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r, Contr Flora of lowa...

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ratty, Notes on Aquatic Phenogams....

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Fin nh Plichts,Orchids i Ferns. ‘
vie vanval of Flowetine plants....

ik Prairie Flowern of late Autumn.

«hyta of Ames --. «-
-WMackride, Nyxomycetes of the Elackhills.
_ Panmel, report of the Departp of Fotany...

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Pammel, fote on the Flora of Western Iowa.

Parry, Review of some totanical Observations

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ed at | ih
iat, Dr. Parry's Farewell Address. ..-. .

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- Ravel ,Report on the Med. And Economical ota.

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PLANTS.

A CATALOGUE OF THE

PHHNOGAMOUS

CONTRIBUTIONS
‘Flora of lowa;_

®
. >
ae ; ~ «”] : - . .
P : , . - : pe P
: —- ; ee een + ht wget eee Seeseeen's Sen - rrcreen san Renamed aes Sa gC AE ET

—

CONTRIBUTIONS ai
EO EP ELE BOTAN?
Carpet.

Fiera of Lowa;

A CATALOGUE OF THE

PHAINOGAMOUS PLANTS.

PREPARED BY

J.C. ARTHUR.

CHARLES CITY:
‘SINTELLIGENCER’’? BOOK PRINT.
1876.

PUBLISHED FOR THE

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION,

BY THE
IOWA CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

a i

Pigs PACS

IN offering this Catalogue to the public, it is proper to state
that it has been prepared very hurriedly; the collection upon
which it is based, with the exception of the part taken from
the fine herbarium of the State Agricultural College, and from
a few comparatively small collections made in previous years,
having been made during the summer of 1875. Although
Botany is taught quite generally in the various schools of the

. . . 2 . . .
State, yet, with few exceptions, little or no attention is given

to the systematic preparation and preservation of native plants,
even in the higher Institutions; hence the difficulty of making
a complete showing of the Iowa flora.

In preparing the work, accuracy has been thought more de-
sirable than a larger list of names. It is to be hoped that
as soon as data can be secured, a more complete Catalogue,
with the Cryptogams added, may be published before many of
the rarer kinds of plants are exterminated by fires, cattle, cul-
tivation, and other causes.

The information is yet too meagre for a paper on the very
interesting subject of geographical distribution. Though lying
west of the Mississippi river, which would seem to indicate a
western flora, the State in this respect is characteristically
eastern. Yet the greater or less variation in the manner of
growth, development of parts, and habitat, often show the
effect upon the species of the western climatic and _ other
influences.

Collections have been received from various places in the
eastern half of the State, and the middle through to the Mis-

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

souri river, but the large tracts of country lying in the north-

west and southwest parts, with their rich and varied flora,

could not be reached.

I am under many obligations for valuable contributions and
assistance to PRor. C. E. BrssrEy, of the Iowa Agricultural
College, who published, in the ‘‘ Fourth Biennial Report of
the Agricultural College, 1871,” the first and only ‘* Contribu-
tion to the Flora of Iowa”? thus far made, and who _ has
since been indefatigable in his labors in the Botanical field.
I am also greatly indebted to J. W. ConGpon, of East
Greenwich, R. I., and to Dr. GEO. ENGELMANN, of St. Louis,
Mo., for the examination and determination of many speci-
mens. Also to the following gentlemen of the State for con-
tributions of specimens and lists of plants of their respective
localities: J. G. Haupt, Davenport, list of plants from the
advance sheets of the ‘‘ Report of the Academy of. Sciences”’
of that place; .E..W. Ho.way, . Decorah; Dr. .T. D> Bae
LOGG, Doud’s Station, list of plants from Lee County; PRoF.
CALVIN, of the State University, Iowa City; Dr. AsA Horr, |
Dubuque; Dr. Gro. M. KELLOGG, Carthage, IIl., list of Lee
County plants; M. E. JoNrEs, Grinnell; Rev. R. BuRGEss, late
of Woodbine; Dr. Wm. Younc, Greene; I. R. S. BIRcH,
Birmingham; also, to L. L. CADWELL, conductor on the Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railroad, Iowa Division, for assistance in
making collections.

Gray’s Manual, 5th edition, has furnished the basis of the
present work. Introduced plants are printed in 2fafics. Vari-
eties are numbered the same as species for facility of reference
and exchange. When plants have been reported but from one
locality and without specimens, the locahty has been generally
placed at the foot of the page. The common names _ have
been added for the use of those who prefer them. It has
been thought advisable to append descriptions of species and
revisions not included in Gray’s Manual.

Charles City, March 1, 1876. y . ©. ARTHUR:

~ Catalogue.

RANUNCULACEX.
Clematis
s-t.. Viorna, LL.
2. Pitcheri, T. & Gr.
3. Virginiana, L.
Anemone

4. patens, L., var. Nuttalli-
ana, Gray. :
. Caroliniana, Walt.
. cylindrica, Gray.
. Virginiana, L.
. Pennsylvanica, L.
. hemorosa, L.

Hepatica
10. triloba, Chaix.
It. acutiloba, DC.
Thalictrum

12. anemonoides, Michx.
13. dioicum, L.

I4. purpurascens, L.

15. Cornuti, L.

Ranunculus

16. aquatilis, L., var. tricho-
phyllus, Chaix.

17. var. stagnatilis, DC. (Sze

App.)
18. multifidus, Pursh.
Ig. Cymbalaria, Pursh.
20. rhomboideus, Goldie.
21. abortivus, L.
22. sceleratus, L.
23..recurvatus, Poir.*
24. Pennsylvanicus, L.
25. fascicularis, Muhl.
26. repens, L.
27. bulbosus, L.
28. acris, L.

Myosurus
29. minimus, L.*
Isopyrum

30. biternatum, T. & Gr.

CROWFOOT FAMILY.
Virgin’s-Bower.

1. Leather-flower.

Faz
3. Common Virgin’s-Bower.
Anemone.

4. Pasque-flower.

. Carolina Anemone.

. Long-fruited A.

. Virginian A,

. Pennsylvanian A.

. Wood A. Wind-flower.

Liver-leaf. Hepatica.
10. Round-lobed Hepatica.
11. Sharp-lobed H.
Meadow-Rue.
12. Rue-Anemone.
13. Early Meadow-Rue.
14. Purplish M.
15. Tall M.
Crowfoot.
16. Common White Water-

Crowfoot.
17. Stiff Water-C.

Buttercup.

18. Yellow Water-C.
Ig. Sea-side C.

20.

21. Small-flowered C.
22. Cursed C.

23. Hooked C.

24. Bristly C.

25. Early C.

26. Creeping C.

27. Buttercups.

28. ne

Mouse-tail. *
29. Mouse-tail.
Tsopyrum.

30. Isopyrum.

*Davenport.

6 THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Caltha

31. palustris, L.
Aquilegia

32. Canadensis, L.
Delphinium

33. exaltatum, Ait.*
34. tricorne, Michx.
35. azureum, Michx.

Hydrastis

36. Canadensis, L.t

Acta
37. spicata, L., var. “rubra,
Michx.
38. alba, Bigel.
ANONACE/E,
Asimina

39. triloba, Dunal.
MENISPERMACE.
Menispermum
40. Canadense, L.
BERBERIDACE.
Caulophylium
41. thalictroides, Michx.
Podophyllum
42. peltatum, L.
NYMPHASACEA,
Nelumbium*
43. luteum, Willd.
Nymphzea
44. tuberosa, Paine.
Nuphar
45. advena, Ait.
SARRACENIACE,
Sarracenia
46. purpurea, L.*
PAPAVERACEA®,
Chelidonium
47. majus, L.F
Sanguinaria

48. Canadensis, L.

FUMARIACE.,
Dicentra :
49. Cucullaria, DC.
Corydalis
50. aurea, Willd.
51. var. occidentalis, Engel.

Marsh Marigold,

31. Marsh Marigold.
Columbine.

32. Wild Columbine.
Larkspur.

33. Tall Larkspur.
34. Dwarf L.
35. Aaure L.

Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon.
36. Orange-root.
Baneberry.

37- Red Baneberry.

38. White B.
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.
North American Papaw.
39. Common Papaw.
MOONSEED FAMILY.
Moonseed.
40. Canadian Moonseed.
BARBERRY FAMILY.
Blue Cohosh.
41. Blue Cohosh.
May-Appie. Mandrake.
42. May-Apple.
WATER-LILY FAMILY.
Nelumbo. Sacred Bean.
43. Yellow Nelumbo.
Water-Lily. Water-Nymph.
44. Tuber-bearing W.
Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter-Dock.
45. Common Yellow P.
PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.
Side-saddie Flower.
46. Pitcher-Plant.
POPPY FAMILY.
Celandine.
47. Celandine. ‘
Blood-root.

48. Blood-root.

FUMITORY FAMILY.
Dutchman's Breeches,
49. Dutchman’s Breeches.
Corydalis.

50. Golden Corydalis.
51. Western Golden C.

*Davenport.

+Lee County.

(=. ee
an *,
A

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

CRUCIFER®,

Nasturtium

52. sinuatum, Nutt.

53- obtusum, Nutt.*

54. palustre, DC.

55. _-var. hispidum, Gray.*
Dentaria

56. diphylla, L.

57. laciniata, Muhl.
Cardamine

58. rhomboidea, DC.

59. var. purpurea, Torr.

60. hirsuta, L.
Arabis

61. lyrata, L.

62. dentata, T. & Gr.

63. levigata, DC.

64. Canadensis, L.

65. hesperidoides, Gray.

66. Drummondii, Gray.
Erysimum

67. cheiranthoides, L.

68. asperum, DC., var. pumi-

lum (?), Watson.

Sisymbrium

69. officinale, Scop.

70. canescens, Nutt.
Brassica

71. Stnapistrum, Boissier.

72. alba, Boissier.

73. nigra, Boissier.
Draba

74. cuneifolia, Nutt.
75- Caroliniana, Walt.
76. var. micrantha, Gray.

Alyssum

77. calycinum, L.
Camelina

78. sativa, Crantz.
Capsella

79. Bursa-pastoris, Moench.
Lepidium

80. Virginicum, L.

81. intermedium, Gray.

CAPPARIDACE™®,
Polanisia
$2. graveolens, Raf.
Cleome

83. integrifolia, T & Gr.

MUSTARD FAMILY,
Water-Cress.
52. Water-Cress.

53. a
54. Marsh-Cress.
55- ee

Toothwort. Pepper-root.
56. Pepper-root.
a cc
Bitter Cress.
58. Spring Cress.
59. Purple Spring C.
60. Small Bitter C.
Rock Cress.
61. Rock Cress.
62. a
63. a3
64. Sickle-pod.
65. Rock Cress.
66. Tower Mustard.

Treacie Mustard.
67. Worm-seed Mustard.

68. Western Wall-flower.

Hedge Mustard.

69. Hedge Mustard.
70. Tansy M.

Mustard.

71. Charlock.
72. White Mustard.
73. Black M.

Whitlow Grass.
74. Whitlow-Grass,

75. :
76. 3

Alyssum.

77. Alyssum.
False Flax.

78. False Flax.
Shepherd’s Purse.

79. Shepherd’s Purse.
Pepperwort. Peppergrass.
80. Wild Peppergrass.

a G

CAPER FAMILY.
Polanisia.
$2. Polanisia.
Cleome.
83. Cleome.

*Davenport.

*Davenport.

FLORA OF IOWA.

RESEDACE®,,
Resedat
84. Luteola, L.
VIOLACE.
Viola

. blanda, Willd.*
. cucullata, Ait.
var. palmata, Gray.
. Sagittata, Ait.
. delphinifolia, Nutt.
. pedata, L.
. Canadensis, L. (See App.)
. pubescens, Ait.
var. eriocarpa, Nutt.*
. tricolor, L., var. arvensts,
DC.
CISTACEAS.

Helianthemum

95. Canadense, Michx.
Lechea

96. minor, Lam.

HYPERICACEAL,

Hypericum

97. pyramidatum, Ait.

98. perforatum, L.

99. corymbosum, Muhl.

1oo. mutilum, L.*

Io1. Canadense, L.
102. Drummondii, T. & Gr.

Elodes

103. Virginica, Nutt.

CARYOPHYLLACE.

Saponaria

104. officinalis, L.
Vaccaria

105. vulgaris, Host.
Silene

106, stellata, Ait.

107. nivea, DC.

108. zzflata, Smith.

10g. antirrhina, L.
110. noctiflora, L.

Lychnis
III. Gzthago, Lam.
Arenaria
112. serpyllifolia, L.
113. lateriflora, L.
Stellaria
114. media, Smith.
115. longifolia, Muhl.

MIGNONETTE FAMILY.
Dyer’s Rocket,
84. Dyer’s Weed or Weld.
VIOLET FAMILY,
Violet, Heart’s-ease,
85. Sweet White Violet.
. Common Blue V.
. Hand-leaf V.
. Arrow-leaved VY.
. Larkspur V.
. Bird-foot V.
. Canada V.
. Downy Yellow V.
[a4 a4

Heart’s-ease.

ROCK-ROSE FAMILY,
Rock-rose,
95. Frost-weed.
Pinweea.
96. Pinweed.
ST. FOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.
St. John’s-wort.
97. Great otk.
98. Common St. J.
99. St. John’s-wort,
100, oe
IOI. e
102. es
Marsh St. Jolin’s-wort.
103. Marsh St. J.
PINK FAMILY.
Soapwort.
104. Bouncing Bet. Common §. -
Cow-Herb,
105. Cow-Herb.
Catehfly. Campion.
106. Starry Campion.
107. Campion.
108. Bladder Campion.

109. Sleepy Catchfly.
110. Night-flowering Catchfly.

Lychnis. Cockle.
111. Corn Cockle.
Sandwort.
112. Thyme-leaved S.
xa, a
113.,5andwort.
Chieckweeod. Starwort.
114. Common Chickweed.
115. Long-leaved Stitchwort.

tLee County,

THE FLORA.OF IOWA.

Cerastium

116. viscosum, L.
117. nutans, Raf,
_ 118. oblongifolium, Torr.

Spergula
IIg. arvensis, L.
Anychia

120. dichotoma, Michx.var. cap-
illacea,
I2I. var. dichotoma.
Mollugo
122. verticillata, L.

PORTULACACEX.,
Portulaca

123. oleracea, L.
124. retusa, Engel.* (See App.)

Claytonia
125. Virginica, L.
126. Caroliniana, Michx.

MALVACE®,
Malva

127. rotundifolia, L.

128. sylvestris, L.

129. crispa, L.
Callirrhoe

130. triangulata, Gr.
131. involucrata, Gr. (See App.)

Napa

132. dioica, L.
Malvastrum

133. angustum, Gray.
Sida

134. spinosa, L.
Abutilon

135. Avicenna, Geertn.
Hibiscus

136. militaris, Cav.

137. Trionum, L.

TILIACE.

Tilia

138. Americana, L.

LINACEX,
Linum

139. Virginianum, L.
140. sulcatum, Riddell.
GERANIACE®.
Geranium

141. maculatum, L.
142. Carolinianum, L.

Mouse-ear Chickweed.

116. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
II ze ce a4
I i. a4 a4

Spurrey.
11g. Corn Spurrey.
Forked Chickweed.
120. Forked C.

2). J
Indian-Chickweed.
122. Carpet-weed.

PURSLANE FAMILY.
Purslane.

123. Common Purslane.
124. Western P.

Spring-Beauty.

125. Narrow-leaved S.
126. Wide-leaved 5S.

MALLOW FAMILY.
Mallow.

127. Common M.
128. High M.
129. Curled M.

Callirrhoe.

130. Callirrhoe.

Es. eS
Glade Mallow.

132. Glade M.
False Mallow.

133. False M.
Sida,

134. Sida.
Indian Mallow.

135. Velvet-Leaf.
Rose-Mailow.

136. Halberd-leaved R.
137- Bladder Ketmia.

LINDEN FAMILY.
Basswood.

Indian M.

Linden,
138. Basswood. Whitewood.

FLAX FAMILY.
Flax.

139. Wild Flax.
140. a4 a4
GERANIUM FAMILY.
Cranesbill.

141. Wild C.
142. Carolina C.

* Fide Prof. Seldon, Davenport. |

St THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Flerkea

143. proserpinacoides, Willd.*
Impatiens

144. pallida, Nutt.

145. fulva, Nutt.
Oxalis

146. violacea, L.
147. stricta, L.

RUTACE-H,
Zanthoxylum
148. Americanum, Mill.
Ptelea
149. trifoliata, L.
ANACARDIACEAM,
Rhus

150. typhina, L.+

151. glabra, L.

152. Toxicodendron, L.
153. var. radicans, Torr.
154. aromatica, Ait.

VITACEK &,
Vitis
155. cordifolia, Michx. (.See 4pf)
156. riparia, Michx. (See 4pp)
Ampelopsis
157- quinquefolia, Michx.
RHAMNACE-®,
Rhamnus
158. lanceolatus, Pursh.
Ceanothus
159. Americanus, L.
160. ovalis, Bigel.
CELASTRACE®.
Celastrus
161. scandens, L.
Euonymus
162. atropurpureus, Jacq.
SAPINDACE *%,
Staphylea
163. trifolia, L.
-Eseulus
164. glabra, Willd.
165. flava, Ait.
Acer
166. saccharinum, Wang.
167. var. nigrum, Gr.
168. dasycarpum, Ehrh.
16g. rubrum, L.

*Lee County.

False Mermaid.

143. False M.
Balsam. Jewel-weed,

144. Pale Touch-me-not.

145. Spotted T.
Wood-Sorrel,

146. Violet W.

147. Yellow W.

RUE FAMILY.

Prickly-Ash. Toothache-tree.

148. Northern P.
Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree.

149. Hop-tree.

CASHEW FAMILY.

Snmaceh.

150. Staghorn Sumach.
151. Smooth S.
152. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.
153. Climbing Ivy. Poison Ivy.
154. Fragrant Sumach.

VINE FAMILY,

Grape.
155. Winter or Frost Grape.
156. 6 6 6

Virginian Creeper,
157- American Ivy. Virginian C.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY,
Buexthorn.
158. Western B.
New Jersey Tea. Red-root.
159. New Jersey Tea.
160. Red-root.
STAFF-TREE FAMILY,
staff-tree. Bitter-sweet.
161. Climbing B.
Spindie-tree.
162. Burning-Bush. Waahoo.
SOAPBERRY FAMILY.
Bladder-nut.
163. American 5.
Horse-chestnut. Buckeye.
164. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye.
165. Sweet Bb.
Mapte.
166. Sugar or Rock- Maple.

167. Black Sugar-M.
168. Silver M.
169. Red or Swamp M:

*Davenport.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

it

Negundo
170. aceroides, Moench,
POLYGALACE®,
Polygala
171. incarnata, L.
172. sanguinea, L.

173. verticillata, L.
174. Senega, L.
LEGUMINOS®.,

Crotalaria

175. sagittalis, L.
Trifolium

176. arvense, L.

177. pratense, L.

178. stoloniferum, Muhl.

179. repens, L.
180. procumbens, L.

Melilotuas

181. officinalis, Willd.

182. alba, Lam.
Medicago

183. sativa, L.

184. /upulina, 1..
Psoralea

185. floribunda, Nutt.

186. argophylla, Pursh.

187. esculenta, Pursh.
Dalea

188. alopecuroides, Willd.
18g.: laxiflora, Pursh. (See App.)

Petalostemon
190. violaceus, Michx.
Igt. candidus, Michx.
Amorpha

192. fruticosa, L.
193. canescens, Nutt.

Robinia

194. Pseudacacta, L.
Tephrosia

Ig5. Virginiana, Pers.
Astragalus

196. caryocarpus, Ker.

197. Canadensis, L.

198. Cooperi, Gray.*

Igg. distortus, T. &. Gr.
Oxytropis

200. Lamberti, Pursh.

Glycyrrhiza

Ash-leaved Maple. Box-Elder.
170. Box-Elder.
MILKWORT FAMILY,
Milkwort.
171. Milkwort.
172. aS
I 73° ee

174. Seneca Snakeroot.
PULSE FAMILY.
Rattle-box.
175. Rattle-box.
Clover, Trefoil.

176. Rabbit-foot or Stone C.
yy ee ct oy 0 ie,

178. Running Buffalo-C,.
L793, White. C,

180. Low Hop-C.

Sweet-Clover. Melilot,

181. Yellow S.
182. White S.

Medick.

183. Luceme;
184. Black Medick.

Psoralea

185. Psoralea.
186. us
187. Pomme de Prairie.

Dalea
188. Dalea.
tag.
Prairie-Clover.
190. Purple P.
191. White P.
False Indigo. :

192. False I.
193. Lead-Plant.

Locust-tree.

194. False Acacia.
Hoary Pea.

195. Goat’s Rue.
Milk-Vetch.

196. Ground Plum.
197. Milk-Vetch.

Nonesuch.

Common L.

198. ‘<
199. ce
Oxytropis.

200. Oxytropis.
Liquorice.
201. Wiles.

12 THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Desmodium

202. acuminatum, DC.
203. canescens, DC.*
204. cuspidatum, T. & Gr.
205. paniculatum, DC.
206. Canadense, DC.t+
207. sessilifolium, T. & Gr.

Lespedeza

208. capitata, Michx.

209. ~+=var. angustifolia, Gray.

Vicia
210. Cracca, L.

211. Caroliniana, Walt.
212. Americana, Muhl.

Lathyrus

213. venosus, Muhl.
214. ochroleucus, Hook.
215. palustris, L.

Apios
216. tuberosa, Moench.
Phaseolus

217. perennis, Walt,
218. diversifolius, Pers.
21g. pauciflorus, Benth.

Amphicarpza

220. monoica, Nutt.
Baptisia

221. leucantha, T. & Gr.

222. leucophzea, Nutt.
Cercis

223. Canadensis, L.
Cassia

224. Marilandica, L.{

225. Chameecrista, L.
Gymnocladus

226. Canadensis, Lam.
Gleditschia

227. triacanthos, L.

Desmanthus

228. brachylobus, Benth.

ROSACE.,
Prunus
229. Americana, Marshall.
230. Pennsylvanica, L,
231. Virginiana, L.
232. serotina, Ehrh.

*Lee County.

fIndianola.

Tick-Trefoil.
202. Tick-Trefoil.

203. 66
204. 66
205. 66
206. 66
207. 66

Bush-Clover.

208. Bush-Clover.

209.
Vetch. Tare.
210. Vetch.
om et re
212. es

Vetchling. Everlasting Pea.

213. Vetchling.

214. oo

215. Marsh V.
Ground-nut. Wild Bean.

216. Ground-nut.
Kidney Bean.

217. Wild Bean.
218. 73 “<<
219. ce sc

Hog Pea-nut.
220. Hog P.
False-Indigo.

221. White F.
222. Yellow F.

Red-bud. Judas-tree.
223. Red-bud.
Senna.

224. Wild Senna.
225. Partridge Pea.

Kentucky Coffee-tree.
226. Kentucky C.
Honey-Locust.

227. Honey-L. Three-thorned
Acacia.

Desmanthus

128. Desmanthus.

ROSE FAMILY.
Plum, Cherry.

229. Wild Yellow or Red Plum.
230. Wild Red Cherry.

231. Choke-Cherry.

232. Wild Black C.

net "Davenport.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Spirza
233. opulifolia,’ L.
234. salicifolia, L.
235. lobata, Murr.
Agrimonia
236. Eupatoria, L.
Geum

237. album, Gmelin.

38. strictum, Ait.

239. triflorum, Pursh.
Potentilla

240. Norvegica, L.

241. rivalis, Nutt., var. pentan-

dra, Watson. (See Aff.)

paradoxa, Nutt.
Canadensis, L.
arguta, Pursh.

242.
243.
244.

Fragaria
245. Virginiana, Ehrh.

246. var. Illinoensis, Gray.
247. vesca,"L.
Rubus :
248. strigosus, Michx.
249. occidentalis, L.
250. villosus, Ait.

Rosa
251. blanda, Ait.

Crategus
252.
253-
254.
255-
250.

Pyrus

coccinea, L.
tomentosa, L.
var. pyrifolia, Gray.
var. punctata, Gray.
var. mollis, Gray.

257- coronaria, L.
Amelanchier

258. Canadensis, T. & Gr., var.
Botryapium, T. & Gr.
var. oblongifolia, T. & Gr.
var. alnifolia, T. & Gr.

SAXIFRAGACEX.
Ribes
261.

259-
260.

Cynosbati, L.
262. rotundifolium, Michx.
263. floridum, L.

Hydrangea

264. arborescens, L.*
Parnassia

265. Caroliniana, Michx.

Meadow-Sweet.

233. Nine-Bark.

234. Common M.

235. Queen of the Prairie.
Agrimony.

36. Common A.
Avens.

237. Avens.

a3 ee

239. Three-flowered A.
Cinqgue-foil. Five-finger-
240. Five-finger.
241. “

242. ce

243. Common F.

244. Five-finger.
Strawberry.

245. Wild S.

240. ce

247. “es
Bramble.

248. Wild Red Raspberry.

249. Black Raspberry.

250. Com. or High Blackberry.
Rose.

251. Early Wild R.
Hawthorn. White Thorn.

252. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.

253. Black or Pear T.

254. “e ce

255: “es ce
250. ce ce

Pear.
257. American Crab-Apple.

June-berry.

Apple.

258. Service-berry. Shad-bush.

259- “ec

260. “ec
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
Gooseberry.

261. Prickly Gooseberry.
262. Smooth G.
263. Wild Black Currant.

Hydrangea.
264. Wild H.
Grass of Parnassus.

265. Grass of P.

Currant,

*Lee County. :

14 THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Saxifraga
266. Pennsylvanica, L.
Sullivantia
267. Ohionis, T. & Gr.*
Heuchera
268. hispida, Pursh.
Mitella
269. diphylla, L.
CRASSULACE®.
Penthorum
270. sedoides, L.
HALORAGE®,
Myriophyllum
271. spicatumyat:. |.
272. verticillatum, L.
273. heterophyllum, Michx.
Proserpinaca
274. palustris, L.

ONAGRACEAS,
Circrea
275. Lutetiana, L.
Gaura

276. biennis, L.
277. coccinea, Nutt. (See Aff.)

Epilobium
278. angustifolium, L.

279. palustre, L. var. lineare,Gr.

280. coloratum, Muhl.
(Enothera

281. biennis, L.

282. rhombipetala, Nutt.
283. -fruticosa, L.

284." serrulata, Nutt.

Ludwigia

285. polycarpa, Short & Peter.

LYTHRACE”,
Lythrum
286. alatum, Pursh.
Cuphea
287. viscosissima, Jacq.
CACTACE,
Opuntia
288. Rafinesquii, Engel.
CUCURBITACE®.
Sicyos
289. angulatus, L.

* Fide Prof. C. E, Bessey, Ames.

Saxifrage.

266. Swamp S.
Sullivantia.

267. Sullivantia.
Alum-root,

268. Alum-root.
Mitre-wort. Bishop’s-Cap.

269. Mitre-wort.

ORPINE FAMILY.

Ditech Stone-crop.

270. Ditch S.

WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.
Water-Milfoil.

271. Water- Milfoil.
2725 “sé ce

273. “ec ad

Mermaid-weed,

274. Mermaid-weed.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY
Enchanter’s-Nightshade.

275. Common E.

Gaura.
276. Gaura.
27 fis (74

Willow-herb.

278. Great W.
279. Willow-herb.
280. “< (73

Evening-Primrose.

281. Common E.

282. Evening-Primrose.
283. Sundrops.

284. Evening-primrose.

False Loosestrife.

285. False L.

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.
Loosestrife.
286. Loosestrife.
Cuphea.
287. Clammy C.
CACTUS FAMILY.
Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.
288. Prickly P.
GOURD FAMILY.
Star-Cucumber.

289. One-seeded S.

i

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Echinocystis
290. lobata, T. & Gr.
UMBELLIFER*®,
Sanicula

291. Canadensis, L.
292. Marilandica, L.

Eryngium

293. yucczefolium, Michx,
Daucus

294. Carota, L.
Polytznia

295. Nuttallii, DC.
Heracleum

296. lanatum, Michx.
Peucedanum (?)

297. nudicaule, Nutt. (See App.)

Pastinaca

298. sativa, L.
Archemora

299. rigida, DC.

Conioselinum

300. Canadense, T. & Gr.*

Thaspium

301. barbinode, Nutt.
302. aureum, Nutt.
303. trifoliatum, Gray.

Zizia

304. integerrima, DC.
Cicuta

305. maculata, L.

Sium

306. lineare, Michx.
Cryptotznia

307. Canadensis, DC.
Cherophyllum

308. procumbens, Lam.
Osmorrhiza

309. longistylis, DC.

310. brevistylis, DC.
Conium

311. maculatum, L.*

ARALIACE®,

Aralia

312. racemosa, L.

313. nudicaulis, L.

314. quinquefolia, Gray.

Balsam-apple.

290. Wild B.
PARSLEY FAMILY.
Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.

291. Black Snakeroot.
2092. ‘e ce

Eryngo.

293. Button Snakeroot.
Carrot.

294.. Common Carrot.
Polytznia.

295. Polytzenia.
Cow-Parsnip.

296. Common C.
Peucedanum.

297. Peucedanum.
Parsnip,

298. Common P.
Cowbane.

299. Cowbane.
Hemlock-Parsley.

300. Hemlock-P
Meadow-Parsnip.

301. Meadow-Parsnip.

302. ae a

303. ce ce
Zizia.

304. Zizia.
Water-Hemlock.

305. Spotted Cowbane. Beaver-

Poison.
Water-Parsnip.

306. Water-Parsnip.
Honewort,

307. Honewort.
Chervil.

308. Wild C.
Sweet Cicely.

309. Smoother Sweet C.

310. Hairy Sweet C.
Poison Hemlock.

311. Poison H.

GINSENG FAMILY.
Ginseng. Sarsaparilla.
312. Spikenard.
313. Wild Sarsaparilla.
314. Ginseng.

*Davenport.

CORNACE,

Cornus
| 315. sericea, L.
316. asperifolia, Michx.
/ 317. paniculata, L’ Her.
318. alternifolia, L.

CAPRIFOLIACE#,

Symphoricarpus

319. occidentalis, R. Br.

320. vulgaris, Michx.
Lonicera

321. flava, Sims.

322. parviflora, Lam.

323. var. Douglasii, Gray.
Diervilla

324. trifida, Moench.
Triosteum

325. perfoliatum, L.
Adoxa

326. Moschatellina L. (See App.)
Sambucus

327. Canadensis, L.

328. pubens, Michx.
Viburnum

329. Lentago, L.

330. pubescens, Pursh.
331. Opulus, L.

RUBIACEE.

Galium
332. Aparine, L.

333. asprellum, Michx.

334. concinnum, T. & Gr.
335. trifidum, L.

336. var. tinctorium, Gray.
337. var. latifolium, Gray.
338. triflorum, Michx.

339. boreale, L.

Cephalanthus

340. occidentalis, L
Houstonia

341. angustifolia, Michx.
342. minima, Beck.

VALERIANACE.,

Valeriana
343. edulis, Nutt.

Fedia

344. Fagopyrum, T. & Gr.*

*Lee County.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

DOGWOOD FAMILY.
Corne!. Dogwood.
315. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. |
316. Rough-leaved Dogwood.
317. White-fruited D.
318. Alternate-leaved D.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

Snowberry.
319. Wolf-berry.
320. Coral-berry.

Honeysuckle. Woodbine.

321. Yellow H.
322. Small H.
323. Crimson H.

Bush-Honeysuekle.
324. Bush-H.

Fever-wert.

Horse-Gentian.
325. Fever-wort.

Adoxa.
326. Adoxa.

Elder. :
327. Common E.
328. Red-berried E,

Arrow-wood,

Laurestinus.

329. Sheep-berry.
330. Downy Arrow-wood.
331. Cranberry-tree.

MADDER FAMILY.

Bedstraw. Cleavers.

332. Cleavers. Goose-Grass.
333. Rough Bedstraw.

334. Small B.

335: 3

336.
337:
338. Sweet-scented B.
339. Northern B.

Button-bush.

ce

a4

340. Button-bush.

Houstonia.

341. Houstonia.
342. *

VALERIAN FAMILY.

Valerian.

Corn Salad. Lamb-Lettuce.

|

|

: /

343. Valerian.
}

)

344. Corn Salad.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

COMPOSITAE,
Vernonia

345. Noveboracensis, Willd.
346. fasciculata, Michx.

Liatris

347. squarrosa, Willd.

348. cylindracea, Michx.

349. punctata, Hook. (See App.)
350. scariosa, Willd.

351. pycnostachya, Michx.

Kuhnia
352. eupatorioides, L.
Eupatorium

353. purpureum, L.
354. perfoliatum, L.
355- serotinum, Michx.
356. ageratoides, L.

Conoclinium

357:
Aster

358. sericeus, Vent.

359. patens, Ait.

360. levis, L.,var. leevigatus, Gr.

361. var. cyaneus, Gray.

362. azureus, Lindl.

363. undulatus, L.

364. cordifolius, L.

365. sagittifolius, Willd.,
Drummondii, Gray.

366. multiflorus, Ait.

367. Tradescanti, L.

368. miser, L., Ait.

369. simplex, Willd.

370. carneus, Nees.

371. Novi-Belgii, L.

372. puniceus, L.

373- prenanthoides, Muhl.

374. oblongifolius, Nutt.

375. Novze-Angliz, L.

376. var. roseus, Gray.

377. ptarmicoides, T. & Gr.

Erigeron

378.

379-
380.

381.
382.

383.
Diplopappus

384. umbellatus, T. & Gr.
Boltonia

385. glastifolia, L’ Her.

coelestinum, DC.*

var.

Canadense, L.
divaricatum, Michx.
bellidifolium, Muhl.
Philadelphicum, L.
annuum, Pers.
strigosum, Muhl.

COMPOSITE FAMILY.
Tron-weed.
345. Iron-weed.
346. (73

Blazing-Star. Button Snakeroot.
347. Blazing-Star.
348.
349-
350.
351.
Kuhnia.
352. Kuhnia.
Thoroughwort.
353- Joe-Pye Weed.
354. Boneset. Thoroughwort.

355. Thoroughwort.

356. White Snakeroot.
Mist-flower.

357. Mist-flower.
Aster.

358. Aster.

bo Soa

360.

361.

362.

303.

364.

365.

366.
367.
368.
369.
270.
ATTY.
B72.
373-
374-
375;
376.
377:

Fieabane.

275.

379:
380.

381.

Horse-weed. Butter-weed.
Dwarf Fleabane.
Robin’s Plantain.
Common Fleabane.
382. Daisy F. Sweet Scabious.
383. Daisy F.
Double-bristled Aster.
* 384. Double-bristled A.

Boltonia.

385. Boltonia.

*Lee County.

7Dubuque.

18 } THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Solidago

386. bicolor, L., var. concolor,
Gray.

387. latifolia, L.

388. speciosa, Nutt.

389. var. angustata, Gray.

390. rigida, L.

391. Riddellii, Frank.

392. altissima, L.

393- ulmifolia, Muhl.

394. nemoralis, Ait.

395. Missouriensis, Nutt.

396. Canadensis, L.

397. serotina, Ait.

398. gigantea, Ait.

399. lanceolata, L.
Aplopappus

400. spinulosus, DC. (See App)
Grindelia

401. squarrosa,Dunal. (See App)
Polymnia

402. Canadensis, L.
Silphium

403. laciniatum, L.

404. terebinthinaceum, L.

405. integrifolium, Michx.

406. perfoliatum, L.
Parthenium

407. integrifolium, L.
Cyclachzena

408. xanthiifolia, Fres. (See App)
Iva

409. xanthiifolia, Nutt.
Ambrosia

410, trifida, L.

4II. var. integrifolia, Gray.

412. artemisizfolia, L.

413. psilostachya, DC.

Xanthium

414. strumarium, L.

415. var. echinatum, Gray.
Eclipta

416. procumbens, Michx.*
Heliopsis

417. levis, Pers., var. scabra, Gr.
Echinacea

418. purpurea, Meench.

41g. angustifolia, DC.

*Lee County.

Golden-rod.

386. Golden-rod.

388. “
389. .
390. ce
301. .
392- 33
393- »
394. ce
395- 43
390. rf
397: -
398. ‘
399: 7
Aplopappus.
400. Aplopappus.
Grindelia.
401. Grindelia,
Leaf-Cup.

402. Leaf-Cup.
Rosin-Plant.

403. Compass-Plant,
404. Prairie Dock.
405. Rosin-Plant.
406. Cup-Plant.

Parthenium,

407. Parthenium.
Cyclachzena.

408. Cyclachzena.
Marsh Eider.

409.

Ragweed.

410. Great R.

411. Smaller R.

412. Roman Wormwood.
413. Western Ragweed.

Clotbur. Cocklebur.

414. Common Cocklebur.

415. f we
Eclipta.

416. Eclipta.
Ox-eye.

417. Ox-eye.
Purple Cone-flower.
418. Purple C.

419. fi

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Rudbeckia

420. laciniata, L.
421. subtomentosa, Pursh.
422. triloba, L.
423. hirta, L.
Lepachys
424. pinnata, T. & Gr.

Helianthus

425. annuus, L.

426. lenticularis, Dougl. (See
App.)

427. rigidus, Desf.

428. lzetiflorus, Pers.

429. mollis, Lam.

430. grosse-serratus, Mart.

431. strumosus, L.

432. hirsutus, Raf.

433. tracheliifolius, Willd.

434. doronicoides, Lam.

Actinomeris
435. squarrosa, Nutt.
Coreopsis
436. palmata, Nutt.
437. tripteris, L.
438. aristosa, Michx.
Bidens

439. frondosa, L.

440. connata, Muhl.

441. var. petiolata.
442. var. comosa, Gray.
443. cernua, L.

444. chrysanthemoides, Michx.

445. Beckii, Torr.
Dysodia

446. chrysanthemoides, Lag.
Helenium

447. autumnale, L.
Leptopoda

448. brachypoda, T. & Gr.*
Maruta

449. Cotula, DC.
Anthemis

450. arvensis, L.
Achillea

451. Millefolium, L.
Leucanthemum

452. vulgare, Lam.
Tanacetum

453. vulgare, L.

Cone-flower,

420. Cone-flower.
421. ~
422. 3

423 R a4
Cone-flower.

424. Cone-flower.
Sunflower.

425. Common S.
426. Wild S.

427. Sunflower.
ce

428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433-
434-

Actinomeris.

435. Actinomeris.
Tickseed.

436. Tickseed.

437- re
438. x

Bur-Marigold.

439. Common Beggar-ticks.
440. Swamp B.

441. ee

442. ee

443. Smaller Bur-Marigold.
444. Larger B.

445. Water Marigold.

Fetid Marigold.

446. Fetid M.
Sneeze-weed.

447. Sneeze-weed.
Leptopoda.

448. Leptopoda.
May-weed.,

449. Common M.
Chamomile.

450. Corn C.
Yarrow.

451. Milfoil.
Ox-eye Daisy.

452. Ox-eye or White’ Daisy.
Tansy.

453. Common T.

Common Y.

*Indianola.

20 THE FLORA OF IOWA. He

Artemisia

454. dracunculoides, Pursh.
455. caudata, Michx.

456. Ludoviciana, Nutt.

457. var. gnaphalodes, Gray.
458. biennis, Willd.

459. Absinthium, L.

Gnaphalium

460. polycephalum, Michx.
Antennaria

461. margaritacea, R. Br.*

462. plantaginifolia, Hook.
Erechthites

463. hieracifolia, Raf.
Cacalia

464. suaveolens, L.*
465. reniformis, Muhl.
466. atriplicifolia, L.t
467. tuberosa, Nutt.

Senecio

468. aureus, L.
469. var. Balsamitze, Gray.

Centaurea

470. Cyanus, L.
471. Americana, Nutt. (See App)

Cnicus (Cirsium, Gray’s Man, See App)

472. discolor, Muhl.
473. altissimus, Willd.
474. muticus, Pursh.
475. pumilus, Torr.
476. arvensis, Hoffm.

Lappa
477. officinalis, All., var. mazor,
Gray.
Cichorium
478. Intybus, L.
Cynthia
479. Virginica, Don.
Troximon
480. cuspidatum, Pursh.
Hieracium

481. Canadense, Michx.

482. scabrum, Michx.

483. longipilum, Torr.

484. venosum, L.
Nabalus

485. albus, Hook.
486. racemosus, Hook.
487. asper, Torr. & Gr.

*Davenport.

Wormwood,

454. Wormwood.

“ec

455:
=. Western Mugwort.

oe

4 Biennial Wormwood.
459. Common W.

Cudweed,
460. Common Everlasting.
Everlasting.
461. Pearly Everlasting.
462. Plantain-leaved E.
Fireweed,
463. Fireweed.
Indian Plantain.

464. Indian Plantain.
465. Great Indian P.
466. Pale Indian P.
4607. Tuberous Indian P.
Grountsel.
468. Golden Ragw ort.
469. “ce
Star-Thistie.

470. Bluebottle.
471. Bachelor’s-Button.

Thistle.
472. Common T.
473- o

474. Swamp T.
475. Pasture T.
476. Canada T.

Burdock.
477. Common B.

Succory or Cichory.

478. Common C.
Cynthia.

479. Cynthia.
Troximon.

480. Troximon.
Hawkweed.,

481. Canada H.

482. Rough H.

483. Long-bearded H.
484. Rattlesnake-weed.

Rattlesnake-root,

485. White Lettuce.
486. Rattlesnake-root.

487. ‘6

¢Dubuque.

THE FLORA OF IOWA. 21

Lygodesmia

488. juncea, Don.
Crepis
489. runcinata, T. & Gr.
App.)
Taraxacum

490. Dens-leonis, Desf.

(Sze

Lactuca

491. Canadensis, L.
492. var. sanguinea, T. & Gr.
493. Ludoviciana, DC. (See App)

Mulgedium

494. Floridanum, DC.
495. leucopheum, DC.

Sonchus
496. asper, Vill.
LOBELIACE.
Lobelia

497. cardinalis, L.

498. syphilitica, L.
499. puberula, Michx.*
500. inflata, L.

501. spicata, Lam.

CAMPANULACE®,

Campanula

502. rotundifolia, L.

503. var. linifolia, Gray.
504. aparinoides, Pursh.
505. Americana, L.

Specularia
506. perfoliata, A. DC.
ERICACE®.,
Vaccinium
507. vacillans, Solander.
Pyrola
508. elliptica, Nutt.
Monotropa
509. uniflora, L.
EBENACE *%,
Diospyros
510. Virginiana, L.7
PLANTAGINACE®.,
Plantago

511. mazor, L.
512. lanceolata, L..

*Davenport.

Lygodesmia.

488. Lygodesmia.
Crepis.
489. Crepis.

Dandelion.
490. Common D.
Lettuce,
4gt. Wild L.
492. oe
4093- ec
False or Blue Lettuce.
494. Blue Lettuce.

495. a4 ce
Sow-Thistle.

496. Spiny-leaved S.
LOBELIA FAMILY.

Lobelia.

497. Cardinal-flower.
498. Great Lobelia.
499. Lobelia.

500. Indian Tobacco.
501. Lobelia.

BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
Belltiower.
502. Harebell.
503. ce
504. Marsh Bellflower.
505. Tall B.

Venus’s Looking-glass.

506. Venus’s L.
HEATH FAMILY.

Cranberry. Blueberry.
507. Low Blueberry.
Shin-leaf. Wintergreen.

508. Shin-leaf.

Indian Pipe.

509. Indian P.
EBONY FAMILY,

Date-Plum. Persimmon.

510. Common Persimmon.

PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Plantain. Ribgrass.

511. Common Plantain.
512. Ribgrass. English P.

+ Fide Prof. Bessey, Ames.

PRIMULACE®.

Androsace
513. occidentalis, Pursh.
Dodecatheon
514. Meadia, L.
Lysimachia
515. thyrsiflora, L.
516. stricta, Ait.
517. ciliata, L.
518. lanceolata, Walt.
51g. longifolia, Pursh,
LENTIBULACE®,
Utricularia
520. vulgaris, L., var. America-
na, Gray.
521. cornuta, Michx,.
BIGNONTACE®,
Martynia
522. proboscidea, Glox.
OROBANCHACE®,
Aphyllon
523. fasciculatum, T. & Gr.
SCROPHULARIACEX,
Verbaseum

524. Thapsus, L.
525. Alattaria, 1..

Linaria

526. vulgaris, Miller.
Scrophularia

527. nodosa, L.
Chelone

528. glabra, L.
Pentstemon

529. pubescens, Solander.

530. Digitalis, Nutt.

531. grandiflorus, Fraser.
Mimulus

532. ringens, L.
533: Jamesii, Torr.

Herpestis

534. rotundifolia, Pursh.*
Gratiola

535. Virginiana, L.
Ilysanthes

536. gratioloides, Benth.
Synthyris

537- Houghtoniana, Benth.

*Davenport.

PRIMROSE FAMILY.

22 THE FLORA OF IOWA. | |
|
)

Androcace.
513. Androsace. .
American Cowslip.
514. Shooting-Star. Am. C.
Loosestrife.

515. Tufted L.
516. Loosestrife.

517. ee
518. of)
519. se

BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
Bladderwort.

520. Greater B.

521. Bladderwort.
BIGNONITA FAMILY.
Unicorn-plant.
522. Common Martynia.
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.
Naked Broom-rape.
523. Naked B.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
Mullein,

524. Common M.
525. Moth M.

Toad-Flax.

526. Butter-and-eggs. Toad-Flax
Figwort.

527. Figwort.
Turtie-head. Snake-head.

528. Turtle-head. Balmony.
Beard-tongue. Pentstemon.

529. Pentstemon.

530. Eres
531. as
Monkey-ilower.
532. Monkey-flower.
533- ;

Herpestis.
534. Herpestis.
Hedge-Hyssop.
535. Hedge-H.
False Pimpernel.
536. False P.
Synthyris.
537- Synthyris.

THE FLORA OF IOWA. 23

Veronica
538. Virginica, L.
| 539. Anagallis, L.
540. peregrina, L.
Seymeria
541. macrophylla, Nutt.
Gerardia
542. purpurea, L.
543. aspera, Dougl.
544. tenuifolia, Vahl.
545. setacea, Walt.
546. grandiflora, Benth.
547. auriculata, Michx.

Castilleia

548. coccinea, Spreng.
549. sessiliflora, Pursh,.

Pedicularis
550. Canadensis, L.
551. lanceolata, Michx.
Melampyrum

552. Americanum, Michx.*

ACANTHACE-®.,
Ruellia -
553- ciliosa, Pursh.
554. strepens, L.
VERBENACE.,
Verbena
555. angustifolia, Michx.
556. hastata, L.
557- urticifolia, L.
558. stricta, Vent.
559- bracteosa, Michx.
Lippia
560. lanceolata, Michx.
Piryma
561. Leptostachya, L.
LABIAT2.
Teucrium
562. Canadense, L.
Trichostema
563. dichotomum, L.
Isanthus
564. czeruleus, Michx.
Mentha
565. viridis, L.*
766. piperita, L.*
567. Canadensis, L.
568. var. glabrata, Benth.

*Lee County.

Speedwell.
538. Culver’s Physic. |
539. Water Speedwell.

540. Neckweed. Purslane S.

Seymeria.
541. Mullein-Foxglove.
Gerardia.
542. Purple'G:
ce

543- ‘
544. Slender G.

545: ;
546. Gerardia,

547: =

Painted-Cup.

548. Scarlet P.
549. Dwarf P.

Lousewort.

550. Common L.
551. Lousewort.

Cow-Wheait.
552. Cow-W.
ACANTHUS FAMILY.

Tineilia.
553- Ruellia.
554- 2

VERVAIN FAMILY.

Vervain. Verbena.

555. Vervain.

556. Blue V.

657. Nettle-leaved or White V.

558. Hoary V.

559- Prostrate V.
Lippia.

560. Fog-fruit.
Lopseed.

561. Lopseed.

MINT FAMILY.

Germander.

562. American G. Wood Sage.
Blue Curls.

563. Bastard Pennyroyal.
False Pennyroyal.

564. False P.
Mint.

565. Spearmint.
5606. Peppermint.
567. Wild Mint.
568. 6c 66

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

- |
:
Lycopus Water Horehound. |
569. Virginicus, L. 569. Bugle-weed. Men
570. rubellus, Moench. (See App) 570. Water H. |
571. lucidus, Turez., var, Amer- S71; ee
icanus, Gray. (See App.)
572. sinuatus, Ell. (See App.) 572. ee
Pycnanthemum Mountain Mint. Basil.
573. pilosum, Nutt. 573- Mountain Mint.
574. lanceolatum, Pursh. 574- FS J
575. linifolium, Pursh. 575- BE a
Hedeoma Mock Pennyroyal.

576. pulegioides, Pers.

577. hispida, Pursh.
Salvia

578. lanceolata, Willd. (See App)
Monarda

579. fistulosa, L.
Blephilia

580. hirsuta, Benth.
Lophanthus

581. nepetoides, Benth.*
582. scrophularizfolius, Benth.
583. anisatus, Benth.

Nepeta

584. Cataria, L.
585. Glechoma, Benth.t

Dracocephalum

586. parviflorum, Nutt.
Physostegia

587. Virginiana, Benth.
Brunella

588. vulgaris, L.
Secutelliaria

589.

590.

Sol.

592.-
Galeopsis

503. Zetrahzi, I..

Stachys

versicolor, Nutt.
parvula, Michx.
galericulata, L.
lateriflora, L.

594. palustris, L. var. aspera, Gr.
595. _—-var. glabra, Gray.
596. var. cordata, Gray.
Leonurus
597. Cardtaca, L..
BORRAGINACE-®,
Eehium

598. vulgare, L.

*Davenport.

570.
577:

Sage.

578. Wild Sage.
Horse-Mint.

579. Wild Bergamot.
Biephilia.

580. Blephilia.
Giant Hyssop.

581. Giant H.

582. ae

583. a
Cat-Mint.

584. Catnip.

585. Gill. Ground Ivy.
Dragon-Head.

586. Dragon-H.
False Dragon-Head.,

587. False D.
Self-ineal.

588. Com. Self-heal or Heal-all.
Skulleap.

589.

599.

591. ee ;
592. Mad-dog S.

Hemp-Nettle.
593. Common H.

Hedge-Nettle. .
594. Hedge-N.

595: a
596. ‘cc

Motherwort,

American Pennyroyal.
Mock P.

Skullcap.

597. Common M.
BORAGE FAMILY.
Viper’s Bugloss.

598. Blue-weed.

yIndianola.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Onosmodium

599. Carolinianum, DC.
600. molle, Michx.

Lithospermum

601. angustifolium, Michx.
602. latifolium, Michx.
| 603. hirtum, Lehm.

604. canescens, Lehm.

605. longiflorum, Spreng.
Mertensia

606. Virginica, DC.
Echinospermum

607. Lappula, Lehm.
Cynoglossum

608. officinale, L.
| 609. Morisoni, DC.
HYDROPHYLLACE®,
Hydrophytlum

610. Virginicum, L.

. 611. appendiculatum, Michx.

Ellisia
612. Nyctelea, L. (See ApJ.)
POLEMONIACES.
Polemonium
613. reptans, L.
Phlox

614. maculata, L.
615. pilosa, L.

616. divaricata, L., var. Lap-

hamii, Wood.
CONVOLVULACE*®,
Tpomea
617. purpurea, Lam.
Calystegia
618. sepium, R. Br.
619. spithamzea, Pursh.

Cuseuta
620. Gronovii, Willd.
621. glomerata, Choisy.

SOLANACE %,
Solanum

622. Dulcamara, L.
623. nigrum, L.
624. Carolinense, L.

Physalis (See App)
625. Philadelphica, Lam.

626. Virginica, Mill. (P. visco-
sa Gray’s Man., notof L.)
627. lanceolata, Michx. (P. Penn-
sylvanica Gray’s Man. in

part, not of L.)

ky
a

False Gromwell.
599. False G.
600. as
Gromwell. Puccoon.

601. Gromwell.

602. ce

603. Hairy Puccoon.
604. Alkanet. Hoary P.
605. Puccoon.

Smooth Lungwort.

606. Virginian Cowslip or L.
Stickseed.

607. Common S.

Hound’s-Tongue.

608. Common H.

609. Beggar’s-Lice.

WATERLEAF FAMILY.
Waterleaf.

610. Waterleaf.

611. ag
Ellisia.

612. Ellisia.

POLEMONIUM FAMILY.
Greek Valerian.

613. Polemonium.
Phiox.

614. Wild Sweet-William.
615. Wild Phlox.
616. 66 “ce

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.
Morning-Glory.
617. Common M.

Bracted Bindweed.

618. Hedge Bindweed.
619. Bracted B.

Dodder.
620. Dodder.
621. ae
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
Nightshade.
622. Bittersweet.

623. Common Nightshade.
624. Horse-Nettle.

Ground Cherry.

625. Ground C.
626. %

627 ke

icine

'

_____—__—_————

26 THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Datura
628. Stramonium, L.

GENTIANACEX,

Gentiana

629. quinqueflora, ‘Lam., var.

occidentalis, Gray.

630. crinita, Freel.

631. detonsa, Fries.

632. alba, Muhl.

633. Andrewsii, Griseb.

634. Saponaria, L.

635. puberula, Michx.
Menyanthes

636. trifoliata, L.
APOCYNACE*,

Apoecynum

637. androsemifolium, L.

638. cannabinum, L., var. gla-

berrimum, DC.
639. var. hypericifolium, Gr.

ASCLEPIADACE®.
Asclepias
640. Cornuti, Decaisne.
641. Sullivantii, Engelm.
642. phytolaccoides, Pursh.
643. purpurascens, L.
644. ovalifolia, Decaisne.
645. incarnata, L.
646. obtusifolia, Michx.
647. Meadii, Torr.
648. tuberosa, L.
649. verticillata, L.
Acerates
650. viridiflora, Ell.
651. longifolia, Ell.
OLEACE®,
Fraxinus
652. Americana, L.
653. viridis, Michx. f.
654. sambucifolia, Lam.
655. quadrangulata, Michx.

ARISTOLOCHIACE &,
Asarum
656. Canadense, L.
NYCTAGINACE-E.
Oxybaphus
657. nyctagineus, Sweet.

658. angustifolius, Sweet. (See

App.)
659. albidus, Sweet. (See App.)

Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple.
628. Common Stramonium.

GENTIAN FAMILY.
Gentian.
629. Five-flowered Gentian.

630. Fringed G.

631. Smaller Fringed G.
632. Whitish G.
633. Closed G.

634. Soapwort G.

635. Gentian.

Buckbean.

636. Buckbean.

DOGBANE FAMILY.
Dogbane. Indian Hemp.

637. Spreading Dogbane.
638. Indian Hemp.

639. cc ec
MILK WEED FAMILY.
Milkweed. Silkweed.

640. Common Milkweed.
641. Milkweed.

642. Poke-M.

643. Purple M.

644. Dwarf M.

645. Swamp M.

646. Milkweed.

648. Butterfly-weed.
649. Whorled Milkweed.

Green Milkweed,

650. Green M.

651. ce

OLIVE FAMILY.

Ash,

652. White Ash.

653. Green A.

654. Black or Water A.

655. Blue A.

BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

Wild Ginger. Asarabacea.

656. Wild G.
FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY.

Oxybaphus.

657. Oxybaphus.
658. ae

650. ‘ec

OT iF 4 FE TA

|
|
)

. i —

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

PHYTOLACCACE®.

Phytolacca

660. decandra, L.

CHENOPODIACE®.
Chenopodium

661. album, L.
662. Boscianum, Mog. (.See App)
663. hybridum, L.
664. Botrys, L.
665. ambrosiotdes, L.
AMARANTACE-%.
Amarantus
666. retroflexus, L.
667. albus, L.
668. Blitum, L. (See App.)
Montelia
669. tamariscina, Gray.
670. var. concatenata, Gray.
POLYGONACE.
Poly gonnm
671.
672.
673.
674.
675.
676.
677.

678.
679.
680.
681.
682.
683.
684.
685.
686.

Fagopyrum

orientale, L.
Pennsylvanicum, L.
incarnatum, Ell.
Persicaria, L.
Hydropiper, L.
acre, Fi) BK.
amphibium, L., var. aquat-

icum, Willd.

var. terrestre, Willd.
Hartwrightii, Gr. (See App)
Virginianum, L.
aviculare, L.

var. erectum, Roth.
ramosissimum, Michx.
sagittatum, L.
Convolvulus, L.
dumetorum, L.

687. esculentum, Mcench.

Rumex

. orbiculatus, Gray.
. Britannica, L.

. verticillatus, L.

. crispus, L.

. maritimus, L.

. Acetosella, L.

LAURACE.,
Sassafras
694. officinale, Nees.
THYMELEACE.
Dirca

695. palustris, L.

27

POKEWEED FAMILY.
Pokeweed.
660. Com. Poke. Scoke. Garget.

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
Pigweed.
661. Lamb’s-Quarters. Pigweed.
662. Slender Pigweed.
663. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
664. Jerusalem Oak.
665. Mexican Tea.
AMARANTH FAMILY.
Amaranth.

666. Pigweed. Green A.
667. Tumble-weed.
668. Amaranth.

Montelia,

669. Montelia.
670. a
SUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
Kuotweed.

671. Prince’s Feather.
672. Smartweed.

673. 66

674. Lady’s Thumb.

675. Common Smartweed.
676. Water Smartweed.
677.. Water Persicaria.

678. “c “ec
679. Persicaria.
680. —
681. Knotgrass. Door-weed.
682. “<“ “<“
683. Knotweed.
684. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.
685. Black Bindweed.
686. Climbing False Buckwheat.
Buckwheat,
687. Common B.
Dock.

688.
689.

Goosefoot.

Sorrel,
Great Water-Dock.
Pale Dock,

690. Swamp D.

691. Curled D:

692. Golden D.

693. Field or Sheep Sorrel.

LAUREL FAMILY.

Sassafras.

694. Sassafras.

MEZEREUM FAMILY.

Leatherwood.

695. Leatherwood.

Nioosewood.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

SANTALACE AK,
Comandra
696. umbellata, Nutt.
CALLITRICHACE®,
Callitriche
697. verna, L.
EUPHORBIACE%.
Euphorbia
698. petaloidea, Engelm.
699. serpens, H. B. K.
. serpyllifolia, Pers.
. glyptosperma, Engelm.
. maculata, L.
- hexagona, Nutt. (See App.)
. hypericifolia, L.
. marginata, Pursh.
. corollata, L.
. dentata, Michx.
. heterophylla, L.
. dictyosperma, F. & M.
Cyparisstas, L.
Acalypha
711, Virginica, L.
Croton :
712. glandulosus, L
713. capitatus, Michx.
URTICACEHE.™®.
Ulmus
714. fulva, Mich.
715. Americana, L., Willd.
Celtis
716. occidentalis, L.
Morus
717. ‘rubra, L
Urtica
718. gracilis, Ait.
Laportea
719. Canadensis, Gaudich.
Pilea
720. pumila, Gray.
Parietaria
721. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.
Cannabis
722. sativa, L.
Humulus
723. Lupulus, L.
PLATANACE®,
Platanus
724. occidentalis, L.

SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

Bastard Toad-flax.

696. Bastard T.

WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.

Water-Starwofrt,

697. Water-S.

SPURGE

Spurge.

698. Spurge.

6 ‘ “ee

aie ce

701. a

7O2. 5

703. ce

704. ee

705. “ec

706. wa

707. ce

708. .

709. 6c

7 Io. ce

Tirrve-seeded Mercury.

FAMILY.

711. Three-seeded M.
Croton.

712. Croton.

713- ia

NETTLE FAMILY.

Elin.

714. Slippery or Red Elm.

715. American or White Elm.
Hackberry.

716. Sugarberry. Hackberry.
Mulberry.

717. Red M.
Nettle.

718. Nettle.
Wood-Nettle.

719. Wood-N.
Richweed. Ciearweed.

720. Richweed.
Pellitory.

721. Pellitory.
Hemp.

722. Common H.
Hop.

723, Common H.

PLANE-TREE FAMILY.

Buttonwood. Plane-tree.
724. American Plane.Sycamore.

yr rn - +

THE FLORA OF IOWA,

JUGLANDACE/®,
Juglans

725. cinerea, L.
726. nigra, L.

Carya
727. oliveeformis, Nutt.
728. alba, Nutt.
729. tomentosa, Nutt.
730. amara, Nutt,

CUPULIFER®.
Ouercus

731. alba, L.
732. obtusiloba, Michx.
733. macrocarpa, Michx.
734. bicolor, Willd.
735. Prinus, L., var. acuminata,
Michx.
var. humilis, Marshall.*
imbricaria, Michx,
nigra, L.
739. coccinea, Wang.
740. var. tinctoria, Gray.
gat. rabra,-L.
742. palustris, Du Roi.

736.
737-
738.

Corylus

743. Americana, Walt.
Ostrya

744. Virginica, Willd.
Carpinus

745. Americana, Michx.

sETULACE A,

Betuia

746. papyracea, Ait.

747> nigra, J...

Alnus

748.

incana, Willd., var. glauca
Gray.
SALICACEAL,

>)

Salix

749. tristis, Ait.

750. humilis, Marshall.

751. discolor, Muhl.

752. petiolaris, Smith.

753. cordata, Muhl.

754-
talis, Gray.

755- nigra; Marshall.

750. var. amygdaloides, And.
(See App.)

757- longifolia, Muhl.

* Fide Dr. Vasey, vol. ii, Am, Ent. & Bot.

livida, Wahl., var. occiden-

29

WALNUT FAMILY.
Walnut.

725. Butternut.
726. Black Walnut.

Hickory.

727. Pecan-nut.

728. Shell-bark or Shag-bark H.
729. Mocker-nut.

730. Bitter-nut or Swamp H.

OAK FAMILY.
Oak.

731. White Oak.

732. Post Oak,

733. Bur Oak,

734. Swamp White-Oak.
735. Yellow Chestnut-Oak.

Dwarf Chestnut-Oak.
Laurel or Shingle Oak.
Black-Jack or Barren Oak.
739. Scarlet Oak.

740. Yellow-barked Oak.

yan. Kked Oak,

742. Pin Oak,

736.
737:
738.

Filbert.
743. Wild Hazel-nut.

Hop-Hornbeam.

Hazel-nut.

Tron-wood,
744. American H.
Hornbeam, TIron-wood.

745. Blue or Water Beech,
BIRCH FAMILY.

birch.
746. Paper or Canoe Birch.
747. River or Red B.
Aldor.

748. Speckled Alder.

WILLOW FAMILY.

Willow. Osier.

749. Dwarf Gray Willow.

750. Prairie W.

751. Glaucous W.

742. /Petioled ‘W.

753- Heart-leaved W.

754. Livid W.

755. Black W.
756. Almond-leaved W.

757. Long-leaved W.

30

Populus

758. tremuloides, Michx.
759. grandidentata, Michx.
760. monilifera, Ait.

CONIFER,
Pinus
761. Strobus, L.
Juniperus
762. communis, L.
763. Virginiana, L.
Taxus
764. baccata, L., var. Canaden-
sis, Gray.
ARACE-%,
Ariszeema

765. triphyllum, Torr.
766. Dracontium, Schott.

Symplocarpus
767. fcetidus, Salisb.
Acorus

768. Calamus, L.

LEMNACEH ©,
Lemna
769. trisulca, L.
770. minor, L.
771. polyrrhiza, L.
TYPHACEA®,
Typha
772. latifolia, L.
Sparganium

773. eurycarpum, Engelm.

774. simplex, Hudson, var. Nut-

tallii, Engelm.
775. androcladum, Engelm.*

NAIADACKE%,
Naias
776, flexilis, Rostk.
Zannichellia

777. palustris, L.

Potamogeton

778. lonchites, Tucker.
779. amplifolius, Tucker.
780. gramineus, L.f

781. prelongus, Wulfen.
782. perfoliatus, L.

783. pauciflorus, Pursh.
784. pectinatus, L.

*Davenport.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Poplar. Aspen.

758. American Aspen.
759. Large-toothed A.
760. Cotton-wood.

PINE FAMILY.
Pine.
“61. White P.
Juniper.

762. Common J.
763. Red Cedar or Savin.

Yew

764. Ground Hemlock.

ARUM FAMILY.
Endian Turnip. Dragon-Arum.
765. Indian Turnip.
766. Green Dragon.
Skunk Cabbage.
767. Skunk C.
Sweet Flag. Calamus.
768. Sweet F.

DUCKWEED FAMILY.
Duekweed, Duck’s-meat.
769. Duckweed.

T7007 ae
rhs 4
CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

Cat-tail Flag.
772. Common Cat-tail.
Bur-reed,.

773. Bur-reed.
774- $

775; re
PONDWELXKD FAMILY.
Naiad.
776. Naiad.
Horned Pondweed.

Wee Phone is

Pondweed.

778. Pondweed.

779- i
780. ce
781. “ce
782. sh
783. ce
784. ‘“

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

ALISMACE.
Alisma

785. Plantago, L., var. Ameri-
canum, Gray.

Echinodorus

786. parvulus, Engelm.
Sagittaria

787. variabilis, Engelm.

788. graminea, Michx.

HYDROCHARIDACE®.

Anacharis

789. Canadensis, Planchon.
Vallisneria

790. spiralis, L.

ORCHIDACEAE,
Orchis

791. spectabilis, L.
Habenaria
792. viridis, R. Br., var. bracte-
ata, Reich.
793. leucophza, Gray.

Spiranthes

794. cernua, Richard.
Pogonia

795. pendula, Lindl.
Calopogon

796. pulchellus, R. Br.
Liparis

797. liliifolia, Richard.
Aplectrum

798. hyemale, Nutt.
Cypripedium

799. candidum, Muhl.
800. pubescens, Willd.
801. spectabile, Swartz.

AMARYELIDACEA.
Hypoxys
802. erecta, L.

IRIDACE2.
Tris

803. versicolor, L.
Sisyrinchium

804. Bermudiana, L., var. an-

ceps, Gray.
805. var. mucronatum, Gray.
806. var. albidum, Gray.
DIOSCOREACE£.

Dioscorea

807. villosa, L.

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Water-Plantain.

785. Water-P.

Echinodorus.
786.
Arrow-head.
787. Common A.
788. Arrow-head.
FROG’S-BIT FAMILY.
Water-weed.
789. Water-weed.
Tape-grass.
790. Eel-grass.

ORCHIS FAMILY.
Orchis.

791. Showy O.
Rein-Orchis.

792. Rein-O.

Eel-grass.

Tas ai"
Ladies’ Tresses.

794. Ladies’ T.
Pogonia.

795. Pogonia.
Calopegon.

796. Calopogon.
Twayblade.

797. Twayblade.
Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve.

798. Putty-root.
Ladsy’s-Slipper.

799. Small White L.

800. Large Yellow L.
801. Showy L.

AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
Star-grass.
802. Star-grass.

TRIS FAMILY.
Flowcr-de-Luee.

803. Common Blue Flag.
Blue-eyed Grass.

804. Blue-eyed G.

805. -

806. o

YAM FAMILY.
Yam.

807. Wild Yam-root.

31

32 THE FLORA OF IOWA.

SMILACE.
Smilax
808. hispida, Muhl.
809. herbacea, L., var. pulveru-
lenta, Gray.
LILIACE.
Trillinm
810. sessile, L.
811. recurvatum, Beck.
812. erectum, L., var. album,
Pursh,
813. var. declinatum, Gray.
814. cernuum, L.
815. nivale, Riddell.

Melanthinm

816. Virginicum, L.
Zygadenus

817. glaucus, Nutt.
Uvularia

818. grandiflora, Smith.
Smilacina

81g. racemosa, Desf.
820. stellata, Desf,
821. bifolia, Ker., var. Canaden-
sis, Gray.
Polygonatum
822. biflorum, Ell.
823. giganteum, Dietrich.

Liliaom
824. Philadelphicum, L.

825. Canadense, L.
826. superbum, L.

Erythronium
827. albidum, Nutt.

Seilla

828. Fraseri, Gray.
Allium

829. tricoccum, Ait.

830. Canadense, Kalm.
831. striatum, Jacq.

Yucca
832. angustifolia, Pursh. (See
App.)
JUNCACEA,
Cuzula

833. campestris, DC.*
Juncus

834. effusus, L.
835. tenuis, Willd.

*Lee County.

SMILAX FAMILY.
Greenbrier. Catbrier.

808. Greenbrier.
809. Carrion-Flower.

LILY FAMILY.
Three-leaved Nightshade.

810. Trillium.

SII. ‘e
812. cs
813. ie

814. Wake-Robin.
815. Dwarf White Trillium.

Melanthium,

816. Bunch-flower.
Zygadcue.

817. Zygadene.
Beliwort.

818. Bellwort.
False Solomon’s Seal.

819. False Spikenard.
820, False Solomon’s S.
S21. cc cc

Sclomon’s Seat.

822. Smaller Solomon’s Seal.
823. Great S.

Lily.
824. Wild Orange-red Lily.

825. Wild Yellow L.
826. Turk’s-cap L.

Dog's-tooth Violet.
827. White Dog’s-tooth V.

Squitk, :
828. Wild Hyacinth. Quamash.
Onion. Garlic.
829. Wild Leek.
830. Wild Garlic.
831. 6< ce
Bear-Grass. Spanish Bayonet.
832. Spanish B

RUSH FAMILY.
W ood-Rush,
833. Wood-Rush.
Rush. Bog-Rush.
834. Common or Soft R.
35. Bog-Rush.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

836. acuminatus, Michx,
837. nodosus, L.
838.
839. Canadensis, J. Gay.
PONTEDERIACE,
Pontederia
840. cordata, L.
Sechellera
841. graminea, Willd.
COMMELYNACE-©®.
Tradescantia
842. Virginica, L.

CYPERACE.
Cyperus

843. diandrus, Torr., var. casta-

neus, Torr.

844. phymatodes, Muhl.

845. strigosus, L.

846. Michauxianus, Schultes.

847. Engelmanni, Steud.

848. Schweinitzii, Torr.

849. filiculmis, Vahl.
Dulichium

850. spathaceum, Pers.
Eleocharis

851. palustris, R. Br.

852. compressa, Sulliv.

853. intermedia, Schultes.

854. acicularis, R. Br.
Scirpus

855. validus, Vahl.

856. atrovirens, Muhl.

857. Eriophorum, Michx.

Eriophorum

858. polystachyon, L.
Scleria

859. triglomerata, Michx.

860. bromoides, Schk.
861. disticha, Huds.

862. vulpinoidea, Michx.
863. stipata, Muhl.

864. sparganioides, Muhl.
865. cephaloidea, Boott.
866. cephalophora, Muhl.
867. rosea, Schk.

868. sterilis, Willd.

869. stellulata, L., var. scirpoi-

des, Gray.
870. arida, Schw. & Torr.*
871. scoparia, Schk.
872. var. minor, Boott.

var. megacephalus, Torr.

836. Bog-Rush.
Ay Solatiy
838. et
839.“

PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.
Pickerel-weed.

840. Pickerel-weed.
Water Star-grass.

841, Water S.

SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

Spiderwort.

842. Common S.

SEDGE FAMILY.
Galingate.

843. Galingale.

844. “ce
845. 6eé
846. BS
847. <3
848. e
849. (z;
Dulichium.

850. Dulchium.
Spike-Rush.
851. Spike-R.

852. .
853- 6c“
854. “ec

Bulrush or Club-Rush.
855. Great Bulrush.
856. Bulrush.

857. Wool-Grass.

Cotton-Grass.
858. Cotton-G.
Nut-Rush.
859. Nut-R.

Sedge.
860. Sedge.
BOL, | =
a
2 eos
So4.- 48
S65.
S66: 4
ey
BGs, sts"
869. “ce
S77 ES
S710 4 eee
G72.) es

*Dubuque. ihe

oat

ee ee ee ee

chic: HE

-_—— =

Leersia

899.
goo.

. lagopodioides, Schk.
. cristata, Schw.

var. mirabilis, Boott.

. adusta, Boott.

. feenea, (?) Willd.

var.(?) ferruginea, Boott.
. Straminea, Schk., var. typ-

ica, Boott.
var. hyalina, Boott.
var. Meadii, Boott.

. aperta, Boott.

. Stricta, Lam.

. Buxbaumii, Wahl.

. Meadii, Dew.

. grisea, Wahl.

. Davisii, Schw. & Torr.

. plantaginea, Lam.*

. laxiflora, Lam., var. blan-

da, Boott.
var. latifolia, Boott.

. eburnea, Boott.
. Pennsylvanica, Lam.
. lanuginosa, Michx.

. hystricina, Willd.

. intumescens, Rudge.
. lupulina, Muhl.

. folliculata, L.

. longirostris, Torr.

GRAMINE/ZE.

Virginica, Willd.
oryzoides, Swartz.

Zi7vania

gol.

aquatica, L.

Alopecurus

go2.

aristulatus, Michx.

Phieum

903. pratense, L.

Vilfa

904.
905.

vaginzeflora, Torr.
cuspidata, Torr.

Sporobolus

906.
907.

heterolepis, Gray.
cryptandrus, Gray.

Agrostis

908.
929:
gio.
gil.

Cinna

gi2.

*Lee County.

perennans,. Tuckerm.
scabra, Willd.
vulgaris, With.

alba, L.

arundinacea, L.

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

873. Sedge.

874.
875. “c
ot a ps
877. “ce
878. (73
879- “ec
Bao, | 1s
Shr," 1%
Bee). | Me
ak ay
oe
ee
Beh? 1 aFF
887. <<“
SRB. 525
889. “cc
890. “cc
ON AE ig
892. “ec
3- ce
894. “<“
895. (z3
Bab: 4
anes

GRASS FAMILY.

White Grass.

899. White G.
goo. Rice Cut-grass.

Water or Indian Rice.

gor. Indian Rice. Water Oats.
Foxtzil Grass.

go2. Wild Foxtail.
Cat’s-tail Grass.

903. Timothy. Herd’s-Grass.
Rush-Grass.

904. Rush-G.

905. “se
Drop-sced Grass.

go6. Drop-seed G.

907. ce :
,ent-Grass-

go08. Thin-Grass.

g09. Hair-G.

g10. Red-top.

gti. Fiorin or White Bent-G,
Wood Reed-grass.

g12. Wood R.

THE FLORA OF IOWA. 35

Muhlenbergia Drop-seed Grass.

913. sobolifera, Trin. 913. Drop-seed G.

914. glomerata, Trin. gl4. is

g15. Mexicana, Trin. gI5. =

g16. sylvatica, Torr. & Gr. g16. es

917. Willdenovii, Trin. gI7. ee

918. diffusa, Schreber. 918. ie
Brachyelytrum Brachyelytrum.

gIg. aristatum, Beauv. 9I9. ———
Calamagrostis Reed Bent-Grass,

920. Canadensis, Beauv. 920. Blue Joint-G.

921. longifolia, Hook. gate 2755 s
Oryzopsis Mountain Rice.

922. melanocarpa, Muhl. 922. Mountain Rice.
Stipa Feather-Grass.

23. spartea, Trin. 923. Porcupine Grass.
Aristida Tripie-awned Grass.

924. gracilis, Ell. 924. Triple-awned Grass.
Spartina Cord or Marsh Grass.

925. cynosuroides, Willd. 925. Fresh-water Cord-G.
Bouteloua Muskit-Grass.

926. hirsuta, Lagasca, 926. Muskit-G.

927. curtipendula, Gray. 927. be
Diarrhena Diarrhena.

928. Americana, Beauv. 928. Diarrhena.
Dactylis Orchard Grass.

929. glomerata, L. 929. Orchard G.
Keleria Koleria.

939. cristata, Pers. 930. Keeleria.
Eatonia Eatonia.

931. obtusata, Gray. . 931, Eatonia.
Melica Melic-Grass.

932. mutica, Walt., var. glabra, 932. Melic-G.

Gray.

933. var. diffusa, Gray. 933- os
Glyceria Manna-Grass,

934. nervata, Trin. 934. Fowl Meadow-G., in part.
Poa Meadow-grass. Spear-Grass.

935- compressa, L. 935. Wire-Grass.

936. serotina, Ehrh. 936. False Red-top.

937- pratensis, L. 937- Kentucky Blue-Grass.
Eragrostis Eragrostis.

938. reptans, Nees. 938. Eragrostis.

939. powotdes, Beauv. 939. a

949. var. megastachya, Gray. 940. s

941. pzlosa, Beauv. O41. H

942° Frankii, Meyer. 942. Ss
Festuca Fescue-Grass.

943. tenella, Willd. 943. Fescue-G.

944. nutans, Willd. 944. &

36 THE FLORA OF IOWA.

Bromus

945. secalinus, L.

946. racemosus, L.

947. Kalmii, Gray.

948. ciliatus, L.

949. _—-var. purgans, Gray.

Phragmites

950. communis, Trin.
Lolium

Q51. ¢emulentum, L.
Triticum

952. repens, L.
HMordeum

953- jubatum, L.
Elymus

954. Virginicus, L.

955. Canadensis, L.

956. V
957. striatus, Willd.

Gymnostichum
958. Hystrix, Schreber.

Tticroehtoa

959. borealis, Roem. & Schul.

Phalaris
g6o. arundinacea, L.
Paspalum
961. lave, Michx.
Panicum
962. glabrum, Gaudin.
963. sanguinale, L.
964. agrostoides, Spreng.
965. proliferum, Lam.
966. capillare, L.
967. virgatum, L.
968. latifolium, L.
969. xanthophysum, Gray.
970. pauciflorum, EI.
971. dichotomum, L.
. Var, sphzerocarpon, L.
973. Crus-galli, L.
' Setaria
974. glauca, Beauv.
975. viridis, Beauv.
Cenchrus
Andropogon

/ 976. tribuloides, L.

977. furcatus, Muhl.
978. scoparius, Michx.

Sorghum

979. nutans, Gray.

var. glaucifolius, Gray.

Brome-Grass.

945. Cheat or Chess.
946. Upright Chess.
947. Wild C,
948. Brome-Grass.
949. ce

Reed.

950. Common R.
Darnel,
Q95!.
Wheat.

952. Couch-, or Quick- Grass.

Barley.

3earded D.

953- Squirrel-tail Grass.
Ly: ie-Grass. Wild Rye.
954. Wild Rye.

955: ce ee
950. Ce “ee
957- 6c ce

Bottie-brush Grass.

958. Bottle-brush G.
Holy Grass.

959. Vanilla or Seneca G.
Canary-Grass.

g60. Reed Canary-G,
Paspalum.

961. Paspalum.
Panic-Grass.

962. Panic-G.

963. Common Crab or Finger-G.

964. Panic-G.

965. ce

966. Old-witch Grass.
967. Panic-G.

968. ma
969. “cc
970. 6
971. Zz:
972 ce

973. Barnyard-Grass.
Bristly Foxtaii Grass.

974. Foxtail.

975. Green Foxtail. Botde-G.
Hedgehog- or Bur-Grass.

976. Bur-G.
Beard-Grass.

977. Beard-G,

978. ““

Broom Corn,

979. Indian Grass. Wood-Grass.

APPENDIX.

17. RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS, L., var. STAGNATILIS, DC. (2. a-
varicatus, of Gray’s Manual.)

‘Frequent forms occur connecting this with the variety ¢rzcho-
phyllus. Wt can hardly be #. divaricatus, Schrank, as European
and Asiatic specimens of that species show a well-defined lamina to
the segments of the leaves, while in American specimens they are
always filiform.’? Watson’s Rep. in King’s Exp.

CLEOME, L.

Sepals distinct or somewhat united. Stamens 6 or rarely 4. Torus
minute. Pod linear or oblong, subsessile or stipitate.—Annual herbs
or shrubs with digitate or simple leaves and racemed or solitary
flowers. Benth. & Hook.

83. C. INTEGRIFOLIA, Torr. & Gr.—Annual, somewhat glaucous,
2°-3° high, widely branching; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate,
(the lower-most oblong) entire, submucronate; racemes sometimes
nearly 1° long: flowers large, showy, reddish purple, rarely white;
sepals united to the middle, persistent, segments triangular-acumi-
nate; petals with very short claws; stamens equal; pods oblong-
linear, compressed, much longer than the stipe. flor. Col., Port. &
Coul.

gl. VIOLA CANADENSIS, L.—As yet found only at Decorah. Our
plant varies from the typical one in having much smaller pink flow-
ers, Whose lateral petals are not bearded; as well as in general as-
pect, which is decidedly like V. pubescens.

124. PORTULACA RETUSA, Engel.—Like P. oleracea, but greener,
and the stem more ascending, sometimes covering a space several
feet in diameter; leaves usually smaller than the common species;
sepals obtuse, broadly carinate winged; petals yellow; stigmas 3 or 4;
capsule 2144’’-3’’ long, broader in proportion; seeds more strongly
tuberculate than in P. oleracea. Flor. Cal.

131. CALLIRRHOE INVOLUCRATA, Gray.—Hirsute; stem branch-
ing, procumbent; leaves deeply 3-5-parted, covered with stellate
hairs, segments linear-lanceolate, laciniately 3- 5-toothed; peduncles
erect, I-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers few in a loose pan-
icle, about 1%4’ in diameter, axillary, scarlet; bracteoles 3, linear-lan-
ceolate, 24 the length of the deeply-parted calyx; carpels numerous,
hairy, not wrinkled. Flor. Col., Port. & Coul.

38 THE FLORA OF IOWA.

155. VITIS CORDIFOLIA, Michx.—Tall (or more rarely low) climb-

ing high, trunks not rarely 6’—9’ in diameter; leaves middle-sized or

small (2%4‘— 3’ or 4’ in diameter), heart-shaped, mostly entire or very
slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with broad, shallow teeth, usually
smooth and shining, more on the upper than on the lower side, the
young ones sometimes, and very rarely the old ones, with short hair
on the ribs below; berries small, in large, mostly loose bunches,
black, without a bloom, maturing late in the fall, usually only with
a single short and thick seed, marked by a prominent raphe. — This
grows more especially in fertile soil, and is common in river and
creek bottoms. Lxge/m. in 6th An. Rep. Insects Mo, ;

156. VITIS RIPARIA, Michx., (I. cordifolia, Michx., var. riparia,
Gray.)— Mostly a smaller plant than the last, but with larger (3' 5’
in diameter) and more or less incisely 3-lobed, glabrous, shining (or
rarely when young, slightly hairy) leaves, the lobes long and pointed,
the teeth also more pointed than in I’. cordifolia; berries usually
larger than in the last, mostly with a bloom, in smaller and often
more compact bunches, commonly I~—2-seeded; seeds with a less
prominent raphe. —This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on river
banks, che northern form has fewer and larger berries in a bunch,
and is easily distinguished from J. cordifo/ia. The fruit ripens ear-
lier than the former and is pleasanter. Awge/m. in [Insects Mo.

189. DALEA LAXIFLORA, Pursh.—Glabrous, 3°—4° high, erect,
branched above; branches slender and spreading; leaflets 4- 5 pairs,
linear-oblong, 2’’-3’’ long, %”’ wide, strongly dotted; spikes pani-
cled, few-flowered; flowers distant; bracts very broad, almost or-
bicular, glandular, coriaceous, glabrous, slightly cuspidate, embrac-
ing the flower; calyx deeply cleft, teeth long,setaceous, beautifully
plumose; corolla white, keel twice as long as the wings, vexillum
cordate, very small, sometimes with 4 approximated glands near the
middle. Flor. Col., Port. & Coul.

241. POTENTILLA RIVALIS, Nutt.— More slender than P. Norve-
gica, branched, villous or nearly glabrous; stipules lanceolate to
ovate, entire or toothed; leaves pinnate, with two pairs of closely
approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaflet three-
parted, the upper leaves ternate; leaflets ovate or oblong-cuneate or
lanceolate, 1’-2’ long, more or less incised-serrate; cymes loose, less
leafy, with slender pedicels; bractlets and sepals equal, 1%4’’- 3”
long; petals minute; stamens 10-20; achenia usually smooth; re-
ceptacle short. —-From the Missouri river to New Mexico. Not yet
found within our limits.

VAR. PENTANDRA, Watson.— Leaves ternate, the laterai leaflets
of the lower leaves parted nearly to the base; stamens five, opposite
to the sepals. (P. pentandra, Engel.)-- Found only at Humboldt,
Humboldt County. Watson’s Rev. in Proc. Am. Acad. VII.

277. GAURA COCCINEA, Nutt.--Canescent, puberulent or glabrate;
stems suffruticose and fastigiately branched from the base, 6’— 12’
high, very leafy, ascending; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear,
repand-denticulate or entire, 6’’- 12” long, closely sessile; flowers in
simple spikes terminating the leafy branches, rose-color, turning to
scarlet; bracts linear, rather persistent, longer than the ovaries;
calyx-segments linear-oblong, shorter than the narrow infundibuli-
form tube, as long as the roundish, unguiculate petals; fruit ellipti-
cal, sessile, short, terete, 4-sided above. /7or. Col., Port. & Coul.

297. PEUCEDANUM (?) NUDICAULE, Nutt.—Caulescent or some-
times scarcely so, minutely pruinose-pubescent, 3'-15' high; leafy
only at base; leaves bipinnate or ternate-bipinnate, the segments in-

THE FLORA OF IOWA. 39

cisely lobed with usually rather broad and subacute divisions; umbel
somewhat capitate in flower, with 8 —12 rays; involucre none; involu-
cels unilateral, of 6-10 membranously margined, more or less united
bracts; petals white, with attenuated apex and quasi-obcordate; ca-
lyx-teeth short; fruit pubescent, broadly oval, 3’’-4’’ long and 3”
broad, the thickish wing more than half as wide as the seed; vittz 3
in the intervals, 6 upon the commissure, conspicuous; seed flattened.
March-June. Watson's Rep.in King’s Exp. of 40th Par.

**As observed by Dr. Gray, the plant does not accord with Nuttall’s
description, nor in all respects with the characters of the genus.”’

ADOXA, L.

A genus belonging to the order Caprifoliaceze, and composed of
but a single species, widely distributed throughout the cooler parts
of the globe. It is characterized as follows in Flor. N. A.:

Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx coherent with the lower part of
the ovary, the limb slightly 2-3 cleft. Petals 4~5, inserted on the
limb of the calyx, united at the base, spreading. Stamens 4-5, each
filament 2-parted; the divisions bearing each a single-celled peltate
anther. Styles 4-5, subulate. Fruit an herbaceous and juicy berry,
4-5 celled; each cell with a single suspended seed. Seeds compressed,
with a membranaceous margin.

326. A. MOSCHATELLINA, L.—A small perennial herb, with the
odor of musk; root tuberous; radical leaves twice ternately com-
pound, on long petioles, the cauline solitary, I- 2 ternate or incised;
flowers 4-6 (greenish) in a terminal capitulum, the lateral ones
mostly pentamerous, the terminal tetramerous.

349. LIATRIS PUNCTATA, Hook. — Stems 8’— 3° high, from a thick,
knotted fusiform root, glabrate, leafy to the top; leaves linear, rigid,
strongly punctate on both sides, glabrous or their margins some-
times ciliate, lower ones 3’— 5’ long, slightly 3-nerved, 1’’-3’’ wide,
pungently acute; heads in a dense spike, 4’— 10’ long, 4-6 flowered;
flowers reddish-purple; scales of the cylindraceous involucre oblong,
strongly punctate, imbricated, appressed, with mucronate, acumi-
nate, rather spreading tips, margins woolly-ciliate; bristles of the
pappus about 30, purplish or white, very plumose; achenia hairy.
Flor. Col., Port. & Coul.

APLOPAPPUS, Cass.

Heads few-many-flowered; ray-flowers 3-many, pistillate, fertile;
those of the disk tubular, perfect, generally fertile. Involucre cylin-
drical, turbinate, campanulate, or hemispherical, the scales imbricated
in few-several series, from linear-subulate varying to broadly oval.
Receptacle flat, alveolate. Corolla of the disk funnel-shaped, or slight-
ly dilated upward, 5-toothed. Style of the disk flowers with the
branches flattened, the subulate hispid appendages much longer than
the stigmatic portion. Achenia oblong or linear, mostly terete or tur-
binate. Pappus simple, white or brownish, of copious, mostly une-
qual bristles. Perennial herbs or suffruticose plants, with entire or
pinnately-toothed or serrate leaves; flowers always yellow. Natives
of Western North America and parts of South America.

400. A. SPINULOSUS, DC.— Herbaceous, canescent with a soft, mi-
nute, woolly pubescence; stems many, I1°-2° high, corymbosely
branched above; leaves small, 9’’ 12” long, rigid, pinnately or some-
what bi-pinnately pxrted, segments short, linear-subulate, mucro-
nate with a short bristle; heads small, subglobose, terminating the
numerous branchlets; involucre shorter than the disk, scales subu-
late-lanceolate, mucronulate, imbricated in 3-4 series, appressed,
canescent; rays 20-30; corolla of the disk with very short teeth;

THE FLORA OF IOWA.

pappus pale or tawny, short, very unequal; achenia turbinate,
villous. AVlor. Col., Port. & Coul.

GRINDELIA, Willd.

Heads many-flowered; the ray flowers generally present, pistillate,
the ligule elongated, disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular-funnel-
shaped, 5-toothed. Involucre subglobose or hemispherical, the
scales imbricated in many rows. Receptacle naked, flat, foveolate.
Style with lanceolate, hispid appendages as long as the stigmatic
portion, Achenium smooth, oblong, or ovate, somewhat angled.
Pappus of 2-8 smooth, rigid, deciduous awns, shorter than the disk-
corollas.—Biennial (?) perennial or suffruticose, often resiniferous,
Mexican and North American plants.

401. G. SQUARROSA, Dunal. —Glabrous and viscidly resinous; stems
herbaceous from a perennial caudex, 10- 2¢ high, corymbosely branch-
ed above; leaves somewhat rigid, glaucous and punctate, radical
ones spatulate-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, dentate or incised,
cauline mostly oblong, sessile and partly clasping, rather obtuse,
finely toothed or spinulose-serrate ; heads numerous, subglobose, 6”
broad ; the scales very rigid, close-appressed, but with very long re-
flexed, squarrose, subulate points, resinous; rays numerous, rather
narrow ; pappus of 2-4 very rigid, deciduous bristles or awns.
Flor. Col., Port. & Coul,

CYCLACHAINA, Fres.

Fertile and sterile flowers in the same head ; the former 5, in the
axils of the inner scales of the involucre, with no corolla or a mere
rudiment; the latter 10 - 15, with an obconical 5-toothed corolla (near-
ly destitute of proper tube); the central ones abortive. Scales of
the flattish hemispherical involucre usually 10, in 2 series; the exte-
rior 5, ovate, somewhat acuminate, thickish, herbaceous; thé interior
dilated-obovate, truncate, membranaceous, at length loosely wrapped
around the achenia. Receptacle small, flat; the chaff linear-spatu-
late, usually wanting toward the center. Anthers slightly united,
tipped with an inflexed mucrenate appendage. Style of the fertile
flowers deeply 2-cleft, linear, acutish; in the sterile flowers undi-
vided, radiate-penicillate at the apex. Achenia obovate, obcom-
pressed, somewhat turgid, not margined, glabrous, entirely destitute
of pappus; the staminate flowers with no rudiments of ovaries.

408. C. XANTHIIFOLIA, Fres. —A tall and coarse annual; the stem
simple, and more or less branched at the summit; leaves opposite,
ovate or sub-cordate, acuminate, doubly or unequally serrate, 3-
nerved, hirsute-canescent or pubescent beneath, somewhat scabrous,
on long petioles; heads small greenish, ebracteate, sessile and often
glomerate, disposed in compound terminal and axillary spikes, form-
ing a pyramidal panicle. “Flor. AN. A.

426. HELIANTHUS LENTICULARIS, Dougl.-—Annual, scabrous or
hispid, branching, stout, 3°-8° high; leaves ovate, alternate, acu-
minate, coarsely-serrate, 3'-6’ long, 2’—-4’ broad, 3-nerved at the
base and suddenly narrowed into a petiole nearly as long as the leaf,
uppermost often lanceolate and entire; heads mostly panicled, pe-
duncled, 2’— 4’ broad; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate, abruptly
and conspicuously acuminate, in about 3 rows, spreading; rays 20—
40, large; chaff of the flat receptacle nearly as long as the purplish
disk-flowers, concave, carinate, tricuspidate, the middle point much
the strongest and dark-colored; achenia finely appressed-pubescent;
pappus of two lanceolate, chaffy awns. Flor. Col., Port. & Coud.

471. CENTAUREA AMERICANA, Nutt.-—Stem erect, striate-grooved,
sparingly branched, thickened under the heads; leaves sessile, gla-

| THE FLORA OF IOWA. 41

brous, often scabrous, the lower oblong-ovate, repand-toothed, the
upper lanceolate, acute; heads not bracteate; scales of the involucre
all with pectinate appendages; rays elongated, the segments very
long and slender. Flor. WV. A.

Common in cultivation, and native in Southern U.S. Plant 2°- 3°
high, with very large, showy heads. Flowers pale purple.

CNICUs, L.

(CIRSIUM, Tourn., of Gray’s Manual.) This change is the result
of a more exhaustive study of the genus and leaves the synonymy as
given in the body of the Catalogue. It does not otherwise effect the
species enumerated. See Gray's Rev. of Thistles in Proc. Am. Ac.
EX o> X.

CREPIS, L.

Heads several-many-flowered, flowers all ligulace. Involucre us-
ually calyculate with a few small bracteoles, the proper scales nearly
equal, in a single series. Receptacle naked or slightly hairy. Ache-
nia terete or somewhat compressed, 8 30 striate, usually narrower
above or even tapering into a short beak, the apex expanded into a
minute disk. Pappus pure white, copious, of denticulate or scabrous

_ delicate capillary bristles, or sometimes of more rigid bristles slightly

dilated toward the base.
489. C. RUNCINATA, Torr. & Gr. —Perennial, slightly hirsute, be-
coming smoother; radical leaves obovate or oblong lanceolate, run-

cinate-lobed or only slightly toothed, tapering to the base, 2’- 7’
long; scape 1°- 2° high, branching, bearing a few linear, bract-like
leaves; branches and involucres more or less hirsute with blackish,
often glandular, hairs; involucres many-flowered, calyculate; scales
linear-lanceolate, with scarious margins; achenia striate, slightly ta-
pering upwards. flor. Col., Port. & Coudl.

493. Lactuca Lupoviciana, DC.—Very smooth (3°- 5° high);
leaves all runcinate, retrorsely and sharply toothed, the cauline
partly clasping; panicle divaricate, the peduncles and involucre
naked; pappus conspicuously stipitate; flowers yellow. /Vor. NV. A.

It is doubtful if this be distinct from A/ulgedium pulchellum, Nutt.

570. LYCOPUS RUBELLUS, Moench. ~ Nearly glabrous; stem weak,
sub-erect (19 2° high), obtusely angled; leaves petioled, ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, much acuminate at both ends; calyx
teeth triangular awl-shaped, not rigid. (L. Lurvopeus, L., var. tnteg-
rifoltus, Gray.) Gray's Rev. Lyc., Proc. Am. Ac., 1870.

571. Lycopus Lucipus, Turcz. - Stem stout (2°- 3° high), erect,
acute-angled at top; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (2’- 4’
long), acute or acuminate, with large and very sharp serrations, the
base obtuse, or occasionally acute, subsessile; calyx teeth alternate,
subulate.

VAR. AMERICANUS, Gray. - Leaves barely shining on both sides,
often hairy pubescent; stem generally hairy; calyx teeth small and
rigid. dzd.

572. Lycopus SINUATUS, Ell.—Stem acutely 4-angled; leaves
lanceolate or oblong, acute, irregularly incised and laciniate-pinna-
tifid, sinuate, dentate at the point, attenuate at the base, on mode-
rately long petioles; calyx teeth triangular, subulate, short cuspidate;
rudimentary stamen filiform, capitate, or clavate at the summit. (JZ.
Europeus, L., var. sinuatus, Gray.) bid.

578. SALVIA LANCEOLATA, Willd.-—-Stem herbaceous, ascending
and with the branches, glabrous; leaves petioled, lance-linear, ob-
tuse or acuminate, base narrow; bracts lance-subulate, shorter than

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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND TICULTURE.

%
WEW YORK
ROTANICAL
Extracts from epee

Began work March 11th; made hot-bed, ant
Cleared the ground designed for Garden purposes of rubbish, corn

started early plants.

stalks, cane roots, ete. Then manured somewhat over two acres and
a-half, putting on the whole about two hundred and twenty-five
loads.

As soon as the ground became dry enough it was plowed. This,
however, was not well done, being plowed altogether too shallow to
withstand the drouth which soon came on. After plowing, the
whole was laid out into nine blocks, one hundred and sixty by two
hundred and seventy-two and a-fourth feet, separated by drives fif-
teen feet in width. One acre of this, on the east side, was turned
over to Professor Mathews, for small fruits; and it was decided not
to break up the south-east half acre of sod, so that in the Garden
proper there are seven acres and a-half, exclusive of the space taken
up by the drives.

The ordinary Garden crops were planted in their time. All suf-
fered more or less from the excessive drouth of the spring and sum-
mer. ‘Lhere were raised in all one hundred and eighty varieties of
vegetables, comprising plants of twenty-three different species.

A bed was prepared, and set with the Linneeus variety of Rhu-
barb. A large percentage of the plants were killed by the drouth.
Such as lived are doing well, and will be ready for use next scason.

In the fall a bed was begun for Asparagus, by heavily manuring,
and then thoroughly plowing and subsoiling. It will be re-manured
during the winter, and then subsoiled again in the spring, when it
it will be ready for plants.

During the fall two hundred and sixty rods of tile draining were
put down under the supervision of the Farm Superintendent, Mr.

1) 81

89 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Now 9

Roberts. These drains, though not yet sufficient, will do much to
better the land. |

At the close of the season the crops were removed, (excepting par-
snips and salsify,) and the ground manured, and then carefully
plowed and subsoiled, and left in the rough for winter.

REPORT FOR 1871.

To the Board of Trustees of the Iowa Agricultural College:

GENTLEMEN: I herewith submit my annual report of the Depart-
ment of Botany and Horticulture forthe year 1871 :

For both out-door and class-room work the year just closed has
been pleasant as well as profitable. In the class-room the students
under my charge have manifested a gratifying degree of interest in
the study of Botany; and for the out-door operations I can say that as
a general thing those working with me have done so with cheerful-
ness, taking a good degree of interest in their work, and performing
their tasks in a satisfactory manner. In the results obtained the
year has alsobeen eminently successful. Mostof the crops have done
well, though the short periods of drouth in the summer, and the dry
weather of the fall, somewhat decreased certain crops. The whole
work has moved on with a uniformity not known last year, and
all of the improvements begun have been successfully carried out.

PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS.

Finished the drives on the north side of the garden, and made
considerable improvement upon those already in use. These drives
are now in quite good condition, but on account of their not being .
graveled, it will take a good deal of work annually to keep them in
good repair, and free from weeds. Some labor was put upon a por-
tion of the ground in preparing it for better cultivation next year, by
not planting it, keeping it free from weeds, and constantly stirring it
with the plow and cultivator. This portion now promises to fully

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 83

repay all the labor expended upon it, in the looser condition of the soil,
and its greater freedom from weeds. As a whole the ground is now
in much better condition for garden purposes than a year ago. The
effect of the somewhat extensive system of under-drains laid last
season,is beginning to show itself in the greater friability of the soil,
which before draining was so tenacious as to make it exceedingly
difficult to plow.

CROPS RAISED.

Although the main object of the garden is to serve as a means of
illustration, we have raised upon it more than enough to supply the
wants of the boarding-hall, farm house, and Professors’ families.
The following list embraces the more important crops raised for this

purpose :

Beans, Lettuce, Radishes,
Beets, Melons, Salsify,
Cabbages, Onions, - Squashes,
Carrots, Parsnips, Turnips,
Corn, Peas, Tomatoes.
Cucumber, Potatoes.

In the spring I procured and set out in the bed prepared last year,
one thousand roots of Purple Giant Asparagus, also planted one
hundred roots of Conover’s Colossal. Both varieties did so well
that I expect to crop quite heavily next spring. The Rhubarb bed
made last year yielded a full supply for the boarding hall. Such
plants as died out from the drouth of last year were very generously
replaced by the firm of Mathews & Son, of Knoxville. Also pre-
pared and set out a bed of Horseradish, which did well.

EXPERIMENTS.

Seventy-nine varieties of potatoes were planted with a view to de-
termining which were least liable to suffer from the attacks of the
potato beetle. The following is the list of those tried :

Black Mercer. Earty Roser.
Great Western. Early White Sprout.
Early York. Shaker’s Fancy.

84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [No. 17
Early Pinkeye. Climax.
Chenango. Harrison. :
Patterson’s Blue. Early Shaw.

Calico. Early Mohawk.

White Mountain. Excelsior.

Union. King of the Earlies (No. 4).

White Rock. Bresee’s Prolific (No. 2).

Kearsearge. Peerless (No. 6).

Extra Early White.
Early Wendall,
Rough & Ready.
Early London.
Trish Cup.
Gleason.

Scvtch Blue.
Chenery.
Colbrook Seedling.
Cuzco.

Russet No. 1.
Snowball.

Late Pinkeye.
Shaker Russet.
Shaker Russet No. 2.
British Queen.
Mountain Sprout.
Lapstone Kidney.
Early Don.
Mercer.
Coppermine.
Seedling Rock.
Early Stevens.
Early Sovereign.
Dover Seedling.
Prince of Wales.
Noblow.
Napoleon.

Dykeman.

Garnet Chili.

Chili No. 2.

White Chili.
PEACHBLOW.
Wuite-Evep PEAcuBiow.
WuitE Pracusiow.
White Apple. °
Vanderveer’s Seedling.
Six Weeks.

Jackson White.
Merino.

Ohio Russet.

Prince Albert.

Black Kidney.
Pennsylvania Searchwarrant.
Andes.

Orono.

Strawberry.

Sebec.

Seotch Russet.

Early Buckeye.

Callao.

Early Goodrich.

Lady Finger.

Western Red.
Farfarshire Red.

Early Handsworth.
Bulkley’s Seedling.

mayt of |
E Wo, 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 85

Those in Italics were entirely destroyed by the beetle ; while the
Peachblow and Chili varieties stood their attacks without suffering
much. Climax also showed a good deal of freedom from injury in
this respect. For an early potato, Early Rose suffered as little as
any in the whole lot, while the much vaunted King of the Earlies -
was almost annihilated. We never need expect to find a beetle-
proof variety of potato, but by planting those most nearly so, we shall
at any rate prevent the beetles increasing as rapidly as they would
otherwise have done. All things considered, the Early Rose is per-
haps the best early potato for general culture ; while the Peach-
blows will generally prove the most satisfactory for late plantings.

White Apple is, to all appearance but a sub-variety of the Peach-
blows, so that I have classed it with them.

TOMATOES.

About thirty varieties of tomatoes were tried, the most important
of which are the following:

Liztra Early fed.—Karly and very prolific, but badly curved,
and wrinkled.

Trophy.—Large, heavy, smooth, and reasonably early. Worthy
of general introduction.

General Grant.—Good.

Tilden’s New.--Very good.

Fejee.—Large and heavy, but too late. :

Yellow Fig, Yellow Cherry, and Red Cherry.—Small and

smooth; valuable for preserving.
CABBAGE,

Planted about twenty varieties, native and foreign.

Larly York and Early Wakefield for early varieties, Winniy-
stadt for second early, and Marblehead Mammoth and Stone Mason
for late use, are worthy of general cultivation. Among the re
cently introduced foreign varieties, McHwan’s Early seems worthy
of further attention.

BEETS.

Of the fourteen varieties planted, none seemed better for table use

86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [No. 17.

than the Philadelphia Early Turnip Beet, which is medium sized,
round, smooth, and of a fine dark red color.

Bassano, and Larly Blood Turnip are too well known to need
recommendation here.

CORN.

Tried several varieties of sweet corn, which were sent out by the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C.

Asylum Sweet, resembles somewhat the old standard sort, Stow-
ell’s Evergreen, but its ears are larger and fewer rowed.

Narragansett Sweet is perhaps worthy of some attention. It is
of a low and slender habit, producing its small but exceedingly
sweet ears very early in the season. Where earliness is important
this will probably be a very desirable variety.

INSEOTS.

As lowa has no State Entomologist, it may not be out of place to
name a few of the worst insects found on the garden.

On Beans. Last season (1870) during the excessive drouth, beans ~

were attacked by the red spider (Zrombidium telartwm, Herm,)
which caused the crop to prove almost an entire failure. This pest
is a little mite, not more than one fiftieth of an inch in length, living on
the under surface of the leaves. Fortunately its habits prevent its
becoming injurious in seasons when there is much rain, as it can
not stand the wet. Jtemedy: copious watering with cold water.

On Cabbage. The little black flea-beetle (Z/altica striolata, Ili-
ger,) is often destructive to young cabbages, turnips and allied plants.
Ashes sprinkled on the plants when moist, will help the matter.

Cut worms (Agrotis—perhaps several species,) did some damage
the past season. In order to get rid of these, every particle of rub-
bish should be taken off of the ground in the fall, and the whole
then plowed so as to expose it to all the freezing and thawing
possible.

The Cabbage Moth (Plutella cruciferarum, Zeller,) was very
destructive here in 1870, and did some damage this year. The larvee
of this moth is a little green worm about half an inch in length ; it

Bt ee

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. R7

lives on the under side of the leaves, and eats multitudes of holes
into them. I know of no remedy.

The larger cabbage worm, which is the larvee of the common white
butterfly, (Pieris Protodice, Boisd.) is about one inch in length, green-
ish, marked with longitudinal yellow stripes. This season it was
found in some abundance in the garden, boring into the heads of
cabbage ; and when it was allowed to have its own way it utterly
destroyed the head. Hand picking the “ worms” will do much to
prevent their ravages. The butterflies can also be easily caught in
hand-nets and killed, as they are not rapid in flight.

The cabbage plant louse (Aphis brassicw, L.,) was very abundant
during the past season, and proved quite injurious to cabbage, cauli-
flower, kale &c. I know of no effectual remedy.

On Corn. This season a neighbor called my attention to a worm
which was boring into his corn. Upon examination I found it to be
the corn worm (//eliothis urmigera, Hubner,) which seems to be ad-
vancing upon us from the south, where it feeds upon the cotton bolls,
and is accordingly called the Boll Worm.

The perfect insect is a night flying moth, with a spread of
wing of aninch and a half or more, while the worm or larva is in size
and appearance very much like a fat cut-worm. Hand picking, though
laborious, seems to be the most effectual remedy yet discovered.

On Cucumber, Squash, &c.—The two worst enemies of these
plants, during the last two years, were the twelve spotted cucumber
beetle, (Diabrotica 12-punctata, Fabr.) and the striped squash beetle,
(Diabrotica vittata, Fabr.) both of which are yellow above, with
black markings, the former with twelve black dots on the back, the
latter with three longitudinal black lines. A mixture of one part of
Paris green to ten or twelve of flour, proved a very efficient remedy
this season.

On Potatoes.—Tho Colorado potato beetle (Doryphora decemlin-
eata, Say.)seems to be slowly giving way before its numerous enemies.
For a considerable time last spring the “ Lady Bugs,” (Coceimella
and [Hippodamia) ate up the eggs of the beetle as fast as laid, and I
am certain that on the garden, at least, these friends of ours reduced
the crop of beetles fully one-half. I was gratified at finding another
active enemy of the beetle, the Soldier Bug, busily at work during
_ the summer, killing the young larve.

89 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | (No. 1%

Entomologists now count up about a dozen quite important insects
engaged in this good work of exterminating the potato beetle, so that.
we may with considerable certainty predict that we have passed the’
worst, and that the future, with of course some fluctuations, will
show an annual decrease in the amount of injury done the potato.
crop by this pest.

Aside from these natural checks, hand picking and the application
of Paris green, are the most universally adopted means for their
eradication. Ofthe two, the former is perhaps the best, all things
considered.

A judicious selection of such varieties of potatoes as suffer ae
from their attacks, will also do much to shorten the stay of the beetle
among us.

PREPARATIONS FOR NEXT YEAR.

At the close of the season the debris of crops was cleared off,
such vegetables as were designed for use next spring were buried,
and the ground plowed in part. The early setting in of cold weather
prevented the completion of this work. ,

A quantity of peat was dug from the bed on the Gui and piled
up for use in making compost during the winter and spring. By
utilizing the material on hand, I do not see why we cannot manufac-
ture from five hundred to a thousand loads of first-class fertilizer
each year, which would be fully enough to meet all the demands of
the garden.

NEEDS.

The most pressing want just now is for a Garden-house. This
should contain an office, seed-room, tool-room, and vegetable-room,
and under the whole their should be a good sized frost-proof cellar.
As the fruit department also needs a cellar, and grafting room, a
considerable expense might be saved by combining all into one
larger building.

The supply of tools is not sufficient for all purposes. We should
have a greater variety as well as a greater number, so that our stu-
dents can become acquainted with the use of all kinds of garden
implements.

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 89

I would also call your attention to the fact that we need a green-
house and conservatory, for the propagation and preservation of
flowering plants. ain

I have placed these"tieeds in the orderof their importariee Nand aw
would respectfully urge that efforts be made for providingsat least
the Garden-house before mentioned.

A

BOTANY.

The Sophomore and Junior classes pursued this subject as laid
down in the course of study, both classes doing their work in a
thorough and satisfactory manner. In the first mentioned class col-
lections of plants were made amounting in the aggregate to upwards
of two thousand specimens; these were neatly mounted in suitable
books, correctly named, and preserved for further study next year.

During the past two years I have been endeavoring to make a full
collection of the plants of this locality, but for want of time have
not yet been able todo so. This season we added quite materially
to the Herbarium both by exchange and purchase, and now have
representatives of perhaps about twenty-five hundred species. There
should be some provision made for an annual addition of at least a
thousand species, which would in a few years give us a good sized
and valuable collection.

I append below, a list of plants, as a contribution to the Flora of
Iowa. The list is necessarily imperfect, in omitting many plants
known to be native of Iowa, but which for lack of time to fully
identify have been left out. In collecting the material for the list I
have been greatly aided by Mr. J. C. Arthur, of the Junior class,
and am under many obligations to Professor Carpenter, of Indianola,
Professor McLain, of Fayette, and Professor Parker, late of Grin.
nell, (now of Amherst, Mass.,) for lists of plants found in their re-
spective localities.

Rev. Isaiah Reid, of Nevada, also furnished me with a partial list
of the plants collected by him several years ago in the vicinity of
Burlington.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

CHAS. E, BESSEY.

12

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF IOWA.
watfxeal

*.
(Plants in italic are introduced, and in most cases are weeds.)

Leather Flower.

Virgin’s Bower.

Pasque Flower.

Carolina Anemone.
Many Cleft
Anemone.

Long Fruited
Anemone.

Fennsylvanian
Anemone.

Wind Flower.
Round Lobed
Hepatica.

Sharp Lobed
Heptica.

Rue Anemone.

Early Meadow Rue.

Purplish Meadow
Rue.

Fall Meadow Rue.

RANUNCULACE.

Clematis Viorna, L.
Des Moines ; Ames.
Clematis Virginiana, L.
Charles City ; Ames; Fayette ; Burlington.
Anemone patens, L. var. Nuttalliana.
Charles City : Fayette. .

Anemone Caroliniana, Walt.
Ames.

Anemone multifida, DC.

Burlington—rare.

Anemone cylindrica, Gray.
Charles City ; Ames.

Anemone Pennsylvanica, L.
Grinnell; Ames ; Fayette.

Anemone nemorosa, L.
Charles City; Ames; Fayette ; Burlington.

Hepatica triloba, Chaix.
Fayette; Burlington.

TIepatica acutiloba, DC.
Charles City ; Ames; Fayette.
Thalictrum anemonoides, Michx.
Ames ; Fayette.
Thalictrum dioicum, L.
Ames ; Fayette.

Thalictrum purpurascens, L.
Ames.

Thalictrum Cornuti, L.
Ames; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Fayette.

90

; Rac!
‘ Ly
wv vt? '

; oe

No. 17.]

- White Water
Crowfoot.

Yellow Water
Crowfoot.

Sea-Side Crowfoot.

Small Flowered
Crowfoot.

Cursed Crowfoot.

Bristly Crowfoot.
Early Crowfoot.
Creeping Crowfoot.

Buttercups.

Marsh Marigold.

Wild Columbine.

Yall Larkspur.
Dwarf Larkspur.

Azure Larkspur.

White Baneberry.

_ Papaw.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Ranunculus aquatilis, L. var. trichophyllus.
Hamilton county.

Ranunculus multifidus, Pursh.
Ames ; Indianola.

Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh.
Ames—rare.

Ranunculus rhomboideus, Goldie.
Charles City ; Fayette.

Ranunculus abortivus, L.
Grinnell ; Indianola ; Fayette.

Ranunculus sceleratus, L.
Ames.

Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, L.
Burlington.

Ranunculus fascicularis, Muhl.
Indianola ; Fayette; Burlington.

Ranunculus repens, L.
Grinnell ; Indianola ; Ames.

Ranuncrlus bulbosus, L.
Indianola.
Isopyrum biternatum, Torr. & Gray.
Ames—very common.
Caltha palustris, L.
Ames ; Grinnell; Charles City ; Fayette.
Aquilegia Canadensis, L.
Ames; Grinnell; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.
Delphinium exaltatum, Ait.

Grinnell
Delphinium tricorne, Michx.
Indianola.

Delphinium azurenm, Michx.
Ames ; Charles City.

Acteea alba, Bigel.
Ames ; Charles City.

ANONACEZ.

Asimina triloba, Dunal.
Marion County ; Burlington.

91

92, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

MENISPERMACE.®.

Canadian Moonseed. Menispermum Canadense, L.
Ames; Fayette,

BERBERIDACE.

Blue Cohosh, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx.
Ames; Fayette; Burlington.
May Apple. Podophylliun peltatum, L.

Ames; Grinnell; Indianola; Charles City; Fayette ; Bur-
lington.

NYMPHEHACEA.

Yellow Nelumbo. Nelumbium luteum, Willd.
Burlington,

White Water Lily. Nympheea odorata, Ait. -
Ames; Charles City; Fayette.
Yellow Pond Lily. Nuphar advena, Ait.
Ames; Charles City.
Small Yellow Pond Nuyphar luteum, Smith. var. pumilum. (N. Kal-

Lily. :
? miana, Pursh.)
Fayette-

PAPAVERACEZ.

Common Poppy. Papaver somnzferum, L.
Escaped as a weed at Charles City.

Smooth Fruited Papaver dubium, L.

Corn Poppy. Escaped as a weed at Charles City.
Blood Root. Sanguinaria Canadensis, L.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Fayctte; Burlington
FUMARIACEA:.
Dutchman’s Dicentra Cucullaria, DC.

Breeches. Ames; Grinnell; Fayette ; Burlington.
CRUCIFER.

Two-leaved Pepper Dentaria diphylla, is
Root. Burlington.

Pepper-root. Dentaria laciniata, Muhl.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Burlington.

No. 17.]
Spring Cress.

Rock Cress.

| Wood Cress.

Worm-seed Mus-

tard.

Hedge Mustard.

Charlock.

Black Mustard.

False Flax.

Shepherd’s Purse.

Wild Pepper-grass.

Pepper-grass.

Radish.

Round-leaved
Violet.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Cardamine rhomboidea, DC.
Ames ; Charles City ; Grinnell ; Fayette.

Arabis dentata, Torr. & Gray.
Fayette.

Arabis hesperidoides, Gray.
Ames.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.
Ames.

Sisymbrium officinale, Scop.
Ames ; Fayette.

Brassica Sinapistrum, Boissier.

sis. L.)

Ames.

Brassica nigra, L.

93

(Sinapis arven-

Ames; Charles City; Fayette. A vile weed, coming into

fieldsfrom the East.
Draba Caroliniana, Walt.

Ames.

Camelina sativa, Crantz.
Ames; Grinnell.

Capsella Lursa-pastoris, Mceench.

Ames ; Indianola; Charles City; Fayette ; Burlington. A weed,
common in fields and neglected grounds, as are also the

two following.
Lepidium Virginicum, L.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Lepidium ruderale, L.
Ames.

Raphanus satevus,_ L.
cuitivation in places.
CAPPARIDACE%.

Polanisia graveolens, Raf.
Ames.

VIOLACEX.

Viola rotundifolia, Michx.
Fayette ; Grinnell.

4)

94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (No. 17
Common Blue Viola cucullata, Ait. —
Violet. Grinnell; Ames; Charles City; Indianola; Burlisgton. ’
4
Var palmata. |
Found at Fayette and Burlington. .
Arrow-leaved Viola sagittata, Ait.
Violet. Fayette.
Larkspur Violet. Viola delphinifolia, Nutt.
Ames; Grinnell; Indianola; Fayette ; Burlington.
Bird-foot Violet. Viola pedata, Ts
Ames; Grinnell; Charles City ; Fayette; Burlington.
Downy Yellow = Viola pubescens, Ait.
Naat Ames; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Viola tricolor, L. var. arvensis.
Ames.
HYPERICACEA.
Great Saint John’s- Tfypericum pyramidatum, Ait. |
wort. Ames, rare.
Hypericum Kalmianum, L.
Burlington, rare.
Common Saint Hyvveri
ericum perforatum, L. )
John’s-wort. yP ; ei Wk ’
Burlington. <A pernicious weed. i
CARYOPHYLLACEZ.
Bouncing Bet. Saponaria officinalis, ‘ES |
Des Moines; Charles City.
Cow Herb. Vaccaria vulgaris, Host.
Grinnell.
Starry Campion. Silene stellata, Ait.

Ames; Grinnell; Burlington.

Sleepy Catebfly. Silene antirrhina, L.
Ames,

Corn-Cockle. Lychnis Githago, Lam.
Ames; Charles City; Fayette. Found too often in wheat flelds.

a

Sandwort. Arenaria lateriflora, L.
Grinnell ; Fayette.

—-No.17] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 95

Mouse-ear Chick- Cerastium vulgatum, L.
; Fayette; Burlington.

Larger Mouse-ear Qerastium viscosum, L.

Chickweed. :
Ames; Burlington.
Cerastium nutans, Raf.
Indianola.
Corn Spurry. Spergula arvensis, L.
Ames.
Parpel- weed. Mollugo verticillata, L.
Cedar Rapids.
PORTULACACEA.
Purslane. Portulaca oleracea, L.
Common as a weed in gardens and fields.
Portulaca. Portulaca grandiflora, ——,
Escaping as a weed at Charles City.
Spring Beauty. Claytonia Virginica, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Indianola’; Grinnell ; Fayette ; Burlington.
Spring Seauty. Claytonia Caroliniana, Michx.
Grinnell.
MALVACEZA.

Common Mallow. Malva rotundifolia, L.
Ames ; Des Moines; Cedar Rapids.

High Mallow. Malva sylvestris, L.
Ames.
Indian Mallow. Abutilon Avicenne, Geertn.

Ames; Indianola; Fayette; Marshalltown; Burlington; &c.
An Indian plant coming to us as a troublesome weed.

Bladder Ketmia. JJibiscus Zrzonwm, L.
Escaping as a weed at Indianola.

TILIACEA.

Basswood. Tilia Americana, L.
Ames; Charles City ; Fayette; Burlington.

LINACEZ.

Wild Flax. Linum sulcatum, Riddell. (L. Boottii, Planchon.)
Ames; Charles City ; Burlington.

96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Ni ‘ m%
Common Flax. Linum wsitatissimum, L. ;

Escaping from cultivation at Ames.

GERANIACEZ.

Wild Cranesbill. | Geranium maculatum, L.
Ames; Charles City; Grinnell ; Fayette.

Pale Touch-me-not. Impatiens pallida, Nutt.
Grinnell.

Spotted Touch me- Impatiens fulva, Nutt.
not. Ames; Fayette; Burlington.

Violet Wood-Sorrel. Oxalis violacea, Th ,
Ames; Charles City; Indianola; Grinnell; Fayette; Burling-
ton.

Yellow Wood-Sor- Oxalis stricta, )

rel. Ames; Charles City; Indianola; Grinnell; Fayette; Burling-
ton.
RUTACE#.
Prickly Ash. Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.

Ames; Charles City ; Fayette.

ANACARDIACE.

Smooth Sumach. Rhus glabra, iF
Ames; Charles City ; Fayette; Burlington.

Poison Ivy. Rhus Toxicodendron, L.
Ames; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

VITACE.
Summer Grape. = Vitis eestivalis, Michx.
Burlington.
Frust Grape. Vitis cordifolia, Michx.

Ames; Fayette ; Burlington.

Virginia Creeper. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx.
Ames; Charles City; Fayette; Burlington. This beautiful
vine is often mistaken for its poisonous relative, the Poison
Ivy. This creeper has five leaflets, while the Poison Ivy has
but (three.

No. 17.]

New Jersey Tea.

Climbing Bitter-

Sweet.

Waahoo.

Bladder Nut.

Ohio Buckeye.

Sweet Buckeye.

Sugar Maple.

Silver Mapie.

Box Elder,

Milkwort.

Seneca Snakeroot.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 97

RHAMNACE#.

Ceanothus Americanus, L.
Ames; Charles City ; Grinnell ; Burlington.

Ceanothus ovalis, Bigelow.
Ames ; Fayette.

CELASTRACEZ.

Celastrus scandens, L.
Ames; Fayette; Burlington.

Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. |
Ames; Fayette; Burlington.

SAPINDACEZ.

Staphylea trifolia, L.
Ames; Charles City; Fayette ; Burlington.

Afsculus glabra, Willd.

Indianola,

A‘sculus flava, Ait.
Burlington.
Acer saccharinum, Wang.
Ames; Charles City; Fayette; Burlington.
Var. nigrum.
Fayette.

Acer dasycarpura, Ehrhart.
Ames; Fayette; Burlington.

Negundo acervides, Moench.
Ames; Grinnell; Fayette; Burlington.

POLYGALACES.

Polygala incarnata, L.

Ames; Grinne]!.

Polygala sanguinea, L.
Ames; Charles City.

Polygala verticillata, L.
Ames; Charles City.

Polygala Senega, L.
Burlington.

98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. LNo. 17

LEGUMINOS 4.

Stone Clover. Trifolium arvense, L.
Lately introduced at Ames,

ied, Glover, Trifolium pratense, L.
Cultivated largely.

White Clover. of 78
Trifolium repens, L.

Introduced in cultivation.

Low Hop-Clover. Trifolium procumbens, ie

Lately introduced at Ames.

White Meliot. Melilotus alba, Lam.
Charles City ; Cedar Rapids.
Black Medick. = Medicago dupulina, L.

Lately introduced at Ames.

Psoralea argophylla, Pursh.
Grinnell.
Violet Prairie Clo- Petalostemon violaceus, Michx.
be Ames; Charles City ; Grinnell.
White Prairie Clo- Petalostemon candidus, Michx.
vor. Ames; Charles City; Grinnell.

False Indigo. Amorpha fruticosa, L.
Ames ; Indianola; Grinnell; Burlington.

Load Plant, Amorpha canescens, Nutt.
Ames; Charles City ; Indianola; Grinnell; Burlington.
Common Locust. Robinia Pseudacacia, L.
Largely planted, especially in the southern counties. Fre-
quently called, also, Black Lecust.

Ground Plum. Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker.
Ames; Charles City; Grinnell; Fayette.

Astragalus Canadensis, L.
Ames; Charles City ; Burlington.

Astragalus distortus, Torr. & Gr.

Burlington.

Tick Trefoil. Desmodium acuminatum, DC.
Ames ; Burlington.

Desmodium cuspidatum, Torr. & Gr.
Burlington.

Desmodium paniculatum, DC.
Grinnell. :

No. 17.| AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 99

Desmodium Canadense, DC.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Indianola.

Desmodium sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray.

Ames.

Bush Clover. Lespedeza capitata, Michx.
Grinnell.

Vetch. Vicia Americana, Muhl.

Ames; Charles City ; Fayette.

Vetchling. Lathyrus venosus, Muhl.
Fayette.

Marsh Vetchling. athyrus palustris, L.
Ames.

Ground-nnt. Apios tuberosa, Mcench.
Ames ; Grinnell.

Wild Bean. Phaseolus perennis, Walt.

Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers.
Ames, along the Des Moines River.
False Indigo. Baptisia leucantha, Torr. & Gr.
Ames ; Charles City ; Grinnell ; Burlington.

Baptisia leucophea, Nutt.
Ames ; Charles City ; Indianola ; Grinnell; Fayette ; Burlington.

Red Bud. Cercis Canadensis, L.
Burlington.
Partridge Pea. Cassia Chameecrista, L.

Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington.

Kentucky Coffee- (Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam.

tree.
Ames ; Burlington.
Honey Locust. Gleditschia triacanthos, L.
Ames, common variety with thorns, and also a thornless variety ;
Burlington.
ROSACE#.
Wild Plum. Prunus Americana, Marsh.

Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell; Fayette ; Charles City ; Burlington.

Chickasaw Plum. Prunus Chicasa, Michx.
Fayette.

Wild Red Cherry. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette.

100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __ [No. 17.

Choke Cherry. Prunus Virginiana, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Wild Black Cherry. Prunus serotina, Ehrhart.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Nine-Bark. Spireea opulifolia, L.
Charles City.

Meadow-Sweet. Spireea salicifolia, L.
Charles City.

Agrimony. Agrimonia Eupatoria, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

Avens. Geum album, Gmelin.
Ames.

Geum triflorum, Pursh. . . ;

Charles City ; Fayette. % :

Norway Cinque-foil. Potentilla Norvegica, L.
Ames.

Common Cinque-foil Potentilla Canadensis, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Potentilla arguta, Pursh.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.
Wild Strawberry. Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrhart. (var. Ilinoensis.)
. Ames.

Wild Red Raspberry Rubus strigosus, Michx. :
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette.

wie ies Rasp- Rubus occidentalis, L.

Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Wild Blackberry. Rubus villosus, Ait.
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Wild Rose. Rosa lucida, Ehrhart.
Ames ; Burlington.

Wild Rose. Rosa blanda, Ait.
Ames; Fayette. These two species of Rosa seem to be too
nearly alike.
Black Thorn, Crateegus tomentosa, L.
Ames ; Indianola ; Fayette.
Var. punctata, Gray.
Ames. Other forms are found in abundance, but they
seem to be not sufliciently fixed, for classifying.

No. 17] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Cockspur Thorn. Qrateegus Crus-Galli, L. (7)
Burlington.

American Crab- Pyrus coronaria, L.
Apple. é

.

Service Berry. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gr.
Ames ; Indianola ; Fayette ; Burlingto

SAXIFRAGACE.

Wild Gooseberry. Ribes hirtellum, Michx.
Burlington.

“Wild Gooseberry. Ribes rotundifolium, Michx.

Ames ; Fayette.

Wild Black Currant. Rihes floridum, L.
Ames ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Wild Hydrangea. [{ydrangea arborescens, L.
Fayette.

Grass of Parnassus. Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx.

Ames.

Swamp Saxifrage. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, L.

Grinnell ; Burlington.

Alum Root. Heuchera hispida, Pursh.
Ames; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Faye

CRASSULACEZ.

Ditch Stone.crop. Penthorum sedoides, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

HALORAGEZ.

Mermaid Weed. Proserpinaca palustris, L.
Ames.

ONAGRACEZ.

Enchanter’s Night- Circeea Lutetiana, L.
shade.

Ames ; Burlington.

Gaura. Gaura biennis, L.
Des Moines ; Indianola.
Willow Herb. Epilobium coloratum, Muhl.

Ames ; Charles City.

Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

101

102: AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
Evening Primrose. (Hnothera biennis, L.
Ames ; Indianola ; Burlington.

(Enothera serrulata, Nutt.
Ames ; Charles City.

Ludwigia polycarpa, Short & Peter.

Ames,
LYTHRACEZ.

Loosestrife. Lythrum alatum, Pursh.
Ames; Grinnell; Charles City.

CUCURBITACER.

One-seeded Cucum- Sicyos angulatus, L.
ber. ; .
Ames, on Des Moines river.

Wild Balsam Apple. Echinocystis lobata, Torr. & Gray.
Ames ; Charles City.

UMBELLIFER.
Black Snakeroot. = Sanicula Marilandica, L.

Ames.

t Snakeroot. . i 1
Buttor Snakero Eryngium yucceefolium, Michx.

Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.

Cow, Pee: Heracleum lanatum, Michx.

Ames ; Grinnell ; Fayette.

Common Parsnip. ° ;
P Pastinaca sativa, L.

Escaping from cultivation at Ames.
Cow bane.

Archemora rigida, DC.

Ames ; Charles City. Plant poisonous.

G t A li 2 .
reat Angelica Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoftm.

Ames ; Charles City.

Meadow Parsnip. Thaspium aureum, Nutt.

Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.

Zizia integerrima, DC.
Ames; Burlington.
Honewort.

Cryptotenia Canadensis, DC.

Ames.
Chervil.
Cheerophyllum procumbens, Lain.
Ames.
Smoother Sweet ; - ;
Cicely. Osmorrhiza longistylis, DC.

Ames.

[No. 17.

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Hairy Sweet Cicely. Osmorrhiza brevistylis, DC.
Ames.

ARALIACEZ.

Spikenard. Aralia racemosa, L.
Ames ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Wild Sarsaparilla. Aralia nudicaulis, L.
Ames ; Burlington.

Ginseng. Aralia quinquefolia, Gray.
Fayette ; Burlington.

CORNACEA.

Round Leaved Cor- Cornus circinata, L’Her.
nel.

Ames.

Kinnikinnik. Cornus sericea, L.
Ames.

Red-Osier Dogwood. Cornus stolonifera, Michx.
Burlington.

Rough Leaved Dog- Cornus asperifolia, Michx.

wood. Fayette.

Panicled Cornel. Cornus paniculata, L’ Her.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington.

Alternate Leaved Cornus alternifolia, L.

Cornel. Fayette ; Burlington.

CAPRIFOLIACEA.

Wolfberry. Symphoricarpus occidentalis, R. Br.

Charles City.

Smail Honey suckle. Lonicera parviflora, Lam. var. Douglasii.

Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette.

Horse Gentian. Triosteum perfoliatum, L.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City; Fayette; Burlington.
Black Elder. Sambucus Canadensis, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Red Elder. Sambucus pubens, Michx.
Ames.
Sheep-Berry. Viburnum Lentago, L.

Ames ; Grinnell ; Burlington.

103

104 AGRICULTURAL ‘COLLEGE. [No. 17.
Withe-rod. Viburnum nudum, L.

Fayette.
Downy Arrow-wood Viburnum pubescens, Pursh. /

Ames.

Cranberry Tree.

Bedstraw.

Small Bedstraw.

Button Bush.

Tron- Weed.

Blazing Star.

Joe-Pye Weed.

Boneset.

White Snakeroot.

Aster.

Viburnum Opulus, L.

This, or a nearly allied species, is found at Charles City.
RUBIACEA.

Galium concinnum, Torr. & Gr.
Burlington.
Galium trifidum, L.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.

Ames ; Burlington.
COMPOSITZ.

Vernonia fasciculata, Michx.

Ames ; Grinnell; Charles City ; Burlington. This, on low pas-

ture lands, is a somewhat troublesome weed.

Liatris cylindracea, Michx.

Ames; Grinnell.
Liatris secariosa, Willd.

Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Liatris pychnostachya, Michx.

Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell ; Charles City.
Kuhnia eupatorioides, L.

Ames ; Grinnell.
Eupatorium purpureum, L.

Ames ; Grinnell; Charles City.

Eupatorium perfoliatum, L.
Ames ; Indianola ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Eupatorium ageratoides, L.
Ames ; Grinnell.

Aster sericeus, Vent.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.

Aster patens, Ait.

Ames ; Grinnell.

Aster leevis, L.

Grinnell,

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 105

Aster azureus, Lindl.
Grinnell.

Aster undulatus, L.
Grinnell.
Aster cordifolius, L.

Ames,
Aster multiflorus, Ait.

Ames ; Grinnell.

Aster dumosus, L. (#)
Ames.

Aster Tradescanti, L.
Grinnell.

Aster miser, L. (?)
Ames.

Aster simplex, Willd. (?)
Ames ; Grinnell. .

Aster tenuifolius, L. (?)

Grinnell.

Aster carneus, Nees.
Ames.

Aster puniceus, L.
Grinnell.

Aster prenanthoides, Muhl.

Ames.

Aster oblongifolius, Nutt.

Grinnell. Seems to vary from typical

Aster Nove Anglia, L.

Ames.

Horse Weed. Erigeron Canadense, L.
Grinnell. <A rapidly spreading weed.
Erigeron divaricatum, Michx.
Ames. A native weed, of alow and spreading habit, which is
intruding on our pastured prairies.

Robin’s Plantain. Erigeron bellidifolium, Muhl.
Burlington.

Common Fleabane. Erigeron Philadelphicum, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette.

14

106

Daisy Fleabane.

Daisy Fleabane.

Golden Rod.

Compass Plant.

Prairie Dock.

Cup Plant.

Ragweed.

Great Rag-weed.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [No. 17.

Erigeron annuum, Pers.
Ames ; Grinnell.

Erigeron strigosum, Muhl.
Ames; Charles City.

Boltonia glastifolia, L’ Her.

Ames.

Solidago latifolia, L.

Ames.
Solidago rigida,: L.

Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Solidago Riddellii, Frank.

Ames.

Solidago ulmifolia, Muhl.

Ames.

Solidago nemoralis, Ait.
Grinnell.
Solidago Missouriensis, Nutt. (7)

Ames.

Solidago Canadensis, L.

Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell.

Solidago lanceolata, L.

Ames, Grinnell.

Silphium laciniatum, L.

Ames; Charles City; Fayette; Burlington. Tais curious plant
is found abundantly on the moister parts of the prairies,
but cultivation soon drives it out.

Silphium terebenthinaceum, L.

Burlington.

Silphium perfoliatum, L.
Ames; Charles City; Burlington. At Grinnell it seems to vary
from the typical form.

Parthenium integrifolium, L.
Charles City.

Ambrosia bidentata, Michx.

Burlington.

Ambrosia trifida, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

var. integrifolia.
Ames.

ate pea Sart

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 107

Bitter-weed. Ambrosia artemisizefolia, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

Ambrosia pilostachya, DC.
Ames.
These species of Ambrosia are vile weeds, and should be eradi-
cated as rapidly as possible.
Cocklebur. Xanthium strumarium, L.
Ames; Burlington. A bad weed on low grounds.
Ox-Eye. Heliopsis levis, Pers.
Ames; Indianola.

var. scabra.
Grinnell.

Purple Cone-flower. Kchinacea angustifolia, DC.
Ames ; Grinnell; Burlington.

Cone-flower. Rudbeckia laciniata, L.
Ames; Charles City.

Rudbeckia triloba, L.
Ames; Grinnell.

Rudbeckia hirta, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

Lepachys pinnata, Torr. & Gr.

Indianola; Grinnell.

Comm’n Sun-flower. Helianthus annwus, L.
Ames. Has become so thoroughly naturalized as to have much
the appearance of a native plant.

Helianthus rigidus, Desf.

Ames; Indianola; Grinnell.

Helianthus letifiorus, Pers.
Ames ; Charles City.

Helianthus grosse-serratus, Martens.
Ames; Grinnell.

Helianthus doronicoides, Lam. (?)

aes : Ames.
ctinomeris. ; °
Actinomeris squarrosa, Nutt.
Ames.
Tick-seed.

Coreopsis palmata, Nutt.

Ames; Charles City.

peeest-Ticks, Bidens frondosa, L.

Spanish Needles.
a Asics Ames ; Indianola.

108

Swamp Beggar-
Ticks.

Bur-Marigold.

2

Fetid Marigold.

Sneeze-Weea.

May- Weed.

Garden Chamomile.

Milfoil.

Ox-Eye Daisy,
White-Weed.

Wild Wormwood.

Mugwort, or Sage

Brush.

Biennial Wormwood Artemisia biennis,

Common
Wormwood.

Everlasting.

Fire-Weed.

Indian Plantain.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [No. 17.

Bidens connata, L.
Ames.

var. comosa.
Ames.

Bidens chrysanthemoides, Michx.
Ames ; Grinnell.
These species of Bidens are often allowed to grow in corn-
fields, along ditches, and in fence rows, by slovenly farmers.

Dysodia chrysanthemoides,
Ames ; Grinnell.

Lag.

Helenium autumnale, I.
Ames ; Grinnell.

Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. & Gr.

Indianola.

Maruta cotula, DC.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington—common along roadsides.

Anthemis nobilis, L.

Roadsides at Ames.

Achillea Millefolium, L.

Ames ; Indianola : Charles City ; Burlington.

Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.
Ames.
Lately introduced, and perhaps not yet established.

erable weed.

A mis-

Artemisia dracunculoides, Pursh.
Ames.
Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt.

Ames ; Grinnell.

Willd.
Ames.

Artemisia Absinthium, L.
Charles City. Escaped from gardens.

Hook.

Antennaria plantaginifolia,
Ames ; Indianola ; Charles City.

Erechthites hieracifolia, arf.
Ames ; Grinnell,

Cacalia tuberosa, Nutt.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.

No. 17.]

Golden Ragwort.

Bluebottle.

Common Thistle.

Tall Thistle.

Yellow Thistle.

Canada Thistle.

Burdock.

Dwarf Dandelion.
Troximon.

Long bearded
Hawk-Weed.

Rattlesnake-Weed.

White Lettuce.

Dandelion.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 109.

Senecio aureus, LL.
Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell; Charles City ; Burlington.

Var. Balsamite.
Burlington.

Centaurea Cyanus, L.
Ames—introduced lately from the east.

Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop.
Burlington.
Cirsium altissimum, Spreng.
Ames ; Indianola ; Charles City. The common Thistle of our
fields and woodlands.
Cirsium horridulum, Michx.
Burlington.
Cirsium arvense, Scop.

Keokuk ; Ottumwa.

I found this outlawed plant growing in the streets of the city
of Keokuk in the autumn of 1870, and am informed on
good authority that about Ottumwa itis also found. The
strictest enforcement of our State law on this subject should
be demanded by every enterprising farmer and gardener.

Lappa officinalis. Allioni, var. Major.
Ames ; Burlington. A detestable weed.
Krigia Virginica, Willd.
Burlington.

Troximon cuspidatum, Pursh.
Ames; Grinnell.

Hieracium longipilum, Torr.(?)
Ames.

Hieracium venosum, L.
Grinnell ; Fayette.

Nabalus albus, Hook.

Ames ; Burlington.

Nabalus asper, Torr. & Gray.

Ames ; Grinnell.

Nabalus crepidineus, DC.

Ames.

Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf.

Ames ; Indianola ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.
Probably introduced from the east at all these localities.

110

Wild Lettuce.

Prickly Lettuce.

False Lettuce.

Sow Thistle.

Cardinal Flower.

Great Lobelia.

Indian Tobacco.

Spiked Lobelia.

Harebell.

Marsh Bellflower.

Tall Bellflower.

Venus’ Looking-
glass.

Shin Leaf.

Indian Pipe.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Lactuca Canadensis, L.
Ames.

var. sanguinea, ‘Torr. & Gr.

Ames.

Lectuca Scariola, L.
Ames.

Mulgedium Floridanum, DOC.

Grinnell.

Sonchus asper, Vill.

Grinnell.
LOBELIACE 4.

Lobelia cardinalis, LL.
Ames ; Burlington.

Lobelia syphilitica, L.
Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell ; Burlington.

Lobelia inflata, L.
Cedar Rapids.

Lobelia spicata, Lam.
Ames; Grinnell; Charles City.

Lobelia paludosa, Nutt.

Ames; Burlington.
CAMPANULACEZ.

Campanula rotundifolia, L.
Fayette. .

Campanula aparinoides, Pursh.
Ames ; Charles City.

Campanula Americana, L.
Ames ; Indianola; Griunell; Burlington.

Specularia perfoliata, A. DC.

Ames; Grinnell; Burlington.

ERICACEA,
Pyrola elliptica, Nutt.
Cedar Rapids.

Monotropa uniflora, L.
Ames ; Grinnell.

[No. 17.

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. lll

Pine Sap. Monotropa Hypopitys, L.
Fayette.
PLANTAGINACES.
Common °
Plantain, + Lantago mayor, L.
Ames; Burlington, common.
Rib-grass._ Plantago lanceolata, L.
Ames.
PRIMULACES.
Shooting Star. Dodecatheon Meadia, L.

Charles City; Fayette; Burlington.
Tufted Loosestrife. Tysimachia thyrsiflora, L.

Ames.

Loosestrife. Lysimachia ciliata, L.
Ames.

Lysimachia dongifolia, Pursh.

Ames; Grinnell.
BIGNONIACEA.,

Trumpet Creeper. Tecoma radicans, Juss.
Burlington.

SCROPHULARIACE#.

Mullein. Verbascum ZThapsus, L.

Ames; Burlington. A slovenly weed coming to us from the
East.

Butter and Eggs. Linaria vw/garis, Mill.
Indianola ; Des Moines; Charles City. ‘‘A pernicious weed.”’

Figwort. Scrophularia nodosa, L.
: Ames; Charles City.
Beard Tongue. Pentstemon pubescens, Solander.
Burlington.

Pentstemon grandiflorus, Fraser.
Dubuque.

Monkey Flower. Mimulus ringens, L.

Ames; Grinnell. At the latter place Professor Parker describes
it as having a stem four-angled ; two opposite sides convex,
the other two deeply concave

112

Culver’s Physic.
Water Speedwell.

Purslane Speedwell.

Purple Gerardia.

Slender Gerardia.

Scarlet Painted
Cup.

Louse-wort.

Blue Vervain.
White Vervain.

Hoary Vervain.

Low Vervain.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [No. 17

Veronica Virginica, L.
Ames; Grinnell; Charles City.
Veronica Anagallis, L.

Anes.

Veronica peregrina, L.
Ames.

Gerardia purpurea, L.
Ames; Grinnell.

Gerardia tenuifolia, Vahl.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Burlington.

Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh.
Burlington. ’

Gerardia auriculata, Michx.
Ames; Grinnell.

Castilleia coccinea, Spreng.

Grinnell ; Charles City ; Fayette; Burlington.
Castilleia sessiliflora, Pursh.

Ames; Fayette,

Pedicularis Canadensis, L.
Ames ; Indianola; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Fayette; Burlington.

Pedicularis lanceolata, Michx.

Ames; Grinnell; Charles City. Seems to vary from the typ-
ical form,

ACANTHACE&.

Ituellia ciliosa, Pursh.
Indianola.

VERBENACE.

Verbena hastata, L.
Ames; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington,

Verbena urticifolia, L.
Ames; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington.

Verbena stricta, Vent.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington. At Ames flowers not ‘‘ blue,”’
but decidedly purple. Stem occasionally branched, and
leaves sometimes dentate.

Verbena bracteosa, Michx.
Ames ; Grinnell; Charles City.

i, ;
No. 17.]

Spearmint.

Wild Mint.

Basil.

Catnip.

Gill.

Heal-all.

Wood Sage.

Wild Bergamot.

Giant Hyssop.

Anise Hyssop.

False Dragon-head.

oOmmon Hore-

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 113

LABIATA.

Teucrium Canadense, L.
Ames; Grinnell: Burlington.

Mentha viridis, L.
Burlington.

Mentha Canadensis, L.
Ames.

Lycopus Europzens, L. var. sinuatus, Gr.
Ames; Grinnell.

Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, Pursh.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington.

Monarda fistulosa, L.

Ames ; Indianola ; Burlington.

Blephilia hirsuta, Benth.

Ames.
Lophanthus scrophularizefolius, Benth.
Ames ; Grinnell.
Lophanthus anisatus, Benth.
Grinnell.
Nepeta catarza, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Nepeta Glechoma, Benth.

Indianola.

Physostegia Virginiana, Benth.
Ames.

Brunella vulgaris, L.
Ames; Grinnell; Charles City.

Scutellaria versicolor, Nutt.
Burlington.

Scutellaria parvula, Michx.

Ames; Grinnell.

Scutellaria lateriflora, L.
Ames.

Marubium vulgare, L.
Burlington.

114

False Gromwell.

Gromwell.

Hairy Puccoon.

Lungwort.

Stickseed.

Beggar’s Lice.

Waterleaf.

Ellisia.

Greek Valerian.
Wild Sweet-william.

Wild Pink.

Wood Pink.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. No. 17

BORRAGINACE.

Onosmodium Carolinianum, DC. (7)
Ames. Our plant seems intermediate between O. Carolinia-—
uum and molle. Professor Parker gives what I presume is
the same plant as ‘‘an undescribed variety of O. Virginia-
num.’’ :
Lithospermum latifolium, Michx.
Ames.
Lithospermum canescens, Lehm.
Ames; Charles City; Grinnell; Fayette; Burlington.

Lithospermum longiflorum, Spreng.
Ames; Charles City ; Fayette.
Mertensia Virginica, DC.

Ames; Indianola; Grinnell; Charles City; Fayette; Burling-
ton.

Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.

Cynoglossum Morissoni, DC.
Ames. Both last mentioned plants are weeds.

HYDROPHYLLAOCE,

Hydrophyllum Virginicum, L.
Ames ; Grinnell.

Ellisia ambigua, Nutt.
Ames; Indianola; Grinnell; Fayette.

POLEMONIACE.

Polemonium reptans, L.
Fayette ; Burlington.

Phlox maculata, L.
Grinnell ; Charles City; Burlington.

Phlox pilosa, L.
Ames ; Indianola; Grinnell; Charles City; Fayette. The
common Wild Pink of the prairies.

Phlox procumbens, Lehm.
Ames. Common in timber land.
Phlox divaricata, L.
Grinnell ; Burlington.
Phlox bifida, Beck.

Burlington.

No. 17.| AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 115

CONVOLVULACE.

Hedge Bindweed. Calystegia sepium, R. Br.
Ames; Charles City; Grinnell; Burlington. A common and
troublesome weed in fields.

eter. Cuscuta Gronovii, Willd.
Ames.
Cuscuta glomerata, Choisy.
Ames ; Indianola.

SOLANACE.

Black Nightshade. Solanum nigrum, L.
Ames, and elsewhere. Flowers purplish tinged! 1¢ inch
broad. Berries eaten in some parts of the State.
Ground Cherry. § Physalis viscosa, L.
Ames; Grinnell ?

Physalis Pennsylvanica, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

a caged or Thorn T)atura Stramonium, L.
Ames, Indianola, Knoxville, and Burlington. An unsightly and

poisonous weed.

GENTIANACE.

I Five-flowered Gen- Gentiana quinqueflora, Lam.

- tian. Ames

Fringed Gentian. Gentiana crinita, Freel.
Ames; Grinnell.

Whitish Gentian. Gentiana alba, Muhl.
Ames.

Closed Gentian. | Gentiana Andrewsil, Griseb.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.

Soapwort Gentian, Centiana Saponaria, L.
Ames.

Gentiana puberula, Michx.

Ames.

APOCYNACEZ,

Spreading Dogbane. Apocynum androszmifolium, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington.

Indian Hemp. Apocynum cannabinum, L.
Ames; Burlington.

116 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [No. 17.

ASCLEPIADACEZ.

Milkweed or Silk- Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne.
weed. Ames ; Indianola ; Charles City; Burlington.

Purple Milkweed. Asclepias purpurascens, L.
Ames.

Swamp Milkweed. A sclepias incarnata, L.
Ames ; Grinnell.

Asclepias obtusifolia, Michx.

Grinnell.
Pleurisy-root. Asclepias tuberosa, L.
Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell; Charles City ; Burlington.

Whorled Milkweed Asclepias verticillata, L.
Ames ; Burlington.

Green Milkweed. A cerates viridiflora, Ell.
Ames; Charles City.

OLEACEZ.

White Ash. Fraxinus Americana. L.
Ames; Burlington.

ARISTOLOCHIACE.

Wild Ginger. Asarum Canadense, L.
Ames; Fayette; Burlington.

CHENOPODIACES.
Lamb’s Quarters. Chenopodium album, L.

Ames.

var. Boscianum, Gr.
Ames. Both common in gardens.

Maple-leaved Goose- Chenopodium hybridum, L.
foot. Ames.

AMARANTACEAE.

Pig-weed. Amarantus retroflexus, L.
Ames. Several other species of Amarantus are found here, but
they have not yet been fully identified. All are weeds, the
most prominent of which is the common Tumble-weed (A.
albus, L. ?)

>

No. 17.]

Prince’s Feather.

Polygonum.

Lady’s Thumb.

Smartweed.

Water Persicaria.

Krotgrass.

Larger Knotgrass.

Black Bindweed.

Climb’g False Buck-

wheat.

Buckwheat.

Pale Dock.

Curled Dock.

Sheep Sorrel.

Bastard Toad-flax.

Spurge.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

POLYGONACES.

Polygonum orzentale, L.

Ames.

Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, L.

Ames.

Polygonum Persicaria, L.

Ames; Burlington.

Polygonum Hydropiper, L.

Ames; Burlington.

117

Polygonum amphibium, L., var. terrestre, Willd.

Ames.

Polygonum Virginianum, L.

Ames.

Polygonum aviculare, L.

Ames ; Burlington.

Polygonum ramosissimum, Michx.

Ames.

Polygonum Convolvulus,, L.

Ames; Burlington.

Polygonum dumetorum. L. (?)

Grinnell.

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench.

Ames. Escaped from

cultivation.

Rumex Britannica, L.

Ames.

Rumex evispus, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

Rumex Acetosella,

L.

Ames. Lately introduced from the East, where it is abundant

in sterile and worn fields, as on unwelcome weed.

SANTALACEA.

Comandra umbellata, Nutt.

Ames ; Charles City ; Grinnell ; Burlington.

EUPHORBIACE.

Euphorbia serpyllifolia, Pers.

Ames ; Charles City.

118

Spotted Spurge.

Three-seeded
Mercury.

Slippery or Red
Elm.

White Elm,
Hackberry.
Red Mulberry.
Wood-Nettle.
Clear-weed.

Hemp.

Hop.

Button-wood or

Sycamore.

Butternut.

Black Walnut.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Euphorbia maculata, L.
Ames ; Charles City.
Euphorbia hypericifolia, L.
Ames.
Euphorbia marginata, Pursh. (7?)
Grinnell.
Euphorbia corollata, L.
Ames; Grinnell ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Acalypha Virginica, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

URTICACE.

Ulmus fulva, Michx.
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Ulmus Americana, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Celtis occidentalis, L.
Ames.

Morus rubra, L.
Ames.

Laportea Canadensis, Gaudich.
Ames ; Grinnell.

Pilea pumila, Gray.
Ames.

Cannabis sativa, L.
Ames. Escaped to road-sides and fence-rows.

Humulus Lupulus, L.
Ames. Found abundantly in timber land. Certainly indige
nous. Also at Burlington.

PLATANACES,

Platanus occidentalis, L.
Ames ; Fayette; Burlington.

JUGLANDACE.

Juglans cinerea, L.
Ames ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Juglans nigra, L.
Ames ; Fayette; Burlington.

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 119

Pecan-nut. Carya oliveeformis, Nutt.
Dr. White in his Report on the Geology of Iowa, gives this as
one of the trees of Iowa. I have not seen it in the State.

Shell-bark Hickory. Carya alba, Nutt.
Ames ; Burlington.

Bitternut. Carya amara, Nutt.
Ames.
CUPULIFER.
White Oak. Quercus alba, L.

Ames ; Burlington.

Bur-Oak. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.
Ames ; Burlington.

Chinquapin Oak. Quercus prinoides, Willd.
On authority of Dr. Vasey in 2d vol. Am. Ent. and Botanist,

page 282.

Laurel Oak. Quercus imbricaria, Michx.

In the State, on the authority of Dr. White.
Black Gak. Quercus tinctoria, Bartram.

In the State, on the authority of Dr. White.
Red Oak. Qnercus rubra, L.

Burlington.
Pin Oak. Quercus palustris, Du Roi. ’

Burlington.
Hazel-nut Corylus Americana, Walt.

Ames ; Fayette ; Burlington.

»

Beaked Hazel-nut. Corylus rostrata, Ait.

Fayette.

Tron-wood. Ostrya Virginica, Willd.
Ames ; Burlington.

Blue Beech. Carpinus Americana, Michx.

Along Des Moines River bluffs, Boone county.
BETULACE#,

White Birch. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach.
Fayette.

River or Red Birch, Betula nigra, L.
On authority of Dr. White.

120

Willow.

Aspen.

Downy Poplar.

Cotton-wood.

Angled Cotton-
wood.

Red Cedar.

Indian Turnip.

Green Dragon.

Calamus.

Duckweed.

Cat-tail Flag.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | (No.7
SALICACER.
Salix —— many species, but not yet fully
identified.

Populus tremuloides, Michx.
Ames; Charles City ; Burlington.

Populus heterophylla, L.
Fayette.

Populus monilifera, Ait.
Ames; Fayette ; Burlington.

Populus angulata, Ait.

Ames.

CONIFER.

Several Pines and Firs grow in the northern portions of the

State, but I have been unable as yet to secure reliable in-
formation regarding them.

Juniperus Virginiana, L.
On Rocky bluffs of Des Moines river, Boone county, and in the
eastern part of the State along Cedar River; Burlington.

ARACEZ.

Ariszema triphyllum, Torr. |
Ames ; Indianola ; Grinnell; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Ariszema Dracontium, Schott.
Ames.

Acorus Calamus, L.
Hamilton county.
LEMNACEE
Lemna minor, L.
Ames.
Lemna polyrrhiza, L.
Ames.

TYPHACES.

Typha latifolia, L.

Ames ; Burlington.

No. 17] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 123i

ALISMACEA.

Water Plantain. Alisma Plantago, L. var Americanum.
Ames ; Charles City.

Arrow head. Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Sagittaria graminea, Michx.
Ames.

ORCHIDACE.

Showy Orchis. Orchis spectabilis, L.
Ames ; Fayette.

Habenaria viridis, R. Br. var. bracteata, Richenbach.
Ames.

Fringed Orehis. Ffabenaria, leucophea, Gr.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Charles City.

Ladies’ Tresses. | Spiranthes cernua, Richard. °
Ames.

Putty-root. Aplectrum hyemale, Nutt.

Fayette.
Small White Lady’s

Site: Cypripedium candidum, Muhl.

Ames ; Grinnell; Charles City.

Smaller Yellow La-

dy’s Slipper. Cy p rip edium par viflorum, Salisb.

Grinnell ; Burlington.

Larger Yellow La-

X . . :
dy’s Slipper. Cy pripedium pubescens, Willd.

Ames ; Indianola ; Charles City ; Fayette.

Showy Lady’s Slip- Cypripedium spectabile, Swartz.
per. Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette; Burlington.

AMARYLLIDACEA.

Star grass.

Hypoxys erecta, L,
Ames; Indianola; Grinnell; Charles City ; Fayette; Bur-
lington.

IRIDACE.

Blue Flag. Tris versicolor, L.

Ames ; Charles City ; Fayette ; Burlington.
16

122 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Blue-eyed Grass. Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, L.
Indianola ; Fayette.
Vars. anceps, and albidum, at Ames.

Var. mucronatum, at Ames and Grinnell.

DIOSCOREACEA.

Wild Yam-root. = [)ioscorea villosa, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Grinnell.

SMILACEA.

Greenbrier. Smilax hispida, Muhl.
Ames.

Carrion Flower. Smilax herbacea, L.
Ames ; Grinnell.

LILIACEA.

Trillium sessile, L.
Burlington.

Trillium recurvatum, Beck.
Burlington.

Large White Trilli- Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb.
um. Fayette ; Burlington.

Trillium erectum, L., var. album.
Grinnell.

Nodding Trillium. Trillium cernuum, L.
Fayette.

Dwarf White Trilli- Trillium nivale, Riddell.
um. Burlington. Rare.

Bellwort. Uvularia grandiflora, Smith.
Ames ; Grinnell. (?)
Uvularia perfoliata, L.
Fayette ; Burlington.

Uvularia sessilifolia, L.
Fayette.

False Spikenard. Smilacina racemosa, Desf.
Ames ; Fayette ; Burlington.

Smilacina stellata, Desf.
Ames ; Grinnell ; Fayette ; Burlington.

f (ora

No. 17.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 123

Great Solomon’s Polygonatum giganteum, Dietrich.

Seal. Ames ; Grinnell.
_ Wild Orange-red [Lilium Philadelphicum, L.
Lily. Ames ; Grinnell; Charles City ; Burlington.

Turk’s-cap Lily. Lilium superbum, L.
Ames ; Charles City ; Burlington.
Yellow Adder’s Lrythronium Americanum, Smith.
Tongue. Fayette.

White Dog’s-tooth Erythronium albidum, Nutt.

i 1 6.
saa Ames; Indianola ; Grinnell; Fayette ; Burlington
Wild Leek. Allium tricoccum, Ait.
Ames.
Wild Garlic. Allium Canadense, Kalm.

Ames; Charles City.

JUNCACEZ.
Rush. Juncus tenuis, Willd.
Ames.
COMMELYNACE.
Spiderwort. Tradescantia Virginica, L.

Ames; Charles City ; Grinnell ; Burlington

Tradescantia pilosa, Lehm.

Fayette.
CYPERACES.
Galingale. Cyperus Michauxianus, Schultes.
Ames.
Spike Rush. Eleocharis palustris, R. Br.
Ames.

Eleocharis acicularis, R. Br.
Ames.

Great Bulrush. Scirpus validus, Vahl.
Ames,

Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl.
Ames.

Cotton Grass. Eriophorum polystachyon, L.
Ames ; Grinnell.

124 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [No. 17.
Sedge. Carex bromoides, Schk.
Ames.
Carex disticha, Huds.
Ames.

Carex vulpinoidea, Michx.
Ames.

Carex sparganoides, Muhl.

Ames.

Carex cephalophora, Muhl.

Ames.

Carex rosea, Schk.
Ames

Carex lagopodioides, Schk.

Ames.

Carex adusta, Boott.
Ames.

Carex straminea, Schk. var. Meadii.
Ames.

Carex stricta, Lam.
Ames.

Carex grisea, Wahl.

Ames.
Carex lanuginosa, Michx.

Ames.

Carex hystricina, Willd.

Ames.

Carex folliculata, L.
Ames.

Carex longirostris, Torr.
Ames.

GRAMINE#.

Timothy. Phleum pratense, L.
Ames. Cultivated largely, and becoming spontaneous.

Red-top. Agrostis vulgaris, With.

Ames. Cultivated ; becoming spontaneous.

Drop-seed Grass,

Porcupine Grass.

Cord Grass.

Muskit Grass.

Orchard Grass.

Wire Grsss.

- Blue Grass.

Fescue Grass.

Chess.

Wild Chess.

Reed.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Muhlenbergia glomerata, Trin.

Ames.

Stipa spartea, Trin.

Ames.

Spartina cynosuroides, Willd.
Ames.

Bouteloua hirsuta, Lagasca.
Ames.

Bouteloua curtipendula, Gray’

Ames.
Dactylis glomerata, L.
Ames. Introduced.

Glyceria nervata, Trin.
Ames. :

Poa compressa, L.
Grinnell. Probably iatroduced.

Poa pratensis, L.

Ames. Introduced as a pasture and lawn grass.

Eragrostis reptans, Nees.
Ames.

Eragrostis powoides, Beauv.
Ames.
Var. megastachya.
Ames.
Eragrostis Frank, Myer (7)
Ames.

Festuca tenella, Willd.

Ames.

Bromus secalinus, L.
Ames.
In wheat-fields.
Bromus Kalmii, Gray.
Ames.

Bromus ciliatus, L. var purgans.
Ames.

Phragmites communis, Trin.
Ames.

125

126

Quack, or
Grass.

Squirrel-tail Grass.

Wild Rye.

Bottle-brush Grass.

Vanilla Grass.

Sweet Vernal Grass.

Finger-Grass.

Prairie Grass.

Old Witch Grass.

Barnyard Grass.

Green Foxtail.

gand Bur, or Bur
Grass.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [No. 17

Triticum repens, L.
Ames.
Introduced ?

Hordeum jubatum, L.
Ames. |
Found along railroad. Perhaps introduced.
Elymus Canadensis, L.
Ames,

Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schreb.

Ames.

Hierochloa borealis, Roem & Schultes.
Ames.

In dry woods !

Anthoxanthum odoratum, L.
Ames.
Introduced.
Panicum glabrum, Gaudin.
Ames.

Panicum sanguinale, L.
Ames. ;

Panicum agrostoides, L.
Ames.

Panicum capillare, L.
Ames. Common.
Breaks off at the ground in early winter, and blows all over the
prairies.
Panicum latifolium, L.
Ames.
Panicum xanthophysum, Gray.
Ames.
Panicum dichotomum, L.
Ames.
Several forms of this variable species are found here.
Panicum Crus-galli, L.
Ames.
Introduced. A weed.
Setaria verzdis, Beauy.
Ames.
A weed in flelds and gardens.
Cenchrus tribuloides, L.
Cedar Rapids.

No. 17.]

Beard Grass.

Indian Grass.

Common Horsetail.

Scouring ‘Rush.

Polypody.

Maidenhair Fern.

Spleenwort.

Walking Fern.

Bladder Fern.

Sensitive Fern.

Moonwort. _5

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. L227

Andropogon furcatus, Muhl.
Ames.

Andropogon scoparius, Michx.
Ames,

Sorghum nutans, Gray.

Ames.
Common on the prairies.

EQUISETACEZ.

Equisetum arvense, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

At Ames, also, the “accidental state’’—var. serotinum, Myer.
—‘‘in which the sterile plant produces a spike of fruit from
its summit.” _

Equisetum palustre, L.(?)
Ames.

Annual stemmed ; main stems 12-14 grooved, and branches

6-9 grooved !
Equisetum hyemale, L.

Ames,

FILICES.

Polypodium vulgare, L.

Ames (on Des Moines River bluffs.)

Adiantum pedatum, L.
Ames ; Charles City.

Asplenium thelypteroides, Michx.
Ames.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Link.
Ames (on Des Moines River bluffs.)

Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.
Ames.

Onoclea sensibilis, L.
Ames.

Botrychium, Virginicum, Swartz.
Ames.

Norre.—As the preceding catalogue is as yet very imperfect,
persons noting omissions or errors will confer a fayor by correspond-
ing with C, E. Bessey, Ames, lowa.

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND MECHANICS,

To the Honorable Board of Trustees of the Iowa Agricultural
College:

GENTLEMEN: — I beg leave to present the following report regard-
ing the apparatus and other facilities for instruction needed in the
department of Physics and Mechanics.

During the past year about two thousand dollars have been
expended for apparatus relating to heat and light mainly, but care
has been taken to select instruments having as wide a range of
application as possible. The necessity for apparatus is so urgent
that I hope that this year a very much larger sum will be appro-
priated.

This apparatus is needed— |

To enable the student to acquire knowledge that is beyond his
reach without it.

To enable the student to make more rapid progress.

And most important of all, perhaps, to train the student to experi-
ment and observe; to inculcate those habits of thought that fit him
to discover new truth. This is one of the highest aims of the
“ New Education,” to send young men into the active pursuits of
life, prepared by their peculiar training to extend the boundaries of
human knowledge, as they can only be extended, by experiment and
observation. The study of science from text-books alone not only
fails to give such training, but engenders habits of thought incon-
sistent with it. Such teaching is a failure, and worse than a failure,
as regards the great object it is desirable to attain.

To accomplish this important object, the dest apparatus is neces-
sary. It must be capable of, and the student must be trained to
attain, the utmost precision. Some single instruments of this class
cost from $1,000 to $2,000, and the instruments must accompany

these to render them available for all the purpeses for which they —

128

NOTES ON THE

Aquatic Phenogams of Iowa.

By R. I. CRATTY.

Extract from Bulletin Lab. Nat. Sci., State Univ. Iowa.
Vol. III., No. +.
December 16th, 1895.

»
*
= "

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA.
By Ee: LAOH.

So large a proportion of our state is suitable for cultivation
that our native flora is being rapidly swept away, and while
most of the species may survive along roadsides, in hilly and
stony localities, and along streams, yet many which are rare
or local must eventually disappear entirely. Most of the land
too rolling for plowing is valuable for pasturage, and here the
destruction of the indigenous flora is nearly as rapid, the
introduced grasses, clovers, and weeds appropriating the
ground. While the marsh and aquatic plants have a better
chance in the struggle for existence than the prairie flora, yet
the draining of ponds and marshes. thus greatly restricting
the area frequented by such plants, is certain to sweep away
some species which were formerly quite common. ‘Those
who have lived many years in the state, now see the former
haunts of muskrats and aquatic birds covered with waving
grain, and while from an economic point of view this change
may be desirable, yet to the naturalist it brings the conviction
that if we are to secure a full representation of what our —
flora was, there is no time to lose.

The following list of plants, all marsh or aquatic except our
two species of Av7/sema, while probably not complete, is an
attempt to record in one paper a list of the species of the fol-
lowing orders found within our limits, giving as far as possible
the geographical distribution of each. Free use has been
made of Dr. Arthur’s /7ora of Jowa (1876), and of its several
additions, and of Prof. A. S. Hitchcock’s Ames Flora, as pub-
lished in the Transactions of the St. Louts Academy of Science,

136

4
eal

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. Li

Vol. V. (1891). Much help has also been derived from Prof.
Macmillan’s J/elaspermae of the Minnesota Valley (1892).
Dr. Morong’s Watadacee of North America and J. G. Smith’s
Revision of the North American Species of Sagittarta and
Lophotocarpus have been followed in those groups. In the
remaining portions the treatment, with a few exceptions, is
essentially that of Gray’s AZanual, 6th edition.

ahanks are due. Dr. J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University,
Lafayette, Indiana, Mr. E. W. D. Holway, of Decorah, Iowa,
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, of the Kansas Agricultural College,
Edmund P. Sheldon, of the University of Minnesota, and
Prof. B. Shimek, of the Iowa State University, for valuable
assistance. Mr. F. Reppert, of Muscatine, lowa, has greatly ©
aided me.by the loan of specimens, literature, and by furnish-
ing many valuable notes. Prof. W. A. Kellerman, of the
Ohio State University, kindly looked over for me a portion
of Dr. Arthur’s collection now in the herbarium of the late
Dr. Townshend. Prof. L. H. Pammel, of the Iowa Agricul-
tural College, kindly loaned me for study the collection of
Iowa aquatics in the herbarium of that institution. Finally, |
desire to thank Prof. T. H. Macbride, of the Iowa State Uni-
versity, for his kindness and the efficient aid he has rendered
me in many ways.

ARACE A.
ARIS £MA: Mart. Flora, II., 459 (1831).

tr. A. TRIPHYLLUM (Linn.) Zorr. FI. N. ¥Y., II., (1843).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Arthur, FI.
lowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames F1, 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Mal. t22.

Common throughout; preferring low, rich ground in woods.
Flowering in May or June, the fruit maturing late in August.

Decorah, Hlolway; Iowa City, Macbride; Ames and Charles
City, Arthur; Emmet county, Cratly; Le Claire, /ol/s;
Muscatine, Aeeppert; Winnebago county, Shimek.

ioe 2

138 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

2. A. DRACONTIUM (Lazun.) Schott. Melet. (1832).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Upham, FI.
Minn., 134; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames F1., 521.
Low damp woods; less common than the preceding species.

Decorah, //o/way; Ames, Hitchcock; lowa City, Macbride;
Charles City, Arthur; Muscatine, eeppert; Keokuk, /eolfs.

Note.—Calla palustris Linn., Spec. Ed. 2, 1373 (1762), has been found just
outside our limi:s in southeastern Minnesota. It may be looked for in the
northeastern part of our state.

SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. Nutt., Gen. I., 105 (1818).

1. S. Fatipus Salisé. Nutt., Gen. I, 105° (1818).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 131.

A homely plant with a most disagreeable odor. Bogs and
very moist ground; eastern and southern portions of the state.
Rather rare.

Decorah, Hol/way; Muscatine county, Wacbride, Reppert.
ACORU 3) Zinn. Spee Pi (a7 eae

1. A.cCALAMuUS Linn. Spec. Pl. 324 (1753).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135.

Well distributed throughout the state. Usually only a
small percentage of the plants flower. Marshes, June, July.

Decorah, Holway; lowa City and Cedar Rapids, MJacbride ;
Emmet county, Crafty; Ames, H/7tchcock; Hancock county,
Arthur; Jewell Junction, Ao/fs; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

LEMNACE£.
LEMN A Linn, -Spec, Pl.7°( 5753).

1, .L.. Minor Liemnn Spec. Plg7oi( 1753).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 553; Arthur, Fl.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 139

Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 133.

Proliferous like the rest of our Lemmnacee, the flowers and
fruit being rarely seen. In stagnant water; rarer than the
two following.

Ames and Iowa City, A/7tchcock; Marshalltown, S/ewart;
Muscatine, Areppert; Linn county, Sizmek; Ames (near the
var. orbiculata Austin), Bessey.

2. .L. ‘TRisuLca Lim: Spec. Pl., 970 (1753)-
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames Fl., 522; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135.
Common throughout the state, floating on stagnant water,
among other vegetation, often in dense mats. June, July.
Emmet county, Cratty; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, Mac-
bride; Decorah, Holway; Ames, Arthur, Bessey; Spirit Lake,
ffitchcock; Muscatine, /eeppert; Hancock county, Shrmek.

3. L.potyrruizaA Linn. Spec. Pl., 970 (1753).
Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid, Linnee, XIII., 392 (1839).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 521; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 134.

Very common throughout, floating on stagnant .or slow
flowing water. July.

Muscatine, Areppert; Spirit Lake, W7tchcock; Ames, Arthur ;
Decorah. //o/way; Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Jlachride;
Emmet county, Crafty; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

NoTE.—L. perpusilla Torr., Fl. N. Y., I1., 245 (1843), should be looked
for in the eastern part of the state.

WOLFFIA Aorkel. Linn. XIII, 389 (1839).

I. W. BRASILIENSIS Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat.-Ser., 3, XII., 157
(1849).
Grantia brasiliensis (Wedd.) Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Val., 134 (1892).

140 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 553; Upham, Fl.
Minn., 135; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 144.

Floating as little grains on the surface of the water.

Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, where it is very common
some years, MWacbride, Shimek; Mississippi River near Oquaw-
ka, Ill., Patterson; Muscatine, Aeeppert.

TYPHACEZ:.
TY PHA Live: Spec.chay (2.5 oi

1. T. LatTiroLia Lan. Spec. Pl., 971 (1753).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed.,547; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchock, Ames FI., 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 31.

A well known plant of wide distribution throughout the
northern hemisphere. Fertile portion of spike when mature
often I in. or more in diameter, and 5 to 8 in. long. Common
in marshes and edges of ponds. July, August.

Decorah, Holway; Iowa City, Wacbride; Emmet and Kos-
suth counties, Cratty; Ames, Arthur, Hitchcock; Hamilton
county, /eo/fs; Muscatine, /reppert; Charles City, Arthur;
Cedar Rapids, Keokuk, Taylor county, Shzmek;: Henry,
Scott, Delaware, Jackson counties, Macbride.

SPARGANIACE-.
SPARGANIUM Zzan. Specufi.(5753)-

I. S.stmpLEx Huds. FI. Angl. Ed. 2, gor (1762).
S. simplex Huds. var. nuttalliz Englm. in Gray’s Man.,
5th ed., 481 (1867).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchcock, Ames FI. 521; Upham. Fl. Minn., 135.
Marshes and edges of lakes; rare or local. July, August.

Ames, four miles southwest of College, //etchcock.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. I4I

2. S. anpRocLtapum (Z£ugelm.) Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot.
Eimb, XV., 73 (13868).
S. simplex Huds. var. androcladum Engelm. in Gray’s
Man., 5th ed., 481 (1867).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s, Man. 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 33.

Heads when mature about one inch in diameter, being
intermediate in size between the preceding and the next.
Ponds; rare. July, August.

Davenport, Arthur’s Fl. Iowa, No. 775; Wilton, Hetchcock.

3. S. EURY.CARPUM Fugelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed. (1852).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchcock, Ames F1. 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 33.

Frequent throughout the state on the margin of ponds and
Jakes, usually being found among a rank growth of grasses
and sedges. Mature heads of fruit are often 1% in. in diam-
eter. July, August.

Emmet county, Cratty; lowa City, MZacbride; Ames, [itch-
cock; Humboldt, Bessey; Hamilton county, /to//s; Dickinson
county, S/ztchcock; Washington and Winnebago counties,
Cedar Rapids, Shzmek.

NATADACE 2.

NATAS “iu. . Spec: Pl, 1015 (2753).

I. N. FLexivis( Willd.) Post. & Schmidt, F). Sed. 384 (1824).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 59; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 566; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 40; Hitchcock,
Ames F1., 523; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30.

A homely little plant, growing entirely under water, and
widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Ponds
and slow streams. July, August.

Lake Cairo, Bessey; Emmet county, Crafty; Story and
Dickinson counties, //ztchcock; Muscatine /teppert; Hancock
county, Shzmek.

142 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ZANNICHELLIA Linn. Spec. Pl., 969 (1753)-

I. Z.PALusTRis Linn. Spec. Pl., 969 (1753).

Morong, Naiad., N. A. 57; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 565; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI.,
523; Upham, Fl. Minn., 136. |

A graceful aquatic with capillary stems, sparsely branched;
flowering and ripening its fruit under water. Cosmopolitan.
Ponds, and slow streams.

Ames, not uncommon, //ichcock; Muscatine, /teppert;
Storm Lake, Bessey.

a:

POTAMOGETON Zinn. Spec. Pl., 126 (1753).

i. P. NATANS. Linn, Spec-Pl,, 120.) tsaan.

Morong, Naid. N. A. 13; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, III.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 34.

Ponds and slow-flowing streams; fruit maturing in August
which should be especially collected of all species of the genus.

Lake township, Muscatine county, Aeppert; Linn county,
Shimek; Lake Okoboji and Fort Dodge, Hetchcock. |

2. P.ampuirouius Zack. Am. Jour. Sci., 2, VI., 225 (1848).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 16; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 561; Upham, Fl. Minn., 136; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30;
Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 146.

Slow flowing streams; rather rare.

Emmet county, Crat/y; Muscatine, Reppert: Spirit Lake,
Hitchcock; Tama County, Szrrine; Charles City, Arthur.

3. P.nuttarin Ch. & Sch. Linnea, Il., 226 (1827).
P. pennsyivanicus Ch. & Sch. Linn., II., 227 (1827).
P. claytoni? Tuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts. Ist Ser.,
XLV., 38 (1843). 7
Morong, Naiad. N. A., 18; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 559; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 145.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 143

Not before reported from Iowa. Ponds and slow streams
along Cedar River near Muscatine, June 25, 1894. Not
common. flerb. Peppert, Vo. 738.

4. P. LtoncniTes 7Zuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser.,
VIL., 348 (1849).
~#P. fluttans Aue. Amer.
(?)P. flurtans Roth, Fl. Germ., L., 72 (1788).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 20; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 560; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 34; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30.

Slow-flowing streams; common. Forms of this species
-with the petioles of the submerged leaves 6 to 8 in. long were
collected by Mr. Reppert in the Mississippi River near Mus-
catine.

West Fork of the Des Moines at Estherville, Craéty; Ames,
streams around Cairo Lake, Hitchcock; ponds and sloughs
along Cedar River, Areppert: Iowa City, Linn and Lee coun-
ties, Shimek; Charles City, Arthur; Storm Lake, essey;
Waterloo and Spirit Lake, W7tchcock; Hamilton county, Peo/fs.

5. P. HETEROPHYLLUS Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips, 21 (1771).
P. gramineus, var. heterophyllus Fries. Nov. 2nd ed.,
35 (1828).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 23; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 561; Hitchcock, Ames Fl., 522; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val, 35.

An extremely variable species, preferring quiet water; rare
within our limits. When the ponds and sloughs dry up this
species often sends up shoots bearing several broad green
leaves, in this respect resembling P. 7//znoenszs.

Sloughs near Armstrong, Emmet county, Cvrat¢ty., Ames,
rare, Hitchcock.

6. P. mwiinoEnsis MWorong. Bot. Gaz, V., 50 (1880).
Morong, Naiad. N. A., 27; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s
Man., 6th ed., 561; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 36;
Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa, V.; Hitchcock, Ames, FI., 522.

144 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Ponds and margins of lakes. This species has the floating -
leaves more crowded and of a stockier growth than P. Jon-
chites with which it is often confounded. «The plant confines
itself mostly to rather shallow water on the margin of sloughs
and ponds. The plants are often left exposed in the mud, in
which, if it does not become too dry, the roots survive and
produce short shoots bearing 3 to 4 leaves.” —/reppert.

Emmet county, rare, Crafty; Ames, infrequent, //tchcock ;
Muscatine, the most common of the large-leaved species,

Leppert.

7. P, pra&Loncus Wulfen. Roem. Arch., III., 331 (1803-5).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 32; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., -
6th ed., 562; Upl:am, Fl. Minn., 136; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30;
Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 146.

Deep water, lakes and ponds. July, August.

Clear Lake, Arthur; Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, //ztchcock ;
Iowa Lake, Cratty.

NotTe.—P. lucens Linn, Spec. PI., 126 (1753). Specimens satin flow-

ers or fruit of what appears to be this species were collected by Professor
Hitchcock near Ames and are in the herbarium of the Agricultural College.

8. P. peERFOLIATUS Linn., var. RICHARDSONIL A. Pennett.
Jour. Bot., XXVII., 25 (1889). P. danceolatus Sm. Eng.
Bot., 1985 (1808). P. perfoliatus var. lanceolatus Rob-
bins in Gray’s Man., 5th ed., 488 (1867).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 33; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V.; Upham, Fl. Minn.,
137.

Shallow water in lakes, ponds, and streams —a most beau-
tiful plant. July. I have not seen the typical P. perfolzatus
from Iowa.

Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, //7tchcock; Emmet county.
Cratty.
9g. P. zosTERa¥Fouius Schum. Enum. Pl. Sael, I., 50 (1801),

P. compressus Fries. Novy. ed. 2, 44 (1828), non Linn.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 145

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 37; Wats. and Coult., Griy’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 39; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. Iowa, IJI.; Hitchcock, Ames, FI., 522.

A beautiful plant with bright, smooth leaves. Shallow
water in lakes or slow streams. July, August.

Vinton, Arthur's Cat.; Iowa Lake, Emmet county, Craity;
~ Lake Okoboji and Ames, //tchcock; Muscatine, /teppert;
Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, Hancock county, Shimek.

10. P.rFoxtosus af. Med. Rep., II., Hex. V., 354 (1808).
P. pauciforus Pursh. Fl. Am., I., 121 (1814), non Lam.
Fl. Franc, II., 209 (1778).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 39; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,

6th ed., 563; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.

Val., 39.

A very variable species, usually growing entirely under

water, and widely distributed throughout the United States .

and Canada. Morong in his (Vazadacee of North America

_ says, “spikes about 4-flowered.” Emmet county, lowa, speci-

mens determined by him have the spikes 4- to 6-fruited.

Some of Mr. Reppert’s specimens vary from the type in

_ having the spikes 6- to 1o-fruited, in this respect approaching

the var. nzagarensis (Tuck.) Gray. Similar forms were also.

collected at Ames by Prof. Hitchcock. June, July.

Shallow water in ponds and lakes, Emmet county, Cratty;
Muscatine, /teppert: Iowa City, Lee, Hancock, and Linn
counties, Shizmek; Mt. Pleasant, J77//s: Charles City, Arthur ;
Grand Junction. Bessey; Dickinson and Woodbury counties,
flitchcock.

Notr.— P. obtusifolius Mert. and Kock. Deut. FI., I., 855 (1823), has

been reported from this State, but I have not seen it Plants so labeled
which I have seen are forms of another species.

11. P. mayor (/yrzes) Morong, Naiad. N. A., 41 (1893).
P. rutilus Auc. Amer. in part, non Schult., Mant. III.,
362 (1827).

P. pusillus Linn., var. major Fries. Nov. 48 (1828).
P. compressus Sm. Eng. Bot., III., 418 (1794), non Linn.

146 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 41; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., .
6th ed., 563; Upham, Fl. Minn., 137.

A graceful little plant with delicate, bright foliage, some-—
what resembling P. pusz//us but larger. Rare in America.
Ponds and shailow lakes. July. oy

lowa Lake, Emmet county, Cvrat/y; Muscatine, Herd.
Leppert, No. 746 mm part; Spirit Lake, Hitchcock.

12, P. pusi-Lus Lym, . Spec. Pl. 127 i byeeae

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 45; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 563; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 36; Hitchcock,
Ames FT., 522.

A delicate species preferring shallow ponds and lakes. July.

Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake, //7tchcock; Muscatine,
flerb. Reppert, No. 746 in part.

13. P.spirmttus Zack. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser.,
VI, 226 (1848).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 49; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., —
6th ed., 560; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 145; Bot. Death
Val. Ex., 210.

This interesting little plant, not before reported from the
State, was collected in August, 1889, at Carnsforth, lowa, by
Prof. Hitchcock, and again in July, 1894, by Mr. Kenneth
McKenzie in ponds along the C., R. I. & P. R. R., between
Muscatine and Fruitland. The specimens approach P. dver-
sifolius Raf. (P. hybridus Michx.) in some characters, but are
quite clearly distinguished by the submerged spikes being
sessile or nearly so; by the broader submerged leaves, and by
the curious snail-like fruit which shows the coiled embryo
very conspicuously, even in the dried specimen.

14;, PARECTINATUS Linn, sopec. Fly 127 (1753).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 51; Wats and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 564; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 35; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30. .

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 147

One of the most widely distributed species of plants, occur-
ring in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the greater part
_ of North America. Ponds and quiet streams. July, August.

West Fork of the Des Moines, Estherville, Cratty: Musca-
tine, Reppert: Woodbine, Burgess; Storm Lake, Zessey;
_ Lake Okoboji, Wetchcock ; Hancock and Linn counties, Seek.

JUNCAGINE-.

feetG LOCHIN: Lema Spe P1.,:339 (1753):

r. T. MARITIMA Zzzn. Sp. Pl., 339 (1753)-
T. elata Nutt. Gen. I., 237 (1818).
T. maritima, var. elata Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 437 (1852).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 8; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 553; Arthur. Cont. Fl. lowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas.
~ Minn. Val., 41; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522.

Widely distributed throughout Canada and the northern
half of the United States. Most common in salt marshes, but
in the interior it is found in fresh water bogs. Our plant 2
to 3 ft. tall. July, August.

Ames, very rare, //7/chcock; bogs near Armstrong, Emmet
county, infrequent, Crafty.

Se HERUCHZERIA Linn. Spec. Pl, 338 (1753).

I. S. pPaLustris Liun. Sp. Pl., 338 (1753).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 9; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 42.

A rush-like perennial plant growing in cold bogs, and flow-
ering early in the spring, the fruit maturing in July. Only
one species is known. .

Emmet county, two miles north of Armstrong, very rare,
Cratty. This is about its southern limit in the United States.

148 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ALISMACE~.

ALISMA Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753).

1. A. PLANTAGO Linn. Sp. Pl., 342 (1753).
A. plantago var. americana, R: and S., Syst. III. (1818).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 5543 Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522; Upham, FI. Minn., 138.

Common throughout the State. The plant varies greatly,
especially in regard to size and foliage, the result of different
conditions of its place of growth. June, July.

Emmet county, Crafty; lowa City and Cedar Rapids, JZac-
bride; Decorah, Hfolway; Ames and Charles City, Arthur;
Boone, Bessey; Muscatine, /reppert; Webster City, Pammed;
Marshalltown, S¢ewart; Hamilton county, /to/fs; Fremont,
Washington, Lee, Jackson and Scott counties, Shzmek.

ECHINODORUS Richard. Mem. Mus., 365 (1815)

1. E. rosrratus: (Vutt.) Engelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed.,
438 (1850). |
Alisma rostrata Nutt.

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Hitchcock, |

Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XVI., 70. F

Ditches and swamps. Illinois to Iowa and southward;
rather rare. August, September.
Hamburg, //itchcock; lowa City, MZacbride; Muscatine,

Reppert; Sioux City, Pammel; Keokuk, Shimek.

2 E. pARVULUS Zngelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 438 (1856).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 31; Upham, Fl. Minn., 138; Beal and Wheeler, FI.
Mich., 145, 7

Rare or iocal. No. 786 of Arthur’s Flora of Lowa, but
without locality.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 149

SAGITTARIA Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753).

I. S. ARIFOLIA /Vu¢t. in Herb. J. G. Smith, Rev. N. A.
Sag. and Loph., 6 (1894).

S. sagittefolia minor Pursh., Fl. Am., I., 395 (1814).

A species widely distributed in the western half of the
United States, but probably rare within our limits. In general
appearance closely resembling form c. of |S. /atefolia Willd..
but the fruit very different, long, winged on both sides, with
a very short upright beak, and (in our plant) a prominent
vertical sub-epidermal resin passage. Collected at lowa City
by Prof. Hitchock. Herbarium of Iowa Agricultural College.

2. S.LATIFOLIA Willd. Sp. Pl., [V., 409 (1806).
S. variabilis Engelm. Gray’s Man., 1st ed., (1848).
S. sagittefolia Auc. Amer.
(?).S. sagzttefolia Linn. Sp. 993 (1753).
Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 8; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 554; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 45;
_ Arthur, Fl. lowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522.

Very common throughout the State in sloughs and edges
of ponds, lakes, and streams. Excessively variable in size,
foliage, shapes of the achenia, etc. The typical plant has
achenia obliquely or horizontally beaked, both of which forms
are common within our limits. J.G.Smith in his recent mon-
ograph includes five forms of which form a, the var. obtusa
Eagelm., and form c, including the varieties hastata, angusti-
Solta, gracilis, and diversifolia of most collectors are frequent.

Several species of Sawgvttarza produce tubers, especially S.
latifolia and its various forms. These tubers are called Wab-
es-i-pin-ig, or swan potatoes, by the Chippewa Indians, because
they furnish nourishment for the larger aquatic fowls. ‘These
tubers sometimes attain the size of a small hen’s egg and are
then eaten by the Indians with whom they are a great favor-
ite. In their raw state they contain a bitter, milky juice. but
in boiling become sweet and palatable.” —Parry.

Decorah, Holway; Emmet and Kossuth counties, Craéty;

150 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Jones county, Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, MZachride; Ames,
Arthur; Hamilton county, Aeo/fs; Muscatine, Aeeppert; Mar-
shalltown, Sfewzrt; Davenport and Waterloo, A7tchcock;
Winnebago and Lee counties, Shemek.

3. S. RIGiDA Pursh. FI. Am., 397 (1814).
S. heterophylla Pursh. Fl. Am., 396 (1814), not of
ochreb. Fl. Mri TO a Det es

Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 23; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 555; Hitchcock, Ames FIl., 520; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. Iowa, III.

Edges of lakes or streams; rather common in the eastern
and southern portions of the State. Very variable, especially
in regard to size and foliage, July, August.

Clinton county, Butler; Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake,
flitchcock; Muscatine, in Muscatine slough at the upper
bridge, five miles below the city, Reppert; Waterloo, Hitchcock ;
Linn county, Shzmck. Specimens collected at lowa City by
Prof. Hitchcock have the submersed foliage closely resembling
that of .S. teres Wats.

4. S.GRAMINEA Michx. Fl. N. A. 4s, 190 (1303).

Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 24; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 555; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 31; Hitchcock,
Ames:FL.'522; Webi ti Neb. oF

Southeast portion of the State; ponds and streams. July.

Ames and Boone, Bessey; Hamilton county, /to//s; lowa
City, Wacbride; Muscatine, Reppert; Nevada, Hragver ; Carns-'
forth, /7¢tchcock, a form approaching 5S. crestata.

5. S.cristata Hnge/m.in Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa,V.,.(1882).
Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., IV., 29 (1886).
i variabilis var. (7) gracilis, S. Watson in Gray’s Man., 6th
. 555, in part, not of Engelm.
Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 27; Sheldon, Minn. Bot.
Studies, Bull. g. pt. II.

Moneecious aquatic, rooting in the sand or mud in water a

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. I51I

few inches to several feet deep, 6 in. to 2 ft. high; petioles
about equaling the scape in height, the ieaf slightly resemb-
ling the petiole in form and structure, 3 to 5 in. long, linear
or linear lanceolate, thick, spongy, somewhat triangular in
cross section, and when flattened in the herbarium specimen,
appearing more nearly lanceolate in form. Submerged phyl-
lodia linear or linear lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 4 to 8 in. long,
rigid, with about five principal and many intermediate nerves,
coarsely reticulated, clustered at the base of the plant, and
appearing in tufts from the nodes of the stolons by means of
which the plant is propagated, and which extend for a con-
siderable distance along the muddy bottom. Scape slender,
bearing 4 to 6 whoris of flowers, rarely more than the lower
whorl fertile; pedicels of sterile and fertile flowers about equal,
34 to x in. long, bracts connate, acute or slightly obtuse; petals
white, delicate, wavy; filaments pubescent, thickened below,
longer than the anthers. Fruit heads % to 34 in. in diameter,
shrinking much in drying; achenia obovate with a conspicuous
horizontal style, and crested back and sides. 5

The type specimens of this plant with flowers and mature
fruit were collected by the writer in a small lake, since dried
up, one mile east of Armstrong, Emmet county, Iowa, in
August, 1881, and were sent to Dr. Geo. Engelmann for
determination. in his reply he stated that while it was closely
allied to S. graminex Michx., he could not decide definitely
in regard to it without thoroughly revising the genus. How-
ever, under date of March 5, 1882, he sent to Dr. Arthur the
provisional name 5S. crzsfata, which was published with a few
lines of description in Arthur’s Contribution to the Flora of
lJowa as above noted. The late Dr. Morong, who studied the
plant critically, considered it a good species, and it is so re-
garded in J. G. Smith’s recent monograph. Plants collected
at Ames and Carnsforth, and conjectured to be this species,
are best considered as forms of .S. gvam7nea Michx.

Besides the locality above given, the plant has also been
found in several places in Minnesota. See Sheldon in J/7nn.
Bot. Stud., Bull. 9, pt. XU.

ae B

152 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LOPHOTOCARPUS JZ. Durand. Index Gen:
Pl., 627 (1888).

r. L. canycinus (Engelm.) FF. G. Smith in Mem. Torr.
Bot. Club, V., 25 (1894).
Sagitaria calycinus Engelm. in Yorr., Bot. Mex. Bound.,
212 (1858).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Cont. to U.
©. Nat... Herb., IL, a5
Not before reported from the State and very rare within
our limits.
Muscatine, margin of a pond just above the city, Reppert.

HYDROCHARIDACE&.

ELODEA fichard. Mich., Fl, Bor. Am., ‘ly 20) @eeaae

1. E.canapensis /tich. and Michx. F1.N. Am.,1., 20(1803).
Anacharis canadensis Planch. Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist.,
2nd Ser., I., 86 (1848).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 496; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 31; Upham, Fl. Minn., 139.

Frequent throughout the State in slow-flowing streams. The
staminate flowers are very rarely seen. A few were collected
by the writer near Armstrong, in July, 1882.

Emmet county, Cratty; Iowa City, Jl/achride; Decorah, ©
Holway; Ames and Charles City, Arthur; Ft. Dodge, Bessey;
Spirit Lake, //richcock ; Muscatine, Aeppert; Hancock county
and Cedar Rapids, Shzmek.

VALLISNERIA Laine Sp. PE (a753
1. V.sprRAtis Lzmn. Sp. Pl. rors (1753)-

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 496; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 31; Macmiilan, Metas. Minn. Val., 46. ;

Rather rare in ponds and lakes, or slow streams. August.

Independence, Bluffton and lowa City, J/achride; Towa |—
Lake, Emmet county, Cra¢é¢y; Ames and Storm Lake, Bessey;
Mud Lake, Story county, ///chcock; Mason City, SA7mek.

al ) &
' > 4

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 135

Webber, H. J. Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska. Rept.
Neb™Board of Agr. 1889: 175-302 (1-162). 1890.

On p. 215 (75)mentions Exoascus deformans “ on peach leaves and plums.”

Webber, H. J. Appendix to the Catalogue of the Flora of
Nebraska. Tr. St. Lotiis Acad. 6: 1-47. 12 Mr 1892.—
(Contr. Bot. Dept. Univ. Néb.n. s. 3: 1-44. 14 Je 1892.).
Mentions on p. 15 Exoascus prunt on common wild plum and Prunus

pumila.

Zopf, W.” Die Pilze in morphologischer, physiologischer,
biologischer und systematischer Beziehung. large 8vo. pp.
00. figs. 163. 18g0.* -

me A

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA.
By-B. I CRATE:

So large a proportion of our state is suitable for cultivation
that our native flora is being rapidly swept away, and while
most of the species may survive along roadsides, in hilly and
stony localities, and along streams, yet many which are rare
or local must eventually disappear entirely. Most of the land
too rolling for plowing is valuable for pasturage, and here the
destruction of the indigenous flora is nearly as rapid, the
introduced grasses, clovers, and weeds appropriating the
ground. While the marsh and aquatic plants have a better
chance in the struggle for existence than the prairie flora, yet
the draining of ponds and marshes, thus greatly restricting
the area frequented by such plants, is certain to sweep away
some species which were formerly quite common. Those
who have lived many years in the state, now see the former
haunts of muskrats and aquatic birds covered with waving
grain, and while from an economic point of view this change
may be desirable, yet to the naturalist it brings the conviction
that if we are to secure a full representation of what our
flora was, there is no time to lose.

The following list of plants, all marsh or aquatic except our
two species of Arvzsema, while probably not complete, is an
attempt to record in one paper a list of the species of the fol-
lowing orders found within our limits, giving as far as possible
the geographical distribution of each. Free use has been
made of Dr. Arthur’s /7ora of Jowa (1876), and of its several
additions, and of Prof. A. S. Hitchcock’s Ames lora, as pub-
lished in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science,

136

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 137

Vol. V. (1891). Much help has also been derived from Prof.
Macmillan’s JZetasperme of the Minnesota Valley (1892).
Dr. Morong’s WVaiadacee of North America and J. G. Smith’s
Revision of the North American Species of Sagittarta and
Lophotocarpus have been followed in those groups. In the
remaining portions the treatment, with a few exceptions, is
essentially that of Gray’s Manual, 6th edition.

Thanks are due Dr. J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University,
Lafayette, Indiana, Mr. E. W. D. Holway, of Decorah, Iowa,
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, of the Kansas Agricultural College,
Edmund P. Sheldon, of the University of Minnesota, and
Prof. B. Shimek, of the lowa State University, for valuable
assistance. Mr. F. Reppert, of Muscatine, Iowa, has greatly
aided me by the loan of specimens, literature, and by furnish-
ing many valuable notes. Prof. W. A. Kellerman, of the
Ohio State University, kindly looked over for me a portion
of Dr. Arthur’s collection now in the herbarium of the late
Dr. Townshend. Prof. L. H. Pammel, of the Iowa Agricul-
tural College, kindly loaned me for- study the collection of
lowa aquatics in the herbarium of that institution. Finally, I
desire to thank Prof. Tl. H. Macbride, of the lowa State Uni-
versity, for his kindness and the efficient aid he has rendered
me in many ways.

ARACE 2.
ARIS AMA Mart. Flora, II., 459 (1831).

SA. TRiphyi10M (Linn.) Torr. Fl. N.'Y., IL, (1843):

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Arthur, FI.
lowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames F1, 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Mak, £32.

Common throughout; preferring low, rich ground in woods.
Flowering in May or June, the fruit maturing late in August.

Decorah, Holway; Iowa City, J/acbride; Ames and Charles
City, Arthur; Emmet county, Cratly; Le Claire, Po//s;
Muscatine, Aeeppert; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

A 2

138 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

2. A. DRACONTIUM (Linn.) Schott. Melet. (1832).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Upham, FI.
Minn., 134; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames BPijgggas
Low damp woods; less common than the preceding species.

Decorah, //olway; Ames, Hitchcock; lowa City, Macbride;
Charles City, Arthur; Muscatine, Areppert; Keokuk, /tolfs.

NotE.—Calla palustris Linn., Spec. Ed. 2, 1373 (1762), has been found just
outside our limiis in southeastern Minnesota. It may be looked for inthe
northeastern part of our state.

SYMPLOCARPUS Salish. Nutt., Gen. L., 105 (1818).

1. S. Fatipus Salisb. -Nutt., Gen. I., 105 (1818).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 131.

A homely plant with a most disagreeable odor. Bogs and
very moist ground; eastern and southern portions of the state.
Rather rare.

Decorah, Holway; Muscatine county, Jacbride, Reppert.

ACORUS Lam. Spec. FE aa

1, A. CALAMUS Limn. “Spec. PI 324 (1 758%,

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 30; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135.

Well distributed throughout the state. Usually only a
small percentage of the plants flower. Marshes, June, July.

Decorah, /lolway; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, J/acbride ;
Emmet county, Crafty; Ames, Wztchcock; Hancock county,
Arthur; Jewell Junction, eo/fs; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

LEMNACE&.
LEMNA Zinn. Spec. Pl. (1783).

tr. Lu Minor: Lign:, Spec, Ping 7o 1753
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 553; Arthur, Fl. —

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 139

Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FIl., 522; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 133.

Proliferous like the rest of our Lemnacee, the flowers and
fruit being rarely seen. In stagnant water; rarer than the
two following.

Ames and lowa City, Hitchcock; Marshalltown, Stewart;
Muscatine, /reppert; Linn county, Shemek; Ames (near the
var. orbiculata Austin), Bessey.

2. L. TRisutca Lun. Spec. Pl., 970 (1753).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135.
Common throughout the state, floating on stagnant water,
among other vegetation, often in dense mats. June, July.
Emmet county, Crva/ty; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, J/ac-
bride; Decorah, Holway; Ames, Arthur, Bessey; Spirit Lake,
flitchcock; Muscatine, Aeeppert; Hancock county, Shzmek.

3. L.potyrruiza Linn. Spec. Pl., 970 (1753).
Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid, Linnez, XIII., 392 (1839).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FIl., 521; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 134.

Very common throughout, floating on stagnant or slow
flowing water. July.

Muscatine, Reppert; Spirit Lake, Wrtchcock; Ames, Arthur;
Decorah. Holway; Cedar Rapids and lowa City, Macbride;
Emmet county, Cratty; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

Note.—L. perpusilla Torr., Fl. N. Y., I1., 245 (1843), should be looked
for in the eastern part of the state.

WOLFFIA Afrkel. Linn. XIII, 389 (1839).

1. W. BRasiLiensis Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser., 3, XII., 157
(1849).
Grantia brasiliensis (Wedd.) Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Val., 134 (1892).

140 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 553; Upham, FI.
Minn., 135; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 144.

Floating as little grains on the surface of the water.

Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, where it is very common
some years, Macbride, Shimek; Mississippi River near Oquaw-
ka, Ill., Patterson; Muscatine, Areppert.

TYPHACE&.
TYPHA Linn. Spec. Pl., (1753).

1. T. Latirotia Linn. Spec. Pl., 971 (1753):

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 547; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchock, Ames FI., 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 31.

A well known plant of wide distribution throughout the
northern hemisphere. Fertile portion of spike when mature
often I in. or more in diameter, and 5 to 8 in. long. Common
in marshes and edges of ponds. July, August.

Decorah, Holway; Iowa City, Macbride; Emmet and Kos-
suth counties, Cratty; Ames, Arthur, Attchcock; Hamilton
county, /ro//s; Muscatine, /reppert; Charles City, Arthur;
Cedar Rapids, Keokuk, Taylor county, Shzmek; Henry,
Scott, Delaware, Jackson counties, AZacbride.

SPARGANIACE~..
SPARGANIUM Zznn. ) SpecoP it t75ee

1. S.stmpLex Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 401 (1762).
S. simplex Huds. var. nuttallii Englm. in Gray’s Man.,
5th ed., 481 (1867).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchcock, Ames Fl. 521; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135.
Marshes and edges of lakes; rare or local. July, August.

Ames, four miles southwest of College, A//chcock.

/

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 141

S. anprocLapuM (£ugelm.) Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club, XV., 78 (1888).

S. simplex Huds. var. androcladum Engelm. in Gray’s
Man., 5th ed., 481 (1867).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s, Man. 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl.
~ Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 33.

Heads when mature about one inch in diameter, being
intermediate in size between the preceding and the next.
Ponds; rare. July, August.

Davenport, Arthur’s Fl. Iowa, No. 775; Wilton, A/itchcock.

3. S.EURYCARPUM Lugelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed. (1852).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchcock, Ames Fl. 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.Val., 33.

Frequent throughout the state on the margin of ponds and
lakes, usually being found among a rank growth of grasses
and sedges. Mature heads of fruit are often 1% in. in diam-
eter. July, August.

Emmet county, Cratty; lowa City, JZacbride; Ames, Hitch-
cock; Humboldt, Bessey; Hamilton county, /to/fs; Dickinson
county, ffztchcock; Washington and Winnebago counties,
Cedar Rapids, SAzmek.

NAIADACE-.
NAL AS 27am: Spéc..Pl. tors (1753)-

1. N. FLexivis( Willd.) Post. & Schmrdt, F). Sed. 384 (1824).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 59; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 566; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 40; Hitchcock,
Ames FI., 523; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30.

A homely little plant, growing entirely under water, and
widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Ponds
and slow streams. July, August.

Lake Cairo, Bessey; Emmet county, Cratty; Story and
Dickinson counties, //7tchcock; Muscatine Reppert; Hancock
county, Sizmek.

142, NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ZANNICHELLIA Linn. Spec. Pl., 969 (1753).

I. Z.PpaLusTrRis Linn. Spec. Pl., 969 (1753).

Morong, Naiad., N. A. 57; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 565; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI.,
523; Upham, Fl. Minn., 136.

A graceful aquatic with capillary stems, sparsely branched;
flowering and ripening its fruit under water. Cosmopolitan.
Ponds, and slow streams.

Ames, not uncommon, //ztchcock; Muscatine, /reppert;
Storm Lake, Bessey.

POTAMOGETON Zinn. Spec. Pl.,126 (1753)+

i. P. waTans. Lean. Specs Pl 126 (e754

Morong, Naid. N. A. 13; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, III.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 34.

Ponds and slow-flowing streams; fruit maturing in August
which should be especially collected of all species of the genus.

Lake township, Muscatine county, Areppert; Linn county,
Shimek; Lake Okoboji and Fort Dodge, Witchcock.

2. P. ampuiroLius Zuck. Am. Jour. Sci., 2, VI., 225 (1848).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 16; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 561; Upham, Fl. Minn., 136; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30;
Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 146.

Slow flowing streams; rather rare.

Emmet county, Cratty; Muscatine, Reppert; Spirit Lake,
Flitchcock; Tama County, Szrrzne; Charles City, Arthur.

3. P.nutratuu Ch. dé, Sch. Linnea, Il., 226 (1329 e
P. pennsyivanicus Ch. & Sch. Linn., Il., 227 (1827).
P. claytonit Tuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts. Ist Ser.,
ALYV., 337643 ): 3
Morong, Naiad. N. A., 18; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 559; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 145.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 143

Not before reported from lowa. Ponds and slow streams
along Cedar River near Muscatine, June 25, 1894. Not
common. Serb. Leppert, Vo. 738.

4. P. Ltoncuites Zuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser.,
VII., 348 (1849).
P. fluitans Auc. Amer.
(?)P. flurtans Roth, Fl. Germ., I., 72 (1785).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 20; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 560; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 34; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30.

Slow-flowing streams; common. Forms of this species
with the petioles of the submerged leaves 6 to 8 in. long were
~ collected by Mr. Reppert in the Mississippi River near Mus-
catine.

West Fork of the Des Moines at Estherville, Cratty; Ames,
streams around Cairo Lake, //¢tchcock: ponds and sloughs
along Cedar River, Aeppert; lowa City, Linn and Lee coun-
ties, Shimek; Charles City, Arthur; Storm Lake, Bessey;
Waterloo and Spirit Lake, {Y7tchcock; Hamilton county, frolfs.

fe METEROPHYILUS Schred. Spic. FI’ Lips, 21. (1771).
P. gramineus, var. heterophyllus Fries. Nov. 2nd ed.,
35 (1828).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 23; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 561; Hitchcock, Ames Fl., 522; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val, 35.

An extremely variable species, preferring quiet water; rare
within our limits. When the ponds and sloughs dry up this
species often sends up shoots bearing several broad green
leaves, in this respect resembling P. ¢//:noenszs.

Sloughs near Armstrong, Emmet county, Cvat/y; Ames,
rare, Hitchcock.

6. P. iLLInoENsis Morong. Bot. Gaz., V., 50 (1880).
Morong, Naiad. N. A., 27; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s
Man., 6th ed., 561; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 36;
Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V.; Hitchcock, Ames, FI., 522.

144 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Ponds and margins of lakes. This species has the floating
leaves more crowded and of a stockier growth than P. Jon-
chites with which it is often confounded. ‘The plant confines
itself mostly to rather shallow water on the margin of sloughs
and ponds. The plants are often left exposed in the mud, in
which, if it does not become too dry, the roots survive and
produce short shoots bearing 3 to 4 leaves.” —/repfpert. |

Emmet county, rare, Cra/ty; Ames, infrequent, //etchcock ;
Muscatine, the most common of the large-leaved species,

Leppert.

7. P. pRa#Loncus Wulfen. Roem. Arch., III., 331 (1803-5).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 32; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Upl.am, Fl. Minn., 136; Arthur, Plo lowagege:
Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 146.

Deep water, lakes and ponds. July, August.
p Pp ly 8

Clear Lake, Arthur; Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, [/rtchcock ;
Iowa Lake, Cratty.

Note.—P. lucens Linn. Spec. Pl., 126 (1753). Specimens without flow-
ers or fruit of what appears to be this species were collected by Professor
Hitchcock near Ames andare in the herbarium of the Agricultural College.

8. P. PERFOLIATUS L77n., var. RICHARDSONIT A. Bennett.
Jour. Bot., XXVII., 25 (1889). PP. lanceolatus Sm. Eng.
Bot., 1985 (1808). PP. perfolsatus var. lanceolatus Rob-
bins in Gray’s Man., 5th ed., 488 (1867).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 33; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V.; Upham, F]. Minn.,
137.

Shallow water in lakes, ponds, and streams —a most beau-
tiful plant. July. I have not seen the typical P. perfolzatus
from Iowa. ,

Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, //itchcock; Emmet county.
Cratty.

9. P. zosTERa¥FouIus Schum. Enum. Pl. Sael, I., 50 (180r),
P. compressus Fries. Nov. ed. 2, 44 (1828), non Linn.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 145

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 37; Wats. and Coult., Griy’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 39; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. lowa, III.; Hitchcock, Ames, FIl., 522.

A beautiful pliant with bright, smooth leaves. Shallow
water in lakes or slow streams. July, August.

Vinton, Arthur’s Cat.; Iowa Lake, Emmet county, Cratty;
Lake Okoboji and Ames, //7tchcock; Muscatine, Preppert;
Cedar Rapids, lowa City, Hancock county, Shzmek.

10. P.¥Foxiiosus taf. Med. Rep., II., Hex. V., 354 (1808).
P. pauciflorus Pursh. Fl. Am., [., 121 (1814), non Lam.
Fl. Franc, II., 209 (1778).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 39; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., ©
6th ed., 563; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Val., 39.

A very variable species, usually growing entirely under
water, and widely distributed throughout the United States
and Canada. Morong in his /Vazadacee of North America
says, “spikes about 4-flowered.” Emmet county, lowa, speci-
mens determined by him have the spikes 4- to 6-fruited.
Some of Mr. Reppert’s specimens vary from the type in
having the spikes 6- to 10-fruited, in this respect approaching
the var. zzagarensis (Tuck.) Gray. Similar forms were also
collected at Ames by Prof. Hitchcock. June, July.

Shallow water in ponds and lakes, Emmet county, Craity;
Muscatine, Arteppert; Iowa City, Lee, Hancock, and Linn
counties, Shzmek; Mt. Pleasant, J/7//s; Charles City, Arthur;
Grand Junction, Bessey; Dickinson and Woodbury counties,
flitchcock.

Note.— P. obtusifolius Mert. and Kock. Deut. FI., I., 855 (1823), has

been reported from this State, but I have not seen it’ Plants so labeled
which I have seen are forms of another species.

11. P. major (Fyrzes) Morong, Naiad. N. A., 41 (1893).
P. rutilus Auc. Amer. in part, non Schult., Mant. IIL,
362 (1827).

P. pusillus Linn., var. major Fries. Nov. 48 (1828).
P. compressus Sm. Eng. Bot., III., 418 (1794), non Linn.

146 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 41; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 563; Upham, Fl. Minn., 137.

A graceful little plant with delicate, bright foliage, some-
what resembling P. puszl/us but larger. Rare in America.
Ponds and shallow lakes. July.

Iowa Lake, Emmet county, Cratty; Muscatine, Herd.
Leppert, No. 746 mm part; Spirit Lake, Wztchcock.

12. P.Pust_tus Lemm. Spec. Pl, 227 (1753).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 45; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 563; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 36; Hitchcock,
Amen 21. 522.

A delicate species preferring shallow ponds and lakes. July.

Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake, Witchcock; Muscatine,
Herb. Reppert, No. 746 in part.

13. P.spirmius Zuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser.,
VI). 220. (IGAS%.

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 49; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 560; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 145; Bot. Death
Vals ac 2 co,

This interesting little plant, not before reported from the
State, was collected in August, 1889, at Carnsforth, lowa, by
Prof. Hitchcock, and again in July, 1894, by Mr. Kenneth
McKenzie in ponds along the C., R. I. & P. R. R., between
Muscatine and Fruitland. The specimens approach P. diver-
sifolius Raf. (P. hybridus Michx.) in some characters, but are
quite clearly distinguished by the submerged spikes being
sessile or nearly so; by the broader submerged leaves, and by
the curious snail-like fruit which shows the coiled embryo
very conspicuously, even in the dried specimen.

14. -P. PECRINATUS Linn. | Specy ti, 0827 ahs |

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 51; Wats and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 564; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 35; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 147

One of the most widely distributed species of plants, occur-
ring in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the greater part
of North America. Ponds and quiet streams. July, August.

West Fork of the Des Moines, Estherville, Cratty; Musca-
tine, Reppert; Woodbine, Burgess; Storm Lake, Lessey;
Lake Okoboji, //¢/chcock ; Hancock and Linn counties, Seek.

JUNCAGINE~£.

fae GL OCMIN: Lenn, -Sp. Pl; °339°(1753).-

mt. MARITIMA “2mm, Sp. Pl., 339. (1753)-
eee Nutt. Gen. 1,237 (1878).
T. maritima, var. elata Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 437 (1852).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 8; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 41; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522.

Widely distributed throughout Canada and the northern
half of the United States. Most common in salt marshes, but
in the interior it is found in fresh water bogs. Our plant 2

to 3 ft. tall. July, August.

Ames, very rare, [/7/chcock; bogs near Armstrong, Emmet
county, infrequent, Crafty.

pee CPE ZAR AY Ling, spec Pl,.339 (1753):

P 15. PALUSTRIS Linum. Sp. Pl., 338 (1753).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 9; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 42.

A rush-like perennial plant growing in cold bogs, and flow-
ering early in the spring, the fruit maturing in July. Only
one species is known.

Emmet county, two miles north of Armstrong, very rare,

Cratty. This is about its southern limit in the United States.

148 NATURAL HISTORY, BULLETIN:

ALISMACE-..

ALISMA Zinn. Sp. Pl. (1753).

I, A. PLANTAGO Linn. Sp. Phy 34201753)
A. plantago var. americana, R. and S., Syst. III. (1818). _

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 554; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames Fl., 522; Upham, Fl. Minn., 138.

Common throughout the State. The plant varies greatly,
especially in regard to size and foliage, the result of different
conditions of its place of growth. June, July.

Emmet county, Cratty; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, JZac-
bride; Decorah, Holway; Ames and Charles City, Arthur;
Boone, Bessey; Muscatine, Areppert; Webster City, Pammel;
Marshalltown, Stewart; Hamilton county, /eo/fs; Fremont,
Washington, Lee, Jackson and Scott counties, Shzmek.

ECHINODORUS Aichard. Mem. Mus., 365 (1615)

1. E.rostratus (lVutt.) Hngelm. -Gray’s Man., 2nd ed.,
438 (1856).
Alisma rostrata Nutt.
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Hitchcock,
Bull forr. Bot.-Club; XV), yo;
Ditches and swamps. Illinois to Iowa and southward;
rather rare. August, September.
Hamburg, Hitchcock; lowa City, MZacbride; Muscatine,
Reppert; Sioux City, Pammel; Keokuk, Shimek.

2 E. pARVULUS Hngelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 438 (1856).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 31; Upham, Fl. Minn., 138; Beal and Wheeler, FI.
Mich., 145. }
Rare or local. No. 786 of Arthur’s Flora of Sowa, but
without locality.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 149

SAGITTARIA Lin. Sp. Pl. (1753).

I. S. ARIFOLIA /Vuitt. in Herb. J-(G. Smith, Rev: N. A.
Sag. and Loph., 6 (1894).
S. sagittefolia minor Pursh., Fl. Am., Il., 395 (1814).

A species widely distributed in the western half of the
United States, but probably rare within our limits. In general
appearance closely resembling form c. of ,S. latzfolia Willd.,
but the fruit very different, long, winged on both sides, with
a very short upright beak, and (in our plant) a prominent
vertical sub-epidermal resin passage. Collected at lowa City
by Prof. Hitchock. Herbarium of lowa Agricultural College.

2. S.LATIFOLIA Willd. Sp. Pl., 1V., 40g (1806).
S. variabilis Engelm. Gray’s Man., 1st ed., (1848).
S. sagittefolia Auc. Amer.
(?),S. sagittefolia Linn. Sp. 993 (1753).
Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 8; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 554; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 45;
Arthur, Fl. lowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522.

Very common throughout the State in sloughs and edges
of ponds, lakes, and streams. Excessively variable in size,
foliage, shapes of the achenia, etc. The typical plant has
achenia obliquely or horizontally beaked, both of which forms
are common within our limits. J.G.Smith in his recent mon-
ograph includes five forms of which form a, the var. obtusa
Eagelm., and form c, including the varieties hastata, angusti-
Solia, gracilis, and diversifolia of most collectors are frequent.

Several species of Sagittarza produce tubers, especially .S.
latifolia and its various forms. ‘These tubers are called Wab-
es-i-pin-ig, or swan potatoes, by the Chippewa Indians, because
they furnish nourishment for the larger aquatic fowls. ‘These
tubers sometimes attain the size of a small hen’s egg and are
then eaten by the Indians with whom they are a great favor-
ite. In their raw state they contain a bitter, milky juice, but
in boiling become sweet and palatable.” —Farry.

Decorah, Ho/way; Emmet and Kossuth counties, Cratty;

150 | NATURAL HISTORY. BULLETIN.

Jones county, Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, AZacbride; Ames,
Arthur; Hamilton county, fo/fs; Muscatine, Aeeppert; Mar-
shalltown, Sfewzrt; Davenport and Waterloo, AW7tchcock >
Winnebago and Lee counties, Shzmek.

3. S.RIGIDA Pursh.. Fl. Am 367 (1984); ;
‘S. heterophylla Pursh. Fl. Am., 396 (1814), not of
Sebreb. Fl. Hrl., U1 ro.) tome,

Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 23; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 555; Hitchcock, Ames FIl., 520; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. Iowa, III. |

Edges of lakes or streams; rather common in the eastern
and southern portions of the State. Very variable, especially
in regard to size and foliage, July, August.

Clinton county, Butler; Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake, |
flitchcock; Muscatine, in Muscatine slough at the upper
bridge, five miles below the city, Reppert; Waterloo, H7tchcock ;
Linn county, Sizm2k. Specimens collected at Iowa City by
Prof. Hitchcock have the submersed foliage closely resembling
that of S. feves Wats.

4. S. GRAMINEA Miche. FI. N. A., L., 190 (1803).

Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 24; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 555; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 31; Hitchcock,
Amés #1., 5225: Webb; Bl-tlep.. @7;

Southeast portion of the State; ponds and streams. July.

Ames and Boone, essey; Hamilton county, fto/fs; lowa
City, Wacbhride; Muscatine, Reppert; Nevada, /ragzer ; Carns-
forth, //z7tchcock, a form approaching 5S. crestata.

5. S.crisrata Hngelm.in Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa,V., (1882).
Proc. Dav. Acad: Sct, PV\,-29 eee):
S. vartabil’s var. (?) gracilts, S. Watson in Gray’s Man., 6th
ed., 555, in part, not of Engelm.
Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 27; Sheldon, Minn. Bot.
Studies, Bull. 9. pt. II.

Moneecious aquatic, rooting in the sand or mud in water a

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 151

few inches to several feet deep, 6 in. to 2 ft. high; petioles
about equaling the scape in height, the leaf slightly resemb-
ling the petiole in form and structure, 3 to 5 in. long, linear
or linear lanceolate, thick, spongy, somewhat triangular in
cross section, and when flattened in the herbarium specimen,
appearing more nearly lanceolate in form. Submerged phyl-
lodia linear or linear lanceolate, acute or obtuse. 4 to 8 in. long,
rigid, with about five principal and many intermediate nerves,
coarsely reticulated, clustered at the base of the plant, and
appearing in tufts from the nodes of the stolons by means of
which the plant is propagated, and which extend for a con-
siderable distance along the muddy bottom. Scape slender,
bearing 4 to 6 whoris of flowers, rarely more than the lower
whorl fertile; pedicels of sterile and fertile flowers about equal,
34 to x in. long, bracts connate, acute or slightly obtuse; petals
white, delicate, wavy; filaments pubescent, thickened below,
longer than the anthers. Fruit heads % to 34 in. in diameter,
shrinking much in drying; achenia obovate with a conspicuous
horizontal style, and crested back and sides.

The type specimens of this plant with flowers and mature
fruit were collected by the writer in a small lake, since dried
up, one mile east of Armstrong, Emmet county, Iowa, in
August, 1881, and were sent to Dr. Geo. Engelmann for
determination. In his reply he stated that while it was closely
allied to S. gramznea Michx., he could not decide definitely
in regard to it without thoroughly revising the genus. How-
ever, under date of March 5, 1882, he sent to Dr. Arthur the
provisional name 5S. crzstata, which was published with a few
lines of description in Arthur’s Contribution to the Flora of
fowa as above noted. The late Dr. Morong, who studied the
plant critically, considered it a good species, and it is so re-
garded in J. G. Smith’s recent monograph. Plants collected
at Ames and Carnsforth, and conjectured to be this species,
are best considered as forms of S. gvaminea Michx.

Besides the locality above given, the plant has also been
found in several places in Minnesota. See Sheldon in J/7nn.

Bot. Stud., Bull. 9, pt. U.
me, B

nat el Leen RE ee ee

_—-

ae le

2. eee

r52 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LOPHOTOCARPUS Z Durand. Index Gen.
Pl., 627 (1586),

1. L. carycinus (E£ugelm.) F. G. Smith in Mem. Torr.
Bot. Club, V., 25 (1894).
Sagittaria calycinus Engelm. in Torr., Bot. Mex. Bound.,
212 (1858). .
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Cont. to U..
oy Nat. Elerb.,) [Ly ager
Not before reported from the State and very rare within
our limits.
Muscatine, margin of a pond just above the city, Reppert.

HYDROCHARIDACE~.

ELODEA Richard. Mich., Fl. Bor. Am., I, 20 (1803).

1, E.cANADENSIS Arich. and Michx. F\.N. Am., I., 20 (1803).
Anacharis canadensts Planch. Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist.,
and Ser., 1,36 (13438).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 496; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 31; Upham, Fl. Minn., 139.

Frequent throughout the State in slow-flowing streams. The
staminate flowers are very rarely seen. A few were collected
by the writer near Armstrong, in July, 1882.

Emmet county, Craity; lowa City, MWacbride; Decorah,
Flolway; Ames and Charles City, Arthur; Ft. Dodge, Bessey;
Spirit Lake, W/7tchcock ; Muscatine, /reppert; Hancock county
and Cedar Rapids, Shzmek.

VALLISNERIA Lian. Sp. PE tr7aae
I.. Vi sPrRALiIs Ligg: Cop. Ply tGign 1153)

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 496; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 31; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 46.

Rather rare in ponds and lakes, or slow streams. August.

Independence, Bluffton and Iowa City, JZachride; Iowa
Lake, Emmet county, Cratty; Ames and Storm Lake, Bessey ;
Mud Lake, Story county, Wztchcock; Mason City, Shzmek.

——— en Vv)
ae IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 103

{ From proceedings Iowa Academy of Sciences for 1893. Vol. I, Part [V.]
ADDITIONS TO IOWA FLORA.

PROF. B. FINK, FAYETTE, IOWA,

In my collecting last summer about Fayette, I foun@ the following plants,
some of which, so far as I know, have not been reported for Iowa. Those marked
with a ‘‘star’’ have been examined by various botanists. The others I report on
my own determination:

* Habenaria tridentata, Hook. Borders of woods; rare.

*H. psycodes, Gray. Wet river banks; rare, new.

* H. hookeri, Torr. var. oblongifolia, Paine. As common as the type here;
new.

Dicentra Canadensis, D.C. Woods, rare. Also reported from Decorah by E.
D. W. Holway. (Proceedings lowa Academy of Sciences, Vol. I, Pt. II, p. 16.)

MILDEWS.

In this list I have adopted the synomony given by Prof. Burrill in North Ameri-
can Pyrenomycetes.
x SpHarerotaeca Humutt(D C) Burrill on Agrimonia Eupatoria.
S. Pannosa, (Walir.) Lev. on Rosa blanda.
*S. Matt, (Duby.) Burrill on Pyrus Malus also reported from Ames, by Prof.
_ L. H* Pammel and G. W. Carver abundant on young suckers, New.
S. Mors-vvakg, (Schw.) B. and C. on Ribes.
S. CasTAGNEI, Lev. on Sonchus oleraceus.
ERYSIPHE COMMUNIS, (Wallr.) Fr. on Astragalus Canadensis.
E. CrcHoracEearum, DC on Phlox PDrumondii.
*E. GaLeopsipis, D C on Seutellaria laterifiora, New.
E. Gramrimis, D C on Poa pratensis.
Uncrnuua Ciintonrt, Peck, on Tilia Americana.

U. nEcATOR (Schw.) Burrill on cultivated grapes (Vitis labrusce).
U: crrernata, C. & P., Acer barbatum.

U. MACROSPORA, Peck, on Alnus Americana.

U. Satrcts, (DC), on Populus tremulotdes.

PHYLLACTINIA SUFFULTA (Reb.) Sacc. on Cornus stolonifer, Xanthoxylum
Americanum. .

44 Ag Efllotes 4 hel Left, /F Y, ve prey,’ Ly Uz

(vei |

*M. GrossuLARLE esate pay on ‘Sadbuas er iy New.
_M. Evpnorsr (Peck), B. & C. on Euphorbia corollata. New. —

M. Aunt (DC), Winter on Viburnnm lentago, Syringia oulgaris. — ;
M. Quercrna, (Schw.) Burrill on Quercus rubra.

cai ie .

- Blights, Orchids and Ferns

oe
gn .

Fayette, lowa.

B. FIN K, Professor of Natural Sciences,
~ —

THE UPPER IOWA UNIVERSITY.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,
JANUARY, 1894.

——w

-Vews Letter Print.

4 iw 24 aad ate zat Baer

pragtaghth pia hore 8

; act na sie bin Jil. Poel alte SiS age!
righien chet a Shs Towa ag ety pelle Sy -*
ee

|

Blights, Orchids and Ferns

—_AT—
Fayette, Lowa.

—BY—
B.FIN <, Professor of Natural Sciences,
THE UPPER IOWA UNIVERSITY.
PD BLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY,
JANUARY, 1894.

BO) Ay * ie
4 GARDEN

INTRODUCTION.

This work is presented with a view to increasing the interest in
botanical work in this vicinity and to enlarge the field of research.
Until the present school vear, the study of botany had been entirely
confined to the branch Anthophyta and almost exclusively to Angiosper-
mez. This way of presenting the study to beginners is a mistake be-
cause it is partial in scope, acquainting the student only with those
forms which he can easily study for himself and excluding the six
branches of the vegetable kingdom which are least likely to be ex-
amined independently. Before the beauty and economic interest of the
lower forms were so well known, there was some excuse for such a one-
sided study of plants, but those days s are gone.

It is difficult in a college to get enough literature to carry on work
in cryptogamic botany successfully, and therefore another object of this
little pamphlet is to get the descriptions of the species of one order
into such a form that they may be placed in the hands of each member
of future classes.

I have collected at every spare moment from April to December and
have made a thorough search for blights, orchids and ferns. During
the college months the time was limited, but in the summer vacation
my time was divided between this work and a study of cross-fertilization
of tomatoes.

Collections were made of all classes of plants, and I have found the
flora rich for a region so thoroughlv cultivated. Nature has done more
for us than for most portions of Iowa. We have in Fayette county six
or seven geological formations, w hich give variety to our soil and flora.
Dry hills, shady hill sides, abrupt ledges of lime-rock, prairies, native
forests, river waters and banks, sparkling springs, pools, ponds, wet
places, and marshes are all within five miles of Fayette. The collection
of our phanerogamis will be completed as thoroughly as possible next
summer, and a list will be published. Six-hundred-fifty plants are now
collected for this purpose.

The orchids were collected at the request of Miss Carrie Harrison,
for the National Herbarium, this being the first set from Iowa. My
thanks are due to her for many favors. In this work as well as in the
coilection of other phanerogams, I am indebted to Dr. C. C. Parker
whose thorough knowledge of our flowering plants has always been at
my service.

I wish to express my thanks to Dr. T. J. Burrill, of the University
of Illinois, for the descriptions used, to Dr. J.C. Arthur of Purdue
University, and to Mr. Geo. C. Clinton of the University of Illinois, for

- wea

4 BLIGHTS, ORCHIDS AND FERNS

examining some of my specimens, andto Prof. L. H. Pammel of the Iowa
Argicultural College and Prof. T. H. McBride of the Iowa State Uni-
versity, for literature and information.

The class laboratory work was a help and an incentive to the work,
and I am obliged to Dr. M. Y. Baker and Dr. C. C. Parker, for the
loan of microscopes for class use.

The works used are Pyrenomycetes of North America, by Ellis and
Everhart; Lrystphee of Illinois, by Dr. T. J. Burrill; Partial Listof lowa
Powdery Mildews, by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock; The Blights, by Dr. C. E.
Bessey, and the Host Index by Farlow and Seymour.

Some of the plants herein recorded seem to be new to the flora of
Iowa and others are recorded for the first time so far as I am able to
ascertain. Statements will be found in connection with the lists.

So far as I know, this is the first effort at a complete collection of
any orders of plants in this vicinity. It is hoped that this attempt will.
prove to be an incentive to some one else to carry on similar work here,

Her

492

AT FAYETTE, IOWA. 5

Erysiphee.

These fungi are parasitic on various angiosperms and are among
the most noticeable of parasitic fungi. Yet, to one who has not given
the matter attention, the number of species and hosts in one locality is
surprisingly large. Some species are so inconspicuous that they would
not be noticed by an inexperienced collector, and in other cases they
seem like a pubescence on the leaf.

The vegetative portion (wzycelium) appears like a w hite web closely
fixed to the host, by means of ausforia, above, below, or on both sides
of the leat, though sometimes found on other portions of the host.
When this mycelium is conspicuous, the fungus is easily found, but in
some instances it is inconspicuous.

The reproductive organs are of two kinds, sexualand asexual. The
The asexual organs are called cumidia and are arranged one above
another on erect branches (Zyf/@) of the mycelium. They separate at
maturity, blow about and germinate, thus providing for the immediate
and rapid increase of the species. The sexual organs are of two kinds,
antheridia and carpogonia. They are also borne on the mycelium at
points where two branches cross. The antheridium corresponds to the
stamen of a flowering plant, and the carpogonium is analogous to the
pistil. After the carpogonium has been fertilized by the antheridium,
it developes into the ferithecium, which corresponds to the fruit of a
flowering plant. The perithecia contain vessels called ascv, and these
asci enclose the sfor7dia, which germinate and produce the plant the
following year. These perithecia with their contents furnish the
principal means of classifying the Erysipheze. They appear as little
specks, varying from brown to black in color. Sometimes they are so
small as to be scarcely visible to the unaided eye, but usually they will
be seen on careful examination. A good pocket lens will enable one to
distinguish them from dirt or other fungi.

The asexual and sexual organs are sometimes found at the same
time, but not always. The former are generally produced earlier than
the latter, which are not usually found till in the fall, or sometimes not
till after the leaves have fallen. The perithecia fall from the leaves or
with them and germinate the following spring. The conidia are not
supposed to endure the winter, though in some cases where the
perithecia are seldom found, it seems possible if not probable that they
do.

The blights are often very injurious to useful and ornamental culti-
vated plants, even infesting those kept in the house. I watched a
chrysanthemum, belonging to Dr. C. C. Parker, till the leaves were

6 BLIGHTS, ORCHIDS AND FERNS

completely destroyed by a blight. The ordinary observer might not
easily distinguish between blights and mildews (PeronmospRoree), but
the treatment is easier in the former, which do not penetrate the
tissues of the host. In instances where the damage seems considerable,
it would be best to send a sample to some one familiar with these
minute forms for determination, and probably he will be able to give
such remedies as are found in the bulletins of the agricultural stations.

All the fine print following consists of the descriptions of Dr. T. J.
Burrill, which are used by permission, in order that this work may be
used in our classes. The descriptions of the Illinois bulletin were fol-
lowed to the extent of omitting ‘‘sometimes colorless’’ in describing the
appendages of S. Castagnez and a term meaning the same in describ-
ing those of E. Crchoracearum. Also the term ‘‘inconspicuous’’ was
allowed to remain in describing the mycelium of U. circinata as found
in the bulletin. Otherwise, the descriptions are those found in
Pyrenomycetes of North America. In the three instances, the de-
scriptions in the bulletin suited our specimens better.

KEV TO THE GENERA OF ERYSIPHEX.

I. Appendages consisting of simple threads similar to the mycel-
ium, and often interwoven with it..A. .
II. Appendages dissimilar to, and free from mycelium. .B.
A. Perithecia containing only one ascus..SPHAROTHECA.
Perithecia containing several asci.. ERYSIPHE.
B. Appendages simple, not usually forked at the tip. .1.
Appendages dichotomously. forked at the tip. . 2.
1. Appendages coiled at the tip,.asci several. .UNCINULA.
Appendages needle-shaped, abruptly swollen at base,
asci, several. . PHYLLACTINIA.-
2. Perithecia containing only one ascus. .PODOSPHARA.
Perithecia containing several asci.. MICROSPHASRA.

Spherotheca, tev.

Perithecium containing ouly one ascus. Appendages simple threads not unlike
the mycelium with which they are frequently interwoven. Ascus suborbicular,
usually containing eight sporidia. Very rarely two asci have been observed.

I. S. PANNOSA, (Wallr.) Lev.

Mycelium abundant on the leaves, stems, etc., often sterile; perithecia more
often occurring on the branches, scattered, delicate, 90-100 *w, reticulations evident,
small, 1o-15 “~; appendages short and delicate, much interwoven with the mycelium,
sometimes colored; ascus large, delicate, ovate, expanding, when free from the
perithecium, to a length greater than its diameter; sporidia 8, large, 29 long.

* Italic w is used for micro-millimeter instead of the Greek character.

On Rosa blanda.

In my specimens, the appendages were frequently as long as those
of S. Castagnez, but they were not so flexuous; and the reticulations of the

perithecia were much smaller.

2. S. MORS-UV2. (Schw.) B. & C.

Mycelium abundant, at first white, becoming dark brown, densely covering the
leaves, stems and fruit; perithecia most abundant on the stems and fruit, densely
aggregated, embedded in the thick felted mycelium, variable in size, 90-120 ~, dark

AT FAYETTE, IOWA. 7

brown, reticulations obscure; appendages short, delicate, hyaline or slightly colored,
interwoven with and overrun by the dense mycelium; ascus broadly elliptic, eight-
spored, both ascus and sporidia smaller than in S. pannosa.

On Ribes rotundifolium.
This parasite may be found early in the season, at about the time

the fruit is ripe.
3. .S. MALI, (Duby.) Burrill.

Amphigenous. Mycelium white, submembraneous, persistent. Perithecia few
or numerous, immersed In the mycelium, small 75-85 uw, globose or subpyriform;
appendages of two kinds, in part rudimentary, floccose, deeply Colored, attached in a
broad tuft to the smaller end of the pyriform perithecium, the others strongly de-
veloped, rigid, straight or curved, continuous or septate, simple or rarely forked at
the extremity, deeply colored at the base, becoming pale outwardly, attached in a
loose cluster opposite the rudimentary ones, 2-5 times the diameter of perithecium.
Ascus oval to subglobose; sporidia 8, 20-30 w long.

On Pyrus Malus.

I found my specimens on the stems of suckers in Mr. Peter Graf's
nursery. Ido not find this species reported in the Iowa bulletins.
Prof. L. H. Pammel says it is found at Ames and is very injurious.

4. S. HUMULI, (DC.) Burrill.

Mostly hypophyllous. Mycelium inconspicuous or evanescent; perithecia
scattered, abundant, mostly rather small, 75-95 ~, wall-texture firm and compact,
though thin, surface smooth, reticulations small, often obscure, usually less than 15
u; appendages slender, three or more times as long as the diameter of the perithecium
colored throughout when mature, mostly free from the mycelium; ascus broadly
elliptical or suborbicular; sporidia usually 8, large, averaging 20 w long. :

On Agrimonia Lupatoria.

‘*The perithecia closely resemble those of S. fannosa, but it differs
in the larger appendages and the much less abundant mycelium.’’—
Burrill. ;

5. S. CASTAGNEI, Lev.

Mycelium abundant and persistent or sometimes inconspicuous, occurring on
either or both sides of leaves; perithecia abundant, scattered or somewhat aggre-
gated, small, usually about 75 ~, but varying from 60-100 ~; texture soft, surface un-
even, reticulations very large and irregular, 20-30 ~; appendages long, stout, usually
colored throughout, flexuous, somewhat uneven in width, more or less interwoven
with the mycelium; ascus rather small, elliptical or suborbicular; sporidia usually 8,
small, about 15 ~ long. e

On Bidens frondosa, Erigeron Canadensis and Sonchus oleraceus.

Hrysiphe, (Hedw.) Lev.

Perithecium containing several asci; appendages simple threads similer to and
frequently interwoven with the mycelium.

1. E. COMMUNIS, (Wallr.) Fr.

Amphigenous. Mycelium abundant, persistent or sometimes evanescent;
perithecia variable in size and reticulations; appendages variable in length, often
quite long, lying on the mycelium or more or lessinterwoven with it, usually colored
in part or throughout, but occasionally all hyaline; asci 4-8, or snore; sporidia
mostly 4-8, variable in size.

On Cnothera biennis and Astragalus Canadensis.

The perithecia were about 85 # on the first named host, and fully
100 # on the second. The appendages were shorter on the last, and in

both they contained littie color.

2. E. GRAMINIS, DC.

Amphigenous, or often epiphyllous. Mycelium dense, felt-like, persistent
white or gray, sometimes tinted brown. Perithecia immersed in the mycelium, few
“and scattered or many and crowded, depressed, large, about 225 w; appendages nuni-

8 BLIGHTS, ORCHIDS AND FERNS

erous, rather short, simple or occasionally branched, rigid, but variously curved, —
and interwoven with the mycelium, hyaline or tinted. Asci 16-25, oblong to oval,
pedicellate. Sporidia 8, or rarely 4, maturing late, often only on the old plants in the
spring. :
On Poa pratensis and Cinna arundinacea.
In shady places. Doubtless occurs on other grasses here. No fully

developed perithecia were found.

EK. GALEOpsrpDIs, D C.
Amphigenous. Mycelium abundant, persistent, haustoria of the mycelial
threads lobed; perithecia somewhat aggregated; appendages numerous, short,
flexuous, colored, interwoven with the mycelium; asci numerous, often 12 or more;
sporidia 2, mostly formed late.

On Scutellaria laterifora.
Found only along the limestone bluffs of the Volga. The perithe-
cia are about 100 # in diameter. I don’t find this listed for Iowa.
Hardly distinguishable from the next.

4. E. CICHORACEARUM, DC. int

Amphigenous. Mycelium abundant, persistent, haustoria rounded, not lobed;
perithecia variable; appendages numerous, mostly short, 1-2 times the diameter of
the perithecium, colored, much flexed and interwoven with the mycelium; asci
variable, 4 or 5 to as many as 20, mostly numerous; sporidia large, quite uniformly 2,
but occasionally varying to 3 or even 4.

On Ambrosia artemistaefolia, A. psilostachya, A. trifida, Aster levis,
A. sagittifolius, A. sp., Verbena hastata, V.urticefolia, V. bracteosa,
Cuicus altissimus, Solidago Canadensis, S. serotina, var. gigantea, S.
rigida, Helianthus annuus, and Phlox Drummondi.

The largest perithecia were found on S. Canadensis, being 1204.
The smallest were on P. Drummondi7, being about 85 #.

Uncinula, rev.

. Perithecium containing several asci; app2ndages free from the mycelium, re-
curved or coiled at the tip. _ A

1. U.NECATOR, (Schw.) Burrill,

Amphigenous or frequently epiphyllous. Perithecia 85-120 wv, dark brown,
opaque, reticulations small, rather obscure; appendages from to or 12 to 20 or more,
varying in length from once anda half to four or more times the diameter of the
perithecium, colored for more than half their length, frequently septate, occasionally
forked, tips loosely and somewhat spirally coiled; asci mostly 4-6 (4-8 Farlow) ovate,
pedicellate; sporidia 4-6.

On cultivated Vit7s and Vitis cordifolia.

2. U. MACROSPORA, Peck.

Amphigenous. Mycelium conspicuous, abundant; perithecia large, r1o-165 wu,
wall tissue soft; reticulations very small, 5-10 w, and rather obscure; appendages
very numerous, 50 or more, hyaline, slender, smooth, usually shorter than the
diameter of the perithecium, tip closely coiled, not enlarged; asci several, 8-10};
sporidia 2, large, 20 by 30-35 uv.

On Ulmus Americana.

3. U. CLINTONII, Peck.

Amphigenous, Mycelium thin, rather persistent; perithecia scattered, 90-120 wu,
firm, nearly black; appendages 15-30, 1-1% times the diameter of perithecium in
length, hyaline or nearly so, uncinate coiled at the tip; asci 4-6, oval, very short
beaked; sporidia 4-5, mostly 18-21 w long, completely filling the ascus. 4

On 77lia Americana,—rare.

4.. U, GRGINATAS Cee:

Hypophyllous, or sometimes amphigenous. Mycelium inconspicuous; perithe-
cia very large, depressed, 150-225 w in greatest diameter, texture soft, reticulations

AT FAYETTE, IOWA. 9

very smalland irregular; appendages very numerous, slender, simple, about equal
to the diameter of the perithecium, hyaline, Smooth, tips not swollen, ascending
from the upper half of the perithecium; asci numerous, 14 or more, long and slender,
oblong or narrowly ovate, pedicellate, about 30 by 75 ~; sporidia 5, small, about 10
by 15 uw.

On Acer saccharinum.

My specimens have 8 asci; in this they resemble U. Acer7s. I ob-
tained European specimens of the latter, and mine do not resemble
them in other respects.

5. WU. SALIciIs, (DC.) Winter.

Amphigenous. Mycelium abundant, persistent; perithecia usually large, roo—
160 w, wall-tissue soft, elastic, reticulations rather small and indistinct; appendages
variable in number, usually very numerous, hyaline, not much swollen at the tip,
once to twice as long as the diameter of the perithecium; .asci from 4 or 5 to 120r
more, ovate; sporidia usually 4 or 5, sometimes 6-8.

On Salix sp. and Populus tremuloides.

Besides these species of Uncrnu/a, I found, late in the season, speci-
mens on Polygonum Virginianum and Rubus strigosus which I could not
certainly determine. Though no mycelium was found and the perith-
cia were few, I think neither had blown from other hosts as the perithe-
cia were somewhat clustered in both cases, and no other hosts were
found near. After examining quite a number of perithecia on /o/y-
gonum, 1 think the parasite will prove to be Uncinula Clintonii, Peck.
The one on Aubus seemed most like U. geniculata, Gerard, but no
perfect perithecia were found. I shall try to determine these next
summer.

Phyllactinia, rev.

Perithecium containing several asci; appendages free fron the mycelium,
acicular, acute at the tip, abruptly swollen at base.

mo oP SURFUSBTAJfmReb.) Sacc;

Mostly hypophyllous. Mycelium abundant, persistent, or scant and evanescent;
perithecia very large, 150-275 w, wall tissue soft, cellular structure and reticulations
obscure; appendages few, usually &-12, easily detached, hyaline, varying in length
from less than to three or four times tae diameter of the perithecium, asci 4 or 5 to 20
or more, ovate, pedicellate; sporidia normally 2, occasionally 3 or 4, variable in size,
mostly large. 5

On Desmodium acuminatum, Xanthoxylum Americanum, Cornus

florida, C. stolonifera, Crataegus sp., Fraxinus sp., Ulmus Americana,
Corylus Americana and Betula papyr ifera.

I have only reported this species on two hosts not found recorded,
viz. D. acuminatum and C . florida; but itis the most common of the
Erysipheeg here and is found on cther hosts. In collecting fungi in
dense woods, I found the perithecia 1n October on ever; phaenogam
carefully examined. In two and one half hours, I found perithecia on
Jorty different plants including grasses, ferns, and orchids. In all I
have collected sixty-five different kinds of leaves containing perithecia
of this species. In most cases no mycelium was found, and the perithe-
cia were doubtless, in many instances, blown from some badly infested
host. Yet I think the hosts are unusually numerous here and that
some bear the parasite because near the proper hosts, and in a favorable
location, which would not in other places. In such cases, I should ex-
pect to find the mycelium evanescent and the perithecia scattered. For
this reason, scattered perithecia without mycelium might be found in
October on some hosts. I shall watch the woods where PAy/actinia was

ite) BLIGHTS, ORCHIDS AND FERNS

so abundant very carefully next summer, searching especially for
mycelium, and in this way I expect to get at the real solution of what
seems to be an unusual find.

Podosphera, kunze.

Perithecium containing a single ascus; appendages free from the mycelium,
dichotomously branched at the end.

1. P. OXVACANTHA, (DC.) Duby.

Amphigenous. Mycelium variable, often abundant, persistent, perithecia 65-
110 w, dark, opaque, reticulations regular, about 10-15 ~, evident when young, scarcely ~
observable wnen old, except by the uneven surface; appendages 8-20, dark brown for
more than half their length, frequently septate, 1-4 times as long as the diameter of .
the perithecium, 3-5 times dichotomously forked, branches short, often swollen, tips
recurved; ascus broadly elliptic or orbicular, about 50-60 4, thick walled; sporidia
usually 8.

On Prunus sp.

This is a widely varying species. In my specimens, the appendages
are not branched and arise from the upper surface. They appear some-
what like those of S. WWa/z.

Microsphera, trey.

Perithecium containing several asci; appendages free from the mycelium, more
or less dichotomously branched at the end,

1. M. RUSSELLII, Clinton.

Amphigenous, Mycelium inconspicuous; perithecia small, 75-100 ~, delicate,
reticulations regular, distinct, about 1o ~; appendages 8-18, many times longer than
the diameter of the perithecium, colored for half or two-thirds of their length, oc-
casionally septate, simple, bifid, or twoor three times irregularly branched, branches
long, often aistorted, tips not swollen or recurved; asci 4-8; sporidia usually 4, small.

On Oxalts corniculata, var. stricta.
I did not find any appendages that were branched.

2. M. EUPHORBIA, (Peck.) B. & C.

Amphigenous. Mycelium abundant, presistent; perithecia scattered, abundant,
usually small, 80-100 ~, but otten larger (120 ~), texture soft, elastic, reticulations 10-
15 w, frequently obscure; appendages 15-20, very long, 5-6, or more times the diameter
ot the perithecium, hyalire, often slightly tinted at base, irregularly flexuous and
often nodularly swollen, at first simple, then part of them bifid or three or four times
dichotomous, branches long, lax, tips sometimes bifid, but not swollen or recurved;
asci 4-8, frequently 6, pedicellate, 35-40 by 65 w; sporidia 4-6.

On Euphorbia corollata,

On the College campus. Only four or five perithecia were found
fully developed though the collection was quite large. Consequently,
no specimens were sent away to be examined though I do not find this

recorded in Iowa lists,
3. M. ALNI, (DC.) Winter.

Amphigenous. Mycelium often delicate and evanescent, sometimes abundant
and presistent; perithecia usually small, 75-100 ~, sometimes large, Io0-I130 w~, wall
tissue compact, rather fragile, reticulations not large, 10-15 ~; appendages 6 or 8 to 15
or 20, hyaline, usually tinted at base, often somewhat roughened, usually about
equaling, but varying from less than to more than twice the diameter of the perithe-
cium, 4-6 times dichotomous, branches varying in length and angle of divergence,
but always regular and symmetrical, tips acute, distinctly, often strongly, recurved;
asci varying with the size of the perithecium from 2 or 3 to& or more, usually 4 or 5,
ovate when numerous, suborbicular when few; sporidia 4-5, variable, mostly small,
averaging about 20 wv long.

On Syringa vulgaris, Corylus Americana, Ulmus Americana,
Viburnum lentago, Carpinus Caroliniana, and Lonicera Sullivantit.

AT FAYETTE, IOWA. It

The appendages are about equal to the diameter of the perithecia in
Syringa and Viburnum and twice as large in U/mus and Corylus. The
mycelium is most noticeable in Viburnum. The perithecia vary in size
from 65 “in Cory/us to 100 win Viburnum.

4. M. GROSSULARIA, (Wallr.) Lev.

Amphigenous. Mycelium thin or rather dense, white, persistent. Perithecia
scattered, 75-120 wv, reticulations about 15 w; appendages 10-20, once or twice as long
as the diameter of the perithecium, hyaline or tinted at the base, very conspicuously
4-6 times dichotomously forked, with straight, obtuse, digitate branchlets, asci 3-5,
sporidia 4-6, variable, 15-30 w long,

On Sambucus Canadensts.

I find no record of this in Iowa lists. It may have been included
with J/7. 4/7, but the appendages are very different.

5. M. QUERCINA, (Schw.) Burrill.

Epiphyllous, hypophyllous, or amphigenous. Mycelium abundant, rather
thin and pruinose, forming orbicular patehes or spreading over the whole surface of
the leaf; perithecia abundant, scattered, varying from 80-140 w, reticulations evident,
small, andirregular; appendagesless than 20, varying in length from less than, to4
ors times, the diameter of the perithecium, tinted at base, smooth or sometimes
roughened, usually regularly 5-6 times dichotomous, branches short and tips strongly
recurved, but presenting many curious and ornate variations caused by the more ex-

tended or unequal growth ofsome of the branches; asci 3-8, often rupturing by slight
pressure; sporidia 4-8, variable. usually large, 20-30 w long.

On Quercus alba and Q. rubra.
We have six oaks here, and this form doubtless occurs on other
species than those named.

Besides the species described, conidiiferous specimens were collected

on the following hosts:

I—Rudbeckia laciniata. 2—Cacaliatuberosa. 3—Sisymbrium officinale. 4—
Helenium antumnale. 5—Nasturtium sylvestre. 6—Potentilla Norvegica. 7—Epilob-
ium coloratum. g—Phlox sp. ro—Lactua Canadensis. 11—Fhysostegia Virgin-
tana. 12—Ranunctlus abortivus. 13--Chrvsanthemum (cultivated). ; z

Number ten had immature perithecia also. -rysiphe Crchorace-
arnm, DC. is reported elsewhere on numbers two and four. The form
on number seven may be SPherotheca Epilobs, (Link.), which is found
elsewhere, the perithecia seldom developing, No ELyrysipfhew are re-
ported on the other numbers so far as I know. Chrysanthemum was
attacked and killed after the plant was taken into the house in Septem-
ber.

The following hosts occur here, known to bear species of Eryvsiphee
elsewhere, which I have not found here:

Two species of Ahus, three of Desmodium, three of Vicia, Celtis occidentalis,
Menispermum Canadense, Symphoricarpos occidentalis and a few cultivated Catalpas.

These were all carefully examined, and yet I suppose that the
parasites, though surely rare, if present, this year, may be plentiful in
other years; and I have given them so that any one who is interested
may search these hosts. There are a few other plants found here which
bear Erysiphec in California, or in eastern or southern states. These
I have omitted.

In instances where a species has been transferred from one genus to
another, I have given the name of the botanist who made the change
after that of the one who first named the plant. It is somewhat of a
question as to whether this should be done, but certainly there is no
injustice in it as the first name is retained. ‘

1 4 BLIGHTS, ORCHIDS AND FERNS

Orchidacee.

I. APLECTRUM HIEMALE, Nutt. In ‘‘Robertson’s woods,’’? —
common.

2. POGONIA PENDULA, Lindl. Found in one spot in ‘‘Robertson’s
woods,’’ about a dozen specimens in bloom in September,—rare.

3. CALOPOGON PULCHELLUS, R. Br. Not found nearer than
Wadena ,—rare.

4. HABENARIA TRIDENTATA, Hook. Dr. J. C. Arthur writes that
this is the first collection reported for lowa. The specimens were found
near Wadena,---rare.

5. HaABSNARIA BRACTKATA, R. Br. In woods,—rare.

6. HABENARIA HOOKERI, Torr. Shady woods,—rare.

7. HABENARIA HOOKERI, Torr., VAR. OBLONGIFOLIA, Paine.
This is also new to Iowa lists. Miss Carrie Harrison, who has charge of
the orchids in the National Herbarium, agrees with me in regard to
this variety,—occurring with the last.

8. HABENARIA LEUCOPH#A, Gray. This was collected by Dr.
C.C. Parker. I have not seen it growing,—rare.

9g. HABENARIA PSYCODES, Gray. Dr. J. C. Arthur writes that
only one specimen has been reported for lowa before. I found three
plants near the twin-bridges, five miles from Fayette on the Maynard
road,—rare.

to, CYPRIPED1IUM CANDIDUM, Muhl. Low prairies,—rare.

It. CYPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM; Salisb. Woods and prairies,—
fare;

12, CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS, Willd. Same locations as last,—
nearly as rare.

13. CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE, Salisb. Low places,—rare.

14. ORCHIS SPECTABILIS, L. Woods,—our most common species,

Filices.

1. ADIANTUM PEDATUM, L. Woods,—common.

2. PTERIS AQUILINA, L. Woods,—common.

3. PELLAA GRACILIS, Hook. Shaded lime-stone cliffs,—rather
rare.

4. PELLAA ATROPURPUREA, Link. With the last.

5. ASPLENIUM THELYPTEROIDES, Michx. Woods,—frequent.

o. CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS, Link. Shaded lime-rocks,—rare.

7. CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA, Bernh. Shady ravines,—frequent.

8. ASPIDIUM THELYPTERIS, Swartz. Low prairies,—frequent.

g. ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS, L. Low prairies,—common.

10. ONOCLEA STRUTHIOPTERIS, Hoffmann. Borders of woods
—frequent.

Ir. WoopstA oBTuSA, Torr. Lime-rocks,—rare.

12. OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA, L. Woods,—frequent.

Ophioglossacee.
1. BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM, Swartz. Very rare. I found only one
plant (in ‘‘Robertson’s woods’’) though I searched the spot repeatedly.
2. BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM, Swartz. ‘‘Robertson’s woods,”’
—common,

(gy

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Otay se A OR
FARD Ey
MANUAL
FLOWERING PLANTS
IOWA

Pack. FITZPATRICK.

Fellow of tke ‘Towa Academy of Sciences

A THESIS, |

PRIVATELY PUBLISHED
1899,

Copyright Applied For.

PREFACE.

Tuts volume is the result of continued study of the flowering plants of lowa
during a period of seven years. The author has collected in more than
thirty counties and in most portions of the state. To the collections thus ob-
tained the author’s many friends have made generous additions either by
donation or by exchange. So far as possible all the literature relating to
Iowa botany has been canvassed and the collections in the State University
have*been examined. All previous treatises have been in the nature of lists;
many annotated, some not; and were mostly confined to the flora of restricted
localities. In this volume all the scattered information is gathered and the
author endeavors to correct previous errors. to confirm the observations
already made. and to add new information obtained by rfersonal effort.

This work is founded primarily upon the private herbarium of T. J. and M.
F. L. Fitzpatrick and in this connection the author wishes to state that he is
under obligations to the following parties who have sent many rare or infre-
quent and interesting specimens: l‘'red Reppert of Muscatine county. Prof. B.
Fink of Fayette county, E. W. D. Holway and Herbert Goddard of Winne-
shiek county. R. I. Cratty of Emmet county. Prof. Pammel, C. R. Ball and
Wilmon Newell of Iowa State College, J. P. Anderson of Decatur county. J.
li. Mills of Henry county, and Profs. T. H. Macbride and 13. Shimek of the
State University, and to many others who have lent aid in a limited amount.
In the determination of difficult material the author has received aid from
Prof. Wm. Trelease and Prof. J. B. S. Norton of the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, F. Lamson-Scribner of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and R. I.
Cratty.

The question of nomenclature is as yet unsettled. For some reason the new
nomenclature has not been received with much favor by Iowa botanists. Be-
cause of this the author has thought it best to pursue a conservative course.
All needful changes have been adopted and by the use of synonyms both the
old and new systems are presented.

The author shall be pleased at all times to receive information and material
so that he may be able to extend his knowledge of a subject the pursuit of
which has been a source of much pleasure.

T. J. FITZPATRICK.
LAMONI, Iowa, July 30, 1899

MANUAL OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF IOWA.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

Series 1. PHANEROGAMS or FLOWERING PLANTS: those producing trae
flowers and seeds.

Class 1. ANGlOsPERMS: plants which have the ovules contained in a
closed ovary.
Subclass 1. DicoryLepons: stems differentiated into bark, wood, and

pith; leaves netted-veined; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyle-
dons; flowers usually 4 or 5-merous.
Division 1. PoLypreraLAe: calyx and carolla present, petals separate.
Apetalous forms occur as will be noted farther on.
The following wholly artificial key is taken from various governmental
publications and adapted to the Iowa flora.

A. Stamens ten to many and more than twice the number of sepals.
* Calyx entirely free from the ovary.
Pistils many, distinct, enclosed in a hcllow receptacle; leaves alternate,

stipulate. Rosa, in ROSACEAE, 49.
Pistils several, contained in pits on the upper surface of a large convex
receptacle. Nelumbo, in NyMPHAEACEAE, 7.

Pistils more than one, distinct, not enclosed in the receptacle.
Stamens inserted on the edge of a disk which lines the calyx-tube, dis-

tinct: anthers 2-celled. - ROSACEAE, 44.
Stamens monodelphous, united with the base of the petals; anthers 1-
celled. MALVACEAE, 23.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Small trees; filaments shorter than the anthers. ANONACEAE, 6.

Herbs or woody climbers; filaments longer than the anthers.
Flowers dicecious; twiners: leaves alternate, palmately lobed.
MENISPERMACEAR, 7
Flowers perfect, if climbers the leaves are opposite.
Leaves peltate; petals persistent.
srasenia, in NYMPHAEACEAE, 7.
Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle.
RESEDACEAE, 16.
Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis.
MaLVACEAk, 23.
Pistil solitary as to the ovary but styles or stigmas may be several.
Leaves punctate with pellucid or black dots. HYPERICACEAE, 22.
Leaves not punctate with pellucid or black dots.
Ovary simple, I-celled, 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe. Drupackakg, 43.
Ovary simple, l-celled, several-ovuled; fruit a legume.
MIMOSACEAE, 43.
Ovary compound, 1-celled; placenta central. PoRTULACACEAE, 21.

Ovary simple, 1-celled; placenta parietal, many-ovuled.
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected.

: RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Leaves peltate, pelmately lobed.

Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACEAE, 7.
Ovary compound, 1-celled; placentae 2 or more, parietal.
Sepals caducous; juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACEAE, 9.
Sepals deciduous, 4. CAPPARIDACEAE, 16.
Sepals persistent, 3 or 5. CISTACEAE, 17,
Ovary compound, several-celled.
Calyx valvate in the bud, and persistent; stamens monodel-
phous; anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE, 23.
Deciduous; anthers 2-celled. : TILIACEAE, 25.
Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.
Ovaries on many partitions; aquatics. NYMPHAEACEAE, 7.
Ovaries on 5 placentae in the axis. SARRACENIACEAK, 9.
* * Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the compound ovary.
Ovary 8-30-celled; ovules many, on partitions, aquatic.

NYMPHAEACEAE, 7.
Ovary apparently 10-celled, each division 1-ovuled.

Amelanchier, in PoMacEAg, 49.
Ovary 2-5-celled.

Leaves alternate, stipulate. POMACEAE, 49.

Leaves opposite, exstipulate. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.
Ovary 1-celled; ovules parietal.

Fleshy jointed prickly plants; petals many. CACTACEAE, 49.

Rough-leaved plants; petals 5 or 10. LOACEAE, 59.

Ovary 1-celled; placenta free, central; pericarp opening by a lid.
PORTULACACEBAE, 21.
B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.
Pistil solitary; flowers mostly perfect; herbs, shrubs, or woody vines.

Ovary 1-celled; anthers opening by valves. BERBERIDACEAE, 7.
Ovary 1-celled; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. PORTULACACEAE, 21
Ovary 2-4-celled.

Calyx-lobes small or wanting; petals valvate. VITACEAE, 29.

Calyx 4-5-cleft valvate in the bud; petals involute. RHAMNACEAE, 29.
Pistils 3-6, separate; flowers dicecious; woody vines. MENISPERMACEAE, 7.
C. Stamens of the same number as the petals and alternate with them or not more

than twice as many.
* Ovary superior, the calyx entirely free.

+ Ovaries 2 or more, separate.
Stamens hypogynous, distinct.

Leaves pellucid-punctate. RUTACEAE, 27.
Leaves not pellucid-punctate.
Tree; leaves odd-pinnate; lowers paniculate. SIMARUBACEAE, 28.
Herbs; leaves thick, succulent; flowers cymose. CRASSULACEAE, 53.
Herbs; leaves not fleshy; inflorescence various. RANUNCLACEAE, 1.
Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct.
Stamens twice as many as the pistils. CRASSULACEAE, 53.
Stamens neither the same nor twice the number of the pistils.
Leaves stipulate. ROSACEAE, 44.

Leaves exstipulate. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.

+ + Ovaries 2-5, separate above, more or less united below.
Leaves pellucid-punctate. : RUTACEAE, 27.
Leaves not pellucid-punctate.
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, palmately lobed or pinnate; fruit a

samara. ACERACEAE, 30.
A small shrub; leaves opposite, 3-foliolate. STAPHYLEACBAE, 31.
+ + + Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; style compound. GERANIACEAE, 26.

+ +++ Ovary simple, 1-celled with one parietal placenta.
Flowers irregular, the upper petal enclosing the others in the bud.
PAPILIONACEAE, 33.
Flowers mostly regular, the upper petal enclosed by the lateral in the
bud. CAESALPINACBAE, 42.
+ +++ + Ovary 1, compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentae, styles,

or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled.

Corolla irregular, spurred; petals 4: stamens 6. FUMARIACEAE, 9.
Corolla irregular, lower petal spurred; petals and stamens 5.
VIOLACEAE, 17.
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule 1; stigmas 3; small trees or shrubs with resinous or milky acrid

juice. | ANACARDIACEAE, 32.
Ovules 1 or 2; herbs. A few of the CRUCIFERAE, 10.
Ovules 2 or more, central or basal.

Petals inserted on the throat of the calyx. LYTHRACEAE, 55.

Petals not inserted on the throat of the calyx. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 19
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae.

Leaves pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. HYPERICACEAE. 22.
Leaves non-punctate.
Sepals 5, unequal or only 3. CISTACEAE, 17.
Sepals and petals 4: stamens 6. CRUCIFERAE, 10.
Sepals and petals 5; stamens 5 or 10. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.

Ovary 2-several-celled; flowers irregular.
Stamens 6 or 8; anthers 1-celled, opening at the top. PoLYGALACEAE, 21.
Stamens 11 or 12, dehiscence longitudinal; petals inserted on the throat
of the gibbous or spurred calyx. Cuphea, in Li THRACEAE, 55.
Stamens 5 to 8 or 10; petals mostly hypogynous.
Ovary 3-celled; leaves opposite, digitate; trees. HIPPOCASTANACEAE, 31.
Ovary 5-celled; leaves alternate, simple; herbs. BALSAMINACEAR, 27.
Ovary 2-several-celled; flowers regular. .
Stamens neither the same nor twice the number of the petals.

Petals 5; stamens collected into 3 clusters. HYPERICACEAR, 22.
Petals 4: stamens 6, 2 shorter, rarely 2 or 4. CRUCIFERAE, 10.
Petals 5; stamens more, distinct. ACERACEAE, 30.

Stamens of the same or twice the number of the petals.

Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.

Herbs, with perfect symmetrical flowers.
Ovary deeply lobed, 5-celled; sepals 5. GERANIACEAR, 26.
Ovary globose, breaking into 5 2-celled carpels, sepals 5.

LINACEAE, 26.
Shrubs or trees.

Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. RUTACEAE, 27.
Leaves palmately lobed and veined; fruit a 2-winged samara.

ACERACEAE, 30.

- ‘ us ji ic ‘

; ae

Leaves simple, pinnately veined, non punctate. . y ‘ie
Fruit a globose or lobed pod; seeds arillate. CELASTRACEAE, 28.

Fruit a berry-like drupe. ILICINEAE, 29.
Ovules and seeds several to many in each cell.
Stipules caducous; leaves opposite, compound. STAPHYLEACEAE, 31

Stipules wanting when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 10, monodelphous below; leaflets 3, obcordate.
OXALIDACEAE, 27.
Stamens distinct, hypogynous. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 19.
Stamens distinct, perigynous.
Styles usually 2, simple, sometimes cohering. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.

Style 1; capsule often 1-celled. LYTHRACEAE, 55.
* * Calyx-tube more or less adherent to the ovary.
Ours climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils. CUCURBITACEAE. 59.

Mostly erect herbs, not tendril bearing.
Ovuiles and seeds two to many in each cell of the ovary.

Ovary 1-celled; ovules many, basal. PORTULACACEBAR, 21.
Ovary 1-celled; placentae 2 or 3, parietal. SAXIFRAGACEAR, 51.
Ovary 2-several-celled. : :

Antheis dehiscing by apical pores; style 1. MELASTOMACEAE, 55.

Anthers not dehiscing by apical pores.
Stamens inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx.
CELASTRACEAE, 28.
Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Stamens 4 or 8, rarely 5; style 1. | ONAGRACEAE, 56.
Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 or 3, distinct. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.

Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary.
Stamens 2 or 8; styles 1; stigma 2-4-lobed; herbs. ONAGRACEAE, 56.

Stamens 4 or 8; styles or stigmas 4; aquatics. HALORAGIDACEAB, 54.
Stamens 8, but 4 of them sterile, scale-like, styles 2; small tree.
HaMAMELIDACBAE, 54.
Stamens 4; style and stigma 1; small shrubs. CORNACEAE, 65.
Stamens 5; flowers umbellate, rarely capitate.
Fruit dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels; styles 2.
UMBELLIFERAE, 60.
Fruit a 2—5-celled drupe; styles 2-5. ARALIACEAE, 64.

Gamopetalous forms in polypetalous families.

Forms which have their petals more or less united into one piece.
* Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary 1-celled, with one parietal placenta.

The upper petal enclosing the others in the bud. PAPILIONACEAR, 33.

The upper petal enclosed by the lateral in the bud.

CAESALPINACEAE, 42.

Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. POLYGALACEAE, 32.
Ovary 3-many-celled.

Stamens 10, hypogynous, united below; styles5. OXALIDACEAE, 27.

Stamens many, monodelphous; styles many. MALVACEAE, 23.
* * Stamens as many as the lobes of the ovary.
Annuals, climbing, tendril bearing. CUCURBITACEAE, 59.

Shrub, with alternate simple leaves. ILICINEAE, 29.

Apetalous forms in polypetalous families.

Forms having the corolla and sometimes the calyx wanting; calyx often
petaloid.

* Ovary or its cells with many ovules.
Ovary inferior, 4-celled; stamens 4. Ludwigia, in ONAGRACEAE, 56.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled; stamens usually 8. Chrysosplenium, in
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 52.
Ovary superior.

Pod 5-celled, 5-beaked, the beaks falling away at maturity; stamens 10,
Penthorum, in CRASSULACEAR, 53.
Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. AIZOACEAE, 60.
Pod 1 or 2-celled; placentae central.

Stamens inserted on the calyx. LYTHRACEAE, 55.
Stamens hypogynous or inserted at the base of the calyx.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 19.
Pod 1-celled, with one parietal placenta. RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Pods 2 or more, separate, simple. RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
* * Ovary or its cells usually with 1 or 2 ovules. -

Pistils 2 or more, distinct or nearly so.

Stamens hypogynous; leaves punctate. RUTACEAE, 27.
Stamens hypogynous; leaves not punctate; calyx usually petaloid.
RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Pistil 1, simple or compound. |
Ovary inferior, 3 or 4-celled; aquatics. HALORAGIDACEAE, 54.
Ovary naked; calyx none. Callitriche, in HALORAGIDACEAE, 55.
Ovary free from the calyx; trees or shrubs.

Ovary 2-celled; fruit a 2-winged samara. ACERACEAE, 30.
Ovary 3-celled; fruit drupaceous or dry. RHAMNACEAE, 29.

MTS oP
*

RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowroor FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs, with colorless usually acrid: juice; and poly-
petalous or apetalous, regular or irregular flowers. Leaves simple <r
dissected, opposite or alternate; petioles dilated. Sepals 3-15, frequently
petaloid. Petals 3-15. Stamens usually many. Fruit dry achenes, fol-
licles, or berries.

* Leaves opposite, terminating tr tendrils ; sepals 4, petaloid.
CLEMATIS. Woody climbing plants.
* * Upper leaves opposite or whorled; peduncles with one apetalous flower.
ANEMONE. involucre fuliaceous, remote from the flower.
HEPATICA. ftnvolucre close to the flower, calyx-like.
ANEMONELLA. Flowers umbellate.
THALICTRUM. Sepals 4, petaloid or greenish.

*** Sepals usually 5; petals present; achenes many.
RANUNCULUS. Petals yellow, rarely w ‘ite, with.a nectariferous pitor scale at the base
inside.
Myosurus. Flowers solitary, scapose; petals 5. white.
**** Flowers conspicuous, apetalous, not racemose; sepals peialoid.
CaLTHa. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided; flowers yellow.
IsOPYRUM, Leaves divided; flowers white,
e#*** Sepals or petals spurred.
AQUILEGIA. Petals produced backward into 5 hollow spurs.
DELPHINIUM. Upper sepai produced backward into a long spur.
#**X*X*S Blowers regular; fruit a berry.
ACTAEs. Flowers small, in asingle short raceme; pistil 1.
HyYDRasTIs. Flowers apetulous, solitary; roo1s yellow.
CLEMATIS L. Viretin’s-Bowrr. Woody climbing plants, with opposite pin-
nate leaves, terminating in tendrils; and large purplish flowers. Sepals 4.
Petals none. Achenes many, ina giobular head, with long persistent styles.

* Flowers cymose-paniculate.
C. virginiana L. Common V. Leaves petioled, of 3 ovate leaflets; leaflets
cut or lobed; styles persistent, plumose. A trailing vine, common in low
grounds in thickets or along fence-rows; July—Sept.

* * Flowers solitary.

C. pitcheri T. & G. Leaflets 3-7, ovate, 1-3-lobed; sepals thin, tips recurv-
ed; achenes with filiform, persistent, silky, but not PEP IOe styles. Thickets;
June-August; frequent. (C. simsii Sweet. )

C. viorna L. Leather-flower. Similar tu the preceeding; persistent styles
plumose. This species has been frequently reported but the author has seen
no reliable specimens, the so-called specimens not being in fruit their identity
was questionable.

ANEMONE L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. Perennial herbs, with the leaves
mostly radical, leng-petioled, the few cauline whorled soas to forma folia-
ceous involucre remote from the flower, all compound or dissected. Pedun-
cles 1-flowered. Sepals 5-20, petal-like. Petals none or in one of abortive sta-
mens. Fruit compressed 1-seede d achenes.

to

RANUNCULACEAE.

* Involucre forming a cup; carpets in a globular head, with lony persistent plu-
mose styles.
A. patens nuttalliana Gray. Pausque-flower. Stem 4-10 inches high, vill-
ous; flowering before leafing; leaves ternately-parted, the divisions dissected
into narrow linear lobes; involucral lobes linear; peduncle solitary, lengthen-
ing after flowering; flower large; sepals 5-7, ovate, whitish or purplish. High
prairies; March—-May; once common, becoming scarce as the prairies are bro-
ken up. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Delaware, Story, Hardin, Emmet,
Lyon, Woodbury, Calhoun, Crawford, and Shelby counties. ( Pulsatilla hirsu-
tissima ( Pursh ) Britton. )
* * Styles short, not plumose.
+ Leaves of the involucre 3, sessile.
A. pennsylvanica L. Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy; radical leaves 5-7-parted_
or cleft, divisions cut or toothed toward the apex; primary peduncle naked,
two lateral ones with a 2-leaved involucre; sepals 5, obovate, white; achenes
in a globose head, flat, nearly orbicular, pubescent. Low places; June—Ju-
ly; common. ( A. canadensis L. ) :
+ + Leaves of the involucre long-petioled; sepals 5-8, usually silky beneath.
A. cylindrica Gray. Stem 1-2 feet high, silky-pubescent; flowers 2-6, on
exserted naked peduncles, sometimes one involucellate; involucral leaves 4-18,
3-divided, the divisions cuneate-lanceolate, cleft, toothed toward the apex; .
head eylindrical, 1 inch long; achenes pubescent. Prairies and woods; June-—
July; common.
A. virginiana L. Stem 2-3 feet high, pubescent; involucral leaves 3, 3-part-
ed, the divisions ovate-lanceolate, cleft and serrate; the first peduncle naked,
the later with a 2-leaved involucel near the middle; sepals 5; head of fruit o-
val to oblong. Woods; June-August; frequent and widely distributed.
A. guinquefolia L. Stem 4-8 inches high, smooth or slightly pubescent,
from horizontal rootstocks; involucral leaves 3, leaflets wedge-shaped, con-
spicuously toothed, somewhat lobed; sepals 4-7, ovate, white varying to blue
or purple. Rich upland woods; April-May; common locally; Winneshiek,
Fayette. Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, and Story counties. ( A. nemorosa L. of
Gray's Manual. )
* * * Involucre far below the flower.
A. caroliniana Walt. Stem 3-8 inches high, pubescent, froma small tu-
ber; root-leaves 3-parted or cleft; sepals 6-20, linear, purplish varying to whit-
ish. Dry soil, open places; April-May; infrequent; Fayette, Scott, Musca-
tine, Stcry, Hardin, Hancock, and Sioux counties.
KEPATICA Seop. Low perennial scapose herbs, with thick heart-shaped
3-lobed radical leaves and solitary flowers. Stamens many; filaments short;
anthers 2-celled. Invclucre 3-leaved, close to the flower, calyx-like.
H. acutiloba DC. Seapes 4-8 inches high, villous; leaves thick, evergreen,
3.lobed or sometimes 5-lobed; leaf-lobes and those of the involucre acute or
acutish; flowe:s blue, purple, or white. Upland woods; March-April; com-
mon in the eastern hali of lowa, but apparently rare in the western portion.
( H. acuta( Pursh ) Britton. )
H. triloba Chaix. Lobes of leaves and involucre rounded or ebtuse. A
species closely resembling the preceeding. It has been reported from Scott
county, and various other localities but there is much doubt as to whether it
belongs to our flora. ( H. hepatica ( L. ) Karst. )

ANEMONELLA Spach. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound; involucral leayes

Crowroort FAMILY. 3

Similar, sessile; leaflets more or less 3-lobed, rounded to heart-shaped at
the base and long petiolate. Flowers white or pinkish, umbellate. Sepals
5-10, large, broad ovate. Achenes terete, ribbed, sessile.

A. thalictroides ( L.) Spach. Rue Anemone. A low glabrous perennial
herb, 38-5 inches high with stem and radical leaves rising from a cluster of tu-
berous roots. Upland woods; April-May: common. Occasionally double
flowered forms are found. ( Syndesmon thalictroides (L. ) Hoffmg. )

7 THALICTRUM L. Meavow-Ruer. Perennials. with alternate 2-3-ternately
f ‘compound leaves, the divisions and leafets stalked; and perfect, polygamous
or dicecious, paniculate or racemose flowers. Sepals 4-5, frequently petaloid.
Petals none. Stamens many, exserted. Fruit achenes.

T. purpurascens L. Purple M. Stem 2-6 feet high, frequently purplish;
leaves 3-4-ternate, the cauline nearly sessile; leaflets oblong-ovate to nearly
lanceolate, veiny, often waxy beneath, usually with three apical lobes; flow-
ers greenish or purplisk, dicecious or polygamous; filaments narruw. Low
prairies and woods; May—June; common.

T. polygamum Mauhl. Tull M. Similar to the preceeding; plant not gland-
: ular or waxy; filaments broadened. Reported as belonging to our flora.

T. dioicum L. Early M. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaves 3-4-ternate,
petioled; leaflets drooping, 3—9-lobed, rounded; flowers dicecious, purplish or
greenish. Rich upland woods and meadows; April-May; frequent; Winne-
shiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Fayette, Scott, Story, Cerro Gordo, Webster, Dall-

| as, and Dickinson counties.

RANUNCULUS L. CrowFroor. Butrrercup. Annual or perennial herbs,
with alternate leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Flowers solitary, some-
times corymbed. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely more or less, some-
times minute, with a nectariferous pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes
many, usually flattened, pointed, capitate or spicate.

* Aquatics.

R. trichophyllus Chaix. White Water C. Stem about 1 foot long; leaves
petioled, flacid, divided into capillary divisions, collapsing when withdrawn
from the water; petals ovate, twice as long as the calyx, white. Growing in
the soft mud in shallow water, immersed except the flower; June-August; in-
frequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, and Muscatine counties; reported from Haim-

* ilton county. ( R. ayuatilis var. trichophyllus of Gray’s Manual. Batrachium
trichophyllum ( Chaix. ) Bossch. )

R. circinatus Sibth. Stiff WaterC. Similar to the preceeding but leaves
sessile or nearly so, rigid, not collapsing; stipules conspicuous. In similar situ-
ations; June-August; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, and Emmet
counties. ( B. divaricatum (Schrank ) Wimm. )

R. multifidus Pursh. Yellow Water C. Stems floating or immersed, some-
times emersed; leaves repeatedly 3-forked, the ultimate divisions long, cap-
illary; out of water the leaves are often reniform, lobed or toothed or else the
divisions are shorter and linear; petals 5-8, bright yellow. In ponds and
slow streams; May-July; infrequent; Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson,
Story, Hardin, Emmett, Hamilton, Decatur, and Lyon counties. ( R. delphin-
ifolius Torr. )

* * Terrestrial, but frequently growing in wet pluces; flowers yellow.
+ Radical leaves deeply cleft or divided.

R fascicularis Muhl. Plant pubescent, low; 3-10 inches high, fibrous roots

thickened: leaves 3—5-divided, divisions lobed and cleft, the ultimate segments

i

4 ‘ A CROWFOOT PAMILy. ja

oblong or linear; petals 5-7, spatulate-oblong; achenes flat, beaked by By upaee _
late style. Prairies and wooded hillsides; April-May common; Winneshiek, © a
Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Polk, Mahaska, and Pottawatieeae |
counties. :
| R. septentrionalis Poir. Low, 6-20 inches high, pubescent, erect or in
wet places mostly procumbent and forming runners, roots many, fibrous;
leaves petioled, 3-divided; the divisions usually all stalked, 3-cleft or -divided,
the segments toothed or cut; achenes margined, tipped by a sword-shaped
style of about their length. Moist soil; April-May; common in all portions of
the state. K

R. repens L. Habit and foliage closely resembling the preceeding; leaves
often white-spotted; achenes margined; the beak stout, short, and slightly
bent. Low grounds; May-July; Muscatine and Johnson counties.

R. recurvatus Poir. Hooked C. Stem 1-2 feet high, hirsute, leaves all sim-
ilar, long-petioled, broadly reniform, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions toothed and
lobed beyond the middle; flowers small, on long peduncles; calyx reflexed;
petals shorter; achenes compressed, tipped by a recurved beak which is half
their length. Woods; May—June; Scott, Muscatine, and Johnson counties.

R. pennsy'vanicus L. f. Bristly C. Annual; stem 1-2 feet high, branch-
ing, bristly hairy, leaves ternately compound; divisions frequently 3-cleft,
the lobes lanceolate, cuneate, cut or toothed; flowers small; calyx reflexed;
head of fruit oblong; achenes tipped by a sharp beak one-third their length.
Wet soil; June-August, infrequent; Wianeshiek, Allamakee, Scott, Museatine,
Henry, Linn, Story, Emmet, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Dickinson, bees
and Woodbury counties.

R. hispidus Hook. Hispid C. Resembles the preceeding; annual or bienni-
al; ascending or declined, hairy or somewhat hispid; stems 1-2 feet long,

rarely rooting; leaves 3-divided, leaflets petiolate, ovate or broadly oblong,
cuneate, mostly 3-parted or-cleft, or variously lobed or cleft, somewhat tooth-

d; head of. fruit oblong; achenes smooth, the sharp straight beak about one-
fourth their length. ‘This species has been confused with R. pennsylvanicus L.
and R. septentrionalis Poir.; probably frequent; Fayette county. ( R. macounii
Britton. ) .

R. bulbosus L. Bulbous C. Stem about 1 foot high, from a bulbous base; |
radical leaves 3-divided, lateral] divisions sessile, the terminal stalked and 3-
parted, all more or less cleft and toothed; calyx reflexed; petals much longer;
head of fruit globose; achenes compressed, short beaked. Fields and waste
places; May—July:; reportea as an Lowa weed.

R. acris L. Tull C. Stem 2-3 feet high, hairy; leaves of 3 sessile divisions,
the basal 3-7-divided, the divisions 3-cleft or -parted, the segments cut into
narrow or linear lobes; petals obovate, 2-3 times longer than the calyx; head
of fruit globose; achenes compressed, short beaked. Fields and waste places;
June-August; infrequent; Jones, Story, and Page counties.

+ + Root-leaves frequently undivided; roundish, sometimes lobed or cleft.

R. abortivus L. Smail flowered C. Biennial, conspicuous by having the
primary root-leaves round, heart- or kidney-shaped, obscurely crenate and
long-petioled, other leaves 3—5-lobed or -parted and variously toothed, petiol-
ed or nearly sessile; flowers small, inconspicuous, pale yellow; petals shorter
than the reflexed sepals. Very common in moist places in meadows and
woods; April-June.

R. sceleratus L. Cursed C. Annual; stem 6-20 inches high, glabrous, thick,

hollow, with acrid juice; root-leaves of 3-5 rounded lobes, others 3-parted, cut

~

RANUNCULACEAE. D

and toothed, the upper nearly sessile, deeply lobed or divided: lobes oblong
or linear, obtuse, entire or toothed; petals about as long as the sepals, pale
yellow; head of fruit obloug or cylindric; achenes mucronulate. Wet ditches;
June-August: frequent; Scott, Emmet, and Calhoun counties.

R. rhomboideus Goldie. Prairie C. Stem 4-16 inches high, hairy, some
branched: root-leaves roundish to rhombie-ovate, toothed or crenate, others
3—5-lobed or -parted, the upper sessile or nearly so: petals large, deep yellow:
head of fruit spherical: achenes orbicular, minutely beaked. Prairies: April
—May: frequent: Winneshiek, Fayette, Emmet, Lyon, and Calhoun counties.
( R. ovalis Raf. )

R.cymba'aria Pursh. Sea-side C. Low. smooth, sprealing-by long root-
ing runners, leaves clustered at the roots and on the joints of the runners,
long-petioled, cordate or kidney-shaped. crenate: scapes 1-several flowered,
sometimes leaf bearing toward the base: petals sometimes as many as8. Dry
prairies and sandy shores; June-August: infrequent; Story, Dickinson, Em-
met, Sioux, and Lyon counties. ( Oxrygraphis cymbalaria ( Pursh. ) Prantl. )

R. affinis R. Br. A small hairy or glabrous plant, from 4-10 inches high:
flowers small, pale yellow; root-leaves pedately cleft, stem leaves with nar-
row oblanceolate divisions; heads oblong. Reported from Iowa. ( R. peda-
tifidus J. E. Smith. )

MYOSURUS Dill. Small annual herbs, with linear basal leaves, and 1-
flowered scapes. Sepals 5, spurred. Petalssmall, narrow. Stamens usually
many. Pistils numerous.

M. minimus L. Mouse-tail. Low, 1-6 inches higk, glabrous: roots fibrous:
leaves tufted, entire; achenes numerous, onan elongated receptacle, glabrous,
apiculate. Alluvial soil; April— July; Muscatine county, reported from Scott
county.

CALTHA L. Glabrous perennial succulent herbs, with orbicular or kid-
ney-shaped leaves, and conspicuous flowers. Sepals 5-9, petaloid, deciduous.
Petals none. Stamens many. Pistils 5-10; styles obscure. Pods compressed,
spreading, bearing the many seeds in two rows along the ventral suture.

C. palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Stems 1-2 feet high, hollow, grooved,
stout: basal leaves long-petioled, cordate or reniform, witha narrow sinus,
entire or crenate, the upper with shorter petioles and more or less truncate
bases: sepals oval, obtuse, yellow. Swamps,*banks of streams: April-May:
frequent: Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Emmet,
Dickinson, and Woodbury counties.

ISOPYRUM L. Smooth perennial herbs, with ternately decompound
leaves, and axillary or terminal long-peduncled flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid,
deciduous. Petals in ours none. Stamens many. Pistils usually 4. Pod o-
vate or oblong, sessile, 2-several seeded.

I. biternatum ( Raf. eT. & G. Roots many, fibrous, occasionally thicken-
ed into small tubers. Moist woods; May: common; Winneshiek, Fayette,
Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Story, Emmet, Decatur, and Calhoun coun-
ties.

AQUILEGIA L. Perennial herbs, with ternately compound long-petioled
leaves, and showy flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals 5, prolonged back-
ward into long hollow spurs. Stamens numerous, exserted. Pistils 5.

A. canadensis L. Wild Columbine. Stem 1-3 feet high, branched: leaflets
lobed; flowers solitary, large, scarlet, nolding, svurs pointing upward; pods
erect. Woodlands: May—June; common throughout.

F ANONACEAE, a

DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur. Herbs, with palmately eut or divided leaves,
and racemose flowers. Sepals 5, upper one prolonged into a spur, petal-like.
Peta’s irregular 4 or 2, upper pair prolonged back into the spur of the calyx.
Pistils becoming many seeded pods in fruit.

* Perennials; leaves long-petioled; pistils 3.

D. tricorne Mx. Dwarf L. Stem simple, hollow, 1-3 feet high, glabrous or
pubescent; roots a cluster of small tubers; leaves about 5-parted, divisions 2-3-
cleft; raceme open; flowers blue or whitish; spur ascending, nearly straight;
pods diverging. Prairies and rich woods; Mav; frequent; Decatur, Union,
Clark, Pottawattomie, Mahaska, and Shelby couxties.

D. czureum Mx. Stem slender, 1-3 feet high, nearly solid, more or less
pubescent; leaves 3-5-parted, the divisions cleft into linear segments; raceme
strict; flowers blue to whitish; pods erect. Prairies; June; common and
widely distributed. (D. carolinianum Walt. )

D. exaltatum Ait. Raceme narrow, elongated, many-flowered; pods erect.
Reported; so-called specimens proved to be D. azureum Mx. ( D. urceolatwn Jac. )

** Annuals, escapes; petals 2, pistil 1. :

D. ajzcis L. Leaves nearly sessile; the divisions narrow, numerous; fow-
ers numerous; spur long and narrow; pods erect, pubescent. Sparingly es-
caped from gardens; Fayette and Johnson counties.

D. consolida L. Field L. Differs from the above by its glabrous pods, lon-
ger and slightly bent spurs, and shorter and more cpen recemes. Reported
as an escape in Adams and Mahaska counties.

ACTAEA L. BANEBERRY. CoHosH. Perennial herbs, 2-4 feet high, with
2-3-ternately compound leaves, leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and race-
imose flowers. Sepals5, white, deciduous. Petals4-10. Stamens numerous.
Pistil 1. Fruit a globular many-seeded berry. ;

A. rubra ( Ait. ) Willd. Red B. Stem 1-2 feet high, bushy, raceme ovate:
petals spatulate, shorter than the stamens, pedicels slender: berries red.
Rich woods; April-May; infrequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Muscatine, Jchn-
son, Stovy, Shelby, Emmet, Winnebago, Pottawattomie, and Woodbury coun-
ties. (A. spicata var. rubra Ait. )

A. alba (Ll. ) Mill. White B. Resembles the preceeding in general appear-
ance; flowers appear 2-3 weeks later: receme oblong, petals slender; pedicels
usually red, thickened in fruit; berries white. Rich woods; April—June; fre-
quent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Story, Em-
met, Floyd, Winnebago, and, Decatur coznties.

HYDRASTIS Ellis. Low vernal perennial plants, from thick yellow root-
stocks, with one radical leaf, and a hairy stem which is two-leaved above and
terminated by a solitary greenish-white flower. Sepals 3, soon falling. Pet-
als none. Stamens numerous. Pistils 12 or more. Fruit 1-2 seeded crimson
berries.

H canadensis L. Orange-root. Golden Seal. Stem about 1-foot high, erect;
leaves rounded, 4—9-inches wide, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, base cor-
date, rootstcck contains a yellow dye. Rich woods; April; rather rare; Win
neshizk. Fayette, and Muscatine counties; reported fron Lee county.

ANONACEAE DC CrstTarp-APPLE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with alte:nate entire exstipulate leaves, and solitary
axillary flowers. Sepals 3, valvate in our species. Petals about 6, in 2
rows, thickish, valvate in tae bud, hypogynous. Stamens many; anthers
adn ite, extrorse. Represented in our flora by a single spacies of the ge-

~J

MooNnSEED FAMILY.

nus AsrtmInA Adans.

A. triijoba ( L. ) Dunal. Common Papaw. A small tree, 10-30 feet high: shoots
and young leaves rusty pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves obovate-lanceo-
late, thin. eeute, 6-12 inches long, very short-petioled, base cuneate: flowers
appearing with the leaves, on shoots of the preceeding year: peduncles and
ovate sepals dark-pubescent; petals dull purple, the outer much longer than
the calyx; fruit a fleshy yellowish edible berry. Borders of rivers; flowers
in April; fruit edible, ripe in October; infrequent: Clayton, Dubuque,
Louisa. Des Moines, Lee, Jobnson, and Fremont ccunties.

MENISPERMACEAE DC. MoonseEeED FAMILY.

Climbing woody plants, with alternate leaves, and small dicecious pan-
icled flowers. Sepals and petals similar. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

MENISPERMUM L. MoonsEep. Vine pubescent. Leaves long-petioled,
large, entive or 3-7-lobed, palmately veined, downy beneath, flowers small,
white, on long axillary peduncles, panicled. Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8. Sta-
mens 12-24: anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4. Drupe globular, black.

M. canadense L. A common vine found in all parts of tre state in rich
woodlands. The flowers appear from the last of May until the end of July.
Fruit ripe in September.

BERBERIDACEAE 7. & G. BARBERRY FAMILY.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate or exstipulate leaves,

and regular perfect flowers. Sepals and petals imbricated in the bud, us-

ually in two rows of three each. Pistil single. Fruit a berry or capsule.

PODOPHYLLUM. Flowers large. white: fruit a large berry.
CAULOPHYi LUM. Flowers greenish: the ovary soon bursting and exposing 2 naked seeds.

PODOPHYLLUM L. Herbs, with long running rootstocks, and 2 large pel-
tate l-sided 5-9-parted leaves, the divisions variously lobed and toothed.
Flowers 1-2, perfect, nodding, white, 1-2 inches across. in fork of 2 leaves:
flower bud with 3 green early deciduous bractlets. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-
18. Fruita large many seeded berry.

P. peltatum L. May Apple. Plant 1-2 feet high: common in rich wood-
lands; fiowers in May: fruit ripein July; then the plant decays. Winneshiek,
Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson,
Story. Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold, Union, and Page counties.

CAULOPHYLLUM Mx. Peduncles 2-2 inches long; pedicels a little longer
than the flower. Flowers paniculate, yellowish-green. Calyx petal-like,
with 3 or 4 small lance-linear bracts: sepals 6,ovate. Petals 6, small. opposite,
gland-like, thick. Stamens oppusite. 6; anthers large, oblong, 2-celled: fila-
ments short. ‘“tvle short, stigma small.

C. thalictroides ( L.) Mx. Blue Cohosh. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous,
green. glaucous when young, with 2 or 3 large sheathing bracts at the base,
from thick matted rootstocks; leaves 3-ternately compound, one near the sum-
mit and usually one near the base of the panicle; leaflets wedge-ovate, 3-cleft,
middle division frequently with 3 large teeth: seeds the size of a grape. deep
blue, drupe-like. Rich woods; April-May; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee.
Clayton, Dubuque. Fayette. Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Emmet, Win-
nebago, Cerro Gordo, Woodbury, Shelby, and Decatur ecunties.

NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water Lity FAmity.
* Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks; peltate or cordate,
floating, immersed or emersed leaves; and solitary axillary flowers. Flow-
ers showy, regular. Sepals 3-5. Petals andstamens many in most of

> a

=

o> ae ge

8 WATER LILY FAMILY.

our species. Fruit indehiscent. S2eds enclosed in pulpy arils or naked.
BRASENI\. Sepals and petals 3; stamens 12-18; leaves peltate. :
NELUMBO. Sepals about 4-5; petals numerous; carpels 1-ovaled, separately immersed in
the top of an obconical receptacle.
NYMPHABA. Petals large, adnate to the ovary; stamens from the summit of the ovary.
NcPHAR. Petals small, stamen-like; stamens hypogynous.

BRASENIA Schreber. Stems branching, slender, lengthy, from creeping
rootstocks. Leaves alternate, oval, centrally peltate, palmately veined, long-
petioled, floating. Carpels 4-18, separate, indehiscent, 1—2-seeded.

B. peltata Pursh. Leaves oval, entire, 1-3 feet across; flowers small, dull-
purple, long-peduncled: fruit obloug. Ponds; rare; Muscatine and Story
counties. (B. purpurea ( Mx. ) Casp. )

NELUMBO Adans. Rootstock tuberous. Leavescentrally peltate. Flow-
ers very large. Sepals 4-6. Petals many, in several rows. Stamens indefi-
nite. Sepals, petals, and stamens passing gradually into each other. Petals
and stamens inserted on the calyx, caducous. Carpels many, distinet, con-
tained in pits in the large convex top-shaped receptacle.

N. lutea ( Willd.) Pers. Yellow Nelumbo. Leaves much above water,
large, with a cupped or depressed center or else floating and plane, cireular,
1-2 feet in diameter; flowers pale yellow, 5-10 inches broad; tubers and seed
edible. Sloughs of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and interior lakes;
July-August; frequent; Allamakee, Clayton, Muscatine, Louisa, Des Moines,
Henry, Iowa, and Monona counties.

NYMPHAEA L. Warer Lity. Flowers large, white or pinkish. Sepals
4-5, green outwardly. Petals numerous, in many rows, gradually passing into
the stamens, Stamens very numerous, inserted on the ovary. Ovary 12-37-
celled. Fruit depressed globular, covered with the bases of decaying petals,
maturing under water. :

N. odorata Ait. Sweet-scented W. L. Rootstock with a few persistent
branches; leaves orbicular, entire, cleft at the base to the insertion of the
petiole, usually purplish beneath; stipules broadly triangular to kidney-
shaped, notched at the apex; fowers usually white, sometimes pinkish, very
fragrant, large, frequently 6 inches in diameter, opening in the morning aud
closing in the afternoon; petals narro.wly oblong, obtuse. Ponds; Juge-
September; infrequent; range rather uncertain as it has been confused with
the following specias. (Castalia odorata (Dryand.) W.& W.)

N. reniformis D>. Tuber-hearing W. L. Rootstock with numerous
detatchable tubers by means of which the plant propagates; leaves reinform,
orbicular, larger than the preceeding, 8-15 inches wide, green beth sides, ribs
prominent; flowers very large, scentless or nearly so, white; petals oblong,
broader than those of the preceeding species. Ponds; July-September; infre-
quent; widely distributed; Muscatine, Linn, Story, Hamilton, Cerro Gordo,
Winnebago, Hancock, Lyon, Emmet, and Fremont counties. (C. tuberosa
( Paine ) Greene.)

NUPHAR Smith. YrL_Ltow Ponp Liny. Rootstock creeping, cylindrical,
lowers yellow. Sepals 5 or 6, greenish outward, roundish or concave.
Petals numerous, small, thick, stamen-like or seale-like. Stamens numerous,
short, inserted with the petals on the receptacle; stigmas united into a radiate
dise. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above water.

N. advena Ait.f Leaves floating, emersed or erect, thick, orbicular,
entire, palmately veined, base deeply heart-shaped: sepals 6, oblong,

Popry FAMILY. a)

unequal: petals shorter than the stamens, resembling them; stigmatic dise

undulate or nearly entire, pale red, 12-24 rayed. Ponds and slow streams;
May-August; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette. Scott, Muscatine,
Johnson, Linn. Story, Hamilton, Cerro Gordo, Winnebago, Dickinson,
Emmet, and Lyon counties. (Nymphaea advena Sol.)

SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. PrtcHeR-PLANtT FAMILY.

Marsh plants, with hollow pitcher-shaped or trumpet-shaped leaves,
and scapose nodding fluwers. The principal genus of the order is
; SARRACENIA L.

: S. purpurea L. Pitcher-plant. Side-saddle Flower. Leaves ascending,
= curved, broadly winged; hood erect, open. round heart-shaped: scapes 10-20
- inehes high, bearing a solitary deep purple flower; calyx of 5 sepals with 3
bractlets at the base; petals 5, obovate. Bogs; May—June; reported from N.
E. Iowa (Gray's Manual.) and also from Scott county (Nagel and Haupt.).
W. D. Barnes of Blue Grass thinks the latter locality isa mistake as there
is no specimen in the collection of the Davenport Academy of Sciences
and the species has not been found in the vicinity after thorough search.

PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Poppy FAMILY.

Herbs, with milky or colored acrid juice, alternate exstipulate leaves,
and long peduncled solitary regular flowers. Sepals 2, early deciduous.
Petals usually 4, imbricated, deciduous. Stamens 16-24. Ovary
usually 1-celled, many-ovuled; style short or none; stigmas 1 or 2.
Pods 2-valved, 1-celled, many seeded.

SANGUINARIA. Juice red; flowers on scapes. white.

ARGEMONE. Juice yellow; leaves spiny-toothed.

SANGUINARIA L. Flowers’ white. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong.

Stamens numerous. Stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, dehiscent, 1-celled, 2-
valved, many seeded.

with a red juice; leaf solitary, long petioled, kidney-shaped, palmately
lobed, the lobes repand or cleft at the apex. Rich woods; flowers mostly in
April. fruits in June; frequent. |

ARGEMONE L. Prickty Porpry. Annual or biennial herbs, with yellow
sap,-sessile sinuate-lobed prickly-toothed leaves, and large showy flowers.
Sepals 2-3. Petals 4-6. Style short; stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod oblong,
prickly. opening at the apex by 3-6 valves. Seeds numerous, crested.

A. mexicana L. Whole plant setose-prickly; stem 1-2 feet high, simple or
somewhat branched; leaves blotched: petals yeilow. Waste places; infre-
quent; Muscatine county.

A. alba Lestib. Similar to the preceeding; leaves glaucous or green;
petals white. Waste places; infrequent: Johnson and Wapello counties.

FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumirory Famtry.

Smooth delicate herbs, with watery juice, delicate alternate exstipulate
compound dissected leaves, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, minute.
Corolla flattened; petals 4, in 2. pairs, outer pair with spreading tips one
or both saccate or spurred at base, inner pair narrow, their tips united
over the stigma. Stamens 6, in 2 equal sets; the sets opposite the outer
petals. Pod 1-celled, in our species deciduous by 2 valves, with 2 parietal
placente, several-seeded. Often placed in the preceediny order.

S. canadensis L. Bloodroot. A low perennial; rootstock horizontal, large, ©

10 FUMARIACEAE.

DicENTRA. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at the base.

CORYDALIS. Corolla l-spurred; flowers large, yellow.

DICENTRA Borkh. Low stemless perennials. with ternately compound
and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted
Petals slightly cohering. Stigma 2-crested.

D. cucullaria DC. Dutchman’s Breeches. Plant from a sealy bulb of grain-
like tubers: leaf-lobes linear; flowers 5-8, white, on a scape, alternate, pedi-
celled; the 2 outer sepals with their divergent spurs longer than the pedicels.
Rich woods; April-May: common, ( Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp.)

D. canadensis DC. Syuwirrel Corn. Leaves similar to the preceeding; roots
with yellow grain-like tubers resembling corn whence the name; flowers 4-7,
short pedicelled, greenish-white with a purplish tinge; spurs short, rounded.
Woods; May: rare; Winneshiek and Fayette counties. (B. canadensis (Goldie)
Millsp. ) ict

CORYDALIS Vent. Pale or glaucous leafy-stemmed biennials, with basal
and cauline decompound leaves. and racemose flowers, Petals erect-eonni-
vent, deciduous, one of the outer pair spurred. Style dilated or lobed, per-
sistent. Pod linear or oblong, with many crested seeds.

C. micrantha Gray. Much branched, diffuse or spreading: corolla pale
yellow: spur short, the crest entire or flowers very small and cleistogamous;
pods ascending, torulose, short pedicelled; seeds obtuse-margined. smooth.
Sandy soil; July; local; Muscatine, Lee, Linn, Winneshiek, Calhoun, and
Hardin counties. (Capnoides micranthum (Engim.) Britton.)

C. curvisiliqua Englm. Stem 6-15 inches high, branched, more or less
rigid; flowers spicate, bright yellow, spur conspicuous; pods short-pedicelled,
eurved upward, somewhat 4-sided. Sandy soil; April-June; frequent; Musca-
tine and Henry counties, reported from Page county. (C. curvisiliqum (Eng|m.)

Kuntze.)

CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Mustarp FAMILY.

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and
corymbose or racemose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, persistent in
Alyssum. Petals 4, hypogynous placed opposite in pairs, thus forming a
cross. Stamens 6, 2 in Lepidium, 2 shorter and inserted Jower down.
Pods 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, linear, oblong, or short, dehiscent by 2
valves, except in Raphanus. Seeds in one or two rows, oblong, ovoid, or
globular, sometimes wing-margined. The determinative characters of

this order depend largely upon the pods and seed.
* Pod short, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; flowers white.
CaPSELLA. Pod obcordate, triangular, wingless, several seeded.
LEPIDIUM. Pod flat. oval, 2 seeded; stamens 2.
THLASPI. Pod obovate or obcordate, winged, several seeded.
* * Pod linear, sometimes short, terete, turgid, or 4-angled; seed wingless.
NASTURTIUM. Pod oblong to short linear, valves strongly convex, nerveless; seedsin 2
rows; flowers white or yellow.
BARBAREA. Pod linear, terete, obscurely 4-angled: seeds in one row; fiowers yellow.
ERYSIMUM. Pod 4-angled, valves with prominent veins: stigma 2-lobed:; flowers yellow.
SISYMBRIUM. Pod slender, short-pointed, teretish, or angled, valves 1-3-nerved; flowers
small, yellow or white.
THELYPODIUM. Pod terete, valves l-nerved; flowers large. purplish.
BRASSICA, Pod with a long stout beak: seeds globose.
HESPeRIs. Pod terete, long; flowers large, purple.
* ** Pod compressed para'lel to the broad prtition; seeds flat or flattish, or-

hiceular or oval, mostly awingless.

Mustarp FAMILY. 11

ARABIS. Pod flat. long-linear: seeds winged or wingless; flowers white or purple.
DRaBv:. Pod oval to narrowly lanceolate, flat; flowe-s racemose.

DENTARIA. Stem simple, mostly naked.

CaRDaMINE. Stem leafy: pod linear.

ALYSSUM. Pod orbicular, thin margined. 4 seeded.

C.MELINA. Pod pear-shaped, seeds numerous; flowers yellow.

* *** Pod indehiscent.
R:pPHaNos. Pod elongated, long pointed, constricted; seeds cushioned.

CAPSELLA Medic. An erect annual herb, with a long descending root-
stock, clustered pinnatifid or toothed root-leaves, the cauline sessile, saggitate,
and smyzil white racemose flowers. Pods obcordate, many-seede’, long pedi-
celled.

C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Moench. S'epherd’s Purse. Stem 4-20 inches high,
pubescent below, more or less glabrous above. Fields and waste places;
April-October: a very common weed. (Bursa bursa-pastoris (lL) Britton.)

LEPIDIUM L. Annual or biennial herbs with pinnatifid, lobed, or entire
leaves and small white or whitish racemose flowers. Stamens 2 in our
species. Pods roundish, flat, notched above, 1 seed in each cell. Weeds,
commonly known as pepperwort or peppergrass.

L. virginicum L. Wild P. Plant leafy, somewhat branched: stem 6-20
inches high; leaves cut-serrate. Petals usually present: pods marginless or
nearly so. on slender pedicels: cotyledons accumbent. Fields and waste
places, preferring moist shady places; May—October; common.

L. intermedium Gray. Similar to the preceeding but stem less leafy and
more bushy-branched, nearly entire: vetals minute or wanting; pods wing-
margined at the top; cotyledous incumbent. Dry or sterile soil, fields and
pastures: May—September; very common. (UL. apetatwm Willd.)

THLASPI L. Low herbs, with undivided leaves, the basal forming a
rosette. those of the stem auriculate, clasping, and small white or purplish
racemose flowers.

T. arvense L. Field Penny-cress. Annual, 6-18 inches high, smooth, sim-
ple or branched above; basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous,
stem leaves oblong or lanceolate, remotely dentate: flowers white: pods flat,
nearly orbicular, broadly winged, notched at the apex: seeds about 6 in each
cell. Waste places; rare: Muscatine county.

NASTURTIUM R. Br. WAteR Cress. Glabrous, usually marsh or aquatic
plants. with deeply incised or pinnatifid leaves, and white or yellow flowers.
Pods oblong-linear to almost globular, terete or teretish, with convex nerve-
less valves. Seeds in 2 imperfect rows, marginless.

* Annual or biennial; routs simple, fibrous; flowers small, yellow cr yellowish.

N. palustre DC. Marsh C. Plant 1-3 feet high, erect, simple or much
branched, usually smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pirnately cleft or
parted; pedicels about one-fourth inch long; pods erect, shorter than the
pedicels, ovoid or oblong. Shallow water or moist depressions; June—Septem-
ber: common. ( Roripa palustris (L ) Bess.)

N. hispidum DC. Similar to the preceeding; stem stouter, often 4 feet
high, hirsute: leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, hirsute on the veins beneath; pedicels
slender, spreading, longer than the ovoid or globose pod. Wet places: July:
reported from Scott county. (R. hispida ( Desv.) Britton.)

N. sessiliflorum Nutt. Stem erect, simple, 1-2 feet high; leaves petioled,
obovate or oblong, obtusely incised, crenate, or nearly entire: flowers
small, nearly sessile: pods about one-half inch long or less, thick, pedicelled.

i it te

1 | CRUCIFERAE. We

Wet places: April-July: infrequent; Clinton, Muscatine, Story, Van Buren,
Decatur, and Page counties. (R. sessiliflora (Nutt.) A. S. H.)

N. obtusum Nutt. Stem much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves
pinnately parted or divided; flowers very small on short pedicels; pods longer
than the pedicels, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval.* Moist places;
April-August; infrequent; Scott, Johnson, and Decatur counties. (R. obtusa
(Nuts.) Britt.)

* * Perennial; flowers white or yellow, usually large and showy; leaves undi-

vided or pinnatifid.
+ Flowers white.

N. armoracia (L.) Fries. Horseradish. Stem erect, 2-3 feet high. from a
large descending root: root-leaves long-petioled, very large, oblong, crenate,
sinuate or sometimes pinnatifid: cauline leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
sessile, dentate or crenate; pods globular, or oblong, pedicels erect, many
times longez than the pod; style short. Frequently found near old building
sites and about gardens; May-June; infrequent; fruit rarely found. (R.
armoracia (L.) A. 8S. H.)

N. lacustre Gray. Luke Cress. Aquatic; stem 1-2 feet long, branched,
immersed leaves dissected into many filiform divisions, emersed leaves
oblong, obtuse or acute, entire, serrate, lobed, or pinnatifid; pedicels slender,
widely spreading; petals longer than the sepals: pods ovoid, 1-celled. Pends
and streams; July-August; infrequent; local. Clinton and Muscatine coun--
ties. (R. americana (Gray ) Britton.)

N. officinale R. Br. True W. C. Stem spreading, rooting; leaves pinnate;
leaflets 3-11, nearly entire, rounded to oblong: petals twice the length of the
calyx: pods linear, about an inch long, pedicels slender, widely divergent.
In water or wet places; April-August: rather rare: Winneshiek, Fayette,
Story, and Page counties. ;

+ + Flowers yellow.

N. sinuatum Nutt. Plant low, decumbent, some branched; leaves oblong,
pinnately cleft, divisions linear or oblong. entire or sparingly dentate: pods
linear-oblong, slightly curved, slender pedicelled; styles slender. Mississippi
and Missouri river bottoms; June-September; common: Scott, Henry, Page,
Pottawattomie, and Fremont counties. (R. sinwita (Nutt.) A. S. A.)

BARBAREA R. Br. Winter Cress. Pods linear-terete, obscurely 4-sided;
seeds marginless, one row in each cell.

B. vu'garis R. Br. Yellow Rocket. Stems tufted, 1-2 feet high; lower leaves
petioled, pinnatifid, the divisions oval or obovate, repand-toothed or entire,
the terminal division much larger than the lateral ones; cauline leaves
usually sessile, sometimes clasping by an auricled base, obovate, cut-toothed
or pinnatifid; pods half-inch long; pedicels one-third the length of the pods,
erect or spreading. Fields and waste places; May-June; infrequent: Jones,
Johnson, Story, Boone, and Shelby counties. (B. barbarea ( L) Mae M.)

ERYSIMUM L. Mostly biennials, with ertire, toothed, or lobed leaves, and
small yellow flowers. Pods 4-angled, small, linear: valves keeled by a promi-
nent vein. Seeds murginless, oblong, in 1 row.

E. cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed Mustard. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender,
simple, erect; leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or searcely toothed; pods
about an inch long: pedicels searcely shorter, divergent; pod and pedicels
angled to each other. Woods; June-August; common.

E. asperum DC. Western Wuall-flower. Lower leaves lanceolate or linear,

Mustrarp FAmMILy. 13

- somewhat petioled, dentate or entire, the upper sessile, entire or toothed;
flowers large: pedicels short, stout; pods elongated. Waste places; has been
collected near Ames, Story county: introduced.

SISYMBRIUM L. Musrarp. Pubescent annuals or biennials, with vari-
ously pinnatifid leaves, and small white or yellow flowers. Pods elongated,
terete or flattish. Seeds cblong, in 1-2 rows.

S. officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge M. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, slender.

mostly simple: leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the lobes crenate, dentate, or
nearly entire: pods small, pointed. appressed to the stem, constricted, nearly
sessile. Waste places; May-—September; common.
- S. canescens Nutt. Whole plant densely canescent; stem 1-2 feet high,
branched: leaves twice pinnatifid, divisions small, toothed or entire, obtuse:
pods shorter than their horizontal slender pedicels, in long open racemes,
oblong, linear, or club-shaped; seeds in 2 rows in eaeh cell. Rocky or dry
soil; May-July: rather frequent and wicely distributed. (Sophia pinnate
(Walt.) Britton.)

S. sophia L. Similar to the preceeding; pods slender, ascending; seeds in
1 row in each cell. Reported from Scott county. (Sophia sophia (L.) Britton.)

S. altissimum L. Tumbling M. Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, branched,
glabrous; lower leaves petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid, the upper leaves short

petioled, pinnatifid, the segments linear or lanceolate, dentate or entire, the,

uppermost leaves linear, bract-like; flowers yellowish; pedicels short, spread-
ing; pods narrowly linear, 3-4 inches long. Waste places along the railway;
June—-September: infrequent; Allamakee, Clayton; Dubuque, Scott, Clay, and
Story counties.

THELYPODIUM Endl. A glabrous perennial herb, with root leaves and
lower oaes lyrate-pinnatifid, the stem leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
ing both ways, sessile, auricled, or the lower short-petioled, sharply and some-
times doubly toothed, and large purplish flowers. Pods terete, an inch long,
on short divergent pedicels; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row, oblong, mar-
ginless.

T. pinnatifidum Watson. Stem 1-3 feet high. Frequent in low woods;
May-June; Winneshiek, Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, and Cerro
Gordo counties. (Jodanthus pinnatifidus ( Mx.) Steud.)

BRASSICA L. Musrarp. Introduced weeds, annual or biennial, with oppo-
site, incised or lyrate-pinnatitid leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Pods
linear and nearly terete or 4-sided, witha long 1-seeded beak, valves 1-5
uerved. Seedsin 1 row in each cell. Style persistent. Fields and waste
places.

B. nigra (l.) Koch. Black M. Stem 2-6 feet high, erect, branched; lower
leaves long-petioled, with a large terminal lobe and 2 or more lateral ones.
dentate, somewhat spiny pubescent: flowers in a large terminal raceme;
pods slender, appressed. June-August: very common.

B. sinapistrum Boiss. Wild M. English Charlot. Leaves similar to the
preceeding but less pinnatifid, upper leaves scarcely toothed: pods knotted,
armed with a long 2-edged beak; valves strongly 1l-nerved. May-September;
frequent. (B. arvensis (L.) B.S. P.)

B. alba Boiss. White M. Lower leaves obovate, deeply pinnatifid, the
upper lanceolate or oblong, dentate: pods bristly, ascending, beak sword-
shaped, as long as the pod, |l-seeded. Rather rare; reported from Muscatine,
Story, and Decatur counties. (Sinupsis alba L.)

14 CRUCIFERAE. ae

B. campestris L. Turnip. Sometimes persists for a year or two as an
escape near fields where the species was cultivated.

HESPERIS L. Biennial or perennial herbs, with simple, sessile, or
petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate toothed leaves, and large racemuse purple
or white flowers. Pods spreading, linear, cylindrical. Seeds oblong, mar-
ginless, in l row. Stigma erect, lobed.

H. matronalis L. Daine’s Violet. Stem 2-3 feet high, simple or somewhat
branched; pods 2-4 inches long. An infrequent escape from gardens;
reported from Fayette and Story counties.

Arabis L. Rock Cress. Annual or perennial herbs, with undivided or
pinnatifid leaves, and white or purple flowers. Pods elongated, flattened
parallel to the partition; valves 1-3-nerved. Styleshort. Seeds usually mar-
gined or winged, in 1 row or in 2 indistinct rows.

* Flowers small, whitish; pods recurved; seeds broadly winged.

A. canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect. mostly simple,
smooth; stem leaves sessile, pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceo-
late, obscurely veined, lower remotely toothed; petals twice the length of the
ealyx; pods narrow, 4-6 inches long, seythe-shaped, pendulous; pedicels one-
half inch long, rough hairy. Woods; June-August; infrequent but well dis-
tributed; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Scott, Fayette, Henry, Johnson,

Story. Cerro Gordo, Webster, Decatur, and Page counties.
pais laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth R. Glabrous, glaucous, stem 1-3 feet
high, erect; basal leaves spatulate or obovate, dentate, petioled; stem leaves
sagittate-clasping, entire or toothed; petals longer than the calyx; pods rar-
row, long: pedicels erect or spreading. Wooded hillsides; May; Fayette and
Muscatine counties: rare.

* * Seeds wingless, oblong or elliptical, stem branching from base.

A. dentata T..& G. Toothed R. Stem 1-2 feet high, pubescent; root leaves
on short margined petioles, obovate, dentate; stem leaves oblong, obtuse,
sharply and unevenly toothed, auriculate clasping: pods slender, spreading,
short pedicelled. Low grounds; May-June: infrequent; Winneshiek,
Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Stery, and Decatur counties.

A. tyrata L. Lyre-lewved R. Tufted, 4-12 inches high; glabrous or pube-
scent below; radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; stem leaves linear to spatulate,
entire or toothed; petals white, longer than the calyx; pods ascending,
spreading, long, slender. Rocky woods; April—July; common in N. E. Iowa:
Winneshiek. Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, and Scott counties.

* * * Seeds in 2 indistinct rows; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping.

A. confinis Watson. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect. somewhat glaucous; root-
stock running; root-leaves petioled. narrow spatulate; stem-leaves sessile,
lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, or lower ones occasionally toothed; petals
white to rose purple, twice the length of the calyx: pods 2-4 inches long, flat,
pedicels and pods erect or spreading; seeds wing-margined. Rocky woods;
June—July: frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Scott, Johnson, and Emmet
counties. (A brachyearpa ('T. & G.) Britton.)

A. perfoliata Lam. Tower Mustard. Stem 2-4 feet high, erect, glaucous
above, smooth: root-leaves petioled, oblanceolate or oblong; stem-leaves
sessile, entire, oblong or lanceolate; corolla yellowish white, little longer
than the calyx: pods narrow, 3-6 inches long: seeds marginless. Reported
from Benton and Johnson counties. (A. glabra (L.) Bernh.)

** * * Seeds nearly wingless, leaves simple, flowers greenish white.

| MustrarRp FAMILY. 15

A. hirsuta Scop. Erect, simple, 1-2 feet high, rough-pubescent or nearly
glabrous; root-leaves obovate or spatulate, dentate or repand, petioled: stem-
leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile, auvicled; petals longer than the calyx;
pedicels and pods erect, immature seeds in 2 rows. Rocky woods; May-June:
infrequent; Clinton, Jackson, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Woodbury, and
Lyon counties. é

DRABA L. WuitrLow GRaAss. Ours low annuals, with sessile hairy leaves,
and racemose white flowers. Petals 2 or more times the length of the calyx.
Pods oval to oblong or linear, flattened; valves nerveless. Seeds in two rows,
marginless.

D. caroliniana Walt. Stem 1-5 inches high: leaves tufted, obleng or
obovate, entire or rarely toothed: flowers on scape-like peduncles; raceme
short or corymbose in fruit: pods linear, broad, smooth, longer than the pedi-
eels. Sandy places; March—May: infrequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Musca-
tine, Johnson, Linn, Story, and Hardin counties.

D. cuneifo’ia Nutt. Stem 4-8 inches high, branched below, leafy; leaves
obovate to wedge-shaped or spatulate, toothed; raceme elongated in fruit,
pods oblong-linear, longer than the horizontal pedicels; March-April;
Reported from Scott county.

D. verna L. Stems scapose, 1-5 inches high; leaves basal, tufted, oblong
or oblanceolate, entire or dentate: petals deeply 2-cleft. Reported from
Scott county.

DENTARIA L. Tooruwort. PEPPER-ROOT. Perennials. Stem-leaves few,
opposite or whorled, about 3-divided, the divisions coarsely teothed or lobed.
Flowers large, showy, white, in terminal clusters, pedicelled Pods linear,
flat, valves nerveless or with a faint midrerve.

D. laciniata Muhl. Stems 6-14 inches high, scapose; tubers several, deep
seated; leaves petioled, the cauline usually 38, verticillate, 3-parted, the
divisions lanceolate, oblong or linear, toothed or incisely lobed; flowers white
or rose color. Rich woods; April-June; not uncommon, widely distributed.

D. diphylla L. Rootstock elongated, continuous; stem leaves 2, opposite;
leaflets 3, ovate, crenate: flowers white. Hancock county, near Twin Lakes,
collected in 1882 by Prof. Shimek. The species is also given in Arthur's
catalogue without locality.

CARDAMINE L. Herbs, with alternate leaves, and racemose or corymbose
white or purple flowers. Pods linear, flattened, pedicelled; valves veinless.

C. rhomboidea DC. Spring Cress. Perennial, glabrous; stem 6-18 inches
high, from a tuberous base; root-leaves oval or orbicular, entire or angled,
long-petioled; stem-leaves simple oblong or oblong-ovate, sessile to Bice
petioled: flowers large, white; petals 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx.
Wet meadows; April-June: common. (C.bulbosa (Schreb.) B. 8. P.)

C. purpurea (Torr.) Britton. Purple C. Stem 4-10 inches high, from
tuberous rootstocks: leaves similar to the preceeding; flowers purple, appear-
ing 2 weeks before the last. Common in Johnson county. (C. rhomboidea
purpurea T. & G.)

C. hirsuta L. Small or hairy Bitter C. Somewhat pubescent; leaves mostly
basal, pinnate, the terminal segments orbicular, entire, or few toothed, the
lateral obovate or narrower; the stem-leaves few, low, segments linear;
flowers small, white; pods linear, erect. Wet places; May-July; frequent.

ALYSSUM L. Flowers small, yellow, racemose. Pods small, orbicular;
valves convex, nerveless, the margins flattened. Seeds 1-several in each cell.

16 CRUCIFERAE. ae

A. calycinum L. Plant a small hoary annual, 3-10 inches high, with —
linear-spatulate leaves, and pale yellow or whitish flowers; petals slightly
exceeding the persistent calyx; pods orbicular, margined, 2-celled, with 2
seeds in each cell. Reported as rare from Story county.

CAMELINA Crantz. Flowers small, yellow. Pods pear-shaped, pointed,
flattish parallel to the broad partition; valves 1l-nerved. Seeds oblong,
numerous.

C. sativa (L.) Crantz. Fulse Flav. Annual; lower leaves lanceolate,
peticled, entire or toothed; upper sessile, entire, clasping by a sagittate base;
pods large, margined. Waste places, along railways and in flax fields; June—
July; infrequent; Winneshiek, buchanan, Story, and Emmet counties. |

RAPHANUS L. Rapisa. Biennials with lyrate-pinnatifid leaves and
showy flowers. Pods linear, terete, long pointed, constricted, indehiscent.
Seeds in a single series, globose, cushioned.

R. sativus L. Stem 2-4 feet high, from a descending fusiform root,
branched, covered with scattered spines; leaves petioled, roughly pubescent;
flowers white to pinkisu. Waste places; June—-September; occasionally an

escape from cultivation.
CAPPARIDACEAEZindl. Caper Famity.

Herbs, with alternate compound exstipulate leaves, and cruciform

hypogynous flowers. Stamens 6 or. more, never tetradynamous. Fruit

a 2-valved, 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentz. Seeds many, reni-

form.
POLANISIA. Stamens 8 or more; pod sessile or nearly so, many seeded.

CLEOME. Stamens 6; pod long-stipitate, few-seeded.

POLANISIA Raf. Strong scented annuals, with glandular viscid hairs,
and palmately compound leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes. Sepals 4,
spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens
8-many, unequal. Pod linear or oblong, veiny, many-seeded.

P. graveolens Raf. Stem 4-15 inches high; leaflets 3, oblong; flowers
axillary, solitary, small; calyx and filaments purplish; petals yellowish
white, cuneate; stamens about 11, about the length of the petals; styles
short; pod 1-2 inches long, slightly stipitate. Sandy shores; May-July: in-
frequent; Muscatine and Emmet counties, and reported from a number of
other localities.

P. trachysperma T. & G. Flowers larger; stamens 12-16, long exserted;
pod sessile or nearly so. Sandy shores; May-July; common. This and the
preceeding species have been confused in Iowa herbaria.

CLEOME L. Ours a glabrous branching herb, with digitately 3-foliate
leaves and white or rose colored flowers in leafy-oracteate racemes. Sepals
and petals 4. Stamens 6. Pod linear or oblong, stipitate, many-seeded.

C integrifolia T. & G. Stem erect 2-3 feet high, branching; leaflets
lanceolate or oblong, entire or serrulate; calyx 4-cleft; racemes elongated in
fruit; bracts lanceolate or linear; stipe and pedicel about equal. Waste
places; July-September; common in western Iowa, infrequent elsewhere;
Muscatine, Linn, Woodbury, Monona, Harrison, Pottawattomie, and Fre-
mont counties. (C. serrulata Pursh.)

Reseda luteola L. of the order RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray has been
reported from Lee county by Arthur. The species is known as Dyer’s Weed
or Weld. It has simple entire sessile lanceolate or linear leaves and green-

Rock-RosE FAMILY. “17

ish yellow flowers in long slender spikes. Sepals 4. Petals 4 or 5, the upper
lobed, the lower entire. The species is found in waste places near New York
and other seaports and is doubtful as an Iowa plant.
CISTACEAE JLind/. Rock-RosE FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs; stems terete. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite,
entire, sessile or petioled; stipules foliaceous. - Flowers perfect, solitary
or in cymose or paniculate clusters. Sepals 5, unequal, persistent. Petals
3-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens indefinite; anthers 2-celled, introrse.
Capsule I-celled, 3-5-valved, sometimes with 3-5 imperfect cells and with
3-5 parietal placente. Seeds few to many.
HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5. large, yellow, fugaceous or none; stamens many.
LECHEA. Petals 3, small. brown-purple: stamens 3-12.
HELIANTHEMUM Pers. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller, bract-like. Petals
5. Styles short or none; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules triangular, 1-celled. open-
ing at the top. Flowers frequently of two kinds, the early ones larger, yel-
low, with many stamens and many-seeded pods; petals lasting only one day;
later flowers smaller, often apetalous, stamens 3-10, pods small, few-seeded.
H. majus (L.) B.S. P.| Whole plant hoary-canescent; stem 1-2 feet high,
erect, simple, at length much branched, the branches ascending; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, stellate-canescent beneath, petaliferous
flowers in a terminal cymose panicle, 6-11, their capsules about twice the size
of those of the apetalous flowers which appear later in axillary clusters. Dry
soil, prairies; June-July: frequent. lowa specimens have usually been
referred to H. canadense Mx. of Gray’s Manual.
LECHEA Kalm. Pinwreep. Perennial herbs, somewhat woody below,
with purplish or greenish flowers. Sepals 5, 2 outer bract-like. Petals 3,
- lanceolate. not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12. Style nearly obsolete;
stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. Pod globular, 2-valved, imperfectly 3-celled:
placentz 3, each 2-seeded.
L. stricta Legget. Stems about 1 foot high, reddish below, fastigiately
branched, strigose-canescent; leaves linear, acute; flowers numerous, racemi-
form. small, on pedicels twice the length of the flower. Dry upland soil;
July-August; reported as belonging to the flora of Iowa.
L. tenuifolia Mx. Stems tufted, 4-10 inches high, much _ branched,
minutely strigose-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear to filiform, sessile or
nearly so; flowers more or less secund. Dry soil; July-August: Van Buren,
Henry, and Johnson counties. L. mir L. has been frequently reported but
the specimens probably belcng here.
VIOLACEAE DC. VIoLer FamIty.
Low perennial herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, usually scarious
stipules and axillary nodding flowers. Sepals 5, persistent, auriculate at
the base. Petals 5, unequal, inferior one spurred. Stamens 5, hypogy-
nous, 2 with appendages extending into the hollow spur of the inferior
petal; anthers connate, filaments broad, extending beyond the anthers
‘and uniting over the stigma. Pistil 1, club-shaped; stigma turned to
one side. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, with 3 parietal placenta. Represented
in Iowa by the genus Viota L, the violets.
* Stemless plants with a short and thick rootstock,
+ Lateral petals bearded.
V. cucu!lata Ait. Common Blue V. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves

18 VIOLACEAE.

cordate-reniform or ovate, crenate; flowers blue, purple, white or inter-
mediate. Moist low woodlands; April-June; common. (V. obliqua Hill.
communis Pollard.)

V, palmata L. Hand-leaved V. Pubescent to glabrous; leaves cordate,
palmately to hastately-lobed, middle lobe the longest; lobes ovate to linear;
flowers blue, pale, or whitish. Moist or dry sterile soil; April-May; frequent;
Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Appanoose, Decatur, Fremont, and Story counties.

V. pedatifida Don. Prairie V. Leaves 5-7-parted, divisions 2-3-cleft;
lobes linear, obtuse; flowers blue. Prairies; April-May; common.

V. sagittata Ait. Arrow-leaved V. Smooth or somewhat pubescent: leaves
on short margined petioles, or on long naked ones, ovate to oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, denticulate, frequently cut-toothed near the sagittate base. Dry
or moist grassy places; April-May; Muscatine and Johnson counties,
reported from Fayette, Scott, and Henry counties. Forms of this and of the
first two are with difficulty distinguished.

+ + Lateral petals not bearded.

V. pedata L. Bird’s-foot V. Leaves 3-5-divided, divisions 2-3-lobed, fre-
quently toothed at the apex; flowers large, an inch across, deep purple to
blue, the two upper petals sometimes dark purple. Prairies and open upland
woods; April-June; frequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Heart
Johnson, Decatur, Polk, Story, and Calhoun counties.

* * Stemless plants, with long, filiform creeping rootstocks and white flowers.

V. blanda Willd. Sweet Whiie V. Leaves cordate or reniform, usually
glabrous; flowers faintly sweet scented; petals usually beardless. Meadows;
May; rare; Reported from Fayette, Scott, and Muscatine counties.

V. lanceolata L. Lance-leaved V. Plant glabrous; stolons extensive,
rooting at the nodes and bearing apetalous flowers; leaves lanceolate, erect,
obtuse, tapering into a long margined petiole, obscurely crenate; petals
beardless. Damp soil, local; June; Cedar river region, Muscatine county.

V. primulaefolia L. Primrose-leaved V. Glabrous to pubescent; leaves
oval or ovate, blade decurrent on the petiole or frequently cordate at the
base; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; petals often acute; lateral usually
slightly bearded. Damp soil, local; June; Cedar river region, Muscatine
county. St ic
* * * Rootstocks short and thick; leafy-stemmed plants.

V. pubescens Ait. Downy Yellow V. Soft pubescent; leaves broadly
ovate or reniform, base cordate, obtusely toothed and pointed; stipules large
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed; flowers yellow, lower
petals purple-veined, spur short; stigma beakless, pubescent. Rich woods;
May; common throughout.

V. canadensis L. Canada V. Stem 4-16 inches high; leaves broadly ovate,
cordate. serrate, acute or pointed; flowers whitish, upper petals purple-
tinged, the lateral bearded. First found at Decorah, Winneshiek county,
with small pink flowers and beardless petals (Arthur). Also reported from
Wovdbury county by Prof. Pammel. Found by the writer in Winneshiek and
Allamakee counties, in damp woods; June—July; infrequent.

** ** Rootstocks annual, biennial, or perennial; leafy throughout; stipules
large, foliaceous, lyrate-pinnatifid.

V. tricolor L. Pansy, Heart’s-ease. Stem angled and branched, leafy;
leaves oval or heart-shaped, crenate or entire; petals blue, purple, yellow or
white. The so-called var. arvensis DC. has the petals shorter or but little

Pink FAMILY. 19

exceeding the calyx and is the wild representative of the common garden
pansy. Occasionally escaped: reported by Arthur as belonging to the lowa
flora, also by Gray’s Manual.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Richenb PInk FAMILY.

Annual, biennial, or perennial heros, often with swollen joints, oppo-
site or verticillate entire leaves, and regular sometimes apetalous
flowers. Calyx persistent; sepals 4 or 5, separate or united into a calyx
tube. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens double the number of the sepals or fewer.
Styles 2-5, stigmatic along the inside. Ovary usually l-celled. Fruita
membranous capsule, dehiscing by teeth or valves or else an indehiscent
achene or utricle. Stipules wanting in our species.

* Calyx of united sepals, tubular or ovoid.

DIANTHus. Calyx terete, with scaly bractlets; styles 2.

SAPONARIA. Calyx oblong cylindrical, obscurely nerved or 5-angled; styles 2.

SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-nerved; styles 3.

LYCHNIS. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved; styles 5, opposite the calyx lobes.

AGROSTEMMA. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved; styles 5, alternate with the calyx lobes.

* * Calyx of distinct sepals, or wnrited only at the base.

ARENARIA. Petals entire; styles usually 3.

STELLARIA. Petals 2-cleft or wanting: styles usually 3.
CERASTIUM. Petals notched or 2-cleft; styles 4 or 5. :

DIANTHUS L. Piyx. This genus is represented in our flora by an annual,
with linear leaves, and small pink flowers borne in terminal clusters. Calyx
terete, bracted at the base, tubular, 5-toothed, many-striate. Petals 5, long-
clawed. dentate or crenate. Stamens10. Styles 2. Ovary 1-celled, stipitate.
Capsule oblong, opening at the summit by means of 4 or 5 valves or teeth.

D. armeria L. Deptford P. Stem 4-14 feet high: lanceolate; leaves
acute or lower obtuse; bractlets lanceolate-subulate; fiowers white-dotted.
Upland woods; June—J uly: infrequent: Johnson county: intreduced.

SAPONARIA L. Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with broad leaves,
and conspicuous flowers. Calyx ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, faintly nerved,
naked. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, or partially 2-4-celled, 4-
toothed at the summit.

S. officinalis L. Svapwort. Bouncing Bet. Perennial; stem 1-2 feet high,
sparingly branched; leaves oval-lanceolate, 3—5-ribbed, short petioled; flow-
ers whitish or pink, in terminal corymbs; petals obcordate, clawed, append-
aged. Waysides, waste places, old garden sites; July-August; frequent.

S. vaccaria L. Cow-herb. Annual, stem 1-3 feet high, branched above:
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, connate; flowers pale red, in
loose corymbed cymes; calyx 5-ribbed, in fruit inflated and wing-angled;
petals crenulate, not appendaged. Tields and waste places; June-August;
infrequent; Winneshiek, Scott, Henry, Johnson, Story, and Lyon counties.

SILENE L&. Annual or perennial herbs with opposite or verticillate leaves
and solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-many-nerved,
bractless. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10. Styles usually 3. Pod 1-celled,
sometimes 3-celled below, opening above by 3 or 6 teeth.

* Perennials; calyx inflated.

S. stellata (L.) Ait. Starry campion. Stem 2-4 feet high; leaves mostly in
4’s,a few opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margins ciliate; flowers in
panicled cymes: calyx campanulate, inflated, teeth triangular; petals white,
fringed. Woods; June-August; cummon.

S. nivea Otth. Stem 1-3 feet high, rather weak. erect or ascending, sim-

—————————— er CT

20 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. rs

ple or some branched; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate; petals white, cuneate, 2-cleft or 2-lobed. Low prairies and
woods; June-July; infrequent; Winneshiek. Allamakee, Fayette, and John-—
son counties. (S. alba Muhl.)

S. cucubalus Wibel. Bladder campion. Glaucous; stem 1-115 feet high,
branched from the base, usually glabrous; flowers numerous, in leafless
cymes; calyx globular, much inflated. Reported from Ames, Story county.
(S. vulgaris (Moench) Gareke.) ,

- ** Annuals; calyx not inflated.

S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Stem 1-3 feet high, pubescent or
glabrous, simple or branched, slender, a portion of the internodes glutinous;
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, the upper passing into bracts, —
the lower spatulate, tapering into a petiole; flowers small, paniculate, pink,
transient in the sunshine; calyx ovoid, petals obcordate. Dry soil; June-
September; common.

S. noctiflora L. Stem 1-3 feet high, viscid-hairy; lower leaves large,
spatulate or oblanceolate, narrowed into a broad petiole, upper leaves lanceo-
late, acute: flowers fragrant, opening in the evening, closing next moruing;
calyx tubular, becoming ovoid, teeth linear; petals 2-parted. Waste places;
July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Scott, Story, Emmet, Lyon, Calhoun,
and Fremont counties. . 2 eee

LYCHNIS L. Ours a biennial herb. Petals 5, narrowly clawed, 2-cleft.
Stamens 10. Styles 5, opposite the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled.
Capsule dehiscing by 10 or fewer apical teeth.

L. vespertinag Sibth. Plant viscid pubescent, often dicecious, much the
aspect of Silene noctiflora L.; stem 1-2 feet high, branched; leaves cvate-
oblong or lanceolate, acute, lower with margined petioles; flowers paniculate,
white or pinkish, opening at dusk and closing next morning; calyx tubular,
ovoid in fruit, petals crowned. Waste places; June-August; rare; reported
trom Winnesbiek, Story, and Montgomery counties. (L. alba Mill.)

AGROSTEMMA L. Annual pubescent herb, with linear-lanceolate sessile
leaves, and large red flowers. Calyx oblong, 5-lobed, 10-ribbed, not inflated.
Petals 5, shorter than the calyx lobes, not appendaged., Styles 5, alternate
with calyx lobes. Capsule 1-celled.

A. githago L. Corn Cockle. Stem 1-3 feet high, mostly simple; flowers
solitary, on long axillary peduncles; petals obovate-cuneate, slightly emar-
ginate. Waste places; July-September; infrequent, but widely distributed.
(Lychnis githago Lam. of Gray’s Manual.)

ARENARIA L. Ours perennials, with sessile leaves, and small white
flowers. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled,
dehiscing at the apex by 3 or 6 valves.

A. michauxii Hook. f. Stems 6-14 inches high, tufted, erect or nearly so;
leaves filiform or subulate, 1-ribbed; flowers cymose, bracted, parts in 5's
sepals ovate, pointed, 3-ribbed, slightly shorter than the ovoid pod, and half
the length of the petals. Dry prairies; May—July: infrequent; Fayette
county, reported from Clinton county. (A. stricta Mx.)

A. lateriflora L. Stems 4-12 inches high, erect or ascending, mostly sim-
ple, finely pubescent; leaves thin, oval or oblong, obtuse, margin and nerves
ciliate: flowers solitary or in few-flowered lateral or terminal cymes, white,
parts in 4's or 5's; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half the length of the
petioles; ovary at first 3-celled; capsule ovoid, about twice the length of the

PURSLANE FAMILY. 21

calyx, dehiscent by 3 2-cleft valves. Sandy shores: May-July; frequent:
Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, and Chickasaw
counties. (Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl.)
STELLARIA L. Tufted annual herbs, with solitary or cymose white
flowers. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft. Stamens 10, 8, or less. Pod
ovoid, 1-celled, dehiscing by about 6 valves.
S. media Smith. Common Chickweed. Stem angled. erect or ascending,
much branched, glabrous except 1 or 2 pubescent lines; leaves ovate or oval,
acute, with ciliate petioles, the upper sessile; flowers solitary, axillary, or in
terminal leafy cymes: petals shorter than the calyx: stameus 2-10. Waste
places, fields and woods; June-August: infrequent; Muscatine county:
reported from Winneshiek, Fayette, Wvodbury, and Lyon counties. (dA.
longifolia (Muhl.) Britton.)
S. longifolia Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort. Stems erect, weak, glabrous,
or with rough angles: leaves linear, spreading, acutish at both ends; pedicels
slender, divaricate: sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, equalling or shorter
than the petioles: capsule ovoid-oblong, about twice the length of the-ealyx.
Grassy places, meadows and woods; May-July; frequent; Winneshiek,
Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, Linn, Story, Emmet, Woodbury, and Lyon
. counties. (A. longifolia (Muhl.) Britton.)
CERASTIUM &. Annuals or perennials, mostly pubescent or hirsute,
with mostly flat leaves, and white flowers in terminal cymes. Sepals and
petals in our species 5. Petals notched or 2 cleft. Stamens usually 10.
Styles 5, opposite the sepals. Pod membranous, dehiscing at the apex by 10
teeth, elongated, many-seeded.
C. nutans Raf. Annual; stem 6-20 inches high, weak, reclining or ascend-
ing, clammy-pubescent, rarely glabrate; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
lower spatulate: cymes loose, many-flowered: pods nodding, much exceeding
the calyx, curved upward. Grassy moist places; May-June: frequent;
Winneshiek, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, and Decatur counties.
C. vulgatum L. Biennial or perennial: stems viscid-pubescent, tufted,
erect or ascending. 6-18 inches high; leaves oblong, the lower spatulate-ob-
long, obtuse: bracts scarious-margined; petals about equailing the calyx: pod
elongated, curved upward. Grassy banks; May-—September; frequent:
Allamakee, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Linn, and Decatur
counties.
C. arvense L. Perennial: stems tufted: lower leaves linear-oblong, the
upper distant, linear or linear-lanceolate: flowers larger, petals:obcordate,
twice the length of the calyx: pod equal or but little exceeding the calyx.
Winneshiek county. The variety oblonyifolium (Torr.) Holl. & Britt. larger,
leaves oblong or lanceolate. pod twice the length of the calyx, is reported
from Fayette county. Various cther localities are claimed for both species
and variety. ;
PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. PurstaAneE FAMILY.
Herbs, with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular mostly ephem-
eral flowers which open only in the sunshine. Sepals 2. Petals 5.
Stamens 5, opposite to the petals, or often many. Styles 2-8, united
below, stigmatic along the inner surface. Ovary free, l-celled. Pod 1-
celled, few to many-seeded.
TALINUM. Stamens usually many; pod 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked
placente. :

22 HY PERICACEAE.

CLAYTONIA. Stamens 5; pod 3-valved.
PORTULACA. Stamens 7-20; pod globular, opening by a lid. ,

TALINUM Adans. Ours perennial, -vith alternate linear leaves, aad
eymose flowers. Sepals ovate. Petals fugaceous. Styles 3-lobed.

T. teretifolilum Pursh. Plant 4-12 inehes high, leafy below, seapose
uwbove; leaves cylindrical; peduncles slender, bracted, branched; flowers
pink; sepals membranous, half the length of the petals; stamens 10-30; style
us long as the stamens. Sioux quartzite exposures; June-August; common;
Lyon and Woodbury counties.

CLAYTONIA L. Low perennial spring plants, with simple stems from
tuberous roots, and entire leaves. Sepals ovate, persistent. Petals 5, hypo-
vynous Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft.
Pod 3-valved, 2—5-seeded.

C. virginica L. Spriny Beauty. Tuber globular, deep seated; stems 6-9 |
inches high, weak, with 2 opposite linear or linear-lanceolate leaves; flowers
white or roseate, in a terminal loose raceme. Rich woods; April-May; com-
mon.

C. caroliniana Mx. Similar to the preceeding; basal .leaves ovate-lanceo-_
Jate or oblong, cauline leaves petivled. Reported as an Iowa species by
Arthur.

PORTULACA L. PursLANE. Annuals, with succulent stems and leaves,
and small’yellow mostly ephemeral flowers. Calyx 2-cleft, upper portion
deciduous, the tube cohering with the ovary. Petals 5, rarely more or less,
equal, fugaceous. Stamens 8-20, inserted on the calyx along with the petals.
Style 3-8-parted. Pod globular, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening transversely
near the middle by a lid.

P. oleracea L. Cummon P. Stems prostrate, smooth, reddish; leaves
obovate or cuneate, apex rounded; flo'vers sessile, solitary, pale yellow;
sepals keeled; stamens 7-12; style about 6-parted. Cultivated grounds and
waste places; June-September; common.

P. retusa Englm. Similar to the preceeding but the leaves cuneate, the
apex retuse or emarginate Reported from Scott county.

HYPERICACEAE Lindl. St. JOHN’s-wort FAMILY.

Herbs or small shrubs, with opposite entire punctate or dotted exstipu-
late leaves, and regular and perfect solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals
4-5, imbricated. Petals 4-5, mostly oblique or contorted, convoluted or
imbricated in the bud. Stamens few or many, usually in 3 or more
clusters. Ovary 1-7-celled; styles 1-7. Pod 1-7-celled, with septicidal
dehiscenre.

HYPERICUM. Petals yellow, convolute.
ELODES. Petals purplish, imbricate.

HYPERICUM L. ‘The principal genus of the order.
* Perennials; styles 5.

H. ascyron L. Great St. John’s-wort. Stems 2-6 feet high; leaves ovate-
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, clasping. acute or obtuse; flowers large,
in terminal cymes; styles numerous, in 5 sets; styles united below; pod
conical or ovoid. Rich woods, banks; July; infrequent; Winneshiek,
Allamakee, Clayton, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Story,
Winnebago, and Cerro Gordo counties.

* * Perennials; stamens numerous; styles 3.
H. prolificum L. Shrubby St. J. A small shrub, 1-6 feet high; leaves nar-

MALLOW FAMILY. 23

rowly oblong or oblanceolate, base tapering into a sho~t petiole; stamens dis-
tinct; pod 3-ceiled. Dry soil, fence rows and thickets; July-August;
infrequent; Johnson, Jefferson, Henry, Des Moines, Lee, and Appanoose
counties.

H. cistifolium Lam. Stem 1-2 feet high, 4-angled, from a somewhat
woody perennial base; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, sessile, somewhat clasp-
ing, with smaller leaves in the axils; cyme compound, many-flowered; sepals
ovate, varying to linear; stamens distinct; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal
placentz. Sterile soii; July-August; frequent; Dubuque, Muscatine, John-
son, Henry. Appanoose, and Fremont counties, reported from Clinton and
Benton counties. (H. sphuerceairpum Mx.)

H. maculatum Walt. Stem 1-3 feet high, from a woody perennial base;
leaves short-petioled, sessile or clasping, oblong or ovacte-lanceolate, obtuse,
blaeck-dotted; flowers smail, numervuus; sepals ovate: petals longer, pale-yel-
low; stamens in 3 or 5 sets; capsules 3-celled. Moist soil, fields and open
woods; July-September: frequent.

H. pe:foratum L. Leaves oblong or linear; sepals lanceolate. Intro-
duced, Henry county, and probably other localities.

*** Annuals; stumens few; styles 3.

H. mutilum L. Stems tufted, 4-24 feet high, branched; leaves ovate or
oblong, obtuse. sessile or partly clasping, 5-nerved; flowers small, subulate-
bracted; sepals linear to oblanceolate; pods ovate-conical, exceeding the
ealyx. Low places, open woods; July-September; common; Decatur and
Johnson counties, reportec from Muscatine and Scott counties.

H. majus (Gray.) Britton. Stems varying from %-2 feet high, with
nearly erect branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, 5-7-
nerved, obtuse or acntte; bracts subulate; sepals lanceolate, acuminate.
Moist soil; June-September: frequent.

H. canadense L. Stems 4-2 feet high, with erect or ascending angular
branches: leaves linear, 3-nerved, obtuse, tapering toward the base; bracts
and sepals similar to those of the last. Sandy soil; July-September; probably
frequent.

H. drummondii (G. & H.) T. & G. A bushy branched annual, 1-2% feet
high, with smal] linear-subulate 1-nerved leaves, anc scattered flowers;
sepals lance-linear. exceeding the petals; stamens 10-20; styles 3. Dry soil;
July-September; reported from Iowa.

ELODES Adans. Perennial herbs of marshy places with opposite leaves
and pink or greenish purple flowers in terminal or axillary cymes. Sepals 5,
equal. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, not contorted. Stamens 9 or more,
in 3 sets which are sevarated by large orange-colored glands. Styles 3. Pods
oblong, 3-celled.

E. campanulata Pursh. Stem 1-2 feet high, nearly simple; leaves ovate
or oblong, sessile or cordate-clasping, glaucous beneath, apex very obtuse or
emarginate; capsule and frequently the stem red purple. Borders of swamps;
July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Cerro Gordo, and Emmet
counties. (Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.)

MALVACEAE WNeck. MALLow FAMILy.
Herbs or shrubs, with fibrous: bark, simple alternate stipulate usually

palmately-veined leaves, and axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx
d-lobed, valvate, often with an involucre of few or many bractlets at the

—————aw

24 MALVACEAE.

base. Petals alternate with the calyx lobes, hypogyuous, convolute in
the bud. Stamens many, united at the base with the short claws of the
petals, filaments more or less monodelphous; anthers 1-celled, reniform.
Pistils several; stigmas various. Ovaries circularily arranged or form-
ing a several-celled pod.
* OCarpels 5-20; united in a ring around a central avis.
+ Styles stiymatie down the inside; carpels 1-seeded.

MALVA, Involucel of 3 bractlets; carpels beakless; petals obcordate.

CAL\IRRHOEK. Involucel of 3 bractlets; carpels beaked: petals truncate.

NAPAEA. Involucel none; flowers dicecious; carpels beakless.

+ + Styles with terminal capitate stigmas; carpels 1—-few-seeded.

ABUTILON. Involucel none: carpels 12-13, 3-seeded.

Sipa. Involucel none; carpels 1|-seeded.

MALVASTRUM. Involucel of 3 bractlets; seeds solitary, ascending, filling the cell. ,

* * Fruit a 5-celled weuticidal pod.
Hipiscus. Involucel of many bractlets; pod 5-celled, many-seeded.

MALVA L. Matitow. Calyx i-cleft. Involucel 3-leavea. Petals obcordate.
Styles many, stigmatic down the inner side. Carpels as many as the styles,
blunt, depressed, 1-seeded.

M.rotundifolia L. Common M. Root large, biennial: stems procumbent;
leaves on long petioles, round-reniform, cordate, obscurely 5-lobed. crenate;
flowers axillary; petals white, twice the length of the calyx; fruit depressed,
pubescent. Waysides and waste places; June-September; common.

M. sylvestris L. High M. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched; leaves
orbicular or reniform, sharply 5-7-lobed, crenate; flowers in axillary clusters;
petals 3 times the length of the calyx, reddish-purple; carpels wrinkled-
veiny. Waste places near gardens; June-July; rather infrequent; Fayette,
Seott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Shelby, and Emmef counties.

M. crispa L. Curled M. An erect annual, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
nearly orbicular, with 5-11 shallow angular lobes, the margin dentate,
erisped and wrinkled; flowers small, sessile, in axillary clusters. Waste
places; infrequert; Winneshiek and Decatur counties. (M. verticillata crispa L.)

CALLIRRHOE Nutt. Herbs with lobed or divided leaves and axillary or
terminal flowers. Calyx deeply 5-parted, naked or with a 3-leaved involucel.
Petals enneate, truncate, rose-purple. Styles 10-20, stigmatic down the inner
side. Carpels as many as the styles, short-beaked, 1-seeded.

C. involucrata Gray. Stems 1-2 feet long, from a large descending
tuberous root, procumbent or ascending, hirsute; leaves rounded, 5-7 palm-
ately-cleft or parted, segments incisely cut or lobed; flowers large, axillary,
on long peduncles; sepals long-lanceolate, 3—5-nerved, longer than the invo-
lucel; carpels indehiscent,, reticulated. Dry soil; May—August; locally fre-
quent; Scott and Shelby counties. In most cases apparently an escape from
cultivation.

C. triangulata Gray. Stems from a tuberous root, erect, pubescent;
leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, crenate, sometimes heart-shaped and
lobed; involucel about as long as the short calyx; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5-
nerved; flowers panicled, short-pedicelled, purple. Dry prairie soil; June-
August: reported from lowa. The author has found the species near the
border. . |

NAPAEA lL. An erect perennial with 5-9-palmately-parted leaves and
small white flowers in leafy corymbose panicles. Calyx 5-cleft; involucel
wanting. Petals 5. alternate, entire. Flowers dicecious. Staminate flowers

LINDEN FAMILY. 25

with 15-20 anthers. Pistillate flowers with 6-10 styles. Carpels 6-10, 1-
seeded, beakless. minutely tipped, indehiscent, :mperfectly 2-valved, separat-
ing at maturity from the axis.

N. dioica L. Glade M. Stem 4-6 feet high, but little branched, glabrous to
appressed pubescent: leaf divisions lanceolate. acuminate, incisely lobed or
toothed. Frequent in alluvial soil along the Upper lowa river in Winneshiek
and Allamakee counties. also found in Fayette county; July.

ABUTILON Gaertn. Ours an annual weed, with cordate leaves and
axillary yellow flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, alternate. Stamens
many. Styles in ours about 12 or 12; stigmas capitate. Carpels 12 or 13.

A. avicennae Gaertn. Velvet-leaf. Cake-print. Whole plant clothed with
a soft pubescence: stem 2-5 feet high; leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate,
taper-pointed, entire or obscurely dentate, base cordate; pedicels shorter than
the petioles; calyx fersistent; petals yellow: carpels 2-valved. each valve
beaked,. hairy, usually 3-seeded: flowers axillary. Waste places; June—Sep-
tember: common.

SIDA L. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or
more: stigmas capitate. Carpels as many as the styles, 1-seeded, tardily
separating. Seeds pendulous.

S. spinosa L. Annual; stem 1-2 feet high, branched, minutely pubescent.
leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate. -vith a spinous tubercle at the base
of the slender petiole; stipules bristle-like; peduncles axillary, shorter than
the petioles, 1-flowered: flowers small, yellow: carpels 5. Waste places,
spreading: July-September; Muscatine, Des Moines, Henry, Van Buren,
Decatur, Page, and Fremont counties.

MALVASTRUM Gray. Flowers in ours solitary, in the axils of the upper
leaves, short-peduncled, yellow. Bractlets of the involucel 2 or 3, linear.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes ovate-triangular, pubescent.

M. angustum Gray. Annual, somewhat hairy, 6-12 inches high: leaves
oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, remotely dentate: carpels 5, reniform,
at length 2-valved. Reported from Scott county.

HIBISCUS L. Herbs, with dentate or lobed leaves and showy axillary or
paniculate flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, involucellate at the base by a row of linear
bractlets. Column long, with many lateral stamens. Styles 5. stigmas
capitate. Fruit a 5-cellea capsule, loculicidal. Seeds 3-many in each cell.

H. militaris Cav. Halberd-leaved Ruse-Mallow. Perennial; stem smooth, 3-
4 feet high, leaves hastately 3-lobed; lobes long acuminate, serrate, middle
lobe much longer; flowers axillary, large. showy; calyx enlarged in fruit:
corolla somewhat campanulate, purplish; capsule smooth; seeds hairy. Along
rivers and marshy lakes; July-August; locally frequent; Muscatine, Louisa,
Des Moines, Johnson, and Fremont counties.

H. trionum L. Bladder Ketmia. Annual; stems sub-erect. hispid: leaves
3-parted, middle segments long, all segments sinuate-lobed or cleft; fruiting
calyx enlarged, membranaceous, 5-winged; flowers yellowish, with a dark
centre, lasting only for the day. Waste places: July-September; becoming
frequent.

TILIACEAE Juss LINDEN FAMILY.

Trees with simple alternate stipulate leaves and fibrous bark. Sepals
4-5, deciduous. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens many, polyadel-
phous, with 2-celled anthers.

26 LINACEAE. ee

TILIA L. Linpen. Basswoop. Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals 5, oblong, obtuse.
Each set of stamens with a petaloid scale at the base. Pistil 1. Ovary
“okies 5-eelled, each cell 2-ovuled. Fruit dry, becoming by nborie 1- coe
1-2-seeded. fa:

T. americana L. Tree 40-70 feet high; wood white, soft: leaves kona
broadly ovate, pointed, sharply serrate, base ‘cordate; stipules deciduous;
flowers cream colored, fragrant, appearing after the leaves, in axillary
cymes; pecuneles hanging and united to a ligulate membranaceous bract:
fruit ovoid. Rich woods; July; frequent, widely distributed. RA s

LINACEAE Dumort. Fuax FAmILy.

Herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and perfect regular flowers.
Stipules none or gland-like. Sepals 4-5, imbricated, persistent. Petals
4-5, hypogynous, imbricated, usually contorted. Stamens as many as
petals and alternate with them. Styles 3-5. Ovary 4-5-celled, with

2 ovules in each cell. Capsule globose.

-LINUM L. Fiax. Herbs, with fibrous bark and sessile leaves. All parts of
the flower in 5’s, each series regularily alternate with the preceeding. Cap-
sule 5-celled, Break int into 5 carpels in dehiscence, each cell wholly or partly
divided by a false partition. Cells with 2-suspended mucilaginous seeds.

-L. usitatissimum L. Common.F... Annual, stem terete, striate, erect, 1-2
feet high, much branched; leaves lanceolate, sessile; stipules none; flowers
blue. axillary; sepals lanceolate, ciliate; petals twice the length of the sepals,
erenulate;.capsule globular. Spontaneous in fields:and waste places, June—=
August; infrequent. ;

-L. sulcatum Riddell. Annual, erect, 1-2 feet high, somewhat branched
above, stem and branches narrowly wing-angled and grooved; leaves laneceo-
late or linear; stipules a pair of dark colored glands; flowers yellow; sepals
acuminate, glandular ciliate, 1-nerved; styles united below the middle. Dry
soil, prairies; June-August; common.

L. rigidum Pursh. Probably perennial, glaucous, glabrous or ohne lents
branches rigid, more or less angular; upper leaves and sepals bese coey
rulate. Loess hills; Woodbury and Fremont counties; frequent.

GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil.

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect hypogynous
regular or irregular flowers. Parts of the flower usually in 5’s. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the sepals, some often rudimentary. Ovary
5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled, beaked with the compound style.

GERANIUM L. Herbs, with stipulate palmately lobed leaves and axillary
1-3 flowered peduncles. Sepals and petals 5, regular, the sepals imbrieated
in the bud, persistent. Stamens usually 10, the 5 alternate ones longer, and
provided with glands at their bases. alternate with the petals. Ovary deeply
5-lobed. 5-celled, separating into 5, 1-seeded long-tailed carpels from a persist-
ent axis. : .

G. maculatum L. Wild Creme’s-bill. Perennial, from a thick rootstock;
stem 1-2 feet high, erect, hairy, branching above; leaves usually 5-parted,
divisions cuneate toward the base, incisely lobed or toothed above, root-
leaves on long petioles; flowers light purple, sepals ovate, pointed; petals en-
tire. broadly oval, bearded on the claw. Rich woods; May-July; common.

G. carolinianum L. Root annual; stem 5-14 inches high, much branched,
hairy; leaves about 5-parted, divisions cut into narrow lobes; flowers clus-

Woop-SoRREL FAMILY. oF

tered at the ends of the branches: sepals ovate, awn-pointed; petals scarcely
longer than the sepals, light rose-tinted or whitish; stamens sometimes only
5. Waste places; May-August: infrequent;. Fayette, Museatine, Lee, and
Johnson counties.

OXALIDACEAE Jindl. Woon-sorret ‘FAMILY

Annual or perennial herbs, with acidic juice. palmately trifoliate
leaves, and perfect regular flowers in umbel-like or forking cymes. Rep-
resented in Iowa by the genus, |

OXALIS L. Woop-sorret. Leaflets obcordate. Sepals 5, persistent, im-
bricated. Petals 5, withering after flowering, sometimes united at the base,
longer than the sepals. Stamens 10, monodelphous at the base, alter nately
shorter. Styles 5, distinct: stigmas terminal. _ Capsule oblong, somewhat

5-lobed, 5-celled, eells I-several seeded. _

O. stricta L. Yellow W. Annual or perennial, rootstock slender: stem
leafy, glabrous to villous; leaves long-petioled, sensitive: stipules none; flow-
ers yellow, peduncles long . axillary. Fields and woods; May- September;
common. — ‘ee

O. violacea L. Viclet W. Stemless perennials, from a brownish scaly
bulb; leaflets broadly obecrdate; scapes 2-7 inches high, longer than the
petioles, umbellately flowered; flowers nodding, violet. Fields and woods:
May-June; common.

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. of the order, LIMNANTHACEAE Lindl.
has been reported from Lee county by Arthur. Annual, with 3-5 oblong or
linear-oblong sometimes 2-3-cleft leaflets; and solitary axillary peduucled
white flowers. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovaries and stigmas 3.
Fruit 1-3 roughish fleshy achenes. River banks; April-June.

BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. JEwEL-WEED FAMILY.

Succulent herbs, with smooth weak ‘hollow stems, simple petioled
alternate exstipulate leaves, and showy irregular axillary nodding flow-
ers. Sepals 3, ‘the lateral 2 small, green, nerved; the ae one large,
petaloid, saccate, spurred. Petals 3, 2 of them 2-cleft. Stamens 5;
filaments appencaged by, scales on their inner side which conniye over
the stigma. '

IMPATIENS L. Tovucu-mr-nor.....Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed. Ovary 5-
celled, oblong; stigmas sessile, 5-lobed. Pod 5-yalved, 5-celled, sometimes
partitions not apparent, valves coiling elastically in dehiscence projecting
the seed. Seeds several in each cell. Ours annuals, 2-4 feet high.

I. pallida Nutt. Pale T. Leaves ovate-oblong; pedicels 2-4 flowered;
flowers pale yellow, sparingly dotted: sepals dilated transversely, broader
than long, tipped with a short recurved spur. Moist alluvial soil; July-
September; common. (I. aurea Muhl.)

I. fulva “Nutt. Spotted T. Leaves rhombic-ovate: pedicels 2-4-flowered;
flowers orange-yellow. thickly spotted» with reddish-brown; sepals dilated
lengthwise, longer than broad: spur elongated, closely reflexed. With the
preceeding but less frequent. (J. hiflora Walt.)

RUTACEAE Juss. Rue FAmILy.
Shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite exstipulate compound
leaves dotted with transparent glands which contain a volatile aromatic

28 CELISTRACEAE.

or acrid oil. Parts of the flower in 3’s—d’s. Stamens. in ours as many as
the petals and alternate with them. Pistils 2-5, separate or united;
styles corniving. Fruit a capsule or a samara. ,

XANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dicecious; fruit capsular.
PTELEA. Flowers polygamous; fruit a samara.

XANTHOXYLUM L. Small trees with prickly branches and umbel-like
clusters of flowers and odd-pinnate leaves. Calyx.in ours wanting. Petals
4-5, imbricated in the bud. Pistils 3-5; styles distinct below but slightly
united above. Capsule coriaceous, 2-valved, with 1-2 black seeds.

X. americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. A small shrub, 4-10
feet high, bark and leaves pungent and aromatic; leaflets 5-9, ovate-oblong,
pubescent when young; flowers‘ appearing before the leaves, yellowish
green, in sessile axillary umbels; capsules globose, short-stipitate. Upland
thickets; April-May; common generally.

PTELEA L. Oursasmall shrub, with 3-foliate, long-petioled leaves, the
leaflets sessile, crenulate, and corymbose-paniculate greenish white flowers.
Sepals and petals 3-5. Ovary flattened, 2-celled; stigmas 2. Samara orbicu-
lar, the wing membranous, reticulated, emarginate.

P. trifoliata L. Hop-tree. Woods; June; infrequent; Scott, Muscatine,
Lee, Henry, and Johnson counties.

CELASTRACEAE Lindl. STAFF-TREE FAMILY.

Small trees or shrubs, often climbing, with alternate or opposite sim‘
ple entire or toothed leaves, small caducous stipules, and small regular
flowers. Sepals and petals imbricated in the bud. Petals 4-5, alternate
with the sepals. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the petals, inserted on a
disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Styles united, Ovary sessile,
2—5-celled, free from the calyx.

EvoOnyMos, Leaves opposite; a small tree.

CELASrRus. Leaves alternate; a shrubby climber.

EWYONYMUS L..- Pepresented in our flora by the following species.

E. atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Shrub 5-15 feet high; leaves
petioled, ovate-oblong, serrate, acuminate; flowers perfect, purple, solitary or
in axillary cymes, parts usually in 4’s; styles short or none; pod deeply 3-4-
lobed, 3-—4-valved, 3—4-celled, each cell 1—-4-seeded; seeds covered with a searlet
aril. Rich woods; June; frequent throughout the state.

CELASTRUS L. Flowers small, dicecious or polygamous, small, greenish,
in terminal raceme-like clusters. Sepals, petals and stamens 5. Disk 5-
lobed, bearing the crenulate petals and stamens on the edge.

C. scandens L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Shrubby, climbing; leaves petioled,
ovate, thin, acuminate, serrate; pod globose, orange colored, 3-celled, 3-
valved, opening in the fall and displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds;
seeds 1-2 in each cell. Thickets; June; frequent.

SIMARUBACEAE DC. AILANtTHUS FAMILY.

Distinguished from the preceeding order by the non-punctate leaves.
Represented in our flora by the genus AILANTHUS Desf.

A. glandulosa Desf. Tree-of-Heaven. Tree, 20-60 feet high, with long odd-
pinnate petioled leaves and greenish white polygamous panicled flowers; the
staminate flowers ill-scented; samaras oblong, membranous, |-seeded, twisted.
Established in and about Keokuk, Lee county.

pe

BuekruorRn FAMILY. 29

ot ILICINEAE Lowe. Hotty FaAmity.

Shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and small solitary or
clustered axillary polygamo-dicecious flowers. The principal genus in the
United States is ILEXx L.

l. verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Shrub 6-20 feet high: leaves oval, obovate to
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. turning black in autumn; flowers all
short peduncled, in clusters or the fertile solitary. Reported from Mitchell
county by Arthur.

RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Buckruorn FAMILY.

Small trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, and regular some-
times apetalous flowers. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, valvate in the bud.
Stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals and alternate with the sepals, in-
serted along with the petals into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines
the calyx and sometimes tue ovary. Stigmas 2-5. Ovary 2-5-celled,
sessile; ovules solitary.

RHAMNoS. Calyx and disk free from the ovary; petals none or small and short clawed.
CEANOTHIS. Calyx and disk adherent to the base of the ovary; peta!s long clawed.

RHAMNUS L. Leaves pinnately veined. Flowers in axillary clusters.
greenish. Calyx campanulate, 4—5-cleft, tube lined with the disk. Ovary
free, 2—-4-celled; styles 2-t.. Fruit a small berry-like drupe.

R. lanceolata Pursh. Buckthorn. A thornless shrub, 3-10 feet high; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serrulate, petioled; flowers appearing
closely after the leaves, of two sorts on different individuals, one form in
short axillary clusters with a short included style, the other with often soli-
tary longer pedicels and exserted style: petals 4, minute, deeply notched,
sometimes not apparent; styles 2; fruit dark colored, 2-seeded. Upland
thickets: May; a frequent shrub, widely distributed over the southern half
of the state and extending fur into the northern portion.

R. alnifolia L’Her. A low shrub with oval acute serrate leaves; flowers
solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves, mostly dicecious, apetalous;
calyx-lobes 5; stamens 5. Reported from Winneshiek county. (Arthur.)

CEANOTHUS L. Low shrubby plants, with white flowers in umbel-like
clusters. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, petaloid. Petals 5, longer than the calyx,
hooded. Stamens mostly exserted. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded.

C. americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Stems 1-3 feet high, from a dark red
root, branches slightly pubescent; leaves ovate, 3-ribbed, acuminate, serrate,
somewhat pubescent: peduncles axillary and terminal, elongated. Upland
woods and prairies: June; common.

C. ovatus Desf. Usually smaller than the preceeding; leaves oval-lanceo-
late or oblong. glandular serrate, peduncle short, pubescent. Prairies; May;
common: Story, Shelby, Decatur, Adams, Montgomery, and Pottawattomie
counties. Iowa specimens are more or less pubescent, the typical plant being
glabrous throughout, hence our specimens are usually referred to the var.
pubescens T. & G.

VITACEAE Lindl. GRAPE FAMILY.

Climbing shrubs, with copious watery juice, nodose joints, climbing by
tendrils, alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or
polygamo-dicecious flowers. Calyx entire or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5,
caducous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a
2-celled 2-4-seeded berry.

"ae ie brs

«pee

30 ACERACEAE, — ey

“-

ba
VITIS. Leaves simple; petals united into a cap, falling away without separating; fruit
pulpy. edible. : :
Cissus. Leaves simple in our species; petals separate, spreading; fruit scarcely pulpy,
inedible.
AMPELOPSIS. Leaves digitate; corolla expanding.

VITIS L. Shrubs, climbing by aid of coiling tendrils, with dentate or pal-
mately lobed leaves, small caducous stipules, and fragrant thyrsoid flowers.

V. riparia Mx. Leaves shining, glabrous, sometimes pubescent on the
_ veins beneath, sharply 5-7-lobed, sinuses acute, lobes ecarsely toothed, acute.
Low woods; May—June; fruit ripening July-September; common. (V. vul-
pina L.)

V. aestivalis Mx. Branches terete; leaves large, more or less deeply 3-5-
lobed, dentate, whitish or rusty pubescent especially when young; berries
black, with bloom. Reported from Clinton county by Arthur.

V. cinerea Engelm. Branches angled; leaves dentate, somewhat 3-lobed;
pubescence whitish or grayish, persistent; berries black, without bloom.
Low woods; May-June, fruit ripe in September; Muscatine, Louisa, Page,
and Fremont counties.

CISSUS L. Represented in our flora by the single species,

C. ampelopsis Pers. Climbing, nearly glabrous; leaves ovate, coarsely
toothed, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, acuminate, base cordate or truncate;
berries 1-2-seeded. Low woods; May-June; Fremont county. (Ampelopsis
cordaia Mx.)

AMPELOPSIS Mx. Leaves digitate. Flower clusters cymose. Calyx
slightly 5-toothed. Petals 5, thick, spreading. Stamens 5. Tendrils attach-
ing by sucker-lilxe disks.

A. quinquefolia Mx. Vinginia Creeper. Climbing by rootlets as well as
by tendrils; leaflets stalked, oval to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed both ways,
usually 5, serrate above the middle, dark green above, pale beneath, turning
erimson in autumn. Thickets and low woods; July; fruit ripe in October;
common. (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.)

ACERACEAE St. Hil. MApLe FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed or pinnate leaves, and
small regular unsymmetrial polygamous or dicecious flowers. Sepals and
petals 5, the latter often wanting, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10;
filaments filiform. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; styles 2, inserted between
the lobes. Fruit of 2 winged samaras, joined below, 1l-seeded. Repre-
sented in our flora by the genus AcER hL, the maples.

* Leaves simple, palmately lobed; flowers polygamous.

A. saccharinum L. Soft or White M. Usually 40-100 feet high; leaves
palmately 5-lobed, sinuses obtuse or acute, unequally toothed, silvery white
beneath and more or less downy when young, base truncate; flowers appear-
ing before the leaves, in umbel-like clusters, nearly sessile. greenish, apeta-
lous; fruit with large divergent wings. Rich soil; March-April; common.
(A. dasycarpum Ehbrh.) A common grove tree. The sap yields small quanti-
ties of sugar.

A. saccharum Marsh. Rock or Sugar M. A large tree; leaves dark green
above, pale beneath, 3-7-lobed, lobes sinuate, sinuses rounded and shallow,
base subeordate: flowers appearing with the leaves, in terminal or lateral
sessile corymbose clusters, apetalous, on drooping hairy pedicels; samaras
glabrous, slightly diverging, the wings shorter than the preceeding. River

*

BucKEYE FAMILY. 31

bluffs: April; a frequent tree along the water courses of eastern and scuth-
ern Iowa, extending far into the interior. Allamakee to Lee county, thence
west as far as Decatur county. (A. saccharinum Wang.)

A. nigrum Mx. Similar to the preceeding; leaves green both sides, pube-
scent beneath at least on the veins, lobes shorter, broader, but little undulate
or often entire, sinuses very obtuse, the basal one nearly closed. With the
preceeding: Fayette, Story, Decatur and Emmet counties; infrequent or rare:
often put as var. nigrum T. & G, of the preceeding.

A. rubrum L. Red or Swamp M. Twigs reddish: leaves 3-5-lobed, lobes
serrate, acuminate, green above, pale or whitish beneath, sinuses acute, base
cordate: fiowers reddish or yellowish, short pedicelled: petals linear-oblong;
fruiting pedicels eiougated. Low grounds along river; rare; Johnson
county.

A. spicatum Lam. Mountaim M. A shrub or small tree; leaves 3—5-lobed,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath, cvarsely serrate, lobes acuminate; flow-
ers in a dense erect compound raceme, greenish yellow. appearing after the
leaves: petals linear-spatulate: samaras small somewhat divergent. Bluffs of
the Mississippi river; Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque counties: rather
rare.

* * Leaves piniate; flowers divecious.

A. negundo L. Bor E'der. Asii-leaved M. Tree of average size; leaflets 3-
5, ovate or oval, pubesceut when young, becoming glabrous, acute, dentate or
entire: flowers dicecious. appearing shortly before the leaves, drooping,
small, apetalous; samaras glabrous somewhat iueurved. Low woods: April:
common. (Neyundo acervides Moench )

HIPPOCASTANACEAE 7. & G.” BuckEYE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled digitately 5-7-foliate leaves,
and irregular polygamous paniculate flowers. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed.
Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 7, filaments slender, unequal.
Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit coriaceous, 3-celled, 3-
valyed, 3-seeded or by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded. Represented by the
genus AESCULUS L.

AE. glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Tree 10-40 feet high. bark fetid; leaves
long-petioled; leafiets 5, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate; flow-
ers in terminal thyrsoid panicles, pale yellow: petals 4: stamens curved, ex-
serted; fruit globular, covered with prickles; seed large, shining, red; scar
large, roundish, pale. Alluvial soil and rich uplands; May; frequent; Des
Moines, Lee. Henry. Van Buren, Jefferson, Johnson, Boone, Polk, Appanoose,
Decatur, Ringgold, Union, and Taylor counties.

AE. octandra Marsh. Sweet B. Flowers yellow: petals 4, conniving,
long-clawed; stamens included; fruit smooth. May: Jasper county, reported
by Prof. Shimek: apparently infrequent. (AE. flava Ait.)

STAPHYLEACEAE DC. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.

Ours a small shrub, with 3-foliate stipulate leaves, and axillary droop-
ing racemose’ flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Styles 3. Pod
large, membranous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, separating above, each cell
with 1-4 bony seeds. Represented by the genus STAPHYLEA ° L.

S. trifolia L. Americun Bladder-nut. Shrub 4-12 feet high; flowers white
Moist woods: May: frequent throughout.

32 ANACARDIACEAE. eee

~ANACARDIACEAE Lindi. Sumac FaAmIty.

Small trees or shrubs, with milky acrid juice, alternate odd-pinnate
exstipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamous greenish or yellowish tlow-
ers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Styles or stigmas 3. Fruit a small
dry drupe. Represented by the genus Ruus L.

* Flowers polygamous, in terminal thyrsoid panicles.

R. typhina b. Staghorn Sumac. Tree 10-20 feet high; wood yell young
branches densely villous; leaflets 11-31, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate,
pale pubescent beneath; fruit red, with long crimson hairs. Wooded hill-
sides; May-June; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
Fayette, Jackson, Delaware, Scott, Jones, and Emmet counties. (R. hirta (L.)
Sudw.)

R. glabra L. Common S. Shrub 3-15 feet high; branches smooth, some-
what glaucous; leaflets 11-31, sessile, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, serrate,
pale beneath; fruit red, with short crimson hairs. Open uplands, thickets;
June; common. |

** Flowers polygamous, in loose axillary panicles.

R. radicans L. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Bushy, 1-2 feet high or else a
woody vine, climbing high; leaflets 3, ovate, acuminate, entire, sinuate or
somewhat lobed, more or less pubescent beneath; fruit globular, smooth,
white or yellowish. Rich soil, waysides and thickets; June; common.
Usually given as R. toxvicodendron L.

** * Flowers polygamo-divecious, appearing before the leaves, in terminal spicate

clusters. .

R. canadensis Marsh. Shrub 2-6 feet high; leaflets 3, crenately toothed,
pubescent when young, later glabrate, lateral ones ovate, sessile, terminal
one ovate with a cuneate base, short stalked; fruit globose, red, pubescent.
Rocky woods; April; frequent; Delaware, Muscatine. Lee, Henry, Wapello,
Van Buren, Jefferson, and Linn counties. (R. aromatica Ait.)

POLYGALACEAE Richenb. Mitkwort FAmIny.

Ours herbs, witn simple entire alternate, opposite or verticillate ex-
stipulate leaves, and mostly racemose, spicate, or axillary flowers. Pedi-
cels frequently 2-bracted at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular.
Sepals 5, the upper and 2 lower small and often greenish, the 2 lateral
large, colored. Petals 3, united into a split tube, more or less adnate to
the stamens. Stamens 6 or 8, monodelphous or diadelphous; anthers 1-
celled, opening at the apex by a hole or chink. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled;
style simple. Fruit a 2-celled 2-seeded capsule. Seeds usually caruncled
and hairy. Represented in our flora by the genus PoLyGALa L.

P. senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Perennial; glabrous or nearly so; root-
stocks hard, knotty; stems several; 6-12 inches high; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, alternate, sessile, lower small, seale-like; flowers white, in a
solitary close spike; wings round-obovate. Rocky woods; May-June; :fre-
quent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, and Cerro
Gordo counties.

P. sanguinea L. Annual; stem mostly simple. 6-15 inches high, glabrous;
leaves oblong-linear, alternate, sessile; flowers in a globular or oblong head,
rose-purple, greenish, rarely white; wings broadly ovate, sessile, exceeding
the pod. Moist prairies; June-September; common. (P. viridescens L.)

P. incarnata L. Annual, glaucous; stem simple, slender; leaves distant,

PAPILIONACEAE. 33

sessile, linear or subulate; flowers pink or rose, in a dense terminal spike.
Sandy moist soil, July-August; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, and
Story counties.
P. cruciata L. Annual: stem 4-10 inches high, square or slightly wing-
angled, with spreading branches: leaves mostly in 4’s, linear or oblanceolate:
spikes sessile or nearly so; flowers purple, greenish, or white; wings triangu-
lar-ovate, slightly cordate. awn-pointed. In mossy shaded places; July—Sep-
tember: Lake tewnship, Muscatine county.
P. verticillata L. Annual, glabrous; stems 4-12 inches high, branches
mostly opposite, spreading; leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, a few scattered, acute,
punctate, linear: spikes long-peduncled; flowers purplish or greenish; wings
broadly oval. clawed, shorter than the pod. Prairies and open woods: June-—
September; common.
PAPILIONACEAE JZ. PEA FAmILy.

Trees, shrubs, vines or herbs, with alternate compound, stipulate
leaves, and papilionaceous perfect flowers in spikes, heads, panicles or
racemes. Calyx of 5 sepais, often unequal, more or less united. Coralla
of 5 petals; the upper one known as the standard is the largest and in
the bud encloses the others, usually reflexed; the lateral petals or wings
are oblique and exterior to the two lower petals; the lower more or less
conniving by their edges to form the keel which encloses the stamens and
pistil. Stameus monode!phous, diadelphous or distinct, 10, rarely 9 or 5.
Ovary simple, superior, usually 1-celled; style simple. Fruit a legume,
2-valved, 1-many seeded, dehiscent or indehiscent, or else aloment. This
and the following two families are usually included under LEGUMINOSAE.
Tribe Podalyrieae. Leaves 3-foliate: stamens distinct.

BAPTISIA. A Single genus in our area.
Tribe Genisteae. Leaves digitate or simple: stamens monodelphous;
anthers of 2 kinds. :

CROTALARIA. Leaves simple; calyx nearly equally 5-lobed.

LuPINts. Leaves digitate; calyx deeply 2-lipped.
Tribe Trifolieae. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets denticulate: stamens diadel-
phous.

TRIFOLIUM. Flowers capitate: pods straight.
MELILOTCS. Flowers racemose: pods coriaceous.
MEDIcAaGu. Flowers racemose or spicate: pods curved or coiled.

Tribe Loteae. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets entire; stamens diadelphous.
HOSACKIA. With us the only genus.
Tribe Psoraleae. Leaves glandular-dotted; stamens mostly monodel-
phous; pod small, indehiscent.
PSORALEA. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliate.
AMORPHA. Coralla of one petal. the standard.
DaLEA. Wings and keel adnate to the middle of the cleft stamen tube.
PETALOSTEMON. Corolla nearly regular; stamens 5.
Tribe Galegeae. Leaves usually not dotted, pinnately several-foliate;
flowers racemose; stamens mostly diadelphous.
TEPHROSLA. Herb; leaves odd-pinnate: pod flat.
ROBINIa. A Small tree: leaves odd-pinnate.
ASTRAGALUS. Pod inflated. partly or entirely 2-celled.
OXYTROPIS. Stemless silky-pubescent herbs; keel pointed,
GLYCYRRHIZA, Leaves scaly or detted; pod covered with hooked prickles.

34 PAPILIONACEAE.

Tribe Hedysareae. Herbs without tendrils, with pinnate leaves; pod a
loment or rarely 1-seeded. ;

DESMODIuM. Leaflets stipellate; flowers of one kind: pod several-jointed.
LESPEDEZA. Leaflets not stipellate; flowers of 2 kinds; pod 1-2-jointed.

Tribe Vicieae. Leaves evenly pinnate, terminating in tendrils.

Victa. Wings adherent to the keel; style bearded at the summit.
LiTHYRvUS. Wings nearly free; style bearded along the inner side.

Tribe Phaseoleae. Leaves oad-pinnate; twining or trailing plants.
APIOS. Twining; leaflets 5-7. ;
STROPHOSTYLES. Leaflets 3; flowers in capitate clusters, keel of the corolla strongly in-

curved.
AMPHICARPAESs. Leaflets 3; flowers racemose, gamopetalous and apetalous.

BAPTISIA Vent. Fatse Inpigo. Ours perennial herbs, with palmately 3-
foliate leaves which blacken in drying, and white or yellowish flowers in ter-
minal or lateral racemes. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Petals 5, nearly distinct and
about equal in length. .Stamens 10, distinet. Pod stalked, roundish or
oblong, inflated, pointed, many-seeded.

B. leucophaea Nutt. Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy, branches divergent;
leaves sessile or nearly so, leaflets oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acut-
ish; stipules and bracts large, leafy, persistent; flowers in a long reclined —
raceme, white or yellowish; pedicels slender; pod short stalked, hairy, witha
long recurved apical point. Prairies and pastures; May; common. (B.
bracteata E11.)

B. leycantha T. & G. Stem smooth, 1-3 feet high, much branched;
leaves petioled; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate,
usually a little shorter than the petioles, deciduous; raceme elongated,
loosely flowered; flowers white; pod ellipsoidal, ‘long-stalked, tipped with a
subulate style. Low grounds; June—July; common. ;

B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Plant glabrous; flowers yellow, in numerous ~
terminal racemes; pods ovoid to nearly globose, tipped with a subulate style.
Reported from Johnson county by Prof. Shimek.

CROTALARIA L. Herbs, with simple leaves. and yellow flowers on long
peduncles which are 2-4-flowered. Calyx 5-cleft, slightly 2-lipped. Standard
large, cordate; keel scythe-shaped; sheath of the stamens cleft on the upper
side; 5 of the anthers smaller; pod inflated, with many loose seeds.

C. sagittalis L. Rattle-bor. Annual, 1 foot high or less, hairy, branched;
leaves sessile or nearly so, entire, oval, oblong or lanceolate, stipules acumi-
nate, united, decurrent; corolla equal or shorter than the calyx. Sandy soil,
along water courses or dry uplands; June-September; frequent; Muscatine,
Johnson, Woodbury, and Fremont counties.

LUPINUS L. Herbs, with palmately many-foliate leaves, and terminal
racemose flowers. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-
toothed; standard reflexed laterally; keel crescent shaped; stamens monodel-
phous, sheath entire; anthers alternately oblong or globose; pod knotty, ob-
long, compressed.

L. perennis lL. Wild Lupine. Perennial; stem 1-2 feet high, more or less
pubescent; leaves 5-9-foliate, leaflets oblanceolate, mucronate; flowers ina
long raceme, purplish blue to white, showy; pod linear-oblong, hairy, 5-6-
seeded. May-June; Winneshiek county.

TRIFOLIUM L. Crover. Herbs, with 3-foliate denticulate leaves, and
capitate or spicate flowers, Stipules large, adnate to the petiole. Calyx 5-
toothed, persistent, teeth nearly equal. Corolla withering or persistent;

PEA FAMILY. 35

petals united at the base; standard oblong or obovate, reflexed. Stamens
diadelphous, 9 and 1; pod included in the calyx or searcely longer, 1-5-

seeded. :
T. pratense L. Red C. Perennial; stems ascending, somewhat pubescent;

leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse or emarginate, with a pale spot on the upper
surface; stipules large, bristle pointed; heads globular, sessile; Mowers rose
purple, sweet scented: lower tooth of the calyx longer than the 4 other equal
ones. Meadows: May-—September; common. .

_7T. repens L. White C. Perennial, low, creeping: leaves long-petioled;
leailets obcordate, minutely toothed; stipules narrow, scarious; flowers in a
long-peduncled globular head, white; calyx small, teeth short: corolla twice
the length of the calyx. Fields and waste places; May—September: common.

T. hybridum L. Alsike C. Perennial, stems erect or suberect, somewhat
pubescent: leaflets much as in T. repens: flowers rose-tinted. Fields and
waste places; May-—September; frequent.

T. reflexum L. Buffalo C. Annual or biennial, erect or procumbent,
glabrous or pubescent; leaflets obovate or ovate-oblong: stipules foliaceous,
ovate-acuminate; flowers in a large head, slender pedicelled, at length re-
flexed; calyx short: calyx-teeth very long and narrow; standard rose-red,
wings and keel whitish. Sandy soil near river banks; April-August; infre-
quent: Muscatine, Johnson, Benton, Clinton, and Union counties.

T. stoloniferum Muhl. Perennial; glabrous. with long basal runners:
leafiets obovate or obcordate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous: flowers
white, with a purplish tinge. Reported from Woodbury county.

T. arvense L. Annual, silky, about 8 inches high, simple or branched;
leaflets oblanceolate: heads oblong; calyx-teeth bzistle-like, plumose; petals
whitish. Fields; infrequent; Winneshiek and Story counties.

T. agrarium UL. Yellow C. Annual, six inches or more high, upright:
leaflets obovate or oblong: stipules linear-lanceolate; flowers in oblong or
oval heads, yeilow. Waste places: infrequent; Story county.

T. procumbens L. Low Hop C. Annual, 3-6 inehes high, procumbent or
ascending, pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate; stipules ovate; heads globose,
yellow. Meadows and pastures; infrequent; Fayette, Johnson, Lee, Story,
and Winnebago counties.

MELILOTUS Jass. Biennial smooth herbs, with 3-foliate petioled leaves,
dentate leaflets; subulate stipules, and small flowers in siender_ spike-like
racemes. Calyx small, 5-cleft; teeth short, nearly equal. Corolla about twice
the length of the calyx. Stamens diadelphous. Pod longer than the calyx,
ovoid, wrinkled, coriaceous, 1—2-seeded.

M. alba Desv. White Melilot. Sweet Clover. Stem 2-6 feet high; leaflets
oblong or oblanceolate; flowers white, standard longer than the other petals.
Waste places: June-September; becoming common.

M. officinalis (l.) Lam. Yellew M. Resembling the preceeding: leaflets
ovate, oblong, or oblanceolate; flowers yellow, standard about equaling the
wings and keel. Waste places: infrequent.

MEDICAGO L. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate, petioled: leaflets denticulate.
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod 1-several seeded, incurved

or coiled.
M. sativa L. Lucerne. Alfalfa. Perennial, suberect, glabrous; leaflets

ovate or oblanceolate; stipules lance-linear; raceme few flowered: flowers
violet-purple; pod spirally coiled. Waste places; June-September; infre-
quent, widely distributed.

36 PEA FAMILY.

M. lupulina L. Annual, pubescent; leaflets obovate, oval or orbicular; | ct
stipules dentate; flowers yellow, small; pod 1-seeded, curved into a partial ,
spire. Reported from Story county.

HOSACKIA Douglas. Ours an annual herb, with 1-3-foliate leaves and
rose-colored flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamen
tube; standard ovate to roundish, claw remote; wings oblong or obovate;
keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1; anthers all alike.

H. purshicna Benth. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, more or less villous-
pubescent; leaves sessile or nearly so, leaflets usually 3, ovate to lanceolate;
peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; pods linear, about 1 inch long, 4-7-seeded.
Dry soil; June-July; infrequent; Henry, Boone, Lyon, and Woodbury
counties.

PSORALEA L. Herbs, with usually glandular-dotted 3-5-foliate leaves,
and spiked or panicled flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate. persistent, the
lower lobe the longest. Stamens monodelphous cr diadelphous. Pod about
the length of the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent.

P. escuienta Pursh. Prairie Apple. Stem 5-9 inches high, very hairy,
from a turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaves palmately 5-foliate; leaflets
entire, oval or obovate, nearly smooth above but hairy below; spike short,
dense, long-peduncled; lobes of the calyx and the bracts lanceolate, corolla
but little exceeding the calyx, standard ovate, reflexed, wings attached to the
middle of the keel: flowers bluish. Prairies; May-June; frequent; Emmet,
Lyon, Shelby, Pottawattomie, and Fremont counties.

P. argophyila Pursh. Stem 1-3 feet high, clothed with silky white hairs;
leaves usually 3-foliate; leaflets oval, oblong or obovate; flowers in inter-
rupted spikes; calyx and bracts lanceolate. Prairies; common in the western
half of the state; June-August. f

P. tenuifiora Pursh. Stem slender, erect, 2-4 feet high. much-branched,
appressed pubescent; leaves palmately 3-5-foliate; leaflets linear, oblong cr
oval; racemes loosely few flowered; Prairies; June-August; frequent;
Decatur, Union, and Ringgold counties.

AMORPHA L. Low perennial shrubs, with odd-pinnate glandular-punetate
leaves, the leafiets stipellate, midvein excurrent, and bluish or purplish flow-
ers in dense terminal clustered spikes. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard envelop-
ing the stamens and style; wings and keel wanting. Stamens 10, exserted,
monodelphous at the base. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, beaked.

A. fruticosa L. Wiliow Herb. False Indigo. Shrub 4-7 feet high, somewhat
pubescent or glabrate, leaves petioled, 9-19, oval cr oblong, obtuse, not
crowded, short-stalked; pod 2-seeded. Common alung streams: May—June.

A. canescens Pursh. Lead Plant. Stems about a foot high, clothed with a
white velvety pubescence; leaves sessile; leaflets 21-49, crowded, nearly
sessile: pod 1-seeded. Common in dry soil, prairies; June-August,

A. microphylla Pursh. Stems a foot high or less, nearly glabrous, spike
solitary or few in a cluster. Prairies and upland woods; May; Emmet, Cerro
Gordo, Palo Alto, Clay, Dickinson, Delaware, Louisa, and Decatur counties.
(A. nana Nutt.)

DALEA L. Herbs, with odd-pinnate glandular-punctate leaves, minute
stipules, and small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Calyx 5-toothed or
cleft, teeth about equal. Standard cordate, inserted in the bottom of the
calyx; wings and keel adnate to the center of the cleft stamen tube. Stamens
9 or 10. Pod 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.

Pra FamILy. 37

: D. alopecuroides Willd. Stem erect, 1-3 feet high. glabrous; leaflets 15-
41, oblanceolate or oblong; calyx densely villous, teeth linear-lanceolate,
_ plumose. Roadsides and isha places; July-September; frequent. (Purosela
dalea (L.) Britton.)
D. laxiflora Pursh. Stem 1-+ feet high, froma long thick root, smooth,
much branched: leaflets 5-11, linear-oblong or linear: flowers in small loose
spikes; calyx villous: teeth subulate, plumose; petals white; stamens 9.
Loess hills; June-August: common in the west counties: Woodbury, Harri-
son, Monona. Pottawattomie, and Fremont counties. (P. enneandra (Nutt.)
Britton.)
PETALOSTEMON Mx. Pratrte CLOVER. Perennial herbs, with odd-
pinnate leaves. minute stipules, and smali flowers in peduncled oblong heads.
-Calyx 5-toothed. Sepals 5, much alike, 4 of them borne on the top of the
cleft sheath of monodelphous filaments ana alternate with the 5 anthers,
the standard cordate or oblong, inserted in the bottom of the calyx.
P. violaceus Mx. Ginticsibs or somewhat pubescent; leaflets 5, narrowly
linear; flowers in a dense globose or oblong head, violet purple. Prairies;
July-August; common. (Kuhnistera purpurea (Vent.) Mae M.)
P. candidus Mx. Glabrous: leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or oblong-linear:
flowers in an oblong or eylindrical spike, white. With the last. (K. candida
(Willd.) Kuntze.)
P. villosus Nutt. Decumbent or ascending, densely villous: leaflets 13-17,
linear or oblong, spikes cylindric, villous; flowers rose-purple. Reported
from Story county. (Hitchcock.) (K. villesa (Nutt.) Kuntze.)
TEPHROSIA Pers. Ours a perennial herb. with odd-pinnate non-punctate
leaves, and flowers in a terminal often compound raceme. Calyx teeth 5,
nearly equal; bractlets none. Petals clawed; standard large, orbicular,
silky externally: keel bluntish, cohering with the wings. Pod linear, flat,
several-seeded.
T. virginiana Pers. Goat's Rue. Catgut. Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, hairy;
leaflets 9-20, linear-oblong, mucronate, odd leaflet notched or obeordate and
base cuneate; flowers yellowish white, marked with rose or purple, short-
pedicelled, large, clustered; pod villous, bristle-pointed. Sandy soil: June-
July; infrequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Jackson, Delaware, Scott,
Muscatine, Louisa, and Johnson counties. (Cracca virginiana Ll.)
ROBINIA L. Ours a small tree, with odd-pinnate leaves, spine-like
stipules, and flowers in hanging axillary racemes. Calyx short, 5-toothed, 2
upper teeth more or less united. Standard large, reflexed, but little longer
than the keel: wings free. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod linear, flat,
several-seeded, margined.
R pseudacacia L. False Acacia. Leaflets ovate-oblong; flowers showy,
fragrant, white; pod glabrous. Roadsides and waste places; May: an escape
from cultivation, frequent in the older settlements.
ASTRAGALUS L. Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and racemuse
or spicate flowers. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slender, much exceeding the
calyx; standard narrow, equaling or exceeding the obtuse keel, reflexed or
spreading. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod varies, usually turgid, 2-
valved, 1 or 2-celled, few-—many-seeded.

* Pod 2-celled.
A. caryocarpus Ker. Ground Plum. Low, prostrate, whitish pubescent:
root long, descending: leaflets 11-21. narrowly oblong; calyx tubular; corolla

‘

38 PAPILIONACEAE.

twice as long, violet purpte; flowers 6-10, in a spike-like raceme; pod thick,
succulent, obovoid, corky when dry. Prairies; May; frequent; Fayette,
Polk, Calhoun, Cerro Gordo, Story, Shelby, Emmet, Lyon, Woodbury, Potta-
wattomie, and Decatur counties. (A. crassicarpus Nutt.)

A. plattensis Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, villous; leaflets oblong or
obovate; flowers yellowish-white, with purple tinge: pod ovoid, pubescent,
not wrinkled. Reported from Harrison county. (Arthur.)

A. canadensis lL. Stem 2-+ feet hizh, smooth or somewhat pubescent;
leaflets 21-31, oblong-ovate or elliptical; flowers thickly set in an elongated
spike, greenish yellow; pod oblong, glabrate, terete. Bank of streams; July—
August; frequent throughout. (A. carolinianus L.)

* * Pod 1-celled, sometimes partially 2-celled by intrusion of the sutures.

A. distortus T. & G. Low, diffuse or ascending. sub-glabrous; leaflets 11-
25, obovate or oval, apex rounded or emarginate; fowers purple, in a short
loose spike; pod sessile, glabrous, curved, grooved on the lower side. Musca-
tine county: reported from Scott county.

A. lotiflorus Hook. Nearly stemless, branched from the base, villous-
pubescent with whitish hairs; leaflets 7-15, oval or oblong; flowers yellow, in
dense short spikes; pod sessile, ovoid-oblong. pubescent. Lyon and Fremont
counties. Fremont county specimens are low, 1-3-flowered; pods near the
grourd. Loess hills, frequent. These have been referred to A. lotifiorus
brachypus Gray.

A. cooperi Gray. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaflets 9-21, oblong or
elliptic, apex obtuse or emarginate; flowers short-pedicelled; pod sessile.
Reported from Lee county. (Arthur.) (Phaca neglecta T. & G.)

OXYTROPIS DC. Mostly stemless herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves. and
racemose or spicate flowers on secape-like peduncles. Calyx-teeth nearly
equal. Petals clawed; keel pointed or appendaged. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod 2-valved, 1-celled or partially 2-celled.

O. lamberti Pursh. Stemless Loco-Weed. Silky-pubescent; stipules mem-
branous, pubescent, lanceolate, imbricated; leaflets 9-19, linear or oblong;
flowers purple or yellowish; ped coriaceous, ovoid-eylindric. pubescent, long-
acuminate. Prairies; May—August; Lyon, Woodbury, and Fremont counties;
found usually on the loess hills. (Spesia lamberti (Pursh) Kuntze.)

GLYCYRRHIZA L. Perennials; root large, sweet, descending. Leaves
odd-pinnate; stipules small. Flowers in dense axillary spikes; anthers alter-
nately smaller.

G. lepidota Nutt. Wild Liquorice. Stem 1-3 feet high, appressed pubes-
cent; leaflets 15-19, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, scaly when young, dotted
when old, mucronate; flowers whitish; pods oblong, covered with hooked
prickles, few seeded. Fields and waste places; May-August; common in the
west counties, spreading eastward.

DESMODIUM Desv. Perennial herbs, with stipellate 3-foliate leaves,
scale-like stipules and bracts. and usually small flowers in axillary or termi-
nal racemes or bracts. Calyx more or less 2-lipped, the upper with 2 and the
lower with 3 teeth. Standard oblong, ovate or orbicular; wings obliquely
oblong, adherent by a transverse appendage; keel straight or straightish,
obtuse or truneate. Stamens monodelphous or diadelphous, 9 and 1. Ovary
sessile or stalked: ovules 2-many. Pod sessile or stalked, flat, several
jointed; joints readily separable, indehiscent or nearly so, mainly coriaceous,
pubescent or muricate. (MerrBpomia Adans.)

PEA FAMILY. 39

* Pod long-stalked, not constricted above but deeply constricted below; stamens
monodelphous below; leaves petioled.

D. acuminatum DC. Stem erect, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 1-+
feet high: leaves clustered at the summit of the stem; leaflets ovate. acumi-
nate, remotely pubescent; stipules subulate, mostly persistent; peduncle
arising from the cluster of leaves: panicle large. naked, bracts. deciduous;
flowers large, purple: pods 2-3-jointed. Rich woods; June-September; com-
men. (M. grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze.)

D. nudiflorum Dc. Leaves crowded at the summit of the sterile stems;
leaflets ovate or oval, acuminate or bluntish: peduncle elongated, arising
from the base of the plant; panicle narrow, the few flowers rose-purple. Hilly
woodiands; July-August; infrequent: Muscatine and Cedar counties. (M.
nudiflora (L.) Kuntze.)

** Pod constricted on both margins, more deeply below than above; leaves

petioled. :

+ Joints of the pod longer than broad; stipe about the length of the calyz-lobes.

D. canescens DC. Stem much branched, 3-5 feet high, hairy: leaflets
ovate, acutish or obtuse, equalling the petioles, scabrous above, whitish and
somewhat pubescent beneath, ciliate; stipules ovate, acuminate. persistent:
pods 4-6-jointed, joints unequally rhomboidal, longer than wide. Rich soil;
July-September; infrequent; Muscatine, Johnson, and Lee counties. (M,
canescens (L.) Kuntze.)

D. longifolia (T. & G.) Stem 2-5 feet high, angled, branched, minutely
pubescent: leaves petioled: leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
scabrate above, slightly villous beneath; pods with 4-6 triangular-oblong or
lozenge-shaped joints. Woods; July-August; infrequent; Decatur and Page
counties. (M. longifolia (T. & G.) Vail.)

D. cuspidatum T. & G. Stem 3-6 feet high mostly glabrous below, finely
pubescent above: leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous,
above, giaucous beneath: pods 3-7-jointed, joints obliquely oblong, twice as
long as wide. Reported by Arthur as belonging to the flora of Iowa. (M.
bracteosa (Mx.) Kuntze.)

+ + Pod sessile or nearly so: joints oval.

D. illinoense Gray. Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, uncinate-pubescent; leaflets
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, coriaceous, scabrous above, strongly
reticulated and cinereous beneath; stipules ovate, acute, persistent: pods of 3-
6 oval or orbicular joints. Dry soil, prairies and woods: June—September:;
frequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Henry, Story, Decatur, Page, and Ringgold
counties.

+ + + Pods long-stalked; joints little longer than broad.

D. dillenii Darl. Stem 2-3 feet high, glabrous or pubescent: leaflets thin,
oval to oblong-ovate, obtuse, pubescent or villous beneath: stipules small,
subulate; pods of 2-4 triangular joints; stipes shorter than the calyx lobes.
Borders of upland woods; June-August: frequent; forms have been referred
to this species from Jones, Muscatine, Lee, Johnson, Story, Chickasaw, and
Fremont counties. (M. dillenii (Darl].) Kuntze.)

D. paniculatum DC. Stem nearly glabrous, 2-4 feet high; leaflets ob-
long-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, thin; stipules small, subulate,
deciduous: pods of 4-6 obliquely triangular or rhomboidal joints. Dry woods;
July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Johnson, Des Moines, Van Buren,
Decatur. and Fremont counties. (M. paniculata (L.) Kuntze.)

40 PAPILIONACEAE. an

+ + + + Pod sessile or nearly so; joints roundish-triangular. :

D. canadense DC. Stem 2-8 feet high, pubescent: leaves petioled, tet
upper nearly sessile; stipules linear-lanceolate, persistent; leaflets oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous or roughish above, appressed pubescent be-
neath; flowers showy, larger than in any other species; pods numerous; joints
triangular, back straight or convex. Upland woods; July-September; fre-
quent. ( M. canadense ( L.) Kuntze.)

* * * Lewves sessile or nearly so.

D. sessilifolium T. & G. Stem 2-4 feet high, pubescent: leaders thick: sh,
linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, nearly glabrousabove, pubescent
beneath; flowers small; panicle with long branches; pods with 1-3 obliquely
obovate hispid joints. Prairies, infrequent; Fayette county ( Fink ); copses,
abundant, Story county ( Hitecheock ); July-September. ( M. sessilifolia ( Torr.)
Kuntze. )

LESPEDEZA Mx. Busu Ciover. Perennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foli-
ate leaves, small an fy and small flowers in axillary clusters, heads or
panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes about equal. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1;
anthers equal. Pod short, oval or ovoid, reticulated.

L. capitata Mx. Stem 2-4 feet high. hairy; leaves short-petioled; leaflets
oblong or oval, smooth above, hairy or woolly below; flowers in short globu-
lar heads, on pedunetes shorter than the leaves: pod shorter than the calyx,
pubescent. Prairies; July-August; common.

L. leptostachya Engelm. Stem 1-3 feet high, simple or branched, silver
pubescent; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong; spikes slender, loosely flowered,
peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; pod ovate, pubescent, about e-
qualling the calyx. Prairies; August-September; Emmet county, reported
from Winneshiek, Fayette, Webster, Floyd, Story, and Lyon counties.

L.violacea(l.) Pers. Stems sparingly pubescent, clustered and mostly
spreading; petioles slender, as long as the leaflets; leaflets ovate or elliptical,
smooth above, minutely pubescent beneath; flowers several, in a loose panicle,
violet-purple; pod ovate, nearly glabrous. Dry soil; August-September; fre-
quent; Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Lee, Johnson, Van Buren, Appanoose, Deca-
tur, Ringgold, and Page counties. z

L. reticulata Pers. Stem erect, simple or branched; leaflets linear or lin-
ear-oblong,. glabrate or pubescent beneath; flowers in dense axillary elusters,
violet-purple; pod ovate, acute, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Dry soil,
woods; August; infrequent; Muscatine and Decatur counties. (L. virginica (L.)

sritton ).

VICIA L. Trailing or climbing herbs, with pinnate leaves terminating in
tendrils, semi-sagittate stipules, and axillary pedunculate flowers. Calvx
campanulate, 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal. Wings cohering to the middle
of the keel. Stamens diadelphous. 9and 1. Style slender, bent at right an-
gles to the ovary, villous at the apex. Pod 2-valved, flat, 2-several-seeded.

* Perennial; peduncle elongated, many-flowered.

V. americana Muhl. Stem glabrous, 2-3 feet long; stipules triangular-
ovate, sharply dentate; leaflets 8-14, elliptic, ovate or oblong, obtuse, slightly
mucronate; corolla purplish, one-half inch long; peduneles 4-—8-flowered.
Rich soil, banks and woods; May-June; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette,
Linn, Story, Shelby, Cerro Gordo. Emmet, Lyon, and Pottawattomie counties.
Some forms approach the variety truncata (Nutt.) Brewer, which has the
leaves trancate and dentate at the apex.

/

PEA FAMILY. 41

V.cracca L. Plant pubescent or rarely glabrous; spike-like racemes dense,
15-40-flowered: stipules linear, entire, acute; leaflets linear or linear-oblong.
Rare; reported from Story county.

V.caroliniana Walt. Glabrous or nelly « so; stipules linear or oblong, en-
tire; leaflets oblong, obtuse; peduncles loosely flowered; flowers smaller than
the preceeding. River banks; rare; reported from Fayette county.

** Annual; flowers nearly sessile, 1 or 2 in the axils.

V. angustifolia Roth. Glabrous or puberulent; stipules semi-sagittate,
toothed or entire; leaflets linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, apex acute, trun-
cate, or emarginate, mucronulate; pod linear, 1-2 inches long. One specimen
in my collection from Winneshiek county, probably rare. introduced.

LATHYRUS L. Ours perennial climbing vines, with pinnate leaves termin-
ating in tendrils, and solitary racemose flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-tooth-
ed, the 2 upper teeth shorter. Wings nearly free. Stamens diadelphous, 9
andi. Style bent at right angles to the ovary, flattish, dilated above, pubes-
cent next the free stamen.

L. palustris L. Stem smooth or slightly pubescent, winged; stipules large,
semi-sagittate, acute; leaflets 2-5 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear; flowers
purple, 2-6 to each peduncle, half-inch long. Thickets; June-July; frequent;
Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Hamilton, Emmet, Lyon, and Page coun-
ties.

L. venosus Muhl. Stem firm, pubescent or glabrous, 4-angled; stipules
small, slender, acute, semi-sagittate; leaflets 5-7 pairs, broadly ovate, obtuse,
mucronulate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 10-16-flowered. Wooded
hillsides and banks; June-July; frequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Floyd,
Winnebago, Story, Cerro Gordo, Dickinson, Emmet, and Lyon counties.

.L. ochroleucus Hook. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stipules large, folia-
ceous, semi-ovate and semi-sagittate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate or oval. thin.
pale beneath; flowers yellowish-white. Borders; May-July: rare; Emmet
county, reported from Fayette county.

APIOS Boerhaave. Ours a perennial vine, with milky juice, twining over
bushes, bearing edible tubers, with pinnately 5-7-foliate leaves, minute stip-
ules, and rather large purplish flowers in axillary racemes.

A. tuberosa Moench. Flowersin dense short racemes, brown purple, vio-
let-scented. Rich soil, moist thickets; July-September; common; Allamakee,
Scott, Muscatine, Lee, Johnson, Linn, Story, Emmet, Woodbury, Decatur,
Ringgold, Taylor, and ’'remont counties. (<A. apios ( L.) Mac M.)

STROPHOSTYLES Ell. Ours annual prostrate or climbing plants, with
3-foliate leaves, and flowers in capitate long-peduncled axillary clusters. Ca-
lyx 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla with the inelu-
ded stamens and style elongated, incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1.
Pod linear, elongated, nearly terete or somewhat compressed.

S. angulosa Ell. Stems 2-6 feet long, branched. retrorsely hairy; leaflets
oblong-ovate, with one or the terminal with two rounded lobes near the base;
pod obscurely hairy, terete, 2-3 inches long; seed quadrate, 44 inch long, trun-
cate, pubescent, mealy. Sandy soil; July-September; common. (5S. helveola
( L.) Britton.)

S. pauciflora ( Benth. ) Wats. Low, pubescent; leaflets few, oblong-linear
to linear, not lobed; pod pubescent, flattish, 1-1}4 inches long; seeds as in the
last. Sandy soil; August-September; frequent; Muscatine, Wapello, Fremont;
Dickinson, and Lyon counties.

42 CAESALPINACEAE

AMPHICARPAEA Ell. ‘Trailing perennials from ovate tubers, with pin-
nately 3-foliate long-petioled leaves, and perfect flowers in axillary racemes
or solitary apetalous ones in the lower axils or on slender creeping b:anches.
Calyx 4-5-cleft; bracts minute or none. Standard obovate, enfolding the oth-
er petals; keel and wings straightish, similar. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1.
Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, flat, recurved, short-stalked, 2-3-
seeded; those of the lower flowers underground, fleshy, globose, 1-seeded.

A. monoica Nutt. Pubeseent or glabrate; leaflets ovate, thin, 14-2 inches
long; stipules small, ovate; racemes nudding, purple; calyx short; pod an inch
leng, 4 inch wide, hairy on the margin. Rich woodlands; August-September;
frequent. (Fuleata ccmosa (lL. ) Kuntze.)

A. pitcheri T. & G. Villous-brown-pubescent; leaflets 2-4 inches long;
pods of the large flowers frequent, pubescent, subterranean pods infrequent.
tich woodlands; August-September; frequent. ( F. pitcheri (T. & G. ) Kuntze. )
CAESALPINACKEAE Al. & Garcke. SENNA FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs er herbs, with alternate simple or compound leaves, and
regular or irregular monoecious, dicecious or polygamous flowers. Calyx
mostly 5-toothed or 5-parted. Petals 5, the upper enclosed by the lateral
in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer; filaments distinct or somewhat united.
Fruit a legume, dehiscent into two valves.

CERCIS. Trees, with simple leaves, perfect roseate apparently papilionaceous flowers,
and flat wing-marzined pods.

CASSIA. Herbs, with pinnate leaves, and nearly regular perfect flowers.

GYMNOCLADuS. Trees, With bipiunate leaves. and regular polygamous or dicecious flow-
ers. Stamens 10.

GLEDITSCHIA. Thoray trees, with 1-2 pinnate leaves, and greenish polygamous flowers.
Sepals, petals, and stamens 3-5.

CERCIS L. Leaves large, ovate-cordate. Flowers reddish-purple, cluster-
ed, appearing before the leaves, on old branches. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed.
Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; wings larger than the standard and envel-
oping it; lower petals large, free. Pods 2-3 inehes long, 4-44 ineh wide,
wing-margined on the upper sucture.

C. canadensis L. Leaves pointed, entire, petioles somewhat shorter than
the leaves; pods flat, many-seeded, veiny, nearly sessile. A small tree fre-
quent along water courses, preferring the bluffs; April-May; Scott, Musca-
tine, Louisa, Des Moines, Lee, Ilenry, Van Buren, Jefferson, Johnson, Appa-
noose, Polk, Decatur, and Fremont counties. ;

CASSIA L. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flow-
ers. Sepals 5, nearly equal, scarcely united at the base. Petals 5, unequal,
but not papilionaceous, spreading. Stamens normally 10, sometimes fewer
by abortion, often unequal; anthers opening by two terminal pores. Pods
flat, 1-celled, many-seeded.

C. chamaecrista L. Partridye Pea. Annual, stem 1 foot high, much branch-
ed; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblique at the base, sessile or nearly so, linear-ob-
long, cbtuse, mucronate, a cup shaped gland situated on the petiole below the
first pair of leaflets; stipules lanceolate, striate, persistent; flowers large, on
slender pedicels; 2 or 3 of the petals with a purple spot at the base; anthers
10, unequal, elongated, 4 yellow, 6 purple. Sandy soil, fields and waste
places; July-August; common.

C. msrylandica L. Wild Senna. Perennial, stem 3-4 feet high; leaflets
6-9 pairs, short-stalked, obtong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, a club-shaped

Mimosa FAMILY. 43

gland near the base of the petiole; stipules deciduous; flowers in a raceme; sta-

mens 10, 3 upper small, imperfect; pod curved, 10-20-seeded. Low grounds;

July-August; infrequent; Dubuque, Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Linn, Appa-
noose, Ringgold, Page, and Fremont counties.

C. tora L. Low Senne. Annual; leaflets 2-+ pairs, obovate, gland between
or above lowest pair; pod long and slender, strongly curved. Reported from
Story county; introduced.

GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Flowers diccious or polygamous, regular, in ter-
minal recemes, Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, divisionslinear. Petals equal, oblong,
inserted on the calyx tube. Stamens 10, distinct, alternately shorter, insert-
ed with the petals, included. Pod large, compressed, oblong, 4-8 inches
long, 2 inches wide, tough, pulpy within, several-seeded.

G. canadensis Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. A large tree, with rough gray-
ish bark, and a large pith-like center; leaves unequally bipinnate, the lower
two pairs of pinnae of single leaflets. the upper of 7-13 ovate acuminate leaf-
lets; stipules none, seeds }g an inch in diameter, polished. Rich soil; May-
June; locally infrequent throughout the state; Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
Fayette, Delaware, Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Lee, Johnson, Henry, Story,
Dallas. Decatur, Fremont, Pottawattomie, Shelby, and Woodbury counties.

GLEDITSCHIA L. Trees, with pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and usually
well developed thorns above the axils. Flowers polygamous, small, greenish,
in spike-like racemes. Sepals 3-5, spreading, united at the base. Petals 3-5,
equal in length to the sepals, the two lower sometimes united. Stamens 3-5,
opposite the sepals. Pod compressed, continuous, usually pulpy between the
seeds. Seeds flat.

G. triacanthos L. Honey Locust. A large tree; spines branched: leaflets
lanceolate-oblong, alternate, obscurely serrate, pod a foot or more in length
and fully an inch in wiith, flat, linear-oblong, often twisted, hanging, inter-
spaces filled with a sweetish’pulp; seeds flattened, globose, dark. Rich woods;
June; frequent throughout the state.

MIMOSACEAE Richenb. Mimosa FAMILY.

Ours a perennial herb, with alternate bipinnate leaves, small stipules,
and small regular perfect greenish flowers in pedunculate axiilary heads.
Represented by the genus DESMANTHUS Willd.

D. brachylobus Benth. Stem angled, glabrous or nearly so, 1-4 feet high;
pinnae and leaficts numerous; calyx campauulate, 5-toothed; petals 5, distinct;
stamens 5, distinct; pods many, in a dense glubose head, flat, linear, curved,
2-valved, several-seeded. Alluvial soil; June-August; frequent; Dickinson,
Calhoun, and Fremont counties.

DRUPACEAE DC. Puiu Famity.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled serrate leaves, and regular
mostly perfect flowers which are solitary or variously clustered. The
bark exudes a gum and the leaves, seed, and bark contain a bitter princi-
ple called prussic acid. Calyx inferior, deciduous, 5 lobed, the lobes im-
bricated in the bud. Petals 5, inserted along with the many stamens on
the calyx. Style simple, stigma smali, capitate. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovul-
ed. Fruitadrupe. Often included wich the following family.

Prunes. Drupe glabrous; native species.
AMYGDALUS. Drupe velvety; introduced species.

44 ROSACEAE — a

PRUNUS L. Pium. Cuerry. Calyx 5-toothed, urn-shaped or campanulate,
falling away after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens.15-20. Pistil 1. Ovary 1, —
with 2 pendulous ovules. Fruita fleshy drupe, with a bony nucleus.

* Flowers expanding before the leaves.

P. americana Mars. Wild Plum. A shrub or small tree, 10-20 feet high,
thorny; leaves oblong, ovate or obovate, serrate, sometimes doubly serrate,
petioled, veiny; flowers in clusters, white, fragrant, fruit roundish, 4g inch or
more in diameter, yellowish:or red, edible, skin tough. Flowers in April,
fruit ripe in August; rich woods; common throughout the state.

** Flowers expanding with the leaves.

P. pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. A small tree, 15-30 feet high;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous, shin-
ing on both sides; flowers white, in lateral corymbose leafless clusters; drupe
globcse, small, red, flesh sour. Woods; April-June; rare; Fayette county, re-
ported from Story county. e

** * Flowers terminating leafy branches, appearing after the leaves.

P. serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Tree 20-30 feet or more high.
branches reddish brown; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical. taper pointed, ser-
rate, teeth glandular, incurved; petioles with 2-4 glands; flowers small, white,
in an elongated raceme; drupe small. black. Woods; May; coramon. ~ ;

P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Shrub 4-15 feet high, bark grayish; leaves
oval or obovate, short pointed, finely and sometimes doubly serrate, teeth
slender, petioles with two glands; flowers white, in a short raceme; drupe
small, red, turning dark. Woods; May; common; usually blooming a week
or more before the preceeding.

AMYGDALUS L. Represented in cultivation by the Peach.

A. persica L. This species isa not infrequent escape in southern Iowa.
Waysides; April; Ringgold, Fayette, Page, and Fremont counties.

ROSACEAE B.. Juss. Rose’ FAMILY. "

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate mostly stipulate simple or com-
pound leaves, and regular perfect or polygamo-dicecious flowers. Calyx
usually 5-lobed, free or adnate to the ovary, often with a row of bractlets.
Petals usually 5, sometimes none. Stamens usually many, distinct, in-
serted with the petals on the edge of the disk which lines the calyx-tube.
Carpels 1-many. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; style lateral or
terminal. Commonly includes the preceeding and the following families.

* Pistils usually 5, becoming 2—4-seeded follicles.
SPIRAEA. Leaves simple or pinnate; flowers perfect or dicecious; pods 1-valved.
PHYSOCARPUts. Leaves palmately lobed; flowers perfect; pods 2-valved.
* * Pistils few or many, 2-ovuled, becoming 1-seeded drupelets.
Rusus. Pistils many; drupelets pulpy, crowded upon a spongy receptacle,
* * * Pistils few or many, 1-ovuled, becoming dry achenes.
GruMm. Leaves interruptedly pinnate; styles persistent, often hairy or plumose.
FRAGARIA. Leaves 3-foliate; styles deciduous; receptacle enlarged and pulpy in fruit.
POTENTILLA. Leaves pinnately compound or digitate; calyx with a row of bractlets alter-
nate with the calyx-lobes; stamens and achenes many; receptacle dry. .
* * * * Pistils 1-4, becoming achenes and enclosed in the dry persistent
calyx-tube.
AGRLMONIA. Flowers yellow, in long racemes; calyx bearing hooked prickles,
** * * * Pistils many, becoming bony achenes and enclosed in a fleshy
persistent pome-like calyx-tube.
Rosa. Prickly shrubs or herbs; the only genus.

Rose FAMILY. . 45

SPIRAEA L. Herbs or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and panicu-
late or corymbose flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Petals 5, roundish. Sta-
mens many. Carpels 5-8, 1-celled, 1-valved, 1-10-seeded, scarcely dehiscent or
indehiscent.

S. salicifolia L. Common Meadow-sweet. Erect, 2-3 feet high, smooth, leaf-
y: leaves sessile. lanceolate or oblanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; flowers
white, perfect, in a dense panicle. Woods and meadows; July-August; wide-
ly distributed, frequent in the eastern counties. infrequent westward. Win-
neshiek, Fayette, Delaware. Jones, Scott, Muscatine. Johnson, Linn. Henry,
Taylor, Page, Haneoek, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Winnebago, and Emmet
counties.

S. aruncus L. Gout’s Beard. A perennial glabrous herb, 3-7 feet high,
with long-petioled 2-3 pinnate leaves: leaflets oval or lanceolate, sharply
doubly serrate, and numerous white dicecious flowers in panicled spikes; stip-
ules wanting: spikes slender, elongated. Rich woods; May-July: frequent;
Clinton, Pubuque, Jackson, Muscatine, and Lee counties. ( Aruncus aruncus
(L.) Karst.)

S. lobata Jacq. Queen-of-the-Prairie. A perennial glabrous herb, 2-8 feet high,
with large interruptedly pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves. and fragrant perfect
pink or purple panicled or cymcse flowers; stipules serrate, persistent. reni-
form; capsules glabrous, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Moist soil, prairies; June-July;
reported from Muscatine county. ( Ulmaria rubra Hill. )

PHYSOCAPPUS Maxim. Shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, and cor-
ymbose white flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens many.
Carpels 1-5. 2-valved, inflated. dehiscent.

P. opulifolius Maxim. Ninebark. Shrub 3-7 feet high, stems and branches |
slender, recurved, old bark loose and shreddy; leaves roundish, more or less
3-lobed, somewhat doubly Serrate: calyx pubescent. corolla 2-3 times the
length of the calyx, petals lance-oval. Rocky woods; June; infrequent: Win-
neshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Fayette. Jackson, Jones, Muscatine, Henry,
Johnson, Linn, and Decatur counties. (Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze.)

RUBUS. L. Perennial herbs or shrubs, upright or trailing. with alternate
simple lobed or 3-7-foliolate leaves, adnate stipules, and perfect rarely dicecious”
flowers which are solitary, racemose or panicled, usually white. Calyx per-
sistent, 5-parted, bractless. Petals5, deciduous. Stamens many, distinct, in-
serted on the calyx. Carpels many, inserted on a convex or elongated recep-
tacle. Fruit an aggregation of drupelets, edible

R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Vz2ry glaucous, stems long, slender,
recurved, often rooting at the tip, sparingly armed with stout hooked prick-
les; leaflets usually 3, ovate, acuminate, white pubescent beneath, coarsely
doubly serrate; petals shorter than the sepals: fruit purple-black. Thickets,
fence ways: May-June, fruit ripein July; common.

R. strigosus Mx. Wild Red Raspberry. A shrubby biennial: not glaucous;
densely clothed with weak glandular bristles, the older stems with a few
hooked prickles; leaflets 3 or 5: whitish pubescent beneath: sepals ana petals
about equal in length; fruit light red. Dry or rocky soil; May-July. fruit
ripe in July-September: infrequent: Emmet, Fayette. Delaware, Johnson,
Henry, Lee, Dallas, Woodbury, and Lyon counties.

R. triflorus Richardson. Dwarf Raspberry. A sraall herbaceous unarmed
annual, 6-18 inches high or trailing; stipules oval, entire or few toothed; leafl-
ets 3 or 5, rhombic-ovate, glabrous or nearly so; fruit red purple. Reported

+
ib
¥
:

46 ROSACEAE

from Winneshiek county. (R. americanus ( Pers. ) Britton. )

R. villosus Ait. Common Blackberry. A perennial shrub, branched, gland-
ular-pubescent; stems 3-6 feet high, furrowed, erect or reclining, armed with
stout recurved prickles; stipules linear or lanceolate: leaflets 3or 5, ovate or
ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath; flowers numerous. racemose,
petals spreading, much exceding the sepals; fruit black. Thickets; May-—
June, fruit ripe July-August; common.

R. baileyanus Britton. Intermediate; stem trailing or ascending, spar-
ingly prickly; upper leaves unifoliate; leaflets ovate or oval, pubescent, base —
rounded or cordate. Forms from Decatur county referred to this species.

R. canadensis L. Dewberry. Shrubby. trailing, somewhat prickly; braenh-
es 4-12 inches long, erect or ascending; leaflets 3 or pedately 5-7, oval or ovate-
lanceolate, thin, cut-serrate; fruit black. Dry soil, fields and woods; April-—
May, fruit ripe June-July; frequent; Clinton, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Ap-
panoose, and Decatur counties. The variety invisus Bailey, is stouter, partly
ascending, leaflets larger, coarsely dentate, peduncles elongated. Dry soil;
woods; Decatur county. |

GEUM L. Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate or pinnatifil leaves, and sol-
itary or cymose-corymbose flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, usually bracteolate
Petals 5, exceeding the calyx, Stamens many, inserted on a disk at the base
of the calyx. Achenes many.

G. album Gmel. Stems 1-24 feet high, glabrate to softly pubescent; stip-
ules small, dentate: basal leaves long-petioled, 3-foliolate or of 3—5 pinnately
divided divisions, dentate, somewhat lobed; cauline-leaves short-petioled or
sessile, 3-5-lobed or divided; flowers white; sepals lanceolate, reflexed; petals
obovate, equalling or shorter than the sepals; head of fruit globose-ovoid,
receptacle densely bristly-hirsute. Open woods, borders; June-August; fre-
quent. (G canadense Jacq.)

G. virginianum L. Similar to the preceding, stouter, bristly-hairy; pe:
duncles pubescent with reflexed hairs; sepals reflexed; petals creamy-white,
spreading, shorter than the sepals; receptacle glabrous or nearly so; style pu-
bescent below. Low prairies, woods; June-July; infrequent; Fayette, Benton,
Muscatine, Johnson, Decatur, Fremont, Story, Dickinson, and Lyon counties.

G. macrephyllum Willd. Stem stout, 1-3 feet high, bristly-hairy: stip-
ules broad, foliaceous: basal leaves long-petioled, lyrately and interruptedly |
pinnate, terminal segment large, reniform to cordate, 3-7-lobed, lateral leafi-
ets oval or obovate; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, lateral leaflets small,
terminal roundish, 3-cleft, lobes cuneate-ovate, all leaflets dentate; flowers
terminal, yellow; sepals reflexed, acute; petals obovate, exceeding the sepals;
receptacle nearly glabrous; style pubescent below. Low grounds; May-July;
infrequent; Winneshiek, Clinton, Winnebago, Cerro Gordo, and Pottawatto-
mie counties.

G. strictum Ait. Similar to the preceding, pubescent; basal leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet ovate or cuneate; stem-leaves of 3-5 rhom-
bie-ovate or oblong acute leaflets; receptacle downy. Low grounds; June-Au-
gust; reported from Fayette county.

G. triflorum Pursh. Hairy, scapose, 4-14 inches high; root-leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, divisions laciniate, scape-leaves 2 pairs, opposite; peduncles
elongated, bractlets linear,exceeding the erect purple calyx-lobes; petals pur-
ple; styles long filiform, plumose in fruit. Prairies and open upland woods;
May-June; infrequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Fayette counties. ( G. cil-

Rose FAMILY. 47

iatum Pursh.)
FRAGARIA L. SrrAwBeERRY. Stemless perennial stoloniferous hairy herbs,
with trifoliolate radical leaves. and white scapose polygamo-dicecious flowers.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 narrosy bractlets at the base of the sinuses giving
it the appearance of being 10-cleft. Petais 5, obcurdate. Stamens and styles
many. Receptacle in fruit beeceming globose or conical, pulpy, scarlet, bear-
ing the dry achenes on or near the surface.
F. virginiana Duchesne. Stout, tufted. more or less villous-pubescent;
leaflets obovate-cuneate, coriaceous, serrate; calyx becoming erect-spreading;
achenes imbedded in pits of the oblong receptacle. Fields and woods; May-
June; common.
F. vesca L. Fruiting receptacle conical, without pits; achenes projecting
on the nearly even surface; fruiting calyx spreading or reflexed; leaflets thick-
ish. Introducea; May: reported from several counties but is confused with
the following species.
F.americana Porter. Villous-pubescent or glabrate, runners produced
freely; leaflets thin, ovate or oval. the terminal cuneate-ovate, all incised-
dentate; fruit ovoid or elongated-conic, reddish or pink, achenes borne on the
even surface. Rocky woods; May—June; infrequent: forms from Winneshiek,
Johnson, and Decatur counties referred to this species.
POTENTILLA L. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate compound
leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate. Petals
5. Stamensmany. Achenes many, collected ina head. onadry usually pn-
bescent or hairy receptacle.
* Perennials; flowers white; style nearly basal.
P. arguta Pursh. Glandular Chinqguefoil. Stem 1-4 feet high. mostly sim-
ple, glandular and brownish-hairy; basal leaves petioled. pinnately 7-11-foli-
olate, leaflets incised dentate. the lateral ovate. oval or-rhomboid, the termin-
al one cuneate; stem-leaves short-petivled or sessile, leaflets fewer: flowers
white, cyme dense; stamens 25-30, borne on a thick glandulardisk. Prairies;
June-July; common.
** Annualor biennial, flowers yellow; style terminal.

+ Leaves not white tomentose; stamens 5-20.
P. norvegica L. Annual or biennial. 6-30 inches high, hirsute leaves ter-
nate, basal and lower petioled, the upper sessile; leaflets obovate, obtuse. in-
cisely-serrate, pubescent; flowers small, ina close leafy eyme; calyx large,
lobes ovate; petals obovate, retuse, shorter than the calyx-lobes; stamens 15-
20. Dry soil: June-September: common. ( P montspeliensis L.)
P. paradoxa Nutt. Stems decumbent to erect, subvillous. 1-3 feet high;
leaves mostly petioled, pinnately 5-11-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oval, ob-
tuse; flowers ina loose leafy cyme; stamens about 20: achenes glabrous,
strongly gibbous. Wet soil. shores; June-September; frequent; Cerro Gordo,
Dickinscn, and Woodbury counties. (P. supina L. of Gray’s Manual. )
P: nicolletii ( Wats.) Sheldon. Similar to the preceding but leaves mostly
3-foliolate; flowers falsely racemose: stamens 10-15. Reported from lowa.
P. pentandra Engelm. Stem 1-4 feet high, erect, hirsute. branched a-
bove; basal and lower leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, the lateral leaflets deeply
parted, the upper ternate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, incised-den-
tate; flowers terminal, more or less cy mose; stamens 5-8, when 5 opposite the
sepals. Reported from Scott, Story, Humbolt, Woodbury, and Fremont
counties.

48 ROSACEAE

P. leucocarpa Rydberg. A decumbent or ascending annual, 6-30 inches
high, pubescent or glabrate; leaves all 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong, cuneate,
thin, incisely-serrate; fowers terminal, loosely ecymose; stamens about 10; a-
chenes small, glabrous. Reported from Woodbury county. (P. milleyrana
Watson. )

P. rivalis Nutt. Stem slender, branched, villous; leaves pinnately 5-folio-
late or 3-foliolate and the terminal leaflet 3-parted; cyme loose; calyx small;
petals minute; stamens 10-20. Reported from Fayette and Woodbury coun-
ties.

+ + Leaves more or less white tomentose; stamens 20-25.

P. pennsylvanica L. Stems usually erect, 15-30 inches high; Jeaflets
5-9, grayish-tomentose beneath, glabrous above, oblong, obtuse, incisely-pin-
natifid into linear segments; flowers in a dense cyme; stamens 20-25. Re-
ported from Lyon and Jones counties.

** * Perennial; flowers purple; receptacle hairy, becoming large and spongy:

style lateral ; achenes glabrous. |

P. palustris (L.) Scop. Base decumbent, woody, perennial; stem gla-
brous below, pubescent above; leaves pinnate, the lower long-petioled, 5-7 fo-
liolate; leaflets oblong or oval, serrate; flowers few, showy, in an open cyme;
calyx with narrow bractlets, purple within; petals shorter, purple; stamens
many. Swampy places; June-August; infrequent; Emmet, Cerro Gordo, and
Hancock counties. (Comarum palustre L.)

**** Shrubby perennials; receptacle and achenes villous; style attached below

the middle.

P. fruticosa L. Erect, shrubby, 1-3 feet high, much branched, bark
shreddy; leaflets 5-7, oblong, entire, silky, margins revolute; petals yellow,
orbieular; stamens 15-20. Rocky bluffs; June-September; infrequent; Win-
nishiek and Allamakee counties.

P. tridentata Ait. Stems tufted, woody, 1-10 inches high: leaves petioled,
3-foliolate; lower leaflets oblanceolate, cuneate toward the base, apex trun-
cate, 3-toothed or sometimes 2-6-toothed, upper leaflets linear or oblong, of-
ten entire; petals white; stamens about 20. Rocky places; June-August; re-
ported from Winneshiek county.

¥#**R * Herbaceous perennials; flowers solitary, on slender axillary peduncles,

yellow; styles slender, lateral achenes glabrous.

P. canadensis L. Stems slender, prostrate or decumbent; leaves petioled,
digitately 5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, ser-
rate; stamens about 20. Dry soil, woods and fields; April-August; common.

P. anserina L. Leaves petioled, pinnate; leaflets 7-25, oblong to obovate,
obtuse, serrate, white and silky-pubescent beneath. Abundant along rail-
road embankment at Jewel Junction, Hamilton county. (Hitchcock).

AGRIMONIA L. Perennial herbs, with alternate interruptedly pinnate
leaves, and small yellow flowersin spike-like racemes. Calyx-tube inversely
conical, constricted at the throat, armed with hooked prickles on the upper
portion, 5-cleft, hardened in fruit, and enclosing the 2 achenes. Petals 5.
Stamens 12-15. Styles terminal.

A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Stem 2-4 feet high, erect, simple, hairy,
from fibrous roots; leaflets 5-7, with minute ones intermixed, elliptie to
broadly oblong, coarsely dentate, usually glabrous below; petals twice the
length of the reflexed sepals. Woods; July-August; common. (A. eupatoria L.
of Gray’s Manual.)

APPLE FAMILY. 49

A. mollis (T. & G.) Britton. Stem 1-4 feet high, villous below, pubescent
or canescent above, paniculately branched; roots tuberous; leaflets 5-11, nar-
rowly oblong to obovate, velvety pubescent beneath, crenate to dentate, inter-
posed leaf-segments mostly in single pairs. Dry woods; July-September; fre-
quent; Johnson, Van Buren, Ringgold, and Page counties.

A. parviflora Soland. Stem 2-5 feet high, virgately branched, densely hir-
sute with brownish hairs; roots not tuberous; leaflets crowded, 11-19, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, serrate: flowers numerous, in long racemes; petals
small. Prairies and woods; July-September; frequent; Muscatine, Lee, De-
eatur, Ringgold, and Page counties.

ROSA L. Erect or climbing shrubs, usually prickly, with alternate odd-
pinnate leaves, adnate stipules, and solitary or corymbose showy flowers.
Calyx-tube cuv-shaped or urn-shaped, constricted at the throat, fleshy in fruit,
usually 5-lobea. Petals usually 5, spreading. Stamens many, inserted with
the petals into the edge of the ho'low annular disk. Achenes several, enclos-
ed in the fruiting calyx-tube. A difficult genus and perfect specimens are
requisite for positive determination.

* Sepals persistent,

R. arkansana Porter. Stems 1-2 feet high, densely prickly, infrastipular
spines none; stipules narrow; leaflets 7-11, oval or obovate, sharply serrate;
outer sepals lobed; fruit globose, glabrous. Prairies; June-July; common.
Often mistaken for the following species.

R. blanda Ait Stems 2-4 feet high, entirely unarmed or with a few prick-
les; stipules dilated; leaflets 5-7, short-stalked, oval or obovate, obtuse, ser-
rate; sepals entire, hispid. Specimens from Emmet, Winneshiek, and John-
son counties have been referred to this species but the determinations are
doubtful. The species has been reported from several localities.

R. woodsii Lindl. Stems 4-30 inches high; armed with slender straight
spines or naked above; infrastipular spines present; stipules rather
broad. entire; leaflets 5-9, oval or obovate, sharply serrate, somewhat glau-
cous beneath; sepals lobed or entire; fruit globose or globose-ovoid, glabrous,
sometimes glaucous. Thicket near a swamp; Fremont county.

* * Sepals deciduous.

R. humilis Marsh. Stems 1-3 feet high, more or less prickly, infrastipular
spines present; stipules narrow; leaflets 5 or 7, ovate or obovate, coarsely and
sharply serrate; outer sepals more or less lobed; fruit globose or depressed-
globose, glandular hispid. Woods; May-July; frequent; Muscatine, Johnson,
and Henry counties.

R. rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Eglantine. Stems 3-5 feet high, armed with
stout recurved spines; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oval, doubly serrate, glandular-
pubescent and resinous beneath, aromatic. Introduced; June-July; infre-
quent; Muscatine, Henry, and Decatur counties.

POMACEAE ZL. AppLe FAMILY

Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, small free deciduous
stipules, and regular perfect flowers, solitary or in cymes or racemes. Ca-
lyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed, tube adnate to the ovary. Petals usually 5, clawed.
Stamens few to many. Ovary usua!ly 5-celled. Carpels 1-5, wholly or
partially united, 1-2-ovuled. Styles 1-5. Fruit a pome.

* Cells of the ovary as many as the styles.

Pyrvus. Pome large, fleshy; carpels papery, 2-5.
CRATAEGUS. Pome small; carpels bony, 1-5.

30 POMACEAE

* Cells of the ovary apparently twice as many as the styles. <
AMELANCHIER. With us the only genus. 2

PYRUS L. Small trees or shrubs, with toothed or lobed leaves, and fra-
grant flowers in simple terminal cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5,
roundish. Stamens many. Styles 2-5. Fruit a pome. withethe central por-
tion papery, 2-5-celled, each cell 2-seeded.

P. ioensis (Wood) Bailey. Western Crab Apple. A small tree, 10-15 feet
high, bushy, often spiny; leaves ovate, oval or oblong, dentate cr crenate, or
often with a few rounded lobes, obtuse, white-pubescent beneath, mostly
glabrous above; flowers white to rose-color, appearing with the leaves; fruit
globular, about an inch in diameter, green, sour. ‘Thickets; May; common.
Usually labled P. coronaria L. (P. coronaria var. ioensis Wood. Matus iwensis
(Wood) Britton.) . °

P. malus L. Common Apple. This species is becoming a frequent escape
along roadsides and in waste places. Observed in Appanoose, Decatur, Ring-
gold, Union, Adams, Page, Montgomery, and Pottawattomie counties.

CRATAEGUS L. Thorny trees or shrubs. with alternate petioled serrate
lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and usually white flowersin terminal coryinbose
clusters. Calyx urceolate or campanulate, limb 5-cleft. Petals5. Stamens
many. Ovaries 1-5, with corresponding number of styles. Pome drupe-like,
containing 1-5 bony carpels.

* Leaves obovate, spatulate or oblanceolate.

C. crus-galli L. Cockspur Thorn. Shrub or small tree, 8-25 feet high;
branches grayish, horizontal; thorns long and slender; leaves cuneate-obo-
vate, coriaceous, dull green, glabrous on both sides, serrate above the middle;
corymbs many-flowered, pedicels and calyx glabrous; fruit globular. Thick-
ets; May; common.

C. punctata Jacq. Similar to the preceding; leaves obovate, short-point-
ed or obtuse, cuneate toward the base and entire below, irregularly serrate,
slender petioled, glabrous above, mostly pubescent beneath; corymbs many-
flowered; calyx and pedicels mostly pubescent; fruit globose or oval. Thick-
ets; May; frequent; Allamakee, Fayette, Webster, Story, Cerro Gordo, and
Emmet counties.

* * Leaves ovate or broadly oval or somewhat orbicular.
+ Leaves pubescent, especially on the veins beneath.

C. mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. A small tree or shrub, 10-25 feet high; leaves
usually broadly ovate, base truncate, incised, sharply serrate, teeth gland-
tipped, rough aboye. very pubescent beneath; twigs, petioles, pedicels, and
calyx densely pubescent. Rich woods, thickets; April-May; common. (C.
coccinea var. mollis T. & G.) ’

C. tomentecsa L. Ranging from 10-25 feet high: spines stout; leaves ovate-
oval or broadly oval, acute or acutish, sharply serrate, frequently incisely
lobed, base tapering or cuneate, petioles margined; twigs, shoots, and lower sur-
face of the leaves, especially along the veins pubescent or villous-pubescent;
flowers small, ill-scented. Lowlands woods, thickets; May-June; frequent.

+ + Leaves glabrous or nearly so; teeth mostly gland-tipped.

C. rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Barek. A shrub or small tree similar to the pre-
ceding, but with slender spines, and mostly smaller leaves which are oval or
obovate, slender-petioled, glabrous or nearly so, base tipering or cuneate, in-
cised-serrate or somewhat lobed. Uplands; April-May: infrequent; Johnson
county.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 51

C. coccinea L. Spines stout; leaves ovate or orbicular, apex acute or a-

euminate. base truncate or subcordate, thiu, sharply incised and serrate; flow-

ers numerous. Weods. thickets: April-May; common; Johnson county. The
species has been reported from many loealities but is confused with C. mollis
(T. & G. ) Sheele.

AMELANCHIER Medic. Small trees or shrubs, with simple alternate pet-
ioled leaves, und white racemose flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed,
persistent. Petals 5, oblong-spatulate or oblong. Stamens short, many.
Styles 5, united below. Fruit a berry-like pome, 5-celled, each cell with a
false partitjon, thus apparently 10-celled, and each cell 2-seeded.

* Leaves usually serrate all around.

A. cancdensis ( L.) Medic. June-herry. Service-berry. A small tree, usual-
ly 10-25 feet high; leaves ovate or oval, acute or acuminate, base rounded or
cordate. sharply or finely serrate, sparingly pubescent when young, soon gla-
brous; racemes spreading or drooping, pedicels slender, Jong; petals linear-

-oblong to linear-spatulate, 3-4 times the length of the calyx; pome globose,
red or purple, on long slender pedicels. Wooded bluffs; April-May, fruit ripe
in July: frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Delaware, Johnson, Sto-
ry, and Decatur counties.

A. botryapium (L.f.) DC. Usually a small shrub, with leaves and racemes
densely white-woolly when young, often glabrous when old; leaves oblong,
oval to obovate, acute, base rounded or narrowed, sharply serrate; raceme
dense, short; pedicels short; petals spatulate, 2-3 times the length of the ca-
lyx-lobes. Wooded bluffs; April-May; infrequent; Fayette and Johnson coun-

ties. (A. canadensis var. oblongifolia T. & G. )

* * Leaves dentate above the middle.

A. alnifolia Nutt. A shrub, 3-7 feet high, mostly glabrate, somewhat
glaucous; leaves thickish, broadly elliptical to nearly orbicular, obtuse or
sometimes truncate at the apex, base rounded or swbcordate, coarsely dentate
above; raceme short, dense; pedicels short; petals cuneate-oblong. Dry soil;
April; infrequent; Winnebago county; reported from Winneshiek county.

SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate or opposite usually exstipulate leaves,
and mostly regular flowers. Calyx of 4or5 distinct or slightly united
sepals. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them or none.
Stamens 4 or 5, inserted alternately with the petals, or twice the number
of the petals. Fruit a capsule ora berry.
* Herbs; leaves usually alternate.
SAXIFR4«GA. Flowers perfect: stamens 10; ovary 2-celled.
SULLIVANTIA. Flowers perfect: stamens5; ovary 2-celled; seeds wing-margined.
MITELLa. Calyx adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary ; petals pinnatifid ; stamens 10.
HEUCHERA. Calyx adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary ; petals small, entire; stamens
5; carpels 2.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Petals wanting; stamens 10; styles 2.

PARNASSIA. Flowers showy, terminal; fertile stamens 5, sterile stamens clustered at the
base of the petals.

* Shrubs; leaves opposite.
HYDRANGEA. Flowers in compound cymes; stamens 8 or 10.

SAXIFRAGA L. Perennials, with simple leaves, in ours clustered at the
root, and perfect flowers. Sepals 5, more or less connivent. Petals 5, entire,
inserted on the calyx-tube, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10; anthers 2-
celled. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked.

52 SAXIFRAGACEAE

S. pennsylvanica L. Scape 1-3 feet high, downy-pubescent; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, entire or denticulate, petiole broad; flowers cymose-panicu-
late: calyx adnate to the base of the ovary, lobes recurved; petals greenish,
linear-lanceolate, but little exceding the calyx; capsule diverging by the beaks
into nearly separate follicles. Moist meadows and woods; May-June; fre-
quent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Scott, Linn, Johnson, and Cerro
Gcrio counties.

SULLIVANTIA T & G. Perennials, with lobed or cut-toothed petioled
rounded leaves, and small white flowers in a loose cymose-panicle. Calyx
campanulate, adherent to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceo-
late, twice the length of the calyx. Stamens 5, included. Capsule 2-celled,
2-beaked, with many wing-margined seeds.

S.ohionis T. & G. Stem low, 4-10 inches high, weak, nearly leafiess;
leaves palmately veined. Limestone cliffs; May-August; infrequent; Jones,
Delaware, Jackson, and Cedar counties. (Sullivantia sullivantia ('T. & G.) Brit.)

MITELLA L. Perennials, with alternate radical leaves and opposite cau--

line leaves, and small flowers in a slender spike. Calyx 5-cleft, short, adnate
to the base of the ovary. Petals5, pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles
2, short. Capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, opening by two equal valves. _

M. diphylla L. Bishop’s cup or mitre-wort. Stem hairy, 8-16 inches high;
leaves cordate acate, dentate, sublobate; radical leaves long-petioled, cauline
leaves 2; very short-petioled; flowers white. Rich woods; May—June; frequent;
Winneshiek. Fayette, Scott. Muscatine, Henry, and Johnson counties.

HKEUCHERA L. Perennials, with long-petioled radical leaves, and green-
ish or purplish flowers in small clusters, paniculate. Calyx campanulate, 5-
cleft, segments obtuse, tube adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, small,
spatulate, entire, inserted with the 5 stamenson the throat of the calyx.
Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.

H. hispida Pursh. Stem 2-4 feet high; stem, petioles. and veins hirsute
with long spreading hairs; leaves rounded, cordate at the base, 5~9-lobed,
toothed; flowers greenish, oblique; stamens exserted. Prairies; May—June;
common.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. Stems low. Calyx 4-5-lobed, yellow inside, ad-
nate to the ovary. Petals wanting. Stamens 8-10, short. Styles2.. Capsule
obcordate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

C. alternifolium L. Golden Suxifrage. Found ina deep ravine among moss;
Winneshiek county, the only locality in the state.

PARNASSIA L. Scape-like perennials with solitary terminal flowers.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, spreading,
white, imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals,
sterile stamens in clusters at the base of the petals. Stigmas 4, sessile. Ova-
ry l-celled, with 4 parietal placente. Seeds winged.

P.carcliniana Mx. Scapes glabrous, 10-20 inches high, with one sessile

leaf near the base; radical leaves petioled, round-oval; sterile stamens in each |

cluster 3, gland-tipped; petals ovate, obtuse, greenish veined, 3-4 times the

length of the sepals. Wet meadows and river banks; June-August; infre-

quent; Emmet, Fayette, Museatine, Johnson, and Story counties.

HYDRANGEA L. Shrubs, with opposite petioled exstipulate leaves, and
corymbose often apetalous flowers. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the
ovary, 8-10-ribbed, 4-5-lobed, Petals4-5, Stamens 8-10, inserted on the disk.
Styles 2, diverging. Ovary 2-4-celled. Capsule membranous, 2-celled, many-
seeded, about 15-ribbed. ;

EEE —

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 53

-H. arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. A shrub, 4-10 feet high, with ovate
pointed serrate leaves, and mostly fertile flowers in cymes. Reported from
Lee county.

GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. GoosEBERRY FAMILY.

Low shrubs, with alternate palmately-lobed single or clustered leaves,
and solitary or racemose flowers. Calyx 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary,
withering persistent. Petals 5, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, inserted with the petals on the top of the calyx-tube. Styles 2,
distinct or united. Ovary l-celled, with 2-parietal placenta. Fruit a
berry. Represented by the genus Rises L.

* Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-3-flowered.

R. gracile Mx. Common Wild Gooseberry. Stems recurved, often with long
and stout red thorns: leaves rounded; lobed and incised; flowers whitish;
calyx-tube short and narrow; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, filaments slender,
connivent or parallel, much exserted: berry smooth. Woods; May; common.

R. cynosbati L. Prickly G. Leaves similar to the preceding, pubescent;
calyx campanulate, tube longer than the lobes, stamens and style not ex-
serted, styles united; berry armed with long spines. Woods: May: frequent;
Winneshiek, Clayton, Dubuque; Fayette, Delaware, Scott, Muscatine, Henry,
Johnson, Story, Dallas, Webster, and Cerro Gordo counties.

R. oxyacanthoides L. Flowers greenish or purplish, peduncles short;
stamens not exceeding the oblong calyx-lobes. Hillsides; April-May; re-
ported as frequent from Delaware and Henry counties.

** Flowers in drooping racemes.

R. floridum L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Stems without thorns or
prickles; leaves heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, toothed; flowers large, whitish;
bracts longer than the pedicels: stamens and style short; berry smooth,
black. Woods: May; frequent: Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Delaware,
Scott. Muscatine, Fayette, Johnsoa, Emmett, Story, Winnebago, Floyd, Cerro
Gordo, Lyon, Woodbury, and Taylor counties.

R. rubrum L. Red Currant. Fruit globose, red. This species is the com-
mon garden currant, occasionally an escape.

R. agureum Pursh. Golden, Buffalo, or Missouri Currant. Shrub 5-12 feet
high, with 3-5-lobed, leaves, and showy golden-yellow flowers in short
racemes. Frequent in cultivation, occasionally spontaneous; April-May.

CRASSULACEAE DC. OrpINE FAMILY.
Herbs with cymose flowers. Sepals and pistals of the same number.
Petals as many as the sepals or wanting. Stamens twice as many as the
sepals. Fruit capsular, dehiscent.

PENTHORUM. Plants not succulent: carpels united.
SEDuM. Plants very succulent; carpels distinct.

PENTHORUM IL. Perennials, with leafy stems, and yellowish green
apetalous flowers. Sepals and pistils 5. Stamens 10. Fruit of 5 one-celled
carpels, united at the base, each horned above. Seeds small, many.

P. sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop. Stem 1-3 feet high: leaves scattered,
sessile, lanceolate, tapering both ways, serrate. Common in wet soil; July—
September.

SEDUM L. Leaves thick, succulent, sepals, petals, and pistils 4-5.
Stamens 8-10. Carpels distinct, many-seeded.

S. telephium L. Orpine. Live-forever. A glabrous somewhat glaucous

v4 HALORAGIDACEAE

perennial with ovate to obovate, obtuse, coarsely dentate leaves, and purple
flowers in a dense cyme. A rare garden escape observed in Muscatine and
Johnson counties.

HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. Witcu Hazen FaAmity.

Small trees, with alternate simple petioled pinnately-veined leaves,
deciduous stipules, and axillary clustered or capitate flowers. Calyx
superior, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals inserted on the calyx,
valvate in the bud, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, distinct. Repre-
sented with us by the genus HAMAMELIs L. .

H. virginiana L. Witch-hazel. Tree 10-20 feet high; leaves oval or obovate,
wavy-toothed; flowers yellow; calyx 4-parted, with 3 scale-like leaves im-
mediately below; petals 4, long-linear; stamens 8, 4 fertile and alternate with
the petals, the remainder sterile; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule, opening at
the top, cells 1-seeded; seeds pendulous. Wooded ravines; flowers appearing
in October and the fruit the following July; infrequent; Clayton, Dubuque,
and Delaware counties.

HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke. WATER-MILLFOIL FAMILY.

Marsh or aquatic plants. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled,
entire or toothed; submerged leaves pinnately divided into narrow
seoments. Flowers solitary, fascicled or whorled. sessile. Calyx su-
perior; tube coherent with the ovary. Petals small, inserted on the
calyx, alternate with its segments. Calyx and corolla sometimes want-
ing. Stamens 1-8, inserted with the petals. Ovary inferior, with 2-4
1-ovuled cells.

MYRIOPHYLLUM. Leaves whorled; flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours.
PROSERPINACA. Leaves alternate; flowers perfect, the parts in threes.
CALLITRICA. Leaves opposite; flowers moncecious; sepals and petals wanting.

MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Warer Mittrom. Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded or whorled, the submerged dissected into capillary divisions. Flow-
ers moncecious or polygamous in the axils of the upper leaves; the upper stam-
inate. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4-celled.

M. scabratum Mx. Stem slender; leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, lower pin-
nately parted, floral linear, toothed or serrate; stamens 4. Shallow lakes;
July; frequent; Muscatine, Appanoose, Ringgold, and Fremont counties.
(M. pinnatum (Walt.) B.S. P.)

M. heterophyllum Mx. Stem stout; leaves in 4’°s and 5’s; floral leaves
ovate or lanceolate, crowded, serrate, stamens 4. Lakes;. July; Winnebago,
Cerro Gordo, and O’Brien counties.

M. spicatum L. Leaves mostly pinnately-parted, capillary; floral leaves
small, shorter than the flowers, ovate, entire or toothed; flowers in an inter-
rupted spike; petals deciduous; stamens 8. Ponds; July; Muscatine, Cerro
Gordo, Story, and Dickinson counties,

PROSERPINACA L. Perennial aquatics, with alternate lanceolate leaves,
and perfect small sessile axillary flowers. Calyx 3-sided, adnate to the ovary,
limb 3-parted. Petals wanting. Stamens 3-4. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit
bony, 3-4-angled, 3-4-celled, 3-4-seeded. }

P, palustris L. Mermaid weed, Glabrous, mostly simple; emersed leaves
oblong or linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate; the immersed leaves pectinate or
pectinate-pinnatifid, the segments linear, stiff, acute, often serrulate, flowers

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 55

solitary or several together; fruit sharply angled. Ponds; July; rather rare;
Muscatine, Story, and Boone counties.

CALLITRICHE L_ Leaves spatulate or linear, opposite. Flowers monce-
cious. 1-3 together, axillary, sessile. Sepals and petals wanting. Sterile
flowers with one stamen; anther cordate, 4-celled, becoming 1-celled. Ovary
4 celled. Styles 2, distinct. Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4-celled, membranous,
indehiscent.

C. vernal. Perennial; floating leaves tufted, obovate, 3-nerved, narrowed
into a petiole; submerged leaves linear; flowers usually between a pair of
bracts: fruit ovate, styles shorter than the fruit. In a slough near Cedar riv-
er, Muscatine county; June-September. (C. palustris L.)

C. heterephylla Pursh. Similar to the preceding species; floating leaves
broadly spatulate, often retuse, narrowed into a petiole; fruit obovate; styles
longer than the fruit. Wet slough; July; infrequent; Decatur county.

MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY.

Herbs with opposite parallel-veined leaves and perfect regular cymose
flowers. Petals inserted on the calyx-throat, alternate with the calyx-
lobes, stamens inserted with the petals, double their number; anthers
opening by pores at the apex. Represented with us by the genus REXIA
L.

R. virginica L. Meadow-Beauty. Stem 1-2 feet high, square, angles some-
what winged, rootstock tuberiferous: leaves with 3-5 nerves, sessile, acute,
oval-lanceolate, nerves and margin more of less bristly; flowers peduneled,
bright, purple: calyx persistent 4-cleft, lower portion of the tube coherent
with the ovary, the upper free; petals 4; stamens 8; anthers long-linear, 1-
celled, with a short spur near the filament; fruit a capsule, 4-celled, with 4
placentz from the central axis, many-seeded. In swampy places along Cedar
river; July; Muscatine county.

LYTHRACEAE JLind/. LoosestRIFE FAMILY.

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire exstipulate leaves and axillary or
whorled flowers. Calyx free from the ovary but enclosing it, persistent.
47-toothed. Petals inserted on the top of the calyx-throat, equal in
number to the calyx-teeth, deciduous. Stamens 4-14, inserted on the
calyx-tube. Style 1; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-4-celled, with axial
placentz, many-seeded.

* Flowers regular.
LYTHRUM. Flowers rarely solitary: calyx tubular: petals usually 6.
AMMANNIA. Flowers solitary; calyx globular; petals and stamens usually 4.

RotaLs. Flowers solitary; sinuses of the calyx appendaged; petals and stamens 4.
DwIPLis. Flowers solitary; petals none; stamens 4. :

** Flowers irregular.
CuPHEa. Calyx more or less spurred; petals 6; stamens 11 or 12.

LYTHRUM L. Leaves opposite or scattered, sessile. Flowers purple,
solitary, axillary. Calyx tubular. striated, 5-toothed, with appendages in the
sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens 5-14. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.

L. alatum Pursh. Wing-anyled Loosestrife. Perennial, smooth; stem 1-3
feet high, with many long slender branches; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-
lanceolate, acute, base rounded or cordate, the upper mostly alternate; petals
deep purple; stamens of the short styled flowers exserted. Rich soil; July-
August: common.

AMMANNIA L. Low smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and sub-

D6 ONAGRACEAE.

sessile cymose axillary flowers. Calyx globular, 4-angled, 4-toothed; sinuses
with horn-like appendages. Petals 4, purplish, deciduous. Stamens 4-8.
Capsule globular 2-4-celled. ,

A. coccinea Rottb. Stem 4-8 inches high, branched from below; leaves
linear-lanceolate; stamens more or less exserted; style slender, elongated.
Swampy places, shores; July-September; infrequent; Muscatine, Louisa,
Johnson, Decatur, Story, and Lyon counties.

ROTALA L. Low herbs. Calyx semiglobose or campanulate; sinuses
with tooth-like appendages. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule globular, 4-
celled.

R. ramosior (L.) Koehne. Stem 5-6 inches high, smooth, simple; leaves
linear-oblanceolate, opposite, tapering to a petiole; flowers solitary, axillary,
sessile; appendages shorter or as long as the calyx-teeth. Low wet places;
July-September; infrequent; Muscatine, Henry, Benton, and Lyon counties.

DIDIPLIS Raf. Aquatic or marsh plants, with opposite leaves, 4-angled
stems, and mostly solitary axillary flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, appendages none.
Petals wanting. Stamens usually 4, inserted on the calyx-tube. Capsule
globose, 2-celled.

D. linearis Raf. A low glabrous much branched plant, 2-6 inches long;
leaves long-linear or lanceolate, mostly sessile; flowers small, greenish; calyx-
lobes broad, triangular; style short; capsule small. Mud flats, shallow
water; June-August; infrequent; Decatur and Ringgold counties. (D.
diandra (Nutt.) Wood.)

CUPHEA P. Br. Herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and axillary
irregular unsymmetrical flowers. Calyx tubular, gibbous or spurred at the
base, apex 6-toothed, with 6 appendages, mouth oblique. Petals 6, unequal.
Stamens 11 or 12, inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal. Capsule ob-
long, included, 1-celled, dehiscent.

C. viscosissima Jacq. An erect viscid-pubescent annual, 6-20 inches high,
branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, slender petioled, apex bluntish, base
rounded; flowers purple, axillary, short-peduncled; petals ovate, clawed.
Dry soil: July-September; reported as belonging to the flora of lowa by
Arthur. (Parsonia petiolata (L.) Rusby.)

ONAGRACEAE Dumort. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. |

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect symmetrical
flowers. Calyx herbaceous or colored, of 4 lobes, rarely less, valvate in
the bud, tube cohering with the ovary. Stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals and inserted with them on the top of the calyx-
throat; anthers 2-celled, introrse; pollen grains often cohering by threads.
Ovary inferior, 4-celled. Fruit a 2—4-celled many-seeced capsule.

* Parts of the flower in fours.
+ Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the summit of the ovary; fruit dehiscent.
LuDwiGia. Leaves opposite or alternate, stamens 4; capsule short.
+ + Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the summit of the ovary; fruit dehiscent.

EPILOBIUM. Leaves often opposite; seeds silky tufted.
OENOTHERA. Leaves alternate; seeds naked.
+ + + Fruit indehiscent.
GAURA. Filaments appendaged at the base; fruit indehiscent.
** Parts of the flower in twos.
CirCaBA. Sepals, petals, and stamens 2; fruit bristly.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. D7

LUDWIGIA L. Perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and
solitary axillary flowers. Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4, or petals want-
ing. Capsule short, many-seeded.

L. alternifolia L. Sced-boxw. Stem 2-3 feet high, branched, smoothish
slightly wing-angled; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, alternate, ses-
sile; flowers short peduncled; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, reddish; petals yel-
low; capsule cubical, wing-angled. Damp soil; June-August; rare; Johnson,
and Decatur counties.

L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Stem 2-4 feet high, glabrous; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, alternate, sessile, tapering both ways, those of the runners
oblong spatulate; flowers small, sessile; capsule 4-sided, longer than the
ealyx-lobes, with 2-linear awl-shaped bractlets from the base. Borders of
ponds and in shallow water; July-September; frequent; Fayette, Scott,
Museatine, Johnson, Story, Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold, and Taylor coun-
ties.

L. palustris (L.) Ell. Marsh or Water Purslane. Stem smooth, creeping or
floating; leaves ovate or oval, petioled, opposite; calyx-lobes short; petals
small or wanting, reddish in terrestrial forms; capsule oblong. 4-sided, ses-
sile. Wet places; July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson,
Benton, and Emmet counties. (Isnardia palustris L.)

EPILOBIUM L. Mostly perennials. Leaves nearly sessile, opposite or
seattered. Flowers violet, purple, or white. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged
beyond the ovary: limb 4-5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8, with
short anthers. Capsule linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs
at the end, the coma.

E. angustifolium L. Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed. Stem simple, 4-6 feet
high, glabrous or finely pubescent; leaves scattered, mostly entire, narrowly
lanceolate, tapering both ways; flowers large, purple, in a long raceme;
ealyx-limb deeply parted; petals entire; lobes of the stigma long. Rich
woods; June-September; frequent; Dubuque, Scott, Johnson, Winnehago,
and Shelby counties. (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.)

E. coloratum Muhl. Stem 1-3 feet high, much branched, 4-angled, hoary
pubescent; leaves lanceolate, contracted to slender petioles or sessile,
acuminate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, lower opposite; flowers small,
pale, somewhat nodding, short-peduncled; coma _ reddish-brown. Low
grounds; July-September: common.

E. adenocaulon Haussk. This species resembles the preceding; leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat serrulate or denticulate; inflores-
cence and capsules glandular-pubescent; coma white. Wet places; July-
September; frequent; Johnson, Story, Hamilton, Floyd, Hancock, Dickinson,
and Emmet counties.

E. Jineare Muhl. Stems somewhat branched, mintely hoary-pubescent;
leaves numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled; fowers many,
small, pale; capsules hoary; coma dingy. Wet places; July-September: in-
frequent; Fayette, Scott, Story, Hamilton, and Emmet counties.

OENOTHERA L. EvenrinG Primrose. Leaves alternate. Calyx-tube pro-
longed beyond the ovary, deciduous, limb of 4 reflexed lobes. Petals 4, yel-
low in our species. Stamens 8; anthers linear, versatile.

OE. biennis L. Stem 1-5 feet high, sometimes branched, pubescent or
hairy; leaves lanceolate or ovate, tapering both ways, acuminate, remotely
toothed, the lowest petioled; flowers in a leafy spike; calyx-tube long; cap-

58 ONAGRACEAE.

sules oblong, pubescent or hirsute, sessile, seeds prismatic-angled. Fields
and waste places; July-September; common. (Onagru biennis (L.) Scop.)

OE. rhombipetala Nutt. Stem 1-4 feet high; simple, appressed pubes-
cent; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, entire or denticulate, the lowest
tapering to a petiole; flowers in a leafy or bracted spike; calyx silky canes-
cent; petals rhombic-ovate; capsules linear; seeds’ obovoid, not angled.
Sandy soil, prairies; July-September; Muscatine county, reported from
Fayette, Story, and other counties, often confused with the preceding.

OE. fruticosa L Sundrops. Biennial or perennial; stem 1-3 feet high,
branched, villous to nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or den-
ticulate: flowers in a loose corymb; capsule short-pedicelled, ribbed and
winged. Low grounds; June-August; infrequent; Muscatine, Johnson, and
Henry counties. (Kneiffia fruticosa (L.) Raimann.)

OE. serrulata Nutt. Stem 6-16 inches high, perennial, woody below,
ecanescent or glabrous; leaves mostly linear or lanceolate, irregularily and
sharply denticulate; flowers axillary; calyx-tube funnelform, nerved; petals
obovate, crenulate. Dry soil, pastures and waysides; June—July; frequent;
Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Story, Shelby, Fremont, Cerro Gordo, Han-
cock, Dickinson, Ida, Emmet, Sioux, Woodbury. and Lyon counties. (Meriolix
serrulata (Nutt.) Walp.) ;

GAURA L. Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers white or rose-eolor, in
spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the oyary, deciduous;
ecalyx-lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4, unequal, clawed. Stamens usually 8.
Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent, 1-ceiled, 1-4-seeded.

G. biennis L. Stem 3-6 feet high, much branched, villous or downy-pube-
scent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, remotely denticulate; flowers
sessile, white, turning pink, in numerous slender spikes; fruit ‘sessile, 4-

ribbed, oval or oblong, villous pubescent. Fields and waste places; July— —

September; common.
G. coccinea Pursh. Stem 6-20 inches high, erect or ascending, much

branched, canescent, pubescent or glabrate; leaves oblong-lanceolate to
linear-oblong, entire, repand or denticulate; flowers sessile, red, turning
scarlet; fruit sessile, terete below, 4-sided above, canescent. Dry soil,
prairies; May—August; frequent; Woodbury, Harrison, Monona, and Fremont
counties.

G. parviflora Dougl. Stem 2-6 feet high, villous-pubescent; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, repand-denticulate, base narrowed, softly pubescent;
flowers many, pink, sessile, in an elongated spike; fruit sessile, 4-nerved,
obtusely 4-angled, glabrous or nearly so. Meadows and fields; May—August;
frequent; Woodbury, Harrison, Pottawattomie, and Fremont counties.

CIRCAEA L. Perennials, with opposite petioled thin leaves, and small
whitish racemose flowers. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a
cup-shaped disk, deciduous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Fruit small,
bur-like, indehiscent, clothed with white hooked hairs.

C. lutetiana L. Stem simple, 1-2 feet high; leaves ovate, long-petioled,
base rounded, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed; bracts none; fruit 2-
celled, slender pedicelled, bristly. Rich woods; June-August; common.

C. alpina L. Stem weak, 3-9 inches high; leaves cordate, thin, shining,
coarsely toothed; bracts minute; fruit 1-celled, obovate-oblong, soft hairy.
Rich woods; June-August; infrequent; Winneshiek, Clayton, and Muscatine

counties.

GourpD FAMILY. 59

LOASACEAE Reichenb Loasa FAMILY.

Erect herbs, with stinging or viscid pubescence, alternate or opposite
exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-10,
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens many, inserted with the
petals. Ovary.1-ceiled, with 1-3 parietal placentz. Capsule 1-celled.
Represented in our flora by the genus MENTZELIA L.

M. ornata T. & G. Stem stout 1-2 feet high, roughish-pubescent; leaves
sessile, or lower petioled, oval to lanceolate or oblong. sinuate-pinnatifid,
flowers usually solitary, terminal. yellowish white, opening in the evening,
petals 10, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; capsules oblong. Sandy and
rocky bluffsalong the Big Sioux river, Cedar Bluffs; June-September; com-
mon; Woodbury county. (Pammel) ( M. decapetala( Pursh.) Urban & Gilg.)

CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Gourp FAMILY.

Climbing or trailing succulent herbs with tendrils. Leaves alternate,
petioled, palmately lobed, palmately veined. Flowers moncecious or
dicecious, axillary, sometimes gamopetalous. Calyx usually campanulate,
5-toothed or 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Corolla monopetalous,
rotate or campanulate. Stamens 5 or 3, of which one is usually 1-celled.
Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovary inferior, 1-cclled, with 3 parietal placentz. Rep-
resented in cultivation by the gourd, pumpkin, melon, squash, cucum-
ber, etc. ’

ECHINOCYSTIS. Fruit echinate. 4-seeded.
Sicyos. Fruit prickly, 1-seeded.

ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. Annuals with 3 forked tendrils, climbing high.
Flowers moncecious, small, greenish white: the sterile in a long compound
raceme, the fertile solitary or in small clusters; petals 6; anthers 3, more or
less united: stigmas 2: fruit fleshy, inflated, becoming dry, bursting above,
clothed with weak prickles, 4-seeded.
E. lobata T & G. Wild Cucumber. Leaves broad, thin, sharply and deeply
5-lobed: fruit oval, spines nearly half an inch long; seeds black. Low grounds
along waterways: July-September; common. (Micrampelis lobata (Mx.)
Greene.)
SICYOS L. Annuals with 3 forked tendrils, climbing high. Flowers
moncecious, from the same axil, small, whitish. Petals 5, united below.
Anthers cohering ina mass. Style slender, with 3 stigmas. Ovary 1-celled,
with a single suspended ovule. Fruit ovate, dry, indehiscent, filled by the
seed, spiny.
S. angulatus LL. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber. Clammy hairy: leaves
roundish cordate, with 5 pointed angles or lobes. Rich soil, along rivers and
in waste places;. July-September; frequent; Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Des
Moines, and Dallas counties.

CACTACEAE Jindl. Cactus FAMILY.
Ours green and fleshy plants, with flattened and joined stems armed
with spines and prickles, and solitary sessile flowers. Sepals, petals,
and stamens numerous, their bases cohering and adnate to the inferior 1-
celled many-ovuled ovary. Fruit a l-celled berry. Represented in our
flora by the genus Opuntia Mill.

60 UMBELLIFERAE.

O. rafinesquii Engelm. Prickly Pear. Prostrate, green: joints obovate to Be

suborbicular or oval; leaves spreading, subulate; spines axillary, 1-5 together;
prickles tufted, axillary, reddish brown; flowers large, yellow, with a reddish
center; stamens shorter than the petals; stigmas 4-10; fruit fleshy, edible.
Sandy soil; June-July; infrequent; Muscatine and Lyon counties. (0. humi-
fusa Raf.)

O. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Prostrate or decumbent; joints ovate, nearly
terete or flattish; leaves small, reddish; flowers yellow, smaller than those of
the preceding: fruit dry at maturity. Dry soil; July-August; common; Lyon
county.

AIZOACEAE A. Br. CARPET-WEED FAMILY.

Mostly prostrate and*branching herbs, with opposite or verticillate
leaves, and small regular perfect flowers, either solitary, cymose or
glomerate. Calyx of 5 sepals, free from the ovary. Petals wanting.
Represented in our flora by the genus Motiuao L.

M. verticillata L. Carpet-weed. Prostrate, much branched, annual, form-
ing patches; leaves spatulate, whorled at the joints; pedicels slender, 1-flow-
ered, clustered with the leaves; stamens mostly 3; stigmas 3; capsule 3-eelled,
3-valved: seeds reniform. Sandy shores, waste places: July-September;
common. This species is included by different botanists under FICOIDEAE or
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss. CARRoT FAMILY.

Herbs, with usually hollow stems, alternate compound or simple leaves,
sheathing petioies, and small flowers in compound umbels, rarely in
heads. Calyx adherent to the ovary, limb obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals
and stamens 5, inserted on a fleshy disk which covers the ovary. Styles
2, distinct or united at their thickened bases. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.
Fruit dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels. A well defined bui difficult

order.
* Flowers white.

+ Fruit flattened dorsally. :
Daucus. Leaves pinnately decompound; calyx 5-toothed; fruit prickly along the ribs.
CONIOSELINUM. Leaves 2-3-pinnately decompound; fruit winged on the lateral lobes.
TLEDEMANNIA. Leaves Simply pinnate.
HERACLEUM. Leaves large, ternately compound; flowers large.
+ + Fruit flattened laterally.
Slum. Leaves once pinnate; ribs prominent, equal, corky.
CaRuM. Leaves decompound; fruit ovoid or oval: ribs filiform, inconspicuous.
CicutTA. Leaves pinnately compound, the veins running to the notches; ribs flattish,
corky.
CONIuM. Stems spotted; leaves tripinnately dissected; ribs wavy.
+ + + Fruit linear-oblong, slightly flattened laterally.
CRYPTOTAENIA. Leaves 3-foliolate; fruit glabrous; ribs obtuse, equal.
BERULA. Aquatics; leaves simply pinnate; fruit globrous, nearly galbose; ribs incon
spicuous. :
CHAEROPHYLLUM. Leaves ternately decompound; fruit glabrous.
OSMORRHIZA. Leaves biternately divided; fruit bristly.
+ ++ + Fruit ovate or obovate.
ERYNGIUM. Leaves parallel-veined, coriaceous, bristly-toothed; flowers in dense
bracted globose heads.
* * Flowers yellow.
+ Fruit globular, armed with hooked prickles.
SANICULA. Leaves palmately divided; flowers greenish yellow.

CARROT FAMILY. 61

t + Fruit flattened dorsally; slightly in Thaspium.
PaSTINACA. Leaves pinnately compound; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extending into
wings.
POLYTAENIA. Leaves 2-pinnate; fruit with the lateral ribs thick corky. dorsal ribs ob-
secure.
THaASPIuM. Leaves 2 3-ternate; fruit oblong, with 5-7 wings, slightly flattened.
+ ++ Fruit flattened laterally.
FOENICULUM. Leaves dissected into filiform segments: ribs prominent.
PIMPINELLA. Leaves ternately compound; ribs slender.
Zizis. Leaves 2-3-ternate; fruit oblong, with filiform ribs; stylopodium wanting.

DAUCUS L. Biennials, with bristly stems, and pinnately decompound
leaves. Involucre of foliaceous pinnately parted bracts. Involucels of many
entire or toothed bracts. Flowers white. umbels compound, concave. Calyx
teeth obsolete.* Petals 5, the 2 outer often larger and deeply 2-cleft. Fruit
oblong, dorsally, flattened, with 5 bristly primary ribs and 4 winged second-
ary ones. Stylopodium depressed.
D. carrota L. The common cultivated carrot, frequently found wild in
cultivated fields and waste places: July-September; Dubuque, Fayette, Story,
Appanoose, and Decatur counties.
CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. An erect glabrous perennial, with pinnately
decompound leaves, involucre none or of few bracts, involucels of narrow
linear bracts. and compound umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth none.
Fruit oval or oblong, flattened, glabrous: dorsal ribs large, lateral broadly
winged; oil-tubes usually 2 or 3 in the intervals. Stylopodium slightly coni-
eal.
C. canadense T.& G. Stem striate, 2-5 feet high; leaves decompound
into linear oblong segments. Reported from Scott and Story counties.
TIEDEMANNIA DC. Glabrous' perennials. Involuecre and involucels
present. Flowers white. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit elliptic-ovate, dorsally
compressed, glabrous: ribs equidistant, obtuse, the lateral ones broadly
winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-6 on the inner face. Stylo-
podium short, thick, conical.
~ T. rigida (L.) Coult. & Rose. Whole plant smooth; stem 2-6 feet high,
terete, striate, hollow, simple or sparingly branched; leaves all simply
pseudo-pinnate; common petiole channeled, somewhat margined: leaflets
lanceolate to linear, often slightly faleate, sessile, entire or remotely toothed
toward the apex: umbels terminal and lateral. Sloughs and uplands;
August; common; Johnson, Benton, Jasper, Story, Decatur, and Ringgold
counties. (Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Britton.)
HERACLEUM L. Perennials, with ternately compound leaves, and white
flowers in large umbels. Involucre of few bracts, deciduous. Inyolucels of
small bracts. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals obcordate, the 2 outer
often larger and 2-cleft. Fruit obovate, flattened, somewhat pubescent;
dorsal ribs 3, obtuse, the lateral broadly winged. Stylopodium thick, conic.
H. lanotum Mx. Cow-Pursnip. Pubescent or woolly, 4-8 feet high; petioles
much dilated; leaflets 3, petiolulate, round ede. about 3-lobed; irregularly
ceut-toothed. Moist woods; June-July; frequent and generally distributed;
Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Story, Winnebago, Webster, Calhoun, Cerro
Gordo, Decatur, Union, Pottawattomie, Shelby, Woodbury, and Emmet
counties.
SIUM L. Smooth perennials, with simply pinnate leaves, the lower often
pinnatisected, and compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involu-
cels of numerous uarrow bracts. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit glabrous, ovate

62 UMBELLIFERAE.

to oblong; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal, oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals.
Stylopodium depressed. .

S. cicutaefolium Gmel. Stem 2-6 feet high, striate; leaflets 3-8 pairs,
linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged leaves finely disseeted;
rays numerous. Sloughs and swamps; July-September; frequent.

CARUM L. Ours a glabrous biennial or perennial, with pinnatisected
leaves, divisions filiform, and small white flowers in terminal compound um-
bels. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals inflexed at the apex. Fruit ovate or ob-
long, glabrous, slightly compressed. Stylopodium conical.

C. carui L Caraway. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, branching; lower leaves
long-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, bases of the petioles dilated.
Introduced, waste places; May-July; Emmet county, reported from Fayette
county.

CICUTA L. Smooth poisonous perennials. Leaves pinnately compound;
leaflets serrate. Involucre usually wanting. Involucels of many slender
bractlets. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth 5, broad. Fruit subglobose, glabrous,
with 5 equal flattish corky ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Stylopo- !
dium depressed.

C. maculata L. Water Hemlock. Stem 2-6 feet high, spotted or streaked;
leaves bipinnate or tripinnate; leaflets lanceolate, mucronately serrate; veins
running to the notches; fruit nearly terete. Sloughs and marshes; June-—
August; common. .

C. bulbifera L. Stem 1-3 feet high; leaves 2-3 pinnate; leaflets linear,
remotely toothed; upper axils bearing clustered bulblets. Swamps; July—
September; infrequent; Muscatine, Linn, and Emmet counties.

CONIUM L. Biennials, with tripianately dissected leaves, and white flow-
ers. Involucre and involucels of narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit .
ovate, compressed; ribs equal, prominent, wavy when immature; oil-tubes
wanting. Stylopodium depressed.

C. maculatum L. Poison Hemlock. Stem 2-6 feet high, spotted, glabrous,
striate, sometimes glaucous; roots fusiform, fleshy; petioles very much dilated.
Waste places; June-July; Winneshiek and Scott counties.

CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Glabrous perennials, with 3-foliolate leaves, and
white flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit
glabrous, linear-oblong, with 5 obtuse equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary, beneath
each rib and in the intervals. Stylopodium slender-conical.

C. canadensis DC. Stem smooth, 1-3 feet high; leaflets large, pointed,
ovate, doubly -serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular, unequally few-rayed;
pedicels unequal; fruit often curved. Moist woods; June-September; com-
mon. (Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze.)

BERULA Hoffm. A glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial, with simple
pinnate leaves, leaflets serrate and variously cut, involucre and involucels of
narrow bracts, and terminal umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth minute.
Fruit glabrous; ribs slender; pericarp thick, corky; oil-tubes numerous.
Stylopodium conie; styles short.

B. angustifolia (L) Mert. & Koch. Stem 6-30 inches high; leaflets 7-19,
ovate to linear-oblong, serrate, laciniate, or lobed. Reported from Sioux
county. (B. erecta (Huds.) Coville.)

CHAEROPHYLLUM L. Annuals, with ternately decompound leaves, pin-
natifid leaflets, and white flowers. Involucre usually none. Involucels of
many bractlets. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at the base, with

CARROT FAMILY. 63

5 equal ribs; oil tubes solitary in the intervals. Stylopodium conieal.

C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. Stems weak, spreading, smoothish or some-
what hairy, 4-16 inches high; umbels few-rayed; leaflets trifid or pinnatifid;
fruit acute. Low woods; April-May; infrequent; Johnson, Henry, Story, and
Decatur counties.

OSMORRHIZA Raf. Glabrous or hirsute perennials, with large aromatic
roots, and biternately divided leaves. Involucre and involucels few-leaved.
Flowers white. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit long, linear, bristly, attenuate
atthe base. Stylopodium small, conic.

O. longistylis DC. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stem 1-2 feet high;
style nearly as long as the ovary. Rich woods; May-June; common. (Wash-
inytonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton.)

O. brevistylis DC. Villous; stylopodium and style about as long as the
width of the ovary. With the preceding. (W. claytoni (Mx.) Britton.)

ERYNGIUM L. Perennials, with coriaceous leaves. and bracted sessile
flowers in dense heads. Calyx-lobes prominent, rigid, persistent. Petals in-
flexed. Fruit ovate or obovate, scaly; ribs obsolete; oil-tubes usually 5.
Stylopodium wanting; styles filiform.

E. yuccaefolium Mx. Button Snakeroot. Stem 2-4 feet high, glabrous,
striate; leaves often 1-2 feet long, rigid, grass-like, parallel-veined, tapering
to a point, remotely bristly; heads ovate-globose; flowers white. Prairies;
July-August; common. (E. aquaticum L.)

SANICULA L. Smooth oiennials or perennials, with few palmately divided
leaves, and greenish yellow flowers. Umbelsirregular, few-rayed. Involucre
and involucels few-leaved. Calyx-teeth prominent and persistent. Fruit
globular, ribless, with 5 oil-tubes, densely clothed with hooked bristles.

S. marylandica L. Stem 1-3 feet high. but little branched; leaves 3-7-
parted, root-leaves long-petioled; segments irregularly serrate or dentate,
often incised; staminate flowers many, long-pedicelled; calyx-segments lan-
ceolate, cuspidate; petals and anthers greenish white; pistillate flowers ses-
sile; styles slender, recurved, longer than the bristles. Low woods; May-
July; common.

S. gregaria Bicknell. Stems usually clustered, weak. erect, 1-3 feet high;
leaves 5-divided; segments doubly serrate, teeth bristle-tipped, incised; calyx
lobes ovate, obtuse; petals and anthers yellow: styles longer than the bris-
tles. This species probably belongs to our flora.

S. canadensis L. Biennial, stem 1-4 feet high, branched; leaves 3-5
divided; segments cuneate-obovate to oblong, serrate and incised; staminate
flowers never in separate heads; styles shorter than the bristles. Low woods;
May-August;: common.

PASTINACA L. Biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, involucre and
involucels mostly wanting, and yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit
flat. oval, the dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral broad and nerved. Stylopodium
depressed.

P. sativa L. Stem 3-4 feet high, grooved, glabrous; root fusiform; leaves
downy beneath; leaflets ovate to oblong, toothed, terminal 3-lobed, all more
or less lobed or incised. Fields and waste places; July-September; frequent.

POLYTAENIA DC. Perennial, glabrous herb, with pinnately decompound
leaves, upper opposite, lower alternate and long-petioled, involucre wanting,
involucels of narrow bractlets, and bright yellow flowers in compound um-
bels. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit flattened, obovate to oval, glabrous, dorsal ribs
small, obscure, lateral thick and corky. Stylopodium wanting.

64 3 UMBELLIFERAE.

P. nuttallii DC. Stem 2-4 feet high; pedicels and involucels pubescent;
leaf-segments narrow, entire or lobed. Prairies and upland woods; May-—
July; rather rare; Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Appanoose, Decatur,
Ringgold, and Montgomery counties.

THASPIUM Nutt. Perennials, with ternately divided leaves, and yellow
flowers. Involucre wanting. Involucels 3-leaved. Calyx 5-toothed. Stylo-
podium wanting; styles slender, exserted. Fruit oblong, ovoid, with promi-
nent wings; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the inner face of the car-
pels.

T. barbinode Nutt. Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat angular, striate, loosely
branched, somewhat pubescent on the joints or in the umbels; leaves 1-3-ter-
nate, mostly biternate: leaflets ovate, with cuneate base, coarsely serrate,
often cleft or parted; flowers light yellow: fruit broadly oblong, 5-7 winged.
Rich woods; May-June; probably common.

FOENICULUM Adans. Biennials or perennials, with striate stems, leaves
biternately dissected into numerous filiform segments, and yellow flowers.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Involucre and involucels wanting. Fruit elliptic-ob-
long, subterete; ribs 5, prominent; oil-tubes solitary. Stylopodium large,
conic. a

F. officinale All. Whole plant aromatic: stem 4-6 feet high, purplish
green, somewhat glaucous. Waste places; July-September; rarely escaped
from cultivation; Johnson and Story counties. (F. foeniculwin (L.) Karst.)

PIMPINELLA L. Glabrous perennial, with ternately compound leaves,
involucre and involucels scanty or wanting, and yellow fdowers. Calyx-teeth
obsolete. Fruit ovate to oblong, laterally compressed; ribs slender, equal;
oil-tubes numerous, 2-6 in the intervals. Stylopodium thick, broadly conic.

P. integerrima (L.) A. Gray. Stem smooth, glaucous, 1-3 feet high;
leaves 2-3-ternate, leaflets ovate to lanceolate, entire; fruit broadly oblong;
stylopodium small or wanting. Rocky woods; May-June: common.

ZIZIA Koch. Glabrous perennials, with undivided or ternately divided
leaves, and yellow flowers. Involucre wanting. Involucels of small bractlets.
Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit glabrous, with slender ribs; oil-tubes large,
solitary, in the intervals and one in each rib. Stylopodium wanting. A
genus distinguished from Thaspium by the wingless fruit.

Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Stem 2-3 feet high, radical leaves long-petioled, all
except the uppermost 2-3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate,
sometimes incisely lobed or parted; rays 15-20; fruit oblong. Low grounds,
prairies and meadows; May-June; common.

Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Stem 2-3 feet high; lower leaves long-petioled,
ovate to orbicular, crenate, base deeply cordate, stem leaves short-petioled,
ternate or quinate, segments ovate or oval, erenate or lobed; rays 7-16; fruit
ovate or oval. Woods; May-June; Lyon county.

ARALIACEAE Vent. GinsEnG FAMILY.

Ours perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate pinnate leaves, and um-
bellate flowers. Petals not inflexed, valvate in the bud. Styles usually
2-5. Ovary 2-5-celled; cells l-ovuled. Frvit a 2—5-celled drupe.

ARALIA. Leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5.
PANAX. Leaves verticillate, palmately 3-7-foliolate; styles 2-3,

ARALIA L. Herbs or shrubs from thick perennial roots. Flowers white
or greenish, more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
limb 5-toothed, Petals 5, oblong, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 5, alter-

Doa-Woop FAMILY. 65

nate with the petals. Styles slender, recurved above, persistent. Cells of
the ovary with a single suspended ovule.

A. racemosa L. Spikenard. Stem smooth, branched; leaves large, biter-
nate-pinnate; leaflets ovate, base cordate, doubly serrate, taper-pointed; um-
-bels numerous, racemose; styles 5, united; fruit 5-celled. Rich woods; July;
frequent.

A. naudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Nearly stemless; roots long, hori-
zontal; leaf long-stalked, ternate, divisions 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, taper-
pointed. serrate: umbels 2-5, on a scape shorter than the leaf-stalk: fruit 5-
celled. Rich woods; May-June; infrequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette,
Seott, Museatine, Henry, Johnson, Story, and Winnebago counties.

A. spinosa L. Hercules Club. A shrub or low tree, 8-30 feet high, stem
and stalks prickly: leaves long-petioled, bipinnate; leaflets ovate, pointed,
serrate, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath: umbels in terminal
compound panicles, peduncles and pedicels pubescent; flowers white. Rich
soil; June-August; an escape from cultivation; Johnson county.

PANAX L. Ours a perennial herb, froma fusiform, simple or branched root.
Leaves at the summit of the stem, verticillate, digitately compound. Umbel
‘simple, solitary, terminal. Calyx-limb obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 5, spread-
ing. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-3.

P. quinquefolia L. Ginseny. Stem slender, 1-foot higk; leaves palmately
3-7-foliolate; leaflets mostly 5, stalked, obovate-oblong, taper-pointed,
coarsely serrate; flowers greenish yellow; styles 2; fruit 2-celled, bright red.
Rich woods; July-August; becoming infrequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Jack-
son, Delaware, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Story, and Cerro Gordo counties.
(A. quinquefolia Dee. & P1.)

CORNACEAE Link. DoG-Woop FaAmI ty.

Ours shrubs, with simple opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and
eymose flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to the 1-2 celled ovary; limb
minute, toothed or lobed. Petals valvate in the bud, distinct, alternate
with the calyx-teeth, epigynous, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many
as the petals, and alternate with them. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a 1-2-
seeded drupe, crowned with the calyx.

CORNUS L. Leaves with one exception opposite, entire. Flowers per-
fect, white in our species. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4. Style 1, slender;
stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe with a 2-celled, 2-seeded stone.

* Leaves opposite.
+ Leaves glabrate or minutely pubescent beneath.
C. psniculata L’Her. Punicled Cornel. Dogwood. A shrub 3-10 feet high,
branches erect, grayish, smooth; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, base acute, minutely appressed-pubescent on both sides, pale be-
neath; flowers cymose-paniculate, white; fruit globose, white; stone subglo-
bose, slightly furrowed. Rich soil, woods and thickets; May-June; common.
(C. candidissima Marsh.)
C. stolonifera Mx. Red-osier Dogwood. Shrub 3-12 feet high, multiplies
freely from stolons thus forming clumps; the branches bright red-purple,
glabrous or slightly appressed pubescent; leaves oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or short acuminate, base rounded or narrowed, minutely pubescent
on both sides, whitish beneath; flowers in flat-topped cymes, white; fruit

66 CORNACEAE. 7 ar

whitish or white, globose; stone variable. Moist soil; June-July; a species
frequently reported but is confused with the others ay
+ + Leaves downy-pubescent beneath, sometimes becoming glabrate.

C. sericea L. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. A shrub 3-10 feet high; branches
mostly purplish; branchlets and inflorescence silky-downy; leaves lanceolate,
ovate or elliptical, base rounded or acute, glabrous above, white or silky-
downy often rusty beneath; cymes broad, flat, compact; calyx-teeth lanceo-
late, conspicuous; fruit globose, pale blue; stone oblique, base somewhat
pointed. Moist woods; May—July; common. (C. amonum Mill.)

C. asperifolia Mx. Shrub 4-8 feet high; branches reddish brown, mostly
pubescent; branchlets and inflorescence rough-pubescent; leaves narrowly
ovate to round-ovate or oblong, more or less acuminate, base acute or obtuse,
rough pubescent above, whitish and roughish woolly beneath; cymes loose,
broad, often paniculate; calyx-teeth small; petals oblong-lanceolate, white;
fruit globose, white; stone slightly furrowed. Low woods; May-June; com-
mon.

C. circinata L’Her. A shrub 4-10 feet high; branches greenish, warty,
glabrous; leaves broadly oval, acuminate, white; tomentose beneath; cymes
depressed, dense; fruit globose, light blue; stone globose, ridged. Rich
woods, May-June; rare; Winneshiek, Fayette, and Cerro Gordo counties, re-
ported from Story and Benton counties.

* * Leaves alternate.

C. alternifolia L. f. Shrub 8-20 feet high; leaves often clustered at the
ends of the branches, oval, acuminate, base narrowed or rounded, hoary
beneath; cymes pubescent; fruit globular, blue; stone obovoid. Rocky
woods; May-July; rather rare; Fayette, Jackson, Delaware, Muscatine,
Henry, and Johnson counties. .

Acacia
ACERACEAE
Actaea
Agrimonia
Agrostemma
Ailanthus Family
Ailanthus
AIZOACEA
Alfalfa
Alyssum
Amelanchier
Ammannia
Ampelopsis
Amphicarphaea
Amorpha
Amyegdalus
ANACARDIACEAE
Anemone
Anemonella
Apios

Apple Family
Apple
ANONACEAE
Aquilegia
Arabis
ARALIACEAE
Aralia
Arenaria
Argemone
Aruncus
Asimina
Astragalus

Baneberry
Baptisia
Barbarea
Barberry Family
Basswood
BERBERIDACEAE
Berula

Bieuculla
Bishop's Cap
Bitter Sweet
Blackberry
Bladder Campion

Bladder-nut
Bloodroot
Bouncing Bet
Box-Elder
Brasenia
Brassica
Buckeye Family
Buckeye
Buckthorn Family
Buckthorn
Burning Bush
Bush Clover
Buttercup

CACTACEAE
Cactus Family
CAESALPINACEAE
Callirrhoe

Bladder-nut Family

INDEX.

| Callitriche
Caltha
Camelina
Capnoides
Caper Family
CAPPARIDACEAE
Capsella
Caraway
Cardamine
Carrpet-weed Family
Carpet-weed
Carrot Family
Carum
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cassia
Castalia
Catehfly
Catgut
Caulophyllum
Ceanothus
CELASTRACEAE
Celastrus
Cerastium
Cereis
Chaerophyllum
Chamaenerion
Cherry
Chick weed
Chinquefoil
Chrysospleniurn
Cicuta
Circaea
Cissus
CISTACEZ
Claytonia
Clematis
Cleome
Clover
Cohosh

' Blue
Columbine
Comarum
Conioselinum
Conium
Corn Cockle
CORNACEAE
Cornus
Cornel
Corydalis
Cow-herb
Crab Apple
Cracea
Crane’s-bill
CRASSULACEAE
Crataegus
Cress
Crotalaria
Crowfoot Family
Crowfoot
CRUCIFERAE
Cryptotaenia
Cucumber, wild
One-seeded

CUCURBITACEAE
Cuphea
Currant

59
56
53

Custard Apple Family 6

Dalea

Dame’s Violet
Daucus
Delphinium
Dentaria

Deringa
Desmanthus
Desmodium
Dewberry
Dianthus
Dicentra

Didiplis
Dog-Wood Family
Dogwood

Draba
DRUPACEAE
Dutchman's Breeches

Echinoeystis

Eglantine

Elodes

Epilobium

Eryngium

Erysimum

Evening-Primrose
Family

Evening Primrose

Kuonymus

Faleata
False Indigo
False Flax
Fire-weed
Flax Family
Flax
Floerkea
Foeniculum
Fragaria
FUMARIACEAE
Fumitory

34,

Gaura
GERANIACEAE
Geranium

Geum

Ginseng Family
Ginseng

Glade Mallow
Gleditschia
Goat’s Beard
Goat's Rue

yolden Saxifrage
Golden Seal
Gooseberry Family
Gooseberry
Gourd Family
Grape Family
GROSSULARIACEAE
Ground Plum

68

rymnocladus

HALO RAGIDACEAE
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Hamamelis
Heuart’s-ease
Hemlock

Hepatica
Heraecleum
Hereules Club
Hesperis
Heuchera
Hibiseus
HiIpPpocASTANACEAE
Holly Family
Hop-tree
Horseradish
Hosackia
Hydrangea
Hydrastis
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum

Ilex
ILICINEAE
Imrpatiens
lodanthus
Isnardia
Isopyrum

June-berry
Jewel-weed family

Ketmia
Kinnikinnik
Kneiffia
Kkuhnistera

Lake Cress
Larkspur
Lathyrus
Lead-plant
Leather-flower
Lechea
LEGUMINOSAE
Lepidium
Lespedeza
LIMNANTHACEAE
LINACEAE
Linden Family
Linden
Liquorice, Wild-
Live-forever
LOACEAE

Loasa Family
Loco-weed
Locust, Honey
Loosestrife
Loosestrife Family
Lucerne
Ludwigia
Lupinus
Lychnis
LYTHRACEAE
Lythrum

INDEX.

Mallow Family
Mallow
Malva
MALVACEAE
Malvastrum
Maple
Maple Family
Marsh Cress
Marsh Marigold
May Apple
Meadow-Beauty
Family
Meadow-Rue
Meadow-Sweet
Medicago
Meibomia
MELASTOMACEAE
Melilot
Melilotus
MENISPERMACEAE
Venispermum
Mentzelia
Mermaid weed
Meriolix
Micrampelis
Milkwort Family
Millfoil, water
MIMOSACEAE
Mitella
Miter-wort
Moehringia
Mollugo
Moonseed Family
Moonseed
Mouse-tail
Mustard Family
Mustard
Mustard, Worm-
seed
Myriophyllum
Myosurus

Napaea
Nasturtium
Nelumbo

New Jersey Tea
Nine Bark
Nuphar
NYMPHAEACEAE
Nymphaea

Oenothera
ONAGRACEAE
Opulaster
Opuntia
Orange-root
Orpine Family
Orpine
Osmorrhiza
OXALIDACEAE

| Oxalis
| Oxyyraphis

Oxypolis
Oxytropis

ae ee - ee

Or Or

ow)

woot stor Wwe

Qe

Pad» “Sel,

OT et

09 me io
Oo Oe > Ore oO

(o oe’ Ie om)

Panax
Pansy
Parnassia
Parosela
PAPAVERACEAE
Papaw
PAPILIONACEAE
Parsonia
Partridge Pea
Pasque-flower
Pastinaca

Pea Family
Peach
Penny-cress
Penthorum
Pepper-root
Petalostemon
Phaca
Physocarpus
Pimpinella
Pink

Pink Family

Pitcher-Plant Family 9 —

Plum Family
Plum, wild
Podopbyllum
Poison oak
Poison ivy
Polanisia
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala
Polytaenia
POMACEAE
Poppy Family
PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca
Potentilla
Prairie Apple
Prickly Ash
Prickly Poppy
Proserpinaca
Prunus
Psoralea
Ptelea
Pulsatilla
Purslace Family
Purslane
Pyrus

Queen-of-the-Prairie

Radish
RANUNCULACEAE
Ranuneulus
Raphanus
Raspberry
Rattle-box
Reseda
RHAMNACEAE ~
Rhamnus
Rhus
Ribes
Robinia
Rock Cress

ee

INDEX. 69

Roripa 11 | Soapwort 19 | Touch-me-not 27
Rosa 49 | Spesia 38 | Triadenum 23
ROSACEA ; 44 Spikenard 65 | Tree-of-Heaven 28
Rose Family 44 | Spiraea 45 | Trifolium 34
Rose Mallow 25 | Spring Beauty 22 | Turnip 14
Rotala 56 | Squirrel Corn 10
Rubus 45 | Staff-tree Family 23 | UMBELLIFERAE 60
Rue Anemone 3 | STAPHYLEACEAE 31 | Ulmaria 45
Rue Family 27 | Staphylea FOR ee
RUTACEAE 27 | Starry Campion 19 View =
4 < : Stellaria 21 Viola 17, 18
Sanguinaria OS eh wort 2] VIOLACEAE 17
Sanicula CSF Se ish n’s-wet 5» | Violet Family 17
Saponaria 19 Se dahn’s: Wark ~~ | Virginia Creeper 30
SARRACENIACEAE 9 Family 99 | Virgin’s-Bower 17
Sarsaparilla 6° | Stoneerop, Ditch 53 | VITACEAE a
SAXIFRAGACEAE tl Strawberry 47 Vitis 30
Saxifraga we Strophostyles 41 y
Saxifrage, Golden 52 od amend a W all-flower, Western 12
Saxifrage Family Se ae Beaet: ts Washingtonia 63
ocaa- 4 ~~ | Sumac Family 32 | Water Cress B12

ee Ox o4 Sumac 29 2 : -
Gains 5a he ae e~ | Water Lily 8
Senaca Snakeroot 32 Bet gots = Water Lily Family a
Senna Family 49 eecaln ‘ Se Water Millfoil
Senna, Wild ne See aaiak oF | RS a sg
edge Low 43 yndesmon 3 Whitlow Grass 15
Service-berry 51 | Talinhm 99 | Willow Herb 36
Shepherd's purse Lik Pertronin 37 Willow-herb, Great 57
Sickle-pod \4 | Thalictrum - a Getprice NY
Sicyos 59 | Thaspium 64 Witch Hazel Family 54
Sida 25 | Tiedemannia 61 | Witeh-hazel Ne
Side-saddle flower 9 | Thelypodium 13 Wood-sorrel : 2
Since 19 | Thlaspi i Wood-sorrel Family 27
SIMARUBACEAE 28 | TILIACEAE 25 | Xanthoxylum 2g
Sisymbrium i b 35s 26 ,
Sium 61 | Toothache tree og | Zizia 64
Snakeroot 63 | Toothwort 15 |

ERRATA.

Errors are an especial nuisance.
Page 3 line 2 for petiolate read petiolulate.
Page 3 line 37 for preceeding read preceding.
Page 3 line 46 for Emmett read Emmet.
Page 4 line 28 for petiolate read petiolulate.
Page 16 line 38 for preceeding read preceding.
Page 16 line 39 for foliate read foliolate.
Page 27 line 6 for trifoliate read trifoliolate.
Page 28 line | for Celistraceae read Celastraceae.
Page 31 line 8 for preceeding read preceding.
Page 31 line 14 for mountaim read mountain.
Page 31 lines 27 and 44 for foliate read foliolate.
Page 33 line 7 coralla read corolla.
Fage 33 lines 26, 32. 37,41, and 45 for foliate read foliolate, and so on
through the Pea Family.
Page 53 line 29 for Emmett read Emmet.
Page 60 line 44 for globrous read glabrous.
Page 60 line 44 for galbous read globose.
All other mistakes are so obvious that the reader may correct, overlook or
condemn at his pleasure.

Poe Teas ree
t ‘ 7
ests F

PRAIRIE FLOWERS OF LATE AUTUMN. 229

By the time December comes, and with it the season for the
winter festivals, everybody in the village has his new clothes for
the year, and all look neat and trim in fresh brown deer-skins and
clean white mittens and breeches.

PRAIRIE FLOWERS OF LATE AUTUMN.

By BYRON D.-HALSTED,
*~,
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN RUTGERS COLLEGE, N. J.

2 is not easy to satisfactorily decide why some plants bloom in
autumn, while others produce their flowers only in spring.
To have hepaticas in April is as much a matter of common ex-
pectation as for August to bring the first golden-rods and October
a gorgeous display of asters. An unwritten law of Nature has
been conformed to, and the result is a floral time-piece of the sea-
sons, so accurate in its wonderful mechanism that one only needs
to see the bouquet of a school-girl returning from her Saturday
afternoon ramble in the woods to know the month of the passing
year. Some time ago (The Popular Science Monthly, May, 1887) the
writer prepared a paper upon “ Prairie Flowers of Early Spring,”
in which it was stated that the first blossoms of the season
gained an advantage by being first. There isa mutual adaptation
existing between flowers and insects that the most casual observer
can not gainsay. It is not only an advantage, but in many cases
a positive necessity, that flowers be visited by insects in order to
secure that transfer of pollen from one blossom to another which
results in fertilization. The modern accepted view of all floral
display is that it serves the purpose of attracting insects, and acts
as a contrivance by means of which the fertilization of a flower
by its own pollen is prevented. Botanists of earlier days did not
force this truth upon the attention of others, and many persons
better qualified to judge of human than natural history arrived
at the erroneous, if not somewhat selfish, conclusion that floral
forms and colors were primarily to beautify the earth and render
it a pleasant habitation for man. No one can for a moment doubt
that flowers are beautiful, but beauty is a secondary matter so far
as the gratifying of man’s taste for beauty in forms and colors is
concerned. It is so planned that the qualities which render the
floral structures so well adapted to the peculiarities of the insects
are the ones which at the same time render them beautiful and
thereby contribute to the pleasure of man. In this adjustment
we may see the working of an Infinite Mind able to combine the
two elements of utility and beauty so completely that it is not
extravagant to say they are often inseparable.

230 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY,

In the present paper the reader’s attention is invited to some
of the plants that continue to bloom after the fingers of Jack
Frost have silently pulled down the dark curtain of the waning
autumn and shut out the warmth of vitality from all the tender
sorts of vegetation. The first day of October opened upon a land-
scape of varied hues, some of a most somber character, for late
in September the leaves of the box-elder, for example, had been
blasted by freezing and the vineyards were prematurely brown
with the curled and dying foliage rustling in the breeze. Corn
and other plants of a like subtropical nature, not previously har-
vested, were stricken lifeless by the low temperature, and house
plants carelessly left out of doors melted away into a mass of
rapid decay. As one looked about him the scene could but remind
the observer of the Scripture injunction concerning the two
women grinding at the mill. Two plants side by side had been
growing with equal vigor, and both bespoke an equally long life,
but one was taken and the other left. The reason for this is not
easy to find.

Many mysteries flood the mind in contemplating the world of
vegetable life, but none more thoroughly baffles the keenest ob-
server as well as the most penetrating microscopist than that of
hardiness. We freely use the word in ignorance, or worse, to
conceal our ignorance, as physicians may employ longer terms
among their admiring, awe-struck, ignorant patients, but when
the thoughtful pause comes it brings us face to face with a half-
clothed skeleton that nearly frightens all save the brazen-faced.
We may attempt to explain the real meaning of hardiness in a
dozen ways, and in the very offering of so many reasons we exhibit
the weakness of all the arguments. If we say that it is due to
denser structure, the statement is met with the bald-faced fact that
the hardiest plants do not have necessarily the denser tissues. A
box-elder, which is considered a type of hardiness, yields a wood
less than half as heavy as the hickory. Of the sixteen sorts of
trees in the United States with wood heavier than water, all are
' in the warmer portions of the country, where no winter tests their
hold upon vitality. Perhaps it is as much the plan of one spe-
cies to have its twigs killed back as it is for another to withstand
the sudden changes of temperature and the severe cold. It de-
mands a more than human penetration to decide that the horse-
chestnut, with its large and well-protected terminal buds in
autumn, is better adapted to its conditions than the raspberry,
with young, immature wood and imperfect buds, which die before
the spring-time comes. The two are working out the problem of
existence along widely diverging lines. The tree grows slowly
and builds for a century, while the bramble forms only transient
stems and runs its chances of making all it can out of a favor-

PRAIRIE FLOWERS OF LATE AUTUMN. 231

able growing season. No one would care to say that a Rubus is
less hardy than an At’sculus. They are not to be compared, and
there the matter ends. If two species in the same genus have
similar habits of growth, and one fails to bear the surrounding
conditions while the other thrives, the case is very different, and
it is more natural to seek the reason, for the answer, if it could be
given, might be a blessing to every orchardist and gardener suf-
fering from losses among his tender plants. And even here it
may be that the explanation turns upon surroundings to which
each plant has been subjected. We know that species migrate
from the home of the parent as birds from the parental nest or
the sheep from the fold. It is not difficult to believe that off-
spring from common stock in time develop progeny subjected to
very unlike conditions. Under dissimilar circumstances they
develop unlike tendencies; and when, after centuries, these new
forms are again brought together through man’s culture, while
they may be outwardly the same, the one is tender while the other
is not. It is a question of the resistive power which, whenever
we reach for it, whether with the high-power lens or the chem-
ist’s test-tube, the result is much the same. This generation
seeks after a sign, and it might do many worse things. It may
be a long time before there will be a better test for hardiness
than that which is applied when a plant is subjected to the actual
conditions. At present there is no rule without innumerable
exceptions, which not only “ prove the rule,” but prove that it is
valueless. The Greenlander may easily fall a victim to small- -
pox, because, we say, his system has not been so situated as to
develop the resistive power to this direful malady. The Northern
man goes south and is stricken with a fever that does not cause
death to those “to the manor born.”

In the field we see the corn falls with the first hard frost,
while the asters along the roadway hold their freshness and con-
tinue to blossom until early winter congeals the sap. Turn to
the flower-garden, and we see many of our tender plants in the
withered brownness of death, and by their side stands the Anter-
rhinum in the beauty of its pristine freshness, bearing its blos-—
soms of every size from the minutest bud up to the full flower.
The pelargonium has its dead branches intermingled with the
living stems of the petunia. The moss-rose is lifeless upon the
ground, while the prostrate verbena is fragrant with new blos-
soms. Snows come and go long after the Indian summer has been
succeeded by the chill November days, and the pansies smile
from among frosty fallen leaves. Death and life are closely asso-
ciated, and, while we can not comprehend it all, there are few
who would lose the exhilaration of a prolonged search for the
sake of knowing it all at once.

232 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.

Along my daily pathway have thronged the shepherd’s-purse
and the purslane. The former passed the winter as seedlings from
self-sowed seed in early autumn, and closely hugged the frozen
soil unprotected, or perchance benignly covered with a blanket
of snow. When the November blasts are howling and whirling
down the snows, some belated plants—or, more properly, some
hasty specimens ahead of their time—are left blooming alone.
The pepper-grass (Lepidiwm virginicum) is closely related to the
shepherd’s-purse, and has the same times and seasons and habits
of growth. On the other hand, the hot-blooded purslane, which
was able to sprawl at full length upon the superheated ground in
August, and thrive, to the great annoyance of the tidy gardener,
falls a lifeless victim at the first firm grasp of the frost-king. In
its obeseness it blackens with the rising sun, and soon leaves little
else behind except the thousands of almost microscopic seeds, for
which the icy winter only seems to serve as a fitting introduction
to new activities when the long-delaying spring arrives. Look
into the vegetable garden, if you please, and recall the two classes
of plants therein grown for the table. There are sorts, the seeds
of which may be sown as soon as the ground can be worked;
while other seeds are of the tender sort and can not be committed
to the earth until the settled weather has come and the danger
of the laggard frosts is past. Toward the end of the season there
is a like distinction. In short, some of the garden favorites must
make all their growth during warm weather, and perish with the
frosts of autumn; while others can be gathered at pleasure, even
left in the earth until the following spring, and improved by the
seeming neglect. Of meadow and pasture crops there are few
that flower later than the red clover. This may be found in full
bloom until the snows cover the melliferous heads for the balance
of the year. The alsike also is a late bloomer, but the white sort
gives up much earlier.

Let us turn now to the wild plants which are in flower upon
or after the first of October in the climate of central lowa—a
prairie region—where autumn is more than past its middle by
that date, At the outset, it is manifest of the plants in flower
that a.large number belong to the sunflower family. Among the
most conspicuous are the asters and golden-rods, and the most
beautiful of them all is the Aster Nove Anglie. This is a com-
mon species, and because at home in New England—as the name
indicates—is none the less attractive, and one, the charm of whose
purple rays of the large heads never flags. I have been upon
long tramps through the low meadow-land where this species is the
chief blossom, and never tired of the variability which the many
plants exhibit. The leaves are clasping as if a strong affection
existed between the blade and the stem from which it sprang.

PRAIRIE FLOWERS OF LATHE AUTUMN. 233

Intermixed with this most richly attired of all the asters is the
Riddell golden-rod (Solidago Riddellit); quite different from all
the other Solidagos in having the stems clothed with long,
smooth, narrow leaves, which gradually curve upward and then
describe a half circle downward. The large clusters of flowers in
the medium-sized heads have a depth of auriferous color which
can not fail to attract all lovers of yellow. The golden-rod most
nearly like the above is Solidago rigida, an earlier bloomer but
holds its own against the early frosts. As the name suggests, the
stem is large and stiff or rigid, the leaves are sessile, large, thick,
and the heads of the blossoms form a broad, flat-topped inflores-
cence, standing three or more feet from the high, dry prairie soil.
Among the other golden-rods were Solidago speciosa and the
altogether common and yet far from the least attractive species,
Solidago canadensis. This furnishes a serious puzzle to the
careless student, but the lover of slight differences in plants finds
in this species with its various varieties a subject of absorbing
interest. Aster longifolia and A. multiflorus vie with each other
in making the waste places bright and attractive during the
October days, and exhibit their powers to resist the destructive
agencies of the closing days of autumn by shaking their leafy
stems and bright fresh heads of blossoms in the storms of bleak
November. The three asters already named are among the last
of all the prairie flowers, and seem to be full of life when the
streams are icy in the morning and the sunny side of a logisa
favorite haunt of the birds of winter.

Along the small brooks and over the lowland, where the fog
damp and chill settle at early sunset, the great sunflower (Heli-
anthus grosse-serratus) may wave its head, while around it is the
retirement of the winter condition. Heleniwm autumnale, with
its handsome heads, with lemon-yellow notched ray flowers and
peculiar velvety decurrent leaves, is not common but attractive.
We do not wonder that it lingers in the lap of early winter,
because the atmosphere of its whole being is one of endurance,
but of the quiet sort befitting the Quaker and not that of the
bully.

But there are many late autumn plants scattered through other
than the sunflower family. Along the streams and standing knee-
deep in the wasted and decaying rubbish of the borders is the
long, leafy stem of the Physostegia virginica, with its slender
spike of showy rose and purplish-white blossoms, It is one of the
mints in all save the minty quality, and for this peculiar lack-
ing it is often a source of trouble to the tyro in classification.
The flowers are complex, the stamens possess an abundance of
hairs, in which the circulation of protoplasm may be seen; and,
_ besides, insects visit them.

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234 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.

Of a very different type, perhaps more showy and certainly as
interesting to the student of floral structures, is the great blue
lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica), a frequenter of all low places, where
its rank growth and bright deep blue render it a prominent ob-
ject. This plant with its insect attendants has often furnished
amusement for me by the half-hour. The insects seem always in
haste, and dodge in and out of these blossoms with a methodical
rapidity, each time receiving a new invoice of pollen to be scat-
tered upon the stigmas of other blossoms subsequently visited.
Among the most seemingly out-of-place blossoms as to time of
appearing were those of the common blue violet. This is strictly
one of the spring flowers, but with us for years it makes a second
advent, and in some places blossoms so freely as to be no rarity.
It has been used for classes of a hundred members for dissection
in October. This favorite plant is not as well known in habit as
it deserves. Its underground close-fertilized flowers, for example,
are unseen, therefore passed by by those who only pick the showy
aérial blossoms. The little low, round-leaved mallow, or prostrate
mallow—in my boyhood days we called it “cheeses”—is one of
our October flowers.

It will be seen that a fair share of the late autumn blossoms
are weeds and useless plants. The May-weed (Anthems cotula)
is one of those which, if less common and without its rank odor,
would be a very attractive plant in both foliage and flower; but,
as it is, no one is anxious to give this wayside intruder any high
place among the purely ornamental species. In like manner the
mullein, or “great American velvet-leaf” as it is sometimes
called in Europe (Verbascum thapsus), is a plant with some in-
herent attractions; but, owing to its obtrusive habit, combined
with a coarseness and boldness, it can only rank with the weeds.
It will accommodate itself remarkably to unfavorable conditions
and come up blooming under all sorts of rough if not abusive
treatment. There is a strict military air to this plant as well as
to one of its October associates in the pasture (Verbena stricta).
Both have stems much straighter than some ramrods, and one
time a friend, seeing the mullein in great abundance upon rolling
ground, remarked that they were like ten thousand men march- —
ing up ahill. The species of liatris, or blazing-stars, are of the
same strict habit but vastly more showy. We have three species —
of these charming rose-purple composites, all of which flower late
in summer and remain to display their marvels of beauty long
after the tender plants have served their time.

Among all the late blossoms there are none for which I have
a greater fondness than the gentians. They come, with their
mingled purple and blue, at a time when those colors have be-
come unusually rare, for they are never common at any time of

PRAIRIE FLOWERS OF LATE AUTUMN. 235

_ year. Some of the species bear flowers that long seem upon the
verge of coming into full bloom, and disappoint those who look
for wide-open flowers. They are somewhat bell-shaped; into the
plaited opening, otherwise nearly closed, the bee or other insect
pushes its way in search of nectar and pollen. Upon the exit of
the winged visitant the corolla again closes, to the exclusion of
everything except its insect attendants. The most charming of
all the species of this late-flowering genus is the celebrated
fringed gentian, so named because its long corolla ends in a most
delicate row of long, fine, hair-like projections, suggesting the
heavy eyelashes of a beautiful girl. The tint of the whole blos-
som is a pure and delicate blue, caught, as it would seem, from
some patch of October sky, margined by flecks of fleecy clouds.
These gentians, as well as rich specimens of a cousin to the thor-
oughwort and boneset, with great clusters of pure white flowers,
might be gathered any late autumn day, the former in the low
prairie, the latter in the tangle of frost-bitten herbage in “the
timber ” along the water-courses. The boneset flowers suggested,
in their exhibition of white, the approach of winter, when all the
copse is covered with a mantle of snow and the stream is locked
in the embrace of the frost-king.

One of the latest of the autumn prairie flowers—and one not
found by me until drear November has come in the wake of In-
dian summer weather—is the ladies-tresses, an orchid of no strik-
ing beauty, but, in a region where orchids are rare and arriving
after the eleventh hour, it has its full share of interest. The
plants are single-stemmed, few-leaved, and the small, pure white
flowers are so arranged upon the long spike as to assume a spiral
inflorescence, from which fact the common name doubtless origi-
nated in the fertile mind of some imaginative lover of plants.
If the witch-hazel had been a member of the prairie flora un-
der consideration, it would have been in its place of honor at the
close of this list; but, as it is, the orchid and the aster, the shep-
herd’s-purse of the wayside and the prairie must vie with the
pansy in the flower-garden for the last place in the floral calendar
of the year.

The reasons assigned in a previous article for the early bloom-
ing of plants hold good here for those that develop their flowers
late in the year, and can be briefly condensed into the expression
that, in the experience of the species, it is probably found an ad-
vantage to be somewhat out of the season. A single store upon
a side street may do as well as any one in the market-place,
provided it is thoroughly accommodated to the situation: com-
petition, or the absence of it, is likewise an element not to be
ignored in the consideration of the time of blooming of flow-
ers; and no one can but rejoice that all plants do not produce

236 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.

their blossoms during the same day or week or even month of —
the year. |
[The above article has been prepared from notes taken by the _
writer while occupying the chair of botany in the lowa Agricult-
ural College. ] | | .
gy

THE DUK-DUK CEREMONIES.
By WILLIAM CHURCHILL.

ELIGION is a vanishing quantity in the western Pacific, and _
the farther west one goes by so much the more rapidly does
this sentiment vanish; dogmatic theology and its practical pro-—
fession are alike absent from the thought and practice of the dark
Melanesian. Simplicity marks all the desires of this island sav- —
agery,and this same simplicity marks all the spiritual side of life; _
instead of wondering puzzlement over the hazy ideas of a great —
first cause, or a hereafter which may in some sort be molded by —
the conduct of life in the present, the remote islander limits his
religion and the spiritual side of him to an ill-defined, scarcely
acknowledged fear of the unknown. Worship he has none; even
the idea of propitiation of the malign power has not yet occurred
to him; and the most that he can conceive of is sedulously to re-
frain from naming this terrible unknown.

Another circumstance deserves note because of its interesting
coincidence with this absence of faith. What internal connection
there may be between the two, if indeed there be any, is most ob-
scure, for the reason that these people are as yet little known, and
are very chary of communicating any information concerning
these two features of their life. It is noticed by the careful ob-
server that just in proportion as the forms and formulas of relig-
ion disappear from the life of the savage communities he visits,
so there is a marked increase in the prevalence and power of the
secret societies which seem to take the place of priestcraft and
kingcraft.

Melanesia presents a very long list of these associations of
men who are inducted into some secret or other, who are threat-
ened with the most severe penalties if they divulge any part of these
mysteries to the profane, and who are provided with signals for the
recognition of other possessors of the same mysteries; and in more
than one instance it has been observed that these signals have
been recognized and regarded by people on far-distant islands,
speaking a dissimilar tongue, and so remote as at once to preclude
any chance of frequent communication. The very existence of —
these mystic orders is as far as possible kept secret, and it is only
by long and patient study of the people that even the merest out-

fi

—.- . . 7 > .

Ss CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY.

- ¥ , J - ra

No. 7.

— A CATALOGUE

ITHOPHYTA AND PTERIDOPHYTA

Se @f Ames, Jowa. gh he

By A. 8. HITCHCOCK.
: © From the St. Louis Acad. of Science, Vol. V., No. 3.

“whe Issued Februry 4, +891. 4 ‘

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( 477 )

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY.

No. 7.
A Catalogue of the Anthophyta and Pteridophyta of
Ames, Lowa.

By AL'S. Titres coc:

» Pee

Read Oct. 20, 1890.

INTRODUCTION.

The following list is based upon collections made during the
years 1852 to 1889. All the names are founded upon specimens
in my herbarium unless otherwise stated. A few specimens are
in the herbarium of the Agricultural College at Ames, while a
very few names, indicated in each instance, are admitted on good
authority without specimens.

Considerable care has been taken in the identification of spe-
cies, and in doubtful cases the name has been omitted from the
list. As Aster, Salix, Potomogeton, Carex, and Egutsetum
have not been thoroughly worked up, there will doubtless be
many additions in these genera. In order that the names in dif-
ficult genera should be authentic, the specimens have been sub-
mitted to specialists, to whom I wish ‘to acknowledge my obliga-
tions. Many grasses were sent to Dr. Vasey and Prof. Scribner ;
carices to Prof. L. H. Bailey; Cyperus and Eleocharis to Dr.
Britton; Huphoréta to Dr. Millspaugh; Umbellifere to Dr.
Coulter; Fraxinus and Crategus to Prof. Sargent; roses to Dr.
Best ; miscellaneous specimens to Dr. Watson.

Gray’s Manual, sixth edition, has been followed for the names
and sequence of the orders, and, in most cases, of the genera.
The principle of using the earliest specific name has been adhered
to as closely as possible; that is, commencing with Linnzus’
Species Plantarum, in 1753, the earliest specific name, in what-
ever genus first used, is retained, provided it does not result in
two species of the same name in one genus, or in the specific

478 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

name being identical with, or too nearly resembling, that of the
genus. ‘The same principle has been applied to varietal names.
Date of publication as indicated by the title-page or collateral
evidence, and lineal sequence in a given publication, have been
taken as the grounds for deciding priority. In the absence of some
works, recourse has been had to dated lists in Pritzel, Thesau-
rus; DC. Syst.; Don, Mill. Dict.; Torr. Fl. N. Y., etc.

The question of identity and synonymy has been a difficult one.
For this I have depended upon the standard authorities, as I have
been able to refer to the specimens in but few cases. I have used
the earliest name concerning which there seems to be no reason-
able doubt, while those which were less certain have not been
taken up. Consequently there are names which may give way
to earlier ones when investigated by those more competent for
the task; but the bibliography of each name has been worked
out as thoroughly as my resources would permit. In this work
I have been very materially aided by Dr. Watson, Dr. Britton,
Prof. Scribner, and Mr. D. G. Fairchild.

Following each name is the place and date of publication, so
far as this could be ascertained. To avoid repetition, a dated list
of the principal works quoted has been appended to the cata-
logue. Where a species was originally placed under a different
genus from the one accepted, the author of the specific name is
quoted in parenthesis, followed by the author of the accepted
combination. A name has been considered published when, in
connection with the generic and specific name, there is sufficient
description to identify the species. The date of publication has
been taken to be that of issue. For example, a description of
Cypripedium spectabile, Salisbury, was read before the Lin-
nean Society in 1788, but was not published until 1791, subse-
quent to C. regine, Walt., and C. album, Ait. When an author
transfers a species from one genus to another, but does not make
the combination under the new genus, he is nevertheless quoted
for that combination if he singles out the species. For example,
Robert Brown in his Prodromus Flore Nove Hollandiz esta-
blishes the genus F/eocharis. Ina note he says, “genus na-
turale efformat cui .......... pertinent Scirpus palustris, L,, .......... et
acicularis, L.”” I have quoted Brown as the author of Z. palus-

HITCHCOCK-——PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 479

tris and &. acicularis, though these combinations first formally
appeared in Roemer and Schultes’ Systema Vegetabilium.

Following the accepted names in the list, is the synonymy:
first, the original combination ; second, the combination used in
the last edition of Gray’s Manual; third, any others having a
critical bearing on the nomenclature. Following this, is the
habitat and frequency of occurrence. The latter is indicated by
the following terms, in the order given: common, abundant, fre-
quent, not uncommon, infrequent, scarce, rare. When the spe-
cies is rare, or known only for a few stations, these are indicated.
Names of indigenous and well established introduced species are
in small capitals; those of species which do not appear to be
established, and hence are not really a part of the flora, are placed
in lower-case type; but those which were formerly abundant,
and have become scarce, are retained in small capitals. No dis-
tinction has been made in the list between well marked varieties
and forms which have received varietal names. As the species
have been arranged under the genus on an equal footing, the
same has been done with the varieties.

Notes have been frequently introduced in order to call atten-
tion to difficult points, and that errors may be the more easily
located. An attempt has also been made to discriminate between
closely allied species.

In conclusion, I wish to thank those botanists whom I have
mentioned above, and also Dr. Trelease, who has given me valu-
able advice throughout the work ; Prof. L. H. Pammel, to whom
the inception of the work was due, for notes and specimens; Mr.
Sirrene, for specimens collected during 1890,—and last, but
by no means least, Mr. H. J. Webber, who has kindly consented
to undertake, in my absence, the arduous task of proof-reading.

SCOPE OF THE FLORA’

The region included in this catalogue is essentially the vicinity
of the Agricultural College at Ames. Quite thorough explora-
tions have been made within a radius of three or four miles about
this point. From four to nine miles they have been confined to
certain directions ; viz., along the railroad from Ames to Gilbert,

480 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

and from Ames to Nevada; southwest to the)“ Big prairie,” and
southeast to a small “lake” about ten miles from the College. A
few plants have been included from the Des Moines river west of
Boone, eighteen miles distant; several have also been included
from Cairo lake and vicinity, about twenty-two miles away.
But in all cases it is so stated if the plant has been found only
beyond the three-mile circle.

The topography of the region presents little diversity. We
have: prazrze, the treeless, grassy land, which has not been
brought under cultivation. This is fast disappearing, and in a
very few years none will be found except along the roadsides
and railways. A lrage tract known as the “Big prairie” lies
about six miles southwest of the College, just across the Boone
county line. Formerly this was a good collecting ground, espe-
cially on account of the ponds it contained, but its distinctive
characters have been lost as a result of close grazing and a suc-
cession of dry seasons. I have designated as “low” or “ wet
prairie” depressions which are wet most of the season, but not
sufficiently so to be called ponds. In such places may be found
Caltha palustris and Cardamine bulbosa.

Then there are sterzle hilis, where the soil is usually stony.
Such is the land northeast of the College beyond Squaw creek.
The hills forming the east side of the valley of Skunk river, from
the northwest school south to the “lake,” are very sandy. Here
are found Cyperus filiculmis and Ginothera rhombtipetala.

The wooded portions are mostly confined to the proximity of
the streams, five of which are included in our region. The
upland woods are found along the blufly side of the streams,
or, in case of the smaller streams, all is upland. Here are found
Quercus alba, Hicoria ovata, etc. Frequently near by, or often
at considerable distance, occur thickets or copses composed of
Prunus Americana, Pirus Americana, Corylus Americana,
etc. The Jow/and woods are found on the lower and moister
portions. Here thrive Platanus, Fuglans, and Ulmus. Bottom
Zand is the low land along streams, especially the treeless por-
tion. It is subject to overflow in the spring, and later is covered
with a rank growth of Vernonia fasciculata, Spartina, Verbe-

. HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 481

nas,etc. The portion in the angle formed by the junction of
‘Squaw creek and Skunk river is called “The forks.”

There yet remains to be spoken of, the habitat of water-plants.
A few can be found in the streams, but the greater part are only
found in still or slow-flowing water. The nearest lakes are Cairo
lake and the walled lakes of Hamilton county. Besides these
there are ponds, of whichthere are two kinds: First, those which
have muddy banks and water, and which are often bayous from
the streams; in these scarcely any vegetation grows. The second
class is found in depressions in the prairie. The vegetation is
very dense, and the bottom is of peat. Here will be found water-
lilies, pond-weeds, and U¢ricularta. Formerly these prairie
ponds were very numerous, but the extensive system of drainage
employed of late years, and the series of droughts from 1884 to
1887, have caused them to almost disappear. For this reason many
water-plants, which were abundant a few years ago, have been
marked in the catalogue as “‘ becoming rare.” During the sum-
mer of 18S9 I was unable to find a single specimen of Castalia
tuberosa, Utricularia vulgaris, Pontederta cordata, and anum-
ber of other aquatics, though I collected them frequently five or
six years ago [It is for this reason, chiefly, that plants from
Cairo lake are included, as the excursion was made for water-
plants.

On the other hand, introduced species become established in
our flora, and may soon become a constituent part. Lactuca
Scartoda is an example. Within a few years this species has in-
creased to a marked extent. Solanum rostratum, now common
in Southwestern Iowa, will undoubtedly reach Story county in
a few years.

It is hoped that the following catalogue may be of value as a
record useful in studying the changes in the flora of which
it treats.

v.—3—I0

Se ee

482 TRANS. ST, LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. Cee

CATALOGUE.
RANUNCULACEZ.

CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA, L. Amoen. iv. 1760,
Thickets and banks; frequent.

C. PITCHER!, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. p. 10.
River banks; frequent.

ANEMONE PATENS, L., var, HIRSUTISSIMA, (Pursh).— Clematis
hirsutisstma, Pursh, Fl.—A. fatens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray, Man.
5th ed.

Prairie; rare.
Flowering in early spring. It has been collected about two miles southeast of
the College.

A. CAROLINIANA, Walt. FI.

Dry hills; infrequent.

Along the ridge east of the barns, and elsewhere.

Dr. Watson writes that, according. to Dr, Gray, our plant is distinct from the
South American A. decapetala, L., which extends as far north as Arkansas and
Texas,

A. CYLINDRICA, Gray, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. iii. p. 221.
Dry woods; frequent.
A. VIRGINIANA, L. Spec.
Dry woods and banks; frequent.
A. PENNSYLVANICA, L. Mant. ii. p. 247.
Moist prairies near sloughs; abundant.
Dr. Watson writes that A. d/chotoma, L,, is a Siberian plant.
I have not access to A. Canadensis, L. Syst. 12th ed. 3d appx. 1768. It may be
that this name should be used.

A.NEMOROSA, IL. Spec.

Rich upland woods; abundant.
Plentiful in early spring around cemetery.

A. HEPATICA, L., var. ACUTA, (Pursh).—Hepatica triloba, Chaix,
var. acuta, Pursh, Fl.— H. acutiloba, DC. Prod. i.— Anemone acuti-
loba, Lawson, Ranunc. 1876.

Rich upland woods; abundant.

The first flower to appear in the spring, preferring northern slopes,

Watson’s Index cites for Anemone Hepatica, var. acuta, Bigel. Fl. Bost, p. 135;
which is evidently an error as this name does not appear. The Index also cites Hepa-
tica triloba, var. acuta, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 2d ed. p. 222. What is really said is, ‘ He-
patica triloba, 3, I.obes acute.” In Hooker, Fl, Bor.-Am. i, p. 18, is, “ H. triloba,
3, foliorum segmentis acutis ” with synonym, ‘‘ Anemone triloba, var. 3, acuta,
Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, p. 222,”? a combination which Bigelow does not use.

ANFEMONELLA THALICTROIDES, (L.) Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 1839. —
Anemone thalictrotdes, L. Spec.
Rich upland woods; abundant.

THALICTRUM DIoIcuM, L. Spec.
Rich upland woods; not uncommon.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 483

T. PURPURASCENS, L. Spec.
Low prairie and rocky woods; abundant.
RANUNCULUS CYMBALARIA, Pursh, FI.
Dry hills; scarce.
Northeast corner of ‘‘ Big Prairie.” :
RR. LACUSTRIS, Beck & Tracy, in Eat. Man. 3d ed. 1822.— 2. multi-
jfedus, Pursh, Fl.
Ponds; becoming rare.
When a pond containing it is drained, the plant persists for a year or two, but the
finely divided leaves are replaced by lobed or incised forms,
For remarks onthe nomenclature of this species, see Greene, Pittonia, ii. 8; Eat.
Man. sth ed. p. 359, note 3; DC. Syst. i, 270 & 303; Prod. i. 34 & 43, DeCandolle
places R. mulitfidus, Forsk. F]. 42g, 1775. under A. Forskehlii, among ‘‘ Ranun-
culi non satis notr’’

R. ABORTIVUS, L. Spec.

Low woods; common.
R.SEPTENTRIONALIS, Poir. Dict. vi. p. 125.

Moist prairies and meadows; common.
R. Pennsylvanicus, L. f. Suppl. 1781.

Wet ground; south shore of Cairo lake.
R. acris, L. Spec.

Waste places. A small patch has persisted for several years near the northwest
corner of the Chemica! Laboratory, probably introduced with packing material,
but it has shown no tendency to spread. ;

TISOPYRUM BITERNATUM, (Raf.) Torr. & Gray, F1. i. p. 660.— Ene-
mion biternatum, Rat. Journ. Phys. ii. 1820.
Low woods; common.
CALTHA PALUSTRIS, L. Spec.
Swamps; frequent.
Bog near pump-house, and elsewhere.
AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Rocky woods; frequent.
DELPHINIUM AZUREUM, Michx. FI.
Prairie; not uncommon.

Quite abundant along railroad west of lower gate.
Dr. Watson writes that D- Carolinianum, Walt, Fl. is doubtful.

ACT#A SPICATA, L., var. RUBRA, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Rich woods; infrequent.

Woods near cemetery, Onion creek, Skunk river, and elsewhere. The red ber-
ries ripen in early August.

A. ALBA, (L.) Bi el.in Eat. Man. 4th ed.—4A. spicata, L., var. alba,
L. Spec. powec~ (2x [jee Saree. Pott. C£TO
Rich woods; scarce.

Onion creek, growing with the preceding which it much resembles, but its white
berries ripen later.

MENISPERMACEZ,

MENISPERMUM CANADENSE, L. Spec.
Low woods; frequent, but rare in fruit.

;

‘ ' w

484 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

BERBERIDACEZ.

CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES (L.) Michx, Fl.—Leontice thalic-
troides, L. Spec.

Rich woods; infrequent.

It has been suggested that Leontopetalon thalictroides, Hill, Syst. Veg. xvi..
p. 26, be taken up, but I have not been able to satisfy myself that this should be done.
The above work gives under the genus Leontopeta/on the following species: 1, Le-.
ontice crysogonum ; 2, Leontice Leontopetalum; 3. Leontopetalon thalictroides; 4.
Leontice Leontopetaloides, These are the four species that are included by Linnzeus.
in his genus Leontice.

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM, L. Spec.

Rich woods; frequent.
NYMPHZ ACELZ.*

BRASENIA NYMPHOIDES, (Thunb.) Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. p.82, 1872..
—Menyanthes nymphoides, Vhunb. Fl. Jap. 1784.

Ponds; rare.
Along railroad a few miles northwest of Ames.

CASTALIA TUBEROSA, (Paine) Greene, Torr. Bull. xv. 1888.—Nym-
phea tuberosa, Paine, Cat. Pl. Ondida Co. 1865.—NMymphea renifor-
mis, DC. Syst. ii.(?)

Ponds; becoming rare.

In the immediate vicinity of the College there is no suitable habitat, but it occurs
frequently in the prairie ponds of the Big prairie and elsewhere.

If Nymphea tuberosa, Paine, and JN. rentformis are the same, as indicated in.
Gray’s Manual, 6th ed., our plant becomes Castalia reniformis (DC.); but there
seems to be much doubt as to the identity of DeCandolle’s plant.

NYMPH-EA ADVENA, Solander, in Ait. Hort. Kew.—Nuphar dimes
na, Ait. f. Hort. Kew.

Ponds and slow streams; infrequent.
In the vicinity of Gilbert and Story City.

PAPAVERACEZ.

SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Rich woods; not uncommon.

FUMARIACEZ.

DICLYTRA CUCULLARIA, (L.) DC. Syst. ii.—Fumaria Cucullaria,

L. Spec.

Rich woods; abundant.

The original spelling of the genus has been retained, since the evidence seems to
show that Borckhausen intended the word to be Diclytra, 1f the error be purely typo-
graphical it should be corrected. I have not access to Borckhausen’s paper (Romer,
Archiv. f, d. Bot. i, 2, p. 46), but Bernhardi quotes from this paper (Linnea xii, p.
668, 1838), ‘‘ Diclytra nenne ich (Borckhausen) sie (die Gattung) von dic, zwei,
und «AvTpor, Sporn, weil sich die Blume so deutlich durch ihre zwei Sporne-
auszeichnet.”

Pref. Trelease suggests that the error may have arisen in a transfer of ken/rom
from the original script into the Greek letters. The e, being made too high, be-
came an i, and then the nm was read as U, , making klutron,

* For valuable notes on this Onen see Lawson, Nympheace.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 485

CRUCIFERZ.

DENTARIA LACINIATA, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iti.
Rich woods; not uncommon.
Most abundant along Skunk river.

If Dentarsa is referred to Cardamine,this becomes Cardamine lacintata (Muhl.)
Wood, Bot. & Fl. 1871.

‘CARDAMINE BULBOSA, (Schreb.) B.S. P. Cat.— drabis bulbosa,
Schreb. in Muhl. Ind. Fl. Lanc. 1793.
Springs and ditches; frequent.

‘C. FLEXUOSA, With. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. 3d ed. 1796.—C. hirsuta, L.,
var. sylvatica, Gray, Man. sthed.

Springs and bogs on wooded hillsides; infrequent.

Spring on bank of Squaw creek north of the College, and elsewhere.
Comparison with European specimens shows that our plant is this rather than C.

hirsuta, L. For notes see Britton, Contr. Herb. Columb, Col. 13, (Trans. N.Y.
Acad. Sci. ix. 188g).

ARABIS HIRSUTA, (L.) Scop. Carn. 2d ed. 1772.— Turritis hirsuta,
-L. Spec.
Rocky woods; infrequent.

Skunk river, northeastof Ames. An Ames specimen in the I, A. C. herbarium,
labelled A. Jevigata, belongs here.

A. CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Rocky woods; infrequent.
Hoggatt’s woods; Skunk river.
A. DENTATA, Torr. & Gray, FI, i. p. 80.— Sisymbrium dentatum,
Short, Pl. Ky. 3d suppl. 1837 (name only).
Low ground; scarce.
Squaw creek north of College.
DRABA CAROLINIANA, Walt. FI.
9 Sandy places; infrequent.

In the gravel near Prof. Budd’s house; north of the barns; and elsewhere. The

flowering season is short and the pods mature quickly, hence it often escapes the
a
collector.

EE Tn ee
- i

F Alyssum calycinum, L. Spec.

M *‘Ames—Bessey.” Specimen in I. A. C. herbarium.

} Camelina sativa, (L.) Crantz, Stirp, Austr. i. 1762.—Myagrum sati-

., vum, L. Spec.

¥ Waste places; scarce. Occasionally occurs along the railroad.

A

Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. — Sisymbrium
Nasturtium, L. Spec.

A few specimens found in 1883 in Hoggatt’s woods, about 20 rods north of the
slaughter-house.

N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray FI. i. p. 73.
Wet places; rare.

Near iron bridge four miles southeast of Ames, Common in the eastern part of
the State,

456 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

N. PALUSTRE, (Leys.) DC. Syst. ii. — Sisymbrium palustre, Leys.
Fl. Hal. 1761.
Wet ground; common.
As a synonym of N. palustre, Watson’s Index gives Sisymbrium palustre, L.
The New York Catalogue gives Nasturtium palustre, (L.) DC. But I have been.
unable to find Sisymbrium palustre in any of Linnzus’ works, so I have followed.
the synonymy given in DC, Syst.

N. Armoracia, (L.) Fries. Fl. Scan. 1835.— Cochlearia Armoracia,
L. Spec.
Escaped from gardens into wet places.
BARBAREA VULGARIS, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew.—Erysimum Bar-
barea, L. Spec.
Grain fields; infrequent.
Hesperis matronvalis, L. Spec.

Occasionally spontaneous around gardens; a few plants found in the lower part.
of ‘‘ The forks.”

ERYSIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES, L. Spec.
Woods; common.
SISYMBRIUM CANESCENS, Nutt. Gen.
Rocky places, infrequent.
Along railroad south of Ames, and elsewhere.
S. pinnatum, (Walt.) Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. ii., is invalidated by S. pinna-
tum, Barneoud in Gay, FI. Chili.
S. OFFICINALE, (L.) Scop. Carn. 2d ed. ii. 1772. — Erysimum offici-
nale, L. Spec. /
Roadsides and waste places; common.
THELYPODIUM PINNATIFIDUM, (Mich.) Wats. in King’s Rep. v.
1871.—Hesperis pinnatifidum, Mich. FI.
Low woods; frequent.
BRASSICA SINAPISTRUM, Boiss. Voy. Esp. p. 39, 1839-1845.
Fields and waste places; common.
Specimens with sparsely hirsute pods were collected three miles east of Ames.

B. alba, (L.) Boiss. Voy. Esp. p. 39.—Sznafis alba, L. Spec.
A specimen was collected along the railroad, between Ames and the College, by
Mr. Corbett, and it has been reported by others.
By the accidental omission of the authority in the 5th and 6th editions of the
Manial, this would appear to be ore of Dr. Gray’s species,
B. NIGRA, (L.) Koch in Roehl, Deutsch. F1.3d ed. iv. 1833.—S7napis
nigra, L. Spec.
Waste places; common.
CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS, (L.) Moench, Meth. 1794. — Thlaspé
Bursa-pastoris, L. Spec.
Gardens and waste places; common.
LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM, L. Spec.
Woods and waste places; common.
Plant more leafy, usually less branched, pedicels rather longer and pods some-

what larger than in the next; leaves cut-serrate; petals usually present; cotyle-.
dons accumbent, Prefers shady or moist places,

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 487

L. INTERMEDIUM, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 1853.

Dry or sterile soil; common.

Plant bushy-branched, with nearly entire linear leaves ; petals usually minute or
absent; cotyledons incumbent, To determine this last and decisive distinction,
examine the seed, or, much better, a cross-section, with a good hand-lens or com-
pound microscope, d

Raphanus sativus, L. Spec.

Often persists for a year or two in neglected gardens,

CAPPARIDACEZ.

PoLANISIA GRAVEOLENS, Raf. Am. Jovr. Sci. I. i. 1819.
Sand or, gravel; abundant.
CIS TACEZ.

HELIANTHEMUM MAJUS, (L.) B.S.P. Cat.—Lechea major, L.
Ameen. iii. 1756.
Dry hills; infrequent.
Northeast of College beyond Squaw creek; sand-hills near Enterprise School,
‘*Lechea minor.”’
«¢ Ames—Bessey, 1876.” Specimen in J. A. C. herbarium.
VIOLACEZ.
VIOLA“ PEDATA, L. Spec.
Prairie and open woods, frequent.
V. PINNATIFIDA, Don, Mill. Dict. i. 1831.
Prairie; not uncommon.
V. PALMATA, L. Spec.
Low ground; not uncommon.
Var. OBLIQUA, (Hill)— V. obliqgua, Hort. Kew. 1768.— V. palmata,
L., var. cucullata, Gray, Bot. Gaz. 1886.

Low ground; common.

The leaves vary from reniform to narrowly hastate, and from glabrous to downy-
pubescent. All the Ames specimens in the I. A. C. herbarium labelled V. sagit-
tata, Ait., belong here, The latter is frequent inthe eastern partof the State; but I
have not seen it within our limits.

V. PUBESCENS, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Low woods; abundant.

CARY OPHYLLACEZ.

Saponaria officinalis, L. Spec.

Escaped from gardens in many places.
S. Vaccaria, L. Spec.

Waste places; rare.

Specimens occasionally appear along the railroad between the College and Ames.
SILENE STELLATA, (L.) Ait. Hort. Kew.— Cucubalus stellatus, L.
Spec.

Upland woods; common.

S. nrveaA, DC. Prod. i.

Low woods; infrequent.
DeCandolle cites ‘‘ Muhlenb, Catal.,” but does not adopt his name,— S. alba.

438 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

S. ANTIRRHINA, L. Spec.
Gravelly soil; infrequent. |
LYCHNIS Githago, (L.) Lam. Dict. iii. p.643.—Agrostemma Githa-
go, L. Spec.
Fields and waste places; scarce.
Stellaria media, (L.) Vill. Delph. iii. 1785.— Alsine media, L. Spee.
Damp, shady places; scarce.

Quite abundant in east end of flower garden.
Smith, Engl. Bot, 1790-1814, is given in many places as the authority for S. media.

S. LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. in Willd. Enum.
Low, grassy places; not uncommon.

PORTULACACEZA.

PORTULACA OLERACEA, L. Spec.

Cultivated ground and waste places; very common.
CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA, L. Spec.

Low woods; abundant.

AYPERICACEZ.

HYPERICUM ASCYRON, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Moist places in woods; scarce.
Hoggatt’s woods near bridge; Onion creek; woods south of College,
H. MACULATUM, Walt. FI.
Wet places; rare.
Near mouth of Onion creek.
H. CANADENSE, L., var. MAJUS, Gray, Man. 5th ed.
Sloughs; not uncommon.

MALVACEZ.

MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Spec.
Yards and roadsides; infrequent.
Quite abundant east of Skunk river.
M. sylvestris, L. Spee.
One specimen found along roadside one mile south of College,
ABUTILON AVICENN#®, Gaertn. Fr. ii. 1791, p. 251.— Sida Abu-
tzlon, L. Spec.
Waste places; infrequent.
Hibiscus Trionum, L. Spec.
Around flower gardens occasionally.

TILIACE.

TILIA AMERICANA, L. Spec.

Woods; frequent.
Prefers clay bluffs.

LINACE.

LINUM SULCATUM, Riddell, Cat. Pl. Ohio, suppl. 1856.
Dry hills; frequent.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA.

Linum usitatissimum, L. Spee.
Escaped from cultivation; frequent.

GERANIACEZ.
GERANIUM MACULATUM, L. Spec.
Upland woods; abundant.

OXALIS VIOLACEA, L. Spec.
Rocky places and cultivated ground; frequent.

O. CORNICULATA, L. Spec.
Woods and pastures; common.

48g

Var. sTRIcTA, (L.) Sav. in Lam. Dict. iv.— O. stricta, L. Spec.

Woods and pastures; common.
{[MPATIENS AUREA, Muhl. Cat.—J pallida, Nutt. Gen.
Low places in woods; abundant.
I. BIFLORA, Walt. Fl.—Jl. fuiva, Nutt. Gen.
Low woods; frequent.
: RUTACEZ.
XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM, Mill. Dict.
Low woods; abundant.
CELASTRACEL..
CELASTRUS SCANDENS, L. Spec.
Thickets and woody bluffs; not uncommon.
Frequent along clay bluffs of Skunk river.
EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS, Jacq. Hort. Vind. ii. 1772.
Low woods; not uncommon.
RHAMNACEZ.

CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS, Ih. Spec.
Prairie and open woods; abundant.

C. ovatus, Desf., var. PUBESCENS, Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
Dry hills; scarce.

Northeast of the College, beyond Squaw creek. Fruit matures earlier than in

the above.
VI TACEZ.

VITIS RIPARIA, Michx. FI.

Woods and thickets, both upland and lowland; common.

AMPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA, (L.) Michx. Fl.— Hedera quinquefo-

lia, L. Spec.— Vitis guinguefolia, Lam. II1. ii.
Lowland woods; abundant.
SAPINDACE.
fésculus glabra, Willd. Enum.
Des Moines river at Boone (Prof. Budd).

Wi sit Wiese
.

490 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

ACER SACCHARUM, Marsh., var. NIGRUM, (Michx. f.) Britton,
Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. .ix 1889.—A. nigrum, Michx. f. Arb. Amer.
ii. 1810.—A. saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
p- 248. Upland woods; frequent.
A. SACCHARINUM, L. Spec.—A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. Beitr. iv. 1789.
Low woods; common.
NEGUNDO ACEROIDES, Moench, Meth. 1794.— Acer Negundo, L.
Spec.
Low woods; abundant.
STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA, L. Spec.
Moist woods; not uncommon.

ANACARDIACEZ.,
RHUS GLABRA, L. Spec.
Open upland woods, especiaily along the borders; abundant.
R. RADICANS, L. Spec.—R. Toxicodendron, L. Spec.

Two species, R. ratdcans and R. Toxicodendron, were recognized in the Species
Plantarum. These are now quite generally considered as but forms of one species,
which should take the name having priority of position. Engler (Anacard. in DC.
Mon. Phan. iv. 1883) uses R. Toxicodendron, L.emend, Torr, & Gray, which includes
four subspecies, The first is the only one with which we are concerned: & vulga-
vis, Pursh, Fl. Under this two forms are recognized—1. radicans (f. radicans,L.);
2. volubilis, DC. Prod. ii, (R. Texicodendron, L.)

We have both forms: 1. climbing high ontrunks by rootlets, leaves usually large
and entire or sparingly dentate; frequent on bottom-land. 2. Low, erect, or twin-
ing, leaves smallerand usually deeply notched; found on drier soil, fence rows, etc.
But the low form occasionally has entire leaves, and the rooting form dentate leaves.
If the latter form is kept as a variety itis R. radicans, L., var. Toxicodendron,
Pers. Syn, i. .

POLYGALACEZ.

POLYGALA SENEGA, L. Spec.

Rich upland woods; frequent.
P. INCARNATA, L. Spec.

Moist prairie; infrequent.
P, SANGUINEA, L. Spec.

Along sloughs; frequent.
P. VERTICILLATA, L. Spec.

Prairie and open woods; infrequent.

LEGUMINOSZ.

BAPTISIA LEUCOPHHA, Nutt. Gen.
Prairie; not uncommon.

B. LEUCANTHA, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. p. 385.
Low ground; frequent.

This appears first as Podalyria alba, Sims, Bot. Mag. 1809. Baptista, Vent.
was separated in 1808. Our plant loses its birthright in the specifie name alba by
being transferred to Baptisia too late (B. alba, Hook, Fl, Bor.-Am,), there being
already B. alba, R. Br. 1810,

Trifolium arvense, L. Spec.

‘¢ Ames, 1871, Bessey.”’ One specimen in I. A. C. herbarium.

=. ; HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 49t

T, PRATENSE, L. Spec.
Meadows and pastures; common.
T. REPENS, L. Spec.
Meadows and open woods; common.
si agrarium, L. Spee.
_ Several specimens collected along the railroad two miles east of
. Ames in 1886.
T. procumbens, L. Spee.
Meadows and pastures; infrequent.
College campus; Union creek; Skunk river northeast of Ames.

MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, (L.) Willd. Enum. — Trifolium Melilo-

tus officinalis, L.. Spec.
Roadsides and waste places; infrequent.
Streets of Ames, three miles north of College, and elsewhere. Pods plump and
smooth.

M. ALBA, Lam. Dict. iv. p. 63.
Roadsides and waste places; infrequent.

Abundant along road two miles west of College.

Medicago sativa, L, Spee.
Sparingly escaped along roadsides.
M. lupulina, L. Spec.
Occasionally found in waste places.
PSORALEA ARGOPHYLLA, Pursh, FI.
Prairie; abundant.
AMORPHA CANESCENS, Pursh, FI.
Prairie; common.

The name first appears in Fraser’s Catalogue, which is a seedsman’s catalogue
and contains no description of it. Pursh uses the same name and publihes a descrip-
tion, but does not quote Fras, Cat., although he does quote it for other species,
Nuttall in his Genera publishes a description, and quotes ‘‘T. N. Fras. Cat.” He
prefixes the xy, which indicates ”. sp, The remark is made that Pursh saw a flow-
ering specimen only, in Nuttall’s herbarium,

A. FRUTICOSA, L. Spec.
Sloughs and river banks; frequent.
Dalea alopecuroides, Willd. Spec. iii.
Infrequent along the railroad.
PETALOSTEMON VIOLACEUS, ( Willd.) Michx. Fl. — Dalea vielacea,
Willd. Spec. iii. p. 1337.—D. purpurea, Vent. Hort. Cels. 1800.

Prairies; abundant.

P. CANDIDUS, (Willd.) Michx. Fl.—Dalea candida, Wild, Spec. iii.
Prairie; abundant.

P. villosus, Nutt. Gen.
A few plants collected along the railroad two miles east of Ames

in 1886.

Robinia pseudacacia, L. Spec.

Sparingly introduced along hedges,two miles south of the College; four miles
south of Northwest School.

492 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD, SCIENCE.

ASTRAGALUS CARYOCARPUS, Ker, Bot. Reg. 1816.
Prairie; not uncommon,
A. CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Moist clay banks; frequent.
GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA, Pursh, FI.
Prairie; scarce.
North of College beyond Squaw creek ; near Ontario depot.
DESMODIUM GRANDIFLORUM, (Walt.) DC. Prod. ii. — Hedysarum
grandifiorum, Walt. Fl.—D. acuminatum, DC. Prod. ii.
. Upland woods; common. .
D. ILLINOENSE, Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. 1870.
Prairie; not uncommon.
D. DILLENL, Darl. Fl. Cest. 2d ed.
Borders of upland woods; abundant.

Stem pubescent at summit, glabrate below; racemes usually simple and rather
few-flowered; pods often with as many as six joints. '

D. CANADENSE, (L.) DC. Prod, ii.—Hedysarum Canadense, L. Spee.
Upland woods; frequent.

D. SESSILIFOLIUM, (Torr.) Torr, & Gray, F1. i. p. 363.—“‘ Hedysarum
sessilifolium, var. angustifolium, Tor.” in Curtis, Pl. Wilming-
ton, 1834.

Copses; abundant.
LESPEDEZA FRUTESCENS, (Willd.) Ell. Sk. ii.—Hedysarum frutes-
cens, Willd. Spec. iii.—Z. capitata, Michx. Fl.
Prairie; abundant.
L. LEPTOSrACHYA, Engelm. in Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 1876.
Prairie; rare.

Beyond road south of Veterinary Barn. There is also a specimen in the Engel-
mann herbarium from Ames, collected by Dr. Arthur.

Vicia Cracea, L. Spec.
A few plants collected on the campus near South Hall.
V. AMERICANA, Muhl, in Willd. Spec. iii.
Low ground; frequent.
LATHYRUS VENOSUS, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii.
Upland woods; infrequent.
Skunk river northeast of Ames, and elsewhere,
L. PALUSTRIS, L. Spec.
Sloughs; not uncommon. —
APIOS TUBEROSA, Moench, Meth. 1794.
Moist thickets; not uncommon.

STROPHOSTYLES ANGULOSA, (Ort.) Ell. Sk. ii.—Phaseolus angulo-
sus, Ort. Nov. Pl. 1797-1800.

HITCIICOCK——-PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 493

_ AMPHICARP-©A ComoSsA, (L.) Riddell, Synops. 1835.— Glycine co-
mosa, L. Spec.—A. monoica, Ell. Journ. Acad. Phil. i. 1818. ?
Low copses; frequent.
CASSIA CHAM-ECRISTA, L. Spec.
Dry, sterile soil; frequent.
GYMNOCLADUS Droicus, (L.) Koch, Dendr. 1869-1873. — Guzlandina
diorca, L. Spec.—Gymuocladus Canadensis, Lam. Dict. i.
Low woods; infrequent.
GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS, L. Spec.
Lowland woods; frequent.

:

ROSACEZ,
PRUNUS AMERICANA, Marsh. Arbust.
Thickets; frequent.
P. PENNSYLVANICA, L. f. Suppl. 1781.
According to Prof. Budd, this is not uncommon in upland woods.
P. VIRGINIANA, L. Spec.
Upland woods; frequent.
P. SEROTINA, Ebr. Beitr. iii. 1789.
Woods; frequent.
RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec.
Upland woods; frequent.

R. VILLoSA, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Upland woods; frequent.
GEUM ALBUM, Gmel. Syst. ii. 1791.

Woods; frequent.

Watson’s Index gives as synonyms of this: G, Canadense, Jacq. Hort. Vind. ii,
1772, [G. Canadense, Murr. in Comm. Soc. reg. sci, Goett. v. 1783? is G. strictum,
Ait. Hort. Kew.] and G. Carolinianum, Walt. Fl. Inthe absence of sufficient
literature, I have retained G. album, as given in the N. Y. Catalogue and Britton,
Fl. N. Jersey.

G. VIRGINIANUM, L. Spec.
Low ground; frequent.

FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA, Duch., var. ILLINOENSIS, (Prince), Gray,
Man. 5th ed. — /. lllinoensis, Prince (said to be in a seedsman’s
catalogue).

Moist prairie and banks; abundant.

POTENTILLA ARGUTA, Pursh, FI.

Prairie; abundant.
P. NORVEGICA, L. Spec.
Low ground; abundant.

. Erect, simple, or branching above; leaves ail 3-foliolate; petals about the length
of the calyx.

494 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. Beery)

P. RIVALIS, Nutt., var. PENTANDRA, (Engel.) Watson, Proc. Amer. oe
Acad. 1873 (Revision Poten.)—P. pentandra, Engel. in Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. p 447.

Sandy soil; infrequent.

Along the railroad near lower gate; near first bridge on wagon road south of
Ames; bottom-!and in “the forks.”

Resembles P, Norvegica, and often grows with it, but always in sandy soil. Usu-
ally much branched at the very base, but sometimes simple; branches ascending;
lower leaves 3-foliolate, but lateral leaflets parted almost to the base, thus appear-
ing as if palmately 5-foliolate; petals minute; stamens usually 6, sometimes more;
flowers smaller and pedicels more slender than in the last, The same was collected
at Davenport, Sioux City, and Hamburg, The descriptions of this read, “stamens
5, opposite the sepals,’ but all the flowers examined showed usually 6, or sometimes
7 or §. In the Engelmann herbarium is a specimen from Neoshe river bottom,
labelled ‘‘P. pentandra, Engel.,’”? accompanied by a sketch showing 5 stamens.
Another specimen from Humboldt county, Lowa, collected by Dr. J. C. Arthur, is
accompanied by a note, ‘‘stamens 6-8 (10?),”’ etc.

P. Anserina, L. Spec.
Abundant along the railroad embankment at Jewell Junction.
P. CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Dry banks; abundant.
AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA, L. Spec.
Woods; abundant.
Rosa BLANDA, Ait., var. ARKANSANA, (Porter) Best, Torr. Bull.
xvii. 1890.—R. Arkansana, Porter, Syn. Fl. Col. 1874.
/ Prairie; abundant. ‘
This is the common wild rose of central Iowa. It has passed for R, blanda, Ait.
PIRUS CORONARIA, L. Spec. |
‘ Copses; frequent.
CRATHGUS COCCINEA, L., var. MOLLIS, Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. p. 465.
Woods; frequent.
C. TOMENTOSA, L. Spec.
Woods, chiefly lowland; frequent.
€. PUNCTATA, Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. 1770.
Thickets; frequent.
AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS, (L.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. p. 478.
Mespilus Canadensis, L. Spec.

Clay bluffs; not uncommon, Hoggatt’s woods; more abundant on Skunk river.

SAXITFRAGACEZ.

HEUCHERA HISPIDA, Pursh, FI.
Prairie; frequent.
PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA, Michx. FI.
Swamps; scarce.
Bog near pump-house, and elsewhere,
RIBES CYNOSBATI, L. Spec.
Woods; not uncommon.
R. GRACILE, Michx. FI.
Woods; abundant.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 495

RB. FLoripum, L’Her. Stirp. i. 1784.
Woods; not uncommon.

CRASSULACEZ.

‘
a

PENTHORUM SEDOIDES, L. Spec.
Wet places; common.

HALORAGEZ.
MyRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM, L. Spec.
Ponds; scarce.
Big Prairie; abundant at Cairo lake and all the larger ponds in the county.

PROSERPINACA PALUSTRIS, L. Spec.

Ponds; scarce.
LYTHRACEZ.

AMMANNIA COCCINEA, Rottb. Pl. Hort. rar. 1773 (fide Koehne).
Sloughs and river banks; scarce.

LYTHRUM ALATUM, Pursh, Fl.
Low ground; abundant.

ONAGRACE,

LUDWIGIA POLYCARPA, Short & Peter, Pl. Ky. 2d suppl. 1835.
) Wet places; frequent.
EPILOBIUM LINEARE, Muhl. Cat.
Wet places; scarce.
E. COLORATUM, Muhl. in Willd. Enum.
Low ground; abundant.
E, ADENOCAULON, Hausskn. in Oesterr. bot. Zeitschr. xxix. 1879.
Wet places; frequent.
(ENOTHERA BIENNIS, L. Spec.
Neglected ground; abundant.
CE. RHOMBIPETALA, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. p. 493.
Sandy soil; abundant along sand-hills south of Northwest School.
(E. SERRULATA, Nutt. Gen.
Dry clay soil; infrequent.
CiRC#HA LUTETIANA, L. Spec.
Woods; abundant.
2 Z, a Pi) 4G CUCUABI TACEZ, lott (2%) Gr a (2. C | e P)
ECHINOCYSTIS a (Mubl. ) B. 8..P.. Cat. bese ersten echi-

nata, Muhl. Ind. Fl. Lanc. 1793. — Srey es Leteat— h~ be
Banks of streams; frequent.

FICOIDEZ.

MOLLUGO VERTICILLATA, L. Spec.
Sandy places; common.

496 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENE.C Bas

UMBELLIFERZ.
Daucus Carota, L. Spec.

Occasionally spontaneous around gardens.

CONIOSELINUM CHINENSR, (L.) B.S. P. Cat.— Athamanta Chinen-
sts, L. Spec.—C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. p. 619.
Woody hillside a mile and a half east of Ames.
TIEDEMANNIA RIGIDA, (L.) C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xii. 1887.--Sium rigi-
dum, L. Spec.
Sloughs; abundant.
HERACLEUM LANATUM, Michx. FI.
Rich moist woods; not uncommon.
Pastinaca sativa, L. Spec.
Frequently spontaneous in proximity to gardens.
POLYTENIA NuTTALLII, DC. Mem. Umbel. 1829.
Dry places; scarce. :
Field two miles and a half east of Ames.
Foeniculum officinale, Alli. Pedem. 1785 (1795, ex Nyman’s Con-
spectus).—Anethum Feniculum, L. Spec.
Occasionally escapes from gardens.

PIMPINELLA INTEGERRIMA, (L.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 1. 1867.
—Smyrnium tntegerrimum, L. Spec.
Rocky woods; abundant.
CRYPTOTHNIA CANADENSIS, (L.) DC. Mem. Umbel. 1829. — Sison
Cana dense, L. Spec.
Low woods; common.
SIUM CICUTHFOLIUM, Gmel. Syst. ii. 1791.
Sloughs; frequent.
ZIZIA AUREA, Koch, Umbel. (Nov. Act. Leop. xii. 1824).
Low prairie; abundant.
CICUTA MACULATA, L. Spec.—C. virosa, L., var. maculata, C.& R.
Revis. Umbel. 1888.
Sloughs; abundant.
For remarks on this species see Greene, Pitt. i, p. 271, and ii. p. 1. :
CH #ROPHYLLUM PROCUMBENS, (L.) Crantz, Umbel. 1767.— Scan-
dix procumbens, L. Spec.
Low woods; infrequent.
OSMORRHIZA CLaYTONI, (Michx.) B.S. P. Cat.— Myrrhis Clay-
toni, Michx. Fl.—O. brevistylis, DC. Prod. iv.
Rich woods; abundant.
O. LONGISTYLIS, (Torr.) DC. Prod. iv. — Myrrhis longistylis, Torr.
PL. 4..5,
Rich woods; abundant.
ERYNGIUM YUCC@FOLIUM, Michx. FI.
Wet prairie; abundant.
For a note on nomenclature see Greene, Pitt. i. p. 185.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 497

¢ - SANICULA CANADENSIS, L. Spec.—S. Marylandica, L., var. Cana-

densts, Torr. Fl. U.S.
Lowland woods; frequent.

Var. MARYLANDICA, (L.)—S. Marylandica, L. Spee. |
Lowland woods; common. |

ARALIACEZ.

ARALIA RACEMOSA, L. Spec.
Rich woods; not uncommon.
A. NUDICAULTIS, L. Spec.
Woods along clay bluffs; infrequent.
A. quinquefolia, (L.) Decaisne & Planch. Rev. Hort. 1854.—Panax
guinguefolia, L. Spec.
One specimen among my plants collected at Ames, but locality not noted.

CORNACEZ.

CORNUS CIRCINATA, L’Her. Cornus. 1788.
Rich woods; rare.

Clear creek one mile west of College, and elsewhere.
SERICEA, L. Mant. p. 199.
Moist woods; abundant.
ASPERIFOLIA, Michx. FI.

Lowland woods; abundant.
CANDIDISSIMA, Marsh. Arbust.— C. paniculata, L’Her. Cor-
nus, 1788.

Woods; abundant. ‘
ALTERNIFOLIA, L. f. suppl. 1781.

Rocky woods; rare.

ee

SG ee Ee

CAPRIFOLIACEZ,

SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Lowland woods; abundant.
VIBURNUM PUBESCENS, Pursh, FI.
Rocky woods; not uncommon.

Fruit ovoid, dark purple, 3 to 4 lines long ;iripe in July,
V. LentaaGo, L. Spec.
Rocky woods; not uncommon.
Asmalltree. Fruit black, 4 to 6 lines long, with very flat stone; ripe in Sep-
tember.
TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM, L. Spec.
Upland woods; abundant.
Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Michx. FI.
‘“*Ames.’’ One specimen in I. A.C. herbarium.
S. occidentalis, Hook. FI. i.
Woods; rare.

“Ames,” Bessey; Anderson. Both speeimens in I, A.C." herbarium. Occurs
4 p F P 3 P
frequently at Jewell Junction, Des Moines river at Boone, and around Des Moines.

———_r
yrs 7 <

vV.—3—II

- aie

st - ‘a a6. wat ee ' a
" ’ cn wn x
498 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

LONICERA GLAUCA, Hill, Hort. Kew, 1768.
Rocky woods; infrequent.
Hoggatt’s woods; Skunk river northeast of Ames,

RUBIACEZ.

CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec.
Sloughs; infrequent.
A low shrub, 3 to 4 fect high. (In eastern Iowa it grows taller—6 to 8 ft. high.)
GALIUM APARINE, L. Spec.
Low woods; abundant.

Annual; stems reclining, often forming dense mats; leaves 6, or mostly 8, linear
to oblanceolate; fruit hispidulous.

G. TRIFIDUM, L. Spec.
Wet places; common.
A low diffusely-branched perennial; leaves linear, about 3 inch long, 4 to 6 ina
whorl; fruit smooth. A form with mostly 6 narrowly elliptical leaves, grows abun-
dantly in upland woods,

Var. LATIFOLIUM, Torr. Fl. U.S.
Wet places. common.
Plant usually. less branched; leaves broader.
G. CONCINNUM, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. p. 23.
Dry hills; abundant.
Resembles G. trifidum, but leaves all in sixes and flowers more numerous.
G. TRIFLOKUM, Michx. F1.
Woods; frequent.
Leaves clliptical-lanceolate, all in sixes, larger and broader than in the other
specis; fruit hispidulous,

COMPOSITA.

VERNONIA FASCICULATA, Michx. FI.
Bottom lands; common.
EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM, L. Spec.
Low woods; not uncommon.
Var. MACULATUM, (L.) Darl. Fl. Cest. 1837.—2. maculatum, L.
Amoen. iv. 1760.—EZ. purpureum, f. L. Spec.
Sloughs and low woods; frequent.
This is more common than the type, and easily distinguished; the inflorescence
is denser, the leaves shorter, and veins more reticulated.
E. ALTISSIMUM, L. Spec.
Dry banks; infrequent.
E, PERFOLIATUM, L. Spec.
Low grounds; common.
E. AGERATOIDES, L. f. suppl. 1781.
Woods; common.
KUHNIA EUPATORIOIDES, L. Spec. 2d ed. appx.
Dry prairie; abundant.
Var. GLUTINOSA, (Ell.)— A. glutinosa, Ell. Sk. ii.—A. eupatori-
oides, L., var. corymbulosa, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. |
Dry prairies; abundant.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 499

LIATRIS CYLINDRACEA, Michx. FI.
Prairie; frequent.
L. scartosa, (L.) Willd. Spec. iii. p. 1635. — Serratula scariosa,
L. Spec.
Prairie; abundant.

L. PYCNOSTACHYA, Michx. FI.
Low prairie; abundant.

SoLIDAGO,
, Inflorescence in the axils of feather-veined leaves.

S. LATIFOLIA, L. Spec.
Rich woods; frequent.

Stem smooth, angled, more or less zigzag; leaves ovate, largeand thin, or upper
smaller and lanceolate, all tapering into margined petioles, sharply and deeply ser-
rate, pubescent beneath,

x * Inflorescence a terminal panicle.
+ Leaves not triple-ribbed.
++ Racemes not secund.

S. speciosa, Nutt., var. ANGUSTATA, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. p. 205.
Prairie; infrequent.

Stems strict, 2 to 3 feet high; leaves entire or nearly so, lower spatulate, upper
narrowly elliptical, becoming small and bract-like in the inflorescence.

True S. speciosa, Nutt. is abundant in eastern Iowa, but I have not seen it here,
It should be sought along the borders of upland woods,

++ ++ Racemes secund. (S. xemorais might be sought here.)

S. utmMrFouiA, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii.

Woods; common.
Leaves thin, elliptical, pointed at both ends, sharply serrate, or sometimes the
upper entire; branches of panicle long, slender and recurving. Quite variable. (For
note on S. /ateriflora, Ait., see Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xvii. p. 180.)

++ Leaves more or less triple-ribbed.
++ Stem smooth, at least up to panicle.

S. MISSOURIENSIS, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phil. vii. 1834.
Prairie; common.

Low, seldom more than 2 feet high; glabrous throughout; leaves narrow, thick
and rather rigid, entire or sparingly denticulate, Flowering earlier than the other
species.

S. SEROTINA, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Open ground or along fences and roadsides; common.
Tall, glabrous up to the ample panicle; leaves large and sharply serrate.
Var. GIGANTEA, (Ait.) Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xvii. 1882.—
S. gigantea, Ait. Hort. Kew.

Open ground; not uncommon.
_ Around North Hall and elsewhere. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath.

, Per) 7 a oa «2
ar ’ at

‘ ‘ 4
- at

500 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

++ ++ Stem pubescent,

S. CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Open ground, roadsides, moist woods, etc.; common.
Resembles S. serotina in general appearance, but stem, and usually smaller and
narrower leaves, pubescent,
Var. PROCERA, (Ait.) Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. p. 224.—S. procera,
Ait. Hort. Kew.
Open ground; not uncommon. i
Plant paler, leaves less serrate, and panicle much smaller than in S. Canadensis.
S. NEMORALIS, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Dry gravelly soil; abundant.
Stem (a few inches to 2 feet high) cinereous-pubescent; leaves spatulate or ob-
lanceolate, entire, or the lower sparingly serrate; panicle recurved, or in the taller
specimens sometimes erect.

» » * Heads disposed in corymbiform or cymose clusters.
+ Stem densely pubescent.

S. R1iGIDA, L. Spec.
Prairie; common.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high, softly pubescent or scabrous; radical leaves on long peti-
oles; lower cauline, oblanceolate tapering into slender petioles; upper, ovate to ob-
long, sessile; all entire or nearly so.

+ + Stem nearly or quite glabrous.

S. RippELLII, Frank, in Riddell, Synops. 1835.
Sloughs, often growing in the water; infrequent.

Low prairie north of Ames, and elsewhere. Stem smooth, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves
entire, long and narrow, erect from a sheathing base,

S. GRAMINIFOLIA, (L.) Ell. SK. ii.— Chrysocoma gramnvinifolia, L.
Spec.—S. lanceolata, L. Mant. p. 114.
Wet places; abundant.

Stem much branched, usually smooth, 1 to 3 feet high, with long and slender
rootstocks; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3-nerved, heads glomerate-sessile. Flow-
ering late.

BOLTONIA ASTEROIDES, (L.) L’Her. Sert. Angl. 1788.—Matricaria
asteroides, L. Mant. p. 116.
Sloughs; frequent.

This has the general appearance of an Aster, but the pappus consists of two
(under a lens, setose) awns and a ring of short bristles; the achene is setulose on
the upper part of its winged margin,

ASTER OBLONGIFOLIUS, Nutt., var, RIGIDULUS, Gray, Syn. F1. i. 2.
Rocky bluffs; infrequent.

A. Nov.©X-ANGLI&, L. Spee.
Sloughs and moist places; abundant.

Var. ROSEUS, (Desf.) DC. Prod. v.—A. roseus, Desf. Cat. H. Par.
3d ed.

With the above; an infrequent form.

A. SERICEUS, Vent. Hort. Cels. 1800.
Dry banks; infrequent.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 501

A. AZUREUS, Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 1835.
Prairies and thickets; frequent.
A. CORDIFOLIUS; L. Spec.
Woods; common.
A. Lzvis, L. Spec.
Rocky woods, especially bluffs; not uncommon.
A. AMETHYSTINUS, Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vii. 1841.
Moist places; scarce.
A. MULTIFLORUS, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Prairie; common.
A. LATERIFLORUS, (L.) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. ix. 1889.
— Solidago latertfiora, L. Spec.—A. diffusus, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Low woods; abundant.
A. PANICULATUS, Lam. Dict. i.
Low ground; common.
A. PRENANTHOIDES, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii.
Low ground; infrequent.
A. PUNICEUS, L., var. LUCIDULUS, (Wendr.) Gray, Syn. FI. i. 2.—
A. lucidulus, Wendr. Ind. Sem. Marb.
Moist places; not uncommon.
A. UMBELLATUS, Mill. Dict.
Low ground; not uncommon.
Var. PUBENS, Gray, Syn. F1.i. 2.
Low ground; infrequent.
ERIGERON CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Neglected ground; common.
Commonly 4 or § feet high, but depauperate specimens sometimes only a few
inches.
E. DIVARICATUS, Michx. FI.
Prairie or open woods; not uncommon.
E. ANNUUS, (L.) Pers. Syn. ii.— Aster annuus, L. Spec.
Prairie and neglected fields; abundant.

The typical form is pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves broad, thinnish and
toothed, Passes into the next.

E. RAmMosus, (Walt.) B. 8S. P. Cat.— Doronicum ramosum, Walt.
Fl.—Z£. strzgosus, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii.
Dry ground; common.

Typical form pubescent with appressed hairs; leaves narrowly spatulate, thick-
ish, usually entire. Apparently crosses freely with EZ. annuus,

E. PHILADELPHICUS, L. Spec.
Upland woods; abundant.
ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIA, (L.) Hook. FI. i.—Gnaphalium
plantaginifolium, L. Spec.

Upland woods; common.

502 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. ea

SILPHIUM LACINIATUM, L. Spec.
Prairie; frequent.

Radical leaves varying from aeriewly oblanceolate and entire to broad and twice
pinnately parted,

S. INTEGRIFOLIUM, Michx. FI.
Open upland woods; frequent in the woods west of Nevada.
Leaves sometimes narrowed to a sessile base.
S. PERFOLIATUM, L. Spee. 2d ed.
Moist soil; frequent.

AMBROSIA TRIFIDA, L. Spec.
Low ground; common.

Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, (Muhl.) Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. p. 290.—A.
integrifolia, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iv.

A form with entire leaves.

A. ARTEMISIZFOLIA, L. Spec.
Prairies and roadsides; common and quite variable.
A. PSILOSTACHYA, DC. Prod. v.
Prairie; infrequent.
Dry hills north of College, beyond Squaw creek.
XANTHIUM CANADENSE, Mill. Dict. 8th ed.
Cultivated ground and waste places; common.
X. Canadense, Mill., var. echinatum, (Murr.) Gray, Syn. Fl. i. 2.—X. echinatum,
Murr. in Comm, Soc. reg. sci. Goett. vi. 1783-4. If 1 have the right understanding of
this variety, it does not occur in our flora,
HELIOPSIS SCABRA, Dunal, Mem. Mus. Paris, v. 1819.
Prairie and open woods; common.
It has the appearance of He/‘anthus, but the ray-flowers are fertile,
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, DC. Prod. v.
Prairie; abundant.
RUDBECKIA LACINIATA, L. Spec.
Low woods; common.
R. TRILOBA, L. Spec.
Moist woods ; common.
R. SUBTOMENTOSA, Pursh, FI.
Moist prairie or open woods; frequent.
R. HIRTA, L. Spec.
Prairie; common.
LEPACHYS PINNATA, (Vent,) Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. p, 314. — Rud-
beckia pinnata, Vent. Hort. Cels. 1800.
Prairie; abundant.
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L. Spec.
Waste grounds; infrequent.

Ordinarily tall and stout, but ours is frequently depauperate, sometimes nm a
few inches high with a single small head.

L
{

eae

sealant tania

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 503

H. DIFFUSUS, Sims, Bot. Mag. 1818.—H. rigidus, Desf. Cat. Hort.
Paris. 3d ed. 1829.
Prairies; frequent.
H. L2TIFLORUS, Pers. Syn. ii.
Prairie; infrequent.
Along the railroad near the stone arch,
H. GROSSE-SERRATUS, Martens, Sel. Sem. Hort. Lovan. 1839.
Low ground; abundant.
H. srrumosus, L. Spec.
Borders of woods; abundant.
Var. MOLLIS, (Willd.) Torr. & Gray, FI]. ii. p. 327.—H. mollis,
Willd. Spec. iii.
Woods; infrequent.
Leaves often somewhat cordate at base, softly pubescent beneath.
H. TRACHELIIFOLIUS, Willd. Spee. iii.
Borders of woods; scarce.
H. TUBEROSUS, L. Spec.
Open places; abundant.
ACTINOMERIS ALTERNIFOLIA, (L.) DC. Prod. v.— Coreopsis alter-
nifolia, L.. Spec.—A. sguarrosa, Nutt. Gen.
Woods in low ground; frequent.
COREOPSIS PALMATA, Nutt. Gen.
Prairie; abundant.
Specimens sometimes occur with narrow, entire leaves.
C. TRIPTERIS, L. Spec.
Upland woods; infrequent. !
Woods west of Nevada; Squaw creek 3 miles northwest of College,
BIDENS FRONDOSA, L. Spec.
Moist ground; common.
B. CONNATA, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii.
Wet places; common.
B. CERNUA, L. Spec.
Wet places; common. '
B. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES, Michx. FI.
Wet places; common.
B. Beckii, Torr. in Spreng. Neu. Entd., ii. 1821.
I observed a few plants in a pond north of Ames in 1883, but have no specimens.
HELENIUM AUTUMNALE, L. Spec.
Low ground; common.
DysopiA PAPPOSA, (Vent.)— Tagetes papposa, Vent. Hort. Cels.
1800.—D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 1816.
Sterile soil; frequent.

The pappus consists of “scales dissected into bristles” instead of *‘ capillary bris-
tles,’”’ as it may at first appear.

ANTHEMIS CoTulLa, L. Spec.
Roadsides; common.

wa eA ie ch ba bh oa ee ary ‘ -
‘ iy id | 4 wd el Tae th? Wehetel 4°°
® - 7 - / -

beer! io RNS ee
rt é a8 4 U re
La
ey "
4
504 _ TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. ae
y ue
A. arvensis, L. Spec. oa
**Ames-—Bessey.’’ Specimen in I. A. C. herbarium. "Se

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, L. Spec.
Prairie; common.

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L. Spec.
Plants occur occasionally on the Campus, along the railroad, and elsewhere, but
the species has not, so far as I know, become established.
Tanacetum vulgare, L. Spec.
Escaped along roadsides in a few localities,
ARTEMISIA CAUDATA, Michx. FI.
Sandy soil; abundant along the sand-hills south of the Northwest
School.
A. DRACUNCULOIDES, Pursh, FI.
Prairie; not uncommon.
A. SERRATA, Nutt. Gen. —
Low ground; infrequent.
Bottom-land in ‘*the forks”; quite abundant on Clear creek about one mile west
of the College.
A. LuDOVICIANA, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. p. 420.
Prairie; commen.
Leaves incised, or entire (var. gnaphalodes).
A. BIENNIS, Willd. Phytog. 1794.
Dry and sterile ground; frequent.

SENECIO AUREUS, L. Spec.
Marshy places; not uncommon.

Var. OBOVATUS, (Muhl.) Torr. & Gray, FI1.ii. p. 442. - S. obova-
tus, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii.
Wet prairie; infrequent.
Var. BALSAMIT#&, (Muhl.) Torr, & Gray, 1. ¢.— S. balsamite,
Muhl. 1. c.
Rocky bluffs on Des Moines river at Boone.
CACALIA TUBEROSA, Nutt. Gen. ;
Wet prairie; frequent.
ERECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA, (L.) Raf. in DC. Prod. vi.— Senecio
hieractfolia, L. Spec.
Moist places; not common.
ARCTIUM LAPPA, L. Spee.
Neglected ground; common.
CNICUS LANCEOLATUS, (L.) Hoffm. Fl. Germ. iv. 1804.— Carduus
lanceolatus, L.. Spec.
Pastures; infrequent.

Rather abundant in a pasture about one mile northeast of Ames; also west of
the College beyond the brick-kiln,

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 505
_ C. antissimus, (L.) Willd. Spee. iii—Carduus altissimus, L. Spec.
Open woods and roadsides; abundant.
Var. pIscoLor, (Muhl.) Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xix. 1883.—
C. discolor, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii.
Borders of fields, along fences, etc. ; common.
Seems to pass into C. a/tissimus. The white-flowered form occurs along Skunk
river,
C. odoratus, Muhl. Cat. 1st ed.—Carduus odoratus, Muhl. Cat. 2d
ed. — C. pumilus, Torr. Compend. 1826.
Pastures; not uncommon.
[Of this, Mr. Watson writes:— The Cnicus sent is not true C. pumilus. While
the foliage and shape of the involucral scales agree well enough, the latter have v
black- glutinous thickening above, which I do not find on eastern specimens. Of
more importance are the more acuminate anthers, like those of the other western spe-
cies of the group. It will not go into C. Drummondii, and I suspect that it is a
fairly good undescribed species.—T.]
C. arvensis, (L.) Hoffm. Fl. Germ. iv. 1804.—Serratula arvensis,
L. Spec.
Introduced in a few places but not established.
HIERACIUM SCABRUM, Michx. FI.
Upland woods; a few specimens collected on Onion creek, north-
west of stone arch, in 1886. ;
H. LONGIPILUM, Torr. in Hook. Fl. i. (note under H. Scouler?).
Prairie; infrequent.
Campus south of Prof, Osborn’s house; abundant a few rods south of the veter-
inary barn.
PRENANTHES RACEMOSA, Michx. Fl.
Low prairie; not uncommon.
P. ASPERA, Michx. FI.
Prairie; infrequent.
P. ALBA, L. Spec.
Upland woods; frequent.
TROXIMON CUSPIDATUM, Pursh, FI.
Prairie; scarce.
Along railroad 3 miles east of Ames, and elsewhere.
TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, (With.) Weber in Prim. F1. Holsat. 1780.
—Leontodon officinale, With. Bot. Arrang. 177
Grass land; common.
LACTUCA SCARIOLUA, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Waste places; becoming frequent.

t
« .

This was first described under ZL. Serriola (Amen, Acad. iv. p. 328), which is
probably a typographical error, for in the Species, 2d edition, the description is the
same as in the Ameenitates, to which reference is made without comment.
L. CANADENSIS, L. Spec.

Moist places; Common.
L. Lupoviciana, (Nutt.) DC. Prod. vii.—Sonchus Ludovicianus,
Nutt. Gen.

——

a

506 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. ie:

L. FLORIDANA, (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 1791.—Sonchus Floridanus,
L. Spee.
Shady places; frequent.
L. sprcAatTa, (Lam.)—Sonchus spicatus, Lam. Dict. iii.— LZ. leuco-
phea, Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad, xix. 1883.
Moist open woods; not uncommon.’
Lactuca leucophea, Sibth. Fl. Greec. 4. 794, 1833 (ex DC. Prod. vii.) is placed by

Boissier (Fl, Orient ) under Z. Cretica, but it may be revived at any time, in which
case L. leucophea, Gray, would be untenable,
SONCHUS OLERACEUS, L. Spec.
I have no specimen of this, but Prof. Pammel assures me that it occurs at Ames.

S. ASPER, Vill. Fl. Delph. 1785.
Waste places; not uncommon.

LOBELIACEZ.
LOBELIA CARDINALIS, L. Spec.
Wet places in lowland woods; frequent.
L. SYPHILITICA, L. Spec.
Low ground; abundant.
L. sPIcATA, Lam., var. HIRTELLA, Gray, Syn. FI. ii. 1.
Prairie; frequent.
L. INFLATA, L. Spec.
Open woods; a few specimens found in the woods west of cemetery.

CAMPANULACEZ.

SPECULARIA PERFOLIATA, (L.) A. DC. Mon. Camp. 1830.—Campa-
nula perfoliata, L. Spec. .
CAMPANULA APARINOIDES, Pursh, FI.
Low grassy places; not uncommon.
C. AMERICANA, L. Spee.
Moist woods; abundant.

ERICACE.E (MONOTROPEA).

MONOTROPA UNIFLORA, L. Spec. .
I have one specimen collected near the stone arch, a few years ago, by Mr. C. L.

Spencer.
PRIMULACE.

STEIRONEMA CILIATUM, (L.) Raf. Ann. Gen. Phys. Brux. vii. 1820.
—Lysimachia ciliata, L. Spec.
Low ground; abundant.
S. LANCEOLATUM, (Walt.) Gray, var. HYBRIDUM, (Michx.) Gray,
Syn. Fl. ii. 1.—Lysimachia hybrida, Michx. FI.
Sloughs; abundant.
S. QUADRIFLORUM, (Sims).— Lysimachia quadrijflora, Sims, Bot.
Mag. 1803.—S. longifolium, Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad, xii. 1876.
Low prairie; frequent.
LYSIMACHIA THYRSIFLORA, L. Spec.
Ponds; becoming rare,

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 507

OLEACELZ,

FRAXINUS AMERICANA, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Upland woods.

This species is apparently rare, Although diligently searched for, only one tree
was found near the railroad, north of the brick-kiln, It is easily recognized by its

cylindrical fruit with the wing not decurrent, and by its rather slender-petioled leaf-
lets being whitened beneath,

F. VIRIDIS, Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 1813.

Woods; abundant.
A small or medium sized tree, growing in both upland and lowland woods; leaf-
lets mostly 5, oval to narrowly lanceolate, sharply serrate, or nearly entire, gla-
brous or with more or less pubescence along the veins beneath, tapering into a
somewhat margined petiole; fruit with slender striate body, tapering to an acute

base, and decurrent obovate oblong or lanceolate retuse or acute wing 1 to 3 times
the length of the body.

Var. PUBESCENS.

Upland woods; Ames; Hamilton county, Fremont county, Sioux
City.
This differs from F. viridis in having the twigs of the season densely pubescent,
F. SAMBUCIFOLIA, Lam. Dict. ii.
-Along streams; infrequent.

ERG ee
- = be ™

A medium sized tree with oblong spray, dark green foliage, and close bark,
becoming mottled with white as in the Black Maple; leaflets sessile, 7 to 11. Oc-
curs along the clay bluffs of Skunk river, mostly near the water but often on the
sides or top; also sparingly on Clear creek about one mile west of the College, on
Onion creek, and in a few other localities.

APOCY NACE,
APOCYNUM ANDROS ZMIFOLIUM, L. Spee.
Rich open woods; frequent.
q A. CANNABINOUM, L. Spec.
‘ Moist banks; abundant.
ASCLEPIADACEZ.,
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, L. Spec.
Prairie; abundant. =
| Var. DECUMBENS, (L.) Pursh, Fl.— Asclepias decumbens, L
‘= Spec.
Sterile soil; infrequent.
A. PURPURASCENS, L. Spec.
Prairie and open woods; not uncommon.
A. INCARNATA, L. Spec.
i Low ground; common.
A. Syrraca, L. Spec.—A. Cornuti, Decaisne in DC. Prod. viii.
Fields, pastures, and open woods; abundant.

A. SULLIVANTII, Engel. in Gray Man. Ist. ed,
: Low prairie; frequent.

508 TRANS. SIT. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE,

A. OVALIFOLIA, Decaisne in DC, Prod. viii.

Prairie; scarce.

The following specimens are inthe I. A.C, herbarium : ‘“‘Ames—R. Burgess,
1878;” ‘““Ames—H, A. Gossard, 1887;”” “E, Ames—E. K. Paine, 1887.”

A. VERTICILLATA, L. Spec.
Banks and prairie; frequent.

Acerates Floridana, (Lam).— Asclepias Floridana, Lam. Dict. i.

—Acerates longifolia, Ell. Sk. i.
Prairie; southeastern part of Story county.

A. VIRIDIFLORA, (Raf.) Ell. Sk. i.—Asclepias viridijflora, Raf. Med.

Rep. xi. 1807.(?)
Prairie; not uncommon.

Var. LANCEOLATA, (Ives) Gray, Syn. FI. ii, 1.—Asclepias lan-

ceolata, Ives, Amer. Jour. Sci. iv. 1822.(?)
Prairie; infrequent.

GENTIANACEZ.

GENTLANA CRINITA, Froel. Gent. 1796.
Swamps; rare.
Near pump-house, and reported elsewhere.

G. QUINQUEFOLTA, L.,'var. OCCIDENTALIS.— G. quinquefolia, Lam.,

var. occidentalis, Gray, Syn. FI. ii. 1.
Open woods; not uncommon.
G. PUBERULA, Michx. FI.
Prairie; infrequent.
G. ANDREWSII, Griseb. Gent. 1839.

Low ground; not uncommon.

G. FLAVIDA, Gray, Amer. Jour. Sci. 2d s. i. 1846.—G.

Cat. 2d ed.
Low ground; infrequent.

\

Along the railroad east of Squaw creek bridge, and elsewhere.
menclature see Porter, Torr. Bull. xvi. 189,

POLEMONIACE.

PHLOX MACULATA) L. Spec.
Sloughs; scarce.
Near Shearer School.
P. PILOSA, L. Spec.
Low prairie; abundant.
P. DIVARICATA, L. Spec.
Woods; abundant.
POLEMONIUM REPTANS, IL. Spec. 2d ed. (Syst. Nat.
Richter.)
Rich woods; not uncommon.

Frequent along Skunk river north of Ames.

alba, Muhl,

For note on no-

10th ed. ex

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 509

HYDROPHYLLACEZ.

HyYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM, L. Spec.
Low woods; common.
This is commonly quoted as H, Virginicum, L.
H. appendiculatum, Michx. FI.
Rich woods; Des Moines river west of Boone.
ELLIsSIA NYCTELEA, L. Spec. 2d ed.— Polemonium Nyctelea, L.
Spec.
Low sandy ground; abundant.
BORRAGINACEZ.

ECHINOSPERMUM VIRGINIANUM, (L.) Lehm., Pl. Asper. 1818,—
Myosotis Virginiana, L.Spec.—M. Virginica, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Woods; common.

It is probable that the name as it appears in the 2d edition of the Species, is a
typographical error, which was followed by Lehmann; hence I have quoted the lat-
ter above, although in Pl. Asper. it appears as E. Virginicum.

E. Lapputa, (L.) Lehm. Pl. Asper. 1818. — Myosotis Lappula, L.
Spec.
Sterile soil; frequent.
MERTENSIA VIRGINICA, (L.) DC. Prod. x.—Pulmonaria Virginica,
L. Spec.
Low woods; abundant.

LITHOSPERMUM LATIFOLIUM, Michx. FI.
Upland woods; scarce.
Skunk river northeast of College, and elsewhere.
L. CANESCENS, (Michx.) Lehm. Pl. Asper. 1818.— Betschia canes-
cens, Michx. Fl.
Prairie; frequent.
L. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Michx. FI.
Prairie; frequent.
ONOSMODIUM CAROLINIANUM, (Lam.) DC., var. MOLLIS, (Michx.)
Gray, Syn. FI. ii. 1.—O. mollis, Michx. FI.
CONVOLVULACEZ.

Ipomcea purpurea, (L.) Lam. Illustr. i.— Convolvulus purpurea,
L. Spec. 2d ed.
Escaped from cultivation in the neighborhood of dwellings.
CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM, L. Spec.

Low ground; abundant.

C. arvensis, L. Spec.

In a field a short.distance northwest of Mr, Sexton’s house,

“te
510 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. .

Cuscuta Cephalanthi, Engel. Amer. Jour. Sci. xliii. 2, 1842.
tenutflora, Engel. Gray, Man. tst ed.
Low ground; frequent.

Growing on Salix, Vernonia, Solidago, etc.

Dr. Engelmann first described this species under the impression that it grew only
on Cephalanthus, The next year (l.c, xlv. 1, 1843) he says, ‘‘I did wrong there.
fore, to name them from the genera upon which they grew, and I should much pre-
fer to see the names C. Cephalanthi changed into C. tenuiflora, C, Coryli into C.

incurva, * * * ifthey had not yet been published,” Nevertheless, in 1848, he
makes this change.

- ©. Cornyn, Engel. Amer. Jour. Sci. xliii. 1842.— C. inflewa, Engel.

Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci. i. 1859.
Dry thickets; infrequent.
Usually on Corylus.
C. Gronovil, Willd. Reliqu. in Roem. & Sch. Syst. Veg. vi. 1820.
Moist places: frequent..
Growing on Solidago and other tall herbs,
C. GLOMERATA, Choisy, Mem. Genev. 184].
Low ground; not uncommon.

Usually on Solidago. According to Dr, Engelmann (Cusc. p. 510) Rafinesque’s

earlier name, C. pfaradoxa, Ann, Nat, 1820, should be discarded because of the ob-
scure description.

SOLANACE,

SOLANUM NIGRUM, L. Spec.

Shady places; common.
S. CAROLINENSE, L. Spec.

Well established in the field west of the greenhouse.
Physalis Philadelphica, Lam. Dict. ii.

Waste ground; rare.

One specimen collected on the streets of Ames.

P, PUBESCENS, L. Spec.

Low ground; not uncommon.
P. VIRGINIANA, Mill. Dict.

Sandy ground; frequent.
P. LANCEOLATA, Michx. FI.

Fields and prairies; frequent.
DATURA STRAMONIUM, L. Spec.

Pastures and waste places; infrequent.
D. TATULA, L. Spec. 2d ed.

Waste ground; not uncommon.
SCROPHULARIACEZ.
VERBASCUM THAPSUS, L. Spec.
Neglected fields; frequent.
V. BLATTARIA, L. Spec.

Quite abundant in an open place in the woods northeast of Ames,
near Skunk river.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 51

LINARIA VULGARIS, Mill. Dict.— Antirrhinum Linaria, L. Spec.
Roadsides, etc.; not uncommon.
SCROPHULARIA NODOSA, L., var. MARILANDICA, (L.) Gray, Syn.
Fl. ii. 1.—S. Marilandica, L. Spec.
Woods; common.
MIMULUS RINGENS, L. Spec.
Low woods; abundant.
ILYSANTHES GRATIOLOIDES, (L.) Benth. in DC. Prod. x.— Capra-.
ria gratioloides, L.. Spec. 2d ed.
Wet places; not uncommon.
VERONICA VIRGINICA, L. Spec.
Upland woods; frequent.
V. ANAGALLIS, L. Spec.
Borders of ponds and streams; infrequent.
V. PEREGRINA, L. Spec.
Damp places; common.
V. ARVENSIS, L. Spec.
Upland woods; rare.
Rather abundant in locality mentioned for Verbascum Blattaria.
GERARDIA AURICULATA, Michx. FI.
Low prairie: not uncommon.
G. LONGIFOLIA. Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag, i. 1835.—G. aspera, Benth.
in DC. Prod. x.
Prairie; abundant.

G. longifolia, Nutt, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. N.S. v. 1837.,is G. setacea, Walt.,
var, Jongifolia, Gray, (ex Syn. FI. ii. 1).

G. TENUIFOLIA, Vahl. Symb. iii. 1794.
Low ground; abundant.
CASTILLEIA SESSILIFLORA, Pursh, FI.
Dry hills; rare.
Along railroad 3 miles east of Ames.
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS, L. Mant. p. 86.
Upland woods; abundant.
P. LANCEOLATA, Michx. FI.
Low prairie; not uncommon.
OROBANCHACEE.

Apbyllon uniflorum, (L). Gray, Man. Ist ed. (there cited ‘‘Torr. &
Gray”).—Orobanche unifiorum, L. Spec.

I have a single specimen collected rortnwest of the College by Mr. I. B. Clark,
LENTIBULARIACEZ.

UTRICULARIA VULGARIS, L. Spec.
Ponds: becoming rare.

.. © =—a6 =2

> Leet
a°t ; ' JAS Rs + 79 3
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; 4 he : Sate vena aot) na
TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD, SCIENCE. ae
VERBENACE_E. aes

VERBENA URTIC-EFOLIA, L. Spee.
Low woods; common.
Originally spelled V. urticifolia.
V. HASTATA, L. Spec.
Low ground; common.
V. sTRiIcTA, Vent. Hort. Cels. 1800.
Prairie; common.
Often becomes a troublesome weed in close-fed pastures,
V. BRACTEOSA, Michx. FI.
Pastures and roadsides; abundant.

V. Aubletia, L. f. suppl. 1781.

Escaped from cultivation, Specimens contributed by Prof. Pammel.

PHRYMA LEPTOSTACHYA, L. Spee.

Woods; common.
LABIATZ.
TEUCRIUM CANADENSE, L. Spec.
Wet places; abundant.
MENTHA CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
Wet places; abundant.
Var. BOREALIS, (Michx.) Wood. Bot. & Fl.—M. doreal7s, Michx.
Fl.—MM. Canadensis, L., var. glabrata, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii.
Wet places; infrequent. ;
Lycopus ViRGINICcUs, L. Spec.
Wet places; frequent.
L. RUBELLUS, Moench, Meth. suppl. 1802.
Low places; infrequent.
L. SINUATUS, ELI. SEK. i.
Low ground; common.

PYCNANTHEMUM VIRGINIANUM, (L.) Pers.— Satureia Virginiana,
L. Spec. (ex Gray, Syn. FI. ii. 1.) — Pycnanthemum lanceolatum,
Pursh, Fl.— Thymus Virginicus, L. Mant. p. 409.

Prairie; common.

According to Bentham, Sature‘a Virginiana, L., is Pycnanthemum muticum,
Pers. Dr. Britton informs me that in the N. Y. Catalogue the authority was inad-
vertently omitied, and should be P. Virginicum, (L.) Pers. instead of P. Virgint-
cum, (L.) B.S. P. as given in Fl. N. Jersey.

HEDEOMA PULEGLOIDES, (L.) Pers. Syn. ii.— Melissa pulegioides,
L. Spec.—Cunila pulegioides, L. Spec. 2d ed.

Open woods; scarce.

Abundant in locality mentioned for Verbascum Blattarta, and elsewhere.

H. HISPIDA, Pursh, FI.
Dry ground; abundant.

Salvia lanceolata, Willd. Enum.
A few specimens along railroad, northwest of Ames, collected by Mr. Sirrene.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 513

MONARDA FISTULOSA, L. Spec. .
Prairie and open woods; common.
Blephilia hirsuta, (Pursh) Benth. Lab. 1832-1836.— Monarda hir-
suta, Pursh, FI.

Damp woods on Des Moines river at Boone.
LOPHANTHUS NEPETOIDEs, (L.) Bentb. Bot. Reg. xv. 1829.— Hys-
sopus nepetoides, L. Spec.

Open woods; infrequent.
L. SCROPHULARI#FOLIUS, (Willd.) Benth. Bot. Reg. xv. 1829.—
Hyssopus scrophulariefolius, Willd. Spec. iii.

Open woods; not uncommon.
NEPETA CATARIA, L. Spec.
Waste places; not uncommon.
N. HEDERACEA, (L.) B.S. P. Cat.— Glechoma hederacea, L. Spec.
—WN. Glechoma, Benth. Lab. 1832-1836.

Around dwellings; frequent along streets of Ames.
ScUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA, L. Spec.
Moist places; abundant.
S. PARVULA, Michx. FI.
Sandy prairie; frequent.
S. GALERICULATA, L. Spec.
Bogs; rare.

Near pump-house.
BRUNELLA VULGARIS, L, Spec.

Open woods; abundant.
In the Linnzan works it is written Prunella.

PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA, (L.) Benth. Lab. 1832-1836.— Draco-
cephalum Virginianum, L. Spec.
Low ground; frequent.
LeonwurwUs CaRpbIaAca, L. Spec.
Waste places; a few specimens collected on Squaw creek north of
College.
STACHYS PALUSTRIS, L. Spec.
Low ground; frequent.
§. ASPERA, Michx. FI.
Low ground; abundant.
Var. TENUIFLORA, (Willd.)—/S. tenuiflora, Willd. Spec. iii.—S.
aspera, Michx., var. glabra, Gray, Syn. FI. ii. 1.
Wet places; infrequent.

PLANTAGINACEZ,

PLANTAGO MAJOR, L. Spee.
Waste places; not uncommon.

Prefers rather dry places, as streets, yards, and pavements. Leaves thickish,
often pubescent; base of petiole green; spike usually 4 or 5 inches long, obtuse and
densely flowered ; capsules ovate, obtuse, with line of dehiscence in sight, i.e. above
the summitof calyx.

v.—3—12

& ye) oY
" aaa f “| ge
Ve A ee
4 ‘ ie : tah
: q re ’
= . ey
514 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. at
‘ 1k
LJ s eee , 3 - a
P. RuGELu, Decaisne in DC. Prod. xiii.1. ~~ 4g
Moist places: common. ae

Often growing with P, major, which it much resembles, though much more com-
mon; but preferring moister soil, as lowland woods, where this species alone is
found, Leaves dark green, thin and smooth, in damp soil often very large and re-
motely denticulate; base of petiole purple; spikes a foot or more in height, with
the apex attenuated and sometimes branched; capsules acutish, with line of dehis-
cence hidden by the calyx, This species certainly seems to be indigenous,

}
iH P. lanceolata, L. Spee.

Specimens have been occasionally collected by students, but I have none in my
ri herbarium.

th NYCTAGINACEZ.

4

iS OXYBAPHUS NYCTAGINEUS, (Michx.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1827.—
af Allionia nyctaginea, Michx. FI.

i Gravelly banks; frequent.

! | PARONYCHIACEA,

ANYCHIA CANADENSIS, (L.) B.S. P. Cat.—Queria Canadensis, L.
; Spec.—A. capillacea, DC. Prod. iii.
Open woods; frequent.
See note on this species by Britton, Torr, Bull, xiii, 1885.

AMARANTACEZ,

AMARANTUS RETROFLEXUS, L. Spec.
Cultivated ground; common.
A. ALBUS, L. Spec. 2d ed. (Syst. Nat. i0th ed. ex Richter).

Cultivated ground; frequent.
Most abundant in newly broken sod, when the eared specimens become “tumble
weeds.”
A. BLITOIDES, Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 1876.
Dry open ground; abundant.
ACNIDA TUBERCULATA, Mog. in DC. Prod. xiii. 2.
Low ground; abundant.

CHENOPODIACEZ.,

CHENOPODIUM BoscIANUM, Mog. Chenop. Enum. 1840.
Shady places; common.
C. ALBUM, L. Spec.
Cultivated ground; common.
C. URBICUM, L. Spec.
Waste places; infrequent.
C. HYBRIDUM, L. Spec.
Woods; infrequent.
C. Botrys, L. Spec.

A few specimens collected along the railroad near Ames in 1834.

POLYGONACE.

RUMEX ALTISSIMUS, Wood, Cl.-B. 2d ed. 1847.
Low ground; common.

oe HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA.

R. VERTICILLATUS, L. Spec.

Around ponds and ditches; abundant.
R. crispus, L. Spec.

Roadsides and waste places; common.
R. maritimus, L. Spec.

Abundant on the borders of Cairo lake.
R. ACETOSELLA, L. Spec.

Pastures; infrequent.
POLYGONUM AVICULARE, L. Spec.
Yards and roadsides; common.

In dry soil it is prostrate-spreading; in damp places, erect,

P. ERECTUM, L. Spec.
Roadsides; common.
P. RAMOSISSIMUM, Michx. FI.
Roadsides; frequent.

Man. 6th ed.—P. incarnatum. Ell. Sk. i.
Damp places; common.
P. PENNSYLVANICUM, L. Spec.
Damp places; common.
P. AMPHIBIUM, L. Spec.
Ponds; infrequent.
P. MUHLENBERGII, Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. xiv. 1879.
Low and often sandy soil; abundant,
I have not been able to satisfy myself that P. terrestre, (Willd.) B.S
(P. amphibium, L., var. terrestre, Willd. Spec. ii.) should be used.
HARTWRIGHTII, Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. 1870.
Ponds or even on sandy banks; becoming scarce.
orientale, L. Spec.
Neglected ground, Ames.
PERSICARIA, L. Spec.
Damp places; common.
'HYDROPIPER, L. Spec.
Wet places; common.
ACRE, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. ii. 1817,
Wet places; common.
VIRGINIANUM, L. Spec.
Woods; frequent.
CoNVoLvuLus, L. Spec.
Cultivated grounds, especially stubble; common.

OP ew HW ow

scandens, L. Spec.

Thickets; common.
Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench, Meth. 1794.
Cultivated ground; frequent.

515

P,. LAPATHIFOLIUM, L., var. INCARNATUM, (Ell.) Watson in Gray,

we Car.

DUMETORUM, L., var. SCANDENS, (L.) Gray, Man. 5th ed.—P.

516 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

ARISTOLOCHIACEZ.

ASARUM CANADENSE, L. Spec.
Low woods; frequent.
SANTALACEZ.

CoMANDRA UMBELLATA, (L.) Nutt, Gen.— Thesium umbellatum,
as, Spec.
Prairie; frequent.
EUPHORBIACEZ.
Euphorbia petaloidea, Engel. in Bot. Mex. Bound. ii. 2, 1859.

A single specimen found along the railroad near lower gate; others have been
reported,

E. GLYPTOSPERMA, Engel. in Bot. Mex. Bound. ii. 2. 1859.
Sandy prairie and banks; common.
In an open sandy or gravelly soil it is prostrate-spreading ; in grassy places it is
erect or spreading.
E. MACULATA, L. Spec,
Prairies and banks; common.
E. HYPERICIFOLIA, L. Spec.
Fields, pastures, and woods; common.

Specimens sent to Dr. Millspaugh were pronounced to be this species, £. Pres-
Z17, Guss. FI. Sicul. i. 1827, which much resembles it, may also occur,

E. marginata, Pursh, FI.
Specimens are occasionally found along the railroad.
E. COROLLATA, L. Spec.
Prairie and open woods ;- abundant.
E. HETEROPHYLLA, L. Spec.
Rocky woods; scarce.

Bluffs, Hoggatt’s woods, Leaves of specimens so far collected are all linear
and entire,

E. cyparissias, L. Spec.
Escaped around gardens.
ACALYPHA VIRGINICA, L. Spec.
Low places; abundant.
URTICACEZ.
ULMuUS FULVA, Michx. FI.
Lowland woods; frequent.
U. AMERICANA, L. Spec.
Lowland woods; abundant.
Woodmen have informed me that formerly the (“* Hickory- Elm” (probably U.
racemosa, Thomas) was rather common, but, on accountof its valuable timber, has
‘been almost entirely cut away.
JELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Woods; infrequent.
CANNABIS SATIVA, L. Spec.
Waste places; frequent.
Humuuvus Lupvuuvs, L. Spec.
Banks of streams; frequent.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 517

MOoRUS RUBRA, L. Spec. :
Lowland woods; scarce.

Bottom-land of Skunk river; Squaw creek, and woods near cemetery (Prof,
Pammel).

UrRTICA GRACILIS, Ait. Hort. Kew.— U. dioica, Ait., var. procera,
Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. 1.
Lowland woods and waste places; infrequent.

LAPORTEA CANADENSIS, (L.) Gmel. Bot. Voy. Uran. 1826.— Urtica
Canadensis, L. Spec.
Low woods; frequent.
PILEA PUMILA, (L.) Gray, Man. Ist ed.— Urtica pumila, L. Spec.
Lowland woods in moist places; frequent.

PARIETARIA PENNSYLVANICA, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iv.
Dry banks in woods; not uncommon.

PLATANACEZ,

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS, L. Spec.
Lowland woods; not uncommon.

FUGLANDACEZ.

JUGLANS CINEREA, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Lowland woods; not uncommon.
J. NIGRA, L. Spec.
Lowland woods; not uncommon.

HIcoRIA: OVATA, (Mill.) Britt. Torr. Bull. xv. 1888. — Juglans
ovata, Mill. Dict.—Carya alba, Nutt. Gen.
Upland woods; abundant.
H. miniMA, (Marsh.) Britt. Torr. Bull. xv. 1888.— Juglans alba
minima. Marsh. Arbust.—Carya amara, Nutt. Gen.
Lowland woods; abundant.

CUPULIFERZ.

CoRYLUS AMERICANA, Walt. FI.
Upland woods and thickets; abundant.

OsTRYA VIRGINIANA, (Mill.) Koch, Dendr. ii. 2,—Carpinus Vir-
giniana, Mill. Dict. iv.—O. Virginica, Willd. Spec. iv.
Upland woods; frequent.
QUERCUS ALBA, I.. Spec.
Upland woods: abundant.

A large tree with light colored bark and smooth twigs; leaves obovate, usually
nearly equally lobed all around, the sinuses shallow or extending nearly to the
midrib.

Q. MACROCARPA, Michx. Hist. Chénes, 1801.
Woods; abundant.

A large tree with deeply furrowed bark and rough or corky-winged twigs, grow-
ing more commonly on the bottom-lands; leaves obovate- rhomboidal, usually with
the lower half lobed, and the upper half or terminal lobe merely sinuate.

515 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Trans. St. L. Acad. iii. 1877.
Des Moines river at Boone (Prof. Pammel, Prof. Budd).
Q. RUBRA, L. Spec.
Upland woods; abundant.
Q. coccinea, Wang. Beitr. 1787.

In the I. A. C, herbarium is a specimen, with acorns, collected by Dr, Bessey,
said to come from a tree northwest of the College near the railroad. I have been una- -
ble to find the tree, and have not observed the species in the county. It is abundant
in the eastern part of the State, where, to a large extent, it replaces 2. rubra, and
extends at least as far west as Waterloo. The leaf is not to be distinguished from
Q. rubra,although it is generally more deeply parted; the acorns of the two species
are quite different.

SALICACEZ.

POPULUS TREMULOIDES, Michx. FI.
Borders of woods; infrequent.

P. GRANDIDENTATA, Michx. FI.
A few young trees and sprouts were found along the bluffs of Skunk river north-
east of Ames, Prof. Budd informs me that formerly it was quite abundant.

P. MONILIFERA, Ait. Hort, Kew.
Lowland woods; not uncommon.
SALIX NIGRA, Marsh. Arbust.
River banks; common.
S. LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. Neue Schrift, Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv. 1802?
(ex Anders. Salic.)
Low, especially sandy ground; common.
S. DIscoLoR, Muhl., l.c.
Low ground; common.
S. HuMILIS, Marsh. Arbust.
Dry hills and copses; frequent.
S. corDATA, Mubl. N. Berl. Schr. l.c.

Low land; common.
CERATOPHYLLACEZ.
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM, L. Spec.
Ponds; becoming scarce.
CONIFER.
(This Order more properly follows Gram ince.)
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Spec.
Along the Des Moines river (Prof. Budd).
HYDROCHARIDACEZ.

ELODEA CANADENSIS, Michx, Fl.
Ponds; becoming infrequent.
For synonymy see Pringsheim’s Jahrbiicher, i, p. 499.
Vallisneria spiralis, L. Spec.
Cairo lake.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 519

ORCHIDACE.

SPIRANTHES CERNOA, (L.) Rich. Bot. Reg.— Ophrys cernua, L.
Spec.
Low prairie; infrequent.
ORCHIS SPECTABILIS, L. Spec.
Sprirgy places in rich woods; scarce.

Woods south of College, and reported elsewhere,

HABENARIA BRACTEATA, (Willd.) R. Br. in Ait. f. Hox Kew.
— Orchis bracteata, Willd. Spec. iv.
Rich woods; rare.

This species seems to be well distributed over the county, but is usually solitary
and only occasionally found.

H. LEUCOPH ZA, (Nutt.) Gray, Man. 5th ed.—Orchis leucophea,
Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. N.S. vii. 1841.
Low prairie; infrequent.
CYPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iv.
Low prairie not uncommon.
C. PUBESCENS, Willd. Spec. iv.
Rich woods; infrequent.

Woods west and south of College; on Skunk river, and elsewhere, C. parvifio-
vum, Salisb, has been reported, but I doubt if it occurs with us.

C. REGIN®, Walt. Fl.—C. spectabile, Salisb. Trans. Lin. Soc. i. 1791,
(read 1788).— C. album, Ait. Hort. Kew.—C. hirsutum, Mill. Dict. ?
Rich woods; rare.

On the east side of Skunk river north of Ames, a short distance above the ford.
This species was formerly much more frequent, but many causes, not the least of
which are the ravages of eager students, have almost exterminated this beautiful

plant.
IRIDACEZ.

IRIS VERSICOLOR, L. Spec.
Marshes; common.

Belamcanda Chinensis, (L.) Adans.—Jzia Chinensis, L. Spec.
Occasionally escapes from gardens.

In the absence of sufficient literature I have followed the Manual in the authority
for the accepted combination. The New York Catalogue gives B. Chinensis,
(L,) Redouté.
SISYRINCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Mill. Dict.
Prairie; abundant.
T he white-flowered form is frequent.

AMARYLLIDACEX.
Hypoxis ERECTA, L. Spec. 2d ed. (Syst, Nat. 15th ed. ex Richter.’

Prairie; common.
DIOSCOREACEL.

DIOSCOREA VILLOSA, L. Spee.
Thickets; not uncommon.

——— ae es

a

OE a a

520 * “TRANS. ST: LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

LILIACEZ.

SMILAX HERBACEA, L. Spec.
Moist grassy places; not uncommon.
Var. PULVERULENTA, (Michx.) Gray, Man. s5thed.—S. pulverulenta,
Michx. FI.
Woods; infrequent.
S. HISPIDA, Muhl. Cat. 2d ed.
Rich woods; frequent.
ALLIUM TRICOCCUM, Ait. Hort. Kew.
Rich woods; infrequent.
A. CANADENSE, Kalm, in L. Spec.
Sloughs; frequent.
PoLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM, (Schult.) Dietr. in Allg. Gartenz,
ill. 1835.—Convallaria commutata. Schult. in Roem. & Schult. Syst.
vil.—P. giganteum, Dietr. 1. c.
Asparagus officinalis, L. Spec.
Escapes frequently from cultivation.
SMILACINA RACEMOSA, (L.) Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris, ix. 1807.—Con-
vallaria racemosa, L. Spec.
Upland woods; frequent.
S. STELLATA, (L.) Desf. 1. ¢c.—Convallaria stellata, L. Spec.
Woods; frequent.
Maianthemum Canadense, Desf, l.c¢.
‘“‘Ames, J. C. Noble.” Specimen in I. A. C. herbarium.
UVULARIA GRANDIFLORA, Smith, Exot. Bot. p. 99, 1804-1805.
Rich woods; abundant.
ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM, Nutt. Gen.
Low woods; abundant.
LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Low prairie; not uncommon.
L. superbum, L. Spec. 2d ed.
A few specimens found at Jewell Junction.
L. CANADENSE, L. Spec.
Low ground; infrequent.

TRILLIUM ERECTUM, L. Spec.
Two specimens (var, declinatum) in the I, A.C, herbarium from “Ames”. Oc-

’

casionally reported.
T. cernuum, L. Spec.
A specimen in the [. A. C, herbarium from ‘* Ames,’’
Tl. nivale, Riddeli, Synops. 1835.
“ Boone—Bessey.” Specimen in I. A.C. herbarium.
PONTE DERIACE#.
PONTEDERIA CORDATA, L. Spec.
Ponds; becoming scarce.

Formerly abundant in the Big Prairie region.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 521

HETERANTHERA GRAMINEA, (Michx.) Vahl. Enum. ii.— Leptan-
thus graminea, Michx. FI.
Muddy banks of ponds and streams; scarce.

Lake 7 miles southeast of the College; Cairo lake.

COMMELINACEZ.

TRADESCANTIA VIRGINIANA, L. Spec.
Low ground; frequent.
A white-flowered form was found along the railroad, near the first bridge, going
towards Ames,
FUNCACEL.
JUNCUS TENUIS, Willd. Spec. ii.
Grassy places; common.

Quite variable in aspect. In dry soil it is low, with few- flowered panicles; in
wet places it becomes stouter, often two feet high, with more crowded inflorescence,
One form corresponds to ‘“*Forma major, floribus subsecundus” of specimens in the
Engelmann herbarium, It is not uncommon, Lowor, usually, tall; flowers crowded
on the inner side of the ascending branches of the panicle, which tends to curve in-
ward at the top,

J. Noposus, L., var. MEGACEPHALUS, Torr, Fl. N.Y, ii.
Wet places; abundant.
TYPHACEZ.

TYPHA LATIFOLIA, L. Spec.
Sloughs and ditches; abundant.

SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM, Engel. in Gray, Man. 2d ed.
Marshes; frequent.

S, SIMPLEX, Huds. Fl. Angl. 1762.
Marshes; scarce.

Four miles southwest of the College,
ARACEL.

ARISZMA TRIPHYLLUM, (L,) Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii.—Arum triphyllumn,
L. Spec.—A atrorubens, Blume, in Rumphia, i, 1835. (Engler, Ara-
cee in DC. Mon. Phan. ii.)

Rich woods; not uncommon.
A. DRACONTIUM, (L.) Schott, Melet. 1832.— Arum Dracontium,
L. Spec.
Low woods: infrequent.
ACORUS CALAMUS, L. Spec.
Marshes; scarce.
Two miles north of Ames, and elsewhere.

LEMNACELZ.

SPIRODELA POLYRRHIZA, “(L.) Schleid. in Linnvea xiii. 1839, —
Lemna polyrrhiza, L. Spec.

Bayous and slow-flowing water; not uncommon.

we wre | lee ee a oe ro

~~

522 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. 7 “a i

LEMNA TRISULCA, L. Spec.
Ponds; becoming scarce.

This species prefers still water that is filled with vegetation, while Spirodela is
found also in more open water.

L. MINOR, L. Spec.
Stagnant water; infrequent.

ALISMACEZ.

ALISMA PLANTAGO, L. Spec.
Wet places; abundant.
SAGITTARIA VARIABILIS, Engel. in Gray, Man. Ist ed.—S. sa-
gittifolia, L., var. variabilis, Micheli in DC. Mon. Phan. iii. 1881.
In shallow water or wet places; abundant.

We have the three forms known as:—var, obtusa, (Willd.) Engel. "l.c. 2d ed.
(.S. obtusa, Willd. Spec, iv.)}, leaves large and broad, obtuse, usually with an abrupt
short point, lobes broad and short, flowers dicecious ; var, Zatifolia, (Willd.) Engel.
lec. (S. Zatifolia, Willd. 1.c.), leaves rather large and broad, obtuse or usually acute,
lobes often longer and narrower than in the preceding, flowers moneecious; var, has-
tata, (Pursh) Engel.1].c. (S. hastata, Pursh, Fl.), leaves with terminal and basal lobes
quite similar in size, long, narrow and acute, flowers monecious. For notes on
these forms see Britton, Torr. Bull. xvii. p. 5, 1890.
S. HETEROPHYLLA, Pursh, FI.
Muddy shores of ponds; scarce.
Pond northeast of Ames, beyond Skunk river; abundant at Cairo lake.
S. GRAMINEA, Michx. FI.
Wet places; infrequent.
I have also found what appears to be S. cristata, Engel, in Arthur, Contr, Fl.
Iowa (Proc. Davenp, Acad, Sci. iv. p. 29, 1886), but more study is needed.
NAIADACEZ.

Triglochin maritimum, L. Spec.
A single specimen in my herbarium collected by Mr. M. E. Wells in the ‘*forks.”
Potamogeton fluitans, Roth. Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 1788.
Streams around Cairo lake.
P. ILLINOENSIS, Morong in Bot. Gaz. v. 1880.
Ponds and lakes; infrequent.
P. HETEROPHYLUUS, Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. 1771.
Ponds; infrequent.
P. lucens, L. Spec.
Sterile specimens, from the pond under the first railroad bridge below the gate,
appear to be this species.
P. ZOSTERFOLIUS, Schum. Enum. i. 1801.
Lakes and streams; not uncommon.
P, obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch, Deutschl, FI. i. 1823.
What appears to be this species was found in the pond, under the first railroad
bridge, in considerable quantity, but has disappeared,
P. pusillus, L. Spee.
Abundant at Cairo lake.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 523

ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS, L. Spee.
Ponds and slow streams; not uncommon.
NAIAS FLEXILIS, Rostk. & Schum. FI]. Sedin. 1824.
Ponds; becoming scarce.

CYPERACE.Z.

CYPERUS DIANDRUS, Torr. Cat. Pl. N, Y. 1819.
Wet sandy places; scarce.

Var. CASTANEUS, (Pursh) Torr. 1. ¢.—(C. flavescens, var. casta-
neus, Pursh, FI.
Wet sands; abundant.
. ARISTATUS, Rottb. Gram.
Wet sand; not nncommon.
. SCHWEINITZz11, Torr. Cyp.
Sandy soil; frequent.
. FILICULMIS, Vahl, Enum. ii.
Sandy hills; frequent.
. ERYTHRORHIZOS, Muhl, Gram.
River banks; abundant.
.- ESCULENTUS, L. Spec.
Low ground; abundant.
C. stRicosus, L. Spec.
Low or sandy ground; abundant.
Var. ROBUSTIOR, Kunth, Enum. ii.
Low ground; common.
ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS, (L.) R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Hol. 1810 (by
implication).—Sczrpus palustris, L. Spec.
Wet places; common.

ca ea a a

E. ACICULARIS (L.) R. Br. 1. c.— Scirpus acicularis, L. Spec.
Muddy banks of ponds and streams; common.
ScIRPUS PUNGENS, Vahl, Enum. ii.
Wet clay; scarce. ;
S. LACUSTRIS, L. Spec.
Sloughs, common.
S. FLUVIATILIS, (Torr.) Gray, Man. Ist ed.—S. maritimus, L., var. ?
fluviatilis, Torr. Cyp.
Marshes; infrequent.
S. ATROVIRENS, Muhl. Gram.
Sloughs; common.
ERIOPHORUM LINEATUM, (Michx.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 2,
1883.— Scirpus lineatum, Michx. FI.
Wet places; scarce.

Bentham and Hooker by a slip say, ‘*‘ Hic includimus .. . . E. /ineatus, Mich.”
Michaux is not really the author of this combination.

aT. ae Sts ew. OP Umea ee ey ick Ly» fs A ere eS een a

524 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

E. CYPERINUM, L. Spec, 2d ed.
Wet places; rare.
I have seen the specimens of this, but have none in my possession.

E. POLYSTACHYON, L. Spec.

Low prairie; frequent.

HEMICARPHA MICRANTHA, (Vahl) Britt. Torr. Bull. xv. 1888, ©
— Scirpus micranthus, Vahl, Enum. ii.— H. subsguarrosa, Nees in —
Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. 1, 1829.

Wet sand; scarce.

CAREX INTUMESCENS, Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 1804 (read 1803).
Low shady places; common.

C. Grayil, Carey, Amer. Jour. Sci. iv. 1821.
Low woods; common.

C. LUPULINA, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iv.
Sloughs.

Prof. Bailey notes one specimen as nearly typical; another as approaching var.
pedunculata,

C. LURIDA, Wahl. Kénigl. Ac. Handl. xxiv. 1803.
Sloughs; infrequent.
Prof, Bailey says our specimens are a ‘‘ depauperate form”? of this species.
C. FILIFORMIS, L. Spec.
Swamps; abundant.
Var. LANUGINOSA, (Michx.) B.S.P. Cat.—C. lanuginosa, Michx.
FlL.—C. fliformis, L., var. latifolia, Boeck. Linnea, xli. 1876-7. —
Swamps; frequent. -
C. TRICHOCARPA, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iv.
Marshes; infrequent.
Var. IMBERBIS, Gray, Man. dth ed.
Swamps; common.
Var. L&VICONICA, (Dewey).— C. leviconica, Dewey, Amer.
Jour. Sci. xxiv. 1833.—C. ¢trichocarpa, Muhl., var. Deweyz, Bailey
in Bot. Gaz. x.*1883.
. Low places; common.
Var. ARISTATA, (R. Br.) Bailey in Bot, Gaz. x. 1883.—C. aris-
tata, R. Br. in Narr. Frankl. Exped. app.
Swamps; infrequeut.
C. RIPARIA, W. Curtis, Fl. Lond. iv. 1821.
Low places; common.
C. FuscA, All. Fl. Pedem. ii. 1785.
Grass land; infrequent.
C. stTRIcTA, Lam. Dict. iii.
Sloughs; common.
C. LONGIROSTRIS, Torr. in Schwein. Ann. Tab, Car, (Ann. N.Y
Lyc. i. 1823.) ,
Shady places; abundant.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 525

C. Davisii, Schwein. & Torr. Mon. Cyp, 1825.
Wet places; abundant.

C. GRISEA, Wahl. Konig]. Ac. Handl, xxiv. 1803.
Grass land; common.

C. LAXIFLORA, Lam., var. LATIFOLIA, Boott, Il. 1858-1867.
Rich woods; infrequent.

C. TETANICA, Schkuhr, var. MEADII, (Dewey) Bailey, Syn. Car.

1886.—C. Meadiz, Dewey, Amer. Jour. Sci. xliii. 1842.
Grass land; frequent.
C. EBURNEA, Boott, in Hook. FI. ii.
Woods; infrequent.
C. PENNSYLVANICA, Lam. Dict. iii.
Dry woods; common.
C. PUBESCENS, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iv.
Rich woods; not uncommon.
C. conyuncTA, Boott, Il. 1858-1867.
Low grass land; common. :
C. GRAVIDA, Bailey; var, LAXIFOLIA, Bailey, Types. Car. 1889.
Low ground; not uncommon.
C. VULPINOIDEA, Michx. FI.
Low grass land; common.
C. Sartwellii, Dewey, in Amer. Jour. Sci. xli. 1842.
One imperfect specimen, marked by Prof, Bailey, “probably.”
C. SPARGANAOIDES, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iv.
Low ground; common.
C. CEPHALOPHORA. Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iv.
Low ground; frequent.
C. MUSKINGUMENSIS, Schwein. Ann. Tab. 1823.
Sloughs; frequent.

C. TRIBULOIDES, Wahl., var. CRISTATA, (Schwein.) Bailey, Syn.

Car. 1886.—C. cristata, Schwein, Ann. Tab. 1823.
Low ground, common.

C. STRAMINEA, Willd., var. FESTUCACEA, (Willd.)—(C. festucacea,
Willd. Spec. iv.— C. straminea, Willd., var. brevtor, Dewey, Amer.
Jour. Sci. xi. 1826.

Low ground; common.
Var. ALATA, (Torr.) Bailey, Cat. Car. 1884.— C. alata, Torr.
Mon. Cyp.
Grass land.
GRAMINEZ.

SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES, (L.) Willd. Enum. i.—Dactylis cynosu-

roides, L. Spec.
Sloughs; abundant.

oe

Way fay Py i
Wie) ea Py ce
” Wi) vit oh, x
pe on a
7 Bi
526 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. es

ip
A a a

Beckmannia eruceformis, (L.) Host, var. uniflorus, Serib. in Va. a

sey, Desc. Cat. 1885.
Escaped around station-house.
PANICUM GLABRUM, (Schrad.) Gand. Agros, i. 1811 _~Synthensan
glabra, Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1806.
Roadsides and sandy places; common.
. SANGUINALE, L. Spec.
Fields; common.
. PROLIFERUM, Lam. Dict. iv.
Roadsides and cultivated soil; common.
. CAPILLARE, L. Spec.
Fields; common.
. VIRGATUM, L. Spec.
Prairie; common.
. LATIFOLIUM, L. Spec.
Upland woods; frequent.
. SCOPARIUM, Lam. Dict. iv.
Prairie; common.

One form is nearly smooth except the margins of the leaves; another is stouter,
with leaves, sheaths and spikelets hirsute.

P. pICHOTOMUM, L. Spec.
Prairie; common.
P. cruUs-GALLI, L. Spec.
Fields and waste places; common.
Var. MUTIGUM, Torr.

Se ee

Damp places; frequent. 4
SpraRIA GLAUCA, (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 1812.—Panicum glaucum,
L. Spec.

Fields; common.
S. viripis, (L.) Beauv. Se Sah 1812.— Panicum viride, L. Spec.

Fields; common.

Some specimens with oblong, purplish spikes, are apparently hybrids with S.
Ttalica.

S. Italica, (L.) Kunth, Gram. (ex Kunth, Enum. i. 1).— Panicum
Ttalicum, L. Spec.
Abundantly escaped.
CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES, L. Spec.
Sandy soil; not uncommon.
HoMALOCENCHRUS VIRGINICA, (Willd.) Britt. Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. ix. 1889.—Leersta Virginica, Willd. Spec. i.
Low ground; abundant.
H. oryzorpeEs, (L.) Poll. Enum. Pl. Palat. 1776.— Phalaris oryzoi-
des, L. Spec.—Leersia oryzotdes, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 1797.
Wet places; common.
ZIZANIA AQUATICA, L. Spec.

Ponds; scarce.
South of Shearer School; Onion creek.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 527

| ANDROPOGON PROVINCIALIS, Lam. Dict. i.—A. furcatus, Mubl. in
Willd. Spec. iv.
Prairie; common.

See Hackel, Androp., p. 443; Watson, Contr. Am, Bot. xvii. p. 139 (Proc, Amer.
.
Acad. xxv. 1899)-

-A. SCOPARIUS, Michx. Fl.

Prairie; common.

CHRYSOPOGON NUTANS, (L.) Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. xix. 1881. —

Andropogon nutans, L. Spec. (retained in Hackel, Androp.)
Prairie; common.

Phalaris Canariensis, L. Spec.

Streets of Story City.

P. ARUNDINACEA, L. Spec.

Marshes; infrequent.

ARISTIDA GRACILIS, Ell. Sk. i.

Dry hills; infrequent.

STIPA SPARTEA, Trin. Stipze, 1842.

Prairie; abundant.

ORYZOPSIS MELANOCARPA, Muhl. Gram,

Dry rocky woods; not uncommon.

MUHLENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA, (Muhl.) Trin. Diss. i.— Agrostis

sobolifera, Muhl. Gram.

Dry hills; infrequent.
M. RACEMOSA, (Michx.) B.S. P. Cat.—Agrostis racemosa, Michx.
Fl.—M. glomerata, Trin. Diss. i.

Dry clay bluffs or wet grassy places; frequent.
M, SYLVATICA, (Torr.) Torr. & Gray, in Gray, Gram.& Cyp. i. 1834.
—Agrostis sylvatica, Torr. Fl. U.S.

Upland woods; frequent.
M. TENUIFLORA, (Willd.) B.S. P. Cat.— Agrostis tenuiflora, Willd.
Spec. i.—M. Willdenovit, Trin. Diss. i.

Upland woods; not uncommon.

M. DIFFUSA, Scareb. Gram. ii. 1772-1779.

Open lowland woods; abundant.

BRACHYELYTRUM ERECTUM, (Schreb.) Beauv. — Muhlenbergia
erecta, Schreb. Gram. ii. 1772-1779.—B. aristatum, Beauv. Agrost.
1812.— B. aristosum, (Michx.) B.S. P. Cat!:—Dilepyrum aristosum,
Michx. Fl.

_ Rich woods; frequent.

Ours is the form, var, Engelmanni, Gray, Man. sth ed.

PHLEUM PRATENSE, L. Spec.

Meadows and pastures; common.

Sporobolus vagineeflorus, ,(Torr.) Vasey, Desc. Cat. 1885, — I%lfa
vaginefiora, Torr. in Gray. Gram. & Cyp. i. 1834.
Sandy and sterile soil.

528 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

S. ASPER, (Michx.) Kunth, Gram. i. (ex Enum. i.)
Sandy soil; common.
S. HETEROLEPIS, Gray, Man. Ist ed.— Vilfa heterolepis, Gray, in
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. (read Dec. 1834).
Prairie; abundant.
S. CRYPTANDRUS, (Torr.) Gray, Man. Ist. ed.— Agrostis cryptan-
dvus, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N, Y¥..1,.. 1824.
Sandy hills; infrequent.
AGROSTIS ALBA, L. Spec.
Meadows; common.
Var. VULGARIS, (With.) Thurb.in Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 1880.
—A. vulgaris, With. Eng. Bot. 1776.
Moist meadows; common.
A. PERENNANS, (Walt.) Tuckerm. Amer. Jour. Sci. xlv. 1843. —
Cornucopia? perennans, Walt. FI.

A. HYEMAL, (Walt.) B.S.P. Cat.—Cornucopic hyemalis, Walt. F1.
—Agrostis scabra, Willd. Spec. i.
Prairie, especially in open or barren spots; common.

CINNA ARUNDINACEA, L. Spee.
Upland woods; abundant.

CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS, (Michx.) Beauv.— Arundo Canaden-

sts, Michx. Fl.—Deyeuxta Canadensis, Hook. Arc. Pl. 1862.
Sloughs; abundant. i

CALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA, (Hook.) Scribn. in Hackel, True Grass-
es, 1890.— Calamagrostis longifolia, Hook. Fl. ii.—Ammophila lon-
gifolia, Benth.

Dry hills; infrequent.
BouTELOUA HIRSUTA, Lag. Elench. v.? 1816 (ex Kunth, Enum. i.)
Dry hills; infrequent. .

B. CURTIPENDULA, (Michx.) Gray, Man. 3d ed. (or earlier?)—Chlo-
vis curtipendula, Michx. Fl. — B. racemosa, Lag. Varied. Cienc.
1805 (ex Kunth, Enum. i.)

Prairie; common.
PHRAGMITES VULGARIS, (Lam.) B.8.P. Cat.—Arundo vulgaris,
Lam. FI. Franc. iii. 1778.—P. communis, Trin. Fund. 1820.
Ponds; frequent.
IKGLERIA CRISTATA, (L.) Pers. Syn. i.—Aira cristata, L. Spec.
Prairie; abundant.

MATONIA OBTUSATA, (Michx.) Gray, Man. 3d ed. 1857 (or earlier).

—Aitra obtusata, Michx. FI.
Prairie; abundant.

EE. PENNSYLVANICA, (Spreng.) Gray, Man. ed. of 1857 (or earlier?).

—Aira Pennsylvanitca, Spreng. Act. Petrop. 181o.
Sloughs; abundant.

It also occurs in upland woods, where it is low and slender.
,

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 529

ERAGROSTIS HYPNOIDES, (Lam.) B.S. P. Cat.— Poa hypnoides,
Lam. Ill. i—£. reptans, Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. i. 1829.
Banks of streams; common.
E. MAJOR, Host, Gram. iv. 1809.—Poa Hragrostis, L. Spec.
Fields and roadsides; common.
FRANKII, Meyer, Ind. Sem, Hort. Petrop. ——?
River banks; scarce.
E. Pursuit, Schrad. in Linnea, xii. 1838,
River banks and roadsides; common.
E. pectinacea, (Michx.) Gray, Man. ed. of 1857 (or earlier?).— Poa
pectinacea, Michx. Fl.
“Ames-Bessey.” A young, unnamed specimen; but evidently it belongs here.
DIARRHENA DIANDRA, (Michx.).— Festuca diandra, Michx. FI.
—D. Americana, Beauv. Agrost. 1812.
Woods; frequent.
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, L. Spec.
Pastures; freely escaped from cultivation.
POA COMPRESSA, L. Spec.
Wet or dry soil; common.
P. SEROTINA, Ehr. Gaud. Agrost. i. 1811 (ex Kunth, Enum. i.)
Wet places; frequent. ~
P. PRATENSIS, L. Spec.
Pastures and meadows; common.
GLYCERIA NERVATA, (Willd.) Trin. Act. Petrop.S. 6, i. 1831?.—Poa
nervata, Willd. Spec. i.
Wet places; abundant.
G. FLUITANS, (L.) R. Br. Prod. i. 1810,—Festuca Jluitans, L. Spee.
Ponds and sloughs; infrequent.
FESTUCA OCTOFLORA, Walt. Fl.—/. tenella, Willd. Enum. i.
Dry hills: frequent.
F. NuTANS, Willd. Enum. i.
Upland woods; abundant.
F. SHortTI, Kunth,(?) Vasey, Deser. Cat. 1885.
Sloughs; rare.

E

A small quantity found about 3 miles east of Ames. It seems quite distinct from
F. nutans. The spikelets are more numerous, the panicle more or less drooping
but the branches not reflexed in fruit as in the case of FF, nutans, This appears a

Wood’s Class-Book, edition of 1861, p. 794, as F, Shortiz, Kunth, and is placed un -
der F. nutans,

Bromus KALMII, Gray, Man. Ist ed.
Dry ground; infrequent.

B. secalinus, L. Spec.
Waste places; scarce.

V.—3—13

TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

530

B. ciu1Atus, L. Spec.
Woods; abundant.
Var. PURGANS, (L.) Gray, Man. Ist ed.—B. purgans, L. Spec.

Upland woods; abundant.
Apparently a distinet species, flowering a month earlier than B. ciliatus,

Lolium perenne, L. Spec.

Waste places; rare.
Var. ITALIcuM, Vasey, Desc. Cat. 1885.

Escaped around the station-house.
AGROPYRUM REPENS, (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 1812.— Triticum repens,

L. Spec.
Fields and waste places; frequent.
The form which has passed for A, glaucum, Roem. & Schult., is occasionally

found.
HORDEUM JUBATUM, L. Spec.

Waste places: common.
ELYMuS VIRGINICUS, L. Spec.
River banks; abundant.
Specimens frequently occur which appear to be hybrids with £, Canadensis.

EK. CANADENSIS, L. Spec.
River banks; abundant.
Var. GLAUCIFOLIUS, (Muhl.) Gray, Man. 5th ed.—Z. glaucifo-
lius, Muhl. in Willd. Enum.
(No descrip-

Gravelly places; frequent. °
Var. GLABRIFOLIUS, Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb.

tion.)
Rocky places; frequent.

E. STRIATUS, Willd. Spec. i.
Upland woods; frequent.
ASPRELLA HystRIix, (L.) Willd. Enum.—Hlymus Hystriz, L. Spec.

Woods; abundant.
EQUISETACEZ.

. EQUISETUM ARVENSE, L
Sandy soil; common.
FILICES.

ADIANTUM PEDATUM, L. Spec.
Rich woods; abundant.
PTERIS AQUILINA, L. Spec. ‘
' Rich woods}; scarce.
ASPLENIUM FILIX-Fa:MINA, (L.) Bernh. N. Jour. f. d. Bot. ii. 1806.

—Polypodium Filix-femina, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Shady ravines; abundant.
CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS, (L.) Bernh. 1. ¢. i. 1805.— Polypodium fra-

gitle, L. Spec. 2d ed.
Woods; Common.

HITCHCOCK—PLANTS OF AMES, IOWA. 531

ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS, L. Spec.
Wet places; not uncommon.

OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA, L. Spec.
Woody ravines; scarce.

Botrichium Virginianum, (L.) Swartz, Jour. f.d. Bot, ii. 1800.—
Osmunda Virginiana, L. Spec.—B. Virginicum, Willd. Spec. v.
Rich woods; scarce.

LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE CATA-
LOGUE, PRECEDED BY THE ABBREVIATIONS USED.

Ait. Hort. Kew. : Aiton, W.— Hortus Kewensis, 3 vols. 1789; 2d ed.

Aiton, W. T. (Ait. f.), 5 vols. 1810. :

— Bigel. Fl. Bost.: Bigelow, J.—Florula Bostonensis, 1814; 2d ed., 1824;
“3d ed., 1840.

B.S.P. Cat.: Britton, N. L., Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg, J. F.—
Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta, * * * within 100
miles of New York City, 1888.

Darl. Fl. Cest.: Darlingtun, W.— Florula Cestrica, 1826; 2d ed.,
Flora Cestrica, 1837; 3d ed., 1853.

DC. Prod.: DeCandolle, A. P. and A.—Prodromus Systematis Natu-
ralis Regni Vegetabilis. i, 1824; ii, 1825; iii, 1828; iv, 1830; v. 1836; vi,
1837; vii, 1, 1839; vii. 2, 1838; viii, 1844; ix, 1845; x, 1846; xi, 1847;
xli, 1848; xiii, 1, 1852; xiii, 2, 1849; xiv, 1856; xv, 1, 1864; xv, 2, 1866;
Xvi, 1. 1869; xvi. 2, (p. 1-160) 1864; xvi, 2 (p. 161-end), 1868; xvii, 1873.

DC. Syst.: DeCandolle, A. P.—Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale.
i, 1818; ii, 1821.

Ell. Sk.: Elliott, S.— A Sketch of the ‘Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia. i, 1821; ii, 1824.

Gray, Man.: Gray, Asa— Manual of the Botany of the Northern United
States, 1848; 3d ed.(?) 1857; 5th ed., 1867; 6th ed., 1890.

Gray, Syn. Fl.: Gray, Asa—Synoptical Flora of North America; i. 2,
1884; ii, 1, 188; Suppl., r886.

Hook. Fl.: Hooker, W. J.—Flora Boreali-Americana. i. Pt. 1, 1829;
i. Pt. 2 & 3, 1832; ii, 1840. (Ex notes in Dr. Engelmann’s copy.)

Kunth, Enum.: Kunth, K.S.—Enumeratio Plantarum omnium hucus-
que cognitarum. i, 1833; Suppl., 1835; ii, 1837; iii, 1841; iv, 1843.

Lam. Dict.: De la Marck, J. B.— Encyclopédie Méthodique. i, 1783;
li, 1786; iii, 1789; iv, 1797; v, (vols. v to xiii by J. L. Poiret,) 1804; vi,
1804; vii, 1806; viii & ix, 1810; x, 1811; xi, 1813; xii, 1816; xiii, 1817.

532 TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE.

Lam. Ill.: Dela Marck, J. B.—Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique
des trois regnes de la Nature. Botanique. Illustration des Genres. i,
1791; ii, 1793; iii & Suppl. (Poiret), 1823.

L. Mant.: Linnzus, C.—Mantissa Plantarum, p.1 to 142, 1767; Man-
tissa Plantarum altera, p. 143 to 588, 1771.

L. Spec.: Linnezus, C.—Species Plantarum, 1753; 2d ed. i, 1762; ii,
1763; 3d ed., 1764 (said to be the same as the 2d edition). ;

Marsh. Arbust.: Marshall, H.—Arbustrum Americanum, 1785.

Michx. Fl.: Michaux, F. A.—Flora Boreali-Americana, 2 vols. 1803.

Mill. Dict.: Miller, P. —The Gardener’s Dictionary, 8th ed., 2 vols.,
1768. (The first edition in which binomials are used.)

Muhl. Cat.: Miihlenberg, H.— Catalogus Plantarum Americe Sep-
tentrionalis hucusque cognitarum, 1813; 2d ed., 1818. (The one usually
quoted.)

Muhl. Gram.: Miihlenberg, H.— Descriptio uberior Graminum et
Plantarum Calamarium Americe Septentrionalis, 1817.

Nutt. Gen.: Nuttall, T.— The Genera of North American Plants, 2
vols. 1818.

Pers. Syn. :—Persoon, C. H.—Synopsis Plantarum, i, 1805; ii, 1807-

Poir.: Poiret, J. L.—See Lam. Dict. & Ill.

Pursh, Fl.: Pursh, F.—Flora Americe Septentrionalis, 1814 (another
issue in 1816).

Torr. Cyp.: Torrey, J.— Monograph of North American Cypera-

cee (Annals Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. iii. 1836).

Torr. Fl. N. Y.:—A Floraof the State of New York, 2 vols. 1843.

Torr. Fl. U.S.:—A Flora of the Northern and Middle Sections of the
United States, 1824.

Torr. & Gray, Fl.:—A Flora of North America. i, p. 1 to 184, July
1838; i, p. 185 to 360, Oct. 1838; i, p. 360 to end, June 1840; ii, p. 1 to
184, 1841; ii, p, 185 to 392, springy, 1842; ii, p. 393 to end, Feb. 1843 (ex
notes in Dr. Engelmann’s copy).

Trin. Diss.: Trinius, K. B. — De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris.
Dissertatio botanica, 1824.

Vahl, Enum.: Vahl, M.—Enumeratio Plantarum. i, 1804; ii, 1806.

Walt. Fl.: Walter, T.—Flora Caroliniana, 1788.

Willd. Enum.: Willdenow, K. L.—Enumeratio Plantarum horti regii
botanici Berolinensis, 1809.

Willd. Spec. :—Linnzus, Species Plantarum. i, Pt. 1, 1797; i, Pt. 2,
1798; ii, 1799; iii, Pt. 1 (p. 1-848), 1800; iii, Pt. 2, (p. 849-1474), 1801;
iii, Pt. 3, 1803 (subsequent to Michaux’s Flora) ; iv, Pt. 1, 1805; iv, Pt. 2,
1807; v, 1810.

- eer 7 (wNeo.tey

move in perennial freshness toward the great river and the sea.

THE MYXOMYCETES OF THE BLACK HILLS.

A PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

BY THOMAS H. MACBRIDE.

The species listed here were collected during the month of
August, 1897, and represent the rather hasty gathering of a
traveler who could not remain long enough at one place to do
thorough work. The number of species ought to be extended
to three times that here offered, and probably will be ere many
seasons pass.

The Black Hills exhibit a very considerable range of summer
climate, remarkable when we consider the very restricted limits
within which such variation is displayed, a region about equal
toa dozen lowacounties. The foot-hills and southern plateaus
are in summer excessively dry, drouth-stricken. The occa-
sional showers that pass seem to make no special impression,
the water falling at such times being almost immediately evap-
orated. On the other hand the central mountain peaks are
covered with varied, flourishing, and abundant vegetation all
summer long, seem to enjoy sufficient rainfall and are often
enveloped by mists for days together, and are undisturbed by
any hot, dry winds, from the southern and eastern plains such as
constantly sweep and vex the lower levels. The temperature
varies much also in different localities. At the lower levels,
1,000-2,000 feet, the heat by day is great, reaching 95-98° Fahr-
enheit; on the higher levels, probably owing in part to more
abundant moisture, the temperature of the air by day seldom
rises above 70°, and is often much below. It is so cold in the
central hills that corn does not mature, and even oats and bar
ley during the short season fail betimes for the same reason.

94 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Such conditions would not seem specially favorable for
organisms so sensitive and quickly responsive as are the slime-
moulds. One region is during the warm season too dry;
another where moisture is adequate would seem too cold.
Nevertheless, | found Myxomycetes, in one stage or another,
in every region visited. The only one characteristic which
seemed to indicate unfavorable conditions was the scanty size
of the fructifications, although there were exceptions even to
this. However, on the whole, my specimens are poor and
show nothing like the beauty and perfection of the same spe-
cies as collected in the woods of eastern lowa. Further anno-
tation is more conveniently made in connection with the names
of each particular species.

There is no attempt to revise the nomenclature which here
in general follows the usage of American authors.

1. Bartramia utricularis Berkeley.

Only one gathering of old and weathered material near Hot
Springs. ;

2. Physarum cinereum Pers.

Abundant on the buffalo grass (Bouteloua)in several places
near Minnekahta. Found also on dried, weathered droppings
of cattle and horses near Long Pine, Neb. This appears
to be a ubiquitous species. Although not especially common,
yet it appears in all sorts of places and is usually profuse in
fructification.

3. Physarum nefroideum Rost.

Represented in this collection by a single gat hering of small
scattered stipitate sporangia. Collected at Custer.

4. Cratereum aureum (Schum.) Rost.

Once collected along Fall River near Hot Springs. The
sporangia are immaturely dried up, but I believe correctly
identified.

5. Tilmadoche nutans (Pers.) Rost.

A small colony of weathered sporangia from the neighbor-
hood of Hot Springs.

6. Spumaria alba (Bull.) D. C.

The specimen is immature and small. It was collected as a
milk-white plasmodium and passed into the fruiting phase in
the collecting case. :

7. Didymium crustaceum (Fr.) Rost.

One gathering, in fairly good condition. The species is
quoted by Lister as from Poland and England and appears to

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 25

be here for the first time reported from this country. I have,
however, good specimens from a single collectionin lowa made
many years ago. The form is so peculiar that I do not believe
it likely to be mistaken for anything else. It must simply be
put down as rare.

8. Diderma laciniatum Phillips.

Fairly good specimens of what is believed to be this species
were found near Custer on Buckhorn Mountain. Phillips
gathered his material in the Sierra Nevada nearly thirty years
ago. (Grev. V, p. 113, t. 87, fig. 2,) but so far as I know the
species has not been reported since. In August last Mr. T. B.
Ellis, of New Jersey, sent to our laboratory a specimen from
Colorado which proves to be the same thing. The species is
thus very interesting, not only on account of its own inherent
beauty, but because of its rarity and range. As is well known
the Black Hills constitute a sort of meeting ground for the
fiora of almost all parts of thecountry. 4etula occidentalis Hook
here meets Betula papyracea Marsh. Pinus ponderosa Doug.
stands side by side with Picea canadensis Mill, and Populus
tremuloides Mx. overshadows Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt, and
Aconitum jisheri Reich.; so that we are perhaps less surprised to
find a delicate slime-mould on this side of the vast reaches of
desert that lie between the Black Hills and the California
Sierras.

9. Comatricha typhina Pers.

Typical, though small, specimens are in the collection from
near Sylvan lake.

10. Comatricha nigra Pers.

Very beautiful,but unusually small,specimens of this species
were collected on fallen logs of Cottonwood along the south
fork of the Cheyenne river. As:in other cases the colony was
small.

11. Stemonitis smithii Macb.

Well defined specimens of this minute species occur on fallen
pine logs near Hot Springs and Cascade. Lister applies this
name to all our North American forms having ferruginous
spores. But these forms certainly show a diversity too great
to admit of their being thus associated. As here employed the
specific name is restricted to small forms of scattered habit and
very minute .002-.004 mm smooth spores. This is rare in the
western Mississippi valley.

12. Stemonitis microspora Lister.

6 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This name is applied provisionally to the form heretofore
commonly distributed and recognized throughout the United
States as S ferruginea Ehr. The European type, if one may
judge from the reports of authorities and from scant material
in herbaria of this country, is plainly different from ours and
the specific name suggested by Lister may be for the present
adopted.

13. Stemonitis fusca Roth.

Not common. One colony especially noteworthy has the
Sporangia short, and the spores, while of the usual size and
color yet marked by unusual episporic characters, unlike any
observed in specimens from the eastern United States. S. fusca
is here adopted to supplant both S. fusca and S. maxima, as the
separation seems impracticable.

14. Stemonitis webberi Rex.

Typical and not rare. On Arnold’s peak, near Hot Springs,
but not in the central hills. The species seems to belong to
the plains proper, and is probably an adaptation toa climate
drier than that of Harney or Sylvan lake.

15. Licea variabilis Schrad.

Fine specimens were collected near Harney’s peak.

16. Tubulina cespitosa Peck.

Common in the central hills. One fructification 4-6 inches
wide stretched along the surface of a log for the distance of
many feet.

17. Eutoridium rozeanum (Rost.) Wing.

One specimen «nly discovered. The plasmodium is at first
milk-white, then pink; later the fruit becomes umber-brown as_
the spores mature.

18. Cribraria aurantiaca Schrad.

Specimens poor, but plainly referable to this species.

19. Cribraria pyriformis Schrad.

Material poor. Reference provisional, though probably
correct.

20. Cribraria minutissima Schweinitz.

In the crevices of a weathered pine log near Custer were
found beautiful specimens of this species. Schweinitz reported
it common in Pennsylvania and Carolina in his day. Speci-
mens from Iowa and from Missouri are in the university (Lowa)
herbarium. Its minuteness withdraws it from general recog-
nition so that it escapes collection, though probably widely
distributed.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. o7

21. Dictydium cancellatum (Batsch).

This is rare in the hills, though so common everywhere else.
The specimens taken are unusually small. The stipe is short
and unmarked above, although exhibiting the characteristic
twist. This is D. cernuum (Pers.) Noes, as usually written,
but Batsch surely recognized and figured the species, Elenchus
II, 187, Pl. xlii, Fig. 232, and there seems no reason why the
specific name he used should not pass current.

22. Perichena corticalis (Batsch) Rost.

Rare, but in typical condition, and on the usual habitat, bark
of fallen stems of Ulmus americana,

23. Trichia fallax Pers.

Typical in form and capillitium. Very dark colored, both
within and without. ;

24. Trichia inconspicua Rost. ;

Typical. Occurring as in Iowa on bark of fallen stems of
Populus tremuloides.

25. Hemiarcyria varneyi Rex.

Typical. Much resembles Hemiarcyria clavata (Pers.) Rost,,
bnt has more slender threads, smoother and with abundant free
tips.

26. Hemiarcyria clavatu (Pers.) Rost.

Rare. Probably sought too early. Doubtless as common
in the fall in the central hills as in other parts of the western
States.

27. Arcyria incarnata Pers.

Rare. Collected only once, in a very light, delicate form,
near Hot Springs.

28. Arcyria nutans (Bull.) Grev.

Found in small colonies on fallen willow stems, near Custer.
Typical.

29. Arcyria pomiformis Rost.

This is an exceedingly delicate form. The peridium is wholly
evanescent, the stipe very short, the threads regularly marked
by the transverse plates or ridges characteristic of the genus.
The spores are entirely smooth, about .008 mm.

80. Lachnobolus incarnatus (A. & 8S.) Schroeter.

Typical specimens were collected on the bark of fallen P.
tremuloids, near Harney’s peak.

21. Lycogaha epidendrum (Buxb ) Fr.
Rare. Only a single specimen observed near Custer.

28 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

THE FLORA OF THE SIOUX QUARTZITE IN IOWA.

oil
BY B. SHIMEK. \ Vr

\

EBs

A further study of the flora of this restricted exposure dur-
ing the third and fourth weeks of last June offered certain sug-
gestions upon geographical distribution which are here briefly
presented.

In addition to the area described in the first paper on this
flora (1. c. p. 72) a second exposure was examined. This lies
near the Big Sioux river, nearly two miles west of the first
exposure, and extends quite to thestateline. It resembles the
first exposure, but its surface is more broken, and also much
greater in area. Near the central part there is a deep depres-
sion, occupied in part by a large pond. This exposure is like-
wise chiefly horizontal, but around the central depression, and
also on the-sides nearest the Big Sioux river, vertical sections
are prominent, those at the latter point being fifteen to twenty
feet high. Near their base there is an accumulation of soil
which gradually runs out into the narrow alluvial valley of the
Big Sioux river.

At the base of the lower ledges in the first exposure similar
richer soil is found bordering small pools, which are connected
only during flood periods.

Upon this soil at both points, but chiefly at the former, was
found a flora similar (in so far as it is developed) to the flora of
the more easterly portions of the state, and to the floras of our
river courses. The species, which are enumerated in Table I,
are all common and well known eastward.

Within a few feet, upon the exposed or scantily covered
rock, were abundant specimens of the plants, which in that
region at least, are peculiar to the rock exposures. In addition

*The first paper on this flora appeared in the Proc. Ia. Aead. Sci., Vol. I, pp. 72-77.

&
r

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 99

to those already listed as characteristic of the rock exposures

| (lc p. 73) there were added the following species:

Schedonnardus texcanus Steud. Common.

Potentilla pennsylvanica var. strigosa Lehm. Not common.

Gilia linearis Gray. Common.

Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. Rather common.

The lichens enumerated on pp. 74-5 (1. c.) should also. be
transferred to this list, as all of the species were collected in
much greater numbers upon the most exposed portions of the
outcrops, and as comparatively few specimens are found upon
the straggling bowlders over the surrounding prairie, they are
rather characteristic of the rock exposures. Upon the more
pronounced soil which runs in and out among the exposures of
rock from the adjacent prairie, is a still different flora made up
of species which are peculiar to dry prairies, or which from
their ready adaptability to circumstances are often found upon
them. The species which have not already been listed (J. c. pp.
74-5) are enumerated in Table II.

Surrounding the pond and pools, or growing in them, were
representatives of still another flora consisting of aquatic and
marsh species, most of which are common eastward. The
additional species of this group are reported in Table II. The
first and fourth groups represent an eastern flora, and the sec-.
ond and third groups a flora more nearly western in its rela-
tionship (J. c. p. 76). pd

We have here, then, four dis tinct floras meeting upon a very
restricted area. The lines between them are sharply drawn
(excepting perhaps that between the second and third groups),
and the collector need but take two or three steps to pass from
the aquatic and alluvial flora of the east to that of the dry
plains of the west.

A general comparison of the plants and of the conditions
existing in June and August* brought out the fact that the pre-

vailing plants of the region which belong to the eastern flora
flowered and matured earlier in the season while the influence
of the spring rains was still abundantly felt, while those which
are more characteristic of dry grounds reached their develop-
ment (i e., flowered and fruited) later in the season after the
drier summer period had fairly set in.

All this, of course, emphasizes the well-known fact that
most plants are more or less restricted in their choice of hab-

x!

*The plants discussed in ‘he first paper were collected in August.

30 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

itat, and that while their seed may be scattered broadcast, only
that will grow and blossom and bring forth fruit which falls
within those conditions which render its existence possible.
It is not probable that widely.separated regions owe the simi-
larity of their floras wholly to the accidental dropping of a
few seeds. The floras of the Sioux Quartzite and of a portion
of Muscatine county are in many respects similar, and quite
unlike the intervening flora, yet it is not improbable that the
broad area lying between them was once covered by their own
kind.

Where distinct floras, requiring conditions for the best
development, are brought as close together as is the case in the
region under consideration, it is evident that with any con-
siderable change in amount of rainfall one of the floras would
suffer. With a comparative abundance of rains the alluvial
and aquatic floras would have the advantage and would crowd
upon their drouth-loving neighbors; while with a scarcity of
rain these conditions would be reversed. A number of very
wet or very dry consecutive seasons might therefore materially
change the character of the flora of such aregion. If, how-
ever, a general average was preserved, the dry soil and rock
Species would be at a disadvantage in the end, for they would
‘gradually prepare a soil for their greedier neighbors who
would slowly creep out upon their territory and finally take
complete possession of it.

The study of such regions as that which includes the Sioux
Quartzite exposures in lowa, if conducted systematically and
for a long period, ought certainly to throw light on the ques-
tion of the succession of floras in the northwest.

TABLE I.

Species from the alluvial and richer soil
The species marked * were collected only at the first or eastern exposure.
With two exceptions they are herbs, which do not appear in the list of the
preceding year, having probably disappeared by the month of August.

* Allium canadense Kalm. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl.
* Amorpha fruticosa L. Phlox pilosa L.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia Mx. Prunus virginiana L.

* Anemone pennsylvanica L. Ranunculus abortivus L.
Anemone virginiana L Rhus glabra L.

Aquilegia canadensis L. Rhus toxicodendron L.
Celastrus scandens L. Ribes floridum L’ Her.’

Celtis occidentalis L. Ribes gracile Mx. °

*Ellisia nyctelea L, Rubus strigosus Mx.

Or yee ge

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 107

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHEASTERN IOWA.

BY T.:.J. FITZPATRICK.
ts 4

The following notes are the result ofa series of studies made
during the summer of 1895 when the writer passed down the
Upper lowa river from Decorah to its mouth and thence down
the Mississippi river to Muscatine, examining enroute the floras
of Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, Jackson, Clinton
and Scott counties. Much field work was done by collecting
specimens and taking notes. The writer received aid subse-
quently in the examination of a collection from Winneshiek
county made by Herbert Goddard of Decorah, lowa. All the
rare or infrequent species mentioned in the following list are
represented in my herbarium. Those common as Quercus alba,
Ulmus americana, Populus monilifera, Xanthium canadense, etc.,
are not represented by specimens from all the localities given

The difficult species have been carefully compared with
specimens in the herbarium of the State University of lowa, or
submitted to competent botanists. The sedges were determined
by R. L. Cratty, the grasses by F. Lamson-Scribner, and
miscellaneous species by the officers of the Missouri Botanical
Garden at St. Louis. The writer hopes the following notes
may be beneficial to students who study the flora of that por-
tion of the state, a flora unique in many respects.

RANUNCULACEX.

Clematis virginiana L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Scott
Cos. Woods, infrequent.

Anemone patens L., var. nuttalliana Gray. Winneshiek and
Allamakee Cos. High prairies, common.

A, cylindrica Gray. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Frequent in open woods.

A, virginiana L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Rich
woods, frequent.

Sa a a

108 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A. pennsylvanica L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Scott Cos.
Frequent in open woods.

A. nemorosa L. Winneshiek Co. Common in woods. :

Hepatica acutiloba DC. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Scott Cos. Rocky woods, common.

Anemonella thalictroides Spach. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Woods, frequent.

Thalictrum dioicum lL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Scott Cos. Rocky woods, frequent. » ;

T. purpurascens L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. In woods and open places, frequent.

Ranunculus aquatilis L., var. trichophyllus Gray. Winneshiek
Co. Common in pools near springs. This may be R. cir-
cinatus Sifth.

R. rhomboideus Goldie. Winneshiek Co. One specimen found.

R. abortivus L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Wet and
waste ground, common.

R. fascicularis Muhl. Winneshiek and Scott Cos. Upland
woods, frequent.

R. septentrionalis Poir. Winneshiek Co. Moist places, com-
mon. -

R. pennsylvanicus L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. In
Allamakee Co., in sandy soil along the Mississippi river.

Isopyrum biternatum T. & G. Winneshiek and Scott Cos.
Woods.

Caltha palustris L. Winneshiek Co. Wet places, not common.

Aquilegia canadensis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, -
Dubuque, and Scott Cos. Woods, common.

Acteea spicata Li. var. rubra Ait. ‘Winneshiek Co. Woods, less
frequent than the following.

A. alba Bigel. Winneshiek Co. Wooded hillsides, common.

Hydrastis canadensis L. One specimen noted. Winneshiek Co.

MENISPERMACE.

Menispermum canadense L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Dubuque Cos. Woods, frequent. |

. BERBERIDACEZ.

Caulophyllum thalictroides Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos. Upland woods, frequent.

Podophyllum peltatum L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rich upland woods, common.

(at a ep et eee

om a

ae!

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 109

INYMPHAACEZ.

Nelumbo lutea Pers. Allamakee, and Clayton Cos. Very com-
mon in the sloughs of the Mississippi river.

‘\Nymphea odorata. Ait. Winneshiekand Allamakee Cos. Ponds
and sloughs, frequent.

Nuphar advena Ait. Winneshiek and Bteemol on Cos. Ponds,
frequent.

PAPAVERACEZ.

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Scott Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

Dicentra cucullaria DC. Winneshiek, Allamakee,and Scott Cos.
Rich woods, common.

CRUCIFERA.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Winneshiek and Scott Cos. Rich
woods, frequent.

Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Winneshiek Co. Damp soil, fre-
quent.

C hirsuta L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Damp soil,
frequent.

Arabis canadensis LL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Woods, frequent.

A. confinis Watson. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Woods,
frequent.

A. lyrata L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque
Cos. Rolling woods, common.

A. dentata T. & G. Winneshiek Co. Woods, infrequent.

Draba caroliniana Walt. Winneshiek Co. Rocky woods, infre-

quent.

Camalina sativa Crantz. Winneshiek Co. Frequent in flax
fields.

Nasturtium offiicinale R. Br. Winneshiek Co. Wet soil, fre-
quent.

N. palustre DC. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
and Clinton Cos. Wet soil, margins of ponds and waterways,
common.

N. armoracia Fries. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque
Cos. A frequent escape.

Erysimum cheiranthoides LL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos.

Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Winneshiek Co.

110 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

S. officinale Scop. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Waste places, common. )

S. altissimum L. Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque Cos. Fre-
quent in waste places along or near railways.

Brassica sinapistrum Boiss. Winneshiek Co. Waste places,
frequent.

B. nigra Koch. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

Capsella bursa-pastoris Moench. Winneshiek Co. Waste
places, common.

L. epidium intermedium Gray. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton, Dubuque, Jackson, Clinton and Scott Cos. Waste places, —
common.

CAPPARIDACEA.

Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Winneshiek, Allamakee,
Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson Cos. Sandy soil along water-
ways, common.

CISTACE.

Helianthemum canadense Mx. Winneshiekl and Allamakee
Cos. Prairies, frequent.

VIOLACEE.

Viola pedata lh. Winneshiek Co. Open places, frequent.

V. palmata L., var. cucullata Gray. Winneshiek, Allamakee,
Dubuque, Clinton and Scott Cos. Fields and woods, common.

V. pubescens Ait. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Scott Cos.
Woods, common.

V. canina L., var. muhlenbergii Gray. Winneshiek and Alla-
makee Cos. Damp woods, infrequent.

CARYOPHYLLACEA.

Saponaria officinalis L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Waste places. A frequent escape.

S. vaccaria L. Winneshiek ‘Co. Waste places, infrequent.

Silene stellata Ait. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Woods.
frequent.

S. nivea Otth. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Along river
infrequent.

S antirrhina L. Winneshiek Co. Fields, frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. bi

Lychnis githago Lam. Winneshiek Co. Waste places, infre-
quent.
~ Arenaria laterijflora L. Winneshiek Co.
Stellaria media Smith. Winneshiek :Co.
S. lonigfolia Muhl. Winneshiek Co.
Cerastium arvense L. Winneshiek Co.
C. nutans Raf. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.

PORTULACACE.

Portulaca oleracea LL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton and
Scott Cos. Fields and waste places, common.
Claytonia virginica L. Winneshiek Co. Woods, frequent.

HYPERICACE.

Hypericum ascyron L. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Clayton
Cos. Prairie and upland woods, infrequent.

H. cistifolium Lam. Dubuque Co. Along the railway, fre-
quent.

H. maculatum Walt. Winneshiek Co. Woods and open
places, frequent.

MALVACE.

Malva crispa L. Winneshiek Co. One. specimen noted.

M. rotundifolia LL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque and Jackson Cos. Waste places near dwellings,
common.

Napea dioica LL. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Frequent
in the valley of the Upper Lowa river.

Abutilon avicenne Gaertn. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Fields and waste places, frequent.

TILIACK ZA.

Tilia americana L.» Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque
and Scott Cos. Rich woods, common.

LINACEE.

Linum sulcatum Riddell. Allamakee Co. Prairies, frequent.
L. usitatissimum Li. Clayton and Dubuque Cos. Waste places
along railway, infrequent.

112 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
GERANTACEA.

Geranium maculatum L. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Clay-
ton Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

Oxalis violacea L. Winneshiek Co. Fields, common.

O. corniculata L., var. stricta Sav. Winneshiek, Allamakee,
Clayton, Dubuque, and ‘Clinton Cos. Fields and woods, com-
mon.

Impatiens pallida Nutt. Winneshiek and Clayton.Cos. Rich
soil along streams, common. F

I. fulva Nutt. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. With the pre-
ceding.

RUTACE.

Xanthoxy’um americana Mill. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-—
ton, and Dubuque Cos. Woods, frequent.
Ptelea trifoliata L. Rock Island Arsenal grounds.

CELASTRACEA.

EHuonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Upland woods, frequent.

RHAMNACEA.

Ceanothus americanus L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, and Jackson Cos. Woods, frequent.

VITACEA.

Vitis riparia Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
and Jackson Cos. Woods, common.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia Mx. Winneshiek, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Woods, common.

SAPINDACEA.

Acer spicatum Lam. Clayton Co. Bluffs, infrequent. Speci-
men sent by Prof. B. Fink.

A. saccharinum Wang. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Frequent along rivers in rolling woods. _

A, dasycarpum Ehrh. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Low grounds, common.

Negunao aceroides Moench. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, and Clinton Cos. Low grounds, common

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 5 Dy ies

Staphylea trifolia L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rocky woods, frequent.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Rhus typhina L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rolling woods, frequent.

R glabra lL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque
Cos. Uplands, common.

POLYGALACE.
Polygala senaga L. Winneshiek Co. Woods, frequent.
LEGUMINOS&.

Baptisia leucophea Nutt. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Open
woods and pastures, frequent.

B leucantha T. & G. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Fields
and woods, common.

Lupinus perennis LL. Winneshiek Co.

Trifolium arvense L. Winneshiek Co. Fields, infrequent.

T. pratense L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque
Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

T. repens lL. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Pastures and
waste places, common.

T. hybridum L. Winneshiek Co. Fields and waste places,
infrequent.

Melilotus officinalis Willd. Winneshiek Co. Waste places, fre-
quent.

M. alba Lam. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, and
Scott Cos. Waste places, common.

Amorpha canescens Nutt. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, and Jackson Cos. Dry soil, common.

A. fruticosa L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Along waterways, frequent.

Petalostemon violaceus Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Dubuque Cos. Prairies, common.

P. candidus Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque Cos .
With the preceding.

Tephrosia virginiana Pers. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Jackson Cos. Sandy soil, frequent.

Robinia pseudacacia L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Jackson
Cos. Introduced, waste places.

8 {la. Acad Sci, Vol v] [May 18, 1898 ]

114 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Astragalus canadensis L. Winneshiek and Clayton Cos. Fre-
quent.

Desmodium acuminatum DC. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Clayton Cos. Woods, frequent.

D. canadense DC. Winneshiek, Clayton, and Dubuque Cos.

Lespedeza capitata Mx. Winneshiek Co.

Vicia cracca K. Winneshiek Co. One specimen in my collec-
tion.

V. americana Mull. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Woods,
frequent. °

Lathyrus venosus Muhl. Winneshiek Co. Woods, frequent.

Apios tuberosa Moench. Allamakee Co. Woods, frequent.

Strophostyles angulosa Ell. Clayton, Dubuque, Jackson, and
Scott Cos. Sandy soil, common.

Cassia marylandica L. Dubuque Co. Woods, infrequent.

C. chamecrista L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Dubuque, and
Jackson Cos. Fields and waste places, common. ;
Cercis canadensis L. Scott Co. Rolling woods, frequent.

Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. Dubuque Co. Woods along the
river, infrequent.

Gleditschia triacanthos L. Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
Clinton, and Jackson Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

ROSACEZ.

Prunus americana Mars. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clay-
ton Cos. Thickets, frequent.

P. serotina Ehrh. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

P. virginiana L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque Cos.
Thickets, frequent.

Spiraea aruncus L. Dubuque and Muscatine Cos. Along
river, frequent.

Physocarpus opulifolius Maxim. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Clayton Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

Rubus occidentahs L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, and Jackson Cos. Borders of fields and in woods, fre-
quent.

R. villosus Ait. Winneshiek and Jackson Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

Geum album Gmelin. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Borders of fields and woods, common.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 115

G. macrophyllum Wild. Winneshiek. A few collected.

G. triflorum Pursh. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Rocky
woods, infrequent.

Fragaria virginiana Mill. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clay-
ton Cos. Fields and woods, common.

F. vesca L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Woods, com-
mon.

Potentilla arguta Pursh. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Roadsides and prairies, frequent.

P. norvegica L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton and Dubu-
que Cos. Fields, frequent.

P. fruticosa L. Allamakee Co. Common on top of a bluff facing
the Upper Iowa river. Also in Winneshiek Co.

P. canadensis L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Fields,
common.

Agrimona eupatoria L. Winneshiek Co. Woods, common.

Rosa humilis Marsh. Winneshiek, Dubuque, Allamakee, and
Jackson Cos. Prairie and fields, common.

R. blanda Ait. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Fields and
woods, frequent. ;

Pyrus coronaria L. Allamakee Co. Thickets, common.

Crataegus coccinea L. Allamakee Co. Thickets, common.

C. tomentosa L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Thickets, common.

C. crus-galli L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton and Scott
Cos. Thickets, common.

Amelanchier canadensis T. & G. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Rocky woods, frequent.

SAXIFRAGACEA.

Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Rich soil, meadows and open woods, frequent.

Mitella diphylla L.. Winneshiek Co. Rich woods, frequent.

Heuchera hispida Pursh. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton
and Scott Cos. Meadows, frequent.

Ribes cynosbati L. Winneshiek, Clayton and Dubuque Cos.
Woods, frequent.

R. gracile Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Dubuque Cos.
Woods, common.

R. floridum L’Her. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Clayton
Cos. Woods, frequent.

116 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CRASSULACEA

Penthorum sedoides L. Winneshiek Co. Wet ground, fre
quent.

HAMAMELIDE.

Hamamelis virginiana L. Clayton Co. In a ravine below
the pictured rocks south of McGregor.

ONAGRACE/#.

Epilobium angustifolium L. Dubuque Co. Common in open
woods.

E. coloratum Muhl. Winneshiek Co. Wet soil, frequent.

Gaura coccinea Nutt. Dubuque Co. Common.

(nothera biennis L. Winneshiek, Clayton, Dubuque and
Jackson Cos. Fields, common.

. serrulata Nutt. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Prairies
and woods, frequent. .

Circe lutetiana L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Woods,
common. |

C. alpina L. Clayton Co. Woods along river, infrequent.

CUCURBITACE.

Echinocystis lobata T. & G. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton and Clinton Cos. Woods, common.

FICOIDE.

Mollugo verticillata L. Allamakee and Clayton Cos.
Sandy shores, common.

UMBELLIFER.

Daucus carota L. Dubuque Co. Common along railway.

Heracleum lanatum Mx. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Upland woods, frequent.

Cicuta maculata L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton and
Dubuque Cos. Wet places, common.

Pastinaca sativa L. Dubuque Co. Waste ground.

Pimpinella integerrima Benth. & Hook. Winneshiek Co.
Woods, frequent.

Cryptotenia canadensis DC. Winneshiek Co.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 117

Sium cicutcefolium Gmelin. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton and Dubuque Cos. In water or wet ground, frequent.

Conium maculatum LL Winneshiek Co. Along a ravine,
introduced, infrequent.

Zizia aurea Koch. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Rich
soil, common.

Osmorrhiza longistylis DC Allamakee Co. Woods, fre-

quent

O. brevistylis DC Winneshiek and Clayton Cos. Woods,
frequent

Eryngium yuccefolium Mx Winneshiek Co. Prairies,
common.

Saniculama rylandica L. Winneshiek, Clayton and Dubuque
Cos. Woods, common.

ARALIACEA,

Aralia racemosa L. Winneshiek, Clayton and Dubuque Cos.
Rocky woods, frequent

A. nudicaulisI, Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Rocky
woods, frequent. .

A. quinquefolia Decs. & Planch. Winneshiek Co. Woods,
infrequent.

CORNACEZ.

Cornus paniculata L’Her. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clay-
ton Cos. Woods and borders, frequent.

CAPRIFOLIACE.

Sambuscus canadensis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Fields and woods, common.

S. racemosa L. Winneshiek and ClaytonCos. Rocky woods,
frequent.

Viburnum lentago L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque
Cos. Woods, frequent.

Triosteum perfoliatuwm L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Open woods, frequent.

Linnea borealis Gronov. Winneshiek Co.

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Winneshiek Co.

Lonicera glauca Hill. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Woods, infrequent.

118 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

L. sullivantii Gray. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Woods, frequent.

Diervilia trifida Moench. Winneshiek Co. Woods near the
base of cliffs, frequent.

RUBIACEA.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Allamakee, agin des Clinton, and
Jackson Cos. Low woods, frequent.

Galium aparie L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Damp
woods, frequent.

G. borealeL. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

G. concinnum T. & G. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Woods, common.

VALERIANACEA.,

Valeriana edulis Nutt. Winneshiek Co. Damp places, fre-
quent

COMPOSIT.

Vernonia fasiculata Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Dubuque,
and Jackson Cos. Low grounds, frequent.

Eupatorium purpureum lL. Winneshiek, Clayton, and

Dubuque Cos. Woods, frequent.

E. ageratoides L. Winneshiek Co. Woods, common.

E. perfoliatum L. Winneshiek Co.

E. altissimum L. Winneshiek Co.

Kuhnia eupatorioides L. Winneshiek Co. Dry soil, common,

Liatris scariosa Willd. Winneshiek Co. Prairies.

Solidago bicolor L. Winneshiek Co. One specimen col-
lected.

S. rigida L. Winneshiek Co. Prairies, common.

S. ulmifolia Muhl. Winneshiek Co. Woods, common.

S. latifolia L. Allamakee Co. Woods, frequent.

S. serotina Ait. Winneshiek, Clayton, and Dubuque Cos.

S. canadensis L. Winneshiek, Clayton, and Dubuque Cos.

S. nemoralis Ait. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos.

Aster sericeus Vent. Winneshiek Co.

A. shortii Hook. Winneshiek Co. One specimen noted.

A. multiflorus Ait. Winneshiek Co. Waysides, common.

A. tradescanti L. Winneshiek Co.

ee —

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 19

A. nove-anglic L. Winneshiek Co.

A. azureus Lindl. Winneshiek Co.

A. sagittifolius Willd. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos,

Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl. Winneshiek Co.

E. strigosus Muhl. Winneshiek Co.

E. philadelphicus LL. Winneshiek Co.

E. canadensis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

E. annuus Pers. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos.

Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. Winneshiek, Allamakee,
and Clayton Cos. Fields and open woods, common.

Polymnia canadensis Li. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Dubuque Cos. Along the baseof wooded cliffs, common.

Silphium perfoliatum L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos.

S. lociniatum L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque Cos.
Prairies and borders of woods, common.

S. integrifolium Mx. Dubuque Co.

Parthenium integrifolium L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos. Fields, frequent.

Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Winneshiek Co. Waste places, infre-
quent.

Ambrosia artemisicfolia L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton, Dubuque, and Jackson Cos. Fields and waste places, com-
mon.

A. trifida L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Jackson Cos.
Damp soil, waste places, common. The var. integrifolia T.
G., frequently found.

Xanthium canadense Mill. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton, Dubuque, Jackson, and Clinton Cos. Fields and waste
places, common.

Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Clayton Cos. Frequent.

Rudbeckia triloba LL. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos. Open
woods, frequent.

hk. hirta L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque
Cos. Woods, frequent.

R. laciniata LL. Winneshiek Co.

Lepachys pinnata T. & G. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton, and Dubuque Cos. Prairies, common.

120 [OWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Helianthus annuus L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Claytag and
Jackson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

H. petiolaris Nutt. Dubuque Co. Along the raileonae one
specimen.

H. occidentalis Ridd. Winneshiek Co.

H. grosse-serratus Mart. Winneshiek Co. Rich soil, common. |

H. maximiliani Schrad. Dubuque Co. A few along railroad.

H. tuberosus L. Winneshiek Co. Woods, frequent.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clay
ton Cos. Prairies, common.

Bidens frondosis L. Winneshiek, Clayton, Dubuque, and
Clinton Cos. Wet grounds, common.

B. connata Muhl. Winneshiek Co. Wet grounds, common.

B. cernua L. Winneshiek Co. Wet grounds, common.

Helenium antumnale L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clinton,
and Scott Cos. Alluvial soil, frequent.

Anthemis cotula DC. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, Jackson, Clinton, and Scott Cos. Waste places,
common.

Achillea millefolium LL. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos.
Meadows and open woods, common.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Allamakee and Dubuque
Cos. Along railroad and in open woods, infrequent .

Tanacetum vulgare L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Waysides and waste places, frequent.

Artemisia blennis Willd. Winneshiek, Dubuque, and Jack-
son Cos. Waste places, frequent.

A. ludoviciana Nutt. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque
Cos. :

A. caudata Mx. Winneshiek Co.

Senecio aureus L., var. balsamite T. & G. Winneshiek, Alla-
makee, and Scott Cos. Woods, frequent.

Cacalia suaveoleus L. Winneshiek Co. Woods, infrequent.

C. reniformis Muhl. Winneshiek and Alamakee Cos. Woods,
frequent.

C. tuberosa Nutt. Allamakee Co. Wet prairies, frequent.

Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. Winneshiek Co. Open places,
frequent.

Arctium lappa L. Winneshiek, Clayton and Dubuque Cos.
Fields and waste places, frequent.

Cnicus lanceolatus Hoffm. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque and Clinton Cos. Fields and open woods, frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. . 121

C. altissimus Willd. Winneshiek and Scott Cos.

Krigia amplexicawlis Nutt. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Rich upland woods, common.

Hieracium canadense Mx. Winneshiek Co.

Prenanthes alba L. Winneshiek Co.

Taraxacum officinale Weber. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton, Dubuque, and Clinton Cos. MRoadsides and fields, com-
mon.

Lactuca scariola L. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos. Waste
places, infrequent.

L. canadensis L. Winneshiek Co.

L. acuminata Gray. Clayton and Dubuque Cos.

Sonchus asper Vill. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos.

LOBELIACE.

Lobelia syphilitica L. Winneshiek Co. Dampsoil, common.

L. spicata Lan. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Fields,
frequent.

CAMPANULACEZ.

Specularia perfolia A. DC.. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Campanula rotundifolia L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton, Dubuque, and Jackson Cos. Woods at the base of cliffs,
frequent.
C. aparinoides Pursh. Winneshiek Co. A few specimens col-
lected.
C. americana LL. Winneshiek, Clayton, and Dubuque Cos.
Rich soil, woods, frequent.

ERICACE.

P. secunda Li. Winneshiek Co. One specimen received in

exchange. The only locality known in the state. Reported
by Holway and Shimek.

PRIMULACEX.

Eodecatheon media L.. Winneshiek and Scott Cos. Woods
frequent.
Sreironoma ciliatum Raf. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Dubuque Cos. Open woods, frequent.
S. lanceolatum Gray. Allamakee Co. Alluvial soil along the
Mississippi river.
9 {Ia. Acad. Sci., Vol. v ] [May 18, 1898. ]

——

122 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

OLEACEA.

Fraxinus americana L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Clinton Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

Syringa vulgaris L. Dubuque Co. Many specimens were
found along the railroad.

APOCYNACE.

Apocynum androsemifolium L. Winneshiek, Allamakee,
Clayton, and Dubuque Cos. Fields and waste places, fre- —
quent.

ASCLEPIADACEA.

Asclepias tuberosa L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Fields, frequent.

A. incarnata L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Wet ground, frequent.

A. cornuti Dec. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
and Jackson Cos. Fields, common.

A. phytolaccoidea Pursh. Winneshiek Co.

A. verticillata L. Winneshiek, Clayton and pubndne Cos.
Open woods, frequent.

Acerates viridifiora Ell. Allamakee Co.

GENTIANACE.

Gentiana quinquefolia Lam., var. occidentalis Gray. Win-
neshiek Co.:
~ G. puberula Mx. Winneshiek Co.

G. alba Muhl. Winneshiek Co. One specimen.

POLEMONIACE.

Phlox pilosa LL. Winneshiek and Scott Cos. Prairies,
frequent.

P. divaricata L. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Clayton Cos.
Woods, frequent.

Polemonium reptans L. Winnsaliile Allamakee and Scott
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

HY DROPHYLLACE.

Hydrophyllun virginicum L. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos.

lOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 123

H. appendiculatum Mx. Winneshiek Co. Rocky woods,
frequent.
Ellisia nyctelea L. Winneshiek Co. Low ground, common.

BORRAGINACE.

Cynoglossum officinale L. Allamakee and Scott Cos.
Open woods, infrequent.

Echinospermum virginicum Lehm. Winneshiek Co.

E. redowskii occidentale Wats. Winneshiek Co. Frequent.

Mertensiu virginica DC. Winneshiek and Scott Cos.
Damp woods, frequent.

M. paniculata Don. Winneshiek Co: Received in exchange,
collected by Holway.

Lithospermum latifolium Mx. Winneshiek Co.

L. hirtum Lehm. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Sandy
woods, frequent.

L. canescens Lehm. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Scott Cos.

L angustifolium Mx. Winneshiek Co.

Onosmodium carolinianum DC. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Pastures and open woods, frequent.

CONVOLVULACE i.

Ipomea pandurata Meyer. Winneshiek Co.

Convolvulus sepium L. Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque and
Clinton Cos. Fields and thickets, frequent.

Cuscuta glomerata Choisy. Winneshiek, Allamakee and
Jackson Cos. Fields and upland thickets, frequent.

C. tenuiflora Eng Winneshiek Co. Woods, frequent.

SOLANACEA.

Solanum nigrum L. Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, Clinton
and Scott Cos Fields and woods, common

Physalis virgyniana Mill. Winneshiek, Allamakee and Clay-
ton Cos |

P. lanceolata Mx Winneshiex Co. Prairies, frequent.

P. lanceolata MX , var. levigata Gray. Allamakee Co.

Datura tatula L Allama ee and Dubuque Cos. Waste
places, common.

SCROPHULARIACE.

Verbascum thapsus lL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, Jackson and Scott Cos. Fields and woods, common.

an

124 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Linaria vulgaria Mill. Winneshiek and Clayton Cos.
Waste places, frequent. |

Scrophularia nodosa L., var. marilcanda Gray. Winne-
sheik, Allamakee, Clayton and Dubuque Cos. Open woods,
frequent.

Chelone glabra L. Winneshiek Co.

Mimulus ringens L. Winnesheik, Allamakee, Clayton and
Dubuque Cos. Wet ground, river banks, frequent.

M. jamesii Torr. Winneshiek Co. Calcareous springs, fre-
quent.

Gratiola virginiana L. Winneshiek Co. Upland woods,
frequent.

Veronica virginica L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Woods, common.

V. anagallis L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Wetgrounds
near springs, common.

V. peregrina L. Winneshiek Co. Wet soil, common.

Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Winneshiek Co. Fields and woods,
common.

Castilleia coccinea Spreng. WinneshiekCo. Woods, frequent.

Pedicularis canadensis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Clayton Cos. Prairies, common.

P. lanceolata Mx. Wet ground, infrequent.

VERBENACE.

Verbena urticiefolia LL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and

Dubuque Cos. Fields and open woods, frequent.
V. angustifolia Mx. Allamakee Co. Sandy soil, frequent.
V. hastata L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Waste grounds, common.

V. stricta Vent. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Sandy soil, frequent.

V. bracteosa Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Pastures and waste places, frequent.

Lippia lanceolata Mx. Clayton, Dubuque, and Clinton Cos.
Wet soil along river, common,

Phryma leptostachya L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clay-
ton cos. Rich open woods, common.

LABIATE.

Isanthus ceruleus Mx. Winneshiek and Scott cos. Open
woods, frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125

Mentha canadensis L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Iycopus sinuatus Ell. Winneshiek Co.
Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh. Winneshiek Co.
P. linifokum Pursh. Jackson Co.
Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Allamakee Co. Open woods,
common.

H. hispida Pursh. Winneshiek Co. Dry soil, common.

Monarda fistulosa L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton
and Dubuque Cos. Waste places, common.

M. punctata L. Dubuque Co. Frequent along railroad.

Lophanthus scrophularicefolius Benth. Winneshiek Co.
Open woods.

Nepeta cataria L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, and Scott Cos. Roadsides and waste places, common.

NV. glechoma Benth. Winneshiek Co. Waste places, infre-
quent.

Blephilia hirsuta Benth. Winneshiek Co. Woods, frequent.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Winneshiek Co.

S. versicolor Nutt. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Woods, infrequent.

S. parvula Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Scott Cos.

Brunella vulgaris L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Du-
buque Cos.

Physostegia virginiana Benth. Winneshiek Co.

Leonurus cardiaca L. Winneshiek Co. Waste places, fre-
quent.

Stachys palustris L. Winneshiek Co.

S. aspera Mx. Dubuque Co.

Galeopsis tetrahit L. Winneshiek Co. One specimen col-
lected.

ae

AMARANTACEZ.

Amarantus albus L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Clinton, and Scott Cos. Wayside and waste places, frequent.
A. blitoides Watson. Allamakee Co.

CHENOPODIACE.

Chenopodium album L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clin-
ton Cos.

C. botrys L. Dubuque Co. Waste places, frequent.

Salsola kali L. var. targus DC. Dubuque Co. A few

found in waste places.
10 =‘ [Ia. Acad. Sct., Vol. v.1 [June 10, 1898.]

i

126 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ae
POLYGONACE.

Rumex britannica L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. —
Rich soil, common. a

R. altissimus Wood. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Rich soil, common.

R. verticillatus L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Wet
ground, frequent.

R. obtusifolius L. Winneshiek Co.

R. crispus L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rich soil, wayside and waste places, common.

R. acetosella L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Culti-
vated fields, frequent.

Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Winneshiek and Clayton
Cos. Damp soil, common.

P. amphibium L. Allamakee Co. Along river.

P. aviculare L. Winneshiek Co. Waste places, common.

P. sagittatum L. Winneshiek Co. Margins of ponds and
streams, frequent.

P. convolvulus L.. Dubuque Co.

P. dumetorum L., var. scandens Gray. Winneshiek, Alla-
makee, and Clayton Cos. Fields and woods, common.

P. tenue Mx. Winneshiek Co.

ARISTOLOCHIACE.

Asarum canadense L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Wooded bluffs, frequent.

THY MELAACE.

Dirca palustris L. Winneshiek Co.

EUPHORBIACE.

Euphorbia maculata L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, Jackson, and Clinton Cos. Waysides, common.

E. preslii Guss. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque Cos.
Ways ides, common.

E. cyparissias L. Allamakee and ScottCos. Near old ceme-—
tery .

URTICACE.

Ulmus fulvua Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dab uque Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 127

U. americana lL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, Jackson, Clinton, and Scott Cos. Woods, common.

Celtis occidentalis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

Morus rubra L. Clayton Co. Near river, infrequent.

Urtica gracilis Ait. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Allu-
vial soil, frequent.

Pilea pumila Gray. Winneshiek and Clayton Cos. Rich
woods or waste places, frequent.

Laportea canadensis Gaud. Alluvial soil, frequent.

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Winneshiek, Allamakee,
and Dubuque Cos. Woods, frequent.

b PLANTANACEA.

Plantanus occidentalis L. Jackson Co. Along Mississippi
river.

JUGLANDACE.

Juglans cinerea L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rich soil, frequent.

J. nigra L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubneiie
Jackson, and Scott Cos. Rich soil, frequent.

Carya alba Nutt. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clinton, and
Scott Cos. Uplands, frequent

0. amara Nutt. Winneshiek Co. Low grounds, frequent.

CUPULIFER.

Betula nigra L. Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, Jackson,
and Clinton Cos. River banks, common.

B. papyrifera Mars. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rich woods, common.

Corylus americana Walt. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos. Uplands, common.

Ostrya virginica Willd. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clay-
ton Cos. River bluffs, frequent.

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rolling woods, frequent.

Quercus alba L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Uplands, frequent.

Q. macrocarpa Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Claytcn, and

Dubuque Cos. Upland woods, common.

128 IOWA} ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Q. rubra L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Uplands and lowlands, frequent.

Q. coccinea Wang. <Allamakee, Dubuque, Jackson, and Scott
Cos. Uplands, common.

SALICACEA.

Salix humilis Marsh. Winneshiek ;Co. Prairies, frequent.

Populus tremuloides Mx. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos.

P. monilifera Ait. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
Dubuque, Jackson, and Clinton Cos. Along streams, common.

CONIFER.

Pinus strobus L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Summit of bluffs along rivers, frequent.

Juniperus cummunis lL. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos. Dry soil, frequent.

J. virginiana L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
With the preceding.

Taxus canadensis Willd. Winneshiek, and Dubuque Cos.
A decumbent bush under the pines.

HY DROCHARIDACEA.

Elodea canadensis Mx. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Ponds, frequent.
Vallisneria spiralis L. Scott Co. In Mississippi river.

ORCHIDACE.

Liparis liliifolia Richard. Winneshiek Co.
Goodyera pubescens R. Br. Winneshiek Co. One speci-

men noted.

Habenaria bracteata R. Br. Winneshiek Co. Two speci-
mens found in deep woods.

Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

IRIDACEZ.

Tris versicolor lL. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Wet

places, frequent.
Belamcanda chinensis Adams. Dubuque Co. Frequent

along railway.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 129

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Winneshiek Co. Fields
and waysides, frequent.

AMARYLLIDACEZ.

Hypoxis erecta Lu. Winneshiek Co. Rich meadows, fre-
quent.

DIOSCORIACE.

Dioscorea villosa L. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos.
Thickets, frequent.

LILIACEA.

Smilax herbacea L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque
Cos. Alluvial soil, frequent.
S. hispida Muhl. Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque Cos.
Thickets, frequent. ,
S. ecirrhata Wats. Winneshiek Co. Woods, frequent.
Allium stellatum Fras. Winneshiek Co. Fields, frequent.
A. tricoccum Ait. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Low
woods, infrequent.
A. canadense Kalm. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque
Cos. Fields, frequent.
Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Allamakee Co. Base of cliffs,
frequent.
Polygonatum giganteum Diet. Winneshiek, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Alluvial soil, frequent.
Asparagus officinalis L. Winneshiek Co. Waysides and
waste places, infrequent.
Smilacina racemosa Desf. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Dubuque Cos. Copses, common.
S. stellata Desf. Winneshiek Co. Frequent.
Maianthemum canadense Desf. Winneshiek Co. Rich woods,
frequent.
Uvularia grandiflora Smith. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Clayton Cos. Rich woods, frequent.
Oakesia sessilifolia Watson. Winneshiek Co. Rich woods,
infrequent.
_ Erythronium albidum Nutt. Winneshiek Co. Rich soil, com-
mon.
Lilium: philadelphicum L. Winneshiek Co. Prairies and
upland woods, infrequent.

130 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

L. canadense L.. Winneshiek Co.
Trillium erectum L. Winneshiek Co. Rich woods, frequent.
T. nivale Riddell. Winneshiek Co. Rocky woods, frequent.

PONTEDERIACE.

Heteranthera graminea Vahl. Allamakee Co. Frequent in
Upper lowa river.

COMMELINACEA.

Tradescantia virginica L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Clayton Cos. Rich soil, frequent.

JUNCACEA.

Juncus tenuis Willd. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Dubuque,
and Jackson Cos. Fields snd waysides, common.

TYPHACEA,

Typha latifolia L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Ponds
and river margins, frequent.

Sparganium eurycarpum Englm. Winneshiek Co. Wet
places, frequent.

ARACEAE.

Arisema triphyllum Torr. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay-
ton, Dubuque, and Scott Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

A. dracontium Schott. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos. Rich
woods, infrequent.

Symplocarpus fotidus Salisb. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Wet ground, infrequent.

LEMNACE.

Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos.
Ponds and river sloughs, common.

ALISMACEZ.

Alisma plantago L. Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos. Shal-
low ponds and ditches, frequent.

Sagittaria variabilis Engl. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clay- |
on, and Dubuque Cos. Mud flats, ditches, and shallow water,
common.

[OWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 131

8. heterophylla Pursh. Winneshiek Co. In shallow water,
frequent.

NAIADACE.

Potamogeton jfiuitans Roth. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Clayton Cos. Common in the Upper lowa river.

P. paucifiorus Pursh. Winneshiek Co. Frequent.

CYPERACE.

Cyperus esculentus L. Clayton Co. Wet ground, frequent.

Eleocharis palustris R. Br. Winneshiek Co. Wet ground,
frequent.

Scirpus lacustris L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Wet ground and in water, common.

S. fluviatilis Gray. Allamakee Co. Very common in the
sloughs of the Mississippi river.

S. atrovirens Muhl. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque
Cos. Wet ground, frequent.

Carex intumescens Rudge. Dubuque Co. Wet woods, fre-
quent.

C. squarrosa L. Clayton and DubuqueCos. Wet woods, fre-
quent.

C. hystricina Muhl. Winneshiek Co. Wet ground, fre-
quent.

C. pennsylvanica Lam. Winneshiek Co. Dry soil, com-
mon.

C. stipata Muhl. Winneshiek Co.

C. vulpinoidea Mx. Winneshiek Co.

C. rosea Schkuhr. Winneshiek Co.

C. cephalophora Muhl. Winneshiek Co.

C. straminea Willd., var. aptera Booth. Winneshiek Co. The
same as C. tenera Dew.

GRAMINEZ.

Panicum sanguinale L. Winneshiek Co.

P. capillare L. Winneshiek Co.

P. dichotomum L. Winneshiek Co.

P. dichotomum L., var. villosa Vasey. Winneshiek Co.

P. latifolium L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Woods, frequent.

132 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Setaria glauca Beauv. Winneshiek, Clayton, and Dubuque
Cos. Waste places, common.

S. viridis Beauv. Winneshiek and Clayton Cos. Waste
places, common.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Dubuque Co. Sandy soil, frequent.

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Allamakee Co.

Stipa spartea Trin. Winneshiek Co. Prairies, frequent.

Phleum pratense L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Cultivated and frequent in waste places.

Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Allamakee Co. Waysides, frequent.

Keleria cristata Pers. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos.
Waysides, frequent.

Eragrostis major Host. Winneshiex and Dubuque Cos.
Sandy soil, frequent.

E. frankii Meyer. Winneshiek Co. Sandy soil.

Melica mutica Walt. Winneshiek Co.

Poa pratensis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Dubuque Cos.
Dry soil, pastures, waysides, common.

Glyceria arundinacea Kunth. Winneshiek Co. Margins of
ponds, wet ground, frequent.

Bromus kalmii Gray. Winneshiek Co. Fields, infrequent.

B. secalinus L. Winneshiek Co. Fields and waste places,
frequent.

B. ciliatus L., var. purgans Gray. Winneshiek, Allamakee,
and Jackson Cos’ Rich upland woods, frequent.

Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv. Winneshiek Co. Dry soil,
frequent.

Hordeum jubatum L. Winneshiek, Clayton, and Scott Cos.
Dry fields, common.

Elymus canadensis L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Prairies and low grounds, common.

E. striatus Willd. Allamakee Co.

Asprelia hystrix Willd. Winneshiek, Clayton, and Dubuque
Cos. Upland woods, frequent.

EQUISETACE.

Equisetum arvense L. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Wet

soil, frequent.
E. hyemale L. Allamakee Co. Wet places, frequent.
E. levigatum Braun. Waysides and fields, frequent.

y

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 133

FILICES.

Polypodium vulgare L. Clayton Co. Frequent at pictured
rocks below McGregor.

Adiantum pedatum L.. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque Cos. Rich, upland woods, frequent.

Pieris aquilina L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton Cos.
Upland woods, frequent

Cheilanthes lanuginosa Nutt. Allamakee and Dubuque Cos.
On the face of cliffs, common locally

Pellea atropurpurea Link. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos. Cliff crevices, frequent

Asplenium jilix-feemina Bernh. Winneshiek and Clayton Cos.
Woods, frequent.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus Link. Winneshiek, andClayton
Cos. Rocky glens, infrequent.

Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh . Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton,
and Dubuque Cos. Rich soil near base of cliffs, frequent.

C. fragilis Bernh. Winneshiek and Allamakee Cos. Woods,
frequent.

Onoclea sensibilis L. Clayton Co. Moist ravines, frequent.

Osmunda claytoniana L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Clayton
Cos. Low woods, frequent.

OPHIOGLOSSACE.

Botrychium virginianum Swartz. Winneshiek and Allamakee
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

MARCHANTIACEA.

Marchaunta polymorpha L. Winneshiek, Allamakee, and
Dubuque Cos. Wet rocks, frequent.

134 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

W VORK FLORA OF SOUTHERN IOWA.

EIN T. J. AND M, F. L. FITZPATRICK.

The following notes are based upon collections in our pri-
vate herbarium. In point of time the period reaches from 1882
to 1897. The counties represented being Decatur, Appanoose,
Wapello, Van Buren, Shelby, and Johnson, extended by occa-
sional collections from neighboring counties.

The sedges were determined by R. I. Cratty, the grasses by
F. Lamson Scribner, and miscellaneous species by the officers
of the Missouri Botanical garden.

To those who wish to obtain a more thorough knowledge of
the flora of southern Iowa we submit our results, hoping they
are worthy of consideration.

RANUNCULACE,

Clematis virginiana L. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. Fence rows, along streams, frequent.

C. pitcheri T. & G. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods, frequent.

Anemone patens nuttalliana Gray. Crawford and Shelby Cos.
High prairies, common. |

A. cylindrica Gray. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Prairies
and open woods, frequent. '

A. virginiana L. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines, and
Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

A. pennsylvanica L. Des Moines and Johnson Cos.

A. nemorosa L. Johnson Co. Upland woods, common.

Hepatica acutiloba DC. Johnson and Decatur Cos. Upland
woods, common.

Anemonella thalictroides Spach. Decatur and Johnson Cos.
Upland woods, frequent.

Thalictrum purpurascens L. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 135

Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Johnson Co. Ponds frequent.

R. abortivus L. Decatur, Page, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Low grounds, common.

R. recurvatus Poir. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

R. fascicularis Muhl. Johnson Co. Wooded hillsides, com-
mon.

R. septentrionalis Poir. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Low grounds, common

R. repens L. Johnson Co. Upland woods, frequent.

R. acris L. Page Co.

Isopyrum biternatum T. & G. Decatur and Johnson Cos.
Woods, frequent.

Caltha palustris L. Johnson Co. Wet places, infrequent.

Aquilegia canadensis L. Page, Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Gos. Woods, common.

Delphinium tricorne Mx. Decatur and Shelby Cos. Rich soil,
fields and woods, common. |

D. azureum Mx. Page, Decatur, and Shelby Cos. Prairies,
common.

D. ajacis LL. Johnson Co. Occasionally an escape.

Actea spicata rubra Ait. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Woods,
infrequent.

A. alba Bigel. Decatur and Johnsen Cos. Woods, common.

MENISPERMACE.

Menispermum canadense L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Woods, frequent.

BERBERIDACEX.

Caulophyllum thalictroides Mx. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Woods, frequent.

Podophyllum peltatum L. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, and
Johnson Cos. Rich upland woods, common.

NYMPHAACEE.

Nymphea odorata Ait. Johnson Co. Ponds, frequent.
Nuphar advena Ait. Johnson Co. Margins of ponds, fre-
quent.

136 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
PAPAVERACES.

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common.
Argemone mexicana L. Johnson Co. Rarely an escape.

FUMARIACEZ.

Dicentra cucullaria DC. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, Page,
and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common.

Corydalis curvisiliqua Englm. Page and Henry Cos. Prob-
ably not frequent. Has been labeled C. awrea Willd, and also
the variety occidentalis Eng]m.

CRUCIFER.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods, frequent.

Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Wet grounds, common.

C. rhomboidea purpurea. Johnson Co.
C. hirsuta L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet soil, fre-
quent.

Arabis dentata T. & G. Henry Co.

A. canadensis L. Decatur Co. Woods, infrequent.

A. confinis Watson. Johnson Co. Woods, common.

Draba caroliniana Walt. Johnson Co. Rocky banks, fre-
quent.

Nasturtium palustre DC. Decatur, Van Buren, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Wet places, common,

N. obtusum Nutt. Decatur Co. In fields, infrequent.

N. armoracia Fries. Page, Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Near dwellings, frequent.

N. sessiliforum Nutt. Van Buren Co. Frequent along Des
Moines river.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Shelby Co. Cultivated fields,
infrequent.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Johnson Co. Banks, common.

Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Decatur, Page, and Johnson Cos.
Woods, frequent.

S. ofizinaleScop. Decatur, Shelby,andJohnson Cos. Waste
places, common.

Brassica sinapistrum Boiss. Decaturand JohnsonCos. Waste
places, infrequent.

q
«
a

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 137

B. nigra Koch. Decatur, Appanoose, Johnson, Shelby, and
Van Buren Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

B. alba Boiss. Decatur Co. Forms were found with bristly
pods. This character, however, varies and the specimens may
be the preceding species.

Capsella bursa-pastoris Moench. Page, Decatur, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waste grounds, common.

Lepidium virginicum L. Johnson Co. Waste ground, fre-
quent.

L. intermedium Gray. Decatur, Appanoose, and Shelby Cos.
Waste places, common.

Raphanus sativus L. Decatur Co. Occasionally an escape.

CAPPARIDACE.

Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Des Moines and Johnson
Cos. Sandy shores, frequent. Usually mistaken for P. grave-
olens Raf.

CISTACEA.

Helianthemum canadense Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Prairies, frequent.

Lechea major Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Borders of woods, frequent.

LI. minor L. Johnson Co. Dry soil, frequent.

L. tenuifolia Mx. Van Buren Co. Dry soil, frequent.

VIOLACE.

Viola pedata L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Open woods,
frequent.

V. pedatifida G. Don. Decatur, Shelby, Page, and Johnson
Cos. Woods and fields, common, especially southward.

V. palmata L. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Damp soil,
fields and woods, common.

V. palmata cucullata Gray. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren,
Des Moines, Shelby, Page, and Johnson Cos. Fields and
woods, common.

V. sagittata Ait. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent locally.

V. pubescens Ait. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich
woods, frequent.

188 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
CARYOPHYLLACEA.

Dianthus armeria L. Johnson Co. Upland woods, frequent.

Saponaria officinalis L. Decatur, Des Moines, and Johnson
Cos. Waste places, frequent.

S. vaccaria L. Johnson Co. Waste places, infrequent.

Silene stellata Ait. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

S. nivea Otth. Johnson Co. Along streams, infrequent,

S. antirrhina L. Decatur, Henry, and Johnson Cos. Fields
and waste places, frequent.

Lychnis githago Lam. Johnson Co. Waste places, infre-
quent. :

Arenaria laterijlora L. Johnson Co. Low places, frequent.

Stellaria media Smith. Henry Co. |

S. longifolia Muhl. Johnson Co. Wet woods, infrequent.

Cerastium. nutans Raf. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet
places, frequent.

PORTULACACE.

Portulaca oleracea L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van
Buren, Des Moines, and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places,

common.
Claytonia virginica L. Decatur, Van Buren, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common.

HY PERICACEA.

Hypericum ascyron L. Johnson Co. Prairie, rare.

H. prolificum L. ~Appanoose, Des Moines, and Jefferson Cos.
Waysides, infrequent.

H. mutilum L. Decatur Co. Open woods, common.

H. cistifolium Lam. Appanoose and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, infrequent.

H maculatum Walt. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Open woods, frequeut.

H. canadense L. Decatur and Johnson Cos.

MALVACE.

Malva rotundifolia L. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Waste places, frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 139

M. sylvestris L. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Waste places,
infrequent.

Callirrhoé involucrata Gray. Shelby Co. Open woods, com-
mon locality.

Sida spinosa L. Decatur, Van Buren, Henry, and Des Moines
Cos. Waste places, frequent.

Abutilon avicenne Gaertn. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
Van Buren, andJohnson Cos. Fields and waste places, com-
mon.

Hibiscus militaris Cav. Johnson Co. Borders of ponds, fre-
quent.

H, trionum L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and Wapello
Cos. Waste ground, frequent.

TILIACEA.

Tilia americana L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des
Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich soil, frequent.

LINACEX.

Linum sulcatum Riddell. Decatur, Appanoose, and Van
Buren Cos. Prairies, frequent.

L. usitatissimum L. Decatur, Wayne, Des Moines, and John-
son Cos. Waste places, frequent.

GERANIACE.

Geranium maculatum L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Rich
woods, common.

G. carolinianum L. Johnson Co. Frequent locally.

Oxalis violacea L. Page, Decatur, Des Moines, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Fields, common.

O corniculata stricta Sav. Page, Decatur, Appanoose,
Wapello, Van Buren, Des Moines, and Johnson Cos. Woods
and waste places, common.

Impatiens pallida Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. Wet woods, frequent.

I. fulva Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. With the preceeding, less frequent.

RUTACEZ.

Xanthoxylum arericanum Mill. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Woods, common.

140 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
CELASTRACE.

Celastrus scandens L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Rich woods,
frequent.

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Decatur, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

RHAMNACE.

Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Decatur, Des Moines, and John-
son Cos. Borders of fields and woods, frequent.

Ceanothus americanus L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Open woods and
prairies, common in Johnson Co., but infrequent southward.

C. ovatus Desf. Decaturand Shelby Cos. Prairies, common.

VITACE.

Vitis riparia Mx. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low
woods, common.

V. cinerea Englm. Decatur Co. Infrequent.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

SAPINDACEZ.

Zisculus glabra Willd. Decatur, Appanoose, and Van Buren
Cos. Rich woods, common.

Acer saccharinum Wang. Decatur, Van Buren, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. Along rivers, frequent.

A. dasycarpum Ehrh. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Along rivers, common.

Negundo aceroides Moench. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Wap-
ello, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low woods, common.

Staphylea trifolia L. Johnson and Decatur Cos. Bluffs, fre-
quent. In Missouri opposite Decatur Co., Iowa.

ANACARDIACE.

Rhus glabra L. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. Woods and uplands, common.

R. toxicodendron L. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren, Des.

Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waysides and woods, fre-
quent. .

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 141

R. canadensis Marsh. Wapello, Henry, Van Buren, and
Jefferson Cos. Rocky woods, frequent. Also found near
_ Decatur Co. line, in Missouri.

POLYGALACEZ.

Polygala senega L. Johnson Co. Woods, common.

P. sanguinea L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Fields, common.

P. verticillata ambigua Gray. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
Van Buren, and Johnson Cos. Fields and open woods, fre-
quent.

LEGUMINOS.

Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
~ Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields and open woods,
common.
B. leucophea Nutt. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Open woods, common.
Crotalaria sagittalis L. Johnson Co. Sandy soil, open
woods, frequent.
Trifolium pratense L. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Wapello, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Cultivated and in waste
_ places, common.
_ T. refexumL. Johnson Co. Sandy banks, infrequent.
, T. repens L. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van
_ Buren, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Pastures and waysides,
common.
T. hybridum L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields
and waste places, frequent.
Melilotus officinalis Willd. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste
_ places, infrequent.
M. alba Lam. Decatur, Wapello, Des Moines, and Johnson
Cos. Waste places, common.
Medicago sativa L. Decatur Co. Vacant lots, frequent.
Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh. Prairie, common. Decatur Co.
P. argophylla Pursh. Prairies, infrequent. Shelby Co.
_ P. esculenta Pursh. Prairies, frequent. Shelby Co.
; Amorpha canescens Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van
_ Buren, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Dry soil, open woods and
_ waysides, common. |
_ A. fruticosa L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Shelby, and
_ Johnson Cos. Along water courses, common.
. 11 —_ [Ia. Acad. Sci., Vol. v J [June 17. 1898.]
i

142 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Dalea alopecuroides Willd. Decatur and Johnson Cos.
sides and waste places, frequent.

Petalostemon violaceus Mx. Decatur, Appanoose and Johnson
Cos Prairies, frequent. |

P. candidus Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Shelby and
Johnson Cos. Prairies, frequent.

Tephrosia virginiana Pers. Johnson Co. Sandy woods,
infrequent.

Robinia pseudacacia L. Decatur, Wapello, Des Moines,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

Astragalus caryocarpus Ker. Decatur and Shelby Cos.
Prairies, frequent.

A. canadensis L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Rich soil, common.

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt. Decatur Co. Waysides, rare. .

Desmodium acuminatum DC. Decatur, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Rich woods, common.

D. illinoense Gray. Decatur Co. Prairies, frequent.

D. paniculatum DC. Van Buren and Johnson Cos. Woods,
infrequent.

D canadense DC. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Open woods, frequent.

D. dillenti Darlingt. Johnson Co. Woods, infrequent.

Lespedeza violacea Pers. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren
and Johnson Cos. Open woods, frequent.

L. capitata Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos
Prairies and rocky banks, frequent.

Vicia americana Muhl. Shelby Co. Low prairies, frequent.

Lathyrus palustris L. Page and Johnson Cos. Dry woods,
infrequent.

Apios tuberosa Moench. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Rich
woods and banks, frequent.

Strophostyles angulosa Ell. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
and Johnson Cos. Sandy soil, frequent.

S. paucijlorus Watson. Wapello Co. Sandy ground, frequent.

Amphicarpea monoica Nutt. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Dry ~
soil, frequent.

A, pitcheri T. & G. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Woods, common. }

Cercis canadensis L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des ~
Moines, Jefferson, and Henry Cos. Wooded bluffs, frequent.

Way-

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 143

Cassia marylandica L. Ringgold and Appanoose Cos. Rich
woods, infrequent. Found in Missouri, opposite Decatur Co.
C. chamecrista L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, and John-
gon Cos. Fields and waysides, common.

Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. Decatur and J Ei iehes Cos.
Rich woods, infrequent.

Gleditschia triacanathos L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common.

ROSACE.

Prunus americana Marsh. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,

Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Thickets, common.

P. serotina Ehrh. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and John-

son Cos. Woods, frequent.

P. virginiana L. Decatur, Shelby, Page, and Johnson Cos.

- Low woods, frequent. :

_ Spireea salicifolia L; Henry and Johnson Cos. Rocky woods,

frequent.

Physocarpus opulifolius Maxim. Decatur and Johnson Cos.

Rocky woods, frequent.

Rubus occidentalis L. Page, Decatur, A£ppanoose, Van Buren,

Shelby and Johnson Cos. Woods and fence rows, frequent.

R. villosus Ait. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Shelby,

and Johnson Cos. Woods, common.

P. canadensis L. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Poor soil,

fields, common.

— Geum ulbum Gmelin. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson

_ Cos. Open woods, frequent.

G. virginianum L. Decatur Co. Low grounds, infrequent.

Fragaria virginiana Mill. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.

Fields and woods, common.

_ F. vescal. Shelby, Page, and Johnson Cos. Woods, infre-
quent. |

Potentilla arguta Pursh. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Prairies, common.

_ P.norvegica L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields,

common.

P. canadensis L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waysides and

Open woods, common.

Agrimonia eupatoria L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,

and Johnson Cos. Woods, common.

144 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A, parviflora Ait. Decatur Co. Low grounds, prairies and —
woods.

Rosa arkansana Porter. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Prairies and woods, common.

R. humilis Marsh. Johnson Co.

R. blanda Ait. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

Pyrus coronaria L. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and John-
son Cos. Taickets, common.

P. malus L. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Fields and waste
places, not infrequent.

Crategus coccinea L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Woods, common.

C. tomentosa L. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

C. crus-galli L. Decatur, Wapello, andJohnson Cos. Woods, —
frequent.

Amelanchier canadensis T. & G. Decatur and Johnson Cos.
Bluffs, common.

SAXIFRAGACEA.

Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Johnson Co. Low prairies, com-
mon.

Mitella diphyilla L. Johnson Co. Woods, common.

_Heuchera hispida Pursh. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Prairies, common.

Ribes cynosbati L. Johnson Co. Woods, common.

R. gracile Mx. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Low grounds, common.

S. floridum L’Her. Johnson Co. Woods, infrequent.

CRASSULACEA.

Penthorum sedoides L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Wet ground, common.
Sedum telephium L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Occasion-

ally an escape.

HALORAGEZ.

Myriophyllum scabratum Mx. Appanoose Co. In shallow
water, common.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 145

LYTHRACE.

Lythrum alatum Pursh. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Fields and low places, common.

Rotala ramosior Koehne. Henry Co.

Ammannia coccinea Rottb. JohnsonCo. Sandy shores, infre-
quent.

ONAGRACE.

Ludwigia alternifolia L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet
ground, infrequent.

L. polycarpa Short &:Peter. Decatur and Appanoose Cos.
Margins of ponds, common.

L. palustris Ell. Johnson Co. In water or wet places, infre-
quent. |
Epilobium angustifolium L. Shelby Co. Woods, infrequent.
E. coloratum Muhl.- Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Wet ground along rivers, frequent.

Gaura coccinea Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Fields and waste places, common. :

Oenothera biennis L. Van Buren and Johnson Cos. Waste
ground, frequent.

Oe. rhombipetala Nutt. Decatur, Van Buren, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

Oe. serrulata Nutt. Shelby Co. Prairies, frequent.

Circea lutetiana L.. Decatur, Appanoose, Henry, and John-
son Cos. Woods, common.

CUCURBITACE.

Sicyos angulata L. Des Moines Co. Waste places, frequent.
Echinocystis lobata T. & G. Decatur, Des Moines, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Low woods, common.

FICOIDE 4.

Mollugo verticillata L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Sandy
shores, frequent.

UMBELLIFER.

Daucus carota L. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Fields
infrequent.

“Tee
a

146 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Tiedemannia rigida Coult. & Rose. Decatur Go. Wet sloughs,

frequent; often on high prairies.

Heracleum lanatum Mx. Decatur and ‘Shelby Cos. Rich :

woods, common.

Cicuta maculata L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Wet places, common.

Thaspium barbinode Nutt. Des Moines and Johnson Cos.
Woods, frequent. |

Pimpiella integerrima Benth & Hook. Decatur, Appanoose,
and Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

Polytenia nuttallii DC. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Dry
woods, infrequent.

Cryptotenia canadensis DC. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common.

Sium cicutefolium Gmelin. Decatur and Des Moines Cos.
Shallow ponds, frequent.

Feniculum officinale All. Johnson Go. Occasionally an
escape.

Zizia aurea Koch. Decatur and Shelby Cos. Low grounds,
common. .

Cherophyllum procumbens Crantz. Decatur, Henry; and John-
son Cos. Low woods, frequent.

Osmorrhiza longistylis DC. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods, frequent.

O. brevistylis DC. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Rich woods, frequent. |

Eryngium yuccefolium Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Prairies, common.

Sanicula marylandica L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos,
Woods, common.

S. marylandica canadensis Torr. Appanoose and Johnson

Cos. Woods, frequent.
ARALIACEA.

Aralia racemosa L. Van Buren, Des Moines, and Johnson
Cos. Woods, frequent.

A. nudicaulis L. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

A. quinquefolia Decs. & Planch. Johnson Co. Woods, fre-
quent. Seems to prefer the north hill sides.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147
CORNACE.

. Cornus paniculata L’Her. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
Van Buren, Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low
grounds, common.

| Q. sericea L. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Low woods, frequent.

CAPRIFOLIACE.

Sambucus canadensis L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich woods and fields,
common.

Viburnum lentago L. Shelby, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Woods, frequent.

Triosteum perfoliatum L. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby and
Johnson Cos. Open woods, common.

Symphoricarpus vulgaris Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
Van Buren, and Shelby Cos. Prairies and woods, common.

S. occidentalis Hook. Shelby Co. Open woods, frequent.

Lonicera sullivantii Gray. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

RUBIACEA.

Houstonia minima Beck. Johnson Co

H. angustifolia Mx. Shelby Co. Sandy prairie soil, fre-
quent.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Wet low woods, frequent.

Galium aparine L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
. Woods, common.

G. trifidum Decatur Co. Woods, frequent.

G. trifidum latifolium Torr. Johnson Co.

G. concinnum T. & G. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Woods, common.

G. triforum Mx. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Rich woods,
common.

G. circezans Mx. Decatur and Van Buren Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

COMPOSITZ.

Vernonia fasciculata Mx. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Low grounds, common.

148 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

V. noveboracensis latifolia Gray. Decatur, Appanoose, and ~
Van Buren Cos. Borders and open woods, common.

Eupatorium purpureum L. Decatur, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Woods and low pastures, common.

E. ageratoides L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Woods, common. !

E. perfoliatum L. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren, and John-—
son Cos. Open woods, common.

E. altissimum L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Upland woods,
or prairies, infrequent.

Kuhnia eupatorioides L. Decaturand Johnson Cos. Dry soil,

Liatris scariosa Willd. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Prairies,
common,

L. pycnostachya Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, common.

L squarrosa Willd. Decatur and Wapello Cos. Prairies,
common.

Grindelia squarrosa Dunal. Henry Co. Waste places, infre-
quent.

Solidago rigida L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Prairies,
common.

S. ulmifolia Muhl. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

S. latifolia L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

S. speciosa Nutt. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Prairies, com-
mon.

S. serotina Ait. D.catur, Henry, and Johnson Cos. Borders
of woods, frequent.

S. canadensis L. Decatur, Henry, and Johnson Cos. Open
woods and borders of fields, common.

S. nemoralis Ait. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Prairies, com-
mon.

S. lanceolata L. Decatur, Henry, and Johnson Cos. Sandy
soil, common.

Boltonia asteroides L’Her. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet
ground, frequent.

Aster sericeus Vent. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Prairies,
common.

A. shortii Hook. Johnson Co. Woods, infrequent.

A, oblongifolius Nutt. Johnson Co. Dry soil, infrequent.

A. multiflorus Ait. Decatur, Henry, and Johnson Cos. Prai-
ries and waysides, common.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 149 ©

A. nove-anglie L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

A. prenanthoides Muhl. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

A. salicifolius Ait. Decatur, Henry, and Johnson Cos. Cop-
ses, open places, frequent.

A. azureus Lindl. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Woods and prairies, common.

A. cordifolius L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Woods, infre-
quent.

A. sagittifolius Willd. Johnson and Dacatur Cos. Woods
frequent.

A. levis L. Decatur Co. Woods, open places, common.

A. diffusus Ait. Decatur Co. Low woods, common.

Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl. JohnsonCo. Woods, infrequent.

E strigosus Muhl. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Fields and
waste places, common.

E£. philadelphicus L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich
woods, frequent. .

E. divaricatus Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Dry soil, pastures, common.

E. canadense L.. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Waste places,
common.

E. annuus Pers. Appanoose, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, common. .

Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby,
Page, and Johnson Cos. Meadows and upland woods, common.

Anaphalis margaritacea Benth. & Hook. Decatur and John-
son Cos. Dry woods, frequent.

Inula helenium lL. Johnson Co. Open woods, frequent
locally.

Polymnia canadensis L. Des Moines Co. Along cliffs, fre-
quent.

Silphium perfoliatum L. Decatur, Van Buren, Des Moines,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low grounds, frequent.

S. integrifolium Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Prairies and open woods, frequent.

S. laciniatum Le Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, common.

Parthenium integrifolium Iu. Decatur, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Prairies, common.

Ambrosia artemisefolia L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
Van Buren, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, very common.

150 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2 ee

A, trifida L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Waste ground, common.

A. trifida integrifolia T. & G. Decatur and Johnson re,
Waste places, frequent.

A. psilostachya DC. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste places,
frequent.

Xanthium canadense Mill. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, and
Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

Eclipta alba Hassk. Johnson Co. Along river banks, infre-
quent.

Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Prairies, common.

Echinacea purpurea Moench. Decatur and Appanoose Cos.
Woods, infrequent.

E. angustifolia DC. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, frequent.

Rudbeckia triloba L. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren, and John-
son Cos. Open woods, common.

R. hirta L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Open woods and prairies, frequent.

R. laciniata L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Low woods, com-
mon.

R. subtomentosa Pursh. Decatur Co. Prairies, infrequent.

Lepachys pinnata T. &G. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Prairies, common.

Helianthus annuus L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

H. rigidus Desf. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Prairies, fre-
quent.

H, occidentalis Rid. Johnson Co. Prairies, frequent.

H. grosse-serratus Mart. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Low grounds, common.

H. hirsutus Raf. Decatur and Van Buren Cos. Prairies,’
frequent.

H. strumosus L. Johnson Co. Borders and low woods, fre-
quent.

H. tuberosus Ll. ~Decatur, Van Buren, and Henry Gos. Low
woods and prairies, frequent.

Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Low woods, frequent.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, common. .

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 151

C. tripteris L. Decatur and J eee Cos. Prairies and open
woods, frequent.

C. involucrata Nutt. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet grounds,
common.

Bidens frondosa L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Low grounds, common.

B connata Muhl. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Low grounds,
frequent.

B. cernua L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet grounds, low
woods, frequent.

B. chrysanthemoides Mx. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Low
waste places, frequent.

Helenium autumnale L. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. River banks, moist places, frequent.

Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
Van Buren, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, common.

Anthemis cotula DC. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van |
Buren, Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waste places,
common.

Achillea millefolium L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Decatur and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, infrequent.

Tanacetum vulgare L. Decatur and J ‘diseaa Cos Waste
places near dwellings, infrequent.

Artemisia biennis Willd. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, and
Johnson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

A. ludoviciana Nutt. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waysides
and fields, common.

Senecio aureus L. Johnson Co. Rich woods, infrequent.

S. aureus balsamite T. & G. Page, Decatur, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common.

Cacalia reniformis Muhl. Johnson Co. Woods, infrequent.

C. atriplicifolia L. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods and prairies, frequent.

C. tuberosa Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, and Shelby Cos.
Moist prairies, frequent.

Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Open
woods, frequent.

Arctium lappa L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, . Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

152 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cnicus lanceolatus Hoffm. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

QC. altissimus Willd. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, frequent. )

C. altissimus discolor Gray. Johnson Co. Waste places, fre-
quent.

C. arvensis Hoffm Decatur and Johnson Cos. Fields and
waste places, infrequent.

Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

Hieracium canadense Mx. Johnson Co. Open woods, infre-
quent.

H. scabrum Mx. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Dry woods,
frequent.

H. longipilum Torr. Decatur Co. Sandy prairie, infrequent.

Prenanthes aspera Mx. Decatur Co. Open woods, frequent.

P. crepidinea Mx. Johnson Co. We have one specimen.

P. alba, Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

Lygodesmia juncea Don. Shelby Co. Fields and waste
places, common.

Troximon cuspidatum Pursh. Shelby and Johnson Cos.
High prairies, infrequent.

Taraxacum officinale Weber Shelby, Page, Decatur, Appa-
noose, Wapello, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos. Pastures and
waysides, common.

Lactuca scariola L. Van Buren, Henry, and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, frequent.

L. canadensis L. Decatur and JohnsonCos. Waste ground,
frequent.

L. acuminatu Gray. Decatur, Van Buren, Des Moines, and
Johnson Cos.

Sonchus asper Vill. Decatur and Johnson Cos,. Waste
grounds, frequent.

S. oleraceus Johnson Co Waste grounds, frequent.

LOBELIACE.

Lobelia cardinalis L. Appanoose and Johnson Cos. Wet
low woods, frequent. |

L. syphilitica LL. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Moist soil,
common.

L. spicata Lam. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Fields, common.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 153

L. inflata L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Open woods, frequent.

CAMPANULACEZ.

Specularia perfoliata A. DC. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Fields
and woods, frequent.

Campanula americana L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Des Moines, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, fields, and
woods, frequent.

ERICACEZ.

Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Johnson Co. Upland woods, frequent.
Monotropa unifora L. Johnson Co. Upland woods, com-
mon.

PRIMULACE.

Dodecatheon media L. Johnson Co. Open woods, frequent.

Androscae occidentalis Pursh. Johnson Co. Rocky shores,
frequent.

Steironema ciliatum Raf. Decatur. Des Moines, and Johnson
Cos. Rich open woods, common.

S. lanceolatum Gray. Johnson Co. Rich soil, infrequent.

OLEACEZ.

Frazinus viridis Mx. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Woods, frequent. :
F. americana L. Johnson Co. Woods, infrequent.

APOCYNACE.

Apocynum androsemifolum lL. Decatur, Appanoose, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Fields and borders of woods, fre-
quent. wis

A. cannabinum L. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, frequent.

ASCLEPIADACE.

Asclepias tuberosa L.. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Prairies and fields, common.

154 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a

A incarnata L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet grounds,
common.

A. purpurascens L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Infrequent.

A cornuti DC. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, and Johnson
Cos. Fields, common.

A. sullivantii Engim. Shelby Co. Infrequent.

A obtusifolia Mx. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Infrequent.

A. meadii Torr. Decatur Co. Waysides, infrequent.

A. phytolaccoides Pursh Johnson Cos. Open woods, infre-
quent.

A. verticillata L. Decatur, Des Moines, and Johnson Cos
Open woods and fields, common.

Acerates longifolia Ell. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Prairies, common ;

A. viridijlora Ell. Decatur Co. Prairies, common.

GENTIANACEZ.

Gentiana crinita Froel. Johnson Co. Springy places, fre-
quent locally.

G. quinqueflora occidentalis Gray. JohnsonCo. Open woods,
infrequent.

G. puberula Mx. Decatur, Jefferson, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, infrequent.

G. andrewsii Griseb Johnson Co. Low grounds, infre-
quent.

G. alba Muhl. Decatur Co. Open woods, infrequent.

POLEMONIACE.

Phlox paniculata L. Johnson Co. Occasionally an escape
near dwellings.

P pilosa L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Open
woods and prairies, frequent.

P. divaricata L, Decatur, Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Rich woods, common.

P. subulata L Page Co. Infrequent.

Gilia linerais Gray. Decatur Co. Prairie, frequent. |

Polemonium reptans L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Rich
woods, common. |

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 155
‘HY DROPHYLLACEA.

Hydrophyllum virginicum L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Low woods, common.

H. appendiculatum Mx. Des Moines Co. Wooded ravines,
frequent. :

Ellisia nyctelea L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low
grounds, common.

BORRAGINACEZ.

Cynoglossum officinale L. Des Moines Co. Waste places,
infrequent.

Echinospermum virginicum Lehm. Decatur and Johnson Cos.

E. lappula Lehm. Wapello and Johnson Cos. MRoadsides
and rocky woods, frequent.

Mertensia virginicum DC. Page, Van Buren, Des Moines,
and Johnson Cos. Damp woods, frequent.

Myosotis verna Nutt. Johnson Co.

Lithospermum latifolium Mx. Shelby Co Woods, infrequent.

L. hirtum Lehm. Johnson Co. Sandy soil, frequent.

L. canescens Lehm. Page, Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Prairies, common.

L. angustifolium Mx. Shelby Co. Prairies, common.

Onosmodium carolinianum DC. Shelby Co. Upland pastures,
common. Johnson Oe. Sandy soil along the Cedar river, fre-
quent.

CONVOLVULACE.

Ipomea pandurata Meyer. Decatur, Van Buren, Henry, and
Des Moines Cos.

I. purpurea Lam. Decatur Co. Cultivated fields and waste
places, infrequent.

I. hederacra Jacq. Johnson Co. Waste places, infrequent.

Convolvulus sepium L. Decatur, Des Moines, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Borders and upland woods, frequent.

C. spithameus L. Johnson Co. One specimen collected.

C. arvensis L.. Henry and Johnson Cos. Waste places,
infrequent.

Cuscuta glomerata Choisy. Gece and Johnson Cos. Low
grounds, frequent.

C. tenuiflora Englm. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Along
streams, frequent.

156 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

C. infewa Englm. Decatur Co. Open woods, infrequent.

SOLANACE.

Solanum nigrum lL. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low grounds, frequent.

S. carolinense L. Decatur, Des Moines, Henry, and Johnson
Cos. Waste places, frequent locally.

S. rostratum Dunal. Decatur, Henry, and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, infrequent.

S. tuberosum L. Decatur Co. Occasionally an escape, but
not persistent.

Physalis pubescens L. Decatur Co. Fields and woods, fre-
quent.

P. virginiana Mill. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.

P. lanceolata Mx. Decatur and Shelby Cos. Fields and
waysides, frequent.

Lycium vulgare Dunal. AppanooseCo. A few places known
where this species has been observed for a generation. Decatur
Co. Along the streets, rare.

Datura stramonium L. Decatur, Appanoose, ee and
Johnson Cos. Waste places, common.

D. tatula L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, common.

SCROPHULARIACE.

Verbascum thapsus L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van
Buren, Des Moines, and Johnson Cos. Old pastures and waste
places, common.

V. blattaria L. Van Buren and Johnson Cos. Waste places, |
frequent.

Linaria vulgaris Mill. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van
Buren, Des Moines, and Johnson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

Scrophularia ncdosa marylandica Gray. Decatur, Van Buren,
Des Moines, and Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

Collinsia verna Nutt. Jefferson Co. Frequent, locally.

Chelone glabra L. Johnson Co. Wet places, infrequent.

C. obliqua L. Jefferson Co. Infrequent.

Pentstemon pubescens Sol. Appanoose Co. Open woods, fre-
quent.

P. lavigatus digitalis Gray. Appanoose and Johnson Cos.
Open woods, frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 157

Mimulus ringens L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet grounds,
frequent.

M. jamesii Torr. Des Moines Co. Calcareous springs, fre-
quent.

M. alatus Ait. Appanoose Co. Infrequent.

Gratiola virginiana L. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Open
woods, frequent.

llysanthes riparia Raf. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Along waterways, common.

Veronica virginica L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Woods and prairies, common.

V. anagallis L. Appanoose Co. Wet places, frequent.

V. peregrina L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Wet
soil, common.

V. arvensis L. Henry Co.

Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. Van Buren, Des Moines, and
Johnson Cos. Open woods, frequent.

Gerardia grandiflora Benth. Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Jefferson Cos. Open woods, frequent.

G. auriculata Mx. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Low prairies
and open woods, frequent.

G. aspera Dougl. Decatur Co. Low prairies, infrequent.

G. tenuifolia Vahl. Decatur, Washington, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies and woods, common.

Castilleia coccinea Spreng. Appanoose and Johnson Cos.
Open woods, frequent.

C. sessiliflora Pursh. Shelby Co. Prairies, frequent.

Pedicularis lanceolata Mx. Johnson Co. Springy ground,
frequent, locally.

P. canadensis L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Open
woods and prairies, common.

OROBANCHACE.

Aphylion unifiorum Gray. Decatur, Jefferson, and Johnson
Cos. Woods and prairies, infrequent.

BIGNONIACE.

Catalpa speciosa Wardner. Decatur, Des Moines, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Frequently cultivated, rarely spontaneous.

12 [Ia. Acad. Sc., Vol. v.] [July 1, 1898.]

158 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ACANTHACEZ.

Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van
Buren and Johnson Cos. Open woods, borders, waysides,
common. |

R. strepens L. Decatur Co. Shaded ravines, frequent
locally.

VERBENACEZ.

Verbena urticefolia L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

V. angustifolia Mx. Henry and Johnson Cos. Sandy soil,
frequent.

V. hastata L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Des Moines,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

V. stricta Vent. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des
Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields and upland woods,
common.

V. bracteosa Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

Lippia lanceolata Mx. Wapello, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Wet grounds, frequent.

Phryma leptostachya L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

LABIATA.

Isunthus ceruleus Mx. Johnson Co. Open woods, frequent.

Teucrium canadense L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
and Johnson Cos. Low grounds, frequent.

Mentha canadensis L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Low
grounds, common.

Lycopus virginicus L. Decatur Co. Low grounds, frequent.

L. rubellus Moench. DecaturCo. Low grounds, infrequent.

L. sinuatus Ell. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Low grounds, common.

Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh. Decatur, Appanoose,
Wapello, and Johnson Cos. Open woods and prairies, fre-
quent.

P. linefolium Pursh. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Open woods and prairies, frequent.

Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Open woods, common.

H. hipsida Pursh. Johnson Co. Dry soil, common.

:

3
4
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:
j

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 159

Monarda jistulosa L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Jeffer-
son, and Johnson Cos. Prairies and open woods, common.

M. punctata L. Johnson Co. Sandy soil, infrequent.

Blephilia hirsuta Benth. Johnson Co. Rich woods, fre-
quent.

Lophanthus scrophulariefolius Benth. Decatur, Appanoose,
and Johnson Cos. Open woods, frequent.

L. nepetoides Benth. Decatur, Van Buren, Des Moines, and
Johnson Cos. Open woods, frequent.

Salvia lanceolata Willd. Shelby Co. Dry soil, frequent.

Nepeta cataria L. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines, and
Johnson Cos. Waste places, common.

N glechoma Benth. Page, Decatur, Des Moines, and John-
son Cos. Waste grounds near dwellings, frequent.

Scutellaria laterijiora L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Woods, frequent.

S. versicolor Nutt. Van Buren, Des Moines, and Johnson
Cos. Woods, frequent.

S. parvula Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Prairies, frequent.

Brunella vulgaris L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Open woods and waste places, com-
mon.

Physostegia virginia Benth. Johnson Co. Low woods, fre-
quent.

Leonurus cardiaca L.. Appanoose, Des Moines, and Johnson
Cos. Waste places, frequent.

Stachys palustris L. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Low places,
frequent.

S. aspera Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos. Low
places, frequent.

PLANTAGINACE.

Plantago rugellii Dec. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waste places and low woods, com-
mon.

P. lanceolata L. Decatur Co. Waste places, becoming fre-
quent.

P. patagonica aristata Gray. Decatur, Appanoose, and Van
Buren Cos. Waste places, common.

160 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

NYCTAGINACE.

Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet. Decatur, Wapello, Van
Buren, Shelby, and JohnsonCos. Along waterways, frequent.
O. hirsutus Sweet. Shelby Co. Prairie roadsides, frequent.
O. angustifolius Sweet. Decatur Co. Prairies, infrequennt.

}
ILLECEBRACE.

Anychia dichotoma Mx. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.
A. capillacea DC. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

AMARANTACE.

Amarantus retroflecus L. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos.

A. albus L. Decatur Co.

A. blitoides Watson. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, frequent.

A. chlorostachys Willd. Johnson Co.

A. paniculatus L. Johnson Co.

Acnida tuberculata Mog. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, frequent.

Chenopodium album L. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Waste places, common.

C. hybridum L. Decatur Co. Fields, infrequent.

POLYGONACE.

Rumex britannica L. Decatur Co.

R. altissimus Wood. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Rich soil,
frequent.

R. verticillata L. Appanoose and Johnson Cos. Rich soil,
frequent.

R. obtusifolius L, Pageand Shelby Cos. Rich soil, frequent.

R. crispus L. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Waste places, com-
mon.

R. acetosella L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, common. |

Polygonum orientale L. Johnson Co. Waste places, infre-
quent.

P. pennsylvanicum L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet soil,
common. :

IOWA fFACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 161

P. lapathifolium incarnatum Watson. Appanoose Co. Wet
soil, frequent.

P. hydropiper L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Wet soil, fre-
quent.

P. hydropiperoides Mx. Johnson Co. Wet soil, frequent.

P. hartwrightii Gray. Henry Co.

P. virginianum L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Low woods,
frequent.

P. aviculare L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, common.

P. erectum L. Decatur Co. Waste places, common.

P. ramosissimum Mx. Decatur, Des Moines, and Johnson
Cos. Sandy soil, common,

P. sagittatum L. Johnson Co. Wet soil, common.

P. convolvulus L. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Fields and
waste places, common.

P. dumetorium scandens Gray. Decatur Co.

P. cuspidatum Sieb & Jucc. Johnson Co. Rarely an escape
into waste places.

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Decatur, Appanoose, Des
Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places,
infrequent.

ARISTOLOCHIACE,

Asarum canadense D. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines, and
Johnson Cos. Wooded river bluffs, frequent.

THYMELAZACE.
Dirca palustris L. Johnson Co. Open woods, frequent
locally.
SANTALIACEZ.

Commandra umbellata Nutt. Decatur, Des Moines, and John-
son Cos. Sandy soil in woods, frequent.

EUPHORBIACE.

Euphorbia maculata L. Decatur, Wapello, and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, common.

E. preslii Guss. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, frequent.

162 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

D. marginata Pursh. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, infrequent.

E. corollata L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren,
Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields, prairies, and
open woods, common.

E. heterophylla L. Wapello, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Rocky wooded banks, frequent.

E. dentata Mx. Des Moines Co. Waste places near rail-
road, frequent.

E. obtusata Pursh. J puted Co. Sandy soil in woods, infre-
quent.

E. cyparissias L. Shelby, Henry, and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, infrequent.

Croton glandulosus L. Des Moines Co. Waste places near
railroad, frequent.

Acalypha virginica L. Decatur, Van Baren, and Johnson
Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

URTICACE.

Ulmus fulva Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods, frequent.

U. americana L. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Wapella, Van
Buren, Des Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low woods,
common.

Celtis occidentalis L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Low woods, frequent.

Cannabis sativa L. Decatur, Van Buren, Des Moines, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Waste places, frequent.

Humulus lupulus L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Waysides and thickets, common.

Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Formerly much used for hedge fences, some-
times spontaneous.

Morus rubra L. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines, and
Johnson Cos. Rich woods, frequent. ©

Urtica gracilis Ait. Decatur Co. Alluvial soil, infrequent.

Pilea pumila Gray. Decatur, Des Moines, and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods, common.

Laportea canadensis Gaud. Decatur, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Moist woods, common.

Behmeria cylindrica Willd. Johnson Co. Moist woods, fre+
quent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1638

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Shelby and Johnson Cos.
Low woods, frequent.

PLANTANACEX.

Plantanus occidentalis LL. Decatur, Van Buren, Lee, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. A frequent tree along the larger
rivers.

JUGLANDACEX.

Juglans cinerea L. Johnson Co. Rich woods, frequent.

J. nigra L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

Cary alba Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Upland woods, common once but
disappearing.

0. sulcata Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, and Van Buren Cos.
Along rivers, once common, yet frequent.

0. amara Nutt. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Rich woods, common.

CUPULIPERZ.

Betula nigra L. Appanoose and Johnson Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

Corylus americana Walt. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van
Buren, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Thickets, common.

Ostrya virginica Willd. Decatur, Henry, and Johnson Cos.
Woods, frequent.

Carpinus caroliniana Walter. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello,
* Van Buren, Des Moines, and Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

Quercus alba L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren,
and Johnson Cos. Upland woods, common.

Q. stellata Wang. Appanoose Co. One small grove known.

. macrocarpa Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Woods,common. This isa large tree along
the rivers, but a shrub on the prairies. |

Q. bicolor Willd. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Along
rivers, frequent.

Q muhlenbergii Englm. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Henry and Johnson Cos. Woods along streams, frequent.

Q. prinoides Willd. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Prairies
and upland woods, common. Similar to preceding, but of
diminutive size, usually one or two feet high.

164 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Q. rubra L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

VY. coccinea Wang. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Upland woods, common.

Q palustris Du Roi. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Low
woods, frequent.

Q. imbricaria Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, and
Washington Cos. Woods, common.

Q. nigra L. Decatur Co. Dry upland woods, frequent.

SALICACE 8.

Salix longifolia Muhl. Shelby and Page Cos. Frequent.

S. discolor Muhl. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Low grounds,
common.

S. humilis Marsh. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, frequent.

Populus tremuloides Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Upland woods, common.

P. grandidentata Mx. Johnson Co. Woods, common.

P. monilifera Ait. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and John-
son Cos. Rich woods, common.

P. alba L., var. nivea. Decatur Co. A frequent escape.

CONIFER.

Juniperus virginiana L. Van Buren and Johnson Cos.
River bluffs, frequent.

HY DROCHARDIACE.

Elodea canadensis Mx. Johnson Co. Ponds, frequent.
Vallisneria spiralis L. Johnson Co. Infrequent.

ORCHIDACE.

Microstylis ophioglossoides Nutt. Johnson Co. We have one
specimen collected in low woods.

Liparis liliifolia Richard. Upland woods, frequent.

Aplectum hiemale Nutt. Johnson Co. Rich woods, infre-
quent.

Corallorhiza odontorrhiza Nutt. Johnson Co. Rich upland
woods, common at least locally.

Spiranthes gracilis Bigelow. Johnson Co. Open upland
woods, infrequent.

Goodyera pubescens R. Br. Johnson Co. Infrequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 165

Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. Johnson Co. One specimen
with three flowers on season’s stem and two capsules on pre-
ceding year’s stem was collected on top of a bluff in open
woods.

Pogonia pendula Lindl. Johnson Co. Woods, infrequent.

Orchis spectabilis L. Johnson Co. Frequent locally.

Habenaria bracteata R. Br. Decatur and Johnson Cos.
Woods, infrequent.

H. leucophea Gray. Decatur Co. Low prairie, infrequent.

Cyripedium parvifiorum Salisb. Crawford and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods, frequent.

C. pubescens Willd. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Rich woods, frequent.

C. spectabile Swartz. JohnsonCo. Richupland woods, infre-
quent.

C. candidum Muhl. Page Co. Infrequent.

IRIDACEX.

Tris versicolor L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Along ponds,
marshes, infrequent.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Page, Decatur, Des Moines,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Fields and open woods, common.
White and blue fiowered forms.

S. anceps Cav. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Open woods
infrequent.

AMARYLLIDACEA,

Hypoxie erecta L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Meadows and prairies, common.

DIOSCORIACE.

Dioscorea villosa L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Woods, frequent.

LILIACE.

Smilax herbacea L. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and John-
son Cos. Woods, frequent.

S. hispida Muhl. Decatur and Shelby Cos. Woods, fre-
quent.

S. ecirrhata Wats. Johnson Co. Woods, infrequent.

Allium tricoccum Ait. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Rich
woods, frequent.

166 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A. canadense Kalm. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies and open woods, frequent.
Polygonum giganteum Dietrich. Decatur, Appanoose, and
Shelby Cos. Low woods, frequent.
Asparagus officinalis L. Decatur, Van Buren, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Waste places, infrequent.
Smilacina racemosa Desf. Decatur, Appanoose, Des Moines,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common. .
S. stellata Desf. Des Moines and Johnson Cos. Low places,
infrequent.
Mianthemum canadense Desf. Johnson Co. Upland woods,
infrequent. |
Uvularia grandifiora Smith. Decatur, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Rich woods, frequent.
Oakesia_ sessilifolia Wats. Des Moines and Johnson Cos.
Woods, infrequent.
Erythronium albidum Nutt. Page, Decatur, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low woods and fields, common.
Liliwm philadelphicum L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, infrequent, except Decatur Co., where the species is
common.
L. canadense L. Decatur and Johnson Cos.
Trillium recurvatum Beck. Van Buren, Des Moines, Jeffer-
son and Johnson Cos. Low woods, frequent locally.
T. erectum L. Shelby, Crawford, and Johnson Cos. Rich
woods, infrequent.
T. nivale Riddell. Johnson Co. Upland woods, common.
Melunthium virginicum L. Decatur Co. Wet sloughs, com-
mon locally.
PONTEDERIACE.
Pontedera cordata L. Appanoose and Johnson Cos. Borders
of ponds, common locally.
Heteranthera graminea Vahl. Johnson Co. Borders of ponds,
common locally.
COMMELINACE.
Tradescantia virginica L. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Des
Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Prairies and fields, common.
JUNCACES. 7
Juncus tenuis Willd. Decatur and Johnson Cos. . Prairies
and waysides, common.
J. nodosus megacephalus Torr. Decatur Co. Wet places, fre-
quent locally |

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 167

TYPHACE.

Typha latifolia L. Decatur, Wayne, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Borders of ponds, common.

Sparganium eurycarpum Englm. Appanoose Co. In shal-
low water of Goose lake, common.

ARACE 4b.

Arisema triphyllum Torr. Page, Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Woods, common.
A. dracontium Schott. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Damp woods, frequent.
Acorus calamus L. Appanoose and Johnson Cos. Sloughs,
frequent. |
LEMNACEZ.

Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid. Decatur, Appanoose and John-
son Cos. Ponds, common.
Lemna trisulca L. Johnson Co. Ponds, common locally.

ALISMACE.ZX.

Alisma plantago L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Ponds and flats, common.

Sagittaria variabilis Englm. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos Wet sloughs or shallow water, common.

S. heterophylla Pursh. Appanoose and Johnson Cos. Shal-
low water, common.

S. graminea Mx. Johnson Co. Margins of ponds and shal-
low water, frequent.

NAIDACEX.

Potamogeton spirillusTuck. Decatur Co. Inarailroad pond,
common. Cratty: ‘This seems to be intermediate between
this and P. diversifolius Raf. The submerged fruits are mostly
peduncled in your specimens, while they are sessile, or very
nearly so in true P. spirillus Tuck. Hitchcock collected the
same at Hamburg.”’

P. fluitans Roth. Johnson Co. In ponds, common locally.

P. pauciflorus Pursh. Henry Co.

CYPERACE.

Cyperus diandrus Torr. Johnson Co. Sandy soil along
river, frequent.

168 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

C. speciosus Vahl. Decatur Co. Wet soil, frequent.

C. aristatus Rottb. Johnson Co. Sandy soil, frequent.

C. schweinitzit Torr. Johnson Co. Sandy soil, common.

C. fliculmis Vahl. Johnson Co. Sandy soil, frequent.

C. strigosus L. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson Cos.
Low, sandy soil, common. }

Eleocharis palustris R. Br. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson
Cos. Wet soil, common.

EL. tenuis Schultes. Decatur Co.

E. acicularis R Br Johnson Co. Wet soil, common.

E. ovata R. Br. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Wet soil, or
in shallow water, common locally.

Scirpus lacustris L. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and John-
son Cos. Ponds or wet soil, common

S. atrovirens Muhl. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Wet soil, common.

Eriophorum polystachyon L. Johnson Co. Specimens col-
lected by Prof. Shimek.

E. lineatum Benth & Hook. Decatur Co. Low prairies,
frequent

Hemicarpha subsquarrosa Nees. Johnson Co. Sandy soil
along river, infrequent

Scleria triglomerata Mx. Decatur Co. Prairies, frequent.

Carex intumescens Rudge. Appanoose Co. Wet woods, fre-
quent. |

C. grayti Carey. Appanoose Co.

C. squarrosa L. Appanoose Co. Swamps, frequent. _

C. hystricina Muhl. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Low
grounds, common. .
filiformis latifolia Boeckl. Shelby and Johnson Cos.
. trichocarpa Muhl — Shelby Co.
. tricocarpa aristata Bailey. Johnson Co.
. stricta Lam. Shelby and Johnson Cos.
. davisii Schwein. & Torr. Johnson Co.
longirostris Torr. Johnson Co.
crawtti Dewey. Shelby Co.
laxiflora Lam. Decatur and Shelby Cos.
laxiflora striatula Carey. Shelby and Johnson Cos.
. granularis Muhl. Shelby Co.
tetanica Bailey. Johnson Co.
. pennsylvanica Lam. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies and woods, common. 7

ARQARAQARARARAANA|

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 169

- @. stipata Muhl. Shelby and Johnson Cos.

C. gravida Bailey. Johnson Co.

C. vulpinoidea Mx. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.

C. rosea Schkuhr. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Woods, common.

C sparganoides Muhl. Decatur Co.

C. cephalophora Muhl. Johnson Co.

C. tribuloides cristata Bailey. Decatur Co.

C. scoparia Schkuhr. Johnson Co.

C. straminea Willd. Decatur Co.

C. straminea brevior Dewey. Decatur, Shelby and Johnson
Cos.

C. straminnea aptera Boott Johnson Co.

GRAMINE.

Spartina cynosuroides Willd. Decatur and Appanoose Cos.
Sloughs, common.

Panicum leibergiiSchribn. DecaturCo. Meadows, frequent.

P. sanguinaleL. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren, and John-
son Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

P. capillare L. Decatur, Wapello, and Johnson Cos.

P. virgatum L. Decatur Co. Low prairies, frequent.

P. lanuginosum Ell. Decatur and Appanoose Cos. Meadows,
frequent.

P. depauperatum Muhl. Johnson Co.

P. crus-galli L. Decatur, Wapello, and Johnson Cos. Wet
grounds, common.

P. macrocarpon Le Conte. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Woods,
frequent.

Setaria glauca Beauv. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, and
Johnson Cos. Fields and waste places, common.

S. viridis Beauv. Decatur and Johnson Cos. With the pre-
ceding.

S. italica Kunth. Decatur, Van Buren, and Shelby Cos.
Waste places, frequent.

S. verticillata Beauv. Johnson Co. Near dwellings, fre-
quent.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Decatur, Wapello, Van Buren, and
Johnson Cos. Sandy soil, common.

Leersia oryzoides Swartz. Decatur Co.

Zizania aquatica L. Johnson Co. Ponds, frequent.

170 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Tripsacum dactyloides L. Decatur and Appanoose Cos.
Sloughs, frequent locally. |

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Decatur, Appanoose, and John-
son Cos. Prairies, common.

Chrysopogon nutans Benth. DecaturCo. Prairies, frequent.

Phalaris canariensis L. Johnson Co. An occasional escape.

P. arundinacea L. Johnson Co. Wet soil, infrequent.

Aristida oligantha Mx. Decatur Co. Dry soil, common.

Stipa spartea Trin. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, frequent.

Muhlenbergia mexicana Trin. Johnson Co. Low places, fre-
quent.

Phleum pratense L. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby, and John-
son Cos. Cultivated, a frequent escape.

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Johnson Co. Borders of ponds,
infrequent.

Sporobolis cryptandrus Gray. Johnson Co.

Agrostis alba L. Decatur Co. Meadows, common.

A, perennans Tuck. DecaturCo. Frequent.

Cinna arundinacea L. Johnson Co.

Calamagrostis canadensis Beauv. Decatur Co.

Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Prairies, frequent.

Triodia cuprea Jacq. Decatur and Van Buren Cos. Sandy
soil near water courses, common.

Keleria cristata Pers. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies, frequent.

Eatonia pennsylvanica Gray. Shelby and Johnson Cos.

Eragrostis reptans Nees. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. River banks, common. |

E major Host. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste places,
common. . ;

E. purshii Schrader. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste
places, frequent.

Melica mulica Walt. Johnson Co. Open woods, frequent.

Diarrhena americana Beauv. Decatur Co. Frequent.

Dactylis glomerata L.. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Orchards and waste places, frequent.

Poa trivialis L. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Meadows and
borders, common. This is frequently mistaken for P. pra-
tensis L.

En ee

I
j
i

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 171

Glyceria nervata Trin. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Low prairies, common.

Festuca tenella Willd. Johnson Co.

F. shortii Kunth. Decatur Co. Low prairies, common.

Bromus secalinus L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Fields and
waste places, frequent.

B. ciliatus L, Decatur Co.

B. ciliatus purgans Gray. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson
Cos. Rich woods, frequent.

Agropyrum repens Beauv. Decatur Co. Waste places, fre-
quent.

A. spicatum (Pursh.) Seribn. & Smith. Shelby Co.

Hordeum jubatum L. Decatur, Shelby, and Johnson Cos.
Waste places, common.

H. pussilum Nutt. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Waste places,
becoming frequent. Johnson Co. specimens collected by Pro-
fessor Shimek.

Elymus canadensis L. Decatur, Appanoose, Wapello, Des
Moines, and Johnson Cos. Prairies and river banks, common.

E. striatus Willd. Johnson Co. Woods, frequent.

E. virginicus L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Prairies and woods, common.

Asprella hystrix Willd. Appanoose and Johnson Ces. Woods,
frequent.

EQUISETACE#.

Equisetum arvense L. Decatur, Des Moines, Shelby, and
Johnson Cos. Moist soil, frequent.

E. hyemale L. Decatur, Appanoese, Des Moines, and John-
son Cos. Wet places, frequent.

E. levigatum Braun. Shelby Co. Fields and waysides, com-
mon.

FILICES.

Adiantum pedatum L. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren,
Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, common.

Pteris aquilina L. Upland woods, frequent.

Pellea atropurpurea Link. Johnson Co. Cliffs, frequent.

Asplenium filix-femina Bernh. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Woods, common.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus Link. Johnson Co. Moist ravines,
frequent.

a ™,

172 . IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fee. Johnson Co. Woods, fre-
quent.

Aspidium thelypteris Swartz. Johnson Co. Boggy places,
locally frequent.

A. aerostcihoides Swartz. Johnson Co. Rare.

Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh. Johnson Co. Base of cliffs,
common.

C. fragilis Bernh. Decatur, Appanoose, Van Buren, Des
Moines, Shelby, and Johnson Cos. Woods, common.

Onoclea sensibilis L. Decatur, Appanoose, and Johnson Cos.
Moist woods, frequent.

O. ‘struthiopteris Hoff. Shelby and Johnson Cos. Woods,
common.
- Woodsia obtusia Torr. Decatur, Van Buren, and Johnson
Cos. Cliffs, frequent.

Osmundia claytoniana L. Decatur and Appanoose Cos.
Moist woods, frequent.

OPHIOGLOSSACE.

Botrychium virginianum Swartz. Decatur, Appanoose, Shelby,
and Johnson Cos. Rich woods, frequent. ;

LYCOPODIACEA.

Lycopodium clavatum L. Johnson Co. Local, rare.
L. complanatum L. Johnson Co. Local, rare.

JUNGERMANNIACEA.

Lejunia serphyllifolia americana Lindl. Johnson Co. Base of
trees, common.

Porella platyphylla Lindb. Johnson Co. On lime rocks and
moist banks, common.

Cephalozia multiflora Spruce. Johnson Co. In moist situa-
tions, on ground among lichens, infrequent.

Lophocolea minor Nees. Johnson Co. On moist banks,
infrequent. 3

Plagiochila asplenovides Dumort. Johnson Co. Moist banks,

infrequent.
ANTHOCEROTACE,

Anthoceros levis L. Johnson Co. Moist low grounds, fre-
quent. :

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 173

MARCHANTIACE is.

Marchantia polymorpha L. Johnson Co. Low grounds and
over rocks, common.

Conocephulus conicus Dumort. Johnson Co. Rocks along
shallow streams, common.

Asterella hemispherica Beauv. Johnson Co. On shady moist
banks, common.

RICCIACEA.
Riccia crystallina L. Decatur and Johnson Cos. Fields and
mud flats, common.

R. fuitans L. Johnson Co. Cratty sends us the same from
Emmet Co. Floating on water, perhaps not common.

13 [la. Acad. Sci., Vol. v.] [July 5, 1898. |

174 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

NOTES CONCERNING IOWA LICHENS.

ee
\
BRUCE FINK. , (h”

yw

It has been my good fortune, through connection with the
Minnesota Botanical Survey, to be able to study the lichen-
flora of a region extending from northeastern Iowa to the
British possessions; and it is my purpose first of all to give a
somewhat revised abridgment of a previous paper* dealing
with the lichen-floras of certain localities within this region.
The localities are Fayette, Iowa; Pictured Rocks, Clayton
county, Iowa; and Minneapolis. Ihad originally intended to
present merely an abstract of the original paper, but have
finally decided that the only way to do justice to the subject is
to give a more extended account from an lowan point of view.

Also, in the interval of three years since my paper on lowa
lichens+ appeared, I have been able to add a number of species
new to the state, anda list of them is given at the close of the
paper. The further study of areas within and without the limits of
Iowa has given additional knowledge of the distribution ofa few
species previously reported, and I shall give some notes con-
cerning these, stating why they are of special interest and in
some instances where they are likely to occur in our state.

The only noteworthy differences between the vicinities of
Fayette and Minneapolis as regards substrata suited to lichen-
development are the presence of the Saint Peter sandstone at
the latter place, which does not occur at the former, and the
fact that the paleozoic limestones outcrop at the surface much
more frequently at the former. ‘The first difference is in favor
of the lichen-flora about Minneapolis, and the second favors ~
\. *Contelbtigions to a Knowledge of the Lichens of Minnesota, II Lichens of Minne-
apolis and Vicinity, Minn. Bot. Stud., Bull. No. 9, parts X and XI, pp. 703-726.

+ Lichens of Iowa, Bull, Lab, of Nat. Hist., State Univ. of [owa, vol. III, No. 3, pp.
70-88.

eet 9 0 30 Be Qrw' Tr eae as!

Stes

:
5
>

eee eae
Se ry
Jue A ,

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: 175

that about Fayette, as each of these substrata bears its char-
acteristic lichens. As will be especially noted toward the
close of these notes, these two differences about offset each
other. The tamarack swamps about Minneapolis have no par-
allel about Fayette, and furnish Jichens not found, or rare, in
other parts of the former region. Yet all of these lichens
occur about Fayette on one substratum or another, so that, in
the comparison, the former region will gain nothing. Minne-
apolis has the larger river and the lakes, but not a single
lichen has occurred near these bodies of water that is especially
characteristic of such localities.

The following table, giving the genera and the number of
species in each for the Fayette and Minneapolis vicinities, will
be instructive and will form the basis for some further compar-
isons of the two regions:

DN n Nn rn
2 2 = =
a2) 3 o.. (C2
asl a al | sé
GENERA. ae Se | GENERA. Sa A
-_ — = ~~
3 Ee cos | om! o8
oa —— | x .
o= | ce | ck | 6&
Z Z Z Zi
2 tL ea a it 1 OQipese hana. . sss 5 « cicains Soe eee wae 2-2 1
DS ee a ee ee 5-1 3 PA ANE ee cocoa ee 2-1 2
ee a ae 1 Doe eenMeM a: «556 ucrse vce chiki bah iret 9-1 | 8
STE he Sa ae ae ee are 13-3 6 BGhGDOTrA tcl eas uh ec eee eee 6 6
DOLE LE eth Ss ee ae eee 5-1 3 Perpuseria a. eos. te ese ee Fee 4-2, 3
DEES Lp ES ae aie ee 1 =k GEN 2 ati fancide cad tere va oe 10-1 10
2 OTE (oe Ge ee 16 De BOON TA 8 ses ccs ie ad sere 10-1 10
1. Pte i a eee 7-1) -2 EVO tesa cise eenincs oie ob oe 7-1 4
LS De ee ere 1 0 Pees. 202. pee wddes tah ecs ee dosek 1 0
nner Eee fe oo, eet 6 5 PEST Cees a as ap ia ee a a 3
ODED TU Se ol ee eee 1 1 ARORA BE eG Sek eile Oo doe a: 4 3
PeLIP CUA. poss cos. Pe Se ee 0-1 0 Staurothele. 0
VLE ae Sas Se. Sener 2-1 En elose higbes:.. 2.0. eee ie ose 5 4
EE AAR ee 1 tl aT ie a Pi ae ee ea eee 1-1 1
TE eae ae 16-2 | 15 WSNe8e. 5 i la eee a adicht sweet 4 4
VEL BA eee 2-1 fF Vereucarit:.- eee le ee 4-1 3
LTE aC See ae 5 1 eas | ae
SMP ANPP ISS 2). > Bee es a2 1-1 1 Poeuslsee ow okie eli iver 113

The collecting at Fayette extended over three years, and
that at Minneapolis only over two months. Yet the collecting
at the former place was my first extended work on lichens, and
the best part of the work was confined to a single summer.
The Fayette column I have divided into two parts, the first
containing 157 species, which, with present experience, I should
expect to find in a region as favorable for lichen-development
as Fayette and in the time spent in collecting at Minneapolis.
The second part of the Fayette column contains 28 species, so
rare that one would not be so likely to find them in the short
time, or which are not found within five miles of Fayette. The

176 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

113 species found at Minneapolis are about 72 per cent of the
157 species of Fayette lichens, and it will be an approximately
correct estimate to say that lichens are one-fourth more numer-
ous at the latter place than at the former.

The cause of the difference in number of lichens in the two
places is evidently to be sought mainly in climatic differences.
Several covsiderations have conspired to cause me to arrive at
this conclusion.

First.—Most species of lichens are more disposed to confine
themselves to moist situations at Minneapolis, as about the
bodies of water mentioned above, in heavy woods, or when in
dry places near the ground. The last tendency is noticeable
in Graphis scripta (lL) Ach., which in dry places most frequently
grows low down on the trunks of the trees. In passing up
from the Mississippi river banks fifty to one hundred feet to
the level ground just above the bluffs the decrease in number
of species and individuals, whether on rocks, earth or trees, is
very striking. Im one place, within or near the city limits, the
granitic boulders just above the bluffs are well covered with
lichens, while twenty rods back from the river in open ground
the rocks of the same kind are nearly bare of them. The
decrease is not so marked in lichens growing on trees as in
those growing on rocks, but is noticeable. Iam not referring
now to change in species in passing to the drier locality, which
also occurs here as elsewhere, and is due to stress caused by
environment. Further, it may be said that a decrease would
occur in numbers in other regions, but observation shows it to
be more marked in dry climates. In parts of northern Iowa
no such noticeable decrease occurs. Here fifteen or more spe-
cies of lichens may easily be found on a single tree in moder-
ately dry situations, and nearly all the species commonly
occurring on the boulders in the vicinity of Fayette may be
found ona single one in an open, dry field far removed from
any stream.

Second.—The gelatinous lichens, which thrive in moist places,
are much more common at Fayette. The first table will show
that the genera Collema and Leptogium show twelve species at
Fayette and only two at Minneapolis. I took special pains to
investigate this peculiarity of distribution at the latter place,
searching deep wooded ravines where these species should
abound. It may be added that two of the three species given
for the one locality are much rarer than any one of the twelve

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 177

given for the other. This adds to the evidence in a way not
shown in the table.

Third.—The genus Peltigera, the species of which grow on the
ground where they can get an abundance of moisture, is repre-
sented, by an equal number of species in the two localities com-
pared, as will appear upon examining the first table. The indi-
vidual Peltigeras are also about equally numerous in the two
regions, the genus Peltigera being probably the best developed
one of the fiora about Minneapolis, though several other genera
are represented by more species.

A thorough exploration of three or four selected areas along
the Mississippi river, between the two localities compared
above would, if made by one well acquainted with lichens and
their habits of growth, bring out some very interesting and
instructive information regarding lichen distribution. The
first and second questions considered just above could thus be
traced. As to where the gelatinous lichens decrease in num-
ber most rapidly in passing northward; and where the change
from comparative uniformity of distribution, so far as infiu-
enced by the moisture or dryness of small adjacent areas, to
greater lack of uniformity in this regard takes place most rap-
idly, are questions of interest.

The difference in number of species of lichens for the two
localities compared is a greater per cent of the larger total
than is the difference in number of genera. Fayette has thirty-
four genera and Minneapolis twenty-nine. The difference in
favor of the former place for genera is only 15 per cent, while
for species it is about 28 per cent, or nearly twice as great.
Reference to the table will show that the five Fayette genera
(Coniocybe, Gyalecta, Heppia, Pyxine, and Staurothele), not thus far
found at Minneapolis, are each represented at the former place
by a single species. Hence, the 15 per cent has not the signifi-
cance that it would have if it stood for genera well represented
at one place and wanting at the other. On the whole, the less
favorable conditions for lichen development at Minneapolis
have affected the number of species vastly more than the
number of genera.

Further knowledge of the distribution of the lichens about
the two places can be gained by the consideration of the table
below, in which I have given numbers of lichens for various
substrata for Fayette and Minneapolis with the per cents which

178 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

these numbers represent of the whole number of lichens found
in each locality on the substrata considered:

No. and per cent, No. and per cent,

SUBSTRATA. Fayette. Minneapolis.
ROOM So 4 8 Me tude haa kuicane 90 or 57 per cent... .. ....... | 58o0r68 5b per cent.
Calcareous rocks .......... 31 or 19 33 per cent. deere 17 or 17+
Granitic rocks. aretha OLR Oo We na) ee cia telete ’ or 12+ Us
8t. Peter beridapone MS. 45 ae DO: tn: Ul ieee saree ets 5
LESS) 0 RE ae ae mn ee hs es i or 13.75 per cent......... 12 or 12+ per cent.
Wood and rocks . Slachar W) CUD APR. Rta cache eer aceeee Rees 5
Wood andearth) 25. 5foss2n- % Ldn Nida os helene eee i
Rocks and earth... ......... Bri ines 2 Lhe a Ree ens ete eee 3

Total numbers.......-. Te RMNRAT TE ype FE

The table shows very ‘little difference in the per cents of
species on different substrata for the two localities, and this
would seem to indicate that, though the drier climate of the
Minnesota region has caused a poorer development of lichens
than is found at the Iowa locality, ithas not caused these plants
to seek substrata especially favorable for their development.
Other factors enter in to compensate differences which would
otherwise occur to such an extent that the table shows in this
respect just what it would not show were it not for these fac-
tors,—similarity as to number of lichens on different substrata
for the two regions.

These other factors have prevented the development. of a
larger per cent of earth and rock lichens at Minneapolis. As
climate becomes drier the relative per cent of these lichens
should increase because nearer the earth there is more mois-
ture. First as to the lichens on calcareous rocks, the per cent
for Fayette isa little higher than that for Minneapolis, while the
opposite condition should follow the difference in climatic condi-
tions between the twoplaces. This apparent difficulty is easily
explained since the calcareous rocks outcrop at the surface
much more frequently at the former locality. The lichen-spe-
cies on calcareous rocks at Minneapolis are those confined in
both places to perpendicular exposures, while one-third of the
species found at Fayette are characteristic of surface outcrops.
Deducting one-third of the 19.33 per cent given in the table for
Fayette leaves less than 12.7 per cent and gives Minneapolis
an advantage of more than 8 per cent for conditions as to
substrata existing at both places. This is given as the true
relation so far as influenced by the difference in hygrometric
conditions.

i
¥
é
&
(me
‘<

a

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 179

Next as to the lichens on granitic rocks, the difference of 1.3
per cent in favor of Minneapolis is not so great as might be

expected. This is due to the fact that so many of the granitic

boulders are in dry open places. The few in moist or shaded
places are reasonably well covered with lichens, but those not
thus protected are not, as has been stated elsewhere. The
limestone exposures are usually shaded along the wooded river
banks, hence the advantage for these rocks would be greater
than for the granitic rocks were it not for the lack of surface
outcrops of the limestone rocks.

As to the earth lichens, the region including Minneapolis
lacks the calcareous-earth lichens of the lowa region, because
the calcareous rocks are more deeply covered by drift and have
not been so frequently exposed to help in soil formation. Of
the twenty-two earth lichens found at Fayette seven occur on °
calcareous earth, while of the twelve found at Minneapolis
only two occur on calcareous earth. Reducing the firstnumber
to fifteen and the third to ten gives Minneapolis an advantage
of 3 per cent. This 3 per cent does not show the effect of
atmospheric differences between the two places compared,
because of the Minneapolis Cladonias only one-third occur on
the earth, while of those at Fayette about two-thirds grow on
the ground. Since I have been able to present no very satis-
factory explanation of this difference in distribution of the
Cladonias out of the calculation; and, if this were done, the
advantage in favor of Minneapolis in the per cents would be
about 2.5.

As to the wood lichens it will be seen that if the per cents
of rock and earth lichens about Minneapolis were what we
should expect from hygrometric conditions alone, the per cent
of these would rise and that of the wood lichens would fall in
comparative proportion. In other words, conditions other than
atmospheric have tended to decrease the rock and the earth
lichens, but not the wood lichens. Scarcity of lichens on trees
removed from the large bodies of water and not in heavy
forests has been noted elsewhere in this paper. As to lichens
on dead wood, especially old boards, the lowa region furnishes
14 and the Minneapolis region eight. The per cent of the
whole lichen-floras in favor of the former region is about one.
In the Minneapolis region the lichens onold boards are common
enough in damp places, but in dry ones old boards are fre-

180 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

quently quite bare of them. In the Iowa region the old boards
are abundantly supplied with lichens, even in dry places.

The reconstructed:table below (which leaves the numbers of
lichens for the substrata considered unchanged in the Minne-
apolis column except that for the earth lichens all calcareous
earth lichens plus all earth Cladonias are omitted, treats the
Fayette earth lichens in the same way and also deducts from
the latter column all the calcareous rock lichens found on sur-
face exposures) gives the relative per cents for all the sub-
strata considered as influenced by atmospheric conditions
alone:

NO. AND PER CENT, MINNE-

SUBSTRATA. NO. AND PER CENT, FAYETTE APOLIS
WEOOGs... Scar tn Oe tere ie 90 or 68+ per cent 58 or 623+ per cent.
Oalcareous rocks .......... 20 or 15+ es ES 17 or 18 25— os s
Granite rocks... 37~.6 <2. 17 or128— ‘f 4 12 or 12.8+- « ig
Earth . a . 5or 4— oe ef 6or 65— Fe =

This table simply places the per cents that would result from
atmospheric conditions where they may be easily compared.
However, by the reduction of the numbers representing earth
and calcareous-rock lichens to eliminate other causes, it reduces
the advantage for the Minneapolis vicinity in granitic rock
species to a very small fraction. A somewhat larger number
of such rocks were examined about Fayette, and possibly the
larger number increases the number of species of lichens on
them, which once established may now all be found on a few
of the rocks. However, if the smaller number about Minne-
apolis is due to removal of the rocks, this argument loses much
of its value. This table shows the relation between the wood
lichens, as influenced by climate alone by per cents, which has
not been done before.

The Saint Peter sandstone along the Mississippi river near
Minneapolis, and that along the same river in northeastern
Iowa, near McGregor, may be compared as to lichen-floras by
use of the following table, which gives the species character-
istic of these rocks in both places, and also those found on
them in each place and not in the other:

SPECIES FOUND IN BOTH IN NORTHEASTERN IOWA
PLACES ONLY. ABOUT MINNEAPOLIS ONLY.
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr.|Panvaria microphylla (Sw.)|Cladonia cxspiticia (Pers.)
var Farinacea Scher. Delos. Fl.
Urceolaria scruposa (L.) l«donia rangiferina (L.)
Nyl. Hoffm. var Sylvatica L.
Oladonia cornucoploides (L )/OCladonia uncialis(L.) Fr

Fr. Biatora granulosa (Ebrh.)
Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var.| Poetsch.
rubiginea Michx.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 181

This table affects comparisons thus far made in no way since
the Iowa locality, now under consideration, is a different one
than that previously used. In all the comparisons thus far
made, the lichens on the Saint Peter sandstone have been elim-
inated with those of other substrata occurring in only one of
the localities. Now, in the above table it will be noticed that
the Iowa region has the advantage in the number of species not
common to both. Knowing what occurs in Iowa, I examined
the Minnesota locality very carefully, and the advantage is
apparently due to the more favorableconditions for lichen growth
in northern Iowa. The four species common to both regions
are doubtless distributed along the river between the two
localities wherever these rocks are exposed. How far north
the four species found only in the Iowa locality extend, and
how far south that found only in the Minnesota locality extends,
are questions of interest. Knowledge on this point might lead
to a modification of views just stated.

Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. Hirta Fr., is also confined to the
Saint Peter sandstone at the Minnesota locality, but not at the
lowa one, though occurring on this formation there also. This
rock is apparently its most natural habitat in the regions con-
sidered, to which habitat it is confined in the one less favora-
ble to lichen development. Though, as in this instance, I have
omitted from the last table the species found on these rocks
and also on other substrata near by in one or both regions,
abruptness in floral change due to stress caused by change in
substrata is seldom better illustrated than in comparing the
lichens of the Saint Peter sandstone with those of other sub-
strata that happen to lie adjacent. The distribution of lichens
on this rock formation in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and
Illinois is worthy of careful study. Other questions of distri-
bution would be brought to light, illustrated by the species
here considered, and doubtless by several others not yet col-
lected on these rocks.

From scattered statements in this paper, the inference might
be drawn that I should have given more prominence to differ-
ence of substrata in accounting for the difference in number of
lichens in the localities compared. Minneaoplis gains six spe-
cies on the Saint P. ter sandstone, which is not found at Fay-
ette, and lacks six species, occurring at Fayette, because the
calcareous rocks seldom outcrop at the surface, and five species
because of scarcity of calcareous earth. Possibly some allow-

182 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ance should be made for a probable slight advantage for Fay-
ette in number of granitic rocks, though Minneapolis has the
advantage in the per cent of species on these rocks. Of the
five species gain for Fayette in the figures given above, three
or four, about 75 per cent, could be expected to occur at Minne-
apolis if the substrata were present. We could add as many
more species for the possible advantage of Fayette in granitic
rocks as substrata and still only have a total difference of seven
species resulting from difference in substrata. This would
reduce the advantage of Fayette to be accounted for by differ-
ence in atmospheric conditions to thirty-seven species or 24
per cent. Subtracting this from the total difference of 28 per
cent, leaves a doubtful 4 per cent to be accounted for by lack of
substrata at Minneapolis.

It may also be thought that I have not taken into account the
usual decrease in number of species in passing from warmer to
colder regions. The distance of about 150 miles from south to
north between the two localities compared is so small that lit-
tle difference in number of species could result, the difference
in mean ‘annual temperature being between 2° F. and 3° F.
The smaller number of individuals at Minneapolis also tends to
prove that the difference in latitude has not helped to produce
the difference in number of species, as the decrease in number
of species, caused by colder climate, usually gives place to an
increase in number of individuals. If the difference in lichen-
floras were due to the above cause, northern species should
come in, to some extent, at Minneapolis, to take the place of
those found at Fayette, and not at the former place. Parmelia
olivacea (LL) Ach., Evernia prunastri (Li) Ach., Cetraria ciliaris
(Ach.) Tuck., and possibly Alectoria jubata (L) Tuck var. Chalybe-
iformis Ach. are more numerous, and occur on more substrata
at Minneapolis as a result of more northern location, but not a
species has come in.

A comparison of the amount of precipitation of moisture at
St. Paul and Fayette for the eight years since the record has
been kept for the latter place, shows a difference in annual pre-
cipitation of 6.77 inches in favor of Fayette. Comparison of
St. Paul and Dubuque for twenty-three years shows a differ-
ence of 9.31 inches per annum in favor: f Dubuque. Now, com-
parison of Fayette and Dubuque for the eight years shows a
difference of .50 inches per annum in favor of Fayette. Thus
these last two places, only about fifty-five miles apart, show so

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 133

little difference in amount of precipitation that the Dubuque
figures may be substituted for Fayette without great error.
Also, St. Paul suffered less from the drouth of recent years
than Dubuque, and hence than Fayette, so that the figures for
the smaller number of years cannot be relied on, and 9.31.
inches per annum doubtless is nearer the average difference
between Minneapolis and Fayette in precipitation than is 6.77
inches. The use of St. Paul figures for Minneapolis can, of
course, give rise to no appreciable error, and this difference of
about 9.31 inches, with the accompanying difference of humid-
ity of the atmosphere, seems to account very largely for the
difference of 28 per cent in number of species of lichens. No
reliable figures as to relative or absolute humidity could be
obtained.

The following conclusions may be drawn relative to lichen-

distribution in northeastern Iowa: |

1. The lichen-fiora of the region is richer than that of the
Minnesota region about 150 miles north, and doubtless

_ there is a gradual decrease in number of lichen species in
passing north from the Iowa region.

2. The cause of the difference in favor of the Iowa region is
neither its more southern location nor advantage in sub-
strata, but mainly at least its moister climate. The proofs |
given in the paper may be briefly summarized as follows:

(a) Lichensint:e Iowa region are not so much inclined
to confine themselves to moist situations.

(0) Gelatinous lichens, which thrive best in moist places,
are four times as numerous in the Iowa region.

(c) Were it not for other than atmospheric conditions,
the number of tree lichens would be larger in compari-
son with earth and rock lichens in northeastern Lowa.

(7) Even the Saint Peter sandstone, occurring in moist
places, has more lichens in the lowa region.

(e) The greater number of habitats of certain lichen
species in northeastern Iowa must be included. This
has been noted for Usnea barbata (L) Fr., var hirta
Fr., and a comparison of the number of species found
on both wood and rocks at Fayette and Minneapolis,
as shown in the second table, is further evidence.
Other instances could be drawn from a comparison of
the lists of species for the two places.

184 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

After giving this brief summary it may be stated that the
decrease in richness of lichen-flora changes to an increase
somewhere between Minneapolis and Duluth, as will be brought
out in a future paper on the lichens of Minnesota.

As regards other lowa problems, the mostinteresting region
in connection with the study here presented is that extending
along the Mississippi river from the northeastern region
already studied to the southern extremity of the state. The
study of this area, besides the information it would furnish
concerning the lichen-flora of our own state, is especially nec-
essary to an understanding of lichen-distribution along the
upper Mississippi river. The study of more western portions
of lowa will bring new problems and also throw some light on
those here considered.

Below is added the lists of new and rare lowa lichens men-
tioned in the first part of this paper. These with two given
for locality bring the total number of species and varieties
which I have collected and determined at Fayette up to 208.
These additions make a total of 226 species for the state, and
this number could be increased largely by thorough work in
several widely separated regions within lowa. :

LIST OF SPECIES NEW TO IOWA.

Usnea barbata L. Fr., var. ceratina Scheer. On trees, rare.
Fayette.

Alectoria jubata L., var. chalybeiformis Ach. On an old board
fence, rare. Fayette. Also on Saint Peter sandstone in Clay
ton county.

Theloschistes concolor Dicks, var. effusa Tuck. On trees, rare.
Fayette. Since publishing the first paper on Iowa lichens I
have also found at Fayette a form of the species with fibrils
unusually developed about the apothecia. They are frequently
as long as the diameter of the apothecia! .

Parmelia saxatalis L. Fr., var. sulcata Nyl. On trees, rare.
Fayette.

Parmelia olivacea Lu. Ach., var. aspidota Ach. On trees, infre-
quent. Fayette.

Pannaria nigra Nyl., var. cesia Nyl. On calcareous rocks,
rare. Fayette.

Collema nigrescens Huds., Ach. On oldlogs,rare. Fayette.
Frequently with pruinose apothecia.

OO ——

|
:
a

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 185

Placodium ferrugineum Huds., Hepp. Ontrees, rare. Bremer
and Fayette counties.

Placodium murorum Hoffin, DC. On rocks. Northwestern
Towa. Coll., Prof. B. Shimek, who sent it tome last year. It
should have appeared with the lichens listed in his paper* last
year, but I could not be sure that it was distinct from P. elegans
Link, DC., without further study.

Lecanora pallida Schreb, Scheer, var. cancriformis Tuck. On
trees, rare. Fayette.

Lecanora varia Ehrh, Nyl., var. symmicta Ach. On old
fences, infrequent. Fayette.

Lecanora cinerea L. Sommerf. On sandstone, probably com-
mon. Clayton county.

Lecanora fuscata Schrad., Th. Fr., var. rufescens Th. Fr. On
granitic rocks, frequent. Fayette.

Lecanora prigigna Ach., Nyl., var. clavus Koerb. On calcar-
eous rocks, rare. Clayton county.

Lecanora xanthophana Nyl. On granitic rocks, rare. Fay-
ette and Bremer counties.

Rinodina sophodes Ach., Nyl., var. telhraspis Tuck. On sand-
stone, rare. Clayton county.

Conotrema urceolatum Ach., Tuck. On trees, rare, Fayette.

Biatora decipiens Ehrh, Fr. var. dealbata Auct. Oncalcareous
earth, rare. Fayette.

Biatora russellii Tuck., var. dealbata Tuck. On calcareous
rocks, rare. Fayette.

Biatora fossarum Duf., Mont. On calcareous earth, rare.
Fayette.

Biotora carnulenta Tuck. On decorticated wood,rare. Fay-
ette, and also from Black Hawk county, collected by Mr.
Morton E. Peck. ;

Buellia myriocarpa DC., Mudd., var. polyspora Willey. On
tree, rare. Fayette. This rare lichen was also sent to me
from Decatur county by Prof. T. J. Fitzpatrick and from La
Crosse, Wis., by Prof. L. H. Pammel. A larger form collected
by Mr. Morton E. Peck in Black Hawk county must also be
referred here for the present.

Buellia alboatra Hoffin, Th. Fr. Onanelm tree, rare. Fay-
ette.

Opegrapha quaternella Nyl. On thallus of a Parmela, rare.
Fayette. Ihave not been able to compare this, but it agrees

* The Flora of the Sioux Quartzite in Iowa. Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., vol. [II, pp. 72-
aT.

186 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

perfectly with the description, having spores 4 in asci, 4 celled,
brownish and 16-19 x 5-6 mic.

Calicium parietinum Ach. On decorticated wood, especially
red cedar, probably frequent. Fayette.

Calicium quercinum Pers. On oaks, rare. Fayette.

Sphinctrina tigillaris B. and Br. On Polyporus versicolor Li
Fr., rare. Fayette. Placed here because of close relation-
ship to the last two, though the algal cells probably are want-
ing in this. Perhaps better to place it in the above genus
under the synonym, Calicium polyporeum Nyl.

Verrucaria epigea Pers., Ach. On clay, rare. Fayette.

Pyrenula cinerella Flt., Willey. On prickly ash, frequent.
Fayette.

Thelocarpon prasinellum Nyl. Old boards, frequent. Fay-
ette and Bremer counties.

NOTES CONCERNING SOME SPECIES PREVIOUSLY REPORTED
FOR IOWA.

Evernia prunasuri L., Ach. I have recently found this
species on old board fences at Fayette. Thus far it has not
occurred elsewhere in the state, though it is very common in
northern Minnesota and frequent as far south as Minneapolis.
Its southern limit is doubtless reached somewhere in Iowa. —

Pycine sorediata Fr. This lichen was only listed in the paper
on ‘‘ Lichens of lowa ” from rocks. It has since been foundin
fruit on trees at Fayette. It becomes more common in passing
north to the British possessions, and its distribution in other
parts of lowa is especially worthy of study.

Sticta pulmonaria L., Ach. Only known thus far in lowa
along the Mississippi river in Clayton county. How far this
northern lichen extends south along the river, or possibly in
other parts of Iowa, is of special interest. Like the last two,
I find it increasing in abundance as I go north.

Pannaris languinosa (Ach.,) Koerb. I have recently collected
the sulphur colored form, common in Europe, on the Saint
Peter sandstone in Clayton county and in several localities in
Minnesota.

Lecanora punicea Ach. <Any further occurrence of this in
Towa should be noted, because it is a southern lichen, and it
finds its most northern known limit in lowa.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. | 187

Lecanora varia Ehrh, Nyl., var. sepincola Fr. This rare
Iowa variety was sent from Black Hawk county Coll., Morton
_E. Peck.

Lecanora privigna Ach., Nyl. var. pruinosa Auct. On cal-
careous rocks, frequent at Fayette. Previously reported from
Johnson county.

Cladonia cariosa Ach., Spreng. This species only reported
from Johnson county, is common in northern Minnesota. In
Iowa it seems to be largely replaced by the more southern C.
mitrula Tuck. Especially interesting because the southern
limit of the one and the northern limit of the other may be
looked for in lowa or Minnesota.

Cladonia cornucopioides L., Fr. Collected only along the
Mississippi river in Clayton county. Another species appar-
ently following the river down from more northern regions
where I find it common. Should be diligently sought further
south in Iowa, especially along the river.

Biatora granulosa Ehrh., Poetsch. Found with the last,
which is as far south as it is known, except in mountains.
Should be sought further south, as the last.

Biatora inundata Fr. I have recently collected this lichen
on trees. Previously reported from several places, but only on
rocks.

Arthonia dispersa Schrad., Nyl. On trees. Black Hawk
county. Coll., Morton E. Peck.

Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. var. garogaglii Kph. On calcar-
eous rocks, infrequent, Fayette. I have also collected it in
Kane county, Il., from which state it has not been previously
reported.

Verrucaria fuscella Fr. On calcareous rocks. Black Hawk
county. Coll., Morton E. Peck.

Verrucaria muralis Ach. Oncalcareous rocks. Black Hawk
county. Coll., Morton E. Peck.

It is worth noting that the last two rather rare species have
been collected at La Crosse, Wis., by Prof. L H. Pammel.

Also, the last was sent me by Mr. E. Bartholomew, from
Rooks county, Kan.

188 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

DO THE LOWER ANIMALS REASON?

Cc. Oo. NUTTING.

For the average layman to enter into a discussion involving
psychological matters is surely a rather hazardous proceeding
and indicates a temerity that needs some apology.

Your speaker, although not a psychologist, has become
greatly interested in the evidences of mind that have impressed
themselves upon him in his study of animals, and has had his
interest greatly stimulated by the perusal of the works of two
writers, one of whom discusses animal psychology from the
side of the naturalist, and the other from the side of the psy-
chologist. With the latter writer I have been led into the
most delightful correspondence involving a discussion of the
question ‘‘Do the lower animals reason?’’ a question upon which
I have been forced to differ from the gentleman in question.

I referred a moment ago to the difficulty involved in a psy-
chological discussion. This difficulty is two-fold, arising first
from the necessity of exact and very careful definitions of
terms, and sec nd, from the great tendency to be drawn off into
a discussion of side issues, which, however alluring are not
strictly pertinent to the matter in hand.

It is my purpose to discuss briefiy the attitude of the two
authors above mentioned, Romanes and Lloyd Morgan; to
point out my objections both to the premises and conclusions
of the latter, to state with all diffidence my own position in the
question, and finally to cite a sufficient number of facts to justify
that conclusion.

George J. Romanes, an English zoologist, whose untimely
death has been a severe loss to science, has written two works
on ‘‘ The Intelligence of Animals,’’ and ‘‘ Mental Evolution in
Animals.’’ He has sought to establish a thoroughly consistent
scheme of development of mind along evolutionary lines. The
following propositions will indicate the keynote to his position.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 41

duties of engineer, contractor, etc. Retaining walls include the methods
‘esistances of various forms of walls, forces acting upon
asonry, composition and manufacture of cements, mor-
tars, artificial stone)and kindred subjects. The course throughout is shaped
to the needs of the engineer after he leaves college, so that he can—as most
of them must do—make'a living frum the close of his college life, and by the
aid of the knowledge epee in his engineering course, rise rapidly in his
profession. No study is putin the course because it is in some other civil
engineering course, or becatise it would look well when printed in the

them, classes of

- sole benefit of those most interested, viz.: the students.

As to methods of teaching, these must vary with the subject and size of
classes. The same methods cannot be employed in a class of fifty as can
with fifteen, nor with fifteen as can with five. Nor the same with students
just commencing the course as with those who have nearly completed it.
The equipments of the department are not ‘excelled anywhere in the West,
and we consider the course of study, as tested by results, to be one of the
best to be found anywhere in the country. The, question asked the young
engineer seeking employment is, what can you do? hence the object of the
instruction given is to teach the student /o do and to depend on his own
resources in doing. Nothing is more valuable to a student than to work out
in his own way the various problems, and to find his oWm mistakes by com-
parison with his fellow student. And this is expecially valuable in engineer-
ing, where one never knows in what shape a problem may present itself.

course of study. But each ae study is put there and taught for the

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BYE: pt PAMMEL, PROFESSOR.

va I have the honor to present my first annual report as professor of botany. .
‘ That you may understand how this study is taught in the college, I will briefly

| outline the work of this department. The freshmen begin the study of
botany in the second term. In this course they are expected to become fa-
miliar with roots, stems, leaves, and such terms as are used in descriptive
botany, thus leading up to the determination of our native plants.

In an agricultural college it is proper that the subject of vegetable physi-
| ology, and the diseases our crops are subject to, should receive considerable
r attention. With this end in view the sophomore student familiarizes him-
| self with some of the native plants of Iowa, making a collection of seventy

different species. In the laboratory the student takes up the minute anatomy

of plants and vegetable physiology. He learns something about the func- 7
| tion of roots, stems and leaves, how the plant prepares its food, and how
these materials are conducted through the stem, leaf and root, where and
why these materials are stored away. In the second term special attention yi
is given to the lower forms of plant life, such as ‘‘rusts,” ‘‘ smuts,’’ “molds,” .
‘‘mildews,” and the diseases of cultivated plants that are most troublesome
to the farmer and horticulturist.

In the veterinary course three terms of botany are required. In the sec-
ond term of the freshman year the students become familiar with the prin-
ciples upon which the subject of botany is founded. After having acquired
this elementary knowledge, they are ready to take up medicinal plants. In
this course it is intended to show the relationship, origin, and history of
some of the medicinal plants. Some of these are also studied in the labora-
tory. No veterinarian can call himself up with the times, unless he has
some knowledge of the various minute organisms that cause so many of our
contagious diseases in man and the loweranimals. Itis of the utmost import-
ance to the community that the contagious diseases of our domestic animals
should be recognized by the veterinarian, to prevent the loss of human life;
as such diseases as anthrax, glanders, and tuberculosis, produce fatal dis-
eases in man as well as in our domestic animals. It is, therefore, important
that veterinary students should study these low vegetable organisms. To
accommodate these and other students who are interested in this subject, the
Botanical department has purchased some of the apparatus for doing bae-
teriological work. .

i » Ae

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY. ~~ 43

WEEDS... Met

" “ig “VV YC %
In a previous report, Dr. Halsted, now of 3 COMP Shy ar (pee:
has called your attention to several troublesome ¥ and as tl

ject of considerable importance to the farmer, I a AR DET
have come under my notice during the year. It will c®xtainbyhe of great
interest to the farmers of Iowa to know that the troublesome European par-
asite, ‘‘Clover Dodder,’’ has made its appearance in Missouri.

A short time ago, I received from Mr. Henry Wallace, of the Homestead,
a specimen of what he thought might be Clover Dodder. The material was
earefully compared with specimens in the herbarium of the Agricultural
College, and the conclusion I reached was that it could be nothing else but
Clover Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum, L.) I republish a part of the Home-
stead article, and some more additional facts concerning this pest, that farm-
ers may be on their guard. _

Mr. Downing’s letter to the Homestead is as follows:

“T send sample of a vine that is killing clover, not on my farm alone, but
it has quite a start in this section, and all from seed shipped here last spring.
I send you some that has dried up, and some green. As soon as it kills the
clover (or anything else that it gets hold of) it dies and leaves the ground
bare; but the ends of the vine keep on spreading among anything green.
There are spots now already dead that are two or three rods across. I hope
you will give information as to what it is, also how to get rid of it.”’

Mr. Downing’s plant is without doubt Clover Dodder (Cuscuta Trifolit
Bab, or, as it is now called, C. epithymum, L). The dodders belong to the
Morning-gtory family (Convolvulaceae), to which the common wild Morning-
glory, or Bindweed Sweet potato belong. This order contains a good many
plants which are troublesome weeds in many parts of the world.

The genus Cuscuta or Dodder contains a good many species, upwards of a
hundred having been described by botanists. Of these, forty-four are found
in America, twenty-nine of which are indigenous to the United States.
Among these American dodders one is frequently found on the high bush
blackberry (rubus villosus). ‘The others are found on various native plants,
such as smart weeds, willows, hazels, on various composites, like golden-rod,
sunflowers, ete.

The dodders are leafless (excepting the small scales on the stem) herbs of
reddish or yellowish color, with thread-like stems twining around the plants
upon which they live. They pierce the bark with their small and short root-
lets, which are called suckers, or haustoria. The seeds are small; yet there
is stored sufficient nourishment in them to give the growing plants a good
start. Germination takes place in the soil, the young plantlet grows suffi-
cient in length to allow it to come in contact with the plant upon which it
lives, when it immediately sends in its suckers and thus becomes established
upon the plant as though it were a part of it. It is usually stated that dod-
ders contain no chlorophyll, but recent investigations show that they contain
at least a small amount, but probably not enough to enable them to make
very much starch out of crude material. Ordinary green leaves contain a
great deal of this chlorophyll, or green coloring mutter, and, hence, are able
to prepare their own food. Plants like dodders, which derive their nourish-
ment from the host upon which they live, are said to be parasitic.

44 IOWA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

ax

As a troublesome parasite, Clover Dodder seems to have been obserye¢ in
Germany about the beginning of this century. Flax Dodder seems to have

been known for a much longer period, as it is mentioned by writers as early
as 1760. Flax Dodder occurs in this country, but is not troublesome. In
Europe it does much damage. The South American Cuscuta racemosa—
Martius var, Chiliana engelm—has occasioned some trouble in European
alfalfa. It has also been introduced with the seed of this plant into Cali-
fornia, where it now injures the crop to some extent.

Professor Macoun reports Clover Dodder in his catalogue of Canadian
plants, published in 1884, as oceurring in Ontario, and introduced with
_ clover seed. It may possibly occur in other parts of the United States and
that I have failed to see the reference.

Fortunately all these pests are not so common in this country as to materi-
ally affect our crops. Whole clover fields are destroyed by the Clover Dod-

der in England and on the continent. It should, therefore, not be allowed

to spread in this country. The existing patch should be exterminated imme-
diately.

. HOW TO EXTERMINATE THE WEED.

Several means suggest themselves. Cover the patch with straw and burn it
with the clover. A more radical way would be to use oil of vitriol and water
in the proportion of one of the oil of vitriol to three thousand of water; but
this must render the soil quite unfit for use at least for a year or two. If it
covers large areas clover ought to be followed by plants upon which dodder
will not grow. It has been found to grow with preference on leguminous
plants, showing its best development on clover vetch. The common bean is
seldom affected. At times it occurs on other leguminous plants, on various
weeds growing near clover patches, on some members of the carrot family
(Unbelliferae) and on common nettle (Urticaceae): it produces both flowers
and seeds. Haberlandt found that it would not even start on flax, sunflowers,
and hemp, but can be made to grow for a short time on mangolds, common
bean, and Indian corn.

It will be well, therefore, to follow clover with oats, wheat, and barley, or
such other plants upon which it will not grow. Above all, we should pre-
vent its appearance. It must be remembered that dodder seed maintains
its vitality for several years in the soil, and that the seeds are distributed in
several ways, first, by animals; second, by sowing clover and the like con-
taining dodder seed. Animals eating clover containing dodder seed carry
it for some distance. It has been shown that after it has passed the alimen-
tary canal the seeds are still capable of germinating. In Europe sieves are
used to separate dodder from the clover seed, as the latter is very much
smaller. It seems proper in this connection to say that suspected seed
should be sent to some of the experiment stations, as many seeds have a
characteristic structure, and can easily be recognized by aid of the micro-
scope.*

*A most excellent account of this parasite may be found in Sorauer, Diseases of
Plants (Phauzenkraukheiten) Vol. IL, page 32. Also N. G. Smith, Diseases of Field and
Garden Crops.

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY. 45

HORSE-NETTLE. .

In the last biennial report Dr. Halsted reported the appearance of Horse-
Nettle (Solanum Carolinense, L.) on the College farm. This species has
certainly come to stay. The past summer it was found in several places on
the farm. In Missouri and Southern Illinois it is a very troublesome pest in
grain fields. The leaves and stem are prickly. The flowers resemble those
of a potato; pale blue or whitish in color, while the ‘‘seeds” (berries) are
yellow. The plant is a perennial, that is, living from year to year, and
therefore somewhat difficult to destroy. The only effective measure of deal-
ing with this pest is to stamp out its first appearance. This may be done by
digging it up roots and all, and allowing none of the leaves to grow, as.
these are the organs in which the food of the plant is made.

SPIN Y-NIGHTSHADE.

Another very troublesome pest, and closely related to the Horse-Nettle, is
the Spiny-Nightshade (Solanum rostratwm Dunal) or thistle as it is called in
some places. This weed occurs in parts of lowa. It is to be hoped that
this pest will not get a strong foothold in our loose, fertile prairie soil.
The Spiny-Nightshade is a native of the Rocky Mountains, and the plains
from Nebraska to Texas. It hasspread eastward and southward to a consider-
able degree. Prof. Henry has well said, it is following up the ‘‘Potato Bug.’”
Anyone who has traveled in Texas or parts of Kansas and Missouri knows
how troublesome it is to the farmer. In these States it is well established;
occurring in streets, door-yards, and fields. In pastures, cattle avoid it,
thus leaving it to go to seed. Texas parties inform me that this plant
scatters its seeds like our tumble weeds (Amarantus, Cycloloma, ete.).
How long will it be before it becomes a serious pest in the grain and
corn fields of the Mississippi valley? It has already been reported from
Wisconsin, New York, and Massachusetts. The Wisconsin plants which I
collected were only strays, accidentally introduced by seed.

PRICKLY LETTUCE AND FIELD SOW-THISTLE.

From time to time [ have made observations on several other introduced
plants. I was therefore much interested in a little patch of Prickly Lettuce:
(Lactuca ovate L.) occurring on the College grounds. Dr. Halsted
informs me that he first observed it several years ago near some rubbish or
the College farm. I also noticed some in the streets of Ames and Des
Moines. The spreading of this weed is rather interesting. In Dr. Gray’s:
Synoptical Flora of North America it is recorded as ‘‘spreading near towns
and habitations in the Atlantic States.’’? It seems that Mr. Eggert collected
it as early as 1877 near St. Louis. Mr. David F. Day found it at Mukwanago,
forty miles west of Milwaukee, in 1880 (Bot. Gazette, page 159. See also
page 139 for other localities). In the fall of 1883 it was quite common at
Madison, Wisconsin, and in 1885 it was plentiful in a good many of the
vacant lots in North Chicago. In the summer of 1887, I found it near
LaCrosse, Wisconsin, in Vernon county, growing on a manure heap only a
few yards from a nursery. There can be little question that it was intro-
duced in some way by the nursery man, as much of his stock was purchased

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IOWA AGRICULTURAL picpa tae
vt
in the East. Recently I also noticed it in Northern Tae In Misc ouri | it
is common in the streets of cities, along railroads, and even growing ‘
woods.

The field Sow-Thistle (Sonchus Arvensiz, L.), which in one of our alljoint
ing States, Wisconsin, has been recognized in the weed law, is found in con-
siderable quantity along one of the great trunk linesentering Chicago. This
is a pest somewhat to be dreaded if it should appear in Iowa, as it is a peren-
nial and is much harder to stamp out than the common Sow-Thistle (Sonchus
olearaceus, 11.) In Chicago and near St. Louis I have seen one of the Pig-
weeds (Atriplex patula, L. var. hastata) in large numbers. Mr. Hitehcock
has recently reported it from Iowa City.

A great many more troublesome weeds could be added to this list, especially
such as are found in the streets, and along public highways; but those may
be considered at some other time. It would be a great aid to the Botanical
Department if the farmers of the State would send in weeds of various kinds,
giving their common names, and stating how troublesome they are.

PLANT DISEASES.

During the past summer some of the cherry and pear trees in the orchard
were seriously affected with fungous parasites. These diseases were espe-
cially troublesome in the new orchard set out by Captain Speer, of the experi-
ment station, and some of the seedlings in the nursery of the horticultural
department.

These diseases were chosen as thesis work by some of the special students
in the laboratory, and as some of the facts may be of interest I give abstracts
of their papers below.* The first paper was prepared by J. A. Kelsey.

LEAF BLIGHT AND CRACKING OF THE PEAR. (Hntomosponium maculatum, L.)

That pear trees were attacked by some destructive agent other than the
common fire-blight has been a well known fact to botanists of Europe and
America for almost a century. The loss from this disease must amount to a
great many thousand dollars annually. Every year large numbers of seed-
lings are completely destroyed by this fungus, while older trees are fre-
quently defoliated by the 4th of July. This not only prevents the develop-
ment of the fruit during the same year, but often destroys the prospect of a
crop the succeeding year, since it not unfrequently happens that a second
set of leaves and blossoms is put forth the sameautumn. The value of the
fruit is greatly deteriorated if not completely destroyed by the unsightly
appearance or cracking which the malady produces. The bark is also
attacked, so that all parts of the tree except the roots are subject to more or
less injury. The disease makes itself manifest in early spring. Many of the
leaves instead of retaining a uniformly green appearance are dotted with
small carmine-red spots, first appearing on the upper and later on the lower
surface of the leaf. The carmine-red color soon changes to a dull brown
During the early stages the fungus remains hidden beneath the cuticle of the
leaf, but later it is ruptured and exposes to the surface a countless number

*In these abstracts it is not intended to give references to the valuable papers

which have been published on the subjects treated, but Ba to some facts about a
few common and troublesome diseases.

ee eee ley iy

Po aheo| DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY. AT
; mes

of spores. On the leaves of a few of the Russian pears on the College

grounds, particularly on those of the Bessmanka pear, I found this eruption
had taken place without producing the brown spot. I believe that most of
the Russian varieties, on account of having thicker leaves than those origin-
ating in southwestern Europe, will prove to be much less affected by this
disease.

Other species of the genus Pyrus are also infested by a fungus, that to all
appearances is the same thing. Many of the quinces brought into our
market this fall from the East were almost completely covered. with this
destructive parasite. This fungus seems to be identical ph that on the
pear. Some apple seedlings on the ground, growing pear €eedlings, were
found to be quite seriously attacked by it. A

The fungus is carried over winter not only by the winter spores which are

produced late in the fall and winter, but also by summer spores, if they suc-

«eed in finding lodgement in the buds of next year’s growth. Concerning
its prevention and destruction nothing very definite can as yet be said, since
practical experiments have only been begun.

A number of the leading nurserymen of this country claim that seedlings
are much less liable to be attacked if planted in a new soil, or at least soil
which has not been occupied by trees.

Barry recommends that the ground be prepared by sub-soil plowing toa
depth of two feet the preceding autumn, and also by a liberal application of a
compost of lime and leaf mold to be well plowed the following spring, the
object being to secure a vigorous growth as early as possible in the season,
in order that the young trees may be better able to stand attack. All dis-
eased leaves should be raked up as soon as they fall, and burned.

Prof. Galloway has been highly successful during the past season in pre-
venting the disease, by the application of a mixture of copper, lime and
water, in the following proportions: Copper sulphate, six pounds; lime, six
pounds; water, twenty-two gallons. A block of five thousand pear trees,
treated at intervals of ten days, beginning June 5th, were reported August
1ith as being nearly free from the fungus. At the same time another block
of young pear trees adjoining these were very severely injured by the fungus.

THE SEED COATS OF CROTALARIA SAGITTALIS AND ASTRAGALUS MOLLISSIMUS.

The subject of Crotalism and Loco-poisoning has attracted considerable
attention in late years. It is sufficiently important to demand a short place
in this report. One of the veterinary students, Mr. Ashworth, has studied
the seed coats of Crotalaria sagittalis and Astragalus mollissimus for the
purpose of obtaining some characters to aid in the diagnosis of these diseases,
especially after parts of the seed have passed through the alimentary canal.

Crotalaria sagittalis, L., or Rattle-box, is an annual common in the west-
ern part of the State, along the Missouri river. It hasarather wide distribu-
tion in the United States, occurring in sandy soil from Massachusetts to
Illinois, Missouri, lowa, Nebraska, and south to Texas. Astragalus mollis-
simus, one of the Loco plants, is a perennial and occurs on high sandy soil,
distributed throughout the plains and table-lands of Colorado, New Mexico,
Utah, Wyoming, Texas, Indian Territory and Arkansas. In Astragalus

m™ Pittedinius, the outer or palisade asta is thic nd di
gated, like the palisade cells in leaves. They are marke:
k third by a light line. The cell cavity is larger at the base, : an
~ tapers upwards until it is quite narrow. The palisade cells show f
distinct folds, the middle one refracting light strongly; the second |
composed of thick walled cells; the cavity resembles a dumb-bell in o
~The third layer is composed of several rows of thin walled—really di
tiated—cells, in two parts; the cells of the lower part of the third layer
- more irregular than the first. The fourth layer is made up of four row
cells, which are elliptical in outline, with a small cell-cavity. The fifth la
is composed of elongated cells similar to those of the fourth. The ce
the sixth layer are very small; some of these occasionally contain an oil
globule. The testa of Crotalaria sagiltalis is made up of four differentiated —
layers. The outer is fully one third larger than in Astragalus mollissim
The light line runs horizontally one fourth the way down from the cuticl
The remaining layers are much like those of Astragalus, excepting the third: 18
which contains three rows of thin walled cells. The aleurone layer and the
starch cells of the embryo join the inner layer of seed coats.

a Py.

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a {0 wa College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. ee

ey “Notes on THE ‘Fora OF WESTERN Towa. Bh A ;
gy ne ‘Some Notes: oN CHROMOGENIC BACTERIA.
3. Fusevus DISEASES OF PLANTS AT AMES, Towa, 1895.

ee Soms ANATOMICAL STupDIES OF THE LEAVES OF SPOROBOLUS AND ie

Panicum. , FP SA ee
rom Proceedings lowa Academy of Seich ces. Vol. IIL) Tae

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{ Reprinted from Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences for 1895. Vol. III]

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF WESTERN IOWA.

BY L. H. PAMMEL.

-_

The flora of the loess in western Iowa is unique, in many
respects. While it may be said that many parts of the state
have a typical prairie flora, certain species being common from
Texas to British America, east to Wisconsin, Illinois and
Indiana, only occasionally do we find plants of the great plains
in our own state. Western species are somewhat unequally
distributed in our state; they occupy a larger area in north-
western Iowa than in southern and western. In northern
Iowa a few prominent types appear, as in Emmet county. Of
these I may mention Boutelowa oligostachya, Agropyrum caninun,
A, caesium, Grindelia squarrosa, Helianthus Maximiliani. The
latter is not, however, a typical western plant, though intro-
duced in central Iowa. It crosses our western border on the
loess and extends south to Texas.

The loess of western Iowa is peculiar so far as the flora is
concerned, nothing like it in Iowa. A number of American
writers have written upon the peculiarities of its plant life. B.
F. Bush' has given us a complete:catalogue of the flora of
northwestern Missouri.

A. 8. Hitchcock” has reported a few of the plants occurring
near Sioux City, and in general touches on the flora of western
Iowa.

J. W. McGee considers the loess flora of northeastern Iowa.
The two regions are however not similar from a botanical
standpoint. It may be well to speak of the formation in this

1Notes on the mound flora of Atchison county, Missouri. Reprint, Sixth Ann. Rep.
Missouri Botanical Garden, 1895, pp. 121-134.
2Notes on the flora of Iowa, Bot. Gazette: Vol. XIV, p. 127

=

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS. 107

connection. McGee’ says: ‘‘The macroscopic characters of the
deposit are moderately constant:

(1) It is commonly fine, homogeneous, free from pebbles
or other adventious matter, and either massive or so obscurely
etratified that the bedding plains are inconspicuous; (2) it com-
monly contains unoxidized carbonate of lime in such quantity
as to effervesce freely under acids; (8) it frequently contains
nodules and minute ramifying tubules of carbonate of lime; (4)
in many regions it contains abundant shells of land and fresh
water mollusca; (5) is commonly so friable that it may be
removed with a spade or impressed with the fingers, yet it
resists weathering and erosion in a remarkable manner, stand-
ing for years in vertical faces and developing sieeper erosion
slopes than any other formation except the more obdurate clastic
or crystalline rocks.” McGee also states that it is a fallacy to
regard the loess as identical in composition or that it is identi-
cal in genesis or even in age. As to its origin, Chamberlin and
Salisbury find that in western Wisconsin and contiguous
parts of Illinois and lowa its composition varies in different
localities with that of the associated drift and that both compo-
sition and distribution point to glacial silt as the parent forma-
tion of the loess in the upper Mississippi valley. Prof. McGee
in speaking of the plants of the loess in northeastern Iowa lays
stress on the prevalence of hard wood forests in the area. That
the timber belt is confined to this area. The chief trees of this
region from my observations are, oaks a half dozen species
(Quercus macrocarpa, (. coccinea, Q. tinctoria, Q. rubra, Q. alba,
Q. Muhlenbergii, Q. bicolor). The YQ. bicolor is however, a swamp
species. The latter and Q. Muhlenbergii are southern species
that have extended northward along the Mississippi. The
butternut (Juglans cinerea) of the uplands and walnut (Juglans
nigra) of the bottoms, the former is northern and the latter
southern. The genus Prunus is represented by three species
(Prunus Americana, P. serotina, and P. Virginiana). The crab-
apple (Pyrus coronaria) is found everywhere in thickets. The
white birch (Betula papyracea) is a rare tree, the river birch
(Betula nigra) is abundant along the streams; other trees along
streams are honey locust (Gleditschia triacanthos); sycamore
(Platanus occidentalis), Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus Cana-
densis), all southern representatives. The elms are represented

8The Pleistocene history of northeastern Iowa, Eleventh Ann. Rep. U.S. Geological
Survey, p. 291.

108 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ’ oe aa

by three species (Ulmus Americana, U. racemosa and U. fulva).
Only one, the slippery elm, is abundant on the loess formation,
though Ulmus Americana is less restricted to low bottoms than
U. racemosa. Of the maples the sugar maple (Acer saccharinum)
is common on the loess, while the soft maple (Acer dasycarpum)
is exclusively a lowland species, so is box elder (Negundo-
aceroides). The mountain maple (Acer spicatwm) occurs on the
loess. Tilia Americana is common on the loess formation.
Three cone bearing trees occur in northeastern Iowa (Abies
balsamea, Pinus Strobus and Juniperus Virginiana), but they occur
on other than loess soil. Of the ashes there are several species
the Fraxinus viridis delights in low bottoms. The F. Americana
occurs on higher soil.

I cannot, in this connection, enumerate the shrubs that
occur, but they are numerous and may occur in thickets in
both loess and bottoms. Comparing the plants found in north-
eastern Iowa with those about La Crosse, Wis., where my
early botanical work was done, I may say that most of the
species occur and that the woody plants are more numerous.
Some of the southern species, however, fail to appear, but in
places northern forms occur. The density of the timber
increases from the Mississippieast. Inthe drainage basin of the
Kickapoo Valley the finest timber in western Wisconsin occurs.
Nowhere have I seen such beautiful specimens of Acer saccha-
rinum, Tilia Americana and Quercus macrocarpa. ‘This, too, is
outside of the loess region. In southwestern Minnesota, the
statement of McGee that there is a significant relation between
the loess sheeting and forest covering is very apparent.

The most significant fact appearing to one who has made a
study of the loess flora of western Iowa is the absence of trees,
except an occasional cottonwood, on the peculiar mounds that
occur in parallel ridges along the Missouri river. These
peculiar hills rise abruptly from the rich, fertile Missouri bot-
tom and somewhat resemble the low foot hills of the Rocky
mountains. They are from 100 to 200 feet high. From a dis-
tance they lool bare, but a day spent in this region will show
that the hills are full of botanical interest. I have made four
botanical trips at different times along the Missouri. On the
whole there is very little variation in the flora of Iowa. If we
leave out of consideration a number of mcst interesting plants
found in Winneshiek county by Mr. Holway and a few peculiar
southern plants found by Mr. Ferd Reppert, near the city of

(aie | IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 109

Muscatine, the only radical difference shown in our flora is
that occurring along the Missouri. About twenty-five western
and northwestern species occur and, according to the list of
Mr. Bush, nearly the same species occur from Sioux City, Iowa,
to St. Joseph, Mo. The region is not entirely devoid of
trees, in its northern portion, between the steep mounds a var-
iety of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa var. olivaeformis), Slippery
elm (Ulmus fulva), Cottonwood (Populus monilifiera), Plum
(Prunus Americana), Basswood (Tilia Americana), box elder
(Negundo aceroides), occur. Several shrubs also occur; Grape
(Vitis riparia), climbing bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), wahoo
(Zuonymus atropurpureus). South, the timber area is more
extensive, as at Council Bluffs and Missouri Valley. At Glen-
wood and Logan there are fine specimens of Quercus rubra,
Tilia Americana and Ulmus fulva. They are abundant from one-
half to two miles from the hills. The trees on the loess about
Turin and Sioux City are broad and spreading.

Of the peculiar herbaceous plants, I shall content myself by
giving a list. The beautiful Spanish bayonet (Yucca angusti-
folia) so abundant everywhere in the west. The Aplopappus
spinulosus forms dense mats on the tops of the mounds. Grin-
delia squarrosa, now naturalized in other parts of Iowa. Liatris
punctata, Euphorbia marginata, E. heterophylla, a beautiful blue-
flowered lettuce (Lactuca pulchella), Gaura coccinea, so abundant
everywhere in Nebraska and in the Rocky mountain region.
Oxybaphus angustifolia, Helianthus Mazximiliani, Lygodesmia
juncea, an abundant plant of the plains now exerting itself with
great force in the cornfields of northwestern Iowa. The
beautiful Mentzelia ornata is confined to Cedar Bluffs along the
Big Sioux a few miles north of Sioux City. Cleome integrifolia,
the celebrated Rocky Mountain bee plant. Two species of Dalea
(D. alopecuroides and D. laxiflora) the Loco weed (Oxytropis
Lamberti) and Astragalus lotijflorus, var. brachypus. Professor
Hitchcock records Stipa comata, which belongs chiefly to the
Rocky Mountain region and rarely found in eastern Nebraska.
Shepherdia argentea occurs along the Missouri near Sioux City
undoubtedly a waif from the northwest.

I may also add a gamma grass peculiar to the west, most
common species of Nebraska (Boutelowa oligostachya) Buftalo
grass (Buchloe dactyloides) from Lyon county. The most abun-
dant grasses on the hills are Andropogon scoparius, Bouteloua
racemosa, quite common in many parts of Iowa. Muhlenbergia

110 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. k ae

o

_ soboliferia, Ammophila longifolia and Sporobolus Hookeri, —

S. brevifolius and an unnamed western species which has hereto-

fore been referred to S. cuspidatus. I may also remark that a
peculiar thistle occurs, the Cnicus altissimus, var. jililpendulus.

Why is it that these peculiar hills, not more than a few
hundred feet wide, should have such a local western flora?
The soil is retentive of moisture, it dries out quickly and the
roots easily penetrate the soil to draw on the contained moist-
ure below. This certainly cannot be the reason, since the
loess extends along the river courses in the interior. Some
of these plants, since the cultivation of the soil, have shown
some tendency to spread, as in Huphorbia marginata, Lygodesmia
juncea, Grindelia squarrosa, which are tramping eastward to
menace the farmer.

Were the seeds of some of these plants brought to lowa
with the buffalo, as has been suggested for buffalo grass?
Some of the plants are disseminated by the wind, and in others
the water can by a purely mechanical means bring them to the
base of the mound. With the more woody country of south-
eastern Iowa there seems to have been but little chance for
these plants to spread beyond the bluffs. In northwestern
Iowa some of these plants, like Helianthus Maximiliani, are not
uncommon, which shows that the woody area of southwestern
Iowa is in part a barrier against a further eastern extension.
But why did the plants not extend beyond the very narrow
limits, as the forest area does not encroach directly on the
loess mounds? I am at a loss to explain this most peculiar
distribution.

In the list appended I enumerate the most striking plants.
The writer is under obligations to-Mrs. Rose Schuster Taylor
and Miss Bandusia Wakefield, of Sioux City, for favors
rendered; also Mr. E. D. Ball, of Little Rock; Mr. W. Newell
and J. Jensen, of Hull, and EK. G. Preston, of Battle Creek,
for specimens, to Dr. Miilspaugh for naming the Euphorbias.

My own collections were made at various times near Sioux
City, Hawarden, Onawa, Turin, Missouri Valley, Council Bluffs
and Logan. The list could have been extended and localities
added, but college material is not readily accessible at this
time of the year. Miss Wakefield’s list is based on colored
sketches in her possession. I have abbreviated all specimens
credited to her as (B. W.), and those collected by myself as
(L. H. P.). I have followed Gray’s Manual in arrangement of

——- IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 111

a orders, genera and species. It will not be necessary to com- *
ment on the value of this, since it is the standard work in the
schools and colleges of lowa.

RANUNCULACE.
Clematis Virginiana L.
Sioux City, in woody ravines (B. W.).
Anemone patens L. var. Nuttalliana Gray.
Sioux City, prairies, abundant (B. W.).
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray.
Hull (W. Newell); Little Rock, dry grounds (Herb. C.R. Ball).
A, Virginiana L.
Sicux City (B W.).
A, Canadensis L.
Sioux City, low grounds, bottoms (B. W.); Little Rock
' (Herb. C. R. Ball).
Thalictrum purpurascens Li.
Sioux City, low grounds and prairies (B. W.); Hull (W. New-
ell); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh.
Hull (W. Newell); Little Rock (Herb. C. R. Ball).
R. multifidus Parsh.
Little Rock, in water (Herb. C. R. Ball).
R. abortivus L.
Sioux City (B. W).
R. septentrionalis Poir.
Cherokee (B. W.).
Caltha palustris L.
Sicux City, not common, low marshes (B. W.).
Aquilegia Canadensis Li.
Sioux City, abundant in wooded ravines (B. W.).
Delphinium azureum Michx.
Sioux City prairies (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball);
flowers of lowa specimens are greenish white.
Actaea spicata L. var. rubra, Ait.
Sioux City woods, frequent (B. W.).

MENISPERMACE.
Menispermum Canadense Lu.
Sioux City, common, in wooded ravines (B. W.: L. H. P.).
BERBERIDACE.%.
Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx.
Sioux City woods, frequent (B. W.).

112 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

NYMPHAEACE. a
Nelumbo lutea Pers. ; ee vag
Onawa (B. W.). ee
Nymphaea reniformis D. C. ‘6
Lyon Co. (B. W.).
Nuphar advena Ait.
Sioux township Lyon Co., northwest corner of state (B. W.).

PAPAVERACE.

Sanguinaria Canadensis L.
Sioux City. Wooded ravines (B. W.).

FUMARIACE,

Dicentra cucullaria D. C.
Sioux City, abundant in wooded ravines in vegetable mould.
Corydalis aurea Willd.
Sioux City, borders of woods, common (B. W.).

CRUCIFERZ
Lepidium Virginicum L.
Sioux City, waste places abundant (B W.)
L. apetalum Willd.
Not represented by specimens though abundant on mounds,
fields and pastures in western lowa (L. H. P.).’
Capsella Bursa-pastoris Medic.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Brasssca nigra Koch.
Sioux City (B. W.).
B. Sinapistrum Boiss.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Sismbrium officinale Scop.
Sioux City (B. W.); Battle Creek (E. G. Preston); Little
Rock (C. R. Bali); roadside weed.
S. canescens, Nutt.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Erysimum cheiranthoides L.
Sioux City, rich soil, river bottoms (B. W.).
Nasturtium terrestre R. Br.
Sioux City (B. W.) low grounds; borders of ponds and
streams.
Cardamine hirsuta Li.
Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
Arabis, hirsuta Scop.
Sioux City (B. W.).

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 113

CAPPARIDACE/.

Polanisia graveolens, Raf.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Cleome integrifolia Torr. & Gray.
Onawa, Missouri Valley streets and loess mounds (L. H.
P.) common (B. W.); common in the city (L. H. Pam-
mel); from observation.

VIOLACE.
Viola pedatifida Don.
Sioux City, prairies frequent (B. W.).
A. paimata L. var. cucullata Gray.
Sioux City, common in woods (B. W.).
Viola Canadensis L.
Sioux City, wooded ravines between loess mounds east of
Sioux City (B. W.). Apparently out of its range.
CARYOPHYLLACE.
Saponaria officinalis L.
Sioux City, escaped from cultivation (B. W.).
Silene stellata Ait.
Sioux City, woods common (B. W.); Hawarden, Council
Bluffs, common borders of woods (L. H. P.).
Lychnis Githago Lam.
Sioux City, an introduced weed (B. W.); Rock Valley
(Jensen & Newell); Little Rock (Herb. C. R. Ball).
_Stellaria longifolia Muhl.
Sioux City (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).

PORTULACACE4.
Portulaca oleracea Li.

Sioux City (B. W.); an abundant weed everywhere in west-
ern lowa.
Talinum teretifolivm Pursh.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Claytonia Virginica L.
Smithlana, in woods (B. W.).
MALVACE.
Malva rotundifolia L.
Turin, Onawa, weed in streets and along roadsides (i. HB.
P.); Sioux City (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
Abutilon Avicennce Gaertn.
Onawa, streets and wuste places, abundant (L. H. P.); Sioux
City (B. W.).
8

114 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ae

TILIACE A. eS
Tilia Americana L. .

Sioux City, Turin, Missouri Valley, Council Blutfs, ravines a

between loess mounds (L. H. P.); back of mounds an
abundant tree.

LINACEZ.

Linum sulcatum Riddell.
Sioux City, top and sides of loess mounds, prairies (L. H.
P.), (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
L. rigidum Pursh.
Sioux City, loess mounds, capsules and old stems only
found by myself (L. H. P.); Hamburg (Hitchcock, Bot.
Gazette, XIV, 128).

GERANIACE.
Oxalis violacece L.
Sioux City, in woods frequent (B. W.); Little Rock ar fs
C. R. Ball).
O. corniculata L. var. stricta Sav.
Turin, Onawa, in woods and fields abundant (L. H. P.);
Sioux City (B. W.).
Impatiens pallida Nutt.
Sioux City, in woods along streams (B. W.).
I. Fulva Nutt.
Sioux City, in woods along streams (B. W.).

RUTACEAE.

Xanthoxylum Americanum Nutt.
Sioux City, common in woods (B. W.); South Dakota, oppo-
site Hawarden, in valleys between hilis (L. H. P.).

CELASTRACEZ.
Celastrus scandens L.
Sioux City, common in woods between loess mounds (B. W.
and L. H. P.).
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.
Sioux City, in woods between loess mounds (B. W., L. H. P.);
South Dakota, opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.).

RHAMNACEE.

Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh.
Logan, low hills in woods (L. H. P.), Sioux City, level
woodland near the Big Sioux river (B. W.).

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. T15

Ceanothus Americanus L.
Turin, Missouri Valley, loess hills in open, grassy places
(L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).
C. ovatus Desf.
Council Bluffs, sides and tops of loess mounds (L. H. P.).
VITACE.
Vitis riparia Michx.
Sioux City, valleys between loess mounds in woods (L. H. P.);
South Dakota, opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.).
Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx.
Sioux City, in woods; common (B. W.).

| SAPINDACEZ.
Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.
Sioux City, Hawarden; abundant in alluvial bottoms, along
Big Sioux and Missouri rivers (L. H. P.).
Negundo aceroides Moench.
Sioux City, frequent along streams (B. W.).
Staphylea trifolia L.
Sioux City, in valleys between loess hills (B. W.).
ANACARDIACES.
Rhus glabra L.
Sioux City, common border of loess mounds (B. W.) South
Dakota, opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.).
R. Toxicodendron L.
Sioux City, common in valleys between loess mounds
tB. Wi}
POLYGALACE.
Pulygala verticillata L. '
Sioux City, loess mounds (L. H. P. and B. W.).

LEGUMINOS 2.

Baptisia leucantha Torr. and Gray.
Battle Creek, low places, prairie (HE. G. Preston), Cherokee
(B. W.).
Crotalaria sagittalis L.
Sioux City, bank of Big Sioux river, Cedar Bluffs (B. W.).
Trifolium pratense L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
T. stoloniferum Muh.
Sioux City (B. W.).
T. repens Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).

116 10WA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Melilotus officinalis Willd.
Sioux City (B. W.), Council Bluffs (L. H. P.).
M. alba Lam.

Sioux City, along railroads, in streets, fields and roadsides,
abundant (L. H. P. and B. W.), Onawa, Turin (L.
> el ae 8

Medicago sativa L.

Sioux City, in streets; not common, Council Bluffs (L. H. P.).
Hosackia Purshiana Benth.

Sioux City, loess mounds (B. W.).
Psoralea argophylla Pursh.

Sioux City, adundant on loess mounds (B. W.), high
prairies and low, rich soil; Little Rock (Herb. C. R.
Ball), Hull (W. Newell). .A typical prairie plant, com-
mon throughout lowa on dry hills.

Amorpha canescens L. ;

Sioux City, bottoms (B. W.), Missouri Valley (L. H. P.).

Dalea alopecuroides Nutt.

Near Lake Okoboji (B. W.), Missouri Valley, Sioux City,
loess mounds; abundant; Hawarden, in open grounds
(L. H. P.), Hamburg (Hitchcock Bot. Gazette, XIV,
128).

D. laxiflora Pursh.

Sioux City (B. W.). The species is abundant on the loess
mounds about Sioux City, Missouri Valley and Turin,
producing a long and thick root. Hamburg (Hitch-
cock, Bot. Gazette, XIV, 128).

Petalostemon violaceus Michx.

Sioux City abundant on loess hills (B. W., L. H. P.); Hull
(W. Newell); South Dakota opposite Hawarden dry
hills (L. H. P.); Logan (L. H. P.); Battle Creek (EK. G.
Preston); Little Rock (C. R. Ball); Council Bluffs dry
hills (L. H. P.); Missouri Valley, Turin, loess hills (L.
H. P.). On loess mounds, usually with shorter heads
than commonly found on prairies.

P. candidus Michx.

Sioux City, hills loess abundant; L. H. P. South Dakota
opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.); Hull:(W. Newell); Bat-
tle Creek (E. G. Preston); Little Rock (Herb. C. R.
Ball;) Council Bluffs, Turin, Missouri Valley, on loess
mounds, shorter heads and smaller plants than com-
monly found on prairies.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. VS

Robinia Pseudacacia Li.

Sioux City, an escape from cultivation (B. W.).
Astragalus caryocarpus Ker.

Sioux City (B. W.).
A. Canadensis L

Sioux City (B. W.).
A. lotifloris Hook var. brachypus Gray.

Hamburg, Hitchcock, Bot. Gazette XIV, 128.
Oxytropis Lamberti Pursh.

Soiux City (B. W.). Specimens in fruit were found near
Turin and Missouri Valley on loess mounds (L. H.
P.). Produces a perennial root several feet in
length, frequently exposed where soil has washed
away. Miss Wakefield finds the form with violet
colored flowers more common than the white. Ham-
burg (Hitchcock, Bot. Gazette, XIV, 128).

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt.

Sioux City (B. W.); Turin, Missouri Valley, along railroads,
and border of hills common, Logan, Council Bluffs (L.
H. P.). Hull (W. Newell); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).

Desmodium Canadense D. C.

Hull (W. Newell).
D. canescens D. C.

Sioux City, bottom (L. H. P.).
Apios tuberosa Moench.

Smithiand, low grounds (B. W.).
Strophostyles angulosa Hil.

South Dakota, opposite Hawarden, flood plain of Big Sioux

river (L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).
Amphicarpea monoica Nutt.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Cassia Chameecrista L.

Missouri Valley, loess hills abundant (L. H. P.); Sioux
City (B. W. and L. H. P.); South Dakota, opposite
Hawerden (L. H. P.); Battle Creek (E. G. Preston).

Gymnocladus Canadensis Lam.
Sioux City (B. W.), abundant at the mouth of the Big
Sioux river, in alluvial soil, base of hills (L. H. P.).
Gleditschia triacanthos L.
Sioux City, abundant along the river (B. W.).
Desmanthus brachylobus Benth.
Spirit Lake (B. W.).

118 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a
ROSACES. a
; ae
Prunus Americana Marshall. a

Council Bluffs, loess in valleys between mounds. South
Dakota, opposite Hawarden forming thickets at the base
of hills (L. H. P.), Sioux City (B. W.) the species forms
dense thickets in western Iowa, fruit small.

P. Virginiana L.
Logan, in valleys between hills. Sioux City (B. W.); the
species occurs in thickets mosily small shrubs.

Rubus strigosus Michx.

Sioux City, rare (B. W.).
R. occidentalis Li.

Sioux City, not common (B. W.). ;
Geum album Gmelin.

Logan, in woods (L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).
Fragaria Virginiana Mill. var. Iilinoensis Gray.

Sioux City (B. W.).
Potentilla arguta Pursh.

Hull (W. Newell); Battle Creek, (EH. G. Preston); Little
Rock, (Herb. C. R. Ball); Sioux City (B. W.). The
species is frequent in dry places in western Iowa, loess
mounds.

P. Norvegica L.
Hull (W. Newell); Little Rock (C. R. Ball); Rock Valley,
(J. F. Jensen and W. Newell); Sioux City (B. W.).
Var. millelegrana Watson.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Rosa Arkansana Porter.
Hull (M. Newell).

SAXIFRAGACE/#.

Heuchera hispida Pursh.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Ribes gracile Michx.
Sioux City, in woods (B. W.) Council Bluffs, loess in woods
(TE 72?.),
R. floridum L’ Her.
Sioux City, in woods (L. H. P.); South Dakota, opposite
Hawarden in woods, valleys and between hills.

CRASSULACE.
Penthorum sedoides Tau.

Hull (W. Newell); Sioux City (B. W.).

eee IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. | 119

ONAGRACEAE.
Oenothera biennis L.

Hull (W. Newell); Battle Creek (EK. G. Preston); Little
Rock (C. R. Ball); Council Bluffs (L. H. P.). A weed
in streets and waste places, and fields abundant
throughout western Iowa.

O. serrulata Nutt.

Sioux City (B. W.); Battle Creek (EH. G. Preston); Little
Rock (C. R. Ball); Hull (W. Newell). Praries and loess
mounds abundant.

Gaura parviflora Doug}.

Sioux City, base of mounds (B. W.); Missouri Valley (L.
H. P.). It isspreading eastward, occurring in meadows
and fields.

G. coccinea Wutt.

Sioux City (B. W.) Missouri Valley, Turin top of loess
mounds, common (L. H. P.); Hamburg (Hitchcock,
Bot. Gazette XTV, 128).

LOASACEZ.

Mentzelia ornata Torr. & Gray.
Sioux City on sandy and rocky bluffs along the Big Sioux
river, Cedar Biuffs, abundant in that locality (B. W.).

CUCURBITACEA.

Echinocystis lobata Torr & Gray.
Turin, low ground along streams (L. H. P.).

CATACH A.

Opuntia Rafinesquii Englem.
Lyon county (B. W.).

UMBELLIFERZ.

Heracleum lanatum Michx.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Pastinaca sativa WL.
A roadside weed. Council Bluffs, Sioux City (L. H. P.).
Cryptotenia Canadensis D. C.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Zizia aurea Koch.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Cicuta maculata L.
South Dakota opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.); Sioux City
(B. W.)

120 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. es

Osmorrhiza brevistylis D. C. Be Ike
Sioux City (B. W.). an .

Eryngium yuccaefolium Michx.
Cherokee (B. W.).

CAPRIFOLIACE/.

Triosteum perfoliatum Li.
Cherokee Co., Sioux City (B. W.)
Sambucus Canadensis Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.
Sioux City, base of mounds; abundant (L. H. P. ane B. W.);
South Dakota, opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.); Battle
Creek (Hi. G. Preston); Rock Valley (W. Newell and
J. F. Jensen); Little Rock (C. R. Ball); Council Bluffs,
Missouri Valley, Turin, base of loess mounds; abun-
dant (L. H. P.).

RUBIACEZE,

Houstonia angustifiolia Michx.
Logan, hills; Council Bluffs, Missouri Valley, loess mounds
(L. H. P.); Smithland (B. W.), common everywhere on —
the hills. .
Galium Aparine L.
Sioux City (B. W.).

COMPOSIT.

Vernonia fasiculata Michx.
Hawarden, Missouri Valley, Turin, low grounds (L. H. P.);
Sioux City (B. W.).
V. Noveboracensis Willd.
Missouri Valley, Council Bluffs, loess mounds near base
(Tosa).
Eupatorium purpureum Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).
E. serotinum Michx.
Sioux City, Big Sioux bottom; not common (L. H. P.).
EL. perfoliatum La.
Missouri Valley, low grounds (L. H. P), Sioux City (B. W.).
E. ageratoides Li. .
Sioux City (B. W.); Onawa, in woods and low grounds
(Ta, THe Py.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 121

Kuhnia eupatoriodes L.

Missouri Valley, Turin, loess mounds; Sioux City, loess
mounds (B. W. and L. H. P.); Alton, prairies; South
Dakota, opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.).

Liatris punctata Hook.

Missouri Valley, loess mounds (L. H. P.); Sioux City
(B. W., L. H. P.); Hitchcock, South Dakota, opposite
Hawarden, hills (L. H. P.).

L. scariosa Willd.

Alton, prairies, South Dakota, opposite Hawarden (lL.

i 5 Be Ba
Grindelia squarrosa Dunal.

Smithland (J. M. Wrapp), Sioux City, Hawarden, alluvial
plain, Big Sioux river, abundant (L. H. P.); Battle
Creek (EH. G. Preston); Little Rock (Herb. C. R. Ball).
Sioux City (Hitchcock, Bot. Gazette, XIV, 128).

Aplopappus spinulosus D. C.

Missouri Valley, Turin, Sioux City, tops of loess mounds,
found in dense patches (L. H. P., B. W., Hitchcock,
Bot. Gazette, XIV, 128).

Solidago speciosa Nutt.
Turin low grounds, border of woods (L. H. P.); Sioux City,
base of hills (B. W.).

S. Missouriensis Nutt.

Turin, Missouri Valley, loess mounds common (L. H. P.).
S. serotina Ait.

Sioux City (B. W.).
S. rupestris Raf.

Sioux City, loess mounds (L. H. P.).
S. Canadensis L.

Sioux City, border of woods, thickets, roadsides, fences,
pastures, abundant (L. H. P. B. W.); Onawa, Turin
($i HP)

S. rigida L.
Turin, loess hills (L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.),
Boltonia asteroides L’ Her.

Missouri Valley, Turin, low bottoms, common (L. H. P.);

Sioux City (B. W.).
Aster oblongifolius Nutt.

Turin, very abundant over loess mounds; South Dakota,
opposite Hawarden, abundant all over low hiils (L. H.
P.); Sioux City, low mounds, common (B. W., L. H. P.).

122 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a

(aa hin :
A, Nove-Anglie L. 1a a
Turin, borders of woods, common; South Dakota, opposite .
Hawarden, few specimens near spring (L. H » Ps

Sicux City (B. W.).

A. sericeus Vent.

Sioux Rapids, prairies, Turin, Missouri Valley, abundant

| over loess mounds (L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).

A. sagittifolius Willd.

Turin, low grounds (L. H. P.).
A, ericoides L.

Turin, low grounds (L. H. P.).
A, multiflorus Ait.

Missouri Valley, open places, woods (L. H. P.); Sioux
City (B. W.).

A. paniculatus Lam.

Sioux City, bottoms (L. H. P.); A. ptarmicoides, Torr. &

Gray. Little Rock, prairies (Herb. C. R. Ball).
Erigeron Canadensis L.

Sioux City (B. W.); a weed in fields and pastures through-
out western Iowa (L. H. P. observations).

E. strigosus Muhl.

Rock Valley (W. Newell, J. F. Jensen); Little Rock,
prairies (Herb. C. R. Ball).

E. Philadelphicus Lu.

Hull (W. Newell); Sioux City (B. W.).
Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook.

Sioux City (B. W.).
Silphium laciniatum La.

Council Bluffs, common around loess mounds (L. H P.);

Sioux City (B. W.).
S. perfoliatum L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Iva xanthiifolia Nutt.

Sioux City (B. W., L. H. P.); Onawa L. H. P.); Smith-
land (J. M. Wrapp). An extremely abundant weed
everywhere in western Iowa, growing luxuriantly ten
to twelve feet high in streets, vacant lots, dooryards,
and around neglected buildings, etc.

Ambrosia trifida Li.

Smithland (J. M. Wrapp); Sioux City (B. W.). A common
weed along creeks and river courses in western lowa
(L. H. P.).

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 123
A. artemisiaefolia L.

Alton, Turin (L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.). A common
weed in cultivated fields, pastures, meadows, along
roadsides, vacant lots, and railroads.

A. psilostachya DC.

Council Bluffs, common weed along creeks and river

courses in western Iowa (L. H. P.).
Xanthium Canadense Mill.

Sioux City, Turin (L. H. P.). In alluvial soil very abun-
dant and weedy. South Dakota, opposite Hawarden,
bottoms of Big Sioux river (L. H. P.).

Heliopsis scabra Dunal.

Sioux City (B. W.); Hull (W. Newell); Battle Creek, in

woods (HE. G. Preston); Little Rock (Herb. C. R. Ball).
Echinacea angustifolia DC.

Sioux City (B. W.); Hull (W. Newell); Battle Creek,
abundant prairies (E. G. Preston); Council Bluffs,
Logan (L. H. P.); Little Rock (Herb., C. R. Ball).

Rudbeckia laciniata Li.
South Dakota, opposite Hawarden in woods abundant (L.
H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).
R. triloba L.
Onawa, low grounds, common (L. H. P.)
R. hirta L.
Sioux City (B. W.) Little Rock (Herb. C. R. Ball).
Lepachys pinnata Torr. & Gray.
Sioux City (B. W.) Council Bluffs (L. H. P.).
Helianthus annuus L.

Sioux City (B. W.); Hawarden (L. H. P.); Onawa, Mis-
souri Valley, (L. H. P.). A common weed everywhere
in western lowa, flood plains, Missouri and Big Sioux
rivers, streets and dooryards. (L. H. P.).

H. rigidus Desf.
Hawarden (L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).
Hi. grosse-serratus Martens.

Sioux City, abundant in alluvial bottoms of Missouri river,
and along river courses, creeks (L. H. P., B. W.); Onawa,
Turin. One of the most conspicuous plants in September.

H. Mazimiliani Schrad.

Sioux City, Loess hills along the Missouri and Big Sioux
rivers. Aiton, Sioux Rapids, Hawarden, occasionally in
alluvial bottoms at Whiting; also observed near Brad-
gate further east (L. H. P.).

Rice
ag
‘s

124 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. bis

H. tuberosus L. ae
Sioux City, between loess mounds, common, Hawarden, a
Big Sioux bottom, common (L. H. P.). i's
Coreposis palmata Nutt.
Sioux City (B. W.); Hull (W. Newell); Batile Creek (H. G.
Preston); Little Rock (Herb. C. R. Ball).
Bidens frondosa Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).
B. chrysanthemoides Michx.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Helenium autumnatle Li.
Missouri Valley, low grounds, common (L. H. P.) Sioux
City (B. W.).
Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag.
Sioux City, hills, waste places, streets, along roadsides
abundant (L. H. P., B. W.); Turin (L. H. P.).
Anthemis Cotula D. C.
Sioux City (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
Achillea millefolium L.
Sioux City (B. W.); Battle Creek, pastures (EK. G. os
Little Rock (C. R. Ball.).
Crysanthemum Leucanthemum L.
Sioux City; escaped from cultivation (B. W.).
Artemisia Canadensis Michx.
Sioux City (B. W., L. H. P.); South Dakota, opposite Har-
warden (L. H. P.).
A. Ludoviciana Nuit.
Sioux Cisy (ia) A. ).
A, biennis Willd.
Sioux City (B. W ).
Senecio aureus La.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.
Council Bluffs (L. H. P.); Smithland (B. W.).
Arctium Lappa Ta.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Cnicus undulatus Gray.
Sioux City, lower parts of loess mounds; abundant in plaeeg
(Li. EL. PO
C. aitissimus Willd. var. jfilipendulus Gray.
Has been sent to me from western lowa—Ruthven (D. Cha-
pin); Sioux City (L. H. P.; Hitchcock Bot. Gazette, XIV,

a ,
é
he

>

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125

129). This approaches C. undulatus, Miss Wakefield’s
C. undulatus, from Sioux City, is referable to this
variety.
Var. discolor Gray.
Sioux City (B. W.).
C. arvensis Hoffm.
Maple River Junction (Bernholiz).
Krigia Dandelion Nutt.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Lygodesmia juncea Don.
Sioux City, loess mounds very abundant (L. H. P.); Logan,
Missouri Valley, Turin (L. H. P.); Hull, weedy (James
C. Watson); Little Rock, weedy (C. R. Ball); Battle
Creek, roadsides, weedy (H. G. Preston). Very abun-
dant tops and sides of mounds. In August and Septem-
ber most of the plants are affected with galls.
Taraxacum officinale Weber.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Lactuca Scariola Li.
Missouri Valley (L. H. P.). Common in streets of Council
Bluffs, Onawa, Turin (L. H. P. ooservations).
L. Canadensis L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
L. integrifolia Bigel.
Lake Okoboji (B. W.).
L. pulchella Bigel.
Sioux City, base of loess mounds and in streets (B. W.,
PAB P:).

LOBELIACE.®.
Lobelia syphilitica Li.

Sioux City (B. W.).
L. spicata Lam.

Rock Valley (C. R. Ball), Sioux City (B. W.).

CAMPANULACEZ.

Campanula Americana Li.

Sioux City (B. W.), Hull (W. Newell).

ERICACEZ.

Monotropa uniflora Li,

Smithland, in rich woods (B. W.).

PRIMULACEZ.
Steironema ciliatum Raf.
Rock Valley (J. Jensen and W. Newell), Sioux City (B.W.).

126 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ey.

S. lanceolatum Gray. “ Be
Little Rock (C. R. Ball). '
APOCYNACEZ.

Apocynum cannabinum Li.
Little Rock (C. R. Ball), Sioux City (B. W.).

ASCLEPIADACEZ.
Asclepias tuberosa L.
Hull (W. Newell), Sioux City (B. W.).
A. incarnata L.
Hull (W. Newell), Sioux City (B. W.).
A. Cornuti Decaisne.
Sioux City (B. W.), Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
A. ovalifolia Decaisne.
Sioux City (B. W.).
A, verticillata L.
Sioux City, loess mounds, common in open places (B. W.,
L. H. P.); South Dakota, opposite Hawarden, hills;
Turin, Missouri Valley (L. H. P.); Rock Valley (J. F.
Jensen and W. Newell).
Acerates virdifilora Ell.
Little Rock (C. R. Ball).

GENTIANACE A.

Gentiana puberula Michx.
Sioux City, grassy low lands and hills; not common
(B. W.).
G. Andrewsii Griseb.
Sioux City, meadows of Missouri river bottom (B. W.).

POLEMONIACE/E.
Phlox pilosa La.
Sioux City (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
P. divaricata L.
Sioux City, in rich woods (B. W.).
Polemonium reptans Li.
Cherokee, in rich woods (B. W.).

BORRAGINACE.
Echinospermum Virginicum Lehm.
Sioux City, woods, along streets and roadsides (B. W.).
Lithospermum canescens Lehm.
Sioux City, prairies, and loess mounds (B. W.)
L. angustifolium Michx.
Sioux City, prairie and loess mounds (B. W.).

a |

ae IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 192

Onosmodium Carolinanum D. C. var. molle, Gray.
Sioux City, prairies and common on loess mounds (B. W.);
Little Rock (C. R. Ball); Council Bluffs, loess woods,
South Dakota opposite Hawarden, border cf woods,
hills (L. H. P.).

CONVOLVULACE.
Convolvulus sepium L.
Sioux City (B. B.); a common weed in fields, and pastures,
gardens and meadows (L. H. P. observations).
Cuscuta glomerata Choisy.
Sioux City on Heilanthus, Solidago, common (B. W.).

SOLANACEZ.

Solanum nigrum Li.

Sioux City (B. W.).
S. Carolinense L.

Introduced; Mapleton (Abjah Lamb); Logan, along road-

sides, Council Bluffs in streets (L. H. P.).

S. rostratum Dunal.

Woodbine; South Dakota, opposite Hawarden (L. H. P.).
Physalis pubescens Li.

Sioux City B. W.); A very common weed in neglected yards
Missouri Valley, Council Bluffs, Onawa (L. H. P. observations).

SCROPHULARIACE /#.

Scrophularia nodosa Li. var. Marilandica Gray.
Sioux City (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Bali).
Pentstemon grandifiorus Nutt.
Sioux City, common on the sides of the Icess mounds (L.
BP. 7B. We).
Mimulus ringens L.
Sioux City in low grounds (B. W.).
Ilysanthes riparia Raf.
Sioux City, low grounds and muddy places (B. W.);
Hawarden (L. H. P.); Hull (W. Newell).
Veronica Virginica L.
Sioux City (B. W.); Hull (W. Newell); Little Rock (C. R.
Ball).
Gerardia aspera Doug].
Sioux City, common on sides and tops of loess mounds (L.
Le ee ae 9
G. tenuifolia Vahl.
Missouri Valley, loess mounds (L. H. P.).

- : a
7 4

128 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. eel:
ia ry
ae i}
Castilleia sessiliflora Parsh. Bo:
Sioux City, abundant on loess mounds (B. W.). es
LENTIBULARIACE A.

Utricularia vulgaris Li.
Hull (W. Newell).
PEDALIACEA.

Martynia proboscidea Glox.
Missouri Valley, in fields, base of hills (L. H. P.).

VERBENACE.
Verbena urticefolia L.
Sioux City (B. W.); Hall (W. Newell); Turin, Missouri Val-
ley, low grounds sis 1 Bi gat
V. hastata L.
Sioux City, fields and low ground (B. W.); Hull (W. pale |
V. stricta Vent.
Sioux City, base of loess mounds, prairies and fields,
abundant (B. W.); Battle Creek (E. G. Preston); Little
Rock (C. R. Ball); Turin, Missouri bisa! (GL. he
Phryma leptostachya Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).
LABIATZ.
Teucrium Canadense L.
Sioux City, low grounds, abundant (B. W.); Council Bluffs,
abundant (L. H. P.).
Mentha Canadensis L.
Sioux City (B. W.); Hull (W.Newell); Little Rock, low
grounds (C. R. Ball).
Lycopus sinutus Ell.
Sioux City (B. W.); Hull, low grounds (W. Newell).
L. Virginicus Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Hedeoma hispida, Pursh.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh.
Spirit Lake (B. W.).
Salvia lanceolata Willd.
Council Bluffs (L. H. P. observations).
Monarda Jistulosa L.
Logan, prairies and borders of woods (L. H. P.).
Lophanthus scrophulariefolius Benth.
Sioux City (B. W.).

ie
‘
j

*
ua
le
7
‘

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 129

Nepeta Cataria L.
Sioux City (B. W.). A common weed in western Iowa
i. . P.).
Scutellaria laterijiora L.
Turin, rich, low woods near stream (L. H. P.); Sioux City

S. parvula Michx.

Little Rock (C. R. Ball); Sioux City (B. W.).
Physostegia Virginiana Benth.

Sioux City, low grounds (B. W.).
Stachys palustris Li.

Sioux City, low grounds (B. W.); Rock Valley (J. Jensen,

W. Newell).
PLANTAGINACE.

Plantago major Li.

Sioux City (B. W.).
P. Patagonica Jacq., var. gnaphalioides Gray.

Rock Valley (J. Jensen, W. Newell).

NYCTAGINACE.

Oxybaphus hirsutus Sweet.
Huli (W. Newell); Sioux City, common along roadsides and
fields (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball).
O. angustifolius Sweet.
Sioux City, loess hills near top (L. H. P.).

AMARANTACEZ.
A, retroflexus L.
A common weed everywhere in western lowa (L. H. P.);
Sioux City (B. W.).
A, albus L.
Sioux City (B. W.); Onawa, Turin, a common weed (L. H. P.).
A, blitoides Watson.
Sioux City, loess mounds in open places (L. H. P.).
Acnida tuberculata Moq.
Onawa, common weed in cultivated ground (L. H. P.).
CHENOPODIACE.

O s~furin,~Des Moi | Bae : so mithlan (denM,
Wrapp); Si yee —

C. urbicum L.

Onawa, Missouri Valley, Turin near stables and houses
(RS 2 Oe eS

180 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. i iy
4
C. hybridum L. a oa “¢
Missouri Valley, Turin, Onawa (L. H. P.); Sioux —_ (B. im,
W.), a common weed in waste places. _
Salsola Kali L., var. tragus Moq. ot 4
Onawa, Bidux City, Missouri Valley, Hawarden, Council ~
Bluffs (L. H.P.), spreading rapidly.
POLYGONACEAE.
Rumez verticillatus Li.
Missouri Valley, in swamps, common (L. H. Ss);
R. crispus L.
Council Bluffs, weed in streets (L. H. P. observations).
R. maritimum L.
Sioux City (B. W.); Little Rock (C. R. Ball), in low
grounds.
R. Acetosella L.
Missouri Valley, Turin, weedy in yards and fields (L. H. P.).
Polygonum aviculare L.
Sioux City (B. W.); Hawarden, weed in yards (L. H. P.);
Missouri Valley.
P. erectum L.
Missouri Valley, common weed in streets (L. H. P)..
P. ramosissimum Michx.
Missouri Valley, Sioux City, L. H. P., B. W.) Hawarden
(a; SE. ;
P. lapathifolium L., var. incarnatum Watson.
Sioux City, (B. W.); Turin, low grounds (L. H. P.).
P. Pennsylvanicum L.
Logan, Turin, Onawa, Missouri Valley, low grounds, (L.
H. P.); Hull (N. Newell).
P. Muhlenbergii Watson.
Sioux City (B. W.), common along the Missouri river
Chas bs).
P. Persicaria L.
Hull (W. Newell); Sioux City (B. W.).
P. orientale L.
Missouri Valley, an escape from cultivation (L. H. P.).
P. acre HBK.
Hull (W. Newell).
P. Virginianum L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
P. Convolwulus L.
Sioux City (B. W.), Hull (W. Newell).

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 131

P. dumetorum L., var. scandens Gray.
' Sioux City (B. W.).
ARISTOLOCHIACE.
Asarum Canadense L.
Cherokee (B. W.).
ELZAGNACES. -
Shepherdia argentea Nutt.
Sioux City, sandy banks of Missouri river (B. W., L. H.
P., Hitchcock, Bot. Gazette, XIV, 128).
EUPHORBIACE.
Euphorbia maculata L.
Missouri Valley, Des Moines, Turin and Onawa; waste
places and along railroad (L. H. P.).
E. hypericifolia.
Onawa (L. H. P.), Sioux City (B. W.).
E. marginata Pursh.
South Dakota, opposite Hawarden, hills, Missouri Valley,
Turin and in waste places (L. H. P.), Hull (W. Newell),
Council Bluffs (L. H. P.), Sioux City (B. W., L. H. P.).
E. corollata L.
Missouri Valiey (L. H. P.), Sioux City (B. W.).
E. serpens H. B. K.
Missouri Valley, low grounds (L. H. P.).
E. serpyllifolia Pers.
Turin (L. H. P.), Sioux City (B. W.).
Var. consanguinea.
Onawa, Turin (L. H. P.).
E. glyptosperma Engelm.
Missouri Valley (L. H. P.).
Var. pubescens.
woarin’ (1. H: P.).
E. hexagona Nutt.
Missouri Valley (L. H. P.), Sioux City (B. W.).
E. Geyeri Engelm.
Missouri Valley (L. H. P.)
E. heterophylla Li.
Sioux City, in woods, Council Bluffs (L. H. P.); Sioux City
(B. W ).
E. obtusata Push.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Acalypha Virginica L.
Sioux City (B. W.)

132 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

URTICACE.
Ulmus fulva Michx.
Sioux City, in valleys between loess mounds (B. W., L. H
P.); South Dakota opposite Hawarden.
U. Americana L.
Sioux City, along the Big Sioux river and Missouri river
(ise Wig 4 ee Pad
Celtis occidentalis L.
Sioux City, along Missouri and Big Sioux rivers (L. H. P.).
Cannabis sativa L.
Missouri Valley (L. H. P. observations); Sioux City
(i. WW. };
Humulus Lupulus L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Urtica gracilis Ait.
Sioux City (B. W.); Little Rock (Herb. C. R. Ball.).
Laportea Canadensis Gaudichaud.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Pilea pumila Gray.
Logan (L. H. P.)
Parietaria Pennsylvanica Muhl.
Torin (Lis,
JUGLANDACE.
Juglans nigra L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Carya oliveformis Nutt.
Sioux City (Hitchcock); this is further north than it occurs
elsewhere in this state.
C. amara Nutt.
Smithland (B. W.).
CUPULIFER.
Corylus Americana Walt.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Ostrya Virginica Willd.
Council Bluffs, in woods, back of steep mounds (L. H. P.);
Logan (L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).
Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
Council Bluffs (L. H. P.).
Var. oliveformis Gray.
Sioux City, sides of bluffs (L. H. P., B. W.)
Q. rubra L.
Sioux City (B. W.).

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 183

SALICACE.
Salix humilis Marsh.
Sioux City, common on prairies and at base of loess mounds
fay Fs P:):
S. longifolia Muhl.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Populus monilifera Ait.

Missouri Valley, in bottoms near streams, in swales between
loess mounds; occasionally near top of mound. Com-
mon (L. H. P.), South Dakota, opposite Hawarden
(L. H. P.); Sioux City (B. W.).

CERATOPHYLLACE.

Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Sioux City (B. W.).
CONIFER &.

Juniperus Virginiana L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
ORCHIDACE.
Orchis spectabilis L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Habenaria leucophea Gray.
Cherokee ‘B. W.).
Spiranthes cernua Richard.
Smithland (B. W.).
Cypripedium pubescens Willd.
Cherokee, Smithland (B. W.).
IRDIACE.

Tris versicolor Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).
LILIACE.

Smilax herbacea D.

Sioux City (B. W.).
Allium stellatum Fras.

Alton, common on prairies (L. H. P.).
A. Canadense Kalm.

Sioux City (B. W.).
Yucca angustifolia Pursh.

Council Bluffs, Missouri Valley, Sioux City, Turin (L. H.
P.); near top of loess, mounds common. South, north
and west sides. Many seeds produced. Not all the plants
which flower produce seeds—many empty stalks were
found. Itis a significant fact that this species does

=
134° 10WA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. :

i “

not occur on the east slopes of the mounds, pe he gh

because they are more or less wooded about Coun i ;

: ca
Bluffs and Missouri Valley. Sioux City sae W.), Hiteh:
cock Bot. Gazette, XIV, p. 128.
Polygonatum giganteum Dietr. le
Sioyx . City (B.. W.,: Jon Ase: observations). Deep rich
woods.
Smilacina stellata Dasf.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Uvularia grandiflora Smith.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Erythronium albidum Nutt.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Lilium Philadelphicum La.
Little Rock (Herb., C. R. Ball).
L. Canadense La.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Trillium nivale Riddell.
Cherokee (B. W.).
Zygadenus elegans Pursh.
Little Rock (Herb., C. R. Ball).

COMMELINACE.
Tradescantia Virginica L.

Sioux City (B. W.).
JUNCACE.

Juncus tenuis Willd.
Sioux City (B. W., L. H. P. observations).
J. nodosus.
Sioux City (B. W.).
TYPHACE.
Typha latifolia L.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Sparganium eurycarpum Engekm.
ARACEZ.
Dickinson Co. (Hitchcock); Hull (W. Newell).
Arisaema tripyhllum Torr.
Sioux City (B. W.).
ALISMACE.
Alisma plantago Li.
Sioux City (B. W.).
Echinodorus rostratus Nutt.
Sioux City, Big Sioux river (L. H. P.).

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 135

: NAIADACE.
Potamogeton natans L.
Lake Okoboji (Hitchcock).
P. lonchites Tuck.
Spirit Lake (Hitchcock).
P. praelongus Wulf.
Clear Lake (Hitchcock).
P. perfoliatus L. var. Richardsonii, Bennett.
Lake Okoboji and Spirit Lake (Hitchcock).
P. zosterifolius Schum.
Lake Okoboji (Hitchcock).
P. mucronatus Schrad.
Spirit Lake (Hitchcock).
P. pectinatus L.
Woodbine (Burgess); Lake Okoboji (icheodl)

CYPERACEAE.

Cyperus diandrus Torr.

Near Lake Okoboji (B. W.).
C. Schweinitzii Torr.

Lake Okoboji (B. W.).
Eleocharis acicularis R. Br.

Sioux City (8B. W. i. He P.).
Scirpus lacustris Li.

Council Bluffs (L. H. P. aie ppp Sioux City (B. W.).
S. atrovirens Muhl.

Sioux City (B. W.).

Species of Carex numerous, but omitted becaus2 they have

not been studied critically. There are also a large number of
grasses, localities and species will appear in another connection.

SOME NOTES ON CHROMOGENIC BACTERIA.

L. H. PAMMEL AND ROBERT COMBS.

Quite a large list of chromogenic bacteria are kaown to
bacteriologists. Many of these are familiar objects in bacteri-
ological laboratories. Of the early works describing these in
this country we may mention Sternberg and Trelease. For
later works on North American chromogenic bacteria we must
refer to Sternberg, Jordanand the numerous text books dealing
with pathogenic species.

136 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Very few attempts have been made to study our local bac- "
teriological floras. It is indeed a very difficult matter.

The following works describe Chromogenes:

Saccardo: Sylloge Fungorum VIII.

Sternberg: Manual of Bacteriology. 1892.

Trelease: Observations on several Zoogloea (Studies Biol.
Lab. of the Johns Hopkins University). 1885.

P. & G. C. Frankland: Micro-organisms in Water. 1894.

Adametz: Die Bakterien der Trink-und Nutzwasser. Mitth.
der Oester Versuchstation fur Brauerei-und Malzerei in Wien,
1888. Heft 1.

Jordan: A report on certain species of bacteria observed in
sewage. Rep. Mass. State Board of Health, 1888-1890, plate II.

Eisenberg: Bakteriologische Diagnostik. 1888.

Welz: Bakteriologische Untersuchnyer der Freiburger Luft,
Zeiritschrift fur Hygiene XI, p. 121.

No attempt will be made to give description of common
species found here at Ames, simply a record of their occurrence
including some laboratory observations.

Micrococcus cyanogenus. N. SP.

Source.—During the latter part of May, 1894, a foreign blue
color was observed on an old milk culture of an organism
obtained from cheese; later the same was found in an old milk
culture of Bacillus aromaticus. A transfer from the first milk
tube was made to another tube of sterilized milk, the typical
color appearing in three or four days. The organism was sep-
arated by pouring plates of agar.

Morphology.—A small micrococcus occurring singly or in
groups; motility not determined. An aerobic liquefying
micrococcus.

Agar.—Nearly colorless, with a slight tinge of blue, produc-
ing an irregular film on surface, growing at temperature of
room.

Gelatin.—A creamy white layer not spreading on surface,
soon liquefying, forming a funnel-shaped area, later the
medium was liquefied with a creamy white sediment in the
bottom of the tube.

Milk.—Sterilized milk inoculated produces in three days a
slight blue layer on surface, which increases in intensity,
becoming quite blue for one-third of an inch on the seventh day.
On the eighth day it appeared rather muddy; on the ninth day
only a faint blue color remained; it coagulated milk with a

— ae

Pistagoscn karly s se."

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 137

blue liquid on top. The curd wasdissolved slowly. Intwenty-
five days the process was completed, excepting a small portion
in the bottom of the flask.

Dunham's peptone solution.—No color produced; the medium
became cloudy, which was in no way characteristic. It failed
to grow in Dunham’s rosalic acid solution.

Several blue organisms have been described.

Bacillus cyanogenus is a well known inhabitant of milk. This
is a non-liquefying, actively motile bacillus. Has not been
found here at Ames. Gessard has shown that in presence of
an acid it produces an intense blue color, and in milk not
sterilized containing lactic acid germs, a sky blue color is
produced.

Jordan has also described a Bacillus cyanogenus, which is less
motile forming a deep brown color on potato, but he says
undoubtedly Bacillus cyangenus. Beyerinck’ has also described
a blue organism obtained from cheese, the Bacillus cyaneo-fuscus.
The original paper has not been seen but according to the
description given by Sternberg this is a small bacillus 0.2-0.6
u. long and one half as thick. It is an aerobic liquefying
motile bacillus, and when cultivated in a solution containing
one-half per cent of peptone the culture media acquires at first a
green color, which later changes to blue, brown and black.
Subsequently the color is entirely lost. More recently Wm.
Zangemeister® has described a bicillus cyaneo-fluorescens.

This species isin many respects similar to Bacillus cyanogenus.

It is however somewhat shorter and very actively motile.

Gelatin is not liquefied and the bright greenish fluorescent
pigment difiuses through it.

Our species also came from cheese and the blue color disap-
pears, but the organism in question never produces a black
color. The species so far as we have been able to determine
is new, and we have therefore given it the name of Wicrococcus
cyanogenus.

Staphylococcus pyogenes, Ogston var. aureus Rosenbach.—-This,
the most common of the pyogenic micrococci has been found
quite frequently here at Ames. It has at different times been
isolated from ordinary carbuncle, fistula, dirt under the finger
nails, etc. It has been found more commonly in suppurative
abscesses than any other organism. It is pathogenic to mice

2Sternberg: Manual of Bacteriology p. 727.
3Kurze Mitteilungen uber Bakterien der-blauen Milch. Centralblatt f. Bakt. u
Parsitenkunde. Erste Abt., X VIII, p. 321.

138 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ic.

and rats. Old cultures, however, soon loose their virulence. —
A culture nine months old failed to cause any lesions in mice,
not even the local formation of pus.

St. pyogenes, Ogston var. citreus Passet.—This species has
not been found spontaneously in any of the cases of pus
studied, though it has been cultivated in the laboratory.
It has been included with the pyogenic cocci because of its
occurrence in pus. Passet found the organism in the pus of
an acute abscess and Sternberg‘ says: ‘‘As to its pathogenic
properties, we have no definite information. It is included
among the pyogenic bacteria because of occasional presence in
the pus of acute abscesses, although it has heretofore only been
found in association with other micro-organisms.” Mice have
been inoculated here at Ames but in no case did fatal sep-
ticeemia follow. We have, however, had no trouble in obtain-
ing pus at the point of inoculation under the root of the tail.
From this pus, pure cultures of the organisms were obtained.

St. pyogenes Ogston var., flavescens Trev.—Obtained from the
fistula of a horse by Dr. S. Whitbeck in bacteriological labora-
tory, lowa Agricultural college. This organism does not
differ from the foregoing in size; in color, however, it is much
paler, being an ochre yellow. It produces fatal septicaemia in
mice when fresh cultures were used, but in this case pure
cultures were not obtained.

Streptococcus cinnabareus, Fligge.—Obtained at first from
butter, but probably came either from the air or water. Color
in different media is quite constant, except in blood serum,
where its color is much paler. It grows quite characteristic
on the surface of bouillon, forming spherical masses paler than
in agar or potato. A nearly related species was isolated by
Dr. W. B. Niles from the heart of a diseased steer affected with
corn-stalk disease. It differs from the cinnabareus in the
change of color. It is dark lemon-yellow at first, and then
changes to a brick-red. This species will be described in
another connection.

Sarcina lutea Schréoter.—This well known organism occurs
chiefly in the air. Gelatin and agar plates exposed to the air
invariably show this organism. It comes up somewhat more
tardily than the non-chromogenic species. They appear as.
small, yellow, spherical colonies. The canary-yellow growth
liquefies gelatin quite slowly. The same organism has been

4Manual of Bacteriology p. 273.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 139

obtained frequently from butter and milk, but the organism
undoubtedly came from the air.

S. aurantiaca Fligge.—This organism is also quite commonly
met, and appears on gelatin and agar plates exposed to the air.

Bacillus fluorescens ligaefaciens Fliigge.—T his common inhab-
itant of water also occurs on potato, milk and butter. Scarcely
a sample of water can be plated without obtaining this
organism.

B. pyocyaneus Gessard.—This has been obtained several times
from wounds and Dr. S. Whitbeck obtained a pure culture in
open synovial bursa. Inoculation into the peritoneal cavity was
followed by death in forty-eight hours. In old cultures there
is a gradual tendency for the organism to lose its power of
forming coloring matter. Gessard’ has isolated two pigments a
fluorescent green and a blue, ths latter called pycoyanin.

Bacillus prodigionsus Ehrenberg.—This species is well known
to most bacteriologists. It has long attracted attention because
of the red stains produced on potatoes, boiled bread, and the
red color it imparis to milk. According to several investi-
gators this organism is not a native to this country.

The species is however, recorded at Ames by Bessey. He
commonly obtained a red organism on sliced potatoes exposed
to the air.

There are of course several red organisms and as the organ-
ism was reported before the era of modern bacteriological
methods I must therefore express some doubt as to the correct
determination of the Bacillus prodigiosus found by Bessey.
The senior writer has at various times had cultures of this
organism in the laboratory. Thus we had good growing cul-
tures in 1889, 1892, but all attempts to make old cultures failed.
In 1894 a blood-red colony came up in culture plate. Cultures
of this organism had never been in this laboratory so far as we
know. In the spring we had received from Dr. Irving W.
Smith, cultures of several species obtained from the laboratory
of Johns Hopkins University. The cultures appeared pure
but they may have been contaminated. The senior writer
observed this organism on one other occasion in the botanical
laboratory of the Shaw School of Botany, St. Louis. Cultures
of B. prodigiosus were obtained from rotting sweet potatoes,
but European cultures were common at the time in the labora-

5Gessard. De la pyocyanine et de son Microbe. These de Paris, 1882. Nouvelles
recherches sur la Microbe pyocyanique. Ann. d1’Institut Pasteur. Vol. 1V, 1890, p. 89
6Bull. Dept. of Botany, Nov. 1884.

140 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ae

a
tory. Professor Trelease thought it probable that the species _
came from the Kuropeancultures. Weare therefore inclined to —
believe with Jordan, Russell, and others that the species is not —
native in this country.

FUNGUS DISEASES OF PLANTS AT AMES, IOWA, 1895.

BY L. H. PAMMEL AND GEO. W. CARVER.

In previous papers record has been made of the abundance
of parasitic fungi for the years of 1891, 1892, 1893 and 1894.*
We hope to continue these observations for the purpose of
making comparison.

Observations from year to year with climatic conditions
should make it possible to say how much climate modifies the
appearance of disease. Observations in a climate like ours are
valuable because of the changeable conditions as to humidity
and rainfall. From the nature of the diseases of plants it is
difficult to make exact statements. We must speak in relative
terms. Ia 1893 Puccinia graminis, P. rubigo-vera and P. coronata
were very destructive. In 1894 these rusts were not absent,
but they were not destructive; in fact, scarce as compared with
1893. :

In the study of diseases of plants the condition of the atmos-
phere with reference to moisiure is an important factor. The
universally low humidity of the atmosphere in 1894, no doubt, .
largely determined the amount of rust that year. So low
was the humidity that during the growing season dew was an
unusual condition.

We append table, giving rainfall, relative humidity, 7 A. M.
temperature (maximum and minimum), for the months of May,
June, July, August and September, taken from the records
made at Ames by Dr. J. B. Weems, Mr. W H. Heileman.

1L H. Pammel, Jour. Mycology, VIL, p. 95.
Agricultural Science, VII, p. 20.
Proc. lowa Academy of Science, II, p. 201-208

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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~U. hordei (Pers.) Kellerman and Swingle.

142 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

We have followed Saccardo (Sylloge Fungorum) in the "
arrangement of orders, genera and species, and in most cases
have used the synonomy given by him. | He Bi

USTILAGINEAE.

Ustilago hypodytes (Schlecth.) Fr.
Very abundant. On Stipa spartea.
U. tritici (Pers.) Jensen.
Not uncommon and was frequent in 1894 on Triticum vul-
gare.

Common on Hordeum vulgare.
U. nuda (Jensen) Kellerman and Swingle.
Scarce on Hordeum vulgare. :
U. avenae (Pers.) Jensen.
Not uncommon on Avena sativa.
U. segetum (Bull) Dittm.
Common on Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
U. neglecta Niess!l.
Abundant on Setaria glauca.
U. Rabenhorstiana Kubn.
On Panicum sanguinale abundant.
U. maydis (D. C.) Corda.
Abundant on Zea mays.
U. pustulata Tracy & Harle.
Locally abundant in one place, first time observed on
Panicum proliferum.
Tilletia-strieformis (Westend.) Magnus.
Not abundant on Phleum pratense.
T. foetens (B. & C.) Trelease.
Not observed in 1895.
Schizonella melanogramma (D. C.) Schroet.
Abundant in May, Moingona.
Sorosporium syntherisme (Schw.) Farlow.
Abundant on Panicum capillare.
Urocystis Agropyri (Preuss) Schroet.
Abundant in June and early July on Elymus Canadensis.

UREDINE.

Uromyces Polygoni (Pers. ) Fuckel.
Abundant August and September on Polygonum aviculare
and P. erectum.

|

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 148

U. Trifolii (Hedw.) Lev.

Abundant in September on Trifolium pratense. This fun-
gus has been increasing in severity, large patches of
second crop of clover being affected.

U. appendiculatus (Pers.) Link.

Abundant on Strophostyles angulosa, but not observed
here on Phaseolus vulgaris. At Indianola it was,
however, destructive to the cultivated bean.

U. Euphorbie Cooke & Peck.
Abundant in August and July on wiunsbien maculata and
EH. Preslii.
Melampsora farinosa (Pers.) Schroet.
Abundant on Salix, August and September.
M. Populina (Jacq.) Lev.
Abundant on Populus monilifera, August and September.

Puccinia Helianthi Schw.
Abundant on Helianthus tuberosus and H. grosse-serratus
July, August and September. In August especially
destructive to cultivated Helianthus annuus.

P. Convoivuli (Pers.) Cast.

Abundant on Convolvulus sepium July, August and Sep-

tember.
Gymnosporangium macropus Link.

Teleuto stage on Juniperus Virginiana not as abundant as
in 1894; nor was the ecidium (Roestelia pyrata) so
abundant on Pyrus lowensis. Locaily, however, in
Madison county it seriously affected the leaves, stems
and fruit of the wild crab. May was unfavorable for
the germination and development of the teleutospores.

Phragmidum subcorticium (Schrank.) Winter.

Abundant on the leaves of the cultivated rose, as Madam

Charles, Frederick Worth, August and September.
Aecidium Grossularie Schum.

Not so common as in 1894 on Ribes Grossulariae, R. gra-
cile.

Uredo Caeoma-nitens Schw.

(C. interstitiale, Schlecht and is supposed to be connected
with Puccinia Peckiana.) Abundant on Rubus villosus;
large patches of native blackberry destroyed; seriously
affecting cultivated blackberry locally. It was also.
observed in Story, Polk, Louisa and Henry counties.

144 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

P. Graminis Pers.

Not common on Triticum vulgare, Avena sativa and
Hordeum jubatum. June and July. Aecidium abun-
dant on Berberis vulgaris May-June. Very destruc-
tive on fall sown oats and wheat. August and Septem-
ber; also Hordeum jubatum.

P. coronata Corda.

Not common on Avena sativa, June and July. Abundant
August and September. Klebahn has recently sepa-
rated another species out of what has passed as this,
until further work in this country, the species is used
here as it is by American authors generally.

P. rubigo-vera (D. C.) Wint.

Not common, on wheat June and July. Abundant on fall
sown wheat, Hordeum jubatum, August and September.
Squirrel-tail grass is held in check by this fungus.

P. Sorghi Schw.

Abundant August and September on Zea Mays.
P. emaculata Schw.

Abundant on Panicum capillare August and September.
P. Andropogonis Schw.

Not abundant on Andropogon furcatus. A. scoparius,
August and September.

P. Xanthii Schw.

Abundant on Xanthium Canadense, July, August and Sep-
tember. In low grounds destroyed a large number of
plants.

PERONOSPORACE.

Cystopus candidus (Pers.). Lev.
Abundant early in the season on Lepidium intermedium,
L. Virginicum, Capsella bursa-pastoris. Later, oos-
pores abundant in infloresence of Rhaphanus sativa.
0. Tragopogonis (Pers.) Schroet.
Locally abundant in June and early July.
C. Portulace (D. C.) Lev.
Abundant on Portulaca oleracea from the middle of June
to the first of September. Oospores abundant.
C. Bliti (Biv.) De By. :
Abundant July, August and September on Amarantus albus,
A. retroflexus. More severe on the latter species.
Sclerospora graminicola (Sace.) Schroet.
Abundant during the latter part of May till middle of June,

a —
“ _

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 145

destroying large numbers of young plants of Setaria
viridis. In whole patches it prevented the maturing
of seeds.

Plasmopara Viticola (B. and C.) B. and DeT.

Abundant. Destructive to cultivated grape (Vitis Labrus-
ca), affecting leaf, stem and fruit. Also affecting the
growing of young shoots of Vitis riparia, in some
cases killing the young shoots.

P. Halstedii (Farlow) B. and DeT.
Not common, on Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Silphium
laciniatum, Xanthium Canadense, Centaurea.
Bremia Lactuce Regel. .
Not observed although abundant in 18983.
Peronosposa Vicice (Berk.) DeBy.
Abundant in latter part of May and early June on Vicia
Americana.
P. Arthuri Farlow.
Abundant on Oenothera biennis.
P. parasitica (Pers.) DeBy.

Abundant on leaves and stems of Lepidium intermedia,
L. Virginicum, killing the affected plants. On leaves
of Capsella bursa pastoris not destructive. Brassica
nigra, B. campestris, Raphanus sativa, Draba Carolin-
iana. Sisymbrium officinale seriously affected.

P. Potentille DeBy.
Not found in 1895. Local in 1894.
P. effusa (Grev) Rabenh.
Abundant on Chenopodium album in May and June.
P. Euphorbie Fuck.
Locally abundant on Euphorbia Preslii and E. maculuta.
P. alta Fuckel.
Abundant on Plantago major.

PERISPORIACEAE.

Podosphera Oxyacanthe (D. C.) De By.

Abundant on cultivated (Prunus Cerasus) and P. pumila.
Not common on P. Americana; also observed on young
shoots of Crataegos punctata, and C. mollis; July,

August and September.
Sperotheca Mali (Duby) Burrill.
Common on suckers of Pyrus Malus and young shoots of

P. toringo in nursery, June, July and early August.
10

146 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

S. Mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk & Curt.
Abundant on Ribes Grossulariae, R. floridum, June, July;
leaves, stem and fruit.
Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb.), Sace.
Abundant on Fraxinus Americana, August and September.
Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burrill.

Common on Vitis Labrusca, Concord, Worden and especi-

ally Roger hybrids (Agawam).
Microsphera Alni (D. C.) Wint.

Abundanton Syringa vulgaris, S. Persica, Lonicera, August
and September. Abundant latter part of August and
September.

Erysiphe Cichoracearum D. C.

Very abundant on Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus. Not
so commonon H. grosseserratus. Abundant on Ambro-
sia artemisiaefolia, A. trifida, Artemisia, Ludoviciana;
generally attacked by Cicinnobulus Cesatii. Abundant
on Verbena stricta; less common on VY. hastata.

E..communis (Wallr.) Schl.

Abundant on Rannuculus abortivus and Amphicarpza

monoica.
SPH ZRIACE.
Physalospora Bidwellii (E.) Sace.
None observed in 1895.
DOTHIDEACEZ.
Phyllachora Graminis (Pers.) Fuck.
Common on Muhlenbergia Mexicana, Elymus Canadensis,
Panicum scoparium Asprella hystrix.
P. Trifolii (Pers.) Fuck.
Abundant,conditial stage on Trifolium pratense, September.
Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacce.

Abundant on Prunus domestica, P. Padus, and wild P.

Americana, P. Virginiana and Japan plum.
GYMNOASACE.
Exoascus communis Sadebeck.

Rare on Prunus Americana in 1895; abundant on Prunus
Cerasus and P. domestica. Nursery stock defoliated in
August. Not as severe on P. Americana. Also
occurred on P. Mahaleb and P. avium.

HYPHOMYCETE&-MUCEDINE.
Monilia fructigena Pers.
Abundant late in season on fruit of Prunus Americana.

Voy

ae

“Seals Tz wf

= ect Pees

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147

DEMATIACE.

Cladosparium carpophilum Thum.
Rare on Prunus Americana, but abundant on Crategus
mollis late in August and September.
Helminthosporium Graminum Rabh.
Nvt common on Hordeum vulgare in July.
Cercospora Resede Fuck.
Abundant on Reseda odorata in August and September.
C. Beticola Sacc.

Abundant on Beta vulgaris. (Sugar and mangel beets).
September. In some cases leaves completely covered
with cinereous spots.

C. angulata Winter.

Abundant on Ribes rubrum, shrubs nearly defoliated lat-
ter part of July and early August. [Fungus appeared
early in May.

SPHMROPSIDEZ SPH ROIDACEZ.

Septoria Rubi West.
Abundant on Rubus odoratus, R. canadensis August and
September.
Septoria Ribis Desm.
Abundant on Ribes nigrum, June and September.
Melanconiacee.
Cylindrosporium Padi Karst.
Abundant on Cherry.
Marsonia Juglandis Sace.

Trees of Juglans cinerea nearly defoliated by middle of

August. Not so severe on Juglans nigra.
M. Martini Sace.

Abundant on Quercus robur; majority of leaves affected;

also occurred on Q. macrocarpa.
BACTERIACZ.
Bacillus amylovorus (Burrill) Trev.

Blight more severe than in 1894. Pyrus Malus, P. pruni-
folia, P. Sinensis, P. communis and P. Iowensis espe-
cially severe on the following varieties of P. Malus:
Yellow Transparent apple, Red Queen-Lead, Arabskoe
Antonovka, Thaler, Oldenburg. It seems, also, to have
been severe in other parts of the state. Fruiting
orchards less affected than nursery stock. It would
seem that the condition of the soil may influence the

148 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

severity of the disease. We should also observe that
flowers are occasionally affected, but not so severe
as in 1894. The disease gradually subsided by the
middle of July and early August.
B. Sorghi W. A. Kellerman.
Not severe. It occurred on Andropogon Sorghum var
Halepense and A. Sorghum (Sorghum).
B. cloacece (Jordan).
On Zea mays; not abundant.
B. campestris Pammel.
Not observed in 1895.

SOME ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES OF
SPOROBULUS AND PANICUM.

EMMA SIRRINE AND EMMA PAMMEL.

Numerous writers have called attention to the value of
anatomical studies for diagnostic purposes in the recognition of
Phaenogams. We may note in this connection the paper by
Pfister,, who has made a comparative study of the leaves of
some palms. |

The author considers anatomical characters of value because
so many palms are collected without flower or fruit. Bertrand’
in a general paper considers the characters and important
points to be observed in making anatomical studies of this
kind. He notes that we must not lose sight of: 1. Inequalities
in the grouping of subdivisions with the association of higher
groups. 2. ‘The paucity of material of certain forms, many
intermediate species having disappeared in the lapse of time.
These objections hold with equal truth to the charazsters now
used in the classification of Phaenogams. He states that there
are good differential characters in fibro-vascular bundle found
in Gymnosperms, vascular cryptogams and Phaenogams, but
the arrangement of the fibro-vascular bundle is of less value.
For the families such characters as the veins of leaf; develop-
ment of stomata; secretion reservoirs; arrangement of inner
phloem; for species the cuticle and trichomes are of value in
diagnosis.

1Beitraege zur verleichenden Anatomie der Sabaleen Blartter. Inaugural Diss. 2
plates, Hofer and Burger (1892) Abst. Bot. Centralblatt, LI, p. 300.

2Des caracteres que l’anatomine peut founir a classification des vegetaux, pp. 54+
Antun (Dejussieu) 1891, Abst. Bot. Centrablatt Vol. L. p. 375.

,

-

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 149

Priemer* states that peculiar hairs, epidermal cells, crystals
cystoliths are of value for diagnostic purposes in the order
Ulmaceae.

Bordet*‘ has made some anatomical studies of the genus
Carex. He concludes that in this genus anatomical characters
do not offer any material aid in the separation of species.
Although some good characters are found in fibro-vascular
bundles.

Mez, who has made an exhaustive study of cystoliths and
anatomical characters found in the sub-family Cordieae of the
order Borraginaceae, finds that hairs are very characteristic
and are certainly valuable from a systematic standpoint. Nor
should we omit in this connection the valuable paper by Sol-
ereder’ on the value of the wood structure in dicotyledonous
plants, Holle’ who has made an exhaustive study of the order
Saxifragaceae calls especial attention to the structure of pith
cells of Cunoniee, the characteristic wood cells in certain gen-
era, and crystals in the tribe Hydrangeae.

K. Leist’ who has likewise made a study of Saxifragaceae
concludes that the species of this order offer characters which
makes it easy to separate them into groups, but this grouping
does not always conform to the present systematic position of
its members. Nevertheless general harmony prevails between
morphological and anatomical characters as to species.

Several other authors Christ’, Thouvenin*®, Waldner’
and Engler” have likewise studied this order with reference to
different organs and parts.

3Uber seine unter Lietung von Prof.Prantl ausgefuehrten untersuch ungen uber die
Anatomine Ulmaceen. Bot. Centralblatt, Vol. L, p. 105.
4Recherches anatomiques sur le genere Carex (Revue generale de Botanique, Vol.
III, 1391, p. 57-64. Abst. Bot. Centralblatt, Vol. LI, p. 116.
5Uber den systematischen Werth den Holzstructur bei den Dicotyledonen. R.
Oldenbourg, Muenchen. 1885.
6Beitraege zur Anatomie der Saxifragaceen und deren Systematische Verwerthung.
Bot. Centralblatt Vol. LIII. p. 33, 65, 97, 129, 161, 209.
7Beitraege der vergleichenden Anatomie der Saxifragaceen. Bot. Centralblatt Vol.
XLIIL. p. 100, 136, 161, 233, 281, 313, 345, 377.
7Beltraege zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Stengels der Caryophylleen und Saxi-
frageen. Diss. Marburg, 1887.
8Sur l’appareil de soutien dans les tiges des Saxifrages.
9Die Kaldruesen der Saxifrageen. Graz 1887.
10Monographie der Gattung Saxifraga. Breslau 1872.
Synopsis ‘of North American Pines, based on leaf-anatomy. Bot. Gazette, XI, p.
256, 302; plate VIII.
Die Anaton.ie der Euphorbiaceen in ihrer Beziehung zum system derselben. Sepa-
rate Engler’s Botamische Jahabucher, Vol. V, p. 384-421; plates VI and VII.

150 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Mention should be made of the splendid work of Coulter and
Rose on the anatomical characters found in the leaves of coni-
fers and their value in the recognition of species. <A subject
referred to long ago by Dr. George Engelmann. The work of
Pax on the anatomy of Euphorbiacez, Trecul and others on
the stems of many plants.

It will not be necessary to give other references; the litera-
ture is quite extensive. More work should be done along this
line. We should study the biological relations and the conse-
quent peculiar anatomical structures of plants. It is a field
full of interest. Theo. Holm has called attention to the value
of this kind of work in studying our flora.

Ganong, in a recent paper with reference to biology and
morphology (Present Problems in Anatomy, Morphology and
Biology of Cactaceze, Bot. Gazette, Vol. XX, p. 180), says:
‘‘As to the tissues, it is enough here to say that the character-
istic xerophilous appearances are strong cuticle, thick epidermis,
perfect cork, sunken stomata, collenchymatous hypoderma,
deep palisade layers; great development of pith and cortex,
which consists of large, round, splendidly pitted water-storing
cells, often containing mucilage * * * .” The whole sys-
tem conforms closely to the external form and follows its
morphological changes. We notice this especially because the
same thing holds true in other plants outside Cactacew, especi-
ally grasses. Great difference occurs between such plants as
are habituated to humid climates and those occurring in a dry
climate. This offers, indeed, a great field for investigation.

ANATOMICAL STUDY OF GRASSES.

Theo. Holm has done well in calling attention to some ana-
tomical characters of North American Gramineae. In speaking
of the studies which had been made he says: ‘‘The impor-
tance of studies of that kind was very clear; they not only fur-
nished additional and often even more reliable systematic char-
acters, but the extended study of anatomy into wider fields than
ever before, until anatomy has become one of the most impor-
tant modern lines of botanical science.” He emphasizes the
importance of internal structure, as it will give a striking illus-
tration of the physiological life of the plant. It will not be
necessary here to refer to earlier writers on the subject; suffice

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 151

it to say here that Duval, Jouve,,, Hackel,,, Gtintz,,, Samsée,
Liind,, and Beal,, have made valuable contributions.

Theo. Holm,, has studied Uniola latifélia, U. gracilis, U. nit-
ida, U. paniculdia and U. Palmeri, Distichlis, Pleurogogon and
Leersia.

From a study of some of the species of Uniola growing under
widely different conditions, he concludes, that of the five spe-
cies, the genus show anatomical structures by which they may
be easily distinguished.

He says of the genus Distichlis, that, ‘‘Considered altogether,
the anatomical structure of the leaf in the genus Distichlis is
very uniform, and it does not seem possible to give any
special characters by which either of the varieties or the sup-
posed species thalasica and prostata may be distinguished from
the species maritima; because we have seen that male and
female specimens of this last show variations among them-
selves nearly equivalent with the differences in the two varie-
ties and subspecies.” Of Plewropogon, he says: ‘‘ Considering
now these three species of Pleuropogon together, it is evident
that they are, in spite of their great similarity, easily distin-
guished from each other” by certain anatomical characters
taken from leaf blade.

THE GENUS SPOROBOLUS.

The species of the genus Sporobolus are nearly all western or
southern. Those occurring in Iowa are characteristic western
plants and well adapted to dry climate conditions. The follow-
ing species of Sporobolus were studied: Sporobolus heterolepis
Gray; S. cryptandrus Gray; S. Hookeri, 8. vagineflorus.

SPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS.

The epidermal cells (e) are rectangular in shape, with a
strongly developed cuticle (c); they vary but little in size.
The bulliform cells (b) occur between each mestome bundle (m),
except between the last few at the tip of the leaf, where it is
occupied by the streome (st.). The bulliform cells occur in four
or five rows, a large central cell and three or four smaller cells

1l Histotaxie des feuilles de Graminees.

12 Monographia Festucarum Europaearum, 1882.

13 Untersuchungen ueber die anatomische Structur der Gramineenblaetter, etc.
Inaug. Dissert. Leipzig, 1886.

14 Vejledning til at kjende Graesser i blomterlos Tilstand, Kjobenhavn, 1882.

15 Grasses of North America for farmers and students.

16 A study of some anatomical characters of N. America Gramineae. Bot. Gazette,
Vol. xvi. p. 166, 217, 275.

152 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

on each side. The strongly involute character of the leaf is
due to the bulliform cells.

The carene (c’) is occupied with one mestome bundle; this
bundle is somewhat different than the others, as it is sur-
rounded on the upper side by chlorophyll bearing parenchyma
while the lower side contains stereome.

The mestome bundles on right and left of carene are entirely
closed (i. e., entirely surrounded by chlorophyll bearing paren-
chyma). This species is provided with three different types of
mestome bundles; the first occurs in carene; this has stereome
on lower side in contact with leptome; the second, those which
have stereome both on lower and upper side, in contact with
leptome and hadrome; and third, those that are entirely closed.
Those that are entirely closed oecur alternate with those having
stereome on upper and lower surface. As to the mestome
bundles, there are, in this species, five on left side of the carene
and seven on the right side. On the left, the leaf terminates
with one closed mestome bundle. The right side of the leaf
terminates with three mestome bundles. The mestome bundles,
except those at the tip of the leaf, are separated from each
other by the bulliform cells and three or four layers of colorless
parenchyma. The uncolored parenchyma is more conspicuous
near the median nerve, where it is quite strongly developed.
In this species the mesophyll does not occur between the
bundles but is found only in immediate contact with chlorophyll
bearing parenchyma (c b p).

The uncolored parenchyma cells are in immediate contact
with stereome. The mestome bundles are entirely closed and
do not have leptome (1) and hadrome (h) so well developed as
in the other bundles. The leptome in the open bundles (i. e.,
having stereome in contact with both leptome and hadrome)
seem to be in two parts, there being a depression on upper side
of leptome.

The stereome occurs on the upper side of all bundles, and
also on the lower side of all bundles except those which are
entirely closed.

Below the uncolored parenchyma connecting the mestome
bundles we find the stereome. The stereome occupies a prom-
inent place on the sides of the leaf, forming on the left two
triangular groups of cells separated by two layers of uncolored
parenchyma. On the right side three such anerre occur
between the last four mestome bundles.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 153

The chlorophyll bearing parenchyma can be divided into
two parts. First, large parenchyma cells surrounding the
bundles; these consist of rather large cells somewhat roundish
in shape; second, elongated cells in one or more rows around

the first.
SPOROBULUS CRYPTANDRUS.

The epidermal cells in this species do not differ from those
described for S. heterdlepis. The bulliform cells (b) are some-
what larger than those in the first species, usually two or three
quite large cells and two smaller on each side. One or two
groups of bulliform cells occur between a large mestome
bundle, and, as in S. heterdédlepis, these do not occur between
the last two bundles.

The carene (c') has one mestome bundle (m) which is open on
both sides. It is somewhat larger than other mestome bundles.
The leptome (1) and hadrome (h) are separated from each other
by thick-walled parenchyma (p’); two rows of thick parenchyma
occur around the leptome.

The mestome bundles are of three types: First, those open
above and below; second, those open above only, and third,
such as are entirely closed. Those of the third type are
more numerous than others. One mestome bundle is
entirely closed and at the side of the leaf, those of the third
type alternate with those of the second and first types. The
second type is more numerous than the first. Ten bundles
occur on each side of the carene. The mestome bundles of the
third type are usually found between two groups of bulliform
cells. The chlorophyll bearing parenchyma (c. b. p.) is about
as in S. heterolepis. The leptome in this species differs from
leptome in S. heterolepis in not being depressed on the upper
side.

The stereome (st) is found on the lower side of all bundles,
and also upon the upper side of all bundles except those of the
third type. The cells of the sterome are not so thick walled as
in S. heterolepis.

The mesophyll consists of elongated cells in one or two
rows around each mestome bundle. Thereseems to be mesophyll
connecting the bundles beneath the unclosed parenchyma. The
unclosed parenchyma is found in one or two rows around the
bulliform cells in contact with the mesophyll.

SPOROBOLUS HOOKERI.

The epidermal cells (e) of this species are small, thick

walled and uniform in size, they are more roundish than in

154 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

other species. The cuticle (c) and cell wall, are well developed in
this species. The leaf is strongly involute on the upper sur-
face and here we also find papillae.

The bulliform cells (b) are also much larger than in the
other species, there being four to six in a row, sometimes one
large central cell and sometimes two large central cells with two
smaller bulliform cells on either side of the large ones.

The carene (c), in this species consists of five mestome
bundles (m), three very small, a large central, and one medium
insize. The leptome (1) and hadrome (h) are fully developed in
the two large bundles. The hadrome is separated from the
leptome by two layers of thick walled parenchyma. One small
mestome bundle occurs on each side of the medium bundle.

The mestome bundles are all connected with each other by
the mesophyll (m).

The mestome bundles number thirty-eight, eighteen on
left and twenty on right side of carene(c). In thisspecies three
types of bundles occur: First, those open on both sides;
second, those open above only; and third, those entirely closed.
Those of the third type are of two sizes one very small, the
other somewhat larger. The mestome bundles of the third
type predominate. The sides of the leaf terminate with a
closed bundle. In the mestome bundle of the second type the
leptome and hadrome seem to be in immediate contact with
each other, but in those of the first type they are separated
by thick-walled parenchyma. The chlorophyll bearing paren-
chyma does not differ materially from that found in other
species.

The stereome (st) is on the lower side of all the bundles and on
the upper side of those of the first and second type. The leaf
also terminates with irregular groups of stereome. The ste-
reome is quite well developed in the carene where it occurs
in large groups.

The mesophyll (mes) in this species connects the different
mestome bundles and consists of both round and elongated
cells.

The uncolored parenchyma is more strongly developed iff
this than in any of the other species of Sporobolus studied. It is
prominent in the midrib, where it occupies the space above the
five mestome bundles. It also occurs immediately below the
bulliform cells and on the upper side of the mestome bundles

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 155

(m) of the second type connecting these bundles with the
stereome.
SPOROBOLUS VAGINAEFLORUS.

In this species the epidermis (e) resembles that of other
species except the cuticle (c) which is much more fully devel-
oped.

The bull:form cells (b) in this species differ much from those
of other species, they are very irregular in outline, the cells
ranging in number from eight to ten, and occur almost the
entire length of the leaf except near the sides where we find
the uncolored parenchyma (p).

The carene (c’) consists of one mestome bundle which has
stereome in contact with leptome (1). This is the only bundle
which is open. On either side of this median bundle there
are three or four small closed bundies. The leptome and had-
rome (h) are separated by thick walled parenchyma. The
mestome bundles number twelve, five to the left and six to the
right of the carene. The bundles are of two types: first the
median one which is open below and the second, closed;
the bundles of this latter type are of two sizes, one very much
smaller and the other nearly as large as that of the median
nerve. The well developed leptome and hadrome in the median
nerve and the larger bundles of the second type are character-
istic. The smaller mestome bundles predominate, numbering
nine in a leaf. The sterome occurs on upper and lower sur-
face of the mestome bundles of the carene, and large sized
mestome bundles of second type, but none are found in contact
with smaller sized bundles.

The eells of the chlorophyll bearing parenchyma (c. b. p.) in
this species are much smaller than the cells of the other
species.

The uncolored parechyma (p) is found only at the edges of the
leaf above the last two mestome bundles.

PANICUM. .

The large genus Panicum is widely distributed in tropical
and warmer countries with a goodly number in temperate cli-
mates. The representatives studied by us are common species
in the Mississippi valley and southward. The three species,
P. capillare L., P. proliferum L., and P. crus-galli L., grow in
moist places or where there is considerable rainfall. The
weedy P. capillare is perhaps an exception, as it is adapted to
a wider range of climatic conditions, the structure of the leaf

156 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

plainly shows that it can adapt itself to different conditions of
soil and moisture.
PANICUM CAPILLARE.

This species has a hairy appearance and is harsh to the
touch. The epidermal cells (e) are large, the cuticle (c) and
epidermal cell walls are thicker than in P. crus-galli and P.
proliferum, but not so well developed asin the genus Sporobolus.
The walls of the epidermal cells of the upper and lower sur-
face of the leaf have small conical projections (cp). The end
of the leaf terminates in a small thickened point; on the edges
of leaf occurs a bundle of stereome (st).

The bulliform cells do not vary much from the epidermal
cells, they are somewhat larger, however, and vary in number
from three to five, the middle cell being the largest. The
carene (c’) has one mestome bundle (m) differing from those of
secondary veins only in that it is larger, and being open on
both upper and lower side. The mestome bundles are of three
types: first, those which are open both above and below, second,
those which are open below, and third, those which are closed.
The leptome (1) is separated from hadrome (h) by thick walled
parenchyma (p). In this species the arrangement of mestome
bundles is irregular, the number varies from forty to forty-
three bundles in one leaf. There are from twenty to twenty-
two bundles on each side of the carene, and of these, three on
each side are of the first type, three of the second type and the
remaining of the third type. In the closed mestome bundles
the leptome and hadrome are not so well developed as in
those which are open. The stereome occurs on the upper and
lower surface of all open mestome bundles, while in those
which are closed it is found sometimes on the upper surface
and sometimes on the lower surface, and sometimes itis entirely
wanting. It consists of from two to four rows, bordering
immediately on the chlorophyll bearing parenchyma (c b p).
At the sides of the leaf well developed stereome occurs for the
purpose of protection.

The mesophyll (mes) consists of elongated cells joining the
chlorophyll bearing parenchyma. Between the mestome
bundles surrounded by the mesophyll, we have colorless

parenchyma.
PANICUM PROLIFERUM.

In this species the epidermal cells are much smaller than in
P. capillare, and the conical projections (cp) are found more

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 157

strongly developed only on the upper surface of the leaf; they
are much more numerous than in P. capillare, but not nearly
so sharply defined. Thecuticle (c) is not so strongly developed
as in P. capillare.

The bulliform cells vary from two to five, usually coasisting
of one large or two large central cells. The leaf is not so
strongly involute in this species, but the bulliform cells (b)
extend farther down into the mesophyll (mes) than in P.
capillare.

The carene (c') has one mestome bundle (m), which is open
at the lower side. There are from forty to forty-five mestome
bundles in the leaf, the median being the largest. On either
side of the carene are five small mestome bundles entirely
closed, then occurs a secondary bundle on each side resembling
the carene, only much smaller. The leptome is separated
from the hadrome in the carene by thick-walled parenchyma
cells (p).

The mestome bundles are of two types; first, such as are
open below, and second, those that are entirely closed. The
closed are much more numerous than the open; only six or
seven open in the whole leaf. The leptome (!) and hadrome
(h) are not well developed in the small bundles.

The mesophyll consists of elongated and somewhat loosely
arranged cells of variable size. One larger surrounds the
chorophyll bearing (c bp) parenchyma cells and comes in con-
tact with the stereome (st); the space between the mestome
buadles and beneath the bulliform cells is also filled with
them.

The stereome is found on the lower side of all Lundles, in
contact with the parenchyma and epidermis, and also on the
upper surface of all the larger mestome bundles.

PANICUM CRUS GALLI.

The most obvious difference between P. crus-gal’i and P.
capillare is that in this species the leaf is not involute; the
epidermal cells (e) are large; the cell wall aud cuticle (c) is not
so strongly developed but conical projecticns are found cn both
surfaces of the leaf.

The carene has one mestome bundle (m). It differs from
the other species studied in that the stereome is not in direct
contract with the leptome (1) and hadrome (h) but is separated
from them by two rows of thick walled parenchyma (p), while
the leptome and hadrome are in direct contact with each other.

158 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

The mestome bundles are of two types; first, those that
resemble the open bundles of other species, only that in this
case they are surrounded by thick walled parenchyma outside
of which, on two sides occur the chlorophyll bearing paren-
chyma cells (c b p); second, those that are entirely closed.

The mestome bundles are differently arranged in this species,
a smal] mestome bundle occurs beneath the bulliform cells,
this bundle is smaller than the one occurring between the bulli-
form cells, but is of the same type. Surrounding the bundles
of the first type are small chlorophyll bearing cells and more
numerous than in the other species studied. The chlorophyll
bearing parenchyma cells surrounding those of the second type
are larger than those of the first type, but not as large as those
of the other type. In this species the leptome and hadrome
are in immediate contact while thick walled parenchyma cells
surround both.

The stereome is found on the upper and lower surface of all
mestome bundles of the first type and separated from leptome
and hadrome by thick walled parenchyma. Stereome does not
occur around the mestome bundles beneath the bulliform cells.
The mestome bundles between the bulliform cells are always
closed below and sometimes entirely so.

The mesophyll consists of both elongated and round cells
bordering on the chlorophyll bearing parenchyma.

COMPARISON.

A comparison of the two genera shows that in the genus
Sporobolus the cuticle and cell walls are much more strongly
developed than in the genus Panicum.

The mestome bundles in Panicum are more numerous than
in Sporobolus. The epidermal cells in Sporobolus are uniform
in size, in Panicum variations occur in different species, while
in P. crus-galli, the epidermal cells on both sides of the median
nerve are smaller than elsewhere on the leaf.

The bulliform cells are larger and more numerous in Sporo-
bolus than in Panicum.

CONCLUSIONS.

We feel safe in concluding from our study of these genera
that the anatomical characters are marked and constant enough
to readily enable one to distinguish the species, and along with
the work of others it shows that anatomical characters may be
used as a basis for the separation of genera and some species.

PLATE VI.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, VOL. III.

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IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 159

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

In all figures the same letter is used for the same character —c, cuticle;
e, epidermis; st, stereome; m, mestome; c b p, chlorophyll bearing paren-
chyma; b, bulliform cells; mes, mesophyll; h, hadrome; 1, leptome; c p,
conical projections. All figures drawn with camera to the same scale.
General drawings + inch objective; detailed drawings + inch objective.

Figures I, II, III, Sporobolus heterolepis.

Lg EY; Ls oF vagineflorus.
5 VI, a Hookeri.

- Vi, VI, - cryptandrus.
ap IX, xX, Panicum proliferum.

“s tS), MET, “ capillare.

% XIII, XIV, By Crus-galli.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SPORES OF NORTH
AMERICAN FERNS.

BY C. B. WEAVER.

Ferns have been objects of interest to botanists and culti-
vators; they have therefore been studied more than many of
the flowering plants. Theirsimplestructure and the apparently
well defined limitation of species has rendered them easier for
purposes of study than many of the groups of Phaenogams.

The purpose of this paper is to make a small contribution
toward our knowledge concerning the spore characters of the
different genera and species of North American ferns.

The meaSurements of a few spores are here given:

Tea miss

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

160

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PLATE VII.

TOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, VOL. III.

5 J

O, Bb, Weaver, del

ry

5

BHA SSHNAAR HHH §

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SSSVSARKSNALSSSQSAR

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE,

Acrostichum aureum.
Polypodium vulgare.
Polypodium falcatum.
Polypodium Californicum.
Polypodium pectinatum.
Polypodium aureum.

Gymnogramme triangularis.

Notholzna ferruginea.
Notholena nivea.
Vittaria lineata
Adiantum capillus- Veneris.
Pteris longifolia.

Pteris cretica.

Pteris longifolia.
Cheilanthes microphylla.
Cheilanthes Alabamensis.
Cheilanthes viscida.
Cheilanthes lanuguinosa.

Cryptogramme acrostichoides.

Pellaea gracilis.

Pellaea atropurpurea.
Pellaea andromedetolia.
Pellaea ternifolia.
Ceratopteris thalictroides.
Lomaria spicant.
Blechnum serrulatum.
Woodwardia radicans.
Asplenium pinnatifidum.
Asplenium trichomanes.
Asplenium firmum.

No,
31.
Be.
33.
34.
a te
a.
Ore
38,
39.
40.
41.
42.
43,
44,
45.
46.
47.
48,
49,
50.
od.
52.
53.
54,
eke
56.
of.
58.
59.

Asplenium Thelypteroides.
Asplenium Filix-foemina.
Scolopendrium vulgare.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus.
Phegopteris calcarea.
Phegopteris Dryopteris.
Phegopteris Poly podioides.
Phegopteris alpestris.
Aspidium spinulosum.
Aspidium Oreopteris.
Aspidium Noveboracense
Aspidium Thelypteris.
Aspidium acrostichoides.
Aspidium unitum.
Aspidium Lonchitis.
Nephrolepis exaltata.
Cystopteris bulbifera.
Onocloa sensibilis.
Woodsia obtusa.

Woodsia I/vensis.

Woodsia glabella.
Dicksonia punctilobula.
Trichomanes Petersii.
Lygodium palmatum.
Aneimia adiantifolia.
Aneimia Mexicana.
Osmunda cinnamomea.
Osmunda regalis.

Schizza pusilla.

161

These tables show that there are differences with respect to

size and character of species; in some genera species show

marked differences in size of spores.

Schizaea pusilla, the

smallest of our ferns, has the largest spores of any species
examined, Onoclea Struthiopteris has relatively small spores.

Fig. 56. Spores of ferns,
Ameimia Mexicana.

1l

Fig. 58. Osmunda
regalis.

eS Oe
OR aera
Sage pee
ere y's “Ay

Fig. 59. Schizola
pusilla,

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ed

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i i Papeete ~~ Se

Por the Dasenport Gaiette] .| soil; on the other hand the number of indi-
ne Botanical observations, made du-

“last season s= principally ¢. in the Pecinity) viduals eeauch greater
; en nport and Rock-Island. The varieties of forest trees are compar- |

|atively*small; and there isa characteristic
“ahs ~ F BY. c. C.; PARRY.

et. ek a
Th eneral interest which attaches to
ral productions of a new country,

absence of planta invariably connected
with the Pine growth materially diminish-
ing our Flora. ;

Be ieccem to present to your readers a The number of ferns is likewise small. |
_ brief review of some botunical observations: With regard to the probable extent of
furnished by the last season, embracing 4 || our State Flora; embracing as it does an
flowering interval of about six months. extensive prairie country including on the

Dering this period, including an absence north west, # portion of the bigh table land
ef ewe months into the interior of lowa, known as “the hill of the meadows,” on
about 500 species have come under — my | east and west the valiey § of the Mississippi
“notice, contain! ing specimens, of 100, out | @nd Missouri with their characteristic ve-
of the 170, Natural Familics of North- |getation; gathering on the south most of
American plants. Ofthis number, about | the plants peculiar to the broken country
two-thirds, are common to the states east’ |of the State of Missouri; and on the north
of the Alleganics; many are found in the |encroaching on the lnkey region towards
Southern States; the remainder may be the sources of the Mississippi« From these
considered characteristic. _|geographical data confirmed by observa-
Comprised in my list, upwards of 50, om tion, we may safely infer, that when thor-
about one in ten, are recognized as medi-, oughly examined our Flora will present a
cinalin the United States Dispensatory.| | variety and richness second to no State
} The poisonous plants are few, and not of} jin the Union. ~ Nes
that kind that would be apt to tempt the } The published list of plants Hs See by o
inexperienced. - Mr. Gever, contained in Nicollet’s report |
‘WSeveral of the plants, possess “eseulent| |of the exploration of country, between the |.
roots, which were in use among the Indi-| | Mississippi and Missouri rivers, contains

;
:
:
:

ans as articles of food. 446 species, about one-half of those there
The ‘striking difference, that marks| |enurnerated I have observed this season,
lants of the same species, common to the] | with an additional 250 not there contained.
ast, is a greater rankness of growth and Besides this | have derived assistance
eductiveness; the pigmies of the light from tbe complete and extensive list of Dr.
gg? soils, becoming complete giants} |S. B. Mead,of Hancock co., Ill., containing |
According to my observation, the over 900 species; my own ‘observations thos

ee of species over an equal extent of| |far have conincided very nearly sth ‘his
‘ntry, is Jess than at the east, corres-} | 2nd I have sclduit® met with plants* not
nding with a less variable condition of! |there contained.

TR. on ae { LWiQ0, am cure way {ko UUje~ve eae erect UE
——

-
+

interest, merely noting that where the lo-
- beality is not mentioned théy may be found
{in the vicinity of Davenport. |

}

I. select from my list a few plants that
would seem to possess special, or general

fehemoro rigid zee oa: ce f
so Hekslaggeies T Bee
ties prairie plant.

LIST. | Aster sericeus, Sept.; Aster oblomai
Anemone Caroliniana, May, banks of the Missis- acteristic Asters.

sippi. Davenport and Rock Isiand. This in- | Solidago rigida,” Aug, a coarse and chs ea”
_ teresting little plant,first known-as a native} tie prairie plant. i. *s ey
of the Carolinas, is also found on the Platte | Solidago speciosa, Avg, Goldch rollin
and at Council Bluffs. It has never to my iphiwm freee a July- The»
knowledge been found so far to the north and | ~ yogin weed. é a ale
east. It bere grows always associated with Silphium perfolitinm, cup plant. oe oe *
Draba Carolinianaand Androsace occidentalis. | Rudbeckia subtomentosa, Aug.y ec 7
Anemone cylindrica, June,dry praries, abundant. Lepachys pinnata, Aug. ir ae es
Delphinium azureum, June, azure Larkspur, in- | Rehinacea angustifolia, Juney a 1mo
terior counties. — plant. sare i
Nasturtium tanacetifolium, May, a ning and Helianthus occidentalis, August. mest
river banks. Actinomeris squarrosa, August, =

4

Polygala (new species) ? Potk county. ‘Coreopsis palmata, July. ' fii we FP

Hypericum pyramidatam, July. _Dysédia chrysanthemoides, Sept.y

Ptelia trifoliatas June, a shrub, the inner bark I the cultivated marigold. rs oe 5s
am infoymed constituting an important ingre- Aytemesia ludovieiana, wooly arte Fs
dient in the kinnikinnick smoked by the In- Cacalia tuberosa, July, Tidean! pla ae
dians. It possesses pungent properties. "a halas racemosus, Sept. prairies, ae ¥s

-

Negundoeaceroides, April, Box Elder. _ Troximon cuspidatum, May.

/ésculus glabra, Buckeye, interior counties. Apocynum pubescens, pt ah
Euonymus atropurpureus, June; Spindle pie Accrates longifolia, July. oe.

medicinal.
Rhamnus lanceolatus, May. Asclepias [periplocwfolia?} Nut, joe
Ceanothus ovalis, June, interior counties. Phlox bifida, April.
Psoralea argophylla, Julys Polk county. Batschia longiflora, May, Davenport
Amorpha fruticosa, May, a shrub lining our riv- Island.

er banks. ’ | Batschia gmelini, Jute. Lt Oy hae
Amorpha canescens, July, Lead plant, abundant. | Onosmodium hispidum, June, gromwell, i
Astragalus carycocarpus, July in fruit; Ground |’ Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Sune.

plum, Polk county. Ellisia ambiqua, May, a characteristic “ é
Baptisia leucophea and leucantha, Indigo plant. | Scutellaria parvula, small skull cap. : “A
Cassia cnamecrista, Aug., sensitive pea. | Dracocephalam bat a August, re
Gymnocladus canadensis, June, coffee tree. mouth. _
Potentilla arguta, July. Chelone purpurea, August, Snake head. MES

| Fragaria vesca, rock strawberry. Penstemon grandiflorum, Red Cedar river :
Crategus tomentosa, June, an elegant species ||’ by A. Sanders.

of thorn. _ | Buchroma grandiflora, in firaie, July, Polk o
(Enothera serrulata, July, Polk county. -- | Verbena angustifolia, stricta, and braetes
Myriophyllum ambiguum, July; brooks in the| \ charactetistic vervains. 2 _

Upper Des Moines. | Dodecatheon media, May, ‘Pride of aa or

Ribes Missouriense, May, Missouri gooseberry, | Allionia nyctaginea, May, als to thee ,
common. - ted ‘Four-o-tlock.? i... ene

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MARCH 13, 18698574

Parry’s Farewell 3
Fe eae » ROMER: enya},
:. .* Sth oe
AN ABLE SPEECH.

te
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7 P - ~
Pre ee ¢.

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*)Changes ia Leeal Flora and
PTs ATE , Fauna. . ETT

| INTERESTING

REMINISCE NCES.
Donatlons Recetved---New Members--- |
: '” “£he Goed Eye. r

a a 5 oe . eu
. Phe fegalar monthly meeting of the Dav-
enpert Academy of Natural Sciences, wes
held jast evening. ‘The cecasion was one
of much interest, it being expected thet Dr.
C,C. Parry, President of the Association;
would deliver a farewell address, he having
been appointed Superintendent of the Na-
| ticna!l Botanical Gardens at Washizgton, to
| which city he isabout to remove. There
was a large aticndance of members snd
_& citizens, tovether with several ladies, » Dr.
f Perry presided. :
} After the usual order of business bad
Deen attended to, several 33 3
ee DONATIONS
to the ‘Libraty and Cabiset of the Associa:
tion were reported, the most prominent of
which were: Owen's Geological Survey of
the Northwest, Nicholas Fejervary donor ;
\ 4 box of Geological Specimens fromOitewa,
j iilinéis, Dr, Paul, donor; Report’of Ex-
j Ploration for Kansas Pacific Railroad, Dr.
‘Parry, donor; Marine Plants and Shells
from Portland Natural History Society, “Me.
|| sete sess ©REW MEMBERS - |
were then elésted. Dr. M. B. Cothran, W.
4 F. Roes and 8. J. Sanger were admitted as
‘jj Tegular members, and W. N. Byer, of Den-
ver, 0. T., HN. Bolauder, of 8aa Fran-

_—_

# —

Wisiizemus, of St Louis, and Dr. Jona.
Torrey, ciNew York, were elected corres-
pokding members, 2 Aa ae a
Dr. Hazon read a very interesting paper
on Optics. . AR f \
‘PRESIDENT PARRY’S ADDRESS
was then delivered. The Doctor spoke as
follows 380 a ow 3
Genilemen, of tie | Davetport Academy of
Natural Sciences: z
It had been my intention in watching
the practical workings of this Academy, to
suggest certain modifications, and: courses
of action, suchasin my judgment might
conduce to iis. present efficiency and pros-
pective usefulness; but I did not expect thus
eariy and. prematurely to be called on to.
dissolve my pleasant connection with its
active ee While, under these

circumsisnces, I feel that any extended con-
siderations would be unwarranted, I can-

‘

/

} not, in justice tomy own feelings, and the

friendly courtesy which has placed me in
the position cf your presiding officer, neglect
this opportunity to make a few suggestions
in acca the Academy’s fuiure man-
agement abG prospect — | i

The objects of such an Academy of N ata-
tal Sciences, 23 indicated in its constitution,
are the cultivation of a taste for Natural
History pursvits, and the stimulation of
research iz ths difizrent branches ‘of sci-
ence, by those whose cultivated tastes and
educated abilities qualify them for such |
work,

The first object specified exhibits the te-|

ations which sucha an institution sustains

te the community in which it is located.
The second has pariicular regard to its ac-
tive membership. How can these most de- |
sirable objects be best accomplished? is the
praciica} question for our consideration.
And in order to awaken a general inter-
est, in the observation and study of natural
objects and local phenomens, we need, firat
and foremost, coliections in all the separate
departments of Natural History, Classified
akd properly displayed before the eye, so
ag to-suggesig at once ideas of order, sys
tem and pian—in brief, we must have mu-
seums, and their conients must be accessi-
ble and attractive to the observing public,
and thus serve to convince those who may
be otherwise absorbed ia business pursuits,
that. there are objects of study at least.
deserving the attention and regard
of a progressive, utilitarian age.
When such collections are once fairly
commenced, even on the most limited
scale, the peculiar individual tastes, and

| appetites, or even the accidental biases of

different minds, will be attracted to the var-

1 ious branches of science so exbibited, and

we shall sea gradually growibg up under its
isfiaence workers prepared to follow out
partiewlar lines of research and, investiga~
tion. Im this way the objects and aims of

edily attained in diffusing and focrfeas.
community where it is located. ~

In the compre 7
we see the particular need of such an insti-

affording
ment. ‘This want will become more press-

beginning to be Seriously felt in the neces-
sities of this Academy. We have a name,
and a good one-—-we now want a “l

of busiaess ig more settled, and where there
is less strain uponjthe mental faculties in
the pureuit of wealth, or Where wealth has
been accumulated to auch an extent thatit

‘how it may be best used, we not usfre-
quently meet with» those: who’ assume a
wise patronage of science, and aim to place
institutions designed for itsipromotion in
the possession of mecessary funds. Tosuch
wise promptings we owe the rich endow-
ments of eastern colleges, or the munificent

wealth by the most rapid process, or haying
thus attained it, continue to cherish the ex-
citement of gain to the exclusion of higher
Motives, we cannot expect to meet with pa-
trons of eclence who will take such institu-
tiens under their fostering care. Perhaps
our Davenport Peabody is. being Julled to

‘| peared upon the stage of existence. There-
fore,in the leng intervening period, the

its successful continuance.-°The plan
of jife membership affords the
most . feasible plan of securing

the necessary means for procuring a perma-
nent location, and could sufficient interest

accomplished does not yet appear, but I
trust that geptlemeh here who have been
active in the organization ot this Academy
will keep this.object.in view till something
definite.is brought about in the shape of a
permanent location. Till thisels done we
shall be at the mercy of the elements of fire
and water—if not. earthquekes—and if sub-
ject to frequent removals, might as well
have a few atrokes of the latter to assist in
the mevitty process. y .
Agalu, as T have had frequext occasion to
Temark, the educational claims of Natural
Science are but very dimly eppreciated,
ever in this utilitarian ‘@ge é@nd country,
wl.ose astonishing progréssis largely due
to the applied resulte of scientific investiga-
tion. We are profuse in our expenditure of
funds raised by general taxation toimpart's
knowledge of dead and living languages, or
the dujl abatractions of technical grammar,

msive view of .the cage,

ing as coliections enlarge, and-is even now '

becomes a point. of earnest inquiry to know

gifts of Peabody. But» here ia» the west ,
where eyery one is intent om securing |

sicep in its nurses’ arm, or has not yet ap-.

Davenport Academy of Natural Science.
mustreasonably lock to other sources for |

be awakened on this subject among our gc- |
tive, prosperous business men, something
might be done to secure the desirable con- |
summation. How this maybe most speedily |

spe
ing a Kuowledge of Natural Science in the }that enter so largely into.

the community at jarge
. _kiud of education, and is willing t
stution, particularly, in» its, early stages~f | for it, 80 long will educate tine 2¢
growth, viz: A permanent location, where | Sgience, and teachers as & cla
its objects-can be properly displayed, and | aloof from the méetings of such
room for necessary euolarge-

‘shall baye scores of teachers crowding

| libraries, taking 2a active partin
' cises, while at present. ween,
habitation,’.and where shall we find it? In | per two “worthy representatives of

older communties where the ordinary course "portant class, No saiall honor4vilbin af

| Widest possible range, and nothing proless-

| aecertained fact shall represent a polished |

changes which the natural vegelation in

ollection.

ehAat entirely @He whit oe and “ifelia: Gena

most entirely the things and li : ng objects |

and wants of every day life: ' As long" j
is'ga isfied nih t

emy as this. But let gs of ch ha
Science be .once falrly admitted)’ anc

rith
jn these halls, coneulting our Inu: and!
rik

hed acl
t
times attach to those who uphold the cans
of science, 65 nit MNGAHOOEE pomer i ‘ing
the period in which: it is little esteemed, or
regarded as visionary end Utopian in its |
gee :

aims and pt loot lt’ bos SHAN AGRE GS
- Another. tendency» which dn Ch? a.
young. undeveloped” institution it fe.
pecessary {0 guard against, isa dis.

position to run :cinto - loose” -thed=
Tizging and o

regentat abjects |
in, their mutely Meeceetiant opecthe vague,
sbadowy sud undefined. While it is em
nently properthat our - discussions of s¢
able subjects shoul be allowed to take the

ing tobe true should be excluded froma
free and fair exhibition of its claims to at- |
tention, however much it may clash. with
our preconceived opinions, yet our chief
and paramount duty is to collect substantial
facts, arrange them properly, let them accu-
mulate even in their roughest aspects, and
leave them to be shaped aflerwards, and
construed into theories in which each

and weil fitting block in the great temple of |
truth, Mud built, or adobe theories, may
answer well enough for a temporary struc- |
ture, but cannot be relied on to withstand
the vicissitudes of ap age that tries with
its frost, and fire, and flood everything that |
aims to rise above the common leyel, re- |
ducing ali that is unsubstantial to its kin-
dred dust. ‘ ath
I need only further remark that as g local
scientific institution our chief « fforts should
be primarily directed to develope and bring
to light the scientificraw material, and ob-
jects of interest, or the peculiar Iccal phe- |,
nomena by which we are surrounded. I
think in thie connection it is not sufficiently
appreciated, as tothe importance of early ob-
servations and collectiong 1a new localities.
The natural Flora and Mauna of 4 country
uodergoes great changes in the progress of
civilized settlement, and the impottant Jaw -
which regulates these chabges, can only be |
properiy understood in the light of compar-
ison. 1 have been lately foreibly reminded
of this fact by observing the remarkable

this vicinity has uadergone within my rec-
Plantd that twenty years- agol
could find within range of ashort walk |
from where we are now assembled, have
now almost entirely disappeared from view,

“the whole aspect of.

as ‘

many res the

shanges are disagreeable in the sub-
| atic of intr uced. weeds of coaree
land homely — t, for. the native
/ zeus of thesoi). The prairies that sur-

d us to-day, are no longer the prafries
twenty-two. years ago, Even « spot
ich [ have religiously cherished as a
apizing grouvd, comparatively iree
intrusion as the last resting place of
dead, has been iaken poszession of by
blue grass and white clover, and I can no
ager find the prairie primrose, the mocea-
sin flower, or the’ gentian, which formerly
Wiourished there. i have ncted the same
Ykind of changes in process ou the Rocky
ountaia slopes, Sothat I fee) the urgency
fand importance of early collections of Nat-
Jura! History to inform those who'may come
Jafter us of the aboriginal aspects of our
jsatrounding couctry.
' The same is, no doubt, also true in regawd
jo animals and insects. Introcuced species
supplant the uative, till the orranizzd as-
xects of A country becomeentirely changed.
This fact is probatly not as applicable to
minerals, and geological formations, which
ture most carefully protects in her coy-
red’museums. Yet, still our coal beds and
jatries, in beirg worked out, will cause a
arith of fossils and minerals that if early
scted would serve to give a more com-
= view of the various formations they
to light. 5 At
mention these facts, gentlemen, asa
tive for industry and perseverance in the
portant work of making /ocal collections.
would no doubt be a matter of interest
curiosity to know some about the Flora
‘fJapav, or thejmineral and animals of in-
Viepeedent Tartary, or Central Africa; but
(Mur nearest duty lies at Home. History is
Wiere making every cay, and it is One impor-
part of cur duty to give it a record and
gence in our collections and transac-

|

:

|

Log

ir
r

| \4e

’ :

iF
4 iy

.
= 7}

kB

ewes
| It will also be-very desirable to com-
‘(ence tlie issuing of publications and trans-
ions as early es possible. By this means
ne shall we be brought into intimate re-
| lations with kindred associations elsewhere,
‘lund be entitled to receive that class of pub-

Hd be

*

search all over the world. Such publica-
ions need not be very extensive or ¢labor-
> but should be continuous. Ifneglected
yJong, our name as an Academy of
ience will pass out of view, and our cor.
ponding members will forget their mem-
Tship. ‘This single suggestion is al} that
3} authorized to offer at the presen! time.
b regard to membership I would recom-
ad a rigid adberence to rules of admis-
and prompt payment of dues, No
e, however desirable otherwise, should
HNowed to remain-our list, if needlessly
quent in this respect. We shall need
enbacks much moe than = agl names,
d unless the latter come with this asao-
ed ecammehtation they had better be
out.

- wa"

a se

> ©

——— ee ee
~

re

| in connection with this home locality.

|
|

|

might prof a y, ona different

occasion,

call your attention, but at present the

subject may be safely left to your reflection
and an enlarged experience of
gressive wants. —

In now assuming the less responsible
duties of a corresponding member, I trust I
shall find no oceasion to forget my pleasant
asguciations with thig pioneer society, or to
feel any diminished interest in its growth
and success. °°Tweénty-five years of the most
active period of, my life have been passed
I
have seen the »village of one thousand in-
habitants increase twenty fold. in a cer.
tain scnse I have not been an idle spectator,
though Ihave occupied no coveted field, or
sought for personal emoluments that might
have been within my reach, 1 have been at
least a zealous student in Natural History,
and have no hiZher ambition than to ba so
regarded. Ibave endeavored to ses and un-
derstand as much as I could of the country
and districts in which my lot has been cast.
I have not hesitated, on all suitable occa-
sions, to use my pen and my voice in behalf
of the educational claims of natural ecience.
And ia now assuming similar duties in a

your pro-

distant locality, Ihave only to regret that I
have not worked

n¢ ked harder aod accomplished
MOseegSESeSs ERSEEGSARRIE = 2 ee?
__ With most sincere thanks for ths courtesy
that has marked our past relations, | now
present my resiguation of the Presidency

of the Academy, and asked to be enrolled

Oa the list ot its corresponding members,
athe Doctor concluded his address, a
deep feeling of regret was manifest on the

‘Coubtensnees of the members of the Asso-

| }itations that we need to keep us well posted ©
'B the movements and progress of scientific ,

ciation. All felt the loss of his services as

an active member of the Association to bea

serious episode in its history.

On motion, Rey. James. Challen, James
Thompson and A. 8. Tiffany were appointed
& Committee to draft resolutions expressive
of the feeilags of the Association in refer-
ence to Dr. Parry’s removal, and the esteem
cherished for him asa Scientist and as a

Citizen.

_ The Association then adjourned, and the
members thronged about the Doctor and
extended their farewells and God-speed. *

i -

|
,.

7 a

SP rR ET

Y

MALE

eit es oye. ¢ c. ts Yura fi “ ( st WU y ves ? <
: 0 < * f } a an | VJ
id : hy Pe can
Ler a. 3 . y . event Sa wad 5
wt’ lay” ee a i + vA 4

3

‘The Report of Prof. Sanford, Corresponding Secretary of the So-
ciety, (verbal,) was received and accepted.

inayat Q-
Dr. Siveter offered an amendment to the Constitution, which, | No A}

On motion,

Was laid on the table.

On motion of Dr. Cole,

The Chair appointed a committee to report candidates for the vari-
ous offices for the ensumg year. Drs. Cole, McGugin, Ransom, Shri-
ner, and Ramage were appointed said committee.

On motion,

The Society adjourned until two o’clock, P. M.

————

AFTERNOON Session, 2 o’clock, p. M.

Society called to order.

The Report of the Board of Censors recommending Drs. La Force,
J. Robinson, Wm. L. Orr and J. T. Huey, was read and accept-
ed.

The following officers were then elected for the ensuing year, to-wit :

President—Dr. D. L. MoGuern.
- Ist Vice President—Dnr. J. F. Henry.
Qd Vice President—Dnr. J. WitHERWAXx.
Recording Secretary—Dr. E. D. Ransom.
Corresponding Secretary—Pror. J. F. Sanrorp.
Treasurer—Dr. RAMAGE.
LTibrarian—Dr. Raven.
Censors—Drs. Stveter, Lowz, Sanrorp, Furnt, Gruss, Forp,
and MaTrTHEws.

On motion,

Drs. Sanford, Matthews and Ramage were appointed a committee
on publication.

A paper on Paronychia was read by Dr. E. Lowe.

Dr. Ramage, introduced the following resolution :

Resolved, That it shall be the duty of each member of this Socie-
ty, upon removing beyond the State, to make the fact known to
the Society, and such persons shall thereafter be considered members ;
and each gentlemen holding such membership shall be entitled to a
certificate signed by the President and Secretary, and have affixed to
it the seal of the Society.

Dr. Sanford, from the committee appointed to report upon the caus-
#8 which contribute to depress the science and dignity.of the medical

* ~— >, Be fiecune. be otee > “se

6
profession in Lowa, introduced the following report and resolutions,
which were unanimously adopted : 19:

REPORT:

Your committee deem it incumbent upon them, before they proceed
to discuss the subject more particularly connected with this report, to.
allude briefly to the state of the profession in Iowa at the present time,
by saying, that the defects which it is our duty to point out, are by no.
means peculiar to this portion of the west, but exist to an equal ex-
tent in almost every State in the American Union ; from an intercourse
with the profession of different portions of the Union during the past
few years, your committee can see no disparagement to the profession

if

of Iowa; but as medical men should every where zealously labor to.

augment the moral power, and increase the usefulness of the profes-
sion, it is right that the obstacles to scientific progress should be clear-
ly presented. If this is done, the influence of Medical Associations
may contribute to their removal.

The want of a proper preliminary education in those who have en-
tered the profession, is, perhaps, the most influential cause of the de-
pressed state of medical science amongst us. This evil has been
brought upon the profession of this State, by the course of physicians
and Colleges in the Eastern and Middle States." A very small propor-
tion of the medical population of the State have been admitted as stu-
dents since their emigration to the West; they have been admitted
destitute of the necessary qualifications into the offices of our Eastern
brethren, and have received, with the same facility, the honors of the
doctorate from the Eastern Schools. This being the case, and much
of the evil being beyond the control of this Society, the committee do
not deem it necessary to enter into an extended argument upon the im-
portance of this subject, but will content themselves with a few sug-
gestions as to the policy which this Society should earnestly recom-
mend to its members, premising two reasons, cogent in their charae-
ter, why the recommendation should be faithfully carried out.

The first is, that every community must form its estimate of medic-
al men, from their proficiency in a knowledge of things adapted to
popular comprehension, or their acquaintance with departments of
learning which may be made familiar to the popular mind. |

The adoption of this criterion by the public is not only right, but it
is a tribute of respect to the true character of our science ; besides ac-
knowledging its legitimate connection with other branches of science
and human accomplishments, assigning to these latter their true im-
portance in the curiculum of. study pertaining to a learned profession,

7

it practically asserts the truth, that an individual who will not render
himself proficient in knowledge so easily accessible to all, will scarce-
ly acquire a profound acquaintance with the principles of a difficult
and abstruse science.

_The second is more important, and refers to the influence of this
delinquency upon the physician himself. The extensive relation that
medicine must ever maintain with other branches of knowledge, de-
prives a physician who is ignorant of the general principles of natur-
al science, of all those instrumentalities which are necessary to devel-
ope the resources of his profession; and it not only disqualifies him
from adding to the existing stock of valuable facts, but excludes him
also from participation in the benefits of many of those brilliant truths,
whose deyelopment has so greatly distinguished the modern cultiva-
tors of our art.

Being thus deprived of the only means of attaining distinction in
his profession, and uninspired by the lights that physical science throws
around his path, he becomes indifferent to the proare and often to
the honor of the profession.

Regarding this as the basis of most that is wrong in the profession,
the committee have appended to this report a resolution relative there-
to, the adoption of which they respectfully urge upon the Society.

Another cause of the depression of medical science in this State, is
the commencement, by young men, of the practice of the profession be-
fore they are thoroughly qualified. This evil had its beginning at a
remote period, when the facilities for completing a medical education
were beyond the means of a large number who annually entered the
profession. Buithe praiseworthy multiplication of Medical Colleges
has left no good reason for delinquency in this respect, and the habit
of young gentlemen commencing practice when partially qualified,
with a view of completing at some future time their medical education,
should, in the opinion of your committee, be discouraged. Experi-
ence proves that they often fail to carry out their intentions—that the
extraneous duties which may become incident toa life in the West,
as well as the frequent addition of some other business to the practice
of medicine, involve them in numerous responsibilities, from which
they cannot, without a sacrifice few are inclined to make, disengage
themselves. This contributes to lower the standard of acquirement
in the ranks of the profession, and alienates the minds of many who
engage in its pursuit with zeal and enthusiasm, from its subsequent
cultivation.

If young men who engage in the study of medicine with respecta-
ble preparatory acquirements, would make everything secondary to their

a el ae en, te ee Z \ i wr a t vy eet a
: ee "el od

8

final success in the study as well as the practice of the profession, it
would rapidly bring about a new era in the condition of medical
science in this State, and place it upon a more dignified mandir vagy:
basis. i

A want of harmony in carrying out the great ethical and reeigidiad
obligations of our profession, is a serious obstacle to its progress
amongst us. ‘This proverbial strife among medical men, often leads
them to abjure the fluence and authority of medical associations,
which have projected and set in operation important measures of re-
form. Personal influence and dignity are likewise lessened, and
growing out of this dissociation are some of the worst evils that ean
curse a learned profession ;. jealousy, which would rob a brother of
his hard earned fame, and instigate an opposition as incongenial to
the true principles of science as are the demands of God and mam-
mon; a competition which deprives the honest and capable physician
of his daily and nightly earnings, or reduces them to a pittance bare-
ly adequate for his support, and totally msuffieient to proeure the means
of successful study. ‘This kind of competition, depriving the physi-
cian of adequate remuneration for his services, has been a principal
means of driving ito collateral pursuits many of the best physicians
in our country, and especially young men of talents just entering the
‘profession. Your committee know an old physician, ina beautiful
city in this State, who is in the habit of purchasing an attendance up-
or. some families, and of doing the praetice of many others at a mere
nominal sum, whenever a competitor of talents comes in his way.
Such practices are highly reprehensible and degrading. No class of
men are called upon to make the same sacrifices, to pass through the
same exposures, and to incur the same responsibilities as physicians,
and they should be rewarded according to their services. The gen-
eral influence of this central association, pervading every part of the
State, maintaining proper ethics and rules of amicable intercourse,
will, it is hoped, diminish these evils.

The habit of some regular physicians of entermg imto consultation
with quacks of various kinds, is another cause of professional depre-
ciation, not sufficiently looked to. Although your committee are hap-
py to say, that but few examples of this kind have fallen under their
notice, still there are cases of this kind, and they always exercise an
evil influence. Besides the absolute incompatibility of medical setence
with any form of empiricism, there is an obvious mconsistency m the
amalgamation, which the community will not fail to perceive; since
the general mass of our profession, impelled by a sense of duty, have
constantly exposed and denounced these systems to the world.

a

The practice, pursued by some members of our profession, of vend-
ing and retailing nostrums, and lending their influence to the sale of
nostrums, deserves the most decided reprehension. Scarcely less in-
jurious is the practice of very many, in giving a tacit consent to the
use of these iniquitous drugs. Some of the more popular, and seem-
ingly harmless preparations, derive much of their importance in the
public mind from the fact, that respectable regular physicians give
their consent to their occasional use. A patient in a convalescent
state, or afflicted with a chronic malady, will ask his physician if a
bottle of Cherry Balsam, or Bull’s Sarsaparilla, will not do him good,
and, heedless of what he does, or from a desire to please the patient,
he sanctions a resort to the miserable stream of filth and trash which
is now inundating the country, with an influence scarcely less destruc-
tive than the curse of pestilence. Your committee cannot withhold
the expression of a strong hope, that the Society will fulfil one of its
most benevolent objects, by strongly impressing upon its members the
importance of entering an earnest and decided protest against the use
of allsecret medicines upon any pretext whatever. This is the more im-
portant now, because organized quackery has but few representatives in
Iowa; the great majority of the people atthe present time favoring the
regular profession, whose enlightened influence would, therefore, dis-
eourage, to a great extent, a resort to this species of quackery.

The practice of attending families by the year, as your committee
believe, is calculated to forfeit, to the medical man, the permanent res-
pect of the community. The medical services of an enlightened and
benevolent physician are not to be made an article of traffic and bar-
gain. His commerce is with health, the lives and happiness of the
human race, and should be as free from purely mercenary influence,
as his honor and reputation. But there is a principle of justice as
well as propriety, outraged by this practice. If an intelligent man’s
estimate of a physician is not reduced by the mere fact of the bargain.
itself, it certainly is affected at the end of the year, when he comes to
pay the physician $15 or $20 for nothing done, or for four times that
amount of service. Again, physicians are often retained in a family
by virtue of a contract of this kind, long after they have ceased to be
preferred,—a circumstance which almost invariably causes them to.
lose the respect, as well as confidence of those who are thus bound..
A physician who is not the first choice of a family, must always exer-.
eise his profession at a great disadvantage. Your committee would,
therefore, urge the adoption of a resolution by this Society, calculated
to discourage this practice, which, they are convinced, does much te,
degrade the profession.

9

oe

ee a a oe

LO:

Before bringing this report to a close, your committee would re-
mark, that the evils they have felt it their duty to point out, are by no.
means incident to the profession generally. Their observations relate.
to individual instances, yet sufficiently numerous to justify what they
have brieflly said. Eyery member of the Society will appreciate the
importance of individual rectitude, to the reputation of the whole pro-
fession, where lines of distinction, are not fairly established. . Our pro-
fession, as a whole, stands preeminent for public virtue, probity. and
usefulness, yet the individual short comings of its members have often.
excited a popular and erroneous prejudice against it. Instead of look-
ing to physicians as the guardians of the greatest public and private
blessings—as men whose profession qualifies them to sympathise with
the misfortunes of those around them, independent of social caste or
position—they look only. at those who, disgrace themselyes and their
profession, and thence imbibe the opinion that physicians are a burthen
upon the body social, and opposed to the true interests of community.

Ist. For the purpose, therefore, of true improvement in the profes-
sion.

2nd. That the influence of this State Society may be exercised
against dishonest practices ; and

3d. Thata line of distinction may be drawn between regular and
honorable physicians and those who are otherwise. Your committee
recommend the adoption of the following resolutions ;

Resolved, That the practice of admitting young men to the study of
medicine without a respectable preliminary education, greatly contrib-
utes to depress the science, dignity and usefulness of our profession ;
and that this Society urge upon its members the propriety of examin-
ing all young gentlemen who apply for the benefits of private pupil-
age upon their preparatory education, with a view to discourage ‘such
as are deficient in this respect, from entering upon the study of a pro-
fession, in the ranks of which they can never attain preeminence, and
the usefulness and dignity of which they are not competent to pro-.
mote.

Resolved, That discussions upon scientific questions, connected more.
or less intimately with medical science, would, promote a more accu-
rate knowledge of the brilliant modern discoveries in Animal Chemis-
try and Human Physiology, and that to secure this object, it shall be
the duty of the President at this, and each annual meeting hereafter,
to appoint one member to read a paper at the next succeeding meet-
ing, upon the various improvements and discoveries in medicine which
have been made during the year, and one to read a paper upon the
relations which the natural sciences bear to recent improyements and,

14

‘discoveries, and their agency im developing the resources Of the heal:
ing art, and that these papers shall be made the theme of an evening’s
discussion, during the sitting of the Society.

Resolved, That we will exert our influence both by precept and ex-
ample, in sustaining our code of medical ethics, and that all evasions or
infractions of the great moral law of the profession, will forfeit the
claim of any physician to the fellowship or privileges of our Society.

Resolved, That the practice of attending families by the year, is
deemed improper and mercenary by this Society, and that it strongly
recommends to its members the discontinuance of a practice which is
calculated to lower the moral standing of the profession, and lessen
the respect of community for its members.

On motion of Dr. Sanford,

Resolved, That any local Medical Society in this State may become
auxiliary to the Iowa Medical and Chirurgical Society, by pledging it-
self, by resolution, to conform to the Constitution, By-Laws and Code of
Ethics, and to carry out the various recommendations which it may
annually enunciate.

Dr. Rauch from the committee on the Medical and economical bot-
any of Iowa, presented the following Report, which was read, adopt-
ed, and ordered to be printed with tlie proceedings of the Society.

REPORT.

In complianee with a resolution passed at the first annual meeting
of the Society, ‘‘that a‘committee of three be appomted to report on
the medical and economical botany of Iowa’’ at its next annual meet-
ing, the following report is hereby presented :

In the absence of the chairman of the committee, the duty of pre-
paring the report has devolved uponme. The difficulties I have la-
bored under were many, as the botany of this State has been but lit-
tle explored, and when first placed upon the committee, my own
observation was limited, as I had been a resident of the State but a
shorttime. Immediately after the organization of the Society last June,
[ endeavored to gain as much information as I possibly could by per-
sonal observation, at the same time collecting all the indigenous me-
dicinal plants, so that by the end ‘of the season I had quite a fine col-
lection. It was my purpose to have presented duplicates of each
plant to the Society at this meeting, but unfortunately my specimens
were all destroyed. I shall, however, at some future period, endeav-
or to carry out my original intention, and would suggest to the mem-
bers of the Society the propriety of preparing specimens of each plant
found in their respective vicinities, and at every annual meeting pre-

sent them to the Society. In this manner a fine herbarium of the

12

plants of this State could be collected, and individual members would
also have an opportunity to exchange specimens, at the same time caus
ing an interest to be excited throughout the State, ina study so pleasant
and useful, and lamentable as it is, so neglected.

I do not, in any manner, pretend that this report embraces all the
medicinal plants found within the precincts of this State, but submit it
with the hope that it may form the nucleus around which the Medical
Flora of our young and thriving State may be gathered. |

In its preparation I have consulted the various reports of the Geolo-
gical and other explorations made of this State by the Government,
the botanical works of Torry and Gray, Bigelow, Rafinesque,
Riddel, Eaton, Nuttall, James, Wood,'Griffith’s Medicinal Botany, and
the U.S. Dispensatory of Wood and Bache. I have arranged the
plants according to the natural method, or that of Jussieu, and I have
adopted the nomenclature of the ‘North American Flora’’ of Torry
and Gray. I would also express my indebtedness for much valuable
information to Dr. James of Des Moines Co., who, as the companion
of Long in his expedition to the Rocky Mountains, so fully described
and explored the Flora of the Missouri and Platte rivers, also to Al-
fred Sanders, Esq. of Davenport, who has done much dS ananiatéur
botanist toward exploring and collecting the Flora of this State, Mr,
Sanders, of Davenport, D. 8S. Sheldon, A. M., and myself at Burling-
ton, will at any time be happy to exchange specimens with persons of
this er any other State. |

It must be remarked, more especially by those who have paid
some attention to the botany of the Eastern States, and who have
recently come to this State, that there is a vast difference in the size of
plants found here, and those they have been accustomed to seeing,
the same plants being nearly as large again, thus furnishing proof pos-
itive of the comparative depth and fertility of the soil. Another dis-
tinguishing feature is in the color, the petals of plants assuming bright-
er hues here than those produced on the lighter soils of the older
States. The idea so prevalent that the prairies of the West are a Par-
adise for the botanist from the multiplicity of plants produced, as
shown by the rich and brilliant corols that meet the admiring gaze up-
on every side, is entirely erroneous. As a country becomes setiled the
botany increases. Quite a large number of plants that have been intro-
duced from foreign countries,, follow the march of civilization, and
soon become naturalized, while few if any of the indigenous
species become extinct, but are merely diminished in number. The
varieties of our Forest trees are but few, also of Ferns and those plants
accompanying the Pine growth. Thus our Flora seems to be dimin-

13

ished, but when we take into consideration the scope and diversity of
‘country embraced by the State of Lowa, the valleys of the Mississippi
and Missouri rivers on the east and west, with their peculiar vegeta-
tion, the high table land on the northwest, the laky region upon which
it encroaches on the north, and the Mexican Flora running into the
south-western part of the State, confirmed even by the casual observ-
ation to which they have been subjected, we may safely infer that when
thoroughly examined, Lowa will present a Flora inferior to that of no
State in the Union.

With such an extensive field, that has as yet, comparatively speak-
ing, been unexplored, I cannot help but call the attention of the mem-
bers of the Society to the study of our indigenous medical botany. A
subject pregnant with so much importance to the profession at large,
to the community we live in, and to ourselves, cannot receive too much
attention. The idea so prevalent, that our country does not produce
as many medicinal plants, as the older countries of the eastern hem-
isphere, is entirely erroneous; apparently it is so, but the difference is
simply this, the virtues of their plants are better known; and who, I
would ask, is to bring forth from obscurity these hidden treasures ?
The answer every one will give is, the profession, the members of
this Society ; for this purpose you meet here, they would expect it
from you, science expects it from you, humanity expects it from you,
and duty expects it from you. You must not rest contented to think
that you possess sufficient remedial means to combat disease, but rath-
er think to the contrary ; let your aim and object be, not to thrive and
live upon what others have done before you, but let each one feel that
it is his duty, yes, that he is morally bound to contribute his portion
to the already great stores.

The science of medicine, as everything else, is progressing, let us,
therefore endeavor to keep pace with it, let each of us do our duty,
so that lowa may take her proper position in the constellation of our
Union, among her sister States, in ¢hzs as well as in every other res-
pect. The united efforts of the members of this Society, will accom-
plish great good, independent of the advantages that would be deriv-
ed from the administration of the hidden virtues of many plants, and
it would prove more conclusively to the minds of the public, that we
really, truly and emphatically are eclectics, and would do more toward
the dissemination of correct principles, with regard to the science of
medicine, and the uprooting of that species of charlatanry, humbug-
gery and presumption, which seems to thrive upon the apparent re-
missness of the profession 7m this respect, and the credulity and preju-
dices of the public.

\4

L would again urge upon the members of this Society, the necessi-
ty, yes, the duty of their paying more attention to the Medical Bofa-
ny of our State ; let all feel as if there wasa specific for every ill to
which the flesh is heir, and that possibly he may discover it, thus
conferring @ lasting benefit upon society, and’ immortality upon him-
himself. Examine, experiment with every plant you meet with, be ob-
servant; most important medicines have been discovered by accident,
and no doubt there are many plants in our new State that os
medicinal properties, totally unknown, and as it were

‘‘Waste their virtues, on the prairie air.”’
Orper—RANUNCULACE. Crowfoots.

This order possesses several plants that are highly esteemed in wide
cine, but they nearly all contain a very acrid and caustic principle of
a4 volatile nature, which is dissipated by heat, or in the process of dry-
me.

1. CLeMmatis.

Clematis Verticillaris, D. C. (Atragene Americana, Sims.) Whore
leaved Virgin’s Bower. Flower purple. Woods. Prop. diuretic and
vesicant. j

Clematis Virginiana. Virgin’s Bower. Flowers W. Aug. Fen-
ces, &e. Prop. diuretic and vesicant.

Clematis Viorna. Leather flower. Flowers purple. June, July.
Woods. Employed externally in the cure of itch, rheumatism, cuta-
neous eruptions.

2. ANEMONE.

Anemone nemorosa. Wood anemone. Low anemone. Flower
white. April, May. Woods, hedges and open fields. Prop. causes
bloody urine and convulsions in cattle. Tinea capitis.

Anemone cylindrica. Gray. Flowers white. April, May. Prop.
similar to the other.

Anemone Virgintana. Virginian anemone. F. green. Woods. Ju-
ly. Rubefacient when recent.. .

Anemone Pennsylvanica aconstifolia. Mchx. F. white. June, July.
Rocky place. Similar to the other.

Anemone patens. (A. Ludoviciana. Nutt.) F. purple. April. Dry
hills. Prop. similar to the other.

3. Hepatica.

Hepatica triloba. Chaix. (Anemone Hepatica. Lim.) Liverwort,
Liverweed. Flowers blue, white and purple. Woods. April. Prop.
astringent.

Hepatica obtusa. Blunt lobed liver-leaf. F. white. April. Hills,
south side. Prop. astringent, diuretic

16

Hepatica acuta. Liver leaf. Flowers white and purple. Hills, south
side. Prop. similar to the other.

5. RaNnuNncULUS.

Ranunculus fammada. Small Spearwort. Officinal. July and Sept.
Y. Wet places and swamps. Prop. acrid, rubefacient and vesica-
ting. Distilled water, emetic.

Ranunculus acris. Buttercup. Crowfoot. Yellow Weed. Blister
weed. Officinal. Y. June and Sept. Meadows and wet prairies. Prop-
erties similar to the other.

Ranunculus bulbosus. Bulbous Crowfoot. Officinal Y. May and
June. Fields. Properties similar to the other. The remaining plants
of this order possess properties similar to the foregoing, and are nev-
er used internally. Care must be taken when employed as a vesicant,
lest troublesome ulcers are produced, which is sometimes the case.

Ranunculus reptans. Creeping crowfoot

a abortiwus. Round-leaved Crowfoot.
At sceleratus. Ph. Celery Crowfoot.
tf faseeularis. Muhl. Early Crowfoot.
se Pennsylvanicus. (R.hispidus. Ph.) Bristly Crowfoot.
=e Pursha. Richardson. Floating Crowfoot.
s aquatalis. River Crowfoot.
6. CaLTHa.

Caltha palustris. Marsh Marigold, Cowslips. Acrid when fresh.

Y, May. Wet meadows. Young leaves boiled for greens.
9. Coptis SatisBury.

Coptis trifolia. Golethread. Mouth-root. Officinal secondary. Y.
May. Swamps north part of State. Prop. simple bitter, similar to
quassia.

11. AQuILEGcia.

Aquilegia Canadensis. Wild Columbine. Rocks. May. Proper-

ties diuretic, diaphoretic, bitter and astringent.
12. DevpHinium.

Delphinium exaltatum. American Larkspur. F. purple. August,
July. Flowers diuretic, emmenagogue and anthelmintic. Seeds em-
etic and purgative, employed as a substitute for the D. Consolida of
Europe.

Delphiniun azureum. Azure Larkspur.) F.azure-colored. Interi-
9 tricome. Mchx. Three-fruited> or State. July. Prop. sim-
errata lar to last.
14. AcT#a.
Actea alba Bigelow. (A. Americana, Ph. alba.) White Bane-
berry, Indian white cohosh. Woods. Flowers purple. May. Proper-

Oe: wy Chit OO

16.
ues bitter and asirinvent, as well as cathartic and emetic, and in over.
doses, poisonous.

Actea rubra. Red Bane-berry. Red cohosh. Indians. Flowers
white. May. Properties similar to the other, both used as a substi-
tute for the A. specata of Europe.

15. Crmicrruea. .

Cimicifuga racemosa, Ell. (Acta. Lin. Macroty’s. Raf.) Black
Snake root. Black cohosh. Officinal. Woods. June, July. White.
Properties, mild tonic, stim. the secretions, of skin, kidneys, bron-
chial mucous membrane; emmen. and nervous sedative. Thought
by Indians, antidote for bite of rattlesnake.

19. ZANTHORHIZA. |

Zanthorhiza apufolia. L’Her. (Z. simplicissimima. Mchx.) Yel-
low Root. Officinal. Found south part of State, banks of rivers., April.
Properties, simple bitter, and a yellow coloring matter.

20. Hyprasris.
Hydrastis Canadensis. Turmeric root. Orange root. Yellow puc*

coon root. Meadows and wet prairies. Fowers white. May and June.
Prop. Topical application in ophthalmia, old ulcers by Indians; also

to stain their clothing yellow. Slightly stimulant and tonic.
Orp.—AMNACEA. Amnads.

Uvaria Triloba. Fw. gray. (Asimina Adans.) Pawpaw, Cus-
tard Apple. Banks of Streams, near Keokuk. Apr. Y. Fruit
eatable in October. |

Orp.—MENISPERMACEAi.

Menispermum Canadense. Worm Seed. Woods. Flowers Yel-
low. Prop. tonic, gently stimulating, and the root employed as a sub-
stitute for sarsaparilla. )

Orp.—BERBERIDACE.

Berberis Vulgaris. Berberry bush. Gardens. Flowers Yellow.
Berries acid. Refrigerant, astringent and antiscorbutic. Inner bark
and root employed in jaundice and for coloring.

2. PopopHYLLum.

Podophyllum. peltatum. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. Officinal.

Woods. F. White. May. Fruit edible. Cathartic, similar to Jalap.
3. JEFFERSONIA. Barr. |

Jeffersonia dephylla. Barton. Rheumatism root. Woods. April.

W. Stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic.
Orv.—NELUMBIACEA. NeEtvumsrum. *

Nelumbium luteum. Nelumbo, Sacred Bean. Water Chinquepin.

Bottoms, N. and E. of Burlington and 8. W. of Keokuk. F. White.

June. Fruit eaten by the Osage, other Indians.

17

Orpv.—NYMPHACACEA. Water Lilies.
1. NympH@a.

Nymphea odorata, Water Lily. Lotus. Pond’s. F. White, tinged
with Yellow. July. Slightly astrmgent. Stalks are mucilaginous,
seeds and root stocks edible.

2. NuPHAR.

Nuphar advena. Ait. (Nymphea Adv. Mx.) Yellow Pond Lily.

F. Yellow. June. July. Property similar to last.
Oxp.—PAPAVERACE. 4
1. SANGUINARIA.

Sanguinaria Canadensis. Blood-root. Puccoon. Off. Woods.
April. May. W. Prop. emetic and purgative. Small doses sedat-
ive, diaphoretic, large, acro-narcotie poison, escharotic Xc.

Chelidonium majus Celandine. Introduced. Fences, roadsides.
F. Y. MaytoOctober. Acrid, stimulant and duiretic. Externally
to cure itch. ; |

M&CANOPSIS.

Mecanopsis diphilla UG. ©. (Chelidonium Mx. Stylophorum Nutt)
Celandiue poppy. Woods. F. Y. May and Sept. Prop. similar
to last and may be substituted for it

ARGEMONE.

Argemone Mexicana. Prickly Poppy. Banks of streams. 8. W.
of state. F. Y. July. Prop. Acrid, juice employed by Indians in
opthalmia, jaundice, and cutaneous eruptions. Emetic and purgative

Orp.—FUMARIACE A. Dyezyrra.

Dielyira Cucullaria. D. C. (Corydalis Cucullaria Pers.) Dutch.
mans Breeches. Woods. F. White. April. May. Prop. Bitter
and astringent.

Dielytra Canadensis. D. C.(D. eximia. Beck, Corydalis Canaden-
sis) Squirrel Coon. Dutchman’s Breeches. Woods. Rocky. May.
June. Prop. similar to last.

- CoryDaus.

Corydalis aurea. Wild. (Fumaria aurea. Muhl.) Golden Coryd-
alis. Woods. F. Y. May to August. Prop. similar to the first.
FuMARIA.

Fumaria officinalis Fumitory. Introduced. Fields, gardens.
July. August. Prop. Tonic and alterative.

Orv.—CRUCIFFRA.

Draba Caroliniana. Walt. (D. hespidula Michx.) Whitlow Grass
Fields. F. W. Apr. June. Rubefacient and antiscorbutic.

Drabu nemoralis. Ehrh. F. Yellowish white. May. Prop. sim-
ilar to the Jast.

18

CocHLEARIA,

Cochlearia armoracia. Horse Radish. Introduced. Officinal.
Garden. June. Prop. stimulant, Antiscorbutie and rubefacient.
Condiment.

NastuRTIUM.

Nasturtium officinale. Water Cress. Brooks and Ponds. F.
June. Prop, similar to seurvy grass. Antiscorbutic. Cultivated as
a salad.

Nasturtium palusive. D.O. March. Water Cress. Prop. sim-
ilar to last. |

DENTARIA.

Deniaria Dephylla. Pepper Root. Woods. F. W. May.
Root aromatic, pungent. Antiscorbutic. '

Dentaria laciniata. Muhl. (D-. concatenata. Michx.) Woods.
P. Apr. May. Prop. similar to last.

SIsYMBRIUM.

Sisymbrium officinale. Scep. (Crysimum. Lin.) Hedge Mustard.

Fields &c. F, Y. June to Sept. Diuretic and expectorant. _
ERYSIMUM.

Erysimum Arkansanum. Nuttal. Yellow. Phlex. False wall
Flower. F. Y. June. July. Prop. stimulant, antiscorbutic.

| Srv APIs.

Sinapis nigra. Black Mustard. Officinal. Introduced. F. Y.
June. July. Prop. Seeds stimulant, laxative, rubefacient, and an-
tiscorbutic. Condiment,

Orpv.—POLYGALACE.

Polygala Senega.—Seneca Snake root. Officinal. Woods. F.
White. July. Prairies. Prop. stimulating expectorant, diuretic,
emetic and cathartic.

Polygala polygama Walt. (P. rubella. Willd.) Bitter Polygala.
Officinal. Fields, pastures. F. purple. June. July. Prop. Tonic,
laxative and diaphoretic.

Polygala paucifolia. Fringed Polygala. Woods and Swamps. .
F. Purple. May. Prop. Tonic. Thought to contain an oil similar
to Gaultheiia procumbens.

Orp.—VIOLACEZ.

The roots of nearly all the plants of this order possess emetic and
purgative properties. The most conspicuous found in this state
are the

Viola cucullata. Ait. Hood-leaved violet.
sagittata. Ait. Arrow-leaved violet.
palmata. Palmated violet.

ae

Fe FCS .

sates Bel

19

Viola pedate. Pedate violet.
‘« delphinefolia. Nutt. Larkspur-leaved violet.
** lanceolata. Lance-leaved violet.
“rotundifolia. Mchx. Round-leaved violet.
‘* Canadensis. Canadian violet.
** Rubescens. Ait. Common Yellow violet.
“ Muhlenbergii. Torr. Muhlenberg’s violet.

' “ — Prostrata. Beaked violet.

«« Striata. Ait. (v. ocholenca. Schw.) Striped violet.

* aroensts. Ell. (v. letriella. Muhl.) v. vecolor. Ph.

‘« tricolor. Tricolored violet. Pansy. Hearts-ease.
SOLEA.

Solea concolor. Ging. (Viola concolor. Ph.) — Green violet.
Woods. F. Greenish white. Apr. May. Prop. emetic.

Orpv.— DROSERACE. Sundews.

Drosera rotundifolia. Round-leaved Sundew. Swamps. F.

White. Aug. Acid, and acrid. :
PARNASSTA.

Parnassia palustris. Bogs, and shores of lakes N. part of state.
F. White. Prop. astringent and tonic.

: Orp.—CISTACE. Rock Rosée.
HELIANTHENUM.

Helianthenum Canadense. (Cistus. Canad. Willd.) Frost plant.

Fields. Woods. F. Y. June. Sept. Astringent and tonic.
Hvpsonta.

Hudsonia tomentosa. Nutt. Downy. Hudsonia. Shoresoflakes |

N. partof State. F. Y. May. Prop. Astringent.
Orp.—HYPERICACEA. Hypericum.

Hypericum pyramidatum. Ait. (H. ascyroides. Willd.) Giant
Hypericum. Hills. Banks of streams. F. July and Aug. The juice
of many species of this class is considered purgative and febrifugal.
They contain an essential oil, and a bitter extractive matter.

Hypericum perforaium. Common St. John’s-wort. Introduced.

Hypericum corymbosum. Muhl. (H. punctatum. Beck.) Spotted
St. John’s.

Hypericum prolificum.

Hypericum adpressum Barton.

Hypericum Canadense.

Orpv.—CARYOPHYLLACE. Stevz,
_ Silene Virginica. Virginian Catch Fly. Campion. Fields. F.
R. June. Prop. Anthelmentic.

20):

SAPONARIA.

Saponaria officinalis. Common Soap-wort. Bouncing Bet. Off.
fntroduced. Contain an active prin. called saponine, whichis thought
to posses properties similar to Sarsaparilla.

Orpv.—PORTULACACEA. Porrunaca.

Portulaca oleracea. Purslane, Introduced. Indigenous on the
Missouri. Gardens. F. Y. June to Aug. Used as a potherb..
Diuretic and antiscorbutic. |

Orp.—LINACEA. Linum.

Linum wusitatissimum. Common Flax. Officinal. Introduced.
Flowers blue. June and July. Prop. The herbage is bitter and
purgative. Seeds demulcent and emollient, by expression a fixed oil,
which is largely used in thearts. The inner fibre of the bark furnishes
flax. The cultivation of this plant deserves the attention of our
farmers, as there is no doubt it would well repay their trouble.

Linum Virginiana. Virginia Flax. Woods. F. Y. July. Prop.
similar to last. .
Orp.—GERANIACEA. Geranium.

Geranium maculatum. Spotted Geranium. Cranesbill.. Officinal.
Woods. Flowers purple or reddish white. Apr. June. Root purely
astringent, contain more gallic and tannic acid than Kino. « |

Geranium Carolinianum. Carolinian Cranes-bill. Fields. F. R.
July. Prop. similar to last. .

Orp.—OXALIDACEA. Oxatis.

Oxalis Acetocella. Common Wood Sorrel. Officinal. Woods and
shady places. F. Y. June. Prop. acidulous and refrigerant, and
as a drink in fevers. The acidity depends upon Oxalic acid which is
in the herbage.

Oxalis violacea. Violet Wood Sorrel. Rocky woods. F. violet.
May. Prop. similar to last.

Owalis siriata. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Fields. F. Y. all sum-
mer. Prop. similar to the other.

Orpv.—ZANTHOXYLACEA. Zantuoxyiu.

Zanthoxylum Americanum. Miller. (Z. fraxineum. Willd. )—
Prickly Ash. Off. Toothache tree. Woods. Flowers Greenish.
May, Apr. Prop. Pungent aromatic qualities with bitterness. Due
to an ethereal oil and its resin,'in the leaves and fruit, and to a bitter
acrid crystallizable substance, with a yellow coloring matter, which
is contained in the’ bark. Stimulant and tonic, chronic rheumatism
and toothache.

Ptelea. Inner bark an ingridient in the Kinni Kinnick of the In-

dians.

21

Ptelea trifoliata. Shrubby Trefoil. Stinking prairie bush. Stink-
ing Ash. F. white. May. Prop. Antiperiodic, young shoots an-
thelmintic, and the fruit used as a substitute for hops.

j Orv.—ANACARDIACE. Ruvs.

Rhus glabra, Smooth Sumach. Upland Sumach. Off. Second
Fields, woods &c. F. gr. red. June, July. Bark and leaves are
aromatic and astringent, and contains tannin used in tanning morocco
leather. The fruit is acid, which resides in the hairs of the surface,
and is owing to the bi-malate of lime. Refrigerant. Leaves dye red.

Rhus typhena. Stag-horn Sumach. Rocky places. F. G. W.
June. Prop. similar to last with the exception that its wood is yellow
and used in dyeing.

Rhus vennenata. D.C. (R° vernix Linn.) Poison Sumac. Dog-
wood. Officinal. Swamps. F. green. June. Prop. Poisonous,
taints the air around it, juice employed as an indelible ink. Leaves
stimulant and narcotic. |

Rhus Toxicodendron . Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Offficinal.
Flowers small. Woods. Prop. Leaves stimulant, narcotic, diaphor-
etic and diuretic. Poisonous.

Rhus aromatica, Ait. Sweet Sumac. On Red Cedar river.
Hedges. F. Y. May. Prop. similar to Rhus glabra.

Rhus radicans, ‘Torr. Poison Ivy. Poisonous.

Orpv.—MALVACEA. Matyva. .

Malva rotundifolia. Low Mallow. Officinal. Naturalized. Com-
mon. F. Pink. June to Oct. Prop. Emollient and demulcent.

Malva sylvestris High Mallow. Officinal. Naturalized. Fields,
gardens. F. red. Prop. same as first. |

Malva Houghtonu. Houghton’s Malva. Prairies. F. July and
Aug. Prop. similar to last.

CaLiirRHoE. Nutt.

Callirrhoe triangulata. Prairies. F. Red. Root farinaceous and
eaten by Indians.

NapPa@ma.

Napuea diowa. Lin. (Sida dioica Cav.) Glade Mallow. Rich
calcareous soil. F. white. Aug. Prop. Demulcent.

Orpv.—TILIACEA, Tia.

Tilia Americana. Linden or Lime Tree. Bass wood. Pumpkin
wood. Woods. Flower Yellowish. June. Prop. Mucilaginous, a
tough inner bark, the outer of which is astringent. Inner bark man-
ufactured into ropes. Wood employed for Cabinet work, also pan-
neling.

Tilia peterophylla. Vent. Various-leaved Linden. Banks ot
Miss. Prop. similar to the last.

92.

Lilia alba. Michx. White lime or Linden. Prop. similar to
others.

Oxp.—VITACEA. Vrris

Vitis Labrusen. Fox Grape. Woods. F. Green. June, July.
The Isabella, and Catawba Grapes have been produced in cultivation
from this. These thrive well especially on bluffs and hills with south-
ern exposures. Cultivation of them demand the attention of our hor-
ticulturists.

Vites cordifolia. Mx. (v. vulpina Linn.) Frost Grape. Winter
Grape.

Vitis distivalis. Summer Grape.

Vitis Riparia. Winter Grape.

Vitis Vinifera. Common Wine Grape. Naturalized. Thrives well.

AMPELOPSIS.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia.. American Ivy. Woodbine. F. Green.

July. Prop. Expectorant. Substitute for Ivy.
Orp.—ACERACE A. Aczr.

Acer rubrum. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. -Low
Woods. Swamps. Crimson. F. April, May. Prop. Bark astrin-
gert, and also a dye black. For cabinet work called Curled maple. |

Acer dasycarpum. Ehrh. (A. eriocarpum. Mx.) White Maple.
Silver Maple. Banks of rivers. F. yellow, green. April, May. Sap
yields sugar. |

Acer Pennsylvanicum. (A. Striatum..) Striped Maple.

Acer nigrum. Black Maple Sugar-tree. Sap yield sugar.

Acer saccharinum. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. Forests. April.
Greenish. Prop. The limpid sap of this tree yields sugar in great
abundance, by boiling. Bark astringent.

NeEcGunpo.

Negundo acervides. Ash-leaved Maple, Box Elder. Woods. April.
G. Prop. Yields sugar, bark astringent. .

Orp.—SAPINDACEA. Hrrrocasranes. Alscuvvs.

Aisculus glabra. Willd. (Pavia pallida. Spald) PP. Ohiensis.
Michx. Ohio Buckeys. Bottoms. Universal. F. yellow and
white. Bark astringent and tonic. Employed in tanning. Button
mucilaginous, saponifying; Matter similar to soap; seeds and branch-
es narcotic and emetic. Starch prepared from fruit is supérior to that —
from wheat.

CarbfosPeRMtM. —

Cardiospermum Haliacabum. Heart-seed, Balloon-vine. F. white.

Banks Missouri. Prop. Roots mucilaginous, aperient and diaphoretic.

23

Orp.—CELASTRACE. Cexasrrus.

Celastrus scandens. Staff-tree, Shrubby Bittersweet, Waxwork.
Climbing shrub in woods and thickets, on trees. F. g. white. June.
Prop. Seeds narcotic and stimulant, astringent and bitter. Employed
by Thompsonians to remove hepatic affections. Often planted as an
ornamental shrub.

EvonyMvs.

Huonymus atropurpureus. Jacq. Spindle-tree, Strawberry-tree,
Burning-bush, Indian-arrow, Wahoo. F. d. p. June. Prop. tonie.
hydragogue, cathartic, diuretic, andantiperiodic. Thought to be sim-
ilar in its effects to rhubarb. Seeds purgative and emetic.

Euonymus Amerwanus. Bur. (E. obovatus. Nutt.) Burning-bush.
Woods. F. yellow and pink. June. Prop. similar to Celastrus scan-
dens.

Ora.—RHAMNACEA. Ruamnus.

Rhamnus Alnifolius. L’ Her. (R. panguloides. Mich.) Alder-Leav-
ed Buckthorn. On the Missouri river. Berries purgative and emet-
ie. A bitter extractive principle abounds im the bark, also a coloring
matter. ‘

CEANOTHUS.

Ceanothus Americanus. New Jersey Tea, Red-root. Shrub. Woods.
F. white. June. Prop. astringent. Indian remedy for syphilis. Leaves
were used during the American Revolution as a substitute for tea.
Root yields a cmnamon-red color. .

Orpv.—LEGUMINOS. Aptos.

Apios tuberosa. Ph. (Glycine Apios. Lin.) Ground-nut. Woods
F. purple. July, August. Prop. Root, tuberous and nutritious.
Would supply place of potato. Indians. .

Rosina.

Robinia Pseudacacia. Loeust tree. Bark of root cathartic and

emetic. F. white May. Valuable for its timber.
PSORALEA.

Psoralea Esculenta. Ph. Nutt. Bread-root. Wabsepinecon river.

F. blue. June, July. Eaten by the Indians either raw or boiled.
AMIOPHA.

Amiopha Canescens. Mott. Lead Plant. Thought to prefer localities
where lead exists.

TRIFOLIUM.

Trifolium repens. White Clover. Trefoil. Shamroek. Pasturage,

Trifolium reflecum. Buffalo Clover.

Trifolium Stoloniferum. Mub|. Running Buffalo Clover.

Trifolium pratense. Cinnamon Red Clover... Intro.

24

. Bapvista.
Bapusia Tincloria. Kat. Br. Wild Indigo. Flowers, yellow.
July, Sept. Prop. astringent, antiseptic, cathartic and emetic.

Baptisia leucantha. Torry & Gray. (B. alba. Hook.) White flower-
ed Bapt. Prairies. Flowers white. June, July. Properties similar to
last.

CERCIS.

Cercis Canadensis. Judas Tree. Red-bud. Flowers red. May,
April. Wood made use of for various purposes. Young twigs dye
wool a nankeen color.

Cassia. .
Cassia marilandica. American senna. Off. Flowers yellow. we.

Cathartic, similar to imported senna.
Cassia chamecrista. Sensitive Pea. Dwarf Cassia. Dry prairies.

Flowers yellow. August. Similar to last.
GYMNOCLADUS. |

Gymnocladus Canadensis. Coffee-bean. Coffee-tree. Rare. Flow-
ers white. May, July. Wood employed in architecture and cabinet
work.

GLYCYRRHIZA.

Glycirrhizalepidota American liquorice. Banks of Miss. F. white.

June. Demulcent and expectorant. Substitute for the Officinal.
Orp.—ROSACEA®. Curasus.

Cerasus serotina. D.C. (C. Virginiana. Michx. Prunus. Ehrh, )
Wild Cherry. Officinal. Forests. F. white. May. Prop. Tonic
and sedative. Wood employed by Cabinet makers.

Cerasus Virginiana. D. OC. (C. Sentina Hook. Prunus Lin.)
Choke Cherry. F. white. May. Fruit astringent though pleasant to
the taste.

Cerasus Pennsylvanica. Ait. (Prunus vorealis. Ph.) Wild Red
Cherry. Woods. F. white. May. Fruit acrid.

Cerasus pumila. Michx. (Prunus depressa. Ph.) Sand Cherry.
Shrub sandy soil. .F. white. May. Fruit acid and agreeable.

Prunus

Prunus Americana. Marsh. (Cerasus nigra. Sorsel.) Red plum.
Yellow plum. Woods. F. white. May. Fruit agreeable and
pleasant to the taste.

PERSIOA.

Persica vulgaris, Nutt. (Amygdalus Persica: Willd.) Common
Beach. Introduced. Officinal Tonic and sedative. The bark,
leaves, fruit and kernels of the Amygdalz contain hydrocyanic acid
which is indicated by their peculiar odor,

25

CRATAGUS.

Crategus coccinea. (C. Crus-galli. Bw. C. glandulosa. Willd.)
Crimson fruited Thorn, White Thorn. Thickets, banks of streams. F’.
white. April, May. Fruit eatable.

Crategus Punctata. Jacq. (C. latifolia. D.C. Mespilus. Spach.)
Thorn. Woods. F. white. May, June. Fruit red, eatable.

Pyrrvus,

Pyrus coronaria. (Malus. Mill.) Crab apple. Sweet-scented
Crab tree. Woods. Fl. May. White. Fruit esteemed for pres-
erves.

Pyrus arbutifolia. Lin.f. (Mespilus. Lin.) Aronia. Pers.
Choke Berry. F. white. May, June. Fruit astringent.

AMELANCHIER.

Amelanchier Canadensis. Torr. and Gray. (Mespilus. Lin. Mes-
pilus arborea. Michx.) Shad Berry. June Berry. Wild Service
Berry. Woods. F. white. April, May. Fruit pleasant to the
taste.

Rvsvs.

Rubus villosus. Ait. High Blackberry. Off. FI. white. May
Root and fruit astringent and tonic.

Rubus hispidus. (R. sempervirens. Bw.) Bristly Blackberry.
Damp woods Fl. w. May Prop. similar to last.

Rubus Canadensis. (R. trivialis. Ph.) Low Blackberry. Dew-
berry. Off. Fields. Fl. May. White. Astringent and tonic.

Rubus odoratus. Rose-flowering Raspberry. Mulberry. Woods.
F. purple. June. Fruit bright red, and sweet when ripe.

Rubus strigosus. Michx. (R. Ideus. Nutt.) Wild Red Rasp-
berry. Fields. Flowers white. May. Fruit delicious. Leaves
slightly astringent.

Rubus occidentalis. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. Fields.
Fl. white. May. Fruit of a lively agreeable taste.

POTENTILLA.

Potentilla Canadensis. (P. sarmentosa. Willd.) Common Cin-
quefoil. Fields. May. F.Y. Prop. Astringent. Thompsonians
employ it.

CoMARUM.

Comarum palustre. Marsh Cinquefoil. In spagnous swamps,

N. part of State. F. June. Prop. Astringent.
FRAGARIA.

Fragaria Virginiana. Ehrh. (F. Canadensis. Michx.) Scarlet
or Wild Strawberry. Fields, woods. Fl. white. April and May.
Fruit highly fragrant and delicious when ripened in the Sun. As-

tringent. 4

26

Geum.

Geum Virginianum. (G. Album. Gmel.) White Avens. Thick-
ets. F. white. July. Prop. Astringent. :

Geum vernum. T. and G. (Stylipus vernus. Raf.) Thickets.
Fl. yellow. April, June. Prop. Astringent.

Geum rivale. Water Avens. Purple Avens. Off. N. part of
State. F. purple. June. Prop. Root aromatic, astringent and
tonic.

AGRIMONIA.

Agrimonia Eupatoria. Agrimony. Fields. F. yellow. July.
Prop. Astringent, corroborant. Said to be a vermifuge. Indians
employed it in fever.

Agrimonia parviflora. Ait. (A. suaveolens. Ph.) Small flow-
ered Agrimony. Woods. Fl. yellow. Aug. Prop. similar to last,
has an agreeable balsamic odor.

SPIRaA.

Spireatomentosa Hardhack. White-leaf. Officinal. Wet prair-
ies. F. purple. July, Aug. ‘Tonic and Astringent, also a trace of
Hydrocyanic acid, as in the Amygdalea.

Spirea salicifolia. (S. alba. Bw.) Queen of the meadow.
Willow-leaved Spireea. Meadows. Fl. white. July, Aug. Prop.
nearly similar to last.

Spirea opulifolia. Nine bark. Banks of streams. Fl]. white.
June. Prop. Astringent, rather unpleasant, seeds tonic. In other
respect similar to S. tomentosa. ?

Spirea lobata. Siberian Red Spirea. Prairies. June, July.—
Prop. An oil has been distilled from its stems and leaves, similar to
that derived from the Gaultheria procumbens. Pleasant beverage
made from flowers.

Spirea Aruncus. Goat‘s Beard. F. white. June, July. Prop.
similar to 8. tomentosa.

GILLENTA.

Gillenia stipulacea. Nutt. (Spirea. Ph.) Bowman’s Root.
Am. Ipecac. Woods. F. rose color. June. Prop. Root emetic,
cathartic, diaphoretic and tonic according to dose.

Orv.—MELASTOMACE.
RHeEXIA.

Rhexia Virginica. Meadow Beauty. Deer Grass. Wet grounds.

F. P. July. Prop. Astringent.
Orv.—LYTHRACE.
AMMANDIA .

Ammannia humilis. Michx. (A. ramosior. Lin.) Low Amman-

nia. Wetplaces. F. blue. Aug. Astringent.

27

LyTHRUM.

Iythrum alatum. Ph. Wing-stem Lythrum. Damp grounds.

F, purple. June, July. Astringent.
CuPHEA.

Cuphea viscosissima. Jacq. (Lythrum petiolatum. Lin.) Wet

grounds. F. purple. Aug. Astringent.
Orpv.—ONAGRACE.
EPILOBIUM.

Epilobium angustifolium. (E. Spicatum. Lam.) Willow Herb.
Rose-bay. Meadows. Fl. P. July. Root emollient, slightly ast-
ringent.

Epilobium coloratum. Muhl. Colored Epilobium. Prop. similar
to last.

Epilobium palustre. Marsh Epilobium. Similar to the others.

CHNOTHERA.

nothera biennis. Common Evening Primrose. Scabish Tree
Primrose. F. y. June, Sept. Bark and leaves mucilaginous in a
recent state, slightly acrid. Decoction employed in eruptive affections.
Emollient in ulcers.

nothera fruticosa. Perennial Evening Primrose.

nothera Missouriensis. Sims.

CEnothera sinuata. Prop. like first.

GAURA.

Gaura hiennis. Biennial Gaura. Virginian hosestrife. F. red.

July, Aug. Slightly astringent.
Orp.—CUCURBITACE/.
Cucursrra.

Cucurbita verrucosa. Warted Squash. Club Squash. Cultivated

by Indians west of Miss. Nutt.
Orpv.—GROSSULACE /.

Ribes Floridum. L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Woods. FI.
greenish-yellow. May, June. Fruit rather insipid.

Ribes rubrum. Common Red Currant. N. part of State. Fruit
pleasant.

Ribes aureum. Ph. Missouri or Golden Currant. FI. yellow.
April, May.

Ribes Cynosbati. Prickly Gooseberry. Thickets. April, June.
Fl. white-greenish. Fruit eatable.

Ribes rotundifolium. (Michx. R. triflorum. Willd.) Wild Goose-
berry. Fl. white. May. Fruit delicious.

Ribes hirtellum. Michx. (R. triflorum. Bw. R. Saxosum. Hook.)
Woods. F. greenish. May. Fruit purple.

28

Orpv.—CACTACASA.
OpuntTIA

Opuntia vulgaris. Mill. (Cactus opuntia. Lin.) Prickly Peas.

Sandy places. F. yellow. Fruit eatable.
Orp.—SAXIFRAGACE 4.
HEvucuERa.

Heuchera Americana. _Alum-root. Fl. purplish. May, June.
Root powerfully astringent, hence common name.

Hydrangea arborescens. (H. vulgaris. Michx.) Common Hyd-
rangea. Banks of streams. F. white. Astringent.

~ Orv.—HAMAMELACE &.
HAMAMELIS.

Hamamelis Virginiana. Witch Hazel. F.- yellow. Astringent
and sedative.

Orpv.—UMBELLIFER.

Nearly all the Umbelliferee possess aromatic, stimulant and carmin-
ative properties, depending upon a volatile oil, chiefly accumulated in
the roots and reservoirs (vitte) of the fruit, sometimes it is small in
quantity, so as merely to flavor the saccharine roots, which are used
for food. In many the herbage is pervaded by an acrid narcotic
principle, rendering them very poisonous.

SANICULA.

Sanicula Marilandica. Sanicle. Woods. Thickets. Fl. white.

June. Prop. Diaphoretic, stimulant and stomachic.

Eryneium.

Erynginm aquatieum. Button Snake-root. Wet prairies. FI.

white,. July, Aug. Prop. Diaphoretic and expectorant.
Cicuta.

Cicuta maculata. Water Hemlock. Spotted Cowbane. Off. Wet
prairies. F. white. July, Aug. Prop. Powerful narcotic. Em-
ployed as a substitute for Conium, but in smaller doses.

Strum.

Sium latifolium. Water Parsnep. Swamps de. FI. white. July,
Aug. Prop. Poisonous. Employed in cutaneous diseases.

Sium tineare. Michx. (S. latifolium. Bw.) Swamps. F. white
July, Aug. Prop. similar to last.

/ ARCHANGELICA.

Archangelica atropurpurea. Hoffm. (Angelica triquinata. Mx.)
Angelica. Fields. Meadows. FI. greenish-white. June. Arom-
atic and tonic.

ARCHEMORA .

Archemora rigida. D.©. Water Drop-wort. Cow-bane. Swamps.

F, white. Sept Prop. Poisonous.

29

PASTINACA.
Pastinaca sativa. Common Parsnep. Wild Parsnep. Introduced.

Fields, along fences &c.. F. yellow. July. Root nutritious and
wholesome.

HERACLEUM.

Heracleum lanatum. Cow Parsnep. Water-wort. Off. Low

places. F. white. June. Prop. Stimulant and carminative.
PoLyTA€NIA.

Polytenia Nuttallu. D.C. Prairies. F. white. May. Flowers
odor of turpentine.

Davovs.

Daucus Carrota. Carrot. Introduced. Fields, roadsides F.
white. July, Sept. Expectorant and diuretic.

OsMORHIZA.

Osmorhiza longistylis. D.C. (Uraspermum Claytoni. Nuit.)
Sweet Cicely. Woods. F. white. May, June. Root of an agreeable
spicy flavor,

Osmorhiza brevistylis. D.C. (QO. hirsutum. Bw). Short-styled
Cicely. Woods. F. white. June. Root not as pleasant and more
disagreeable than the last.

Conrum.

Comum maculatum. Poison Hemlock. Offical. Introduced.
Way-sides, &c. Flowers, white. July, Aug. Properties, norcotic.
ERIGENIA.

Erigenia bulbosa. Nutt. (Sison. Mchx. Hydrocotyle composita.
Ph.) Banks of streams. Flowers, white. March, April. Root nutri-
tious.

Orv. ARALIACEA.

Aralia nudicaulis. Wild Sarsaparilla. Woods. Flowers, green-
ish. June, July. Properties stimulant, diaphoretic and alterative.
Substitute for the Sarsaparilla of the shops.

Aralia racemosa. PettymorrelSpikenard. Woods. Flowersgreen.
July. Properties stimulant and diaphoretic. Ingredient in small beer.

Aralia spinosa. Angelica Tree, Shot-bush. Woods. Flowers
white. August. Properties stimulant, diaphoretic, emetic and ca-
thartic, if recent.

Panax.

Panaz trifolium. Ground-nut, Dwarf Ginseng. Low woods. F.
white. May. Root nutritious.

Panax quinquefolium. Ginseng. Woods. Flowers yellow. June,
July. Properties stomachic. Exported to China.

30

Orp.—CORNACKA.
Cornus.

Cornus stoloniferu. Michx. (C. Alba. Wang.) _White-berried
cornel, or dogwood. Woods. Flowers white. May, June. Prop-
erties tonic.

Cornus sericer. Red Osier. Flowers white. June. Properties
astringent and tonic.

Cornus circtnata. Round-leaved Cornel, or Dogwood. Flowers
white. June. Astringent and tonic.

Cornus paniculata. White, or panicled Cornel, Prairie Cornel. F.
white. July. Tonic.

Conus Canadensis. Low Cornel or Dogwood. Flowers red and
white. May, June. Tonic.

Orpv.—CAPRIFOLIACE.
| Lonicera.

Lonicera flava. Sims. (C. Fraseri. Ph.) Yellow Honeysuckle.
Cultivated for its beauty and fragrance.

TRIOSTEUM.
Triosteum perfoliatum. Fever-wort, Horse Gentian. Woods. F.
purple. June. Mild cathartic. Large dose, emetic, similar to Ipe-
cac. Dried berries substitute for coffee.
SAMBUCUS.

Sambucus Canadensis. Common Elder. Officinal. Thickets. F.
white. May, July. Prop. Flowers, sudorific and diaphoretic. Leaves
and bark, cathartic and emetic. Berries, laxative.

Sambucus pubens. Michx. Panicled Elder. F. white. June.
Prop. similar to last.

VIBURNUM.

Viburnum opulus. Americana. Ait T.&G. (V. Oxycoccus.
Ph.) High Crapberry. Banks of streams. N. part of State. Fruit
red and acid.

Viburnum acerifolium. Maple-leaved viburnum. Dockmackie.
Woods. F. white. June. The leaves were applied by Indians to
inflamed tumors. Astringent.

Viburnum prunifolium. Black Haw. Sle. Woods. F. white.
June. Fruit sweet and eatable. Bark tonic and astringent.

Viburnum lentago. Sweet viburnum. Banks of streams. F. white
and very fragrant.

Orv. —RUBIACE4.
GaLium.

Galium tinctorium. Torr. Dyers’ Cleavers. Goose grass. Wild

Needles. Wet woods. F. white. June to Aug. Roots dye red.

3]

Galium aparine. Common Cleavers. Wet Thickets. F. white.
June. Diuretic. Dye red root.

Galium circezans. Michx. Circea-like Galium. Wild Liquorice.
Woods. F. purple. July. Prop. Demulcent, expectorant and diur-
etic. Root and leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice.

MircHELLA.

Mitchella repens. Patridge Berry. Creeping plant. N. part of
State. F.white. June. Very fragrant, expectorant and emmena-
gogue. Indians use it as a prep. parturient. Oil distilled from it.

CEPHALANTHUS.

Cephalanthus occidentalis. Button Bush. F. white. July, Aug.
Tonic and expectorant.

SPIGELIA.

Spigelia Marilandica. Pink-root. Worm grass. Off Woods.
F. scarlet. June. Prop. Roots and leaves anthelmintic in large dose,
cathartic and narcotic.

Orv.—VALERIANACE 4.
V ALERIANA.

Valeriana Sylvatica. Wild Valerian. Swamps. N. part of State.
F. rose. July. Prop. Tonic and antispasmodic.

Valeriana ciliata. T. & G. Low grounds. F. white. June.
Prop. similar to Jast and found in the same localities.

Orpv.—COMPOSITA.

A bitter principle pervades the whole order, which, when combined
with resin and astringent mucilage, becomes tonic and febrifugal.
Some are anthelmintic from the prevalence of the resinous principle.

Some are aromatic and extremely bitter and acrid, others are useful
for food. re

VERNONIA.
Vernonia Noveboracensis. Willd. New York Vernonia. Iron-
weed. Wet prairies. F. purple. Sept. Prop. Purgative.
Vernonia fasiculata. Tron-weed. Woods and prairies. F. purple

July, Aug. Purgative.
EvPaToRIum.

Exupatorium fistulosum. Barratt. (E. purpureun. Willd.) Trum-
pet-weed. (E. Maculatum. Lin.) Thickets. F. purple. July.
Prop. Bitter, aromatic and astringent.

Eupatoriam Maculatum. (HE. purpureum. Darl.) Spotted Eupat-
orium. Low grounds. F. purple. July, Sept. Prop. similar to last
but more acrid.

Eupatorium purpureum. Lin. Purple thorough-wort. Prairies,
woods. F. white. August, Sept. Prop. same.

32

Hupatorium altissimum. (Kuhnia glutinosa. D. C.) Golden-
rod Eupatorium Woods. FI. white. Sept, Oct. Prop. Tonic.

Eupatorium perfoliatum. Thorough-wort. Boneset. Off. Prairies.
F. white. Prop. Tonic, emetic, antiperiodic, diaphoretic, and aperient.
My friend Dr. James informed me that several years ago, he prepared
an extract from this plant, and while in a surveying expedition on the
bottoms of the Miss., he and several of his men made use of it, while
those who did not, were taken with Ague. I have often prescribed
an infusion of it after I had broken the chill with Quinia to prevent
its return.

Eupatorium ageratoides, Nettle-leaved Eupatorium. White Snake
root. Woods. F. white. Sept. Prop. Antispasmodic, diuretic and
diaphoretic.

LiatRis.

Liatris sqarrvsa. Willd. Blazing Star. Button Snake-root. F.
purple. Aug. Prop. Stimulant, carminative and diaphoretic.

Liatris spicata. Willd. Slender spiked Liatris. Prairies. F.
purple. Aug. Prop. Stimulant, carminative and diaphoretic.

NaRDOSMIA.

Nardosmia palmata. Hook. (Tussilago. Ait.) Swamps. F.

May. Prop. Demulcent and expectorant.
ERIGERON.

Erigeron Philadelphicum. (E.purpureum. Ait.) Narrow-leaved
Robin’s planta. Woods. F. purple. June, Aug. Prop. Diuretic.

Erigeron heterophylium. Muhl. (E. annum. Pers.) Common
Fleabane. Woods, Fields. F. white. June. Prop. Diuretic.

Erigeron Canadense. Canadian or Common Fleabane. Fields.
F. white. July, Sept. Prop. Diuretic, tonic and astringent.

SorrpaGo.

Solidago odora. Ait. Sweet-scented Goldenrod. Officinal.—
Woods, hills. F. yellow. August, Oct. Prop. Leaves yield by dis-
tillation a fragrant vol. oil. Aromatic, stimulant and carminative.
Substituted for tea.

Solidago rigida Hard-leaved Golden-rod. one’s styptic.
Prairies. F. yellow. Aug. Prop. Leaves styptic’

Invza.

Inula Helenium. Elecampane, Introduced. Off. Roadsides.
F. yellow. July, Aug. Prop. Tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic
and emmenagogue.

SILPHIUM. |

Silphium /aciniatun Rosin-weed. Polar Plant. Prairies. F.
yellow. July, Sept. Causes the smoke in burning prairies, on account
of the resin. Thought to possess Medical properties.

33

Silphium terebinthinaceum, Prairie Burdock. Similar to last.

Silphium perfoliatum. Cup-plant. Prairies. F. yellow. Aug.
Sept. An Indian remedy. This species is worthy the attention of
the Med. Society.

PARTHENIUM.

Parthenium integrifolium. Nephritic plant. Prairies. F. white.

July, Sept. Prop. Diuretic in ischuria.
ECHINACEA.

Echinacea purpurea. Moench (Rudbeckia. Lin.) Purple Cone-
flower. Thickets. F. purple. July, Sept. Root aromatic and car-
minative’

Helianthus, Quite a number of varieties.

, HELENIUM. ~ |

Helenium autumnale. American Sneeze-root. Wet prairies. F.
Y. Sept. Prop. Tonic and errhine.

| ANTHEMIS.

Anthemis arvensis. Corn Chamomile. Introduced. Fields. F.
Y. July. Prop. Tonic and diaphoretic.

Marvta.

Maruta cotula. D. C.. (Anthemis. Lin) May-weed. Intro-
duced. Roadsides. June, Sept. Prop. Emetic, diaphoretic and
antispasmodic.

ACHILLEA.

Achillea millefolium. Millfoil. Yarrow. Fields. F. white or

rose colored, June, Sept. Prop. Aromatic bitter and astringent.
Dysopia.

Dysodia chrysanthemoides lLagasca. F. Y. Streets. Sept.
Disagreeaple plant.

SENECIO.

Senecio vulgaris. Common Groundsel. Introduced. Waste grounds
F, yellow all summer. Prop. refrigerant antiscorbutic.

Senecio aureus. Golden Senecio. Rag-wort. False valerian.
Woods, Meadows. F. yellow. May to Aug. Prop. Emmenagogue.
ARTEMISIA.

Many plants of this species are tonic and anthelmintic. Those

found in this State are the

Artemisia dracunculoides. Ph. (A. cernua. Nutt.)

Artemisia Canadensis. Wild worm-wood. Lakes N. W. part of
State.

Artemisia Santonica. Tartarian Southernwood. Banks of Mo.

Artemisia biennis.

ow

34

TANACETUM.

Tanaeetum vulgare. Tansy. Introduced. Fields, roadsides. F.

yellow. Aug. Prop. aromatic, bitter and anthelmintic.
Lappa.

Lappa major. Gaert. (Arctium Lappa. Lin.) Burdock. In-
troduced. Waste grounds. F. purple. July, Aug. Prop. aperient,
diaphoretic and alterative.

. Lactuca.

Lactuca elongata. Wild Lettuce. Trumpet Milkweed. Fireweed.
Hedges, Thickets. F. yellow. Aug. Prop. sedative, laxative,
diuretic and diaphoretic.

Hreracium.

Hieracium vinosum. veiny-leaved Hawkweed. Woods. F. yellow.

July, Aug. Prop. Bitter, astringent and narcotic.
NaBALus.

Nabalus albus. Hook. (Prenanthes. Lin.) Lionsfoot. White
Lettuce. Woods. F. white. Aug. Reputed cure for the bite of a
rattlesnake.

TARAXACUM.

Taraxacum Dens-leones. Less. (Leontodon Taraxacum. Lin.)
Dandelion. Fields, &c. Introduced. Tonic, diuretic, aperient.—
Employed principally in hepatic affections.

Orpv.—LOBELIACEA.

Lobelia cardimalis. Cardinal Flower. Meadows. F. scarlet.
July, Aug. Acro-rarcotic and anthelmintic.

Lobelia inflata. Indian Tobacco. Officinal. Woods. F. pale
blue. July, Sept. Prop. powerful emetic and sudorific. In small
doses expectorant. Thompsonian’s great remedy.

Lobelia sylphilitica. Blue Cardinal Flower. Along streams, F.
blue. July. Prop. similar to last, also antisyphilitic.

Orpv.—ERICACEA.
V ACCINIUM.

Vaccinium resinosum. Ait. Black Whortleberry. Woods. F.
greenish. Prop. Bark diuretic and tonic. Fruit eatable.

Vaccininm corymbosum. Blue Bilberry. High Whortleberry.—
Swamps. F. purplish white. June. Prop. similar to last. Fruit
sub-acid.

Vaccinium virgatum. Muhl. (V. Pennsylvanicum. Darl. Beck.)
Blue Whortleberry. Woods. F. yellow. May, June. Prop. sim-
ilar to the foregoing.

Vaccinium stamineum. Deerberry. Dry Woods. . F. white. May

June. Prop. Diuretic, tonic and slightly astringent. Substitute for
Uva Ursi.

35
Oxycoccus.

Oxycoccus palustris, Pers. (QO. vulgaris. Ph.) Common Cran-
berry. Swamps. N. part of Siate. F. pink. June. Fruit ripe in
October. Eatable

Oxycoccrus macrocarpus. Pers. Large Cranberry. Shrubby
plant. Sphagnous swamps. Flowers in June. Fruit ripe in October.
Eatable.

CHIOGENES.

Chiogenes hispidula. Gray. (Vaccinium hispidulum. Lin)
Box-berry. Shady woods, F. white. May, June. Leaves and
berries flavor similar to Gaultheria procumbens.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.

Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi. Spreng. (Arbutus Ura Ursi. Lin.)
Bear-berry. Shrub sandy places N. part of State. fF. pale red.
April, May. Prop. Tonic, astringent, used principally in nephritic
affections. Off.

GAULTHERIA.

Gaultheria procumbens. Box-berry. Winter green. Woods. F.
white. June, Sept. Prop. stimulant, aromatic and astringent, also
Emmenagogue.

CHIMAPHILA.

Chimaphila umbellata. Nutt. (Pyrola. Lin.) Pipsissiwa. Off.
Woods. N. part of State. F. purple. July. Prop. Tonic and.
diuretic.

Chimaphila maculata. Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. Sandy woods
F. purple. June, July. Prop similar to last.

Orp.— AQUIFOLIACE ®.
PRINos.

Prinos verticillatus. (P. Gronovii. Michx.) Wintergreen.
Black Alder. Shrub swamps. F. white. July. Prop. Bark and
berries astringent, tonic and antiseptic.

Orpv.—PLANTAGINACE#.
PLANTAGO.

Plantago major. Common Plantain. Introduced. F. white.
Fields, &c. Prop. Refrigerant and antiseptic.
Orpv.—OROBANCHACE®.

OROBANCHE.

Orobanche uniflora. (O. biflora. Nutt.) One-flowered Broom-
rape. Woods. F. purplish white. June, July. Astringent.

Orobanche Americana. Lin. Cancer-root. American Broomrape.
Woods. F. yellow. July. Prop. Astringent. Represented remedy
for Cancer.

36

KPLPHEGUS.

hpiphegus virgimanus. Katon. Beech-drops. Parasite. F. white.
Astringent.

Orp.— BIGNONIACEA,
CaTALPA.

Catalpa bignonioides. Walt. (C. cordifolia. Jaum.) Catalpa.

May. fF. white. Seeds have been employed in Asthma.
Orp—ACANTHACEA.
RUELLIA.

Ruellia strepens. Herb ruel. Prairies. F. bluish purple. July.

Prop. Astringent.
Orp.—SCROPHULARIACE.

V ERBASCUM.

Verbascum thapsus. Common Mullein. Fields, roadsides. F. y.
June, Aug. Prop. Demulcent and emollient. Diuretic in Gonorrhea.
LinaRia.

LIninaria vulgaris. Mill. ( Antirrhinum Linaria. Lin.) Toad
flax. Snap-dragon. Roadsides. F. yellow. July, Aug. Prop.
Diuretic and cathartic.

SCROPHULARIA.

Serophularia nodosa. (SS. Marilandica. Lin.) Figwort. Woods.

k. greenish brown. July, Aug. Applied to tumors, Hemorrhoids.
CHELONE.

Chelone glabra. Snake-head. Salt-rheum Weed. Wet places.

K. white. August, Sept. Prop Tonic. Used by Thompsonians.
GRATIOLA.

Gratiola Virginica. (G. aurea. Ph. G. Missouriana. Beck.)
F. yellow. July. Prop. Cathartic, emetic and diuretic, and can be
substituted for the G. officinalis of E.

VERONICA.

Veronica Virginica. (Leptandra Virginica. Nutt.) Culver’s
Physic. Woods. F. white. July. Cathartic, emetic. Alterative.

Veronica Americana. Schwenitz. (V.Beccabunga. Am. authors.)
Brooklime. Brooks. F. blue. June, July. Prop. Diaphoretic,
diuretic, astringent and tonic. Antiscorbutic. .

Veronica officinalis. Speedwell. Dry woods. Flowers blue: May,
July. Properties similar to last. ee

Orp.—VERBENACE JB.
VERBENA

Verbena hastaia. Vervain. Simpler’s Joy. Low grounds. Flow-
ers blue. July, Sept. Properties emetic, cathartic, sudorific and ton-
ic. Thompsonians use it.

Sa I mt a a

gto ee

37

Verbena urticefolia. Nettle-leaved Vervain. Roadside. Flowers

white. July and August. Properties similar to last.
Orpv.—LABIAT ZA.

This well known family is universally pervaded by an aromatic, vol-
atile oil, and a bitter principle, the former rendering them eminently
tonic, cordial, stomachic ; the latter where it prevails. febrifugal.

MeEnTHA.

Mentha Canadensis. (M. Borealis. Michx.) Horsemint. Low
places. Flowers purple. June, July. Properties aromatic.

Mentha Viridis. Spearmint. Wet soils. Flowers pale purple.
July, August. Properties aromatic and stimulant.

Mentha piperita. Peppermint. Officinal. Gardens, &e. Flow-
ers purple. Properties carminative and stimulant.

Lycopvs.

Lycopus sinuatus. (WL. Europzeus. Michx. L. Americanus. Muhl.)
Water Hoarhound. Wet places. Flowers white. August. Prop-
erties astringent. Dyes a permanent black.

Lycopus Virginicus. Virginian Hoarhound. Bugle-weed Wet
soil. Flowers white. June, August. Properties mild, cathartic and
astringent.

Monarpa.

Monarda fistulosa. Horsemint. Wild Burgamot. Thickets, &.
Flowers pale yellow. July, August. Properties nervine, stomachic,
and deobstruent.

Monarda punctata. (M. Lutea. Mchx.) MHorsemint. Flowers
yellow. Sept. Properties stimulant, carminative and rubefacient.
Contains kind of camphor and an essential oil.

BLEPHILIA.

Blephilia hirsuta. (Monarda hirsuta. Ph.) Hairy Blephilia.
Woods. Flowers pale purple. June, July. Properties stimulant
and carminative.

PYCNANTHEMUM.

Pycnanthemum Incanum. Michx. Mountain Mint. Wild Basil.
Rocky Woods. Flowers pale red. July, Sept Properties aromatic.

Pycnanthemum pylosum. Nutt. Hairy Pyenanthemum. Low
grounds. Flowers white. June. Properties aromatic.

ORIGANUM.

Origanum Vulgare. Linn. Wild Marjorum. Officinal. Thick-
ets. Flowers white and purple. July, Sept. Properties tonic, exci-
tant, diaphoretic and emmenagogue.

CuniILa.

Cunila Mariana. Dittany. Dry woods. Flowers pale red. .Au-

gust. Properties aromatic.

38

HEDEOMA.

Hedeoma pulegioides. Pers. (Cunila. Linn.) Pennyroyal. Prai-
ries, fileds. Flowers white, pink. July, August. Properties stimu-
lant, aromatic and emmenagogue.

MELISSA.
Melissa officinalis. Balm. Introduced. Woods and gardens. F.
white. June. Properties stomachic, diuretic.
SCUTELLARIA.
The plants of this genus are nearly all diaphoretic and tonic.
Scutellaria nervosa. Pursh. (8. gracilis. Nutt.) Banks of streams.
parvula. Michx. (S. ambigua. Nutt.) Prairies.
+ lateriflora. Mad-dog Scull-sap. Low Prairies.

as integrifolia. S. hyssopifolia. Pers. 8. Caroliniana. Ph.
Dry places. Tonic.

6 canescens. Nutt. (S. serrata. S. incana. Spr.)

7 cordifolia. Muhl.
PRUNELLA.

Prunella vulgaris. Self-heal. Blue-curls. Prairies. Flowers

blue all summer. Properties astringent.
NEPpeTA.

Nepeta cataria. Catnep. Catmint. Introduced. Old buildings,
&c. Flowers purple. July. Properties dyspepsia, flatulence and in uri-
nary diseases.

Nepeta Glechoma. (Glechoma hederacea. Linn.) Gill-over-the
ground. Hedges, &c. Flowers blue. Properties tonic, aromatic.
Employed to make ale.

LEONURIS.

Leonuris cardiaca. Motherwort. Introduced. Waste places.
Flowers purple. July. Properties diaphoretic and emmenagoguge.
MARRUBIUM.

Marrubium vulgare. UHoarhound. Introduced. Officinal. Roads,
fields. Flowers white. Properties tonic and diuretic.

Orpv.—BORRAGINACE.

Mucilaginous, emollient and slightly astringent plants, never poi-
sonous.

SyMPHytu.

Symphytum officinale. Comfrey. Introduced, Gardens, low grounds
Flowers white all summer. Properties, Root demulcent, emollient
and astringent.

LITHOSPERMUM. :

Lithospermum arvense. Corn Gromweil’ Wheat-thief. Fields,
Flowers white. May, June. Properties diuretic.

39

Lithospermum canescens. Leh. (Batschia canescens. Michx.)
Puccoon. Prairies. Flowers bright yellow. June, July. Properties,
narcotic. Also to dye red by the Indians.

MERTENSIA.

Mertensia Virginica. D. C. (Pulmonaria. Linn.) Virginian Lung-
wort. Bottoms. Flowers blue. May, April. Properties astringent,
demulcent and expectorant.

CyNOGLOSSUM.

Cynoglossum officinale. ound’s-tongue. Roadsides. Flowers red.
July. Properties anodyne, demulcent and astringent.

Cynoglossum Virginicum. (C. amplexicaule. Michx.) Wood. F.
purple. June. Prop. May be substituted for comfrey.

Orp.—_POLEMONIACE.
POoLEMONIUM.

Polemonium reptans. American Greek Valerian. Banks of streams,
near Burlington. Flowers blue. April, May. Properties sudorific.
Orp.—CONVOLVULACE.

ConvoLvvULts.

Convolvulus panduratus. (Ipomcea. Meyer.) Wild Potato. Man-
of-the-earth. Sandy places. Flowers purple and white, July, Au-
gust. Properties, Extract purgative and diuretic.

Convolvulus lacunosus. (C.micranthus. Riddell.) Small-flower-
ed Bindweed. Hills. Flowers white. August, Sept. Properties ca-
thartic.

Convolvutus Jalapa. (C. macrorhizus. Ell. Batatas Jalapa. Choi-
sy.) Sandy places. Flowers purple. July, August. Properties
slightly purgative. Mistaken at one time for the officinal Jalap.

Convolvulus Batatas. (Batatas edulis. Choisy.) Sweet Potato. In-
troduced.

; Orv.—SOLANACEA.,

Stimulant narcotic properties pervade this order; the herbage and
fruit of some, dangerously poisonous, while others are nutritious and
wholesome, not that they are free from the narcotic properties; but,
because it is expelled in the process of cooking or ripening in the sun.

NICOTIANA.

Nicotiana rustica, Common Tobacco, Introduced. Flowers gr.-
yellow. Aug. Cultivated by the Indians. Thought to be inferior
to the Virginian.

Nicotiana Tabacum. Virginian Tobacco. Intro. Off. Flowers
rose color. July. Cultivated to a small extent in this State, and
thrives well, especially in south part. Should demand the attention of
our farmers. Properties narcotic, emetic and diuretic.

40

DaTuRA. |

Datura Siramonium. Thorn Apple. Jamestown-weed. Officinal.
Waste places. Flowers white. August. Properties poisonous, nar~
cotic.

Datura Tatula. Stem purple. Similar to last.

SoLanum.

Solanum Dulcamara. Bitter-sweet. Woody Nightshade. Off.
Rare. Thickets, &c. Flowers purple. July. Prop. Berries poison-
ous. Leaves and twigs narcotic and alterative.

Solanum ngrum. Black Nightshade. Off. Way sides, &c. F.
_white. July, August. Properties narcotic, emetic and diaphoretic.
Plenty.

Solanum tuberosum. Common Potato. Introduced.

Solanum Lycopersicum. Tomato. Introduced. S. Triflower.

Orv.—_ GENTIANACE.

A pure bitter principle called Gentiana, pervades the whole order,
hence their herbage, especially the roots, are employed as tonics, stom-
achics and fubrifugals.

SABBATTIA. ;

Sabbattia angularis. Ph. (Chironia. Linn.) American Centau-
ry. Off. Wet prairies. Flowers rose color. July, August. Prop-
erties pure bitter, tonic and stomachic. Substitute for cinchona. Em-
menagogue and vermifuge. |

GENTIANA.

Gentiana Pneumonanthe. (G. saponaria. Griseb.) Soapwort Gen-
tian. Flowers blue. August, Sept. Properties tonic. Fresh state,
cathartic. Substitute for the G. lutea of Europe.

Gentiana Saponaria. Soapwort Gentian. Properties similar to
last. DO"
Gentiana Quinqueflora. Five-flowered Gentian. Woods Flow-
ers pale blue. Sept., Oct. Prop. tonic; herb, G. lutea.

Gentiana acuia. Michx. Nutt. Plains of the Missouri. Flow-
ers gr.-purple. August, Sept. Properties tonic.

FRASERA.

Frasera Carelinensis. Walt. (F. Walteri. Mx.) American Co-
lumbo. Moist woods. Fiowers greenish. May, July. Properties
tonic. Substitute for officinal columbo. Off. Fresh root emetic, ca-
thartic.

MENYANTHES,

Menyanthes trifoliata. Buck Bean. Water Shamrock. Officinal.
Swamps, &c. Flowers red. April, May. Properties bitter and as-
tringent, large dose emetic and cathartic. Substitute for hops.

4l

Orpv.—APOCYNACE. Dogbanes.

The white juice which these plants contain is poisonous; they are
principally emetic.

Apocynum.

Apocynum androsemifolium. Dog’s-bane Milweed. Off. Hedg-
es and fields. Flowers white. June, July. Prop. Emetic, tonic.
Lues venerea, ludians.

Apocynum cannabinum. Indian Hemp. Off. Waste lands. F.
white. July, Aug. Properties emetic, cathartic, diuretic, diaphoret-
ic and expectorant. The fibres of the bark are strong and pliable,
said to be used by the Indians in various ways as hemp.

Orp—ASCLEPIADACEZ.

The juice isacrid and stimulating, less so, however than the last
class.

ASCLEPIAS.

Asclepius cornuti. Decaisne. (A. Syriaca Linn.) Common Silk-
weed. Low shady grounds. Flowers red. June. Properties simi-
lar to last.

Asclepias incarnata. (A.ameoena. Michx.) Rose-colored Silk-
weed. Off. Wetplaces. Flowers purple. July. Properties simi-
lar to the others. . ‘

Alsclepias tuberosa. Tuber-root Asclepias. Butterfly Weed. Off.
Sandy places. Flowers orange color. Aug.. Properties diaphoret-
ic, expectorant, tonic, antispasmodic, sudorific and emetic. ,

Asclepias quadrifolia. Pursh. |

Asclepias obtusifolia. Michx. (A. cordata. Walt.) Blunt-leav-
ed Silkweed. |

Orpv.—_OLEACE &.
FRAXINUS.

Frazinus Americana. (F. acuminata. Lam.) White Ash. Fine
tree. North part of State. Prop. Timber valuable, bark reported
cure for bite of rattlesnake.

Frazinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash. Swamps.
North part of State. Prop. Young saplings for hoops, trunks for
baskets, brooms. Indians.

Frazxinus quadrangulata. Michx. Blue ash. Woods. Timber
valuable.

Orv.—ARISTOLOCHIACE.
Tonics and stimulants.
’ ASARUM.
Asarum Canadense. Wild Ginger. Asarabacea. Rich soil. F,

42

purple. May, July. Properties aromatic, stimulant, diaphoretic.
Substitute for serpentaria, also for ginger.
ARISTOLOCHIA.

Aristolochia serpentaria. Virginian Snake-root. Off. Thickets.
Flowers purple. June. Properties stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic and
diuretic. Antidote to the bite of poisonous snakes.

Arislolochiasipho. L’Her. Dutchman’s pipe. Woods. Flowers
brown. June. Prop. similar to A. serpentaria.

Orpv.—_CHENOPODIACE.

Some of these plants contain an essential oil, which renders them

tonic, antispasmodic and anthelmintic.
CHENOPODIUM.

Chenopodium ambrosioides. Ambrosia. Goose-foot. Off. Prai-
ries. Flowers green. August, Sept. Prop. tonic and anthelmintic.
Employed in chorea.

Chenopodium Botrys. Oak-of-Jerusalem. Off. Sandy fields. F.
green. June. Prop. tonic, anthelmintic and expectorant.

Chenopodiam anthelminticum. Wormseed. Off. F. green. <Aug.
Prop. anthelmintic and tonic,

Orpv.—POLYGONACE.

The roots of some of these plants are nauseous and purgative,
while the leaves and stalks of others contain oxalic acid, and others
are farinaceous.

PotyGonum.

Polygonuu aviculare. Bird Polygonum or Knot-grass. Fields.
F. reddish. May, Sept. Prop. Astringent and styptic, seeds emetic
and cathartic.

Polygonum erectum. (P.aviculare. Michx.) Erect Knot-grass.
Fields. Flowers yellowish. June, September. Properties similar to
last.

Polygonum punctatum. Ell. (P. Hydropiper. Michx.) Water
Pepper. Low grounds. Flowers green, August, Sept. Properties;
leaves acrid, pungent and vesicant, emmenagogue, diuretic.

Polygonum persicaria. Ladies’ Thumb. Spotted Knot-weed- Wet
grounds. Flowers rose colored. June, August. Prop. similar to
last, astringent.

Pylygonum lapathifolium. (P.Incarnatum. Ell.) Ditches, F.
white. Aug. Properties similar to the last. Used to dye yellow.

Polygonum amphybium. (P. coccintum. Muhl.) Amphibious
Knot-weed. Marshes. F.red. Aug. Properties alterative, substi-
tute for sarsaparilla.

43 a

Polygonum Virginianum. Shades. Flowers white. Aug. Prop-
erties astringent.

Polygonum sagittatum. Scratchgrass. PP. Convolvulus. Knot
Bindweed. P. Scandens, Climbing Knotgrass.

Polygonum fagopyrum. Buckwheat. The fruit of the two former
might be substituted for this.

RuMEx.

R. crispus. Yellow Dock. Carled Dock. Off. Introduced. Cul-
tivated grounds. June. Properties astringent, tonic, alterative and
antiscorbutic. Cutaneous diseases. Itch.

R. sanguineous. Bloody-veined Dock. Fields. Flowers red. Ju-
ly. Properties astringent. Applied to cancerous ulcers.

R. brittanicus. British Water Dock. Muddy places. July. Prop.
similar to R. Crispus.

R. aquaticus. Great Water Dock Ponds. July. Prop Root
very astringent, similar to R. Crispus.

_ R. altissimus. Wood. (R. verticillata. Mead) Peach-leaved
Dock. Wet prairies. June. Properties astringent, tonic.

R. ob‘usifolius. Broad-leaved Dock. Fields, waste places. July.
Properties astringent, cutaneous diseases.

fh. acetosella. Field Sorrell. Sheep Sorrell. Pastures, waste
grounds. Flowers red. Properties refrigerant, diuretic and antiscor-
butic.

Orv.— PHY TOLACCACE &.
PHYTOLACCA.

P. decandria. Polk. Garget. Jalap. Roadsides, fields. Flow-
ers greenish white. July. Properties, Leaves are purgative, also to
dress ulcers. Emetic, cathartic, narcotic.

Orp.—LAURACEZ.,
BENZOIN. _

Bi. odoriferum. Nees. (Laurus Benzoin. Linn.) Fever-bush,
Spice-wood. Moist woods. Flowers greenish. May. Prop. Ber-
ries aromatic, substitute during the Revolution for allspice. Bark ar-
omatic, tonic, stimulant, intermittent fever. Flowers local applied to
itch, &e.

SASSAFRAS.

S. officinale. (Laurus Sassafras. Linn.) Sassafras. Off. For-
ests, bluffs near Keokuk. Properties aromatic, stimulant, diaphoret-
ic and demulcent.

Orpv.—SANTALACE/.
Nyssa.
N. multiflora. Walt. (N. villosa. Michx.) Pepperidge. Tulepo.

44

Gum-tree. Woods. Flowers small, green. June. Wood soft, fine
grain, interwoven, rendering it difficult to split, useful for beetles,
naves of wheels, hatter’s blocks, &e.
Orv. THYMELACE.
Drroa.

D. palustris. Leather-wood. Moose-wood. Banks of streams.
Flowers yellow. April, May. Prop. Berries emetic and poisonous.
Bark cause redness and vesication, emetic, cathartic, sudorific and ex-
pectorant. Substitute for senega, also for mezereum.

Orp.—ULMACE.
Uxmvs.

UV. Americana, American Elm. White Elm. Forests. Flowers
small purplish. Bark astringent and demulcent. Timber valuable.

U, fulva Slippery Elm, Red Elm. Off. Woods, low grounds.
Inner bark demulcent and mucilaginous. Timber valuable.

CrLrtIs.

C. occidentalis. American Nettle-tree. Hoop Ash. Beaver Wood.
Woods. Flowers white. Wood tough and used for making —
Orpv.—KUPHORBIACE.

An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle residing chiefly in the
milky juice. This principle varies in activity from mild stimulants, to
the most active poisons, but it is volatile and easily expelled by heat.

EUPHORBIA. /

E. corollata. Flowering Spurge. Milk-weed. Bowman’s Root.
Dry sandy soil. Flowers white. July, August. Properties diapho-
retic, emetic and expectorant.

E. Ipecacuanhe. Ipecac Spurge. Wild Ipecac. Sandy places. Prop-
erties emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant, in large doses cathartic.

E. marginata. Pursh Gardens. Properties similar to last.

E. Lathyris. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge. Gardens. Properties
emetic and cathartic. Seeds employed to procure abortion.

ACALYPHA.

A. Varginica. Three-seeded Mereury. In dry soils. F. August.

Properties expectorant and diuretic.
Rrcmvs.

R. communis. Castor-oil Bean. Palma Christi. Cultivated. F.
yreen. Seeds, oil expressed. This plant thrives well here with a lit-
tle care, and I have no doubt that it would well pay the farmer for
his trouble.

Orp.— J UGLANDACE A. ie

The butter-nut, walnut, peccan-nut, are sweet and wholesome,
abounding in a rich drying ei]. Theepicarp and kernel are astringent.
The timber is highly valuable.

45

J UGLANS.

Juglans cinerea. (J. cathartica. Michx.) Butternut. White
Walnut. Officinal. Bluffs and woods. From the inner bark is ex-
tracted an excellent cathartic. Similar in effects to rhubarb in the
property of evacuating, without debilitating the alimentary canal.—
Wood also employed for the manufacture of furniture.

Juglans nigra. Black Walnut. Forests. The hull of the fruit
has been employed as a yermifuge. Timber employed for many useful!
purposes.

CarYA.

Carya alba. Nutt. (J. squmosa. Michx.) Shag-bark. Walnut
or Hickory. Wood is strong and elastic, compound and heavy.

Carya porsina. Nutt. (Juglans glabra. Willd.) Hog Walnut.
Tough wood, excellent fuel.

Carya amara. Nutt. (J. amara. Michx.) Bitternut Hickory.
Good for.fuel.

Carya sulcata. Nutt. Thick Shell-bark. Along rivers. Excellent
for fuel.

Orp.—CUPULIFER@.
QUERCUS.

Quercus alba. White Oak. Officinal. Bark astringent, antiseptic
and tonic. Ship building, &c., tanning.

Quercus, macrocarpa. Overcup White Oak. ‘Timber very val-
uable.

Quercus stellata. (Q. obtusiloba. Michx.) Iron Oak. Timber
excellent, and is more durable than any of the oaks, excepting the
Q. birens or Jive oak made use of in ship building, &c.

Quercus prinus. Willd. Q. Prinus palustris. Michx.) Swamp
Chestnut Oak. Timber valuable, fuel excellent.

Quercus bicolor. Willd. (Q. Prinus discolor. Michx.) Swamp
White Oak. Fuel and timber excellent.

Quercus montana. Willd. (Q. Prinus monticola. Mx.) Mountain
Oak. Good fuel. Ship building. Tanning bark.

Quercus rubra. Red Oak. Excellent for fuel.

Quercus tinctoria. Bartram. Black Oak- Yellow-bark Oak. Off.
Bark astringent and tonic. Used in tanning, also in dyeing yellow,
from a yellow principle called guercitron. Valuable for fuel.

Quercus palustris. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. Wood good
for fuel.

Quercus uicifolia.. Willd. (Q. Bannisteri. Michx.) Shrub or
Serub Oak. Good for fuel.

Quercus nigra. Willd. (Q. ferruginea. Michx.) Barren Oak.
Black-Jack. Iron Oak. Wood valuable for fuel.

4G

Quercus imbricaria. Laure] Oak. Shingle Oak. Shingles made
of wood. .

Facus. |

Fagus sylvatica. Linn. Americana. Nutt. (F. sylvestris. Michx.)
Beech. Large tree. Forests. May, June.

CoryLvs.

Corylus Americana. Hazel. Wild filbert. Flowers in April. Root
astringent.

OstrRYA.

Ostrya Virginica. Hop Hornbeam. lIron-wood. Lever-wood.
Small tree. April, May. Wood hard and strong, used for levers.

CaRPINUS.

Carpinus Americana. Hornbeam. Small tree. April, May.
Bluffs around Burlington.

Orpv.— BETULACEA:.
BETvLa.

B. nigra. Ait. (B. rubra. Michx.) Red Birch. Banks of
streams. May.

&. papyracea. Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. Woods N. part
of State. Bark, Indians constr uct canoes. Wood used in turnery and
furniture work. |

B. excelsa. Lofty or Yellow Birch. Wood valuable for fuel.

B. glandulosa. Michx. Glandular Dwarf Birch. Astringent
bark.

ALNUS.

A. rubra. Marsh. (A. serrulata. Willd.) Common Alder,

Swamps. Flowers dark brown. March, April.
Orpv.—_MYRICACEA.
CompPTontiA.
C. asplenifolia. Ait. (Liquidambar. Linn.) Sweet Fern. Woods
and hills. May. Prop. Tonic and astringent.
Orp.—SALICACE,
Bark astringent and tonic, possessing properties similar to quiniz.
Sa.rx.

S. tristis. Ait. (8. Longirostris. Michx.) Sage Willow.
Border of Woods. Prop. Bark astringent and tonic.

S. Muhlenbergiana. Barratt. (S. conifera. Muhl.) Muhlen-
berg’s Willow. Dry soils. Prop. similar to last.

S. nigra. Marshall. Black Willow. Banks of streams. Prop.
Tonic, astringent and antiseptic.

S. Purshiana. Spreng. (S. faleata. Hook.) Pursh’s Willow.
Swamps. Prop. similar to last.

47

S. longifolia. Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Banks of streams.

S. angustata. Ph. Narrow-leaved Heart Willow. Banks of
streams. Prop. similar to others.

S. myricoides. Muhl. Gale-leaved Willow. Woods.

PopuLus.

P. tremuloides. American Aspen. White Poplar.

P. grandidentaia. Michx. Large Poplar.

P. balsamifera. Balsam Poplar. Woods. Buds of this species
are covered with an aromatic resin, which may be separated in boiling
water. Same in all poplars.

P. angulaia. Water Poplar. Western Cotton Tree. Banks of
rivers.

Orp.—PLATANACE
PLATANUS
P. occidentalis. Plane Tree. Button-wood. Sycamore. Banks
of rivers. 50 to 100 feet high.
Oxp.—URTICACE.
Morus.
M. rubra. Red Mulberry. Berries pleasant to the taste.
Mac tora.

M. aurantiaca. Nutt. Osage Orange. Bow-wood. Yellow-

wood. Cultivated for hedges. Thrives well.
Urtica.

U. dioica. Stinging Nettle. Waste places. Flowers green. July,

August. Properties diuretic and astringent.
CANNABIS.

C. sativa. Hemp. Introduced. Flowers small, green. June.
Cultivated for the sake of its fibre, which is stronger than that of flax,
and is the best of all materials for cordage and sail cloth. The culti-
vation of hemp should engage the attention of our farmers as it thrives
well, and the cultivator is amply remunerated for his trouble, such is
the experience of Mr. Williams of Burlington.

Homvutvs.

H. lupulus. Common Hop. Hedges. Aug. Prop. Tonic and
narcotic. Cultivated for the sake of its fertile aments, which are used
as a preservative in beer. This is also well worthy the attention of
our farmers. ,

Orp.— CONIFER E.
Pinus.

P. resinosa. Ait. (P. rubra. Michx.) Norway Pine. Red

Pine. North part of the State. Valuable for its timber.

48

P. variabilis, Lamb. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. North part
of State. Timber valuable.

P. palustris. (P. australis.) Long-leaved or Brown Pine. Tim-
ber valuable. ,

E. strobus. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Masts of ships and
various purposes.

ABIES.

A. Canadensis. (Pinus. Linn.) Hemlock. Bark used ‘in tan-
ning.

A. nigra. Michx. (Pinus. Linn.) Black Spruce. Timber used
in architecture, young branches used in making spruce beer:

A. balsamea. Willd. (Pinus. Linn.) Fir Balsam. Balsam Spruce.
North part of State.

| CUPRESSUS. ;

C. distycha. Cypress. Wet soils. Wood fine grained and dura-
ble.

Tusa.

T. occidentalis. Arbor Vite. Border of streams, lakes, &c.
Wood light and durable.

JUNIPERUS.

J. Virginiana. (J. Sabina. Hook.) Red Cedar. Off. Found
on Red Cedar River. Properties similar to sabina, stimulant, em-
menagogue, diuretic and diaphoretic. Excresences on the branches,
called Cedar Apples, employed as anthelmintics. Wood used for
fences, tubs, pails and drawing pencils.

Taxus.

T. Canadensis. Dwarf Yew. Ground Hemlock. Shady places. |
Fruit red. May.

Orvp—ARACEZ.

An acrid, volatile principle pervades the order, which is in some in-
stances so concentrated as to become poisonous. The corms and rhi-
zomas abound also in starch, which in some cases, when the volatile
acridity is expelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutritious.

Arum.

A. triphyllum. Dragon-Root. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian Tur-
nip. Off. Wet woodlands. May, June. g. y. and p. Properties
acrid, irritant, secernant, stimulant, pectoral. When dried valuable
as a carminative.

A. dracontium. Green Dragon. Banks of streams. June, July.
Properties similar to last.

CALLA.

C. palustris. Northern Calla. Wet places. North part of State.

July. Root acrid. Bread made from it after the acridity is destroyed.

49

Acorvs.

A. calamus. Sweet Flag. Off. Swamps. Flowers green. June,

July. Properties stimulant, tonic, stomachic.
Orpv.—TYPHACEZ.
TYPHA.

T. latifolia. Cat-tail. Reed Mace. Muddy pools and ditches.

Leaves made useful for weaving the seats of chairs.
Orp.— ALISMACE.
ALISMA.

A. Planiago. (A. Parviflora. Ph.) Water Plantain. Ponds,

ditches. Reputed remedy for hydrophobia- Leaves rubefacient.
Orv.—_ORCHIDACE.
’ Orcuits.

O. orbiculata. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl.) Woods. Flow-

ers greenish white. July. Fresh leaves used to dress blisters.
GoopYERA.

G. pubescens. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Woods. Flowers white.

July, Aug. Remedy for scrofula.
CypRIPEDIUM.

C. candidum. Willd. White-flowered Ladies’-slipper. Moccasin-
flower. Prairies. Flowers white. May. Properties sedative, anti-
spasmodic, nervine, similar to valerian.

C. parviflorum. Salish. Yellow Ladies’-slipper. Prairies. Flow-
ers purple. May, June. Properties like first.

Orp.—_HAMODORACE. Bloodroots:
ALETRIS.

A. farinosa. (A. alba. Mx.) Star-grass. Colic Root. Low
grounds. Flowers white. July. Properties tonic, stomachic, and
emetic in large doses.

Orv.—IRIDACE.
Irts.

I. versic lor. Blue Flag. Wet grounds. Flowers blue. June.

Properties cathartic, emetic, diuretic and alterative.
SisyRINCHIUM.

S. anceps. (8. gramineum. Lam.) Blue-eyed Grass. Low grounds.
Flowers blue. June, July. Properties cathartic. Employed by Thomp-
sonians under the name of Physic grass.

Orv.—DIOSCOREACE#. Yam Roots.
DIoscoREA,

D. villosa. (D. quaternata. Ph.) Yam Root. Thickets. F
yellow and white. June,July. Prop. A decoction of root good in
bilious colic. Emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant.

7

50

Orv.—SMILACE*.
SMILAX.
S. rotundifolia. Linn. Green-briar. Thickets. Flowers green-
ish. June. Similar to the officinal sarsaparilla.
S. herbacea. (S. pedunculata. Muhl.) Low grounds. Flowers
yellowish green. June. Substitute for the Off. Sarsaparilla.
Orp.—TRILLIACE.
TRILLIUM.
The root’ of some of these plants are emetic, others astringent,
tonic, pectoral, antiseptic. Given prior to parturition.
T. sessile. Sessile-flowered Trillium. Woods. Flowers purple.
April, May. ,
T. recurvatum. Beck. Shady woods. Flowers purple. May.
T. Nwale. Riddell. _ Snowy Trillium.. Dr. James’ farm, Des
Moines county. Flowers white. April.
T.. pendulum. Muhl. (T.cernuum. Bart. Ph.) Drooping Tril-
lium. Small white flower. May, June. \
T. grandiflorum. Salisb. Large-flowering Trillium, Woods. F.
white. May.
MEDEOLA.
M. Virginica. (Gyromia. Nutt.) Cucumber Root. Beautiful

plant. Flowers greenish. July. Properties diuretic and hydra-
gogue cathartic. :
Orpv.—LILIACE.

Lixtium.
i. Canadense. Yellow Lily.

L. superbum. Superb Lily. Turk’s Cap.
L. Philadelphicum. (lL, Catesbei. Walt.)
ERYTHRONIUM.

E Americanum. Smith. (E. Dens-canis. Michx.) Yellow Ery-
thronium. Dog-tooth violet. Woods. Flowers yellow. May. . Prop.
Recent root emetic. External application to scrofulus sores.

E. albidum. Nutt. Erythronium. Wet prairies. Flowers white.
April, May. Prop. similar to last.

ALLIUM.

Al. tricoccum. Ait. Lance-leaved Garlic. Damp woods. Flowers
white. June, July. Prop. stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic and ex-
pectorant,

A. Canadense. Canadian Garlic. Wild Meadow Garlic. Woods,
prairies. Flowers white. June. Prop. similar to last and may be
substituted for 4. Sativum. |

A. vineale. Crow Garlic. Meadows. Flowers purple. June, July.

A. cernuum. Roth. Nodding Garlic. Hill sides. Flowers rose
col. July.

ol

A. Cepa. Common Onion. Introduced.
ORNITHOGALUM.

O. umbellatum. Star of Bethlehem- Introduced. Abundant.

Flowers white. May. Prop. stimulant and nutritive. 7
PHALANGIUM. <

P. esculentum. Nutt. Esculent Phalangium. Quamash. Wet

prairies’ Flowers yellow." May. Eaten by the Indians.
ConvVALLARIA.

C. bifolia. (Smilacina. Desf. Styrandra. Raf.) Two-leaved
Solomon’s Seal. Woods. Flowers white. May. }

C. trifoliata. (Smilacina. Desf) Three-leaved Solomon’s Seal.
Wet prairies. Flowers white. May.

C. stellata. (Smilacina. Desf.) .Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal.
Banks of streams. Flowers white. May, June.

C. racemosa. (Smilacina. Desf.) Clustered Solomon’s Seal. FI.
white. May, June. Prop. Koot. Found it to produce nausea,
cathartic effect on the bowels and either diaphoresis or diuresis. Used
it internally in piles, and derived much benefit from its external ap-
plication in the form of a decoction, in the affection of the skin arising
from the poisonous exhalations of plants.

C. borealis. (C. umbellulata. Michx. Clintonia Raf.) Wild
Lily of the Valley. Woods. Flowers yellowish green. June. Prop.
similar to last.

POLYGONATUM.

P. multiforum. Desf. (P. pubescens. P. latifolium, of Ph.)
Solomon’s Seal. Woods. Flowers greenish, axillary. June. Berries
Blue. Properties similar to C. Racemosa, also C. Polygonatum of
Europe.

Uvuxaria.

OU. perfoliata. (U. flava. Smith.) Mealy Bellwort. Woods,
bluffs, near Burlington. Flowers yellow. April, May. Reputed
remedy for the bite of rattlesnake.

U. grandiflora. Large-flowered Bellwort. Woods. Flowers yel-
low. May. Properties similar to last.

ASPARAGUS.
Al. officinalis. Asparagus. Cultivated. Diuretic.
: Orp.—_MELANTHACEZ.

This order is equally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous
qualities.
Z1IGADENUS.
Z. glaueus. (Z.cloranthus. Rich. Melanthum. Nutt.) Sandy
places. Flowers greenish white. July, Aug. Prop. Poisonous.

32

Ma.an@HIvoM.

M. hybricum. Walt. Woods. Flowers yellowish green. June,
July. Prop. Poisonous.

VERATRUM.

V. viride. (V.album. Michx.) Poke. White Hellebore. Swamps.
Flowers green. July. Prop. Root emetic, stimulant and poisonous.
HELONIAS.

H. dwica. Ph. (Veratrumluteum. Lin.) Unicorn Root. Low
grounds. Flowers greenish white. June. Properties anthelmintic
and tonic.

Orv.—_GRAMINE.
ZIZANIA.

Z. aquatica. Lamb. (Z. clavulosa. Michx.) Indian Rice.
Swamps, ponds, &e. N. part of State. Flowers blackish. Aug.
The fruit affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks and other water
fouls. Also an important diet among the Indians.

ZEA.
Z. Mays. Maize. Indian Corn.
Orpv.—EQUISETACE,
EQuisETuM.

E. hyemale. Scouring Rush. Wet places. June, July. lufusion

said to be good in strangury.
Orpv.—FILICES.
ASPIDIUM.

A. acrostichoides. Willd. (Nephrodium. Michx.) Bluffs and

rocky woods. June, Aug. Prop. Vermifuge.
ADIANTUM.

A. pedatum. Maidenhair. Rocky woods. July. Pectoral and
demulcent.

On motion of Dr. Barton, it was

Resolved, That the Treasurer be authorised to call upon members
of this Society who are not present at this meeting, for the sum of
one dollar each, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of this So-
ciety.

On motion of Dr. Sanford,

A committee was then appointed to revise the Constitution and
By-Laws.

Drs. Siveter, Sanford and Orr were appointed said committee.

Dr. Rauch then offered the following resolution :

Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed whose duty it
shall be to memorialize the Legislature of our State at its next ses-
sion, relative to obtaining material for dissection.

Drs. Rauch, Norris and McGugin were appointed said committee. .

58

Evenine Session, 74 o’clock, e. mu.
Society met and was called to order by the chair.
The following report by Dr. J. F. Henry, on the Topography, Cli-
mate and Diseases of lowa, presented through the President of the
Society, was read and adopted.

REPORT.
On the Medical Topography, Climate and Diseases of Iowa
Mr. PresIDENT: .

As Chairman of the Committee of our State Medical Society, to
whom the above subjects were assigned, I beg leave respectfully to
make the following report:

The State of Iowa, extending from the mouth of the Des Moines
river in latitude 40° 22’ on the south, to latitude 43° 30’ in the north,
occupies a happy position on the map. It constitutes a belt of about
3° in width, just a little south of the middle belt of the North Tem-
perate Zone ; and so far as climatical influence depends on latitude,
it may challenge a comparison with any other portion of the United
States. The same parallel extended eastward would embrace Middle
and Northern [llinois, and Southern Wisconsin ; Northern Indiana
and Southern Michigan ; Northern Ohio and Pennsylvania ; South-
ern New York; the Southern New England States, and the Southern
portion of Vermont and New Hampshire. These regions are now
considered the most salubrious in our country, though many portions
of them, in their early settlement, were desolated by the various forms
of malarious disease. Viewed in another aspect, it also challenges a
comparison with the countries enumerated.

At the mouth of the Des Moines, the Mississippi, at low water
mark, is only 444 feet above tide water; at Burlington, 486; at Rock
Island, 528 ; at Prairie Du Chien, 652, and the Upper lowa river,
near the northern boundary of the State, about 660. The elevation
of the contiguous bluffs ranges from 150 to 250 feet above these lev-
els. Progressing westward, the country gradually rises, until we
come to the Gotean des Prairies, between the Des Moines river and the
Spirit Lake, where we reach an elevation of 1414 feet. This is un-
questionably the highest land in lowa. The Spirit Lake, one of the
principal heads of the Little Sioux of the Missouri, is 1310 feetabove
tide water. From this the country declines to the southwest until it
reaches the Missouri, which, on the average, has a water level at cor-
responding parallels, of almost double that of the Mississippi. So far
then, as elevation influences climate, our State has a warmer climate
than is found in the States east of Illinois. Another view of this mat-
ter seems to possess great interest. Our whole State may be consid-

54

ered an inclined plane, fronting to the southeast, south and southwest;
no one of its water courses running to the north, as is the case with all
the States east of [linois until you reach New York. Thus our
springs are earlier, and our autumns more prolonged, than under oth-
er circumstances they could be. |

But there are other elements which must be estimated in solving the
great problem we are upon. Our State is a prairie State, some parts
having only one-tenth timber, 4nd others one-half. The average
would be about one-sixth. Our prairies in the eastern portion of the
State, run from southeast to northwest, and may be considered ex-
tended belts of prairie land, varying somewat in figure, but still con-
tinuing their course until they are merged into the Cotean des Prai-
ries already referred to, passing which, they run on indefinitely until
they abut on the Rocky Mountains. From this statement, it is appa-
rent that the cold atmosphere of the snowy mountains passes over a
gently inclined plane, unobstructed by a single tree ora single hill,
for the Cotean des Prairies isnoobstruction. This, at a glance, shows
us why the northwest is one of the most common as well as the cold-
est of our winds. In this respect it exceeds our directly north winds,
which, coming from Hudson’s Bay and the Northern Ocean, traverses
a country of low elevation. A single puff of this northwest wind is
sufficient to reduce the temperature greatly. But it is not so evanes-
cent in its nature ; on the contrary, it often continues several days in
succession When it reaches the Mississippi, a portion of it passes on
in the neighboring State of [linois, while another portion, blending
with the north winds already referred to, takes the channel, or valley
of the Mississippi river, and thus passes onward to the Gulf of Mexi-
co, constituting the terrible Northers of that distracted water But
according to the old maxim, Nature abhors a vacuum, and after pre-
vailing for several days, the epuilibrium must be restored, and then
we have this same wind sent back to us loaded with moisture, and be-
ing from that circumstance more reducent of animal heat, and actu-
ally less bearable than when it came from the northwest ; but a few
hours continuance produces a rise in the thermometer, and then we
have a decided mitigation of the feeling of cold. Those from the
south are warm and sometimes accompanied with rains; but I have
known them to prevail for weeks at a time, in summer and autumn,
without the accompaniment. Our northeast winds are generally ac-
companied, or followed by storms. Blowing over the Lakes to the
northeast as they do, they come loaded with cold vapor, and often pro-
duce snow storms; after prevailing for a few hours, they change to
the northwest or southeast, according to the season of the year.

; SO

Thus it would appear, that while our low elevation and southern
declension gives us a warmer and more genial climate, than if we fa-
ced to the north, or were convulsed into mountain ranges, still these
very circumstances render us liable to the sudden changes which re-
sult from alternations of winds so excitable as ours. These sudden
changes are known and felt by all, and as they are, in great measure,
beyond the control of man, the force of this element must not be for-
gotten when we are summing up the good and bad qualities of our
climate.

But these things, vastly important as they are, would not of them-
selves enable us to develope the causes of our diseases. There are
other elements which must not be forgotten. Among them are the
nature of the surface and the character of oursoils. Our whole State
may be considered under three heads, which are sufficiently compre-
hensive to embrace every part. For the sake of order, let us first
consider the bottom lands. It is needless to specify these minutely.
They have one invariable character from the Balize to the Falls of
St. Anthony, and to the base of the Rocky Mountains, on the Missou-
ri; nor is the character different on our smaller streams, except in de-
gree. They are exceedingly fertile; they are very damp from river
influences, even when not subject to overflow; but most of them are
annually submerged, and then there are pond’s, sloughs, &c. which,
as reservoirs, add to the prevalent moisture. As a consequence,
they are exceedingly destructive to health and human life. The in-
habitants, no matter from what region they come, soon become sub-
jects of some form of what, for want of a more comprehensive and
precise term, is called bilious disease, and unless they fly from their
homes, they are again and again attacked, until the constitution is
broken down, and some organic disease supervening, they sooner or
later sink into the grave the victims of malaria. But this may be pro-
tracted for many years, the patient becoming listless, sluggish, good-
for-nothing, and carrying with him visceral enlargements of great
size. In one ease, that of a thin tall female, I found an enlarged
spleen reaching from beneath the ribs to the pubes—a distance in her
case of more than twelve inches. These dwellers on the bottoms
must be a short-lived race, nor are they a prosperous one ; owing to
repeated sicknesses they tend their crops badly, and thus from year
to year they fall behind their neighbors on the uplands. They live
in cabins daubed with mud, with wooden chimneys, and no glass in
their windows. They lack energy to burn lime-kilns, although the
rock and fuel may be quite accessible in some neighboring bluff. It
makes but little difference whether the bottom is prairie or timberland.

06

The essential elements and the results are similar in either case.
Let no immigrant settle on bottom land. It is an interesting ques-
tion how far the influence of the bottom lands extends. I am sorry
I have no means of difinitively determining a question of this sort.
The general impression is, that the Mississippi is no barrier to their
pestilential influence, and that a prevalent wind may waft the miasma
to the inhabitants on the opposite bank. It would be hard to convince
the old inhabitants of Burlington, that the bottom opposite to us, was
not the focus of many of our diseases How far on the hills the
same influence may extend must depend on contiguous timber, or prev-
alent winds. The estimate of Dr. Horr, is, I think, 600 feet; but this
must be modified by the cireumstances above mentioned.

2d. The timberlands are generally intermediate between the bot-
tom lands, or water courses, and the prairie lands; they are generally
broken, rough lands, with deep clay foundations; in point of produe-
tiveness, they are commonly inferior to the prairie lands. They are
almost uniformly well drained. So far as health is concerned, the
concurrent testimony of my correspondents is, that they are more sa-
lubrious than either prairie or bottom lands. The diseases may be
the same, but there are fewer cases, and they are more manageable ;
such is my own observation,

3d. The prairie lands are the highest lands in their respective neigh-
borhoods. They are indeed the table lands of our country. In them
originate all the water courses, and they are generally dry, or suscep-
tible of drainage. Indeed, Dr. Sales thinks there is not, in Jones
county, wet land enough for meadows. The same would seem to be
true of Cedar and Dubuque counties. They are by universal con-
sent admitted to be as healthful as any new country ever was. An
extensive and simultaneons breaking up of prairie, rarely fails to gen-
erate bilious disease ; but in a year or two all decaying roots, &c. hav-
ing commingled with the earth, all is right again.

A prairie farm is a delightful one. The pure, enlarged atmosphere
braces the form, and makes us luxuriate in the enjoyments of health.
And the farmer is prosperous; he builds good houses, good barns,
plants orchards, and if any winds, for instance a northwester, is par-
ticularly troublesome, he plants a grove of young forest trees, and they
lift the wind from the earth, and it passes harmless over his head.
The influence of artificial groves in thus protecting houses and stock
and farms from destructive winds, deserves a more extensive consid-
eration than I have space to bestow on it. Its bearing on health is
very direct, and so far as I know, it is the only means by which man
can control the angry element in which he lives. There seems to be

57

& large scope of country north of the lowa river, commencing with
the counties bordering on the Cedar river, and extending to above Du-
buque, and probably to the north boundary of the State, in which
there are fine mill streams, with rocky bottoms and banks, with but
little bottom lands and no swamps. The mill dams flood no lands
and create no disease. Iam indebted to Drs. Sales and Witter for
interesting descriptions and statements in reference to this section
of country.

The county of Van Buren may be considered a type of the Des
Moines Valley, and with the exception of the river itself, it would
seem to be free from any permanent causes of disease. I am com-
pelled to rely on the statement of Nicollet as to the river itself, to-wit:
that it flows constantly in a deep valley, until near its mouth, where
it spreads over low grounds, that it has a uniform rocky bottom, and
that its current is almost as rapid as that of the Missouri. This
would indicate a health producing stream. But Dr. Flint informs
me that there is a long moss, which at low water vecomes very abun-
dant, and getting dislodged by tioods, or other accidents, is drifted to
the head of Islands, or on to mill dams, and there undergoing de-
composition, is considered a very abundant source of autumnal fe-
vers. What effect the State Improvements may have on the health
of this country must depend on the amount of submerged lands, and
the accumulation of this long moss already referred to.

The whole eastern and southern portion of the State, with few ex-
ceptions, abounds with limestone suitable for building purposes. The
prevalence of lime is generally considered conducive to health.

The valley of the Des Moines, that of Skunk, and many other
streams, abound in stone coal. The influence of beds of bituminous
‘coal are not known to me to be prejudicial to health anywhere.

The county of Dubuque abounds in lead mines; but the working
of them as at present conducted, cannot be very injurious. Since
Dr. Horr in his communication does not even allude to the subject.
Doubtless, however, cases of colica pictonum occasionally occur.

Our principal river towns may form a distinct class, and deserve a
seperate consideration. Their first settlement was followed by sea-
sons of sickness, often to all the inhabitants, sometimes none escap-
ing. This was owing to the usual prevalence of malaria from stag-
-mant water, and drainage aggravated by badly built houses and by
poor living. So far as I am informed, our river towns are uniformly
_and rapidly improving in their healthful condition. The better drain-
age resulting from the grading of our streets and the more thorough
attention to, cleanliness, as well as the improved condition of our dwel-

. 8

58

lings, and consequently of our mode of living, fully accounts for this
improvement. The remark of Dr. Horr, that the sanitory line is ap-
proaching the river at Dubuque at the rate of about fifty feet per an-
num, applies with greater or less force to all our towns.

Dr. Drake’s interesting and philosophical work on the diseases of
the Mississippi valley, shows, by a very extensive array of statistics,
that most of the elements of disease may abound, and localities re-
main comparatively healthful, because of the absence of a single one.
Thus our bottom lands, if transported to the latitude of New Orleans,
would unquestionably generate yellow fever, and other malignant
forms of disease, whilst, for want of a tropical sun, they with us pro-
duce mild intermitting or remitting fevers.

The only remaining element of disease deserving consideration at
this time, is the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere, and the
consequent amount of rain which falls. On this subject I have no
records to consult, and therefore I must be very brief. The value of
rain as a Lealth producing or disease eugendering agent, must depend
on its amount, or on the time of the year at which it falls. When
the country is deluged at the commencement of the warm season, it
must be more injurious than if it fell in mid-winter. As a general
rule, that season is the most healthful in which the ordinary quantity
falls, rather than that in which there is either an excess or deficiency.
As trees are considered valuable in condensing or in affording those
vapors, which, rising into the higher regions of the atmosphere, are
condensed and fall down in showers, I should suppose the neighbor-
hood of our water courses, abounding in forests, would be more reg-
ularly supplied by rains than our prairies; but I am not prepared to
say that this is so. ,

The diseases of lowa embrace a very extensive list. Wherever
man is found, the maladies to which he is liable will also exhibit
themselves. But a more limited range is undoubtedly contemplated
by the resolution under which this report is made. No one, for in-
stance, would rank apoplexy or gout among the diseases of Iowa, be-
cause cases of each might occur within the limits of the State. The
object is to ascertain what diseases our topography and climate pro-
duce.

For the sake of order I will enumerate our diseases as they occur
in the successive seasons of the year, commencing with the spring.
This is the season of sudden changes of temperature, and we have
consequently catarrhal affections, some of the milder, and occasional-
ly some of the severer forms of pulmonary disease, such as bronchi-
tis, pneumonia and pleuritis ; we have, also, inflammatory rheumatism

09
of an exceedingly aggravated character. ‘This too is the season at
which we have the greater amount of exanthematous diseases, such
as scarlatina, rubeola, erysipelas, &c., though from these diseases
being supposed to depend more on a specific contagion or an epidem-
ic constitution of the air, than on any local causes, I have hesitated
to embrace them among our diseases. They are evidently, however,
under climatical influences, and therefore modified by sivuation. This
is also the season of mild intermittents, though these most generally
show themselves as relapses. We have also many irregular forms of
periodical disease, consisting principally of painful nervous affections
of the head and face. As a matter of course, many of our uncured
winter diseases run into this season, and are greatly aggravated by
the sudden changes of temperature. :

In the month of June’we have more or less of cholera infantum,
often the accompaniment of remittent fever. Attacks of diarrhea in
adults, with the same accompaniment are not uncommon ; and as
summer advances, especially if the season be dry, the various forms
of bilious disease are displayed in greater abundance. At this
season also our principal manifestations of cholera have been made.
As this disease wears somewhat the appearance of an exotic, not yet
having been acclimated, I hesitated to include it among the diseases
of Iowa. But I could not with propriety omit all notice of it, and as
it may often re-appear, the sooner our Physicians become familiar
with its progress the better. In my judgment it depends on a mixed
origin, a something from abroad which may be a sine qua non, and
a local cause sufficient to develope it. The circumstances which con-
stitute this local cause are very well known; they are heat, moisture
and filth, within and without the crowded habitations in which, as a
general rule, the disease is most prevalent and most destructive.
When really epidemic, the whole population of a city is mmmersed in
this local cause.

As autewmn advances, the peculiar diseases of this season manifest
themselves. These consist of intermitting fevers of every grade,
from the mildest to the most malignant form, constituting the conges-
tive chill, so much dreaded by doctor and patient. Intermitting fever
is especially the disease of new settlements, as well as of our bottom
lands; as a general thing it is mild and manageable, though liable to
return unless the patient is removed from the malarious district in
which it originates. This is essentially an autumnal disease, although
an occasional vernal attack may be looked for among recent settlers.
It has been observed repeatedly that those new comers who are bad-
ly provided with the necessaries and comforts of life are almost sure

60

ot an attack, while those in greater comfort in the same neighborhood,
escape. Conjointly with these intermitting forms of fever we often
find, in the same families, some who are laboring under remitting forms
of fever, a more severe malady, though if thoroughly cured, more easi-
ly and speedily removed. These forms of fever are generally desti-
tute of danger, though occasionally they assume the pernicious or
congestive form, and are thus’full of peril. The intensity of our fe-
brile attacks, compared with similar attacks elsewhere, was made the
subject of special inquiry of all the physicians to whom I wrote. The
testimony from the northern portion of the State has been uniform,
that they are milder and more manageable ; and in this opinion I en-
tirely concur, whilst Drs. Ford of Keokuk, and Flint of Van Buren,
represent them as more severe’ AsI rely on the judgment of both
sets of Doctors, I presume the Des Moines Valley is afflicted with
severer forms of autumnal fevers than those observed north of Lowa
river.

Among our autumnal diseases, although they occur a month or two
earlier, must not be omitted dysentery and diarrhcea; nor should it be
overlooked that ill-cured intermittents and occasionally remittents,
greatly neglected, are merged into, visceral enlargements, which occa-
sionally terminate in hydropic effusions in both sexes, and also,in am-
enorrhcea in the female. Gastritis and enteritis are sporadic forms
of disease which may occur at any season, but are thought to be more
common at this season than at any other. Hepatitis is thought to be
very rare. J may mention one peculiarity of erysipelas as it lately
prevailed to some extent in this city, viz: the exemption of women in
childbed from puerperal peritonitis, which in the epidemics seen by
Gordon and Hay, and in a former one seen by myself, was so exceed-
ingly fatal. .

As cold weather advances, in addition to these maladies, and some-
times conjoined with them, we have ‘catarrhal affections, pleuritis,
pneumonia, bronchitis, &c.; many of these forms are manifestly com-
plicated with bilious symptoms, showing that the malarious influence
had not ceased to act. This is also the opinion of Dr. Flint, whilst
Dr. Horr thinks that those who have actually suffered an attack of
autumnal fever, are, to some extent, exempt from the winter disease.
Except in those whose health has been greatly impaired, these pulmo-
nary attacks are inflammatory in their character; a neglected case,
or one supervening on a broken down constitution may assume the.
character of pneumonia typhoides. As might be expected from our
climate, tuberculous formations are not uncommon, though from the
habits of our people living much in the open air, taking a large amount

61

of exercise, the developments are more rare than in denser popula-
tions. I ascribe to these causes, and not to the prevalence of miasmatic
diseases, our greater exemption from this desolating form of disease.
Conjunctivitis, as well granular as mild, is very common. This is the
result of strong winds impinging on the conjunctiva, freighted with dust
and sand, and other impurities. This disease is, I think, most com-
mon in summer and autumn.

Before I conclude, I fee] called upon to allude to a remarkable se-
ries of local affections. In Dr. Horr’s interesting communication he
alludes to the greater prevalence of felons or whitloes, than in Ohio,
where he formerly practiced. How this, a local disease, can be more
prevalent in one country than another, J am at a loss to conjecture, but
certainly in the practice of my own office, I have never seen as ma-
ny cases as in the last six or eight months, and I would mention as
occurring at the same time, an unusual amount of phlegmonous tu-
mors and carbuncles. Ihave seen a gentleman from Indiana or Ohio,
who tells me that the same thing has been observed there during the
past winter. Can this be a local affection marking the advance of
some epidemic influence? The subject is worthy of notice and re-
mark.

I have thus, Mr. President, discharged my duty in a very imper-
fect manner, as none can feel more sensibly than myself. I have been
confined for almost six weeks with inflammatory rheumatism, from
which my hands are yet great swollen, so much so, that I have been
compelled to avail myself of the kind aid of my friend Dr. Matthews,
to copy this communication, my own hand being almost illegible. I
was not well enough to commence preparing my report until nearly
dark on Saturday evening, and every word | have written has been
with pain. Some subjects, as for instance, the hygrometric condition
of the atmosphere, I entirely forgot in my great suffering, until it was
too late to do more than ailude toit. J may mention also, that I sent
circulars to some fifteen or twenty of the most distinguished physi-
cians in the State, but have received only five communications, which
have already been honorably noticed. The paucity of communica-
tions which I have received, while it shows less interest than I expect-
ed among our medical men, will account for large sections of our
State being entirely unnoticed.

I hope our Society will accept this report as the best evidence un-
der all the circumstances, that I could possibly give of my devotion
to the great objects of medical improvement.

Dr. McGugin then offered the following preamble and resolu-
tion :

62

Wuuerras, The highest and first object of patriotism is to provide
for the suffering and to protect those who are without protection ;
and whereas, the insane are not only unable to privide for and pro-
tect themselves, but often inflict serious injury upon their own per-
sons, therefore 7
Resolved, That deeply impressed with the necessity of an Asylum

in this State, this Convention would invoke the Legislature at the ear-
liest possible moment, to provide by law for the erection of an Asy-
jum at some point most accessible to the citizens, that this large suf-
fering class of fellow-citizens may receive that aid and protection
whieh are alike demanded by patriotism and humanity.

Drs. Rauch and Cousins were appointed a standing committee on
Medical Botany.

Dr. McGugin was appointed in accordance with a resolution of the
Society, to read a paper upon various discoveries and improvements
in medicine.

Dr. Henry, Sr., upon the relation which the natural sciences bear
to recent improvements and discoveries in medicine, and their agency
in the development and resources of the healing art.

Dr. Sanford was appointed to deliver the Annual Address.

Dr. Barton then offered the following :

Wuereas, The General Assembly of this State, by a late act, estab-
lished and endowed the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the
Iowa University, located in the city of Keokuk, thus securing the
perpetuity of that Institution, and whereas such Institutions exert
a great influence upon the character and dignity of the medical pro-
fession of the State, it is therefore
Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the chair to

visit said College during its next session, with a view to ascertain and

report to this Society at its next annual meeting, how far the College ~
of Physicians and Surgeons above mentioned, is entitled to the con-
fidence and patronage of the Society.

Drs. J. F. Henry of Burlington, -T. Siveter of Salem, Ramage of
Fairfield, Barton of Farmington, and Flint of Keosauqua, were ap-
pointed said committee.

Delegates were then appointed to attend the American Medical
Association.

Drs. Lowe and Sanford were appointed for that purpose.

On motion of Dr. Barton,

A committee of three was appointed to draw up articles of associ-
ation according to the statute, and to present them to the next meet-
ing for its consideration.

Drs. Barton, Lowe and Huey were appointed said committee.

63

On motion of Dr. Rauch,

The code of Medical ethics of the American Medical Association
was adopted by the Society, and the old code expunged.

Dr. McGugin then introduced the following resolution.

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are due and hereby ten-
dered to the Medical Faculty of Fairfield for the courtesy shown the
various members who have met here, and for the kind provision made
for their comfort and convenience.

The President then made the following closing remarks :

You assigned me the honorable position of President of your So-
ciety for the first year of its existence; that period is now at an
end, and my worthy and respected successor, Dr. D. L. McGugin, is
about to take my place.

May your organization strengthen and improve with each succeed-
ing year, until no well educated and respectable physician can be
found within the borders of our State who is not a member of it.

Let us adhere to our Society as worthy of affection, acting up to
its objects and ethics, and by so doing we shall make it an instrument
of good to our fellow men, and a means of advancing the dignity and
honor of the profession.

In parting with you, it is with the cherished hope that a year hence
we may all meet again, with increased interest in each other, and in
promotion of the objects of our Society.

On motion,

The Society adjourned to meet again at Fairfield, on the first Wed-
nesday in June, 1852.*

ENOS LOWE, President.
E. D. Ransom, Secretary.

*It will be perceived, that the time of the next meeting of the
Society is postponed. I have been induced to make this change
after consultation with several members who have all concurred in the
propriety of avoiding a conflict in the time of meeting, with the Am-
erican Medical Association, which meets the first Tuesday in May.

D. L. McGUGIN, Presiden:

( oNe \b y

LIBRARY
¥ YORK
\NICAL

GARDEN

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA.

By B. SHIMEK.

THE following paper contains a number of additions to the
published lists of the flora of Iowa, together with notes on the
occurrence in new localities of species already listed.

The notes are based wholly on material in the Herbarium
of the State University of lowa which was contributed by the
following named persons: Professors T. H. Macbride, A.
S. Hitchcock, and T. J. Fitzpatrick; Messrs. J. H. Mills, R.
I. Cratty, Fred. Reppert, E. W. D. Holway, John E. Cam-
eron, Charles Atwood, Henry L. Berry, C. W. Weidner, and
Paul Bartsch; Hon. B. F. Osborn; Misses Mary F. Linder,
Mabel Berry, Minnie Howe, and Lucy M. Cavanagh; the
pupils of the Oskaloosa High School through Professor Stover;
and the writer. Where the collector’s name is not mentioned
in connection with the locality the specimens were collected
by the writer.

A list of species, long known to the collectors of the State,
is here included for the purpose of adding more exact infor-
mation concerning geographical distribution within the State.

The object of this list is to add, if possible, to the knowledge
of the plants of the State, not to the volume of the nomencla-
ture literature. Therefore, without regard to the present
controversy, the nomenclature of the latest edition of Gray’s
Manual is followed, as the plants will readily be recognized
by the names therein given.

I. SPECIES NEW.TO THE STATE.
SPERMAPHYTA.

NyMPHAA ODORATA At.
Allamakee Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Winnebago, Linn and John-

Ill.—4. H 195

196 NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA.

son Cos. This species, though not uncommon, does not
seem to appear in the published lists.
Dianthus armeria L.
Johnson Co. Introduced, but seemingly well established.

CALLIRRHOE INVOLUCRATA Gray.
Shelby Co. ( Fitzpatrick); Scott Co. Not rare near Dav-
enport.
Ailanthus glandulosus Desf.
Lee Co. Well established in and near Keokuk.
POLYGALA CRUCIATA, a:
Muscatine Co. (/reppert.)
POLYGALA VERTICILLATA L. var. AMBIGUA Gray.
Johnson Co. Not always clearly distinct from the type.
BAPTISIA TINCTORIA /t. Br.
Johnson Co. Rather common.
BapTisiA ALBA ft. Br.
Shelby and Winneshiek Cos. (/ztzpatrick) ; Fremont Co.
LUuPINUS PERENNIS L.
Winneshiek Co. (olway.)
HosACKIA PURSHIANA Benth.
Henry Co. (dZz/s.)
DESMODIUM NUDIFLORUM DC.
Muscatine Co. (feppert.)
Dersmopium RicipuM DC.
Des Moines Co. (Sartsch.)
Rosa HumILis JZarsh.
Henry Co. (J@/s) ; Johnson Co. Common.
feosa rubiginosa L.
Henry Co. (JZ/s.) Introduced.
CRATAGUS CRUS-GALLI ZL.
Louisa and Muscatine Cos. (/eppert); Allamakee Co.
(Fitzpatrick) ; Johnson and Lee Cos. Frequent.

POTENTILLA SUPINA Z.
Woodbury Co. (/7ztchcock.)

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 197

CoRNUS STOLONIFERA J/x.

Emmet Co. ( Crafty) ;Johnson Co. Other specimens marked
C. stolonifera are found in the collection, but as their
identity is somewhat uncertain the localities are here
omitted. The species is very common near Iowa City.

TRIOSTEUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM ZL.
Johnson Co. (Macbride) ; Lee Co.
LINN2@A BOREALIS L.
Winneshiek Co. (Holway.)
DIERVILLA TRIFIDA Moench.
Winneshiek Co. ( Fitzpatrick.)
ASTER CORYMBOSUS AZ.

Muscatine Co. (freppert.) “Scarce.”

ASTER PATENS var. PHLOGIFOLIUs /Vees.
Winnebago Co. Rather common near Forest City.
LEPACHYS COLUMNARIS Zorr. and Gray.

Henry Co. (dlls) ; Page Co.
CoREOPSIS INVOLUCRATA /Vutt.

Henry Co. (JZ@i/s) ; Johnson}Co.* (Miss Linder.)
CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA ZL.

Jones Co. (Macbride; Cameron); Jackson Co. The type

form. The variety @rctzca has already been reported.
PYROLA SECUNDA ZL.
Winneshiek Co. (Ho/way.)
PHLOX PANICULATA ZL.
Johnson Co. ( Hitchcock. )
HypDROPHYLLUM MACROPHYLLUM JVutt.
Johnson Co. (Miss Berry.) This species was formerly
quite common near Iowa City.
Lpomea hederacea Facqg.
Henry Co. (J@i/s) ; Lee Co. Introduced.
IPpOMaEA PANDURATA Meyer.

Muscatine Co. (fepfert); Johnson Co. Not rare. Mr.

Reppert also reports it.from Louisa county.
CuscuTA ARVENsIS Beyr.
Emmett Co. Growing*on”Artemisza, etc. Rare.

198 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CusCUTA CHLOROCARPA /ugelm. A
Henry Co. (Zils) ; Johnson Co. (Hitchcock) ; Emmet Co.
Abundant in September, 1895,in Emmet Co., along the
shores of Iowa Lake where it was associated with C.
tenuiflora Eng.
CHELONE OBLIQUA L.

Des Moines Co. ( Bartsch.) Some of the specimens in the
Herbarium marked C. glabra probably also belong to
this species, but they are mostly poor and difficult to
determine satisfactorily. True C. glabra, however, is
in the collection from several localities in lowa. |

DIANTHERA AMERICANA ZL.
Henry Co. (JZls.)

BLEPHILIA CILIATA Ltaf.
Henry Co. (A/U/s.)

Amarantus chlorostachys Willd.

Henry Co. (JZi/s.)

Amarantus chlorostachys var. hybridus Wats.

Johnson Co.

SHEPHERDIA ARGENTEA JVutt.

Woodbury Co. (ffztchcock. )

ACALYPHA VIRGINICA va7. GRACILENS JWuell.
Lee Co. Not common.
Urtica dotcia L.

Emmet Co., near Iowa Lake.
Salix fragilis L.

Johnson Co. Escaped from cultivation.
Salix alba var. vitellina Koch.

Johnson Co. Escaped from cultivation.
Populus alba L.

Johnson Co. Escaped from cultivation.
LIPARIS LaesELU /?tichard.

Emmet Co. (Cvatty.)

GOODYERA PUBESCENS ft. Jy. }

Jones Co. (Cameron); Johnson Co. Formerly not rare
near lowa City, but becoming very scarce.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 199

SMILAX ECIRRHATA Wats.
Henry Co. (JZl/s) ; Johnson and Winnebago Cos.

PP Rl ee Pe Y TA.

OSMUNDA REGALIS ZL.
Muscatine Co. (/repfert.)

ALG &. ©)

STIGEOCLONIUM LONGIPILUS “Ag.
Johnson Co. (J@iss Cavanagh.)
CLADOPHORA CANALICULARIS Ag.
Johnson Co. (Mss Cavanagh.)

CLADOPHORA OLIGOCLONA Ag.
Johnson Co. (J/ss Cavanagh.)

MouGEOTIA SPH4ZZROCARPA Wolle.
Linn Co.
EvucLena viripis Lhrd.
This enigmatic form is very common at Iowa City, Cedar
Rapids, and other points, but seems not to have been
reported in the published lists.

i MEW LOCALITIES.
Slik MAP H Y T A.

CLEMATIS PITCHERI 7. and G.
Lee and Johnson Counties.
ANEMONE CAROLINIANA Walt.

Hardin County.

RANUNCULUS MULTIFIDUS Pursh.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Johnson and Hardin Cos.

1 The Alge were identified by Miss Lucy M. Cavanagh.

Ba a's .
Cee

200 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS Poir.
Johnson Co. (Miss Linder.)
RANUNCULUS SEPTENTRIONALIS Pozr.
Henry Co. (Alls); Mahaska Co. (Oskaloosa H. S.);
Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Emmett Co. (Cratty); Lee
Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
RANUNCULUS REPENS JZ.
Johnson Co.
DELPHINIUM AZUREUM JZx.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Shelby Co. (/itzpatrick); Cerro
Gordo, Fremont and Page Cos.
DELPHINIUM TRICORNE JVZx.
Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick. )
IsoOpYRUM BITERNATUM 7. and G.
Henry Co. (A@lls) ; Emmet Co. (Cratty); Johnson Co. —
NyYMPH4A RENIFORMIS DC.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Hancock Co.

CoRYDALIS AUREA W7l/d.
Hardin Co.
DENTARIA DIPHYLLA‘L.

Haneock Co. Collected in 1882.

CARDAMINE RHOMBOIDEA va7. PURPUREA 7. and G.

Johnson Co. Very common.

NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE DC.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Winneshiek Co. (/%tzfatrick) ;
Henry Co. (Jills); Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson, Win-
nebago, and Ringgold Cos.

NASTURTIUM SINUATUM JVute.
Henry Co. (J@/s) ; Fremont, Page and Pottawattamie Cos.
DRABA CAROLINIANA Walt.
Hardin and Johnson Cos.
CLEOME INTEGRIFOLIA 7. and G.
Linn Co.
CERASTIUM NUTANS Leaf.
Henry Co. (JAZills) ; Johnson Co.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 201

HYPERICUM ASCYRON ZL.
Henry Co. (J@d/s) ; Allamakee Co. (/%tzpatrick) ; Johnson
and Winnebago Cos.

HYPERICUM MUTILUM Z.

Johnson Co.
HYPERICUM PROLIFICUM ZL.

Henry Co. (J//s) ; Fremont Co.
ELODES CAMPANULATA Pursh.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty.)
HIBISCUS MILITARIS Cav.

Des Moines Co. (artsch) ; Johnson Co.
Sida spinosa L.

Fremont Co. (//ztchcock) ; Henry Co. ( Mils. )
LInuM suLcAaTuM /r7d.

Henry Co. (J/:/s) ; Allamakee Co. (/7tzpfatrick) ; Wood-
bury Co. (A/7tchcock) ; Johnson, Floyd, and Emmet Cos.

GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM ZL.

Muscatine Co. (/teppert); Johnson and Lee Cos. Quite

common near Iowa City.
XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM J/7//.

Des Moines Co. ( Bartsch) ; Winneshiek Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Winnebago, Linn, Johnson, Jack-
son, and Lee Cos. Very common near lowa City.

PTELEA TRIFOLIATA ZL.

Scott Co. (Macbride); Henry Co. (Mills); Johnson Co.

(Miss Linder.) ;
RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA Pursh.
Henry Co. (Jills); Boone Co. (Hitchcock); Shelby Co.
(Fitzpatrick) ; Lee and Johnson Cos.
VITIS CINEREA £ng.
Lee Co. Not rare.
ZESCULUS GLABRA Willd.
Henry Co. (JZils.)
ZESCULUS OCTANDRA Marsh.
Jasper Co. Collected in 1882.

202 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

RHUS TYPHINA ZL.
Jones Co. (Macbride) ; Emmet Co. ( Cratty); Jackson Co.
RHUS CANADENSIS JZarsh.
Henry Co. (JZills) ; Lee Co.
TEPHROSIA VIRGINIANA Pers.
Winneshiek Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Johnson Co. Not common.
GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA /Vutt.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Pottawattamie Co.
DESMODIUM CANESCENS DC.
Clayton Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Lee Co.
DESMODIUM DILLENI Dayr/.
Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Muscatine Co. ( Fitzpatrick.)
LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA Pers.
Henry Co. (Zils) ; Johnson Co.
PsoRALEA ARGOPHYLLA Pursh,
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Winnebago, Cerro Gordo and Fre-
mont Cos.
PsoRALEA ESCULENTA Puzsh.
Emmet Co. (Craity) ; Shelby Co. (/2tzpatrick.)
LaTHYRUS VENOosus JZuhl.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Floyd and Winnebago Cos.
LATHYRUS OCHROLEUCUS Hook.
Emmet Co. (Cratty.)
AMPHICARPAA MONOICA Vit.
Johnson and Winnebago Cos.
AMPHICARP4A PITCHERI 7. and G.
Johnson Co. Not rare.
CASSIA MARILANDICA ZL.
Muscatine Co. (fteppert); Dubuque Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Linn Co.
SPIRAEA ARUNCUS ZL.
Lee Co.
PHYSOCARPUS OPULIFOLIUS J/ax7m.
Henry Co. (JZ@ills); Jones Co. (Cameron); Winneshiek
Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Jackson and Johnson Cos.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 203

POTENTILLA PALUSTRIS Scop.
Hancock Co., near Lake Edwards.
AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS var. ? OBLONGIFOLIA 7. and G.
Johnson Co. Here a small shrub less than two feet in
height. Not common.
SULLIVANTIA OHIONIS 7. and G.
Jones and Delaware Cos. (MJacbride) ; Jackson Co.

HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA ZL.
Clayton Co. (Miss &. PR. McGee.)
EPILOBIUM ADENOCAULON /A/aussk.
Floyd and Hancock Cos.
-EPILOBIUM COLORATUM Juhl.
Winnebago, Jackson, and Johnson Cos.
SIcyOS ANGULATUS ZL.
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Scott Co.
VIBURNUM OPULUs ZL.
Allamakee Co. (JZacbride.)
SYMPHORICARPOS VULGARIS J/x.
Henry Co. (Mills, Atwood); Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Shelby
Co. ( Fitzpatrick.)
SYMPHORICARPOS OCCIDENTALIS //ook.
Fremont and Dickinson Cos. (//7tchcock)\; Shelby Co.
(Fitzpatrick) ; Winnebago, Emmet and Page Cos.
HousTONIA MINIMA Beck.
Johnson Co. Common.
HoOUSTONIA ANGUSTIFOLIA J/x.
Fremont Co.
GALIUM APARINE Z.
Henry Co. (A/7ls) ; Johnson Co.
GALIUM CIRCZZANS Mx.
Henry Co. (Mills) ; Lee and Johnson Cos.
GALIUM BOREALE JZ.
Jones Co. (Macbride); Dickinson Co. (fitchcock) ; Jack-
son, Floyd and Cerro Gordo Cos.

oe ag

204 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
GALIUM TRIFIDUM Z. '
Linn Co. (Macbride); Henry Co. (Mills); Emmet Co.
(Cratty) ; Lee Co.

GALIUM TRIFIDUM var. PUSILLUM Gray.

Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; fone Co. (Miss Linder) ; Win- —

nebago Co.
GALIUM TRIFIDUM var. LATIFOLIUM Zorr.
Linn Co.
GALIUM CONCINNUM 7. and G.
Henry Co. (J///s) ; Johnson and Ringold Cos.
GALIUM ASPRELLUM J/x.
Jones Co. (Cameron); Lee Co.
GALIUM TRIFLORUM JZ/x.
Emmet Co. (Crafty); Jones Co. (JJacbride); Johnson
Co. (diss Linder) ; Winnebago and Jackson Cos.
VERNONIA NOVEBORACENSIS We/d.
Cass Co. ( Weidner) ; Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; ae Co.
EUPATORIUM ALTISSIMUM ZL.
Henry Co. (J/ls); Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson
Co. Very common.
LIATRIS SQUARROSA Willd.
Cass Co. ( Wezdner.)
LIATRIS PUNCTATA Zook.
Emmet Co. (Cratty.)
LIATRIS SCARIOSA Wild.
Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Johnson, Floyd and Winnebago Cos.
LIATRIS PYCNOSTACHYA JZx.
Henry Co. (fills) ; Cass Co. ( Wetdner) ; Lee Co.
GRINDELIA SQUARROSA Duznal.
Henry Co. (JZ7ls.)
SOLIDAGO RIDDELLIL Frank.
Hancock and Floyd Cos. Common.
SOLIDAGO LANCEOLATA JZ.
Henry Co. (Atwood); Johnson Co. Common.

4

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 205

ASTER PANICULATUS Lam.

Lee Co. (Lartsch.)
ASTER OBLONGIFOLIUS /Vudd.

Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co. ( ffitchcock.)
ASTER PRENANTHOIDES JZuhl.

Henry Co. (J//ls) ; Johnson and Jackson Cos.

ASTER VIMINEUS Lam.
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch. )

ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA &. and F1.
Delaware Co. (MJacbride) ; Johnson Co. (JZzss Linder.)

SILPHIUM TRIFOLIATUM ZL.
Winnebago Co.
IVA XANTHUFOLIA /Viitt.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Winnebago Co.
EcuipTA ALBA /Zassk. |
Johnson, Linn and Muscatine Cos.
HELIANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS /?7d.
Henry Co. (J/7lls) ; Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
HELIANTHUS LATIFLORUS Pers.
Johnson and Jackson Cos.
HELIANTHUS RIGIDUS Desf.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Winnebago, Hancock and Floyd
Cos. ae
HELIANTHUS MAXIMILIANI Schrad.
Floyd Co.

HELIANTHUS TUBEROsUs ZL.
Henry Co. (Mills); Cass Co. ( Werdner); Winnebago,
Floyd and Lee Cos.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
Johnson and Page Cos. Introduced.
ARTEMISIA DRACUNCULOIDES Pursh.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Floyd and Hancock Cos.
ARTEMISIA CAUDATA J/x.
Muscatine, Emmet, Winnebago and Johnson Cos.

206 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ARTEMISIA SERRATA JVuit.
Jackson and Winnebago Cos.

CACALIA SUAVEOLENS ZL.
Jackson Co.

CACALIA RENIFORMIS JZuhl.
Cass Co. ( Wezduer.)
CACALIA ATRIPLICIFOLIA ZL.
Henry Co. (JZ7l/s) ; Muscatine Co. Sik a Des Moines
Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
CACALIA TUBEROSA JVutt.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Johnson Co. (d@iss Linder); Page
and Ringgold Cos.

Cnicus arvensis Hoffm.
Johnson, Lee and Linn Cos.
HiIERACIUM LONGIPILUM Torr.
Muscatine Co. (MJacbride.)
PRENANTHES RACEMOSA J7/x.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Hancock and Floyd Cos.
LYGODESMIA JUNCEA Don.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Fremont Co.
TROXIMON CUSPIDATUM Pursh.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Marshall Co.
Lactuca scariola L.
Jackson, Winnebago and Johnson Cos.
LOBELIA SPICATA Var. HIRTELLA Gray.
Emmet Co.
CAMPANULA APARINOIDES Pursh.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Johnson Co. (Miss Berry.)
PyroLa ELuIPTICA /Vutt.
Winneshiek Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Johnson Co.
MOoNOTROPA UNIFLORA ZL.
Jones Co. (Cameron); Johnson Co. (Macbride.) Very
common near Iowa City.
STEIRONEMA LANCEOLATUM Gray.
Linn Co.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 207

STEIRONEMA LONGIFOLIUM Gray.
Emmet Co. ( Cratty.)
GENTIANA CRINITA /Yoel.
Muscatine Co. (/eppert); Chickasaw Co. (diss Howe) ;
Johnson and Linn Cos.

GENTIANA PUBERULA JZ/x.
Enmet Co. (Cratty); Johnson Co. (Berry); Winnebago
and Floyd Cos.
HypROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM JZ/x.
Henry Co. (J@/ls); Johnson Co. (AZiss Linder) ; Winne-
shiek Co. (/iizpatrick) ; Jackson Co.
ELLISIA NYCTELEA L. |
Henry Co. (Mills) ; fai wales Co. (Macbride) ; Shelby
Co. (/itzpatrick) ; Calhoun Co. (/tzgg°) ; Linn and John-
son Cos.

ECHINOSPERMUM REDOWSKII Lehm. var OCCIDENTALE Wats.
Woodbury Co. (//tchcock) ; Johnson Co.
-~Myosoris vERNA JVutt.
Johnson Co. Not rare.
ONOSMODIUM CAROLINIANUM DC,
Shelby Co. (/%tzpatrick) ; Pottawattamie and Page Cos.
SOLANUM ROSTRATUM Dunal.
Johnson! Co. (Macbride); Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Greene
Co. (Hon. B. F. Osborn. )
Verbascum blattaria L.
Johnson Co.
PENTSTEMON GRANDIFLORUS JVut¢t.
Pottawattamie Co. (J/iss Flickinger.)
VERONICA ANAGALLIS ZL.
Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Winneshiek Co. (/7tzpatrick) ; John-
son Co.

GERARDIA ASPERA Doug.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Delaware Co. (Macbride.)

1 Already reported by Prof. Macbride in Bull. from the Lab. of Nat. Hist.
Bi. i5 VoL lL, No.1, 'p. $4.

i: K

208 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

GERARDIA PURPUREA JL,
Emmet Co. (Cratty.)
GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA Vahl.

Delaware Co. (Macbride); Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Henry
Co. (Mills); Des Moines Co. (Bartsch); Winnebago
and Johnson Cos.

GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA vay. MACROPHYLLA Benth.

Fremont Co.

CASTILLEIA SESSILIFLORA Pursh.

Delaware Co. (Macbride) ; Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Shelby

Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Hardin and Hamilton Cos.
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS ZL.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Calhoun

Co. (/7gg); Johnson Co. Very common.
PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA J7Zx.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Hancock, Winnebago and Johnson
Cos.

APHYLLON UNIFLORUM Gray.

Johnson Co. Not common.

TECOMA RADICANS Fuss.

Lee Co. Very common in the vicinity of Keokuk, and

certainly native.
VERBENA ANGUSTIFOLIA JZx.

Allamakee Co. (/%tzpatrick) ; Johnson Co. Common near

Iowa City.
MOoNARDA PUNCTATA JZ.

Des Moines Co. (Bartsch); Dubuque Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;

Muscatine and Cedar Cos.
SALVIA LANCEOLATA Wild.

Page Co.

SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA JZ.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Jackson and
Johnson Cos.

SCUTELLARIA VERSICOLOR J/Vufté.
Henry Co. (JZil/s) ; Johnson and Lee Cos.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 209

SCUTELLARIA PARVULA J/x.
Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Chickasaw Co. (Miss Howe) ; Henry
Co. (Mills) ; Shelby Co. (/itzpatrick) ; Johnson Co.
SCUTELLARIA GALERICULATA JL.
Emmet Co. ( Cratty.)
OxyYBAPHUS HIRSUTUS Sweet.
Adair Co. ( Fames E. Gow); Shelby Co. ( Fitzpatrick. )
CYCLOLOMA PLATYPHYLLUM Jog.
Fremont Co. (Mtchcock) ; Henry Co. (Mills); Lee Co.
Chenopodium botrys L.
Johnson Co. (Hitchcock); Dubuque Co. (F7tzpatrick) ;
Lee Co.
Salsola kali var. tragus DC.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Calhoun Co. (/t7yg’); Floyd Co.
RUMEX MARITIMUs L.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Calhoun Co. (/tzgg); Hancock Co.
DircA PALUSTRIS L.
Henry Co. (J/@l/s) ; Jackson and Johnson Cos.
EUPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA JL.
Johnson and Linn Cos. Common.
CROTON GLANDULOsuUS ZL.
Lee Co. Not rare.
CROTON CAPITATUS JZx.
Lee Uo. Not rare.
ULMus RACEMoSA Thomas.
Henry Co. (Jills) ; Lee Co.
Morus RUBRA L.
Polk Co. (4. Des Moines H. School) ; Johnson Co.
Bc2HMERIA CYLINDRICA Weld. ,
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co. (Miss Linder.)
PARIETARIA PENNSYLVANICA Juhl.
Henry Co. (Mills) ; Shelby Co. ( Fitzpatrick.)
CARYA SULCATA Wl/d.
Scott, Clinton and Wayne Cos. (MJacbride); Van Buren
Co. (Spraker.)

210 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CARYA SULCATA + OLIV 4FORMIS.

Muscatine Co. (/epfert.) The fruit, though seemingly
well developed and showing characters of both species,
contains no seed. It seems undoubtedly a sterile cross
between the two species.

xewia- $8

CARYA AMARA JVutt.
Shelby Co. (/7%tzpatrick) ; Lee and Johnson Cos.
BETULA NIGRA’ Z..
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch); Polk Co. (4. Des Motnes f1.

School); Johnson Co. Common.
ALNUS INCANA Weld.
Jones Co. (MJacbride.)
OsTRYA VIRGINICA Wild.

Emmet Co. ( Craity) ; Winneshiek Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Cal-
houn Co. (Azge); Lee and Johnson Cos. Very com-
mon near Iowa City.

CARPINUS CAROLINIANA Weald,

Emmet. Co. (Cratty); Henry Co. (Afiis); Leet

(Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
QUERCUS MUHLENBERGI Fngelm.
Lee, Jackson and Johnson Cos.

QUERCUS PALUSTRIS Du feoz.

Leela.

QUERCUS IMBRICARIA JZx.

Henry Co. (A/lls) ; Des Moines Co. ( Bartsch) ; Ringgold,
Washington and Johnson Cos. Found only in the south-
ern part of Johnson Co.

SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Azders.
Johnson Co. Quite common.
SALIX LONGIFOLIA JZuhl.
Henry Co. (JZ7/ls) ; Winnebago, Lee and Johnson Cos.
SALIX DISCOLOR JAZuhl.
Johnson Co. Common.
SALIX HUMILIS JJarsh.

Henry Co. (4Zlls) ; Johnson Co.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. BIT

- SALIX TRISTIS A7?.
Johnson Co.
SALIX SERICEA JZarsh.
Johnson Co.
SALIX PETIOLARIS S7uzth.
Johnson Co. Rare.
SALIX CANDIDA W/i/d.
Hancock Co.
SALIX CORDATA Juhl.
Henry Co. (Wills); Calhoun Co. (fgg); Johnson Co.
Common.
SALIX CORDATA var. ANGUSTATA Anders.
Henry Co. (Zils) ; Johnson Co. Common.
PopuLUS TREMULOIDES J7/x.
Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Winnebago and Johnson Cos. Com-
mon.
POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA JZx.
Johnson Co. Very common.
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS ZL.
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Allamakee Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Lee and Johnson Cos.
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA ZL.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Dickinson Co. (Mitchcock) ; John-
son Co.
TAXUS CANADENSIS Weld.
Jones Co. (Macbride); Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos.
(Fitzpatrick) ; Jackson Co.
MiIcROSTYLIS OPHIOGLOSSOIDES /Vitt.
Johnson Co. (Berry.) Rare.
LIPARIS LILUFOLIA /?ich.
Johnson Co. Not rare.
APLECTRUM HIEMALE JVutt.
Johnson Co. Not rare.
SPIRANTHES GRACILIS Lzgel.
Johnson Co. (Macbride.) Not rare.
ee

212 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CALOPOGON PULCHELLUS /?. By.
Howarp Co. (JZacbride.)
POGONIA PENDULA Lind.
Johnson Co. (JZiss Linder.) Formerly not rare.
ORCHIS SPECTABILIS L.
Johnson Co. Still quite common.
HABENARIA BRACTEATA ft. Br.
Delaware Co. (JZacbride) ; Johnson Co. Formerly quite
common.

HLABENARIA LEUCOPHA Gray.

Emmet Co. (Crattv); Johnson Co. Formerly common

but now almost extinct.
CyPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM J/uhl.
Emmet Co. (Cvratty); Benton and Johnson Cos. Once
quite common in Johnson County, but now very rare.
CYPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM Sadisé.
Johnson Co. Common.
CYRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS W7l/d.
Johnson Co. Less common than the preceding.
CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE Sal7sb.
Winnebago and Johnson Cos. Formerly very common in
Johnson Co., but becoming rare.
POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM FZ.
Henry Co. (d/l/s) ; Lee, Winnebago and Johnson Cos.
POLYGONATUM GIGANTEUM JDre?r.
Johnson Co.
OAKESIA SESSILIFOLIA Wats.
Johnson Co.
TRILLIUM RECURVATUM Beck,
Henry Co. (fills); Louisa Co. (fe/mick); Johnson Co.
Quite common in the southern part of Johnson Co.
TRILLIUM ERECTUM ZL.
Shelby Co. (/itzpatrick); Delaware Co. (Aacbride) ;
Jones Co. (Cameron); Calhoun Co. (/tzgg"); Johnson

Co. Common.

NOTES. ON THE FLORA ‘OF IOWA. 213

TRILLIUM NIVALE /t7d.

Henry Co. (J@ils); Chickasaw Co. (Miss Howe); Linn
and Johnson Cos. Common. A form with pink-veined
petals is common near Iowa City.

MELANTHIUM VIRGINICUM ZL.

Lee and Johnson Cos. Formerly rather common in John-

son Co., but now very rare.

Ete hi DOP EY TA.

EQUISETUM ARVENSE L.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Henry Co. (dZ/s) ; Lee, Johnson,

Linn and Winnebago Cos.
EQUISETUM LiMosuUM ZL.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Delaware Co. (JZacbride) ; Hamil-
ton Co.

EQUISETUM HYEMALE ZL.

Lee, Johnson, Linn and Winnebago Cos.
EQUISETUM LAVIGATUM Braun.

Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Shelby Co. (/tzpatrick) ; Page Co.
POLYPODIUM VULGARE L.

Allamakee, Muscatine and Clayton Cos. (J/acbride )
PTERIS AQUILINA JL.

Johnson Co.
ADIANTUM PEDATUM JZ.

Jones and Allamakee Cos. ( Macbride) ; Emmet Co.( Cratty) ;
Shelby Co. (/i%tzpatrick) ; Calhoun Co. (/erge); Polk
Co. (£. Des Moines H. S.); Lee and Johnson Cos.

PELLA@A GRACILIS ook.

Cedar and Delaware Cos. (J/acbride) ; Dubuque Co. (7.
M. Irish); Johnson Co. (Dr. C. MI. Hobby) ; Johnson
and Jackson Cos. This species was collected in Scott
Co. by Dr. Parry in 1860, but has not been found there
since.

PELLAA ATROPURPUREA Link.
Jones Co. (Macbride) ; Johnson Co. Common.

214 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Jn.
Delaware Co. (Macbride); Jackson Co. Specimens from
Jackson Co. were successfully transplanted to Johnson
Co. two years ago.
ASPLENIUM FILIX-FG@MINA LBernh.
Jackson Co. (Macbride) ; Jones Co. (Cameron); Calhoun
Co. (ftigg); Polk Co. (2. Des Moines H. S.\; Ring-
gold Co. Common everywhere eastwardly.

ASPLENIUM THELYPTEROIDES J7/x.
Jones and Jackson Cos. (Jacbride.)

CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS Link.

Des Moines Co. (4artsch.) Not uncommon eastward.
ASPIDIUM SPINULOSUM Svwié¢z.

Johnson Co. Some years ago this species was quite com-

mon near Iowa City, but the locality in which it was most.

common is now under cultivation.

ASPIDIUM GOLDIANUM /Zook.
Jackson Co. (Jacbride.)

CySTOPTERIS BULBIFERA Lernh.
Allamakee and Jones Cos. (MJacbride.) Very common in
Johnson Co.
CyYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS LBernh.
Emmet Co. ( Craéty) ; Calhoun Co. (/t7gg¢) ; Ringgold and
Johnson Cos. Very common in Johnson Co.
ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L.
Ringgold and Johnson Cos. Very common in Johnson Co.,
and almost always growing in wet meadows.
ONOCLEA STRUTHIOPTERIS //offm.
Muscatine Co. (/teppert) ; Shelby Co. (Fztzpatrick.) Quite
common in Johnson Co.
OsSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA L.
Jones Co. (Cameron.) The most common of the larger
Ferns in Johnson Co.
BoTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM Swz.

Jones Co. (Jacbhride; Cameron) ; Chickasaw Co. (JZss

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 275

Hlowe) ; Henry Co. (Alls); Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Johnson Co. Quite common.

SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS Spring.
Winneshiek Co. (Bartsch. )

Pi Ga.

DRAPARNALDIA PLUMOSA Ag.
Johnson Co. (Miss Cavanagh.)
OSCILLARIA IMPERATOR Wood.

Linn Co.

CLADOPHORA CRISPATA Ag.
Linn Co.

To the species new to the State the following should be
added:
CoRALLORHIZA ODONTORHIZA Wutt.

Johnson Co. (J@iss Linder.) Rare.

The foregoing is a preliminary report chiefly on flowering
plants. A complete catalogue, so far as it can be made with
the information at hand, which will include the cryptogams, is
in course of preparation.

After the first part of this list had gone to press collections
of plants were received from Mr. G. B. Rigg from Calhoun
Co., and from the East Des Moines High School through
Miss Julia E. Rogers from Polk Co.

Notes on some of these are added in the latter part of the
list, but the greater number will be reported upon in the sub-
sequent catalogue.

AN INTERESTING NICARAGUAN PUFF-BALL.

By T. H. MACBEIDE.

AmoncG the fungi brought from Nicaragua by Mr. C. L.
Smith are half a dozen puff-balls unlike anything seen in this
part of North America. They are brick-red in color, cespi-
tose, and probably represent the species established by Berke-
ley from the study of a specimen sent him undetermined by
Montagne. In the London ‘fournal of DBotany, May, 1888,
the species is thus noticed by Massee:

‘ BovISTA LATERITIA Berk. In Herb. No. 4593. Subglo-
bose; cortex evanescent; peridium pale, thin; mass of spores
and exceedingly dense capillitium bright rust-color; threads
thick-walled, brown, branched, acute spores spherical, coarse-
ly warted, pale brown, 8 « in diam. (Type in Herb. Berk.
4593. Sent as a queried specimen by Montagne). About
1% in. in diam. Locality not known.”

Our specimens may be thus described:

Peridium sessile, rootless, mycelium-attached, becoming
free, cespitose, globose or more or less compressed by mutual
interference, two to four centimeters in diameter, smooth,
tough, persistent, opening irregularly, dull red; capillitium, in
mass cottony or felt-like, elastic, dull brown with a purplish
tinge, crowded with spores; columella none; capillitial threads
under the lens, pale brown, delicate, long, slender, branching
freely, hardly larger than the diameter of the spores; spores
in mass reddish, under the lens opaque, globose, spinulose,
5 6.25 Mh

It will be seen that the descriptions agree generally except
in the spore-measurements. It is probable therefore that we

216

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 217

have rediscovered Berkeley’s species which has been repre-
sented, apparently, so far by but a single specimen of unknown
origin.

It should be remarked, however, that the outer peridium, as
such, was probably not noticed by Berkeley. It is extremely
delicate and very persistent as a red covering of the peridium
proper. In older and weathered specimens the outer peridium
resembles simply a tinge or stain, and its true character
would not be apparent from such a specimen; but in younger,
fresher specimens the two peridia are sufficiently distinct.
The capillitium is very delicate and shows a tendency to
become discrete from the pee suggesting so far Fries’
genus Lanopila.

Saccardo for some reason does not have B. lateritia. Iam
indebted to Mr. A. P. Morgan for calling my attention to
Berkeley’s description.

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