the midst of their most intense
and important labors, while our physicians, the only
class of professional men, who are compelled to pass
much of their time in bodily motion, are proverbially
healthy, — and it is no rare spectacle to see them dis-
pensing, in their own case, with the rules, which they
feel it their duty to prescribe to others. That amuse-
ment, then, is certainly to be highly valued, which
calls us forth into the open air, during a large portion
of the year, and by its double operation on the body
and mind, contributes at once to our strength and
spirits — two objects which it needs no physician to
inform us are most nearly connected.

It is, therefore, a highly gratifying fact, that the
directors of several of our literary and theological
institutions, have labored to inspire their students
with a taste for gardening, and have furnished them
with every facility for its cultivation. For, however
incontestible the value of exercise, every one knows,

that it is beneficial to a great degree in proportion as
it is agreeable ; that of two descriptions of exercise,
that is by far the most salutary which is taken with
the keenest relish. Compare the resolute dyspeptic
accomplishing his measured walk or ride, with the
same dogged pertinacity, with which he would pre-
pare himself for a surgical operation, with the florist,
culling his plants, in our fine woods, or cultivat-
ing them in his neat garden, while hour after hour
glides by unmarked, and the sun goes down upon
him in the midst of his interesting labors. Compare,
I say, these individuals, and then ask, if you can,
seriously, which is pursuing the shorter road to
health and cheerfulness.

It is not, however, in our brilliant though short
spring, our blazing summer, or our glorious autumn,
that the charms of this art are most deeply felt, but
amid the rigors of our stern though splendid winter.
It is then, when the whole vegetable world is hushed
in dread repose, — when the earth is covered with a
sheet of ice, as with a plate of burnished steel, that
Horticulture proves herself a true friend to her faith-
ful votaries. It is then that she goes with them to
their dwellings, there to diffuse her soothing and
enlivening influence, while all without is wild and
desolate. Who would not court the visits of such
an inmate ? Who but would delight to give her her
appropriate and honorable place at the fireside or the
window ?

This art is, however, something more than a mere
passing amusement. It well deserves to be cherished
in our country, for the auspicious influence which it

must exert on the manners and feelings of the com-
munity, should a taste for its splendid productions
l)ecome a prevalent one. Mankind have found by
experience, that the contemplation of what is grace-
ful or beautiful, serves to correct and refine the taste,
to expand and elevate the understanding, to soften
and purify the heart. How these results are pro-
duced, it is for the metaphysician to explain, if he
can ; the results themselves are not the less real nor
the less manifest. It is on this principle, that the
fine arts have been so carefully cherished by the
ablest statesmen of older communities. No one,
acquainted with the history or condition of those
communities, can doubt, that those arts have done
much to counteract the evils of defective systems of
government, and to supply the w^ant of general edu-
cation. With us, their progress must be for a long
time, for obvious and cogent reasons, extremely lim-
ited,— at least, this must be said of those two most
delicate arts, painting and sculpture.

It is, therefore, a most fortunate circumstance, that
we can supply their place with other elegant pur-
suits, and, among these, that of which I am now
speaking, surely deserves a most conspicuous rank.
If the assiduous contemplation of choice specimens
of art is not only a pleasing but a most useful occu-
pation, it is certainly something more than a mere
frivolous amusement, to contemplate these lovely
forms of vegetable life, with which Horticulture
renders us conversant, which, to say the least, are
neither less curious nor less splendid. If an exqui-
site taste for the beauties of fine pictures is to be

deemed an elegant accomplishment, I know not how
an equally exquisite taste for the beauties of fine
flowers, should deserve any less honorable title.
" Some people," says Cobbett, in his usual homely
but perspicuous style, " may think that flowers are
of no use, that they are nonsensical things. The
same may be, perhaps with more reason, said of pic-
tures. For my part, as a thing to keep and not to
sell ; a thing, the possession of which is to give me
pleasure, I hesitate not a moment to prefer the plant
of a fine carnation, to a gold watch set with dia-
monds."

If, however, the productions of the gardener's
labors are not to be placed in the same rank with
the works of the painter or sculptor, they possess
what, in our country, is a most important advantage
over them, viz. that they are within the reach of the
great mass of our community. Pictures and statues
are, even in older nations, confined to the precincts
of cities, or the villas of the opulent. Not so with
fine flowers. The proprietor of the smallest farm in
the country, or the inhabitant of the humblest tene-
ment in the city, may decorate his house with orna-
ments, surpassing in richness and delicacy, the most
costly productions of the upholsterer. The furnish-
ing of a single apartment in a style of very moderate
splendor, involves a greater expense, than many
florists incur at seed-stores and nurseries, during the
whole course of their lives. Well, then, does this
art deserve encouragement, in our republican and
economical country.
2

10

To what I have said of its intellectual and moral
effects, I should add, that, were it generally culti-
vated, very much would be done for the advancement
of its kindred art, the most important, by far, of all
arts, Agriculture. In our country, where land is
cheap and labor high, our farmers are strongly in-
duced to spread their efforts over a large surface, to
cultivate a great extent of ground superficially, rather
than a smaller portion thoroughly. This practice, if
justified to some degree by the circumstances of the
country, has been carried quite too far for good taste,
or even good economy. Nothing would tend more
to check the evils consequent on such a system, than
the general practice of gardening. It is in a garden,
that we should learn those principles of neatness and
order, that thoroughness in subdividing and enrich-
ing the soil, that war of extermination against weeds
and insects, and, above all, that vigilance in embrac-
ing precious and fleeting opportunities, which are the
prominent characteristics of the thriving farmer. It
is by this cultivation in miniature, so to speak, that
we should be kept from despising those little things
which, in agriculture as in every thing else, must
ever be duly regarded by all who aspire to great
results. If every farmer among us were, also, a
florist, — and every farmer may be one to a consider-
able degree, — the neatness and precision of his gar-
dening operations, would soon extend itself, — if not
already existing there, — to his field cultivation, and
our villages would exhibit much of that exactness
and elegance, so conspicuous and so pleasing in our
Shaker settlements.

11

I repeat it, — every farmer, and I may almost say,
every man in the community, may be, if not a distin-
guished, yet a skilful florist. One would suppose
that little else would be necessary to render us so,
than the contemplation of the splendid example
which nature has set us, in the profusion with which
she has scattered over our land the choicest treasures
of the vegetable world. America may be denomin-
ated the classic ground of the botanist ; and, as the
painter or sculptor visits Italy, to study the wondrous
works of Raphael or Angelo, so to the admirer of
magnificent and beautiful plants, no country can pre-
sent more interesting objects than ours. None is
endowed with a richer variety of indigenous produc-
tions ; from the pine, whose summit seems lost in
the clouds, to the velvet carpeting of mosses which
overspreads the margin of the rivulet. We possess
many wild flowers, which want no other recommen-
dation than that of rarity, to entitle them to rank
with the most costly exotics. Witness the stately
Rhododendrons of Medfield, and the spicy Magnolias
of Cape-Ann. What spectacle can be more magnifi-
cent than that presented by our woods on the banks
of the Connecticut, when their shady recesses are
absolutely illuminated with the brilliant and clus-
tered blossoms of the Mountain Laurel. Above all,
what exotic can surpass our Pond-Lily ? — a flower,
rivaling in beauty the far-famed night-blooming
Cereus, — possessing, too, a most delicious fragrance,
which is altogether denied to its kindred in the
Eastern world, and which is so delicate and ethereal,
that all the power of Chemistry is insufficient to

12.

arrest and retain it. The Rose has been long
denominated, by the consent of the civilized world,
the queen of flowers, and far be it from me to dis-
parage her pretensions ; but if the choice were now
to be made, we might call upon her to divide, at
least, her rojal honors, with this splendid nymph of
these western waters.

In these remarks, I have confined myself to the
culture of flowers, because this is a branch of horti-
culture accessible to all. From the raising of trees,
most of the inhabitants of this city are altogether
debarred. Our few remaining gardens are rapidly
vanishing before the spirit of improvement. In a
short period, their places will be supplied by massive
structures of brick or stone, and our magnificent
Common may be the only green spot in our penin-
sula. Those of you who enjoy facilities for the pro-
pagation of fruit-trees, need no admonitions from me
to improve them. Few of us can hope to render
greater service to the community, than those who
are thus occupied. If he, who makes two spires of
grass grow, where one grew before, is a public bene-
factor, what shall we say of him, who introduces, or
who disseminates a new and delicious variety of
fruit, and thus contributes to the innocent and salu-
tary pleasures, not only of his cotemporaries, but of
multitudes yet unborn ? The gratification thus min-
istered to each individual, singly, may be deemed
trifling ; but when we consider the number so grati-
fied, how immense is the aggregate of human enjoy-
ment.

How long and how gratefully must such a gift be

13

remembered. Of what moment to us, are the un-
daunted valor and consummate generalship displayed
by Lucullus, in his victories over Mithridates. They
served only to bring one more gallant monarch into
subjection, to that haughty and gigantic povs^er,
whose iron sceptre has long since been shattered,
to add one more jewel to the diadem, which has
been for ages trampled in the dust. But the taste
and assiduity of the Roman general, in naturalizing
the cherry-tree to the climate of Europe, has enti-
tled him to the grateful commemoration of sixty
generations. The empire, which France labored to
establish on our continent, has long since passed
away. The chain of fortresses, which she erected
on our northern and western borders, wdth so much
skill, and at such a cost, is rapidly vanishing from
our soil. Her very language is fast departing from
those regions, before the silent and peaceful progress
of our institutions. But the orchards of magnificent
and venerable pear-trees, planted by French colonists
on the banks of the beautiful Detroit river, yet
remain, a noble monument to the honor of the parent
country of modern Horticulture.

How few can hope for a reputation so extensive,
so enduring, and so enviable, as that which will be
awarded, both in his country and ours, to Thomas
Andrew Knight. How long and how highly shall
we honor this high-minded Englishman, as the disin-
terested and unwearied benefactor of our infant Hor-
ticulture ? How nobly has he exemplified the great
truths, that the firmest loyalty to our own country is
compatible with the utmost liberality towards others ;

14

and, that when the culture of the soil is in question,
our views should know no other bounds, than those
of the great family of man. A few years, I trust,
will show, that there are those among us who emu-
late his achievements, as I am sure there are many
who partake of his spirit. I speak from high author-
ity, when I say, that the friends of Horticulture in
Europe are turning their eyes anxiously to our coun-
try. They are looking to our bright skies and fresh
soil, for new varieties of delicious fruits, to supply
the place of those, which, after centuries of exist-
ence, are at last passing away. Hopes so just and
reasonable, are surely not destined to return void.

I have thus endeavored to state some of the prin-
cipal motives which should excite us to the pursuit
of Horticulture. There has been much unsaid, and,
probably, much unthought of on my part, which your
own reflections may readily suggest to you. I have
detained you longer than I intended ; but I should
be obliged to make a large additional demand on your
patience, were I to bestow even a passing notice on
many important and appropriate topics which I have
passed over in silence. I have said nothing, for in-
stance, of the raising of ornamental trees, nothing of
that most interesting spot, the Cemetery at Mount
Auburn. These omissions are of the less conse-
quence, as so much has been said on these topics,
and so well said, on former occasions. And now let
me ask those of you who are parents, one simple
question. Is there a taste for any ornamental pursuit
which you would behold springing up in the minds of
your children, with more pleasure, and with less ap-

15

prehension, than a taste for Horticulture ? If it be
thus, it is surely an important subject of inquiry how
such a taste may best be created, increased, or dis-
seminated.

And here I may be told, that, when I speak of
creating a taste of this description, I speak of what is
impossible ; that it is exclusively the gift of Nature ;
that where she has bestowed it, little culture is requi-
site, and where she has withheld it, all effort is un-
availing. It is not necessary to maintain that nature
has made no difference between individuals in this
respect, but I am warranted in saying, that, in this, as
in many other instances, what we call nature is noth-
ing but early habit or early association. This has
been shown in much stronger cases, than that which
we are now considering. Can any suppose, that if we
were all conversant with fine flowers from our infancy,
if every porch could boast its festoons of honeysuckle,
every fence its clusters of roses, and every window
its ranges of bulbs, nothing would be done towards
rendering Horticulture a general and a favorite pursuit.
Those who think thus must deny all that has hitherto
been believed, respecting the spirit of improvement,
the power of habit, and the force of example.

It was the wish, then, to create and diffuse a taste
for Horticulture, which led to the foundation of our
society. To the merit of introducing this art among
us, the society makes no pretension. It already ex-
isted in a considerable degree, more especially in this
city and its delightful environs, and in other large
towns. There were men among us conspicuous for
their talents and public spirit, as displayed in their

16

services to many of our most valuable institutions,
but who had no where labored more zealously, more
disinterestedly, or more successfully, both by precept
and example, than in behalf of our Horticulture.
There were those of retired habits, who had found
in this art an exhaustless and a most dignified occu-
pation, for their many intervals of leisure ; and there
were men deeply immersed in active business, pur-
suing their respective callings amidst all the dust and
bustle of the city, among scenes apparently the most
uncongenial to every thing rural, whose gardens and
windows yet bore splendid testimony to their suscep-
tibility to the charms of nature, and their skill in
calling forth her wonder-working powers. These
facts spoke much for the taste and refinement of our
community, and not a little, certainly, for the charms
of Horticulture.

Of most of those individuals to whom I refer, I
am forbidden to speak as I could wish, by the delica-
cy which we owe to all within the circle of our per-
sonal intercourse. I must be permitted, however, to
allude particularly to one, who has lately retired from
that circle ; I mean the gentleman who has presided
over our society, ever since its formation, but who for
many years previous, had devoted much of his time
and thoughts to Agriculture and Horticulture. You
well know, my friends, how he has labored in our
cause. You are all aware of the aid which it has
derived from his powerful and accomplished mind,
his unwearied industry, and his elevated character.
His services will long be respectfully and gratefully
remembered, and I am sure that I speak in the name

17

not only of all who hear me, but of all who know
him, when I express the best wishes for his health
and happiness. Wherever he may go, though no
longer among us, he will never cease to be of us.

But whatever may have been the progress of
Horticulture in Massachusetts, previous to the for-
mation of this Society, it was still rather a solitary
than a social pursuit. Every one pursued his own
course, — neither acquainted, to any great degree,
with the improvements of his neighbor, nor assisted
by his advice, nor excited by his success. Horticul-
ture had its own charms to recommend it, and these
were many and various, but its cause wanted all that
aid, which is derived from the union of numbers,
deeply interested, in the pursuit of a common and
favorite object. Our society was established to rem-
edy this important disadvantage, to bring the friends
of Horticulture into close contact, to afford induce-
ments for that social interchange of sentiment, from
which the mind gains new light, and the feelings
new warmth ; to diffuse knowledge, to correct error,
and to call into action those master-spirits of the
human mind, the spirit of emulation, and the spirit of
improvement.

Of the merits of the Society, we leave the public
to judge. Its success has surpassed the expectations
of its most sanguine members. Those who wish to
know the extent of that success, are referred to our
nurseries, our markets, and our fruit-stores. In the
retrospect of our progress, we ought not to forget,
how much our hands have been strengthened, and
our spirits cheered, by the friendly encouragement
3

18

we have received from other horticultural societies.
More especially should we acknowledge the courte-
ous and flattering attentions bestowed on our society
in its infancy, by those of London and Paris, and of
New- York, a city which has added to its other high
claims to distinction, that of taking the lead in
American Horticulture. Our public authorities of
the state and city, have not been wanting in bestow-
ing upon us their support and favor, within their
respective spheres of operation. We are indebted to
the Legislature, for the enactment of most just and
wise provisions for the protection of our gardens and
orchards, — laws which, we trust, will be powerfully
effective, not only as a terror to evil-doers, but in
creating a wholesome public sentiment and diffusing
through the community a proper respect for the rights
of the industrious gardener to the fruits of his science
and assiduity. It is owing to the courtesy of our
city government, that we are now enabled to assem-
ble in this spacious and renowned Hall. The specta-
cle before you owes much of its splendor to the kind-
ness and liberality of those individuals, who have
consented to expose on this occasion, I am sure I
ought to say to hazard, the choicest productions of
their gardens and green-houses. That our fellow-
citizens generally are not indifferent to our success,
is a fact of which we need no other proof than the
audience who have this day honored us with their
presence, and I have only to say, that I can have no
fears for the success of Horticulture, while I see our
exhibitions thus supplied and thus countenanced.

SIXTH ANNIVERSARY

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The sixth Anniversary of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety was celebrated on the ITth, 18th, and 19th September, by
a public exhibition of fruits and flowers, in Fanueil Hall. The
display surpassed the most sanguine anticipations of the friends
of the Society, and the Amateurs of that rural improvement, in
which nature and art combine to produce the fairest objects,
which can decorate the splendid abodes of affluence, or the hum-
ble retreats of rural felicity. It was a subject of delightful con-
templation to behold the "Cradle of Liberty" converted, as it
were, by enchantment, into the Temple of Flora and the Palace
of Pomona. The Champions of American Independence, whose
portraits adorn the walls of the venerated fabric, appeared to look
with complacence on the effbrts of the Society to decorate the
theatre of their exertions, which gave Independence and National
Liberty to our common country ; and splendid realities combined
with pleasing reminiscences to "lend enchantment to the scene."

At 12 o'clock on the 17th, an Address was delivered by John
C. Gray, Esq. which was all the occasion demanded, or which
could be anticipated by the most ardent friends of Horticulture.

The following are some of the donations of Fruits and Flow-
ers, which were contributed in aid of the exhibition : —

From Col. T. H. Perkins, Brookline, (by William H. Cowing,)
Black Hamburg, White do. White Muscat of Alexandria, Saint
Peters, Black Prince, Muscat of Lunil, White Frontignac, Grisly
Frontignac, Flame colored Tokay, White Chasselas or Sweet
Water, White do. of Frontignac, Frontignac, Constantia of Byz-
ant, and Isabella Grapes. A large basket of superb Peaches and
Nectarines.

Hon. John Lowell, Roxbury — White Pitmaston Cluster Grape,
a new seedling, very hardy and early, just imported, White Ham-
burg Grape, and a basket of ripe Figs.

Hon. Richard Sullivan, Brookline — Bartlett Pears, Black Ham-
burg Grapes, and fine Nutmeg Melon.

20

Z. Cook, Jr. Esq. Boston — Bartlett Pears.

John Prince, Esq. Jamaica Plains — French Red, Ilubbardston
Nonesuch, Reinette du Canada, Court pendu gris, Mela Carla,
Ribstone Pippin, Bucktnan's Pearmain, and Blue Pearmain Ap-
ples ; Bloodgood's Yellow Winter, Fulton, Andrews, Bon Chre-
tien, Catillac, Long Green, Beurre du Roi, and Dr. Hunt's Pears.

Micah H. Uuggles, Fall River — Wilbur Pear, (very fine.)

Elijah Vose, Dorchester — Capiaumont, Urbaniste, Bartlett,
Passe Colmar, Lewis, Wilkinson, and Mouille Bouche Pears ;
Red Callville, and Spice Apples; Rock, Persian, Pine Apple,
and Green flesh Cantaloup Melons ; Royal Purple Chasselas, and
White Chasselas Grapes ; Grosse Mignonne, and Morris White
Peaches.

Samuel Pond, Cambridgeport — Red Siberian Crab Apples ;
Bartlett, Capiaumont, and Andrews Pears; Semiana and Yellow
Egg Plums; Green Catharine Peaches; Golden and White Chas-
selas Grapes; Citron Melon, (for preserves,) Nutmeg Melons;
three bottles of Wine, made from the Isabella Grape.

E. M. Richards, Dedham — Red Juneating and Benoni Apples ;
Long Green, Gris Bonne, and Harvard Pears.

Capt. John Mackay, Weston — Hawthorndean Apples ; Seckle
Pears, (very fine ;) Yellow Melacoton Peaches; Citron Melons.

Joseph Balch, Roxbury — Pumpkin Sweeting and Horthorndean
Apples ; Heathcot Pears.

James Read, Roxbury — Noblesse Peaches, (on branches ;)
Black Hamburg Grapes ; Jacques, Large Rareripe or Melacoton
Peaches, (very beautiful.)

Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester — Iron and Rousellet Pears ;
Sweet Water and Isabella Grapes.

M. R. and E. Marsh — Porter Apples; Gushing, Fall Bon
Chretien, Seckle, and Bartlett Pears.

N. E. Glines, Boston — Apples.

William E. Otis & Co. Boston — Apples.

John A. Kenrick, Newton — Nonesuch, Hubbardston, Newton,
and P».ibstone Pippin Apples ; Kenrick's Heath, Red and Yellow
Rareripe, Carolina, Kennedy Clingstone Jacques, and White
Peaches ; Nectarines ; Capiaumont Pears.

George Pierce, Charlestown — Porter Apples, Philadelphia Pip-
pins.

C. Cowing, Roxbury — Bartlett Pears ; Red Melacoton Peaches.

E. Breed, Esq. — Brown Beurre, Brocas Burgamotte Pears,
(growing on dwarf trees.)

Cheever Newhall — Bartlett, Bleeker's Meadow, Bon Chretien,
and Andrews Pears.

Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Pemberton's Hill, Boston— Saint Michael's
Pears; Seckle, Rousellet de Rheims, Gansels or Broca's Burga-
motte, White Chasselas Grapes, (open culture ;) Red Rareripe
Peaches.

21

Samuel Svveetser, Cambridgeport — Rushmore Bon Chretien
Pear.

Thomas Mason, Charlestown — Royal George, Belegarde, and
Royal Kensington Peaches ; Elruge and Brugnon Nectarines ;
Black Hamburg, Lombardy, Black St. Peters, Red Plamburg, and
White Sweetwater Grapes.

Benjamin V. French, Esq. Boston — Nonesuch, Black of Cox,
and Double Flowering Chinese Apples ; Bartlctt, TiUington, and
Beurre Von Marun Pears ; Arabian Cabbage.

Jacob Tidd, Roxbury — two clusters Nice Grapes, one weighing
6 1-2 lbs. and one 5 lbs.; two Long Water Melons.

Messrs. Winships, Brighton — Jacques, Cutter's Yellow and
Royal Peaches.

E. Bartlett — Capiaumont, Bartlett, Fulton, Sylvanche Verte,
Passe Colmar, and Seckle Pears ; Wax Peaches ; Pine Apple
and Green Cantaloup Melons.

Robert Manning, Salem — A valuable collection of Pears, con-
sisting of forty-four different kinds, and embracing many of the
new varieties, which have been recently introduced into this
country.

Hamilton Davidson, Charlestown — Belegarde Peaches ; Seckle
Pears.

T. Bigelow, Medford — Royal Charlotte Peaches, (superb.)

Charles Taylor, Esq. Dorchester — a basket of fine Black Ham-
burg Grapes.

Messrs. Hovey— Bartlett and Johonnet Pears ; Noblesse Peaches;
Semiana Plums ; White Chasselas and Black Hamburg Grapes,
(cultivated in pots.)

J. T. Wheelwright — Solanum Melongena, Purple and White.

D. L. Jones, gardener to James Arnold, Esq. New-Bedford —
Black Hamburg Grapes, (a fine specimen ;) also, a Rustic Chair,
presented to the Society ; Early Lees Anglo and Queen Anne
Plums.

Benjamin Gigger, Waltham — Orange Clingstone Peaches, (ex-
cellent.)

R. Ward, Roxbury — Bartlett and Seckle Pears: English and
Lima Beans.

Jonas Clarke, Waltham — Red Rareripe Peaches.

Charles Smith, Waltham — large Water Melons, (one weighed
forty pounds.)

David Stone, Waltham — large Melons.

Timothy Corey, Brookline — two Cabbages, (each weighing
twenty pounds.)

J. M. Ives, Salem — a new variety of Squash, from the western
part of the state, very early, and keeps remarkably well through
the winter, (supposed a hybrid.)

J. Coolidge, Boston — Harvard and Andrews Pears.

H. Davenport, Milton — Bon Chretien Pears.

22

J. Hill — Bartlett Pears; Red Ripe Peaches, (excellent;) Por-
ter Apples.

Thomas McCarty — Peaches.

A D. Williams — Grapes (on vines,) and Valparaiso Squashes.

Samuel G. Perkins, Esq. — large basket, containing Black Ham-
burg, Zinfindal, Constantia, White Muscat of Alexandria, White
Muscat, or Frontignac, Portugal, and Purple Oval Grapes ; Yel-
low, Admirable, Morris White, Melter, Pine Apple, and Paris
Peaches.

G. W. Ward, Shewsbury — Apples from a tree that never blos-
soms ; no seed nor core : has been in bearing twenty years.

Mr. Davis — Heathcot Pears.

Mr. Tombs — Clingstone Peaches.

Mr. Balfour, Charlestown— Isabella Grapes, open culture, girdled.

Richard Dascomb, Boston — Orange Gourds.

A. T. Penniman, Boston — White Chasselas Grapes.

W. Oliver, Roxbury — Cornelian Cherries.

Mrs. J. C. Jones, Somerset-place, Boston — Egg Plums, very fine.
For the Committee,

S. A. SHURTLEFF, Chairman.

REPORT

Of the Committee appointed to name and label the Plants and Flowers ex-
hibited at Fanueil Hall on the 17th, 18th, and 19th September, 1834.

The display of the various plants and flowers which decorated
the Hall, was splendid beyond description ; and far exceeded
the most sanguine expectations of the committee. Although the
proper season to show hot-house and green-house plants to
advantage, is during the spring months, when they are in full
bloom and beauty, yet many varieties, especially those with ever-
green foliage, are pleasing and interesting objects at all seasons
of the year. Many of the species presented, were very choice
and rare. There might be seen the Banana of the West-Indies,
the Fig from Persia, the Coffee from Arabia, the Lemon,
Orange, Pomegranate, and Sago-Palm, with many other inter-
esting plants, natives of a tropical clime. Among those orna-
mental, as well as useful, were the variegated Holly, Myrtle,
Laurel, Magnolia, Acuba, Box-tree, Aloes, and the elegant India-
rubber tree. Some were remarkable for either their curious
foliage or flowers, as the Arum, Pourretia, Eucalyptus, Nandina,
Cactus, &LC. Others for their delightful and agreeable odor, as
the Hedychium gardnerianum, Polyanthes tuberosa. Pancratium
Funkia, Jasminum, &c. &c. Those conspicuous for the splen-
dor of their rich and brilliant colors, were the Erythrina picta,
near eight feet in height ; the Vallota purpurea (once Amaryllis)

23

with six expanded flowers ; the Gladiolus natalensls, with three
tall spikes, and numbering near twenty open flowers, which, for
magnificence of bloom, can be eclipsed but by few plants at this
season of the year. Among the various flowers and charming
bouquets which adorned the tables, was a large collection of the
superbly splendid Georgina, (Dahlia) amounting, from all the
contributors, to nearly five hundred flowers. There was, also, a
beautiful variety of the lovely China and German Asters. The
committee cannot, however, among such a numerous assemblage
of Flora's beauties, particularize all which deserve notice ; but
submit the following Report : —

From John Lowell, Esq. Roxbury. A fine specimen of the
Erythrina picta, and Justicia picta, — rare plants ; — two fine
plants of Citrus decumana, with eight or ten ripe fruit, some of
which measured five inches in diameter, — being three inches
more in circumference than a specimen of the same fruit, exhib-
ited at the London Horticultural Society, and which received its
premium last year. A fine plant of the Banana tree, (Musa
sapientium) with other rare and choice plants.

From J. P. Gushing, Esq. Watertown. Fine plants of the
Lemon and Orange, (Citrus limonum and aurantiacea) Apollo's
Laurel, (Laurus nobilis,) Myrtus communis, Acuba japonica,
Buxus arborescens var. aurantiacea, Hydrangea, Polyanthus
tuberosa, &c. &c.

From John Lemist, E.sq. Roxbury. Eugenia myrtifolia. Fuch-
sia coccinea, Acacia armata. Ericas, &c. &c. Fine plants of
the Aloe (Agave americana) Yucca gloriosa, Citrus myrtifolia,
and vulgaris, var. variegata, and a splendid specimen of the
Cycas revoluta, (Sago Palm.)

From John Prince, Esq. Roxbury. Large plants of Lemon
and Orange trees, Cycas revoluta (Sago Palm) and Agave Amer-
icana, Hoya carnosa, Diosma alba, Hedycliium gardnerianum,
(very fragrant,) Acuba japonica, &c. &lc.

From J. T. Wheelwright, Esq. Solanum melongena, purpurea
and alba (Egg plants) pseudo capsicum (Jerusalem cherry) Gom-
phrena globosa, Aster sinensis, &c. &c.

From Charles Senior, Roxbury. Rhododendron hybridum,
Myrtus communis. Camellia japonica. Citrus aurantiaum, Vibur-
num tinus, &c. A beautiful plant of the Ficus elasticus (India
rubber tree) and Cactus melocactus.

From William E. Payne, Esq. Waltham. Three fine large
Orange trees, (Citrus aurantium) Citrus limonum. Begonia,
Fuchsia coccinea, Daphne odora, &/C. &c.

From William Pratt, Esq. Watertown. Elegant plants of the
Ilex variegata, (variegated Holly) Buxus arborescens var auran-
tiacea, Diosma alba, Citrus vulgaris var variegata, and Viburnum
tinus. Justicia picta, Hoya carnosa, Cassia Isevigata, Aloysia
citriodora, &c. &c.

24

From Mr. N. Davenport, Milton. Agave americana, Ver-
bena trifolia, Cassia, &,c. &lc.

From Joseph P. Bradlee, Esq. Boston. Citrus limonum, Rho-
dodendron, Cammellia japonica a/ba, and variegata, Myrtus com-
munis, Erica mediterrania, Gardinia, Acuba, Pittosporum, Citrus,
Polyanthus tuberosa, &c. &c.

From Samuel Appieten, Esq. Boston. A magnificent plant of
the Ficus elasticus, (India rubber tree) about ten feet in height.

From Thomas Dowse, Esq. Cambridgcport. A fine plant of
Myrtus communis, in full bloom, — and Fig-tree, (Ficus carica)
with fruit.

From Mr. Samuel Sweetser, Cambridgeport. A fine plant of
the Ilex variegata, Diosma alba, Phlomis fructicosa. Erica, Sem-
pervivium, Myrtus communis, &c. &c.

Gladiolus natalensis, (called psittacinus) presented by Mr.
Sweetser, was one of the most rich and gorgeous plants which
ornamented the Hall. It is of late introduction, never flowering
here before this season. It will, probably, be considered as one
of the finest varieties of bulbs vvliich decorate the flower garden.

From Mr. Isaac Livermore, Cambridgeport. Nerium oleandar,
and a fine large plant of Hydrangea hortensis.

From Messrs. Hovey, Cambridgeport. Fine plants of Gom-
phrena globosa, and Fuchsia coccinea, Maurandia semperflorens
and Citrus limonum. A Black Hamburgh Grape-vine, growing
in a pot, and bearing twenty fine clusters, weighing nearly half a
pound to the bunch, — only eighteen months from the cutting,
and remarkable for producing such a crop of fruit ; and, also,
showing what a quantity of fine fruit can be cultivated in a small
space of earth.

From the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, by William Carter.
The following very rare plants, — Astrapsea Wallichii Hakea
saligna, Pourretia spinosa, Banksia serrulata, Ficus elasticus,
Coffea arabica, (coffee-tree) Vallota purpurea, (splendid) Melas-
toma, Eugenia, Nandina, Eucalyptus, Lantana, Ardisia, Mela-
leuca, and Fuchsia Thompsonia, Prolea argentea (silver-tree)
Hoya carnosa, &c. (S:,c.

From M. P. Wilder, Esq. Dorchester. A splendid plant of
the Camellia japonica fl. pi. alba, Eugenia jambos, and Acacia
lophanta. Strelitzia, Melianthus, Echium, Ilex variegata, Pit-
tosporum, Agave americana, retusa and lingua, Myrtus, Acuba,
Cycas revoluta, Arum esculentum, Citrus vulgaris, &c. &c.

From J. W. Boot, Esq. Plumbago capensis, Begonia discolor
and a Pancratium, very beautiful.

From Charles Taylor, Esq. Dorchester. Acacia lophanta.
Gardenia florida, Pelargonium argentea. Citrus vulgaris and, V.
variegata. Cassia, &c. &c.

From Madame Eustis, Roxbury. Fine large Orange and
Lemon trees, (Citrus) Acuba japonica and Yucca gloriosa (beau-

25

tiful in bloom,) Agave araericana, Hoya carnosa, Myrtus com-
munis, Hydrangea hortensis, Aloysia citriodora, die. &c.

From E. Breed, Esq. Charlestown. Brown Beurre and Broca's
Bergamot Dwarf Pear trees in pots, bearing fine fruit, Diosma
alba, Lantana, Pittosporum, Myrtus, Acuba, Portulacea, Arum,
Rhododendron, Phlomis, Rosa, Viburnum, Agave Americana,
fcc. &LC. China Asters and Coxcombs, in pots.

Fom Messrs. Winship, Brighton. A fine plant of Corra^a alba,
and Aspidium exaltalum. Hedychium gardneriarum, Metrosi-
deros. Acacia lophanta, a branch of the Shepardia eleagnoides
(Buffalo berry,) &c. &c.

From Thomas Willott, Boston. A fine plant in full blossom
of Lagerstraemia indica (crape myrtle,) Myrtus Agave Americana,
Crassula, Nerium, Begonia, Cactus, Acuba, Viburnum, Roses,
Geraniums, &c.

From Joseph G. Joy,, Esq. Boston, Two fine large Orange
trees.

From William Upham, Esq. Boston. Two Orange trees, Myr-
tus communis and Jasminum nitidum.

From D. S. Townsend, Esq. Boston. A fine large Myrtus
communis, Acuba japonica, and Viburnum tinus. Agave Amer-
icana, Vinca rosea, Crassula arborea, Orange tree and Pome-
granate.

From Mr. Thomas Mason, Charlestown. Acacia armata and
lophanta, Aloysia citriodora, Daphne, Viburnum, Erica, Fuchsia,
Rosa, Myrtus, Gardinia, Punicea, Rhododendron maximum var.
album and roseum and Catawbiense. A beautiful plant of the
Magnolia grandiflora, Diosma, &c. «fec.

From Mrs. Bigelow, Medford, by M. Burrage. A very beau-
tiful plant of the Citrus myrtifolia (Myrtle-leaved Orange,) with
about twenty ripe fruit.

From Mr. A. D. Williams, Roxbury. A pot of the Isabella
and White Sweet Water grape, with fruit.

Georginas (Dahlias,) China and German Asters, and Bouquets
of Flowers, were exhibited' by the following gentlemen : —

A superb collection of about fifty varieties of the Georgina frorn
Mr. E. Putnam, Salem ; twenty varieties from M. P. Wilder, Esq.
Dorchester ; ten varieties from Mr. Samuel Walker, Roxbury ;
twenty-five varieties from the Botanic garden, by William Carter ;
ten varieties from William Kenrick, and many varieties from
others. A charming collection of China and German Asters, of
about twelve distinct varieties, from Messrs. Hovey, Cambridge-
port. A fine variety from E. Putnam, Salem. A most beautiful
bouquet of Roses, including the yellow Tea and other rare kinds,
from Mr. William Wales, Dorchester. Elegant bouquets were
also received from Messrs. S. Svveetser, Cambridgeport, William
Worthington, John Richardson, Joshua Gardner, and Samuel
4

26

Phipps, Dorchester ; William Kenrick, Newton ; T. H. Perkins,
Brookline ; J. W. Russell, Mount Auburn ; Messrs. Hovey, Cam-
bridgeport ; Thomas Mason, Charlestown ; William Leathe, Cam-
bridgeport ; and John Kenrick, Newton. Flowers, in quantity
for decorating the Hall, were also furnished by the above gentle-
men. Some of the wreaths were from the Society's garden,
Mount Auburn.

The Committee hope they have not omitted any plants, but
have given as accurate an account, from the haste in which the
exhibition was got up, as possible.

All which is respectfully submitted,

CHARLES M. HOVEY, Chairman.

Sept. 30, 1834.

REPORT

Of the Garden and Cemetery Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, at a meeting held on Saturday, September 17, 1834.

The Garden and Cemetery Committee of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, beg leave to submit the following Annual
Report, for the consideration of the Society : —

The Committee congratulate the Society upon the continued
improvement of the Garden and Cemetery, and the additional
favor and encouragement, which the design has received from
the public. Before proceeding, however, to any particulars re-
specting this subject, they feel it their duty to make a few remarks,
in order to correct some erroneous notions, which pervade certain
portions of the community, relative to the nature and objects of
the establishment. It is by no means uncommon to find persons
impressed with the belief, that the establishment is a private spec-
ulation for the private benefit of the members of the Society, or
of the individuals, who originally advanced the money to purchase
the grounds for the garden and cemetery, and that considerable
profits have been already realized from it. This notion is utterly
unfounded. The Cemetery is, in the truest and noblest sense, a
public institution, that is, an institution of which the whole com-
munity may obtain the benefit upon easy and equal terms. No
individual has any private interest in the establishment beyond
what he acquires as the proprietor of a lot in the Cemetery ; and
every man in the community may become a proprietor upon pay-
ing the usual sum fixed for the purchase of a lot. The whole
grounds are held by the Horticultural Society in trust for the
purposes of a Garden and Cemetery ; and no member thereof as
such has any private interest therein, except as a corporator, or
proprietor of a lot. The whole funds which have been already
realized by the sale of lots have been devoted to paying the price

27

of the original purchase, laying out the grounds, enclosing them
with a fence, erecting an entrance gate and portal, and a cottage,
and other structures for the accommodation of the superintendent,
and defraying the incidental expenses. The expenditures have
already amounted, as appears by the Treasurer's Report, to up-
wards of twenty-five thousand dollars ; and the proceeds of the
sales have fallen short of this amount by about two thousand
dollars ; so that as yet the expenditures have exceeded the income.
It has always been the understanding of the Society, that all the
funds, which should be obtained by the sales of the lots, should,
after defraying the annual expenses of the establishment, be ap-
plied exclusively to the preservation, repair, ornament, and per-
manent improvement of the Garden and Cemetery ; and never to
the private emolument of any of the members — and, indeed, this
constituted the fundamental object of those, who have become the
proprietors of lots. It is due also to the gentlemen, whose public
spirit matured the design, to state, that it was their primary ob-
ject to exclude all private speculation and interests from the un-
dertaking, and, by a wise and fixed policy, to secure all the funds,
which should arise from its success, to public purposes of an en-
during and permanent character. The Society has sanctioned
these views. It was believed that a generous community would
foster the design, and, by a timely liberality, in the purchase of
lots, would enable the Society to make this beautiful Retreat for
the Dead at the same time the consolation and just pride of the
Living. The committee have great pleasure in stating that these
reasonable expectations have not been disappointed. Mount Au-
burn has already become a place of general resort and interest,
as well to strangers as to citizens ; and its shades and paths,
ornamented with monumental structures, of various beauty and
elegance, have already given solace and tranquilizing reflections
to many an afflicted heart, and awakened a deep moral sensibility
in many a pious bosom. The committee look forward, with in-
creasing confidence, to a steady public patronage, which shall
supply all the means necessary for the accomplishment of all the
interesting objects of the establishment.

Relying on this patronage, the committee indulge the hope
that the period is not far distant, when, by the sale of lots, the
society will be enabled to enclose all the grounds with a perma-
nent wall ; to erect a Temple of simple and classical character,
in which the service over the dead may be performed by clergy-
men of every denomination ; to add extensively to the beauty and
productiveness of the Garden ; and, above all, to lay the founda-
tion of an accumulating fund, the income of which shall be per-
petually devoted to the preservation, embellishment, and improve-
ment of the grounds. This last object the committee deem of
the highest importance to the perpetuity of the establishment;
and it cannot be contemplated with too much care and earnest-

28

ness in all the future arrangements of the society. In addition
to these objects, the committee would suggest the propriety of
making arrangements for the admission of water from Fresh Pond
into the ponds of the Cemetery ; and, after passing through them,
of conducting it into Charles River. Such a measure would add
to the salubrity of the ponds, as well as improve the general aspect
and effect of the whole scenery. It is believed that this measure
may be accomplished at a comparatively small expense, whenever
the funds of the society will admit of a suitable appropriation.
In the mean time it seems desirable to secure, by some prelim-
inary arrangement, the ultimate success of the project.

The committee would further state, that by the Report of the
Treasurer it appears, that the whole number of lots in the Cem-
etery, which have been already sold, is 351, viz : — 175 lots in
1832, 70 lots in 1833, and 100 lots in 1834 ; and the aggregate
sum produced by these sales is $23,225 72. The whole expendi-
tures incurred during the same years amount to $25,211 88.
The balance of cash and other available funds now in the hands
of the Treasurer are $5403 32. The committee are of opinion,
that reliance may safely be placed upon the future sales of lots to
defray the expenses of the current year ; and that, therefore, a
portion of the funds now on hand may be properly applied to the
reduction of the remaining debts due by the society.

The committee would further state, that since the month of
August, 1S33, there have been ninety-three interments at Mount
Auburn ; eighteen tombs have been built ; sixteen monuments
have been erected, and sixty-eight lots have been turfed and
otherwise ornamented. It is understood that other monuments
are in progress, and will be erected in a short time.

The committee would further state, that finding the grounds at
Mount Auburn were visited by unusual concourses of people on
Sundays, and that the injuries done to the grounds and shrubbery
were far greater on those occasions than any other, circumstances
which it is unnecessary to mention, they deetned it their duty, as
well in reverence for the day, as in reference to the permanent
interests of the establishment, and a regard to the feelings of the
community, to make a regulation prohibiting any persons except
proprietors and their families, and the persons accompanying
them, from entering the grounds on Sundays. The effects of
this regulation have been highly beneficial. It has not only given
quiet to the neighborhood, and enabled proprietors and their fam-
ilies to visit their lots on Sundays under circumstances of more
seclusion, tranquility, and solemn religious feelings ; but it has
put a stop to many of the depredations, which thoughtless and
mischievous persons had been too apt to indulge in, in their re-
creations on that day. Several other regulations have been made,
which experience had shown to be indispensable to the due secu-
rity and uses of the Cemetery. The most important among these

29

is the closing the gates at sunset and opening them at sunrise.
And it may be observed of all these regulations, that while they
allow a free access to the grounds to all visiters at reasonable
times, and in a reasonable manner, they are calculated to prevent
any desecration of them under false pretexts, or by secret mis-
conduct.

The committee would further state, that in pursuance of the
vote of the society, at their last annual meeting, they made an
application to the Legislature of the Commonwealth, at its last
session, for additional provisions to aid the general objects of the
society. The Legislature accordingly passed an act, entitled "An
act in further addition to an act to incorporate the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society," which is entirely satisfactory to the com-
mittee. They therefore beg leave to recommend, that the society
should, by a formal vote, accept the same.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

JOSEPH STORY, Chairman.

Sept. 20, 1834.

Boston, Sept. 10, 1834.
To Zebedee Cook, Jun. Esq. Vice-President of the Horticultural Society.

My Dear Sir, As I shall soon remove to the far West, it becomes
necessary, that I should resign the office of President of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, which I now do, and will thank you to announce it,
at the next meeting of the members, with assurances of my grateful sense
of the obligations I am under, for the distinguished honor they have so re-
peatedly conferred upon me.

Wherever 1 may dwell, or whatever may be my condition in life, I shall
cherish, as one of the dearest reminiscences, my very interesting, instruc-
tive, and happy connection with an institution, which is destined to become
one of the most useful and important in our country. Already have many
of the advantages which it was anticipated would be derived from it, been
so far developed, as to leave no doubt of complete success. A foundation
has been laid so broad, deep, and successfully, as to insure the realization
of all our hopes, in every department of Horticulture.

As an Experimental Garden is of indispensable consequence to your
prosperity, nothing should be neglected, which is calculated to render that
of Mount Auburn equal to any on the Globe ; and to make it speedily bene-
ficial to the society and the country, and at the same time appropriately
ornamental, as connected with the Cemetery Compartment of the establish-
ment, allow me to recommend, as a primary measure, that Seminaries be
formed this autumn and the next spring, of all the varieties of fruit, forest
and ornamental trees and shrubs, wliich will flourish in our climate. Thi.s
being accomplished, Nurseries can be established, for propagating every
kind of foreign and native fruits, with such care and sureness of identity,
as to preclude the possibility of those vexatious errors, in name and char-
acter, to which we have hitherto been subjected, as to the several varieties
of each species.

With my best wishes for the triumphant advancement of the Society, and
the happiness of all its members, ] offer, my dear sir, assurances of my sin-
cere esteem and friendship. H. A. S. DEARBORN.

OFFICERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR,

COMMENCING ON THE FIRST SATURDAY IN DECEMBER, 1834.

PRESIDENT.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Boston.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
Two vacancies.

TREASURER.

WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.

CORRESPONDING SECRERARY.

JACOB BIGELOW, M. D. Boston.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT TREAT PAINE, Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

THEODORE LYMAN, Jr. Boston.

AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, Brookline.

THOMAS BREWER, Roxbury.

HENRY A. BREED, Lynn.

BENJAMIN W. CROWNINSHIELD, Boston.

NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, Milton.

E. HERSEY DERBY, Salem.

OLIVER FISKE, Worcester.

31

J. M. GOURGAS, Weston.
T. W. HARRIS, M. D. Cambridge.
SAMUEL JACaUES, Jr. Charlestovvn.
JOSEPH G. JOY, Boston.
WILLIAM KENRICK, Newton.
JOHN LEMIST, Roxbury.
BENJAMIN RODMAN, New-Bedford.
WILLIAM H. SUMNER, Dorchester.
CHARLES TAPPAN, Boston.
JACOB TIDD, Roxbury.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
AARON D. WILLIAMS, Roxbury.
J. W. WEBSTER, Cambridge.
GEORGE W. BRIMMER, Boston.
DAVID HAGGERSTON, Watertown.
CHARLES LAWRENCE, Salem.
Four vacancies.

PROFESSOR OP BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

JOHN L. RUSSELL.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman, SAMUEL POND,

ROBERT MANNING, THOMAS MASOx\,

WILLIAM KENRICK, P. B. HOVEY, Jr.

Four vacancies.

COMMITTEE ON PRODUCTS OF KITCHEN GARDEN.

GEO. C. BARRETT, Chairman, AARON D. WILLIAMS,

DANIEL CHANDLER, LEONARD STONE,

JACOB TIDD, NATHANIEL DAVENPORT.

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS, SHRUBS, &/C.

JONATHAN WINSHIP, Chairman, SAMUEL WALKER,
C. M. HOVEY. DAVID HAGGERSTON.

JOHN A. KENRICK, One vacancy.

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman, R. T. PAINE,

JACOB BIGELOW, C. M. HOVEY, Librarian.

T. W. HARRIS, Two vacancies.

COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS OF FRUIT.

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman, WILLIAM KENRICK.

ROBERT MANNING, One vacancy.

COMMITTEE ON THE GARDEN AND CEMETERY.

JOSEPH STORY, Chairman, CHARLES P. CURTIS,

JACOB BIGELOW, SAMUEL APPLETON,

GEORGE BOND, ELIJAH VOSE,

B. A. GOULD, CHARLES BROWN,
JOSEPH P. BRADLEE,

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

ELIJAH VOSE, JOSEPH P. BRADLEE.

Three vacancies.

COMMITTEE OF FINANCE.
ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman. Two vacancies.

05^ The vacancies in the several O'ffices above-mentioned will
be filled at the stated meeting of the Society, on the first Satur-
day in December next.

Erratum. In Mr. Gray's Address, page 18, 8th line from bottom, after " ought" insert
" not."

MEMBERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Armstrong, Samuel T. Boston.
Aspinwall, Ausustus, Brookline.
Andrews, John H. Sulcm.
Andrews, Ebenezer T. Boston.
Anthony, James, Providence.
Adams, Samuel, Milton.
Andrews, Ferdinand, Lancaster.
Atkinson, Amos, Brookline.
Adams, Daniel, JVewbury.
Adams, Abel, Boston.
Adams, Benjamin, Boston.
Adams, C. Frederic, "
Adams, Z. B. "

Appleton, Kathan, "
Appleton, Samuel, "
Austin, James T. "

Austin, William, Lowell.
Adams, Charles F. Q^uincy.
Adams, G. VV. Boston.
Andrews, Henry, "
Adamson, John, Roxbury.
Andrews, William T. Boston.
Adams, Edwin, "

Andrews, John B. "

Alden, J. W. "

Adams, William, "

Allen, Andrew J. <<

Appleton, Nathan W. "
Adams, John, "

Bartlett, Enoch, Roiburv.
Brewer, Thomas, "
Brimmer, George W. Boston.
Bradlee, Joseph P. ^'■
Breed, Ebenezer, "

Breed, Henry A. Lyn7i.
Bigelow, Jacob, Boston.
Breed, Andrews, Lynn.
Bailey, Kendall, Charlestoion.
Brown, James, Cambridtre.
Buckminster, Lawson, Framingham.
Buckminster, Edward F. "°
Break, Joseph, Lancaster.
Bradford, Samuel D. Boston.
Bailey, Ebenezer, "

Bishop, N. H. Medford.
Brewer, ELiab Stone, Boston.
Badlam, Stephen, "

Beal, George W. Quincy.
Boot, William^ Boston.
Brown, J. M. "

Barnard, Charles, "
Brown, Charles, Plymouth.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Bartlett, Sidney, "

Boot, John VV. "

Baldwin, Aaron, " ■

Bradlee, Josiah, Boston.
Bowdtn, Dwight, "
Bagnall, Thomas, '<
Baker, Henry F. "

Brooks, Peter C. jr. "
Bangs, Edward U. "
Bowdoin, James, "

Balrh, Joseph, Roxbury.
Bond, George. Boston.
Bacon, S. N. ' "
Billings, Joseph H. Roxbury.
Brown, Charles, Boston.
Brown, Jonas B. "
Bussey, Benjamin, Roxbury.
Baker, Joseph, Boston.
Buckingham, .Tbsepli T. Boston.
Buckingham, Edwin, "

Boyd, James, "

Brown, John, «

Brigham, Levi, »'

Blake, Joshua, "

Brigham, Dennis, "

Bird, Jesse, «

Bryant, John, "

Bullard, Silas, «

Burridge, Martin, Medford.
Bond, George W. Boston.
Bartlett, Levi, "

Bailies, Edmund, «
Bigelow, Abraham, Cambrido-e.
Barrett, George C. Boston. °
Bo wen, Charles, "

Bender, Jacob, "

Boyd, Thomas, "

Blanchard, W. E. "
Binney, John, "

Binney, Amos, "

Bacon, D. C. "

Cook, Zebedee, jr. Boston.
Codnian, John, Dorchester.
Clapp, Nathaniel, "
Coolidge, Joseph, Boston.
Copeland, B. F. Roxbury.
Cogswell, J. G. JVorthampton.
Champney, John, Roxbury.
Cowing, Cornelius, "
Cowing, Howland, jr. Boston.
Carter, William, Cambridge.
Curtis, William, JVewton."
Coolidge, Josiah, Cambridge.
Cook, Josiah P. Boston.
Crosby, Alonzo, "
Cutler, Pliny, "

Carey, Isaac H. "
Curtis, Thomas, "
Cowan, Wm. H. Brighton.

34

Chandler, Daniel, Lezinrrton.
Callender, Joseph, Boston.
Chase, Hezekiah, Lynn.
Clapp, John, Houth-Rcadins.
Carter, Horatio, Lancaster.
Carries, Nathaniel G. Mdc-Yorli.
Curtis, Edward, Pcpperdl.
Chandler, Samuel, Lerington.
Capen, Aaron, Dorchester.
Crowninshield, Benjamin W. Salem.
Cotting, William, West-Cannbridge.
Cabot, Samuel, Brookline.
Coffin, Hector, Rock Form, JVcwbury.
Curtis, Nathaniel, Roihary.
Clapp, Isaac, Dorchester.
Crafts, Ebenezer, Rorbunj.
Curtis, Charles P. Boston.
Curtis, Thomas B. "
Coolidge, Samuel F. "
Carey, Alpheus, "

Coffin, George W. "
Channing, George G. "
Craigie, Mrs. E. Cambridge.
Coolidge, Joshua, Watertown.
Cobb, Elijah, Boston.
Clark, Edward D. Boston.
Crockett, George W. "
Cowing, N. H. Brookline.
Crane, Joshua, Boston.
Coolidge, Thomas B. Boston.
Child, Joshua, "

Churchill, P. "

Carnes, Francis, "

Carter, George D. "

Channing, \V. E. "

Chase, C. "

Coburn, Anna, "

Dearborn, H. A. S. Roibury.
Davis, Isaac P. Boston.
Downer, Samuel, Dorchester.
Dudley, David, Rozbury.
Doggett, John, Boston.
Davenport, Nathaniel, Milton.
Davis, Charles, Rozbury.
Dorr, Nathaniel, "
Dodge, Pickering, jr. Salem.
Derby, E. H. "

Davis, John, Boston.
Davis, Daniel, "
Dutton, AVarren, "
Denny, Daniel, "
Dean, Sophia, "
Davis, Thomas, "
Davis, Henry, "
Daniel, Josiah, "
Downes, John, "
Dyer, E. D. "

Davis, James, "
Dickson, James A. Boston.
Derby, Richard C. "
Darracott, George, "
Domett, George, "

Davis, N. Morion, Phjmoutli.
Danforth, Isaac, Boston.

Emmons, Robert L. Boston.
Everett, Edward, Charlestown.
Eustis, James, South-Reading.
Ellis, Charles, Rozbury.
Edwards, Elisha, Sjrringfield.
Eager, William, Boston.
Endicott, William P. Danvers.
Everett, Alexander H. Boiton.
Eckley, David, "

Edwards, Henry, "

Eastburn, John II. Boston.
Eldredge, Edward, "
Eldredge, Oliver, "

French, Benjamin V. Boston.
Fessenden, Thomas G. "
Frothingham, Samuel, "
Forrester, John, Salem.
Fiske, Oliver, Worcester.
Fosdick, David, Charlestown.
Fletcher, Richard, Boston.
Field, Joseph, Weston.
Fitch, Jeremiah, Boston.
Francis, J. B. Warwick, R. I.
Freeman, Russell, J\i'eic-Bcrlford.
Fay, Samuel P. P. Cambridgeport.
Fariar, John, "

Farley, Robert, Boston.
Folsom, Charles, Cambridge.
Fisk, Benjamin, Boston.
Fuller, H. H. "

Foster, E. B. "

Faxon, Nathaniel, "
Fisher, Jabez, "

Fenno, J. W. "

French, Arthur, "
Fearing, A. C. "

Francis, Nathaniel, "
Foster, C. W. "

Fisher, Jabez, Cambridgeport.
Fisher, S. H. Brighton.
Francis, David, "
Fisher, Freeman, "
Flagg, Josiah F. "

Gray, John C. Boston.
Gray, Francis C. "
Greenleaf, Thomas, Quincy.
Gourgas, J. M. Weston.
Green, Charles W. Rozbury.
Gore, Watson, "

Gannett, T. B. Cambridgeport.
Gould, Daniel, Reading.
Gardner, W. F. Salem.
Gardner, Joshua, Dorchester.
Goodwin, Thomas J. Cliarlestotcn.
Guild, Benjamin, Boston.
Gibbs,JBenjamin, Cambridgeport.
Grant, Benjamin B. Boston.
Gould, Benjamin A. "
Grant, B. B. "

Gould, James, "

Goodwin, Ozias, "

Grew, Henry, " .

Gray, John, "

Grosvenor, L. P. "

Greenleaf, Samuel, "
Greenleaf, Simon, Cambridge.

Harris, Samuel D. Boston.
Haskins, Ralph, Rozbury.
Heard, John, jr. Boston.
Hill, Jeremiah, "
Ilollingsworth, Mark, Milton.
Harris, William T. Cambridge.
Holbrook, Amos, Milton.
Howe, Rufus, Dorchester.
Hayden, John, Brookline.
Howes, Frederick, Salem.
Haggerston, David, Watertown.
Hunt, Ebenezer, Morthavtpton.
Howland, John, jr. M'ew-Bedford.
Hayward, George, Boston.
Higginson, Henry, "
Hall, Dudley, Medford.
Hartshorn, Eliphalet P. Bosttn.

35

Houghton, Abel, jr. Lynn.

Hovey, P. B. jr. Canbridgeport.

Hurd, William, Ckarlestuwii.

Howe, Hall J. Boston.

Haskell, Elislia, "

Hickling, Charles, "

Hicks, Zachariah, "

Howard, Abraham, "

Hastings, Thomas, "

Hastings, Oliver, East-Cambridge.

Hosmer, Z. "

Henchman, D. Boston.

Hobart, Enoch, "

Howe, S. L. Cambridge.

Hodges, J. L. Taunton.

Hedge, Isaac L. Plymouth.

Howard, Hepsy C. Boston.

Hill, S. G. "

Hovey, Charles M. Cambridgeport.

Hayward, Charles, Boston.

Hildrith, Charles, T. "

Howe, Joseph N. jr. East- Cambridge.

Hensliaw, John, Boston.

Hall, Henry, "

Hall, A. T. "

Hay, Joseph, "

Hobart, Nathaniel, "

Hays, H. U. J\-cic-York.

Hyde, Jonathan, Cambridge.

Holbrook, Henry J. "

Holbrook, S. W. "

Hammond, Nathaniel, "

Hayden, Frederick, Lincoln.

Hyde, Samuel, jr. J\'cict<ncn.

Hammond, H. H. Lexington.

Harvard University, Cambridge.

Ives, John M. Salem.
Inches, Henderson, Boston.
Ingalls, William, "

Inches, Elizabeth, "

Jaques, Samuel, jr. Charlestown.
Johnson, Eliza, "

Jones, Josiah M. Boston.
Joy, Joseph B. "

Joy, Joseph G. ''

Jackson, Patrick T. Boston.
Jackson, James, "

Johonnot, George S. Salem.
Jarves, Deming, Boston.
Jackson, C. T. "
Johnson, < )tis, Lynn.
Jones, L. D. J^ew-Bedford.
Josselyn, Lewis, Boston.

Kenrick, William, JVewton.
King, John, Medford
Kidder, Samuel, Charlestown.
Kuhn, George H. Boston.
Kendall, Abel, jr. "
Kenrick, John A. JVewton.
Kuhn, John, Boston.
Kenrick, Enoch B. JVcwtoji.
Kendall, Hezekiah S. Boston.
Kendall, Hugh R. "

Kinsley, Henry, East- Cambridge.
Kimball, Ebenezer, Cainbridgepurt.

Lincoln, Levi, W'orcester.
Lincoln, William, "
Lowell, John, Rozbury.
Lee, Thomas, jr. "
Lemist, John, "

Lyman, Theodore, jr. Boston.
Lowell, John A. "

Lawrence, Abbott, Boston.
Lyman, George W. "
Lawrence, Charles, Salem.
Leland, Daniel, Sherburne.
Leland, J. P. "

Leonard, Thomas, Salem.
Lawrence, William, Boston.
Lawrence, Amos, "

Livermore, Isaac, Cambridgeport.
Loring, Josiah, Boston.
Lowell, Charles, "
Lamson, John, "

Lynde, Seth S. "

Lowell, Francis C. "
Loring, Henry, "

Lienow, Henry, "
Loring, W. J. "

Lang, William B. "
Lombard, N. K. "
Lowell, John, jr. "
Lane, Josiah, "

Lewis, S. S. "

Loring, John F. "
Lee, John, C. Salem.
Leverett, F. P. Boston.
Lamb, Reuben A. "
Low, Francis, "

Planning, Robert, Salem.
Manners, George, Boston.
Minns, Thomas, "
Morrell, Ambrose, Lexington.
Munroe, Jonas, "

Mussey, Benjamin, "
Motley, Edward, Boston.
Mason, Lowell, "

Montague, Wm. II. "
Morse, S. F. "

Means, James, "

Mills, James K. "

Mackay, John, Boston.
Mead, Isaac, Charlestown.
Mead, Samuel O. West-Cambridge.
McLellan Isaac, Boston.
Merry, Robert D. C. "
Marshall, AVilliam, "
Mason, Thomas, Charlestomn.
Motley, Thomas, Boston.
Miller, Edward, "

Mariner, Joseph, "

Meldrum, Alexander, "
Mason, Jeremiah, "
Mears, James, "

Mason, Thomas H. Charlestown.

Newhall, Cheever, Dorchester.
Nichols, Otis, "

Nuttall, Thomas, Cambridge.
Newell, Joseph R. Boston.
Newhall, Josiah, Lynnfield.
Newman, Henr>', Rorbury.
Newell, Joseph \V. Charlestown.

Orrok, James L. P. Boston.
Otis, Harrison G. «'

Oliver, Francis J. "

Oliver, William, Dorchester.
Oxnard, Henry, BrookUne.
Oliver, Henry J. Boston.

Perkins, Thomas II. Boston.
Perkins, Samuel G. "
Putnam, Jesse, "

Pratt, George W. "

Prescott, William, "

Parsons, Gorham, Brighton.

36

I'ettee, Otis, JVercton.
Prince, John, Rozbunj.
Pllinney, Elias, Lerimrlon.
Prince, John, jr. Sulnn.
Peabody, Francis, "
Perry, G. B. East-Bradford.
Perry, John, Sherburne.
Pond, Samuel, Camhridgeport.
Paine, Robert Treat, Buston.
Pond, Samuel M. Biirk.tpiirt,Me..
Prescott, C. H. CornwaUU, JV. S.
Parker, Daniel P. Boston.
Pratt, William, jr. "
Priest, John F. "

Philbrick, Samuel, Brooklutc.
Prouty, Lorenzo, Boston.
Pickman, D. L. Salr.ni.
Pllipps, Rufus T. Cliarlesfoim.
Parker, Daniel, Boston.
Parkman, Daniel, "
Patterson, Enoch, "
Parker, Isaac, "

Phillips, S. C. Salem.
Pool, Ward, Danvers.
Pierpont, John, Boston.
Perkins, T. H. jr. "
Parkman, Francis, "
Pond, Samuel, jr. "
Payne, VV. E. "

Preston, John, "

Palfrey, John G. Camhrulge.
Putnam, Ebenezer, Sideni.
Pomroy, W. M. jr. "
Paige, J. W. Boston.
Phillips, John, JVew-York.
Prichard, Mary, Boston.
Power, Thomas, "
Petton, Oliver, "
Phelps, W. D. "

Ciuincy, Josiah, Camhridire.
duincy, Josiah, jr. Boston.

Robbins, E. H. jr. Boston,

Rollins, Williatn, "

Rice, John P. "

Rice, Henry, "

Read, James, Roihunj.

Robbins, P. G. "

Rollins, Ebenezer, Boston.

Rowe, Joseph, Milton.

Rogers, R. S. Salem.

Rodman, Benjamin, JVcw-Bcdford.

Rotch, William, jr. "

Richardson, Nathan, So7dh- Reading

Rand, Edward S. JVe.inhurjiport.

Richards, Edward M. Deilham.

Randall, John, Boston.

Russell, J. L. Salem.

Russell, James, Boston.

Raymond, E. A. "

Robinson, Henry, "

Russell, George, M. D. Lincoln-

Rogerson, Robert, Boston.

Rich, Benjamin, "

Reynolds, Edward, "

Ruggles, M. H. Troy.

Read, George, Roxhury.

Russell, Joseph, Boston.

Reynolds, Edward, jr. Boston.

Robbins, Chandler, "

Silbsby, Enoch, Boston.
Sullivan, Richard, Brnoldinc.
Senior, Charles, Rorhnry.
Sumner, William II. Dorchester.

Sharp, Edward, Dtrrchesler.
Smith, Cyrus, Sandwich.
Sutton, William, jr. Danvers.
Story, F. H. Salem.
Stedman, Josiah, M'ewton.
Stearns, Charles, Springfield.
ShurtletT, Samuel A. Boston.
Springer, John, Sterling.
Saltonstall, Leverett, Salem.
Shaw, Lemuel, Boston.
Smith, J. M. "

Sisson, Freeborn, Wurrcn, R. I.
Swift, Henry, JM'antuchet.
Smith, Stephen H. Providence, R. I.
Swan, Daniel, Medford.
Stone, Leonard, Watertown.
Stone, William, "
Stone, Isaac, "

Story, Joseph, Cambridge.
Shattuck, George C. Boston.
Stanwood, William, "
Stanwood, David, "
Sargent, L. M. "

Stone, Henry B. "

Simmons, D. A. Rozbury.
Savage, James S. Bostoiu
Shaw, Robert G. "
Sparks, Jared, "

Savage, James, "

Stone, P. R. L. "

Stearns, Asahel, Cambridge..
Stone, David, Boston.
Staples, Isaac, "

Shaw, C. B. "

Skinner, Francis, "
Swett, Samuel, "
Stanwood, Lemuel "
Stearns, Simon, "
Sparhawk, E. C. "
Stetson, Joseph, Walthanu
Sturgis, William, Boston.
Simmons, William, "
Stone, W. W. "

Smallwood, Thomas, JVewtoiu
Smith, M. Boston.
Scudder, Charles, Boston.
Scudder, Horace, "
Sawyer, Amos, "

Story, Ann D. Camhridgeport.
Sargent, Ignatius, Boston.
Salisbury, Samuel, "
Smith, Thomas C. "
Smith, Martin, "

Smith, James A. "

Simmons, Thomas, Roxhury.
Smith, IMehitable, Boston.
Blade, John, jr. "

Sampson, G. A. "

Sheaf, Henry, "

Stevens, Isaac, "

Stearns, William, "
Sweetser, Samuel, Camhridgeport.
Skinner, John, Charlestown.
Steele, Gurdin, Boston.

Tappan, Charles, Boston.
Tidd, Jacob, Rorbnry.
Thompson, Geoi-ge, Medford.
Train, Samuel, "

Tliorndike, Israel, Boston.
Thwing, Supply C. Roxbury.
Tucker, Richard D. Boston.
Tiklen, Joseph, "

'J'oothey, Roderick, Waltham.
Thomas, Benjamin, Hinghnm.
Taylor, Charles, Dorchester.

37

Tudor, Frederick, Boston.
Thayer, J. H. "

Thacher, Peter O. "
Trejnlett, Thomas B. Dorchester.
Tuckernian, Joseph, Boston.
Taylor, J. VV. "

Tappan, Jolin', "

Thorndike, J. P. "

Taylor, C. W. "

Train, E. N.
Tufts, Joseph, jr. "

Train, Enoch. "

Ticknor, George, "

Thayer, C. L. "

Townsend, J. P. "'

Tyler, John, "

Tyler, George W. CharlcstoiBii.
Tbney, John T. Chelmsford.
Tremont House Proprietors.

Vose, Elijah, Dorchester.
Vila, James, Boston.

Williams, Nehemiah D. Roxbunj.
Wilder, M. P. Boston.
Williams, Aaron D. Roihury.
Williams, Moses, "

Williams, G. "

Worthington, William, Dorchester.
Webster, J. W. Camt>ridge.
Wliite, Abijah, Watcrtown.
Williams, Samuel (J. Boston.
Wight, Ebenezer, "

Wyatt, Robert, "

Winship, Jonathan, Brighton.
Wilder, S. V. S. Bolton.
Waldo, Daniel, Worcester.
H'^yeth, Nathaniel, jr. Cambridge.
West, Tliomas, Haverhill.
Willard, Joseph, Lancaster.
Whitmarsh, Samuel, JVurthampton.
Whitmarsh, Thomas, Brookline.
Warren, Jonathan, jr. Weston.
Webster, Nathan, Haverhill.

Wilson, John, Roilury.
Wliite, Stephen, Boston.
Webster, Daniel, "
Ward, Richard, Rozhvry.
Weld, Aaron I), jr. Boston.
Walker, Saiiiiicl, RojI/ury,
Wells, (liail.'S, Boston.
^Vhitwell, Samuel, "
White, Henjamin F. "
Wiley, Thomas, Wutertown.
Wales, Thomas B. Bnston.
Ware, Henry, Cutnhridge.
Waterliouse, Benjamin "
Winship, Francis, Brighton.
Weld, James, Boston.
Wliitteniore, George, Boston.
\\'illelt, Thomas, Charlrstoirn.
Wok-ott, Edward, Pairl,ul;et.
Williams, John, Cumbridirrport.
V\'nrd, Alalthus A. Stilcni:
AVintiirop, Thomas L. Boston.
Wheelwright, Lot, jr. "
Wheelwright, John F. Brighton.
Weston, Ezra, jr. Boston.
Wynian, Rufus, Charlcstown.
Watson, Elizaheth, Boston.
Waldo, Henry S. "

Wilson, Robert, "

Ward, Tliomas W. "
Wliipple, W. J. Cambridge.
Wincliester, W. P. Boston.
Warren, J. L. L. F. "

Ware, John, "

Wadsworth, Alexander, "
AVait, R. G. "

Wateison, Robert, "

Watts, Francis, "

Woodbeiry, John, "

Whitney, Joseph, "

Williams, Isaac, "

Willard, Solomon, "

Woodman, David, "

Warren, Jonas, Weston.

HONOR, ARY MEMBERS

ADAMS, Hon. JOHN QUINCY, late President of the United States.

AITON, WILLIAM TOWNSEND, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

ABBOT, JOHN, Esq. Brunswick, Me.

ABBOT, BENJAMIN, LL. D. Principal of Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H.

BUEL, J. Esq. President of the Albany Horticultural Society.

BODIN, Le Chevalier SOULANGE, Secretaire-General de la Societc
d'Horticulture de Paris.

BANCROFT, EDWARD NATHANIEL, M. D. President of the Horti-
cultural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.

BARCLAY, ROBERT, Esq. Great-Britain.

BEEKMAN, JAMES, New-York.

BARBOUR, P. P. Virginia.

BLAPIER, LEWIS, Philadelphia.

COXE, WILLIAM. Esq. Burlington, New-Jersey.

COLLINS, ZACCHEUS, Esq. President of the Pennsylvania, Horticul-
tural Society, Philadelphia.

COFFIN, Ad.mikal Sir ISAAC, Great-Britain.

38

CHAUNCY, ISAAC, United States Navy, Brooklyn, New- York.

CLAY, HENRY, Kentucky.

DICKSON, JAMES, Esq. Vice-President of the London Horticultural
Society.

DE CANDOLLE, Mons. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS, Professor of Botany
in the Academy of Geneva.

De La SAGRA, Don RAMON, Cuba.

ELLIOTT, Hon. STEPHEN, Charleston, S. C.

EVERETT, HORACE, Vermont.

EVANSON, CHARLES ALLAN, Secretary of King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. Johns, New-Brunswick.

ELLIOT, JESSE D. United States Navy.

FALDERMANN, F. Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at St. Pe-
tersburg.

FISCHER, Dr. Professor of Botany, of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at
St. Petersburg.

GALES, JOSEPH, jr. Vice-President of the Washington Horticultural
Society, Washington.

GOULDSBOROUGH, ROBERT H. Maryland.

GREIG, JOHN, Esq. Geneva, President of the Domestic Horticultural
Society of the Western part of the State of New-York.

GORE, Mrs. REBECCA, Waltham.

GRIFFITHS, Mrs. MARY, Charlies Hope, New-Jersey.

GIRARD, STEPHEN, Philadelphia.

GIBBS, GEORGE. Sunswick, New-York.

HERICART DE THURY, Le Vicomte, President de la Societe d'Hor-
ticulture de Paris.

HOSACK, DAVID, M. D. President of the New-York Horticultural
Society.

HOPKIRK, THOMAS, Esq. President of the Glasgow Horticultural
Society.

HUNT, LEWIS, Esq. Huntsburg, Ohio.

HILDRETH, S. p. Marietta, Ohio.

INGERSOLL, JAMES R. President of the Horticultural Society of Penn-
sylvania, Philadelphia.

JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United States.

JOHONNOT, Mrs. MARTHA, Salem.

KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW, Esq. President of the London Horti-
cultural Society.

LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, Great-Britain.

LAFAYETTE, General, La Grange, France.

LASTEYRIE, Le Comte de, Vice-President de la Societe d'Horticulture
de Paris.

LITCHFIELD, FRANKLIN, Consul of the United States at Porto Cabello.

LORRILLARD, JACOB, President of the New-York Horticultural Soci-
ety, New- York.

LONGSTRETH, JOSHUA, Philadelphia.

LONGWORTH, NICHOLAS, Cincinnati.

MADISON, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.

MONROE, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, "

MICHAUX, MoNS. F. ANDREW, Paris.

MENTENS, LEWIS JOHN, Esq. Bruxelles.

MITCHELL, SAMUEL L., M. D. New-York.

MOSSELLMANN, , Esq. Antwerp.

MERCER, Hon. CHARLES F. Virginia.

M'CAULEY, D. SMITH, Consul General United States, Tripoli.

OTTENFELS, Baron, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

POITEAU, Professor of the Institut Horticole de Froraont.

POWELL, JOHN HARE, Powellton, Pennsjlvania.

PRINCE, WILLIAM, Esq. Long-Island, New-York.

39

PRATT, HENRY, Philadelphia.

PALMER, JOHN, Esq. Calcutta.

ROSEBERRY, ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of, President of the Cale-
donian Horticultural Society.

SABINE, JOSEPH, Esq. Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.

SHEPHERD, JOHN, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.

SCOTT, SIR WALTER, Scotland.

SKINNER, JOHN S. Baltimore.

TURNER, JOHN, Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultural So-
ciety.

THACHER, JAMES, M. D. Plymouth.

THOREURN, GRANT, Esq. New-York.

TALIAFERRO, JOHN, Virginia.

THOURS, M. Du Petit, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institut Horticole
de Fromont.

TOWSON, NATHANIEL, President of the Washington Horticultural
Society, Washington.

VILMORIN, MoNs. PIERRE PHILLIPPE ANDRE, Paris.

VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, Esq. Hallovvell. Maine.

VAN MONS, JEAN BAPTISTE, M. D. Brussels.

VAUGHAN, PETTY, Esq. London.

VAN RENSELLAER, STEPHEN, Albany.

VAN ZANDT, JOSEPH R. Albany.

VANDERBURG, FEDERAL, M. D. New-York.

WELLES, Hon. JOHN, Boston.

WILLICK, NATHANIEL, M. D. Curator of the Botanic Garden, Cal-
cutta.

WADSWORTH, JAMES, Geneseo, New-York.

WARD, MALTHUS, A. College, Athens, Georgia.

WOLCOTT, FREDERICK, Litchfield, Connecticut.

YATES, ASHTON, Esq. Liverpool.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

ADLUM, JOHN, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
ASPINWALL, Col. THOMAS, United States Consul, London.
APPLETON, THOMAS, Esq. United States Consul, Leghorn.

ALPEY, .

AQUILAR, DON FRANCISCO, of Moldonoda, in the Banda Oriental,

Consul of the United States.
BARNET, ISAAC COX, Esq. United States Consul, Paris.
BURTON, ALEXANDER, United States Consul, Cadiz.
BULL, E. W. Hartford, Connecticut.
CARR, ROBERT, Esq. Philadelphia.
COLVILLE, JAMES, Chelsea, England.
CARNES, FRANCIS G. Paris.
DEERING, JAMES. Portland, Maine.
EMMONS, EBENEZER, M. D. Williamstown.
FLOY, MICHAEL, New-York.
FOX, JOHN, Washington, District of Columbia.
FELLOWS, NATHANIEL, Cuba.
FOSTER, WILLIAM REDDING, Baltimore.
GARDINER. ROBERT H. Esq. Gardiner, Maine.
GIBSON, ABRAHAM P. United States Consul, St. Petersburg.
GARDNER, BENJAMIN, United States Consul, Palermo.

40

HALL, CHARLES HENRY, Esq. New-York.

HAY, JOHN, Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

HALSEY, ABRAFL^M, Corresponding Secretary of the New- York Hor-
ticultural Society. New- York.

HARRIS, Rev. T. M., D. D. Dorchester.

HUNTER, . Baltimore.

HOGG, THOMAS, New-York.

HENRY, BERNARD, Gibraltar.

HITCHCOCK, I. L Baltimore.

LANDRETH, DAVID, jr. Esq. Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Society.

LEONARD, E. S. H.. M. D. Providence.

MAURY, JAMES, I^sq. late United States Consul, Liverpool.

MILLER, JOHN, M. D. Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural
Society, Jamaica.

MILLS, STEPHEN, Esq. Long-Island, New- York.

MELVILLE, ALLAN. New-York.

M'LEAY, WILLIAM SHARP.

NEWHALL, HORATIO, M. D. Galena, Illinois.

OFFLEY, DAVID, Esq. United States Consul, Smyrna.

OMBROSI, JAMES, United States Consul, Florence.

PARKER, JOHN, Esq. United States Consul, Amsterdam.

PAYSON, JOHN L. Esq. Messina.

PORTER, DAVID, Washington.

PRINCE, WILLIAM ROBERT, Esq. Long-Island, New-York.

PRINCE, ALFRED STRATTON, Long-Island.

PERRY, M. C. United States Navy, Charlestown.

PALMER, JOHN J. New-York.

ROGERS, WILLIAM S. United States Navy, Boston.

REYNOLDS, M. D. Schenectady, New-York.

ROGERS, J. S. Hartford, Connecticut.

RICHARDS, JOHN H. Paris.

ROTCH, THOMAS, Philadelphia.

SHALER WILLIAM, United States Consul- General, Cuba.

SMITH, DANIEL D. Esq. Burlington, New-Jersey.

SMITH, GIDEON B. Baltimore.

SHAW, WILLIAM, New-York.

STRONG, Judjre, Rochester, New-York.

STEPHENS, THOMAS HOLDUP, United States Navy, Middletov/n,
Connecticut.

SMITH, CALEB R. Esq. New-.Tersey.

SPRAGUE, HORATIO, United States Consul, Gibraltar.

SUMMEREST, FRANCIS.

STRANGE WAY, WILLIAM FOX, British Secretary of Legation at
Naples.

THORBURN, GEORGE C. New-York.

TILLSON, JOHN, jr. Illinois.

TENORE, Professor, Director of the Botanical Garden at Naples.

WILSON, WILLIAM, New-York.

WINGATE, J. F. Bath, Maine.

WINGATE, JOSHUA. Portland.

WINTHROP, JOSEPH AUGUSTUS, South-Carolina.

DISCOURSE

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ON THE CELEBRATION OF ITS

SEVENTH ANNIVERSARY,

SBPTEMBER 17, 1835.

BY JOHN LEWIS RUSSELL.

BOSTON:
PRINTED BY J. T. BUCKINGHAM,

M DCCC XXXV.

DISCOURSE.

Mr. President}

AND Gentlemen of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,—

On this returning Annual Festival of Horticulture
in Massachusetts, it falls to my lot to congratulate
you on the progress of our favorite pursuits. I stand
here, then, honored by the choice of this Society for
that purpose, on an occasion, hailed with pleasure,
by every member ; and younger in years, if not alto-
gether in experience, than those who have preceded
me in the same duty. In these relations, I therefore
anticipate your sympathy and attention.

The science of Horticulture is based on the knowl-
edge and uses of plants, as conducive to the physical
wants or more remote luxuries of man. It therefore
pre-supposes the study of those living beings, and em-
braces the science of Botany. The first rudiments
of that science may be traced to the primeval ages,
when the wants of men were of the most simple
kind, confined to mere subsistence. Amid the luxu-
riant productions of a tropical climate, and in the
comparative infancy of the world, it must have re-
quired little else than an almost intuitive knowledge of
noxious or wholesome food to supply every want.
Thus we read, that the progenitors of the human

race were placed in a garden, and their occupation its
care. The same duty has devolved, in all its fresh-
ness and interest, on their descendants, unimpaired
by time, or the changes of matter. It is. Gen-
tlemen, a striking and happy argument of the value
of your profession, that you are thus able to restore
to a deluged and overthrown world its former beauty
and glory.

The progress of Botany was, for centuries, slow.
With the increase of the human family, arose an in-
creased want of subsistence. Such is its brief early
history. The method of appropriating to the sus-
tenance and support of the physical system, the va-
rious articles of food, and in what manner delete-
rious substances were discriminated from salutary, is
a curious question in the history of man. Thus
later experience has proved that some of the most
noxious plants may become, by the process of art,
wholesome and nutritious. The fresh juice of the
" Jatropha Manihot " is of a highly poisonous quali-
ty ; but, expressed from the root, renders it one of the
most nutritive articles of food. To the Solaneae we
owe some of the most valuable vegetables, while
many species of the family are decidedly injurious.
The well-known qualities of the Umbelliferce are fa-
miliar to every one, as combining both medicine and
poison, the active agents of health and death. The;
*Parsnep and fCarrot, both valuable, in their cultivat-
ed state, as articles of food, and in rural economy,
are yet troublesome and noxious weeds, as natural-
ized species in our fields : whereas the Cereal plants

* Pastinaca saliva. f Daucua carota.

are, with a single exception,* all nutritious and
wholesome, and probably attracted the attention of
mankind at a very early period. Through the inat-
tention of man to any thing except that which de-
pended on his immediate physical wants, and this at
first from imperious necessity, and then from careless
indifference, the very native countries of many of our
now valued plants are unknown. The potato, so
generally cultivated over the civilized world, in its
endless varieties, was, for a long time, lost as a spe-
cies, until very recent discoveries have detected it in
South-America, as an almost worthless plant.f The
effect of soil, climate and other circumstances, on the
vegetable kingdom, seem a wise provision of Nature,
in favor of the industry and enterprise of man ; but,
although thus liberal in her gifts, she retains the right
of reducing to original forms, these very changes,
when uncontrolled by art.

However interesting such inquiries may be, it is
equally vain as idle, to enter into speculations on
these points, as conjectures and theory must necessa-
rily supply the want of truth.

From mere articles indispensable for food and nu-
triment, the vegetable kingdom became subservient
to the luxury of the human race, and rare and cu-
rious plants, and their cultivation, were sought out,
to add comfort and beauty to necessity. The sacred
scri})tures give us vivid descriptions of the advance of
Horticultural taste and knowledge among the Jewish
nation, and the relics of antiquity serve to show that

* Lo'.ium temulenlum.

t Journal of Science and Arts: London, No. 31, pp. 2C2— 3. Ibid. No. 19, pp. 25— 7.
Edinburgh Pfiilosopliical Journal, Vol. XVI. p. 193.

tlie culture of plants was carried far beyond the sim-
ple provision against physical wants. It is presuma-
ble, however, that these first attempts of horticultu-
ral pursuits were necessarily rude and imperfect.
The histories of those ancient Gardens, the pride of
Oriental magnificence, seem to imply more the spirit
of architectural grandeur than the cultivation of the
soil.

The study of Vegetables, as a science, and reduc-
ed to methodical arrangement, did not occupy the at-
tention of the world until a very late period. Indeed,
any existing regard to that subject was chiefly con-
fined to the more useful, or those of reputed medical
virtues, even to the sixteenth century, when Botanic
Gardens were first introduced ; and the earliest works
may be referred to about that period. The tedious
progress u hich Botany made, the repetition of an-
cient errors, the dissensions among the fathers of that
branch of natural science, are familiar to every stu-
dent of Nature. A new era of light and truth com-
menced under the labors of Linnaeus ; and since then
there have been continued advancing developments
of both useful and interesting facts relative to the
history of the vegetable world.

Horticulture, in its restricted sense, has reference
only to the production of the garden. It is the hap-
py combination of Art with Nature, seizing upon the
phenomena of her laws, and producing from her ab-
errations and occasional seeming sportiveness, new
and curious results. Hence, it is intimately connect-
ed with every science which can afford any assistance
in arriving at such results, but more particularly with

Botany and the study of the physical structure of
Plants.

Horticulture is Art co-operating with Nature : Na-
ture ! the perfection and excellence of whose opera-
tions we all instinctively admire : — that admiration
which is early implanted in every human breast, but
which education and a thousand fortuitous circum-
stances of the world too often serve to extinguish —
an admiration and love for the good and beautiful,
which was undoubtedly given for the wisest purposes,
and which, duly improved and cultivated, is of the great-
est benefit. A spirit of a high and pure character,
with which every reasoning being is endowed — that
seeks and finds exquisite pleasure in all that is exalt-
ing in the works of Creative Po^^ er. Memory ever
delights to revert to those joyous, early days, when,
to all of us, every thing was serene around and with-
in ; and gladly would renew its communion with that
quiet which her operations then afforded. It is thus
that the garden possesses such attractive charms —
that amidst the collected beauties and rich treasures
of the Floral kingdom which we there find, we retire
for calm reflection or sober thought. Its very occu-
pation is conducive to moral and intellectual refine-
ment. In rearing some delicate and frail flower, in
watching its gradually developing parts, the young
and verdant leaf, the lengthening stem, the curious
bud, the wonderful blossom, its singular economy for
continued existence, the decaying and fading foliage,
and the sleep of temporary death — how many pleasing
moments are passed, how many wise thoughts excit-
ed, lessons of duty and of deep instruction, given

8

with a thrilling pathos to the heart, imbibed. These
are the eloquent pleadings of Nature, speaking in a
silent, but fervent language, to every reflecting mind.
Beings of a delicate and less gross composition, or-
ganized with a seemingly more exquisite design, they
address themselves, in their lowliness or magnificence,
to our attention with an unanswerable force. It is a
fact, no less curious than interesting, that a passion-
ate fondness for the Garden has been observed in very
many great men ; and in the quiet seclusion which
one may find there, have originated works, the aston-
ishment of the world. That touching lesson, too, of
confidence in a Superior Power, which the exquisite
beauty of a small moss on the arid plains of an Afri-
can desert, gave to an enterprising traveler, at a time
when every circumstance seemed conspired against
him, by imparting a new energy to his mind, and for-
titude to his heart, saved to the world an invaluable
life ;* and many a high resolve or virtuous decision
has undoubtedly owed its origin and performance to
such silent monitors of good.

Horticulture, in its most extended sense, embraces
the first and most simple operation of civilized life,
and, at the same time, constitutes one of the highest
subjects for the ingenuity of the mind. He that
committed the first seed to the earth, with the ex-
pectation of again receiving it many fold, employed
his reason and faculties in the primary rudiment of
that science : but for many long ages were the mys-
terious, yet immutable laws which gave development
and increase to the embryo germ, hidden from the

* Life of Mungo Park. Family Library, Vol. XL.

eyes, and concealed I'lom the underslanding of man ;
and many yet are the nice and ciiiious operations of
those seli-same laws, unknown and unexplored. So
extensive, indeed, is the field of" every science ^^ hicli
holds connexion with, or is founded on, the Natural
world, so boundless the perfections of Creative
Power.

Horticulture may be defined as theoretical and
practical. Theoretical Horticulture comprises Sys-
tematic and Physiological Botany. Practical Horti-
culture arrives at certain ends, by former well-known
means, or appropriates the results of the labors and
investigations of others, without necessarily under-
standing on what those investigations were founded.
Theoretical Horticulture operates on the vegetable
world as does the Animal Physiologist in his depart-
ment of study, probes the operations of Nature, tra-
ces the reason of this result, or that fact, becomes
acquainted with the great moving principle of life and
energy, can appropriate to its use, and bend to its
service. Nature herself, by carrying out, as it were,
her very designs with a more or less rapid progress.
Practical Horticulture may be ignorant of every one
such principle, treasures up truths only by results, ac-
quires knowledge as simple facts, and is confined in
its operations. Horticulture is practical in its infan-
cy, becomes theoretical in its advancing and gradual
growth.

At the head of Systematic Botany stands the im-
mortal Linnaeus. This remarkable man, whose name
and works are so familiar to every naturalist, rose
like a luminary over the dark clouds of misnomered

10

Natural History, and was to that branch of knowl-
edge what was Newton to Natural Philosophy, the
regenerator of truth. Since his time, the vegetable
kingdom has been minutely attended to and investi-
gated, and from the important and patient labors of its
numerous votaries have accrued immense benefits to
the civilized world, in almost every department, of
human industry and skill.

The necessity of a knowledge of Systematic and
Physiological Botany to the Horticulturist, is almost
too evident for demonstration. The Botanical Gar-
dener, and he alone, is the Theoretical Horticulturist.
The taste for that science but seems to strengthen
the passion for his profession. The accuracy of its
operations, and the necessity for the most minute
investigation in the arrangement of plants, would
serve to improve his own love for them. To the
Florist, particularly, is this observation of importance.
The simplicity of Nature is overlooked in too many
instances for the more gaudy and dazzling productions
of art. Among the supposed treasures of collections,
in vain may one seek for some species, till at length,
disappointed in his search, he finds it under the dis-
iruise of an anomalous character, in some mutilated
hybrid, or monstrous development. Our floriculture
needs thus a cautious but reforming hand ; a substi-
tution of some of that zeal for new and foreign ec-
centricities of floral skill by a closer attention to the
rich native treasures of our own smiling fields and
verdant meadows, of our forest-clad mountains and
limpid streams, and an endeavor to take a deeper
interest in Nature, as she is. She recognizes, it is

11

true, none of the artificial distinctions of science ; —
but what superfluous production of this or that organ,
what operation of art by the curious effects of culti-
vation, can exceed the simple beauty of a permanent
species. What skill has imitated or excelled the
vivid glory of the ^Cardinal Flower, mocking the
dyes of the painter ? what perfection superadded to
the fwhite water-lily of unrivalled purity, floating
amidst its broad protecting shield-like leaves? Does
that little harbinger of our lingering northern springs,
$the pale liverwort, which dares to tell us of the
coming sunny days, appear more interesting to the
cultivated and refined eye, because art has succeed-
ed in producing a few more petals, by the destruc-
tion of its tiny filaments, which otherwise contrast so
delicately with them ? The almost endless varieties
which have sprung into existence, in the floral de-
partment, it has been asserted, has given alarm to
system-makers and scientific men. Whether this be
so or not, the too prevailing taste for variety is the
more to be lamented than deprecated ; and it becomes
the endeavors of every learned and enterprising So-
ciety, founded for the encouragement and pursuit of
horticultural skill, and a taste for gardening, to form
a new standard of merit or value for the subjects of
its pursuits. Did Fashion, that mighty potentate
over human society, sanction the taste for the pure
simplicity of Nature, and were plants admired for
their intrinsic value rather than as artificial produc-
tions, there would be as much satisfaction, not to sav
more intellectual improvement, in that taste which

* Lobelia Caidiiialis. f Nymplisa O.Iorat.i. } Hepatica triloba.

12

dictates her study ; and our gardens and conservato-
ries would shine conspicuously by the harmonious
i)lei)ding of true s])ecies with curious and costly va-
rieties. The perfection of her works is lost in the
mutilations of art. We can admire a fine column,
(yr gaze with just admiration on a splendid edifice ;
but even these shrink in comparison, and cannot bear
the test of her unrivalled skill. If we carry our op-
erations into her precincts, we cannot improve, we
must mar.

But, while thus advocating a more general intro-
duction and cultivation of species, it would be equal-
ly wrong, as presumptous, to deny, altogether, the
merits of horticultural skill, in the production of hy-
brids, or varieties. For splendid ornament, a group of
HKtny-petalled flowers is, indeed, more gaudily attrac-
tive, for its borrowed excellence, than the simple pro-
totype of a genus ; and, undoubtedly, could he,*
whose name is borne down to posterity by a single
but universal favorite flower, witness the wonderful
changes which have taken place in its organization,
now bearing the envious title of some peerless beauty
or mighty conqueror, he would scarcely recognize the
unpretending inhabitant of a Mexican clime. The
modest violet is still now, as ever, attractive in its
meek humility ; and the first vernal harbinger, with
the last lingering blossoms of a fading year, are and
ever will be of more intense interest in their native,
unadorned simplicity, as monitors or ])romisers of
what has past or is to come.

Botany is not, however, by any means confined to

* Dahl.

13

nomenclature or the dry detail of species, nor yet to
the exclusive admiration of these alone. From th(j
patient research and splendid discoveries of modern
science we have arrived at new and unexpected results.
By these has Horticulture been materially improved,
both in England and France. Theoreiical and prac-
tical gardening have united in their labors. The re-
markable success, which has crowned the studies and
pursuits of scientific men, in both these countries, by
the introduction, and we may almost say, creation of
new valuable fruits and culinary vegetables, is an ar-
gument sufficiently strong in favor of such knowl-
edge. If the names of these early introducers of
fruits from foreign climes have been transmitted to
posterity for such deeds, rather than for other distin-
guished services, how much greater the debt of grat-
itude for that industry which has converted the acerb
and rude pericarp of many a tree, or the negative
quality of many a seed, into delicious and nutritious
articles of food ? Such was not the effect of accident :
these results were the reward of minute investiga-
tion of the secret operations of Nature. The world
will, no doubt, be slow in appreciating their merit,
because it is the very nature of things that the more
dazzling commands ready homage. Fortunately, such
truly patriotic actions need not the loud trump of
P^ame to sound their praise ; they bring an inward
and lasting satisfaction of greater value.

Vegetable physiology is peculiarly the subject of the
skillful gardener's study. This, his various occupa-
tions will show. What errors have been committed
by the ignorant in every department of horticultural

14

cniplo} ments. To deprive a fine tree or vigorous plant
of its leaves and branches, those curious laboratories
by which its great vital operations are effected — with
violence to tear its no less curiously formed roots and
delicate spongioles, and then bid it grow in undimin-
ished strength, for a long time obtained among us,
and too many there are yet who lend a deaf ear to
any other doctrine. With what absurd theories do
we not daily meet, in regard to the functions of the
sap, and the part it performs in the vegetable econ-
omy ! What amazing errors are transmitted, with
faithful care, from generation to generation, respect-
ing the influence of this or that plant, insect or an-
imal ! How little is known of the true theory of
nutritious substances to the living plant, and of the
manner of their operations ! What mistakes occur
from some false theory originating in prejudice ! How
many are there, who can refer to first causes the
occurrence of the insidious mildew, or the rapidly
destructive blight, spreading like a baneful fire over
the fairest productions of the garden ! How many
questions, which some strange development of fruit
and flower call up, are still unanswerable ! What is
known of the secretory and excretory functions of
plants, and their influence on vegetation ? Nor is it
necessary to multiply examples or adduce illustra-
tions ; they are familiar to every scientific cultivator.
It may, perhaps, be improper to speak of the ad-
vantages, which have arisen from the past labors of
this Society in the promotion of horticultural knowl-
edge. Let rather its deeds proclaim its due praise.
Tint, connected with one of its primary objects should

15

be a renewed effort to institute an Experimental Gar-
den, solely devoted to the end of horticultural skill.
The peculiar adaptation of our climate to the increase
and general introduction of many foreign varieties of
fruits and plants seem to demand from our own efforts
some adequate return. Our own resources need in-
vestigation. That we have talent, enterprise, and
every desired means, cannot be questioned. The
present field of operation is too extensive. It needs
combined effort, where the skill and science of every
votary of the art, or amateur in the profession, can
be united and appropriated. To the fruit-grower this
is evident; and a better opportunity of comparing
the synonymy of pretended valuable varieties and the
reduction to a perfect system of such only as are
worthy his attention, is much needed. To the dis-
appointment, he has often experienced and must con-
tinually experience by the most unwarrantable errors,
he is too familiar. With such means, our work, Gen-
tlemen, will be effective, and the brilliant individual
talent, now as it were almost hopelessly lost or not
sufficiently brought into action, will be concentrated
to its full energy. There is, perhaps, no branch of
Horticulture which needs so much correction as does
this. Owing to various practices, our catalogues of
fruits are but so many lists of misnomers and long-
standing errors. It is the duty of scientific institu-
tions, like our own, to correct this abuse. Much has
already been done in England, but much more re-
mains to be accomplished. In no better place, nor
under no more propitious circumstances, could this be
effected than by our efforts. By critical examination,

16

coiiducled on the true ])riiiciples of vegetable organ-
ography,— by the comparison of living specimens, an
Experimental Garden affords every assistance. The
effect of soil, exposure, and each modifying accident,
which influence the productions of fruit, could be
thoroughly analyzed. A correct list, suitable for cul-
tivation, not only of our own but other countries,
might be formed, — a single item, worthy in itself of
united labor and enterprise. The promotion of that
spirit of improvement, which elevates the standard
of taste for the excellent and beautiful by an atten-
tion to rural studies, is at all times highly commend-
able ; but the promotion of the spirit of utility should
surely be combined with it. With these views, may
this Society take a Ao})le stand, and the diflusion of
correct principles in practical knowledge be one of
its desired ends ; — a high and prevailing emulation
among its members of conferring deep and lasting
benefits on mankind, by the earnest search after
Truth.

The review of the past year is such as to encour-
age us in our efforts. The weekly exhibitions at
the Society's Rooms have afforded specimens of
taste, skill, and enterprise. The establishment of
two Magazines,* devoted to Horticulture, speaks
highly in favor of an increasing taste in the commu-
nity. The list of new members, the remembrance
of those abroad in valuable donations, evince a good
state of things, and a degree of prosperity ever to
be desired. May the vigorous efforts, which have

* Ameriran Gardener's Magazine, by C. I\l. & P. B. Hovey, jr. Horticultural Ecgisltr
and Gardener's Magazine, by T. G. Feseeiiden &: J. E. Teshemaclier.

17

crowned with success a society of seven years stand-
ing be still undiminished and further increased.

History informs us that the use of fruits and flow-
ers, as ornaments of beauty, as garlands of victory,
for festive occasions, for the purposes of Religion,
and for the last sad duties of sepulture, was almost
coeval with the human race ; and some of these cus-
toms still exist. Under the benign influences of a
purer faith, in a place once dedicated to the dramatic
art, but since consecrated to sacred purposes, we
have decorated these walls with festive garlands, and
spread before you the rich bounties of the seasons.
Centuries have not broken the common bond of feel-
ing, which prompts the taste for the beautiful and
innocent in Nature. But in our admiration of the
treasures of Flora and Pomona, let us not be unmind-
ful of Nature's Great Author !

SEVENTH ANNIVERSARY

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Flowers, of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, took place on Wednesday the
16th and Thursday the 17th September; and the place selected
Was the Odeon, situated in Federal-street, in Boston. The area
having on this occasion been cleared, formed by a slight but new
arrangement, a magnificent Hall, of lofty height, and spacious
dimensions, with a skylight in the centre. The gallery leading
from the vestibule, being closely studded on either side with
pines, formed like a forest, a dark but pleasing avenue of en-
trance.

The fruits, which were on this occasion exhibited, were al-
together uncommonly fine, and of kinds and of qualities superior
to those of former years. And the display of the flowers and
the fruits, and the skillful arrangement of the whole, in all its
parts, produced an effect confessedly surpassing any thing of the
kind before witnessed.

We remarked that the e.xliibition, and by far the most invalu-
able specimens and varieties of flowers, and more especially of
fruits, consisted of nnc kinds, in very great proportion ; — or, of
those kinds mostly which, ten or twelve years ago, were unknown
to our country, even in name. Thanks to those enlightened in-
dividuals, who with untiring zeal have ransacked earth, recalling
home to their country all that might serve to adorn, and all that
might be eminently useful, for trial in our climate, and on our
highly favored shores.

The days of exhibition were unusually fine, and the concoinse
of visitors very numerous, both from the city, and from various
and remote parts of the country.

On the second day, a discourse was delivered at the Odeon,
by Professor J. L. Russell of Salem.

The following is the account of the exhibition of Fruits : —

By E. Vose of Dorchester, President of the Society — Pears :
Rartlett, Passe Colmar, Tillington, Urbaniste, Wilkinson, Cush-

20

ing, Capi.iumont, Marie Louise, Lewis, Mouille Bouche, or
Verte Longue. Peaches : Grosse Mig-nonne, Early York. Mel-
ons : Persian Muskmelon, Green fleslied Cantaloupe. Also, a
basket of various kinds of fine fruit.

R. Manning of Salem — Pears: Summer Rose, Bovvdoin, Ray-
mond, Saunders's Beurre, St. Gliislain, Autumn Superb, Ron-
ville, Buflum, Gushing, Verte Longue, Lowrie's Bergauiotte,
Wasliington, Pope's Scarlet Major, Julienne. — Plums: Brecvort's
Purple Boltner, Late Green Gage. — Apples : Rambour Franc,
Alexander, Lyscom, New American Crab.

Samuel Philbrick of Brookline — Pears : Bezi Vaet, Andrews,
Capiaumont, Colmar Souverain, Verte Longue, Wilkinson,
Washington, Seckel. — Rareripe Peaches.

Nathaniel Davenport of Milton — Chehnsford Pears : Snow
Peaclics.

A. D. Williams of Roxbury — Pears: Capiaumont. Apples:
Porter, and three handsome varieties of the Red. Peaches :
Golden, Purple Clingstone.

Samuel Downer of Dorchester — Pears : Bezi Vaet, Napoleon,
Beurre Diel, Fulton, Bleecker's Meadow, Capiaumont, Lewis,
Andrews, Urbaniste, Gushing, Ileathcot, D'Aremberg, which
has sometimes been confounded with the GIou.k Morceau, St.
Ghislain, Lowell, V/illiams's Bon Chretien, ( Dart let t,) Catillac,
Iron Pear, Beurre Knox, and l)ranches of the same, Seckel, and
branches of do., Crassnne, Golden Beurre of Dr. Holbrook. Ap-
ples : Fine Red, Old Pearmain, Pumpkin Sweet, Porter, Ram's
Horn, (fine red,) Fall Pippin, Red Siberian Crab and Yellow Si-
berian Crab, with branches of both varieties, Lady Apple, None-
such, Winter Sweet.

Joshua Gardner of Dorchester — Apples: Fall Pippin, and
branches of Siberian Crab. Pears : Seckle.

Marshall P. Wilder of Dorchester — Williams's Bon Chretien,
( B artkt t, ) BergamoUe. Apples: two varieties, both fine. Mel-
ons : True Persian Housanie Muskmelon (striped, the seeds
from the London Horticultural Society, and believed to be the
first of the kind produced in the country,) Lord Gardner's Green
fleshed Muskmelon.

John A. Kcnrick of Newton — Pears : Seckel, Williams's Bon
Chretien, ( Barttctt,) Chelmsford, Beurre Knox. Apples : York
Russets, and some other kinds. Peaches : Alberge, Red Rare-
ripe, Sweet Water, Coolcdge's Favorite.

John Mackay of Boston, for Henry Flagg of Weston — Apples:
4 baskets of Hawthorndean, beautiful. Pears : 4 baskets of
Seckle, 2 do. of Heathcot.

Michael Tombs of the Faneuil Hall Market — Pears: Ilannas,
a fruit, which has never, to our knowledge, been exhibited, and
believed to be a native, much like the St. Michaels, but, to ap-
pearance, more oblong, and of larger size ; Gushing, from the

21

original tree, which in a dry and gravelly soil produces from six-
teen to twenty bushels, this season.

Madame Dix of Washington-street, Boston — Pears : Bon
Chretien, Dix, Old St. Germain.

Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Socie-
ty, Pemberton Hill — Pears : 5 baskets of St. Michaels, raised in
his garden, in the city, Rousselette de Rheims,Fall Bergamotte,
Gansel's Bergamotte. Apples : High top Sweeting. Grapes :
4 baskets of Chasselas..

Dr. Zabdiel B. Adams of Boston — Pears : Seckel, St. Michael.
White Imperial or Yellow Egg Plum.

William Oliver of Dorchester — St. Ghislain, Wilkinson, Bro-
ca's Bergamotte, Williams's Bon Chretien, ( Barthtt.) Apples:
Chataigne or Chestnut apple. Melons : Cantaloupe, Persian
Muskmelons.

E. Train of Weston — Apples : a specimen resembling in ex-
terior the Alexander.

R. & E. Marsh of Q,uincy — Pears: Cashing; specimens
about as fine as those which were exhibited the Saturday previous,
4 of which weighed 21 ounces.

S. Phipps of Dorchester — Pears : Williams's Bon Chretien,
(Bartldt,) Seckel. Apples : Fall Pippin, Spice apple.

E. Bartlett of Roxbury, one of the Vice-Presidents — Pears :
Bartlett or Williams's Bon Chretien, Capiaumont. Apples :
Maiden's Blush, Ribston Pippin. Plums : Purple Gage, New
Gage. Peaches : some fine specimens.

Dana & Norcross of the Faneuil Hall market — Pears: Will-
iams's Bon Chretien, Cushing, Harvard. Peaches : Cooledge's
Favorite. Other baskets of pears and fine fruit.

William Worthington of Dorchester — Capiaumont, Monsieur
Jean, Warden, Minot, Roussellette de Rheims, Seckel, St. Mi-
chael, Williams's Bon Chretien or Bartlett, Native Red Cheek,
Pound Pear, and several other kinds. Apples : Ladies' Delight,
Carhouse.

Richard Ward of Roxbury — Roxbury Russets, growth of
1834, Sweet apples. Pears : Bon Chretien Williams or Bartlett,
Seckel. Peaches : Cooledge's Favorite, Red Rareripe, Yellow
do.

Charles Stone of Watertown — Peaches, Yellow Rareripe,
Stone's Favorite, in all 11 baskets.

Amos Bemis of Waltham — Peaches : Carolina Rareripes.

Mrs. Deuch of Derne-street, Boston — Yellow Rareripe Peach.

E. M. Richards of Dedham — Pears: Verte Longue, Harvard,
Chelmsford. Apples: Red Juneating, Benoni, the last always
fine; Summer Pearmain, Orange Sweeting.

B. V. French of Boston — Pears : William's Bon Chretien or
Bartlett, Cushing, Wilkinson. Apples : Hawthorndean, Rug-
gles's apple, Dovvnton Golden Pippin, Native Sweeting, Kerry

22

Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, Dutch Codlin. Grapes : Morillon
Noir.

Mr. Slack of Roxbury — Pears : Bartlett, Andrews, and anoth-
er variety. Apples: a large and handsome variety. Peaches, 2
baskets.

G. Pierce of Charlestown — Apples : 3 baskets of Porter.
Pears : 3 baskets of Andrews.

William Dean of Salem — Pears: Johonnot, 2 baskets ; and
some fine Grapes from his Grape house.

William Kenrick — Pears : Beurre Colmar d'Automne, a new,
valuable, and most productive variety.

Messrs. Ilovey — Pears : Johonnot, Williams's Bon Chretien or
Bartlett ; also, peaches and nectarines, raised in pots.

P. May of Boston — Pears : Golden Beurre.

S. Sweetser of Cambridge — Pears : Bon Chretien.

Cheever Newhall of Dorchester — President Peaches.

David Hill of West-Cambridge — Peaches : Lemon Rareripe,
Orange Peach.

Wm. Gridley of Boston — Plums: a limb of beautiful fruit of
the Magnum Bonum, a kind suitable only for preserving and for
show.

Samuel Heath of Roxbury — A basket of beautiful Andrews
Pears.

E. W. Hayward of Mendon — A basket of fine Peaches.

Mrs. King — Two baskets of fruit.

Mrs. Timothy Bigelow of Med ford — Bon Chretien Pears.

William Wales of Dorchester — Black Hamburg Grapes.

Thomas Mason of Charlestown Vineyard — Peaches: Royal
George, Bellegarde. Nectarines : Elruge, Brugnon, a native,
both kinds very beautiful. Grapes: Chasselas or Sweetwater,
Black Hamburg, of the second crop.

Benjamin Seaver. Sweetwater Grapes and Peaches.

Jacob Tidd of Roxbury — Grapes : 2 bunches of Regner de
Nice, very large, one weighing 2 3-4 lbs. and the other 3 1-2
lbs. ; also, three bunches of Black Hamburg, one weighing 2 lb.
G oz., another 2 lb. 15 oz., and another 3 1-4 lbs.

Joshua Child — Grapes : Morillon Noir.

Benjamin Guild of Brookline — Plums : White Gage. Grapes:
Black Hamburg, raised under glass, but without fire, Sweetwa-
ter, raised in Brookline, in the open air, on common trellis ; all
large and fine.

John Arnold, No. 99, Cambridge-street — Sweetwater, raised
in open culture in the city.

Charles Taylor of Dorchester — A large basket of Black Ham-
burg grapes, very fine.

Joseph Balch — Pears : Green Catharine, and another for the
Gushing. Apples: Benoni, and a yellow variety from England.
Twice-bearing red raspberries. Fine specimens of peaches.
Grapes : Black Hamburg, White Frontignac.

23 •

T. H. Perkins, from his magnificent and spacious glass-houses
in Brookline — Peaches : Noblesse, Early York, French Gallande,
Grosse Gallande ; also, red Roman Nectarines, all very beauti-
ful. Grapes : White Passe Musque, Black Lombardy, White
Sweetwater, Black Frankendale, White Muscat of Alexandria,
Black Hamburg, White Syrian, Black St. Peters, White Fron-
tignac, Black Frontignac, Grizzly Frontignac, Black Cluster, or
Meunier, Barcelona Long White. These vvere beautifully ar-
ranged in clusters of different colors alternate, and with a fine
effect. Such a variety of the superior kinds has never been dis-
played, we believe, at any former exhibition. All were grown
by the skill of Wm. H. Cowing. From the same source a rare
and new variety of squash was sent for exhibition.

Samuel Phipps of Dorchester — Specimens of Valparaiso
squash; also, Autumnal Marrow do., and Egg Plants.

Dennis Murphy of Roxbury — Lima Squash ; also, fine speci-
mens of the purple and white Egg Plants.

The end of the centre table was graced by a large and beau-
tiful Orange Tree, loaded with its large and golden fruit, inter-
mixed with others unripe, and in every stage of their growth.
This was from the green-house of the Hon. John Lowell.
For the Committee,

WILLIAM KENRICK.

REPORT

OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS AND PLANTS.

Col. T. H. Perkins, Brookline. A handsome frame work of
flowers, on which grapes from his houses were suspended ; also,
a specimen of the flowers of Phaseolus caracalla, a rare green-
house plant of singular appearance and delightful fragrance.

Hon. John Lowell, Roxbury. A splendid Orange tree, laden
with fruit ; the Sweet Lime tree, an exceedingly rare plant ; a
fine specimen of the elegant Gomphocarpus ; Gloxinia maculata
and speciosa, Plectranthus fruticosus, Justicia picta, Begonia
argyrostigma, Ardisia solanacea, with many other ornaments of
the greenhouse ; and amongst a variety of cut flowers were the
stately Canna speciosa, and the rare Strelitzia regina.

W. Pratt, Esq., Watertown. A magnificent collection of Dah-
lias, with a very liberal donation of cut flowers.

Thomas Lee, Esq., Brookline. Two elegant vases, contain-
ing cut flowers, amongst which were Calandrinia grandiflora^

24

Linaria genistifolia, Lupinus mutabilis, Helenium autumnalis,
Argeinoiie Barclayana, Tliunbcrgia alata, Maiirandia Barclay-
ana, and many others.

Mrs. Norcross, of Boston. Several fine plants in pots, amongst
which were Poliaiithus tuberosa (the Tuberose,) Myrtle-leaved
Orange, Begonia Evansiana, and others.

H. A. Breed, Esq., Lynn. A large and fine bouquet of cut
flowers.

Hon. E. Vose, Dorchester. A large quantity of cut flowers.
M. P. Wilder, Esq., Dorchester. A very fine and numerous
collection of Dahlias, amongst which the most conspicuous for
beauty and successful growth, were Countess of Ponza, Lord
Chichester, Polyphemus, Richardson's Alicia, Brown's Ophelia,
Belladonna, Countess of Liverpool, Jason, Negro boy, Agrippina;
also, a vase of about forty varieties of beautiful autumnal roses,
including the celebrated Palavicin and the Triomphe de Boll-
wilier, a large donation of cut flowers, and many rare exotic
plants in pots.

S. Phipps, Esq., Dorchester. Celosia cristata, and several
other beautiful plants in pots, with a fine specimen of Solanum
raelongena, the Egg plant.

J. F. Priest, Esq., Boston. A large and magnificent plant of
the Salvia splendens, double-flowering Pomegranate, and several
others.

Mr. Thomas Dunlap, from the garden of W. G. Buckner, Esq.,
Bloomingdale, N. Y. A fine collection of Dahlias, the most
beautiful of which were Wilmot's Superb, Granta, Paroquet ;
Diadem, a seedling raised by him, in the style of Countess of
Liverpool, and Roscoe, another fine seedling, also raised by him.
E. M. Richards, Esq., Dorchester. A yellow seedling Dahlia
of very great merit, raised by him.

W. Worthington, Esq., Dorchester. A considerable number
of bouquets of cut flowers, containing, with others, some remark-
ably fine specimens of China Aster.

J. L. L. F. Warren, Esq., Brighton. A fine collection of Dah-
lias, with several beautiful bouquets.

J. Crane, Esq., Boston. Two fine plants, in pots, of Helian-
thus giganteus.

Mr. S. Walker, Roxbury. A fine boquet of cut flowers, with
a choice collection of Dahlias ; the most brilliant in color and
perfect in shape were Oueen of the Dahlias, Miss Pelham, Den-
isii, Springfield Rival, Tyso's Matilda, Groomsbridge's Matchless;
also, a small but elegant group of seedling Heartsease, (Viola.)

Botanic Garden, Cambridge, under the direction of Mr. Carter,
the following plants in pots : — Banksia serrata in flower, Eugenia
jambos, Callistemon lanceolata, Eleagnus, Melaleuca, Cleroden-
dron, Protea argcntea. Acacia falcata, Aster argyrophyllus, Lau-
rus indica, Paasiflora alba, Diosma, Gordonia lasianthus, Ballota,

25

Fuchsia tenolhi and Thomsonia, Calothamnus quadrifida, Rhodo-
dendron, and otiiers ; also, a very fine collection of Dahlias, the
most prominent of which were Well's white, Amanda, Belladon-
na, Q,ueen of the Dahlias, and a seedling of considerable beauty,
raised by Mr. Carter.

Mount Auburn Garden, under the direction of Mr. Russell.
A profusion of cut flowers.

W. Kenrick, Newton. Several beautiful plants in pots, includ-
ing two fine specimens of Morus multicaulis, with a large quanti-
ty of cut flowers.

J. A. Kenrick, Newton. A large quantity of cut flowers.

Messrs. Winship, Brighton. A large quantity of cut flowers,
with two magnificent plants of the Cockscomb, Celosia cristata.

Lancaster Botanic Garden, under the direction of Mr. Joseph
Breck. A numerous and matchless collection of Dahlias ; the
most striking for beauty and shape were Village maid, Thorburn's
seedling from Widnall, King of the Whites, Transccndant, Col-
vill's Perfecta, Widnall's Jasou, Clueen of the Yellows, Wells's
Royal Lilac, and Margaret's Favorite, a beautiful seedling, rais-
ed by Mr. Breck.

Messrs. llovey, Boston. A very choice and brilliant collection
■of double China Asters, embracing twelve distinct kinds, with
several very fine Dahlias, the most conspicuous for beauty both
of shape and color were Lord Liverpool, Negro boy, Cassina,
Prince George, Widnall's Adonis, Picta formosissima ; also, sev-
eral bouquets, remarkable for variety of flowers and elegance of
arrangement, containing Gladiolus natalensis. Zinnia, violacea
var. coccinea. Euphorbia variegata. Dahlias, Phlox roseu.m, plom-
erata, cordata, Wheeleriana, Americana^ Solidago altissmia, witli
a quantity of cut flowers.

Mr. Sweetser, Boston. A superb collection of Dahlias, amongst
which the finest were Alba fimbriata, and the Kincr of the Yel-
lows; several beautiful bouquets, and a fine specimen of Rosa
Lamarque, one of the most delightful and fragrant of the tribe.

Mr. D. Murphy, Roxbury. Many greenhouse plants ; amongst
them were a lage Myrtus communis, with fruit, Cyclas revoluta,
Viburnum tinus. Orange trees, Calla Ethiopica, many bouquets
and cut flowers.

John Arnold, Cambridge. A variety of plants in pots.

J. D. Williams, Boston. A variety of plants in pots; among
them were the Silver-edged Holly, the L-ish Yew, and the LaureL

W. Wales, Dorchester. A fine collection of cut flowers and
bouquets, in one of which was the beautiful and fragrant Yellow
Tea Rose.

S. H. Weld., Esq., Roxbury. Dahlias and cut flowers.

B. P. Winslow, C. Newhall, J. Richardson, N. Davenport, J.
Gardner and Mr. Farnsworih. Cut flowers.
For the committee,

J. E. TESCHEMACHER

OFFICERS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FOR THE YEAR,
COMMENCING ON THE FIRST SATURDAY IN DECEMBER, 1835.

PRESIDENT.

ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

E. BARTLETT, Dorchester.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
SAMUEL A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.
PICKERING DODGE, Salem.

TREASURER.

WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT TREAT PAINE, Boston.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

EZRA WESTON, Jr. Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

THEODORE LYMAN, Jr. Boston.
AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, Brookline.
THOMAS BREWER, Roxbury.
HENRY A. BREED, Lynn.
M. P. SAWYER, Portland, Me.
NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, Milton.
E. HERSEY DERBY, Salem.
THOMAS WHITMARSH, Brookline.
J. M. GOURGAS, Weston.

27

WILLIAM PRATT, Jr. Boston.
SAMUEL JAaUES, Jr. Charlestown.
JOSEPH G. JOY, Boston.
WILLIAM KENRICK, Newton.
JOHN LEMIST, Roxbury.
BENJAMIN RODMAN, New-Bedford.
THOMAS G. FESSENDEN, Boston.
CHARLES TAPPAN, Boston.
JACOB TIDD, Roxbury.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
AARON D. WILLIAMS, Roxbury.
J. W. WEBSTER, Cambridge.
GEORGE W. BRIMMER, Boston.
DAVID HAGGERSTON, Watertown.
CHARLES LAWRENCE, Salem.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

Rev. JOHN L. RUSSELL.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman, SAMUEL A. SHURTLEFF,

ROBERT MANNJNG, SAMUEL DOWNER,

WILLIAM KENRICK, SAMUEL POND,

BENJA. V. FRENCH, P. B. HOVEY,

EDWARD M. RICHARDS, L. P. GROSVENOR.

COMMITTEE ON PRODUCTS OF KITCHEN GARDEN.

GEO. C. BARRETT, Chairman, AARON D. WILLIAMS,

DANIEL CHANDLER, LEONARD STONE,

JACOB TIDD, NATHANIEL DAVENPORT.

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS, SHRUBS, &.C.

J. E. TESCHEMAKER, Chairman, SAMUEL WALKER,
CHARLES M. HOVEY, DAVID HAGGERSTON,

JONATHAN WINSHIP, JOHN A. KENRICK.

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBKARY.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman, J. E. TESCHEMAKER,

JACOB BIGELOW, EZRA WESTON, Jr.

T. W. HARRIS, CHARLES M. HOVEY, Librarian.
ROBERT T. PAINE,

COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS OF FRUIT.

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman, WILLIAM KENRICK,

ROBERT MANNING, SAMUEL DOWNER.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman, BENJA. V. FRENCH,

CHEEVER NEWHALL, PICKERING DODGE.

L. P. GROSVENOR,

COMMITTEE OF FINANCE.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman, CHEEVER NEWHALL.

BENJA. V. FRENCH,

MEMBERS

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Armstrong, Samuel T. Boston.
Aspinwall, Augustus, Brookline.
Andrews, John II. Salem.
Andrews, Ebenezer T. Boston.
Anthony, Jarnes, Providence.
Adams, Samnel, JUMon.
Andrews, Ferdinand, Lancaster.
Atkinson, Amos, Brooldinc.
Adams, Daniel, J^Tcwbury.
Applelon, Samuel, Boston.
Adams, Charles F. Quincy.
Adamson, John, Roibury.
Andrews, William T. Boston.

Bartlelt, Enoch, Roxhury.
Brewer, Thomas, "
Brimmer, George W. Boston.
Bradlee, Joseph P. "

Breed, Ebengzer, "

Breed, Henry A. Lynn.
Bigelow, Jacob, Boston.
Breed, Andiews, Lynn.
Bailey, Kendall, Charlcstorcn.
Brown, James, Cambridge.
Buckminster, Lawson, Framingham.
Buckminster, Edward F. "
Breck, Joseph, Z,«nca.vier.
Bradford, Samuel D. Boston.
Bailey, Ebenezer, "

Bishop, N. II. .Mcdford.
Brewer, Eliab Stone, Boston.
Badlam, Stephen, "

Beal, George VV. Quincy.
Boott, William, Boston.
Brown, J. M. "

Brimmer, Martin, "
Bangs, Edward D. "
Balch, Joseph, Rozbury.
Bond, George, Boston.
Billings, Joseph H. Roxhury.
Brown, Charles, Boston.
Bussey, Benjamin, Rozbury.
Buckingham, Joseph T. Cambridge.
Bond, George W. Boston.
Barrett, George C. "
Bowen, Charles, "

Cook, Zebedee, jr. Boston.
Codman, John, Dorchester.
Clapp, Nathaniel, "
Coolidge, Joseph, Boston.
Copeland, B. F. Rozbury.
Cogswell, J. G. JVortliampton.
Champney, John, Rozbury.
Cowing, Cornelius, "
Cowing, Howland, jr. Boston.

Carter, William, Cambridge,

Curtis, William, J^ewton.

Coolidge, Josiah, Cambridge.

Cowan, Wm. H. Brighton.

Cruft, Edward, Boston.

Chandler, Daniel, Lezington.

Callender, Joseph, Boston.

Chase, Hezekiah, Lynn.

Clapp, John, South-Reading.

Carter, Horatio,, iancaitcr.

Games, Nathaniel G. JVew-YorJc.

Curtis, Edward, Pepperill.

Chandler, Samuel, Lezington.

Capen, Aaron, Dorchester.

Crowningshield, Benjamin W. Boston.

Cotting, William, West-Cambridge.

Cabot, Samuel, Brookline.

Collin, Hector, Rock Farm, JVeicbury.

Curtis, Nathaniel, Rozbury.

Clapp, Isaac, Dorchester.

Crafts, Ebenezer, Rozbury.

Coolidge, Samuel F. Boston.

Cowing, N. H. Brookline.^

Crane, }osbua.y Boston.

Coolidge, Thomas B. Boston.

Child Joshua, "

Dearborn, H. A. S. Boston.
Davis, Isaac P. "

Downer, Samuel, Dorchester.
Dudley, David, Rozbury.
Doggett, John, Boston.
Davenport, Nathaniel, Milton.
Davis, Charles, Rozbury.
Dorr, Nathaniel, "
Dodge, Pickering, jr. Salem.
Derby, E. H. "

Davis, John, Boston.
Downes. John, "
Dyer, E.D. Boston.
Dickson, James A. Boston.
Davis, N. Morton, Plymouth.

Emmons, Robert L. Boston.
Everett, Edward, Charlestown.
Eustis, James, South-Reading.
Ellis, Charles, Rozbury.
Edwards, Elisha, Springfield.
Eager, William, Boston.
Endicott, Wm. P. Salem.
Eldredge, Edward, Boston.

French, Benjamin V. Boston,
Fessenden, Thomas G. "
Prothingham, Samuel, "
Forrester, John, Salem.

30

Fiskc, Oliver, IVorcestcr.
Fosdick, Uavid, Charlestown.
Fletclier, Ricliard, Boston.
Field, Joseph, Weston.
Fitcli, Jeremiah, Boston.
Francis, J. B. Warwick, R. I.
Freeman, Russell, Sandwich.
Fay, Samuel P. P. Cambridgeport.
Faxon, Nathaniel, Boston.

Gray, John C. Boston.
Greenleaf, Thomas, Quincij.
Gourgas, J. M. Weston.
Green, Charles W. Roibury.
Gore, Watson, "

Gannett, T. D. Cavihridgeport.
Gould, Daniel, Reading.
Gardner, W. F. Salem.
Gardner, Joshua, Dorchester.
Goodwin, Thomas J. Charlestown.
Guild, Benjamin, Boston.
Gibbs, Benjamin, Cambridgeport.
Giant, Benjamin B. Boston.
Gould, Benjamin A. "
Gray, John, "

Grosvenor, L. P. "

Harris, Samuel D. Boston,
Haskins, Ralph, Roxhury.
Heard, John, jr. Boston.
Hill, Jeremiah, "

HoUingsvvorth, Mark, Milton.
Harris, Wm. T. Cambridge.
Holbrook, Amos, Milton.
Howe, Rufus, Dorchester.
Hayden, John, Brookline.
Howes, Frederick, Salem.
Haggerston, David, Watertown.
Howland, io]^n, }r. JVcw-Bedford.
Hayward, George, Boston.
Higginson, Henry, "
Hall, Dudley, Medford.
Hartshorn, Eliphalet P. Boston.
Houghton, Abel, jr. Lynn.
Hovey, P. B. jr. Cambridgeport.
Hurd, William, Charlestown.
Howe, Hall J. Boston.
Hodges, J. L. Taunton.
Hodge, Isaac L. Plymouth.
Hovey, Charles M. Cambridgeport.
Hayward, Charles, Boston.
Hayden, Frederick, Lincoln.
Hyde, Samuel, jr. JVewtown.
Hammond, H. H. Lexington.

Jaques, Samuel, jr. Charlestown,
Ives, John M. Salem.

Joy, Joseph G. Boston.
Jackson, Patrick T. Boston.
Jackson, James, "

Johonnot, George S. Salem.
Jones, L. D. JVew-Bcdford.
Josselyn, Lewis, Bostoii.

Kenrick, William, J^ewton.
King, John, Medford.
Kidder, Samuel, Charlestown.
Kuhn, George H. Boston.
Kendall, Abel, jr. "
Kenrick, John A. JVewton.
Kenrick, Enoch B. "

Lincoln Ticvi, Worcester.
Lincoln William, "
Lowell, John, Roibury.
Lee, Thomas jr. "

Lcmlst John, Roxhury.
Lyman, Theodore, jr. Boston.
Lowell, John A. Boston.
Lawrence, Abbott, "
Lyman, George W. "
Lawrence, Charles, Salem.
Leiand, Daniel, Sherburne.
Leland, J. P. "

Loring, W. J. Boston.
Lowell, John, jr. "

Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manners, George, Boston.
Minn's Thomas, "
Morrell, Ambrose, Lexington.
Munroe, Jonas, "

Mussey, Benjamin, "
Motley, Edward, Boston.
Mason, Lowell, "
Montague, Wm. H. "
Morse, S. F. "

Means, James, "

Mackay, John, *'

Mead, Isaac, Charle.'itown.
Mead, Samuel O. West- Cambridge.
Mason, Thomas, Charlestown.
Miller, Edward, Boston.
Mason, Jeremiah, "
Mason, Thomas H. Charlestoton.

Newhall, Cheever, Dorchester,
Newhall, George, "

Nichols, Otis, "

Nuttall, Thomas, Cambridge.
Newell, Joseph R. Boston.
Newhall, Josiah, Lynnfield.
Newman, Henry, Roibury.
Newell, Joseph W. Charlestown.

Otis, Harrison G. Boston,
Oliver, Francis J. "
Oliver, William, Dorchester.
Oxnard, Henry, Brookline.

Perkins, Thomas H. Boston.
Perkins, Samuel G. "
Putnam Jesse, "

Pratt, George W. "

Prescott, William, "
Parsons, Gorham, Brighton.
Pettee, Otis, JVewton.
Prince, John, Roxbury.
Phinney, Elias, Lexington
Prince, John, jr. Sa/e/H.
Peabody, Francis, "
Perry, G. B. East-Bradford.
Perry, John, Sherburne.
Pond, Samuel, Cambridgeport.
Paine, Robert Treat, Boston.
Pond, Samuel M. Bucksport, Me.
Prescott, C. H. Cornmallis, JV. S.
Parker, Daniel P. Boston.
Pratt, William, jr. "
Priest, John F. "

Philbrick, Samuel, Brookline.
Prouty, Lorenzo, Boston.
Pickman, D. L. Salem.
Phipps, Rufus T. Charlestown.
Parker, Isaac, Boston.
Phillips, S. C. Snlem.
Pool, Ward, Danvers.
Perkins, Thomas H. jr. Boston,
Pond, Samuel, jr. "

Payne, W. E. "

Preston, John, "

Putnam, Ebenczer, Salem.

31

Quincy, Josiab, jr. Boston.

Robbing, E. H. jr. Boston.

Rollins, William, "

Rice, John P. "

Rice, Henry, "

Read, James, Roxbiinj.

Robbins, P. G. "

Rovve, Joseph, Milton.

Rogers, R. S. Salem.

Rodman, Benjamin, JVew-Bcdford.

Rotch, William, jr. "

Richardson, Nathan, South-Reading.

Rand, Edward S. J^ewburyport.

Richards, Edward M. Dedliam.

Russell, J. L. Salem.

Russell, James, Boston.

Russell, George, M. D. Lincoln.

Rogerson, Robert, Boston.

Ruggles, M. H. Troy.

Read, George, Roxbury.

Russell, Joseph, Boston.

Pilsby, Enoch, Boston.
Sullivan, Richard, Brooldinc.
Senior, Charles, Roxbury.
Sumner, William H. Dorchester.
Sawyer, M. P. Boston.
Sharp, Edward, Dorchester.
Smith, Cyrus, Sandwich.
Sutton, William, jr. Danvers.
Story, F. H. Salem.
Stedman, Josiah, M'ewton.
Stearns, Charles, Springfield.
Shurtleff, Samuel A. Boston.
Springer, John, Sterling.
Saltonstail, Leverett, Salem.
Shaw, Lemuel, Boston.
Smith, J. M. "

Sisson, Freeborn, Warren, R. I.
Smith, Stephen H. Providence, R. I.
Swan, Daniel, Medford.
Stone, Leonard, Watertown.
Stone, William, "
Stone, Isaac, "

Story, Joseph, Cambridge.
Sparhawk, E. C. Boston.
Sheaf, Henry, "

Stevens, Isaac, "

Stearns, William, "
Sweetser, Samuel, Cambridgeport.
Skinner, John, Charlestown.

Tappan, Charles, Boston.
Tidd, Jacob, Roxbury.
Thompson, George, Medford,
Train, Samuel, "

Thorndike, Israel, Boston.
Thvving, Supply C. Roxbury.
Tucker, Richard D. Boston.
Tilden, Joseph, "

Toothey, Roderick, Waltham.
Tlionias, Benjamin, Hinglinm.
Taylor, Charles, Dorchester.
Tremlett, Thomas B. "
Tyler, George W. Charlestown.

Vose, Elijah, Dorchester.
Vila, James, Boston.

Williams, Nehemiah D. Roxbury.
Wilder, M. P. Boston.
Williams, Aaron I). Roxbury.
Worthington, William, Dorchester.
Webster, J. W. Cambridge.
White, Abijah, Ji'ufcrtown.
Wight, Ebenezer, Boston.
Winship, Jonathan, Brighton.
Wilder, S. V. S. Bolton.
Waldo, Daniel, Worcester.
Wyeth, Nathaniel, jr. Cambridge.
West, Thomas, Haverhill.
Willard, Joseph, Lancaster.
Whitmarsh, Samuel, JVortltampton.
Whitmarsh, Thomas, Brookline.
Warren, Jonathan, jr. Weston.
Webster, Nathan, Haverhill,
Wilson, John, Roxbury.
White, Stephen, Boston,
Webster, Daniel, "
Ward, Richard, Roxbury.
Weld, Aaron D. jr. Boston.
Walker, Samuel, Roxbury.
Winship, Francis, Brighton.
Willelt, Thomas, Charlestown.
Wolcott, Edward, Paictucket.
Williams, John, Cambridgeport.
Ward, Malthus A. Salem.
Winthrop, Thomas L. Boston.
Wheelwright, Lot, jr. "
Wheelwright, John F. Brighton.
Weston, Ezra, jr. Boston.
Waldo, Henry S, "
Winchester, W. P. "
Warren, Jonas, Weston.

HONORARY MEMBERS,

ADAMS, Hon. JOHN QUINGY, late President of the United States.

AITON, WILLIAM TOWNSEND, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kevr.

ABBOT, JOHJN, Esq. Brunswick, Me.

ABBOT, BENJAMIN, LL. D. Principal of Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H.

BUEL, J. Esq. President of the Albany Horticultural Society.

BODIN, Le Chevalier SOULANGE, Secretaire- General de la Societe
d' Horticulture de Paris.

BANCROFT, EDWARD NATHANIEL, M. D. President of the Horti-
cultural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.

BARCLAY, ROBERT, Esq. Great-Britain.

BEEKMAN, JAMES, New- York.

BARBOUR, P. P. Virginia.

BLAPIER, LEWIS, Philadelphia.

COXE, WILLIAM, Esq. Burlington, New-Jersey.

COLLINS, ZACCHEUS, Esq. President of the Pennsylvania Horticul-
tural Society, Philadelphia.

COFFIN, Admiral Sir ISAAC, Great-Britain.

CHAUNCY, ISAAC, United States Navy, Brooklyn, New- York.

CLAY, HENRY, Kentucky.

DICKSON, JAMES, Esq. Vice-President of the London Horticultural
Society.

DE CANDOLLE, MoNS. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS, Professor of Botany
in the Academy of Geneva.

De La SAGRA, Don RAMON, Cuba.

ELLIOTT, Ho.v. STEPHEN, Charleston, S. C.

EVERETT, HORACE, Vermont.

EV ANSON, CHARLES ALLAN, Secretary of King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. Johns New-Brunswick.

FALDERMANN, F. Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at St. Pe-
tersburg.

FISCHER, Dr. Professor of Botany, of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at
St. Petersburg.

GALES, JOSEPH, jr. Vice-President of the Washington Horticultural
Society, Washington.

GOLDSBOROUGH, ROBERT H., U. S. Senator, Maryland.

GREIG, JOHN, Esq. Geneva, President of the Domestic Horticultural
Society of the Western part of the State of New-York.

33

"GORE, Mrs. REBECCA, Waltham.

GRIFFITHS, Mrs. MARY, Charlies Hope, New-Jersey.

*GIRARD, STEPHEN, Philadelphia.

GIBBS, GEORGE, Sunswick, New-York.

HERICART DE THURY, Le Vicomte, President de la Societe d'Hor-
ticulture de Paris.

HOSACK, DAVID, M. D. President of the New-York Horticultural
Society.

HOPKIRK, THOMAS, Esq. President of the Glasgow Horticultural
Society.

HUNT, LEWIS, Esq. Huntsburgh, Ohio.

HJLDRETH, S. P. Marietta, Ohio.

INGERSOLL, JAMES R. President of the Horticultural Society of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United States.

JOHONNOT, Mrs. MARTHA, Salem.

KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW, Esq. President of the London Horti-
cultural Society.

LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, Great-Britain.

LUDWIG, BARON H. CAROL VON, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

* LAFAYETTE, General, La Grange, France.

LASTEYRIE, Le Comte de, Vice-President de la Societe d'Horticul-
ture de Paris.

LITCHFIELD, FRANKLIN, Consul of the United States at Porto Ca-
bello.

LORRILLARD, JACOB, President of the New- York Horticultural So-
ciety, New-York.

LONGSTRETH, JOSHUA, Philadelphia.

LONGWORTH, NICHOLAS, Cincinnati.

MADISON, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, Virginia.

* MONROE, Hon. JAMES, late President of the United States, "
MICHAUX, MoNs. F. ANDREW, Paris.

MENTENS, LEWIS JOHN, Esq. Bruxelles.
MITCHELL, SAMUEL L., M. D. New-York.

MOSSELLMANN, , Esq. Antwerp.

MERCER, Hon. CHARLES F. Virginia.

M'CAULEY, D. SMITH, Consul General United States, Tripoli.
McKIM, Hon. ISAAC, M. C. Baltimore, Maryland.
OTTENFELS, Baron, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.
POITEAU, Professor of the Institut Horticole de Fromont.
POWELL, JOHN HARE, Powellton, Pennsylvania.
PRINCE, WILLIAM, Esq. Long-Island, New-York.
PRATT, HENRY, Philadelphia.
PALMER, JOHN, Esq. Calcutta.

34

ROSEBERRY, ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of, President of the Cale-
donian Horticultural Society.

SABINE, JOSEPH, Esq. Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.

SHEPHERD, JOHN, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.

* SCOTT, SIR WALTER, Scotland.

SKINNER, JOHN S. Baltimore.

TURNER, JOHN, Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultural So-
ciety.

THACHER, JAMES, M. D. Plymouth.

THORBURN, GRANT, Esq. New-York.

TALIAFERRO, JOHN, Virginia.

THOURS, M. Dv Petit, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institut Horti-
cole de Fromont.

TOWSON, NATHANIEL, President of the Washington Horticultural
Society, Washington.

VILMORIN, MoNs. PIERRE PHILLIPPE ANDRE, Paris.

VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, Esq. Hallowell, Maine.

VAN MONS, JEAN BAPTISTE, M. D. Brussels.

VAUGHAN, PETTY, Esq. London.

VAN RENSELLAER, STEPHEN, Albany.

VAN ZANDT, JOSEPH R. Albany.

VANDERBURG, FEDERAL, M. D. New-York.

WELLES, Hon. JOHN, Boston.

WILLICK, NATHANIEL, M. D. Curator of the Botanic Garden, Cal-
cutta.

WADSWORTH, JAMES, Geneseo, New-York.

WARD, MALTHUS A. College, Athens, Georgia.

WOLCOTT, FREDERICK, Litchfield, Connecticut.

YATES, ASHTON, Esq. Liverpool.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

ADLUM, JOHN, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
ASPINV/ALL, Col. THOMAS, United States Consul, London.
APPLETON, THOMAS, Esq. United States Consul, Leghorn.

ALPEY, .

AQUILAR,DON FRANCISCO, of Moldonoda, in the Banda Orienlal,

Consul of the United States.
BARNET, ISAAC COX, Esq. United States Consul, Paris.
BRUSH, Dr. NEHEMIAH, East Florida.

* Deceased.

35

BURTON, ALEXANDER, United States Consul, Cadiz.

BULL, E. W. Hartford, Connecticut.

CARR, ROBERT, Esq. Philadelphia.

COLVILLE, JAMES, Chelsea, England.

CARNES, FRANCIS G. Paris.

DEERING, JAMES, Portland, Maine.

EMMONS, EBENEZER, M. D. Williamstown.

FLOY, MICHAEL, New- York.

FOX, JOHN, Washington, District of Columbia.

FELLOWS, NATHANIEL, Cuba.

FOSTER, WILLIAM REDDING, Baltimore.

GARDINER, ROBERT H. Esq. Gardiner, Maine.

GIBSON, ABRAHAM P. United States Consul, St. Petersburg.

GARDNER, BENJAMIN, United States Consul, Palermo.

HALL, CHARLES HENRY, Esq. New-York.

HAY, JOHN, Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

HALSEY, ABRAHAM, Corresponding Secretary of the New- York Hor-
ticultural Society, New- York.

HARRIS, Rev. T. M., D. D. Dorchester.

HUNTER, , Baltimore.

HOGG, THOMAS, New-York.

HENRY, BERNARD, Gibraltar.

HITCHCOCK, I. I. Baltimore.

LANDRETH, DAVID, jr. Esq. Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Society.

LEONARD, E. S. H., M. D. Providence.

MAURY, JAMES, Esq. late United States Consul, Liverpool.

MILLER, JOHN, M. D. Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural
Society, Jamaica.

MILLS, STEPHEN, Esq. Long-Island, New-York.

MELVILLE ALLAN, New-York.

M'LEAY, WILLIAM SHARP.

NEWHALL, HORATIO, M. D. Galena, Illinois.

OFFLEY, DAVID, Esq. United States Consul, Smyrna.

OMBROSI, JAMES, United States Consul, Florence.

PARKKR, JOHN, Esq. United States Consul, Amsterdam.

PAYSON, JOHN L. Esq. Messina.

PORTER, DAVID, Washington.

PRINCE, WILLIAM ROBERT, Esq. Long-Island, New-York.

PRINCE, ALFRED STRATTON, Long-Island.

PERRY, M. C. United States Navy, Charlestown.

PALMER, JOHN J. New-York.

ROGERS, WILLIAM S. United States Navy, Boston.

REYNOLDS, M. D. Schenectady, New-Tfork.

ROGERS, J. S. Hartford, Connecticut.

RICHARDS, JOHN H. Paris.

36

ROTCH, THOMAS, Philadelphia.

SHALER WILLIAM, United States Consul-General, Cuba.

SMITH, DANIEL D. Esq. Burlington, New-Jersey.

SMITH, GIDEON B. Baltimore.

SHAW, WILLIAM, New-York.

STRONG, Judge, Rochester, New-York.

STEPHENS, THOMAS HOLDUP, United States Navy, Middletown^

Connecticut.
SMITH, CALEB R. Esq. New-Jersey.
SPRAGUE, HORATIO, United States Consul, Gibraltar.
SUMMEREST, FRANCIS.
STRANGEWAY, WILLIAM FOX, British Secretary of Legation at

Naples.
THORBURN, GEORGE C. New-York.
TILLSON, JOHN, jr. Illinois.

TENORE, Professor, Director of the Botanical Garden at Naples.
THOMPSON, ROBERT, Esq. London.
WILSON, WILLIAM, New-York.
WINGATE, J. F. Bath, Maine.
WINGATE, JOSHUA, Portland.
WINTHROP, JOSEPH AUGUSTUS, South- Carolina.

AN

ADDRESS

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

AT THEIR

EIGHTH ANNIVERSARY,

SEPTEMBER 17, 1836.

BY EZRA WESTON, JR,

BOSTON:

PRINTED BY TUTTLE, WEEKS & DENNETT.

1836.

BOSTON, SEPTEMBER 24, 1835.

Sir, — We have tlie honor to traasmit you a copy of a vote passed this day
by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and are,

Very respectfully, your ob't servants,

S. WALKER, \

R. T. PAINE, \ Committee.
B. V. FRENCH, )
Ezra Weston, Jb., Esa.

Voted — That the thanks of the Society be presented to Ezra Weston, Jr., Esq.
for liis highly interesting and instructive Address, delivered before them on the
Eighth Anniversary, and that he be respectfully requested to furnish a copy
thereof for publication.

Attest, R. T. PAINE,

Cor. Sec'y »nd e% officio Rec. Sec'y pro lem.

BOSTON, OCTOBER 3, 1836

Gentlemen — In reply to the vote transmitted by you, I have the honor of
placing in your hands a copy of the Address delivered on the Eighth Anniver-
sary of tjie Society.

I am, respectfully, yours, &c.

E. WESTON, Je.
Messrs S. Walker, ^

R. T. Paine, > Committee.
B. V. French, )

ADDRESS.

Mr PnESIDEKT,

AND Gentlemen of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, —

Another recurrence of the seasons has taken
place, — the seed has been sown, — the leaf has again
been put forth, and the flowers and the fruits are at
our hand, and we meet to celebrate the eighth anni-
versary of this Society. We have many things upon
which to congratulate ourselves — many things in
which the sensible observer and the interested culti-
vator may both rejoice. Our weekly exhibitions
during the past year have been of a kind truly attrac-
tive and worthy of the Society, — surpassing, as they
reasonably should, those of every former year, show-
ing a manifest extension of the science and practice
of Horticulture, and at the same time necessarily, an
increasing taste and refinement.

I feel tempted to say something of these exhibi-
tions ; of their effect, not alone upon those who
contribute, but upon those who frequent as casual
spectators. They have a good moral effect, and
deserve, on that account to be well supported and
attended. There are few things more refreshing to
the man of business, or to any man, that will so
recruit the senses and charm the spirit as to step

aside a moment from the confusion and anxiety of
the street, and look upon the beauty and bounty of
nature, upon the splendid array of " mingled blos-
soms." It is like the breeze that meets the wave
tost sailor, upon the Indian Ocean, when

" GiF at sea northeast winds blow
Sabean odors from the spicy shore
Of Araby the blest."

To the man of leisure and taste, what more pure
pleasure could catch his taste than a rare and choice
exhibition of flowers — with their wonderful economy,
texture and colors,: perhaps in the course of his search
for amusement he may find none that shall so rouse
and cheer his languid attention. What more graceful
and dehcate sight can meet the eyes of the young
— in what school of the philosophers, in what gallery
of art can they learn more of that which ameliorates
and refines ? I should therefore wish that in all cities,
but more especially in ours, a hall of good propor-
tions and accommodation, not remote from the paths
of business, might be open, where the public could
weekly visit an exhibition of flowers and fruits. I
beheve it would have an elevating eff'ect upon the
public mind, and be as attractive and worthy of sup-
port as a gallery of statuary or paintings. These
remarks concerning our weekly exhibitions seem not
inappropriate or beneath the dignity of the occasion,
that those who contribute, may feel that it is not a
selfish or narrow oflfice they discharge, but one of
generosity and high public service.

It is said that in speaking of Horticulture as an

innocent amusement, we have said much in its favor *
but I think we can recommend and urge its claims
much stronger, by saying that it is as positive a duty
that a man should cultivate some of his powers to
this exercise as it is to possess a knowledge of poU-
tics. He who cultivates a garden and brings to per-
fection flowers and fruits, cultivates and advances at
the same time his own nature.

Horticulture as a science applies as well to fruits
as flowers, and it loses none of its attractions when
contemplated or practised in regard to the former
productions. It is a branch of the art of the highest
use.

During the past year, the Society has received an
accession in the numbers of its members both subscrip-
tion and honorary, but perhaps there is no name upon
the catalogue that is more worthy of a place there,
than that of the aged and eminent Dr Van Mons, of
Belgium, and I shall occupy the few moments I may
call mine here, in presenting some remarks upon his
services and theory, at the risk of stating some things
already well known and of adding but little or nothing
to the knowledge of some present.

The causes of the decay of fruit trees has for a
long time occupied the attention of horticulturists, and
it has been allowed that disease, the consequence of
old age, has caused and does cause this decay, and
will gradually work the extinction of some of the
best varieties.

Some of the variety of fruit that were formerly in
high reputation, have now become so deteriorated as
scarce to be worth propagation, and others are fast

8

hastening to the same fate, though they stand upon
the catalogues, and are often purchased, perhaps
oftener purchased and cultivated by those who are
ignorant of this characteristic, than a newer variety.

The graft is but an extension of the parent stock,
and therefore hable to all the diseases and defects of
its original, and when we consider that most of our
fruits have been propagated in this manner many
years, we may well desire, that some certain method
might be discovered by which new varieties, and
those of a delicious and if possible improving stamp,
might take the place of the old and failing.

Practical and skilful horticulturists recommended
that the seeds should be planted, and that then we
would be supplied with a different variety of fruit,
but with a healthy tree and perhaps better fruit.

Those who thought that by sowing the seed they
might obtain more healthy trees and more improved
varieties were correct in their opinion, for in the seed
is the germ of improvement, but it was necessary to
observe other facts, and dive deeper into the laws of
nature before it could be taken advantage of.

It has been therefore a desirable thing to discover
the law by which to obtain new good varieties. The
celebrated Mr Knight, of very extensive experience
in the propagation of fruit trees, attempted, though
as we may believe on a very Hmited scale, to produce
new varieties of the pear by introducing the pollen of
one variety into the prepared blossom of another and
raising trees from the seeds of the fruit thus obtained.
But the method is comphcated, and he never appears
to have carried the experiment to much length, —

9

and it is also a method somewhat uncertain. It is
still by means of the wonderful virtue that is con-
tained in the seed by which a new variety is to be
produced.

The best fruits it was well known were those rais-
ed from the stone or the seed. At the village of Mon-
treuil, near Paris, as it is stated by Sir J. Banks,
where formerly the whole inhabitants were maintained
by the raising of peaches, the best fruits were never
budded or grafted, but always reared from the stone.

There seems to be a very wonderful quality in the
seed, and it is well known in the cultivation of
annuals introduced from a warm climate, that if the
season be of sufficient length for them to ripen their
seeds, they (the seeds) become of such a virtue as to
be able to resist the severest frosts with impunity.
So speedily does nature strive to adapt herself to the
new situations and exposures she may meet.

It is also well known that plants and perennial
shrubs do not grow hardier by time, when placed in
a new exposure, that the suckers or cuttings from
them also do not, but take with them the same qual-
ity possessed by the stock from which they have been
separated. But that the true method of inuring ten-
der plants to colder climates, is by planting the seed
perfected in such cUmate. In this way, many of the
more beautiful plants of the South have been and more
still may be made to perfect their seeds here, and
others raised from their seed might be made to en-
dure our winter and adorn our grounds.

This method was pointed out by Sir Joseph Banks
twenty years since, and he felt assured that though

10

some plants of peculiar delicacy and tenderness might
require many generations to inure them to colder cli-
mates, yet these wonderful though simple powers
of the seed would produce finally the change. But
the planting of seed is often of so prospective a ben-
efit that few have the courage to plant.

" Old as I am," says Sir Joseph Banks, in his com-
munication to the London Horticultural Society,* " I
certainly intend this year to commence experiments
on the Myrde and Laurel," and at the sime time
with great modesty but in a cheering tone, " I trust,
therefore, it will not be thought presumptuous in me
to invite those of my brethren who are younger than
I am, and who of course will see the effect of more
generations than I shall do, to take measures for
bringing to the test the theory I have ventured to
bring forward." Possibly by these means the Mag-
nolia Glauca at some later time may adorn our woods
more generally, and ornament the grounds of every
residence in our vicinity.

It was known to the ancient cultivators, and per-
haps it required no great experience to discover the
fact that cuttings from the bearing branches did not
afford durable trees.f

Mr Knight recommended as a method of perpetu-
ating a variety with vigor, to obtain plants from some
detached part of the extremity of the roots.

By sowing a large number of seeds at hazard,
doubtless some good variety might be obtained, but
the process might prove one of perplexity and disap-
pointment instead of pleasure or profit.

"Lon Hor. Trans, vol. I. p. 24. f Columella and Virgil.

11

These facts being known, that nature required to
be refreshed in the seed, it was necessary that there
should be some principle discovered concerning it.

" In all things," says M. Poiteau, " it is necessary
to have recourse to science, which is composed of
reasonings deduced from particular facts and w hence
we deduce what is called a principle."

The following remarks concerning M. Van Mons,
are gathered from " Theorie Van Mons, ou Notice
Historique sur a moyens qu'emploie M. Van Mons
pour obtenir d'excellent fruit de semis ; par A. Poi-
teau" — and from conversations with M. Emilien de
Wael, a friend of both named distinguished gentle-
men. The " Notice Historique" has been published
in translation by the former President of the Society.

M. Van Mons turned his attention to the discovery
of the causes of variation in fruits and flowers. He
commenced his experiments at the early age of fif-
teen years in his father's garden at Brussels, with the
seeds of roses and shrubs, and proceeded in the
planting of successive generations, with a view to
observe the changes and variations. Afterwards, he
began wdth the seeds and stones of fruits. From his
repeated sowings of annual flowers and perennial
shrubs which bore fruit or perfected their seeds in a
short time and by his accurate observations upon the
results developed, and by his already extended know-
ledge of the experience of others he arrived at this
conclusion concerning varieties or variation.

" That so long as plants remain in their natural sit-
uations, they do not vary sensibly and their seeds
always produce the same — but changing their cli-

12

mate and territory, they more or less vary, and that
when they have once departed from their natural state
(or commenced varying) they never return to it again,
but are removed more and more therefrom by suc-
cessive generations — and that finally if their varieties
are even carried back to the territory of their ances-
tors, they will neither represent the character of their
parents or even return to the species from whence
they sprung."

He also estabhshed that so long as plants in a state
of nature remain in their native soil they produce
seeds which do not degenerate — but that it was dif-
ferent with seeds of a tree in state of change — or
as we say improvement, whether the variation be
produced by change of chmate, territory or other
unknown causes, and that the bounds of this change
or variation are not known, except that the last seeds
from a tree in state of variation will produce a gen-
eration nearer a state of nature than those from its
first seeds. Hence, the necessity of raising from the
first seeds of a new variety if we wish to obtain a
tree far removed from a state of nature — as to that
state the plant always in age by its seeds, tends,
though never able quite to reach it.

Upon this basis, he established his theory of pro-
ducing new varieties of fruits, viz. that when we
have produced a variation by removal or cultivation
in any tree, let the first seeds be planted, and upon
first production of fruit by the new generation, let
its first seeds be planted, and so on without interrup-
tion as it is expressed from parent to son, and at each
remove it is found that the character of the tree be-

13

comes more like those of the old known and approved
variety and the fruit advancing to perfection.

He proceeded to verify his theory and for this pur-
pose he collected in his nursery at Brussels eighty
thousand plants, consisting of wild stock and trees
of every variety, and sowed large quantity of seeds
and stones, and upon the fructification of these plants
thus obtained, he sowed the first seeds, and so for-
ward. Observing that the pear in the production
from seeds differed most from the parent tree, he
turned his principal attention to that fruit, though he
failed not to carry on experiments with the several
kinds both stone and seed.

He was gratified to find that at each generation,
the trees produced fruit in a shorter time, that the fruit
nearer and nearer approached that of the several best
known varieties. That the trees assume the appear-
ance of the cultivated tree, that the thorns gradually
were replaced by buds and bearing branches, and
the process of change steady and certain, and that
each step, variation or change seemed to be an effort
to become more beautiful and grateful, thus repaying
the care of man, though as we know at the cost of
a short life.

The disappearance of the thorn is a beautiful in-
stance of the effect of cultivation, changing what in
a wild state seems placed upon the tree for its defence
into fruit-bearing branches, for now when taken under
the protection of man, having no longer any need of
arms, it is willing to exert its power to adorn and re-
pay its benefactor. Mr Sou they refers to this change
in his lines upon the Holly Tree.

" But when they grow where nothing is to fear,
Smooth and unarmed the pointless leaves appear. "

14

He has proceeded in his experiments as far as the
ninth generation and has given to the world a large
number of new delicious varieties of fruits.

At the commencement of his experiments he was
aware that it would consume much time, but having
counted the cost he was prepared to meet it. He
met with many difficulties, such as would naturally
arise to one entering upon his labors with such a great
heart and on so wide a scale. He could not obtain
seeds from new varieties, and he was obliged to be^in
with seeds already degenerated, and the trees conse-
quently bore fruit very tardily, though in his more
recent attempts and as the generations increase, he
has succeeded in obtaining fruit from the pear at the
eighth generation as soon as four years from the
planting.

He may be considered as having estabhshed or
made known some laws concerning the processes of
nature, which will be of great service to the Horticul-
turist of all nations, and render his name worthy per-
petual remembrance.

1st. That so long as plants remain in their natural
situations they do not sensibly vary and their seeds
always produce the same, but on changing their cH-
mate and territory they mostly vary, some more, some
less and that where they have departed from their
natural state they never return to it again, but are
removed more and more therefrom by successive
generations and produce often distinct races, more or
less durable — and finally, if the varieties are ever
carried back to the territory of their ancestors, they
will still continue in change and not return to the
species from whence they sprang.

15

2d. That there cannot be a cross fecundation be-
tween a natural species and a variety.

3d. That double flowers are not a variation, but a
sign of feebleness.

4th. That the varieties of the most dehcate fruits
are those which are the shortest hved.

5th. That the seeds of an ancient variety, though
of acknowledged excellence, will produce trees of
great variety, but always with poor frnit.

Although he has proceeded thus far, there is yet
much to be discovered, and we are curious to know
to what extent this amelioration can be carried, and
what hmit nature has set and the causes of it. These
questions interest us much, and perhaps it is to be
regretted that this Society has not a garden for the
purpose, wherein to continue the experiments, which
the age and misfortunes of this M. Van Mons pre-
vents him from pursuing. I say misfortunes, for he
is interesting to us, not only on account of his great
learning and labors, but also on account of the many
reverses he has met with. As I before remarked,
he began his observations at Brussels, in his father's
garden, at the age of fifteen years, and early became
distinguished as a man of learning. He was for a
short time engaged in politics, and this seems the least
brilhant part of his life. At the age of twentytwo,
he had established in his own mind his theory and
proceeded to his labors in its behalf. During seven
years, he held the office of Professor of Physic and
Chemistry in the Central School of the Department
of Dyle, and when Belgium became a separate sove-
reignty was appointed as professor of those branches

16

in the University of Louvain. He continued his ex-
periments at Brussels, having at this time in his nur-
sery nearly eighty thousand pears raised from the
seed, some of which, being of the sixth generation,
produced delicious fruit. A few years subsequent,
in 1819, when in the enjoyment of success and the
generous pleasure of dispensing the best varieties of
fruit, which he also did without remuneration, the au-
thorities decided that the spot occupied by him as a
nursery was necessary for streets. With the fate of
a martyr, though with the hope of a philosopher, he
was obliged to relinquish the seat of his labors, and
transport what could be saved in the nursery to Lou-
vain, and having arduous duties to discharge in his
capacity as professor and unable to give his personal
attention his losses were very great. At Louvain he
occupied a piece of land belonging to the city. Here
he was again gratified in having his labors succeed.
He replaced his losses, and giving the seed into the
hand of nature waited patiently for the development.
But in 1831, at the siege of Antwerp, though Brus-
sels was somewhat distant, yet his nursery was the
spot of ground selected upon which to build ovens to
bake bread for the soldiers, and a great part of his
nursery was consequently destroyed. But hiring
another piece of ground he thither transported his
trees of the seventh, eighth and ninth generations, and
consoled himself by saving in scions, some of the
remaining fruits. Thus the sun again shone upon
him, till in 1834 his nursery was decided upon as the
only proper point for the establishment of a gas house
for lighting the city — and, says M. Poiteau with some

17

humor as well as asperity, " Heaven grant that these
gentlemen may be enabled to see better for the fu-
ture" — though he intimates that they are only light-
ing a torch to exhibit an act of ignorance and the
grossest vandalism.

For near half a century he has been patiendy pur-
suing his labors disseminadng new and almost per-
fect varieties of healthful fruit. He says "his sole end
has always been to multiply those which are good
and enable the world to enjoy them." He has per-
severed through disappointments which would have
broken any one not moved by high and the best mo-
tives, and with a zeal which a genuine love of his
labors and a desire to benefit mankind creates. Up-
on being reminded that there were some omissions in
his catalogues of data, which might be serviceable, he
repUes modestly " that his intention has not been to
establish a science, but rather to do a good act, which
would be immediately useful by the dissemination of
good fruits."

As poorly, gendemen, as I may have set forth the
theory, and spoken upon the labors and virtues of
this our friend and correspondent, yet I thought it
would not be proper to allow this festival of the So-
ciety to pass without noticing them particularly, and
being willing on our part to bear witness to the im-
portance of his labors and discoveries — discoveries,
showing us a process of nature directly bearing upon
cultivation, as simple as it is beaudful.

The success of the past year has been such as to
encourage us to proceed in our labors with fresh zeal.
The service of the Society to the cause of Horticul-
3

18

ture in this country, though it becomes us to speak
of it with modesty, yet we cannot but regard with
satisfaction, connecting us with eminent individuals
abroad and encouraging exertions at home ; produc-
ing in both relations an interchange of knowledge
and friendship.

We may therefore look upon our work with deUght
and pleasure — feeling sure that the humblest effort
is not lost, but like the seed, though small and for a
time hidden, may silently take root and grow to the
exhibition of beautiful flowers and delicious fruits.

By the exertions of the Horticulturist, the rich
productions of the more favored cHmates are leaving
their natural boundaries, and the world seems no lon-
ger marked by zones, but wherever man is, with sci-
ence, civilization and truth, thither all things beautiful
and true follow.

EIGHTH ANNIVERSARY

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Annual Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society took place on Saturday, September 24th, and the place
selected for the day and the occasion was the Artists' Gallery in
Summer Street. The exhibition of Fruits and Flowers, &c.,
considering^ the many new and rare varieties and splendid speci-
mens, which were this day shewn, fully sustained the character
which it has continued to acquire daring the former years.

EXHIBITION OF FRUITS.

Fruits were sent for the exhibition by the following gentlemen.

By Mr Cowan, from the conservatory of Col. Perkins, in
Brookline, beautiful specimens of Broomfield Nectarines, Mur-
ray's do. ; Peaches, Noblesse and New Royal George ; Grapes,
Black Hamburg, St Peters, Frankendale, Black Frontignac,
Grizly Frontignac, White Syrian or Hamburg, White Chasselas,
White Muscat of Alexandria, all remarkably fine and beautiful.

By Jacob Tidd of Roxbury, Grizly Tokay, a bunch weighing

1 pound and 5 ounces, and four clusters of Black Hamburg
which respectively weighed 2 pounds 1 ounce, 1 pound 15 oun-
ces, 1 pound 13 ounces, and 1 pound 10 ounces. Also one very
extraordinary bunch of Regner de Nice grapes Avhich weighed
6 pounds 5 ounces, and 5 others which weighed respectively
4 pounds 13 ounces, 3 pounds 7 ounces, 2 pounds 8 ounces, and

2 pounds.

By Mr Haggerston, from Belmont and the splendid conservatory
of J. P. Cushing, Esq., some very extraordinary specimens of
Williams' Bon Chretien and a large basket of various kinds of

20

fine grapes, of very handsome appearance and finely decorated.
Also a large pot containing a living vine, coiled and loaded with
fine ripe clusters of the Black Hamburg, the whole beautifully
decorated with flowers.

By Mr Hathorne of Salem, Pears, name unknown, large, and
very sweet.

By Gen. Josiah Newhall of Lynnfield, Porter Apples ; also
fine specimens of the favorite and beautiful fruit described in the
Pomological Magazine as the Capiaumont, and sent hither by Mr
Knight under the same name, but now satisfactorily ascertained
to be the Roi de Wurtemburg. Another Pear, large and very
oblong, without name, but to appearance the Bourgmestre, or the
kind heretofore so called with us.

By B. V. French, from his estate in Braintree, Pears, name
unknown ; also varieties of Apples, including Dutch Codlin,
Monstrous Bellflower, Gravenstein, and Ruggles. A native
fruit, large, red and handsome, austere in taste, but fine for cook-
ing— a great bearer. Also a fruit received by him as the Mela
Carla.

By Jonathan Warren, of Weston, Warren's Seedling Apples,
a fruit raised by him, small, red, of fine flavor and a great bearer.
Another called the American Nonpareil, a new, large, red, beau-
tiful pear, the size, shape and color of a large Baldwin, and now
ripe — very tender, of a fine pleasant acid flavor. This fruit,
which is highly deserving and a great bearer, originated on the
farm of the Rev. Dr Puffer of Berlin, Mass. and the tree first
bore fruit in 1898. Also specimens of the Porter.

By Dennis Murphy, from his garden in Roxbury, Chelmsford
Pears, otherwise called Mogul Summer.

By E. Vose, President of the Society, Pears, the Bartlett or
Williams' Bon Chretien, Roi de Wurtemberg [Capiaumont?],
Napoleon, Lewis, Verte Longue or Mouille Bouche, Andrews,
and Urbaniste. Peaches, Grosse Mignonne,

By Enoch Bartlett, Vice President of the Society, Pears, Ca-
piaumont, as heretofore so called, Andrews, Cushing, Sylvanche
Verte, Culotte de Suisse, Seckel, Johonnot, Marie Louise, Napo-
leon. Apples, Hawthomdean, Porter, and a very large variety
of a green color called the Mogul.

By George Newhall, Esq. of Dorchester, Porter Apples, t'—
baskets.

21

By Mr Manning, about seventy varieties of Pears, as follows :

Autumn Superb, Belle Lucrative, Belle et Bonne, Beurre Diel

and Colmar, Souverain — the last two kinds Mr M. is confident

are identical ; the last name name we believe is not found on the

lists of Flanders, — Easter Beurre or Pentecote, Bezi Vaet,

Black Pear of Worcester or Iron Pear, Bleecker's Meadow,

Williams' Bon Chretien, Buffum, Capiaumont of Pom. Mag. or

Wurtemberg, Catillac, Bezi de Chaumontelle, Gushing, Delices

d'Hardenpont. Doyenne Blanc or St Michael, Eschassery, Glout

Morceau, Sucre Verte, Sylvanche Verte, Henry IV., Jalousie,

Louise Bonne, Marie Louise, Napoleon, Verte Longue, Naum-

keag, Newton Virgalieu, Orange d'Hiver, Passe Colmar, Pope's

Quaker, Princesse d'Orange, Kaymond, Rousselet de Rheims,

St Ghislain, Verte Longue Panache, Summer Thorn, Styrian,

Washington, Wilkinson, Bowdoin, Winter Nelis or La Bonne

Malinoise, Beurre de Bolwiller, Beurre Bosc, Fulton, Colmar

Sabine of the French, Figue de Naples, Remsens, Green Pear

of Yair, Thomson's (American) Beurre Von Marum, Holland

Green, Gansel's Bergamot, Capsheaf, Coffin's Virgalieu, Saun-

der's Beurre. Also some unnamed kinds. The above kinds of

fruit are of the different seasons, of course but few were now in

eating, and are therefore for re-examination at a future day.

The apples exhibited by Mr Manning were, King of the Pippins,

Fall Harvey, and Rambour Gros or Franc.

By Mr Richards, Pears, Seckel, Verte Longue ; Apples, Amer-
ican Summer Pearmain very fine. Porter.

By William Oliver fori) his estate in Dorchester, Pears, Broca's
Bergamotte, Swan's Egg, St Ghislain, Howard and Seckel.

By J. A. Kenrick ; Pears, Seckel, Harvard, Andrews. Apples
Hubbardston Nonsuch, Hempstock and a large handsome fruit
without a name.

By Mr Sweetser from his garden at Cambridgeport. Large
specimens of the Chelmsford Pear called the Mogul Summer.

By Col. Wilder, Pears, Bartlett or Williams' Bon Chretien, and
fine specimens of the Roxbury Russetting of the growth of 1835.
By Joshua Gardner of Dorchester, Seckel Pears, Gravenstein
Apples, very fine, monstrous Pippin, and a native sweet apple.

By Gardner Brewer, Roi de Wurtembarg, tree transplanted
from the Nursery last spring.

22

By William Kenrick, Beurre de Bol wilier Pears, &c.

By John Woodbury, Golden Chasselas Grapes.

By J. L. L. F. Warren of Brighton, Porter Apples, Sweetwater
Grapes or Chasselas from out of door culture. A winter Squash
the growth of 1835.

By E. Breed of Charlestown, a very large Valparaiso Si[uash
of the oval form, also another variety very large, flat and ribbed
at its sides.

By Mr McLellan, a green fleshed Persian Muskmelon. Also
a Minorca Muskmelon, both from Oak Wood, the Mansion of
William Pratt, Esq. of Watertown.

By Thomas Mason of the Charlestown Vineyard, Sweetwater
Grapes, Black Hamburg, and St Peters.

By S. R. Johnson of Charlestown, Sweetwater Grapes, the
produce of out of door culture. Black Hamburg and White Fron-
tignac or Muscat.

During the present unusually cold summer, the trees of the
peach and the cherry have not borne their wonted and abundant
supplies of fruit ; the blossoms having been destroyed by the last
uncommon winter, yet though thus cut off* from our usual sup-
plies, we have the less reason to complain, insomuch that but few
of the trees which produced these fruits have been destroyed, and
compared with many other sections of our country, even in more
southern parallels of latitude, the climate of the country around
Boston seems indeed highly favored. The climate of the exten-
sive plains and valleys bordering on the great northern arteries or
rivers of our country, seems in some degree very unfavorable.
The cold aqueous vapor whch is so copiously exhaled from these
rivers by day, descending by night on the hills, rolls downward
by its superior density and gravity, resting and condensing on all
the low plains and valleys, thus rendering them doubly exposed
to the destructive frosts of winter and of summer. Moreover the
winds, which unobstructed, follow almost invariably the longitud-
inal course of the valleys of those rivers bring down alternately
from higher regions and from high northern latitudes, and from
other climes, a degree of cold during winter the most intense and
destructive. On the best authority we are assured, that the Pears
and particularly the Peach, and the Cherry, have during the last
winter suffered partial destruction in the valley of the Connecti-

23

cat as far south as the country around the city of Hartford, and
even still further downwards and towards the sea. Even far
below the city of Albany on the Hudson or North River, the
Cherry particularly, and many other trees which are equally as
hardy, and especially during all the period of their younger years,
are, we are credibly assured, extremely liable to suffer death
during winter from the same destructive climate and causes.
The fine exhibition of fruits and the splendid varieties of flowers
and other productions which was witnessed this day affords new
evidence that we have abundant cause of gratitude.
For the Committee,

WILLIAM KENRICK.

EXHIBITION OF FLOWERS.

This day the Massachusetts Horticultural Society held their
Annual meeting, at the Artists' Gallery, Summer-street, and not-
withstanding the season has been urmsually cold and unprosperous
for the cultivation of flowers, yet, by the generous contributions
of our friends, and the aid and assistance given by many of our
members, the committee were enabled to decorate their exhibition
rooms with much that was choice and rare. The flowers gener-
ally, particularly the Dahlias, were in the highest state of perfec-
tion ; and what was lacking in quantity, compared with former
seasons, was in a great measure, made up in quality. The con-
tribution of J. P. Cushing, Esq. of Watertown, by his gardener
Mr David Haggerston, Avas magnificent. The pot of Black
Hamburg Grapes richly decorated with Dahlias and other flow-
ers, thus blending and uniting the handmaids of Flora and Pom-
ona, was happily conceived and finely executed by Mr Haggerston.
The specimens of Combretum purpureum, Crinum amabella,
Phaseolus corocolla, Nerium splendens, and Amaryllis belladona
were very splendid.

Thomas Lee, Esq. presented three vases of cut flowers, some
of which were fine specimens.

A fine bouquet from William Pratt, Esq. of Watertown.

Handsome bouquets of cut flowers from the garden of the
President of the Society, and from the garden of the Orator of
the day.

24

By Col. Marshal P. Wilder of Dorchester, tvventysix specimens
of seedling Pansies of great beauty. Also, Gloxinia maculata
and other green house plants, and eightysix specimens of the
Dahlia, among which we noticed a plant of Angelina transferred
into a pot with sixteen fine flowers growing thereon ; this speci-
men made a very imposing appearance. We also noticed in Mr
Wilder's collection Widnall's Rising Sun, Bride of Abydos,
Jupiter, Young's Black Ajax, Cross's yellow Hermione, Inwood's
Ariel, Douglass's Glory, E recta, Wells' Paragon, Young's fine
Crimson and Dennissi.

By Mr Samuel R. Johnson of Charlestown, a fine collection of
Dahlias, including extra fine flowers of Cedi Nulli, Guido, and
Lady Fordwich.

From the garden of Mr S. Sweetser of Cambridgeport, bou-
quets and one hundred and three specimens of the Dahlia, con-
taining most of the choice varieties. We were much pleased
with his specimens of Granta, Springfield Rival, Queen of
Dahlias, Duke of Devonshire and Exeter.

Messrs Hovey and Co. presented several splendid bouquets
and sixtyeight fine specimens of Dahlias. In their collection we
noticed Hermione, Zarah, Bride of Abydos, Urania, Widnall's
Venus, do. Paris, and Beauty of Cambervvell.

By Mr William E. Carter, of the Botanic Garden, Cambridge,
several bouquets and one hundred and five specimens of the
Dahlia. Mr Carter shew his Dahlias on a new plan — they met
the eye at once and with great force. We noticed fine specimens
of Satropa, Granta, Miss Pelham, Ophelia and the Duchess of
Bedford.

By Mr Mason of Charlestown, eightysix specimens of Dah-
lias and several fine bouquets. Mr Mason shew two seedling
Dahlias, together with some fine specimens of Granta, Village
Maid, Dennissi, and Transcendent.

Messrs John Richardson of Dorchester, William and John A.
Kenrick of Newton, William Wales of Dorchester and S. Walker
of Roxbury, each presented cut flowers, bouquets, &c.

For the Committee, S. WALKER, Chairman.

25

Note. — A box containing some fine Seedling Dahlias, among
which the Beauty of Portland and Miss Neil appeared most
beautiful, China Asters, double, from single ones last year, and
Pansies were received from Robert Milne, Gardener to M.
P. Sawyer, Esq. of Portland, Me. but too late for exhibition.
We regret that our Portland friend could not have forwarded his
flowers in season to have taken a stand with some of Boston
cultivation; they might not have suffered in comparison.

OFFICERS

OF »HE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR,

COMMENCING ON THE FIRST SATURDAY OF OCTOBER, 183S.

PRESIDENT.

ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

E. BARTLETT, Roxbury.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
SAMUEL A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.
JOHN PRINCE, Roxbury.

TREASURER.

WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT TREAT PAINE, Boston.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

EZRA WESTON, Jr., Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

THEODORE LYMAN, Jr., Boston.
AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, Brookline.
THOMAS BREWER, Roxbury.
HENRY A. BREED, Lynn.
M. P. SAWYER, Boston.
NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, Milton.

29

E. HERSY DERBY, Salem.
THOMAS WHITMARSH, Brooklme.
J. M. GOURGAS, Weston.
OLIVER FISK, Worcester.
WILLIAM PRATT, Jr. Boston.
SAMUEL JAQUES, Jr. Charlestown.
JOSEPH G. JOY, Boston.
WILLIAM KENRICK, Newton.
JOHN LEMIST, Roxbury.
BENJAMIN RODMAN, New-Bedford.
THOMAS G. FESSENDEN, Boston.
CHARLES TAPPAN, Boston.
JACOB TIDD, Roxbury.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
AARON D. WILLIAMS, Roxbury.
J. W. WEBSTER, Cambridge.
GEORGE W. BRIMMER, Boston.
DAVID HAGGERSTON, Watertown.
CHARLES LAWRENCE, Salem.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

Rev. JOHN L. RUSSELL.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

siPj^sffDaMfi^ ©©jsssss'sp's'i^iig.

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

WILLIAM KENRICK, Chairman.
ROBERT MANNING,
BENJA. V. FRENCH,
EDWARD M. RICHARDS,
JOHN A. KENRICK,
JOHN M. IVES, Salem,

SAMUEL A. SHURTLEFF,

SAMUEL DOWNER,

SAMUEL POND,

P. B. HOVEY,

L. P. GROSVENOR.

COMMITTEE ON PRODUCTS OF KITCHEN GARDEN.

D. CHANDLER, Chairman. I AARON D. WILLIAMS,

JACOB TIDD, LEONARD STONE,

NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, | RUFUS HOWE.

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS, SHRUBS, ETC.

SAMUEL WALKER, Chairman.
G. M. HOVEY,
JOSEPH BRECK,
S. SWEETSER,

D. HAGGERSTON,
SAMUEL R JOHNSON,
M. P. WILDER.

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman, 1 J. E. TESCHEMACHER,

JACOB BIGELOW, EZRA WESTON. Jr.

T. W. HARRIS. CHARLES M. HOVEY.

ROBERT T. PAINE, 1

COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS OF FRUIT.

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman I WILLIAM KENRICK,

ROBERT MANNING, | SAMUEL DOWNER.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman
CHEEVER NEWHALL,
BENJA. V. FRENCH,

JOSEPH T. BUCKINGHAM,
L. P. GROSVENOR.

COMMITTEE OF FINANCE.

ELIJAH WO^Z, Chairman. I BENJA. V. FRENCH

CHEEVER NEWHALL, I

S!iSJlSS5BJi3B.S

ASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Armstrong, Samuel T. Boston.
Aspinwall, Augustus, Brookline.
Andrews, John H. Salem.
Andrews, Ebenezer T. Boston.
Anthony, James, Providence.
Adams, Samuel, Milton.
Andrews, Ferdinand, Lancaster.
Atkinson, Amos, Brookline.
Adams, Daniel, Newbery.
Appleton, Samuel, Boston.
Adams, Charles F. Quincy.
Adamson, John, Roxbury.
Andrews, William T. Boston.

Bartlett, Enoch, Roxbury.

Brewer, Thomas, "

Brimmer, George W. Boston.

Bradlee, Joseph P. "

Breed, Ebenezer, "

Breed, Henry A. Lynn.

Bigelow, Jacob, Boston.

Breed, Andrews, Lynn.

Bailey, Kendall, Charlestown.

Brown, James, Cambridge.

Buckminster, Lawson, Framtngham,

Buckminster, Edward F. "

Bradford, Samuel D. Boston.

Breck, Joseph, "

Bailev , Ebenezer, "

Bishop, N. H. Medford.

Brewer, Eliab Stone, Boston.

Badlam, Stephen, "

Beal, George W. duincy.

Bootl, William, Boston.

Brown, J. M. "

Brimmer, Martin, "

Bangs, Edward r>. "

Balch, Joseph, Roxbury.

Bond, George, Boston.

Billings. Joseph H. Roxbury.

Brown, Charles, Boston.
Bussey, Benjamin, Roxbury.
Buckingham, Joseph T. Cambridge.
Bond, George W. Boston.
Bowen, Charles, "

Cook, Zebedee, jr. Boston.

Codman, John, Dorchester.

Clapp, Nathaniel, "

Coolidge, Joseph, Boston.

Copetand, B F. Roxbury.

Cogswell, J. G. Northampton.
Champney, John, Roxbury.
Cowing, Cornelius, ''
Cowing, Rowland, jr. Boston.

Carter, William, Cambridge.
Curtis, William, Newton.
Coolidge, Josiah, Cambridge.
Cowan, Wm. H. Brighton.
Cruft, Edward, Boston.
Chandler, Daniel, Lexington.
CaUender, Joseph, Boston.
Chase, Hezekiah, Lynn.
Clapp, John, South Readmg.
Carter, Horatio, Lancaster.
Games, Nathaniel G. New York.

Curtis, Edward, Pepperill.

Chandler, Samuel, Lexington.

Capen, Aaron, Dorchester.

Crowninshield, Benjamm W. Boston.

Cotting, William, West Cambridge.

Cabot, Samuel, Brookline.

Coffin, Hector, Rock Farm, Newbury.

Curtis, Nathaniel, Roxbury

Clapp, Isaac, Dorchester.

Crafts, Ebenezer, Roxbury.

Coolidge, Samuel F. Boston.

Cowing, N. H. Brookline.

Crane, Joshua, Boston.
Coolidge, Thomas B. Boston.
Child Joshua,

Dearborn, H. A. S. Boston.
Davis, Isaac P. "

Downer, Samuel, Dorchester.
Dudley, David, Roxbury.
Doggett, John, Boston.
Davenport, Nathaniel, Milton.
Davis, Charles, Roxbury.
Dorr, Nathaniel, "
Dodge, Pickering, jr. Salem.
Derby, E. H. "

Dickson, James A. Boston.
Davis, John, "

Downes, John, "

Dyer, E. D. ^, " ,.

Davis, N. Morton, Plymouth.

Emmons, Robert, L. Boston.
Everett, Edward, Charlestown.
^us\.is,Ja.mes, South Reading. -.
Ellis, Charles, Roxbury. i

Edwards, Elisha, Spring.fiela.
Eldredge, Edward, Boston.
Eager, William, "
Endicolt, Wm. P. Salem.

French, Benjamin V. Boston.
Fessenden, Thomas G. "
Frolhingham, Samuel, "

3'2

Forrester, John, Salem.
Fisk, Oliver, Worcester.
Fosdick, David, Charleslotcn
Fletcher Richard, Boston.
Field Joseph, Weston.
Fitch, Jeremiah, Bostoyi.
Francis, J. B Wanm'ck, R. I.
Freeman, Rnssell, Sandwich.
Fay, Samuel P. P. Cambridgeport-
Faxon, Nathaniel, Boston.
Fell, Oliver S.

Gray, John C. Boston.
Greenleaf, Thom;is, Q,ui7icy,
Gourgas, J. M. Westoji.
Green, Charlen W. Roxbury.
Gore, Watson, "

Gannett, T B. Cambridgeport.
Gould, Daniel, Reading.
Gardner, W. F. Salem.
Gardner, Joshua, Dorchester.
Goodwin, Thomas J. Charlestottn.
Guild, Benjamin, Boston.
Gibbs, Benjamin, Ca7nbridgeport.
Grant, Benjamin B. Boston.
Gould, Benjamin A. "
Gray, John, "

Grosvenor, L. P. "

Harris, Samuel D. Boston.
Haskins, Ralph, Roxbury.
Heard. John, jr. Boston.
Hill, Jeremiah, "
Hollingsworth, Mark, Milton.
Harris, Wm. T. Cambridge.
Holbrook, Amos, 3Iilton.
Howe, Rufua, Dorchester.
Hayden, John, Brookline.
Howes, Frederick, Salem.
Haggerston, David, Watertown.
Howland, John, jr. New Bedford.
Hay\yard, George, Boston.
Higffinson, Henry, "
Hall, Dudley, Medford.
Hartshorn, Eliphalel P. Boston.
Houghton, Abel, jr. Lynn.
Hovey, P B. jr. Cambridgeport.
Hurd, William, Charlestown.
Howe, Hall. J. Boston.
Hodges, J. L. Plymouth,
Hodge, Isaac L. Plymouth.
Hovey, Charles IVI Cambridgeport.
Hayward. Charles, Boston.
Hayden, Frederick, Lincoln
Hyde. Samuel, jr. iVar^o?;.
Hammond. H H. Leximton.
Howard, John C. Brookline.

Ives, John M. Salem.

Jaques, Samuel, jr. Charleslotcn.
Jackson, Patrick T. Boston.
Joy, Joseph G. "

Jackson, James, "

Josselyn, Lewis, "

Johonnot, George S. Salem.
Jones, L. D. Xeie Bedford.

Kenrick. William, Neicton.
King, John, Medford.
Kidder, S&mneX.' Charlestown.
Kuhn, George il Boston.
Kendall, Abel, jr. "
Kenrick, John A. Neirton.
Kenrick, Enoch B. "

Lincoln, Levi, Worcester.

Lincoln, William, "

Lowell. John, Roxbury.
Lee, Thomas, jr. '•
Lemist, John, "

Lyman, Theodore, jr. Boston.
Lowell, John A. "

Lawrence, Abbott, "

Lyman, George W. "

Loring, W J. "

Lowell, John jr. "

Lav/rence, Charles, Salem.
Loland. Daniel, Sherburne,
Leland! J. P.
Low, John J. Boston.

Manning, Robert, Sale?n.

Manners, George, Boston.

Minns, Thomas, "

Morrill, Ambrose, Lexington,

Munroe, Jonas, "

Mussey, Benjamin, "

Motley, Edward, Boston.

Ma-son, Lowell, "

Montague, Wm. H. "

Morse, S. F. "

Means, James, "

Mackay, John, ''

Mead Isaac, Charlcstoten,

Mead, Samuel O. West Cambridge.

Mason, Thomas, Charlestoien.

Miller, Edward, Boston.

Mason, Jeremiah, "

Murphy, Dennis, Roxtniry.

Mason, Thomas H. Charlestown.

Nswhall, Cheever, Dorchester.
Newhall, George, "

Nichols, Otis, "

Nutlall, Thomas, Cambridge.
Newell, Joseph R. Boston.
Newhall. Josiah, Lynn field.
Newman, Henry, Roxbury.
Newell, Jo.scph W. Charlestojpn.

Otis, Harrison G. Boston.
Oliver, Francis J. "
Oliver, William, Dorchester.
Oxnard, Henry, Brookline.

Perkins, Thomas H Boston.
Perkins, Samuel G. "

Putnam, Jesse, "

Pratt, George W. "

Prescott, William, "

Parsons, Gorhani, Brighton.
Pettee, Otis, Newton.
Prince, John, Roxbury.
Phinney, Elias, Lexington.
Prince. John, jr. Salem.
Peabody, Francis, "
Perry, G. B. East Bradford.
Perry, John, Sherburne.
Pond, Samuel, Cambridgeport.
Paine, Robert Treat, Boston.
Pond, Samuel M. Buckuport, Me.
Prescott. C. H. Cornwallis, N. S.
Parker, Daniel P. Boston.
Pratt, William, jr. "
Priest, John F. "

Philbrick, Samuel, Brookline.
Prouty, Lorenzo, Boston.
Pickman, D. L. Salem.
Phipps, Rufus T. Charlcstoten.
Pool, VVard, Danvers.
Perkins, Thomas H. jr. Beaton.
Pond, Samuel, jr. "

Payne, W. E. "

Preston, John, "

Putnam, Ebenezer, Salem.

33

Parker, Isaac, Boston.
PhUlips, S. C. Salem.

Quincy, Josiah, jr. Boston.

Robbins, E. H. jr. Boston.

Rollins, William, "

Rice, Jolm P. '«

Rice, Henry, "

Read, James, Roxbury.

Robbins, P. G. «'

Rowe, Joseph. Milton.

Rogers, R. S. Salem.

Rodman, Benjamin, iVete Bedford.

Rolch, William, jr. "

Richardson, Nathan, South Reading.

Rand, Edward S. Newhuryport.

Richards, Edward M. Dedham.

Russell, J. L. Salem.

Russell, James, Boston.

Russell, George, M. D. Lincoln.

Rogerson, Robert, Boston.

Ruggles, M. H. Troy.

Read, George, Roxbury.

Russell, Joseph, Boston.

Silsby, Enoch, Boston.

Sullivan, Richard, Brookline.

Senior, Charles, Roxbury.

Sumner, William H. Dorchester.

Sawyer, M. P. Boston.

Sharp, Edward, Dorchester.

Smith, Cyrus, Sandwich.

Sutton, William, jr. Danvers.

Story, F. H. Salem.

Stedman, Josiah, Newton.

Steams, Charles, Springfield.

Shurtleff, Samuel A. Boston.

Springer, John, Sterling.

Saltonstall, Leverett, Salem.

Shaw, Lemuel, Boston.

Smith, J. M. "

Sisson, Freeborn, Warren, R. I.

Smith, Stephen, H. Providence, R. I.

Swan, Daniel, Med/ord.

Stone, Leonard, Watertown.

Stone, William, "

Stone, Isaac, "

Story, Joseph, Cambridge.

Sparhawk, E. C. "

Sheaf, Henry, "

Stevens, Isaac, "

Steams, William, "

Sweetser, Samuel, Cambridgeport.

Skinner, John, Charlestown.

Tappan, Charles, Boston
Tidd, Jacob, Roxbury.
Thompson, George, Medford.
Train, Samuel, "

Thorndike, Israel, Boston.
Thwing, Supply C. Roxbury.
Tucker, Richard D. Boston.
Tilden, Joseph, "

Toothey, Roderick, Waltham.
Thomas, Benjamin, Hingham.
Taylor, Charles, Dorchester.
Tremlett, Thomas B. "
Tyler, George W. Charlestown.

Vose, Elijah, Dorchester.
Vila, James, Boston.

Williams, Nehemiah D. Roxbury.
Wilder, M. P. Boston.
Williams, Aaron D. Roxbury.
Worthington, William, Dorchester.
Webster, J. W. Cambridge.
White, Abijah, Watertown.
Wight, Ebenezer, Boston.
Winship, Jonathan, Brighton.
Wilder, S. V. S. Bolton.
Waldo, Daniel, Worcester.
Wyeth, Nathaniel, jr. Cambridge.
West, Thomas, Haverhill.
Willard, Joseph, Lancaster.
Whitmarsh, Samuel, Sorthampton.
Whitmarsh, Thomas, Brookline.
Warren, Jonathan, jr. Weston.
Webster, Nathan, Haverhill.
Wilson, John, Roxbury.
White, Stephen, Boston.
Webster, Daniel, "
Ward, Richard, Roxbury.
Weld, Aaron D. jr. Boston.
Walker, Samuel, Roxbury.
Winship, Francis, Brighton.
Willelt, Thomas, Charlestown.
Wolcott, Edward, Paietucket .
Williams, John, Cambridgeport.
Ward, Malthus A. Salem.
Winthrop, Thomas L. Boston,
Wheelwright, Lot, jr. '♦
Wheelwright, John F. Brighton.
Weston, Ezra, jr. Boston.
Waldo, Henry, S. "
Winchester, W. P. «
Warren, Jonas, Weston.

m©m©m.^m.'^ ^Emmimm^m.

ADAMS, Hon. JOHN QUINCY, late President of the United States.
AITON, WILLIAM TOWNSEND, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.
ABBOT, JOHN, Esq. Brunswick, Me. ^ iw h

ABBOT, BENJAMIN, LL. D. Principal of Phillips Academy, Exeter, W.H .
BUEL JESSE, Esq. President of the Albany Horticultural Society.
BODIN, Le Chevalier SOULANGE, Secretaire-General de la Societe
d'Horticulture de Paris. r u u .•

BANCROFT, EDWARD NATHANIEL, M. D. President of the Horti-
cultural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.

BARCLAY, ROBERT, Esq. Great Britain.

BEEKMAN, JAMES, New York.

B.^RBOUR, P. P. Virginia.

BLAPIER, LEWIS, Philadelphia.

COXE, WILLIAM, Esq. Burlington, New Jersey. , . „ ,. . ,,

COLLINS, ZACCHEUS, Esq. President of the Pennsylvania Horticul-
tural Society, Philadelphia.

COFFIN, Admiral Sir ISAAC, Great Britain.

CHAUNCY, ISAAC, United States Navy, Brooklyn, New York.

PLAY HENRY, Kentucky. „ . w t

DICKSON JAMES, Esq. Vice President of the London Horticultural

DE cInDOLLE.Mous. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS, Professor of Botany

in the Academy of Geneva.
De La SAGRA, Don RAMON, Cuba.
*ELLlOTT, Hon. STEPHEN, Charleston, S. C.

PVFR.KTT HOR.^CE, Vermont. . • i

EvInScHARLES ALLAN, secretary of Kings County Agncul-

tural Society, St Johns, N. B. . r^ , .. .t St Pe-

FALDERMANN, F. Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at St Pe

Fischer! d'; Professor of Botany, of the Imperial Botanl. Garden, at

St Petersburg.

* r^ose ^9fk9d. thus ♦ »re deteased.

36

GALES, JOSEPH, Jr. Vice President of the Washington Horticultural

Society, Washington.

•GOLDSBOROUGH, ROBERT H., U. S. Senator, Maryland.

GREIG, JOHN, Esq. Geneva, President of the Domestic Horticultural
Society of the Western part of the State of New York.

•GORE, Mrs REBECCA, Waitham.

GRIFFITH, Mrs MARY, Charlies Hope, New Jersey.

*GIRARD, STEPHEN, Philadelpliia.

GIBBS, GEORGE, Sunswick, New York.

HERICART DE THURY, Le Vicomte, President de la Soci6te d'Hojti-
cullure de Paris.

*HOSACK, DAVID, M. D. President of the New York Horticultural So-
ciety.

HOPKIRK, THOMAS, Esq. President of the Glasgow Horticultura'
Society.

HUNTS, LEWIS, Esq. Huntsburgh, Ohio.

HILDRETH, S. P. Marietta, Ohio.°

INGERSOLL, JAMES R. [President of the Hor ticultural Society of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United States.

JOHONNOT, Mrs MARTHA, Salem.

KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW, Esq. President of the London Horti-
cultural Society.

LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, Great Britain.

LUDWIG, BARON H. CAROL VON, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

♦LAFAYETTE, General, La Grange, France.

LASTEYRIE, Le Compt de. Vice President de la Societe d'Horticullure
de Paris.

LITCHFIELD, FRANKLIN, Consul of the United States at Porto Ca-
bello.

LORRILLARD, JACOB, President of the New York Horticultural So-
ciety, New York.

LONGSTRETH, JOSHUA, Philadelphia.

LONGWORTH, NICHOLAS, Cincinnati.

".MADISON, Hon. JAMES, late Presi<!ent of the United States, Virginia

WIONROE, Hon. JAMES, late President of rlio United States, Virginia.

MICHAUX, ]\ron.^. F. ANDREW, Paris.

MENTENS, LEWIS JOHN, Esq. Brnxelles.

"MITCHELL, SAMUEL L., M. D. New York.

MOSSELLMAN, , Esq. Antwerp.

MERCER, Hon. CHARLES F. Virginia.

M'CAULEY, D. SMITH, Consul General Uniicd States, Tripoli.

McKIM, Hon. ISAAC, M. C Baltimore, Maryland.

OTTENIT.LS, Baron, .Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

POITEAU, Profe.-;sor of the Instilut Horticolc do Fremont.

POWELL, JOHN HARE, Powellton, Pennsylvania.

PRINCE, WILLIAM, E.sq Long Island, New York.

37

PRATT, HENRY, Philadelphia.

PALMER, JOHN, Esq. Calcutta.

ROSEBERRY, ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of, President of the Caledo-
niaa Horticultural Society.

SABINE, JOSEPH, Esq. Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.

SHEPHERD, JOHN, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.

*SCOTT, Sir WALTER, Scotland.

SKINNER, JOHN S. Baltimore.

TURNER, JOHN, Assistant Secretary of London Horticultural Society.

THACHER, JAMES, M. D. Plymouth.

THORBURN, GRANT, Esq. New York.

TALIAFERRO, JOHN, Virginia.

THOURS, M. DU PETIT, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institut Horti-
cole de Fromont.

TOWSON, NATHANIEL, President of the Washington Horticultural
Society, Washington.

VILMORIN, Mens. PIERRE PHILLIPPE ANDRE, Paris.

VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, Esq. Hallowell, Me,

VAN MONS, JEAN BAPTISTE, M. D. Brussels.

VAUGHAN, PETTY, Esq. London.

VAN RENSELLAER, STEPHEN, Albany.

VAN ZANDT, JOSEPH R.Albany.

VANDERBURG, FEDERAL, M. D. New York.

WELLES, Hon. JOHN, Boston.

WILLICK, NATHANIEL, M. D. Curator of the Botanic Garden, Cal-
cutta.

WADSWORTH, JAMES, Genesee, New York.

WARD, MALTHUS A. Franklin College, Athens, Georgia.

WOLCOTT, FREDERICK, Litchfield, Connecticut,

YATES, ASHTON, Esq. Liverpool.

ADLUM, JOHN, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
ASPINWALL, Col. THOMAS, United States Consul, London.
APPLETON, THOMAS, Esq. United States Consul, l>eghorn.

ALPEY, .

AQUILAR, DON FRANCISCO, of M.ddonoda, in the Banda Orientnl

Consul of the United Stales.
BARNET, ISAAC COX, Esq United States Consul, Paris.
BRUSH, Dr NEHEMIAH, East Fieri !a.
BURTON, ALEXANDER, United States Consul Cadiz.
BULL, E. W. Hariford, Connecticut.

38

BROWN, JOHN W. Fort Gaines, Georgia.

CARR, ROBERT, Esq. Philadelphia.

COLVILLE, JAMES, Chelsea, England.

CARNES, FRANCIS G. Paris.

DEERING, JAMES, Portland, Me.

COBELLEW, Dr TINIO VINCENT, Horticultural Garden, Palermo.

EMMONS, EBENEZER, M. D. Williamstown.

FLOY, MICHAEL, New York.

FOX, JOHN, Washington, District of Columbia.

FELLOWS, NATHANIEL, Cuba.

FOSTER, WILLIAM REDDING, Baltimore.

GARDNER, ROBERT H. Esq. Gardiner, Me.

GIBSON, ABRAHAM P. United States Consul, St Petersburg.

GARDNER, BENJAMIN, United States Consul, Palermo.

HALL, CHARLES HENRY, Esq. New York.

HAY JOHN Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

HALSEY, ABRAHAM, Corresponding Secretary of the New York Hor-
ticultural Society, New York.

HARRIS, Rev. T. M., D. D. Boston.

HUNTER, , Baltimore.

HOGG, THO.MAS, New York.

HENRY, BERNARD, Gibraltar.

HITCHCOCK, I. I. Baltimore.

JOHNSON, WiVI. J , M. D. Fort Gaines, Georgia. , , „ ,

LANDRETH, DAVID, jr. Esq Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Society.

LEONARD, E. S. H., M. D. Providence.

MAURY, JAMES, Esq. Virginia. , , . ,. ,

MILLER, JOHN, M. D. Secretary of the Horticullural and Agricultural
SociPlv, Jamaica.

MILLS, STEPHEN, Esq Long Island, Now York.

MELVILLE, ALLAN, New York.

M'LEAY, WILLIAM SHARP.

NEWHALL, HORATIO, M. D. Galena, Illinois.

OFFLEY DAVID, Esq United Statfs Consul, Smyrna.

OMBROSI, JAMES, United States Consul, Florence.

PARKER, JOHN, Esq. United States Consul, Amsterdam.

PAYSON, JOHN L. Esq. Messina.

PORTER DAVID, Charge de Affaires, Constantinople.

PR1NCE,'WILLIAM ROBERT, Esq. Long Island, New York.

prince' ALFRED STRATTON, Long Island.

PERRY, M. C. Un tod States Navy, Charlestown.

PALMER, JOHN J. New York.

ROGERS, WILLIAM S. United States Navy, Bos'.on.

REYNOLDS, M. D. Schenectady, New York.

ROGERS, J. P. Hartford, Conn.

RICHARDS, JOHN H. Paris.

39

ROTCH, THOMAS, Philadelphia.

*SHALER, WILLIAM, United States Consul General, Cuba.

SMITH, DANIEL D. Esq. Burlington, New Jersey.

SMITH, GIDEON B. Baltimore.

SHAW, WILLIAM, New York.

STRONG, Judge, Rochester, New York.

STEPHENS, THOMAS HOLDUP, United States Navy, Middletown,

Connecticut.
SMITH, CALEB R. Esq. New Jersey.
SPRAGUE, HORATIO, United States Consul, Gibraltar.
SUMMEREST, FRANCIS.
STRANGEWAY, WILLIAM FOX, British Secretary of Legation aj

Naples.
THORBURN, GEORGE C. New York.
TILLSON, JOHN, jr, Illinois.

TENORE, Professor, Director of the Botanical Garden at Naples.
THOMPSON, ROBERT, Esq. London.
WILSON, WILLIAM, New York.
WINGATE, J. F. Bath, Me.
WINGATE, JOSHUA, Portland.
WINTHROP, JOSEPH AUGUSTUS, South Carolina.
WAEL, EMILIEN DE, Antwerp.

AN

ADDRESS

DELIVERED BEFORE THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

AT THEIR

NINTH ANNIVERSARY,

SEPTEMBER 20, 1837.

BY WILLIAM LINCOLN,

OF WORCESTER.

Bonton:

BUTTON AND WENT WORTH, PRINTERS,

Nos. 10 and 12 Exchange Street.

1837.

BOSTON, SEPTEMBER 23, 1837.

Dear Sir — At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, held this
day, the President in the chair, the following votes were passed, which we beg leave
to communicate :

Voted, That the thanks of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society be presented
to William Lincoln, Esq. for his able and interesting Address, delivered at its Anni-
versary meeting, on the 20th instant : and that he be respectfully requested to fur-
nish a copy for publication.

Voted, That Messrs. Isaac P. Davis, L. P. Grosvenor, and Ezra Weston, Jr., be
requested to carry the foregoing vote into effect.

We are, with respect, yours, &c..

William Lincoln, Esq.

I. P. DAVIS, ^

L. P. GROSVENOR, > Committee.

E. WESTON, Jr. )

WORCESTER, SEPTEMBER 26, 1837.

Gentlemen — I have had the honor and pleasure of receiving your note, en-
closed in a beautiful envelope of fruits and flowers. The good opinion the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Societ}' have been pleased to express, of the Address deliv-
ered on their Ninth Anniversary, is so valuable, that I much desire to avoid the risk
of the loss of precious approbation, by refusing to appeal from the indulgence ex-
tended over spoken words, to the deliberate judgment which may review printed
sheets. But, in compliance with your wish, and the established custom, I place the
manuscript at your disposal.

With respectful regard,

I am. Gentlemen, your friend,

WILLIAM LINCOLN.
Messrs. I. P. Davis,

L. P. Grosvenor,
E. Weston, Jr.

ADDRESS.

Another annual period of our course is finished.
Once more we have met, with grateful humility to
implore the continued benediction of Providence on
the cause of improvement ; with heartfelt rejoicing
to review the useful results we have been permitted
to accomplish ; with cheerful confidence to renew
united efforts for the common benefit ; and again to
endeavor to fulfil the measure of duty, by doing all
the good in our power to every fellow being.

The close of a year, that wide space, in social as
in human existence, is an era of very familiar, but
of peculiar interest. Whether falling, according to
the computation of the calendar, amid the storms of
winter, or stealing on our path when spring unfolds
the multitude of buds, and unrols the broad carpet
of verdure over valley and hill side ; or overtaking
us when autumn spreads her robe of many colors
over the green dress of field and forest, and the
plant wraps itself up for its long sleep ; it brings a
mingled crowd of sad and joyous reflections. Each
anniversary gives us a point, where we may pause,
to look backward over the past, upon the progress
we have made, and onward through the future, to
estimate the extent of usefulness which separates us
from the termination of our pilgrimage. It stands
like a milestone along the highway of time. When

we reach the boundary of each returning period,
there is the indulgence of a brief stopping place,
where we may repose for a moment before we are
hurried away on the next stage of our rapid journey.

It was the fanciful conception of Linneus, to mea-
sure the flight of time by a dial of flow^ers. The
graduated circle was constructed of chosen plants ;
clusters of blossoms stood for the figures on the
plate ; and the coming or departing hours of his
well improved days glided on, thus marked, as if
with the fragrance of their own good works. A
happy thought has perfected the invention of the
great naturalist, and blended utility with its beauty,
by gathering the richest fruits of the orchard and
the fairest flowers of the garden into annual exhibi-
tions. As the shadow of the declining year moves
over the rare collections, the index points to the in-
creasing skill which matures the products of cultiva-
tion, and to the generosity bestowing on the public
examples of excellence for the imitation of all.

Could some learned interpreter faithfully trans-
late to the ear the language addressed to the eye
by each member of the autumnal convention of the
offspring of the earth, no other words could be
needed to illustrate success, itself the best reward
of exertions ; nor could other discourse enforce the
admonition of that eloquent, though voiceless con-
gregation, that continually increasing usefulness may
rightly be demanded in the ratio of enlarging capa-
city to benefit the community. The apple and pear
offer conclusive arguments : the plum and peach
contain convincing reasons : the grape and necta-
rine present unanswerable pleading : the vases of

flowers and the baskets of fruits join their persua-
sions : and all unite, to win admiration and seduce
attention to the pursuits of horticulture.

A native feeling responds cordially to the appeal
of the loveliness of the children of the border.
There springs in every heart the hope to crown a
life of earnest industry with an old age of tranquil re-
pose. Amid the busy stir of the world, those who
are most active in its turmoil, are cheered by the
prospect of a serene evening, when they may con-
nect themselves with the earth by the affectionate
relation of improvement. Repressed and confined
by weary avocations, the universality of the senti-
ment is attested, by the laburnum and honey-suckle
nestling among the walls of the city, by the myrtle
and geranium nursed on the carpeted floors of the
town, by the rose and the daisy peeping from the
windows of the artisan's home and the manufactur-
er's cottage.

When man's first abode was planted in Eden, an
inspired precept was inculcated, and a sacred ex-
ample held out, of the best condition of existence,
and of the happiness to be sought among the types
of purity and the emblems of innocence. He who
will walk in the garden with humility, may yet hear
the voice of God in its bowers. From that ground,
still springs the knowledge of good without the bit-
ter connexion of the perception of evil. The tree
of life, with its foliage of unfading verdure, may
still take root in that soil. It is an elevated wor-
ship to trace the perfection of the works of crea-
tion's Architect. On the perishing forms of the ma-
terial frame, is mirrored the undying freshness of

8

the better land. If the feebleness of finite intellect
can ever approach to any remote conception of the
Divinity, of whose wisdom and benevolence the
course of nature is the dim revelation, it must be by
the contemplation of the order and harmony, visi-
ble evidence of his presence in the external world.
Coming to the fair fields where many able reap-
ers have already banded up the abundance of their
sheaves of golden grain, I can only hope to glean
the straws neglected by predecessors, whose sickles
gathered full harvests of wheat. To devote the
hour to the discussion of the character of deceased
evils, would waste the time of those who detected
and reformed errors. The explanation of amended
systems to the discoverers of improvements, would
not be profitable employment. To detail practical
operations, familiar to others in daily use, might
seem to be imitation of the ingenious persons who
treat of the peculiarities of breeds of cattle from ob-
servation of the deportment of the sober animal fil-
ling the milk pail of domestic economy and residu-
ary legatee of the few pet cabbages crowding about
the door step : or who grow profound in agriculture
by virtue of raising a beet and a turnip in two
earthen dishes : or comprehend the mysteries of the
varieties of fruits in consideration of the handful of
pears purchased at the market house. Dissertations
on theories would be impertinent before those whose
knowledge is derived from experience, the great
teacher, pouring on the world a flood of light to
extend the vision of the eye of observation. Com-
pelled to abandon the broad and beaten ways, it
only remains to explore some unfrequented by-paths,

and solicit indulgence for some imperfect recollec-
tions of the past, and brief considerations of the
present condition of the art to whose prosperity the
festival is dedicated.

The first step of civilized man on the New Eng-
land shore is so recent, that the outline of his ear-
liest footprint is still uneffaced. Through the anti-
quity of two centuries, we may view the origin of
cultivation almost as distinctly, as if we could turn
back the wave of improvement which has swelled
over the continent, until it again sunk down into the
little ripple by the rock of Plymouth.

Stoughton eloquently says, " God sifted a whole
nation, that he might send choice grain over into
this wilderness." When the wheat winnowed from
the old world was cast upon the new, the earth was
not entirely unprepared for its reception. The
smoke curled upward in blue wreathes over the
wigwam of the Indian, and around the bark tents
were spots where the husbandry of the native in-
habitants had been exercised. He, whose cup was
filled from the fountain, whose store house in the
wild was ample, whose hordes of deer roved through
boundless woods, who found a banquet where the
oak strewed acorns or the stream poured from its
urn, needed no great extent of arable land to
supply his simple wants. Agriculture must have
been rude, while the hatchet of stone chipped down
the trees, and the spade of shell scooped in the
sod. Yet vast tracts of ground had been then
opened to the sun. Agents more powerful than
human strength and diligence had wrought in the
2

10

wilderness. " There be," says William Wood/
" in divers places near the plantations, great, broad
meadows, wherein grow neither shrub nor tree, ly-
ing low : in w^hich plains, grows as much grass as
may be throAvn out with a scythe, thick and long". . . .
"It being," he continues, "the custom of the In-
dians, to burn the woods, in November, when the
grass is withered and leaves dried : it consumes
all the underwood and rubbish, which, otherwise,
would overgrow the country, making it unpassable,
and spoil their much affected hunting : so that, by
these means, in those places where the Indians in-
habit, there is scarce a bush or bramble, or any
cumbersome underwood to be seen in the more
champaign country."

The indolence, if not the good taste, of the abor-
iginal lords of the forest, confided the charge of the
nurture of the vegetable luxuries of their sylvan
homes, to the dames and damsels of their birchen
household. There is testimony, that the maize, the
bean, and the pumpkin, grew every where under
their patronage, and the neatness of the cultivation
is attested by a faithful observer. " Another work,"
writes Wood, " is, their planting of corn, wherein
they excel our English husbandmen, keeping it so
clean, with their clam shell hoes, as if it were a
garden rather than a corn field ; not suffering a
choking weed to advance his audacious head above
their infant corn, or an undermining worm to spoil
his spurs."

The skill of those, whose white sisters, says an

(l) New England Prospect, being a true, Iwely, and experimental description of
that pari of America, commonhj called New England. London, 1634, page 18.

11

old writer, are " so delicately conformed, that like
the humble bird, they should live always among
flowers," produced a supply ample enough for the
consumption of the tribes, and a surplus to impart
to the English emigrants.

The acquaintance of the colonists with the maize,
began at an early period. In the earliest expedi-
tion of the company of the Mayflower, November
25, 1620, the explorers discovered, in the language
of Mourt, an eye witness and most credible narra-
tor, "a heap of sand : it was newly done: we
might see how they paddled it with their hands :
which we digged up, and in it, we found a little old
basket, full of fair Indian corn : and digged further,
and found a fine, great, new basket, full of very fair
corn, of this year, with some six and thirty goodly
ears of corn, some yellow, and some red, and other
mixt with blue : which was a very goodly sight. "^

In a second excursion, larger stores were dis-
closed, "which," he affirms in the narrative, "will
serve us sufficiently for seed." "And sure," ex-
claims the excellent annalist, with a fervid glow of
piety, " it was God's good providence that we found
this corn : for else we know not how we should
have done : for we knew not how we should find or
meet with any of the Indians except it be to do us a
mischief Also we had never, in all likelihood, seen
a grain of it, if we had not made our first journey :
for the ground was now so frozen, that we were fain
with our cutlasses and short swords to hew and

(1) Journal of a Plantation settled at Plymouth, &,c., reprinted in Massachusetts
Historical Society's Collections, series i, vol. viii, page 210.

12

carve the ground a foot deep, and then wrest it up
with levers, for we had forgot to bring our tools."'

The harvests which ripen on the fields of Massa-
chusetts, in defiance of the premature invasion of
the frosts of winter, may be lineal descendants of
the fair corn ears borrowed from the Indian, as the
virtues of their cultivators are the heirlooms, trans-
mitted from sire to son along the generations of the
planters of New England.

The tobacco, which might be suspected of hav-
ing imbibed one trait of our national character, from
the obstinacy of its resistance to the counterblasts
of kings, the denunciations of lawgivers, and the
anathemas of physicians, still holding its place re-
solutely, as the anodyne of care, the solace of sor-
row, and the cheerful companion of prosperity, de-
corated the garden and furnished the pipe of the
red chieftain.'^

Before the Pilgrims hewed down the primeval
forest spreading an immeasurable shade over the
land of their adoption, they laid the foundation of
civil liberty on the imperishable basis of the rock,
provided general education as its safeguard, and
planted those institutions, which, in vigorous matu-
rity, bestow ripened benefits on us. The founders
of an empire, struggling with the savageness of
man and nature, and contending against the obsta-
cles of physical and moral difficulty, with the wing
of pestilence overshadowing their dwellings, and
famine scowling around their young village, must
have been more occupied with the stern trials and
hard realities of life, than in drawing its luxuries

(1)1 Mass. Hist. Col. vo\.vm. pnge23i. See note I. (2) See nole H.

13

around their habitations. Yet the beet, the carrot,
and the plants of common culinary use, soon sprang
up in the gardens of Plymouth. The acquisition
of the comforts and conveniences of the mother
land was by a slow process. " I have myself heard
some say," writes Wood in 1634, " they had heard
it was a rich land, a brave country : but when they
came there, they could see nothing but a few canvas
booths and old houses ; supposing, at the first, to
have found walled towns, fortifications, and corn-
fields ; as if towns could have built themselves, or
cornfields have grown without the husbandry of
man."

The days of feebleness, of depression, and of pov-
erty, went by. The colony grew strong and popu-
lous : and as its vigorous offsets were thrown out,
the wilderness began to blossom, and improvement
urged on her renovating work with accelerated
pace.

The record of history contains evidence, that the
production of fruits in the colony of the Massachu-
setts, commenced, where it has been most happily
prosecuted, around Boston. When John W^inthrop
and his company of planters reached Charlestown,
in the summer of 1630, an honored occupant pos-
sessed the whole peninsula of Shawmut. William
Blackstone had formed his garden, at the foot of the
three mountains : on the firm authority of Gov.
Hopkins, it may be considered as established, that
this pioneer of cultivation, "had been there so long
as to have raised apple trees, and planted an
orchard'' the first of Massachusetts. The virtue of
independence, which impelled one of the most ex-

14

traordinary men of his age to retire beyond the op-
pression of the " lord bishops," in its excess, de-
generating into the vice of eccentricity, drove him
from the society of the " lord brethren." About
1635, Blackstone sought asylum for his own unbend-
ing spirit from collision with the inflexible senti-
ments of other minds, in the calm solitude of Study
Hill, fast by the good stream which bears his name.
" There," says Hopkins, " he had the first of
that sort called yellow sweetings, that ever were in
the world : perhaps the richest and most delicious
apple of the whole kind." When the infirmity of
age came over the venerable hermit, and his steps
could no longer sustain the accustomed missions of
benevolence, he rode forth on the tamed bull train-
ed to supply the place of gayer steed, and bore w'ith
him the first fruits of Rhode Island, to encourage
by the distribution, the youthful disciples, whose
faith was warmed by the precepts he inculcated.^

Two hundred years, save one, have passed, since
John Josselyn, who calls himself " gentleman," but
who might have written another addition, visited
the bay of Massachusetts. That he possessed an
enlarged capacity of vision and imagination, we
agree, when we read, that in his day, among the
rarities of New England, were " pond frogs, which
chirp in the spring like sparrows, and croak like
toads, in the autumn, sitting, when upright, a foot

(1) See the account of Providence in 2 Mass. Hist. Col. vol. ix. page 174, and the
biography of Blackstone, in the excellent Histonj of Rehoboih, hy heonard Bliss,
Jun., Esq.. pag'e 2, &c., and in Daggett's Attlcboroiigh, page 24. The place of
Blackstone's residence in Rhode Island was in Cumberland, near the east bank of
the river, about three miles above Pawtucket, and a mile and a half above Valley
Falls, Oil the west side of the road from Pawtucket to Worcester.

15

high." We doubt the authority of the Indian hunt-
ers, who told him, " that up in the country," there
are some of these creatures " as big as a child a
year old." The fidelity of the voyager, who in-
dorses such statements, cannot be received, without
corroborative testimony of his own veracity. In 1638,
having enjoyed the hospitality of Maverick, "the
tenth day of October," he says, "I went aboard,
and we fell down to Nantascott . . . The next day,
Mr. Luxon, our master, having been ashore upon
the governor's island, gave me half a score very fair
pippins, which he brought from thence : there being
not one apple tree, nor pear, planted yet, in no part
of the country, but upon that island.'"

Denying, as we may well do, that no apple or
pear tree had been before reared, there is reason to
admit, that his knowledge and assertions were cor-
rect, to the extent of his having made trial of the
exquisite flavor of the earliest pippin of our country.

The WiNTHROP name, connected with the origin,
has been stamped upon the maturity of institutions,
spreading benign influence over the present, and
destined to extend beneficent action through com-
ing time. The memory of the first governor of
Massachusetts is hallowed, by the piety and learn-
ing, the integrity and benevolence, the wisdom and
prudence, shining in his daily life and casting their
reflected glow on succeeding years. Could we
trace the fruit back to that island garden where the
golden apples first ripened which refreshed the tired
spirit of the father of the colony, we might yet pay

(1)3 Mass. Hist. Col. vol. iii. page 231. See nnle III.

16

one poor instalment of the debt of gratitude, by
dedicating the tree to its earliest planter.^

The testimony of the venerable fathers, of the
vigor of improvement and the exuberant fertility
around Salem, the first born of the towns of the
Massachusetts colony, is most express.

" The aboundant encrease of corne," writes the
Rev. Mr. Higginson, in 1629, "~ " proves this coun-
trie to bee a w^onderment. Thirtie, fortie, fiftie,
sixtie, are ordinarie here. Yea, Joseph's encrease
in Egypt, is outstript here, with us. Our planters
hope to have more than an hundred fould this yere.
And all this while, I am within compasse. What
will you say of two hundred fould and upwards ?
It is almost incredible what great gaine some of our

English planters have had by our Indian corne"

" There is not such greate and plentifull eares of
corne, I suppose, any where else to bee found, but
in this countrie : Because also of varietie of colours,
as red, blew, and yellow : and of one corne their

springeth four or five hundred" "Our governor hath

store of green pease growing in his garden, as good
as ever I eat in England. The countrie aboundeth
naturally with store of rootes of great varietie and
good to eat. Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots,
are here, both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary
to be found in England. Here are store of pom-
pions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature,
which I know not" — "Excellent vines are here,
up and down in the w^oodes. Our governor hath al-
ready planted a vineyard with great hope of en-

(1) See note IV.
(2) Nciv England's Plantation, in 1 Mass, Hut. Col. vol. i, page US.

17

crease. Also mulberries, plums, rasberries, cor-
rants, chesnuts, filbercls, walnuts, smalnuts, hurtle-
berries, and hawes of whitethorn, neere as good as
our cherries in England ; they grow in plentie
here."

Governor Endicott, whose horticultural prosperi-
ty is thus commemorated, added to the vineyard and
pea-garden, at some later period, the orchard, of
which one venerable survivor still bears the patri-
archal honors of two centuries, in green old age.^

Master Graves, in his letter appended to " New
England's Plantation,'' gives a glowing description
of the luxuriance of vegetation, in 1629.

" Thus much I can affirme in generall, that I
never came to a more goodly country in all my life,
all things considered. If it hath not at any time
been husbanded, yet it is very beautifull in open
lands mixed with goodly woods, and again open
plains, in some places five hundred acres, some
places more, some lesse, not much troublesome for
to cleare for the plough to go in ; no place barren
but on the tops of the hills : the grasse and weedes
grow up to a man's face ; in the lowlands and by
fresh rivers, aboundance of grass, and large med-
dowes without any trees or shrubbe to hinder the
scythe. I never saw such, except in Hungaria, unto
which I alwayes parallel this countrie, in allmost
all respects : for every thing that is here eyther
sowne or planted, prospereth far better than in Old
England. The increase of corne is here far beyond
expectation, as I have seene here by experience in
barley, the which, because it is so much above your

(1) See note V.

18

conception I shall not mention" — " Vines doe grow
here plentifully laden with the biggest grapes that

ever I saw : some I have seen four inches about"

"We abound with such things which, next under God,
doe make us subsist : as fish, foule, deere ; and sun-
drie sorts of fruits, as musk millions, water millions,
Indian pompions, Indian pease, beanes, and many
other odde fruits that I cannot name."^

Governor Bradford, whose prudence, piety, and
wisdom, were more signalized than his poetical in-
spiration, has preserved the most perfect inventory
of the treasures of the gardens of our forefathers,
in lines whose initial letters are capitals, and which
must therefore be considered as verse. No skill of
pronunciation can reduce to rhythmical melody the
roughness of his catalogue of the cultivated plants
at the conclusion of the first twenty years of New
England's improvement.-

" And truly it was admirable to know,

" How greatly all things here began to grow.

" All sorts of grain which our own land doth yield,

" Were hither brought, and sown in every field :

" As wheat and rye, barle)', oats, beans, and pease,

" Here all thrive, and they profit from them raise.

" All sorts of roots and herbs in gardens grow,

" Parsnips, carrots, turnips, or what you'll sow ;

" Onions, mellons, cucumbers, radishes,

" Skirits, beets, coleworts, and fair cabbages.

" Here grow fine flowers, many, and 'mongst those,

" The fair white lily, and sweet fragrant rose.

"Many good wholesome berries here j'ou'll find,

'•' Fit for man's use, almost of every kind.

" Pears, apples, cherries, plums, quinces, and peach,

" Are noic no dainties, you may have of each.

" Nuts and grapes of several sorts are here,

" If you will take the pains them to seek for."

(1)1 Mass. Hist. Col. vol. 1, page 124.
(2) Descriptive and Historical Account of New England, published from William
Bradford's MS. in 1 Mass. Hist. Col. vol. 3, page 77. The date when this whimsi-
cal tract was written, is not certainly ascertained. From internal evidence it may
be presumed to have been composed about 1640.

19

It would be delightful to trace, step by step, the
progress of cultivation as it has advanced on our
native land, with slow but certain course, strewing
the earth with beauty. But there are limits to the
patient endurance of long suffering, if there be no
boundaries to kind indulgence. Turning reluctantly
from the pleasant memories of the past, let us look
at the brightness of the present.

Never before have the means and facilities of im-
provement been more easily accessible or more free-
ly diffused. In other centuries, philosophy was shut
up in cloistered cells, or held cold and formal exer-
cises in the halls of universities, or gave lectures in
solitary groves to her favorite followers. In our
own age, science has come down from her dignified
retirement, and walks abroad among the daily haunts
of men. The best treatises on horticulture are spread
wide open by the way sides, in the well ordered gar-
dens. The flowers hold weekly levees, and the
fruits deliver Saturday lectures, in the high places of
the metropolis, the central heart, circulating influ-
ences, for good or for evil, through the whole social
body. The lessons of experience are faithfully re-
corded by the pen of the poet of " Terrible Trac-
toration," and his able associates in the observation
of nature, or registered in the journals of those who
distribute good seeds for the mind and the soil. The
rich stores of two magazines, invite to those reposi-
tories where living beauty addresses the under-
standing. In the nurseries of the Winships, the
Kendricks, and of Manning, there are whole volumes
of examples : long lines of information are ranged
along their walks : and the interesting leaves of

20

their compositions are illustrated with plates of frank
hospitality. Amid the vines of modern times we
can scarcely hope that the grapes which allure us
are sour : and as we look on the orchards, we cease
to wonder that the temptation of the fair apples
should have seduced the mother of mankind.

Yet, the wide extension of the frontier lines of
art, is but the beginning of a far off end. Every
fact of acquired knowledge is a prolific seed : buried
in the good soil, it rests dormant for a time : then it
is quickened and shoots up, bearing, in the fullness
of days, hundred fold increase : the grains of its
production again scattered, in due season, are re-
productive beyond the power of numbers to repre-
sent. Each discovered principle, stands like an
arch, sustaining the structure of an immediate ben-
efit, while through the curve beneath is opened a
vista of good extending through the eternity of the
future. Truth is inclosed within truth, as each ex-
panding petal of the rose-bud folds another bright
leaf beneath.

It is humiliating to human pride to confess how
narrow is the span of our real possessions. The
natural sight can scarcely embrace with distinctness
one single square mile of the area of the earth's
surface : the intellectual vision rano;es with certain-
ty over a space comparatively less broad. To the
eye of the body, the horizon seems to close down
upon the hills that overshadow our own homes : as
we advance towards the receding circle of the skies,
beyond the most distant step of our journey, spread
continents and oceans of unvisited lands and unex-
plored waters. To the eye of the mind, the hori-

21

zon of perception is circumscribed by a line at no
remote distance. Some perfected results, some in-
itial principles, many rudiments, have been obtain-
ed ; beyond them, expands the boundless extent of
science through the infinite of material and spiritual
existence.

The most flimiliar operations of vegetation yet
remain unexplained mysteries. In the flower pots,
next to the wife and children, the best ornaments of
the parlor, there is an intricate radiation of fibres :
above them rises the plant, with a complex organi-
zation of veins and arteries circulating the vital fluid
to the remotest extremities. A delicate apparatus
of valves and cisterns, with invisible chemistry, de-
composes the atmosphere and supplies respiration.
Who can tell us the process draining invigorating
streams from the elements and pouring nourishment
through thread-like conduits ? What mechanism
converts lifeless dust into living forms more graceful
and tints more glowing than human genius ever
struck from the marble or spread on the canvass ?

The effects of soil, exposure, and temperature,
upon the qualities of plants yet remain undefined.
While the orange withers beneath the touch of frost,
the moss which relieves the rein-deer's hunger flour-
ishes beneath the ice, and the pines raise their green
heads above the snows in perennial verdure. The
Mezereon spreads its purple cups to the earliest
breath of spring, while the Witch Hazel, when all the
companions of its summer hours have faded, fringes
with a yellow drapery the desolated fields of the
waning year. Some species of plants seem frozen
into animation, while others can only exist in the

22

fiercest heat of the hot bed. We know not the cause
of the diversity, although we may admire with grati-
tude its beneficent operation.

Theory and practice have too long held coquetish
courtship : it is time they should lie united by an
undissoluble union, that the crucible may lie side by
side with the spade, and analysis complete the re-
sults of experience.

Discoveries may be made by accident, as the seeds
of good may be wafted by the waves, or borne by
the winds to our feet. But unless some providential
concurrence of circumstances speed them on their
way, they must besought out with careful diligence,
and gathered by patient toil. The close observation
of nature, more w^onderful in its minuteness than its
majesty, opens new regions for reflection and be-
stows new resources for improvement. We need
the keen examination, which explores the forests
rising on the down of the leaf; counts the tribes
that pasture on its surface ; distinguishes the ser-
pents which roll in the drop of water from the mon-
sters that float on the sharp edge of the acid ; num-
bers the herds that range the declivity of the fig ;
and measures the angles subtended by the crystals
of the snow flake.

Instead of the fallacious pursuit of wealth among
the pines of the East or the wide prairies of the
West, he who would dig the treasures from our own
fields, or draw forth the riches of the realms of sci-
ence, might secure possessions better than have ever
brightened the dreams of speculation.

Already have active minds and willing hands ef-
fected changes which almost approach to creations.

23

The simple cup of an unsightly weed has been trans-
formed into the most delicate of the favorites of the
garden. Austere fruits have been compelled to
adopt delicious flavors. The emigrants of the
equator, the tropics, and the circles, have been nat-
uralized inmates of bower, of border, and of green-
house. The reformers of the vegetable kingdom
have pushed their innovations to the very verge of
revolution. The queenly Rose, who for ages has
reigned over the realm of the beautiful with the un-
disputed sovereignty of loveliness, may soon be
compelled to divide the empire of the year with her
rising rival, the Dahlia. The Poppy, which spreads
its gorgeous flowers over the territory of one of the
proprietors of Cambridge, may be enabled to add
the fragrance of a perfumed breath to the splendor
of its brilliant coloring. The broad good humored
disk of the sunflower, which the Duke of Saxe
Wiemar wrongly supposed was the principal orna-
ment of the garden scenery of Worcester,' may yet
turn to the light a globe of yellow leaves as com-
pact as the circling florets of the Snowball.

The soil of New England is sterile when compar-
ed with the exuberant fertility of regions blessed
with higher external advantages. The harvest wind
does not here roll to the green margin of the field
so heavy waves of grain as those which it heaves
on the plains of the west. The productiveness of
our territory is derived from the hardy industry

(1) This great error of the German traveller, is contained in the following passage,
extracted from his description of Worcester, in 1825 ;

'• The gardens we passed had rather a wild appearance. They cultivate kitchen
vegetables, a few water mellons, and fruit : we saw no flowers excepting the sun-
flower." Travels. Philadelphia, 1828, vol. \, page 53.

24

which covers every thing it touches with beaut} , and
the vigorous enterprise converting the very granite
of its mountains and the ice of its lakes into re-
sources of wealth : its best production is a people,
reasoning and determining for themselves, loving
their native land, honoring the memory of their
brave ancestors, fearing no danger but the peril of
doing wrong, obeying no power but the supremacy
of their own laws and their own consciences, bend-
ing in humble submission to God, but to God alone.

"'Tis a rough land of earlli, and stone, and tree,

"Where breathes no castled lord or cabined slave ;
" Where thoughts, and tongues, and hands, are bold and free,

" And friends will find a welcome, foes a grave j
"And where none kneel, save when to heaven Ihey pray,

'•■ Nor even then, unless in their own wa}'."

IIalleck.

The climate of New England is stern and severe.
The wintry blasts extend their stormy inclemency
far over the ancient, prescriptive dominion of the
sunny months, and turn their destroying edges on
vegetation. But we would not exchange the chil-
ling breath of the arctic circles for the luxurious
temperature of milder zones.

" Ours, arc not Tempe's, nor Arcadia's spring,

" Nor the long summer of Cathayaii vales,
" The vines, the flowers, the air, the skies, that fling

"Such wild enchantment o'er Boccaccio's tales
" Of Florence and the Arno. Yet the wing

" Of life's best angel, Health, is on the gales
"Through sun and snow; and in the autumn time

"Earth hath no purer and no lovelier clime."

}lAr>I.KCK.

We want not the splendor of Italian skies, or the
enervating softness of southern gales, even though
they may winnow fragrance from the groves of the

25

olive and the orange. The moral and intellectual,
and physical vigor of the race nurtured amid snow-
crowned heights and frost bound streams, is better than
the indolent repose and delicate refinement of realms
fanned by more genial breezes. Truth, knowledge,
independence, are the fruits ripened on our northern
hills : they require the peculiar effects of cold to give
the maturity of their most excellent flavor.

The ruggedness of soil, and the asperity of cli-
mate, may afford to the cultivator, as many triumphs
of skill, as trials of resolution. That flexibility of
constitution which has supported the human race
in wide wanderings from the plains where the ark
rested, extending through the vegetable popula-
tion, may enable us to assemble together the pro-
ductions of every parallel of latitude, and to draw
from the medicinal herbs, remedies for every dis-
ease, and from the esculent plants, luxuries for ev-
ery taste. These are achievements yet to be ac-
complished by the Gardener. The notion is as false
as it is common, that he is occupied only, with legis-
lation in the kingdom of cabbages, or in educating
turnips, or bestowing elegant accomplishments on
squashes. It is a most unworthy conception of a
noble art, which limits its ends and uses, to supply-
ing the table with delicacies and the vase with dec-
orations, or expediting the mysteries and furnishing
materials for the miracles of the great culinary ar-
tists. It would be as correct to suppose, that the
element of fire expended its boundless energy in
warming the mess of pottage, or brightening the par-
lor grate.

4

26

The earth is the inheritance of man, from the
broad expanse of field and forest to the narrow
freehold of his last repose. The Agriculturalist is
proprietor of the great domain, of which the Gar-
dener occupies the little enclosures. When he who
tills the soil, shall realize, correctly, the responsible-
ness and the dignity of his station, he will need no
other restraint from pride, no other excitement to
exertion. All the members of society stretch ten-
drils for support to him. While some are standing as
sentinels on the wall of the constitution ; while some
hold watch and ward around the laws, the ramparts
of equal rights ; while the guardians of health are
pouring oil on the wounds of misfortune ; and the mes-
sengers of heaven are proclaiming the glad tidings
of the gospel ; while some are ameliorating life by
the arts, and others improving its condition by the
sciences ; he will solicit from the earth a supply so
full, and make a distribution so free, that plenty
may cover every board, and content smile around
every fire side.

N o T p: s .

I. First discovery of Indian Corn bt the Pilgrims.

The testimony of Morton, whose JVew England Memorial has been
preserved in the best possible form, in Judge John Davis's excellent
edition, corroborates the narrative of Mourt.

" Proceeding fm-ther, they found new stubble, where Indian Corn
had been planted the same year ; also, they found where lately a house
had been ; where some planks and a great kettle were remaining, and
heaps of sand, newly paddled with their hands, which they digged up,
and found in them diverse fan- Indian baskets filled with com ; some
whereof was in ears, fair and good, of diverse colors, which seemed to
them a very goodly sight, having seen none before; of which varie-
ties they took some to cany to then- friends on shipboard, like as
the Israelitish spies brought fi-om Eshcol some of the good fruits of
the land." — Davis's Morton, page 40.

The place where the corn was found, which received the appropri-
ate appellation of Cornhill, is in Trm-o.

The relation of Mourt has been adopted in the text for its mmute
fidelity, and his authority for the date, stated according to new style,
preferred, as being that of an elder writer than Morton.

n. The Tobacco Plant.

The tobacco plant seems to have been cultivated by the northern
Indians. The seeds were found in the wigwams of Plymouth Colo-
ny, by the first settlers. It was present when the great sagamore of
the Massachusetts and the magistrates of the new born state, met, in
April, 1621, to link the chain of friendship. The ceremonial of
the reception of Massasoit on the frontier had passed, and the king
had been escorted into the plantation with all the parade which could
be exiiibited in that day, to honor the reception of a prince : " then,"
says Mourt, " instantly came our governor, [Carver,] with a di'um and
ti-umpet after him, and some few musketeers ; after salutations, our
governor kissed his hand ; the king kissed him ; and so they sat down.
The governor called for some strong water, and drunk to him, and he

28

di'unk a great draught, that made him sweat all the while after."
1 Massachusetts Historical Society^s Collections, vol. viii. page 230. The
gratitude of the sachem was stirred, on feeling the superior potency
of the beverage of the white man to the cool flow of the fountains of
the wilderness, and he requited the libation, by the exchange of solid
tor fluid exhilaration. From the little bag of tobacco, which hung be-
hind his neck, he took that, which, says Mourt, " he drank, and gave
us to drink ; " a potation, probably, as sudorific to the stranger as the
fiery liquid he bestowed.

The expression, " drinking tobacco,''^ is of frequent use in old writers.
Gerard says, " some use to drink it m wantonnesse, or rather custom,
and cannot forbeai'e it ; no, not in the middest of their dinner."

One of the most bitterly eloquent maledictions ever pronounced, was
king James's anathema of smoking. " It is a custom, loathsome to the
eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs,
and in the black fume thereof, nearest resembling the horrible Stygian
smoke of the pit that is bottomless." His royal majesty is pleased to
express the opinion, " that tobacco was the lively image and pattern
of hell ; for that it hath by allusion, on it, all the parts and vices of
the world, whereby hell may be gained, to wit : "

" First, It was a smoke ; so are the vanities of this world."

" Secondly, it delighteth them who take it ; so do the pleasures of the
world delight the men of the world."

" Thirdly, it maketh men drunken and light in the head ; so do the
vanities of the world: men are di-imken therewith."

^'^ Fourthly, he thattaketh tobacco, saith he caimot leave it, it doth be-
witch : even so the pleasures of the woi'ld make men loath to leave
them, they are, for the most part, so enchanted with them."

" AnAfuiiher, besides all this, it is lilve hell in the very substance of
it ; for it is a stinking, loathsome thing ; and so is hell."

Considering how to entertain the prince of the powers of the air, the
king indicates a sumptuous banquet, with courses worthy of the hos-
pitality of a monarch ; declaring, that, "were he to invite the devil to
dinner, be should have three dishes : 1, a pig ; 2, a pole of Img and
mustard ; 3, a pipe of tobacco for digestion."

VI. Wood's account of the gardens and orchards of Massachu-
setts, ABOUT 1633 ; AND Josseltn's description, about 1670.

The earliest, printed, descriptive accountof Massachusetts, is that of
William Wood, who came to this country in 1629, and returned to
England, August 15, 1633. The fii-st edition of his " JVe«:> England's

29

Prospect^'' was published iii London, in 1634. This interesting tract
is written •with elegance, and contains the observations of an intel-
ligent and sagacious observer, A vein of graceful humor pervades
the work, and renders its relations as amusing as they are authentic.

He describes the settlements existmg at the tune of his visit, with
apparent fidelity. Dorchester is said to have " vei-y good arable ground,
and hay grounds, fan- cornfields, and pleasant gardens, with kitchen
gardens." " The inhabitants " of Roxbury " have fau* houses, store of
cattle, impaled cornfields, and fruitful gardens." Of Boston, he WTites :
" This place hath very good land, afl:brding rich cornfields, and fruit-
ful gardens, having, likewise, sweet and pleasant sprmgs." He speaks
of the Governor's Island, " where is planted an orchard and a vine-
yard." Of Lynn, it is assei-ted, "there is more English tillage than in
New England and Virginia besides : which proved, as w^ell as could
be expected, the corn being veiy good, especially the bai'ley, lye and
oats."

During the sojourn of Josselyn with Maverick, where East Boston
has been built ui modern days, the voyager exi>erienced the unhappy
flavor of one of the woodland productions of New England,

In his journal, October 9, 1638, he says : " In the afl:ernoon, I walked
uito the woods on the back side of the house, and happening mto a
fine broad walk, winch was a sledge way, I wandered, till I chanced to
spy a fi-uit, as I thought, like a pine apple, plated with scales ; it was
as big as the crowai of a woman's hat ; I made bold to step unto it
with an intent to have gathered it ; no sooner had I touched it, but
hundi-eds of wasps were about me ; at last I cleared myself from them,
being stung only by one upon the upper lip : glad was I that I 'scaped
so well ; but, by that time I was come into the house, my lip was
swelled so extremely, that they hardly knew me, but by my gar-
ments."—3 Mass. Hist. Col. vol, iii, page 231.

Ill the journal of Josselyn's second voyage and residence, begun in
1663, this writer, of great credulity and little authority, states many par-
ticulars of the gardens and orchards of New England.

" Gilliflowers," he says, "thrive exceedingly there, and are veiy
large ; the collibuy, or humming bird, is much pleased with them." . .
" Radishes I have seen there as big as a man's arm." . . " Our wheat, i.e.,
summer wheat, many times changeth into rye." ..." Flax and hemp
flourish gallantly."

" Oiu" fruit trees prosper abundantly, apple trees, pear trees,
quince trees, cheny trees, plum trees, barberry trees. I have ob-
served, with admiration, that the kernels sown, or the succors
planted, produce as fan- and good fruit, without gratfing, as the tree
from whence they were taken. The country is replenished with fair
and large orchards. It was affirmed by Mr. Woolcut, a magistrate in
Connecticut colony, at the captain's messe, of which I was, aboard the

30

ship I came home in, that he made five hundred hogsheads of syder
out of his own orchard in one year. Syder is very plentiful in the
countrey, ordinarily sold for ten shillings a hogshead. At the tap-
houses in Boston, I have had an ale quart, spiced and sweetened with
sugar, for a groat."

" The quuices, chcnies, damsons, set the dames a work ; maiunalade
and preserved damsons are to be met with in every house."

Among the islands of Massachusetts Bay, he mentions " the Gov-
ernor's Garden, where the fii'st apple trees in the comitrey were plant-
ed, and a vineyard."

He describes Dorchester as " lun iug houses to the number of two
hundred and more, beautified with fair orchai'ds and gardens." Rox-
bury, as beuig " a fan and handsome comitrey town, the streets large,
the inliabitants rich, replenished with orchards and gardens." Ded-
ham, as " aboundmg with garden fruit." Charlestown, as having a
" market place not far from the water side, surrounded with houses,
forth of which issue two streets orderly built, and beautified with or-
chards and gardens." Lynn and Ipswich are said to have similar or-
naments. 3 Mass. Hist. Col. vol. iii. pages 320, 336.

IV. GOVERKOR WiM'HROp's GaRDEN.

Gov. John Winthrop, m consideration of the intended marriage of
his son Adam, with Elizabeth Glover, grajited the Governor's Island
to Hem-y Dmister, President of Harvard College, in trust, for the use
of Adam and his wife, and their joint heirs, remainder to Adam and
his heirs, by an indenture, dated February 1, 1641-2. The resei-va-
tion to tlie governor, and his wife Margaret, of" one third of the ap-
ples, pears, grapes, and plums yearlj^ growmg," shows that the orchard
was flom'ishing at that time. — Savage's JVinthrop, vol. 1, page 68.

V. The Endicott Pear Tree.

Tradition connects the planting of the Endicott pear tree and the
foundation of Salem, with the same date, 1628. Historical evidence
renders it certam, that the existence of the tree could not have been
so early as the origin of the first town of Massachusetts.

The late reverend and learned Doct. William Bentley, " desnous,"
in his own words, " to honor the man, who, above all others, deserved

31

the name of the father of New England," addressed three letters to
President John Adams, in relation to the antiquity of the survivor of
the orchard of Governor John Endicott. These manuscripts are pre-
served in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and
have been kindly communicated by Rev. Doct. Thaddeus M. Harris.

Doct. Bentley, in his letter, dated October 10, 1809 writes thus :

"The tree is near the site of the first mansion of the governor, and
the land and tree always have been, and now (1809) are, the property
of his direct heirs, being in the possession of Mr. John Endicott,
nearly four score years of age, and of the sixth generation. To as-
certain its age, near it, stood a dial, which was fixed upon a pedestal,
which, the governor said, bore the age of the tree. That dial has
been, for years, in my possession. It is in copper, square, horizontal,
three inches, a very fair impression, and in the highest order. It was
marked " William Boyer, London, Clockinaker, fecit, 1. 1C30. £.," the
initials of the Governor's name."

As collateral testimony of the age of the tree, reference is made to
a letter from the comjiany in England to Governor Endicott, April 17,
1629, printed in Hazzard's Collections, vol. i. page 262, in which is
written : " As for fruit stones and kernels, the time of the year fits
not to send them now ; so we purpose to do it per next." The infer-
ence is made, that this intention was executed, and that the seed, from
which sprung the venerable tree, was sown in the spring of 1630.

It is very improbable, that the first fruits of New England were
reared from seeds originally strewed on our soil. The emigrants were
well informed, by their own experience as cultivators, of the accele-
rating operation of the process of transplanting ; and they could not
avoid understanding, that its application would aid the formation of
orchards on the fields of the new world, as it had done on those of
the eastern continent. The early maturity of the Winthrop Pippins
shows, that the trees of the governor of Massachusetts nu/s/ have been
imported from the nurseries of Europe, and gives solid ground for the
conclusion, that Endicott would have availed himself of the same
means of anticipating the slow course of vegetation, by bringing to
his plantation, trees of such advanced age as to bestow immediate pro-
ductions, instead of waiting through a quarter of a century, until seeds
yielded then* increase.

One chcumstauce conflicts with the traditions of the era when the
pear ti'ee was fii'st fixed on the site it occupies. The farm where it
stands, situated in that part of the ancient territoiy of Salem, now
Danvers, was not granted to John Endicott, until July 3, 1632. It is
improbable that the excellent governor would have commenced the
cultivation, before he had obtained the legal right of possession of the
land. A year, at least, must have gone by, before the forest could
have been cleared away, and the soil prepared for the reception of an

32

orchard. Tlie tree could not have well been set before 1633 or 1634.
As the apple trees of Winthrop were in bearing, as early as 1638, it
is probable that they had priority in their planting to the pears of En-
dicott,

In 1796, Doct. Bentley visited the Endicott farm, and gives the fol-
lowing description of the oldest living fruit tree of Massachusetts: "It
now bears the name of the Endicott Pear, but in the family, the Sugar
Pear. This is the tree which stood not far behind the dial, and has
its age reported from it. It is in front of the site of the house, and
rises in three trunks from the groimd, and is considerably high. It is
much decayed, within, at the bottom, which gives it the apj)earance
of three trunks; but the branches at top are sound."

Most interesting descriptions of the present condition of the aged
tree, have been procured by the kind attention of the Rev. Dr. John
Brazer, of Salem. The first account has been furnished by the lineal
descendants of Governor Endicott : the second is communicated by
Professor John Lewis Russell.

^'■Account of the present condition of the Endicott Pear TreeP
" This " Old Pear Tree" is situated on the southern side of a gen-
tle slope of land, and sheltered by it, in some measure, from the
piercing northerly and northwest winds, in what was once the garden
of Gov. Endicott. The surrounding soil is a light loam, with a sub-
stratum of clay. Its appearance, at this time, is rather dwarfish, being
only 18 feet high, and 55 feet in the circumference of its branches.
The trunk exhibits all the marks of extreme old age, being entirely
hollow, and mostly open on the south side, Avith just sufficient bark
to convey sap to the branches. It is 7 feet 4 inches in circumference
i;eai* the roots, and is divided into three parts ; two of which are
connected, to the height of about 18 inches; the other is entirely dis-
tinct, from the ground upwai'ds. There is bark only on tiie outside
of these divisions, until they reach the height of 7 or 8 feet, wliere
they are completely encircled with it, and form distinct limbs, with
numerous lateral branches, all of which appear m a perfectly sound
and healthy state. Two suckers have sprung up from the roots, one
on the northeast, and the other on the southwest side, each 10 or 12
feet in length, and I presume it is known, that this tree has never
been grafted, but is natural fruit."

"No doubt, the dilapidated condition of the trunk is owing, in some
measure, to the want of care during the most part of the two first
centuries of its existence, being situated in an open field, without
any protection, and often browsed by cattle, and injured by storms.
This patriarch, within the last forty years, has often suffered severely
from easterly and southerly gales. In October, 1804, it was nearly
laid prostrate, being shorn of all its branches, and its trunk split and

33

divided in the manner before spoken of. In the heavy gale of Sep-
tember, 1815, it was again doomed to a similar fate ; almost all its
limbs at that time were either split or broken, and it appeared doubt-
ful, for some time, if it would ever recover, — Ijut such was its won-
derful tenacity of life, that it rose again, phoenix like, as it were, from
its very ashes. At this time, the soil was looseued about its roots,
and, for the first time probably since its mtroduction into this coun-
try, there was a large quantity of manure spread around it. About
the year 1823 it was protected by a fence, to prevent the cattle from
injm'ing it It continues to produce fruit yearly, and the avei'age
quantity for several years past has been about two bushels."

" With proper care and attention this tree may yet continue many
years, and will serve to remind us, by its own ti'ials, strength, vigor
and durability, of the enteqjrize, hardships, perseverance, and untiring
zeal of our ancestors in the fii'st settlement of this our cherished
land ; and may we be permitted to encourage the hope that it may
prove the precursor of the dm-ability of om- present free and lib-
eral institutions. W. P. E.

Salem, November, 1837. C. M. E."

"THE ENDICOTT PEAR IREE."

NORTH ASPECT.

"The Endicott Pear Tree is evidently of great age. Its main trunk
is entirely hollow, and much shattered. About a foot fi-om the ground
it divides into two distinct stems, which, although mere shells, yet
have produced exceedingly strong limbs. The actual thickness of
live wood on the main bi-anch, which faces the west, does not exceed
six inches. The eastern bi'anch is much sounder, and supports the
greater part of the spraj', which denoted the power of producing an
abimdance of fruit. Proceeding from the root are two suckers, of
nearly the same size, one on the eastei'n, and the other on the west-

34

em side of the tree, and which are not more than 15 or 20 years old.
No perceptible difference can be discovered betAveen them and the
tree itself, by comparing the wood. This seems to denote the fact of
the ti'ee being a seedling variety. Indeed, its rude and spiny charac-
ter seems to denote a native of the soU. If imported by Governor
Endicott, which is according to famUy tradition, it must have been a
seedling vai'iety, and not grafted, none of the usual appearances of a
grafted tree being visible."

" Its genex'al form is low and spi-eading, about twenty feet high, and
nearly the same in extent of branches. The chcumference of the
stem near the ground, is seven feet and five inches."

NINTH ANNIVERSARY

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Annual Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, which has just closed, commenced on Wednesday, the
20th instant, and continued during four days, until Saturday.
The new and spacious Hall of the Society, No. 23, Tremont
street, was tastefully and appropriately decorated on the occasion.

REPORT ON FRUITS.

The great centre table was graced with two large and beauti-
ful orange trees, from the green houses of the Hon. John Lowell.
Large pine-apples in a fine growing state, and grape-vines loaded
with large clusters in a growing state, in decorated pots, by Mr.
Haggerston, from the houses of Mr. Cushing, attracted very
particular attention ; as did also the beautifully arranged clusters
of grapes and other rich fruits, by Mr. Cowan, from the spacious
houses of the Hon. T. H. Perkins.

On no former occasion have we witnessed so great a display
of the most useful, as well as ornamental productions of nature,
thus brought to so great a degree of perfection by the skill of
man : of flowers, many new and splendid varieties, of an infinite
variety of form, color and shade: of fruits also, many new and
superior kinds, never before witnessed at any former exhibition.

The days of the exhibition were unusually fine, and the con-
course of visiters far exceeded that of any former year, including
a good proportion of the fair, and the fairest of the fair ; and the
brilliant display, on this occasion, might well serve to remind us
of Eden.

The following is a more particular account of the fruits which
were sent for exhibition: —

By Mr. Haggerston, from the extensive green and hot houses
of J. P. Cushing, Esq., Belmont Place, in Watertown : Pears —

36

Williams's Bonchretien and Cushing's : Grapes — Black Ham-
burgh, White Sweetwater or Chasselas, White Frontignac, and
a vine, trained spirally in an ornamented pot, and loaded with
fruit; all of which were very beautiful: Pine-apples of large
size, growing finely in ornamented pots, the first ever witnessed
at our exhibitions; Sogo Palm, a noble and most useful plant,
and the same which produces the Sago of Commerce; a
plant as valuable in the tropica! regions as is corn with us.

By John Lemist, Esq., of Roxbury : a fine plant of Sago Palm.

By Mr. W. H. Cowan, gardener to the Hon. T. H. Perkins,
from his fruit houses in Brookline : Grapes — Frankendale,
Black Hamburgh, Black Cluster, White Muscat of Alexandria,
White Frontignac, Grizzly Frontignac, Black Frontignac, Sy-
rian, White Chasselas, Golden Chasselas : Peaches — Noblesse,
New Royal George, Freestone Heath, Hill's Madeira, President,
George IV : Nectarines — Elrouge, Red Roman and Broom-
field, all finest specimens of the most skilful cultivation : also,
a variety of Pearmain, newly introduced, a handsome red fruit;
varieties of 3Insk Melon.

By Mr. Jacob Tidd, of Roxbury : two bunches of Regner
de Nice Grapes, the largest bunch weighing 6 1-2 pounds.

By Aaron Mitchell, Esq., of Nantucket : a bunch of White
Chasselas Grapes, and two bunches of Black Hamburgh, from a
girdled vine — very large and beautiful, each bunch weighing
two pounds, raised by his gardener, Mr. Wellwood Young.

By Mrs. T. Bigelow, from her green house in Medford :
Lemons and Oranges, very beautiful : Yellow Rareripe seedling
Peaches, very fine : also, fine looking French Apples, name un-
known; and Seven Years Pumpkins, very large, so called from
the great length of time they will keep.

By Hon. E. Vose, President of the Society : Pears — Napo-
leon, Urbaniste, Wurtemberg, eminently beautiful ; Williams's
Bonchretien or Bartlett, Andrews, Wilkinson, Lewis, Easter
Beurre or Bergamotte de la Pentecote, Passe Colmar : Peaches
— Grosse Mignonne. All these fruits were fine specimens of
finest kinds. Also, Lady Haley's Nonsuch, a beautiful fruit,
and Acorn Squash, very fine, and keeps well a year.

By Enoch Bartlett, Esq., of Roxbury, Vice-President of the
Society : Pears — Williams's Bonchretien or Bartlett, and
Wurtemberg, both kinds eminently beautiful ; also, Cushing,

37

Striped Doyenne or Verte Longue, and Fulton . Apples-~^
Gravenstien, Havvthorndean, Monstrous Pippin ; also, long Cu-
cumbers, from Trieste.

By Mr. Manning, from his garden in Dearborn-street, in Sa-
lem : Pears — 34 kinds, many of them new, and such as have
never yet been seen with us before : Jalousie, Harvard, Saun-
ders Beurre, Belle Lucrative, Beurre Von Marum, Beurre Knox,
Napoleon, Maria Louise; Beurre Duval, just come into bearing
and bears well ; Surpasse Virgalieu, Figue de Naples, Saint
Ghislain, Summer Rose, Valle Franche, Pastorale, Fulton,
Beurre Bosc, Wilkinson, Autumn Superb, Henry IV., Styrian,
Urbaniste, Verte Longue or Mouille Bouche, Green Pear of
Yair, Julienne; Gloria, not the Gloria of any former exhibition,
a fine looking fruit from Mr. Parsons's tree, sent by Mr. Knight;
Beurre Spence, a celebrated new kind, now unripe, the tree
bore this year for the first time ; Chair a dame, Dearborn's
Seedling, Beurre Colmar D'Automne, Pope's Scarlet Major,
Naumkeag; Jackman's Melting, a new fruit of a dark red color,
very oblong and conical, or calabash formed, (it is doubtful
whether this is the right name;) also two varieties of Pears with-
out names, the one of a yellow, and the other of a red color.
Many of these kinds being now unripe, will be reported again
on a future occasion : Apples — Swaar, a name which signifies
heavy, a fine looking fruit, fine and productive ; Gravenstein,
fine ; New Red Crab ; Plums — Green Gage, German Prune ;
French long Blue, name lost, a large, oblong, blue fruit, very
productive and fine ; Diamond Plum, a large, blue, and beautiful
fruit, the flavor good; a branch of the tree bore for the first time
exceedingly full ; Sharp's Emperor, another new fruit, very
large, pale yellow in the shade, and red next the sun, and beau-
tiful ; a small limb of the young tree bore this year a large crop
for the first time.

By Mr. Downer, from his place in Dorchester : Pears —
Duchesse D'Angouleme, Seckel, Beurre Diel, Wurtemberg,
very beautiful ; Urbaniste, Bleecker's Meadow, Andrews, Dix,
Cushing, Fulton, Harvard, Lewis, Washington, Passe Colmar,
Bezi Vaet, Saint Ghislain, Moorfowl's Egg, Iron : Apples —
Pumpkin Sweeting, Porter, Nonsuch, Sweeting, Seaver Sweet-
ing, River Apple, Lady Apple, Pie Apple, Spitzenberg, Pear-
main, Rhode Island Greenings, Yellow and Red Siberian Crab

38

Apples, and branches loaded with the fruit of the same :
Peaches — Rareripes. The fruits of Mr. Downer were of the
finest kinds.

By B. V. French, Esq., from his pluce in Braintree : Pears —
Williams's Bonchretien, fine; Arch Duke of Austria, which has
been before noticed, form turbinate, faintly striped and beautiful,
the quality but ordinary ; Tillington, Bleecker's Meadow : Ap-
ples— Porter, Monstrous Pippin, or Gloria Mundi, Yellow Bell-
flower, Garden Stiiped, Dutch Codlin, River Apple, Ruggles
Apple, Siberian Crab, and branches of the same, covered with
the fruit, very ornamental : Plums — Coe's Golden Drop, and
Smith's Orleans, both superior kinds : Squashes — Autumnal
Marrow, fine large specimens of this fine kind : Sugar Beds,
very large and handsome, of a white color and of the true kind,
the seeds received from France.

By Mr. E. M. Richards, from his garden in Dedham : Pears —
Seckel, Verte Longue or Mouthwater, Grise Bonne : Apples —
Benoni, William's Favorite, American Summer Pearmain, Red
Juneating, Orange Sweeting, Hawthorndean, Summer Gilli-
flower, and other kinds, all very handsome : Peaches — of five
fine varieties.

By Mr. Thomas Mason, of the Charlestown Vineyard, from
his peach houses : Peaches — Early Royal George, and Royal
Kensington : Nectarines — El Rouge, Brignon, and Broomfield :
Grapes — From his grape houses ; Black Plamburgh, Black St.
Peters, Lombardy, Sweetwater or White Chasselas, and Golden
Chasselas. All the fruits of Mr. Mason were fine, and afford
good evidence of his skill as a cultivator : Also, Lima Srpiashes.

By Mr. S. Pond, from his garden in Cambridgeport : Pears
— Williams's Bonchretien, Andrews', Julienne, handsome speci-
mens : Plums — Semiana or Imperatrice Violette, a fine produc-
tive kind.

By Ebenezer Breed, Esq., from his fruit houses in Charles-
town : Pears — Wurtemberg, Seckle, Williams's Bonchretien,
Swan's Egg : Grapes — Black Hamburgh, all of the same fine
quality which this gentleman has usually offered for exhibition.
Valparaiso Squash.

By Judge Heard, from his estate in Watertown : Roxbury
Russeting Apples, of the growth of 1836.

39

By Mr. Hamilton Davidson, of Charrestown : A handsome
basket of Williams's Bonchretien and Rouselette de Rheims
Pears, and Musk 3Iclons ; the basket decorated with branches
of fruit of the Red Siberian Crab : Also, fine specimens of
Cucumbers.

By Mr. Thomas Willot, of Roxbury : A large basket of fruit,
singularly decorated, and surmounted by a branch of a tree and
fruit, enveloped in the house of the hornet tribe. The fruits,
consisting of Pears — Williams's Bonchretien, and Wurtemberg ;
Apples — York Russett, Black Gilliflower, Blue Pearmain and
Baldwin ; Rareripe Peaches, and Green fleshed Blelon, were all
very fine.

By Mr. Dennis Murphy, of Roxbury : Grapes — Black Ham-
burgh, from his grapery, very fine : Pears — Williams's Bon-
chretien, and Dearborn's Seedling : Plums — White Magnum
Bonum, and Smith's large Orleans.

By Mr. R. Ward, of Roxbury : Pears — Williams's Bonchre-
tien, and Seckel : a basket of fine Peaches and White Gage
Plums.

By Mr. John D. W. Williams, from his estate in Roxbury :
Pears — Williams's Bonchretien, very fine, and Apples.

By Mr. Samuel Phipps, of Dorchester : Specimens of beau-
tiful Nectarines.

By Messrs. Winships, from their garden and nurseries in
Brighton : Branches and clusters of the Sheparclia, very beau-
tiful ; also, Passijlora eclulis, with its curious and beautiful blos-
soms, and eatable fruit.

By Dr. S. A. Shurtleff : Clingstone Peaches, also Tremont
Peach, a fine looking, large native seedling, from his residence
in Tremont-street.

By Mr. John A. Kenrick, from his garden and nurseries in
Newton : Pears — Williams's Bonchretien, Mogul Sumner ;
Peaches — Early York Rareripe, Prince's Red Rareripe, and
Yellow Red Rareripe : Apples — Hubbardston Nonsuch, Bald-
win, Kenrick's Red Autumn, Pumpkin Sweeting, Fenner Sap-
sons.

By Mr. Samuel R. Johnson, from his garden in Charlestown :
White Sweetwater, or Chasselas, and White Frontignac Grapes,
both very fine, from out of door culture. The White Gage
Plums, which Mr. Johnson exhibited, are found to be identically

40

the same with Prince's Imperial Gage, a kind wonderfully pro-
ductive. These were from his celebrated tree, the fruit large
and very fine. The tree, though not large, is annually loaded
with fruit, and produced this year, by estimation, three barrels.
His Bolmer's Washington Plums of the largest size, measured
seven inches in circumference. The tree produced about 1200
fruits this season, of superior size ; though this kind is not re-
puted so productive.

By Mr. Sweetser, from his garden in Cambridgeport : Mogul
Sumner Pears.

By Mr. Alexander McLennen, from " Oaklands," in Water-
town, the garden of William Pratt, Esq. : Black Hamburgh
Grapes, fine specimens of his skill as a cultivator : Also, Green
Persian Melons.

By Mr. Jonathan Warren, of Weston : Apples — African, a
dark red fruit ; American Nonpareil : Also, Hercules Club
Gourd, very curious form, cylindrical, about three inches in di-
ameter, and two or three feet long.

By Mr. John T. Wheelwright, from his garden in Newton :
Pears — St. Michael, Bonchretien and Pound : Apples — York
Russetting : Peaches — Two baskets of fine fruit.

By Messrs. E. Dana & Co., No. 109, Faneuil Hall Market:
Pears — apparently the Urbaniste.

By Mr. John Hill, No. 103, Faneuil Hall Market, from the
farm of Mr. David Hill, in West Cambridge :. Peaches — Red
Rareripes, fine ; Lemon Peach, very large and beautiful, and
evidently a synonyme of the Yellow Red Rareripe.

By Mr. A. D. Williams, from his farm in Roxbury : Or-
leans Apple, a large and beautiful yellow fruit : Pears —
Williams's Early, juice abundant, and of exceeding fine flavor.

By John Brown, Esq., of Concord : Purple Detroit Apples.

By Mr. Wm. B. Sweet, of Roxbury: Varieties of Apples,
Pears and Plums.

By William Oliver, Esq., from his residence in Dorchester:
Pears — St. Ghislain, Seckel, and Brocas Bergamot.

By Mr. James Hunnewell, of Charlestown : Grapes — Sweet-
water, of fine appearance, and grown in the open air from a vine
which yields 103 bunches this year ; Isabellas, very fine, from a
vine which produced 300 bunches last year.

By Mr. John Rayner, of Boston : St. Michael Pears.

41

By Mr. J. Newhall, of New Ipswich, N. H. : Ripe Figs of
open culture ; the fruit was formed the previous year, and ma-
tured in this ; the small unripe figs were of the third crop of
this season.

By Mr. J. L. L. F. Warren, from his garden in Brighton :
Pears — Seckel, from a bud of two years' growth : Apples —
Porter, Seek-no-further, Golden Russetts, Joseph Sweetings,
Lady Apple, Siberian Crab Apple : Peaches — Warren's Native
Peach, and Royal Kensington : Tomatoes — beautiful specimens
of this truly invaluable vegetable, which should be an inhabitant
of every garden : Also, a very large Savoy Cabbage.

By Mr. Jacob Deane, of Mansfield : Apples — Seek-no-further,
Wine Apple, Pumpkin Sweeting, very large; Hay boy, a large
flat fruit, of a dark yellow color, very sweet, fine and productive ;
Superb Sweet, a red striped fruit of medium size, very delicious
and productive, and highly esteemed by him ; Spice Sweeting,
a large and eminently beautiful fruit, and now nearly ripe, of a
round form, skin smooth, of a delicate straw color, with a blush
next the sun, flavor sweet, spicy and delicious; the tree is stated
to be a most abundant bearer : Peaches — large early Peach.

By John Mackay, Esq., of this city, from his farm in Weston :
Pears — Seckel, two baskets : Apples — Pearmain, Hawthorn-
dean, very beautiful ; Porter and Williams's Favorite, the two
last named very fine.

By Joseph Balch, Esq., of Roxbury: Seedling Peaches, very
fine : Pears — Gushing and Williams's Bonchretien, both hand-
some fruits.

By Mr. E. P. Hathorne, of Boston : Sweetwater Grapes, the
produce of out-of-door cultivation.

By Mr. E. Hathorne : Cream Apples, from Salem, a middle
sized fruit, from Ossipee originally, of a fine flavor.

By Mr. J. M. Ives, from his garden in Dearborn-street, in
North Salem : Autumnal Marrow Squashes, an oval yellow
fruit, of the finest grain and sweet flavor, the best summer squash
yet known, and one of the finest for keeping, as they are easily
preserved till June.

By Mr. Guild, from his summer residence in Brookline :
Specimens of Turnip Cabbage, a singular production, of a glo-
bular form, solid like a turnip, and said to be fine.

By Doct. J. C. Howard, of Brookline : Grapes — large fine
6

42

clusters of Black Hamburgh ; also, fine Sweetwater, the produce
of open culture.

By Mr. John Lewis Russell, of Salem : Apples — High Top
Sweeting; also. Long Stem Apple, raised by Mr. Andrew
Gushing, of South Hingham : Pears — Gushing, the fruit of
extra size, raised by Gapt. Gharles Shute, of South Hingham,
from a sucker of the original tree, now about thirty years old.
Also, another fruit, without name, pear shaped, skin covered
with very dark yellow russet, from a tree nearly a century old,
from Mr. David Gushing, of South Hingham.

By Mr. G. Ford, of Dorchester : Large Blue Pumpkins.

By Mr. Gole L. Kendall, of Gharlestown : Summer Squash,
from Constantinople, a large, oblong, pale, ribbed vegetable.

By Mr. A. H. Safford, of Gambridgeport : Pine-apple Squash,
so called, very large and oblong.

A curious Cucumber was offered for exhibition, about seven
or eight feet long ; its form reminded many of a serpent ; it was
from Mrs. Boott, Lowell.

By John Breed, Esq., from Belle Isle : A remarkably large,
blue Squash, of an oblong or truncated form, weighing 80
pounds, apparently of the Valparaiso kind.
For the Gommittee,

WILLIAM KENRIGK, Chairman.

REPORT ON FLOWERS.

It has again become our duty to make a Report of the An-
nual Exhibition of Flowers, at the Rooms of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. The contributors were numerous ; the
contributions were liberal ; and many of the specimens, of sur-
passing beauty. As a detailed report of the fruits, and some
general remarks of the flowers, have already appeared in the
report of Mr. William Kenrick, Ghairman of the Gommittee on
Fruits ; and as it is understood a detailed report of the Plants
and Flowers will be given in the respective magazines of Messrs.
Breck «Sz.Go., and the Messrs. Hovey, we shall report in general
terms.

The plants from the Hon. John Lowell, of Roxbury, in addi-
tion to two very splendid Orange Trees, were in fine order, and
were much admired.

43

The Palms and other plants from the garden of J. P. Gushing,
Esq., of Watertown, by Mr. D. Haggerston, added much to the
general effect of the exhibition. Mr. Haggerston also supplied
the tables with several rich vases, and a profusion of cut flowers,
wreaths, &:-c.

From the Hon. T. H. Perkins, of Brookline, by his gardener,
Mr. W. H. Cowan, a splendid display of cut Flowers, arranged
on stands with great taste. Mr. Cowan deserves our thanks for
his very liberal supply.

The beautiful Acacias, and other plants, in all about 70 speci-
mens, from Marshall P. Wilder, Esq., of Dorchester, were very
fine. The delicate foliage of the Acacias was much admired.

John Lemist, Esq., of Roxbury, decorated our tables with
some of his choice and rare plants, — Sago Palms, Heaths, d&c.

John D. W. Williams, Esq., of Elm Hall, Roxbury, sent some
very choice specimens by his gardener. The plants were not
only rare, but they were in a state of high cultivation. The
best specimens of China Asters, in the rooms, were from Mr.
Williams.

Dr. J. C. Howard, Woodland, Brookline : A splendid Plant;
Dahlias, and other cut flowers, bouquets, &lc.

B. V. French, Esq., from his garden at Braintree : A large
supply of cut flowers, evergreens, &c.

From the garden of Mr. John Richardson, of Dorchester : A
variety of cut flowers.

By Mr. J. Towne, of Boston : Several extremely fine speci-
mens of choice and rare Heaths.

Mr. Samuel Sweetser, of Cambridge : Some charming flow-
ers in pots.

The Messrs. Winship, of Brighton : Two wagon loads of pot
plants and cut flowers, some of them of great beauty. Mr. Sto-
ry will please accept our thanks for his kind attention, and for
his liberal supply of evergreens.

By Mr. William Wales, of Dorchester : Twenty fine speci-
mens of green house plants. We noticed particularly a very
fine Heath, and a yellow Tea Rose ; there were several other
plants in Mr. Wales' collection of great beauty. Also, a splen-
did bouquet.

Several fine plants from the Messrs. Hovey : A yellow Tea
Rose of great beauty.

44

From the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, by Mr. W. E. Carter :
A large supply of plants, many of them fine specimens.

Mr. Mason, of Charlestown : A choice variety of pot plants,
some rare and fine. Also, a liberal supply of cut flowers, and
some handsome bouquets, &c.

Mr. D. Murphy, of Roxbury, furnished upwards of twenty
choice plants ; two splendid bouquets, and some cut flowers.

Dahlias. The display of Dahlias was extremely fine, and
greatly surpassed our expectations. To give a list of the names
of all the varieties exhibited, would exceed our limits; we shall
therefore confine ourselves to the names of a few in the collec-
tion of the principal growers, viz : —

In the collection of M. P. Wilder, Esq. : Conqueror of Eu-
rope, Dodd's Mary, Dodd's Mary Queen of Scots, Mrs. Broad-
wood, Elphinstone's Purple Perfection, Lavinia, Bride of Aby-
dos. King Otho, Stone's Yellow Perfection, Golden Sovereign,
Desdemona, Q,ueen Elizabeth, Hermione, Sir Henry Fletcher,
Lady Fordwich, Gem, M'Kenzie's Contender, King of Beauties,
Marquis of Northampton, Douglass' Glory, Dictator, Widnall's
Clio, Inwood's Ariel, Criterion, Jupiter, Garnier's Princess Vic-
toria, &c.

In the collection of the Messrs. Hovey : Princess Victoria,
Marchioness of Tavistock, Mary Queen of Scots, Mary, Con-
queror of Europe, Sulphurea elegans, Mrs. Broadwood, Juliet,
Elphinstone's Purple Perfection, Gem, Sir Henry Fletcher, Her-
mione, Golden Sovereign, Rosa Superba, Red Rover, Stone's
Yellow Perfection, Bride of Abydos, King Otho, Lavinia, Ariel,
Beauty of Dulwich, Fisherton's Rival, Star, Jupiter, Glory, Mrs.
Wilkinson, Lady Fordwich, Exemplar, Crojsus, &c.

In the collection of Mr. S. R. Johnson : British Queen,
Elphinstone Polyphemus, Duchess of Buccleugh, Augusta, Mrs.
Wilkinson, Rainbow, Widnall's Clio, Princess Victoria (Gar-
nier's) ; Douglass' Criterion, Metropolitan Perfection, Brown's
Desdemona, Gaines' Harlequin, Royal Adelaide, Rosea Speci-
osa, Widnall's Perfection, Smith's Napoleon, Lady Brougham,
Newbey's Duke of Bedford, Jupiter, Mountjoy's Burgundy,
Angelina, Lady Fordwich, Duchess of Bedford, Countess of
Berresford, Erccta.

In the collection of Mr. S. Sweetser : Apollo, Augusta,
(Douglass'); Beauty of Sheffield, Bride of Abydos, Beauty of

45

Stow, Countess of Cork, Countess of Liverpool, Criterion,
(Douglass'); Desdemona, (Brown's) ; Douglass' Glory, Granta,
Jupiter, Golden Sovereign, Jackson Rival, Lady Fordwich, La-
vinia. Metropolitan Calypso, Mrs. Wilkinson, Napoleon,
(Smith's) ; Othello, Pindarius, Queen of Dahlias, Springfield
Rival, Stone's Yellow Perfection, Lady of the Lake.

In the collection of Mr. D. Maclntire : Juliet, Dodd's Mary,
Mrs. Broadwood, Mary Q-ueen of Scots, Conqueror of Europe,
Golden Sovereign, Stone's Yellow Perfection, Red Rover, Star,
Rising Sun, Young's Black Ajax, Exemplar, Marquis of North-
ampton, Dictator, Bride of Abydos, Angelina, Douglass' Glory.
There were also some very fine specimens of the Dahlia, and
splendid bouquets, from Messrs. John A. Kenrick, J. Breck &
Co., Howard, Carter, Winship, W. Kenrick, Weld, Mason,
Murphy, Wilson, and Walker.

The celebrated Cobbett states that he was asked, (and the
question has often been put to ourselves,) what is the use of
flowers? Mr. Cobbett replied by asking another question.
What is the use of any thing ? We shall answer the inquiry in
the language of Miller, " Who would wish to live without flow-
ers? Where would the poet fly for his images of beauty, if
they were to perish forever ? Are they not the emblems of
loveliness and innocence — the living types of all that is pleasing
and graceful? We compare young lips to the rose; and the
white brow to the radiant lily ; the winning eye gathers its glow
from the violet, and the sweet voice is like a breeze kissing its
way through the flowers. We hang delicate blossoms on the
silken ringlets of the young bride, and strew her path with fra-
grant bells, when she leaves the church. We place them around
the marble of the dead, in the narrow coffin ; and they become
symbols of our affections ; pleasures remembered, and hopes
faded, wishes flown, and scenes cherished the more that they
can never return. Still we look to the far off" spring in other
valleys ; to the eternal summer beyond the grave, when the flow-
ers which have faded shall again bloom in starry fields, where
no rude winter can intrude. They come upon us in spring like
the recollections of a dream, which hovered above us in sleep,
peopled with shadowy beauties, and purple delights, fancy broi-
dered. Sweet flowers ! that bring before our eyes scenes of
childhood ; faces remembered in youth, when Love was a stran-

46

ger to himself! The mossy banks by the way side, where we
so often sat for hours drinking in the beauty of the primroses
with our eyes; the sheltered glen, darkly green, filled with the
perfume of violets, that shone in their intense blue, like another
sky spread upon the earth ; the laughter of merry voices ; the
sweet song of the maiden — the downcast eye, the spreading
blush, the kiss ashamed at its own sound — are all brought back
to the memory by a flower."

For the Committee,

SAMUEL WALKER, Chairman.

OFFICERS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ELECTED OCTOBER 7th, 1837.

PRESIDENT.

ELIJAH VOSE, Dorchester.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

ENOCH BARTLETT, Roxbury.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
THEODORE LYMAN, Jr., Waltham.
JOHN PRINCE, Roxbury.

TREASURER.

SAMUEL WALKER, Roxbury.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

ROBERT TREAT PAINE, Boston.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

EZRA WESTON, Jr., Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

AUGUSTUS ASPINWALL, Brookline.
THOMAS BREWER, Roxbury.
HENRY A. BREED, Lynn.
GEORGE W. BRIMMER, Boston.
JOSEPH S. CABOT, Salem.
E. HERSY DERBY, Salem.
N. MORTON DAVIS, Plymouth.
NATHANIEL DAVENPORT, Milton.
THOMAS G. FESSENDEN, Boston.
DAVID HAGGERSTON, Watertown.
JOSEPH G. JOY, Boston.

48

WILLIAM KENRICK, Newton.
JOHN LEMIST, Roxbury.
WILLIAM LINCOLN, Worcester.
THOMAS LEE, Brookline.
CHARLES LAWRENCE, Salem.
WILLIAM PRATT, Jr., Watertown.
BENJAMIN RODMAN, New Bedford.
SAMUEL A. SHURTLEFF, Boston.
M. P. SAWYER, Boston.
JACOB TIDD, Roxbury.
CHAPvLES TAPPAN, Boston.
AARON D. WILLIAMS, Roxbury.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Brighton.
WILLIAM WORTHINGTON, Dorchester.
THOMAS WHITMARSH, Northampton.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

Rev. JOHN L. RUSSELL.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

g'aFi^.Mle)ai?g■(^ ^©iMmi'iiW'^mi

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

WILLIAM KENRICK, Chairman. l JOHN M. IVES,
ROBERT MANNING, i P. B. HOVEY, Jr.,

SAMUEL DOWNER, I LEMUEL P. GROSVENOR,

BENJA. V. FRENCH, J. L. L. F. WARREN,

EDWARD M. RICHARDS, I SAMUEL POND.

JOHN A. KENRICK, i

COMMITTEE ON THE PRODUCTS OP KITCHEN GARDEN.

SAMUEL POND, Chairman.
DANIEL CHANDLER,
JACOB TIDD,

NATHANIEL DAVENPORT,
AARON D WILLIAMS,
RUFUS HOWE.

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS, SHRUBS, ETC

SAMUEL WALKER, Chairman. \ DAVID HAGGERSTON,
CHARLES M. HOVEY,
JOSEPH BRECK,
SAMUEL SWEETSER,

SAMUEL R. JOHNSO>f,
MARSHAL P. WILDER,
WILLIAM CARTER.

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY.

ELIJAH VOSE, aiairman. , CHARLES M. HOVEY,

ROBERT T. PAINE, | M. P. WILDER,

WILLIAM KENRICK, i THOMAS G. FESSENDEN.

EZRA WESTON, Jr., I

COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS OF FRUIT.

JOHN LOWELL, Chairman. | WILLIAM KENRICK,
ROBERT MANNING, | SAMUEL DOWNER.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman. , EDWARD M. RICHARDS,

CHEEVER NEWHALL, ENOCH BARTLETT.

BENJA. V. FRENCH, |

COMMITTEE ON FINANCE.

ELIJAH VOSE, Chairman. I LEMUEL P. GROSVENOR.

BENJA. V. FRENCH, I

7

'sm.'m'Mm^^wm MLmm.Mmm.i

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Armstrong, Samuel T. Bostnn.
Aspinwall, Augustus, Brookline.
Bradford, .Samuel U. Boston.
Breed, Andrews, Lynn.
Breed, Henry A. "
Brewer, Eliab Stone, Fort Oaines, Oeo.
Chase, Hezekiah, Lynn.
Crafts, Ebenezer, Roxbnry.
Edwards, Elisha, Sprinirfield.
French, Benjamin V. Braintree.
Gardner, W. F. Salem.
Hedge, Isaac L. Plymouth.
Howland, John, Jr., JVew Bedford.
Lincoln, Levi, fVorcester.
Lincoln, William, "
Lyman, Theodore, Jr. Boston.
Newhall, Cheever, Dorchester.
Newman, Henry, Roxbnry.

Paine, Robert T. Boston.
Parker, Daniel P. "
Parsons, Gorham, Brighton.
Perry, John, Shcrhurne.
Prcscott, C. H. CuniiralUs, JV. S.
Rotcli, William, JVew Bedford.
Silsby, Enoch, Bradford.
Smith, Stephen H. Providence, R. I.
Springer, John, Sterling.
Story, F. H. Salem.
Story, Joseph, Cambridge.
Thorndikc, Israel, Boston.
Waldo, Daniel, Worcester.
Webster, Nathan, Harerhilf.
West, Thomas, "

AVinthrop, Thomas L. Boston.
Wolcott, Edward, Pawtucket.
Worthington, William, Dorcltester.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Adams, Benjamin, Boston.
Adams, Charles F. Quincy.
Adams, Daniel, JVewbury.
Adams, Samuel, Milton.
Adamson, John, Roxbury.
Andrews, Ebenezer T. Boston.
Andrews, Ferdinand, Lancaster.
Andrews, William T. Boston.
Anthony, James, Providence.
Appleton, Samuel, Boston.
Atkinson, Amos, Brookline.

Badlam, Stephen, Boston.
Bailey, Ebenezer, "
Bailey, Kendall, Charlestown,
Balch, Joseph, Roxbury.
Bangs, Edward I). IVorcester.
Bartlett, Kmnh, Uoxbury.
Beal, Georg(> W. Qtiiiicy.
Bigelow, Jacob, Boston.
Billings, Joseph H. Roxbury.
Bishop, Nathaniel II. Medford.
Bond, George, Boston.
Bond, George W. "
Boott, William, "
Bowen, Charles, JVewton.
Bradlee, Joseph P. Boston.
Brock, Joseph, Brighton.
Breed, Ebenezer, Cltarlestown.
Brewer, Thomas, Roxbury.
Brimmer, George W. Boston.
Brown, James, Cambridge.

Brown, J. M. Boston.
Buckingham, Joseph T. Cambridge.
Buckniinster, Lawson, Framingham.
Buckminster, Edward F. "
Burridge, JIartin, Medford.
Bussey, Benjamin, Roxbury.

Cabot, Joseph H. Salem.
Cabot, Samuel, Brookline.
Callender, Joseph, Boston.
Ca])en, Aaron, Dorchester.
Carter, Horatio, Lancaster.
Carter, William E. Cambridge.
Chamberlin, Edward, Jr. Boston.
Champney, John, Roxbury,
Chandler, Daniel, Thompson's Island.
Chandler, Samuel, Lexington.
Clapp, Isaac, Dorchester.
Clapi>, John, South Reading.
Clapp, Joshua, Boston.
Clapp, Nathaniel, Dorchester.
CobI), Elijah, Boston.
Codman, John, Dorchester.
Cogswell, Joseph G. JVew York City.
Coolidge, Joseph, Boston.
Coolidge, Samuel F. "
Coolidge, Thomas B. "
Copeland, B. F. Roxbury.
Cotting, William, West Cambridge.
Cowan, William H. Brighton.
Cowing, Cornelius, Roxbury.
Cowing, Howland, Jr. "

51

Cowing, N. H. Brookline.
Crane, Joshua, Boston.
Crowningshield, Benjamin W. Boston.
Curtis, Edward, Pepperell.
Curtis, Nathaniel, Roxbury.
Curtis, William, JVewtvn.

Daniell, Josiah, Boston.
Daniell, Otis, "

Davenport, Nathaniel, Milton,
Davis, Cliarles, Roxbury.
Davis, E. S. Lynn.
Davis, Isaac P., Boston,
Davis, N. Morton, Plymoutli.
Dearborn, II. A. S. Roxbury.
Derby, E. H. Salem.
Dickson, James A. Boston.
Dodge, Pickering, Salem.
Doggett, John, Boston,
Dorr, Nathaniel, Roxbury.
Downer, Samuel, Dorchester.
Downes, John, Boston,
Dyer, E. D. "

Dudley, David, Roxbury,
Duncan, James, Haverhill,

Eager, William, Boston.
Eastburn, John H. "
Eldredge, Edward, "
Ellis, Charles, Roxbury,
Emmons, Robert L. Boston,
Endicott, William P. Salem,
Eustis, James, South Reading.
Eustis, William T. Boston.
Everett, Edward, "

Faxon, Nathaniel, Boston.
Fay, Samuel P. P. Cambridge,
Felt, Oliver S. Boston,

Fessenden, Tliomas G. "
Field, Joseph, "

Pitch, Jeremiah, "

Fletcher, Richard, "

Freeman, Russell, Sandwich,
Frothingham, Samuel, Boston,

Gannett, T. B. Cambridge,
Gardner, Joshua, Dorchester,
Gibbs, Benjamin, Cambridge,
Goodwin, Thomas J.
Gore, Watson, Roxbury,
Gould, Benjamin A. Boston.
Gould, Daniel, Reading.
Gourgas, J. M. Weston.
Gray, John, Boston.
Gray, John C. "
Green, Charles W. Roxbury.
Groenleaf, Thomas, Quincy.
Grosvenor, L. P. Boston.
Guild, Benjamin, "

Haggerston, David, fVatertovm.
Hall, Dudley, Medford.
Hammond, H. H. Lexington.
Harris, William T. Cambridge.
Hartshorn, Eliphalet P. Boston.
Haskins, Ralph, Roxbury.
Hayden, Frederic, Lincoln.
Hayden, John, Brookline.
Hayward, Charles, Boston.
Hayward, George, "
Heard, John, "

Higginsnn, Henry, "
Hill, Jeremiali, "

Hodges, James L. Taunton.
Holbrook, Amos, Milton.
Hollingsworth, Mark, "
Houghton, Abel, Jr. Lynn.

Hovey, Charles M. Cambridge.
Hovey, P. B., Jr. "

Howard, John C. Brookline.
Howe, Hall J. Boston.
Howe, Rufus, Dorchester.
Hov/es, Frederick, Salem.
Hunnewell, James, Charlestown.
Hurd, William "

Hyde, Samuel, Jr. JVewton.

Ives, John M. Salem,

Jackson, Charles T. Boston,
Jackson, James, "

Jackson, Patrick T. "
Jaqucs, Samuel, Jr. Charlestown,
Johnson, Otis, Lynn.
Johonnot, George S. Salem.
Jones, Llewellyn D. Great Britain,
Josselyn, Lewis, Boston.
Joy, Joseph G. "

Kenrick, Enoch B. JVewton,
Kenrick, John A. "

Kenrick, William, "
Kidder, Samuel, Charlestown,
King, John, Medford,

Lawrence, Abbott, Boston,
Lawrence, Charles, Salem.
Lee, Thomas, Jr. Roxbury.
Leland, Daniel, Sherburne.
Leiand, J. P. "

Lemist, John, Roxbury.
Loring, William J. Boston.
Low, John J. "

Lowell, John, Roxbury.
Lowell, John A. Boston.
Lyman, George W. "

Mackay, John, Boston.
Manners, George, "
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Mason, Thomas, Charlestown.
Mason, Thomas H. "
Mead, Isaac, "

Mead, Samuel O. TVest Cambridge.
Miller, Edward, Boston.
Moffat, Joseph L. "
Morrill, Ambrose, Lexington.
Motley, Edward, Boston.
Munroe, Jonas, Lexington.
Murphy, Dennis, Roxbury.
Mussey, Benjamin, Lexington.

Newell, Joseph R. Boston.
Newell, Joseph W. Charlestown,
Newhall, George, Dorchester.
Newhall, Josiah, Lynnfidd.
Nichols, Otis, Dorchester.
Nuttall, Thomas, Cambridge.

Oliver, Francis J. Boston.
Oliver, William, Dorchester,^
Otis, Harrison G. Boston,
Oxnard, Henry, Brookline,

Parker, Isaac, Boston,
Parris, Alexander, "
Parsons, Theophilus,"
Payne, William E. "
Peabody, Francis, Salem.
Perkins, Samuel G. Boston.
Perkins, Thomas H. "
Perry, Rev'd G. B., East Bradford.
Pettee, Otis, JVewton.
Philbrick, Samuel, Brookline.
Phillips, Stephen C. Salem.

52

Phinney, Elias, Leiingtmi.
Phipps, Rufus T. Charlcstown.
Phipps, Samuel, Darcliester.
Pickmaii, Dudley L. Salem.
Pond, Sanuiel, Cambridge.
Pond, Samuel, Jr. Boston.
Pond, Samuel ;M. Bucksport, Me.
Pool, Ward, Daiivers.
Pratt, George VV. Boston.
Pratt, William, Jr. WateHuwn.
Prescott, William, Boston.
Preston, John, "

Priest, John F. "

Prince, John, Rozbm-y.
Prince, John, Salem.
Prouty, Lorenzo, Boston.
Putnam, Ehenczer, Salem.

Quincy, Josiah, Jr. Boston.

Rand, Edward S. JVeieburifport.

Read, George, Roxburij.

Read, James, Boston.

Rice, Henry, "

Rice, John P. «'

Richards, Edward M. Dedham.

Richardson, Nathan, South Reading.

Robbing, Edward H. Boston.

Robbing, P. G. Roibury.

Rodman, Benjamin, JVew Bedford.

Rogers, R. S. Salem.

Rogerson, Robert, Boston.

Rollins, William, "

Rovvc, Joseph, Milton.

Ruggles, Micah H. Fall River.

Russell, George, M. D. Lincoln.

Russell, John L. Salem.

Russell, Joseph, Boston.

Saltonstall, Leverett, Salem.
Sawyer, M. P. Boston.
Senior, Charles, Roibury.
Sharp, Edward, Dorchester.
Shaw, Francis G. Boston.
Shaw, Lemuel, "

Sheafe, Henry, "

Shurtleff, Samuel A. "
Sisson, Freeborn, Warden, R. I.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Skinner, John, Charlcstown.
Smith, Cyrus, Sandwich.
Smith, J. W. Boston.
Sparhawk, E. C. Cambridge.
Stearns, Charles, Springfield.

Stearns, William, Boston.
Stedman, Josiah, "
Stevens, Isaac, "

Stone, Leonard, IVatcrtown.
Stone, William, "
Sullivan, Ricliard, Brookline.
Sumner, William H. Roibury.
Sutton, William, Jr. Dancers.
Swan, Daniel, Medford.
Sweetser, Samuel, Cambridge.

Tappan, Charles, Boston,
Thaxter, Levi, Watcrtoirn.
Thomas, Benjamin, llingham.
Thompson, George, Mcilford.
Tidd, Jacob, Roxbury.
Tilrten, Joseph, Boslon.
Train, Samuel, Medford.
Tremlelt, Thomas B. Dorchester.
Tucker, Richard D. Boston.
Tyler, George W. Charlcstown.

Vila, James, Boston.
Vose, Elijah, Dorchester.

Walker, Samuel, Roibury.
Ward, Richard, "

Warren, J. L. L. F. Brighton.
Warren, Jonas, Weston.
Warren, Jonathan, Jr. "
Webster, Daniel, Boston.
Webster, John W. Cambridge.
Weld, Aaron D., Jr. Boston.
Weston, Ezra, Jr. "

Wheelwright, John F. "
Wheelwright, Lot, Jr. "
White, Abijah, fVatertown.
White, Stephen, Boston.
Whitmarsh, Samuel, JVorthampton.
Whitmarsh, Thomas, "

Whitney, Benjamin I). Cambridge.
Wight, Ebenezer, Dedham.
Wilder, .Marshal P. Dorchester.
Wilder, S. V. S. Bolton.
Willard, Joseph, Boston.
Williams, Aaron D. Rorbury.
Williiiins, John, Canibridn-e.
Williiims, Nehemiah D. Roibury.
Wilson, John, "

Wiiulicster, William P. Boston.
Winsliip, Francis, Brighton.
Winship, Jonathan, "
Wyeth, Nathaniel, Cambridge.

ISOMTOmj^lE'S" MI5^S>ElgIgai

HON. JOHN Q. ADA3IS, Quiney.

WILLIAM T. AITON, Esq., Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

JOHN ABBOT, Esq., Brunswick, Me.

BENJAMIN ABBOT, LL D., Exeter, N. H.

JESSE BUEL, Esq., Albany.

LE CHEVALIER SOULANGE BODIN, Secretaire-General de la Societe
d'Horticulture de Paris.

EDWARD N. BANCROFT, M. D., President of the Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society of Jamaica.

ROBERT BARCLAY, Esq., Great Britain.

JAMES BEEKMAN, Esq., New York.

HON. P. P. BARBOUR, Virginia.

ZACCHEUS COLLINS, Esq., Philadelphia.

ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC COFFIN, Great Britain.

ISAAC CHAUNCY, Esq., Washington.

HON. HENRY CLAY, Kentucky.

JAMES DICKSON, Esq., Vice-President of the London Horticultural Society.

MONS. ANGUSTIN PYRAMUS DE CANDOLLE, Professor of Botany in the
Academy of Geneva.

DON RAMON DE LA SAGRA, Cuba.

HON. HORACE EVERETT, Vermont.

CHARLES A. EVANSON, Esq., St. Johns, N. B.

F. FALDERMANN, Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at St. Petersburg.

DR. F. E. FISCHER, Professor of Botany of the Imperial Botanic Garden, at
St. Petersburg.

JOSEPH GALES, Jr. Esq., Washington.

JOHN GREIG, Esq., Geneva, State of New York.

MRS. MARY GRIFFITH, Charlies Hope, New Jersey.

HERICART DE THURY, Le Vicomte, President de la Societe d'Horticulture
de Paris.

THOMAS HOPKIRK, Esq., President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.

LEWIS HUNTS, Esq., Huntsburgh, Ohio.

S. P. HILDRETH, M. D., Marietta, Ohio.

JAMES R. INGERSOLL, Esq., Philadelphia.

GEN. ANDREW JACKSON, Nashville, Tenn.

MRS. MARTHA JOHONNOT, Salem.

THOMAS A. KNIGHT, Esq., President of the London Horticultural Society.

JOHN C. LOUDON, Esq., London.

BARON H. CAROL VON LUDWIG, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

LE COMPTE DE LASTEYRIE, Vice-President de la Societe d'Horticulture
de Paris.

FRANKLIN LITCHFIELD, Esq., Porto Cabello.

JACOB LORRILLARD, Esq., New York.

54

JOSHUA LONGSTRETH, Esq , Philadelphia.

NICHOLAS LONGWORTH, Esq., Cinciiinaii.

MONS. F. A. MICHAUX, Paris.

LEWIS J. MURTENS, Esq., Brussels.

3IOSSELL3IAN, Esq., Antwerp.

HON. CHARLES F. MERCER, Virginia.

D. S. M'CAULEY, Esq., Tripoli.

HON. ISAAC 3IcKIM, Baltimore, ftlaryland.

MRS. CHARLOTTE MARRY ATT, Wimbledon, near London.

BARON OTTENFELS, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

MONS. POITEAU, Professor of the Institut Horticole de Froraont.

JOHN H. POWELL, Esq., Powellton, Pennsylvania.

WILLIAM PRINCE, Esq., Long Island, New York.

HENRY PRATT, Esq., Philadelphia.

JOHN PALMER, Esq., Calcutta.

ARCHIBALD JOHN, Earl of Roseberry, President of the Caledonian Horticul-
tural Society.

JOHN SHEPHERD, Esq., Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.

JOHN S. SKINNER, Esq., Baltimore.

JOHN TURNER, Esq., Assistant Secretary of London Horticultural Society.

JAMES THACHER, M. D., Plymouth.

GRANT THORBURN, Esq., New York.

HON. JOHN TALIAFERRO, Virginia.

M. DU PETIT THOURS, Paris, Professor Poiteau of the Institut Horticole de
Fromont.

NATHANIEL TOWSON, Esq., Washington, D. C.

MONS. P. P. A. VILMORIN, Paris.

J. B. VAN MONS, M. D., Brussels.

PETTY VAUGHAN; Esq., London.

HON. STEPHEN VAN RENSELLAER, Albany.

JOSEPH R. VAN ZANDT, Esq., Albany.

FEDERAL VANDERBURG, M. D., New York.

HON. JOHN WELLES, Boston.

NATHANIEL WILLICK, M. D., Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

JAMES WADSWORTH.Esq., Geneseo, New York.

MALTHUS A. WARD, Professor Franklin College, Athens, Georgia.

FREDERICK WOLCOTT, Esq , Litchfield, Connecticut.

ASHTON YATES, Esq., Liverpool.

JOHN ADLUM, Esq., Georgetown, District of Columbia.

THOMAS ASPINWALL, Esq., London.

THOMAS APPLETON, Esq., Leghorn.

DON FRANCISCO AQUILAR, of Moldonoda, in the Banda Oriental.

ISAAC C. BARNET, Esq., Paris.

DR. NEHEMIAH BRUSH, East Florida.

ALEXANDER BURTON, Esq., Cadiz.

55

£. W. BULL, Esq., Hartford, Connecticut.

JOHN VV. BROWN, Esq., Fort Gaines, Georgia.

ROBERT CARR, Esq., Pliiladelphia.

JAMES COLVILLE, Esq., Chelsea, England.

FRANCIS G. CARNES, Esq., Paris.

JAMES DEERING, Esq , Portland, Me.

DR. TINIO V. COBELLEVV, Horticultural Garden, Palermo.

EBENEZER EMMONS, M. D., Williamstown.

MICHAEL FLOY, New York.

JOHN FOX, Esq., Washington, D. C.

NATHANIEL FELLOWS, Esq., Cuba.

WILLIA3I R. FOSTER, Esq., Baltimore.

;lOBERT H. GARDNER, Esq., Gardiner, Me.

ABRAHAM P. GIBSON, Esq.. St. Petersburg.

CHARLES H. HALL, Esq., New York.

JOHN HAY, Esq , Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

ABRAHAM HALSEY, Esq., New York.

REV. T. M. HARRIS, D. D., Boston.

HUNTER, Esq., Baltimore.

THOMAS HOGG, New York.

BERNARD HENRY, Esq., Philadelphia.

1. 1. HITCHCOCK, Esq., Baltimore.

WM. J. JOHNSON, M. D., Fort Gaines, Georgia.

DAVID LANDRETH, Jr. Esq., Philadelphia.

E. S. H. LEONARD, M.D., Providence.

JAMES MAURY, Esq., Virginia.

JOHN MILLER, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural Society,

Jamaica.
STEPHEN MILLS, Esq., Long Island, New York.
DR. JAMES MEASE, Philadelphia.
ALLAN MELVILLE, Esq., New York.
WILLIAM S. M'LEAY, Esq.
rORATIO NEWHALL, M D., Galena, Illinois.
DAVID OFFLEY, Esq., Smyrna.
JAMES OaiBROSI, Esq., Florence.
JOHN PARKER, Esq , Amsterdam.
JOHN L. PAYSON, Esq., Messina.

HON. DAVID PORTER, Charge de Affaires, Constantinople.
WILLIAM R. PRINCE, Esq., Long Island, New York.
ALFRED S. PRINCE, Esq., Long Island.
M. C. PERRY, Esq., U S. Navy.
JOHN J. PALMER, Esq., New York.
WILLIAM S. ROGERS, Esq., United States Navy.
M. D. REYNOLDS, Esq., Schenectady, New York.
J, S. ROGERS, Esq., Hartford, Conn.
JOHN H. RICHARDS, M. D., Paris.
THOMAS R. ROTCH, Esq., Philadelphia.
DANIEL D. SMITH, Esq., Burlington, New Jersey.
GIDEON B. SMITH, Baltimore.
WILLIAM SHAW, Esq., New York.
JUDGE STRONG, Rochester, New York.

56

THOMAS H. STEPHENS, Esq., United States Navy, Middlctown, Connecticut.

CALEB R. SMITH, Esq., New Jersey.

HORATIO SPRAGUE, Esq., United States Consul, Gibraltar.

FRANCIS SUMMEREST, Esq.

WILLIAM F. STRANGE WAY, Esq., British Secretary of Legation at Naples.

GEORGE C. THORBURN, New York.

JOHN TILLSON, Jr., Esq., Illinois.

PROFESSOR TENORE, Director of the Botanical Garden at Naples.

PROFESSOR TINIO, Director of the Botanical Garden at Palermo,

ROBERT THOMPSON, Esq., London.

WILLIAM WILSON, Esq. New York.

J. F. WINGATE, Esq., Bath, Me.

JOSHUA WINGATE, Esq., Portland.

JOSEPH A. WINTHROP, Esq., South Carolina.

MONS. EMILIEN DE WAEL, Antwerp.

ADDRESS

DELIVERED

ON THE DEDICATION.

CEMETERY AT MOUNT AUBURN,

SEPTEMBER 24, 183J.

BY JOSEPH STORY.

TO WHICH IS ADDED AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING A HISTORICAL NOTICE

AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PLACE, WITH A LIST OF THE

PRESENT SUBSCRIBERS.

BOSTON

JOSEPH T. & EDWIN BUCKINGHAM.
1831.

At a meeting of the Committee of the Horticultural Society, Sep-
tember 24, 1831,— it was

" Voted, That the thanks of the Society be given to the Hon. Judge Story
for his eloquent, feeling, and highly pertinent Address, and that he be re-
quested to furnish a copy foi the press."

H. A. S. DEARBORN, Chairman.

Cambridge, Sept. 24, 1831.
Dear Sir —

I resign the manuscript of my Address to the disposal of the Committee
of Arrangements, with my grateful acknowledgements for the indulgence
with which they are pleased to view my labors. I ought to add, that it was
necessarily prepared in great haste, and without any thought of publi-
cation.

I have the honor to remain,

With the highest respect,

Your obliged servant,

JOSEPH STORY.

The Hon. Henry A. S. Dearborn,
Of the Committee of Anangeinents.

ADDRESS.

My Friends,

The occasion, which brings us together, has much
in it calculated to awaken our sensibilities, and cast a
solemnity over our thoughts.

We are met to consecrate these grounds exclusively
to the service and repose of the dead.

The duty is not new ; for it has been performed
for countless millions. The scenery is not new ; for
the hill and the valley, the still, silent dell, and the
deep forest, have often been devoted to the same
pious purpose. But that, which must always give it
a peculiar interest, is, that it can rarely occur except
at distant intervals ; and, whenever it does, it must
address itself to feelings intelligible to all nations, and
common to all hearts.

The patriarchal language of four thousand years
ago is precisely that, to which we would now give
utterance. We are " strangers and sojourners" here.
We have need of " a possession of a burying-place,
that we may bury our dead out of our sight." Let
us have " the field, and the cave w^hich is therein ;

and all the trees, that are in the field, and that are in
the borders round about;" and let them " be made
sure for a possession of a burying-place."

It is the duty of the living thus to provide for the
dead. It is not a mere office of pious regard for oth-
ers ; but it comes home to our own bosoms, as those
who are soon to enter upon the common inheritance.

If there are any feelings of our nature, not bound-
ed by earth, and yet stopping short of the skies,
which are more strong and more universal than all
others, they will be found in our solicitude as to the
time and place and manner of our death ; in the de-
sire to die in the arms of our friends ; to have the
last sad offices to our remains performed by their af-
fection ; to repose in the land of our nativity ; to be
gathered to the sepulchres of our fathers. It is al-
most impossible for us to feel, nay, even to feign, in-
difference on such a subject.

Poetry has told us this truth in lines of transcend-
ant beauty and force, which find a response in every
breast ; —

For who, to dumb Forgetfulness a prey,
This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned.

Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day.
Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind ?

On some fond breast the parting soul relies ;

Some pious drops the closing eye requires ;
E'en from the tomb the voice of Nature cries ;

E'en in our ashes live their wonted fires.

It is in vain, that Philosophy has informed us, that
the whole earth is but a point in the eyes of its Cre-
ator,— nay, of his own creation ; that, wherever we

Bre, — abroad or at home, — on the restless ocean, or
the solid land, — we are still under the protection of
his providence, and safe, as it were, in the hollow of
his hand. It is in vain, that Religion has instructed
us, that we are but dust, and to dust we shall return, —
that whether our remains are scattered to the corners
of the earth, or gathered in sacred urns, there is a
sure and certain hope of a resurrection of the body
and a life everlasting. These truths, sublime and
glorious as they are, leave untouched the feelings, of
which I have spoken, or, rather, they impart to them
a more enduring reality. Dust as we are, the frail
tenements, which enclose our spirits but for a season,
are dear, are inexpressibly dear to us. We derive
solace, nay, pleasure, from the reflection, that when
the hour of separation comes, these earthly remains
will still retain the tender regard of those, whom we
leave behind ; — that the spot, where they shall lie,
will be remembered with a fond and soothing reve-
rence ; — that our children will visit it in the midst of
their sorrows ; and our kindred in remote generations
feel that a local inspiration hovers round it.

Let him speak, who has been on a pilgrimage of
health to a foreign land. Let him speak, who ha«
watched at the couch of a dying friend, far from his
chosen home. Let him speak, who has committed
to the bosom of the deep, with a sudden, startling
plunge, the narrow shroud of some relative or com-
panion. Let such speak, and they will tell you, that
there is nothing, which wrings the heart of the
dying, — aye, and of the surviving, — with sharper

agony, than the thought, that they are to sleep their
last sleep in the land of strangers, or in the unseen
depths of the ocean.

" Bury me not, I pray thee," said the patriarch
Jacob, " bury me not in Egypt : but I will lie with
my fathers. And thou shalt carry me out of Egypt ;
and bury me in their burying-place." — " There they
buried Abraham and Sarah his wife ; there they bu-
ried Isaac and Rebecca his wife ; and there I buried
Leah."

Such are the natural expressions of human feeling,
as they fall from the lips of the dying. Such are the
reminiscences, that forever crowd on the confines of
the passes to the grave. We seek again to have our
home there with our friends, arid to be blest by a
communion with them. It is a matter of instinct,
not of reasoning. It is a spiritual impulse, which
supersedes belief, and disdains question.

But it is not chiefly in regard to the feelings be-
longing to our own mortality, however sacred and
natural, that we should contemplate the establish-
ment of repositories of this sort. There are higher
moral purposes, and more affecting considerations,
which belong to the subject. We should accustom
ourselves to view them rather as means, than as
ends ; rather as influences to govern human conduct,
and to moderate human suffering, than as cares inci-
dent to a selfish foresight.

It is to the living mourner — to the parent, weeping
over his dear dead child — to the husband, dwell-
ing in his own solitary desolation — to the widow,

whose heart is broken by untimely sorrow — to the
friend, who misses at every turn the presence of some
kindred spirit — It is to these, that the repositories
of the dead bring home thoughts full of admonition,
of instruction, and, slowly but surely, of consolation
also. They admonish us, by their very silence, of our
own frail and transitory being. They instruct us in
the true value of life, and in its noble purposes, its
duties, and its destination. They spread around us,
in the reminiscences of the past, sources of pleasing,
though melancholy reflection.

We dwell with pious fondness on the characters and
virtues of the departed ; and, as time interposes its
growing distances between us and them, we gather
up, with more solicitude, the broken fragments of
memory, and weave, as it were, into our very hearts,
the threads of their history. As we sit down by
their graves, we seem to hear the tones of their af-
fection, whispering in our ears. We listen to the
voice of their wisdom, speaking in the depths of our
souls. We shed our tears ; but they fare no longer
the burning tears of agony. They relieve our droop-
ing spirits, and come no longer over us with a death-
ly faintness. We return to the world, and we feel
ourselves purer, and better, and wiser, from this com-
munion with the dead.

I have spoken but of feelings and associations com-
mon to all ages, and all generations of men — to the
rude and the polished — to the barbarian and the civ-
ilized— to the bond and the free — to the inhabitant
of the dreary forests of the north, and the sultry re-

gions of the south — to the worshipper of the sun, and
the worshipper of idols — to the Heathen, dwelling
in the darkness of his cold mythology, and to the
Christian, rejoicing in the light of the true God.
Every where we trace them in the characteristic re-
mains of the most distant ages and nations, and as
far back as human history carries its traditionary out-
lines. They are found in the barrows, and cairns,
and mounds of olden times, reared by the uninstruct-
ed affection of savage tribes ; and, every where, the
spots seem to have been selected with the same ten-
der regard to the living and the dead ; that the mag-
nificence of nature might administer comfort to hu-
man sorrow, and incite human sympathy.

The aboriginal Germans buried their dead in groves
consecrated by their priests. The Egyptians gratified
their pride and soothed their grief, by interring them
in their Elysian fields, or embalming them in their
vast catacombs, or enclosing them in their stupendous
pyramids, the wonder of all succeeding ages. The
Hebrews watched with religious care over their places
of burial. They selected, for this purpose, orna-
mented gardens, and deep forests, and fertile valleys,
and lofty mountains ; and they still designate them
with a sad emphasis, as the " House of the Living."
The ancient Asiatics lined the approaches to their
cities with sculptured sarcophagi, and mausoleums,
and other ornaments, embowered in shrubbery, traces
of which may be seen among their magnificent ruins.
The Greeks exhausted the resources of their exquis-
ite art in adorning the habitations of the dead.

They discouraged interments within the limits of
their cities ; and consigned their reliques to shady
groves, in the neighborhood of murmuring streams
and mossy fountains, close by the favorite resorts of
those, who were engaged in the study of philoso-
phy and nature, and called them, with the elegant
expressiveness of their own beautiful language, Ceme-
teries,* or " Places of Repose." The Romans,
faithful to the example of Greece, erected the mon-
uments to the dead in the suburbs of the eternal city,
(as they proudly denominated it,) on the sides of their
spacious roads, in the midst of trees and ornamental
walks, and ever-varying flowers. The Appian way
was crowded with columns, and obelisks, and ceno-
taphs to the memory of her heroes and sages ; and,
at every turn, the short but touching inscription met
the eye, — Siste Viator, — Pause Traveller, — inviting
at once to sympathy and thoughtfulness. Even the
humblest Roman could read on the humblest grave-
stone the kind offering — " May the earth lie lightly on
these remains !"t And the Moslem Successors of the
emperors, indifferent as they may be to the ordinary
exhibitions of the fine arts, place their burying-grounds
in rural retreats, and embellish them with studious
taste as a religious duty. The cypress is planted at
the head and foot of every grave, and waves with a
mournful solemnity over it. These devoted grounds
possess an inviolable sanctity. The ravages of war
never reach them ; and victory and defeat equally re-
spect the limits of their domain. So that it has been

* ;^o('/(£repia — literally, places of sleep. f " Sit tibi terra levis."

2

10

remarked, with equal truth and beauty, that while the
cities of the living are subject to all the desolations
and vicissitudes incident to human affairs, the cities
of the dead enjoy an undisturbed repose, without
even the shadow of change.

But I will not dwell upon facts of this nature.
They demonstrate, however, the truth, of which I
have spoken. They do more ; they furnish reflec-
tions suitable for our own thoughts on the present
occasion.

If this tender regard for the dead be so absolutely
universal, and so deeply founded in human affection,
why is it not made to exert a more profound influence
on our lives ? Why do we not enlist it with more per-
suasive energy in the cause of human improvement ?
Why do we not enlarge it as a source of religious
consolation ? Why do we not make it a more efficient
instrument to elevate Ambition, to stimulate Genius,
and to dignify Learning ? Why do we not connect it
indissolubly with associations, which charm us in Na-
ture and engross us in Art ? Why do we not dispel
from it that unlovely gloom, from w hich our hearts
turn as from a darkness, that ensnares, and a horror,
that appalls our thoughts ?

To many, nay, to most of the heathen, the bury-
ing-place was the end of all things. They indulged
no hope, at least, no solid hope, of any future inter-
course or re-union with their friends. The farewell
at the grave was a long, and an everlasting farewell.
At the moment, when they breathed it, it brought to
their hearts a startling sense of their own wretched-

11

ness. Yet, when the first tumults of anguish were
passed, they visited the spot, and strewed flowers, and
garlands, and crowns around it, to assuage their grief,
and nourish their piety. They delighted to make it
the abode of the varying beauties of Nature ; to give
it attractions, which should invite the busy and the
thoughtful ; and yet, at the same time, afford ample
scope for the secret indulgence of sorrow.

Why should not Christians imitate such examples ?
They have far nobler motives to cultivate moral sen-
timents and sensibilities ; to make cheerful the path-
ways to the grave ; to combine with deep meditations
on human mortality the sublime consolations of re-
ligion. We know, indeed, as they did of old, that
" man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go
about the streets." But that home is not an ever-
lasting home ; and the mourners may not weep as
those, who are without hope. What is the grave to
Us, but a thin barrier dividing Time from Eternity,
and Earth from Heaven ? What is it but " the ap-
pointed place of rendezvous, where all the travellers
on life's journey meet" for a single night of repose —

" 'T is but a night — a long and moonless night,
We make the Grave our Bed, and then are gone.'

Know we not

" The time draws on

When not a single spot of burial earth,
Whether on land, or in the spacious sea.
But must give up its long committed dust
Inviolate ?" —

Why then should we darken with systematic caution
all the avenues to these repositories ? Why should

12

we deposit the remains of our friends in loathsome
vaults, or beneath the gloomy erypts and cells of our
churches, where the human foot is never heard, save
when the sickly taper lights some new guest to his
appointed apartment, and " lets fall a supernumerary
horror" on the passing procession ? Why should we
measure out a narrow portion of earth for our grave-
yards in the midst of our cities, and heap the dead
upon each other with a cold, calculating parsimony,
disturbing their ashes, and wounding the sensibilities
of the living ? Why should we expose our burying-
grounds to the broad glare of day, to the unfeeling
gaze of the idler, to the noisy press of business, to
the discordant shouts of merriment, or to the baleful
visitations of the dissolute ? Why should we bar up
their approaches against real mourners, whose deli-
cacy would shrink from observation, but whose ten-
derness would be soothed by secret visits to the grave,
and holding converse there with their departed joys ?
Why all this unnatural restraint upon our sympathies
and sorrows, which confines the visit to the grave to
the only time, in which it must be utterly useless —
when the heart is bleeding with fresh anguish, and is
too weak to feel, and too desolate to desire conso-
lation ?

It is painful to reflect, that the Cemeteries in our
cities, crowded on all sides by the overhanging hab-
itations of the living, are walled in only to preserve
them from violation. And that in our country to^viis
they are left in a sad, neglected state, exposed to
every sort of intrusion, with scarcely a tree to shelter

13

their barrenness, or a shrub to spread a grateful shade
over the new-made hillock.

These things were not always so among christians.
They are not worthy of us. They are not worthy of
Christianity in our day. There is much in these
things, that casts a just reproach upon us in the past.
There is much, that demands for the future a more
spiritual discharge of our duties.

Our Cemeteries rightly selected, and properly ar-
ranged, may be made subservient to some of the high-
est purposes of religion and human duty. They may
preach lessons, to which none may refuse to listen,
and which all, that live, must hear. Truths may
be there felt and taught in the silence of our own
meditations, more persuasive, and more enduring,
than ever flowed from human lips. The grave
hath a voice of eloquence, nay, of superhuman
eloquence, which speaks at once to the thoughtless-
ness of the rash, and the devotion of the good ; which
addresses all times, and all ages, and all sexes ; which
tells of wisdom to the wise, and of comfort to the
afflicted ; which warns us of our follies and our
dangers ; which whispers to us in accents of peace,
and alarms us in tones of terror ; which steals with
a healing balm into the stricken heart, and lifts up
and supports the broken spirit ; which awakens a
new enthusiasm for virtue, and disciplines us for its
severer trials and duties ; which calls up the images
of the illustrious dead, with an animating presence for
our example and glory ; and which demands of us, as
men, as patriots, as christians, as immortals, that the

14

powers given by God should be devoted to his ser-
vice, and the minds created by his love, should return
to him with larger capacities for virtuous enjoyment,
and with more spiritual and intellectual brightness.

It should not be for the poor purpose of gratifying
our vanity or pride, that we should erect columns,
and obelisks, and monuments to the dead ; but that
we may read thereon much of our own destiny and
duty. We know, that man is the creature of associa-
tions and excitements. Experience may instruct,
but habit, and appetite, and passion, and imagination,
will exercise a strong dominion over him. These are
the Fates, which weave the thread of his character,
and unravel the mysteries of his conduct. The truth,
which strikes home, must not only have the approba-
tion of his reason, but it must be embodied in a visi-
ble, tangible, practical form. It must be felt, as well
as seen. It must w^arm, as well as convince.

It was a saying of Themistocles, that the trophies
of Miltiades would not suffer him to sleep. The feel-
ing, thus expressed, has a deep foundation in the hu-
man mind ; and, as it is well or ill directed, it will
cover us with shame, or exalt us to glory. The deeds
of the great attract but a cold and listless admiration,
when they pass in historical order before us like mov-
ing shadows. It is the trophy and the monument,
which invest them w ith a substance of local reality.
Who, that has stood by the tomb of Washington on
the quiet Potomac, has not felt his heart more pure,
his wishes more aspiring, his gratitude more wai'm,
and his love of country touched by a holier flame ?

15

Who, that should see erected in shades, like these,
even a cenotaph to the memory of a man, like Buck-
minster, that prodigy of early genius, would not feel,
that there is an excellence over which death hath no
power, but which lives on through all time, still fresh-
ening with the lapse of ages.

But passing from those, who by their talents and
virtues have shed lustre on the annals of mankind, to
cases of mere private bereavement, who, that should
deposit in shades, like these, the remains of a beloved
friend, would not feel a secret pleasure in the thought,
that the simple inscription to his worth would receive
the passing tribute of a sigh from thousands of kin-
dred hearts ? That the stranger and the traveller
would linger on the spot w ith a feeling of reverence ?
That they, the very mourners themselves, when they
should revisit it, would find there the verdant sod,
and the fragrant flower, and the breezy shade ? That
they might there, unseen, except of God, ojfifer up
their prayers, or indulge the luxury of grief? That
they might there realize, in its full force, the affect-
ing beatitude of the scriptures ; " Blessed are they
that mourn, for they shall be comforted ?"

Surely, surely, we have not done all our duty, if
there yet remains a single incentive to human virtue,
without its due play in the action of life, or a single
stream of happiness, which has not been made to
flow in upon the waters of affliction.

Considerations, like those, which have teen sug-
gested, have for a long time turned the thoughts of
many distinguished citizens to the importance of some

16

more appropriate places of sepulture. There is a
growing sense in the community of the inconvenien-
ces, and painful associations, not to speak of the un-
healthiness of interments, beneath our churches. The
tide, which is flowing with such a steady and widen-
ing current into the narrow peninsula of our Metrop-
olis, not only forbids the enlargement of the common
limits, but admonishes us of the increasing dangers
to the ashes of the dead from its disturbing move-
ments. Already in other cities, the church-yards are
closing against the admission of new incumbents, and
begin to exhibit the sad spectacle of promiscuous
ruins and intermingled graves.

We are, therefore, but anticipating at the present
moment, the desires, nay the necessities of the next
generation. We are but exercising a decent anxiety
to secure an inviolable home for ourselves and our
posterity. We are but inviting our children and their
descendants, to what the Moravian Brothers have,
with such exquisite propriety, designated as " the
Field of Peace."

A rural Cemetery seems to combine in itself all the
advantages, which can be proposed to gratify human
feelings, or tranquillize human fears ; to secure the
best religious influences, and to cherish all those as-
sociations, which cast a cheerful light over the dark-
ness of the grave.

And what spot can be more appropriate than this,
for such a purpose ? Nature seems to point it out
with significant energy, as the favorite retirement for
the dead. There are around us all the varied fea-

17

tures of her beauty and grandeur — the forest-crowned
height ; the abrupt acclivity ; the sheltered valley ;
the deep glen ; the grassy glade ; and the silent
grove. Here are the lofty oak, the beech, that
" wreathes its old fantastic roots so high," the rust-
ling pine, and the drooping willow ; — the tree, that
sheds its pale leaves with every autumn, a fit emblem
of our own transitory bloom ; and the evergreen, with
its perennial shoots, instructing us, that " the wintry
blast of death kills not the buds of virtue." Here is
the thick shrubbery to protect and conceal the new-
made grave ; and there is the wild-flower creeping
along the narrow path, and planting its seeds in the
upturned earth. All around us there breathes a
solemn calm, as if we were in the bosom of a wil-
derness, broken only by the breeze as it murmurs
through the tops of the forest, or by the notes of the
warbler pouring forth his matin or his evening song.
Ascend but a few steps, and what a change of
scenery to surprise and delight us. We seem, as it
were in an instant, to pass from the confines of death,
to the bright and balmy regions of life. Below us
flows the winding Charles with its rippling current,
like the stream of time hastening to the ocean of
eternity. In the distance, the City, — at once the ob-
ject of our admiration and our love, — rears its proud
eminences, its glittering spires, its lofty towers, its
graceful mansions, its curling smoke, its crowded
haunts of business and pleasure, which speak to the
eye, and yet leave a noiseless loneliness on the ear.
Again we turn, and the wails of our venerable Uni-
3

18

versitj rise before us, with many a recollection of
happy days passed there in the interchange of study
and friendship, and many a grateful thought of the
affluence of its learning, which has adorned and nour-
ished the literature of our country. Again we turn,
and the cultivated farm, the neat cottage, the village
church, the sparkling lake, the rich valley, and the
distant hills, are before us through opening vistas ;
and we breathe amidst the fresh and varied labors of
man.

There is, therefore, within our reach, every variety
of natural and artificial scenery, which is fitted to
awaken emotions of the highest and most affecting
character. We stand, as it were, upon the borders
of two worlds ; and as the mood of our minds may
be, we may gather lessons of profound wisdom by
contrasting the one with the other, or indulge in the
dreams of hope and ambition, or solace our hearts by
melancholy meditations.

Who is there, that in the contemplation of such a
scene, is not ready to exclaim with the enthusiasm of
the Poet,

" Mine be the breezy hill, that skirts the down,
Where a green, grassy turf is all I crave.

With here and there a violet bestrown,

Fast by a brook, or fountain's murmuring wave.

And many an evening sun shine sweetly on my grave ?"

And we are met here to consecrate this spot, by
these solemn ceremonies, to such a purpose. The
Legislature of this Commonwealth, with a parental
foresight has clothed the Horticultural Society with
authority (if I may use its own language) to make

19

a perpetual dedication of it, as a Rural Cemetery or
Burying-Ground, and to plant and embellish it with
shrubbery, and flowers, and trees, and walks, and
other rural ornaments. And I stand here by the or-
der and in behalf of this Society, to declare that, by
these services, it is to be deemed henceforth and for-
ever so dedicated. Mount Auburn, in the noblest
sense, belongs no longer to the living, but to the
dead. It is a sacred, it is an eternal trust. It is
consecrated ground. May it remain forever invio-
late!

What a multitude of thoughts crowd upon the
mind in the contemplation of such a scene. How
much of the future, even in its far distant reaches,
rises before us with all its persuasive realities. Take
but one little narrow space of time, and how affecting
are its associations ! Within the flight of one half
century, how many of the great, the good, and the
wise, will be gathered here ! How many in the love-
liness of infancy, the beauty of youth, the vigor of
manhood, and the maturity of age, will lie down here,
and dwell in the bosom of their mother earth ! The
rich and the poor, the gay and the wretched, the fa-
vorites of thousands, and the forsaken of the world,
the stranger in his solitary grave, and the patriarch
surrounded by the kindred of a long lineage ! How
many will here bury their brightest hopes, or blasted
expectations ! How many bitter tears will here be
shed ! How many agonizing sighs will here be heav-
ed ! How many trembling feet will cross the path-

20

ways, and returning, leave behind them the dearest
objects of their reverence or their love !

And if this were all, sad indeed, and funereal would
be our thoughts ; gloomy, indeed, would be these
shades, and desolate these prospects.

But — thanks be to God — the evils, which he per-
mits, have their attendant mercies, and are blessings
in disguise. The bruised reed will not be laid utterly
prostrate. The wounded heart will not always bleed.
The voice of consolation will spring up in the midst
of the silence of these regions of death. The mourner
will revisit these shades with a secret, though melan-
choly pleasure. The hand of friendship will delight
to cherish the flowers, and the shrubs, that fringe the
lowly grave, or the sculptured monument. The ear-
Jiest beaina of_the inorning will play upon these sum-
mits with a refreshing cheerfulness ; and the lingering
tints of evening hover on them with a tranquilizing
glow- Spring will invite thither the footsteps of the
young by its opening foliage ; and Autumn detain the
contemplative by its latest bloom. The votary of
learning and science will here learn to elevate his
genius by the holiest studies. The devout will here
offer up the silent tribute of pity, or the prayer of
gratitude. The rivalries of the world will here drop
from the heart ; the spirit of forgiveness will gather
new impulses ; the selfishness of avarice will be
checked ; [the restlessness of ambition will be re-
buked ; vanity will let fall its plumes ; and pride,
as it sees " what shadows we are, and what shadows

21

we pursue," will acknowledge the value of virtue as
far, immeasurably far, beyond that of fame.

But that, which will be ever present, pervading
these shades, like the noon-day sun, and shedding
cheerfulness around, is the consciousness, the irrepres-
sible consciousness, amidst all these lessons of human
mortality, of the higher truth, that we are beings, not
of time but of eternity — " That this corruptible must
put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on im-
mortality." That this is but the threshold and start-
ing point of an existence, compared with whose dura-
tion the ocean is but as a drop, nay the whole crea-
tion an evanescent quantity.

Let us banish, then, the thought, that this is to be
the abode of a gloom, which will haunt the imagina-
tion by its terrors, or chill the heart by its solitude.
Let us cultivate feelings and sentiments more worthy
of ourselves, and more worthy of Christianity. Here
let us erect the memorials of our love, and our grati-
tude, and our glory. Here let the brave repose, who
have died in the cause of their country. Here let the
statesman rest, who has achieved the victories of
peace, not less renowned than war. Here let genius
find a home, that has sung immortal strains, or has
instructed with still diviner eloquence. Here let
learning and science, the votaries of inventive art,
and the teacher of the philosophy of nature come.
Here let youth and beauty, blighted by premature
decay, drop, like tender blossoms, into the virgin
earth ; and here let age retire, ripened for the har-

22

vest. Above all, here let the benefactors of mankmd,
the good, the merciful, the meek, the pure in heart,
be congregated ; for to them belongs an undying
praise. And let us take comfort, nay, let us rejoice,
that in future ages, long after we are gathered to the
generations of other days, thousands of kindling hearts
w^ill here repeat the sublime declaration, " Blessed
are the dead, that die in the Lord, for they rest from
their labors ; and their works do follow them."

APPENDIX.

BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.

The recent purchase and disposition of the grounds at Mount
Auburn, has effected the consummation of two designs, which for
a considerable time have been cherished by numerous members
of the community, in the city of Boston, and its vicinity. One
of these, is the institution of a Garden for the promotion of Scien-
tific Horticuhure ; — the other, the establishment, in the environs
of the city, of a retired and ornamented place of Sepulture.

Six or seven years ago, meetings were held, and measures
taken, to carry into effect the plan of a private rural Cemetery,
But although there appeared to be no want of interest in the de*
sign, and of numbers sufficient to effect its execution, yet the
scheme was suspended, from the difficulty of obtaining, at that
time, a lot of land in all respects eligible for the purpose.

After the establishment of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, in 1829, it occurred to some of its members, that a Ceme-
tery of the character which had been desired, might with great
propriety be instituted under the auspices of this new Society,
and that by a union of the interests of each institution, the suc-
cess and permanency of tlieir objects might be reciprocally pro-
moted Upon a notification signed by Dr. J. Bigelow and John
C. Gray, Esq. a meeting of gentlemen was held at the Exchange
Coffee House, November 27, 1830, for the general consideration of
the subject. At this meeting it was announced that a tract of ground,
of about seventy acres, at the place then called Sweet Auburn,
raid owned by G. W. Brimmer, Esq., would be placed at the dis-
posal of the Society. A committee was appointed at a cotem-
poraneous meeting of the Horticultural Society, to consider the
expediency of making this purchase, and to devise measures for
forwarding the design of a rural Cemetery and experimental Gar-
den. This committee afterwards obtained leave to fill their own
vacancies, and to enlarge their number by the addition of persons
not members of the Horticultural Society. A report in behalf of
this committee was afterwards made by Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn,
President of the Society, and published in the newspapers, in
which an extensive and able exposition was made of the advan-
tages of the undertaking.

At a meeting of persons favorably disposed towards the design,
held at the Horticultural Rooms, June Sth, 1831, a strong and
general wish was manifested for the immediate prosecution of tlie
undertaking. A committee of twenty was chosen to consider
and report upon a general plan of proceedings. The following

24

gentlemen constituted this committee : — Messrs. Joseph Story,
Daniel Webster, Henry A. S. Dearborn, Samuel Appleton,
Charles Lowell, Jacob Bigelow, Edward Everett, George Bond,
George W. Brimmer, Abbot Lawrence, James T. Austin, Frank-
lin Dexter, Alexander H. Everett, Charles P. Curtis, Joseph P.
Bradlee, John Pierpont, Zebedee Cook, jr., Charles Tappan,
Lucius M. Sargent, and George W. Pratt. This committee sub-
sequently offered the following Report, which was accepted, and
made the basis of subscription for those who might become
proprietors.

The Committee of the Horticultural Society, to whom was referred the
method of raising subscriptions for the Experimental Garden and Ceme-
tery, beg leave to Report : —

1. That it is expedient to purchase for a Garden and Cemetery, a tract
of land, commonly known by the name of Sweet Auburn, near the road
leading from Cambridge to Watertown, containing about seventy-two acres,
for the sum of six thousand dollars ; provided this sum can be raised in the
manner proposed in the second article of this Report.

2. That a subscription be opened for lots of ground in the said tract, con-
taining not less than two hundred square feet each, at the price of sixty
dollars for each lot, — the subscription not to be binding until one hundred
lots are subscribed for.

3. That when a hundred or more lots are taken, the right of choice shall
be disposed of at an auction, of which seasonable notice shall be given to
the subscribers.

4. That those subscribers, v/ho do not offer a premium for the right of
choosing, shall have their lots assigned to them by lot.

5. That the fee of the land shall be vested in the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, but that the use of the lots, agreeably to an act of the
Legislature, respecting the same, shall be secured to the subscribers, their
heirs, and assigns, forever.

C. That the land devoted to the purpose of a Cemetery shall contain not
less than forty acres.

7. That every subscriber, upon paying for his lot, shall become a mem-
ber for life, of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, without being sub-
ject to assessments.

8. That a Garden and Cemetery Committee, of nine persons, shall be
chosen annually, first by the subscribers, and afterwards by the Horticultu-
ral Society, whose duty it shall be to cause the necessary surveys and al-
lotments to be made, to assign a suitable tract of land for the Garden of the
Society, and to direct all matters appertaining to the regulation of the Gar-
den and Cemetery ; and five at least of tliis Committee shall be persons
having rights in the Cemetry.

'J. That the establishment, including the Garden and Cemetery, be called
by a definite name, to be supplied by the Committee.

The protection of the Legislature of the Commonwealth, being
considered indispensable, the following Act, was applied for and
obtained.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
In the year of our Lord one thmisimd einht hundred and thirty-one.
An Act, in addition to an Act. entitled " An Act to incorporate the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society."
Section L Beit enacted by the Sciui'e and House of Representatives, in
General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That the Massa-

25

cliusetts Horticultural Society be, and hereby are. authorised, in addition
to the powers already conferred on them, to dedicate and appropriate any
part of the real estate now owned or hereafter to be purchased by them, as
and for a Rural Cemetery or Burying Ground, and for the erection of
Tombs, Cenotaphs, or other Monuments, for, or in memory of the dead ;
and for this purpose, to lay out the same in suitable lots or other subdi-
visions, for family, and other Jjurying places; and to plant and embellish the
same with shrubbery, flowers, trees, walks, and other rural ornaments, and
to enclose and divide the same witli proper walls and enclosures, and to
make and annex thereto other suitable appendages and conveniences, as the
Society shall from time to time deem expedient. And whenever the said
Society shall so lay out and appropriate any of their real estate for a Ceme-
tery or Burying Ground, as aforesaid, the same shall be deemed a perpetual
dedication thereof for the purposes aforesaid ; and the real estate so dedi-
cated shall be forever held by the said Society, in trust for such purposes,
and for none other. And the said Society, shall have authority to grant
and convey to any person or persons, the sole and exclusive right of burial,
and of erecting Tombs, Cenotaphs, and other Monuments, in any such de-
signated lots and subdivisions, upon such terms and conditions, and sub-
ject to such regulations as the said Society shall by their by-laws and regu-
lations prescribe. And every right so granted and conveyed shall be held
for the purposes aforesaid, and for none other, as real estate, by the pro-
prietor or proprietors thereof, and shall not be subject to attachment or
execution.

Section II. Be it further enacted, That for the purposes of this Act, the
said Society shall be, and hereby are authorised to purchase and hold any
real estate not exceeding ten thousand dollars in value, in addition to the
real estate which they are now by law authorised to purchase and hold.
And to enable the said Society more effectually to carry the plan aforesaid
into effect, and to provide funds for the same, the said Society shall
be, and hereby are, authorised to open subscription books, upon such
terms, condition*, and regulations as the said Society shall prescribe,
which shall be deemed fundamental and perpetual articles, between the
said Society, and the subscribers. And every person, who shall become
a subscriber in conformity thereto, shall be deemed a member for life of the
said Society without the payment of any other assessment whatsoever ; and
shall moreover be entitled, in fee simple, to the sole and exclusive right of
using, as a place of burial, and of erecting Tombs, Cenotaphs, and other
Monuments in such lot or subdivision of such Cemetery or Burying Ground,
as shall in conformity to such fundamental articles be assigned to him.

Section III. Be it further enacted, That the President of said Society
shall have authority to call any special meeting or meetings of the said So-
ciety, at such time and place as he shall direct, for the purpose of carrying
into effect any or all the purposes of this Act, or any other purposes within
the purview of the original Act, to which this Act is in addition.

In House of Representatives, June 22d, 1831. Passed to be enacted.

WILLIAM B. CALHOUN, Speaker.

In Senate, June 23d, 1831. Passed to be enacted.

LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, President.

June 23d, 1831. Approved.

LEVI LINCOLN.
A true Copy.

.Attest, EDWARD D. BANGS,

Secretary of Commonwealth.

26

At a meeting of subscribers, called August 3d, 1831, it ap-
peared that one hundred lots in the Cemetery, had at that time
been taken by subscription ; and that, therefore, agreeably to the
terms, the subscription had become obligatory. The following
gentlemen were then chosen to constitute the Garden and Ceme-
tery Committee : — Messrs. Joseph Story, Henry A. S. Dearborn,
Jacob Bigelow, Edward Everett, George W. Brimmer, George
Bond, Charles Wells, Benjamin A. Gould, and George W. Pratt.
At the same time it was resolved that a public religious consecra-
tion should be held upon the grounds, and the following gentle-
men were appointed a committee to make arrangements for that
purpose : — Messrs. Joseph Story, Henry A. S. Dearborn, Charles
P. Curtis, Charles Lowell, Zebedee Cook, jr., Joseph T.
Buckingham, George W. Brimmer, George W. Pratt, and Z. B.
Adams.

At a meeting of the Garden and Cemetery Committee, August
8th, it was voted that General Dearborn, Dr. Bigelow, and Mr.
Brimmer, be a sub-committee to procure an accurate topographi-
cal survey of Mount Auburn, and to report a plan for laying it
out into lots. This sub-committee engaged the services of Mr.
Alexander Wadworth, Civil Engineer, with whose assistance they
have now completed the duty assigned to them.

The public religious consecration of the Cemetery, took place
on Saturday, September 24th, 1831. A temporary amphitheatre
was fitted up with seats, in one of the deep vallies of the wood,
having a platform for the speakers erected at the bottom. An
audience of nearly two thousand persons were seated among the
trees, adding a scene of picturesque beauty to the impressive
solemnity of the occasion. The order of performances was as
follows : —

1. Instrumental Music, by the Boston Band.

2. Introductory Prayer, by Rev. Dr. Ware.

3. HYMN,
Written by the Rev. Mr. Pierpont.

To thee, O God. in humble trust,

Our hearts their cheerful incense burn,
For this thy word, " Thou art of dust,

And unto dust shalt thou return."

For, what were life, life's work all done.
The hopes, joys, loves, that cling to clay,

All, all departed, one by one.

And yet life's load borne on for aye !

Decay ! Decay ! 'tis stamped on all !

All bloom, in flower and flesh shall fade;
Ye whispering trees, when we shall fall,

Be otir long sleep beneath your shade !

27

Here to thy bosom, mother Earth.

Take back, in peace, what thou hast given ;
And all that is of heavenly birth,

O God, in peace, recall to Heaven !

4. ADDRESS,
BY THE Hon. Joseph Story.
5. Concluding Prayer, by the Rev. Mr. Pierpont.
6. Music by the Band.

The following account of the scene is taken from the Boston
Courier of the time.

An unclouded sun and an atmosphere purified by the showers of the
preceding night, combined to make the day one of the most delightful we
ever experience at this season of the year. It is unnecessary for us to say
that the address by Judge Story was pertinent to the occasion, for if the
name of the orator were not sufficient, the perfect silence of the multitude,
enabling him to be heard with distinctness at the most distant part of the
beautiful ampjiitheatre in which the services were pert'ormed, will be suffi-
cient testimony as to its worth and beauty. Neither is it in our power to
furnish any adeqiiate description of the effijct produced by the music of the
thousand voices which joined in the hymn, as it swelled in chastened
melody from the bottom of the glen, and, like the spirit of devotion, found
an echo in every heart, and pervaded the whole scene.

The tiatural features of Mount Auburn are incomparable for the purpose
to which it is now sacred. There is not in all the untrodden vallies of the
West, a more secluded, more natural or appropriate spot for the religious
exercises of the living ; we may be allowed to add our doubts whether the
most opulent neighborhood of Europe furnishes a spot so singularly appro-
priate for a " Garden of Graves."

In the course of a few years, wlien the hand of Taste shall have passed
over the luxuriance of Nature, we may challenge the rivalry of the world to
produce another such abiding place for the spirit of beauty. Mount Auburn
has been but little known to the citizens of Boston ; but it li-as now become
holy ground, and

Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of Mie plain,
— a village of the quick and the silent, wliere Nature throws an air of cheer-
fulness over the labors of Death, — will soon be a place of more general re-
sort, both for ourselves and for strangers, than any other spot in the vicinit}''.
Where else shall we go with the musings of Sadness, or for the indulgence
of Grief; where to cool the burning brow of Ambition, or relieve the
swelling heart of Disappointment .'' We can find no better spot, for the
rambles of curiosity, health or pleasure ; none sweeter, for the whispers of
affection among the living ; none lovelier, for the last rest of our kindred.

The tract of land which has received the name of Mount
Auburn, is situated on the southerly side of the main road leading
from Cambridge to Watertown, and is partly witliin the limits of
each of those towns. Its distance from Boston is about four
miles. The place was formerly known by the name of Stone's
Woods, the title to most of the land having remained in the
family of Stone, from an early period after the settlement of
the country. Within a few years, the hill and part of the wood-
land were offered for sale, and were purchased by George W.

28

Brimmer, Esq., wliose object was to prevent the destruction of
the trees, and to preserve so beautiful a spot for some public, or
appropriate use. The purchase which has now been made by the
liorticultural Society, includes between seventy and eighty acres,
extending from the road, nearly to the banks of Charles river. A
portion of the land situated next to the road, and now under cul-
tivation, is intended to constitute the Experimental Garden of the
Horticultural Society. A long water-course extending between
this tract and the interior w^oodland, forms a natural boundary,
separating the two sections. The inner portion, which is set
apart for the purposes of a Cemetery, is covered, throughout
most of its extent with a vigorans growth of forest trees, many
of them of large size, and comprising an unusual variety of
kinds. This tract is beautifully undulating in its surface, con-
taining a number of bold eminences, steep acclivities, and deep
shadowy vallies. A remarkable natural ridge with a level surface
runs through the ground from south-east to north-west and has for
many years been known as a secluded and favorite walk. The
principal eminence, called Mount Auburn in the plan, is one
hundred and twenty-five feet above the level of Charles river, and
commands from its summit one of the finest prospects which can
be obtained in the environs of Boston. On one side is the city
in full view, connected at its extremities with Chailestown and
Roxbury. The serpentine course of Charles river, with the cul-
tivated hills and fields rising beyond it, and having the Blue
Hills of Milton in the distance, occupies another portion of the
landscape. The village of Cambridge, with the venerable edifi-
ces of Harvard University, are situated about a mile to the east-
ward. On the north, at a very small distance. Fresh Pond ap-
pears, a handsome sheet of water, finely diversified by its woody
and irregular shores. Country seats and cottages seen in various
directions, and especially those on the elevated land at Water-
town, add much to the picturesque effect of the scene. It is
proposed to erect on the summit of Mount Auburn, a Tower,
after some classic model, of sufficient height to rise above the
tops of the surrounding trees. This will serve the double pur-
pose of a landmark to identify the spot from a distance, and of an
observatory commanding an uninterrupted view of the coun-
try around it. From the foot of this monument will be seen in
detail the features of the landscape, as they are successively pre-
sented through the different vistas which have been opened among
the trees ; while 'from its summit, a magnificent and unbroken
panorama, embracing one of the most delightful tracts in New-
England, will be spread out beneath the eye. Not only the con-
tiguous country, but the harbor and the bay of Boston, with their
ships and islands, and, in a clear atmosphere, the distant moun-

29

tains of Wachusett, and probably, even of Monadnock, will be
comprehended within the range of vision.

The grounds of the Cemetery have been laid out with inter-
secting avenues, so as to render every part of the wood accessi-
ble. These avenues are curved and variously winding in their
course, so as to be adapted to the natural inequalities of the sur-
face. By this arrangement, the greatest economy of the land is
produced, combining at the same time the picturesque effect of
landscape gardening. Over the more level portions, the avenues
are made twenty feet wide, and are suitable for carriage roads.
The more broken and precipitous parts are approached by foot-
paths, which are six feet in v.idth. These passage-ways are to be
smoothly gravelled, and planted on both sides with flowers and
ornamental shrubs. Lots of ground, containing each three
hundred square feet, are set off, as family burial places, at suita-
ble distances on the sides of the avenues and paths. The per-
petual right of inclosing and of using these lots, as places of
sepulture, is conveyed to the purchasers of them, by the Horticul-
tural Society. It is confidently expected that many of the pro-
prietors will, without delay, proceed to erect upon their lots such
monuments and appropriate structures, as will give to the place a
part of the solemnity and beauty, which it is destined ultimately
to acquire.

It has been voted to procure, or construct, a receiving tomb in
Boston, and another at Mount Auburn, at which, if desired,
funerals may terminate, and in which the remains of the deceased
may be deposited, until such time as the friends shall choose to
direct their removal to the Cemetery ; this period, however, not
to exceed six months.

The principal entrance to Mount Auburn, will be through a
lofty Egyptian gateway, which it is proposed to erect on the
main road, at the commencement of the Central Avenue. Anoth-
er entrance or gateway is provided on the cross road at the eastern
foot of the hill. Whenever the funds of the corporation shall
justify the expense, it is proposed that a small Grecian or Gothic
Temple shall be erected on a conspicuous eastern eminence,
which in reference to this allotment has received the prospective
name of Temple Hill.

As the designation and conveyance of the lots requires that they
should be described with reference to places bearing fixed ap-
pellations, it has been found necessary to give names to the
avenues, foot-paths, hills, &c. The names v.hich have been
adopted, were suggested chiefly by natural objects and obvious
associations. Taken in connexion with the printed plan, they
will be found sufiicient to identify any part of the ground, without
the probability of mistake.

A VENUES.

Beech Avenue leads from Central to Poplar.

Cedar" " " Cypress to Walnut.

Central " " North entrance to Walnut.

Chesnut " " Mountain to Poplar.

Cypress " " Central to Walnut.

Garden " " Cross Road to Central.

Larch " " Poplar to Maple.

Laurel " " Walnut round Laurel Hill.

Locust " " Beech to Poplar.

Magnolia " <' Chesnut to Maple.

Maple " '• Magnolia to Garden.

Mountain " " Chesnut round Mount Auburn.

Oak " " Willow to Larch.

Pine " " Cypress to Central.

Poplar " " Central to Chesnut.

Walnut " " Central to Mountain.

Willow " " Poplar to Larch.

FOOT-PATHS.

Alder Path leads from Locust avenue to Poplar avenue.

Catalpa '• " Indian ridge path to the same.

Hawthorn " " Chesnut avenue to Hazel path.

Hazel " '• Hawthorn path to Mountain avenue.

Hemlock " " Ivy path to Poplar avenue.

Holly " '• Poplar avenue to Ivy path.

Indian ridge " " Larch avenue to Central avenue.

Iris " " Ivy path to Moss path.

Ivy " " Poplar avenue to Woodbine path.

Jasmine " '• Hawthorn path to Chesnut avenue.

Lilac " " Indian ridge path to Willow avenue.

Lily " " Woodbine path to Poplar avenue.

Linden " " Beech avenue to the same.

Myrtle " " Chesnut avenue to Hazel path.

Moss " " Ivy path to Laurel avenue.

Olive " " Myrtle path to Sweetbriar path.

Osier " " Indian ridge path to Willow avenue.

Rose " " Hawthorn path to the same.

Sumac " " Moss path to Violet path.

Sweetbriar " " Chesnut avenue to Hawthorn path.

Violet " " Laurel avenue to Ivy path.

Vine " " Moss path to Ivy path.

Woodbine " " Hawthorn path round Cedar hill.

Mount Auburn,
Harvard liill,
Temple hill,
Juniper hill.

HILLS

Cedar hill.
Pine hill.
Laurel hill.

PRESENT SUBSCRIBERS TO MOUNT AUBURN.

Abel Adams,
Benjamin Adams,
C. Frederic Adams,
Z. B. Adams,
Nathan Appleton,
Samuel Appleton,
James T. Austin,
William Austin,
Charles Barnard,
Charles B. Brown,
G. W. Brimmer,
Jacob Bigelow,
George Bond,
J. B. Brown,
Benjamin Bussey,
Joseph P. Bradlee,
I. Barker,
J. T. Buckingham,
Edwin Buckingham,
James Boyd,
John Brown,
Levi Brigham,
Charles Brown,
Ebenezer Bailey,
Joshua Blake,
Dennis Brigham,
Jesse Bird,
Zebedee Cook, Jr.,
Charles P. Curtis,
Thomas B. Curtis,
Joseph Coolidge,
Samuel F. Coolidge,

Alpheus Cary,
George W. Coffin,
Joshua Clapp,
George G. Channing,
E. Craigie,
Joshua Coolidge,
H. A. S. Dearborn,
John Davis,
Daniel Davis,
Franklin Dexter,
Warren Dutton,
Daniel Denny,
James Davis,
James A. Dickson,
Richard C. Derby,
Alexander H. Everett,
Edward Everett,
David Eckley,
John Farrar,
Robert Farley,
Richard Fletcher,
Charles Folsom,
David Francis,
Benjamin Fisk,
B. B. Grant,
John C. Gray,
B. A. Gould,
Elisha Haskell,
Charles Hickling,
Zachariah Hicks,
Abraham Howard,
Thomas Hastings,

32

Henderson Inches,
William Ingalls,
Deniing Jarvis,
Joseph B. Joy,
George H. Kuhn,
William Lawrence,
Amos Lawrence,
Abbott Lawrence,
Isaac Livermore,
Josiah Loring,
John Lemist,
Charles Lowell,
Isaac McLellan,
Isaac Mead,
Robert D. C. Merry,
Francis J. Oliver,
John Pierpont,
George W. Pratt,
Samuel Pond,
Edward W. Payne,
T. H. Perkins, Jr.,
Francis Parkman,
Isaac Parker,
Josiah Quincy,
John Randall,
Henry Rice,
James Read,
J. P. Rice,
J. L. Russell,
Joseph Story,
Henry B. Stone,

George C. Shattuck,
William Stanwood,
David Stanwood,
L. M. Sargent,
D. A. Simmons,
James T. Savage,
Robert G. Shaw,
Jared Sparks,
James Savage,
P. R. L. Stone,
Leonard Stone,
Asahel Stearns,
David Stone,
Charles Tappan,
Frederic Tudor,
J. F. Thayer,
Peter Thacher,
Supply C. Thwing,
Charles Wells,
Samuel Whitwell,
S. G. Williams,
Benjamin F. White,
Abijah White,
Thomas Wiley,
Thomas B. Wales,
Rufus Wyman,
Henry Ware,
Benjamin Waterliouse,
Samuel Walker, -
F. S. J. Winship,
Jonathan Winship.

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