^rH:

* ?

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY

FROM

The Hopkins Seaside Laboratory

OF THE

LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY

x:x:x:i

The Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the

Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene

of San Pedro, California

By RALPH ARNOLD

[Reprinted from the Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences

Vol. Ill]

Stanford University, California
1903

Cuntribtitioiis from the Hopkins L,aborator>-.

1 . The Fishes of SInaloa. By David Starr Jordan, pp. 142.
J9 plaits.

2. On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebas-
todes. Iiy I'kank Ckamkk. i>p. .12 14 //"/«.

3. The Fishes of Puget Sound. Ry David S. Jordan and
Edwi.n C. St.\kks. pp. 71. 2ij plali-s.

4. New Mallophaga, I, with special reference to a Collection made
from Maritime Bird.s of the Rny of Monterey, Califon>ia. By Vernon L.
Kbli-OGO. pp. 144- isphlfs.

5. Notes on Fishes, Little Known or New to Science.
By David Sr,\KK Jordan, pp. 4^- 2:^ plates.

6. Notes on Fresh Water Fishes of the Pacific Slope of
North America. By Ci.oi dsi.kv Ritikr. Description of a New
Species of Pipe-Fish (SIphostoma sinaloae) from Mazat-
lan. By David S. Jordan and Edwin C. Siarks. Notes on Del-
tlstes, a New Genus of Catostomoid Fishes. By Alvin Skai.e.
pp. 29.

7. New Mallophaga, II, from l^ind Birds, together with an account
of the Mallopli.igous .Moiilli-I'arts. By V'krnon L. Kellogg, pp.118. 14
plaUs.

8. List Of Fishes Collected at Port Ludlow. Wash. By
Edwin Ciiaimn Starks. pp. 14. 2 plates.

9. Marine Fossils from the Coal Measures of Arkansas.
By Jame-s I'kkrin Smith, pp. 72. 9 plates.

10. Scientific Names of Greek and Latin Derivation.
By Walter Miller, pp. 31.

11. A Morphological Study of Naias and Zannichellia.
By DoiGi.AS IIorcirroN Ca.mi'UEI.l. pp. 68. 5 plates.

1 2. Geology of the Paleozoic Area of Arkansas South
of the Novaculite Region. By George H. Ashlev. 31 cuts. 2

maps.

13. The Development of Glyphloceras and the Phy-
logeny of the Glyphioceratidae. By Jame.s Perrin S.mitii. pp.
28. 3 plates.

14. A Geological Reconnaissance of the Coal Fields
of the Indian Territory. By Noah Fields Drake, pp. 93.

15. Description of a Species of Fish fMitsukurina
owstoni) from Japan, the Type of a Distinct Family of
Lamnoid Sharks. Bv David .Siarr Jordan, pp.5. 2 plates.

16. The Development of Lytoceras and Phylloceras.
By James Perrin Smith, pp. 32. $ plates.

(CtntintnJ OH TftirJ rttgt o/ CoMr.)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY

FROM

The Hopkins Seaside Laboratory

OF THE

LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY

The Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the

Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene

of San Pedro, California

By EALPH ARNOLD

[Reprinted from the Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences

Vol. Ill]

St.\nford University, California
1903

.06413
V.'bl- '^"J-

THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE

MARINE PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE

OF SAN PEDRO, CALIFORNIA

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY IN GeOLOGY OF THE LeLAND

Stanford Junior University, for the degree of
PocTOR of Philosophy.

PREFATORY NOTE

This memoir is the thirty-first of a series designed to illustrate investiga-
tions and explorations connected with the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct
of the biological laboratories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. These
investigations have been carried on by means of the assistance given by Timothy
Hopkins, Esq., of Menlo Park, California. This memoir appears in the publica-
tions of the California Academy of Sciences, the present edition being a reprint.

Oliver P. Jenkins,
Charles H. Gilbert,

Directors Hopkins Laboratory.
Date of publication, June 27, 1903.

THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE IMARINE
PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE OF SAN PEDRO,

CALIFORNIA.

BY RALPH ARNOLD.

CONTENTS.
PLATE.S I-XXXVII.

Page

Introduction and Acknowledgments 9

Pabt I. Genebai, Discussion.

CHAPTER I. TOPOCxRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF SAN PEDRO 11

1. Topography 11

2. General Geology 12

3. Pliocene 14

Deadnian Island 14

Timm's Point 17

4. Pleistocene 17

The San Pedro Seriea 17

Lower San Pedro Series 18

Upper San Pedro Series 23

Raised Beach Formation 33

5. Post-Pleistocene Deposits 33

6. Alphabetical List showing the uistribltion of Species in the vicinity or San Pedro... 34

CHAPTER II. THE UPPER PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FORMATIONS OF OTHER LOCALITIES

ON THE PACIFIC COAST 48

Puget Sound South to Pismo, San Luis Obispo County 48

Santa Barbara and Vicinity South to San Juan Capistrano 50

Ventura 53

Port Los Angeles. . ..'. 56

Son Clemente Island 56

Newport 56

San Juan Capistrano 57

San Diego and Vicinity 57

Pacific Beach — Pliocene 57

Pacific Beach — Pleistocene 58

San Dierjo Mesa — Plioce7ie 59

Twenty-sixth Street — Pleistocene 59

Spanish Bight —Pleistocene 59

CHAPTER in. FAUNAL RELATIONS 65

1. Pliocene 65

2. Pleistocene 66

The Lower San Pedro Series 66

The Upper Sail Pedro Series 66

3. Relation of ths L.ate Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Living Faunas of California to the

Fauna of Japan 67

.S CAI.lroUNIA ACADKMV Ol' SCIliNCES.

Pviii II. Till- ri.iot'KNl-: ANi' I'i.i;ist«)CKm: I'aina ok San l'i:i)ii<> ami Xitisrrv.

SVNOI'SIS 71

DCICRIITION OK Sru'lKM 86

I'Mtl III. Itllll.KXill \|-Il\ .

ExpljtN.»Tir>s or I'l ates 364

lNi>K.\ 405

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGIMENTS.

The field work upon which this paper is based began in the winter of 1886,
when the writer first visited the fossil-bearing beds of San Pedro. Since that time
several visits have been made each year to the beds in that vicinity, generally after
heavy rains, when landslides and the breaking ofif of the banks have given new

ii- - 11.

Errata.

Page 107, last line, after (Cooper) insert San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Page 112, 17th line, for "JJuricohis'' read /ucuoliis.

Page 142, last line, after Cytherea insert radiata Sby.

Page 144, 4th line from bottom, after Carpenter insert var.

Page 145, 4th line, for "C. diaphana" read C. subdiaphana.

Page 166, i2th line from bottom, after Soiverby insert var.

Page 185, top line of foot-note, for " Dr. W. N. Dall" read Dr. W. H. Dall.

Page 233, nth line from bottom, for "J/, woodwardr read N. u-oodwardi, and for " pMsH" read
gibbesii.

Page 243, 5th line, for " fenuispena" read temiispina.

Page 253, 7th line, for " stuarti Smiih var." read orpheus var.

Page 307, 17th and 19th lines, for " Cafyptrea'' read Calyptr^a.

Page 339, 3rd line, for '' Fissurida" read Fissuridea.

3. California Academy of Sciences: Paleontologicul and Conchological
collections.

4. The private collection of Mrs. M. Burton WilIiam.son, Los Angeles,
California.

5. The private collection of Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, Los Angeles, California.
(). The private collection of Mr. Henry Hemphill, San Diego, California.

( i ) ( 9 J September 22, 1902.

10 rAMKOUNIA A<AI>KMY t»K SCIKNl h^i.

l>r. JiiiUfs IV'rriii Smitli, I'nit'essdr uf Piilroiitnlu^'y in Lcliiiid Shinlurd .liiiiior
riiivrrsity, li;is iiiui j^eiu'iiil supervision of this |ia|ier diirinjr its preparation, lie lias
nccompaiiietl tlio writer on journeys that covered much of the territory under dis-
cussion, and has ollcrod many valnahlc sujj«;cstions rcjfurdini; tli<' fauna) rtlalions
and stratiuruphy of the San Pedro formations.

The writer is indehtotl to J)r. John ( '. Hranner, i'rofessor of (leoloj^y in
Leiaiid Stanford .Junior Tniversity, for valuahle su<;;<:;estions in regard to the field
work and compilation of this paper.

Dr. William Ilcaley Dall, of the United States National Museum, has
identilled numerous s|)ecimcns sent to him, acknowlcdi^mcnt for which is given
with each s|)eeies. J)r. Dall has also prepareil the diagnoses of the family Pyrami-
tlellida-, and has furnished drawings of the species of that family, and for the corals;
and in many other ways has extended courtesies during the preparation of this work.

Dr. .lohn ('. Merriam, of the University of C'aliforiiia, has given free access to
all of the collections under his charge; has extended many other courtesies; and has
ofTercd suggestions which have added to the value of the paper.

The writer is indehtcd to his father, Dclos Arnold, for the use of his collec-
tion; for notes and suggestions on the stratigraphy of the San Pedro deposits; for
assistance in the preparation of the drawings; and, most of all, for the interest mani-
fested by him in procuring the material upon which much of this paper is based.
The field work and collecting has been done as much by hitn as by the writer. For
the past fifteen years he has made numerous visits each year to the San Pedro beds,
and to his untiring efTorts is due the discovery of such a large number of species
in them. He has also visited and made systematic collections from the deposits
of Santa Barbara, Ventura, San Diego and other localities along the southern
California coast.

Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. T. Wayland Vaughan, Dr. R. E. C.
Stearns, Mr. Henry Hemphill, Dr. A. A. Wright, Mr. J. Howard Wilson,
and others.

The illustrations are from drawings by Dr. J. C. McConnell, Misses Winnifred
M. Paine and Fanny H. Mitchell, Messrs. H. Tl. Johnson, R. E. Renaud and
R. Arnold.

Where the types of new species belonged to Delos Arnold, these types have
been deposited in the United SUites National Museum at Washington, and, where
possible, duplicates will be deposited in the paleontological collections of the California
Academy of Sciences, and of Leland Stanford Junior University.

Part 1. General Discussion.

Chapter I .

TOrOGRAPIIY AND GEOLOGY OF SAN PEDRO

1. Topography.

The most prominent topographic feature about San Pedro is San Pedro Hill,
an abruptly projecting headland of the coast, rising to a height of 1,482 feet. Along
its southern base is a sea cliflE varying in height from one hundred to three hundred
feet, while to the oast the cliff rarely exceeds fifty feet in height. The hill is ter-
raced to witiiin two hundred and forty feet of its summit, and the observations here
recorded began on the lowest, or fifty-foot terrace, at the eastern limit of the hill.
(See map, Plate XXIII.)

This terrace extends from a point about one-half mile east of the Point Fer-
min lighthouse to a bluff about a half mile north of the business center of the town of
San Pedro. The sea cliff bounding this terrace runs due north for nearly a mile and
a half from Point Fermin, then bends abruptly at old San Pedro, popularly known as
" Crawfish George's," and runs northeastward for half a mile to Timm's Point. Fi-om
this point the bluff runs due north for over a mile, broken only by a little valley in
which the business portion of San Pedro is located. At the north end of this bluff
the escarpment bends sharply toward the northwest, and is broken along the north-
ern front by several valleys that run down from San Pedro Hill.

Half a mile southeast of Timm's Point is Deadman Island, a small fragment
of tlie San Pedro terrace, which has withstood the eroding agents that have cut it
off from the mainland, but which is now being worn away rapidly by the waves. It
is a triangular bit of land about fifty feet high, with an area on top of about three
hundred square yards. Deadman Island is joined by a breakwater to Rattlesnake
Island, or Terminal Island, as it is now called, a narrow barrier beach, which begins
at a point directly opposite San Pedro and runs to Old River — the former mouth of
the Los Angeles River — about four miles distant.

About a mile east from Old River a ten-foot bank forms the eastern limit of
the marsh lands and the western edge of a plain that rises toward the east for about
three and a quarter miles, where it is terminated by a bluff. The bluff, which forms
the coast-line of this plain, gradually rises in height from ten feet at its western ex-
tremity to over fifty feet at about its middle. The eastern half is of a nearly uniform
height of fifty feet.

The town of Long Beach is situated on the jilain that slopes gradually back

: 11 J

12 t Al.ll-OKNIA ACADKMY OK SCIKNC't^S.

from this hliifT. Two iiiitl a half miles north of Loiij; Beaoh is Los Ccrritos, or
Sij^iml Hill, as it is commonly calli-il, the most prominent point in a series of low hills
extenclin^r to Domiiii'iiez Hill, six miles to the norlliwest. Los Cerritos is three
hiMulrcil ami sixty-four feet hij;h. Its northern side is smooth and slopes gently into
the great Lns Angeles plain. It.s southern slope is much steeper, and is cut by many
deep, narrow ravines, whichoiTera fine opportu nity for studying the geology of the hill.

2. Genekal Gfx)logy.

The oldest formation exposed in the immediate vicinity of San Pedro is the
Miocene, or Monterey .series. The shales of this formation are exposed along the sea
cliff on the eastern end of 8an Pedro Hill, and also at Deadmau Island. After the
deposition of the Miocene the shale heds were raised and contorted and subjected to
erosion. During the Pliocene period a submergence took place and a deposit of fine,
yellow, clayey sand of unknown thickness was laid down on the surface of the eroded
Miocene shales.

A post-Pliocene ui>lift laid bare the sandstones, which were worn away com-
pletely from some parts of the eastern base of San Pedro Hill. Timm's Point and
Deadman Island are the only places at which they are now exposed.

Again there was a chaiure of conditions. The eroded surface of the Pliocene
became sea bottom, and deposits of fine, gray, silicious sand, extremely fossiliferous
in places, were laid ilown unconforraably on it. This particular horizon is repre-
sented by the gray sand deposit of Deadman Island, by the gray, sandy strata
exposed along the liluff .southeast of San Pedro and in the lower part of the continua-
tion of this bluff just north of the San Pedro valley. The lower series of sandstones
and conglomerates of Los Cerritos may be contemporaneous with these last men-
tioned beds. On account of its fauna and its unconformable position on the Pliocene
this horizon is thought to be of Pleistocene age. It is called in this paper the
lower San Pedro series. The maximum thickness of this particular horizon, so far
seen, does not exceed fifty feet.

After the lower San Pedro there was a period of shallow water, lagoon and
dune conditions prevalent along this part of the coast, during which the conglomerates
of Deadman Island, San Pedro and Los Cerritos were laid down, and the sandy forma-
tions in the bluffs one-half mile north of San Pedro and along the Long Beach water
front were deposited. This period was one of rapidly changing conditions, as is
shown by sand-dune deposits and by the nearly horizontal aqueous deposits of both
tine sand and gravels in alternating beds. These beds dip gently away from the
centers of uplift, and many of the strata are very fossiliferous. This series of strata
is called the upper San Pedro series. The maximum thickness of the strata of this
horizon is over fifty feet, as is shown by the exposure in the sea-cliff southeast of
Long Beach.

C)verlying all these deposits is the alluvial soil, varying in depth from two to
ten feet, mostly adobe, and filled in some places, notably along the San Pedro bluffs
and Deadman Island, with the shells of edible mollusks. These refuse heaps, or
ancient kitchen-middens, are abundant on this part of the coast.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

13

Correlation Table op^ the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of California*.

(Dotted liues indicate conformable strata; full lines, DoncoDforroable.)

S B

Pliocene

Pleistocene

Epoch

Merced Series

W 1

San Diego Formation
Lower . Upper

S

an Pedro Series
Upper

ently Raised
Beaches

o
>

s

Lower

Pleistocene 70'
Pliocene ISO'

San Diego well
150'

Euss

School

50'

1
c

5'

00

Fool of 26th St.
20'

Spanish Bight
20'

Pacific Beach

(lower horizon)

180'+

i Pac.
Beach

(upper
. horizon)
i 20'+

Pacitio Beach
15'

►t) 2
St *

g s.'
g §
» g

g "

^ i

Deadmau

Island

45'

K a

Dead man

Island

12'

Deadman Island
10'

Dead,
man Is.

o w

Timm's Point
50'

San Pedro

Bluffs

50'

Lumber yard
20'

Crawtish George's
3'

Los Cerritos
50'+

Los Cerritos
20'

Long Beach
50'

Pleistocene
1000'+

Old irrigating ditch Old irrigating ditch
(?) 1000'+

0D<;

Barlow's Ranch
100'+

Pleistocene
60'

Pliocene
200'

Packard's

Hill

200'+

Bluff at

bath house

30'

Bluff i mile west of

bath house

25'

CO

>■

K >

S K
o >

■2. W

■ t3

>
>

Bluff 2 miles east of

wharf

30'

Pleistocene
350'+

Pliocene
5000'+

Lake Merced to Mussel Rock

below "upper gastropod bed."

5000'+

"Upper gas-
tropod bed" to
unconform-
ity. 150'+

"Terrace formation."

Soft sediments above

unconformity.

200'+

" >

?!
Is

, o »

2

2.

5
a

(D

CQ

£

5'

B_

W
ro

o

San Juan
Capistrauo

Newport,
Orange County.

g

a
a"

^^
(»

5'

O

B

o

s
w

>

i

Bell Station,

Los Angeles County

1320'

Port Los_

Angeles, fos-

siliferons bed

50'+

Port Los Angeles,

upper soft strata

150'+

San Pablo Bay
oyster beds

14 CALIK*)UNIA At'ADKMY OK SCIENCES.

.">. l*M<H"i:XK.
Diiidtniin Isldiid. — Ovorly iiij; llic Minct'iie sIiaK' of Deatliiiaii Isliiiid (xee
tliiij;rani />', IM. XXII) is a lU-posit of hrowii, clayey saiulstoiu', varyin<; in tiiiok-
iiess from twoiity to forty-five feet. 'Piic (li.>«tiiict strata of this formation will l)o
tlescribed iii tletjiil. Tlie surface of jointed sliale on wliicli the sandstone rests is
worn and uneven, hut the contact conforms nearly to the dip of the shale, wliieh is
between 'JO and oU northeast. Other evidence hesidc the worn condition of the
shnles at the contact goes to show that the erosion took place while the shales formed
the sea bottom near the shore. Worm horin<i;s are common, and in one place a
pholas hole was found in the sliale. The contact stratum, which is only aliout a foot
thick, is composed almost wholly of hoach-worn pebbles of the Miocene shale, all
containing to some extent holes of worms and mollusks. It contains also many well
preserved shells and shell fragments. All of the fossils common in this layer are
found in the sandstone just above it, so its fauna will he taken up with that of the
overlying sandstf>nc in a later part of this paper.

This Ixtltom riiocene layer dips northeast at an angle of about 25°. Towards
the top of the formation the bedding planes become more nearly horizontal, those at
tlie top having a dip of only 8" or 10°. This could be accounted for in one of two
way.s — cither the lowest layer was deposited horizontally and then during the deposi-
tion of the subsequent layers there was a gradual uplift toward the southwest, or else
the lowest layer was deposited on a sloping bottom, and the general tendency of
sediments to settle in the lower portions of their basins and to form horizontal beds
gradually overcame the dip.

About eight feet of fine, brownish yellow, clayey sand rests on the pebbly low-
e.st Pliocene stratum. In some of the places exposed to the action of the sea-water
this second Pliocene stratum consists of bluish gray clay, and in some places is filled
with well preserved fossils. In the .southwest corner of the island the second layer
is a hard, fine, brown sandstone containing onh' a few fossils.

Overlying the second stratum is a fine, dark brown sandstone about four feet
thick. The most fossiliferous places are hard, but porous. The fos.sils in these hard
places are well preserved, while those in the softer parts of the layer, which is lighter
colored, are poorly preserved and fragile. Pieces of the hard portions of the Plio-
cene stratum have broken ofT and have fallen araong the fragments of shale along the
beach. This has caused some people to report the fossils found in this Pliocene bed
as occurring in the Miocene shale. On account of the great abundance of llujasira
( Cryptodon ) hisecta in this stratum it has been given the local name of "Cryptodon
bed." Lucina ncuiilineata is also very common in the Cryptodon stratum.

Above this very fossiliferous stratum is a bed of browMi .sandstone from twenty-
five to thirty-five feet in thicknes.s, only slightly laminated, and varying somewhat in
structure and appearance in different parts of the layer. The lower part is uni-
formly soft, while toward the top the color is lighter and the rock much harder.
Only a few fossils, such as Lucina acuti/ineatn and Pecten caurlnus, have been found
in the upper brown sandstone stratum. The total thickness of the Pliocene beds at
Deadman Island is about fortv-five feet.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

15

List op Species Found in tiik Pliocene of Deadman Island.

(P iudieiites species living at San Pedro ; N indicates species found living only nortli of San Pedro;
E indicates extinct species or those not known as living.)

Callkla suhdiaphana, 1
Chama peUucida, V
Corbula Intcola, P
CiimiiKiia cali/ornlra,
Ki'llia laperousU, V
Li'tla tapkria, V
Litciiia acutilineala, V
Liicina cali/ornica, P
Lyonsta cali/ornica, P
JUacoma inquinata, P

Acmn a inst'soa, P
Amphissa corriir/ata, V
Beta /idicula, N
Billium asperiim, P
Calliostoma canaliculaium, \
Calliosloma tricolor, P
Cerilhidea californica, P
Chlorostoma brunneum, P
Chloronloma montereyi, P
Chrysodomus sp. indet., N
Chrysodomus rectirostris, N
Chrysodomus tahulalus, P.
Clalhurella conradiana, E
Colintibelta ijausapata, P
Columhella var. carinala, P
Oonus californicus, P
Cryplochilon slelleri, N
Drillia merriatni, E
Drillia lorosa, P

PELECYPODA.
Mytilimeria nutlalli, P
Nucula caslrcnsis, P
Panomya ampla, N
Panopca r/enerosa, P

Peclc.n caurinus,
Pecten hastatus,
PicWn hcriceus,
Pecten jordani,
Pecten stearnsii,

N
P
N
E
E

GASTROPODA.

Fnsus barbarensis, E
Hipponyx antinualus, P
LiUorina planaxis, P
Mangilia sculpturata, P
Naasa californiaua, P
Nassafossata, P
Nassa mendica, P
Nassa var. cooperi, P
Nassa perpinguis, P
Natica clausa, N
Neverita recluziana, P
Ocinebra inter/ossa, P
Olivella hiplicala, P
Olii'cUa inlorta, P
Olivella pedroana, P
Pleurotoma hartsrhi, E
Plcurotoma dalli, E
Pleurotoma perversa, P
Pleurotoma rtnaudi, E

Pholadidea penita, P
Protocardia centifilosa, P
So/e»t sicarius, P
Thraeia trapezoides, E
Thyasira bisecta, N
Thyasira gouldii, P
Venericardia barbarensis, P
Venerieardia vcnlricosa, N
Venus simillima, P

Pleurotoma smithi, E
Priene oregonensis, P

N

Puncturella cncullata,
Punrturella yaleata,
Scala indianorum, P
Solariella cidaris, P
Solariclla prramahili.s,
Taranus strongi, E
Terebra simplex, P
Thalotia caffea, P
Tornatina eximia, P
Trophon gracilis, P
Trophon scalariformis,
Trophon stuarti, N
Trophon var. precursor,
Trophon tenuisrulpla, E
Turritella cooperi, P
Turritella jewetii, E

N

N

Bryozoan remains, ?

BRACHIOPODA.
Laqueus jefn ysi, N

Tercbratalia smithi, E

Resume.

Total number of species 87

Pelecypoda, species 28

Gastropoda, species 56

Brachiopoda, species 2

Bryozoa, species ;

Species now living at San Pedro S.'i

Percentage of the whole faiina 63. 1

Species living only north of San Pedro 16

Percentage of the whole fauna 18.5

Species living only south of San Pedro 0

Percentage of the whole fauna 0

Species extinct or not known as living 15

Percentage of the whole fauna 17.3

Species of questionable habitat 1

Percentage of the whole fauna 1.2

16 CAI.IFOUNIA ACADKMV (»K SCIKNCI>!.

The fnmia of tlu' Sun IVdnt I'liocoiie is a dccidodh' nortlicni or l)ori'iil one
in tlu' sense thnt iniiiiy of tlie species foninl in llie San IVdro IMiocene are livinj;; now
only in the coMer waters far to the north of San IVdro. Tlie hir<;o poroenta<i;e of the
living species found now livinfj only north of San Pedro shows this; and in addition,
the species in this fauna still livin.n at San Pedro arc nearly ail of a northern
or horeal type. No characteristic southern species are fonnd in this fauna.

The evidence shows that the climate in the vicinity of San Pedro during that
part of the Pliocene epoch in which these beds were deposited was probably
diflcrent from the present one. A boreal fauna deposited in comparatively shallow
water near the shore im|)lies a Imreal climate, at least in proximity to the coast;
the fauna contains so many shallow water species, and the lithologic evidence showing
that the depasits containing the fauna were laid down near the shore is so strong, that
it cannot be regarded as a deep-water temperate fauna. The evidence, then, shows
that during upper Pliocene times the climate of this part of Southern California was
colder than at present; and if this was true of southern California, it seems reasonable
to infer that the colder climate affected the whole coast from San Pedro northward.

There are several reasons for calling the lower sandstone strata of Deadraan
Island Pliocene. In the first place, 17.3 per cent, of the fauna of these strata are
extinct at the present time. This is conclusive evidence that the beds are not
Pleistocene, but are of an earlier epoch. They are overlain unconformably by
strata of Pleistocene age, which implies that there was a period of denudation
between the epoch of the deposition of the lower beds and the Pleistocene. Besides,
the.se strata rest unconformal)ly upon the Miocene shales. That the Dcadman Island
Pliocene beds are of upper Pliocene origin is shown by the fact that their fauna
gradually grades into the living fauna of San Pedro through that of the overlying
Pleistocene beds. The gap between the faunas of the Deadman Island Pliocene and
the overlying Pleistocene beds, though distinct, is not wide.

In his correlation paper on the Neocene, Dr. Dall says:' "It appears that on
Deadman Island near Point Fermin at least three distinguishable strata appear, the
uppermast of which is certainly Pleistocene, while the others are Neocene and the
middle layer probably Pliocene." The middle layer referred to is the I)rown sand-
stone which rests on the Miocene shales.

The Deadman Island Pliocene beds are lithologically and faunally similar to
the Pliocene beds at San Diego, and have been correlated with them by Dr. Dall."
In the .same table he places the San Diego beds below the Merced series. This does
not accord with the evidence offered by the San Pedro Pliocene strata. The San
Pedro beds are very near the top of the Pliocene, and have a northern fauna; the
relative position of the Merced series is uncertain, and it has a fauna containing such
southern forms as Area and Dosinia, with an echinoderm, Scutella inter lineata, which
has never been found in either the San Diego or San Pedro formations, or in any
formation overlying the Merced series. The Merced series has been subject to

' OorrcUtton Papen. Neocene. By W. H. Dall and O. D. HanH. Bnll. V. 8. Geol. Siir., No. M, 1892, p. 216.
5 Norih Imcrlcui Tertiary Horizons. By W. 11. Dall. 18th Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sur., Part II, 1898, p. 336.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 17

much more contortion than either the Deadman Island or San Diego Pliocene.
The Pliocene age of the Merced series is unquestioned, and it has too great a
vertical development to allow of its coming between the Pleistocene and the Dead-
man Island formation, which is at or near the top of the Pliocene. In the light of
this evidence, it is the writer's opinion that the Deadman Island and San Diego
Pliocene are above the greater part of the Merced series.

Timm'ti Point. — The Pliocene is also exposed at Timm's Point (see diagram
/>, pi. XXII), where it is similar in every respect to the Deadman Island Plio-
cene, except that the layers are not so distinctly separated as at Deadman Island,
and, as a whole, the rocks are not so hard as at the latter place. The Miocene shales
at Timm's Point dip northeast at an angle of about 25°; and resting on them in the
same relative position as at Deadman Island, is the Pliocene sandstone. The
Pliocene is also visible in the railroad cut in the bluff in the southeastern part of San
Pedro, where there is a stratum containing numerous specimens of Thracia trapezoides.
The beds along this cut dip gently in a northerly direction, and are ovei"lain in the
cut and to the north of it by the lighter colored Pleistocene sands.

The following species were found in the Pliocene deposits at Timm's Point
and in the northward continuation of the same strata in the railroad cut and grade:

List of Species Found in the Pliocene at Timm's Point.

pelecypoda.

Callista f!iihdia/ihana Peclen Jordan! Thracia trapezoides

heda taphria Protocardia cenlifilosa Thyasira gouldii

Lucina acuiilineata Solen sicariux Venericardia barbarensis

Nucula caslrensis Thi/asira bisecla Venericardia ventricosa

Pecien caurintis

GASTROPODA.

Bittium asperum Drillia lorosa Natica clausa

Ghrijuodomus iabiilatus Futms barhareiisis Olivella biplicata

Columliella (jaiisapala Nassa mendica Terebra simplex

Columbella var. carinata Nassa cooperi Trophon sttiarti

Gonus cali/oriiiriis Nassa perpinguis Turrilella cooperi

This fauna contains a total of twenty-eight species, of which thirteen are
pelecypods and fifteen are gastropods. The fauna, so far as known, is small, not
because the beds at that place are barren of fossils, but because little collecting
has been done there. The beds are nearly covered with detritus, so that fossils are
not easily obtained.

An outcrop of rather hard, fine grained sandstone on the coast about three
and one-half miles east of Long Beach has some of the lithologic characters of the
Deadman Island Pliocene beds. Although a few fragments of shells were seen in it,
no recognizable fossils were obtained from this outcrop, and no definite correlation
will therefore be attem])ted. It may be only a local hardening of the upper San
Pedro strata.

4. Pleistocene.

The San Pedro 6'erie.s. — From the evidence brought forwai'd in this paper it
appears probable that most of the Pleistocene, as developed on the coast of California,

( 31 September 23, 1902.

18

CALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OF 8CIENCKS.

is represciiieil l>y till' -tnitii of Sail IV-dro and Dradiuaii Island, 'riic writer, there-
fore, proposes tlie name San IVdro StMies for the series of Pleistocene strata at San
Pedro, inchuling the K)wer and upper formations, as described in the present paper.
Lower San Pedro Series. — A stratum of f;;ray sandstone rests unconformably on
the brown Pliocene sandstone of Deadman Island. (See diagram J>, PI. XXI I.)
In some places the .sanil is soft; in others it has been cemented until it is very hard.
The soft parts are not fossiliferous, as a rule, while the hard parts are made up in
some places almost wholly of beautifully preserved fossils. One locality in particular
on the west side of the island, near the north end, is filled with finely preserved
specimens. Parts of this bed are very hard, making it almost impossible to get the
shells out, while other parts are so soft that the shells can be removed from the
matrix with the fingers. This stratum varies in thickness from four to ten feet on
the west side to nearly twenty feet on the east side of the island. There seems to be
little indication of bedding planes in this stratum. The general dip is to the north.
On account of its lying unconformably on the Pliocene, being of difloront lithological
composition, and containing a fauna of which a great number of species have never
l)een found in the Pliocene, this horizon is designated in the present paper as the
lower San Pedro series, or the lower part of the Pleistocene. The following species
have been olUained from the lower San Pedro gray sand stratum of Deiulmaii Island:

List of the Fossils ok the Lowek San Pedko Beds (Lower Pleistocene) of

Dkad.man Island.

(P indicates si>ccie8 liviug at Sau Fcdro; N indicates species living oulj- north of San Pedro; S indi-
cates species living only south of San Pedro; E indicates extinct species or those not known as living.)

Anomia tampe, V
Bornia retifrra, N
Callitta Tar. pedroana, £
Cardinm corbis, N
Cardivm procTum, S
Chnmn prllwida, V
Clidiophorn punctata, P
CooptreUa suhdia/ihana, V
C'orhula liitfola, P
Cryptomya rali/oniica, P
Cumingia cali/orniea, P
Diplodonta orbrlta, P
Donax calif ornica, P
Donax liTvigala, P
Kellia taperoufiii, P
K^ltia itihorhicularu, V
Krnn'rlia hicarinala, N
K^HWrliaJilo'o, N
Lttricardium suhHrialnm, 1
Lazaria 8iib*juadrata, P
Leda/oMO, X
Lfda hamata, P
Lrda var. pmcumor, N
Leda laphria, P

PELECYPODA.

Lima dehiicenn, P
Lucina acutilincata, P
Lucitia cali/omica, P
Lucina nuttalli, P
Lyontia californira, P
Macoma calcarea, N
Afacoma inrjuitiala, P
Macoma noiula, P
Macoma nerla, P
Macoma yoldiformis, V
Mactra falcata, P
Metis alia, P
Modiota fomicala, N
Modiola recta, P
Moerella salmonca, N
Mytilua rdulis, P
Mytitimeria nullalli, P
Ncara jvctinata, P
Sucula c'istrensit, P
yucula suprattriata, N
Oslrea lurida, P
Panopca gcnerosa, P
Pecten caurinus, N
Pecten haslatus, P
Pecten hericeux, N

Pecten var. Hratcyus, N
Pecten jordani, E
Pecten latiauritus, P
Pecten var. monolimeris, V
Petricola carditoides, P
Pelricola dinlicuUUa, S
Protocardia cntijUosa, V
Psephis salmonea, N
Pscphis tantilla, N
Raela undulata, P
Sazidomus aratus, P
Semele var. montereyi, N
Septifcr bi/urcatut, P
Siliqua lucida, P
Sokn rosacius, P
Sohn sicarius, P
Tapen utaminea, P
Tellina bodegensis, P
Tivela crassairlloides, P
Venericardia barbarensin, P
r< turicardia ventricota, N
Venus simiUima, P
Verlicordia novemcostata, V
Yotdla scisnurala, P

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGRAPIIY OF SAN PEDRO.

19

Acmoia insessa, V
Acmaa jjelta, P
Acmiea spectrum, P
Actiton punclocnlata, P
Attmetc grarilior, E
Amphissa corrugala, P
Amphissa I'mtricona, E
Amphissa versicolor, P
Beta f dicula, N
Bela sanctce-monicif , E
Bitlium asperum, P
Ditlinm cali/oriticum, E
Billiuinfilostnn, N
Bitlium (juadrijilatum, P
Bittium riujalum, P
Caecum cali/ornicum, P
Ciecum crebricinctutn, P
Ccecum magnum, t
Calliostoma canaliculatum, P
Calliostoma costalum, P
Cerithidea cali/ornica, P
Chlorosloma funebrah' , P
Chlorostoma var. suhapertum P
Chlorostoma monlereyi, P
Chlorostoma var. ligulatum, P
Chrtjsodomus rrctirostris, N
Chrysodomus tabulatus, P
Clathurella conradiana, E
Clipidella bimaculata, N
Clipidella callomarginaia, P
Columbella cali/orniatia, P
Columbella chrijsaUoidea, P
Columbella gausapata, P
Columbella var. carinata, P
Columbella oldroydi, E
Columbella tuberosa, P
Coitus californicus, P
Crepidula aculeata, P
Crepidula adunca, P
Crepidula dorsata, P
Crepidula navirelloides, P
Crepidula onyx, S
Crepidula rugosa, P
Cryptochiton stelUri, N
Cylirhna alba, P
Cythara branm ri, E
Diastoma, sp. indet., ?
Drillia caneellata, N
Drillia hemphilli, S
Drillia inermis, P
Drillia merriami, E
Drillia monterryensis, N
Drillia var. peniclllata, P
Drillia torosa, P
A'm /i /na falcata, S

Cadubis niteniior, ?

GASTROPODA.

Eulima hastata, S
£"« ?i7na micans, P
Eupleura muririj'ormls, S
Fissuridea aspera, P
Fissuridea murina, P
Fissurella volcano, P
Ftisus barbarensis, E
Fusus luteopictus, P
Fusus robuslus, P
Fusus rugosus, P
Galerus mammillaris, P
Hipponyx antii/uatus, P
Hipponyx cranioides, N
Hipponyx lumens, P
Isapis feneslrata, P
Ivara terricula, ?
Lacuna compacta, N
Lacuna porrecta, N
Lacuna solidula, P
Lamellaria stearnsii, P
Leptothyra bacula, P
Leplolhyra carpenleri, P
Leptothyra paucicostata, N
Littorina planaxis, P
Lillorina scutulata, P
Mangilia angulala, N
Mangilia var. pedroana, E
Mangilia interlirata, P
Mangilia oldroydi, E
Mangilia painei, E
Margarita var. nodosus, P
Margarita var. pedroana, P
Marginella jewelti, P
Melampus olivaceus, P
Mitramorpha Jilosa, P
Milramorpha intermedia, E
Monoceros engonatum, P
Murex festivus, P
Nassa californiana, P
Kassa fossata, P
Nassa me tt die a, P
Nassa var. cooperi, P
Nassa perpinguis, P
Nassa tegula, P
Natica clausa, N
Nevcrila recluziana, P
Ocinebra barbarensis, P
Ocinebra interfossa, P
Ocinebra var. aspera, N
Ocinebra var. ccrritensis, E
Ocinebra var. mttnda, N
Ocinebra perita, P
Ocinebra poulsoni, P
Odostomia gouldii, P
Odostomia var. avellana, N

SCAPHOPODA.
Dentalium hexagonum, P
Dentalium indianorum, N

Olivilla bipUcala, P
Olivella intorta, P
Olivella pedroana, P
Phasianella compla, P
Pleurotoma bartschi, E
Pleurotoma dalli, E
Pleurotoma hoovfri, E
Pleurotoma pedroana, E
Pleurotoma perversa, P
Pleurotoma renaudi, E
Pleurotoma smithi, E
Priene oregonensis, P
Punclurella cucullata, N
Punrturdla gahata, N
Scala hindsii, P
Scala indianorum, P
Scala tincla, P
St!7a assimilata, P
Serpulorbis squamigerus, P
Styliferina tenuisculpta, ?
Taranis strongi, E
Terebra simplex, P
Thalotia caffea, P
Tornatina ccrealis, P
7'orjia^jna culcitella, P
Triforis adversa, N
Trophon cerritensis, E
Trophon gracilis, P
Trophon multicostatus, N
Trophon pedroana, E
Trophon sceilariformis, N
Trophon sluarti, N
Trophon var. prcecursor, E
Trophon triangulatus, P
Turbonilla adleri, E
Turbonilla arnoldi, E
Turbonilla aurantia, P
Turbonilla crebrijilata, P
Turbonilla gibbosa, P
Turbonilla laminata, P
Turbonilla lowei, E
Turbonilla muricata, P
Turbonilla penlalopha, P
Turbonilla similis, P
Turbonilla subcuspidata, S
Turbonilla lejiuicula, P
Turbonilla torijuala, N
Turbonilla var. stylina, N
Turbonilla tridcnta, N
Turritella cooperi, P
Turritella jeicetli, E
Vermicularia, sp. iudet., ?
Vitrinella loilliamsoni, P
Foifarma varia, P
Ko?«M/a cylindrica, P

Dentalium pseudohexagonum, ?

20 CALIFOHN'IA ACAHI'.MY Ol" SCIKNC'KH.

i;<iiiN(tii)i:A.

Sfhmarai'lkMlit fXtrnlrirMM, P StromjtiloerntrotunJ'rtinriiirnnuii.V Slrouyj/lorrnlroliit iiU7-iiuralu$, P

CltUSTACKA.
Cancer brnceri, K

Rkrumi^..

Tolnl number i>( gpeciest 247

Polecypixlii, Hpooii'H 74

<ia!ilrop<»la, species 165

SoapliopotU, Hpeoicg 4

fU-biiioiclcn, upocieii S

Crnstacen, species 1

Speoio8 liviiiK nt San Pedro 158

Percvutage of fniinn 64

Sp«cies liviuK only north of San Pedro 43

Percentage of fntinn 17.4

S|M>ciiuen8 living only uoiith of Snu Pedro 8

Percentage of fniiua 3.2

Speoies extinct 31

Percentage of fauna 12.5

Speoies of (|uestionablc habitat 7

Percentage of fauna 3

This is also a cold water fauna. Not only is there a large percentage of
species which arc found living only north of San Pedro at the present time, but of
those species in the fauna which are now living at San Pedro, a great many are
northern forms. A few distinctly southern forms are found in tlie fauna, however,
which shows that tlie cold climatic conditions prevalent along this part of the coast
during the upper Pliocene times were beginning to give place to more temperate con-
ditions in the early part of the Pleistocene. The fauna of the lower San Pedro .series
is a transitional one between the boreal fauna of the Pliocene and (lie waiin water
fauna of the upper San Pedro series. The climatic conditions were therefore chang-
ing during lower Pleistocene times; and the climate at the end of the period of de-
position of the lower San Pedro deposits was much warmer than that at the end of the
period of deposition of the Pliocene. The period of denudation between the Pliocene
and Pleistocene epochs was one during which the conditions were also changing.

The lower San Pedro deposits are thought by the writer to be of Pleistocene
origin, for several reasons. First, we have a fauna with a low percentage of extinct
species. (The high percentage of the list given above is due to the large number of
new species and varieties, many of which are close to living forms and are probably
living, but which have not been reported.) The large number of species found in this
fanna which have never been found in beds of known Pliocene origin, and the lack
of several of the typical Pliocene species from its fauna, ofTer two of the strongest
arguments in favor of the Pleistocene age of the lower San Pedro series. The state
of preservation of the fo&sils is also an item in favor of their comparatively recent de-
position. It is worthy of note that in several cases the original coloration of the shells
of lower San Pedro fos-sils is still preserved. The sands, too, of this formation are
always much less oxidized than those of the underlying Pliocene. An unconformity
between this formation and the Pliocene also suggests a lapse of time between
the two.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

21

Dr. Lawsoii in discussing the movements that have taken place during late
Tertiary and Pleistocene times in the vicinity of San Pedro, says :' "It follows that,
while there is a very profound physical hreak between the Miocene and Pliocene,
the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene formations are intimately associated, with no
epoch of subai'rial denudation hetween them." The observations (jf the writer also
show this to be true, although in some places there is evidence of local denudation
between the Pliocene and Pleistocene. At Deadman Island, in particular, there is
evidence of a period of denudation between the two.

Beds of a fine gray sand, with gentle north dip, rest uj^on the Pliocene ex-
posed along the railroad grade leading up to the cut in the bluff in the southeastern
portion of San Pedro. (See diagram D, PI. XXII.) The exact relation between
these gray sands and the underlying Pliocene is uncertain, as detritus covers the con-
tact along the face of the bluff. But the gray sand beds seem to rest almost conform-
ably on the yellow Pliocene deposits, both having a low dip toward the north. One
of the layers of gray sand near the top of the bluff north of the railroad grade con-
tains a fauna similar to that of the lower San Pedro stratum of Deadman Island.
This stratum is exposed in the bluff to the north of the San Pedro valley, and also in
two small cuts in the bluff west of the business portion of the town. These gray
sand strata were continuous at one time, the San Pedro valley, which cuts them,
having been formed by recent erosion.

In the bluff to the north of the valley the fossiliferous lower San Pedro stratum
is about forty feet above tide level and dips northward, disappearing under detritus
at the mouth of a small ravine about three hundred yards from the southern end of
the bluff, but appearing again north of the ravine at the base of the bluff. Under-
lying this lower San Pedro bed are gray sandy strata which correspond to the lower
part of this same formation south of the valley, and which are unfossiliferous, except
in a few places. The following fossils have been found in the lower San Pedro beds
in the San Pedro bluffs.

List of Fossils of the Lower San Pedro Beds at the San Pedro Bluffs.

Anguluii huttoni
Anomia lampe
Cardium corhin
f'orhula luU'ola
('rijiiloinya calij'ornica.
Cumingkt cati/oniicu
Donax californira
Donax lavigata
Hinnitea giganlcus
Kellia laperousH
Kellia Kuborbkular'iK
Ltevicariliiim subslriatum
Lazaria subyuadraia

PELECYPODA.

Leda var. prcecursor
Leda taphria
Lttcina acittitineata
Lucina cali/ornica
Lucina nultalli
Lyonsia California
Macoma nasuta
Macoma secla
Macoma yoldiformix
Mactra falcaia
Mylilimcria nutlalU
Nucula castrensis

J^^ucula suprantriata
Oslrea lurida
Pecten latiauriltis
Pt'clen var. monolimerix
Psephis salmonea
Psephis tantilla
Semele decisa
Sitiqua lucida
Solen rosaceus
flolen sicarius
Tapes slaminea
Tellina bodegensis

' Poat-Pliooene Diaatropblam of the Coast of Soutbera California. By A. C. Lawaon. Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. of CaUfornia
Vol. 1, 1893, p. 128.

oo

lALIFOUNU At'AUKMY Ol' StUKNCES.

A'l''on /lunetofirlala
milium ilonim
mttium ifuitdriXlalum
Bittium ruijalum
Cireum i-ati/omirum
i'lreum rrr'hrii-iwtum
CfKuni nuifjHum.
Caltiosioma ranaliculalttm
Callio$lotna eoflnliim
Cattiotloma Irirolor
1'rritKiii<a rali/omira
(^htorontoma Juufbrnlt
Chlorofloma var. ^ubaprrtum
ChlorMtoma vnr. liijutatiim
ChryAOilomut tahulntun
i'latkurrlla eonrailiaiin
Ctipitirlla himtirutala
Cli/iiilrtla callomanjinala
Culumbflla rali/ornlann
Columhrlla rhrynaUoidra
Columhilla ijnutaiKila
Cotumb*tla var. earinata
Columbflta (v6rro«a
Conuj cali/omicu»
Crepidula aruleata
Crrplduln mliinca
Crfpiituta navic lloid' $
Crtpidttta onyx
Crucibulum tpinofum
Drill in hrmphilli
Drillia var. prnirltlala
Drillia toroia

OASTUOrODA.

Kulimn rniVrifM
Fiuiiridrn wipfrit
KtMurtllii ivlratio
Ualrrut mammillnrit
Hipponyx ernnioidrt
Hippoiii/x lumttm
liiapi» fenrslrata
Lacuna porrrcia
Lrplothyra rar/itnlrri
Littorina planari»
Littorina srutulfita
Manijilia amjutriln
Martjarila vnr. knrchii
Marijarilu var. nodo»u»
Margarita vnr. pedroana
Marijiiiella jf Willi
MiliimpuH olivarcus
Mitra miiura
ilonociroa tngonalum
Nattga /onnata
Nasfa mendica
NoKsa var. rooperi
Naxna perpimjuis
Natma legula
Neverila recluziana
Ocinebra barbartnuin
Ocintbra inlerfosaa
Ocinebra var. anpera
Oeinebra var. ccrriletuin
Ocinebra poulsoni
Odostomia gouldii
Odonlomia lenuit
Olivclla btplicata

OlivrUa intorta

Olivellii piilronna
t'nchi/jioma intn/uale
I'liludfntrina curia
/'aludcslrina iiloketi
I'haxianella compta
Physa htteroHropha
Planorhis lumiduf
PUinorbiK vermicularis
I'll urotoma perversa
Scala crebricostala
Scala hindsii
Srula indianorum
Scala tincia

Si r pulorbi'a aijuamigerut
TaraniH tirongi
Teribra simplex
Tornatina crrialis
Tornatina culcitella
Trophon pedroana
Turhonilla anranlia
Tiirliunilla crebrijilata
Turhonilla laminata
Turbonilla lowei
Turhonilla muricata
Turhonilla timilis
Turhonilla stearnsii
Turhonilla suhcuspidaln
Turhonilla Unuicula
Turhonilla var. stylina
Turhonilla Iridmta
Turritella eooperi
Volvarina varia

8CAPH0P0DA.
Drntalium hexagonum Denlalium indianorum

CRUSTACEA.
Balanus concavut

KCHINOIDEA.
Echinarachniut excenlricun

This fauna comprises one hundred and forty species, of which thirty-seven are
pelecypods, ninety-nine are gastropods, two are scaphopods, one is a crustacean, and
one an echinoderm. The fauna of the lower beds of the San Pedro bluffs approaches
a little nearer that of the upper San Pedro series than does the fauna of the same
formation on Deadman Island. This may mean that part of the lower San Pedro
beds was removed from the Deadman Island deposit before the deposition of the
upper Plei.stocene strata.

The following species occur in the lower San Pedro deposits of the San Pedro
bluffs which have not been reported from the same horizon of Deadman Island:

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

23

List of Fossils from tiik Lower San Pedro Beds of the San Pedro Bluffs not

FOUND at DeADMAN IsLAND.

(P iiidicfttes species living at San Peilio ; N indicates species living only north of San Pedro ; S indicates species
living only soutli of San Pedro ; E indicates extinct species, or species not known as living.

PELECYPODA.

Hmnilm giganteus, P Scmele di-cisa, P

GASTROPODA.
Pachypoma incequale, P
Paludf strhia curta, E
Paliidcxirina stokesi, E
Physa hiterostropha, P

Calliostoma tricolor, P
Crucibuliim spittosum, P
Margarita var. knechli, E
Odostomia tiniiin, P

Ptanorbis lumidus, S
Planorhis vcrmicularis,
Scala crebrir.oHtata, P
Turboiiilla stcarnsii, S

Upper San Pedro Seriea. — Resting on the gray sandstone of the lower San
Pedro series at Deadman Island is a stratum of fossiliferous gravel hardened by calca-
reous cement. (See Diagram B, PI. XXII.) This stratum, which extends over the
whole island at about six feet below the surface, is from two to three feet in thickne.ss.
The matrix varies from fine sand to water-worn pebbles of Miocene shale, many of
which are full of pholas holes still containing the shell. The fossils are well pre-
served, and, in all hut a few localities of exceptional hardness, may be removed from
the matrix with the fingers. This stratum lies nearly horizontal. Water-worn boulders
of the gray lower San Pedro sandstone occur in the upper San Pedro conglomerate at
Deadman Island. This evidence indicates an unconformity between the lower and
upper San Pedro series. Similar evidence is noticeable in the bluflf north of the San
Pedro valley.

List of Fossils from the Upper San Pedro Gravel Stratum, Deadman Island.

Angulus button!
Cardium corbis
Chama peltiicida
Cryptomya cali/oriiira
Cumingia californica
Ijonax Imrigata
Glycymeris barbare7iisis
Glycymeris scptcnlrionali.i
Hinnitiis gigantitis
Lixvicardium substrialum
Li-da taphria
Lucina acutilineata
Lucina californica
Lucina nuttalli
Lyonsia calij'o rttica
Macoma iiiqitinata

AcnicBa iii-soisa
Acmaia spi-ctrum
A mphissa Vf rsic o lo r
Bittiitni q uadrifi/atiim
Bittium rugnlum
Bulla punctulata

PELECYPODA.

Macoma nasuta
Macoma secta
Mactra catilli/ormis
Mactra falcata
Metis alta
Modiola ri'.cta
Mylilus edulis
Panopea generoxa
Pecten latiauritus
Pectc.n var. monotimeris
Pecten subnodoxux
Pecten ventricosus
Periploma argentaria
Peiricola carditoides
Pholadidea pcnita
Platyodon cancellatus

GASTROPODA.

C'aUios/oma canal ic u la I u m
Ceriihidea californica
Chlorostoma brunneum
Chloroslomn funebrale
Chlorostoma var. subapnrttim
Chlorostoma gallina

Pododcsmus macroschisma
Psephis tantilla
Kupellaria lamellifera,
Sazidomus aratus
Semele decisa
Solen rosaceus
Solen aicarius
Tagelus californianus
Tapes staviinea
Tapes tenerrima
Tellina bodegensis
Tivela crassatclloldcs
Tresus nuttalli
Venus simillima
Venus succincta
Zirphaia gabbi

Chlorostoma monlereyi
Chlorostoma var. ligulalum
Columbella gausajyata
Columbella var. carinata
Columbella tuherosa
Conus caiifornicus

Crfpiduin aduHCn
f'rrpijula grnndis
Crtpidula navietlloidrit
Crtpidula onyar
Crrpiduln ru>jo»»
Crucibutum fpinofuin
Cj/pr*rti spudicfii
lirillia var. pfiiicidnln
Drillia lorotn
Kuplrura muriciformin
yiMuridm rm/tfrti
/7.«urirf>"ii inai/unliii
f'luurid^a murina
Fivurfltn votenno
t'ufUf bitrhnrtnxiii
Fufut luteopic(ui>
FufUM robuntun
fifiliotU fuhjfna
fUpponyx crnnioidi'^
tfippouj/x tuinrim
infipU j'fnfBtrntn
I.ncuna porrtela

Oeinrbra poitlnoiii
Olivlla biplictUn
Otivrlta intorta
Itlivella pcdroana
I'iaania forth
I'Uitroloma carpenUriaiia
Phuroloma pervrrna
Prit'ne oritjotifnuiii
I'urpura crinpaln
Itatirlta cali/ornicn
Sciiln crvbricoHnta
Scnlfi hhidsii
Scnin itididnorum
Scnia linctn

Scrpulorbia aquarnhjerut
Spiroijli/phus liluclla
Tetebra simplex
Tornttlinn culcitelln
Turriti'.Un rooperi
TurrilHla jiwelli
Voivarina vftria

C'ALIFOHNIA ArADKMV OK SCIENCES.

Litlorinn leulultitn
Miir<iiiritii var. prdroann
Murijinrtttt jtwftti
Mrtnmpun oiivnctun
Milra mnurtt
MoHoerroK rnijonntum
Mum fnlivun
MurfX triitUttuit
StiMfi cnU/orninnn
SaimnfoMiiln
Siumn tifiidirii
Xiiiuii vnr. coop'-ri
y<u»n prrpinijuia
SoMa teijuta
yaticn ItwiHii
NrverUa recluziniia
Norr'uia norr'mi
Oeinrbra intf.rfosaa
Oeinrbra keepi
Ocincbra var. anpern
Oeinrbra prrila

CRUSTACEA.
lialanuK concavus

ECHINOIDEA.
Hchinarachniua exccnlricuH

SCAPHOPODA.
iJiHlnliiim srmipolitum Dtnlalium hexaijonum

This fauna coraprise.s one luindred and thirty-four sjiecies, of which forty-
eiglit are pelccypods, eighty-two are j^astropods. two are scaphopods, one i.s a crusta-
cean, and one is an echinoderm. Thi.s fauna is not as large as that of the upper
San Pedro series at the north end of the San Pedro blufT, so the discussion of the
fauna will follow the list of species obtained from the latter locality.

There is a railroad cut a few feet in depth near the southwestern limit of the
Sau Pedro terrace. (See 7>, diagram E, PI. XXIII.) On both sides of this cut
there is exposed a bed of gravel consisting of sand, numerous well preserved fossils,
and water-worn pebbles of Miocene shale, many of which are full of pholas holes.
The bed is from two to three feet thick, and rests unconformably on the upturned
edges of the Miocene shale, which at this point dips northeast at an angle of about
15°. The gravel stratum dij)s gently toward the .south, and is overlain by soil, which
varies from three to five feet in thickness, growing thicker toward the south. This
layer is also exposed at the top of the sea-cliff near I), and at many places along the
top of the cliff from D to Timm's Point. This formation is exceptionally well de-
veloped on the sides of the ravine which cuts the bluff at Crawfish (Jeorge's, showing
a thickness of three feet, very fossiliferous, and, in some places, hardened by calcare-
ous cement. The deposit at Crawfish George's is mentioned by Ashley,' who refers
it to the Pliocene.

■Neoceoeor ttaea*0MCnu .MonnUlna. iij ato. U. Aahlry. Froc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, ISM, p. :<41.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATKiRAPHY OF SAN PEDKO.

25

List of Fossils Collected at Crawfish George's.

A iii/ulus hutloni
Anoinia lampe
Cardium corbh
C'hnmn pellucida
Cryplomija cnli/ornica
Cuminijia cnli/ornica
Diplodonta orbclla
Do)iux lavigata
(jlycijmerix barbarcnxis
I! lycymerif! seplentrlonaUs
Lievicardiitm sttbslriatum
Lazaria sulxjundrata
Leda taphria
Ijucina acutilinenla
Lucina cali/oniica
LucHia nulUUH

Actnoea dipicta
A c»i<ea insi'sxa
AoiuBa iniitnbiiis
Acnuta milra
Acmtva palnacaa
Amphissa corrui/ala
Amphissa vcmicoloi'
B'ln fidicula
Biltium asperuni
Biltium filoxum
BiUium quadrifilntum
Billium riK/alnm
Bulln punclulnta
C'cecum cnbricinctum
Callioslomn caiialiculntum
Caltios/oma costatum
Cdlliostovia ijcmmulatum
Calliostoma tricolor
Certhidaa californica
Chlorosloma brunneum
Chlorostoma /uiifbrali'
Chlorosloma var. .lubaprrtum
Chlorosloma ijalliiia
ChloroKtoma montereyi
Chlorosloma ligulaluni
Chorus belcheri
Chrysodomus rcclirosfris
Clipidella callomarijinata
Columbella gausapata
Columbella var. carinata
Columbella tuberosa
Conus californicus

Dentalium scmipoUlum

PELECYPODA.

Lyonsia californica
Macoma inquinata
Macomn nnauta
Macoma sccta
Maclra calilli/ormis
Mactra falcala
Metis nlta
Mylilns edulis
Ostrea lurida
Pecten caitrinus
Pecten haslalus
Pecten latiauritus
Pecten var. tnonolimcris
Pecten ventricosus
Pcriploma argentaria
Pelricola cardiloides

GASTROPODA.

Crepidula dorsata
Crepidula navicelloides
Crepidula rugosa
Crucibulum spinosum
Drillia var. penicillata
Drillia torosa
Kulima micans
Fissuridea aspera
Fissuridea murina
Fi.isurella volcano
Fusus barbarensis
Fusus luleopictus
Fusus robustus
Oaler-us mammillaris
Isapis fenestrata
Lacuna piorrecta
Lrplolhyra carpfnteri
Litlorina scutulata
Mangilia angulata
Mangilia var. pedroana
Marginclla jeicelli
Mclampus olivaceus
Milra maura
Monoceros engonatum
Murex /estivus
Murex leeayius
Murex Irialatus
Nassa cerritcnsis
Nassa fosaata
Nassa mendica
^^assa var. cooperi
A'assa pe.rpinguis

CRUSTACEA.

Balanus concavus

ECHINOIDEA.
Echinarnchnius excentricus

SCAPHOPODA.
Dentalium, indianorum

Pholadidea prnita
Plalyodon cancellntus
Pndodesm us maerosch isma
Saxidomus aratus
Solen rosaceus
Solen sicarius
Tagelus cali/ornianus
Tapes slaminea
Tapes lenerrima
Teliina bodegensis
Tivela crassatelloides
Tresus inittalli
Venericardia barbarensis
Venus simillima
Venus succiiicta
Zirphcea gabbi

Nassa tegula
Natica lewisii
Neverita recluziana
Ocinebra inter/ossa
Ocinebra lurida
Ocinebra var. aspera
Ocinebra var. cerritcnsis
Ocinebra micheli
Ocinebra perila
Ocinebra poulsoni
Olivella biplicata
OliveUa intorta
Olivella pedroana
Pachypoma inceijuale
Phorcus pulligo
Pleuroloma carpenteriana
Pomaulax undosus
Priene oregonensis
Purpura crispala
Ranella californica
Scala indianorum
Scala tincta

Serpulorbis squamigerus
Spiroglyphus liluclla
Siphonalia kelle.ttii
Terebra simplex
Tornatina culcitclla
Trophon pedroana
Trophon scalariformis
Turritclla cooperi
Turrile.lla jeicelli
Voivarina varia

Dentalium hexagonum

September M, 1902.

Tlio faunii of Crawlisli (Joorjijo's consists of one luimlrotl ami rifty-tliroc
^pi'ous. iif whioh forty-oiglit ar(> ptlti'v|HHls, ono luiniliod aro i^asl ropods, tl\roo arc
!*i'apl»o|>«Hls, ono is* an ooliino«i»-ini. ami ono is a onistnooan. It is similar to tho
nppor fanna of iho San IVdro hlnlT, with tho oxooption that it affords a few spocics
oonimon in tho lowor San IVilro sorios that aro not fonml in llio np|)or hods at any
othor looality. Anothor noliooahlo faot is tho jjroat propondonmoo in nnmhoi-s of
gastropods tivor polooypods. Tho fanna sooms to ho that of a rooky hoaeh.

All ahiii); tho oliff, from t'nnvlish (loori^o's to 'rimm's I'oint, tho jinuol lios
nnoonformahly in disoonnoolod massos on tho Miocene shalo. and is covered by soil
vary inn in depth from three to ton foot. Krom Timm's Point to tho north alonj; the
hhilT this formation is not oxpivsod nntil a point is roachod a little north of tho rail-
way ont. lloro tho typical ^nivol of tho nppor San IVdro sorios rests nnoonformahly
upon tho lower San IVdm .Ui'ay sjuid. anil is overlain hy a layer of soil. Tho
upper San IVvlro cntvol (.see iliagnim IK Plate XXI I) ap;;\in outcrops in the bluff
north of tho San Podn> Valley, hut is covered in this bluff by a ?andy stratum
between it and the s(»il. This gravel sti-atum runs along the bluff near the surface
until it roaches a |HMnt about two hundred yards north of tlie valley, whore it
suddenly dips at an angle of -kV for eight feel, resting all the while on the eroded
surface of tho lowor Sjui Podn^ strata, .\gain changing its dip to normal, it disap-
peai-s uuvlor the detritus at tho mouth oi a short ravine. The unconformable pasition
of tho upjH'r gnivel on the lower gn»y sjuul is very apjvjront a few yards south of
the n>vino. whore fragments of the lowor San Pedro strata are found in the upper
gnnol. .\fter the de|H^sition of tho lower San Pedro bods there came a period of
uplift, during which they wore onxlod: then came a period of depression, during
which the upper San Pedro bo»ls wore dopivsitod on tho eroded surface ot the
lowor wrioss.

.V heterogenetMJs series of stnita, comjHised of alternating beds of s:uul and
gn»vol. ixvur^ aKne tho gnwel stratum at the ravine and to the north of it.
These overlying Ivds dip gently to tho north, but the series does not decrease
in thickness to the north for the reason that other strata begin near the top of
tho blulT. and thus make .1 nearly horizontal surface to the top of the series, which
is overlain by .>^m1 to the thickness of from two to ten feet. The lower strata
jilong this blull .nro of tine sjind, fi>^iIiferous in places. Near the top of the
bluff, however, tho strata ari- comiv-tsed of c«v»rse material, a distinct layer of gravel
iHMnontoil with lime and otint.-iining many well preserved fossils forming the top layer.
This top stratum first apjH'ars at the top of the bluff about one hundred feet south of
tho ravine. Fnim this jviint smith of the ravine it can bo tracovl north along the
bluff near tho top. ar\>und tho north end of the bluff, and Ixick agjun on the west side
o( this p^»uu^ntory for several hundreii feet. About six feet below the top gravel
stnitura is AuotJior layer rich in fossils. The beds below these last two are sand and
gr ' ' viition, nearly all. however, fossiliferous. Sv>me of

ihi . c bedding, while others are horizontal. This alter-

ualion oi lidding woiild indicate a j>eriod of alternating conditions of elevation and

AUNOTT) TTrK rAr,F,()NT<)|,(l(;Y AND STl! A IK ; I! A I'll V OK KAN l'r,l>llli.

27

(loprcssioii diirini;' IIk; l)Of:;iniiiii;^ of llic rpocli in uliidi llic ii|i|" r S.m Tcrlio Ih-iIh
wen; (IcpoHitcd. 'Vhc, Hiiino KCfiiioiicc of strata nn in llic noilli cnii of lln' lilull occiirH
across tlio little valk-y t<» tin; west. Tlic strata cxlciid (oward llic w(!st, Imt jiiHt limv
far it is not possible to detcwmiiie. All tlic fossils lahelcd "San I'cdro" and " F>iitn-
ber yard " are from tlio upper Kan Pedro strata in tliis lo(;ality, and many fine
specimens have been obtained diiriiii; tlic past few years. A j^rcat many sbiploadw of
material bave been baiilcd away from I be bliilTs as ballast by tlie coaliiif^ vessels
docked at tlie port of San I'eilro.

Tlie iip|)ermost ^M'avcd stratum of tbc upper San Pedro series appears lo be
laid down nearly bori/.ontally and almost cont iniionsly oyer I lie wbolr of llic lower
or nfty-i'f)ot terrace of San I'cdro Mill.

Tlie followin;;- species from tlie tyjie locality of tlic upper San I'edro series
were (!olleclcd at tlie nortli end of tlie San Pedro bliill, near tlie lumber yard, one-
half mile north of the valley:

liiST OF Fossils khom tiiic North I'-nd ok tiik Kan Pickko I'.mikk.

(1* iiidiciitcH xpcnioH found living' (it Han IViIni; N iiidicatnH HpecicH foiiiul liviuf; only north of Hiin I'l'ilro;
S Indicattw Hjn'cieH fonnil living only Hoiitli of Han I'odio; K iiidiciitnH extinct Hpocico or tlioHo not known ax living.)

Amiiinllii riiilnna, V
AiiiiuliiH hul/oiil, ]'
Annmia lani/ir, V
Area lahialn, S
Aiitarli' hrnniirri, K
('(irilium riirli'm, N
Cii.rdium rl/tliim, 8
(,'nnliiim /iron- nun, S
('(trdtum fjfnftflrli/t'iiai'iu/ii,
dhamii I'Xonyra, I'
Vhnma pellnridii, V
(Jlldioplwra puiiclald, V
Corhuin hiteoln, P
Cryjtlomya ciilifornica, V
('umiiKjhi cal.i/ornicfi, V
Diplddonlii orltiltii, V
I)ijilfid(inl(i nrrricata, 8
JtoHdX califnrnicfi, P
J)(niax tiitvij/ala, V
(Ihjryiiii'rU liHrharcnKln, E
(llycyiitrriH tirpf.i'ji/rioitalitt,
Iliitnitm gif/anteun, P
Litvicnrdlum Hubntrmlum,
Lazarla nuhijundr'ila, P
Leda taphrUi, P
Luc'tna nctililinnaln, P
Luciitd cnli/ornicn, P
Luchia nuftalll, P
Lucina lunu'iKculjila, V

Amrra ijiKCKua, P
Am(Ha prlfa, P
Amtea upcctrum, P

PKLECYPODA.

LymiHia ciUifnriiica, P
Macomu Indi'iitala, V
Mficoma lu(/uiiia(a, P
Maromii )innulii,, P
Mariima var. ki-hcyHi, H
Mtic.mnn ftrrlri, P
ifwira culifortiira, P
Mfirlrfi rfUll/.lforjnin, V
Miirlitl I'xol' Iri, H
Maclrafulrala, V
Mciclra hini/ihilli, E
Mrlln alia, V
Mndinlu rrcla, P
MylilUH idul'm, P
Nucula Kupraxtridla, N
Onlrra lurida, P
I'linopva ynrrona, P
I'ir.lf.n denliUim, H
Pvr.l.i'n htlUmrUuK, V
PicU:n var. /ruj/iliii, E
Peclc.n var. monolimeriH,
J'p.rten neamomi, E
PecUn nubnodoHUii, H
Pecten VP.ntr'iKOHUK, V
Prrlploma ariptnliiria, P
PalrUola cardiloidm, P
Pilricoln dinliculala, 8
I'holadidtn pi-niUi, P

GASTROPODA.

Acloeon puvclor.rplatu, V

AcUrjin trankli, S

A mphisna rorrui/ala, P

I'ldtyiidon ravci'/laluii, I'
J'uiti>dvnmuii macrUHakimiia,
I'navimobia cdrntula, 1
I'mphh tmililln, N
SiiiKiuhi'ilnrla nulttilU, V
Saxidn/nnM iiralui, P
St'7nt'li' drrha, V
Si'ini'li' ptitrlirrt, P
Silli/uii hnidit, V
SUif/nn viir. nullalli, N
Noten roHuci'UK, P
ffokn nicartui, P
Ta^/rluM callfornianuH, I'
TaprH IncinKala, V
Tajii'H Hlaminiii,, P
TiipoH Irnrrrima, V
T'llhiH )iod''!liniiin, S
T'tlina ruhrnrcnii, 8
Tivela crajmrtlclloid'H, P
TrmtiM vultatli, P
Vrni'Ttriirdia hfirbarmnlii,
VrnuK fiuclifrima, P
Venu» ynidia, 8
Vcnu» nriilicUi, 8
Vinun Kimillima, P
Vnnuii fuccincla, P
Yiildia coopfri, P
ZIrphaa i/ahhl, E

liifthtjn tiApfrum, P
nullum filoHiim, P

CAMIoKSI V MMUMV Ol' SCIKXCia.

milium iiuailriiiUilum, V
Hittiuni ruijatuin, P
BitliuiH wiititimutHi, ?
Hutla /tuHCtulata, S
Bulla iiuoj/i, V
I'tteum ealij'ornicuin, P
I'licum crrbric'iHCtum, P
Calliualomn aniiuliilum, P
CaUiontoina ranatii-utnlum^ V
CaltitMloma eoMlatuin^ V
Callio'lnmit tjrmmulalum, P
CttUionloma tricolor, P
CtinC'Hariii roof>*ri, P
I'liiirrllaria erairjorilinnn, P
I'anccllaria Iritonidira, K
Ctrilhidra cal^forniea, P
Chlorotloma nurrolhitlum, P
Chlorontoma J'un- hruh, P
Chloronloma var. nulHipfrium, P
Chlorotloma tjaUina, P
Chlorotloma tnontrrryi, P
Chloroilotna Tsr. liyulaliim, P
f'Aoruji helchrri, P
Clathurelta eonratliaiia, £
Ctipidflla hlmaculata, N
Clipidrlltt callomarginata, P
Columbella rhrytaltoidta, P
Columbella gautapala, P
Columlitlla var. rariiKtln, P
Columhetla minima, £
Columhflla Tar. pntrurHor, S
Columl/rlla tiilifro^a, P
CoHitM ralijoriiirit!*, P
Corallio/'hila mix, S
Crtpidula acuUala, P
Crepldula adunca, P
Crtpidula navicelloidrs, P
Crr/iidula onyx, S
Crepiilula rugofa, P
Crurihulum npiuoiium, P
Cylirhna atha, P
iJrillia hrmphilti, S
Drillia inermi», P
Drillia johnsoni, £
Drillia var. pfitirillala, P
Drillia pudica, S
Drillia lorofa, P
Kralo roUimhrlla, P
Kulima hiutata, S
A'u/i'nia mirani, P
Kuplrtira muriciformit, S

Drntatium hexagonum, P

Kuplruta vur. furta, £
/^MM rii/< (I (w/i' rii , P
i-lMuridt a iuiK/iiitlin, S
KuMtridta muriua, V
yijMurtUn volcano, P
FuauH tiarlHiren»i», £
Fnintu lulropictua, P
Fui*un rol'UftluK, P
tltili-ru* mammillarii, P
llnminra %'irrfcrn», P
//./(> Bp. indet., ?
Itapin finrslrala, V
Inhnorhiton rcgularis, P
Lacuna compacta, N
Lacuna porrrcia, N
Lacuna nolidula, P
Lrptothyra carpr.nUri, P
Liltorina planuxix, P
Littorina urnlulala P
Macron kilkllii, S
Mopalia cilittta, P
Mangilia hoovcri, E
Mangilia siriosa, F
Margarita var. kncchli, E
Margarita var. pedroana, E
Marginella jewelli, P
Mclnmpus olivaceus, P
Mitra matira, P
Monooros engonatum, P
Monoccros lapilloidts, P
Miirex festivuH, P
Murex folialus, N
Murex leeanus, S
Murex monoceroa, S
Murex Irialalui, P
Nassa cali/omiana, P
Naxxa cerritensis, E
2faiisa fossala, ¥
Nagsa ituculjila, C
Nansa mcndica, V
NasMi var. coopiri, P
Na»»a perpitiguis, P
NoMa leyula, P
A^asKa var. hooveri, S
NiUica lewleii, P
Neverita recluziana, P
Ocinebra/oveolala, P
Ocinehra interfoasa, P
Ocinebra var. wpera, P
Ocinehra canrellina, S
Ocinebra prrila, P

CBUSTACEA.
Batanuh concarus, P

SCAPHOPODA.
Dentalium jneudohexagonum. ?

ECHINOIDEA.
Echinarachniuf rxcentricus, P

PISCES.
Crolophus hallf.ri, ?

Ocinebra pouhoni, P
Odonlomia lenuiii, P
Oliiclla hiplicata, P
Olivrlla intorla, P
Olivella pedroana, P
Opalia bonaliH, P
Pachypoma in<n/uale, P
I'alndenlrina curia, E
/'atudentrina utok't'iii, £
PhaxiitniHa conipta, P
J'ieaniri/orlii, E
PtanorhiH lumiduH, S
I'tanorbia vermicularis, N
J'leurolotna carpenleriana, P
Pleurotoma cooperi, E
Pteuroloma pervcraa, N
Pleurotoma tryoniana, P
Pomaulax undoeua, P
Priene oregonennis, P
Puncturella cucullala, N
Purpura criapata, N
Purpura saxicola, P
Pyramidella var. varlcgala, S
Hanella cali/oriiica, P
Jlimioa acutelirata, S
Scala beltastrinta, P
Scala crebricoHlala, P
Scala hemphiUi, E
Scala hindaii, P
Scala indianorum, P
Scala tinrtu, P
Serpulorhis nquamigerun, P
Siphonalia kellettii, P
Spiroglyphus tiluclla, P
Terebra simplex, P
Tornatina cerealis, P
Tornatina rulcitella, P
Trivia rali/orniea, P
Triton gihhosun, S
Trojihon miiUicostatus, N
Turhonilla aurantia, P
Turbonilla laminata, P
Turhonilla lotnei, E
Turbonilla slearnsii, S
Turhonilla mihcuapidata, S
Turhonilla tenuicula, P
Turrilella cooperi, P
Turritella jewtti, E
Vilrinclla williammni, P
Volcarinu varia, P

Dentalium simipolitum, S

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIOKAPHY OF SAN I'EDUO. 29

Eesumk.

Total number of species 252

Pelecypoda 85

Gastiopodn 161

Scaphopoda 3

Echiuoidea 1

Crustacea 1

Pisces 1

Living at San Pedro 172

Percentage of fauna 68.2

Living only north of San Pedro 15

Percentage of fauna 6.1

Living only south of San Pedro 36

Percentage of fauna 14.2

Extinct species 24

Percentage of fauna 9.5

Questionable 4

Percentage of fauna 1.6

The fiUHiii of the upper San Pedro series as afforded by the beds near the
lumber yard is of a character more nearly resembling that found living at the present
time on the coast two or three hundred miles further south. Not only is there a
large percentage of species now living only south of San Pedro, but of the species
living at San Pedro many are southern forms. Several of the northern forms
remained during the period of deposition of the upper San Pedro series, but in greatly
diminished numbers. Of the extinct forms most are new species or varieties which
may be found upon a more extended examination to be living. Faunal evidence
leads to the conclusion, therefore, that the climatic conditions on the coast near San
Pedro during the period of deposition of the upper San Pedro series were as warm,
if not warmer, than those of the present time. The change from the boreal condi-
tions of the upper Pliocene epoch to the tropical or semitropical conditions of the
Pleistocene was not sudden, but took Y>\ace rather gradually, as is shown by the
transition fauna of the lower San Pedro deposits.

The upper San Pedro stage described in this paper is separated from the
lower San Pedro deposits for the following reasons: First, there is an unconformity
between these upper beds and the underlying formations at all of the localities
examined. Secondly, the upper San Pedro beds differ lithologically from the lower
San Pedro strata; the former being largely gravels, while the latter are of gray sand.
Thirdly, the difference in the fossils of the two horizons is very marked. Many
found in the lower series are not found in the upper, and many of the species in the
latter are never found in the former. Fourthly, the upper series has a semi-tropical
fauna, while tliat of the lower series approaches the semi-boreal.

The upper San Pedro beds do not represent the top of the Pleistocene. The
tauiia of these upper beds, although having many species in common with the living
fauna of the same locality, is still quite distinct. This would suggest a period of
considerable length since the deposition of the strata. The number of distinctly
southern forms living at San Pedro during the period of deposition of the upper
beds also shows that there has probably been a change in climatic conditions since

30 CAUKOKNIA ACA1>KMY OK SCIKNCE8.

that tiiiu'. A raised ln-acli iuicoiiforinal)le witli llic upper San Tedro strata at Doail-
man Islaixl sliows that there liave lieeii oroj^raphie innvemeiits since the upper San
Pedro beds were deposited. All of this evidence, tlieii, leads to the conclusion that
there has been a sndicient lapse of time since the deposition of the upper San Pedro
strata, to admit of marked faunal and orographic changes.

The upper San Peiiro series is well developed on Los Cerritos Hill, where the
typical f(vssiliferous gravels of the upper San Pedro formation overlie unconformably
the brown, tilted sandstones which form the major portion of that hill. A little above
// (diagram E, Plate XXIII), the gravel stratum has a dip of 4 due south. Relow
the gravel stratum is a thin bed of sand, which is also very fossiliferous. At O the
gravel stratum is only a few feet below the surface of the hill, but near the top of the
hill this stratum is covered by a deeper deposit of sands and sandy soil. The dip of
the stratum at K is N. 85° W. at an angle of from 12° to 15°. At K the gravel is
overlain hv a dejiosit of fine, nnfo-ssilifcrous sand four feet thick.

At all the localities on Los Cerritos Hill where the upper San Pedro beds are
exposed, the underlying formation is a series of sands and conglomerates. No fossils
were obtained in the underlying series of rocks, but they are probably of the lower
San Pedro series.

It will be noticed, on looking at the contours on diagram E, Plate XXI II, and
observing the dips at the different places, that the dip of the gravel stratum conforms
very nearly to the slope of the hill. There is a fault at H, which cuts the upper San
Pedro stratum. The sand deposits above the gravels in a few places are probably
what is left of layers of .sand which once covered the whole area. On the flanks of
the hill, both to the northwest, where the Los Angeles Terminal Railway cuts the
ridge, and toward the south, where the ocean has exposed the beds, sands overlie or
replace the gravel stratum. This fossiliferous upper San Pedro stratum is at no place
on Ix)s Cerritos Hill more than a few feet thick. W. S. T. Smith' thinks that per-
haps this hill is wave built, but a careful examination shows that it is the result of
an orogenic movement which has taken place since the lower San Pedro beds were
deposited there. This is shown by the contortion of the lower formation, and by the
steep dips of the uppermost layers, which conform almost exactly with the slope of
the hill. This orogenic movement has taken place since the upper San Pedro series
was deposited, and is evidence in favor of the theory that the upper San Pedro beds
are at least older than the latest Pleistocene.

List of Species Coi.LEfTKii i\ the Upper San Pedro Beds at Los Cerritos.

PELECYPODA.

Aligtna rerriient'u Cardium elalum Crypiomya californica

Amianli* ealloia Cardium procernm Donax lavigata

A nguluA buttoni Cardium rjuadriijenarium Olyrymeris harharensi*

Anomia lampe Chama exoijyra Glycymeris septentrionalis

A'tarlt hranneri Chama pellucida IJinnites (jiganleus

Cardium corbi» Corhula luteola Lcevicardium Hubstriaium

> Topognphlc Stndjr of th« UUndi of Sootbern CklifoniU. My W. B. T. Smith. Bull. Dept. Ocol., DnlT. of Cal., Vol. II, 1900, p. 22t.

AKNOLD — THE PAI.EONTOLOdY AND STRATIGliArilY OF SAN I'EDKO.

31

Leda taphria
Lithophagus plumnla
Lucina californka
Litcina nuitalli
Mncoma indentuta
Maroma inquinata
Maeoma nnsuta
Macoma var. kelscyi
Maeoma secla
Mnctra calilliformis
Maclra falcala
Afetiti alia
Modiola fornicala
Modiola recla
Nucula su/irnjitriala
Oatrea lurida

Acnuva insexsa
Acmcea pelta
Amphissa corrui/ata
A mphissa versicolor
BHlium (luadrifilatum
Biltinm ruijaliim
liulln pnnciulata
CiKcum californirum
C(B<"iim crebricincLuni
CalUostoma canalknlahim
Calliosloma costatum
CalUostoma cjemmulatum
Calliosloma tricolor
Cerilhidea californica
Chlorostoma funebrale
Chlorosloma var. subapertnm
Chlorostoma var. liijttlatum
Chorus belcheri
Clipidella himacidata
Clipidella callomarginata
Colambella gausapata
Columhella var. carinala
Columbella tuberosa
Conns californicus
Crepidula adunca
Crepidula dorsata
Crepidula navicelloides
Crepidula onyx
Crepidula rugosa
Crucibulum spinosutn
DrilUa cancellata

Panopea generosa
Pecten laliaurilus
Pecten var. fragilis
Pecten var. monotimeris
Pecten ncwsomi
Pecten ventricosus
Pcriploma argentaria
Petrieola earditoides
Petricola de.nticulala
Pholadidea penita
, Plalyodon cancellatus
Psepkis tantilla
Sanguinolaria nuitalli
Saxidomus aratus
Scmelc decisa

GASTROPODA.

JJrillia hemphilli
Drillia inermis
Drillia var. penicillata
JJrillia lorosa
Eulima micaiis
Fissuridea aspera
Fissnridea imegnalis
Fissuridea murina
Fissurella volcano
Fusus luteopictus
Hipponyx cranioide.s
Lacuna compacta
Lacuna porrecla
Leptothyra bacula
Littorina scutulata
Lucapina crenulata
Mangilia angulata
Mnngilia interlirata
Mangilia striosa
Margarita var. pedroana
Melampus olivaceus
Monoceros engonatum
Murex festivus
^assa calij'orniana
Nussa cerritcnsis
Nnxsa fossata
Nassa mendica
Nassa var. cooperi
Nassa perpinguis
Nassa te.gula
Natica lewisii

CRUSTACEA.
Balanua concavus

SCAPHOPODA.
Dentaliitm hexagonum

ECHINOIDEA.
Echinarachnius exceniricus

Semele pulchra
Siliqua lucida
iSolcn sicarius
Tagelus californianus
Tapes lacineata
Tapes staminea
Tapes tenerrima
Tcllina bodegenais
Tellina idai
Tivela crassatelloides
Tresus nuttalli
Venus neglecta
Venus simillima
Venus succincta
Zirphtea gabbi

Neverita rechiziana
Ocine.bra var. aspera
Ocinebra var. cerritcnsis
Ocinebra poulsoni
Olivella biplicata
Olivella intorta
Olivella pedroana
Pleurotoma perversa
Ranella californica
Scala hindsii
Scala indianorum
Scala tincta

Serpulorbis squamigerus
Sigaretus debilis
Siphonalia kellettii
Spirogtyphus lituella
Taranis strougi
Terebra simplex
Tornatina culcitella
Trophon cerritcnsis
Turbotiilla aurantia
Tnrbonilla crebrifilata
Turbonilla laminala
Tnrbonilla louvi
Turbonilla similis
Turbonilla steartisii
Turbonilla subcuspidata
Turbonilla tenuicnla
Turbonilla iridenta
Turritella cooperi
Valvar ia varia

This fauna consists of ono hundred and sixty species, of which sixty-four are
pelecypods, ninety-two are gastropods, one is a scaphopod, one is a crustacean, and

:i'2

CAMl'OHNIA ACADKMV (tK SCIKNfKS.

one is an ffliiinxli'iiu. It is siiniliir to the up|)<'r San I'cdro fauna of the hods at tho
north end of thi' San I'l-dro l)hiiT; and lias even a more southern character than that
fauna. Tho ureat preponderance of pelecypods over <jastropods as rejiards the niini-
iier of indiviihials is noteworliiy in the Los Cerritos deposits. It is sucli a fauna as
wiadd lie found on a h)\v, sandy coast.

'Piiere is an extensive exposure of upper San I'echo strata in tlie i)hilT to tlie
south and southeast of Loiiu; 15eaeh. A typical section of the hind is represented hy
the section exposed at />' (diaj^rani h\ Plate X X 1 1 1), about one and one-half miles
cast of the Long Headi wharf. The sequence of the beds is as follows :

Soil, grading iuto iiiistratilied brown s»u>l 12 feet

Thin bods of light gray nand 8 feet

White wind-beililoil siind 15 feet

ISruwn «nnd, with horizontnl bedding 6 feet

Total thickness 41 feet

•Ml of the strata from this point west to A (diaiiram /?, Plate XXIII), the end
of the hluiT, dip i^ently westward, the lower strata disappearing successively under
tlie level of the beach. The fossils in this series occur only in local deposits, most of
them being found in lens-shaped pockets in the white sand layer. There is a very
fossiliferous deposit at K, which extends for three hundred feet along the base of the
clif!. At B (diagram K, Plate XXIII), also, there is a small deposit of sand con-
taining only Ostiea luridn. It is probable that for the most part these strata were
deposited during a period of .sand-dune and estuarine conditions along this part of the
coa.st. The dominating shells in these deposits are Ostrea lurida, Cryptomya califor-
tiica, Tngelns cnlifnrniaiHiA, and other forms which inhabit lagoons and shallow
water.s. The following fossils were obtained from the fossiliferous bed at the base of
the bluff at E, southeast of Long Beach.

List ok Fossils kkom the Beds South ea.st ok Long Beach.

Anomia lampt Liicina cali/ortiica Olivella pedroana

Balanun eoneavun Littorina scntukita Olivella intorta

Crepidula rugona Luiialia Irwisii Pectcn venlrieosus

Columbella var. rnrhinla Lcda taphria Pecten latiaurilus

Cardlum procenim Afonoceros cngonalum Pecten var. monolimeris

Cardium quadrigrnariiim Mnroma secta Plcurotoma carpenlcriana

Crucihaliim npinnKum Macoma nn»uta Pteronotu/s festivus

Chionr. simillima Sevcrila rrmlzinnn Serpulorbis squumiijcrus

Ckloroftomn J'un^bral- XdKua per/iinguis Scala tincta

Cry/ilomija aili/ornica yansa rerrilensit Terebra simplex

Conw calil'ornicus Xansa trgula Tagelux californianua

Donnx litvignia ymuKt mendica Turrilella cooperi

DentaUnm hfxagonum Xafun var. roopcri Tetlina bodegcnms

Driltia var. prnieillala Sn.va J'oMnla Tivela crasnatelloides

FiMuridea inftqiialis Jfasna cali/orniana Tapes staminea

Olt/njmerin »e ptcntrionnlii OsCrca lurida Venericardia barbarcnais

Lurina ntittalli Olivella biplicata Zirphcea gabbi

The deposits of Domingnez Hill are probably of upper San Pedro age,
although no fossils have been found in them. Lithologically they are similar to the
deposits around the base of Los Cerritos Hill.

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

33

Raised Beach Formation. — The recently raised beach on the north end of
Deadinaii Island (see diagram B, Plate XXII) shows that the period of uplift which
followed the deposition of the npper San Pedro beds is not yet finished. This raised
beach contains many fossil shells in a perfect state of preservation, all of them retain-
ing their original color, which suggests how recently tliis uplift has taken place.

List of Fossils kkom the Raised Bkach, North End of Deadman Island.

Cryiilomija californica
Donax Icevigata
Lavicardium subslriatiim
Lucina californica
Lucina nnltalli
Macoma inquinata

Armiia sperlrum
Armiva pelta
liiilla ncbulosa
Calliostoma canaliculatum
Cerilhidca caUfornir.a
Ckloro.sloma funcbraie

pelecypoda.

Macoma nasuta
Macoma secia
Mactra catilliformis
Mactra falcata
Mytilus e.dulix
Peclen latiaurilus

GASTROPODA.

Coluvibella (jniixnjiiila
Cohcmbi'lla var. carinata
Contis californicus
Orepidula ritgosa
Crccihiilntn spitwuum
Dritlia viir. pcnicilhUn

Pecten var. monotimeris
Pecten ventricosue
Petricola carditoides
Tapes staminea

Tellina bodetidiinis

lusntirtdla volcano
Nassa /oKsala
Nassa var. coo/ieri
Olivella bipticala
Olivella inlorla

These species are all found living in the waters adjacent to Deadman Island
at the i)resent time, and the raised beach specimens are in nearly as good a state of
preservation as the living shells.

5. Post-Pleistocene Deposits.

Overlying the Pleistocene of Deadman Island, and all along the San Pedro
terrace, is soil containing many shells, in fact, in places it is made up almost entirely
of shells. These are the remains of ancient Indian kitchen-middens. Ashley '
describes as Quaternary a layer of shells found in the lower terrace of San
Pedro Hill. After examining the fossils collected by him, and also visiting the
locality from which they came, the writer is convinced that these deposits are simply
the shells brought there by the Indians, for the association of species is ncft such as
would be found at any one place on the beach; rocky shore and lagoon shells being
found in about equal quantities. At every place where these shell deposits in the soil
have been examined by the writer they have been found to contain pieces of charcoal,
bones of mammals, and other evidences of refuse heaps. These kitchen-middens are
common at many places along the coast. Those at Port Harford are over six feet in
thickness and have been mistaken by some collectors for Pleistocene strata.

The shells in these kitchen waste heaps are of a kind that would be used for
food, and include such species as Haliotis cracheroidii, Pecten aiquisulcatus, Cliione
sacci>icta, Tivela crnssati'lloides, Tapes staminea, Saxidonius aratus, etc. All of the
specimens of Haliotis so far recorded from the Pleistocene, with the exception of one

' The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California. By George H. Ashley. Proc. Cal. Acad. Scl., 2d Ser.,
Vol. V, 1896, pp. 363-366.

(S)

September 26, 1<J02.

;{.| I'AUFDKNIA VCAKKMY Ol' SC'IKNCICS.

/Initolis fiilijens fouiul l)y tlio writer in ilw ii|>|)er San Pedro corifjlomeratc of Dead-
man Island, and unotluT in tlio IMcistoociu' at Spani-li Biglit, Ran Dicj^'O, have been
taken from these Indian kitchen-middens.

(1. Ai I'll Mtiru List siiowim; Tin-; 1 )isTi;ii!rTi<>N of Spkcies in the Vicinity

OF San Picnuo.

In order to avoid any mistake, a brief description of the locality represented by
each colnmii in the followinj; list is here fjiven.

The second cohimn, marked " Deadman Island " under upper San Pedro
series, refers to the u'ra vol stiatnm which extends aoross Deadman Island about six
feet below the surface, and which is shown as the upper San Pedro series in diaj,'ram
B, PI. XXII. (Sec also diagram E, PI. XXIII.)

The third column, marked "Lumber Yard," refers to the sand and gravel
deposits at the north end of the San Pedro bluff; these beds are designated as upper
San Pedro series in diagram D, Pi. XXII.

The fourth column refers to Los Cerritos Hill, which is shown on diagram E,
PI. XXIII, and diagram C, PI. XXII. The fossils reported in this column come
from the gravel and sand strata at the localities /7 and if on that hill.

The fifth column, designated as "Crawfish George's," refers to the deposits
on the northeast side of the mouth of the ravine which empties into the ocean at
Crawfish George's. (See diagram E, PI. XXIII.)

The sixth column, marked " Deadman Island " under lower San Pedro series,
refers to the gray sand deposits lying between the Pliocene and upper San Pedro
gravel strata; this deposit is designated as lower Ban Pedro series in diagram B,
PI. XXII.

The seventh column, designated as "San Pedro BlufTs," refers to the lower
San Pedro strata which lie above the Pliocene on the south and below the upper San
Pedro series on the north, in the water front bluff east of San Pedro; these deposits
are designated as lower San Pedro series in diagram D, PI. XXII.

Column eight, marked "Deadman Island" under Pliocene, refers to the
brown sand, "Cryptodon beds," and contact stratum of Deadman Island; these
deposits are designated as Pliocene in diagram B, PI. XXII.

The ninth column, marked "Timm's Point" under Pliocene, refers to the
brown .sand deposits of Timm's Point and between that point and the middle of the
railroad cut and grade up the bluff in the southeastern portion of San Pedro; these
deposits are designated as Pliocene in diagram I), PI. XXII.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGItAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

35

Alpha uKTic Llst Showing the Disthibution of Species in the Vicinity of San

Pedro. *

(E indicates species which are extinct; X indicates species living at San Pedro; S indicates species living only
south of San Pedro; N indicates species living only north of Sau Pedro; C indicates species living only at Cataliua
Island; B stands for rare; M stands for medium abundant; C stands for common.)

PELECYPODA.

AUgena cerritenais, sp. nov

A miantiK callona Conkad

A ngulus biUtoni Dall

A nomia lampe Gka Y

A rca labiaia Sowerby

Asiarte {Crassinella) branneri, sp. nov

Bornia relifera Dall

Callista subdiaphana Carpenter

Callista subdiaphana var. pedroana, var. nov.

Callista neiocombiana Gabb

Cardium corbis Maetyn

Cardium elatum Sowerby

Cardium procerum Sowerby

Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad

Chama exoijyra Conrad

Chama ptliuciila Sowerby

Clidiophora punctata Conrad

Cooperella iubdiaphana Carpenter

Corbula luteola Carpenter

Cryptomya californica Conrad

Cumingia californica Conrad

Diplodonta orbella Gould

Diplodonta serricata Reeve

Donax californica Conrad

Donax htviyala Desha yes

Glycymeris barbarenms Conrad

>
3

s C

E
X
X
X

s

E
N
N
E
X
N
S
S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

s

X
X

E

Pleistocene.

Upper San Pedro.

R
K

R
R

M
B

■2 c

B
B
C
R

M

B
M
B
C
C
R
R
R

R
C
R
R
C
R
C
C

at

OJ

U

K
C
B

C

M

M
R
C
C
R
R

M

C
R

Lower
San Pedro.

2t3

a o

B
M

M

R
E
R

M
R

M
R

B

M

R

M
R
R
R
M
E
R

R
R

•lie

ft. 3

55

R
B

M

M
M

C

R

M

* This list has been kept open until the time for sending the manuscript to press, and contains a few species which are not given in
the general discussion, although the descriptions of all species meDtioned are given iu Part 11

•»!•
.><!

(AI.IFOKNIA A(AI)KM\ OK KCIENrKS.

Olj/cj/iiifrif tepttHtriouatit Miudk.hioki
Jlinnilrt ijiijantruf OliAV. ,

Krtlia taprroumi DksiuYEN

Ktllia tuborbirtilariii MONTAODI

Kmnrrlia bieariHata CaKPBMTKR

KfHHtrlia Jtlom Carpentkr

/jitvieariliiim rutuilrinlum CoNRAK

Laznria mibiiuadralii CarI'Entkr

LrJa fotta Baird

Lfda hamnin CARPENTgR

Ltila miniila vor. pracurior, vnr. nov. .

Lftin taph ria Da LL

Lima itehitcru Conrad

Lilhophagut plumula Hanlev

Lurina afutilineata Conrau

Lueina cali/omirn CoNRAti

Lurina niillalli CoNBAK

f.ucina Unainculpla Carpkster ,

Lyoiuia cali/ornica Conrad

if aroma rnlrarea CiMF.lin

Maeoma indrntaia Carpenter

Macoma inquinala Dehhayiu

Maroma na»uUt Conrad

Maroma natiita Tar. ktlteyi Dall

Macoma teria Conrad

Maroma i/oldi/ormit Carpenter

Maetra califomica Conrad

Mactra (Spitula) ealilliformi» CoNRAU. .

Martra txoUta GraV

Martra {Spitula) /alrata OoOLD

Mactra hrmphitli Dall.

Melu alta Conrad

Modiola fornirata Carpenter

Modiola recta Conrad

Marflla talmonea Carpenter

Mytilun edulit LiNNxcs

1

oS
N

Plbiatocbnk.

Pliocknk.

upper 8«n Pedro.

Lower
San Pedro.

1^

•a ■

|1

i

c

B D

S

n
f

B

li

•o a

il

R

0

R

R

X

V.

M

R ' R

' R

X

1

R R

R

( '

B
B

R

1

N

R

X

R

C

K

B

R It

X

C

R

R li

N

M

X

B

N

B

B

X

R

M

M

R

0

R

0

R

X

R

X

R

X

R

R

R

C

C

0

0

X

R

B

R

R

C

C

0

X

C

0

. C

M

C C

X

R

X

1$

R

R

M C 1

0

N

M

1

M

X

R

R

X

R

C

C

R

M

C

0

X

M

0

M

M

C

s

M

M

M

X

1 «

0

R

R

R

R

X

1

R

R

X

H

X

0

C

C

R

s

R

X

M

C

C

M

R

R

s

R

X

R

R

C

R

R

N

R

R

X i

R

R

R

R

N

C

X

R

R

1 ^

B

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATKiHAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

37

Mylilimeria nutCalU Conrad

Necera pecthiala Carpenter

Nticula {Acila) caslrensis Hinds

Nncula supraslriata Carpenter

Oslrea Itirida Carpenter

Panoviya ampla Dall

Panopea generosa Gou ld

Pecten (Palinopecten) caitrinua Gould

Peclen {Pecten) dentatus Sowerby

Pecten {ChlamyK) hastatus Sowerby

Pecten (Chlamys) hericeus Gould

Pecten {Chlamys) hericeus var. strategtis Dall

Pecten {Chlamys) jordani, sp. nov

Pecten latlauritus Conrad

Pecten latiauritus var. fragilis, var. hot

Pecten latiauritiin var. monotimeris Conrad

Pecten (Plagioctenium) newsomi, sp. nov

Peclen stearnsii Dall

Pecten {Nodipecte.n) subnodosus Sowerby

Pecten {Plagioctenium) ventricosus Soweeby

Pecten (Plagioctenium) ventricoms Sowerby var.. .

Periploma argentaria Conrad

Petricola carditoides Co>rEAD

Petricota {Petricolaria) cognata C. B. Adams

Petricola denttculata Sowerby

Pholadidea penita Conrad

Plalyodon canceilatus Conrad

Pododesmus {Monia) macroschisma DE.sHAyES

Prolocardia centifilosa Carpenter

Paammobia edeniula Gabb

Psephis salmonea, Carpenter

Psephix tantilla Gould

R(eta nndulata Gould

Rupellaria lamelU/era Conrad

Sanguinolaria nuitalli Conrad

Saxidomus aratua QocLO

>

X
X

X
N
X
N
X
N
S
X
N
N
E
X
E
X
E
E
S
X
E
X
X
X

s

X
X
X

X

?

c

N
X
X
X
X

Pleistocene.

Upper San Pedro.

11
•o ca

M

K

R
M

E

M
E

M
E
E

3^

c
c

c

E
E
E

E
C
E
E
M
R
E
M
R
R

E

M
C

C
R

E

C
E
M
R

M

R
R

C
M
R

at o

U(5

R

E

E
C

E
M

M
R
R

Lower
sau Pedro.

a

R
E
E
R
E
E
E
M

E
R
R
R
R

R

E

E
E
E

E

R R

M

E

E

R
R
C

M
M

M

E

c i:

38

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

o

! I

ft*

Yoldia eooptri Ga BB X

Yoldia Bcusurata Dall ' X

Zirphaa gabhi Tbyon I X

B
R

0

C
K
B

Semtit dtfim CosHAU X M

Semelt pulehra Sowkkby X

Semelt puUhra rar. monUrryi, var. uor N

Stpiij'rr bifurcatun Cosn AD X

Sitii/un tuciiln Cos ra i> X

.S'i/iyHa patula t«t. nuttaiti CONRAD N

SoUn ro»areu» Ca RPENTRR X

Soten rirariui Got" ld X

Tagtlus rali/ornianiin Conrad X

Tai>f$ laeiniata Carpknter X

Tapet itaminea Conrad X

Taptt Unerrima Cartenter X

Tellina bodtijtntii HiNDS 1 X

TeUina ida Dall I X

Tellina rvbtnetiu Ha.vlet i g

Throfin trapaoidtt Conrad E

Tkyatira hiitecta Conrad N

Thyanira gouldii Philippi X

T^vtla crattaUlloidet Conrad X

Tretus nuUalli CoNBAO x

Venericardia barbarentii Stearns X

Venerirardia rentricom Gould JJ

Venui (Chionf) /ucli/raga Sowerbv j X

Venut {Chione) gnidia Brodkrip Si Sowerbv S

Venus {Chione) neglecta Sowerbv g

Venui {Chione) timillima Sowerbv X M

Venu» {Chione) succincta Valencie!<!«e.<i X C

Vertlcordia novemrofUtta Adams & Reeve X

PunSTOCBNB.

Pliocbhk.

Upper San Pedro.

1^

R

C

^•2

Ei;
=»■>■

M
R

M
R

R
0
R
C
R
C

R

0
0
R

R
R
R
0
C

B

M

I/>wer
San Pedro.

SI

0
R

M

R
C
M

0
R
C
R

M
R

R
C
0

Oa a

n

R
M

M

R
R

R
R
R

11
C

M

R
R

i ^

R
C

R

M

R
R

On

B 5

ES

M

M

R
M

M
M

M

R
C
R

C

C

C
R
B

M
C

R

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATKiHAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

39

GASTROPODA.

Acmcea dc/iicta Gould

Acmtta insessa Hinds

Acmaa inctabiiis Gould

Arman mllra ESCHSCHOLTZ

Acmaa paleacea Gould

Acmma pelta Eschscholtz

Armxa sjii-ctnim (Nuttall) Reeve

Actaioji ( Rictaxix) punclocuilala Carpenter.

AcU^on traskii Stearns

A dmete. ijracilior Carpenter

Amphissa corrugaia Kbeve

A mphissa ventricosa, sp. nov , ,

Am/ihiiKii versicolor Dall

Btia fiilirula Gould

Bchi sancliK-monkiK sp. nov

liltlium asiierum Gabb

liUtiiim cali/urnirum Dall & Bartsch

liill.iiimtito.iiim Gould

liitliiim tptad riji latum Carpenter

liiuium rugatum Carpenter

BiUinm wiltiamsoni, sp. nov

Bullii piuiclnlata A. Adams

Bulla ijuoyi Gray

Gacum californicum Dall

Citcum crehriciiictiim Carpenter

Cceciim magnum Stkakns

Calliosloma annulatum Maktyn

Calliostoma caniculatum Martyn

Calliostoma costalum Martyn

Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter

Calliostoma tricolor Gabb

Caitceltaria cooperi Gabb

Caneellaria crair/ordiniia Dali

Canccdaria tritonidia G.'VBB

a u
tfi It

S
X
N
X
X
X
X
X
J

E
X
E
X
N
E
X
E
N
X
X

s

X
X
X

J

X
X
X
X
X
X

s

E

Pleistocene.

Upper San Pedro.

R

5'"

M

R
M
K
R

E

C
R
C
K
C
K
R
E

M
M
M
M
E
E
E

M

E

C

E
B

C
E
R
R

1»
" 9

R
M
R

0
C

c

R

R

M
C

M

C
E
E
E

Lower
San Pedro.

g-2

M

E
E
R

R
E
R
R
R
R
M
R
M
M
C

C
R
R

M
R

B. 3

M

M
M
C

M
C
R

M
R

En

•a CO

M

R

B

40

CALIFOUNIA AOAUKMV t)K SCIENCES.

Ctrithidea callfornifa Hai-KEMaxs

C'hiorottoma aurcotiiirtum Foriiem

Chlorostomn brunnfiim Piiii.ii'ri

Chloroitoma funfbraU A. Ada m.s

Chloroitoma fuiirhrnlr var. tulmpirtiitn Cabpknter..

Cklorostoma yatlina F0RBE.S

Chlorontomn montertyi Kienkk

Chloroftomn (Omphaliun) viritlulum var. liijiilnlum

Mknks

Chorus bflrkrri HiNli.s

ChryKxiomus, sp. indet

Chrynodomuf rectirotlrit CARrENTBR

Chrymdomus tabiilatuf Baird

Ctnthurelta coiirailiatift Oaph

Clypidella bimaculala Dall

Clypidella callomarginata Carpenter

Columbflla (Aniyrit) californiann Gaskoin

ColumhtHa (.Btopun) chrymlloidea Carpe.nter

Columbella {Atlyris) gnuimpala GouLD

Columbtlla (Aslyris) <jnufn]inta vnr. carinala Hinds

Columbflla {Anachin) minimn, sp. uov

Columbella {<S»oi>u«) oldroydl, .sp. uov

Columbella toliduln var. prirrumor, var. nov. . .

Columbella {Attyrii) luberosa Carpenter

Conut califomieui HlKDS

Coralliophila nux Reeve

Crepidula aruUala Gmelin

Crepidula adunra SowKRnv

Crepidula dormta Brodkrip

Crepidula grandit Middendoke

Crepidula navicetloidts Nutta ll

Crepidula onyx Sowerby.

Crepidula rugom Nuttali

Critctbulum spinotum Sowerby

Cryplochilon ttelleri Midkendorf

X

Plbistocbnk,

Pliocbnb.

t

c

Si
|3

'pper San Pedro.

Lower
San Pedro.

ll

3^

es

CIO

li

■S.2
1"

s .

21
1=

a
•a •

m

n

c

B

B

M

B

X

M

X

B

B

U

X

H

M

B

C

B

B

X

li

M

B

c

B

R

X

K

B

B

X

: ^'

B

E

B

i

K

X

B

M

C

c

B

M

X

M

B

B

N

K

N

B

M

M

X

M

B

C

R

1

B

C

B !

C

N

B

B

M

M

X

B

B

B

B

B

1

X

B

M

X

c

B

B

X

B

K

B

B

B

B

B

R

X

' C

c

C

M

M

M

C

M

E

B

E

B

S

B

X

B

C

R K

M

B

X

C

C

C C

M

M

M

M

s

B

X

R

M

X

1

M

C

M M

M

M

X

K 1:

K

N

K

X

M

f

H M

K

M

s

K

M

IJ

R

M

!

X

C

(•

r (■

1!

X

M

(

.M .M

c

1 ^

1

R

K

1

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STHATIGliAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

41

o

>

3

PLEISTOCtNt..

Pliocene.

Upper Sail Pedro.

Lower
San Pedro.

B

S a
■o a

1^

!|-

5

X in

£S

a

si

•O a)

|2

M

C
E
M

M
R
R

B
E

E

R
R
C
R

R

H
M
R
R

M

R

R
0
B

2

|«
i»

■r.

R

M

R

M
M
M

E

M

E

1

i's

•5 3
1-

Cylichnn alba Brown

X
X

E

N
S
X
X
E
E
N
S
X
X

s
s

X

s

E
X

s

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

J

X
X

R

M
R

R

R
R
R
M
R
M
R

E

R
R

K
R

C
C
C
R

R
R
R

E
E
E
B
R
R
R
C
R
M
R

E
E

R
R

E

M
C
C

E

M

R

M
R

M

M
E

R

M

C

R

C

M

C
R
C
C

R

E
C

C
E

Ct/prcen spadicea Gkay ....

Cythara brannerl, sp. nov

Diastoma, sp. iudet

Drillia cancetlnia Carpenter

Drillia hemphilli Stearns

Drillia mermif! HiNDS

Drillia inermis var. penicillaia Carpenter

Drillia johiisoni, sp. nov

Drillia iiiirriami, sp. nov

Drillia montereyensin Stearns

Drillia pudica Hinds

Drillia lorona Carpenter

M

Erato columbclla Menke

Eulima falcala Carpenter

Kulima haslata Sowerbv

Eulima micans Carpenter.

Eupleura muriciformitt Brodebip.

Eupl' lira murici/ormis var. curta, var. nov

Fissuridea a^pera Eschscholtz.

FisBuridea irimrpialis Sowerby

Fissuridea murina (Carpenter) Dai.l

Fiamtrdla volcano Reeve.

Fusus barbarensis Trask . .

M

Fusus hteopictus Dall.

Fusus robu.ilus Trask. .

Fusus rugosus Trask

Oadinia reticulata Sowerby

Oalerus mammillaris Brouerip.

Haliotis fulgeus Philippi

Haminea virescens Sowerby.

Helix (Epiphragmophora), sp. iudet.

Bipponyx antiquatus Linn^us . .

Hipponyx cranioides Carpenter

Hipponyx lumens Carpenter.

(6)

September 25, 1902.

CALIFOUNIA ACAUKMV OK SlIKNt'KS.

/.<«/»< yV«r"(r<i<'i Caki-entkr

IwkHOfHUon ri-'julitru Carpk.ntkr

/rarn terrieala (Carpknter) Dai.i. 4 Bartsiii

Larunn eomfHicta Carpentbr

Lacuna ftorrteUi Carpkntkr |

LacuHii tolUiula (Loves) Carpkntkr !

Lamellarin $tenriuii Dall

Lrptotkyra bticula Carpkntkr

Leplolhyrn carpenUri Pi LSiiRY

Lrptothyra paucieottata Da ll

LiUorina planax'u (NuTTALL) PlIILIPPI

Littorina teutulata QoULD

Lucapina erenutntn Sowerbv

Macron kclteltii A. Adams

Macron iiridui A. Ada ms

Mangilia angulata Carpkntkr

Manijilia hoover!, sp. nov

Mangilia inler/oiua var. prdronnn, var. nov

Manijilia inlerlirala Strarns

Mamjilia oldroydi, 8p. nov

Mangilia painei, sp. uov

Mangilia nculpliirala Dall

Mangilia Klrio'a C. B. Ada M»

Margarita obtabilin yar. bicchti, var. dot

Margarita oplnbilis var. nodonus, var. nov

Margarita parcipicta var. jxdroana, var. Dov.. . .

Margarita pupilla GoCLD

Marginella jewetlii Carpkntkr

MciampuK olivaceu* Carpkntkr

Milra maura SWAINSOS

Mitramorpka JSlona Carpkntkr

Milramorphn intermrdia, sp. UOV

Monoceros engonalum CoNRAD

Monoceron lapilloide^ Conrad

Mopalia eiliala Sowerbt

s

Plbutdckhb.

PUOCBNR.

'

J

Upper Sau Pedro.

Lower
San Pedro.

s

n
|2

It

If
SI

B
|2

S.
li
1=

a

si
I-

1 «

II

\

It

M

R

B

0

\

R

s

B

N

M

R

B

N

K

c

R

R

M

M

X

li

R

X

B

X

R

B

X

R

R

R

B

X

B

X

B

B

B

R

X

B

M

R

R

M

C

X

R

s

R

X

R

N

R

R

C

M

E

R

E

B

B

X

B

B

E

B

E

R

X

C

R

X

R

B

E

B

C

E

•

B

B

E

R

M

B

B

C

N

R

X

K

R

R

R

M

X

H

C

U

B

R

M

.\

i;

11

M

M

X

M

E

M

X

M

c

B

M

R

R

X

B

1

X

1

B

1

AUNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGRAPFIV OF SAN PEDRO.

43

>

PI.E1STOCENE.

Pliooene.

upper San Pedro.

Lower
San Pedro.

a

'V CO

>-■ 1-

5

a 0

a

■O CO

p

o

If
1 =

s c

I2

CO

|2

Murex {Pleronotui) festivus Hinds

X

N
X

s
s

X
X

E
X

c

X
X
X
X

s

N
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
X
N
S
E

9

X
X
X
N
X
X

R
R

R
R

M

M
C
M
R

M
M
R

R
R

R

M
R

0

C
R

C

c

M

c

R
M
K

C

c

c

M
R

C
C

R

M
R

C
R

C
M

R
C

M
R

R
C
M

R

C
C
R

M
C

R
R

M

M

R

R
M

R

R

C

M
C
M
R

R

M

R

R
R

R

R
M
R

C

R

R

R

C
C
C
R

R

R

R

R

R

R
R

M
R
R
R

C

E

M
C
C
E

R
R
R

B
R

M
R

B

0

R
E

M

M
R

M
R

R
B

Murex {Plerohytin) foliatus MAmYS

Murex (Pterohytis) nuttalli Conrad

-Murex (Chicoreus) leeanus Dall

Murex [Curostoma) monoctro.i SowERBY

Murex trialatu.i Sowerby

Nassa calif orniana Conrad

Nassa ci'rriteitsi.% ap. uov

Nasaa inxculpta Carpenter

Nassa mendica Gould

M

Nassa mendica var. cooperi Forbes . ...

M

Nassa perpintjuis Hinds

R

Nassa leijula Reeve

N'assa versicolor var. hoovcri, var. uov

Nalica r.lausa Broderip & Sowerby

R

Nalica (Lunatia) lewisii Godld

Neverita re.cluziana Petit

Norrisia norrisii Sowerby . ...

Ocinehra barbareiisis Gabb

Ocinebra foveolata Hinds

Ocinebra inter/ossa Carpenter.

Ocinebra Iceepi, sp. nov.

Ocinebra liirida Middendorf

Ocinebra lurida var. aspera Baikd. .

Ocinebra lurida var. cancellina Philippi

Ocinebra Inrida var. cerrilensin, var. nov

Ocinebra lurida var. muiida Carpenter.

Ocinebra micheli Ford

Ocinebra perila Hinds

Ocinebra poulsoni Nuttall

Odostomia <iouhlii Carpenter

Odostomia nuci/ormis var. avellana Carpenter

Odostomia tenuis Carpenter

Olivella biplicala Sowerby.

R

II

I'AI.IFOltNIA AC'ADKMY OK SCIKNCES.

OlitKtta inlorla Cakpkntkii

Oliveila ptdronna Conka i>

Opalia borratU QoDLO

O/mlia crrnitoiilft ^M. infulpln CaRPKATKR. . .

Piifhi/itoma inin/ii(i/f M artvs

Pnludfutritta ruTtn, sp. nov

Palud'ttrina »loke»i, 8p. nov

PhtviinnrHn rom/iln GoOLli

/'horruf pulliijo MartvN

Phym heterottropha Sav

Pinania forti* Carpentkr

Planorbu tumidun Pfeiffkr

Plnnorhii vermirulitrin OoDLl)

PUuroloma {Bormnia) barl'chi, sp. nov

Plfurotoma (DoUchotomn) carpenttriana Gabb.

Plturotoma (holieholoma) eooperl, sp. nov

/'Uurotoma {Bomonln) dnlli, sp. nov

Pleurotoma {Bormnia) hooreri, sp. nov

PUuroloma {Leucoin/rinx) prdroana, sp. nov. . .

S.1,

X
X
X
X
X
E
E
X
X
X
E
S
N
E
X
E
E
E
E

Pleurotoma ptrvertn Gabb X

PUuroloma (DriUin) r-naudl, sp. nov E

PUuroloma [Spirotrop'i') innilhi, sp. nov E

PUuroloma {Dolirholoma) tryoninna Gabb X

Pomaulax mh</o«u« Wooii X

Prime ortgonenai' Rkdfield X

Punrlurelln tucuHala GoDLD N

Punclurella gaUala Gould N

Purpura crinpata Chemnitz N

Purpura taxieola VALRSCiESNEa X

PyramidrUa eonica var. variegaUi Carpenter ' S

Ranflla eali/omUa SmuH X

Rituoa acuUllrata Carpenter S

Seala bellaslriata Carpenter X

Seala crebricotlala Carpenter X

Seala h'.mphilli Dall j E

Plbistockhk.

rpiH-r Snii Pedro.

Be

■va

(■

R

M

M

M
E

B
R
B
B

(

R

R

B

R
R
C

R
M
M

R

R

B

B

B

C

B

B

B

M

R

R

Iff

M

B

B

R
M

Lower
San I'cdro.

C
M

M

R
R
B
R
R
M

B
B
B

S .

,f *
0. a

a!

C
M

R
B
B
B

B
R

R

PUOCKNK.

■O B

M
M

|2

M

R

M
R
M

C
M
M

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATKiUAPHY OF SAN PEDUO.

45

Scahi hintUii Carpenter

Scala indianorum Carpknter

Scala tincta Carpenter

Sella assimilata C. B. Adams

Se.rpulorbh siiiKnniijprus Carpknter

Sigaretus debiiis Gould

Siphonalia kellellii Forbes

SolnricUa cidaris A. Ada ms

Solariella pi'ramabi/is Carpenter

Spiroglyph us IHwUa Morch

Styliferina tenulsculpla Carpenter

Taranis strongi sp. nov

Terebra (Acus) simplex Carpenter

T/idlolid caffi'd Gabb

Tornatina cerealis Gould

Tornatina culcitclla Gould

ToriuUina vxhnUi Baird

Tornatinn liarpn Dall

Triforis advcrsa Montague

Trivia californica Gra v

Trivia solandri Gray

Tritonium gibbosxis Broderip

Tro/'hoii (Boreotrophon) cerriiensis, sp. nov

Trophon (Boreotrophon) i/rarilis Perry

Trophon (Boreotrophon) rmiUicoslalus Eschscholtz.

Trophon (Boreotrophon) pedroanus, sp. uov

Trophon (Boreotrophon) scnlariformis Gould

Trophon sluarti Smith

Trophon orpheus var. precursor, var. uov

Trophon (Boreotrophon) tenuisculpta Carpenter. ..
Trophon (Boreotrophon) iriangulatus Carpenter..

Turbonilla adh'ri (Dall & Bartsch), sp. nov

Turbonilla arnoldi (Dall & Bartsch), sp. nov

Turbonilla aurantia Carpenter

Turbonilla crebrijtlata Carpenter

CB'O

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

c

X

J

E
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X

s

E
X
N
E
N
N
E
E
X
E
E
X
X

Pleistocene.

Pliocene.

Upper San Pedro.

re -^
■o «

R
R
R

M

C
C
E

M
R
R

M
R

R

R

^fc

R
R
R

R

R
R

R
M

R

R
R

uo

M

M
R

M

R

R

R

Lower
San Pedro.

»t3
13 ffl

E
E
R
R
R

E
R

M
R
E

M

E

R

E

R
R
R
C
C
E
M

R
R
E
E
R

■O.tft
0.=

2"

M
R
R

E

M

M

M

R
R

R
R

R
B

M

E
C

C
R

If.

CALIFOUNIA A(;ADKMY OK SCIENCES.

0

I'LRIBTOCRNB.

Pliocbnb.

I

'|>j>rr S«il Pedro.

Lower
San Pedro.

»

3=-

.5

0 -

"5

n

0(3

n

1^'

a

•D «
1^

TurboniUa ijilthonn CARrBNTKR

X
X
E

R

R

R
R

R

R
R

R
R

Turbonitlit ttttninatH CaRPKNTRR

Turhonilln liiti/uHdiii (Dai.i. * Baktscii), 8p. nov. ..

Turbomlla loirri (Dall A BaRTSch), up. HOT

E

R

R

R

R

TurbouUla iHuricatn Goui.i>

S
X

C

C

R
R

R

TurboniUa fxntalopha (Dall k Bartsih), gp. nov. .

X

s

C
R

C
R

R

R

K

TurlionilUi nUarntii (Dall .t Bautsch), «p. nov

TurboniUa itubruiipidala Carpk.vtkr

s

R

R

R

R

X

X

R

R

K
R

U

TurboniUa tori/uata GoDLD

TurboniUa lon/uala var. slylinn Carpknter

N

R

R

TurboniUa tridfntti Carpkntkr

N
X

M

C

R
M

M

K
C

R
C

C

TurritrUa eooprri Carpenter

c

Turrilella jtirrtti Carpf.ntkr

E

R

R

R

M

0

»
X
X

X

R

R

M

C

R

R
R

R
R

R

Voharina varia Sowerby

VolvuUi cj/lindrica Carpenter

ANTHOZOA.

CaryophyUia arnoldi Vaooh an

R

CaryophyUia cali/ornica (Vacohan), sp. nov

f

R

CaryophyUia jtrdrotntin (Vatohan), sp. nov

»

R

Paraeynlhuf /ifdrofntiA (Vacoiian), sp. nov

?

R

ECHINOIDEA.

Echinarachniu/i fxcentricttit Eschscholtz . . .

X
\

R

C

M

M

C

c

M

Strongytoc^ntrolun rranciscnnun A0AS8IZ .

Sttonyyloc^ntrotuM purpuratuM Stimpson. . .,

\

c

BRYOZOA.

Bryozoan remains

,

C

BKACHIOPODA.

hafiufun jfffrfyni Dall

N

R
B

Tertbratatia gmilhi, sp. nov

E

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAl'IlY OF SAN PEDRO.

47

SCAPHOPODA.

Cadiilux niienlior Carpenter

Dentalium indianorum Carpenter .

Dentalium hexayonum Sowerey

Dentalium pseudohexaijonum Dall

Dentalium semipolitum Broderip & Sowerey .

>
3

in ii

X

N
X

CRUSTACEA.

Balaiius concavus Bronn j X

Cancer breweri Gabb E

PISCES.
Urolophus halleri ( ?) Cooper

Pleistocene.

Pliocene.

Upper San Pedro.

a

.0*0

c

M
E

M

M

K
C

Lower
San Pedro.

as

K
M

c

B

B

E
M

M

(MA I'l' i: \i I I

'I'lir. ri'n:i: i-ijockn k and rucisTucENK KuuMATlu^' uk

OTHER IA)CA LI ri i;s OK '11! E PACIFIC COAST.

In (liscussiiifi the occiineiice of the Pleistocene deposits at other points along
the Pacific Coast it will bo necessary, in most instances, to quote the observations of
others, as the writer has visited only a few of these localities.

The writer examined a raised beach at Blakeley Point, opposite Seattle, Wash-
ington, dnrin,!,' the summer of 11)00. It consists of sandy deposits lying horizontal
upon the upturned and eroded edges of the Astoria Miocene strata. This beach and
one or two others in the same vicinity are about ten or twelve feet above the level of
Pufet Sound, showing a total thickness of about ten feet; they are of late Pleistocene
a-^e, undoubtedly later than the last ice age of that country. The following species
of marine moUusks in a rather poor state of preservation were obtained from the Point
Blakeley raised beach:

Maeoma iH<juina(a Purpura crispaia Saxidomun ardlus Tapes staviiiiea

Several deposits of a similar nature have been reported by J. P. Kimball' in
the same vicinity. Dr. Kimball is of the opinion that there has been a recent eleva-
tion of the shores of the Sound of at least twenty-five feet. This uplift has taken place
since the glacial drift was deposited in that region. Dall- reports a Pleistocene
deposit, overlying beds of Pliocene age, from thirty to forty feet above the sea, near
Bruceport, Washington.

Mr. H. W. Turner of the United States Geological Survey collected several
specimens of sandstone containing the borings and shells of Pholadidea jnidtn Conrad,
from an elevation of fifty feet above tide water, at Fort Ross, Sonoma County, Califor-
nia. Pholadidea penita not occurring previously to the Pleistocene, this evidence
shows that there has been a post-Pleistocene uplift of at least fifty feet at Fort Ross.

On the flanks of several of the little valleys draining into the Bay of San Fran-
cisco are deposits known to be of post-Pliocene age. AV^hitney describes some of
these deposits, and makes correlations which are important, if correct. He says:^

" A post-Tertiary deposit made up of beds of gravel, sand, clay, and oyster

■ Pbj<<ogr>phle OeologT of the Pngsl Sound Bula Bj J. P. Elmtell. Am. Qeol., Vol. XIX, 1897, p. 231.
> CotTcUUon P>p«ra. Neocena. B7 W. B. Dall and O. D. Harris. Ball. U. 8. Oeol. Sur. No. 84, p. 228, 1892.
' Oeologjcal SilrT«y of California. B7 J. D. Wbltnej, State Geologist. Oeology, Vol. I, p. 102, 1865.

( 48 I

AUNOLD— THE I'ALEONTOLOGY AND STKATKlKArUV OF SAN l'E];KU. 49

shells rests horizontally upon the upturned edges of the Cretaceous at several local-
ities around Benieia. These arc similar to tiie beds noticed as occurring on the
shore between Martinez and Bull's Head Point, which contain fragments of bones of
large animals and rolled Tertiary shells. Similar beds, with oysters, were observed
on San Pablo Bay between Point Pinole and the Embarcadero; at this locality the
beds containing oysters, which rest horizontally on upturned strata of the Tertiary,
are elevated twenty feet above the level of the waters of the bay. At Benieia, also,
there has been an elevation of several feet since the oyster beds were deposited.
With the shells of oysters, those of other species, all now living in the waters of the
bay, are found. These deposits evidently belong to the post-Pliocene, and they are
of the same age as the beds of gravel, with boulders of gray sandstone, containing the
bones of the mastodon and horse, which occur at Bottle Hill near Benieia."

The Pleistocene deposits on the shore of San Pablo Bay between the Union
Oil Refinery and Point Pinole have been visited by Dr. Merriam and the writer.
The deposits, which rest on the upturned edges of the San Pablo strata, consist of
horizontally bedded layers of sand, gravel, and clay. Teeth of the mammoth, and
bones of the giant sloth and extinct bison have been found in these Pleistocene layers
by Dr. Merriam. In certain places the Pleistocene layers consist almost entirely of
oyster and mussel shells.

List of Fossils from the Pleistocene Def'osits on San Pablo Bay between tub

Union Oil Refinery and Point Pinole.

Oxlrca htrida Ostrea conehaphila MylHus edulis Tagelus cali/ornianus

The character of these Pleistocene strata and of their fauna leads the writer to
correlate them with the upper San Pedro series.

Deposits of soft yellow sand resting on the Merced (Pliocene) strata in the
vicinity of Lake Merced on the San Francisco peninsula have been assigned to the
Pleistocene by Lawson' and Ashley.^ The line of demarkation between the Plio-
cene and Pleistocene at some places mentioned by these authors seems to be in doubt.
Both are agreed that there is an unconformity between the two series, and Ashley
thinks that there was a period of subaerial erosion between them.

The Pleistocene deposits mentioned by Ashley^ as occurring along the tops of
the sea-clifTs from Montara Point south are partly of fresh-water and partly of marine
origin. Those at Purissima are certainly of marine origin, for pholas borings have been
found in the old beach-line on which they were deposited. The deposits along the upper
edge of this same terrace in the vicinity of Halfmoon Bay are of fresh-water origin,
and are very recent. The Hnliotis mentioned by Ashley as occurring in these
deposits are from Indian kitchen-middens, common at many places along the Califor-
nia coast. Similar kitchen-middens near San Mateo have been reported as Quarter-
nary by the same writer.

' The Geology of the San FranciBCO Peninsula. By A. C. Lawson. 15th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1895, p. 463, tt seq.
' The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Ciuz Mountains of California. By G. H. Ashley. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd aer., Vol. V,
1895, p, 347, tt seq.

■' Op. cit., p. 319.
( ' ) September 26, 1902.

50 CAI.Il'oltNIA ACADKMY 1>F SCIliNCES.

Ill the region surniiimlini; ('arinelo Hay' uiv iiuincroiis terraces strewn with
houhlers luul pchhlos, more or less ceajented together, and in several cases witli tin;
adjoining rock surfaces sliowing horings which resenihle those of PJioladidea pcniict.
No fossils have heen found in these dep(»sits, hut Lawson helieves them to he of
Pleistocene origin. lie also helieves that there was an interruption in the Pleistocene
sedimentation, during which time erogenic movements took place. His conclusions
are hased on the linding of an unconformity between two of the terrace formations in
a section n<irth of Ahalone Point.

Kairhanks" tells of a large area of Pleistocene sediments lying west of Corrali-
tos Creek and north of the .summit of the ridge. The beds are horizontal aiul consist
of indistinctly stratilied an»l slightly consolidated sand. This sand formation reaches
a maximum thickness of about three hundred feet. Fragments of shells are found
over the surface of the deposits up to an elevation of nine hundred feet. The only
shells positively identified from the surface of the beds are:

Chiorontomn hrunnfHin Ilnliolh (f) Luuntia ffwhii Mi/titw^ cnti/oriiirua Pnrjiura CdnnVicnlata

This fauna is similar to that of the Indian kitchen-midilens found at so many
places along the coast, and it seems probable that the shells are from deposits of this
kind. Their occurrence on the surface would add weight to this theory. Another
IMeistocene area in this Point Sal district is at the head of the valley north of the
dairy, and consists of fragments of bituminous shale, and a deposit of calcium carbon-
ate containing casts of Crepkhtla riujosn and a species of Ihtrpura. Fairbanks says
these beds are similar to those of Point Loma, near San Diego, " even to the presence
on the surface of small concretionary nodules of sand cemented by iron oxide." ^

From Mallagh Landing, two miles southeast of Port Harford, to Pismo, and
from Surf to Santa Barbara the sea-cliffs are capped by deposits of sand and gravel
which are probably of Pleistocene age. No fossils were found in any of the localities
visited; but in several places, noticeably northwest of Pismo, pholas-bored pebbles
were found at the contact between the Pleistocene .sands and the underlying eroded
Miocene shale, thus showing the marine origin of the Pleistocene deposits.

Santa Barbara and Vici.nity.

The Packard's Hill deposits are the most important of the fossiliferous
beds in the immediate vicinity of Santa Barbara. Packard's Hill is a ridge
about three hundred feet in height, which begins a short distance northwest of
the western end of the beach boulevard, and extends for nearly a mile due north.
Its eastern slope is almost precipitous, and outcrops of the fossil-bearing strata are
found over the whole slope. The best outcrops, and the one from which all the fossils
were obtained by the writer, are about two-thirds of the way up the hill. The hill
consists of layers of fine, soft, light yellow sand and marl, which is hardened in places

' The Oeology of C»nDelo n»y By A. 0 L»wnon. Bull Depl. Geol., Dniv. Cal., Vol. I., p. 62, tl siq.
» The Oeology of Point Sal Bjr H, W. Falrbinlu. Boll. Dcpt. Geol., Univ. Cal., Vol. II., 1896, p. 6-8.
' Op. at., p. 8.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 51

hy flic lime IcmcIumI from shells. The dip of tho beds is nearly due sontii at an angle
of 15'-\ The liartleried strata are darker colored than the softer beds, and as a rule
are more fossiliferous. The fossils in the soft strata are very fragile, but by using
care some fine specimens may be obtained from them.

The fauna of the Packard's Hill deposits is similar to that of the upper
horizon of the San Diego formation, and is probably equivalent to that part of the
Pliocene which is missing between the Deadman Island Pliocene and the overlying
lower San Pedro series (Pleistocene). The close relation between the Pecten bellus
Conrad found in the Packard's Hill Pliocene and the Pecten hemphilli Dall of the
upper horizon in the San Diego formation is an indication of a more or less close
relation between the two formations. Pecten bellus, Terehratdlia hempldlli, Laqueus
Jeff'reij^i, and Venus perlaminosn are the most characteristic specimens found at Pack-
ard's Hill.

A bluf! nearly tliirty feet in height begins just west of the western end of the
beach boulevard at Santa Barbara, and extends southwest along the ocean. For
the first eighth of a mile, or along the edge of the first cove, the bluff consists
of rather evenly bedded, soft, brownish yellow, sandy marl, which dips S. SC^ E.
14°. Around the point one-eighth mile southwest of the bath-house the bhiflf
consists of irregularly bedded gravels and sand, which seem at some places to rest
unconformably upon the fossiliferous marl beds, although false bedding is so prevalent
in the deposits along this bluflf that any positive evidence as to the conformability of
the strata was hard to obtain. Further southwest along the coast, the gravels and
sand rest upon the upturned and eroded edges of the contorted Miocene shales. At
one place about half a mile south of the bath-house, where these Pleistocene sands
and gravels rest upon the Miocene shales, the Pleistocene deposits were impregnated
with asphaltum. In this same place a fragment of the fossiliferous sandstone, similar
to that which is found at the northern end of the bluff near the bath-house, was
fouTid in tlie Pleistocene gravels; thus giving evidence that there are two distinct
horizons in tlie Pleistocene along this bluff.

Alternating strata of sand and gravel, showing false bedding, are exposed in
the sea-cliflf east of the Santa Barbara wharf. A stratum of shell fragments was
found near the western end of this cliff, but no specific determination of the fo.ssils
could be made on account of their poor state of preservation. The strata of this bluff
are similar to, and probably contemporaneous with, the late Pleistocene strata in the
bluflf southwest of the bath-house.

MIl'ilUMA AlADKMV nl' S( IIACRS.

List ok Fossils Com.kitkd kkom tiik I'i.iocknk and I'lkistockne Formations ok

S\NT\ 1'\i:i:m:\. Cai.ifounia.

.Irwi'Ki m«' M<i HlMiS X

Adiiirlf ijrncilior CARfKNTKIl X

A mftkiiua rorrutjnia Rkbv k X

Bnlnntm contnvun Bhonn

Brta Hdirula Ooci.u X

milium imprrum Oaiiu X

milium ifHiidrildiilum OAkrKNTKR X

Bryozoa iip.(?). X

Cardium rorbu Maktyn X

CatlioMomit ijemmiiliilum Cakphntkr

Ckrynodomw Inbuliilun Baird X

Clalhurdta ronradinnn fiABii X X

Columb'lla (Attgrh) <7«M<in/)fi/a Ooi'LD. . . X
f'olumh^lln (Atlyrit) ijnwapnlii vnr. cari-

nala Hinds X

Columlxlln {Anlyru) lultrrosn Carpenter. X

Crrpidutii ndunrti SowKRBY X

Crfftiduta nnvifrlloidm NPTTALL X

I'yihnrn brantfri, sp. nor X

Dintloma, sp. (?) X

Fumii rohutlw TrasK X

OaUrHD mnmmillnrt' Brodkrip X X

lllollldin nlhidn HlNt>S X

Lacuna romparln CARPENTER X

Laqueua jrffrryn ( ?) Pa LL X

Leplothyrn harula CMi.ri-!iTr.K X

Lrplolhyra pnuciconlata Dai.l X

Lueina acutilineata Conrad X

Lurinn caii/ornirn Conrad X

Maeomn ap. {^) X

Mfinijilia anguiata Carpenter X

Mangiliainfr/oisafur.pedroana,yUT.no'V.\ X

_ o

IS

"IB

Murijiiritfi piipilla GODLD

Milramorphn intrrtit'din, sp. uov

ilodiola forniciitn CARPENTER

NiinHa mendicn GoDLii

Nalica clnum Brodkhip & Sowkrby

Ocinebra biirbarensix Ga Bit

Ocinebra lurida var. aspcra Bairii

Ocinebra perita Hinds

OdoKlomin nuri/ormis var. avellana Car-
penter

Odontomia gouldii Carpenter

Olivdla biplicala Sowekby

Panopea gtnero»a Goci.n

Pecten beUun CoNRAi

Pecten cniirinut Gould

Pecten haHalua Sowerby

Pecten jordani, sp. uov

Pecten opuntia Dall

Pododetmus macroschinma De.shavi-:.s

Protocardia cenlijiiosa Carpenter

Paephif salmonea Carpenter

Puncturella cuculata GOOLD

SlroniiytorenlrotUH pnrpuralus Stim.son.. .

Terebralnlia hemphilli Dall

Tornalina culcilelta Goold

Trophon gracilis Perry

J'ro/ihon orpheus var. pracurmr, var. uov.

Turbonilta Iridenta Carpenter

Venericardia barbarenxif Stearns

Venericardia venlricosa Gould

Venui> perlaminona Conrad

II

Si

Packard's

Hill
Plioceue.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

j

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Recognizable fossils are found only in the few beds of soft, brownish-yellow
marl at the northeastern end of the bluff we.'^t of the bath-house. The lowest strata
exposed near the bath-hou.se consist almost wholly of bryozoan remains, among which
are scattered a few shells. The bryozoan remains give place to sand in the beds a

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOdY AND STKATKiEAPHY OF SAN I'EDKO. 53

few feet above. The large shells in the strata are poorly preserved, but the smaller
fossils, especially the gastropods, are abundant and well preserved.

The fauna of the beds west of the bath-house is similar to that of the lower
San Pedro series (lower Pleistocene) of Deadman Island, and these Santa Barbara
beds are probably contemporaneous with the lower San Pedro deposit of Deadman
Island. Several nearly perfect tests of Strongylocentrotus ptirpnratus were found in
the bath-house strata, the first tests of this species that have been recorded from the
Pleistocene. Echinarachnins excentricu» was also found in the same bed. The strati-
graphic relation between the Packard's Hill and bath-house beach fossiliferous deposits
was not obtained, but the former are probably the older strata, although both may
belong to the same series and be nearly contemporaneous.

Lithologically the two beds are somewhat similar, but faunally they differ con-
siderably. The absence of Pecten hellus, TerehralaUa hbmphUli, Laqueus jeffreysi and
Pecten opuntia from the bath-house beach strata; and the absence of the two species
of echinoderms and many species of gastropods from the Packard's Hill beds, are the
noticeable differences between the two faunas.

Whitney mentions the following localities, besides those already cited, where
Pleistocene deposits were found by the State Survey: At Hill's Ranch,' about six
miles west of Santa Barbara, "the bituminous slate is covered un conformably, as at
Santa Barbara, by a heavy deposit of post-Pliocene age, which here attains a thickness
of from eighty to one hundred feet. The bituminous slates, which are highly con-
torted and turned upon edge, lie nearly on a level with the ocean; and on their
edges rests a body of soft, arenaceous, and loose gravelly materials, sometimes very
slightly consolidated, and in which are long fissures filled with asphaltum." On the
southwestern face- of Santa Barbara Island is a raised beach thirty feet above tide
level, containing marine shells, which Whitney thinks is the same formation as that
found at Santa Barbara. Near the Santa Maria River the hills of Miocene shale are
capped with horizontal post-Pliocene deposits.^

Dr. Stephen Bowers* describes the Pleistocene of Santa Rosa Island from
notes taken by Dr. L. G. Yates: "On the north side of the island, about ten miles
from the wharf, and near the mouth of Soledad Canyon, there is a fine exposure of
strata consisting of about ninety feet of post-Pliocene deposits, containing fossil bones
of vertebrates and at one place fossil Physas, at a depth of some seventy-five feet below
the surface. This deposit is horizontal and overlies strata of older rocks, probably
Pliocene, which dip 13° northeast, and contain Pectens and Turbinelias in abundance."

Judging by the fauna of the Pleistocene deposits on Santa Rosa Island, they
are probably of fresh-water origin. An elephant's tooth and other elephant remains
are reported by DalP as having been found by W. G. Blunt and Voy on Santa
Rosa Island.

Ventura. — The most striking thing in relation to the geology of the vicinity of

> aeologlcal Survey of Oatlfornla. By J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Geology, 186S, Vol. I, p. 132.

' Op. cit., p. 183.

' Op. cil., p. 137.

* ainta Rosa Island. By Rev. Stephen Bowers. Smithsonian Report. 1877, p. 317.

« Correlation Papers. Neocene. By W. H. Dall and G. D. Harris. Bull U. S. Geol. Siir., No. 84, 189-2, p. 217.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

Ventura is the jiieat (lovelopment and the lii^li elevation above sea-level nf the
Pleistocene deposits in I hat locality . The terrace on which the city is locatctl and
the hills immediately l)ack of the city are of Pleistocene orij^in. This is shown hy
tlie marine fanna collected at dilTcrcnt localities in the vicinity.

The first locality visited was alon^llic course of the oiil irrif;atin,i; ditch, which
runs at an elevation of ahout two hundred and fifty feet above sea-level on the eastern
side of the valley west of Ventura. The hills aloii,- wliicli this ditch I'lins rise to
over five hundred feet in hei<;ht, and are composed of fine, soft, yellow sandstones
which dip south at an anjile of ")0 . These sandstones were examined for ahout
one-half mile north of Ventura alonj? the ditch. This exposure represents a tliiclc-
ne&s of at least one thousand feet. Several of the strata were fossiliferoiis and
yielded a fauna similar to that of the Pleistocene of San Pedro. The upper beds, or
those nearest the ocean, contained a fauna similar to the upper San Pedro series,
while that of the beds further ilown in the series contained such species as are com-
monest in the lower San Pedro series. The lower beds were characterized by the great
abundance of Tnrritclla cooperi. An outcrop in a ravine near the new hospital on the
north side of Ventura contained a fauna similar to that of the upper beds along the ditch.

There is an exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene strata between Barlow's ranch
house, three miles east of Ventura, and a prominent point, called "The Peak," norlli
of the house. "The Peak" has an elevation of one thousand and seventy feet, ac-
cording to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The highest point at which
fossils were obtained was about two hundred and fifty feet below the summit, but the
same formation extends to the top, and probably comprises all of the sediments form-
ing the elevated ridge which lies back of Ventura from the ocean, and extends
parallel with the coast for several miles east of Ventura.

The fossiliferous strata exposed were about twenty-five feet thick, and con-
sisted of five or six layers of shells from three to nine inches in thickness, separated
by fine, soft, light yellow .sand layers. The whole series was unconsolidated, except
for local hardenings in the shell layers, and was oxidized but little. The dip of the
strata was from 30 to 40 south, which corresponded nearly to the general slope
of the main ridge, whose axis was parallel with the coast, ami of which "The
Peak" was the highest point.

The fauna collected consisted of al)Out fifty species, all of which are common
to the San Pedro series. The similarity between this fauna and that of the upper San
Pedro series, and the incoherency and lack of oxidation of the matrix, leave little
doubt as to the age of these beds. They are of Pleistocene origin, and, moreover, are
synchronous with the upper San Pedro series. Their elevation of about eight hun-
dred feet above the sea-level seems remarkable, but only confirms the theory of the
recent great elevation of the coa-st of California from San Francisco southward.

ARNOLD- THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDKO.

55

List ok Fossils Collected kkom the Plkistocene Formations in the Vicinity of

Ventura, California.

en

n 2
o

Irrigating
ditch.

n

s .
CO

Acm(sa pcHa Eschsciioltz

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X

X
X

Modiola fornkata Carpenter

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Acltf'OH ( Rirtaxls) pinirtor<.el(ttaCAHPi':ti'rv.H

X

BnlaiiHS concavxis Bronn

X

Nussa poTpiuouis Hinds

X

Neverita recluziana Petit

Neverita recluziana var. alta Dall

Ocinebra lurida var. (tspcra Bairu

Odostojtiia nouldii Carpenter

X

Cadtilus nilentior Carpenter

Cancellaria Irilonidea Gabb

Ohione succinrtn Valenciennes

X
X

Odosto/nia nurlformis var. avfllana Car-

X

Odostotnia t^'iinis Carpenter

Olivella hipllcata Sowerbv

X

Columhella ( Astyr'ix) (jau.sapata Gould. ..

Coluinhi'lla ( Astyris) i/niisapnta var. r(tri-

nnta Hinds

X

Olivella inlorfa Carpenter

X

Crepidula aduiica Sowerby

Cryptomya californka Conrad

Pecten latiauritus var. monoiimeris Conram

X

Cylkhna alba Brown

Denlalinm htxaijonum Sowerry

Plcuroiomn caTpenicricnui Gabb,

X

PurpuTct saxicolci Valenciennes. ..

X

Donax hnvirjata Deshayes

Ri^^nn (icutcUrntd CARPENTER

X

iJriUia hemphilli Stearns

Dritlia inerinis Hinds

X

Drillia mcrmis var. pcnkillala Carpenter

Srala tinria Carpenter

Echiiiarnchnius cxccntricus Escii.schoi.tz. .

Mil lima micans Carpenter

TtrchTO, simplex Carpenter

Jiulinia haslata Sowerby

Lacuna compacta Carpenter

Litlorina snituluta Godld

X

Macoma nimula Conrad

Ttirboiiilla laminafa Carpenter. ,

Turbonilla, four sp. ( ? )

Maclra catilli/ormis Conrad

Manii'ilia aiir/ulata CARPENTER

Matujilla sp. (?)

Watts and Cooper give lists of fossils from several localities in Santa Barbara,
Vcntuni and Los Angeles counties' which suggest the Pleistocene age of the deposits

, > The Gas and Petroleum Yielding Formations of the Central Valley of California. By W. L. Watts. Bull. Cal. State Mining
Bureau, No. 3, 18il4.

Lists of Fossils Identified by Dr. J. G. Cooper. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura, and Santa Barbara
counties. By W. L. Watts. Bull Cal. State Mining Bureau, No. 11, 1897, pp. 79-87.

0(j CALIFOUNIA Ai ADLXIV Ml' .Si 1 l.Nc lUS.

from wliioli the fitssils were taken. The faunas are fienerally so small, aii<l llic strati-
graphie notes so incomplete, tiiat it is not possible to make any definite correlations
between these deposits and the iJilTi'rent horizons of the San IVilro series.

Port Z(*s Aiitjdci^. The writer lias obtained the foUowinj;' species from a hard,
sjuuly stratum underlying more than a hundred feet of soft, sandy deposits in the mouth
of the canyon at the end of the large wharf at Port Los Angeles, near Santa Monica:

Atlyris giiutni'iita (Hivrlln lii/ilicnta I'l' uroluma pervirim

lirla iiineUt-monicir Olivrlla inlorta Tii/hh ulaminea

milium (upr rum Oatren liiriiia (1) Turrilrlla cooperi

Xa.via mrntliea vnr. coo/irri Pitania forii* Trophon scalariformls

.YoAiKi prr/iinijuiji I'lruroloma carpenleriana Vcncricardia vcntricoim
^t vtrila recluziaita

The stnitum from which the above fossils were obtained is probably Pleisto-
cene, corresponding to the lower Han Pedro series of Deadman Island, for lithologically
and faunally the strata are quite similar. The overlying beds are soft and unfo.ssilifer-
ous, and lie slightly unconformably on the lower fossiliferous stratum; and although
thev contain no fossils, still, from lithological and stratigrapiiical reasons, it is i)robable
that they are etjuivalent to the upper San Pedro deposits. These Pleistocene strata ex-
tend down the coast from the great wharf to about one-half mile below Santa Monica.

San Clcmente Island. — The post-Pliocene deposits of San Clemente Island are
small. W. S. T. Smith' says that they consist of fine sand and rolled pebbles, and
have a maximum thickne-ss of only ten feet. Lucina californica is the only fossil
shell reported from these deposits.

Ncioport. — Much of the coast line from Long Beach to San Diego consists of
more or less elevated deposits of Pleistocene age. Deposits of Pleistocene age have
been examined by W. L. Watts in the vicinity of Newport, (Grange county.- About
a mile north of the town of Newport is a formation of .soft .sandstone and yellowish
clay-shale, with layers of hard calcareous strata, and some strata which appear to be
made up largely of diatomaceous material. These deposits contain the following
species, which have been identified by Dr. J. C. Meniam:

Anomin lampr Crucibulum spinosutn Plaruiianomia macroHckisnin

Cartliitm panamfnfe[=iC. procertim] Macoma inquinrxla I'omaiilax undosits

f'hionr nmiliima ycvrrila rrciuziatia Tapes .sta7ninfa

Chione miccinrla Peelen (cqnimilratus [/=/'. vcntriromix] Zirphaa crispala [r=Z. dalihi]

The fauna given above shows that this deposit is equivalent to the upper San
Pedro series.

The oil-sand and .sandstone west of the inner bay at Newport contain the
following species:^

Billium ruptriim • Macoma iiiijuinata Olivella bipliratn

Bryozoan remains Monoceroi emjonalum Prtrirola rardiloUUs

Crrpiilnia a'lunca Sasna/osnata Tapes sliiminia

Lucina californica Xasta perplnguis

This fauna corresponds to that of tlie up|)er San Pedro series, although no
definite relation can be established, owing to the lack of characteristic fossils.

< A Oeologtcal Sketch of 9an Clemenle Island. Br W. 3. T. Smith. 181b Ann. Bept. U. S. Oeol. Sur., Part II., 1S98, p. 49'i. *
» Oil and Oa« Yielding Formations o( California Bjr W, L. WatUi. Bnll. Cal. State Mining Bureau, No. 19, 19U0, pp. 01 aud 223.
* Op. ciL. p. 233.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO 57

Sail Junn Cnpidrano.—The following fossils were taken from a sliallow well at Ban
Juan C'ajiistrano, in which were also found a tusk and some of the bones of a raastodon:'

Area (cf.) sitlicosln A^aiica ciaiisa 'I'urrll'lla coopuri

Crepidula excavata Osirea (?) Vcnericardiaborealis[=V. vinlriro^a}

Nassa mtndka Leda ( ?) Vola ( ?)

Dr. Merriam is of the opinion that these fossils are of Pliocene age — an opin-
ion borne out by the similarity of this fauna to that of the Deadman Island Pliocene.

At Bell Station, on the Los Angeles Terminal Railway in Los Angeles County,
the following fossils were obtained from a well at a depth of between 920
and 1,320 feet.'

Amiantja callosa Mijui-fUa (aff.) .i/m/i/rx [= Terr- OliocUa ba:tica [=0. pedroaua]

Echinarachniax cxcenlricus bra id.] li(t:ta undulala

Macoma na.futa LiinaUa Icirisil Tornalella (?)

This is an upper San Pedro fauna, and its occurrence at such a great depth

has much significance in showing the great amount of sedimentation that has taken

place in the region between Los Angeles and the ocean since the deposition of the

San Pedro series.

San Diego and Vicinity.^

The Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of San Diego are similar to those of San
Pedro, and the geologic history of the two regions has been nearly the same.
During the Pliocene epoch the region now occupied by San Diego Bay and vicinity
was a great basin in which coarse gravels and fine sands were deposited. The earlier
sediments, which are now exposed along the northern portion of the San Diego mesa,
consist of thick deposits of incoherent coarse gravels, while the later deposits are
made up of plainly bedded yellow sandstones. After the deposition of these layers,
there was an interruption of sedimentation, which was followed during Pleistocene
times by an inundation and deposition of fossiliferous gravels and sands over nuich of
the San Diego region.

Pacific Beach — Pliocene. — The best exposure of the Pliocene is found at
Pacific Beach, on the coast ten miles north of San Diego. A perpendicular bluff,
varying in height from four feet at Ocean Front to over sixty feet one mile north,
forms the coast line of Pacific Beach. This bluff is composed of brownish yellow
sandstones of Pliocene age, which dip gently toward the south, and di.sappear succes-
sively beneath the beach as one approaches Ocean Front from the north. The total
thickness of the strata exposed is about two hundred feet. The upper one luindred
feet are fossiliferous, while the lower layers are devoid of fossils. The unfossiliferous
sandstone rests upon coarse incoherent gravels of uidviiown thickness.

There appear to be two quite distinct horizons in the fossiliferous section of
the Pacific Beach Pliocene. Stratigraphically no distinction can be made, as the
whole series of strata rest conformably upon one another, but faunally there is

I Op. ci(.. pp. 59 and 222. ^Op. cit.. p 223.

3 The late Tertiary and Pleistocene formations in the vicinity of S.in Diego are mentioned in the following papers;

Distribution of California Tertiary Fossils. By W. H, Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. I. 1879. pp. 2li-:i0.
North .American Tertiary Horizons. By W. H. Dall. 18th .\nn. Rept. V. S. Geol. Snr.. Part II, 1898, p. 335.
, Geology of San Diego County; also of portions of Orange and San Bernardino Counties. By H. W. Fairbanks. Uth Ann. Rept.
Cal Stale Mineralogist, 1893, pp. 7(>-120.
( 8 ) September 27, 1902.

58 lAUFUKMA AlAlH-MV dl Si IKNfKS.

iiuicli iliffereuce between the two horizons. Tlie lower fo-ssiliferoii.s strata are distin-
■^nislied by I^eclen e.rjxiuaJDi, /'cr/cn titennixii, 0/nj/in anomulii, and Opalia vnricostata,
/'ectcn e.ij)itii!iiis beiiij; very nnmeroiis. Tlie upper l)eds liave few Pecien expaiisus,
but are characterized l)y /\-clcu hetnjihilli, wliieli eoin|)letely replaces the Pecien
sltarttsii of the lower layers. /uhinarnchnius excentricKK ami CrcpUhiln (jrnndis are
also common in the npper layers.

The serii's of IMioecne .strata exposed at I'aeilic Hcaeii lias been nanud tlie
Sail Diejio forination by Dall,' who plaees it below the IMereed forinatioii. At aimtber
place in this paper the writir liriiii^s forward reasons for placing the San J)iego lonii-
ation above the Merced. Besides the reasons given at that place (page 17) there
is other evidonee showiiii; that the San Diego formation is part of the latest Pliocene.
This is the occurrence in it of h'c/iiiiarnchnius edcc)i(ricHt>. This species of echinoderin
is not found in the Merced series or in any of the underlying formations, .so far as
known, but is found in llic lower San Pedro series (lowest Pleistocene) ami inalloflbe
succeeding formations, and is still living. Considering the short geologic range
usually covered by species of echinoderms, this evidence strongly favors the theory
that the San Diego forination is at the top of the Pliocene, and probably takes in a
part of the lower San Pedro series.

The lithologic and stratigraphic similarity of the San Diego formation to the
Deadman Island Pliocene is marked. Both consist of rather fine, brownish yellow
sand strata only moderately consolidated, except locally, with low dip, and showing
the effect of only a slight movement since their deposition. Both formations are
overlain unconformably by strata of Pleistocene origin. The fauna! aspects of the
two formations are somewhat different. Pcclen expnnsHs of the San Diego formation
replaces Pccicn cnurinus, which is abundant in the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and
numerous species are found in the Deadman Island Pliocene which do not occur in
the Pacific Beach Pliocene deposits. Pecten stearnsii is common to both formations,
and as its geologic range is very limited, it is strong evidence of the contemporaneity
of the two formations. Correlating more accurately, the Deadman Island Pliocene
is probably contemporaneous with the lower (Pliocene) horizon at Pacific Beach, for
Pecten stearnsii is limited to that horizon in the San Diego formation, so far as is known.

Pacific Bench — Pleistocene. — The upper six to ten feet of the Pacific Beach
IdiifT is composed of a gravel and sand formation which rests unconformably upon
the Pliocene strata. The line of demarkation between the Pliocene and the npper
Pleistocene formation is generally distinct, as the lower layer of the Pleistocene is of
coarse, fossiliferous gravel, while the underlying Pliocene strata are of fine sand.
Well preserved fossils are found at many points in this Pleistocene layer along Pacific
Beach, while at other places in the .same stratum the fossils are so brittle that it is im-
possible to remove them from the soft matrix. The fauna of this Pleistocene stratum
is very similar to that of the upper San Pedro deposits exposed at the north point of
the San Pedro bluff. The break between the faunas of the Pacific Beach Pliocene
and the overlying Pleistocene is much greater than that between the Deadman
Island Pliocene and its overlying Pleistocene (lower San Pedro series) layer. •

> North AnMrtcmn TertUry HorUona. Bj V. B. DM. 18tb Ann. Sept. U. S. Geol. Snrrsy, Put U, 18B8, p. 335.

ARNOLD — THK PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIQKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 59

San Diego Mesa — Pliocene. — The San Diego mesa is composed of Pliocene
strata. Outcrops of the soft yellow and brown Pliocene sandstone occur in many
places in the northern part of the city. A good exposure is found at the north end
of Tenth street, a short distance northwest of tiie Russ school, where a cut on both
sides of a small ravine reveals a section of the Pliocene about fifty feet thick. This
exposure is only about two hundred feet north of the "San Diego well," which was
dug about twenty years ago, and which has become famous through the discussion
of the age of the fossils which were taken from it. Mr. Hemphill, who obtained the
fossils from this well during its excavation, informed the writer that fossiliferous strata
were penetrated to a depth of one hundred and forty-nine feet. As the exposure of
the San Diego formation above the mouth of the well is fifty feet thick, the fossil-
bearing strata of the Pliocene formation of the San Diego mesa are at least two hun-
dred feet in thickness. The dip of the strata above the well is south, or toward the
bay, at an angle of eight or ten degrees.

Twenty-sixth Street — Pleistocene. — A blufi about eighteen feet high rises frum
the edge of the bay at the foot of Twenty-sixth street, San Diego, and extends for
two or three blocks both toward the east and toward the west from Twenty-sixth
street, forming the shore line along this part of the bay. At the base of this bluff,
and covered by the water at high tide is a stratum six inches thick made up almost
entirely of the upper valves of Anomia limatula. No right valves were found in this
deposit, and this species seemed to be restricted to this layer. A stratum of fine,
yellow fossiliferous sand, four or five feet thick, rests upon the Anomia beds; and
above the fossiliferous bed is about twelve feet of fine brown sand, overlain by sandy
soil. Dosinia ponderosa, Callista neiocomhiana, Mactra calif ornica, and Cardium pro-
cerurn are the predominating species in the yellow sand stratum. The fauna of this
locality is equivalent to that of the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro.

S_panish Bight — Pleistocene. — The Coronado peninsula is a long, low, narrow
sand-spit lying between San Diego Bay and the ocean. Near its western end is a
small inlet on the bay side, known as Spanish Bight. The western shore-line of this
inlet is a blutl' varying in height from twelve to eighteen feet, while the stratum at
the base of the bluff forms the beach, and is covered by the water at high tide. This
lowest layer is composed of a firm, fine brown sand in which are imbedded numerous
large Amiantis callosa, which have the appearance of living shells, so naturally do
they lie on the sand. An attempt to remove them, however, dispels the delusion, for
in most cases they are quite firmly imbedded in the sand layer.

There are three feet of fine, soft, unfossiliferous gray sand above the Amiantis
layer, and this is overlain by a deposit, varying in thickness from three to five feet, of
soft gray sand, which is very fossiliferous near its base and gradually grades into
the almost unfossiliferous gray sand a few feet above. About twelve feet from the
base of the bluff is a layer from three to six inches thick containing numerous Donax
laevigata cemented together. This Donax layer is the uj^permost fossiliferous stratum^
the bluff above this being composed of unfossiliferous sands. The fauna of the
Spanish Bight deposits is similar to that of the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos,
and the deposits are probably of contemporaneous origin.

60

CAI.IFmiNIA ACADKMY OV SCIKNCES.

List ok Fossils Coi-i.kctki> kkom tiik I'liouknk ani> I'lkihtooknk I'okmations ok

San DiKiio, Cai.ikoknia.

l'Lr.lST<K*RNK.

AciHita innfiuui HiNDS.

Afmita ptUa Ei.H<-ii,soiioi.T/.

Arlitou Irwikii Stkarn'H

ArUton ( Hietax'u) punclortetaln CakpkntkR

AminHtii caliona Coskai>

A ittphiMa vrr$irolor Dai.L

A nomia tnmju- (iRAY

Anoinia Umnlulii Dall

Ailarlt braHUfri, sp. nov

Bnlnnun (onravii* Bronn

Bittium ivp'rum Ga bb

Bittium ioilliam»oni, sp. unv

Cadului nilentior Carpenter

Calliila newromhiaiin Gabb

CaHiottoma eanaliculatum Mabtyn

CaWotloma coitatum Mabtvn

Cttllio»toma grmmulnlum CaRPENTRr

Callumtoma tricolor Gabb

Cancer, sp. indet

Cardium pror-rum Sowerby....

Cardium gundrigettarium Conrad

Ctrithidra enli/omica Haldem ANN

Chione Jlwli/ragn Sowerby . . . .

Chione nimillima Sowerby

Chione $ucrinela Valenciennes

Chtorottoma funebraU A. Adams

Ckloro'lomn gnlltna Forbes

Chlorottoma monlercyi Kiener

Clidiophora punctata Conra d

Clypidelln bimarulnta Dall

Columbella f^toput) chrymlloiden Carpenter

Columbtlla ( Aftyrit) gautapala GocLD

Columbrlla (Aflyrlt) gawniinlrj YaT. rarinnin Hinds.

Columhella (Aflyrit) tubrrosa Cabpkster

Convf ralifornii-uM Hinds ,

0 «;

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

an

•55

u to

££ j

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

CB li

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

Gl

Pleistocene.

Pliocene.

•8

'1%

am
■Si'-

so

Cooperella subdiaphana Carpe.ntkr

Corbula lutfola CARPENTER

X

X
X

X

X
X
X
X

X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

Crrpiduht adnnr.a SowERBY

' 'repidula grandls Middendorf ....

Crepidiila omjx Sowerby

f'rHcihuliim spinosum Sowerby

Oryptomi/a calif or iiica Conrad

CijUi-hnn alba Brown

Delphinoklea coronadofiisii, sp. iiov

Dentalium hexaijonum Sowerby

X

Denlalium psp.udohp.xafionnm Dall

Diplodonta orbHla Goui.D

Diplodonta serrirata Reeve

Donax keviqata Deshayes

Dosinia ponderosa Gray

Drillia caneellata Carpenter. ... ...

Drillia hemphiUi Stearns

Drillia iiicisa Carpenter

Drillia inermm Hind.s

Drillia inermis var. penii-illata Carpenter . . .

Echinarachnius cxcentricus Eschscholtz..

X

Eulima hastata Sowerby

Eulima micans Carpenter

EupUura muriciformis Broderip

Fismrella volcano Reeve..

Qhjcijmeris barbaremin Conrad

Haliotis falgcm Phimpp i

Ilipponyx cranioides Carpenter

Htpponyx tumciis Carpenter

Keltia laperousii Deshayes

Ltfvieardium subatrialiim Conrad

Lacuna compacta Carpenter

Lacuna solidula (LovBN) Carpenter

Lamellaria stcarnsil Dall

Leda hamata Carpenter

Lcda taphria Dall

Litlorina scutulata GooLD

Lucina acutilineata Conrad

i")2

CAI.lloliMA AiADDMV Ol" SCIKNCKS.

LHrina eali/omim Co!iR*l>

LueiHU nMllalli Cos Kv i ■

Lurina IrHuinrulpta Cari'KNTHU

.Vaeoma inilrnlaln CARrENTKR

Maeoma iHiiiiinala DiwilA yks

Maeoma ntuuta Conrad

Muroma nwnila var. kehtyi Dai.i

Maroma utrtu CoNRAli

Maroma yoldiformin CARPENTER

Marira rnli/ornira Conrad

Mitflra (Spinula) ralilli/ormi' Conrad

MarlrH rxoUla Gray

Mnrlrii (Spii>iila)/ali-ala Oodld

Miin-jilia anyiilnla Carpenter

Manijilia nlriona C. B. Adams..

MflampHu olivareu* Carpenter

.)fttiit alia Conrad

Modiota rrrta Conrad

MottortrOK /•ntjonntum Conrad

Mur'X ( Pirrohyli') nuUalli Conrad

.iViuaa rali/orniana Conrad

yoAia crrrilrnnt, sp. noT

Satfa/omiala GoOLD

Swuia mnidii-n OoPLO

Noma mmdira Vftr. rooprr! FoRBE.'* . .

Xcuua prrpimiui' Hinds

Ntwa tegula Reeve

yrverita reeluzinna PrriT

Norruia norrvai Sowerbv

Nucula fupranlriala Carpenter

Ocintbra inUr/oMtt Carpenter

Oe'mfhra lurida Middendorp

Orinrbra pouUoni NuTTaLI

Oeinrbra ptrila HlNoe

Odoilomia nuciformi* tax. avilana Carpenter

Odoilomia Unuif Carpenter

Olivtlla biplicata Sow erby

OUaetla iatorta Carpenter

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

I'LKIHTOCH

M

I'l.lOCRNK.

II

It

Pacific
Brach.

Pacific
Beach.

§1

«

X

\

X

\

'^ i

X

X

X

X

X

ARNOLD -THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

63

Otivclla piidroana Conrad

Opalia anomnta Stearns

Opalia varicostala Stkarns

(Islna liirida Carpentkr

Oslrea veatchi (?) Gabk

Pectin cxpaiisus Dali

I'crtai haslnlus Sowerby

/', lirii hi mphilli Dai.l

Pe.clen hericeus Goold

Pecten latiauritus Conrad

Pexlen lalinurilus var. monothmrk Conrad.

Pcrfin opitntht. Dai, I

Pecten slearnitii Da ll

Pecten subventricosus Dai.l

Pecten venlricosus Sowkbby

Periptoma argentaria Conra u

J'elricola carditoidcs Conrad

Phasianella compta GodLD

Pisania fortis Carpenter

Pleuroloma carpenleriana Gabb

Pododesmus macroschisma Desha yes

Poinnulax tmdosus Wood

Pteronotus feslivus Hinds

Purpura crispata Chemnitz

Ranella cali/ornka Hinds

SaxidomuK arrifun Goui.D

Scala crebricoslata Carpenter

Scala tincla Carpenter

Semele decisa Conrad

Semele pulrhra Sowerby

Serpulorbis squamigerus Carpenter

Siliqua lucida CoNRAD

Siliqtia patula var. nuttalti Conrad

Siphonalia kelleltii Forbes

Solcn rosaceus Carpenter

Strongyloccntrotus purpuratus

Tagelus californianus Conrad

Tapes slamiiiea Conrad

X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

PI.BISTOCEHE.

If

Pacific
Beach.

X

X

X

K,

X

1 X

X

PLIOCENE.

o a

CUfQ

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

as

f)4

I'AI.IKOltNIA A( ADKMY OF SCIKNC'ES.

Tapti Imrrriinn Cartkntkk

Trllina bodfijmtu Hl.vi>s

Trrrhrn nimplrx CaRCKNtkh

Tirrin erns»nttUoiilr» L'ONRAD

Tornnlina crrtalu Goui.D

Tornnlinn eulcitrUn Gould

Tornntinn hurpti Dai.L

TrtHUA Hiillatli CoNRAii

Turrihlln rooprri Carpkntkh

TurboHilln ((our spocics). .

VitriHtUn, gp. iudct

Y rnf-rictirdin vnitriroxn (?) GooLD.

Votrnrina vnrin Sowerby

Vo(culn cylindrirn Carpentkr

Yohlia rooprri Oabb

I'LBISTOCBNK.

°s

•S-

^*

wt

1"-

S u

H

,«•"

a. to

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X

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Chapter ITT.

FAUNA L RELATIONS

1. Pliocene.

Tlie fauna of the Deadman Island Pliocene strata is somewhat similar to the
fauna which is now living in the waters only a short distance oflfshore from San
Pedro. Dredging' has shown this, and has also shown that the sediments now being
deposited off San Pedro are similar to those which make the strata of the Deadman
Island and Timm's Point Pliocene. The Pliocene strata consist for the most part of
rather fine clayey brown sand which has its counterpart in the fine sand and mud
now being deposited off shore from San Pedro. The Pliocene fauna, although quite
similar to the fauna now living off San Pedro, still has many species which are found
living only north of that place. To state it more precisely, 18.5 per cent, of the
species found in the Deadman Island Pliocene fauna are found living now only to
the north of San Pedro. Many of these northern species are limited in range to the
boreal waters north of the Puget Sound district. The occurrence in large
numbers in the Deadman Island Pliocene of Pecten caurinu^, Panomya ampla,
Thyadra bisedu, Pecten hericeus, Lucina acutilineata, Natica clausa, several species
of Trophon, and other boreal and subboreaL forms, leads to the conclusion that the
strata in which they occur were deposited in water probably much colder than that
which is found offshore from San Pedro at the present time. The species found fossil
in the Deadman Island Pliocene, and still living at San Pedro, also offer evidence
of the northern climatic conditions during later Pliocene times. Of the species
living at San Pedro at the present time, and found fossil in the Pliocene, nearly all
are more common toward the north. In fact, San Pedro is the southern limit of the
known range of many of the species. Boreal or subboreal conditions so near the
shore imply more or less similar climatic conditions on the land, at least near the
ocean. This being the case, it is more than probable that during the latter part of
the Pliocene epoch the climate was much colder on the coast of Southern California
than it is at the present time.

> During the summer of 1901 dredging was carried on In the waters adjacent to San Pedro, Catalina Island, and San Diego, by a
party of zoologists under the supervision of Dr. W. E. Ritter, of the University of California. The information obtained by the party was
very important, and tiiat regarding the mollusca was esptrially so to the conchologista and paleontologists of this coast, as it extended the
known sontliern range of many species heretofore known only north of San Pedro. To Professor Raymond, who had charge of the mollusca
obtained, and to Mrs. Oldroyd, who assisted in the classification of the same, the writer is indebted for much of the information regarding
the ofTshore fauna near San Pedro.

( 9 ) (651 June to, 1903.

G6 CALIFOllNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

2. Pi.EISTOCENR.

The Lower San Pedro Serie». — The lower Snii Pedro strata of Dcadman
Island and the San Pedro liliilTs were deposited in water sliallower than that in which
most of tlie iinderlyinu Pliocene strata were laid tlown. The sediments and fauna of
the lower San Pedro deposits show this. The sediments consist for the most part of
medium jjrained jrray sands such as are beinj; deposited at the ])resent time in about
ten to twenty fathoms of water olT the San Pedro shore-line. The occurrence in the
lower San Pedro deposits of many s]H'cies which live only between tides also offers
evidence of their close in-shore deposition. The fauna of the lower San Pedro series
is one of transition bctwe«'n the bureal or subboreal fauna of the later Pliocene and
the semitropical fauna of the upper San Pedro series. Two causes account for this.
First, the deposits beinj^ laid down in shallower water than that in which the Pliocene
sediments were deposited would necessarily contain fewer of the colder, deeper water
forms of the Pliocene; and second, the cold climatic conditions prevalent during the
later Pliocene epoch were giving place to a warmer climate, which had its effect
upon the boreal species which inhabited the water off San Pedro during Pliocene times.

The species found in the lower San Pedro deposits and now found living only
north of San Pedro comprise 17.4 per cent, of the lower San Pedro fauna. This
percentage is only a little lower than that of the northern species found in the Plio-
cene (the latter being 18.5 per cent.), and shows, considering the fact that the lower
San Pedro beds were deposited in shallower water than that in which the Pliocene
was laid down, that the climatic conditions had changed but little during the period
intervening between the deposition of the Pliocene and lower San Pedro series. The
evidence offered by several species (3.4 per cent, of the entire lower San Pedro
fauna) which are found in the lower San Pedro series, but are now found living only
south of San Pedro, shows, however, that the conditions of temperature were changing.

Besides the distinctly northern forms which either disappear or become scarce
in the period between the Pliocene and lower San Pedro series, there are many
species best suited for northern conditions which become rare in the lower San Pedro
series, while species best suited for southern conditions begin to increase in num-
bers. All of the evidence shows that climatic conditions were changing from boreal
towards tropical during the time of the deposition of the lower San Pedro series.
That the boreal conditions still preponderated during this period, however, is shown
by the fauna of the lower San Pedro.

The Upper Son Pedro Series. — The deposits of the upper San Pedro scries
consist of coarse gravels, and sands which show alternating dune and water bedding;
and the rapidly changing conditions under which the deposits were laid down is evi-
denced by their variation. The fauna of the upper San Pedro series is southern in
character, and, as would be expected, approaches more nearly the present living
fauna of the San Pedro region. Being deposited in shallower water than either the
Pliocene or lower San Pedro deposits, one would expect it to contain fewer of the
cold water species and more of the species found only between tides and in the warm

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGRAPHY OP SAN PEDRO. 67

waters of tlic lagoons. Sucli is the case, but it is a noticeable fact that in the upper
San Pedro fauna 14.2 per cent, are species which are found living at the present time
only south of San Pedro. Not only is this true, but of the species in the upper San
Pedro fauna which are now living at San Pedro a large number are best suited for
southern conditions.

Although 6.1 per cent, of the upper San Pedro fauna are found now living
only north of San Pedro, these northern sjiecies are only very rarely found in the
upper San Pedro deposits. On the other baud, not only are most of the southern
forms common in the upper San Pedro series, but the whole fauna has a semitropical
aspect. Such species as Cardium elatum, Area lahlata, Pecten dentatus, Mactra
exoleta, Venus gnidia, Murex leeanus, Eupleura vvuriciformis, Cancellaria tritrmidea,
and Bulla pundulata give this fauna its tropical character. The evidence offered by
the southern forms outweighs the evidence of the northern species in another respect,
for it would require a great change in climate from the conditions prevalent during
later Pliocene times to cause these southern species to migrate northward to the San
Pedro region; while this same change in climate would not so visibly affect the
northern species, for they could simply migrate into deep water, where the conditions
would more nearly approximate the boreal. This latter has been the case with such
species as Lucina acutilineata, C'hrysodomus tahulatus, Solariella cidaris and Solariella
jjei-amahilix, which now inhabit northern waters, near shore, but which have been
dredged in the deep water between Catalina Island and the mainland.

The evidence offered by the upper San Pedro fauna leads to the conclusion
that semitropical conditions prevailed during the deposition of this formation.
The similarity of the fauna of these beds with that now living at San Pedro and the
adjacent coast makes it probable that the conditions, although more tropical than those
of the present time, were not extremely tropical.

3. Relation of the Late Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Living Faunas of

California to the Fauna of Japan.

Great similarity exists between the late Tertiary and Pleistocene marine in-
vertebrate fauna of Japan and that of the western coast of the United States. This
similarity is shown by a comparison of the species found in the uppermost Tertiary
deposits in the region about Tokio and the species found in beds of similar age along
the Pacific coast of North America.

Dr. Brauns' has described some of the formations in the vicinity of Tokio, and
has given lists and descriptions of the fo.ssils found in these formations. Dr. Brauns
thinks that the deposits he has examined are of the uppermost Tertiary. His lists of
fossils lead to that conclusion, if one compares them with the fauna of the later Plio-
cene of California. Many of the Japanese species have counterparts in species found
in the San Pedro deposits. Such species, for example, as LucAna borealis, Cylichna
cijlindracea, and Pecten yessoensis are closely related, if not identical, with the west

' Geology of the Environs of Tokio. By Dsvid Brauna. Mem. Sci. Dept. Univ. of Tokio, No. 4, 1881, pp. 27, 51.

68 CALIFORNIA ACADKMV OF Kl'IENCES.

Amcrienn species, Lncinn ntnitUiucntn, Ci/lichiia itlbu, and Puden cnurinns. There
lire luaiiy such cases of the simihirity of species, ami in a few instances identical
species have been found which are common fo the two regions. The following species
are fonnd in Hr. Hnuins' list of upper Tertiary fossils from Ojai, near ToUin, which
are also fouml in the Saii Pcflro deposits:

List of Fossils fkom O.iai, wiikii aiuc Founh in xnK San Piinuo Dicposits.

Cardiiim eolifomiente [^ C. rorliin] Krilht xuhorhieuhirh J'anopia rjtniro»a

Crrfiiduln nriilriiln Macomii mixiilfi Tnnux nullnlli

Among the species now fonnd living in Japan, and on the west American
coast, anil also fonnd in the San Pedro deposits, are the following:'

List ok Livinq Species Common to Japan and the West Coast of North America,
WHICH akk Found in the San PiCDito Deposits.

Cardium rorhio Macoma naniila SurKjuinolaria nuUalU

Crfpiduln ijrandin Macoma srcta Siphonnlia kelli'tlii

Cryplorhiton itUUtri Mylilus rdutis Trcmis nuttalli

Drnlntium h'xaijonum Natica clauita Tapes slaminea

Drillia iiiTmu PecO-n herlcfus TcUina bodegcnuh

Lrplothyra carpenter! Purpura crixpala Trilonium ( ^= Prifne ) oregonrnniit

Macoma rdulU Panopea generosa Trophon orphi'iix (= T . atuarli (^.) )

Macoma inquinala Pododeamua macroschisma

The living fannas of the Japanese and west American coasts, thongh having
many species in common, are not as closely related as are the upper Tertiary and
Pleistocene faunas of the same regions. This has been brought about in two ways.
First, the more or less close connection between the two regions, which existed in
late Tertiary and early Pleistocene times, has been l)roken; and second, southern
species from the warm China seas have migrated northward and mingled with the
Japanese early Pleistocene species, while Panama species have come northward
during the upper San Pedro time and changed the aspect of the fauna of the west coast
of North America. Those species which Japan and the west coast of North America
have in common are either circumboreal or are forms which have changed little since
the habitats of the two faunas were similar and connected; those species which differ
but slightly have in many cases made this change since the connection was broken;
and many of the forms which occur in each fauna, and which have no counterpart in
the other, have come into these faunas in comparatively recent times.

An interesting example of the migration which took place between Japan and
western North America is offered by the genus Halioth. This genus is of Asiatic
origin, but it migrated to the northern American coast during late Pliocene or early
Pleistocene times. This is shown by the absence of this species from any of the pre-
Pleistoceue formations along this coast. Only two fossil Halioiidai have been found
on this coast, one being taken from the upper San Pedro (Pleistocene) gravel of

> TbU lint Is compiled from tb* followliii! papers :
Molluaks of Weitern North America. By P. P. C&rpenler. Smllheonlan Miscellaneous Collectioas, No. 252, 1872.
CaUlogae of Csllforals Fossils. B; J. O. Cooper. Ttb Aon. Kept. Cal. SUte Mineralogist, 1888.

ARNOLD — THK PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 69

Deadman Island, and the other from tlie Pleistocene (upper San Pedro series) at
.Spiuiish Bight, San Diego. The nearly total absence of this species from even the
Pleistocene deposits is accounted for by the lengtli of time it would take the species
to migrate to the California coast from Alaskan waters, where it first reached the
American shore during Pliocene or early Pleistocene times. This scarcity of the
Halioiidfe, which are so common in the living fauna, in even the upper San Pedro
deposits, is more evidence in favor of the theory that a long period of time has elapsed
since the deposition of the upper San Pedro series.

Dr. J. P. Smith explains the phenomena of the similarity of the late Tertiary
and early Pleistocene fauna, and the somewhat similar, though diverging, living faunas
in this way: during Tertiary time there was an elevation of the submarine shelf
which follows the line of the Aleutian Islands. This elevation made possible the
intermigration of many species which otherwise never could have crossed the abyssal
gap which now separates the northwestern American and Japanese regions. After
the elevation of this shelf it remained in a more or less constant position for some
time, and then became deeply submerged again, with a consequent breaking of the
fauna! connection between tiie two regions.

From the evidence brought forward in this paper, it has been seen that the
late Pliocene and early Pleistocene was a period of the southward extension of boreal
conditions on the west American coast; it would, therefore, be natural to infer that
approximately the same conditions prevalent on the Californian coast during late
Pliocene times also prevailed along the Japanese coasts during the same period. A
detailed study of the Tertiary and Pleistocene deposits of Japan is awaited with
interest, as such a study will throw more light on the conditions prevailing on the
shores of the North Pacific during the later geologic epochs.

Pat?t TT. Descriptions of Species.

THE PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FAUNA OF SAN PEDRO

AND VICINITY.

Synopsis.

Page

CCELENTP:R ATA 86

CL.ISS I. ANTHOZOA 86

Family /. TurhinoUdtf 86

Genus Caryophyllia 86

1. aruoldi Vaughan 86

'2. pedroensis V., sp. nov 87

3. califoruica V., sp. nov 87

Genus Paracyathua Milne-Edwabds & Haime 88

4. pedroensis V., sp. nov 88

ECHINODERMATA 90

CLASS II. ECHINOIDEA 90

SUBCLASS EUECHINOIDEA 90

Order Diadematoida 90

Spborder Stereosomata 90

Family 11. E<-hinomi'tri(lce 90

Genus Strougyloceutrotus Brandt 90

5. fiauciscanus A. Agassiz 90

6. purpuratus Stimpson 90

Order Ci.ypeastroida 91

Family III. ScutHliil<E 91

Genus Scutella Lamarck 91

Subgenus Echinarachuius Leske 91

7. (E.) exceutricus Eschsciioltz 91

MOLLUSCOIDEA 92

CLASS III. BKYOZOA 92

8. Sp. iudet 92

CLASS IV. BRACHIOPODA 92

Order Arthropomata 92

Family I V. TcrebralulidiK 92

Genus Terebratalia Beecher 92

[S. B.] hemphilli Dale 92

9. smithi, sp. nov 93

Genus Laqueus Dall 93

10. Jeffreys! Da LI 93

Favnily V. Lingulida 94

Sith/amily Linijulinip 94

Genus Glottidia Dall 94

[S. B.] albida Hi.NDs 94

(71 )

i'2 CAUFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

MOLLUSCA 05

CLASS V. I'ELECYPODA 95

UKUKR rKlO.NOKEMUikrKA 95

HUPKUFA MIL Y NUCULACE.i 95

Family \'l . Nuculitlit 95

(ienu« Niiciiln Lauarck 95

Subgeuiig Acila H. k A. Adamr 95

11. (A.) cnstroiisis Hinds 95

Sabgoiius Nuciiln, ». » 96

12. (N.) Kuprostriutu Carpknter 96

Family V In. htdiilit 96

ri>iiiiH Loilii Schumacher 96

l.S. fossn Baird 96

14. bamiila Carpenter 97

15. miuiitn Fabr., var. priecursor, var. uov 97

16. tapliria Dai.l 98

Genus Yoldia Mollkr 99

17. cooperi Gabb 99

18. 8cissurnta Dall 99

SUPERFA MIL Y A RCACKA 100

Family V 1 1 . Arcidm 100

Subfamily Pedunculina: 100

Geuus Glycymcris Da Costa 100

19. barbaroiigis Conrad 100

20. septeutrionalis Middendorf 101

Suhfamily Arcince 101

GenuB Area (Lisne) Lamarck 101

21. labiftta Sowf-RBY 101

SUPERFA MIL Y OSTRACEA 102

Family Vlll. Ostreida 102

Genns Ostrea (Linnk) Lamarck 102

22. Inrida Carpenter 102

SUPERFAM/LY PECT/NACEA 103

Family IX. Pectinida 10.3

Genus Peefen Mcller 10.3

Subgenus Pecten, s. « 103

[S. B.] (P.) bcUus Conrad 103

23. (P.) deutatus Sowerbv 104

[S. D.] (P.) bemphilli Dali, 105

24. (P.) stearnsii Dali 106

Subgenus Chlamys Bolten 107

Section Patinopecteu Dall 107

25. (P.) cauriuus Godlu 107

[S. D.] (P.) expansus Dali, 108

Section Nodipecten Dall 108

26. (N.) subnodosus Sowerby 108

Section Cblamye, n. s 109

27. (C.) hastatus Sowerby 109

28. (C.) hericeus Gocld 110

29. (C.) hericeus var. strategus Dall 110

30. (C.) jordaui, sp. noT Ill

31. (C.) latiauritns Conrad Ill

32. (C.) latiauritus Cone., var. fragilis, var. nov 112

33. (C.) latiauritus CoNR., var. niouotimeris Conrad 112

[S. D.] (C.) opuntia Dall 113

Section Plagioctenium Dall 113

.34. (P.) newsomi, sp. nov 113

• [S. D.] (P.) subventricosus Dall 114

35. (P.) ventricosus Sowerby 1 14

Subgenus Uiunites De France 115

36. (H.) giganteus Gray 115

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 73

MOLLUSCA (Continued.)

Family X. Limidce 1 15

Genus Lima (BRuouifiRE) Cuvieb 115

Subgenus Lima, s. .« 115

Section Mautelhim Adams 115

37. (M.) (iehiseeus Conrad 1 16

SUPERFAMIhY ANo.UlACEA 116

Family X I. A noiniidiK 116

Genus Pododesmus PiilLim 116

Section Mouia Gray 116

38. (M. ) maerosohisma Dksuayes 116

Genus Auomia Linn£ 117

39. lampe Gray 117

[S. D.] liraatula Dai.l 118

SUPKRFAMILY MYTILACEA 118

Family XII . Mylilidie 118

Genus Mytilus (Linne) Bolten 118

Section Mytilus, s. s 118

40. (M.) edulis LiNNiS 118

Genus Septifer Recloz 119

41. bifurcatns Reeve 119

Genus Modiolus Lamarck 120

Section Modiolus, s. s 120

42. (M.) fornicatus Carpenter 120

43. (M.) rectus CoNKAD 120

Genus Lithophaga Bolten 121

4-t. plumula Hanley 121

Order Anomalouesmacea 121

SUPERFAMIL Y ANA TINACEA •. 121

Family XIII. Periplomidce 121

Genus Periploma Schumacher 121

45. argentaria Conrad 121

Family XI V. Thraciida: 122

Genus Thracia (Leach) Blainville 122

46. trapezoides Conrad 122

Family X V. Pandoridie 123

Genus Pandora 123

Subgenus Kennerlia Carpenter 123

47. (K.) bicarinata Carpenter 123

48. (K.) filosa Carpenter 124

Genus Clidiophora Carpenter 124

49. punctata Conrad 124

Family X VI. Lyonsiidte 125

Genus Lyonsia Turton 125

50. californica Conrad 125

Genus Mytilimeria Conhad 125

51. uuttalli Conrad 126

SUPERFAMILY POROMYACEA 126

Family X VII. Verlicordiidie 126

Genus Verticordia S. Wood 126

52. novemcostata Adams & Reeve 126

Order Tkleodesmacea 127

SUPKRFAMILY ASTARTAOEA 127

Family X VIII. Asfarlidie 127

Genus Astiirte Sowerby 127

Subgenus Crassinella Bayi.e 127

53. (C.) brauueri, sp. nov 127

SUPERFAMILY CARDITACEA 128

Family XIX. Cardilidm 128

( 10 ) June 11, 1903.

/I CAMFOIINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

Quuui Venerirnrilin IjAMArck '28

M. bnrbaroiisis Stkakns ''-8

55. voiitrU-osa GouLU '28

Genus L<kznrin Conrad '29

50. ■iibqiinilratn CAiti-E.NTEn '29

Si'PKIlf'AMII.y CHAMACEA '30

Family XX. Chamida '30

OenuH Cbiiiun (Pi.iSY) Linnk '30

57. oxo|,'yro Conkad '30

58. pelluciila Sowerby '30

SUPKRFA MIL Y /Air/XACKA 131

Family XX /. l.uciniil'r 131

Genus Lucina Brocdikhe 131

59. aciitiliiie«tn Conrad 131

60. cnlifoniica Conrad 132

61. unltalli Conrad '32

62. tenuisculpta Carpenter '33

Family XX /J. Diplodonlida 133

Genus Diplodouta 133

Section Diplodouta, «. » 133

63. (D.) orbella Goold 134

64. (D.) scrricata Reevk 134

Family XXI II. Cryptodontida 135

Genus Thyasira Leach 135

65. bisecta Conrad 135

66. gouldi PiiiLippi 135

SUPERFAMILY LEPTONACEA 136

Family XXIV. Leptonida 136

Genus Boruia Philippi 136

67. retifera Dall 136

Genus Kellia Tcrton 136

Section Kellia Tcrtos, «. s 136

68. (K.) laperousii Deshayes 137

69. (K.) suborbicularis Montagu 137

Family XX I'. KelliclUda: 138

Genus Aligena H. C. Lea 138

70. cerritensis, sp. nov 138

SUPERFAMILY CARDIACEA 138

Family XX IV. Cardiida 138

Genus Cardium (Linn^) Lamarck 138

Subgenus Trachycardium Morcii 138

71. (T.) quadrigenarium Conrad 139

Subgenus Riugicardium Fispher 139

72. (R.) procernm Sowerby 139

Subgenus Cerastoderma Morch 140

73. (C.) corbis Martyn 140

Subgenus Lsevicardium Swainson 140

74. (L.) elatum Sowerby 141

75. (L.) snbstriatum Conrad 141

Genus Protocardia Beyrich 142

76. ccutifilosa Carpenter 142

SUPERFAMIL Y VESERAVEA 142

Family XX VII. Vencridtt 142

Subfamily Venerinrr. 142

Genus Tivela Link 142

77. crassatelloides Conrad 143

Genus Callista PoLi 143

78. newcombiana Gabb 143

79. subdiapbana Carpenter 144

80. subdiapbana Carpe:<ter, var. pedroana, var. nov 144

AENOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 7o

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

Subgenns Amiantis Conrad 145

81. (A.) callosa Conrad 145

Subfamily Dosinince 146

Geuus Dosinia Scopoli 146

[S. D.] ponderosa Gray 146

Geuus Venns Linne 146

[S. B.] perlamiuosa Conrad 146

Subgenus Chione Meuerle 147

82. (C.) fluctifraga Sowerby 147

83. (C.) gnidia Sowerby 147

84. (C.) neglecta Sowerby 148

85. (C.) simillima Sowerby 148

86. (C.) succincta Valenciexne.s 149

Subfamily Tapetince 149

Genus Tapes Megerle 149

87. laciueata Carpenter 150

88. staminea Conrad 150

89. tetierrima Carpenter 151

Geuus Saxidomus Conead 151

90. aratus Gould 151

Subfamily Gemminm 152

Genus Psephis Carpenter 152

91. salmonea Carpenter 152

92. tautilla Gould 153

Family XX VIZ I. C'ooperetlidce 1 5.3

Geuus Cooperella Carpenter 153

93. subdiaphana Carpenter 153

Family XXIX. PelricoUclce 154

Genus Petricola Lamarck 154

Section Petricola Lamarck, s. s 154

94. (P.) carditoides Conrad 154

Section Rupellaria Fleorian 155

95. (R.) lamellifera Conrad 155

Section Petricolaria 155

96. (P.) deuticulata Sowerby 155

97. (P.) cognata C. B. Adams 156

SUPERFAMILY TELLINACEA 156

Family XXX. Tellinidce 156

Genus Tellina Linne 156

Subgenus Moeiella Flscher 156

98. (M.) salmonea Carpenter 157

Subgenus Angulus Megerle 157

99. (A.) buttoui Dall 157

100. (A.) bodegensis Hinds 158

101. (A.J idaj Dall 158

102. (A.) rubescens Hanley 159

Genus Metis H. & A. Adams 160

103. alta Conrad 160

Genus Macoma Leach 160

Subgenus Macoma, s. s 161

104. (M.) calcarea Gmelin 161

105. (M. ) indentata Carpenter 161

106. (M.) iuquiuata De.shayes 162

107. (M.) nasuta Conrad 163

108. (M.) nasuta Conrad, var. kelseyi Dall 164

109. (M.) seota Conrad 164

110. (M.) yoldiformis Carpenter 165

Family XXXI. Semelidce Schumacher 165

7»'> CAMFOUMA AlAUKMY OF SCIENCES.

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

OeiiiiB Seniole 165

111. docisn Co.NUAii 165

1 12. pvilcbrn Sowkhuy 166

1 l.'t. piilchni SowBRiiv, vnr. inoutereyi, var. nov 166

QennB CuiuiiiKia Sowkkby 167

1 14. culiforiiica Conrad 167

Family XXX//. Psummohiidii- 167

GeuuH Punmuiobia (Lamarck) Bowmen 167

Snbgenns Psniumobin, h. a 167

115. (P.) 0(leiit\ila Gabb 168

GeunH Sanguiiiolnriii Lamarck 168

Section Niittallin Dai.l 168

116. (N.) nuttalli CONRAU 168

Genus Tngclus Gray 16!)

117. califoruianus Conrad 169

Famili/ XXX///. Donacida: 169

Geuus Douax (Linnk) La.marck 169

1 18. califoruica Conrao 170

1 19. lajvigata Deshayes 170

SUPERFA M//. Y SOLENACKA 171

Family XXX/V. Solenldie 171

Geuns Soleu Linne 171

120. rosacens Carpenter 171

121. siearius Godi.d 172

Genus Siliqna Meokrle <72

122. lucidu Conrad 172

123. patula Dixon, var. nuttalli Conrad 17.3

SUPERFA M//. Y MACTKACEA 174

Family XXX I'. Maclridve 174

Subfamily Maclrinm 1 74

Gcuus Mactra Linne 174

124. califoruica Conrad 174

125. exoleta Gray 175

126. heiuphilli Dai.l 175

Subgeuus Spisula Gray 175

127. (S.) catilliformis Conrad 176

128. (S.) falcata Gould 176

Subfamily PUropsidince 177

Genus Labiosa (Schmidt) MSller 177

Subgenus Iticta Gray 177

129. (R.) uudulata GooLD 177

Snbfamdy Lulrariiniv , 178

Genus Tresus Gray 178

130. nuttalli Conrad 178

SUPERFAM/LY MYACEA 179

Family XXX VI. Myanidm 179

Genus Platyodon Conrad 179

131. cancellatus Conrad 179

Genus Cryptomya Conrad 179

132. califoruica Conrad 180

Family XXX VII. Corbulida . . 180

Genus Corbula (Brcgdikre) Lamarck 180

133. luteola Carpenter 181

Genus Neipra Gray 181

134. pectinata Carpenter 181

Family XXX VIII. Saxicavida: 182

Genus Panopea Menard 182

135. generosa Gould 182

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGEAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 77

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

Genus Pauomya Gray 183

136. ampin D.vi.i 183

SUPERFAMII.Y AJ>ESMACEA .' 183

Famili/ XXXIX. Pholadida. 183

Suli/amily PholadUtm 183

(iouus ZirphiBa Leach 183

1,37. gabbii Tryon 184

SuhfaniHy Jouanni'linii- 184

Genus Pholadidea Goodall 184

Subgenus Pholadidea, s. » 184

Section Penitella Valenciennks 184

138. (P.) peuita Conrad 184

CLASS VI. SCAPHOPODA 185

Order Soi.enoconchia 185

Famili/ XL. Dentaliidui 185

Genus Dentalium Linne 185

139. hexagouum Sowerisy 185

140. iudiauorum Carpenter 186

141. pseudoliexagonum Dall 186

14^. semipolitum Brouerip & Sowerby 187

Genus Cadulus Phii.ii'PI 187

143. uiteutior Carpenter 187

CLASS VII. GASTROPODA 188

Order Opi.stiioiiraxciiiata 188

Family XLI . A clitonidiR 188

Genus Act.-eon Montfort 188

144. traskii Stearns 188

Subgenus Rictaxis Dall 188

145. (R.) punctoccelata Carpenter 189

Family XLI [ . Tornalinidie 189

Genus Toiuatiua A. Adams 189

146. cerealis Goui.d 189

147. cnlcitella Goold 190

148. exiniia Baird 190

149. harpa Dall 191

Genus Volvula A. Adams 191

150. cylindrica Carpenter 191

Family XLI 11 . Scaphandrida; 192

Genus Cylicbna Loven 192

151. alba Brown 192

Family XLI V. Bullid,i' 193

Genus Bulla Linne 193

152. punetulata A. Adams 193

153. quoyi Gray 193

Genus Haminea Leach 194

154. virescens Sowerey 194

Order Pulmonata 194

Suborder Stylommatophora 194

SUPERFAMILY MONOTREMATA 194

Family XL V. Ilelicida; 194

Genus Helix Linne 194

Subgenus Epiphragmophora Strobel 194

155. (E.) sp. indet 195

SUPERFA MIL Y HYGROPHILA 195

Family XL VI. Limnaidce 195

Subfamily Plaiiorbimii 195

Genus Planorbis Guettakd 195

156. tumidus Pfeiffer 195

157. vermicularis Gould 195

/8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

Familj/ XL VII. Phyi>i,hr 106

(■I'liUK I'hyiiu DiiAi>AKNAOi> 19(!

I.'i8. hetoroHtropbit 8a V Ulli

sri'KllFAMII.Y DirnKM.l'I'A 1!»>

Famity XL VIII. A itrkulidte 19(i

Suh/iimihi .Mrlam/iinir 1 90

Goniiti MolnuiptiB Mo.ntkort liHi

I5it. olivnceuH Cakpkntkr 197

supKitFA Mil. y rimtoriiiLA 197

Family XLIX. Umliniidn 197

Gonuii Giidiiiia Okay 197

ItiO. Tcticulntn Sowkuby 197

SuPKKOKIiKR Strkptonei'ka 198

Order Cte.noiikanciiiata 198

SCFFIi FAMILY TOXOOLnSSA 198

Fnmitij L. Terebrida 198

GeuuH Tercbra Bkdouikre 198

Section Acus (Hpmphrev) Gray 198

161. (A.) simplex Carpenter 198

FamUi/ LI. Conida 199

Geuas Couvis Linnk 199

162. califoruiciis HiNus 199

Family LI I. Pleurolomidn; 1 99

Genus Pleurotoma Lamarck 199

163. perversa Gabb 200

Snbgenus Borsouin Bei.i.arui 200

164. (B.) bartsehi, sp. uov 200

165. (B.) (lalli, sp. nov 201

166. (B.) booveri, sp. uov 201

Subgenus Leucosyrinx Dai.l 202

167. (L.) pedroaua, sp. nov 202

Subgenus Geuota Adams 202

Section Dolicbotoma Bellardi 202

168. (D.) carpenteriaua Gabb 202

169. (D.) cooperi, sp. nov 203

170. (D.) tryouiana Gabb 203

Genus Drillia Gray 204

171. cancellata Carpenter 204

172. bempbilli Stearns 204

[S. D.] iucisa Carpenter 205

173. inermis Hind.s 205

174. inermis, var. peuicillata Carpenter 205

175. johusoni, sp. nov 206

176. merriami, sp. nov 207

177. moutereyensis Stearn.s 207

178. pudica Hinds 208

179. renaudi, sp. nov 208

180. torosa Carpenter 209

Genus Bela Gray 209

181. fidicula Gould 209

182. sanctfe-moniciB, sp. nov 210

Genns llanf;ilia (Leach) Kisso 210

Subgenus Clatburella Carpenter 210

183. (C.) conradiana Gabb 210

Subgenus Cytbara Scucmacher 211

184. (C.) branneri, sp. nov 211

Subgenus Mangiliu Risso, «. s 211

185. (M.) augulata Carpenter 212

186. (M.) booveri, sp. nov 212

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 79

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

187. (if.) iuterfossa var. pedroana, var. uov 213

188. (M.) interlirata Stearns 213

189. (M.) oldroydi, sp. nov 213

190. (M.) paiuei, sp. nov 214

191. (M.) Kculpturata D.M-L 214

192. (M.) striosa C. B. Adams 215

Subgenus Taranis Jeffreys 215

193. (T.) strongi, sp. nov 215

Subgenus Spirotropsis Sars 216

194. (S.) Pleurotoma suiithi, sp. uov 216

Family L 111. Cancfllarndm 217

Genus Caucellaria Lamarck 217

Subgenus Cancellaria, s. s 217

195. (C.) cooperi Gaeb 217

196. (0.) crawfordiaua Dall 217

197. (C.) tritonidea Gabii 218

Genus .\dmete Moller 219

198. graeilior Carpenter 219

FamWy LIV. Olivhlm 219

Genus Olivella Swainson 219

199. biplicata Sowerey 219

200. iutorta Carpenter 220

201. pedroana Conrad 221

Family L V . Manjincllidce 221

Genus Margiuella Lamarck 221

202. jewettii Carpenter 221

Section Volvarina Hinds 222

203. (V.) varia Sowerby 222

Family L VI. MitricUe 222

Genus Mitra Lamarck 222

204. maura Svi'ainson 222

Genus Mitromoi-pha A. Adams 223

205. filosa Carpenter 223

206. intermedia, sp. nov 223

Family L VII. Fasciolariida 224

Subfamily Fusince 224

Genus Fusus Lamarck 224

207. barbarensis . Tkask 224

208. luteopictus Dall 225

209. robustus Trask 226

210. rugosus Tkask 226

Genus Pisania Bivona 227

211. fortis Carpenter 227

Fantily L VIII Biiccinidie 227

Genus Clirysodomus Swainson 227

212. reclirostris Carpenter 228

213. tabnlatus Baird 228

214. sp. indet 229

Genus Siphonalia A. Adams 229

215. kellettii Forbes 229

Genus Macron H. & A. Ada.ms 230

216. kellettii A. Adams 230

217. lividus A. Adams 230

Family LIX. Nassidm 230

Genus Nassa Lamarck 230

218. californiana Conrad 231

219. cerriteusis, sp. uov 231

220. fossata Gould 232

22 1 . iusculpta Carpenter 233

80 CAMFUltNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

222. iiioiidicn Oori.D '-.SS

223. Ill lion (!oim.i>, vnr. cooperi PoimiM 2.34

224. perpiiiKuiK Hinhs 2.'J4

22.1. tcgiilu Ukkve 2.T5

226. versicolor C. B. Adams, var. hooveri, vnr. iiov 2.'J6

Fiivilhj l.X. Cohimh,Ui,l<r 236

UCIII18 Coiuiulielln IjAMARck 236

227. solidiilii Ukbvb, var. prrooiirsor, var. iiov 236

SnbgeiiuR AiinchiK H. k A. Auams 237

228. (A.) minima, «p. iiov 237

SnbgeuiiH .Tisopus OocLU 2,37

220. (.li.) i^lirysalloiilea Cakpenter 237

2.S0. (.'E.) oldroytli, sp. iiov 238

Subgenus Astyris H. & A. Adams 2.38

231. (A.) cnliforniana Oaskoin 2.38

232. (A.) gausapata Goold 2:i!l

233. (A.) gausapata Gould, var. cniiuata Hinds 240

234. (A.) tuberosa Cari'KNTkr 240

Genus Ampkissa H. & A. Auams 241

235. corrugata Rkkve 241

236. vcntrioosa, sp. uov 242

2.37. versicolor Dali 242

Family LXl. Murkuke 243

Genus Murex Linne 243

Subgenus Chicorcus Montfort 243

238. (C.) leoauus Dall 243

239. (C.) trialatus Sowerhv 243

Subgenus Pteronotus Swai.nson 244

240. (P.) festivus HiNUS 244

Subgenus Pterorhytis Conrad 244

241. (P.) foliatus Martyn 245

242. (P.) uuttalli Conrad 245

243. (P.) mouoceros Sowerby 246

Genus Monoceros Lamarck 246

244. engouatum Conbad 246

245. lapilloides Conrad 247

Genus Chorus Gray 247

246. belcheri Hinds 247

Gcuus Euplenra H. & A. Adams 248

247. mnriciformis Bhoderip 248

248. muriciformis, var. curta, var. nov 249

Genus Trophon Montfort 249

Subgenus Boreotrophon Fischer 249

249. (B.) ccrriteusis, sp. nov 249

250. (B.) gracilis Perry 250

251. (B.) multicostatus Eschscholtz 251

252. (B.) pcdroana, sp. nov 251

2.53. (B.) scalariformis Goold 252

254. (B.) stuarti Smith 252

255. (B.) orpheus, var. priecursor, var. nov 253

256. (B.) tenuisculptus Carpenter 253

257. (B.) triangulatas Carpenter 254

Genus Ocinebra Leach 254

258. barbareusis Gabb 254

259. foveolata Hinds 255

260. interfossa Carpenter 255

261. keepi, sp. uov 256

262. lurida Middesdorff 256

263. lurida Midd., var. aspera Baird 257

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STEATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 81

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

2G4. luridd MiDi)., var. caiicellina Philippi 257

265. lurida Miud., var. cerritonsis, var. noT 258

266. lurida Midd., var. munda Carpentkk 258

267. micheli FoRu 259

268. perita Hinds 259

269. poulsoni Nuttali 260

Suhfamily PtirpttrincE 260

Geuiis Purpura Bruguikre 260

270. crispata Chemnitz 261

271. saxicola Valenciennes 261

Subfamily CoralliophUinti' 262

Genus Coralliophila H. & A. Adams 262

272. nux.BEEVE 262

Sdbokder Streptodonta 262

SUPERFAMILY PTENOQLOSSA 262

Family LXII. Scalida; 262

Genus Scala Humphrey 262

273. bellastriata Carpenter 26.3

274. crebricostata Carpenter 263

275. hemphilli Dall 264

276. hiudsii Carpenter 264

277. iudiauorum Carpenter 264

278. tiucta Carpenter 265

Geuus Opalia H. & A. Adams 266

[S. D.] auomala Stearns 266

279. borealis Gould 266

280. creuatoides Carpenter, var. insculpta Carpenter 267

[S. D.] varicostata Stearns 267

SUPERFAMILY GYMNOGLOSSA 268

Family LXII I. Eulimida; 268

Geuus Eulima Kisso 268

281. falcata Carpenter 268

282. hastata Sowerby 268

283. micaus Carpenter 269

Family LXI V. Pyramiddlidie 269

Genus Turbouilla Ri.s.so 269

Section Strioturbouilla Sacco 270

284. (S.) muricata Carpenter 270

285. (S.) similis C. B. Adams 270

286. (S.) stearnsii Dali, & BART.srH, sp. uov., 271

287. (S.) torquata Goui.u 271

288. (S.) torquata var. stylina Carpenter 272

Section Lancea Pea.se 272

289. (L.) aurantia Carpenter 272

290. (L.) tridentata Carpenter 273

291. (L.) peutalopha Dall & Bartsph, sp. nov 274

Section Pyrgiscus Philippi 274

[S. D.] (P.) auricoma Dall & Bartsch, sp. nov 274

292. (P.) latifuudia Dall & Bartsch, sp. nov 275

293. (P.) teuuicula Gould 275

294. (P.) crebritilata Carpenter 276

295. (P.) subcuspidata Carpenter 277

Section Pyrgisculus Monteros.\to 277

296. (P.) lamiuata Carpe.nter 277

Section Pyrgolampros Sacco 278

297. (P.) lowei Dall & Bartsch, sp. nov 278

[S. D.] (P.) lowei var. pedroana Dall & Bartsch, var. nov. . 279

298. (P.) arnoldi Dall k Bartsch, sp. nov 279

299. (P.) gibbosa Carpenter 279

( 11 ) June 16, 1903.

82 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

MOLLUSCA (.Continued).

300. (P.) nilU'ri Dai.i. it BARTsrii, sp. iiov 280

litmus ryriiiuiik-Ilii Lamakck 280

301. (P.) ooiiicn var. vnricgnln Cakpknter 280

Geiini) Oilostouiia Fi.k»iin« 281

Sootiou Oilostomia (Fleming) «. » 281

302. (O.) Icuuia Carpkntkr 281

Section Evnlt-H A. Ahams 281

[S. D.] (E.) Htenrusii Dai.i. & Baktsch, sp. iiov 282

303. (E.) gouldii Carpkntek 282

Scctiou Auiiiura Moi.lkr 282

(S. D.] (A.) piipiforuiis Carpenter 283

304. (A.) uuciformis Cari'kntkr, viir. nvellaun Carpenter. 283
Section Cbrysallida Carpenter 283

[S. D.] (C.) diegensis Dall & Bartsch, sp. uov 284

Section Oscilla A. Adam.s 284

[S. D.) (0.) njquisciilpta Carpenter 284

[S. D.) (O.) granimntospirii Dai.i. & Bartsch, sp. uov 285

Subgenus Ivara Dai.l & Bartsch, subgeu. uov 285

305. (I.) terricula (Carpenter) Dai.l & Bartsch 285

SUPERFAM/LY T.fiN/OOLOSSA 285

Family LXV. Tritonidoi 285

Genus Tritouium Link 285

306. gibbosus Bboderip 286

Subgenus Prieue H. & A. Auams 286

.S07. (P.) oregoneusis Reufield 286

Genus Rauella Lamarck 287

308. californica Hinds 287

Family LX I'/. Cypraida: 288

Genus Cypra>a LiNNfi 288

309. spadicea Gray 288

Geuus Trivia Gray 288

310. californica Gray 288

311. soluudri Gray 289

Genus Erato Risso 289

312. columbella Menkb 289

Family LX VII. Triforidm 290

Genua Triforis Deshayes 290

313. adversa Montagu 290

SUPERFAMILY CERITHIACEA 290

Family LX VIII. Crrithiopsidce 290

Genus Sella A. Adams 290

314. assimilata C. B. Adams 290

Family LXIX. Cerilhiidae 291

Genus Bittium Leach 291

315. asperum Gabb 291

316. californicum Dall & Bartsch . . : 291

317. filosum Gould 292

318. quadrifilatum Carpenter (with evolutionary discus-

sion of several species) 292

319. rugatum Carpenter 295

320. williamsoni, sp. nov 295

Subgenus Styliferina A. Adams 295

321. (S.) tenuisculpta Carpenter 296

Genua Diastoma Deshayes 296

.322. sp. indet 296

Genus Cerithidea Swainson 296

323. californica Haldemann 296

FamUy LXX. Catcidce 297

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 83

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

Genus Caecam Fleming 297

324. californicum Dam 297

325. crebrieiuctnm Carpknter 298

326. mnguum Stearns 298

Family LXXI. VermctUlit 299

Genus Serpulorbis Sassi 299

327. squamigerus Cari'Entku 299

Subgenus Vermioularia Lamarck 299

328. (V.) sp. indet 299

Genus Spiroglyphus Daudin 299

329. lituella Morch 299

Family LXXII. Tarritatlidce 300

Genua Turritella Lamarck 300

330. cooperi Carpenter 300

33L jewettii Carpenter 300

Family LXXI II. Litlorinidan 301

Genus Littoriua Ferussac 301

332. planaxis (Nottall) Philippi 301

333. scutulata Gould 302

Genus Lacuna Turton 302

334. compacta Carpenter 302

335. porrecta Carpenter 303

336. solidula (Loven) Carpenter 303

Family LXXI T. Fo.isaridce 304

Genus Fossarus Philippi 304

Subgenus Isapis H. «fe A. Ada.ms 304

337. (I.) fenestrata Carpenter 304

Family LXX V. Jiissoid(t 304

Genus Rissoa Preminvillb 304

3.38. acutelirata Carpenter 305

Suhfumily Hydrobiin(s 305

Genus Paludestiiua d'Oruignt 305

339. curta, sp. nov 305

340. stokesi, sp. nov 305

Family LXX VI. Calyplrmdce 306

Genus Crucibulum Schumacher 306

Section Crucibulum s. s 306

341. (C.) spinosum Sowerby 306

Genus Galerus Humphrey 307

342. mammillaris Broderip 307

Genus Creijidula Lamakck 307

343. aculeata Gmelin 308

344. adunca Sowerby 308

345. dorsata Bkoderip 309

346. grandis Miodendorff 309

347. navicelloides Nuttall 310

348. onyx Sowerby 310

349. rugosa NnTT.\LL 311

Family LXX VII. Amallheidce 311

Genus Hippouyx De France 311

350. autiquatus Linn 312

351. cranioides Carpenter 312

352. tumens Carpenter 313

Family LXX VIII. Naticida: 313

Genus Natica (Adanson) Scopoli 313

Subgenus Cryptonatica Dall 313

353. (C.) olausa Broherip & Sowerby 313

Genus Polynices Montfort 314

Subgenus Neverita Risso 314

354. (N.) lecluziana Petit 314

84 CALIKOKNIA ACADKMY OF SCIKNCES.

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

Subgeiiim Luiintia *'"

365. (L.) lewi»ii Oopld 316

Geuus Sigaretus Lamakc'K 316

366. debilis «oui.i> 316

Family LXX/X. Lnmellanidtt 317

Gouus Ijitmolliiriu Montaod 317

3i>7. stearuaii Dall 317

SUPKUFA MIL Y VOCOOLOSSA 317

Family LXXX. A<-m,tida: 317

Geuud AcmnMi Escu 317

358. depicta Hin'ds 317

359. iuBcssa Hinds 318

360. instabilis Qodlu 318

361. mitra EscH 318

362. palcftcea Gould 319

363. pelta EscH 319

364. spectrum (Nuttall) Reevk 320

Family LXXXI. Liotiida 320

Genus Delphinoidea Brown 320

[S. D.] coronadoensis, sp. nov 320

FamiUi LXXXn. Phasianellidce 321

Geuus Pbasiauella Lamarck 321

365. compta Godld 321

Family LXXX/ /I. Turbinid^t 321

Genus Pachypoma Gray 321

366. ina>quale Martyn 321

Genns Pomanlai Gray 322

.367. undosus Wood 322

Genns Leptothyra Carpenter 322

368. bacula Carpenter 323

369. carpenter! Pilsbry 323

370. pancicostata Da i.l 323

Family LXXXI V. Trochida 324

Genoa Cblorostoma Swainson 324

371 . aureotinctum Forbes 324

372. brunnenm Philippi 324

373. funebrale A. Auams .325

374. (unebrale A. Adams, var. subapertum Carpenter 325

375. gallina Forbe.s 326

376. montereyi Kiener 326

Subgenus Omphalius Philippi 327

377. (O.) viridulum var. ligulatnm Menke 327

Genua Thalotia Gray 327

.378. cafifea Gabb 327

Genus Phorcns Ri.sso 328

379. puUigo Martyn 328

Genus Calliostoma Swainson 329

380. annulatnm Martyn 329

381. canaliculatum Martyn 329

382. costatum Mahtyn 330

383. gemmulatum Carpenter 3.30

384. tricolor Gabb 331

Genns Norrisia Bayle 331

385. norrisii Sowerby 331

Genus Margarita Leach 3.'S2

386. optabilia Carpenter, var. knechti, var. nov 3.32

387. optabilia Carpenter, var. nodosa, var. nov 332

388. parcipicta Carpenter, var. pedroaua, var. nov 333

389. pupilla Gould 333

Genus Solariella S. Wood 334

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STEATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. ' 85

MOLLUSCA (Continued).

390. cidaris A, AiMMS 334

391. perumubilis Cakpknter 335

Familij LXXX V . Cijrloslremalidce 335

Genus Vitrinella C. B. Adams 335

392. williamsoni Dall 335

SUPERI'AMILY ZYGOBKANCIIIA 336

Family LXXX VI. Ilaliolkla- 336

Geuus Haiiotis Linnk 336

393. fulgens Philippi 336

Famili/ LXXX VII. FissurelVuU 337

Sulifamily Fiitsuri^UideiiKZ 337

Geuus Lucapina Gray 337

394. creuulata Sowerby 337

Subfamily Emarijinulince 337

Genus Fissuridea Swainson 337

395. aspera Esch 338

396. iu;uqualis Sowerby 338

397. muriua (Carpenter) Dall 3.39

Geuus Clypidella Swainson 339

398. bimaculata Dali 339

399. callomarginata Carpenter 340

Geuus Fissurella Brugciere 340

400. volcano Reeve 340

Geuus Puucturella Lowe 341

401. cucuUata Gould 341

402. galeata Gould 341

SUBCLASS ISOPLEUEA 342

Order Polyplacophora 342

SUPERFAMILY EOOHITONIA 342

Family LXXX VIII. Chiloiiidce 342

Genus Ischuochiton Gray 342

403. regulaiis Carpenter 342

Geuus Cryptochiton Middendorfk & Gray 342

404. stelleri Middendoref 342

SUPERFAMIL Y OPSWHITONIA 343

Family LXXXIX. Mopaliidce 343

Geuus Mopalia Gray' 343

405. eiliata Sowerby 343

ARTHROPODA 344

CLASS VIII. CRUSTACEA 344

SUBCLASS EUCRUSTACEA 344

Supeborder Cirripedia 344

Order Thoracica 344

Family XC. Balanidce 344

Genus Balanus Lister 344

406. coucavus Bronn 344

Soperordeb Malacostraca 345

Order Deiapod.a .345

Suhokder Brachycra 345

Family (Suhtribe) XCI. Cancroidea 345

Section Caucrini 345

Genus Caucer Linne 345

407. breweri Gabb 345

VERTEBR ATA 346

CLASS IX. PISCES 346

Order Elasmobranchii 346

Suborder Selachii 346

Family XCI I. Trygonidm .346

Geuus Urolophus 346

408. halleri { ?) Cooper 346

86 CALIFOUNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

C(IUJ^XTI{RATA.'
Class ANTH()/()A.=

Family 1. TriiMI NOLID.E.

Genus Caryophyllia Lamarck.

I. Caryophyllia arnoldi Vaugkan.

Pl.ATK III, FUiS. 4 AND 4a.

Caryophyllia arnoldi Vai'c.han, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXII, 1900, No. 1194, pp. 199, 200,
PI. XVI, fijis. I, 2.

The following is the original description: —

Form of corallum slightly deformed inverted cone-shaped. A basal scar present, but the coral
in its later stages was evidently unattached. Base subacute, calice nearly circular in transverse outline.

Costa.' very distinct, low, broad, rounded, or flattish, show no ornamentation, but the speci-
men is worn, and they were probably minutely granulated, There is a tendency to alternation in
size, which is pronounced near the base. There is no observable epitheca. The wall is stout, solid,
a distinct pseudotheca. The costa.- are wide and the intercostal spaces very narrow, simply furrows,
and the septa are thickened at the wall. The upper margins of the septa project very slightly above
the upper limit of the corallum wall. There are four complete cycles of septa (forty-eight in all),
arranged as follows: Twelve large thick septa, joined to the columella by very thick pali. The
width of each palus is equal to the width of its corresponding septum: the upper margins of the
palus stand about 2 mm. above the upper surface of the columella, and fully I mm. above the notch
dividing the palus from the septal lamina. The width of the pali is about 2.5 mm. From the ujiper
margin of the septum to the notch between septum and palus is about 4.5 mm., may be slightly
greater. The inner ends of the pali are fused solidly around the columella and to it. On the septal
faces are small granulations arranged in curves parallel to the upper septal margins. On the faces
of the pali are granulated or serrated crests arranged in curves parallel to the upper margins of the
pali. Between each pair of these larger -septa are three smaller (one of the third cycle and two of
the fourth). The members of the third cycle are narrow above the level of the upper termination
of the columella; below this they widen, but do not seem ever to reach the columella. The members
of the fourth cycle are narrow, and thin e.xcept where they arch over the walls. The columella is
essential, is composed of several pieces, trabeculse, which are firmly soldered one to another and to
the inner terminations of the pali by solid basal calcareous deposit. From the upper margins of the
septa to the upper termination of the columella is about 6.5 mm.; that is, the calicular fossa is about
6.5 mm. deep. The greater diameter of the upper termination is 5 mm., the lesser 3.5 mm., above
whose level, as may be gathered from what preceded, the pali form a regular crown.

Dimensions. — Greater diameter of calice, 16 mm.; lesser diameter of calice, 15.3 mm.;
height of corallum, 16.5 mm.; depth of fossa, about 6.5 mm.

Locality. — San Pedro Hill, San Pedro, California.

Geologic Horizon. — Pleistocene.

Type.— Cut. No. 157,509, U. S. National Museum.

' The Rcnertl arnnnenient of the classes Is that naed by Eastman In Zllters Teit-Book of Paleontology.

' Mr. Wayland Vaagban, of the United States Oeologtcal Survey, has prepared the diagnoseB of the new Anthozoa which have
been found in the San Pedro depoelts. These descriptions are here Included in this paper.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 87

2. Caryophyllia pedroensis Vavghan, sp. nov.

Plate III, Figs. 3 and 3a.

Coralluni cornute, transverse calicular outline broadly elliptical.

The outer surface of the specimen is worn, so that the detail of the ornamentation is
destroyed, but it can be discovered that the costte were not very prominent, and that there were
twelve corresponding to twelve large septa, pronouncedly larger than the others.

The se|5ta are in four complete cycles; the members of the first and second cycles reach
the columella and are rather thick, especially around the columella; those of the third are shorter
and thinner, and those of the fourth still smaller. The septa are not so thick as in C. arnoldi, and
not so crowded as in C. californica. The septal faces are granulated, the granulations being much
larger and with blunt ends near the columella. All the pali except one are broken off, but they
a])peared to e.xist before the twelve larger septa. The one remaining palus is broad and thin.

Calice fairly deep. Upper surface of the columella not very deeply sunken below the level
of the upper edge of the pali. Columella composed of several twisted pieces.

Dimensions. — Greater diameter of calice, 13.5 mm.; lesser diameter ol calice, 12 mm.;
height of corallum, 25.5 mm.

Locality. — San Pedro, California.

Oeologic Horizon. — Pleistocene.

2'ype. — From the collection of Ralph Arnold.

3. Caryophyllia californica Vaughan, sp. nov.

Plate III, Fios. 2 axd 2ft.

Corallum with a narrow base, the lower half slender in comparison with the diameters at the
calice. The tip of the base damaged. Calice elliptical in transverse outline.

The outer surface of the corallum is scarcely costate. There are flat, indistinct, densely
granulate cost;e corresponding to the septa, visible especially at and just below the calicular edge.
The wall is thin and fragile.

There are four complete cycles of septa and many members of the fifth. They are thin and
crowded, twelve are larger than the others, and apparently these twelve bore pali on their inner
terminations. The margins of the septa of the first and second cycles project slightly above the
upper edge of the wall, about i mm.; the margins of the septa of the other cycles are not prominent.
The septal faces are granulated, the granulations are low, frequently showing elongation along the
courses of the septal trabeculae; the usual arrangement in curves parallel to the septal margins also
is shown. Calice fairly deep, 4.5 or 5 mm.; a distinct and rather sudden depression over the
columella. Columella not greatly developed, composed of a few loosely twisted laths.

Dimt'usions. — Greater diameter of calice, 1 1.5 mm. ; lesser diameter of calice, 10 mm. ; height
of corallum, 13 mm.

Locality. — Deadman Island, off San Pedro, California.

Oeologic Tlorizon. — Pliocene.

Type. — From material sent by Mr. Ralpli Arnold to the U. S. National
Museum.

88 CAUFOnNIA ACADF.MY OF SCIENCES.

DiKFEKKNTlAL ClIARACTKKS OK TIIK ThKEK CaLIKOKNI AN Sl'ECIKS OF CaK YOIMI VLI.I A.
Septa iu (our oycloH ( form eoriiiitc; Iwolvo more prominent ooBtio ) C. pfdroetuia

(form Hliort, iuverKoly Huliconical, costiu 1
et|iml near the ailioo, nltornnting iu aize [C. arnoldi
ui'nr biwe )

Septa iu four com- 1 \

pU'te cvcleH, mnnv \ form Hubflnbcllale, costm excepting neiir the ( „ ,„iif.,„;.„

nitMulicrs o( the hfth 1 oalicnlftr margin indistiuct (

prexeut ( )

As tlie descriptions ami the above table sliow, for the <lifTerentiaLion of the spe-
cies, especial stress is laid upon the niiml)er of the septa, the form, iiiid the costal charac-
ters. AUhoiij,'h i-ach of the throe species is based on a single specimen, the author does
not believe it possible for intergradation to occur within the horizons from which
they were collected. C. jiedm'uds and C. arnoldi appear to belong in the same
group (section) of the genus; hut V. califondca presents great and striking difTer-
ences from each of the preceding.

Genus Paracyathus Milne- Eduards li- Ilaime.

Verrill has described three species of Paracyathus from the west coast of
North America, viz.: Paraci/athus caltha,^ Paracyathus stearnsi,- and Paracyathus
humitis.^ The first two species mentioned are from Monterey, California; the last
mentioned is from the Pearl Islands.

Expressed in tabular form the differences between these three species are: —

f Costai distinct only at edge of calice, be- )

_ ,, r ■ . low represented by rows of grauules: axes of / P. caltha

Corallam .5 in.* or ,. "^ .- ■ / ,., • ° \

. , . , ; ,. calice, .45 in./. 32 in )

more in height; live j' ' '

eomp e eye s Scabrous, subequal costte, distinct to base, 1

"P ° I near base every fourth or sixth costa more y P. slearnti

[prominent; axes of calice, .72 in. /. 50 in )

Corallum only .2 in. | Q^gj^ feeble, except near calicular margin. ) „ , ...

in height; four com- diameter of Circular calice, .22 in ..A^' '"'""'"

plete cycles of septa. ( ' )

According to the diagnostic characters given by Verrill, these three species
are very distinct.

4. Paracyathus pedroensis Vaughan, sp. nov.
Plate III, Figs. 1 and In.

Corallum subturbinate in shape, base damaged, apparently not especially expanded; trans-
verse outline of calice elliptical, slightly deformed.

Costje not prominent, but distinct from the calicular margin to the base, subequal, some-
times every third or every fifth may be slightly more prominent than those intervening, the edges
usually flatlish, sometimes slightly crested. Bottoms of the intercostal furrows usually flattish;
granulations crowded on the costze, and present in the intercostal furrows also.

> Proc. Bo«». 80c. N»t. Hl»t.. Vol. XII, 18«9, p. 394; Trans. Conn. Acad. 8cl., Vol. I, 1870, p. 537, PI. IX, flgs. 9, 9a.

« Ppoc. Best. 9oc. S«l. Hl«l.. Vol. XII. 1869. p. 393; Trang. Conn. Ac«d. Scl., Vol. I, 1870, p. 537.

>Trkn.q. Conn. Acad. Scl., Vol. 1. 1870, p. 638.

* Tbese dKlmalj of an Inch can be competed Into mlUlmetere by reckoning .1 inch = 2.5 mm.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STllATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

89

There are four complete cycles of septa, and many members of the fifth, but the fifth is not
complete. The septal margins project very slightly above the upper margin of the corallum wall;
the margins of the members of the first and second cycles, and those of the third cycle when members
of the fifth are present, are slighdy more prominent than the margins of the members of the higher
cycles. The septal faces are densely granulated, and the granulations show a decided tendency
toward elongation along the courses of the septal trabecular. The septa are crowded, those of the
first, second, and third cycles are thick and strong; when members of the fifth cycle are present those
of the fourth are quite thick, but are thinner than the older septa.

The pali are well developed, and are shown in great perfection on the type specimen.
They are broad and simple, and not bilobed. Those before the septa of the first cycle are the nar-
rowest; those before the septa of the second cycle are slightly wider, and those before the septa of
the third cycle are still wider. The inner margins of the pali before the septa of the first, second, and
third cycles form a crown bordering the outer edge of the columella. In those half or quarter sys-
tems in which septa of the fifth cycle are present, pali stand before the members of the fourth cycle.
These pali are large, but stand back from the columella. In such cases the pali join the members of
the fourth cycle to the sides of the included members of the third. When no pali are present the
members of the fourth fuse by their inner margins directly to the side of the included member
of the third. When members of the fifth cycle are present, they curve toward the included
member of the fourth. There are no pali before the youngest septa in any given system. Margins
of the pali entire.

The calice is shallow, widely open Its ends, corresponding to the ends of the longer trans-
verse axis, are very slightly depressed. The upper surface of the columella is flat; it consists of the
rounded upper terminations of a large number of papillae. The pali, excepting those of the fourth
cycle, form a crown around the columella, as has already been stated.

Dimensions. — Greater diameter of calice, I2 mm.; lesser diameter of calice, lo mm.; height
of corallum, i8-J- mm.

Locality. — 8an Pedro, California.

Geologic Horizon. — Pleistocene.

I'ype. — From the collection of Ralph Arnold.

If the description first given is compared with the table showing the chief
diagnostic fcatnres of Verrill's species, it will be evident that the only species with
which comparison needs to be made is P. atearnsi. At the same time, certain strik-
ing differences between the two will be very evident. The first is one of size.

Greater Diameter of
Calice.

P. sleanm. . . .
P. pedroensis.

18mm.
12 mm.

Lesser Diameter of
Calic«.

12.5 mm.
10 mm.

Height of
Corallum.

12 5 mm.
18-f mm.

The costie and the number of septa are different in the two species, but a
much more important difference has not yet been brought out in the discussion.
Verrill says of the septa and pali in P. sfenrvsi: "The primary and secondary
septa are considerably broader than the others, broadly rounded and somewhat exsert
at summit, narrowed toward the base, and divided into tiro or three unequal, broad,
stout, paliform teeth, which are rough and lacerately spinulose at summit '"

' The italics are used by the author of the present paper.

October 28, 1002.

90 CAUFOHNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

As stilted ill the present (U'.scri|)ti()ii, (lie |>:ili of /'. /mlroensis are not lohed mid
ihiir )naigins (ire tiifirv.

These comparit-Dii-; will show how sliikiii^ly difTerent the |iii'sciil species is
from any of those previously deserihed species from the west coast of North America.

HCHINODERMATA.

Class ECHINOIDEA.'
Subclass EUECIIINOIDEA.

Order DIADI'MATOIDA.

Suborder STEREOSOMATA.

Family 11. ECHlNOMETlilD.E.

Genus Strongylocentrotus Brandt.

Test symmetrical and polyporus. Amb straight, broad at the ambitus and peristome, and with
broad, poriferous zones. Pairs of pores in oblique arcs, or almost transverse series of from four to
ten pairs, and crowded actinally. Interporiferous areas with two vertical rows of plain, imperforate
jjrimary tubercles ; secondaries and miliaries also present. Amb with two rows of primary, and four
or more of secondary tubercles.

5. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. Agassiz.

Toxocidaris franciscana A. Agassiz, Hull. .Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. i, \%bj,{fidc Clark.)

This is the large sea-urchin of the West Coast. Spines which are probably of
this species have been found in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Lsland. The
spines of this species are distinguishable by their large size ;ind longitudinal striations.
Some of the spines found are 20 mm. long and :> mm. in diameter.

Living. — Puget Sound; San Diego (H. L. Clark).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

6. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Slimpwn.

Echinus purpuraliis Stimpson, Crustacea and Echinoderms of the Pacific Coast, 1857 (^fidc Clark.)

Numerous spines of this small purple sea-urchin have been found in the San
Pedro series. No part of the test has ever been discovered in these deposits, to the
writer's knowledge. Several nearly perfect tests of this species were found in the

< Tba cluslficition and generic deacripUous for thia clacs an (torn Eastman In Zitters Text Book of Paleontology.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 91

Pleistocene (lower San Pedro series) deposits at the bath-house, Santa Barbara.
A nearly perfect test was also found in the upper horizon of the San Diego
formation (Pleistocene(?) at Pacific Beach, near San Diego.

Living. — San Francisco; Puget Sound (II. L. Clark) : San Pedro (Arnold).

Pleiatocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara; San Diego (Arnold).

Order CLYPEASTROIDA.

Family III. SCUTELLID^.

Genus Scutella Lamdrck.

Test circular or subcircular in outline, sometimes undulating or notched, broadest behind ;
petaloid parts of the anib unequal, well developed, nearly closed. Peristome small, central, subcir-
cular. Periproct very small, inframarginal. Apical system central, more or less pentagonal.

Subgenus Echinarachnius Leske.
Apical system eccentric in front or behind. Periproct actinal, marginal or supramarginal.

7. Scutella (Echinarachnius) excentricus Esehscholtz.

Scutella excentrica EscH., Zool. Atlas, PI. XX, fig. 2, 1826.

Echbiarachnius excentricus EscH., Valenciennes, Voyage Venus, PI. X, \'i,\i>\^=Scutella striatula

Con. {Jide Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 271). Merriam, Bull. Dept.

Geol., Univ. of Cal., Vol. II, 1898, p. no; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 3rd Ser., Geol., Vol. I_

1899, p. 170, PI. XXII, fig. 8.

Test quadrate-oval in outline ; upper surface arched, summit behind the middle of the long
diameter, but in front of the e.vcentric apical system ; petals broad, open at ends ; posterior laterals
wide apart, ovate in outline, one-half the length of the anterior pair ; anterior petal longer than the
anterior laterals, scattered pores continue some distance beyond the end ; apical shield excentric, its
distance from the posterior margin being to its distance from the anterior margin as I to 1.8+ : the
ambuiacral furrows are split up into a great number of small branches, of which the strongest pass
over the margins and extend over the upper surface ; four of the strongest furrows run to the lateral
petals and stretch through their median areas almost to the apical system ; those furrows not passing
to the petals sometimes reach half way to the apical system.

Dimensions. — Long. 63 mm.; lat. 68 mm.; alt. 8 mm.

Specimens from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, and upper
San Pedro series of San Pedro and Los Cerritos were submitted to Dr. Merriam, who
pronounced them typical E. excentricus. This is the common "Sand Dollar" of the
Pacific Coast.

• Living. — Alaska to San Pedro (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold) : San Diego; Santa Barbara (Arnold)

f?J Pliocene. — Seven I\Iile Beach, San Mateo County; San Fernando; (?) San
Diego (Cooper): (?)San Gregorio Creek, San Mateo County (Barber).

5)2 CAi.iFtmMA ACAnr.MY or s( ii.m i-s.

MOLLUSCOIDEA.
Class HRYOZOA.

8. Bryozoa sp. indet.

Small pifCH's of Itraiicliiiii^ brvozoa are found quite al)uii(laiitl\- in llio San
IV'dro Heries; Itut as no diaj^noscs of West Coast species are available, llieir j^encric
ami specific relations cannot be given. Among some material sent to Dr. J)all, and
identilieil bv liim, were several specimens which he labeled "Cupulifera sp." These
little saucer-shaped bryozoa are from the upper San Pedro deposits, at the lumber-
yard, north end of the San Pedro bluff.

Class BRACHIOPODA.'

Order .ARTIIROFOMAT.A.

Family IV. TEREBRATULIDiE.

Genus Terebratalia Biecher.

Shell smooth or radially plaited; dorsal valve longitudinally impressed; hinge-line straight
or not much curved: beak with a flattened area on each side ol the deltidium; foramen large; del-
tidium incomplete; loop attached to the septum.

Terebratalia obsoleta Dall is a characteristic species.

[S. B.J= Terebratalia hemphilli Dull.

Plate XVII, Figs. 1, 2 and 3.
Terebratalia hemphilli Dall (mss.)

Shell of medium size, subcircular in outline, rather thin ; brachial valve with mesial flexure
concave ; surface of this valve sculptured by numerous fine incremental lines, and very faintly near
the ape.x by several radiating lines ; pedicle valve mesially conve.x, the sculpture being as in the
brachial valve.

Dimensions. — Long. 56 mm.; lat. 57 mm.; diam. 30 mm.

This species may be distinguished from T. amilld by its broader outline, larger
foramen, and nearly smooth surface. T. hemjyliilli is a form which shows much
variation both as regards its outline, degree of convexity or concavity of its valves,
and its sculpture. The drawings of this species were made by Mr. J. Howard
Wil.son, who first discovered the species. Found in the Pliocene of Packard's Hill,
Santa Barbara.

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara (Wilson; Arnold).

1 The clanifleatlon and generic description of Ibis class are from Trjon's " Stniclural and Sj-slcinallc Concliology."
' All species described In tlils paper, but not occurring lu Ibe San Pedro fauna, are designated by the Initials of the locality from
whence tbey are described.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STEATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 93

Q. Terebratalia smithi, sp. nov.

Platk XVII, Fig. 9.

Shell of medium size, subcircular in outline, rather thin ; brachial valve with mesial flexure
concave, surface of this valve sculptured by about thirty small, rounded, radiating ridges and several
prominent incremental lines ; intermediate incremental lines small and inconspicuous ; pedicle valve
quite strongly mesially convex, the surface being sculptured as in the dorsal valve ; beak with a
flattened area on each side of the deltidium ; foramen small. At a length of 20 mm. and before, the
shell is slightly broader proportionately than in the adult.

Dimensions. — Long. 50 mm.; lat. 47 mm.; diam. 23 mm.

T. Knilthi re.seiuble.s 7'. liempliiUi Dall (mss.), but differs from that specios by
being much narrower in all stages of growth, having a much smaller foramen, and
in being much more prominently sculptured. A large series of 1\ hemphilli collected
from the Pliocene at Santa Barbara by Mr. J. Howard Wilson was compared with
the type of 2\ t^jnithi, and the specimens in every case showed the differences men-
tioned above. The drawings of 2\ hemjjhilli (PI. XVII, figs. 1, 2, 3) were made by
Mr. J. Howard Wilson from a specimen obtained at Santa Barbara, and are inserted
here for comparison with the figure of the type specimen of 2\ smithi. T. hemphilli
has been found .so far only in the Pliocene of Santa Barbara.

This species and Laqueus jeffreysi are the only brachiopods which have so far
been found in the San Pedro beds. The type specimen, the only one found, was
obtained by Mrs. Oldroyd from the Pliocene of Deadman Island; it is figured in this
paper, and is now in the collection of Mrs. Oldroyd.

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Oldroyd).

Genus Laqueus Dall.

Shell with the reflected portion of the loop attached by slender processes, on each side, to
the hiemal processes, at or near the points where the two septal processes branch off to the septum;
foramen complete.

Tyj)e, Laqueus californicus Koch.

10. Laqueus Jeffreys! Dall.

Frenula jeffreysi Dall, Am. Nal., Vol. V., 1871, p. 55 (ismeniform stage).

Ismenia jeffreysi Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1871, p. 65, PI. XI, figs. 7-10.

Megerlia jeffreysi D.\ll, Sci. Res. Expl. Alaska, 1877, p. 48.

Laqueus calif orniacs var. vancotivere7isis Davidson, Mon. Rec. Brachiopoda, Trans. Linn. Soc,

2nd Ser., Vol. IV., 1887, p. 113, PI. XVIII, figs, lo-i^b (adult), {fide Dall).
Laqueus Jeffrey siDwA., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVII, 1894, p. 725.

Shell subcircular, inflated, with the margins of the valves nearly straight; surface smooth,
waxen, with close, conspicuous punctations ; area marked by an incised line ; deltidia wanting ; the
two separated parts of the area narrow and very small ; beak of the hiemal valve rather prominent,
smooth. Neural beak incurved, truncated, not prominent.

Dimensions.— V.ov\^. 35mm.; lat. 35 mm.; diam. 17 mm.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distiriijiiislmhlc externally from L. cnlifornlcus by thicker shell, waxen ratlior
tli;ui rmliiy coloration, and larijjer foranu'ii. Specimen identified by Dr. Dail.
Speeimens wiiioh may be of this sjiecios are laiieled " L. rdlifornicits" in the State
Mu-senin collection of fassils at Berkeley. Found in Pliocene of Deadman Island;
two specimens, one by Mrs. Oldroyd. Fonnd in Pliocene of Pacilic Beach, near San
Diego, and also in the Pliocene of Packard's Hill, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Aleutian Islands to point ofl Estero Bay, near San Luis Obispo, (75
to 238 fathoms) Dall.

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold; Oldroyd): Santa Barbara; San Diego (Arnold).

Family V. LTNGULID^.
Subfamily LINGULIN^.

Genus Glottidia Ihdl.

Shell linguiform, elongate, pedunculated ; dorsal valve provided internally with two sharp,
narrow, incurved lamina-, diverging from the beak, and extending about one-third the length of the
shell ; ventral valve with a mesial septum of about the same length, e.Ktending forward from the
beak ; anterior adductor impressions rounded ; scar of post-adductor close in cavity of beak,
rounded ; shell smooth, perforate or imperforate.

Type, Glottidia albida Hinds.

[S. B.] Glottidia albida Hinds.

Lingula albida Hinds, Zoo). Sulph., p. 298, Pi. XXIX, fig. 4, 1845. G. W. Sowerby, Thes.

Conch., p. 393, PI. LVII, fig. 6, 1846. DAvrosoN, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd Sen, Vol.

IX, 1852, |i. 377. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Monog. Lingula, Fl. I, fig. 4, 1859. E. Suess,

Sitz. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. XXXVII, 1859, p. 230. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept.

1863, p. 636. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 246. Keep, West Coast

Shells, p. 215, fig. 182, 1892.
Glottidia albida HiNDS, Dall, Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. VI, 1870, p. 157, PI. VIII, figs. 1-6; Proc.

Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 204; Scientific Results Expl. Alaska, 1877. David.son,

Challenger Rept. (Zool.) Vol. 1, 1880, p. 26; Recent Brachiopoda, Part 3, 1886, p. 221, PI.

XXVIII, figs. 2-4. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1893, p. 182.

Shell narrow; elongated, oval, linguiform, tapering at the beaks, sides almost subparallel-
very slightly curved in front; rather flat, marked with concentric lines of growth; in interior of ven-
tral valve the beak is pointed, with a small triangular-shaped thickening grooved along the middle;
mesial septum extends for one-third length of valve; scars as in generic description.

Dimensions. — Long. 27 mm.; lat. 11 mm.; diam. 5.5 mm.

One perfect valve and two imperfect valves of this species were found in the
Pliocene of Packard's Hill, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Monterey to Magdalena Bay, Lower California (Davidson).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara (Arnold): San Diego well (Hcmi>liili).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGUAPHY OF SAN PEDUO. 95

MOLLUSCA.

Class PELECYPODA."

Order I'RIOXODESMACEA.

Superfamily NUCULACEA.

Family VI. NUCULIDiE.

Genus Nucula Lamarck.

Slu-U trigonal, with llic umhones turned towards the short posterior side; smooth or sculp-
tured; epidermis olive; interior pearly; margins crenulated; hinge with prominent internal cartilage-
pit, and a series of sharp teeth on each side; pallial line simple.

Type, Area nucleus Lam.

Subgenus Acila //. £ A. Admns.
Shell with divaricate sculpture.
Nucula divaricata Hinds k a characteristic species.

II. Nucula (Acila) castrensis Hinds.

Nuaila castrensis Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, P- 98; Zool. Sulph., p. 61, PL XVII, fig. 5, 1844.

H. &. A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., Vol. II, p. 545- Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. XV, 1892, p. 192.
Acila castrensis Hinds {,=A. lyalli Baird, Jide Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1863, p. 644); (=Nucu/a

divaricata CoN.=N. decisa CoN.==N. conradi Meek, fide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p-

102). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 227. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 192. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, i8g8, p. 572.

Shell small, trigonal, convex, of medium thickness; umbones posterior to center, turned
posteriorly; anterior end longer than posterior, rounded; posterior end short, truncated; surface
divaricately sculptured; hinge with prominent internal cartilage-pit and numerous sharp teeth on
each side.

Dimensions. — Long. 11.5 mm.; alt. 10 mm.; diam. 8 mm.

Easily (listingiiisliable by the hinge teeth and divaricate scidpture. Speci-
mens identified by Dr. DalL

Common in Pliocene, rare in lower San Pedro series, of Deachnan Island and
San Pedro.

LiciiKj. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleisloccne. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).
Pliocene. — Saa Pedro (Arnold): San Fernando; San Diego well (Cooper).
f?J Miocene. — Oregon; ISIartinez; Griswold's, San Benito County (Cooper):
Blakcly, near Seattle, Washington (Arnold).

1 Tbe major clossllicatjou of tbls class is accoMlng to that preeented by Dr. W. H. Dall in Part Ut of the " CoDtribiitious to the
Tertiary Fauua of Florida." Tbo minor (let.iUs of claMilfication and most of tbe generic descriptions are from Parts IV and V of tlie same
work. The rest of tbe generic descriptions are from Tryon's " Structural and Systematic ConcbolOijy."

96 CALIKOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

Subgeiuis Nucula «. «.
Shell not divaricately sculptured.
Xiivii/a oblifpia T.,am. is a cliaractori.'^tic .species.

12. Nucula (Nucula) suprastriata Carpenter.

Pl.ATK XVIII, Fl.i. 6.

(f) Nucula lenuis (non Mont.) Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rcpt. 1S63, |>. 644. Cooper, State Mus.
Collection Catalogue.

Shell small, trigonal, conve.\, thin, white, pearly interior; umbones turned toward the short
posterior end; posterior end shar|)ly rounded, anterior evenly rounded; surface with numerous dis-
tinct, rounded, raised, concentric lines; interior of margin finely crenulated; hinge with sniall, interior
cartilage-pit, and numerous sharp teeth on each side.

Dimensions. — Long. 5.8 mm.; alt. 5.2 mm.; diaiu. 3 mm.

This beaiitifiil little shell i.s easily distiiigui-shable i)y its triangular shape,
numerous sharp teeth, and distinct concentric scidptnre. Specimens identified by
Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Dcadnian Island and San Pedro; and
in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; common in the upper San Pedro series
of Los Cerritos. Found also at Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured
is from the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos, and is now in the collection of
Delos Arnold.

(?) Living. — Straits of Fuca to Santa Barbara; Japan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Family VI. LEDIDiE.

Genus Leda Schumacher.

Shell resembling Niuula; oblong, rounded in front, produced and pointed behind; margins
even; pallial line with a small sinus; umbonal area with a linear impression joining the anterior
adductor.

Leda parnula Mull, is a characteristic species.

13. Leda fossa lidird.

Plate XVII, Fio. 7.

Leda fossa Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 71. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 644
Dall, Nat. Hist. Soc. British Columbia, Bull, No. 2. 1897, p. 7, PI. II, figs. 3, 13.

Shell small, elongate, convex, thin; umbones anterior, turning slightly toward the posterior
end, which is elongated, narrow and truncated; anterior end short and evenly rounded; sculpture
nearly obsolete, a few concentric lines discernible; escutcheon long, narrow, smooth and deep-set; an
elongate process on middle of interior of posterior end; hinge with small internal cartilage-pit, and
numerous sharp teeth on each side.

Dimensions. — Long. 11 mm ; alt. 6 mm ; diam. 3.8 mm.; umbo to posterior end 7.5 mm.;
to anterior end 5 mm.

AUNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 97

Distinguishable by lack of sculpture. Speciuien icleutified by T)r. Dall.
One spccimun from lower 8aii Pedro series of Deailman Island, which is the
one figured, and which is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

14. Leda hamata Carpenter.
Pi.ATK XVII, Fic. 4.

Letfa hamala Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 644.

Shell small, elongate-trigonal, convex, thin; umbones anterior, turning slightly toward the
posterior end; short, rounded anteriorly; much lengthened, narrowed and abruptly truncated pos-
teriorly; surface sculptured by strong, concentric raised lines; a raised band, strongly transversely
sculptured by continuations of the concentric ridges, passes from the umbo, around the escutcheon,
to the posterior end; on the interior of the posterior end is an elongated, raised process; escutcheon
deep-set, smooth.

Dimensions.— how^. 8 mm.; alt. 5 mm.; diam. 2.5 mm.; umbo to posterior end 5.5 mm.;
to anterior end 4 mm.

A small specie.s, readily distinguishal)lc by its long, curved posterior portion,
strong scidpturc, smooth escutcheon, and interior posterior process. Specimen iden-
tified by Dr. Dall.

A nearly perfect, united pair from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman
Island; rare; also reported from the Pliocene of Deadman Island. Pleistocene of
Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro
series, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Lhrmxj. — Santa Barbara to Catalina (Carpenter).

Pkisiocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Deadman Island, San Pedro (Arnold).

15. Leda rainuta Fabr. var. praecursor, var. nov.

Pi.ATK XVII, Fig. 6.

Shell small, trigonal, convex, thin; umbones anterior to middle and turning slightly toward
the posterior side; anterior portion from umbones short and rounded; posterior portion longer,
slightly depressed, produced and slightly truncated; surface sculptured by prominent, raised con-
centric lines; escutcheon long, narrow, slightly striated with continuation of concentric ridges; a flat
sculptured band runs around escutcheon from umbo to posterior end, and on the interior of the shell
at the posterior end of this band is a little elongate ridge or process; hinge with prominent internal
cartilage cup and about fifteen prominent sharp teeth on each side; pallial sinus small, narrow.

Dimensions. — Long. 7.8 mm.; alt. 5 mm.; diam. 3.9 mm.; umbo to posterior end 5 mm.; to
anterior end 4 mm.

( 13 1 November 1. 1902.

OS CALIFOUNIA A<AI)KMY UK SC'li;Nt:E«.

Distinguishable from A. ln/ilni'i i)y siiialUT .si/c, Iniiicalcil postoiior end with
process on interior at this end, comparatively coarser sculpture, straij^hter posterior
dorsal marj^iii, and fewer teelii. 'Die type shows two concentric furrows, one at -.-')
mm. and tlie other at 1 mm. from the umlxt, which are prohahly the result of inter-
rupted growth. Specimens identilied i)y Dr. Dall, who |>ronounced them a variety of
L. miniila Fabr., a norlhern species.

Rare in lower San Pedm scries of Deadnian Lsland and Smi i'cdro. Tlie
specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower .San Pedro series al 1 )i;i(hii;in
Island, and is now in the rniled States National Museum.

J^kistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

i6. Leda taphria Dull.

rL.\TE XVII, Fui. r,.

Leda taphria Dall, Nat. Hi.st. Soc. Briiisli Columbia, Bui!. No. 2, 1897, p. 7, PI. II, figs. 6 and 8
(=f«-/<i/(i Hus., 1S44, not CoNR., i9:T,2; Jidc Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1898,

P- 579)-

Niiaila cwlata Hds., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1844, p. 99: Zool. Sulph., p. 64, Pi. XVIII, fig. 13, 1844.

Leda cielata Hds., Thes. Conch., Vol. Ill, No. 42, figs. 95, 96. Carpf.nter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863,
p. 644. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 103. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rtpt. Cal. St. Min., 1888,
p. 245. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 192.

Shell small, trigonal, oblong and rounded in fi-ont, produced and pointed behind; surface
sculptured by numerous sharp, concentric, raised lines; umbones central, turned toward posterior
end; escutcheon long, narrow and concentrically striated; hinge with prominent internal cartilage-pit,
and about twenty sharp teeth on each side; pallial line with a small sinus; umbonal area with a linear
impression joining the anterior adductor.

Dimensions. — Long. 19 mm.; alt. 11 mm.; diam. 8 mm.

This is the largest of this genus found in these deposits, and is easily recog-
nized by its size, sculpture and peculiar teeth. Hinds' name, L. cndnta, was preoccu-
pied by a species of Conrad's, and Dall has renamed Hinds' species for that reason.
Specimens identifleil by Dr. Dall.

Found in Pliocene of Deadman Island and Tiiura's Point; lower San
Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro; and in the upper San Pedro series
of Deadman I.sland, San Pedro, Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos, and Long Beach.
Found also in the Pliocene of Pacific Beacli, and in the Pleistocene of Spanish Bight
and Pacific Beach, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro
.series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Liriiig. — Bodega Bay to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando; San Diego well (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 99

Miocene. — Waliiul Creek, Contra Costa County; Griswold's, San Benito
Coiitity; 8an Jiiaii Capislraiio, Sail Diego County (Cofjpei').

Genus Yoldia MMer.

Shell oblong, slightly attenuated behind; compressed, gaping, smooth or obliquely sculp-
tured, with a dark olive, shining epidermis; external ligament slight; cartilage as in Leda; pallial
sinus deep.

Yoldia mi/alis Coutli. is a characteristic species.

17. Yoldia cooperi Gabb.

Yoldia cooperi Gap.b, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1865, p. 189; Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 31, PI.

IX, fig. 54. WiLLiAM.soN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 192. Dall, Trans.

Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, 189S, p. 594.
Yoldia i7npressa (not of CoN., Wilkes Exped., Vol. X, p. 726, PI. XVIII, fig. 13; nor of Meek,

Smithsonian Check - List, Mioc); in part, Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 59; in part,

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 270.

Shell of medium size, oblong, pointed at one end, subcompressed, thin; surface ornamented
by numerous small, concentric ribs, abrupt on the upper side, and sloping downward on the side
towards the base; beaks minute, placed in advance of middle; anterior end narrow, subacuminate;
concave above; posterior end broadly rounded; lunulelong, narrow, deeply impressed, smooth; hinge
with prominent cup-shaped cartilage-pit, with about twelve sharp teeth in front, and about fifty
behind; pallial sinus large, deep and rounded.

Dimensions. — Long. 64 mm.: alt. 32 mm.; diam. 10.5 mm ; umbo to anterior end 22 mm.,
to posterior end 44 mm.

The largest of the Xuculithe found in these deposits; easily distinguishable by
its size, peculiar shape, and teeth. One imperfect specimen measured 83 mm. in
length. The Miocene form (Y. impressaj is much smaller and less compressed.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; three specimens. Found also
in Pleistocene of Spanish Bight, San Diego, and Barlow's ranch, Ventura.

Living. — Sitnta Cruz to San Diego (Cooper): Half Moon Bay (Arnold).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold): San Diego; Ventura (Arnold).

f?J Pliocene. — San Fernando (Cooper).

i8. Yoldia scissurata Dull.

Platk XVII, Fig. 13.

Yoldia scissurala Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 189S, p. 595.
Yoldia arctica Brod. & Sby., Zool. Jour., 1829 (not of Gray, Parry's Voyage App., 1824, fide
Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1898, p. 595).

Shell rather small, oval, compressed, very thin, translucent, only slightly narrowed posteriorly;
umbones minute, slightly anterior to middle, the anterior margin is evenly convex; a thin lamina
runs along the anterior margin from the umbo to the end of the shell; a much narrower one also

100 CALIKOUNIA ACADl.MV OK SCIENCKS.

occurs on the postt-rior m:ir^;in; surface' scul|)turt'd concentrically as in )'. coof>eri except that this
inciseil sculpture is not in harmony with the incremental lines; hinjje and teeth similar to }" cooperi.
Dimensions. — Long. 20.4 mm.; alt. 10 mm.; diam. 4 mm. ; from umbo to anterior end g mm. ;
to posterior end 12 mm.

Tliis ilelicate little sliell rcsomMes )'. cooperi in many. re.spect.s, but i,s easily
(listiiij;iiisli;il)li' liy it^^ .■^mailer si/c, more dclicale slidl, the peeiiliar way in wliicli tlie
seuiptiire eiusscs the incremental line.s, and l)y it.s relatively hroader anterior end.
rrol)aldy the )'. <n)u/gilal(i Val. reported by Cooper (7th Ann. Kept. Cal. St. Min.,
188S, p. 1270) as occurring at Deadman Island i^ )'. scinsurata hall. Spccinicns
identified by Dr. Dall.

Three speciinen.s from lower San Pedro .series of Deadman island; rare.
Specimens of }'. scit^.turnta in the State Museum collection of fossils at Berkeley are
labeled ) . (imygdala. The specimen figured is from the lower San I'cdro series at
Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound (Carpenter).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold.

Superfamily ARCACEA.

Family Vil. ARCID.E.

Subfamily rECTUNCULlN^.

Genus Glycymeris Da Costa.

Shell orbicular, nearly equilateral, smooth or radiately striated; umbones central, divided by
a striated ligamental area; hinge with a semicircular row of transverse teeth; adductors subequal;
pallial line simple; margins crenated inside.

Type, Area glycymeris Linn.

19. Glycymeris barbarensis Conrad. •

Plate XVIII, Fig. 9.

Axinea barbarensis Co-a., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. VI, 1857, p. 71, PI. Ill, fig. 11; Vol. VII, 1S57, p.

,94, PI. VI, fig. 3.
Axinea intermedia (not of Brod.; not of Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 644), of Cooper,

in part, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 230 (not of Keep, West Coast Shells, 1892,

p. 169; not of Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 192; not of Dall,

Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 608.

Shell of medium size, convex, thick, subcircular, with angular aspect at umbones caused by
the anterior dorsal margin being nearly straight; posterior end rounded; anterior end angular; sur-
face area between umbones and interior as in G. seplenirionalis.

Dimensions. — Long. 33.3 mm.; alt. 32 mm.; diam. 22 mm.

Distinguishable from G. septentrionalis by wider, more trigonal shell and angular

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 10 I

aspect of anterior extremity. Tliis fossil form of Coiinul's is separated from the living
G. iyitermedia by Dr. Dall. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in up|>er San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Deadman Island
and Crawfisli Geori;'e's. Found also in the Pleistocene of Pacific Beach, San Diego.
The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now
in tlie collection of Delos Arnold.

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Conrad): San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego
(Arnold).

20. Glycymeris septentrionalis Middendorf.

Plate XVIII, Fi.^. 10.

Pedunciilus septenbionalis MiDD., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 219.

Shell of medium .size, nearly circular, convex, thick; umbones central, not prominent; sur-
face sculptured with rather faint ridges of growth and radiating grooves, which are more or less
interrupted by the ridges; triangular ligamental area between umbones divaricately striated; hinge
with a semicircular row of transverse teeth; muscle impressions subequal; interior of margin
crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 30 mm.; alt. 32.2 mm.: diam. 22 mm.

Distinguishable from G. barbarensis by its evenly rounded outline. Differs
from Carpenter's living P. septentrionalis var. subobsokta by having larger, thicker
shell, greater convexity, and more pronounced sculpture. Specimens identified by
Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish George's,
Deadmau Island and Long Beach. The specimen figured is from the upper San
Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Ukaraok Island, Alaska coast (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subfamily ARCING.
Genus Area ( Linne) Lamarck.

Shell oblong, subquadrangular, gaping anteriorly or inferior))-; hinge linear, straight, formed
of a large number of small pectinated teetii; ligament external, inserted upon a lozenge-shaped area
between the beaks, beaks high, rather wide apart; muscular impressions very distinct; pallial im-
pression entire.

Type, Area nocn Linne.

21. Area labiata Sowerhy.
PL.VTE XVIII, Fio. 4.
Area labiata Sby. , Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, pp. 310, 363.

Shell of medium size and thickness, arculate below, straight above, with small but promi-
nent presocoelous beaks; anterior extremity evenly rounded; posterior extremity angular near base,
a rather prominent convex angle running from beak to lower portion of the posterior extremity; right

102 CALIFORNIA ACADKMV OF SriF.XCES.

valve with twciity-oijjlit square topped, rather narrow, radial ritlncs, separated by slinlitly narrower
interspaces; cardinal area triangular, broad, faintly sculptureil with parallel lines transverse to liinjje
line; two nearly equal series of teeth, crowded in middle, becominjf slightly oblique and further
separated at the distal enils; niarj^ins serrate.

Dimensions. — I.onj;. 28 mm.; alt. 26 mm.; distance between dorsal and ventral margins
20 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity 11 mm.; to posterior extremity 17 mm.

I liis i.-i (Ik- only Area so tar nported from tlic Pleistocene of the Pacific Coast.
It lias been reported l»y C'urpoiiter as being one of the few species common to l)otIi
tiiL' West Indian and Pacific (Panama) faunas. This species and IUppomjc antiqud-
lus, which Carpenter considers eqnal to //. mitnila of the West Indian fauna, are the
only two species which occur in the Pleistocene of San Pedro and the living fauna of
the West Indies. These two species ofler no proof ofaclo.se water connection be-
tween these two regions during Pleistocene time, for the occurrence in both regions
of these two species is merely accidental, or a coincidence. The specimen described
was identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; two specimens, a right and
a left valve. The specimen figured is from llic upi)er San Pedro series at San Pedro,
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Gulf of California; Central .Vnicrica; West Indies (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Superfaniily OSTRACEA.

Family \"1I1. OSTREID.E.
Genii.-j Ostrea (Liane) Lamarck.

Shell irregular, attached by the left valve; upper valve fiat or concave, often plain; lower
conve.\, often plaited or foliaceous, and with a prominent beak; ligamental cavity triangular or
elongated; hinge toothless, structure subnacreous, laminated, with a prismatic-cellular substance
between the margins of the laminae.

Type, Ostrea ednlis Lin no.

22. Ostrea lurida Carpenter.

Oslrea lurida CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 645; Jour, de Conch., Vol. XII, 1865, p. 137. Gabb,
Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 106. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 256. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 164, 1892. Wit-MAMSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 193.
Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 687.

Shell of medium size, irregular, suborbicular, ellipsoidal, or elongated; surface laminated and
sometimes irregularly plaited; beak prominent; hinge toothless.
Dimensions. — Long. 35 mm.; alt. 50 mm.

rjratles into two varieties, e.rpnm^n Cpr., which is nearly circular, and rufoides
C'pr., which is of a reddish hue on the interior. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

ARNOLD — THE rALEONTOLOOY AND STUATIGRAPHY OF SAN TEDKO. 103

Typical form exceedingly common in the upper San Pedro series of San
Pedro, Los Cerritos and Loiiji; Beach; rare in the lower San Pedro series of Dcadman
Island and San Petlro. Found also in Pleistocene of Twenty-sixth street and Paciiic
Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Benicia, Solano County; San Diego (Cooper; Arnold): San
Pedro (Arnold).

Superfamily PECTINACEA.
Family IX. PECTINID.E.

Genus Pecten Mailer.

Shell suborbicular, regular, resting on the right valve, usually ornamented with radiating
ribs; beaks appro.ximate, eared; anterior ears most prominent; posterior side a little oblique; right
valve most convex, with a notch below the front ear; hinge margins straight, united by a narrow
ligament; cartilage internal, in a central pit; adductor impression double, obscure; pedal impression
only in the left valve, or obsolete.

Type, Odren maxinvi Linnu.

Subgenus Pecten .s. .s.

Right valve moderately inflated, left valve flattish; sculpture of strong ribs with radial slri-
ation, more or less roughened by simple concentric lamellation or incremental scul])ture; ears
subequal.

Type, Pecten ma.i;i)nus Linne.

[S. B.] Pecten (Pecten) bellus Conrad.

Plate XXI, Fics. 1 and 2.

Jaiiira bella Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 312; Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. VI, 1S57,
p. 71, PL III, fig. 16. G.\BB, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, PI. XVI, fig. 20. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 244; not P. bellis McCoy {teste Dall).

Pecteri (Pecten) hemphilli Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 706 {pars. ?).

Pecten (Pecten) bellies Con., Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 704.

Shell large, thin, inequivalve, elegantly, radiately ribbed. Left (upper) valve slightly conve.x,
the point of greatest convexity being generally about one-fourth the distance from the ape.x toward
the ventral margin; between this point of greatest conve.xity and the ape.x there is a deeply depressed
area, the depression generally not affecting the two outer ribs on each side, which inclose the depres-
sion on the sides; surface of left valve ornamented by thirteen or fourteen prominent, flat-topped,
sometimes faintly bicarinated, radiating ribs, which have flat, sloping sides; these ribs become broader,
less elevated and less sharply angulated near the periphery in the adult; interspaces slightly wider
than the tops of the ribs, with slightly rounded bottoms; whole surface of left disk covered with fine,
sharp, concentric, regular lamella?; ears rather small, subequal, slightly concave, finely concentrically
lamellated, separated from the disk by an impressed line. Right (lower) valve prominently convex,
the point of greatest convexity being about one-third the distance from the apex to the ventral margin
ot the disk; the umbo in this valve curves sharply and meets the plane of the ears at an angle of

104 rALIFOKNU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

about ninety degrees; surface of right v.ilvc ornanieiUcii by fourteen ur fifteen prominent, nearly llat-
topped, square, radiating ribs, some of them \vitl> one or two longitudinal obsolete lines; the ribs
become somewhat less elevated and the sides more slojiing as the ])eri|)lKMy is apiiroached in the
adult; surface of right ilisk ornamented with close, fme, stjuamosc, concentric wrinkles; ears subecpial,
arched, covered with crowded, elevated lamella-; byssal notch small.

Dimensions. — Alt. So mm.; lat. loS mm.; diam. .^.? mm.; length of hinge-line, 45 nun.

F(»mul ill till' Pliocene al Simla Barltara, ("alifoniia (Conrad. (iaMi, ^'ales
Cooper. Arnold).

The description, measurement.-^, and figures are of Gabb'.s type i^pecimeii of
Janira bi'lhi (No. !•()(). ('nllcctidii .Vcadtiny Natural Science.s, Philadelphia), which
was kindly loaned to the writer Ky I'lofessor H. A. Pilsbry, Curator of MolUisca.

y. steal nsii and /'. ilki/ciisis are distinnuisliable from P. hellus by the more
lunneious (25 or 28 in the first, 20 or 22 in the second), narrower, sliarper defined,
perpendicular-sided, radiating ribs on tbe right valve, and by evenly rounded, promi-
nently and evenly lainellated ribs of the left valve. /'. heniphilli is distinguishable
from I\ hellus by its smaller size; by liaving on the right valve more numerous (l.!
or 10 in the former), round-topped, narrower, nearly perpendicular-sided, radiating
rii)s, which retain their prominence for their entire length, and by the less convexity
of the disk, more mimerous, narrower and more elevated nidiating rilis of the left
valve. P. hmnphiHi has the same depression below the apex in the lett valve, l)iit
the less degree of convexity of the rest of the disk lessens the prominence of the de-
pression, which is so marked in most specimens of P. bellas. P. deutalus is dis-
tinguishable from P. hellus by its smaller size, greater convexity of right valve, greater
concavity of left valve, greater niiml)er of ribs, and by the auxiliary ribs in the
left valve.

After a careful comparison of a large series of 1'. hellus with Conrad's descrip-
tion and figure and Gabb's figure and t3'pe specimen, tbe writer has no hesitancy in
adopting tbe synonymy given at the beginning of this article. Dall is of the opinion
that Conrad's species and that of Gabb are diflerent. This idea was prob;ibly caused
by the exaggeration of the bicarination of the ribs in Conrad's figure. Several of
the specimens of P. bellus examined by the writer show this bicarination to a greater
or less degree, although as a rule the ribs are nearly smooth-topped. A large series
of P. hellus am\ P. hemphilli show the diflerences enumerated in a previous paragraph
to be constant for the adults. The young of both species up to an altitude of twenty
millimeters are nearly identical in appearance.

23. Pecten (Pecten) dentatus Soiverby.

Plate XII, Fios. 1 and ]ri.

Pecten dentatus Sbv., Thes. Conch., Vol. I, p. 39, PI. XV, figs. 105, 106. I).\li„ Trans. Wagner

Ins. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1892, p. 707.
Vola dentata Sbv., H. &. A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll.
/antra dentata Sbv. (=/. cxcavata, Val., yfa?^ Carpenter, Brit. Assn. RejU., 1863, p. 654). Gabb,

Pal. Cal., Vol. 11, 1869, p. 104. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 244 (— /*.

sfearnsii Dall, in part).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 105

Sliell of medium size, subcircular, inequivalve, concavo-convex, rather thin; right valve gib-
bous, with twenty smooth, rounded, only moderately convex ribs, separated by very faintly channeled,
narrow interspaces; surface smooth except for fine, undulating lines of growth; ears on this valve con-
vexly bent, and separated from the disk by a deep groove; anterior ear with small byssal notch,
obsoletely, radiately ribbed, and with fine incremental lines; posterior ear similar except that it lacks
the notch; left valve concave, with nineteen or twenty prominent squarish ribs, which are separated
by deep channeled interspaces of equal width with the ribs; a faint rounded rib runs along the middle
of each of the interspaces; surface with fine undulating incremental lines; ears of this valve concave,
with obsolete radiating ridges and fine lines of growth.

Dimensions. — Long. 70 mm.; alt. 67 mm.; diam. 25 mm.; hinge 35 mm.

Distinguishable from P. hemphiUl Dall by greater convexity of the riglit
valve, and by the greater number of ribs, P. hemjjhilll having only about fifteen ribs;
distinguishable from P. stearnsii and /-■. diegensis Dall by greater convexity of right
valve, low rounded ribs rather than square ones on this valve; and by square ribs,
between which are faint rounded riblets, rather than sharply rounded ribs on the left
valve. P. dentatns is of the same shape as the Japanese species F. laqueaius Sby.,
which has fewer, but squarer, broader ribs on the right valve. This last species has
been reported from the Tertiary of Japan by Dr. Brauns in his Geology of the
Environs of Tokio.' "P. laqueatus has been erroneously cited by Reeve from Cali-
fornia" (Dall).

An almost perfect right valve of this beautiful southern shell was found in the
upi)er San Pedro series of Ban Pedro. It differs from a living specimen from the
Gulf of California by having twenty rather than twenty-three ribs, and by having
slightly less convex ribs and wider interspaces. In degree of convexity and in its
ears it agrees exactly with the living shell. The specimen was identified by Dr. Dall.

Cooper has mistaken the flat valve of P. stearnsii for this species. A specimen
in [he State Museum collection at the University of California, Berkeley, labeled
"Janira dentata Sby., San Pedro, Quaternary," is a P. stearnsii from the Pliocene of
Dead man Island.

The specimen figured is a living shell from the Gulf of California, and is now
in the collection of the Department of Geology, Leland Stanford Junior University.

Living. — Gulf of California (Carpenter; Button).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Cooper) — (probably P. hemphilli).

[S. D.] Pecten (Pecten) hemphilli Dall.

Peden hemphilli Dall., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1879, p. 15. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.
St. Min., 1888, p. 257. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1S9S, p. 706. Not
Jaiiira bella CoN., Pac. R. R. Rept, Vol. VI, 1857, p. 71, PI. Ill, fig. 16; nor Gabb, Pal.
Cal., Vol. II, 1869, PI. XVI, fig. 20.

Shell of medium size, thin, inequivalve. Upper (left) valve flat or slightly concave, with a
concave depression between middle of valve and umbo; surface of this valve sculptured by sixteen

> Mem. Duiv. Tokio, No. 4, 1881, p. J8, PI. VII, fig. 31.
, n I November 3, 1802.

1C6 CAMKOltNIA ACADKMY OF SCIKNCKS.

or seventeen very prominent, rather narrow radiatinf; ribs, which are nearly flat-topped and have
nearly perpendicular siiles; interspaces wider than ribs, with rounilinjj bottoms; line incremental
lamelhi- cover the surface ol this valve; ears square-cornered and concave, covered with incremental
lamelke. Lower (right) valve convex, most apparent between middle of valve and umbo; sculptured
by sixteen prominent squarish ribs, which are similar to those on the upper valve, except that ihey
are slij-htly broader anil have a more roundetl top; whole surface sculjilured by very fine incremental
lines; ears similar to those of upper valve except convex, and the right one having three or four radi-
ating ridges and a small byssal notch.

Dimensions. — Long. 63 mm.; alt. 5(1 mm.; diam. 15 mm.; hinge-line 28 mm.

This species is readily distiiigiii.slialjle from /'. Ktearnau and P. (U<(jcnf<is In- its
smaller size, greater convexity of lower valve, and fewer ribs. Distingnisliable from
P. bellus by smaller size, Hat or concave upper valve, and narrow, more elevated and
prominent radiating ribs. Common in the npper horizon of the Pliocene at Pacific
Beach, and also in the strata exposed on Tenth Street, near Rnss School, San Diego.

Pliocene. — Pacific Beach and Rnss School, San Diego (Hempliill; Dall;
Arnold).

24. Pecten (Pecten) stearnsii Dull.

ri.ATK xir, Fin. 3.

Pecten stearnsii Dall., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. L 1878, p. 14; Trans. VVagiur Inst. Sci., \'ol.

in, Part 4, 1898, p. 706, PI. XXVI, fig. 5.
Janira dentala Siiv. (?), Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1S69, p. 104 fin part). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rcpt.

Cal. St. Min., iS88, p. 244 (in part).

Shell of medium size, subcircular, inequivalve, concavo-convex, thin; right valve slightly
convex, with about twenty-six regular, even, square ribs, separated by channeled interspaces some-
what narrower than the ribs; the top surface of each rib is flattened with a broad, shallow groove in
the middle, with one or two faint riblets on each side of the groove; whole surface covered with
concentric lamelUe which are much finer and about twice as crowded as those of the left valve; left
valve flattened or concave, with about twenty-four regularly rounded, vaulted, even ribs, separated
by slightly wider channeled interspaces; the whole surface covered with fine, sharp, concentric,
regular lamelte, a little looped backward over the tops of the ridge; ears of this valve concave, with
obsolete radiating ridges, and fine, concentric lamell;e; ears of right valve subequal, arched, covered
with crowded, elevated lamelKe; byssal notch very small.

Dimensions. — Long, jt mm.; alt. 62 mm.; diam. 14 mm ; hinge 25 mm.

"This is the Pliocene precursor of P. diegensis Dall (Plate XII, fig. 5), {P.
floridus of Hinds, not of Gmelin) from which it differs by having five or six more
ribs, which, in the adult, have a conspicuous median sulcus." (Dall.) Mrs. Old-
royd has eight P. diegcuMS wliiclr have been hauled up in the fishermen's nets at San
Pedro; two of these are over six inches in diameter and are exceptionally high
colored for this species.

Two iin perfect left valves from the Pliocene of Deadman Island. The figure
is of a left valve from the Pliocene of San Diego. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

P/iocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Pacific Beach, lower horizon),
(Dall; Hamlin; Hemphill; Arnold).

AUNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAI'IIV OF SAN PEDRO. 107

Subgenus Chlamys Bolten.

Valves moderately inflated, subequal, in general similar (except in color); sculpture of
radi.d ribbing with or without Camptonectes striation, with or without an imbricate surface layer;
frequently spinose on the ridges; ears often discrepant, the posterior smaller.

Typo, Pecten islandicus (Miiller).

Section Paiinoj)ecten Doll.

Valves with small ribs, flat on the right valve and sometimes dichotomous; smaller and
more rounded on the left valve; concentric sculpture inconspicuous; radial strict absent or
obs(jlete; ears subequal ; valves nearly equilateral.

Type, Pecten caurinus ((Jld.).

25. Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Uuv.UL

Platk XIII, Fig. 6.

Pecten caiirhius Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1850, p. 34.5; Wilkes E.xpl. E.xped.,
Vol. XII, 1852, p. 458, fig. 569. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892,
p. 193; ^= P. yessoensis CpR., (non Jay, 1856); ^= P. propatulus Carpenter (non
Conrad, 1849) {fide Dall., Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 710).

Amusium caurinmn Gld., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1863, p. 645. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal. St. Min., 188S, p. 228. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 168, 1892.

Shell large, nearly circular, flat inequivalve, rather thin; right valve with twenty strong,
flat-topped, smooth, squarish ribs, with interspaces wider than the ribs ; left valve less conve.K than
right, with seventeen rather acutely rounded ribs, with wide, shallow interspaces ; surface of left
valve sculptured by regular, fine, undulating, concentric lines; ears not large, obliquely truncated at ends.

Dimensions. — Long, no mm.; alt. no mm.; diam. 16 mm.; hinge 46 mm.

This large, flat Pecten is distinguishable from the others of this genus found in
these deposits by its size and shape. P. expansus Dall differs from this species by
having twenty-five to thirty .dichotomous ribs. P. yessoehsis from Amori, Rikonoken,
Japan, differs from P. caurinus by having a more convex shell, wider, lower, more
rounded ribs on the right valve, less prominent ribs on the left valve, and by hav-
ing larger ears, which are truncated more nearly at right angles at the ends. Pecten
jn'opatulua Conrad is more convex and has fewer but stronger ribs and narrower
interspaces on the right valve. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Common in the Pliocene of Dead man Island and Timm's Point; rarer in the
lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro. Also found in Pleisto-
cene on beach near bath-house and in Pliocene at Packard's Hill, Santa Barl)ara.
The specimen figured is from the Pliocene of Deadman Island and is now in the col-
lection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold).

Pliocene. — Eagle Prairie, Humboldt County; San Fernando (Cooper).

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

[S. D.] Pecten (Patinopecten) expansus Dull.

Pecten expansus Dai.l, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \'ol. I, 1879, p. 14; Trans. Warner Iiist. Sci., Vol-
III, Part 4. 1898. p. 706.

SlicU larjjc, thin, slightly convex ; outer surface of upper (left) valve marked by si.xteen to
twenty sharp radiatinjj ridges, but slightly elevated, and whose sides shade off insensibly into the
broad interspaces ; faint indications of ridges appear between the principal ones ; surface of upper
valve covered with fine, slightly raised, sharp lamelkt ; lower (right ) valve with twenty or thirty
dichotomous ribs, flattened above, but not sharply differentiated from the interspaces, sculptured with
fine lines of growth, with faint appearances of radiating stride ; ears rather small, and distinctly but
not strongly marked off from the disk ; byssal notch rounded, moderately deep.

Dimensions. — l-ong. 140 mm.; alt. 135 mm.; diam. 32 mm.; hinge-line 65 mm.

Tills species is close to P. cauriitu^, but inaj be clistingiiisliLd l>y the diclio-
tomoiis ribs on the lower valve, and the faint ribs between the principal ones on tlie
upper. A species of Pecten near, if not identical, to P. expansus is found in the Plio-
cene near Ptirisima, San Mateo County, California. /'. erpansus is common in the
lower horizon of the Pliocene at Pacific Beach, near San Diego.

Pliocene. — Pacific Beach, San Diego (Hemphill; Dall; Hamlin; Arnold).

Section Nodipecten Dall.

Hoth valves convex, usually of large size and heavy ; ribs intermittently nodose, with
more or less prominent hollow nodes or buttle ; radial striation pronounced ; cars unequal, the pos-
terior smaller; the valves often more or less oblique; imbricate surface layer sometimes very marked.

Type, Pecten nodosus Linne.

26. Pecten (Nodipecten) subnodosus Sowerby.

Pecten subnodosus Sby., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1835, p. 109. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 31 1 ;
Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 621. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci, Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 710.
Peclen intermedins CoN., Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Ill, 1867, p. 7.

Shell large, suboval, convex; surface sculptured with numerous high, square ribs, three or
four of which are generally more prominent than the others; interspaces deeply channeled, averaging
about equal in width with the ribs; surface, including the ribs and interspaces, sculptured by fine
radiating, squamose ridges, and fine lines of growth; ears rather small, sculptured in same manner
as the disk.

Dimensions. — Long. 120 mm.; alt. 125 mm.; diam. 45 mm.

This large tropical species is distingui-shable by strong elevated ribs and pecu-
liar squamose, radiating ridges. Dr. Dall says of this species: "There seems to be
little reason for separating this form from the P. nodosus of the Antilles. Both vary
through a strictly analogous series of mutations."

One-half of a large left valve was found in the upper San Pedro conglomerate
of Deadraan Island by Dr. A. A. Wright, who also found a young specimen of the
same species in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Living. — Lower California to Panama (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold): Cerros Island and Lower Cali-
fornia (Dall).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 109

Section Chhivii/s s. s.

Ribs small and numerous, imbricate or spinose; valves subequal, similar, oblique, or with
unequal ears, the [losterior smaller; Catnptoncctes striation and imbricate surface layer usually present;
shell usually solid and opaque; byssal notch and ctenolium present.

Type, Peden islandicus (Miiller).

27. Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus Sowerby.

Plate XI, Fios. 4 and 4«.

Pecten hastatus Sby., Thes. Conch., 1843, p. 72, PI. XXII, fig. 236 (not of Carpenter, Brit. Assn.
Rept., 1863, p. 645 = P. hcricetis Gld.); (? not of Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869,
p. 104); (? not of Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 257). Dall, Trans.
Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 708.

Shell similar in shape and general characteristics to P. hericeus. Left valve sculptured with
eight to ten prominent, narrow, convex, coarsely spinose, radiating ribs separated by interspaces
several times wider than the ribs; interspaces ornamented with fasciculi of small spinose ribs, which
in some cases have only the importance of spinose lines; anterior ear large, acutely pointed, with
three or four prominent, spinose, radiating ribs; right valve with eight to ten pairs of equally
prominent, coarsely spinose ribs, each pair separated from the next by deep rounded interspaces
along the bottoms of which run fine spinose lines; the members of each pair of ribs separated from
each other by interspaces about as wide as one rib, and also ornamented with spinose lines ; anterior
ear with four or five strong spinose ribs and separated from disk by deep notch ; posterior ears nearly
obsolete, radiately spinose.

Dimensions. — Long. 54mm.; alt. 61 mm.; diam. 21 mm.: hinge 28 mm.

Distinguishable from P. Jiericevn by the less numerous, but more prominent
and more strongly spinose radiating ribs. Dr. Dall^ says that Carpenter confused P.
hericcuH. with P. hastatus, and as Gabb and Cooper have probably used Carpenter's
P. "hastatus" as their type, their localities for that species would come under
P. hericeus.

Mrs. Oldroyd has a beautiful pair of Pecten hastatus which was taken from a
fisherman's net at 8an Pedro. Dr. Dall identified this shell and said that it was the
first genuine P. hastatus that had ever been found at San Pedro. This species is a
northern form.

Rare in Pliocene and lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; one speci-
men from upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's. The specimen figured is
from the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.
Found also in the Pliocene at Packard's Hill, Santa Barbara, and Pacific Beach, San
Diego; and in the Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara.

Living. — San Pedro (Oldroyd; Raymond).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara; San Diego (Arnold).

1 Trana. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. UI, 1898, p. 708.

110 CAUKLtSXU ACAPEMY OP SCIENOK.

a8. Pecten vChlamyst hericeus Gomld.
fixn II. Fks. S.

fifttem Miriams Glol. Ptoc Bost Soc Nat. Hist.. VoL III. 1S50. p. 345; Wilkes Expl. Exped..

Vol. XII. 1852, Pl 457. fig. 570. Dall. Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4,

1S9S, p. 708.
Petien htsMims of Carpexter. Brit. Assn. RepC, 1S63. p. 645 (not of Sowerby, Thes. Conch.,

1S43). ? Gabb. PaL CaL. VoL II. 1S69. p. 104. ? Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. CaL St.

Min.. iSSS, PL 257.

SheO of mediam size. tiiai^;ular ovate, compressed, equivalve. thin; surface of left valve
sculptured by aboat fourteen to sixteen groups of tasciculated ribs, the groups being more prominent
and coatainii^ more ribs as the middle of the shell is approached ; the surface of all the ribs
roughened by numerous rather small, erect, arched spines; right \-alve nearly the same as left :
anterior car o( left valve large, acutely pointed with seven to dght sharp, squamosely striated
radiatii^ r" - ' ' r : ears of right \-alve the same except that a deep bj-ssal

noccfa separ ^ of umbo rise abrupdy from ears.

Dimiemsi^ns. — Long. 40 mm.; alt. 47 mm.: diam. 12 mm.; hinge 19 mm.

This species r^embles P. hastatus in shape and general characteristics. In
P. Ikastatus there are seven to ten strong, narrow, prominent ribs, coarsely spinose,
while in P. I ' he ribs occar in fourteen to sixteen fasciculi, each fascicle con-

sisting of ihrtv. .. : our nearly equally prominent, finely spinose ribs, and forming a
convex ridge. Specimens identitied by Dr. Dall.

Rare in Pliocene of Deadman Island. The specimen figured is from that
horizon and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold. Found rarely in the Pliocene
of Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Liring. — Straits of Faca (Goald): ? Sitka to Santa Barbara (Cooper).

pi- . — gju Diego (Dall): ?Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San

Pednj (A

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): ? Santa Barbara; San Fernando; San Diego
well (Cooper): San Diego (Arnold).

29. Pecten (Chlamys) hericens var. strategus DaU.

PLiiE \L, Fig.

3.

PecUm kericnu var. stralegus Dalx., Trans. Wagner Inst. S<i, VoL III, Part 4, 1898, p. 709.

Shape and general terture same as P. hericeus. " The &sdculi of the left valve, to the

- of fire to seven, with the riblets coakscent, forming large, smooth-backed, turgid ribs, with

' —'-- ---^ ■-■-^--'.'ary threads. The large ribs sometimes break up suddenly into the usual

ie. The recent specimens are bright scariet." (Dall). The right valve of a

' -'.and shovs nine fasdcnli, most of which seem to be made

-^ .. . - . — .:.Lality to the umbo, instead of coalescing; the interspaces

are slighdv ^!i. The anterior ear of this right valve is prominent and

r'evated lines of growth; byssal notch
:, „_ _ke sculpture.
D- .18 nun.; alL 2i nun.: diam. 3.2 mm.; hinge 9.4 nun.

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112 CAI.IKOltNIA ACADI'MY OF SriF.NCKS.

Tliis is the type form and is distingiiisliiihlc hy acutely pointed ears, distinct,
sqnarisli ribs and wide .slieli. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Common in upper San IVdro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish
(Jeorge's, Deadman Island, San IVdro, and Lonic Heaeli; rare in lower San IVtlro
series of Deadman Island and San Pedro. Found al.so at Spanish Blight and Twenty-
sixth Street, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series
at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Carpenter).

Pkititnccuc. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper) : San Pedro (Arnold) : San
Pedro; San Diego (Dall): San Diego (Arnold).

32. Pecten (Chlamys) latiauritus Cun., var. fragilis, var. nov.

I'l-ATK XII, Fig. 8.

Shelf of same general type as P. latiatirittis. More compressed and much thinner; ribs
seven to nine, very low and rounded, with shallow, rounded inters])aces; surface smooth, the
concentric sculpture being nearly obsolete ; hinge long, ears sharply pointed.

Dimensions. — Long. 26 mm.; alt. 26 mm.; diam. 78 mm.; hinge 25 mm.

Distinguishable from var. jiiicicolus Dall, which it resembles, by having a
longer hinge-line and pointed ears.

Kare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Los Cerritos. The speci-
men figured is the type, which is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and
is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

33. Pecten (Chlamys) latiauritus Con., var. monotimeris Con.

Plate .\II, Figs. 4 and 4a.

PecUn monotimeris CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 233, PI. XVIII, fig. 10. Carpenter,
Brit. A.ssn. Rept., 1863, p. 645. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1S88, p. 257.
Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 167, fig. 140, 1892.

Pecten latiauritus \zx . w(7«(7//w^r/5CoN., Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 709.

Shell resembling P. latiauritus, but more oblique, inflated, and markedly shorter, with
smaller ears.

Dimeiisions. — Long. 19 mm.; alt. 20 mm.; diam. 9 mm.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro, and in
upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos, San Pedro, Long Beach, and Crawfish
George's. Found also in Pleistocene of Spanish Bight, San Diego, and Barlow's
ranch, Ventura. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San
Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Dall).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Dall): San Pedro; San Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

ARNOLD -THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIOKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 113

[S. D.] Pecten (Chlamys) opuntia iJail.

Pec/en ( Chlamys) ofmntia Dai.l, Trans. Wagner ln.st. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 707,
PI. XXIX, ti.t;. 6.

Sliell of medium .size, allied to P. hcriceiis var. navarchiis Dall, from which it differs by its
smaller and not fasciculated radial ribs, more elongated anterior ear, more densely, radially costate
posterior ear, small size when adult, and by a tendency to be suddenly contracted at the basal margin
on the completion of growth.

Dimensions. — Long. 32.5 mm.; alt. 35 mm.

This species is distinguishable from tlie aliiecl species by the large luiraber
(forty or fifty) of iin fasciculated iinbricuted ribs, which are of about equal prominence.

Found in the Pliocene at Pacific Beach, near San Diego, and in the Pliocene
at Packard's Hill, iSanta Barbara.

Piiocene. — Santa Barbai'a (Arnold): San JJiego (Hemphill; Hamlin; Arnold).

Section PU((jwcteati> III Dull.

Shell thin, orbicular, with subequal inflated valves, usually equilateral, with uniform, well-
marked radial, not dichotomous ribs; the concentric sculpture in looped lamella-; the ribs strong,
frequently smooth above; the subm;irgins impressed below the subequal auricles; the valves well
inflated, with a tendency to oblique growth in the adult.

Type, Pecten venlricosus Sowerby.

34. Pecten (Plagioctenium) newsomi, sp. no v.

Plate XI, Figs. 1 and Irt.

Shell of medium size, ovate-triangular, compressed, equilateral, rather thin; twenty-two
stout, smooth-topped, squarish ribs, with channeled interspaces of same width as ribs ; interspaces
and sides of ribs showing sharp imbricating lines of growth; ears of left valve subequal, with subacute
corners; surface of ears radially striated, and showing sharp incremental lines.

Dimensions. — Long. 24 mm.; alt. 26 mm.; diam. 8 mm.; hinge 16 mm.; angle of dorsal
margins 87 degrees.

This variety is distinguishable from P. venlricosiiK by the much smaller angle
(87 degrees) made by the dor.saI margins of the disk, that of a typical P. veniricosus
being about 110 degrees. P. newsomi is also very much less ventricose than the
latter, and has much narrower ridges, wider interspaces, and a thinner shell; distin-
guishable from P. suboentricoaus by much smaller angle formed by dorsal margins,
and by narrower ridges. It resembles P. suhventricosus in degree of conve.xity. This
species is named in honor of Dr. John F. Newsom, of Leland Stanford Junior
University.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Los Cerritos. The speci-
men figured is the type, which is from the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos,
and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

( 15 ) December 26, 19011

114 CALIKOHNIA ACADEMY OK SC1KNCE8.

[S. D.J Pecten (Plagioctenium) subventricosus Dall.

PecUn ( PlagiocUnium ) suhvcntricoms Dall, Trans. Wagner Insi. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898,
p. 707. PI. XXIX, fig. 8.

"Shell of the type of P. venlricosus Sby., from which it diflcrs by being smaller and less
tumid, less e.xpanded laterally, with the ribs rounded, instead of flattened, above, and with narrow
interspaces ; the tops of the ribs smooth, the sides with a tiense fringe of concentric lamella;." (Uall).

Dimensions. — Long. 65 mm.; alt. 65 mm.; diam. 24 mm.

Sevenil speciiuciis of this species were found in ilie Pliocene of Pacific Bead),
near San Diego.

Pliocene. — Veiittira County (Bowers): San Diego (Hemphill; Stearns; Arnold).

35. Pecten (Plagioctenium) ventricosus Sonxrhy.

1'i.ATE XI, Fuis. 3, 3n, (> .*ni> (i»i.

Pecten ventricosus SuY., Thes. Conch., Pecten, 1843, p. 51, PI. XII, figs. 18, 19. Gabu, Pal Ca!.,
Vol. II, 1869, p. 104. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 258. = P. lumidus
Sby., 1S35 (not of Turt., 1S22, nor of Zeiten, 1830) ^ P. circutan's Shy. {ex parte)
= P. inca dOrb., 1847 Ui<^^ Dall., Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898,
p. 710).

Shell thin, orbicular, with subequal inflated valves which are subequilateral ; uniformly
radiately ribbed; about twenty-two strong, angular, even ribs separated by narrow interspaces; the
whole surface covered with fine, sharp, concentric, looped lamellae, which e-xhibits the oblique growth
in adult shells; ears moderately small, nearly equilateral in left valve; byssal notch prominent; surface
of ears ornamented with fine concentric lamcllre of growth, and sometimes with radiating ridges.

Dimensions. — Long. 59 mm.; alt. 50 mm.; diam. 32 mm.; hinge 31 mm.; angle of dorsal
margin 1 10 degrees.

P. i.tquisulcatus Carpenter resembles this species very closely, but is thinner
and flatter and has narrower ribs. Probably all the Pleistocene forms would come
under the head of P. ventricosus, but many of them have been labeled P. 'ttpii-
sulcalus. Speciiuens identified by Dr. Dall.

Figures G and (m, Plate XI, represent a shell which wa.s found in the
upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and which is probably a variety of P.
ventricosus.

Very common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Long Beach, Los
Cerritos, Crawfish George's, and Deadman Island. Found also in Pleistocene on Old
Mission ditch, north of Ventura, and in the Pleistocene at Twent3--sixtli Street. San
Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and
is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to west tropical America (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego; Lower California (IIem|ihill; Stearns;
Orcutt: and Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura; San Diego (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO 115

Subgenus Hinnites Def ranee.

Shell (up to advanced youth) a typical Ch/atnys, later becoming- sessile and irregular, in
which stage the resilial ])it is elongated and the cardinal margin develops an obscure area.

Type, JJinnitefi cortezi Defr.

36. Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus Gi-ay.

Hinnites giganteus Gray, Ann. Phil., icS26, p. 103. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 675.
Garb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1S69, p. 105. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. .St. Min., 1888
p. 243. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 165, fig. 138, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 193. + H. poulsoyii CoNR. = (?) //. crassus Con.,
{Jide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 711.)

Shell large, oval, irregular, inequivalve, subequilateral; surface sculptured by about seventeen
irregular, squamose, rounded, prominent radiating ridges, with two or three minor ones between each
pair of the large ones.

Dimensions. — Long. 65 mm.; alt. 65 mm.; diam. 25 mm.

Adults di.«!tiiiguisliahle from Pecten on account of distortion caused by attach-
moiit to some object durinp; tlie later stajjes of growth. The young, unattached shells
(if liiis species much resemble the young of P. lumtalm^. but are distiiiguislinlile from
this species by a less spinose growth on the ribs, and also in having a much
lieavier shell.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish George's,
and Deadman Island; a few specimens from the lower San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Rosa Island; Ventura County; Los Angeles County (Cooper).

Family X. LIMID^.

Genus Lima {Bruguiere) Cuvier.

Shell equivalve, compressed, obliquely oval; anterior side straight, gaping, posterior
rounded, usually close; umbones apart, eared ; valves white, smooth, punctate-striate, or radiately
ribbed and imbricated; there is usually a thin, brownish epidermi.s ; hinge-area triangular, cartilage
pit central ; adductor impression lateral, large, double ; pedal scars, two, small.

Lima squainoi^a Lam. is a characteristic species.

Subgenus Lima .«. s.
Hinge edentulous; valves gaping, inequilateral.

Section Mantellum Adams.
Submargins not impressed.
Type, Li7na hians Grael.

IIG lAI.IKOUSIA A<;AnEMY OK SCIENCES.

37. Lima (Mantellum) dehiscens Ctniriiil.

Lima dehiscnis Con, ]wn. I'hil. Aciul. Sci., Vol. VII, 1S37, |>. 247, I'l. XIX, dv;. 7. Cooper, 7tli

Ann. Ri'pt. Cat. St. Min., iSsS, p. 245. Dai.i., 'I'lans. Waynir Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, r.iit 4,

iSy8, p. 769.
Lima on<rii/<i/is {nut o( An. & Rve.) of Cari-f.ntkr, Riit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 645. Kf.ep, West

Coast Shells, p. 16.S, fiii. 142, 1S92. Williamson, Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,

1S92. p. 193.

Shell equivalve, compressed, obliquely oval, thin, white; anteiif)!' side straijjht ; posterior
rounded ; umbones eared, posterior ears acutely pointed ; surface smooth, radiately striate with fine
grooves; hinge-area long, narrow, triangular; cartilage jiit central, prominent; margin finely
crentilated.

Dimensions. — Long, i •., mm.; alt. 18.5 mm. ; diam. 8 mm.

Looks like ail ol)li(jiK'Iy (lol'onncd Pcclen. Speciiuoii ideiilificfl l)_v Dr. Dall.
Uaro in lower San Pedro .serie-s of Deadman Island; one specimen collected
l.y Mis. Oldroyd.

Liring. — Montefcy to San Diego (Cooper): Santa Catalina Island (Arnold).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Mrs. Oldroyd).
Pliocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper).

Superfamily ANOMIACEA.

Family XI. ANOMIID/E.

GeiuLs Pododesmus Philippi.

Shell suborbicular, very variable, translucent and slightly pearly within ; attached by a plug
passing through a hole or notch in the right valve ; a single conspicuous byssal scar on the disk ;
valves radiately grooved ; hinge unarmed.

Pododesmus rudis Brod. is a characteristic species.

Section Monin Gray.
Adult hole or foramen large.

Pododesmus machroscliisma Do.sliayes is a characteristic species.

38. Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma Dcshayex.

Anomia 7nacroscltisma Desh., Reeve, ZooI. Soc. Ciivierienne, 1839, p. 359. Mag. Zool., 1841, PI.

XXXIV. Middendorf, Beitr. Mai. Ross., Bd. Ill, 1849, p. 6. Philippi, Abbild.

beschr. Conch., 1850, p. 132, PI. I, fig. 4.
Placwianoniia macroschisma Desh., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 121. Cat. Anam. Brit. Mus..

1850, p. 12. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863. p. 646. Trvon, Syst. Conch.,

Vol. Ill, p. 294, PI. CXXXI. fig. 76, 1884. Cooper, 7tli Ann. Re])!. Cal. St. Min.,

188S, p. 260. Keep, West Coast Shells, 1892, p. 163, fig. 137.
Placunaiiomia {Monia) macroschisma Desh., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892,

p. 194.
Pododesmus (Monia') macroschisma Desh. ^= Placunanomia ccpio Gray = Plactinanomia a/ope

Gray, (fide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 780).

AKNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STItATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDKO. 117

" Shell adherent, subequivalve. irrej^ular, flattened; hinge with two thick, divergent, elongated
lamella in the inferior, corresponding with two long pits in the upper valve; upper valve with only
two muscular impressions; the pedal scar radiately striated "; surface with incremental lamina- and
sometimes radial ridges.

Pari i)( the uhovc description was taken Iruiu Ti-yon. This species resembles
Anomiii lampe, but may be distinguished by its greater size and fewer muscle-impres-
sions. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Rai'c in tlie njiper Kan Pedro scries of San Pedro, Crawfish George's, and
Deatlnian Island. Found also in the Pleistocene of the bluff west of the bath-house,
at Santa Barbara.

Living. — Unalaska to San Diego; Japan (Cooper).

Pleidocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold):
California; Oregon; Alaska (Dall): Santa. Barbara (Arnolil).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (l^all).

Miocene. — Sooke, Vancouver Island (Newcombe).

Genus Anomia Linne.

Shell suborbicular, translucent, attached by a plug passing through a hole or notch in the
right valve ; upper valve convex, smooth, lamellar, or striated ; two byssal scars on the disk, main
byssal scar largest; foramen open, ample ; hinge unarmed.

Anomia ephippiinn Linne is a characteristic species.

39. Aaomia lampe Gray.

Anomia laitipe Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 114. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 646.
Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 106. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1S88,
p. 229. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 163, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 194. Dai.l, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 785.

.Shell of medium size, suborbicular, thin, translucent and slightly pearly within ; surface of
left valve sculptured with fine, irregular, concentric lamellar lines and several prominent, irregular,
rounded, radiating ridges; interior of this valve with submarginal cartilage pit and four muscular
impressions; right or lower valve concave, with a deep rounded notch in front of the cartilage process.

Dimensions. — Long, and alt. 48 mm.; diam. 9 mm.

This species is variable both in regard to its shape and its sculpture, but is
easily distinguishalde by the thin, lamellar, translucent shell. Distinguishable from
A. limatala Dall by its smaller size and radial ridges. Specimens identified by
Dr. Dall.

Common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Long
Beach, and Crawfish (Jeorge's; rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island

118 I ALll'OKNMA Ai'ADKMV I H' Sl'IKNCKS.

ami San Pedro. Foiiml also in ilir IMeistocone al Harlow's ranch, Vonluni, and in
tin' IMoistocem- of Spanisli Hiirjit nnd P;u'ilic Boacli, Sm Dieeo.

lAriui/. — Moiitoivy to Mexico (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper ; Arnold): Ventnra; San Diego (ArnnM ).

[S. |).) Anomia limatula J),ill.

.■Inoniia limatula Dali., I'roc. U. S. Nat. Miis., Vol. I, 1879, p. 15. Trans. Warner Inst. Sci., Vol.
Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 7S5, PI. XXXV. fiR. 19.

Shell lar^o, thin, irregular, with a rather thickened hinge-line; e.xternal surface rough, like
ln'sh Iractmed china-ware: surface tlevoid of all norm.il radial sculpture, and still retaining on its
yellowish valves traces of dark |)urple, irregularly radial blotches. The calcareous i)lng of this
species is peculiar, being hollow, and the cylinder incomplete on one side.

Di.stingni.sliable from .1. /'/////«■ and Pododesmna macroschismn by its lack of
radial scidpturc. Reported in the Pleistocene of San Pedro by Stearns.

Plehtocenb. — San Pedro (Stearns): Ventura Connty, eight miles inland and
two hnndred feet elevation above sea-lev(d (Bowers): Spanish Bight and Coronado
Beach, San Diego (Hemphill; Stearns): Twentv-sixth Street, San J)iego (Hemphill;
Arnold).

Superf.imily >n'TlT,ACEA.

Family Xli. MYTILID/E.

Genus Mytilus {lAnne) Bolten.

Shell wedge-shaped, rounded behind; umbones terminal, pointed ; hinge-teeth minute or
obsolete; pedal muscular impressions two in each valve, small, simjilc, close to the adductors.

Mytilus smnragdinua Cheran. is a characteristic species.

Section M//lilux .s. .s.
Surface with chiefly concentric sculpture, or smooth.
Type, jMijtilufi rdnllA Tjinm'.

40. Mytilus edulis Linne.

Mytilus edulis LiNX., Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 1758, p. 705. = M. borealis Lam. == M. abbreviatns Lam.

= M. vetustus Lam. = M. incurvams Lam. == M. pellucidus Pennant = M. notalus

DeKav = M. subsaxatilis Williamson {Jide Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1856, p.

219). Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863. p. 643. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 252. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 173, 1892. Williamson, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.XV, 1892, p. 191. = Modiola ptilex H. C. Lea (not of Lam.)

= Mytilus minganensis Mighels, &c. {fide Dall, Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4,

1898, p. 788).
Mytilus pcdroavus CoN., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V, 1853. p. 325, PI. V, fig. 40.

ARNOLD — THE rALEONTOLOC Y AND S TRATIGKAPHY OV SAN PEDRO. IIU

Shell of incdium size, wedge-shaped, rounded behind, ihin; surface smooth, except for
concentric, incremental lines; unibones terminal; dorsal margin slightly depressed in middle; hinge-
teeth minute.

Dimensions. — Long. 55 mm.; lal. 24 mm.; diam. iS mm.

The only tlillereiice between the Pleistocene .specimens and the living form
is in the coloration of the epidermis, tl)at of the former being reddish brown, wdiilc
I he latter is bine. Specimens identiiied by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Islanti; and in the npper
San Pedro series of Deadman Island, Crawfish George's, and San Pedro.

Living. — San Pedro (Williamson): Monterey, north; .Iaj)an; circumpolar
(Cooper): Atlantic Ocean south to North Carolina (Dall).

Pleiatocene. — Beiiicia, Solano ('onnty (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold): Atlantic
coast from Lal)rador to St. John's River, Florida; northern Europe; northwest coast
of America (Dall).

Pliocene. — Red Crag, Great Britain (Dall).

Genus Septifer Reduz.

Shell ecjui valve, very inequilateral; ventral niaigin subconcave and cut out for the passage
of the byssus; beaks subterminal, curved; hinge without teeth, furnished with a lamellar septum;
ligamental pits linear, marginal, dorsal, anterior, with a white, nearly s[jongy margin within; muscu-
lar impressions superficial, the anterior small, rounded, the posterior large, subdorsal, uniform.

Septifer hebertl Desh. is a characteristic species.

41. Septifer bifurcatus Conrad.

Mjii/us bifurcatus Conrad, Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1S37, p. 241, Fl. XVIII, fig. i^.
Rei£VE, Conch. Icon., PI. IX, fig. 41.

Septifer bifurcatus Rve., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 643. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869,
p. loi. Cooi'ER, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 264. Keep, West Coast
Shells, [). 171, fig. 144, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892,
p. 191. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 789.

Shell small, wedge-shaped, equivalve, convex, rather thick; beaks pointed, terminal; surface
sculptured by numerous strong, rounded, terminally bifurcating, radiating ridges, and fine concentric,
incremental sulcations; margin corrugated; a small lamellar deck stretches across the interior of the
shell near the umbo; teeth small.

Dimensions. — Beak to ventral margin 10 mm.; lat. 6 mm.; diam. 4 mm.

This little shell is shaped like a MijliliD^ edulis, but is smaller and lias
[)roiiiinent, bifurcating, radiating ridges, delicate incremental sculpture, and an
nmbonal deck.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island.

Living. — Farallon Islands to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Diego (Cooper): Sau Pedro (Arnold).

1'20 CALIKOKNIA ACVDKMV OF SlUENCKS.

(iuiius Modiolus Luinanh.

Shell ol)lonjj, inlhitcd in liuiu; uiiiboncs anterior oblusc; liinj;u luotlilcbN; |)c(.lal impressions
three in each valve, the central elongated; epidermis often ])roduced into long beard-like fringes.

'l\|n', Mijl'dus modiolus Liiitu'. .

Seel ion .Vudiolus k. .s.
Surface smooth, shell inllated, edentulous, epidermis more or less hirsute.
'rv|ic, Mijtilus tnodio/us Litiiu''.

42. Modiolus fornicatus ('(tr/ienUr.

Modiola fornicata Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rep., 1863, p. 643; Ann. iS: Mag. Nat. Hist , 3rd Ser. .Vol.
XV, 1S65, p. 179. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 173, 1892. Williamson, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 191.

Shell of medium size, short, oblong, inflated in front, swollen, equivalve; ijeaks anterior,
not quite terminal, obtuse, marginal, bent forward; surface sculptured oiilv with concentric incre-
mental lines; margins smooth; no hinge teeth.

Dimemions. — Beaks to ventral margin 54 mm.; lat. 31 mm.; tiiam. 30 mm.

This speciea is di«tiiii^iiislialtle by its short, swollen Inriu.

Rare in the lower San Pcdi-o .series of Dcailmaii Island, and in the upper San
Tedro series of Los Cerritos. Foiinil also in the Pleistoeene of Barlow's ranch,
Ventura, and hluff west of bath-house, Santa Barbara.

Liviny. — Monterey to Santa Bariiara (Carpenter): San Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): Ventura; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

43. Modiolus rectus Conrad.

A/odio/a recta CoN., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 243, pi. XIX, fig. i. Carpenter,

Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 643. Gahh, Pal. Cal. Vol. II, p. loi, 1869. Cooper, 7th

Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 251. Keep, West Coa.st Shells, p. 171, fig. 145,

1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 192. Dall, Trans.
Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part. 4, 1898, p. 793.

Shell large, rhomboidal, narrow, evenly convex, not sharjily ridged, sculptured by numerous
fine, concentric, incremental lines; lower margin a nearly straight line; ligament long, narrow,
straight.

Dimensions. — Long. 150 mm.; alt. 50 mm.; diam. 38 mm.

Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro scries of Deadmaii Island, and the iip[)er San Pedro
series of Deadman Island, San Pedro, and Los Cerritos. Found also in the Pliocene
of Pacific Beach, and the Pleistocene of Pacific Beach and Twenty-sixth Street,
San Diego.

Living. — Santa Cruz to San Diego (Cooper).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIGKAi'lIY OF SAN PEDRO. 121

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper, Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Rosa; Twelve Mile House, San Mateo County; So(]Ucl, Santa
Cruz County; San Fernando; San Diego well (Cooper): San Diego (Arnold).

Miocene. — El T(no llancli, INIonterey County; Foxin'.s, Santa Barbara County
(Cooper).

Genus Lithophaga Boltcn.

Shell cylindrical, inflated in front, wedge-shaped behind; epidermis thick and dark; interior
nacreous.

Type, Mijtilus lUhojjhagus Linne.

44. Lithophaga plumula II unity.

Lilhophagus plionula Hanley, Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1863,0. 644. Keep, West Coast

Shells, p. 171, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 192.
Lithophaga plumula Hanley, Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part. 4, 1898, p. 799.

Shell subcylindric, with nearly terminal beaks; two radial sulci extending backward from
the beaks, incrustation plume-like, arranged in a distinct pattern on the areas between the sulci, and,
when projecting beyond the ends of the valve, apposited symmetrically.

One perfect cast of a shell of this species was found on the iiLside of a Metis
alia in the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos.

Liviny. — Monterey to San Diego (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Order ANOMALODESMACEA.

Superfamily ANATINACEA.

Family XIII. PERIPLOMID^E.

Genus Periploma Schumacher.

Shell oval, very inequivalve, inequilateral, slightly nacreous ; left valve deepest; posterior
side very short and contracted; hinge with a narrow, oblique, spoon-shaped process in each valve,
and a small triangular ossicle; an internal rib proceeds from under the hinge to the posterior margin;
muscular impressions unequal, the anterior long and narrow, the posterior small, semilunar; pallial
impression marginal.

Periploma incequicalvis Schuiu. is a characteristic species.

45. Periploma argentaria Conrad.

Periplmna argentaria Con., Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, P- 238, PI. XVIII, fig. 8.
Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 211; Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 638. Cooper,
7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 25S. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 204,

fiy- '75' 1892. Dall, mss., 1900.

I u I December 27, l!IU2.

\'2'2 CAI.IKOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIKNCKS.

Periploma ftlaniiiscula Sby. + P. lenticularis Sby. — P. artriiitaria CoN. = ^ /'. alia C. B. Ad.
= P. exntnaCvv.. (fide Steakns, Proc. U. S. Nat. M us., Vol. XIll, i8yo, p. 223).
Uall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 184.

Slidl of medium size, elliptical, inequilateral, inequivalve, fragile; umbones small, anterior
to center; posterior e.xtremity long anil evenly rouiuled, but |)roiluced farthest a little above the
middle; anterior portion much shorter than posterior, faintly biangulated; surface sculptured by hne
concentric, incremental lines; hinge a hollow spoon-shaped process, projecting inwards from below
the umbones: tliis cartilage process is strengthened by an elongated callus slanting anteriorly;
jj.iirial sinus short, cuneiform.

Dimensions. — Long. 46 mm.; alt. 2,2) mm.; diam. i.S mm.; umbo to anterior e.xtremity
13 mm.; to posterior extremity 33 mm.

Specimens lilciitifietl by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the San Pedro series of San I'edro, Los Cerritos, Crawli.sh George's,
and Deadnian Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street and
Spanisli Higlit, San Diego.

Living. — Point Conception sonth to Mexican coast (Stearns).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Cooper, Arnold.)

Family XIV. TIIRACIID.E.

(icnus Thracia (Leach) BlalnoiUe.

Shell oblong, nearly equivalve, slightly compressed, attenuated and gaping posteriorly;
smooth or minutely scabrous; cartilage process thick, not prominent, with a crescentic ossicle;
pallial sinus shallow.

Thracia jmbesceiis Pult. is a characteristic species.

46. Thracia trapezoides Cunrad.

Thracia trapezoides CoN., Wilkes Exped., Vol. X, 1849, p. 723, Pi. XVII, fig. 6. Gabu, Pal. Cal.,
Vol. II, 1869, p. 90. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 267.

Shell of medium size, subtrigonal, compressed, thin ; umbones central, bent slightly posteri-
orly ; anterior margin evenly arcuate from umbones, bending off quite evenly into the arcuate
ventral margin; anterior extremity most produced near base; posterior dorsal margin depressed near
umbo, sloping off slightly concavely to a line which abruptly truncates the posterior extremity ; this
truncating line is slightly arcuate, but is angular at both ends; surface sculptured by faint incre-
mental lines; a prominent fold runs from the umbones to the lower part of the truncated extremity.

Dimensions. — Long. 48 mm.; alt. 38 mm.; diam. 16 mm.

After comparing the San Pedro Pliocene specimen.s with several Miocene
shells from the Astoria horizon of Blakely, Washington (Conrad's type came from
this same horizon), it is evident that the two forms are identical. The San Pedro
specimens, however, average much larger in size. Dr. Dall labeled these specimens
"Thracia? carta." 1\ curta is much less depressed behind the beaks, has a much

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STltATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 123

straiffhter ventral nuiro-in, and a more evenly rounded anterior extremity tlian
T. tra'pbzoidei>.

This species is found in only one narrow stratum of the San Pedro Pliocene.
This stratum outcrops near the base of Deadman Island, and also on the top of the
ridge at the head of the railroad grade in the southeastern part of Ran Pedro. It is
the predominating species in this one stratum.

yVtoce».e.— Eagle Prairie, Humboldt County (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Miocene. — Oregon (Cooper): Blakely, near Seattle, Washington (Arnold).

Family XV. PANDORID^.
Genus Pandora.

Shell inequivalve, thin, pearly inside; valves close, attenuated behind ; right valve flat, with
a diverging ridge and cartilage furrows; left valve convex, with two diverging grooves at the hinge;
pallial line slightly sinuated.

Subgenus Kennerlia Carpenter.
Hinge ossicle thin; radiating ribs on the right valve.
Type, Kennerlia bicarinata Carpenter.

47. Pandora (Kennerlia) bicarinata Carpenter.

Plate XVIII, Fio. 2.

Kennerlia bicarinata Cpr. , Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 63S; Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S64, p. 603.

Tryon, Syst. Conch., Vol. Ill, 1884, p. 143.
? Pandora bilirata CoN., Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 257.

Shell small, planoconvex, oval, thin; umbones minute, about one-third length from anterior
end; anterior and posterior dorsal margins straight, making an angle a little less than 160 degrees
at the umbo; ventral margin arcuate, rounding upward at each end and meeting dorsal margins in
angulated turns; two posterior submarginal ridges run from the umbo to the extremity in the convex
valve; surface sculpture and hinge as in K.filosa.

Dimensions. — Long. 14 mm.; alt. 9 mm.; diam. 3 mm.; umbones to anterior extremity
4 mm.; to posterior extremity 10 mm.

This species is closely related to K.filosa, but is distinguishable by its broader,
shorter shell, rounded rather than beaked posterior extremity, and more nearly
central umbones. Probably the same as Pandora bilirata of Conrad.

One left valve from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, which is
figured, and is now in the possession of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Catalina Island (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): Santa Barbara (Cooper).

\'2[ CAMFOUNIA A(.\I>1'.MY OV SCIENCES.

48. Pandora (Kennerlia) filosa Carpenter.

I'LATK XVIII, I'Ki. 3.

Kfunerlia filosa Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rcpl., 1S63, p. 63S; Troc. Zool. Soc, 1864. p. 602.

Shell small, planoconvex, elonjjate-oval, thin; iiniboncs minute, about one-fourth length from
anterior e.xtremity; anterior and jiosterior dorsal marjjins straij>;ht, making an angle of 160 degrees
at the umbo; ventral margin arcuate; posterior e.xtremity long, narrowed and truncated at the end;
anterior rounded up from base but making an angle with dorsal margin; a single prominent poste-
rior, submarginal ridge runs from umbo to extremity on each valve, being nearer the margin in the
flat valve; surface of both valves sculptured by numerous fine, concentric, incremental lines, and
that of the right valve by fine radiating sulcations; left valve with a thin hinge ossicle; right valve
with two ossicles, the anterior one being short.

Dimensions. — Long. 16 mm.; alt. 7 mm.; diam. 3 mm.; umbo to anterior end 4 mm.; to
posterior end 12 111 in.

The right valve of tliis little shell looks sometliiiio; like :v wing, and re.seinl)les
Clidiophora punctato, but is distinguishable by the straight dorsal margin, radiating
sulcations, and narrower form.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dull.

One right and one left valve found in the lower San Pedro series of Doadninn
Island. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Dcndnmn Island.
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Clidiophora Carpenter.

.Shell inequivalve, thin, pearly inside; valves close, attenuate behind; right valve rather
tumid, with three hinge teeth, the posterior one elongated; left valve often with two teeth; ossicle
present; pallial line simple.

Clidiophora claviculata Carp, is a characteristic species.

49. Clidiophora punctata Conrail.

Patidora punctata Coii., ]ourn. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 22S, PI. XVII, fig. i.

Clidiophora punctata CoN., CPR., Brit. A.s.sn. Rept, 1863. p. 638. CPR., Proc. Zoo!. Soc, 1864,
p. 598. Gabb, Pal. Gal., Vol. II, p. 90, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 235. Williamson. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 183.

Shell rather small, suboval, much compressed, tliin; umbo jjosterior to center, marginal,
not elevated; anterior dorsal margin concavely arcuate; anterior extremity rostrated; posterior
extremity evenly rounded; outer surface sculptured with fine, concentric, incremental lines; interior
pearly, punctate; right valve slightly tumid, with three hinge teeth; left valve with two hinge teeth.

Dimensions. — Long. 30 mm.; alt. 19.5 mm.; diam. 5 mm.; umbo to anterior end 21 mm.;
to posterior end 9 mm.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 125

Rare in (lie lower San Pedro series of Deatltnari Island and upper San Pedro
series of San Pedro. Fonnd also at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

PUnceue. — San P)cnitu ( "onnty (Cooper).

Miocene. — Ventnra Coimt}- (Cooper).

Family XVT. LYONSIID.E.
Genus Lyonsia Turton.

Shell nearly cqiiivalve, k-fl valve largest; thin, subnacreous, close, truncated posteriorly;
cartilage plates oblique, covered by an oblong ossicle; pallial sinus obscure, angular.

Lyonsia norvecjica is a characteristic species.

50. Lyonsia californica Conrad.

Lyonsia californica CoN., Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci. , Vol. VII, 1837, p. 248, PI. XIX, fig. 20. Cpr.,
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 210; ^L. bracteata Gld. ^L. nitida Gld., {fide Carpen-
ter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 638) Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 202, fig. 174, 1892.
Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 184.

Shell of medium size, elongate-oval, truncated and narrowing slightly posteriorly, convex,
thin; long, slightly depressed posterior to umbo; short, convex anterior; surface sculptured with
fine, concentric, incremental lines; external layer chalky and fugacious, pearly beneath; cartilage-
plates oblique, covered by an oblong o.ssicle; pallial sinus obscure.

Dimensions. — Long. 31 mm.; alt. 14 mm.; diam. 11 mm.

This frail shell is generally fonnd with the outer layer gone, leaving the pearly
surface of the lower layer exposed. Outline variable.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Ilather common in the Pliocene of Deadman Island, the lower San Pedro
series of Deadman Island and San Pedro, and the upper San Pedro series of Dead-
man Island, Crawfish George's, and San Pedro.

Living. — Puget Sound to San Diego (Carpenter). •

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Mytilimeria Conrad.

Shell rounded oval, more or less ventricose, equivalve, fragile, covered by a thin caducous
epidermis; beaks subspiral; hinge without teeth, but formed of small linear excavations under the
beaks to receive the ligament, which contains a small ossicle; muscular impressions small; pallial
impression with an obtuse sinus.

Type, Alytilimeria nuttnlli Conrad.

120 CAMFOKNMA \<Anr.M\ 1)1 S( II.M l,S.

51. Mytilimeria nuttalli Connul.

I'l.ATK XVII. ri.i. 8.

Mylilintfria ;/«//<i/// CoN., Joiirn. Phil. Acarl. Sci.. Vol. VII. 1S37, p. 247. Cpr., Rrit. Assn. Rcpt..
I sr.;,. p. 63S. (Mini. Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 90. 1S69. Trvon. Syst. Conch., Vol. Ill,
1SS4. p. 147, PI. CVIII.ti^'. 68. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 252.
Kf.kp, West Coast Shells, p. 203. 1892.

.Shell small, c(iuivalve. sulioval. convex, thin; beaks central, subspiral, small; surface sculp-
tured !))• tine, concentric, incremental lines anil nuinerous delicate radiating sulcations, the whole
having a pearly luster; hinge edentulous, with a slight linear cavity under the beaks; pallia! sinus
broad, obtuse.

Dimensions. — Long. 11 inni.; all. 17 n)ni.; diani 10 mn).

Tliis fi'Mi^ilo little slioll rof^onihlc'' a very small and hrnad Mi/tihiii, hut i.s ca.sily
(ii.slini;uisli;il)lc' hy its (lelicalo .■sculpture. Specimen.s identified hy Dr. Dall.

Rare in the Pliocene and lower Ran Pedro series of Deadinan I.slaiid, and in
tlie lower San Pedro series of San Pedro.

The species fii^iired is imperfect. It came from the lower San Pedro series at
Dead man Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

JAving. — Straits of Fiica to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold).

Miocene. — Tomales, Marin ("oiinty (Cooper).

Supcrfamily POROMYACEA.
Family XVII. VERTICORDIID.E.

Genus Verticordia .S'. Wood.

Shell suborbicular, with radiatinj.; rijjs; beaks subspiral; margins denticulated; interior
brilliantly pearly; hinge with one prominent cardinal tooth in each valve; adductor scars two, faint;
pallial line simple; ligament internal, oblique; epidermis dark brown.

Type, Verticordia cnrdiiformis Wood.

52. Verticordia novemcostata Adama <L- Reeve.
I'LATK .wii, ¥u.. 10.

Verticordia novemcostata Ad. & Rve. = V. ornata D'Orr. {JideCTR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 645.)

Shell small, suborbicular, compressed, thin; beaks subcentral, subspiral, small, sharp,
anterior extremity evenly rounded; posterior dorsal margin evenly arcuate, and joining arcuate
ventral margin in an angular extremity; surface with nine prominent, sharp, arcuate, radiating ridges;
the first and third interspaces wider than the others; margins sharply denticulate; hinge with one
prominent cardinal tooth in each valve; adductor scars two, faint; pallial line simple; ligament
internal, oblique; interior pearly.

Dimensions. — Long. 4 mm.; alt. 3.5 mm.; diam. 2 mm.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPUY OF SAN PEDRO. r27

This little sliL'll is one of tlie iuii<iiie ^^pecies of this fauna. Specimens identi-
fied by Dr. Ball.

One specimen from lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, which is
figured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa IJarlnua; Sanianing, China; South America (Carpenter):
San Pedro (Raymond).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Order TELEODliSMACE.V.

Su|x-rfamily ASTARTACEA.

Family X\'l 11. ASTARTID.E.

Genus Astarte Soiverby.

Shell suborbicular, compressed, thick, smooth, or concentrically furrowed; lunula com-
pressed; ligament external; epidermis dark; hinge-teeth two in each valve, the anterior tooth of the
right valve large and thick ; anterior pedal scar distinct ; pallial line simple.

Asiarte semisulcdtn Leach is a characteristic sj)ecies.

Subgenus Crassinella Buyle.
Shell obliquely lengthened, subquadrangular.

Astarte ohliqua Desb. is a characteristic species.

53. Astarte (Crassinella) branneri, sp. nov.

Platk XVIII, Fig. 12.

Shell small, subtrigonal, e<iuivalve, inequilateral, convex, thick ; umbo small, sharp; ante-
rior dorsal margin straight to anterior extremity, where it meets the arcuate ventral margin in an
angle; posterior dorsal margin evenly arcuate, sloping down to rounded, posterior extremity ; surface
sculptured with numerous angular, concentric undulations or ridges; lunule long, narrow, e.xtending
to anterior extremity, and circumscribed by a narrow, angular ridge ; ligament external, not promi-
nent; two prominent cardinal teeth in right valve; one in left; no laterals; pallial line entire, running
from the middle of adductor scars ; adductor scars subequal, small.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm,; alt. 8.9 mm.; diam. 5 mm.

This species somewhat resembles Astarte compacta Cpr., hut has a longer
lunule, finer concentric ridges, and is more bilaterally symnieti-ical. Specimens
pronounced a new species by Dr. Dall. Named in honor of Dr. John C. Branner,
Professor of Geology, Leland Stanford Junior University.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Los Cerritos. The
specimen figured is the tyi)c, which is from tbe upper San Pedro series at Los

1*28 CAI.IItlUN'IA .\( ADKMV OK SCIKNC^ES.

CVnitos, ami is miw in llic riiiltil Slatt's Nalioiial Mu-^eiim. I'launl al-o in tlu'
Pleistocetie of Twi-iity-sixtli Street, San Diej^o.

Pkislocene. — San IVilm; San Dici^o (Arnold).

SuiuTfamily CAKDITALKA.

Kaniiiy XIX. OA KDllI U.K.

(ieiiiis Venericardia Lanuirck.

Shell suborbicular, inciiuilattral, radiately ribbed; liinye wiili two oblique canlinal ti/e-ih
and no laterals.

Venericardia j)lanicuslala Lamarck is a characteristic species.

54. Venericardia barbarensis Steams.

Venericardia barbarensis Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,Vol. XIII, 1891, j). 214, PI XVI, fig.s. 3, 4.

Shell rounded, inequilateral, variable in outline, more or less obiiciue, moderately convex;
beaks small, slightly elevated and turned forward; surface ornamented with nineteen or twenty radi-
ating ribs, usually somewhat granulose; lunule small, slightly sunken, faintly defined; hinge-line
small, not thick ; hinge composed of, in left valve, a single strong cardinal sloping po.steriorly
and a smaller tooth, often obscure, slanting anteriorly; a third tooth-like process is generally present,
situated under, and apparently a projection of, the edge of the lunule; the right valve has a single
strong cardinal tooth with a slanting, somewhat sinuous groove above and a slight notch and tooth-
like point below the upper part of the lunule; muscle impressions small.

Dimensions. — Long. 19.5 mm.: alt. 17 mm.; diam. 14 mm.

Distiniiiii-sliable from I', reiitricosa l)y uujre .siibrectanguhir outline, j^roater
relative lengtli; greater number of ribs, less prominent beak, raucli narrower and
longer hinge-line, and sliorter, slighter posterior cardinal tooth, \vhi(th is straight.

Common in Pliocene and lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; rare
in Pliocene at Timm's Point and upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's and
San Pedro. Found also west of batli-honse at Santa liarbara.

Living. — Santa Barbara I-lands (1'7<) fathoms) (Stearns).

J'leistocene. — San Pedro (.Vrnold): Santa Barbara (Aiiiold).

Pliocene. — Sau Pedro (Arnold).

55. Venericardia ventricosa Gould.

Cardita ventricosa Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1850, p. 276; Wilkes Expl. Exped., Vol. XII,

p. 417, PI. XXXVI, fig. 532, 1852, =C subtenla Con., =C mo7iilicosta Gabb, =(7. occi-

denlalis Con., {fide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 100).
Venericardia borcalis var. ventricosa Gld., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 643. Cooper, 7th Ann,

Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888. p. 269.
Venericardia ve7itricosa Old., Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIII, 1891, p. 216, PI. XVI,

figs. 5 and fi. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 190.

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 129

Sliell small, subcircular, VL-ntricose, thick ; unibones slightly anterior to center, much bent
forward, prominent; surface sculptured by about thirteen prominent, rounded, radiating ridges,
which are slightly roughened by regular lines of growth; sulcations narrow; hinge area broad, short;
two prominent teeth in each valve, anterior short; margin clcjsely crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 12.5 mm.; alt. 13 mm.; (li.im. ,S mm.

Distinguisliahio by small size, coarse scul])tiire and heavy liinge. Common in
tlie Pliocene of Deadman L'sland and Timm's Point; tare in lower San Pedro series
of Deadman Lsland. Found also in Pleistocene of Pacific Beach, near 8an Dief^o;
and in the Pliocene of Packard's Hill and the Pleistocene near the bath-house,
Santa Barbara.

Living. — Alaska to Catalina Island (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barl)ara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Bar-
bara; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando; Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro;
Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Miocene. — Oregon; Foxin's, Santa Barbara County; Santa Monica (Coo2)er):
Blakeley, near Seattle, Washington (Arnohl).

Genus Lazaria Conrad.

Shell transverse, oblong, inequilateral; beaks subanterior, radiately ribbed ; hinge with two
cardinal and two lateral diverging teeth in each valve, the posterior teeth being in each case much
elongated, the anterior short and more or less pointed, sublunular.

Lazaria pectunculus Brng. is a characteristic S2:)ecies.

56. Lazaria subquadrata Carpenter.

Lazaria subquadrata Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 642; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser. , Vol. XV,
1865, ]). 179. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 244. Keep, West Coast
Shells, p. 179, fig. 152, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,Vol. XV, 1892, p. 190.

Shell small, transverse, subrectangular, inequilateral, ventricose, thick; beaks subanterior,
not prominent ; dorsal posterior margin long, straight ; anterior portion abruptly truncated just in
front of beak; surface sculptured with heavy, squamose, rounded, radiating ridges; interior
margin coarsely crenulated; hinge with two lateral diverging teeth in each valve, the posterior teeth
being in each case much elongated, the anterior short and pointed.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; alt. 6 mm.; diain. 5 6 mm.

Distingnishable by its small size, rectangidar outline, and coarse, squamose
ridges which radiate from one corner of the rectangle. Specimens identified
by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
in the upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's and San Pedro.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Coojier): San Pedro (Arnold).

( 17 ) December 29, 1902.

130 CALIFOHNIA AfADKMY dl' Sl'IENCES.

Siiperfamily L I lAM Al i;.\.

Fiiniil.v XX, CllAMlD.K.

Genus Chama (I'lin;/) Linni.

Shell attached ustially by the left umbo; valves loHaceous; the upper smallest; hinge-tooth
of free valve thick, curveii, received between two teeth in the other; adductor impressions large;
oblong, the anterior encroaching on the hinge-tooth.

Chama lazarus Liiinr is a cliaiactciistic s]>ecies.

57. Chama exogyra Ounrad.

Chama exogyra Con, Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 256. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 38,
PI. VII. Cari'ENTEk, Proc. Zoo!. Soc, 1856, p. 217; Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 641.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 233; Bull. Cal. St. Min. Bureau, No. 4,
1894, p. 24. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 182, 1S92. Williamson, U. S. Nat. Mus. ,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 189.

Shell of medium size, oval, irregular; left valve subcompresseil, thick, attacluti wIkii living;
umbo small, submarginal, much twisted, either dextral or sinistral, generally tiie former; surface
foliated with irregular, disconnected, rough, translucent, concentric frills; hingc-tootii thick in free
valve; two teeth in attached valve; adiluctor impressions large, oblong, the anterior encroaching on
the iiinge-tooth.

Dimensiotis. — Long. 33 mm.; alt. 33 mm.; diani. 16 mm.

Distinguishable ffoin 0. jicllncida by lai'ger, thicker shell, fewer and less spiny,
though more prominent frills; and by being attached generally by tiie left valve.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Los Cerritos.

Living. — Bodega Bay to San Diego; Mexico (Cooi)er).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold): San
Nicohis Island (Bowers).

58. Chama pellucida Saircrhi/.

CAama spinosa Brod. war. pel/uctda Sry., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 150.

Chama pellucida Siiv., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 641. Kekp, West Coast Shells, p. 182,

fig. 155, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 189. Cooper,

Bull. Cal. St. Min. Bureau, No. 4, 1894, p. 24.

Shell of medium size; right valve (attached), exceedingly ventricose, rather thin; left valve
nearly flat, thicker; surface of attached valve sculptured with numerous prominent, spiny frills; surface
of upper valve with more numerous, small frills, which are sometimes spiny near the margin of the
valve; hinge-teeth and muscle-impressions as in C. exogyra.

Dimensions. — Long. 20 mm.; alt. 25 mm.; diam. 15 mm.

Distinguishable from C. exogyra by smaller size, more prominent fiills on
upper valve, and by the fact that in C. jjellucida the right valve is generally attached,
and is exceedingly ventricose, while in C. exogyra the left valve is the larger, and is
attached. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 131

lliiLlier common in the Pliocene; rarer in the lower San Pedro series of Dead-
man island; and only found occaHionally in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro,
Deadman Island, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish George's.

Living. — San Fi-ancisco to San Diego (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Ventura County (Bowers).

Superfaniily LUCINACEA.

Family XXI. LUCINID/E.

Genus Lucina Jirti[)irre.

-Slicll orbicular, white; umbones depressed; lunulc distinct; margins smooth or minutely
creiiulated ; hgament oblique, semi-internal; hinge-teeth two in each valve; laterals, two in right
valve, four iu left; muscular impressions rugose ; anterior elongated within the pallial line, posterior
oblong; umbonal area with an oblique furrow.

Ljicina jamnicensis Linne is a characteristic species.

59. Lucina acutilineata Conrad.

Lucina acutilineata Con., Wilkes Expl. Exped., Vol. X, p. 725, PI. XVIII, fig. 2, 1849.

Cyclas acutilineata Con., Jour. Conch., 1865, p. 153.

Lucina borealis (not of Linn/eus, Syst. Nat., Edition XII, p. 1413); of Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863,
p. 643; = PectuncJilus patulus CoN., Jour. Conch., 1865, p. 153; not Wilkes Expl.
Exped., p. 726. PI. XVIII, fig. 9; ^Lucina tetrica Con. (^fide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II,
p. 100, 1869). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 246.

Shell large, orbicular, only slightly convex, rather thin; umbones depressed, central; surface
ornamented by numerous equal, equidistant, sharp, raised, concentric lines; interspaces show lines of
growth; lunule small, but deeply impressed and distinct; two sharp cardinal teeth in each valve;
lateral teeth nearly obsolete; anterior muscle-impression much elongated.

Dimensions. — Long. 57 mm.; alt. 53 mm.; diam. 28 mm.

This species is easily distinguishable by its large size and sharp, concentric,
raised lines. This beautiful shell is always found in a fine state of preservation in
the Deadman Island forraation.s, in many cases occurring in pairs. The shell is
translucent, and in only a few instances have imperfect specimens been found. The
convexity of the shell is slightly variable, being more in the younger shells, the older
ones being inclined to become flatter. The Pliocene .specimens are smaller, more
convex, and have the concentric lines much closer set than do the Pleistoceue forms.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Common in Pliocene and lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San
Pedro; rare in the upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island, Crawfish George's, and
San Pedro. Only one or two specimens have been found in each of the upper San
Pedro localities; thus practically restricting the northern species to the Pliocene and

132 CALIFORNIA ACADHMY OF SCIENCES.

lower Sail Pedro series. Foiiiul also in the Pleistocene west of ItaUi-liouse, tSanta
Barbara; ami in tlic I'leistocetie of Pacific Peach, San l)icy:o.

Living. — Catalina Island (Cooper) : Santa Barbara channel (Carpenter) : Pnjjet
Sonnd (Arnold).

Pkiatocene. — Santa Parbara to San Diej^o (Cooper): San Pedro; Saiila P>ai-
bara; San Dieiro (.Vrnold).

/-•/iore/K'. Santa Rosa; Santa Cm/.; Sargent's, Santa Clara Conntj'; Santa
Barbara; San Fernando; San Diego well (Cooper): Stanford University (Arnold).

Miocene. — Oregon; Martinez; Griswold's, San Benito County; Orestima Can-
yon, Stanislaus County; Foxin's, Santa liarl)ara County (Cooper): I'oiiil Blakely,
near Seattle, Washington (Arnold).

60. Lucina calif ornica Conrad.

Lucina californica CoN.,Jour. I'liil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 255, I'l. XX, fig. i. CPR., Brit.
Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 642. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 100. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 247. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 178, fig. 151, 1892.
WiLLi.\MSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1S92, p. 190.

Shell of medium size, orbicular, only slightly convex, rather thick; umbones depressed,
central; surface ornamented with numerous fine, close- set, sharp, concentric lines and very faint, fine,
radiating stri;e; lunule small but distinct, deep-set, wholly in right valve; ligament prominent; two
cardinal teeth in each valve ; two prominent anterior, lateral teeth in left valve, one in right valve,
other laterals small ; muscle-impressions as in L. acviilineata.

Dimensions. — Long. 31 mm.; alt. 29 mm.; diam. 16 mm.

Distinguishable from L. acudlineaki by smaller size, close-set, concentric lines,
and having the lunule wholly within the right valve.

Found in the Pliocene of Deadraan Island: in llie lower San Pedro series of
Deadraan Island and San Pedro; and rarely in the upper San Pedro .series at Craw-
fish George's, San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Deadman Island, and Long Peach. Found
also in the Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara, and in the Pleistocene of
Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Cruz to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper) :' San Pedro; Santa Bar-
bara; San Diego (Arnold).

61. Lucina nuttalli Conrad.

Lucina nuttalli CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 255, fig. 2, PI. XX. Cpr., Brit.
Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 642. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 100, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 247. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 179, 1892. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 190.

Shell small, orbicular, only slightly conve.x, thin; umbones depressed, small, central; surface
ornamented by numerous sharp, regular, concentric lines and prominent radiating grooves, which are
most prominent near the ends, the whole giving a rather cancellated appearance to the surface; lunule
small, nearly all in left valve; hinge and interior as in L. californica.

Dimensions. — Long. 20 mm.; alt. 20 mm.; diam. 10 mm.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 133

Di*;tini;iiishaljlc' by smull size, caiicelhited surface, and luiuile in left valve.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Conimon in the lower San Pedro series of Deadraan Island and San Pedro;
and in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish George's,
Deudman Island, and Long Beach. Found also in the Pliocene of Pacific Beach, and
the Pleistocene of Twenty-sixth Street and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego (Arnold).

62. Lucina tenuisculpta Carpenter.

Liicina lc7iuiscnlpla Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 642. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. .St. Min.,
lcS8S, 1). 247.

Shell small, orbicular, deeply convex, thin; umhones prominent, central ; surface sculptured
by numerous fine, concentric lines and radiating striae; lunule prominent, the greater part being in
the right valve; cardinal teeth small, laterals prominent ; anterior muscle-impressions not as elongated
as in L. aaitilineala and others.

Dimensions. — Long, g mm.; alt. 8.8 mm.; diam. 6.4 mm.

Distinguishable by small size, sculptured surface, and great convexity. This
species resembles Diplodonta orhella very closely in .«hape and size, but may be
distinguished by the lack of prominent cardinal teeth, by its lateral teeth, and by the
radiating striiie. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. Found also in the Pleis-
tocene of Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Catalina Island; Mazatlan (Cooper).

Pleidocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

Family XXIL DIPLODONTID.E.

Genu.s Diplodonta Hroan.

Section Diplodonid s. .«.

Shell rotund, equilateral, externally concentrically striated or smooth, with inconspicuous
epidermis; two cardinal teeth in each valve, of which the right posterior and the left anterior are
distally sulcate or bifid: no lateral teetli; the hinge-plate when developed is usually excavated distallyj
there is no circumscribed lunule or escutcheon; the adductor scars are subequal, continuous with the
pallial line, and close to the hinge-plate; the margin is entire, the pallial line simple, and pallial area
often radiately striate.

Type, Dij)lodonia lapinus Brocclii.

i;vl CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

63. Diplodonta orbella d'ould.

ri.ATK XVIII, ri(!S. 8 ANI> 8h.

Liuina orbeHa Gi.u. , Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. lli.st., Vol. lY, 1S51, p. yo; Bost. Jour. N.il. Hist., Vol.

VI, 1853, p. 395, IM. XV. lin. 3; Cal. i"v Mex. SIkIIs, ]>. 22, PI. XV, fig. 3.
Diplodonta orbella Gld., Goulu <Sc CarI'ENTER, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, pp. 202, 218. =^(Mysia)

Sphairella lumida CoN. (Jide Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 643). Cooi'ER, 71I) Ann.

Rcpt. Cal. St. Min., 1888. |i. 23S. Ki:ei», West Coast Shells, p. 179, 1892. Williamson,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, j). 190. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol.

Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1 189.

Shell small, siibglobose, thin; beaks nearly median, not prominent; surface sculptured with
fine incremental lines, whicli at some parts arc more consjiicuous than at others and render the surface
somewhat irregular; no distinct hmulc; ligament prominent; two cardinal teeth in riglit valve, of
which the anterior is smallest, and the posterior bifid; and two in the left valve, of which tin- .interior
is bifid, and the posterior very obliijue; no lateral teeth; muscle-impressions large, faint.

Dimensions. — Long. 11. 9 mm.; alt. 11.9 mm.; diam. 9 mm.

Resembles Lncina tenuisculpin, but may be tlisLinfiiiishetl by lack of nidiiUiiig
.striii', ami by tbc prominent cardinal teeth and lack of lateral teeth. S])ecimens
identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro scries at Deadiiian T.'^lniid; and llic ii]iiicr San
I'edro series of San Pedro and Crawfish Geor>;;e's. Poiiiul al.^o in the I'leiHlocuiie of
Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro
series of Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooi^er).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to ,San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

64. Diplodonta serricata Reeve.

Platk XVI II, Fn;s. 5 and Hit.

Diplodonta serricata RvE., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 248.

Shell small, orbicular, only slightly convex, thin; umbones central, not prominent ; surface
sculptured with numerous fine, incremental lines, which are regular in prominence; lunnle ncii distinct;
hinge prominent; teeth and interior as in D. orbella.

Dimensiotis. — Long. 13.8 mm.; alt. 14 mm.; diam. 7 mm.

Distinguisihable from T). orlidla by its much less convexity and morn regular
concentric lines. Specimens identified by J)r. Dall.

Not uncommon in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. This species is
very common in the Pleistocene dcjiosits at Twenty -sixth Street, San Diego. The
specimen figured is from this horizon, and is now in (he collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Mazatlan (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 135

Fuiiiily XXllI. CUVi'TODU.XTlD.E.

Genus Thyasira Leach.

Slicll globular, posterior side furrowed or angulated; umbones much recurved; lunule shorter
indistinct; ligament usually and to a certain extent external, placed in a groove on the hinge-line,
and outside the hinge-piale; teeth altogether wanting.

lliyaaira Jlex'uosus Mont, is u cluii-acteristic species.

65. Thyasira bisecta Conrad.

P1.AT1; XV. Fig. 5.

I'cHHs bisecta Con., Wilkes Expl. Exped., Vol. X, App. i, p. 724, PI. XVII, figs. 10, loa, 1849.

Thyatira? bisecta CoN., Meek, Smithsonian Inst., Check-List Mioc. Fossils, 1864.

Cyfi/ina bisecta Con., jour. Conch., 1865, p. 153.

Conchoceic bisecta Con. Garb., Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 99, 1869.

Conchoccle disjuncta Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, pp. 28, 29, PI. VII, lig. 48, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann.

Kept. Cal. St. Min., 18S8, j). 236.
Cryptodon bisectus Con., Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV^ 1892, p. 189; Vol. XVII, 1894, P-

713, PI. XXVI, figs. 2-5.

Shell large, subciuadrate, convex, of medium thickness, equivalve, inequilateral ; beaks
terminal, anterior; anterior end abruptly and angularly truncated; posterior dorsal margin arcuate,
sloping down toward posterior e.xtremity; surface marked only by lines of growth except near the
posterior part, where the peculiar truncation takes place, the surface suddenly descending at right
angles to the curve of the shell, for a short distance, and then resuming its former direction ; ligament
long and elliptical; large lunular area in front of the beaks.

Dimensions. — Long. 72 mm.; alt. 62 mm.; diam. 41 mm.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Gabb describes this shell as occurring in the Miocene of Deadman Island, while
Cooper gives its occurrence as in the " Quaternary " of the same place. It is found
most abundantly in a hard stratum near the base of the Deadman Island Pliocene
deposits; a few shells, however, have been found iu Pliocene strata above this layer;
found also at Timm's Point in the Pliocene. The specimen figured is from the
Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now iu the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound, sixty-nine fathoms (Dall).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Miocene. — Astoria, Oregon (Conrad): Blakely, near Seattle, Washington
(Arnold).

66. Thyasira gouldi PldUppl.

Cryptodon flexuosus (not of Montagu) of Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 643. Cooper, 7th
Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 237.

ShoJl small, globular, posterior side angulated or furrowed ; umbones much recurved ; sur-
face sculptured with fine incremental lines ; lunule indistinct, depressed in front of beaks ; ligament
external, placed in a groove on the hinge-line and outside the hinge-plate ; teeth wanting.

Ditnensions. — Long. 9.5 mm.; alt. 11 mm.; diam. S mm.

13ti lAI.II-OltNIA AC.VDKMY OK SCIKNCKS.

This Species is (lisliiimiishiihli! from T. fiisn-ld l)y its iniicli smallci' si/.o, more
central iiml)oiios ami less |iromiiieiit liiniile. Di Dull says tli.il T. (jouldi lias been
mistaken for ('ri/ptoduii jlv.niosus by West ( 'oasl cnlicctors.

llatlu-r cummon in tlie IMeistoeene (»f Dead Man Island and Timm's roint.
Not foiuul above tlie horizon in tiie San IVdro deposits, so far as known.

Licbuj.- Catalina Island (Coopci): ("alalina Island, h ii fMllionis (Anuiiil).

Plehtoceiie. — Santa Barbara (Cooper).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara; San I)iej:;o well (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold),

Siiperlaniily LKI'TON ACi:.\.

Family XXIV. LEI'TONID.E.

Genus Bornia J'liiUj>/ii.

Shell ovate or subtrigonal, subequilateral, with a more or less flattened disk; the peri-
ostracum usually hrilliant; the surface smooth or divaricately more or less |)licate; pallia! line not
sinuated, and the pallia! area piquanlly punctate or radially striate; hinge with one moderately long
posterior, and two shorter anterior, lamina in the left valve; in the right, one anterior and one
longer, sometimes remote, |)osterior lamina; one or both of the anterior lamina- in either valve may
have the aspect of cardinals; hinge-plate usually excavated.

Type, Bornia corhilniilix ( I'hil).

67. Bornia retifera Ihdl.

Plate XVII, Fii:. 12.

Boniia relifera Dai.l, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXI, 1899, p. S89, PI. LXXXVIl, fig. 2.

Shell thin, white, moderately convex, rounded, trigonal, nearly equilateral; beaks distinct,
not high; surface polished, with faint incremental lines and minute, close punctations whose inter-
spaces give the eflfect of a fine netting; hinge narrow, delicate; one tooth opposite beak, then a
depression posterior to this, and then a second tooth completely filling the anterior end of the
posterior ligamental groove; adductor scars rounded and high up.

Dimensions — Long. 7 mm.; alt. 5.5 mm.; diam. 3 mm.

Looks like a Kellia laperou^ii, but is distingnishalde by tiie microscopic
sculpture and hinge. Specimens identified by Dr. J)all.

One right valve from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, whicli is
ligiircd herewith, and is now* in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Station 'J.iHJU, thirteen fathmns, off Santa l*>arbara (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Kellia Turton.

Section KeUia Turton n. s.

Shell rounded and inflated, concentrically striated or smooth ; with an obsolete external
ligament and a large internal resilium without a lithodesma; two anterior and two posterior teeth in

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOC.Y AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDBO. 137

each valve, of which the anterior ones are shorter and may be concrescent or free and pustular ;
interior of valves commonly shows radial striatioii; and valves frequently distorted.

Type, Kellia suborhiculdik (Moiitngii).

68. Kellia laperousii Denkuijeti.

Plate XVIII, Figs. 7 and 7«.

Kellia laperousii Desii., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rejjt., 1863, p. 643. Keep, West Coast Shells, p.
178, 1S92. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 191. Dall, Trans.
Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1155.

Shell of medium size, suborbicular, convex, thin; umbones slightly anterior, not prominent;
surface sculptured by fine incremental lines which are slightly variable as to prominence; no lunule;
each valve with one very prominent cardinal tooth ; right valve with two posterior laterals, left with
one ; hinge-area lacking between cardinal and lateral teeth; muscle-impressions not distinct.

Dimensions. — Long. 23 mm.; alt. 19 mm.; diam. 11 mm.

Di.-jtiiigiiiishable from K. siihorhicalarh by its larger size and less convexity.
These two species may be recognized by their thin, snborbicular shells, and the lack
of a hinge-area in the region of the umbones, the vacancy at first giving the impres-
sion that tlie hinge-area has been broken. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of San Pedro and Deadman Island. One
perfect valve from the Pliocene at Deadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene
of Spanish Biglit, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro
series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound to Monterey (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Fliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

69. Kellia suborbicularis Montagu.

Plate XVIII, Figs. 1 and la.

Kellia suborbicularis MoNT., Testacea Britannica, pp. 39, 564, PI. XXVI, fig. 6, 1804. Carpenter,
Brit. Assn Rept., 1863, p. 643. Trvon, Syst. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 220, PI. CXX,
fig. 2, 1884. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 177, 1892. Williamson, Proc U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. igi. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5,
1900, p. II 55.

Shell small, suborbicular, deeply convex, thin; beaks small, slightly anterior; surface orna-
mented with fine lines of growth which become somewhat irregularly constricted near margin,
roughening the surface; no lunule; margins smooth; hinge and teeth as in K laperousii.

Dimensions. — Long. 8.4 mm.; alt. 7.4 mm.; diam. 5.8mm.

Distinguishable from K. laperousii by smaller size and greater convexity.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of San Pedro and Deadman Island. The

( lij ) December 31, 1902.

lo8 ( Al.lluliMA .UAUKMV dl' Sl'lKNOES.

specimen lii^iiied is from tlio lower San l\'dro scricsi al Deatliuan lalaiid, ami is now
in till- collection of Delos Arnold.

Liviinj. — i'ligel Sound lo l.ower California; lOnj^land ((ariuMitcr).

I'leistoccne. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Family .\.W. K KLLlEi.LlD.K.

CJeniis Aligena //. U. Lea.

SlitU roiindeii, lri;iiij>u];ir, inlUitcd; single small anterior tooth under the beaks, separated
by a gap from the surface ol altachnieiit, under the posterior dorsal margin, of an elongate internal
resiliuni carrying a lithodisnia.

ry[)c, Ali(/c>iii !<tii(it(t (Lea).

70. Aligena cerritensis, sji. nov.
Pi.ATK XIII, Fiii. 3.

Shell small, ruuniled, triangular, inllated, ihiii; inecjuilateral, the umbo being nearly lirminal
posteriorly; anterior dorsal margin nearly straight; anterior extremity quite sharply roundcil and
proiluced furthest below middle; (josterior e.xtremity sloping ofT abruptly from umbo ami rounded
near base; ventral margin arcuate; surface with faint concentric sculptuie; umbone.s small, pointed,
anteriorly twisted, with a minute tooth below them on the cardinal margin; pallial line entire; nniscle-
scars subeepial.

Dimensions. — Long. 8.5 nmi.; all. >S mm.; iliani. 5 mm.

This species rcseml)lcs Aclla amtrensis in ontline. Specimens identilied l>y
L)v. Dall, who pronounced it a new species.

Two specimens from the upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos, one of wliicii
is tiie lype, which is figured, and is now in liic I'nited States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Supcrfamily C'.\K1)1.\L i;.\.

Family XXVL CAKDIID.E.

Genus Cardium (Linmj LunMrclc.

Shell variably sculptured, usually with predominantly radial ornamentation, usually closed
or gaping but slightly, with no kmule or escutcheon ; pallial line rather distant from the margin of
the valves.

Subgenus Trachycardium Murck.

Shell rotund, closed, with the ribs imbricate or granulose; the channels also sometimes
granulose ; left cardinals anterior when interlocked.

Type, Cardium isocardin (Linne).

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIORAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 139

71. Cardium (Trachycardium) quadrigenarium Conrad.

Cardium quadrigeyiarmm CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. -Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 230, PI. XVII, fig. 5;
^ bdeolabrmn Gi.n. (/7(/ir Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 642). Cooper, 7th
Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1S88, page 232. Keep, West Coa.st Shells, p. 192, 1892.
Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 190. Dall, Trans. Wagner
Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part. 5, 1900, p. 1091.

Shell large, oval, ventricose, thick; umbones central, prominent, turned only slightly an-
teriorly; surface sculptured with about forty prominent, subangular, smooth, radiating ridges, which
are roughened by prominent pointed tubercles on their posterior angle; those ridges near the pos-
terior margin are less prominent, but are nodose for nearly their whole length; teeth and interior as
in C. corbis; margin sharply serrated.

Dimensions. — Long. 105 mm.: all, 105 mm.; diam. 86 mm.

Distiiigiii.shable by large .size aiul tuberculated ridges. Specimens identified
l)y Dr. Dall.

Found in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos and tlie
Long Eeacli bhiff. Found also in the Pleistocene of Twenty-sixth Street and Pacific
Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleiatocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San i)iego (Cooper; Arnold).

Pliocene. — Calleguas Ranch, Ventura County (Cooper).

Subgenus Ringicardium Fischer.

Shell rotund, gaping, with flat ribs and channels, the posterior area with granulose channels;
posterior margin sharply spinose, the spines crossing each other over the gap; left cardinals when
interlocked posterior to the right ones.

Type, Cardium ringens (Gmel.).

72. Cardium (Ringicardium) procerum Soverhij.

Plate XV, Fig. 6.

Cardium procerum Sby., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 620. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst.

Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1091.
Cardium pana7nense , not of Snv., of Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 232.

Shell of medium size, suboval, of medium thickness, ventricose^ with a rather angular
appearance at about one-fourth the length from the anterior margin; surface sculjitured by aliout 22
subangular, smooth radiating ridges, with narrow, canel-like grooves between; each valve with
three very prominent sharp teeth; margin sharply serrate.

Dimensions — Long, i mm.; alt. 23 mm.; diam. 19 mm.

Distinguishable by angular appearance near anterior side, and by the com-
paratively small number of smooth radiating ridges. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Long Beach and
Los Cerritos; one specimen from the lower San Pedro series of Deadnian Island. 'Y\\e
specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the

1-10 CALIFUUNIA ACAUKMY OF 8CIKNCE8.

collection of Delos Arnold. Found nhiindiuilly in tlic I'loistocene nf Twonty-sixtli
Street and Spanish Hij^ht, San Diego.

Jjiriny. — (inlf of California to Panama (Dall).

Pk'ixtdccnr. — San I'cdrn (( 'ii<)|irr; Arnold) : San l)i('i!;o (T'oopor; l)all; Anidld).

Subgenus Cerastoderma Mm-ck.

Shell rotund or obovatc, closed; witli strong ribs obsoletely granulose or intricate or smooth;
no posterior or anterior area; channels single; hiiige noiin:il.

Type, Cardium ednle (Linm').

73. Cardium (Cerastoderma) corbis Marlyn. ^

Pectunculis corbis Mart., Univ. Conch., PI. XXVIII, fig. 2, p. 17S4.

Cardittm corbis Mart., Carpenter, Rrit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 642, -=C. califoruicum Con. =C.

7iuflal/i Coti. {/ide Garb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II. p. 98, 1869). Cooper, 7lh Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 232. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 180, fig. 153, 1892. Dai.i,, Tmns.

Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1093.

Shell large, subtrigonal, ventricoft, thick; umbones prominent, anterior to center; surlace
ornamented with about thirty-seven prominent, regular, squarish, close-set, radiating ridges, which are
made more or less rugose bj' incremental ridges on their surface; near the posterior margin these
ridges become more rounded and less prominent; between the ridges are equal, deep, canal-like grooves;
margin crenulated; ligament short, e.xternal, prominent; each valve with one prominent cardinal
tooth, and two laterals, one anterior and the other posterior; muscle impressions prominent, subequal.

Dimensions.- — Long. 71 mm.; alt. 71 mm.; diam. 57 mm.

Distin.irnislialilo by the regular, only slightly rugose ridges. Specimens
identified by Dr. Dall.

Found in iIil' lnwcr San IVdro series of Deadman Island and San Fedro; and
in the n])per San Pedro series of Deadman Island, San Pedro, LosCerritosand Crawfi-sh
George's. Found also in the Pleistocene of the hath-house, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Kodiak to Santa Barbara; Kamtschatka (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Francisco; ^ronlcrcy; San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro;
Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Subgenus Laevicardium Svjainson.

Shell thin, oval, closed ; middle of the valves smooth or feebly radially sculptured ; ends
with a smooth area; hinge normal, but with the anterior laterals springing from the umbonal cavity;
periostracum smooth.

Type, Cardium norvegicum (Spengler).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 141

74. Cardium (Lasvicardium) datum Somcrbjj.

Platk. XX.

Cardtum e/a/ian Sny., Conch 111., Vol. I, 1838. Reeve, Conch. Icon., PI. YIII, fig. 4r. Valen-
ciennes, Voy. Venus, PI. XVII, fig. i, 1846.

Liocardium elalum Sby., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 642. Cooper, ytli Ann. Rept. Cal.
St. Min., 1888, p. 246. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. iSi, 1892. Williamson, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 190.

LcEvicardium datum Sby., Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, ]). 99, 1869. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst.
Sci., Vol. Ill, Parts, iQOo, p. 11 11.

Shell large, oval, obliciue, elongated, eqiiivalve, somewhat inequilateral; surface scul|)tured
by numerous faint, squarish, radiating ribs, and fine, wavy incremental lines; inner surface of margin
corrugated ; hinge strong, with one prominent cardinal and one prominent anterior lateral tooth in
each valve ; muscle-impressions distinct.

Dimenstotis. — Long. 144 mm.; alt. 167 mm.; diam. 136 mm.

This is tlic largest of the Cnrdiuhc, and is easily recognizable by its immense
size aiul nearly smooth snrface. A line pair of this species, described above, and
ligiired, was found in the upper San Pedro series at the north end of the San Pedro
bhif!. Another specimen was obtained by Dr. A. A. Wriglit and Mrs. Oldroyd in
the upper San Pedro deposits of Los Cerritos. This species is one of the typical
soiillicrn forms found in the upper San Pedro series.

Living. — San Pedro to Mazatlan (Gooj)er).

Pkii^tocerte. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold): San Diego (Gabb; Dall).

75. Cardium (Laevicardium) substriatum Cunnnl.

Cardium substriatum CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci , Vol. VII, 1S37, p. 228, PI. XVII, fig. 2.
Liocardium substriatum Qo'a , ^ crueritatum Gould, (^fide Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863,

p. 642.) Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 246. Keep, West Coast

Shells, p. 181, fig. 154, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892,

p. 190.
L(Evicardium substiiatum Coti., Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 99, 1869. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst.

Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, page nil.

Shell small, obliquely ovate, ventricose, thin ; surface smooth, except for minute incre-
mental lines and nearly obsolete radiating stride ; one small sharp cardinal tooth in each vahe ; two
narrow elongated lateral teeth in each valve, the posterior one in the left valve not i)rominent ;
interior of margin finely crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 17 mm.; alt. iS mm.; diam. 13 mm.

Distinguishable l)y its small size and smooth surface. Specimens identified
by Dr. Dall.

Kare in the lower San Pedro series of Doadman Island and San Pedro, and
in the upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island, San Pedro, Crawfish George's,
and Los Cerritos. Found also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to South America (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro
(Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

112 lAI.IKiMtNU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genus Protocardia llci/rich.

SlicU (ilobosc, willi a posterior area sharply tlisliiij^uislicd by sculpture Iroin the rest ol the
surface; closed; hinge normal; no liinulc or escutcheon.

TyiH', Carili)i)i} hillnnnm (Sowcrhy).

76. Protocardia centifilosa ('tirpenter.

Cardiuin var. cnitijilosinn Ci-K., Brit. Assn. Rept. 1863, ]). 642.

Cardmm centiftlosum Cpr., Garb, Pal. Cal., \'o\. II, p. 99, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., iSSS, p. 232. Wii.i.iAMSdN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 189.
Protocardia centifilosa Cpr., Dall, Trans. Waijner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1113.

Shell small, suboval, ventricosc, thin; umbones central, prominent, only very slijjhtly bent;
surface sculptured by numerous fine, close-set, rounded, radiatint; ridges, which are made slightly
rugose by numerous fine, incremental lines on their surface; thin, sharp teeth in each valve; pallial
sinus shallow, wide; margin beautifully and sharply serrate.

Dimensions. — Long. 23 mm.; all. 22.5 mm.; diam. 15 mm..

Di.slingiii.slial)li' hy (ho nearly circular oulliiio and ninnerous fine, radiating
ridges. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Not nnconiinon in the Pliocene of Deadmaii Island and Timm'.s Point; rare in
the lower San Pedro .scries of Deadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at
liath-house and the Pliocene of Packard's Hill, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Monterey to Catalina Island (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold): Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Die^o wcdl (Dall): Santa Barbara
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — Snnol, Alameda County (Cooper).

Superfamily VENERACEA.

Family XXVII. VENKRID/E.

Subfamily VENERlNyE.

Genus Tivela Link.

Shell triangular, subequilateral, cuneiform; three to five cardinal teeth in one valve, four to
six in the other; anterior lateral tooth narrow, elongated, compressed; pallial impre.ssion with a short
oblique or sometimes horizontal sinus.

Cytherea is a characteristic species.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OP SAN PEDRO. 143

77. Tivela crassatelloides Conrad.

Cytherea {'I'rii^onel/a) cnissa/elioides Coii., ]m\r. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1S37, j). 253, PI. XiX,

tlj^. 17. Hinds, Voyage Sulpher, \). 65, PI. XXI, fij^. i, 1844.
Donax stultoruDi Mauvil, Linn., Lyst. Conch., pp. 37, 40, PI. IX, fig. 7, 1823. Gray, Index. Tt-st.

Suppl., I'l. II l^Donax), fig. 2, 182S.
Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Hanley, Descr. Cat. Rec. Bivalve Shells, p. 106, 1843. Sowf.rhy,

Thes. Conch., Vol. II, p. 612, PI. CXXVII, figs. 1-3. Reeve, Icon. Conch., Vol. XIV,

PI. I, fig. 3, 1864.
Cytherea stultorum Gray, Hanley, Descriptive Cat. Rec. Bivalve Shells, p. 106, 1843.
Trigonella crassatelloides CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. I, 1849, P- 213.
Trigonia crassatelloides Coti., Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Coll. B. M., Part i, |). 46, 1S53.
'I'rii^otiia stultorum Gray, Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Coll. B. M., Part i, ]>. 46, 1853.
Pachydesma crassatelloides CoN., Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1854, p. 121. Carpenter, Brit. Assn-

Rept. 1863, p. 640; =Cytherea solidissima Phil., Gabb, Pal. Cal. Vol. II, p. 96, 1869.

Cooper, 7th. Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 188S, p. 256. Keep, West Coast Shells, p.

189, fig. 162, 1892.
Tivela crassatelloides Con., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 1S7.
Cytherea {Tivehi) crassatelloides Con., Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXI, 1898, i)p. 371-

378, PI. XXIII-XXV. Stearns, Nautilus, Vol. XIII, 1899, p. 73.

Shell large, subequilateral, trigonal, depressed, thick; umbones subcentral, small; anterior
extremity shorter and more obtusely rounded than posterior; anterior dorsal margin nearly straight,
slopes down obliquely from umbo ; posterior dorsal margin slightly concave in fi-ont of umbo,
slope less than anterior; posterior extremity narrower than anterior; three prominent, thick, cardinal
teeth in each valve, anterior lateral tooth elongated; pallial sinus short, angular.

Dimensions. — Long. 80 mm.; alt. 55 mm.; diam. 30 mm.

The Plei.stocene specimens Ii;ive ti tendency towanl more central umbones
than do tlie living forms. This species is distinguishable from the Mactras by its
very thick shell and heavy cardinal teeth. Specimens identified by Dr. Dali.

Common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los C'erritos, Long
Bead), Crawfish George's and Deadman Island; rare in the lower San Pedro series
of Deadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene of Twenty-sixth Street and Spanish
Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Cruz to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego;
(Arnold).

Genus Callista Poli.

Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral; i)allial sinus suboval, profound.

Cytherea enjcina Linn, is a characteristic species.

78. Callista newcombiana Gabb.

Lioconcha newcojnbiana Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1865, p. 189; Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 96, 1869.
Callista newcombiana Gabb, Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 231. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 187, PI. XXIII, fig. 4.
Shell thin, trigonally ventricose, polished, marked by minute concentric striae; beaks large,
subcentral; anterior end prominent, narrowly rounded; posterior end a little the widest; base arcuate;

1-11 CAI.II'DUNIA ACAIM'-MY OF SCIENCES.

liiiuilc not excavated, but bouiuled by ,m impicsscil liiir; liiii^c not strong; two small cardinal teetii;
liganieiua! area excavated, internal.

Dimensions. — Long. 38 mm.; ah. 30 mm.; di.im. 10 mm.; Iciiglli ot limule 12 mm.

Thi.s .<jiccic'S is (li.stiii<.;iii-iialiK' lidiii <\ iMihdlaiilmna Ciii'ixnU'r liy its [)r(mii-
iiuiit impre.ssed liiiuilu-bouiitlin^ liiu', roiiiulcd |i.illi:il simis, hihI Iiv its colofatioii in
llic liviiij:; specimens.

llafc ill upper San Tedro series at Deadiiian Island. Altiindanl at 'I'weiity-
sixtii Street, >Sati Dicijo.

Living. — Monterey to Catalina Island (Cooper): San Pedro ( Williaiu.soii).

P k'iatocene. — San Pedro (Arnold) : San I )iego (Coo])er; Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Die};;o well (C'oo|)cr).

79. Callista subdiaphana Carpciiter.

1'|..VTK XIII, Fig. 4.

Clemenlia subdiaphana Ci'K., Brit. Assn. kept. 1S63, p. 640; Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci.,1865, p. 56.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 235. Dai.i., Pruc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XIV, 1891, p. 185, Pi. VII, figs. 5 and 6.

Shell of medium size, oval, transverse, inequilateral, ventricose, rather thin; beaks small,
incurved; anterior extremity quite sharply angulated about middle of shell; posterior extremity much
longer and wider than anterior and very evenly rounded, projecting furthest a little below the
middle; ventral margin evenly arcuate; surface sculptured by numerous line, regular, concentric,
incremental lines; neither lunule nor escutcheon, but a faint lunul ar circumscribing line in front of
umbo; three prominent, shar|), cardinal teeth in each valve, the anterior one being narrower and
longer than the other two; external ligamental groove long, narrow; ]xdlial sinus cuneiform, rather deej).

Dimensions. — Long. 43.5 mm.; alt. 34 mm.; diam. 26 mm ; umbo to anterior extremity 10
mm.; to posterior extremity 33.5 mm.

This species is very close to Conrad's Dlnae aiignstlfnrmia from the Astoria
Miocene, the external characteristics of both being almost identical. Specimens
identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather common in the Pliocene of Deadman Island and 'i'iram's Point.
Cooper's " Qiiarternary " at San Pedro inchides the Pliocene, and his specimens
from San Pedro were probaiily from the Pliocene. The writer has never found
VnHiata sabduiphana in the Pleistocene of San Pedro or vicinity. The specimen
fignred is from the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of
Deles Arnold.

Living. — South Alaska Coast to San Francisco (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

80. Callista subdiaphana Carpenter, pedroana, var. nov.
I'LATK XIII, Fio. 2.

.Shell of medium size, subelliptical, transverse, inequilateral, ventricose, rather thin; beaks
small, incurved; anterior extremity evenly rounded, short; posterior extremity faintly biangular.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STEATIGRAPHY OF SAN I'EDKO. 145

caused by a slight, very oblique truncation across the middle of the extremity; posterior portion of
the ventral line nearly straight; interior the same as in C. sitbdiaphana.
Dimensions. — Long. 32.5 mm.; alt. 24 mm.; diam. 15 mm.

This variety is very distinct from the typical C. diaphann, being much narrower,
less vciitricose and smaller; and having a shorter, more rounded anterior extremity,
a biangular posterior extremity, and a nearly straight ventral margin.

This variety has been found only in the lower San Pedro series of Dead-
man Island.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Amiantis Carpenter.
Fulcra very thick and surface very concentrically rugose.
Type, Cytherea callosa Conrad.

81. Callista (Amiantis) callosa Conrad.

Cytherea callosa Co-ii.,]owr. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 252.

Vemis callosa Con., Sowerbv, Thes. Conch., Vol, II, p. 712, PI. CXIV, figs. 44, 45.

Dosinia callosa Con., Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 216.

Amiantis callosa Qot^., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 640. Gabb., Pal. Cal., Vol. II,

p. 96, 1869. Trvon, Syst. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 178, 1884. .Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., i888, p. 266. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 187, fig. 160, 1892. Cooper,

Bull. No. 7, 1894, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, p. 24.
Meretrix callosa Con., Fischer, Conchologie, p. 1079, 1887.
Callista (Amiantis) callosa Con.; =Dione ?iobilis Rve. {Jide Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,

1892, p. 187).

Shell large, suboval, inequilateral, equivalve, heavy; umbones anterior to center, prominent,
recurved; anterior dorsal margin slightly concave; anterior extremity quite sharply rounded near
upper margin; ventral margin evenly arcuate; posterior dorsal margin slightly arcuate; posterior
extremity faintly biangular; surface sculptured by numerous prominent, flat-topped, concentric
ridges, between which are interspaces equal in width to the ridges; lunule distinct, concentrically
striated; hinge heavy; two prominent, strong cardinal teeth; pallial sinus wide, deep and rather
pointed.

Dimensio7is. — Long. 66 mm.; alt. 55 nmi.; diam. 34 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
20 mm.; to pgsterior extremity 46 mm.

Cooper (Seventh Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., p. 266) says that this species is like
Ta^es montana, described by Conrad from the " I\[iocene of San Buenaventura."
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Common in the upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos, but exceedingly rare in
the same horizon of San Pedro. This species is very abundant in the Pleistocene at
Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

( 19 ) December 31, 1902.

1-1(> lAl.llCHtNlA .\iAI)|;MV (IK SCIUNCl-S.

yubfaiiiily Jhsinina .

Gciiiib Dosinia Scojivli.

Slifll orbicular, compressed, concentrically striated, p.ilc, ligainciil .sunk; luiuilc deep; hinge
like Cyllierea: margin even; pallia! sinus deep, anj^iilar, ascending.

Dosinia discus Reeve id a cliarucleristic species.

[S. D] Dosinia ponderosa Gray.

Artemis pondcrosa Gray, Analyst, Vol. VIII, 1838, p. 309.

Dosinia ponderosa Gray, H. iv: A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., Vol. II, jj. 432; ^=Cyllicrca gigantca

Sby. (,Jide Gadb, Pal. Cal. Vol. II, p. 97, 1869). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 239.

Shell larjje, thick, equivalve, subcircular in outline, convex; surface sculptured by many

obsolete, concentric lamelke, and fine, incremental lines; lunule deeply impressed, small, fmcly

scul|)tureil; beaks small, not elevated; hinge very wide and heavy, with three heavy, cardinal teeth,

the posterior one in the riq^ht valve being bifid; ligament long, narrow, sunken.

Dimensions. — Long. 119 mm.; alt. 105 mm.; diam. 55 mm.; lunule 15 mm.

Coimuou in the upper San Pedro series (Pleistocene) of Twenty-sixth Street,
San Diego.

Livhuj — West Mexican coast to Panama (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Diego (Hemphill; Arnold).

Pliocene. — Kirker's Pass, Contra Costa County; San Fernando (Cooper):
Stanford University, Santa Clara County (Arnold).

Genus Venus Linne.

Shell thick, ovale, smooth, sulcated, or cancellated; margins minutely crenulated; cardinal
teeth three in each valve; pallial sinus small, angular; ligament prominent; lunule distinct.

Venus verrucosa Liniu' is a characteristic species.

[S. B.] Venus perlaminosa Conrad.

Mercenaria perlaniinosa Con., Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1855, p. 267. Gabii, Pal. Cal.. Vol. II,
pp. 22, 55, 94; PI. V, fig. 38; PI. XV, fig. 14; 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.
Min., 1888, p. 250.

Venus keimerleyi Rve., Icon. Conch. ( Venus), PI. XII, fig. 41 (_/ide Gabb).

"Shell large, thick, rounded, subquadrate, very inequilateral; beaks anterior; anterior end
excavated under the beaks, rounded below; base broadly rounded; posterior end convexly truncated;
cardinal margin slightly convex. Surface closely marked by numerous prominent, recurved,
lamelliform concentric ribs. Lunule marked by an impressed line. Hinge robust. Pallial line
strong, sinus small, oblique, acute at base; muscular scars nearly equal in size; margin minutely
crenulated; the purple color between the pallial line and the base is very persistent. "^ — [Gahb.]

Found in the Pliocene at Packard's Hill, iuul in the Pleistocene at the bath-
house, Santa Barbara.

ARNOLD — THE PALKONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 147

Subgenus Chione Megcrle.

Shell oval, triaiit^iilar or siibcordiforrn; margins finely crenulated; hinge narrow, solid, with
three teeth in the right valve and two in the left, the anterior tooth longest; ligament narrow; pallial
sinus shallow.

Venus (jnidin Broil, is a characteristic species.

82. Venus (Chione) fluctifraga So-ir.crhy.

Plate XIV, Fui. 2.

Verms fluctifraga ?)V.s.y Thes. Conch., 1842-1859.

CJiio7ie fluctifraga .Shy., +C callosaS'&i.; = yettits cortezi Slo\t, = y. gidtiosie/a (Desii.) R\'e.

{fide Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, pp. 641,666). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

.St. Min., 1888, p. 234. Keep, West Coast Shells, [). 187,1892. Wilmamson, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 188.

Shell of medium size and thickness, suboval; surface roughened by radiating rows of
squarish blocks, this condition being caused by wide concentric ridges being cut by radiating
sulcations; spaces between the concentric ridges ornamented by fine, even, incremental lines; lunule
of same sculpture as shell, scarcely differentiated; two prominent teeth and a rudimentary anterior
one in the right valve; pallial sinus quite deep; muscle-impressions elongate-oval.

Dimensions. — Long. 25 mm.; alt. 2r mm.; diam. 15 mm.

Distinguishable from others of this genus found in these beds by being more
swollen, oval rather than cordiform in shape, thinner shelled, by the "blocked"
surface, and by the lunule being scarcely differentiated from the rest of the shell.
Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro ; one specimen, a right valve,
which is figured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold. Common in the
Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — San Pedro to San Diego; Gulf of California (Cooper).

PIciMocene. — Santa Barbara; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

83. Venus (Chione) gnidia Broderip <f; Sovmvbij.

Plate XIV, Fio. 7.

Venus gnidia Snv., Gen. Rec. & Fos. Shells {Venerida:), fig. 7, 1824.

Venus gnidia Brou. & Sbv., Zool. Jour. , Vol. IV, 1829, p. 364; Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 151, PI.

XLI, fig. 3, 1839. Reeve, Syst. Conch., Vol. I, fig. 5, 1841. Carpenter, Brit. Assn.

Rept., 1856, p. 175; 1863, p. 561.
Chione gnidia Brod. & Sby., Trvon, Syst. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 176, PI. CXIII, fig. 14, 1SS4.

Shell large, thick, subcordiform; surface ornamented by several prominent, palmate, concen-
tric frills and numerous squarish, radiating ribs between which are canal-like sulcations of about
equal width with the ribs; the ribs are sharper in outline near the beak and multiply in number both
by division and intercalation as the margin is approached; near the periphery, and also on the anterior'
portion of the shell, the ridges become wider and less prominent, and in some cases almost obsolete;
the concentric frills become widely separated in the adult shell; lunule prominent, shows fine laminae

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of growth which arc most prominent when projections of the frills; hini;c narrow, solid; throe
cardinal teeth in rijjlit valve, two in left; ligament narrow; ])allial simis much shorter th.m hinule;
muscle- im|)rcssions distinct.

/h'mt-'isions. — Long. 98 mm.; alt. 83 mm.; diam.62 mm.; liinulc 1 .S mm.

This is the larjjcst of tlio i^eniis found in these (h'posits and is easily
cli.stin<:;iiishahh' \)\ its size, pfoiuiiient concentric frills and luiinerous radiatin<^ ribs.
The specimen whose dimensions are given above had twenty-fonr concentric frills
and about ninety radiatini;- ribs. S|)ecimcns identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of .San Pedro, whence the specimen
fignred came. This specimen is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Gulf of California In Panama (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

84. Venus (Chione) neglecta Son-erhy.

Plate XIV, Fic. :!.

Venus neglecla Sby., Thes. Conch., 1842-1S49. Carpenter, Brit. A.ssn. Rept., 1856, p. 306.

Shell of medium size and thickness, suboval; surface ornamented with quite numerous, about
equidistant, undulating, concentric, low frills, and numerous unequal, rounded, radiating ridges^
which are most prominent on the middle of the shell; lunule prominent, ornamented with minute
concentric and radiating sculpture; hinge and pallia! sinus are as in C. succhiia.

Dimensions. — Long. 29.5 mm.; alt. 24 mm.; diam. 13 mm ; lunule 6 mm.

This species is close to C succincta, but may be differentiated by its more
oval outline, thinner shell, relatively less diameter, and less prominent but more
numerous concentric frills. Specimen identified as " probably C. neglecta " by Dr. Dall.

Rare in up[)er San Pedro series of San Pedro and TjOs Cerritos. The specimen
figured is from the up[>er San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection
of Delos Arnold.

Living. — -Gulf of California and Central America (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

85. Venus (Chione) simillima Sovterhy.

Venus simillima Sbv., Thes. Conch., p. 708, PI. CLIII, figs. 17, 18, 1842-1850.
Chione simillima Sbv., CARPE^^TER, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 641. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.
St. Min., 1888, p. 234. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 186, 1892. Williamson, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 188.

Shell of medium size, thick, subcordiform; surface ornamented by numerous slightly
crenulatcd, refle.xed, concentric frills, which grow closer and closer together as the periphery is
approached, and by about twenty bifurcated, radiating ridges, which are largest in the middle of the
shell, becoming obsolete anteriorly and posteriorly, and increasing in number, but fading out as the
■ periphery is approached; lunule [)rominent. ornamented with incremental laminxs hinge narrow;
only two prominent cardinal teeth on each valve; pallial sinus very shallow; margin crenulated.
Dimensions.- — Long. 40 mm. ; alt. 35 mm. ; diam. 25 mm. ; lunule 9 mm.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 140

Distingiiisliahle from others of tliis geiui.s occurring in tlicse deposits; by the
even, close, lattice-like sculpture. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Common in upper Han Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish
George's, and Dcadman Island; rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman
Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego

(Arnold).

86. Venus (Chione) succincta Valenciennes.

ViM'v. XIV, Fk;. I.

Venus succincta Vai,., Humh. <S: Bonpl., Obs. sur Zool., p. 219, PI. LXVIII, fig. i, 1833.

Chione succincta Val. =C. californiensis Brod. =C nuttalli Con. {^fide CARi'iiNTKR, Brit.

Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 641.)
C/iione succincta Val. = Venus californica Con. = V. nuttalli CoN. = V. laynellifera Con.
(Wilkes' E.xped. and Jour. Conch., 1S65; not V. lame II i/e ra Coti.,]ovn:. Pliil. Acad.,
Vol. VII, wXrich = Tapes staminea var. ruderatd) ^V. brcvilineata Con. =Chione
brevilineata Con. =1^. securis Shum. lyjide Gabb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II, p. 94, 1869).
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 234. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 187,
fig-. 159, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 188.
Shell of medium size, thick, subcordiform; surface ornamented by several about equidistant,
slightly reflexed, low, concentric frills and numerous rounded, radiating ridges, most prominent on
the middle of the shell, which increase by intercalation and become flattened and less prominent as
the periphery is approached; lunule prominent, ornamented by both incremental laminx- and
rounded, radiating ridges; hinge narrow; two prominent cardinal teeth in each valve; pallial sinus
very shallow; margin crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 55 mm.; alt. 50 mm.; diam. 32 nnn.; hinule 13.5 mm.

The specimen whose measurements are given was the largest of the s]iecimens
examined. Distinguishable by the equidistant concentric frills, low, rounded,
radiating lines, and radiating lines on the lunule.

Rather common in u])per San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos,
Crawfish George's and Deadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene of Barlow's
ranch, Ventura, and Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego. The specimen figured is
from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of
Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego; Mexico; South America (Coojier).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Seven Mile Beach, San Mateo County; San Fernando (Cooper).

Miocene. — Oregon; Martinez; San Pablo; Griswold's, San Henito Count}';
Foxin's, Santa Barbara County; Santa Monica (Cooper).

Superfamily TAPETIN.E.

Genus Tapes Megerle.

Shell oblong, umbones anterior; margins smooth; teeth three in each valve, more or less
bifid; pallial sinus deep, rounded.

Tapes Htleraia Lin no is a characteristic species.

l.'O CAI.iroUNlA ACADKMV OV SCIKNCICS.

87. Tapes laciniata dtrpenter.

Pi.ATK XIV, Vu:. .1.

7'iif>£s /aciniala Ci'k., Hrit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 641; Jour. <le Conch., \'<il. XII, iS6s, p. 136
Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 186, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.
XV, 1892. p. 188.

Shell large, oval, swollen, thick, bill hriulc; surtacc net-like, c.iuscd i)y iironiincnt, tliick
roiindetl, concentric frills, and numerous rounded, radiating ridges; m.irgin smooth; hinge and
interior parts as in T. staniinea.

Piiufiisions. — Long. So mm.; alt. 6S mm.; diam. 56 mm.

Re.seml)les T. stnmineit in outline, l)ul i.-^ iniutli l;iri;<'i', licavicM', and more
hrittlo, and has a much mofe decided cancclhitc sculpture.

Kare in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, hut rather common at Los
Cerritos in tlie same horizon. The specimen fi<i;nred is from the upper San Pedro
serie.« at Los Cerritos, and is now in the collection of Dclos Arnold.

Living. — jMonterey to San Dieijo (Carpenter).

Phiatocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

88. Tapes staminea Conrad

Pi.ATK XIV, Fig. 4.

Venus slaminea Con., Jour. I'iiil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 250, PI. XIX, fig. 15,
Tapes slaminea Con., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 641; =-^ V. lamcllifcra Con., (Jour. Phil.
Acad., Vol. VII, 1837; not of Wilkes' Exped.); =T. divcrsum CoN.; =^7". lincatum
Con.; = Veiius rigida Gld. {_fide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, j). 97, 1869). Cooper, 7th
Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 18S8, p. 266. Keep, West Co.ist Shells, p. 185, fig. 15S,
1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 188.

Shell of medium size and thickness, suboval, convex; surface sculptured with numerous, crowd-
ed, rounded, radiating ridges, and concentric lines, which are most prominent on anterior end; nolunule;
margin sometimes crenulated; hinge narrow; ligament narrow, long; three teeth in each valve;
posterior two in right valve and middle one in left valve bifid; pallial sinus long, rounded; muscle-
impressions not sunken.

Dimensions. — Long. 50 mm.; alt. 42.5 mm.; diam. 30 mm.

This is a variable species, the shape of the shell and the sculpture varying in
different individuals. The form above described is the most common in the San
Pedro beds. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Kare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro;
common in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los Cerritos,
Crawfi.sh George's and Long Beacli. The specimen figured is from the upper San
Pedro series of San Pedro and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold. Found in
the Pliocene at Pacific Beach and Russ School; and in the Pleistocene at Twenty-
sixth Street and Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

AKNOLD-THK PALEONTOLOCi Y AND STRATIGIJAI'UY OF SAN PEDllO. 151

Pliocene. — Siuita Uusii; Twelve Mile lluu-se, San Mateo County; Kirker's
Pass, Contra Costa County; Monterey; San Fernando (Cooper); San Diego (Arnold).
Miocene. — West of San Jose; Foxin's, Santa Barbara County (Cooper).

89. Tapes tenerrima Carpenter.

I'l.AiK XIV, Fio. 6.

Tapes tenerrima Cpu., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 200; (jun.) ^=Vciuis rigida Gld., pars. (y?</^

Cari^enter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 641.) Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 97, 1869.

Cooper, yth Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 267. Keep, West Coast Shells,

P- '57. fiy:. '36, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 188.

Shell larije and thin, oval, convex; surface sculptured by numerous low, sharp, concentric

frills, and numerous fme, rounded, crowded, radiating; lines, these latter lines being almost obsolete

in some specimens; margin smooth, hinge long and narrow; three teeth in each valve, the anterior

two in the right valve and the middle one in the left valve prominently bifid; pallial sinus very deep

and rounded; no lunule.

Dimensions. — Long. 86 mm.; alt. 63.5 mm.; diam. 34 mm.

This is the largest and linest 7'apes found in these deposits, and is easily
distinguishable by its large, thin, shallow shell and regular, oval outline. Specimens
identified by Dr. Dall.

Kather rare in the upper San Pedro serie.s of San Pedro, Los Cerrito.s, Crawfish
George's and Deadiiian Island. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro
series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold. Found also in the
Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura, and at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — ^Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego; Ventura
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara (Coo]ier).

Genus Saxidomus Conrad.

Shell transversely oval, inequilateral, solid, ventricose; without lunule; umbones tumid;
teeth three or four, inequal, narrow, the central bifid; ligament very thick, elongated; muscular
impressions oval or rounded, nearly eciual; p.dlial sinus large, elongated, horizontal.

Type, Saxidomus mittnllii (Con.).

90. Saxidomus aratus Gould.

Saxidomus aralus Old., Otia Conch., p. 168, 1862. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 641.

Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 183, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.

XV, 1892, p. 188.
Taf>es gracilis Gld., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V., p. 333, PI. XIX, fig. 20, 1853.
Saxidomus gracilis, Gld., ^=Vetius maxima Phil. {Jide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, 1869, p. 98).

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 263.

152 CALIKOIINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Slicll larjjc, transversely elliptical, equivalve, inciiiiilatcral, convex, thick; iniibones tiinud,
anterior to niidille; anterior end evenly rounded; posterior end much more produced, havinj; a slight
tendency towanl bian^ulation; surface scul])tured with strong, elevated concentric lines, which in the
adult often have the prominence of concentric lamina; liganiental area external, wide, long, strong;
cardinal teeth four, anterior one long and narrow; p:illial sinus long, rather narrow, rounded extremity
near midiUe <.)f shell and im])ressed against tiie posterior adductor scar.

Dimensions. — Long. 89 mm.; alt. 62 mm.; diam. 44 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
30 mm. ; to posterior extremity 59 mm.

i^pecimciis identilietl by Dr. J);ill.

Kare in the lower San Pedfo series of Dcailniaii i>l;iinl; (1)1111111111 in liic u|i[ier
San Pedro series at. Deadman l.sland, Crawfish George's, Los Cerrilos and San Pedro.
Found also in the Pleistocene at Parlow's raiidi, Vcniiira, and at Tweiily-sixth Street,
S;iii Diego.

lAr'uig. — Baiiiine.s Pay to San Diego (Cooper).

Pkistoccnc. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San I'cdro; Hlakeley,
near Seattle, Wa.shington (Arnold): San Diego; Venttira (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Kirker's Pass, Contra Costa County; Twelve Mile House, San
Mateo County; Santa Barbara, San Fernando (Cooper).

Miocem. — Martinez; Walnut Creek, Contra Costa C'ounty; Santa Cruz; Santa
Inez, Santa Barbara County; Santa ^Monica (Cooper).

Subfamily GEMMIN.E.
Genus Psephis Carpenter.

Siiell thin, rounded or quadrangular, somewhat inflated; pallial sinus small; three elongated,
thin, cardinal teeth in each valve.

Psephis lordi (Baird) is a characteristic si^ecies.

91. Psephis salmonea Carpenter.

Psephis salmonea CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 641. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 261.

Shell very small, ovate trigonal, inequilateral; posterior end evenly rounded; jjosterior
dorsal margin rounded; in other ways resembles P. tantilla.

Dimensions. — Long. 5 mm.; alt. 4 mm.; diam. 2.5 mm.

Distinguishable from P. tantilla by smaller size and less trigonal outline.
Specimens examined showed no coloration.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deaihnan l.shind and San Pedro.
Found also in the Pliocene at Packard's Hill, ami in the Pleistocene at the bath-
house, Santa Barbara.

Xivi^i^f.^Catalina Island (Cooper; Arnold): 10 fathoms (Arnold, 1901).
Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).
Pliocene. — Santa Barbara (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 153

92. Psephis taatilla Goiihl.
Pi-ATK XIII, Fig. 5.

Voius tanlillus Gld., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1853, p. 906, PI. XV, fig. 10.

Trigonia tantilla Gld., Carpenter, Free. Zool. See, 1856, p. 201.

Psephis tantilla GuD., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 640; =Vemis rysonia Qj\\\v,(fide
Gabb. Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 96, 1869). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888,
p. 261. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 186, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U.S. Nat.Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1S92, p. 188.

Shell small, ovate-trigonal, inequilateral; beaks acute, slightly anterior to center; surface
smooth or faintly waved with distant, concentric furrows; the dorsal margins are nearly straight, and
meet at the ape.K in a right angle, but the posterior side is a fourth longer than the anterior; the
anterior basal angle is well rounded, while the posterior is acute; basal margin gently curved; hinge
area short, wide; three prominent, elongated cardinal teeth in each valve.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; alt. 8 mm.; diam. 4.9 mm.

Somcwluit reseinble.s a very small Tlcdu crna^ati^lloidcs. Some show original
purple spot on posterior end. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather common in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San
Pedro; rarer in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Los Cerritos, and
San Pedro. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman
Island and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Catalina Island (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Family XXVIII. COOPERELLID.E.

Genus Cooperella Carpenter.

Shell small, thin, smooth, or concentrically striate or undulate, equivalve, nearly equilateral,
with entire margins; ligament long; resilium short; hinge plate narrow, carrying two right and three
left subumbonal, divaricating, short cardinal teeth; laterals none; pallial line narrow, with an
ample sinus.

Type, (Edalin mhdiaj)linnn (Carpenter).

93. Cooperella subdiaphana Carpenter.

Platk XIII, Fio. I.

CEdalia subdiiifihana Cv\i.. Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 639; Jour, de Conch., Vol. XII, 1S65, p. 134.

CEdalina subdiaphana Cpr., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1866, p, 208.

Cooperella subdiaphana Cpk., Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1062.

Shell small, subquadrangular, subequilateral, convex, very thin and fragile; posterior extremity
evenly rounded; anterior extremity rounded near base; surface smooth except for incremental lines;
beaks slightly raised, sharp, prominent; two narrow, tall, sharp, bifid teeth in left valve, three in
right; pallial sinus very large.

Dimensions. — Long. 12 mm.; alt. 9 mm.; diam. 6 mm.

( 20 ) January 8, 1903.

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Externally tliis species nuich resembles a Kel/ia, l>iil may lie (listiiii;iiislu(l hy
till- pallial sinus ami hinge teeth. Specimens idcntilit'd liy Di. Dull.

Two left valves from lower 8an Pedro series of Deathuan Island, one (tf which
is lli^nred, and is now in the collection of Delos vVniold. Rather eoniiudn in the
Pleistocene at Spanish Bii;ht, San Diej^o.

Living. — Vancouver Island to Todos Santos Bay (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Dall; Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Family XXIX. I'ETRICOLlD.lv

(iiMius Petricola lAuaarck.

Shell oval or elongated, lliiii, Uuiiul, anterior side short; hinge with generally three teeth in
each valve, the e.xternal often obsolete; pallial .sinii.s deep.

Type, Venns lapicida (Chemii.).

Section Petricola Lamarck h. s.

Shell ovate, with a short or moderately wide jjallial sinus, the radial scul[)ture more or less
divaricate or zigzag.

Type, Petricola lapicida (Gmel.).

94. Petricola carditoides ('onrad.

Saxkava carditoides Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 255, PI. XX, fig. 8.

Petricola carditoides CoN., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1849, p. 213. Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1856, p. 214; =P. californica CoN. =/*. cylindracea Desh. =/'. arcuaia Desh. ^P.
gibba MiDD. (yfa^i' Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rejjt., 1863, p. 641). Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 258. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 183, 1892. William-
son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 189. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci.,
Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 835; Part 5, 1900, p. 1059.

Shell of medium size and variable outline, generally oblong-oval, conve.x, thick; surface
ornamented with fine, concentric, incremental lines, which sometimes form irregular ridges, and by
fine, wavy, radiating lines; hinge-area prominent; three cardinal teeth in each valve, the anterior one
smallest; margin smooth.

Dimensions.— X.on^. 28 mm.; alt. 25 mm.; diam. 16 mm.

A variable form which is recognized, however, by its sciil[)tnre, prominent
teeth and thick shell. Often found in holes in the pebbles and boulders comprising
the conglomerate in this formation. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Not uncommon in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island; and in
the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Los Cerritos, Crawfish George's, and
San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper) : San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 155

Section Rnpcllnriu Fleurian.

Shell inflated and loiindeti in front, attenuated and more compressed behind; sculpture
cliiclly radial; stronger anteriorly.

Type, I'elricoia lilho/jJuic/u (RetziiLs).

95. Petricola (Rupellaria) lamellifera Conrad.

Venus lamellif era Con., Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 257, PI. XIX, fig-. 19.

Venenipis cordieri \ax. B, Desh., B. M. Catal. Ven., p. igr. No. i.

Petricola cordieri Desh., Rev. Zool. Soc. Cur., 1839, p. 358; Mag. Zool., PI. XVIII.

Rupellaria lamellifera Con., Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 214. Carpenter, Brit. Assn.
Rept., 1863, p. 641. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 262. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 183, fig. 156, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.
XV, 1892, J). 1S4.

Shell of medium size, convex, equivalve, inequilateral, thick; beaks anterior to middle,
marginal, not much elevated, turned slightly forward ; anterior extremity evenly rounded; posterior
extremity widely truncated; surface sculptured by ten or twelve lamelliform, concentric, slightly
reflected ribs, and rather faint radiating sulcations; lunule indistinct, sculptured; ligament rather short;
hinge strong, with two bifid and one single tooth in each valve; pallial sinus deep, narrow, pointed;
muscle-impressions distinct, oval.

Dimensions. — Long. 26 mm.; alt. 21.5 mm.; diam. 16 mm.

This specie.? resembles Petricola cnnlUoides, but is distinguisliable by the
prominent concentric lamellar frills. Like P. carditoides this shell bores in the
rocks; and all of the sjiecimens obtained were broken from the shale pebbles in
the upper San Pedro gravels of Deadman Island.

Living. — Farallon Islands to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Section Petricolaria Stoliczka.
Shell elongated, pholadiform, thin; hinge-teeth protracted, slender; pallial sinus deep.
Type, Petricola pholadiformis (Lanej.

96. Petricola (Petricolaria) denticulata Soiverby.

Petricola denticulata Sby., Thes. Conchyliorum (.?).

Petricola pedroana Con., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V, p. 324, PI. Ill, fig. 24, 1856. Gabb, Pal. Cal.,

Vol. II, p. 119, 1869.
Petricola denticulata Su\., Cpl-rve^htek, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, pp. 244, 297.
Cypricardia pedroana Con., Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, 1894, p. 25.

Shell small, elongate-oval, convex, thin; surface sculptured by fine, concentric, incremental
lines, and numerous, undulating, radiating ridges, which are most prominent on the anterior portion
of the shell; anterior end short and rounded; teeth small; pallial sinus deep.

DimeJisions. — Long. 20 mm.; alt. 12 mm.; diam. 10 mm.

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distinguishahle from /'. carditoides by its siiiiiller size, narrower form, ihiiiiu r
shell, and coarser sculpture. Specimens of this same species in the State Rluscinu
collection at the University of California, Berkeley, are labeled P. coynata Adams.
Specimens identified l>y Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San I'edro .sorie.s at JJcadniaii Island, and the upper San
Pedro serie.s at Los Cerritos and San Pedro.

Living. — Mazatlan to Pern (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold; Blake.)

Pliocene (?). — Los Angeles City (Williamson).

97. Petricola (Petricolaria) cognata C. B. Adams.

Pctricola cognala C. B. Ads., Cat. Panama Shells; Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, 1852,
p. 510. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 363; Proc. Zool. Soe., 1863, p. 367.

Shell of medium size, much elongated, transverse, convex, thin, equivalve; beaks small, near
anterior extremity, turned forward, slightly elevated; anterior extremity short, evenly, pointedly
rounded; posterior extremity long, evenly, pointedly rounded; surface of shell, anterior to a line
running obliquely backwards from the beaks, sculptured by ten or eleven prominent, narrow,
squamosely spined, radiating ridges; surface posterior to this line ornamented by finer radiating lines;
rather prominent incremental lines over the whole surface; hinge of left valve consists of a curved,
saddle-shaped process of two teeth, one of which is bifid; hinge of right valve smaller and straiglitcr
with less prominent division of teeth.

Dimensio7is. — Long. 36 mm.; alt. 10.5 mm.; diam. 10 mm.; beaks to anterior extremity
6 mm.; to posterior extremity 30 mm.

The line of demarkation between the line and j)rominent radiating sculpture
in this species is not marked as in the Pholadid"' . Distingui.shable from P. denticulatn
by more prominent scul]tture anteriorly, longer shell, more prominent hinge-teeth and
more anterior beaks. P. coijnata is close to the Atlantic /''. /Jioladifornm. Some
authorities, notably Carpenter, unite the two form.s.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series at the lumber yard at San Pedro and
at Deadman Island.

Living. — San Pedro to Panama (Dall, mss.).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Supcrfamily TELLIXACEA.

Family XXX. TELLINID.E.

Genus Tellina Linnc.

Subgenus Mcerella Fischer.

Shell small, compressed, hardly folded, acute behind, rounded in front, with feeble, concentric
sculpture; left laterals obsolete; no interior radii; the sinus long, coalescent with the pallial
line below.

Type, Tellina donacinn (Linne).

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. lo7

98. Tellina (Moerella) salmonea (Jarpnnter.

1'i.ATK XIII, Fi<:. 7.

Mcera salmo7iea Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 639; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rcl Ser., Vol. IV,
1864, p. 423. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 196, 1892.

Shell small, suboval, convex, equivalve, inequilateral, thin; unibones anterior to center,
small, sharp; anterior extremity short, rounded; posterior dorsal margin straight; posterior extremity
acutely rounded; ventral margin evenly arcuate; surface glossy, ornamented with fine, concentric,
incremental lines, and obsolete radiating scratches; cardinal tooth small, bifid; no lateral teeth;
pallial sinus long, broad; one faint, internal, submarginal, posterior, radiating ridge.

Diincnsiofis. — Long. 11 mm.; alt. 8 mm.; diam 4.2 mm.; umbo to anterior.extremity 3 mm.;
to posterior extremity 8 mm.

Resembles Dnnnx, but is much tliimicr, more evenly routided anteriorl}',
has no lateral teeth, and is not crenulated on the intei'ior of the marj^in. Specimen
identified by Dr. Dall.

Not uncommon in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, whence the
specimen figured came. This specimen is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Vancouver to Monterey (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Angulus Megerle.

.Shells elongated, generally small, compressed, with the posterior end angularly pointed and
not twisted; the surllice smooth or with fine concentric sculpture; nymphs short and prominent, the
ligament short; hinge with a single adjacent lateral well developed in the right valve anteriorly;
internally a thickened ray passes from the umbo just behind the anterior adductor scars, and one or
two narrower similar rays in front of the posterior adductors; sinus largely coalescent with the pallial
line below.

Type, Tellina lanceolata Linne.

99. Tellina (Angulus) buttoni Dull.

Plate XVI, Fif;.s. 1 .\nd 2.

Tellina ( Oi/dardia) lutl/oni Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1036,

PI. XLVIl, fig. 18.
Angulus modestus of California collectors (not of Carpenter).
Tellina (Angulus) var. obtusus Cpr. ('not Tellina obtusa Sowerby.)
? Tellina pedroana Con., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V, p. 323, PI. Ill, fig. 17, 1855.
? Macoma pedroana CoN., Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, pp. 94, 124, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 248.

Shell small, oblong, subtriangular, compressed, thin; umbones slightly posterior to center;
anterior dorsal margin evenly arcuate; anterior extremity quite acutely rounded, produced furthest
near base; ventral line subrectilinear; posterior extremity cuneiform, abruptly truncated at end near
base; surface sculptured by fine, concentric, incremental lines; one prominent cardinal tooth in each
valve; one sharp, anterior lateral tooth in right valve; pallial sinus large, does not quite reach to
anterior muscle-impression; anterior, radiating callus passes from umbo just posterior to the anterior
muscle-impression.

Dimensions. — Long. iS mm.; alt. 10.5 mm.; diam. 4 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
II mm.; to posterior extremity 7 mm.

158 CAUFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A note acc(iiii|i;iiiyiiij; (iiic of (lu'so specimens s;iys, "'/'(/linn slilalti llaiiley.
This specimen was identiUcd l»v Dr. Dall." Upon liiitlior cxiunination Dr. Dall
pionounccil tluin lo be Anyn/uH btdtoni.

FiiiMul in lower San Pedro scries of Deadinan Island and San Pctdio hlufFs;
and in the npper San Pedro series ol Deaduian Island, San Pedro, C/'raw fish fJoorjije's,
and Los Cerritos. Fonnd also in the Pleistocene at I'arlow's ranch, Ventuia. The
specimen figured is frdiii llic upper San I'edio series at San iVdro, ami is now in
the cdlleetidn of J)eIos .\inuld.

Living. — West Coa.st.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Ventura (Arnold).

100. Tellina (Angulus) bodegensis Hinds.

Pl.ATK XV, Fl.!.8.

Tellina bodegensis Hns., Voy. Sulphur, p. 67. Fl. XXI, fig. 2, 1844. Carpenter, Rrit. Assn.
Rept., 1S63, p. 639; =y-. ciiiaccrata Con. {fide Gauh, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 92, 1869).
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 267. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 197,
fig. 169, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 185. Dall,
Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci. , Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1029.

Shell of medium size, elongated, narrow-ovate, rather thick; umboncs posterior to center
and pointing posteriorly; anterior portion of shell evenly rounded, the dorsal and \cntral lines being
nearly parallel; posterior dorsal margin depressed back of umbo, running ofT quite obliquely to a line
which truncates the posterior end near the base; basal posterior angle nearly a right angle; basal
line nearly straight; a prominent bifid cardinal tooth on each valve; pallial sinus long and narrow;
generally thickened anteriorly.

Dimensions.- — Long. 48 mm.; alt. 25 mm.; diam, 12 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
27 mm.; to posterior extremity 21 mm.

Specimen identified liy Dr. J)all.

Common in the npper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish
George's, Deadmaii Island, and Long Beach; rarer in the lower San Pedro series at
Deadman Island and San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight,
San Diego. The specimen figured is from the npper San Pedro series at San Pedi'o,
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego; Japan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Miocene. — Oregon; Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County (Cooper).

101. Tellina (Angulus) idas D(dl.

Plate XV, Fio. 7.

TelliftaidieD\hh, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, iSgr, p. 183, PI. VI., fig. 3; PI. VII, figs.

I, 4. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 185. Cooper, Bull.

No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 32.
Tellinella, Cooper, No. 63, Geol. Cat., 1S67.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 159

Shell of medium size, ovate-triangular, moderately elongate, compressed, tliin; beaks sub-
central, small, pointed, prominent; anterior extremity evenly rounded; posterior dorsal slope steeper,
rectilinear, ohliciuely truncate at its termination; ventral margin moderately incurved at flexure,
which is narrow, but well marked, and extends out into a prominent beak at the extremity of the
shell; a prominent, narrow, submarginal, flexural ridge extends from beak to posterior extremity;
surface sculptured with numerous, regular, sharp, elevated, concentric, incremental lines; hinge area
broad and strong; one prominent cardinal tooth in each valve, which is bifid in right valve; one
anterior lateral in right valve; ligamenlal area prominent, long; pallial sinus very large, extending
nearly to anterior adductor scar.

Dimensions. — Long. 62 mm.; alt. 37 mm.; diam. 10 mm.

Distiiigtiisliiible i'foiii 7'. hodegen^is by larger, broader shell, more central, less
curved beaks, mucli more prominent flexural ridge, posterior beak and incurved base
line, much stronger, broader hinge, and much larger pallial sinus. Distinguishable
from T. ruhmcem by more extended, beaked posterior extremity, flexural ridge,
straight beaks, and much stronger hinge, especially in the ligamental area. Speci-
mens identified by Dr. Dall.

One valve founil in the upper Ban Pedro series at Los Cerritos, which is
figured herewith, is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Llclng. — Catalina Island, IG to 38 fathoms, young (Dall): San Pedro Bay;
Long Beach (Shephard).

Pleistocene. — Saa Pedro (Arnold).

102. Tellina (Angulus) rubescens Hanley.
Platk XV, Fic. <>.

Te//ina rubescens Hanl., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S56, p. 302.

Shell of medium size, ovate-triangular, compressed, thin; beaks posterior, small, sharp,
turned toward the rear; anterior dorsal margin evenly but slightly arcuate to near extremity, where
it turns off quite abruptly, giving an evenly rounded end, which is most produced below the middle;
posterior dorsal slope steeper, rectilinear; posterior extremity truncated, with a rounded right angle
at base; basal margin nearly rectilinear from posterior angle to within one-third length of shell from
anterior end; a prominent angular ridge extends from beak to posterior basal angle; surface sculp-
tured by regular alternating concentric bands and distinct sulcations; sculpture less regular posterior
to angular ridge; hinge-area small; right valve with two cardinal teeth, posterior one bifid; one
posterior lateral tooth at lower end of ligamental area in right valve; pallial sinus large, arcuate
upwards near middle and extending nearly to anterior adductor scar.

Dimensions. — Long. 43 mm.; alt. 26 mm.; diam. 10 mm.; beak to anterior extremity
23 mm.; to posterior extremity 20 mm.

Distinguishable from T. hodegensis by much broader shell, less oblique trunca-
tions, greater convexity, more regular and coarser sculpture, stronger hinge, posterior
lateral tooth, and much larger pallial sinus, which extendi almost to anterior adduc-
tor. Distinguishable from 7'. idfe by less produced and unflexed posterior portion,
basal posterior angle, and rectilinear ventral margin, weaker hinge, and posteriorly
bent beaks. This species seems to lie between 2\ ld(£ and 7'. bodegeiisis in many
respects, having the large sinus of the one and the general, though much broader,
outline of the other. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

IGO CALIFORNIA ACADKMY DF SCIENCES.

Ivari' ill iippor S.iii I'l'.lio scries of San IV-dm; oiio pcifccl rii;lil valve, wliiuii
is figureil, is now in tlie collei'tiun of Delos Arnolii.

Liriiig. — Panaiua; ('ciilrai America (Carpenter).
Pkislocene. — San IVmIid ( A iimlil ).

Genus Metis //. .(, A. Adains.

Shell slij>Inly incqiiivalvc. suborbicular, compressed; valve sillonated; posterior flcxuosity
submedian; no lateral teeth.

Tellina meyeri Pliil. is a characteristic species.

103. Metis alta Climnid.

Tellina alia CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., \'ol. VII, 1.S37, p. 258; (not T. alta Con., Foss. Tert.

Form., Vol. I, No. 4, p. 41, 1833. Hanley, Thes. Conch., Vol. I, p. 332, PI. LXII,

fig. 200, 1847.
LtUricola alta Con., Carpenter, Brit. A.s.sn. Rept., 1S63, p. 639; ^^Arcopagia mcdialis Con. (yfidc

CJAUB, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 92, 1869). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888,

p. 247. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 197, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. XV, 1892, p. 186.
Metis alta Coti., ^= Scrobiculat ia biangulata Ci'R. {Jide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. HI,

Part 5, 1900, p. 1044).

Shell large, suboval, approaching to subcircular, ventricose, of medium thickness; beaks
central; anterior extremity obtusely rounded ; posterior side of the deeper valve biangulated; the
opposite valve with an angular groove; surface sculptured by numerous prominent lines of growth
and by numerous minute, radiating lines; cartilage-pit more vertical than oblique; muscle-
impressions large.

Dimerisious. —hon^. 75 mm.; alt. 65 mm.; diam. 40 mm.

Resembles a large, roiiiuled, ventricose Macoma. Specimens identified by
Dr. Dall.

Common in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, and exceedingly so in the
Pleistocene of Los Ccrrito.s, where they occur in beautifully preserved pairs. A few
specimens found in the upper San Pedro series at Deadinan Island and Crawlish
George's; ami in tlie lower San Pedro series at Deadnian Island. I'^oiind in the
Pliocene at Pacific Beach, and in the Plei.stocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Fernando (Cooper; Arnold): San
Diego (Arnold).

Miocene. — Monterey; El Toro Ranch, IMonleroy County (Cooper).

Gemi.s Macoma Leach.

Shell without lateral teeth, usually subtrigonal and with a marked posterior fle.xure; the
surface feebly sculptured concentrically, or smooth; the siphons naked.

Type, 31. tenera Leach.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDKO. 161

Subgenus Macoma s. s.

Shell subtriijonal, the [seriostracum conspicuous; usually colorless, or, if colored, without
color |)atterii; flexure well markeii; the pallial sinus coalescent with the i)allial line below, and often
discrepaiU in the two valves; inhabiting the cooler seas, and especially boreal waters.

104. Macoma calcarea Gmelin.

Plate XVI, Fici. 2.

Tcliina calcarea, teste ovala, etc., Cuem., Conch. Cab., Vol. VI, p. 140, PI. XllI, fig. 136, 1782.

Tellina calcarea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., Ed. VI, p. 3236, No. 38, 1792.

Macoma calcarea Chem. ^= Sanguinolaria californica CoN. ^Tellina pcdroana Con. =Tellina

tenera Leach {fide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 124, 1869). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.

Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 248.
Macoma calcarea Gmelin. ^ Tellina lata Gmelin. = Tellina subnlosa Spengler. ^ Macoma tenera

Leach ^=Tellina proxima ( Brown) Sbv. = Tellina sordida Covthovw. = Sanguino-

laria sordida Gld. (fide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900).

Shell of medium size, suboval, slightly convex, inequilateral, thin; anterior end shorter than
posterior, with fokl running from apex to lower anterior extremity, which is biangular; anterior dorsal
margin straight; anterior end evenly rounded; beaks anterior to middle, small, inconspicuous;
surface sculptured by fine incremental lines; two cardinal teeth on left valve, anterior one bifid; pallial
sinus large.

Dimensions. — Long. 18.2 mm.; beak to anterior extremity 8.2 mm.; to posterior extremity
10 mm.; alt. 13.5 mm.; diam. 5.2 mm.

This species is distinguishable from J/, yoldiformis by its more prominent fold
and much broader form; distinguished from others of this genus found in these
deposits by having the anterior (folded and angular) end shorter than the posterior
end. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall. Specimens of this species are labeled "il7.
expansa " in the State Museum Collection, at the University of California, at Berkeley.

Several specimens from the lower San Pedro series and Pliocene of Deadman
Island. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman
Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Arctic and boreal seas, south on Atlantic Coast to Long Island
Sound, on Pacific Coast to Oregon and Northern Japan (Dall).

Pleistocene. — Scandinavia; Scotland; Greeidand; Siberia; Alaska (Dall) : San
Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

105. Macoma indentata Carpenter.

Plate SVI, Fk;. 1.

Macoma indentata Ci'R., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 639. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888,
p. 248. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 195, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 185. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1052.

Shell of medium size, rather narrow, suboval, compressed, thin; umbones slightly posterior
to center; anterior end long and evenly rounded; posterior dorsal line straight; ventral line near

( 21 ) _ January 9, 1903.

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

posterior enii indented, the posterior extremity being nuicli projected and sharply rounded; luld very
prominent; lignmental area short, scooped out.

Dimensions. — Long. 50 nun.; alt. 32 mm.; diam. 14 mm.; umbo to anterior e.xremity
2S mm.; to posterior e.xtremity 22 mm.

Re.«cml>lo!! .1/. nitsutd aiul M. /'/.svyi, but i.s cli.stin,<iuisliablt' l)y it? smaller
shell, posterior iiiuboiief-, iiulentiition in ventral m:iri;in, more prominent fold and
more prominently projected posterior extremity. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos and San Pedro. Found
in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the
upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Cooper; Arnold).

Miocene. — El Toro Ranch, Monterey County; Griswold's, Sau Benito County
(Cooper).

106. Macoma inquinata Deshayes.
Pl.^tk XVI, Fi<;. 4.

Tellina inquinata Desh., Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1S54, p. 357.

Macoma inquinata Desh., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 689. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II,
p. 93, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., i888, p. 248. Keep, West Coast
Shells, p. 195, 1892. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1053.

Shell of medium size, suboval, convex, thin, equivalve; umbones subcentral ; anterior end
dilated, rather prominently so in front of umbo of right valve; posterior end evenly arcuate from
umbo and acutely rounded at posterior end about half way between dorsal and ventral margins ;
ligament of medium length, not prominent; two small cardinal teeth in each valve; pallial sinus does
not reach anterior muscle-impression in the left valve.

Dimensions. — Long. 35 mm.; alt. 27 mm.; diam. 15 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
16 mm.; to posterior extremity 19 mm.

Distinguishable by medium size, short, equally convex valves, very faint or
obsolete fold; evenly, acutely rounded, rather than truncated, posterior extremity,
and dfsconnection of pallial sinus and anterior muscle-impression. Specimen identi-
fied by Dr. Dall.

Not uncommon in the Pliocene at Deadman Island, the lower San Pedro
series at Deadman Island, and the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, San
Pedro, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish George's. Found also in the Pleistocene at
Twenty-.sixth Street, San Diego.

The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, anil
is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Alaska to San Diego (Cooper).

P/eis<ocene.— Monterey to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — Twelve Mile House; San Fernando (Cooper).

AKNOLD-THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STBATIGBAPHT OF SAN PEDRO. 163

107. Macoma nasuta Conrad.

Plate XVI, Fig. 3.

Tellina nasuta CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 258.

Mcuoma Tiasula Con. = M. tersa Gld., (yff/i' Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 639). Gabb,

Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 93, i86q. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 248.

Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 194, fig. 165, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 185. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900,

P- 1053-
Shell of medium size, ovate, compressed, thin; anterior side dilated; posterior side cunei-
form, extremity truncated much above the line of the base; posterior dorsal margin straight to angle
where it joins line of truncation ; fold carinated on the right valve ; umbones slightly anterior to
center, slightly prominent; two prominent narrow cardinal teeth in each valve; no laterals; ligament
external, long, straight, narrow; pallial sinus large, expanding interiorly, that of the left valve joining
anterior muscle-impression at its lower posterior angle.

Dimensions. — Long. 76 mm.; alt. 54 mm.; diam. 23 mm.; umbo to anterior end 31 mm.:
to posterior end 45 mm.

Distinguishable from J/, secta b}' smaller size, less convex valves, less alti-
tude, longer, straight posterior margin, and longer, less prominent ligamental callus;
from M. inquinata by larger, longer shell, less convex valves, less relative altitude,
straight dorsal margin witli truncation posteriorly, and by less central umbones; from
M. yoldiformls by more cuneiform posterior extremity, long, straight posterior dorsal
margin, and by having the beaks anterior to center rather than posterior; from
M. identata by beaks being more anterior, being broader, and by lacking the promi-
nent folds, indentation of ventral margin, and prominent projection of posterior
extremity; from M. kelseyi, which closel}- resembles it, by broader shell, and more
oblique truncation of posterior extremity. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather common in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San
Pedro, and the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos, Long Beach, Crawfish
George's, Deadman Island, and San Pedro. The upper San Pedro strata afiford
larger specimens, as a rule, than those found in the lower San Pedro.

Found also in the Pliocene at Pacific Beach, and in the Pleistocene at Spanish
Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego, and in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, and
the old ditch, Ventura.

The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and
is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Alaska to San Diego; Kamtschatka (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Eagle Prairie and Danger Creek, Humboldt County; Santa Rosa;
San Fernando (Cooper): San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Sunol, Alameda County; Foxin's, Santa Barbara County (Cooper).

164 CALFFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

io8. Macoma nasuta Conrad var. kelseyi Ihill.

Macoma kelsfyi Dai.i., Tiiuis. VVaj^ner lust. ScL, Vol. Ill, I'.irt 5, lyoo, p. 1052, PI. XI.IX, fig. 7.

Shell of medium size, elongate-ovate, compressed, iliin; posterior extremity cuneiform,
obliquely truncated much above vciUimI niari^iii; umboiu's nc.irly central; ollur characteristics
same as in M. nasuta.

Dimensions. — Long. 70 mm.; alt. 45 mm.; diani. i.S mm.; uml)o to aiUeiior end 31 mm.; to
posterior end 39 mm.

r)i.stiii,u:iii.sli;il)le from other species liy same cliaracteri.stics that tli)stiii<;iiisli
M./i'istttn; (li.stiiigiii.shcd from .1/. n/iHutn by narrower, Ihitter shell, and more ol)li(|ue
tnincation of posterior end. Specimens identified by Dr. Dail.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro and Los Cerritos. Found
also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — San Diego and south (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

109. Macoma secta l.'onnnl.

Platk XVI, Fig. 5.

Tellina secta CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1.S37, p. 257. H.vni.ev, The.s. Coiirh., p. 337,
PI. LXV, figs. 245, 248, 1847.

Macoma secta CoN., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Repl., 1S63, [>. 639. H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec.
Moll., p. 401, 1858. != Tellina ligametitina'DKSH . {fide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 73,
1869). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rcpt. Cal. .St. Min., 1888, p. 249. Keep, West Coast Shells,
p. 191, tig. 163, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 185.

Macoma {Rexithezriis) secta CoN. ^ var. edulis (NuTT. mss.) Cpr. (fide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst.
Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1053).

Shell large, suboval, slightly ventricose, rather thin; uinbones subcentral, evenly rounded
anteriorly; posterior end truncated obliquely much above the base line; posterior dorsal margins
short, straight, sloping off quite steeply to angle where it meets line of truncation; fold prominent ;
surface sculptured bylines of growth; two cardinal teeth in each valve; ligament short, thick, in.serted
on an elongated, oblique, rib-like callus; margin beneath the gape appearing as if cut or broken;
pallial sinus large, expanded within, not reaching to anterior muscle-impression.

Dimensions. — Long. <S2 mm.; alt. 65 mm.; diani. 24 mm.

Distinguishable by large size, broad shell, subcentral nmbones, cciual convexity
of valves, and the prominent short ligamcntal callus. Resembles a Mactrn somewhat
ill outline. Specimens identified by Dr. Dull.

Found in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Los Cerritos, Crawfish (Jeorge's,
San Pedro, and Long Heach. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Uiglit,
San Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro,
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Bodega Bay to San Diego; Japan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara; San Fernando (Cooper).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 165

1 10. Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter.

Platk XVI, Fi.:. 0.

Macoma yoldiformis Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept. 1863, p. 639. Cooper, yih Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 249. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 1053.

Shell small, subelliptical, compressed, very thin and frajjile; umhones slightly posterior to
center; anterior end evenly rounded, longer than posterior side, which is very faintly folded, biangiilar
and more cuneiform; surface smooth, except for very fine incremental lines; ligamental area scooped
out about one-half length of posterior end; teeth very small.

Dimensions. — Long. 23 mm.; alt. 13.2 mm.; diam. 6 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
13 mm.; to posterior extremity 10 mm.

This species is distinnjuishablo froin other inembers of the genus by its small
size, subelliptical form, very thin, smooth shell, posterior umbones and faint fold;
distinguishable from Tdlina bode^eyisis by less cuneiform posterior end and smaller
.size. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island. Rather common in
the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured is from this
locality, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Pedro (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Family XXXI. SEMELID.E.

Genus Semele Schumacher.

Shell rounded, subequilateral, beaks turned forwards; posterior side slightly folded; hinge
teeth two in right valve and two in left; laterals elongated, distinct in the right valve; external
ligament short, cartilage internal, long, oblique; pallial sinus deep, rounded.

Type, I'ellinn reticulata Spengler.

III. Semele decisa Conrad.

Amphidesma decisa CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 234, PI. XIX, fig. 2.

.SV'w^'/c ^'("ma Con., Carpknter, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 213. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept.,

1863, p. 640. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 94, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 264. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 190, 1892. Williamson, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 186. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill,

Part 5, 1900, p. 995.

.Shell rounded, subequilateral, thick; beaks elevated, turned forward; posterior side shorter
than the anterior, direct, biangulated; fold distinct; anterior end evenly rounded; anterior dorsal
margin slightly depressed; surface with numerous, thick, concentric, rugose, slightly prominent
ribs; cartilage-process oblique; cardinal teeth obsolete; lateral teeth distinct; pallial sinus wide
and shallow.

Dimensions. — Long. 8.5 mm.; alt. 7Smm.; diam. 34 mm.

The specimen described is a large one. These shells are often found in
pairs in these deposits. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

l<it; • CAMFOnNIA ACADKMY C>F S(;IKNC1«.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro; common in I In- n|)pcr San
Pt'dro series at Los Cerritos, hut rarer in the same iiorizon at Diudnmn Islaiul and
San Pedro. Found also in tiie IMeistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, Sun Diego.

Living. — Santa liarhara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleixtocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

112. Semele pulchra Soirerby.

Pl.ATK XV, FiCS. 1 AND Irt.

Amphidesma pulchra Sby., Conch., Vol. Ill, No. 2, fig. 2.

Semele pulchra Sbv., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 640. Gaub, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 94,
1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 18S8, p. 264. Keep, West Coast Shells,
p. 190, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 186. Dall,
Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, ji. 995.

Shell small, oval, thin ; beaks turned forward; posterior sides shorter than the anterior,
slightly biangular; fold not very distinct; anterior dorsal marjjin slightly convex ; anterior end evenly
rounded ; surface sculptured with numerous fine, sliarp concentric ridges, and fine radiating
striations; interior as in S. decisa except more delicate, and cardinal tooth in each valve ])rominent.

Dimensions . — Long. 22 mm.; alt. 1S.2 mm.; diam. 6 mm.

Distinguisliahle from S. decisa hy .smaller, thinner .shell, finer concentric
sculpture and radiating striations. Specimens of the species in the State Museum
Collection at tlie University of California, P.erkeley, are labeled N. jlnrescens Old.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather rare in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro and Los Cerritos.
Found also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego. The specimen
figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection
of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego; Acapulco to South America (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Ai-nold): San Diego (Cooper; Arnold).

113. Semele pulchra Soverhy, montereyi, var. nov.

Platk XV, Fics. 4 ANi> 4a.

Shell small, oval, ventricose, thin; beaks quite posterior to middle of shell; anterior dorsal
margin long, nearly straight; anterior extremity evenly curved; posterior end much shorter than
anterior, evenly rounded; fold obsolete; cartilage-process deep, oblique; one prominent cardinal
tooth in each valve; lateral teeth distinct; pallial sinus very large, rounded, expanded interiorly.

Dimensions. — Long. 23 mm.; alt. 17.5 mm.; diam. 11. 5 mm.

Resembles S. jiulchra in size, but is much more oval, lacking the angular
appearance at the beak; the beaks are situated more anteriorly in var. montereyi and
the shell is much more ventricose. Easily differentiated from the typical S. pulchra.
Pronounced a new variety o( pulchra by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island.

AUNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN I'EDRO. 167

The specimen figured is not the type, whicli is hirger, and is in the United
States National Miisenni. The specnnien (igiu-ed eaniu from the lower San Pedro
Series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of JJelos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Cumingia Sowerby.

Shell transversely oval, etiuivalve, rounded in front, snbrostratcd and slightly gaping behind;
small, thin, often irregular in form; hinge with a spoon-shaped cartilage-])i.t, and a small anterior
cardinal tooth in each valve; two elongated lateral teeth in the right valve, less developed in the left;
beaks small; surface concentrically ridged; pallial sinus very wide.

Type, Cuiningia miitica Sowerby.

114. Cumingia calif ornica Conrad.

Ciimiiigia californica CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 234, PI. XVII, fig. 12. Car-
penter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 640. Gabb, Pal. Cal. , Vol. II, i86g, p. 94.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 238. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 196,
fig. 168, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 186.
= C similis A. Ad. ^fidc D.-vll, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, part 5, 1900,

p. lOOl).

Shell of medium size, transversely oval, slightly venlricose, thin; umbones small, incon-
spicuous; anterior margin evenly rounded; posterior sloping from umbo at an angle of about 45
degrees, straight; posterior end somewhat obliquely truncated; surface sculptured by numerous,
about equidistant, sharp, narrow, concentric ridges or frills; hinge with a triangular, spoon-shaped
cartilage-pit and a small anterior cardinal tooth in each valve; two elongated lateral teeth in right
valve, less developed in the left; pallial sinus very wide, expanded interiorly and deep.

Dimensions. — Long. 24.5 mm.; alt. iS mm.; diam. 4.9 mm.

Resembles Macoma nasuta in general outline, but is easily distinguishable by
the sharp, concentric ridges. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Found in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro, and
in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Crawfish George's, and San Pedro.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego; Mazatlan (Cooper): Japan (Stimson).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Family XXXII. PSAMMOBIID.E.

Genus Psammobia (Lamarck) Botudich.

Subgenus Psammobia s. ,s.

Shell elongated, more or less pointed behind; compressed; somewhat rudely concentrically
sculptured; the posterior dorsal area frequently sculptured diversely from the disc; the pallial sinus
elongated and for the most part coalescent below with the pallial line.

Type, Psammobia feroe'nsis Gmel.

108 CALIKOUNIA AiADKMY Ol' SCIENCES.

115. Psammobia (Psammobia) edentula (lahli.

SiteqHitria eJiiiliila IIaiih, I'.il. Cal., \\>\. II, p. 5;,, I'l. .W, lii;. 11, i.S'nj. t'odi'i u, 71I1 Ann.

Rtpt. Cal. St. Mill., i,S8,S. p. 264.
Psammobia fJenlula Gaisb, Dali., 'rr.ins. W'agmr Inst. vSci., \'ul. Ill, l';irl 5, lyoo, p. 976.

Slioll large, floiig.itcil, siit)clllptical, llalteiiecl, thin; beaks minute, i)Osterior to micklle;
surface marked by distinct lines ol' growth most prominent near the margin; cardinal margins
straight, sloping gently towartl the ends; anterior end convexly and very obliquely sublruncate
above, proiluced and rounded below; posterior end broadly and regularly rounded, a little less
prominent below than above the miiiille; basal margin nearly sir.iiglit; liganiental are.i long, pro-
jecting prominently beyond the cardinal line for nearly iialf ihi liiigih of tlie anterior jjorlion of the
shell: ]>rojectcd area with large groove on outside, flat on insitle; two prominent cardinal teith,
anterior less prominent and obli(|ue; anterior nuiscleinij)ression large, suijcircular; posterior smaller,
subelliptical; pallial sinus deep and wide.

Dimensions. — Long. 1.^5 mm.; alt. 69 mm.; diam. 13 mm.

Tliis fine sliell was originally described liy (Jabb ffoin a specimen obtained in
tlie I'iiocenc of San Fernando. On account of tbe matrix in wliicb bis specimen
was imi)eddcd, tbe binge area and interior were only partly accessible, bcnce it was
deemed expedient to more fidly describe tbe interior of tbe sbell. Dr. Dall pro-
nounced tbe sbell described above a member of tbe genus Paaininobla. Tbe cardinal
teetb, bowever, are ratber large for one of tiiis genns.

Rare in tbe upper >San Pedro series of >San Pedro; tbree good specimens
obtained.

Living. — ?

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando (Cooper).

Goiui.s Sanguinolaria Lmimrck.
Section Xiitt(dlin D<ill.

Sliell large, suborhicular, inequivalve, more or less twisted, the right valve slightly flatter; the
posterior cardinal in the left valve obsolete; tiie p.illial sinus narrow in front and somewhat detached
from the p dlial line.

Type, Sanguinolaria nnttalii Conrad.

116. Sanguinolaria (Nuttallia) nuttalli Conrad.

Sanguinolaria nntlalli Con., Jour. Phil. Acad. .Sci. , Vol. VII, 1837, p. 230, PI. XVII, fig. 6.
Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Kept., 1863, p. 638. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. igS,
fig. 170, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. XV, 1892, p. 185. Dall,
Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., \\i\. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 979.

Shell large, subovate, thin; right valve venlricose, left compressed; unibones small, distant
from anterior margin, slightly prominent, acute; surface smooth, except for fine incremental lines;
anterior dorsal margin sloping concavely; posterior end evenly rounded from beaks; anterior end
more sharply rounded and much more produced; ventral margin evenly curved; cardinal teeth
prominent, fragile; ligamental area prominently projecting beyond cardinal line.

Dimensions. — Long. So mm.; alt. 59 mm.; diani. 23 mm.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 169

Distinguishable from Macoma by the prominent ligamental projection, hinge,
and less angular aspect. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather rare in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro and Los Cerritos.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Tagelus Gray.-

Beaks median or subposterior; teeth two in each valve, simple, pedunculate; valves without
constriction or clavicle, slraig;ht; pallial sinus deep, reaching to or beyond the beaks; posterior
adductor scar rounded; pallial sinus with the ventral part partially coalescent with the pallial line.

Type, Solen (/ibbns Spengler.

117. Tagelus californianus Conrad.

Soleciutus calif ornianjis Q.o^.,]o\\r. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 233, PI. XVIII, fig. 3.

Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 638. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 265. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 201, fig. 172, 1892.
Tage/us cali/orniatms Con., Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 184. Dall, Trans.

Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 984.
Shell of medium size, oblong-oval, convex, thin; umbones about central; posterior dorsal
margin runs straight back from umbo parallel with base; anterior dorsal margin slightly depressed,
beginning a little below and in front of umbo, parallel with base; extremities evenly rounded; basal
margin slightly contracted in middle; ligamental area slightly projecting; cardinal teeth, two in each
valve, sharjj and thin; pallial sinus long and wide, pointed.

Dinte7isions. — Long. 80 mm.; alt. 22 mm.; diam. 13 mm.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; com-
mon in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Los Cerritos, Crawfish
George's, San Pedro, and Long Beach. Also found in the Pleistocene at Twenty-
sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro;
San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego (Dall).

Family XXXlll. DONACID.E.

Genus Donax (Linne) Lamarck.

Shell elongate, smooth, with no posterior carination; ventral margins with obsolete serra-
tion; cardinal teeth two in each valve, the larger often bifid; laterals both in the left valve, the
anterior hardly distinguishable from the margin, of which it is a sort of modification.

Donax trunculus Linne is a characteristic species.

, 22 ) .January 10, 1903.

170 CALIFORNIA AC'ADKMY Ol' SCIENCES.

ii8. Donax californica Cunrad.

I'LATB XIII, Fid. 9.

Donax californica Con., Jour. Pliil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, i.S,^7, p. 254, PI. XFX, fig. 21; (not of
CARrENTER, Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1863, p. 640.); (not of Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.
St. Min., 1888, p. 238); (not of Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 192, fig. 164, 1892); (not
of Williamson, Proc. U. vS. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 186). ^= P. vavicula
Hanlev (fide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., V'ol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 968).

Donax flexHosus (not of Gould, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1857, p. 394, PI. XV, fig. 8);
(not of Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 640). ? Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. vSt. Min.,
1888, p. 23S. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 192, 1892. ? Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. X\', 1S92, J). 186.

Shell small, elong.ite-oval, rather pointed at both ends, thin; anterior end produced, quite
sharply rounded; posterior portion over one-half length of anterior, rounded end; surface obscurely
sculptured with fine radiating furrows; concentric, incremental sculpture sometimes visible; hinge
and teeth as in A Icevigata except more delicate; interior of margin finely crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 18 mm.; anterior portion 11 mm.; posterior 7 mm.; alt. 8 mm.;
diam. 6 mm.

Distinguishable from I), heviyata by smaller, narrower, thinner shell, more
elongated posterior portion and much less steei)ly .sloping dorsal margin on this end.
This is the true D. californica Conrad, and not the callfondcKS of Carpenter and
other later writers (see synonymy above). tSpecimens identified by J3r. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; ami
in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro. The specimen figured is from the lower
San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

119. Donax laevigata Dcskayes.

Plate XIII, Fk;. 8.

Donax icevigala Deshaves, Proc. Zool. vSoc, 1854, p. 352. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. \'III,
PI. V, fig. 31. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., \'ol. Ill, Parts, 1900, p. 969.

Donax calif ornicus {x\o\. of CoNRAD, Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 254, PI. XIX, fig. 21).
Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 640. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 238. Keep, West Coast vShells, 192, fig. 164, 1892. Williamson, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 186.

Donax obesus, Glo., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1851, p. 90; Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. VI, p. 394, PI. XV, fig. 9, 1857-

Shell rather small, trigonal, convex, wedge-like, closed; anterior portion produced, rounded,
upper margin straight; posterior portion very short and dorsal margin nearly slraigiit, also angulated
at base; surface obscurely sculptured by fine radiating lines; incremental sculpture generally visible;
interior of margin strongly crenulated; hinge teeth two in each valve; laterals one anterior and one
posterior in each valve; pallial sinus deep.

Dimensions. — Long. 20.5 mm.; anterior portion 14 mm.; posterior 6.5 mm.; alt. 12 mm.;
diam. 8 mm.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STBATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 171

This is tlie coramon Donnx of the West Coast, and is easily recognized by its
triangular shape and the short, straight, posterior end. This species has been
erroneously called californicus by Carpenter and others since then, but a comparison
of one of these shells with Conrad's original figure and description of cnlifnrnica
readily shows the error. The true californica Conrad has a rather produced and
rounded posterior end, and is much narrower than kevigata. S})eeimcns identified
by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro and Dcadman Island;
coramon in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Ccrritos, Crawfish George's,
Long Beach, and Dcadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch,
Ventura; and at Spanish Bight, Twenty-sixth Street, and Pacific Beach, San Diego.
The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now
in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey?; San Luis Obispo to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

Superfamily SOLENACEA.

Family XXXIV. SOLENID.E.

Genus Solen Linne.

Hinge with one cardinal in each valve; beaks nearly anterior; external surface polished;
valves usually straight.

Type, Solen marginatus Pulteney.

120. Solen rosaceus Carpenter.

Solen {sicarius ? var.) rosaceus Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 638; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

3rd Sen, Vol. XV, 1865, p. 177.
Sole7i rosaceus CvK., Cm KBh, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 88, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888. p. 265. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 202, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 1S4. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5,

1900, p. 952.

Shell of medium size, long, subcylindrical, slightly falcate, margins parallel, ends gaping;
beaks terminal; anterior extremity evenly rounded, projecting furthest a little below the middle;
posterior extremity very long, evenly rounded; hinge-teeth, one in each valve; ligament long, ex-
ternal; anterior muscle-impressions elongated; posterior oblong; sinus with squarish corners.

Dimensions. — Long. 55 mm.; alt. 10.5 mm.; diam. 6 mm.

This species much resembles S. sicarius but is much longer and narrower,
more cylindrical, and has a much more evenly rounded and less abruptly truncated
anterior extremity. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara south to Gulf of California (Dall).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego
(Dall; Arnold).

172 rXT.TFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pliocene. — Santa llos:i; San Ramon, Kirker'-s Pass, Contra Costa County; San
Fernando; San Diego well (Cooj>er).

Miocene. — Tomalcs, Marin County; Martinez, Contra Costa County (Cooper).

121. Solen sicarius GuuUl.

So/m sican'HS Gi.D. , Ptoc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., \o\. Ill, 1850, p. 214; Wilkes' Expl. E.xped.,

Vol. XII, p. 2S7, fig. 501, 1852. Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 638.

.Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 18SS, p. 265. Keep, West Coast Shells,

p. 202, fig. 173, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 184.

Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 952.

Shell of medium size, elongated, transversely oblong, cylindrical, slightly falcate; beaks
terminal: anterior e.xtremity truncate obliquely at angle of about 30 degrees, somewliat everted, the
portion posterior to a line across from the beak to the base, concave; posterior extremity rounded;
dorsal edge rectilinear; ventral edge regularly arcuate; surface undulated by lines of growth; hinge
with single, erect, recurved, triangular tooth in each valve.

Dimertst'oNS. — Long. 63 mm.; alt. 16 mm.; diam. 9 mm.

Distinguishable by its terniinal beak ami rather falcate outline. Specimens
identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather rare in the Pleistocene at Deadman Island and Timra's Point; com-
mon in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; rare in
the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos, San Pedro, Crawfish George's, and
Deadman Island.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Pedro; Japan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Twelve Mile Creek, San Mateo County; San Fernando (Cooper).

Miocene. — Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County (Cooper).

Genus Siliqua Megerle.

Shell smooth, oblong; epidermis polished; an umbonal rib extending across the intericir of
the valve; pallial sinus short.

Type, Solen radius Linne.

122. Siliqua lucida Conrad.

iiolecurtus lucida Con., ]om. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 232, PI. XVII, fig. 9; = S. radiata
Lwn. (Jide Conrad, Jour. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1849, p. 214). Dall, Solenidae, Proc
U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXII, 1900, p. 109.

Siliqua lucida CoN., Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 5, 1900, p. 957.

Shell of medium size, oblong-oval, compressed, thin, fragile; umbo a little less than one-
fourth length from posterior end; interior raised callus sharp, narrow, perpendicular to dorsal margin;
other characteristics the same as in var. nuttalli.

Dimensions. — Long. 32 mm.; alt. 12 mm.; diam. 5 mm.; umbo to anterior end 25 mm. ; to
posterior end 7 mm.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIORAPHY OP SAN PEDRO. 173

This species is distinguishable from var. nuttalli by its small size, fragile shell,
more posterior umbo, and sharper, narrower, shorter, and more nearly perpendicular
interior callus. Dr. Dall in his paper on the Solenidte says that Carpenter (Brit.
Assn. Ropt., 18G3, p. ()3l) and Ciabb (18G8) have confounded the young of S. nuttalli
with this species. A large series of S. luckla from the Pleistocene shows the above
mentioned differentiating characteristics to be constant. Specimens identified
by Dr. Dall.

Rather rare in the lower 8an Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro;
and in the upi)er San Pedro series at San Pedro and Los Cerritos. Found also in the
Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street and Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

123. Siliqua patula (Dixov) var. nuttalli Conrad.

Solecuiiiis ?iu//a//! Con.. Jduv. Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, page 232, PI. XVII, fig. 9.
Machcera patula, not of Dixon, Voy. Around the World, p. 335, fig. 2, 1789. Carpenter, Brit.

Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 638 (in part). Gabb, Pal. Cal. , Vol. II, p. 89, 1869 (in part).

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 248 (in pari). ? Keep, West Coast

vShells, p. 201, fig. 171, 1892.
? Siliqua patula DixoN, WILLIAMSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X\', 1892, p. 1S5.
Siliqua nuttalli QoN., = 5". californica CoN. {fide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., \'ol. Ill, Part 5,

1900, p. 956).

Shell large, oblong-oval, compressed, thin, fragile; umbones a little over one-fourth length
from posterior end, minute; anterior end more acutely rounded than posterior; ligamental area
prominent, projecting beyond an equally long depression in the anterior dorsal margin; cardinal
teeth in right valve, four in the left; a strong, elevated callus extends over half way across the in-
terior of the shell from the umbo at nearly right angles with the dorsal margin.

DimensioJis. — Long. loi mm.; alt. 39 mm.; diam. 14 mm.

Distinguishable from S. hicicla by larger, heavier shell; distinguished from
I'agelus calif ornianus by the posterior position of the beaks, and by the more rounded
extremities. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare; a nearly perfect pair from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro.
Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanisli Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Mouth of the Columbia River (Conrad).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — ? Localities.

Miocene. — ? Localities.

17 1 CAMliiKMA ACADF.MY OF SCIENCES.

Sii]HTfaMiil\ M.\riR.\ei;.\.

Kiiiiiily WW. MAC'riMD.K.

Subfamily MACTliliWh'.

Genus Mactra /Anne.

Sliill iK-arly (.'(iiiilateral; antfrior hinge-looth A-shapcd, witli sometimes a small laminar
tooth close to it: lateral tooth doiihlccl in the right valve; lit^ament set off by a shelly lamina risinj^
between chondrophore and ligament: cardinals generally coalescent above; laterals smooth or finely
granular.

'IVpc, Mitrtra stullorum Liniic.

124. Mactra californica Cunrud.

Pl.ATK XIX, FUi. 2.

Mactra californica CoN., Jour. Piiil. Acad. Sci., Vol. \'II, 18,^7, p. 240, PI. XVIII, fig 12.- VVii.i.-
lAMSON, Free. U. S. Nat. Mus., \"ol. X\', 1S92, ]>. 1S7. D.vi.i., Trans. Wagner Inst.
Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 876.

Standella californica (Zo^., Carpentkr, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 640. (Iooi'KR, 7lh Ann. Rej)t.
Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 265. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 190, 1892.

vShell of medium size, suhtrigonal, subequilateral, com])re.ssed, thick; umbones subcentral,
turned anteriorly, margin only slightly arcuate; posterior side with a narrow, submarginal fold;
posterior extremity quite sharply rounded; anterior dorsal line slightly depressed in front of umbones;
anterior e.xtremity evenly rounded; ventral margin evenly arcuate; surface sculptured with fine
concentric lines; cartilage pit triangular, deep, separated from posterior ligamental groove by a ridge;
cardinal teeth sharp, narrow, prominent; anterior ligamental groove long, narrow, with prominent
interior margin: pallial sinus rather deep, rounded, not coinciding with ventral line.

Dimensions. — Long. 38 mm.; alt. 26 nun.; diam. 14 mm.; umbones to anterior e.xtremity
17 mm.; to posterior extremity 21 mm.

The shell described was .1 small left valve, the only one so far obtained in the
San Pedro Pleistocene. Tliis species closely rescml)les Spisvla falcnia, but may be
distingtii.«hed from that species by its thicker shell, more obtusely rounded anterior
end, which gives it a less trigonal outline, and by the ridge which separates the
posterior ligamental groove from the cartilage |iit. Distinguishable from other species
occurring in these beds by its almost central umbo, which turns slightly toward the
front. Several specimens of the young of this species show prominent concentric
undulations, reminding one somewhat of a small Rada undnlata.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall. (Cooper makes M. californica and M.
planulata synonymous, and under this heading reports the species from several
localities in the Pleistocene, Pliocene and Miocene; but until his two forms are
differentiated it would be useless to give his lo(;aiities.)

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen found, which is
figured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold. Commmi in the Pleistocene
at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — San Francisco to San Diego (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 175

125. Mactra exoleta Gray.

I'l.ATE XIX, Fl(i. 4.

Mactra exoleta Gray, -^ Lutrariavenlricosa Gld. (yfr/f Carpknter, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 200).

Shell of medium size, decidedly tri,c;onal, veiitricose, thin, fragile; iimbones slightly anterior
to center, elevated, not touciiing, turned only slightly forward; anterior dorsal margin straight;
anterior extremity evenly rountled near base; ventral margin evenly arcuate; posterior dorsal margin
arcuate, making an acute angle with the ventral margin; a sharp, prominent, angular ridge runs from
umbo to the posterior extremity; surface sculptured with line, incremental lines, which are most
prominent posterior to ridge; cartilage-pit deep; hinge-teeth lamellar, long; ligamental groove very
tieep and narrow.

Dimeiisions. — Long. 56 mm.; alt. 43 mm.; diam. 30 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
23 mm.; to posterior extremity 33 mm.

Distinguishable from othefs of genus by tlic shaf[)ly angular trigonal shape,
great convexity, elevated umbo, and sharp, submarginal posterior ridge. Specimen
identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one nearly perfect right valve,
which is figured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold. Found also in the
Pleistocene at Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Coast of Mexico (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

126. Mactra hemphilli Dall.

rr.ATK XIX, Fic. .3.
Mactra hemphil/i D MA., Nautilus, \'ol. \'II, 1S94, P- I37. I'l- V.

vShell large, subtrigonal, subequilateral, convex, rather thin; unibones slightly elevated,
subcentral, turned slightly forward; anterior portion hollowed in front of umbo, making the dorsal
margin slightly concave; anterior end evenly rounded; posterior dorsal margin evenly arcuate,
making a shorter turn into the ventral margin than does the anterior dorsal margin; posterior end
most produced near base; a prominent angular submarginal fold runs from the umbo to the posterior
extremity; hinge same as in A/, cali/ornica, except that the anterior ligamental groove is much shorter;
pallial sinus of medium size, very oblique.

Dimensions. — Long. 123 mm.; alt. 100 mm.; diam. 62 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
50 mm.; to posterior extremity 73 mm.

This species is distinguishable from -1/. calif ornica by its greater altitude, more
concave anterior dorsal margin, shorter anterior ligamental groove, and oblique pallial
sinus; one of its unique characteristics being the oblique sinus. Specimen identified
by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen, which is figured,
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Spisula Gray.

Mactr* with ligament sagittate, set in a callous area close to the dorsal margin, and not set
off from the chondrophore by any shelly ridge.

Type, Mactra solida (Linn.) Gray.

176 TALIKDUNIA A( ADKMY OK SCIENCES.

127. Mactra (Spisula) catilliforrais C'linnul.
I'l.ATK XIX, I'Ki. r..

Shell larjje. siibtrij;on;il, slijjluly voiitricosi', rather tliin; unihoTH's slij^htly anterior to center,
marginal, not prominent; a long, rather narrow, hollowed suhniarginal .space in front of umbo;
anterior dorsal margin straight; anterior extremity evenly rounded near middle of shell; posterior
m.irgin shaqi, nearly str.iight; posterior e.xtremity more obtusely roundeti than anterior; ventral
margin prominently and evenly arcuate; surface sculpturetl with fine incremental lines; posterior
submarginal fold very f.iint; cartilage-pit large, triangular, very prominent; cardinal teeth not
prominent; laterals narrow, short; anterior ligamental area not separated from cartilage-pit; ])allial
sinus horizontal, rather i)roail and shallow.

Dimensions. — Long. 125 mm.; alt. yS mm.; diam. 54 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
50 mm.; to posterior e.xtremity 75 mm.

Distiiii;iii>;li'.iblo hy its l;ir<;je size, broad, almost oval outline, prominent
cartilage pit, long, depressed area in front of timbo, and nearly ecpially rounded ends.
Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Rather common in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos,
Crawfish George's, and Deadman Island. Found also in the Pliocene at Pacific
Beach, and in the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, Spanish Bight and Twenty-sixth
Street, San Diego; and in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura. The
specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the
collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — West Coast.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego; Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego (Arnold).

128. Mactra (Spisula) falcata UuuUl.

Pi.ATK XIX, Fii:. 1.

Madra falcata Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., \'ol. Ill, 1S50, p. 216; Wilkes' Expl. Exped.,

Vol. XII, p. 393, fig. 506, 1852.
Slandella/akala Gi^v., Carpenter, Brit. Assn. Rept. 1863, p. 640. Gabb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II,

p. 92, 1869. ^5". nasiiia Gli). {fide Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. C'al. St. Min., 1888,

p. 266). Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 188, 1892.
Mactra plantilata wax. falcata Gld., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \'ol. X\', 1892, p. 1S7.

Shell of medium size, transversely ovate-triangular, convex, rather thin; umbones about
central, elevated; anterior dorsal margin nearly straight; anterior extremity rounded near base;
ventral margin subarcuate; posterior dorsal margin slightly arcuate, and in left valve lorming a
slight angle behind umbo; posterior extremity not quite as sharply rounded as anterior extremity;
submarginal posterior ridge rounded, not prominent; hinge as in catilliforniis, except cartilage-pit
less prominent; pallial sinus rather long, with rounded extremity, horizontal; two broad, flat ridges
radiate from umbo on interior surface, forming a long, triangular depression between them.

Dimensions. — Long. 41 mm.; alt. 28 mm.; diam. 15 mm.

Distinguishable from other species by narrower, more acutely rounded ante-
rior end, and interior radiating ridges. Resembles ^f. calif arnica, but is distinguishable

AHN'OLU^TIIE rALKONTOUKl Y AND STRATIGHAPHY OF SAN PEDKO. 177

by .siiuiller pnllial sinus, lack of rid^e between cartilage-pit and anterior linamental
i:;roove, and by tlie interior radiating ridges and narrower anterior end. S[)eciniens
idenlilied l)y Dr. Dall.

Found in llie lower San Pedro series at San Pedro and Deadman Island; an<l
in tlie upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Deadman Island, Crawfish George's
and Los Cerritos. Also found in Pleistocene at Spanish Biglit, San Diego. The
specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the
collection of Delos Arnold.

Livincj. — Kodiak, Alaska, to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San IVulro (Arnold) : San Diego (Cooper; Arnold).

Pliocene. — Eagle Piairie, Humboldt County; Kirker's Pa.ss, Contra Costa
County (Cooper).

Mocene.— Martinez; Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County; Sunol, Alameda
County; Siebeck's, Santa Clara County; Griswold's, San Benito County; Foxin's,
Santa Barbara County; Santiago, Los Angeles County (Cooper).

Sulifauiily I'TEROPSIDIN.E.

Genus Labiosa {Sclnai<ll) Mdller.

Sliell large, tliin, intlated, broad and gaping behind, beaks adjacent; surface concentrically
striate; dorsal areas well defined; pallial sinus short, rounded, wide; ligament marginal, set off by a
prominent lamina of shell from the pit; a single obsolete and very short lateral in each valve before
and lieliind the pit; hinge-plate flattish behind, depressed and excavated in front.

Type, Mttctrn anntiiui Spengler.

Subgenus Raeta Gniij.

vShell acutely rostrate behind; dorsal areas obscure, the surface of the valves more or less
vcrmiculate; pallial sinus deep, narrow, pointed; ligament submerged, e.xcept at the anterior end,
set off by a shelly ridge which roofs the apex of the pit, and partially supports the posterior arm of
the cardinal tooth; left cardinal small; right cardinal with anus coalescent above; a single anterior
and posterior lateral in each valve.

Ty|.>e, hiitvdvlii cd iKiUcnl.iitd Say.

129. Labiosa (Rseta) undulata Gunbl.

Lutraria undu/ata Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1S51, p. 89; Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,

Vol. VI, 1S53, p. 391, PI. XV, fig. 7.
Rata undnlala Gld., C.\RPENTEr, Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 640.
Lutraria transmontana CoN. {fide Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Mm., iSSS, p. 247) [in part].

Shell of medium size, ovate, ventricose, thin; beaks a little anterior to center; anterior
broadly rounded and tumid; posterior narrowed, compressed and acutely rounded, the dorsal margm
being a rectilinear slope, gaping; surface concentrically undulated; cardinal tooth strong; posterior
lateral tooth small.

( 23)

Marcli K. 1903.

178 CALIFOKNIA Al'AUKMY OK SCIKNCKS.

The above lU'fJcriptiuii was taken t'ruiu (ioiiKl. A .small fnij^iuent of a shell
showing the inuhihition of this species was foiiiul in the lower San Pedro series of
Deadaian Ishuul. This fragment may have heen of a young of Panopea generosa,
whicli is nnchilated in much the same way as littta. Cooper likens this species to
Conrad's Lntfdtht trditsnionlinui from the "Pliocene of T^os Angeles County." One
perfect valve from the I'leistoeene at Spanish I'ight, San l)ieg(j. There is no donht
as to the identity of the Spanish Bight specimen.

Living. — San Pedro to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro? (Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Subfamily LUTliARIlN.E.

Genus Tresus Gray.

Shell large, inequilateral, thin, inflated; siphonal gape very large, pedal gape narrow;
ligament minutely sagittate, separated by a shelly lamina from the pit, which lamina is often recurved
and patulous; left cardinal high, compressed; laterals small but distinct in both valves; right
cardinal feeble.

Type, Tresus nuttalli Conrad.

130. Tresus nuttalli Conrad.

Lulraria( Crypiodon) niitlal/i Co^.,]om. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 225, PI. XVIlI.fig i.

ScAiso/Zia-rus nuttalli Con., Pac. R. R. Rep., Vol. V, p. 234, PI. IV, fig. 33, 1853. Cpr., Brit.
Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 637, ^ Luiraria maxima Midd., ^= Mactra ?naxinta (M\dd.)
RVE., = Lutraria capax Gld., = Tresus maximus (Midd.) H. & A. Ad.\ms {fide
Gahb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 91, 1869). Tryon, Syst. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 161, PI. CX,
fig. 21, 1884. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 264. Keep, West
Coast vShells, p. 205, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 183.

Tresus nuttalli Con., Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 885.

Shell large, subelliptical, convex, equivalve, inequilateral, thin; umbones small, anterior to
center; anterior dorsal margin evenly arcuate, sloping to anterior extremity, which is furthest pro-
duced below the middle; posterior aperture truncated, gaping; surface sculptured by prominent lines
of growth; one small cardinal tooth in each valve; cartilage-pit large, deep, triangular, separated
from ligamental groove by ridge; pallial sinus very large, broad, reaching nearly to line peqien-
dicular to beak.

Dimensions . — Long. 103 mm.; alt. 73 mm.; diam. 44 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
35 mm.; to posterior extremity 68 mm.

Externally the young of this species resemble .somewhat the young of
Saxidomus, but may be distinguished by the thinner, slightly gaping shell, aiul
prominent cartilage-pit. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Common in tlio upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish
George's, and Deadmau Island. Found also in the Plei-stocene at Spanish Bight,
San Diego.

Living. — Alaska to San Diego (Cooper): both sides of North Pacific (Dall).

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 179

Pleistocene. — Santa Bail)ara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Barljara (Cooper).

Superfamily MYACEA.

Family XXXVI. MYACID.E.

Genus Platyodon Conrad.

Shell ventricose, with concentric, undulating strirc, and a small groove from the ape.x to the
ventral margin; posterior side short, radiately striated; spoon-shaped cardinal process dilated and
bi-emarginate.

Type, Platyodon cancellatui^ Conrad.

131. Platyodon cancellatus Conrad.

Mya cancellatus Cox., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 236, PI. XVIII, fig. 2.

Platyodon ca7icella(us Con., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 637. Tryon, Syst. Conch., Vol. Ill,
PI. CVI, fig. 28, 1884. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 260. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 208, fig. 177, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 183. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 858.

Shell of medium size, subelliptical, ventricose. thin; surface sculptured by numerous fine,
concentric lamince of growth, and anterior portion with numerous fine radiating stri.-e, which are
obsolete on the anterior portion; a slight furrow extends from the beak to the base; umbo promi-
nent; anterior end truncated and gaping; posterior end rounded; cardinal tooth very erect, dilated,
bi-emarginate.

Dimensions. — Long. 49 mm.; alt. 28 mm.; diam. 22.5 mm.

Although belonging to the Myacidce, this species has somewhat the shape of
a Pholas, but may be distinguished by its sculpture. Most of the specimens found
were in pairs, and in a fine state of preservation. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Eather rare in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, San Pedro,
Los Cerritos, and Crawfish George's.

Living. — Bolinas Bay to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — ? Santa Cruz (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Cryptomya Conrad.

Shell inequilateral, transverse, oblong, gaping behind; valves with concentric stri;e; right
valve with a lamellar tooth; left valve with a broad fosset; ligament internal; pallial sinus absent
or obsolete.

Type, Cryptomya calif or nicn Conrad.

l.SO CAMFOKNIA ACAOKMY l)K ScniCNCKS.

132. Cryptoraya californica I'mirail.

Splia-iiia californica CoN., Joiirn. I'liil. Acad. N.it. Sci., Wil. \'ll, 1S37, p. 2y\, I'l. X\'ll, fit;, ir.

Cpk., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S56, p. 210.
Cryfitomya californica CoN., Proc. Phil. Acail. Nat. Sci., 1H49, p. 121. Cpk., Hrit. Assii. Rept., 1863,

p. 637, =C <?t'rt//.f Con. (y/Vf Gahb, Pal. Cal. Vol. II, p. 90, 1869). Cooper, jtli

Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 237. Kkep, West Coast Shells, p. 205, 1892.

Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1S92, p. 183. Pai.i,, Trans. Wajjncr

Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part. 4, 1898, p. 859.

Shell rather small, subelliptical, convex, equivalve, subequilateral, tliiii; anlvrior cxlrcinity
biauricular, with faint fold running down from umbo to lower portion of this extremity; posterior
extremity evenly roumled, slitjlitly more produced below middle; ventral martjin slightly arcuate;
surface sculptured by numerous tine, concentric, incremental lines; right valve with prominent
lamellar tooth, in which is a shallow cartilage-pit or ch(5ndrophorc; left valve with .1 broad fosset;
pallial sinus obsolete.

Dimensions. — Long. 26.5 mm.; alt. iS mm.; diam. 5 mm.

Distiiigiii-sliablc from young of Ti'esnti nnttnUi by llie luincllar clevali'tl Loolh
and obsolete sinus. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Found in the lower San Pedro series at Deadrnan Island and San I\'dro;
and in tlie iij)per San Pedro series at San Pedro, Deadman Island, Los Cerritos,
Crawfish (Jeorge's, and TiOng Reach. Found also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth
Street and Spanish Bight, San Diego; and at the old irrigating ditch iind Barlow's
ranch, Ventura.

Living. — British Columbia to Lower California (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego well (Cooper): San Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Rosa; Twelve Mile- House, San Mateo County; Sofpiel, Santa
Cruz County; San Fernando; San Diego well (Cooper).

Miocene. — Siebeck's, Santa Clara County; Griswold's, San I'enito County;
Fuxin's, Santa Barbara County (Cooper).

Family XXX VIL CORBULID.E.
Genus Corbula (Bruguiera) Lidiuirck.

Valves unequal, the right usually larger, Ijoih more or less rostrate; hinge with (in the right
valve) a single large tooth below the beak, with a deep resiliary pit behind it, and no lateral laminre;
the left valve without laterals, with a process upon which the resilium and ligament are inserted, in
front of a socket, into which the cardinal tooth of the right valve fits; beaks prominent; sculpture
variable, never strongly radial; pallial line with a small sinus or none; lunule and escutcheon usually
absent; ligament chiefly internal.

Corhula galli'^n Lam. is a characteristic species.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAPHY OP SAN' l>KI)UO. ISl

133. Corbula luteola C<ir/)enter.

Pl,ATK XVII, FlC. II.

Corbida lutcola Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 637. Cooper, ytli Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888.
p. 236. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 204, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 183. Dai.l, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part IV,
1898, p. S56.

Shell .small, snbelliptical, jiibbose, thick; beaks, subcentral, small, inconspicuous; anterior
extremity evenly rounded; posterior dorsal margin slightly arcuate, .sloping down nearly to base,
where it turns abruptly, forming an angular e.\tremit)': ventral margin arcuate; a sharp sub-
marginal ridge extends from beak to lower portion of jjosterior extremity; surface sculptured with
line, but distinct, concentric ridges; right valve with one prominent cardinal tooth in front of
cartilage-pit; left valve smaller, with a projecting cartilage process; pallial sinus slight; pedal scar
distinct from adductor impressions.

Dimensions. — Long. 8 mm.; alt. 5.5 mm.; diam. 3.5 mm.

Tliis species i.s distinguishable by its peculiar shape, the sharp posterior, sub-
inir:;iiial ridge, and the delicate sculpture. Specimens identilied by Dr. Dall.

Found in the Pliocene at Deadman Island; in the lower San Pedro series
at Dcadinan Island and San Pedro; and in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro
and Los Cerritos. Also found in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadinaii Island,
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleiiitocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Cooper; Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Neaera Gray.

Shell globular, attenuated, and gaping posteriorly; right valve a little the smallest; umbone
strcngiliened internally by a rib on the posterior side; cartilage-process spatulate, in each valve, with
an obsolete tooth in front, and a posterior lateral tooth; pallial sinus very shallow.

Necera ornatissima Irb. is a characteristic species.

134. Nesera pectinata Carpenter.
Pl.vte XVIII, Fui. 11.
Neara pectinata Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., p. 637, 1863.

Shell small, globular, attenuated and gaping behind, thin; umbones anterior; dorsal line
straight; anterior extremity evenly rounded; posterior extremity drawn out to a very long, narrow,
truncated beak; ventral margin greatly arcuate; surface sculptured by twelve prominent, sharp,
radiating ridges; posterior elongation smooth; cartilage-process spatulate, with an obsolete tooth
in front.

Dimensions. — Long. 6.5 mm.; alt. 3.4 mm,; diam. 2.3 mm.; umbo to anterior extremity
2.5 mm.; to posterior extremity 4 mm.

This unique little shell is distinguishable by its |)rominent radiating sculpture
and wing-like posterior projection. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

182 CALIKOIJNIA AC'ADKMY OF SC'IENCl*.

One lu-arlv perfect rijj;!!! valve rnun llic lower San Pedro seiies at Deadinan
Islaiul was t»l)taine(l liv Mrs. Oldroyd, is linnriMl in ilii< |ia|ier, ami is ikiw in the
collection of Mrs. Oldroyd. I^ater another valve was found at the same locality by
Delos Arnold.

Licing. — Piiget Sound to Santa Barbara, 40 to 00 fathoms (Carpenter).

/V('js<oce«e.- San Pedro (Oldroyd; Arnold).

Family XXXViii. SAXICAVI D.E.

Genus Panopea ^[en((rd.

Slicll cciuivalve, thick, oblong, gaping at eacii end; ligament external, on ])roniiiient ridges;
one prominent tooth in each valve; pallia! sinus deep.

Ml/a ghjcymeris Born, is a characteristic species.

135. Panopea generosa Gould.

Panopea generosa Gld. , Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. \'ol. Ill, iSsp, p. 215. Wilkes' E.xped.,

p. 385, PI. XXXIV, fig. 507, 1852.
Glycimeris generosa Gld., H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 350, 1853. Cpr., Brit. A.ssn.

Rept., 1863, p. 637. Gabr, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 89, 1S69. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.

Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 241. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 209, fig. 178, 1892.

Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 183. Dall, Wagner Inst.

Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 830.

"Shell large, rather thin, nearly equilateral, the beaks slightly anterior, the dorsal and
ventral margins in the full grown shell parallel and nearly straight, the pedal margin evenly rounded,
the nymph narrow, and the attached edge of the ligament very short ; the pallial sinus wide
and shallow.

" Dimensiotis. — Long. 182 mm.; alt. no mm.; diameter 60 mm."

Dr. Dall gives the above description of a living, typical P. generosa Gould
from Paget Sound. In the same paper (Tertiary Fauna of Florida, Trans. AVagner
Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, p. 831) he describes two new varieties of this same species
which he thinks have constant differences enough to warrant the separation. Variety
mllda Dall has a heavy, somewhat arcuate, shell, strong nym]>h, a ligamentary
attachment twice as long as in the typical form, and a deep pallial sinus. This and
the typical form are found from Puget Sound to San Diego. Variety globosa Dall
hits a short, thin, inflated shell with the beaks nearer the anterior end, which is ex-
panded and rounded in the pedal region; opposite margins not parallel; pallial sinus
small and wide. Found at head of Gulf of California.

Dall also classes together Mya abrupta Con. and Glycimeris estrellana Con., of
the Miocene of California and Oregon, and differentiates them from P. generosa Gld.
under the name P. estrellana Con.

Two imperfect valves from the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos were
identified by Dr. Dall as typical P. generosa.

Rare in the Pliocene and lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island; and in

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLUCIY AND STllATIGRAPHY VV SAN I'EDUO. 18o

tli(j ii[)j)er Sun Pedro series iit J)e;ulnian Island, 8au Pedro, and Los Cerritos. Found
in tlie Pliocene at Packard's Hill, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Puget Sound to San Diego (Dall).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara; San Fernando (Cooper): San Pedro: Santa Bar-
bara (Arnold).

Genus Panomya Gray.

Shell solid, large, irregular, with a single cardinal toolh under the beak in each valve; the
l)allial line of unconnected rounded impressions.

Type, Panopea {Mtja) norvegica Spengler.

136. Panomya ampla Dall.

Panomya ampla Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci. , Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 833.

Panopea norvegica iMiDD. (pars.) Mai. Ross,, Vol. Ill, p. 78, PI. XX, fig. 11, 1849 ("ot of vSpengler)
{fide Dall).

Shell large, irregularly subquadrate, ventricose, thick; beaks subcentral, incurved, small,
sharp, elevated; anterior extremity rounded, projected furthest above middle; posterior extremity
gaping, abruptly and irregularly truncated, with angular corners above and below; basal margin
nearly rectilinear; two large folds separate the shell into three parts; one fold extends to the lower
posterior angle from the umbo, and the other extends to the lower anterior angle from the umbo;
surface roughly sculptured by concentric lines and undulations; one small cardinal tooth in each
valve; cartilage-process rather short, projecting; pallial line of unconnected, rounded impressions.

Dimensions. — Long. 55 mm.; alt. 38 mm.; diam. 27 mm.

Tliis species reminds one somewhat of a young Panopea generosa, but is
distinguishable from that species by the more central beaks, shorter and more
irregular shell, two j)roraineut folds, and unconnected pallial line. Specimens
identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the Pliocene at Deadman Island; several perfect valves found.

Living. — North Pacific, Behring and 'Okhotsk Seas (Dall).
Pleistocene. — North Pacific, Behring and Okhotsk Seas (Dall).
Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold),

Superfamily ADESMACEA.

Family XXXIX. PHOLADID.E.

Subfamily PHOLADIN.E.

Genus Zirphaea Leach.

Shell oval, cardinal margin scarcely reflected; no accessory valves, the beaks protected by
a membrane; usually a thin, fugacious epidermis; anteriorly greatly gaping.

Type, Pholas crispata Linno.

181 CAI.IKOUNIA AiAKKMV Ol' SlUliNUKS.

137. Zirphaea gabbii Tryun.

/^irpAaa ^^addii Tr\ON, Proc. IMiil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1S66. p. 144, I'l. I, I'ik . i. ('.Aiiif, Pal. Ca!.,
Vol. II, pp. 52. SS, Pi. XV, fi)i. 10, 1869. Cooper, yih Ann. Re|)t. Cal. Si. .Min.,
1SS8, p. 270. Dall, Trans. VVagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1S98, p. 81S.

Zirphaa crispala (non Linn., Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 670, 1859) (Jide Dali.). Cpr., Bril. Assn.
Rcpt., 1863. p. 637. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 210, tig. 179,1892. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 182.

Shell of medium size, oblong, convex, thin; surface sculptured by concentric laminations,
which are much more elevated, and are provided with sharp, rasp-like teeth on the anterior half of
the shell; a slightly raiseil ridge. Hanked by two shallow depressions, runs obliquely posteriorly from
the umbo, divitling the spiny sculptured area iVom the concentrically ridged area; valve retle.\ed Irom
the umbones forward, covering the umbones; each valve is provided with a delicate spoon-shaped
tooth or process, which joins the shell just beneath the umbo.

Dimensions. — Long. 72 mm.; alt. 35 mm.; diam. 30 mm.

This species, tlioiigh closely allied to Z. cris2^ata, is pronounced a distinct species
by Dr. Dall. Speciinen.s identified by Dr. Dall.

(^iiito rare in the npper 8ati Pedro .scries at San Pedro, Los Cerrito.s, Craw-
fish Uoorge's, and Dcadinan Island.

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold).

Miocene. — (?) Alanieda County (Cooper).

Subfuiuily JOUANNETIN.E.

Genus Pholadidea Goodall.

Shell with a double anterior accessory plate (protoplax), the other plate present or absent,
the valves prolonged behind into leathery or testaceous cups or a tube (siphonoplax) (or the protec-
tion of the siphons.

Type, Pholadidea loscomhiana Goodall.

Subgenus Pholadidea s. .s.

Shell with a double, rather small protoplax; the siphonoplax cup-like, the accessory ])lates
wanting; a single radial sulcus.

Type, Pholadidea losco7iibiana Goodall.

Section I'caiteUa V<dcncie'iincs.
Like Pholadidea, but with a small mesoplax, the two parts of the protojjlax confluent.
Type, Pholas penita Conrad.

138. Pholadidea (Penitella) penita (Junrad.

Pho/as penita CoN., Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 237, PI. X\'III, fig. 7,

-\-P. concamerala Desh., 1840, -\-P. C07iradi Val., 1846 {Jide Dall, Trans. Wagner

Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4, 1898, p. 819).
Parapholas penila CoN., Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 210.
Pholadidea penita CoK., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 637. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 259. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 212, fig. 181, 1892. Williamson,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 182.
Penitella penita Coii., Tryon, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Monog. Pholad., 1861, p. 87.
Penitella spelwa Con. {ftde Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 88, 1869).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGBAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 185

Shell of medium size, globose-oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, thin; beaks anterior, small,
covered by callous plate; transverse furrow from ijeak to middle of ventral margin; anterior portion
of shell with concentric, wavy, lanielke, which rise to sharp [joints on the crests of the undulations,
the |)oints, taken as a whole, giving the impression of rugose, radiating, raised lines; posterior por-
tion of shell gaping, with surface concentrically sculptured; anterior gap large, closed in adult shell
by callous plate; with a small meso|)la.\, the two parts of the protoplax confluent.

Di/nenstons. — Long. 35 mm.; all. 21 mm.; diam. 20 mm.

RiitluT common in the upper S;iii Pedro .series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos,
Cnuvlisli George's, and Dead man Island.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Santa Barbara (Coopcu): San J'edro (Williamson).

Pleistocene.— Siantn Barbara (Cooper): Harris' ranch, Santa Barbara County
(Knecht): San Pedro (Arnold).

Class SCAPHOPODA.'
Order SOLENOCONCHIA.

Family XL. DENTALIID^.

Genus Dentalium Linne.

Shell tube-like, gradually tajjering posteriorly; longitudinally ribijed; margin of the aperture
sharpened; posterior end with an internal, slightly projecting tube, which is provided with a dorso-
ventrally elongated opening, the outer layer having a very slight emargination dorsally and ventrally.

Dentalium elcphantbium Tiiiiii. is a characteristic species.

139. Dentalium hexagonum Sou-erhy.

Dentalium hexagonum Sby., Thes. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 103, fig. 10. Carpenter, Brit. Assn.

Rept., 1863, p. 648. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 188S, p. 238. Keep,

West Coast Shells, p. 114, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892,

p. 194.
Dentalium neohexagonnm Sharp & Pilsbry, Tryon's Man. Conch., Vol. XV'II, p. 19, PI. XI, figs.

74-86, 1898.

vShell small, curved, thin, tapering posteriorly; ape.x truncate; surface encircled by fine incre-
mental lines and generally by one or two irregular encircling grooves showing interruption in growth;
six prominent, equidistant, longitudinal ridges begin at posterior end and become obsolete near
aperture; cross-section near posterior end, hexagonal; aperture subcircular.

Dimensions. — Long. 33 mm.; diam. 3 mm.

Somewhat resembles a miniature elephant's tusk in shape.

llather common in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San
Pedro; and in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Deadman Island, Crawfish
George's, Los Cerritos, and Lon<;' Beach. Found in liie Pleistocene at Barlow's

' Tlie clussincatioii ndoptod for this division is thnt used by Dr. W. N. Dall in P-irt II of the "Contributions to llie Ttrliai y Fauna
of Florida." The generic deBcription is from Tiyon's "Structural and Systpmatic Conchology."

( 24 ) March 4, IQCj.

186 lALIfOltNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

raiu-li, Voiitiiia; ami in the I'lioceiic at Parilic Hoacli, and lliiss School, and in llie
IMoistoceno at Twenty-sixtii Strt'et, Spanisli l»ij^lit, and Pacific Ueach, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to Mexico; East Indies; China (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Sao Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diej^o well (Cooper): San Diego (Arnold).
140. Dentalium indianorum Carpenter.

Plate VIII, Ki(i. 4.

Dentalium {f pretiosum Nutt., Sby., var.) indianonttn Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rejjt., 1863, p. 648.
Dentalium indianorum Cpr., Cooper, ytli Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 238.
Dentalium pretiosum var. indianorum Cpr., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XVII, p. 45, PI. XIII,
figs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 1898.

Shell small, curved, tapering posteriorly, heavy; surface with fine incremental rings, and
striated posteriorly; cross-section and aperture circular.
Dimensions. — Long. 41 mm.; diam. 3 mm.

Some of the specimens are much more tapering than others. This s])ecies
is distinguishable from other members of the genus found in this locality by its
heavier shell, and by the striations near the posterior end. Specimens identified by
Dr. Dall.

Not uncommon in the lower San Pedro series of San Pedro and Dead man
Island; rare in the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's. The specimen
figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is uow in the
collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Santa Barbara (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

141. Dentalium pseudohexagonum Dall.

Platf. VIII, Fics. 12 ANi. 12a.

Dentalium pseudohexagonum Dali-, mss.

Dentalium neohe.vagonum Sharp & PiLsisRV., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. X\'II, \). 19, 1898, PI. XI,
figs. 74-86.

Shell small, curved, tapering posteriorly, rather heavy; surface ornamented with nine promi-
nent, rounded, elevated, longitudinal ridges, with concave interspaces; cross-section nine-sided;
aperture round.

Dimensions. — Long. 28 mm.; anterior diam. 2.8 mm.; posterior diam. 1 mm.

Distinguishable from the other members of the genus by the number of the
ridges. The specimen described was dark colored, whether natural or not is not
known. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island; one fine specimen
collected by Mrs. Oldroyd, and one by Delos Arnold; one or two specimens from

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 18'?

the upper San Pedro series at Ban Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish
Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at
Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd.

Living. — Localit}' unknown. Reported by Dall.

Pleidocene. — San Pedro {Oldroyd; Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

142. Dentalium semipolitum Broderip <i- Souxrby.

Di:>iia/ium sew/po/iium Brod. & Sb\., Cfr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 648. Cooper, 7th Ann.

Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 238.
Dentalium semistriattim var. semipolitum Brod. & vSby., Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XVII, p. 91,

PI. XVI, fig. 54, 1898.

Shell small, thin, tapering posteriorly, curved near posterior e.xtremity; surface ornamented
i)y numerous fine longitudinal ridges; cross-section and aperture circular.
Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; diam. 1.4 mm.

Distiiiguishahle from B. indinnorum by striations along the whole length, and
smaller, thinner, and more tapering shell. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Deadman Island, and Crawfish
George's.

Living. — San Diego to Gulf of California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

Genus Cadulus Philippi.

Shell short, more or less inflated in the middle; apical orifice entire, circular, with annular
suboblique internal plica remote from the apex.

Cadulus suhfusiformis Sars is a characteristic species.
143. Cadulus nitentior Carpenter.

Plate VIII, Fio. 15.
Cadulus nitentior Cpr., mss.

Cadulus fusiformis Phil., Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 231.
Cadulus fusiformis Sharp & Pilsbry, Dall, mss.

Shell small, dingy white or lustrous, tapering, falcate, tubular, thin; surface sculptured by
numerous incremental lines, and sometimes by slight constrictions; aperture circular.
Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; maximum diam. 1.2 mm.

Common in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro
bluffs. Found in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen
figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now in the
collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — California Coast.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Cooper).

188 CAMKOltMA ACADKMY OF SCn?NOEK

Class GASl KOPODA;
Older OlMSTIIOHKANClllATA.

Family XLl. ACT.KUMDyK.

Genus Actaeon Mvniforl.

Shell solid, ovate, with a conical, iiiany-whorled spire, spirally grooved or punctate-slriate;
aperture long, narrt>\v, rounded in front; outer lip sharp; columella with a strong, tortuous fold.

Tornatella fasciata Lam. is a cliaracteiistic species.
144. Actaeon traskii Slearnn.

Plate X, Fio. 6.

Actao7i IraskiiST^hKHS, Nautilus, Vol. XI, 1897, p. 14; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXI, 1899,
p. 297, text-fig.

Shell small, conical above, cylindrical, rather solid; sculpture consisting of numerous fine,
spiral, impressed lines, which become wider toward the base of the body-whorl, making the lower
portion of the shell Urate, and by sharp, close-set, incremental lines; these latter are subordinate to
the spiral sculpture; whorls si.x; suture distinct, narrowly channeled; aperture about two-thirds
length of the shell, acutely angular above, rounded and effuse below, finely Urate and glossy within,
with a thin glazing on the body-whorl; outer lip thin, simple; columella short and flexuous, with a
conspicuous fold cur\'ing around the same and thickening the edge of the lip, which is moderately
produced in the umbilical region.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; lat. 5.2 mm.; body-whorl 8.3 mm. aperture 7 mm.

Distinguishable from Rictaxis punciocalatn by its larger size, more impressed
suture, more c^dindrical body-wliorl, more prominent and effuse anterior plication.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall. Rare in upj)er San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Found in the Pleistocene at Spanish Biglit, from whicii locality it was
originally described. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at
San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

? Living — San Diego (Stearns).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Stearns; Hamlin; Arnold).

Subgenus Rictaxis Dall.

Shell like Aclaou, but with the columella jirojecting beyond the line of the anterior margin,
forming a small, tooth-like projection, or truncate obliquely.

Type, Tornatella punctocalata Cpr.

1 The claftRlricatioii of the Uastropoda Is that UHfd by DaU in Fartu 1 aad II or the " CoutributloDH to the Tertiary Fauna of
Florida." and in Bulletin No. 37. United States National Museum. The generic descriptions are for the most part from Tryon's "Struc*
tnral and Systematic Conchology."

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OP SAN PEDRO. 189

145. Actaeon (Rictaxis) punctoccelata Carpenter.

Platk IX, FiQ. 6.

TormUella punctocwlala Ci'k., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 646; Jour, de Concli., Vol. XII, 1865.
p. 139. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 267.

Rictaxis ptinciocoelata Cpr., Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1872, p. 136, PI. XV, tijj. 12.
Tryon, Syst. Condi., Vol. II, i). 356, PI. LXXXVII, fig. 28, 1S83. Keep, West
Coast Shells, p. 125, fig. 115, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 195. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. X\^ p. 166, PI. LXIX, fig. 24, 1893.
Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXI, 1899, p. 298.

Shell small, elongate, elliptical, thin; spire small, conical; whorls three or four, convex;
sculpture consists of numerous fine, spiral impressed lines; body-whorl slightly ventricose; aperture
acutely angular above, rounded below; outer lip thin, simple; columella projecting beyond the line
of the anterior margin, or truncate obliquely; one sharp, coluniellar plait.

Dimensions. — Long. 6 nun.; lat. 2.7 mm.; body-whorl 5 mm.; aperture 3.5 mm.

Distinguishable from AcUvon (raskii by projecting columella, more ventricose
l)ody-whorl, less effuse anterior lip, and smaller size.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro,
and in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at
Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro
series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Cruz to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold);
San Diego (Stearns; Arnold).

Family XLll. TORNATINIDiE.

Genus Tornatina A. Adams.

Shell cylindrical or fusiform, spire conspicuous, ape.x sinistral, suture channeled, columella
callous, single plaited.

Tornatina coarctata A. Adams is a characteristic species.
146. Tornatina cerealis Gould.

Plate X, Fio. 5.

Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis Gld., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1853, p. 278, PI. XIV, fig. 9.
Tornatina cerealis Gi.\i., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 647. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.
Min., 1888, p. 267. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XV, p. 188, PI. L, figs. 39, 40, 1893.

Shell minute, solid, ovoid-fusiform, white; spire prominent, of three or four whorls rising by
regular grades, and mammillate at tip; aperture linear above, gradually widening forward; outer lip
salient at middle, and very gradually approaching the body of the whorl posteriorly, unites to it
before reaching the suture; columellar margin callous its whole length, with a strong fold at the ba.=e.

Dimetisions. — Long. 4.5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.; spire 5 mm.; aperture 3.5 mm.

100 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distinguishable from T. cutciieUn by more angular whorls, mammillate apex,
more keeled upper edge of whorl, and smaller size. Specimens identified by
Dr. Dall.

Kather common in liie up|)er and lower San Pedro scries at San Pedro, and
ill tlie lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at
Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro
series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

147. Tornatina culcitella Gould.

Plate X, Fio. 3.

Bulla (Akera) culcitella Gld., Host. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1853, p. 377, I'l. XIV, fig 8:

Mex. & Cal. Shells, p. 14, PI. XIV, fig. 8, 1853.
Tornatina culcitella Gld., Cpr., Proc. Zool. See, 1856, p. 227. Cpr., Brit. A.s.sn. Rcpt., 1863,

p. 646. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 88, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 268. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 125, fig. 114, 1892. Williamson,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 195. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XV, p. 189,

PI. L, fig. 38, 1893.

Shell small, thin, cylindrical, narrowed posteriorly; spire only slightly elevated; apex acute;
whorls four or five, suture appressed, distinct; aperture nearly as long as body-whorl, narrow
anteriorly, gradually widening anteriorly to near anterior end, where it quite suddenly retracts to
columella; columella with one plait.

Dimeiisions. — Long. 11 mm.; lat. 5 mm.; body-whorl 10 mm.; aperture 8..S nim.

Some specimens attain the length of 2.3 mm.

Common in the upj^er and lower San Pedro series of San Pedro and vicinity.
Found also in the Pleistocene at bath-house, Santa Barbara; at Barlow's ranch,
Ventura, and at Twenty-sixth Street and Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen
figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now in the col-
lection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper) : San Pedro; Santa Barbara; Ventura;
San Diego (Arnold).

148. Tornatina eximia Baird.

Plate X, Fio. 11.

Tornatina eximia Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 67. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Kept., 1863, p. 647.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 268. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XV,
p. 189, 1893.

Shell resembles T. culcitella, but differs from that species in the following respects: Has a
whorl less narrowed anteriorly, a spire depressed nearly to rim of body-whorl, a longer and narrower
aperture, and a less prominent plait on the columella.

Dimensions. — Long. 12.4 mm.; lat. 5.5 mm.; body-whorl 12.2 mm.; aperture 11. 5 mm.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 191

Spcciiiioii ideiitiiied by J)r. Dull.

One specimen from the Pliocene at Deadman Island wliicli is figured, and is
now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Vancouver Island to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Diego (Cooper).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

149. Tornatina harpa Ball.

Tornatina harpa Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1872, p. 136, PI. XV, fijj. 11. Keep, West
Coast Shells, p. 125, 1892.

Shell small, white, of four and a half whorls; tabulate and sharply carinate above, character-
ized by sharp grooves and raisetl lines, parallel with the lines of growth, which extend half over the
whorls and become obsolete anteriorly; apex mammillated, minute globular, prominent; suture
canaliculated; anterior portion of the last whorl smooth; last whorl slightly narrower above; aperture
long, narrow, efiuse below, with a deep, narrow sinus at the suture; columellar plait obsolete in the
adult, rather prominent in the young shells; carina intersected by the grooves and slightly dentate.

Dimensions. — Long. 6 mm.; lat. 3 mm.

Easily distinguishable by the longitudinal sculpture on the upper half of the
last whorl.

Rare in the u[)per and lower San Pedro series at San Pedro. Found in upper
San Pedro series at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey (Dall): Catalina Island, 10 fathoms (Arnold, 1901).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Genus Volvula ..4. Adams.

Shell subcylindrical, attenuated to a point posteriorly, to which the narrow aperture extends;
spire concealed; outer lip sharp; columella with an obsolete anterior plication.

Volvula acuminator Brug. is a characteristic species.

150. Volvula cylindrica Cmyenter.

P1.ATF. IV, FiQ. 2.

Volvula cylindrica CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 647; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV,
1865, p. 380. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min. , 1888, p. 270. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 195. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 239.

Shell small, cylindrical; flattened in middle and with margin almost parallel, swelling out
anteriorly; suddenly narrowed behind, running out into short, narrow, umbilicated point; aperture
length of shell; very narrow posteriorly, gradually broadening into subovate opening at anterior
end; surface smooth, except for faint lines of growth parallel to margin of shell.

Dimensions. — Long. 11 mm.; maximum diam. 4.5 mm.

Resembles Cylichna albn, but has an extended umbilical point. Dall (Trans.
Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 1, 1890, p. 16) mentions a "Volvula cylindrica

192 CAMFOUNIA Al'AUKMV OF SOIKNCES.

Gabb" lis occurring; in the Miocene of San Domingo, and liviii!; (Hi llif Atlantic
Consul near Cape Hatteras. Whetlier or not this species is identical with the West
Coast form the writer is unable to slate.

Kare in the lower >San Pedro scries at Deadnian Island. Found in the
Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the
lower San Pedro series at Deadman Ishmd, and is now in the collection of Delos
Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Family XI. ill. SCAPHANDKID^E.

Genus Cylichna Loven.

Shell strong, cylindrical, smooth or punctate-striate; spire minute or truncated; aperture
narrow, rounded in front; columella callous, with one plait.

Cylichna arachis Quoy. is a characteristic species.

151. Cylichna alba Brown.

Pl.ATK X, Fill. 18.

Cj/icAna cy/ifidracea (non i^iNN.) Cpr., Brk. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 647. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.

Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 238.
Volvaria alba Brown, Illustr. Conch. G. B., p. 3, PI. XIX, figs. 43, 44.
C)7zV/ina a/^a (Brown) LovEN, Ofversight K. Vet.-Akad, Forh., 1846, p. 142. Tryon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. XV, p. 290, PI. LX, fig. 16, 1893.

Shell small, cylindrical, smooth; spire truncated; aperture narrow posteriorly for about two-
thirds length of shell, when the inner lip gradually retracts to the columella, forming a rounded
anterior end to the aperture; columella callous, with one plait.

Dimensions. — Long. 10.5 mm.; maximum diam. 4.25 mm.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, and upper San Pedro
series at San Pedro.

Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Right, San Diego, and at Barlow's
ranch, Ventura. The specimen figured i.-; from the lower San Pedro series at Dead-
man Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

P kistocene. SixniyL Barbara; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Cooper).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAl'Il Y OK SAN TEDRO. 193

Family XLIV. BLLl.lD.'E.
Genus Bulla Linnc.

Shell oval-}^lubular, smooth, spotted, marbled, or zoned; spire concave, umbiiicatetl; apcr-
lurc as lonj; as tiie shell; inner marjjiii without columella; outer lip trenchant.

Bulla ampulla Liiiii. is a cliariicteristic species.

152. Bulla punctulata A. Ailams.

Bulla piinctulata h.. Au., Thes. Conch., Vol. II, ]). 604. Cpk., Froc. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 359.

Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XV, PI. 37, lig. 39; PI. XXXVI, figs. 29, 30, 1893.
Bulla punclala A. Au., Thes. Conch., Vol. II, p. 577, PI. CXXIII, fig. 77; not of Schkoeter.
Bulla adamsii Menke, Zeit f. Mol., p. 162, 1850. Cooper, 7th Ann. Re|)t. Cal.St. Min.,i8SS, p. 230.

Slull cifnudium size, subglolnilar, thin; s|)ire lacking;; apcrluie lull length of shell, broadly
t)vate in Iront, narrowed posteriorly; outer lip thin, simple, gradually rounded near lunbilicus; inner
li|) and Columella incrusted; umbilical pit at posterior end, deep, effuse.

Dimensions. — Long. 32 mm.; alt. 23 mm.; aperture 32 mm.

'Plio shell described was an average .specimen, some of tlu; shells hci tig larger
aiul some much smaller. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

This species is dislingnisliable from />'. whuhmi by its longer, narrower, more
I'vliudrieal body-whorl. B. punctulata is a southern shell, and is found but rarely
as far north as San Diego. B. nehilosn is the common form now living at San Pedro.

Rather common in the upper San I'edro series of Deadman Island, Los
<"erritos, Crawfish ( Jeorge's, ami San Pedro.

Living. — San Pedro to Panama (Cooper).

Pleidocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando (Cooper).

153. Bulla quoyi Grai/.

Pl.ATK VIII, FiC. S.

Bulla (juoyi Gka\', Trav. in New Zealand, Dieffenbach, Vol. 1, p. 243, No. 113. Ci'K., Brit. Assn.
Rept., 1863, p. 646.

-Shell small, elli[)tical; a[)erture extending full length of shell; ovate in front, somewhat
narrowed behind; outer lip thin, angulated at posterior end; umbilicus at posterior end deep, not
very effuse; columella incrusted, the incrustation covering the anterior umbilical region.

Dimensions. — Long. 8 mm.; alt. 5 mm.; aperture 8 mm.

The specimen described is a young shell. Identified as Bulla (juoiji by Dr.
Dall. Distinguishable from 1>. pH}Lctulnta by angulation of outer lip near posterior
umbilicus, and the mneh sharper curve of the anterior lip.

Rare in u])per San Pedro series of San Pedro; one young spccinuii found,
which is figured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

( 25 ) ilarcb IJ, l;ii]3.

1L>4 t'AMl'OKNlA ACADKMV OK SCIICNCES.

Genus Haminea Leach.

Sliell oval-globular, spiral ventricose, corneous, thin, covcri-d by a slight, smooth tpidcrmis;
spire involute.

Ilmninca hijdntii^ Linn, is a characteristic species.

154. Haminea virescens Sowerby.

Pl,ATK VIII, FlO. 18.

Bulla virescens S\\\., Gen. Rec. Moll., No. XXXIX, fifj. 2. A. Adams, Thes. Conch., Vol. II,
p. 579, PI. CXXIV, fig. 83, 1850. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rej)!., 1863, p. 646. = H. cymbi-
forniis Cpr. {.fide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part i, 1890, p. 18).
Keep, West Coast Shells p. 126, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 195. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XV, p. 360, PI. XL, lig. 5;
PI. XLIII, fig. 19, 1893.

Shell small, subglobular, thin; spire wanting: aperture full length of shell; posterior portion
of lip projects only slightly beyond ape.x; anterior part of aperture broadly ovate, tapering into a
canal at the posterior extremity; surface smooth and shell translucent.

Dimensions. — Long. 7 mm.; alt. 6 mm.; aperture 7 mm. x 4.5 mm.

One of the specimens sliows the green color of the living shells. Dr. Dall
says of this species: "The specimens (Caloosahatchie beds) have been compared
with typical specimens of H. virescens, and agree exactly. This is one of the cases
where, so far as known, a species formerly inhabiting both coasts of North America
has become extinct since Pliocene times on one side of the continent while persist-
ing on the other. It is quite possible, however, that a more thorough exploration of
the Antillean region would show the species still living there."

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; two specimens found. The
specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the
collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Caloosahatchie beds, Florida (Dall).

Order PULMONATA.
Suborder S T Y L O M M A T O P H O R A .

Superfamily MONOTREMATA.

Family XLV. HELICIDvE.

Genus Helix Linne.

Subgenus Epiphragmophora Strobel.

Shell umbilicate, fusco-calcareous; peristome expanded, nearly circular; a solid calcareous
epiphram.

Helix cuyana Strobel is a characteristic species.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOdY AND STKATIGUAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 195

155. Helix (Epiphragmophora) sp. indet.

Shell small, flattened, ylobosely conoidal; spire only slightly elevated; whorls three or four,
slightly convex; umbilicus narrow, deep; peristome expanded, nearly circular.

An imperfect specimen of this genus was foiintl in tlie lower San Pedro series
and sent to Dr. Dall, who pronounced it a member of the above genus.
Living. — (?)
Pkistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Superfamily HYGROPHILA.

Fiuniiy XJAa. LlMNiEID^E.

Subfamily PLANORBIN^.

Genus Planorbis Guettard.

Shell discoidal, biconcave, the whorls visible on both sides; aperture small, roimded;
margin usually simple, sometimes expanded.

Planorbis corneus Linne is a characteristic species.
156. Planorbis tumidus Pfeiffer.

Plate IX, Fio. 1.3.

Planorbis tumidus Pfeiff., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 232. CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 558.

Shell small, discoidal; spire, except last one and three-fourths whorls, slightly depressed;
whorls four, breadth and height about equal; suture deeply impressed, the whorls sloping toward it;
base cup-shaped, exhibiting all of the whorls; aperture exhibiting a slightly oblique section of a
somewhat angular cylinder; lip embracing over half of body-whorl and joined by callus.

Dimensions. — Alt. 5 mm.; maximum diam. 12 mm.

Distinguishable from P. vermicularis by less sloping upper side of body-whorl,
less depressed spire, and lip that is not expanded. Specimens identifled by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper and lower San Pedro series of San Pedro; three specimens.
The specimen figured i^ from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now
in the cuUection of Delos Arnold.

Living.- — Guatemala (Carpenter) .

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

157. Planorbis vermicularis Gould.

Plate IX, Fig. 14.

Planorbis vermicularis Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, 1847, p. 212; Wilkes' Expl.
Exped., Vol. XII, p. 112, fig. 131, 1852. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 675.

Shell small, dome-shaped; spire sunken into cup shaped depression below upper margin of
body-whorl; whorls four, breadth and height about equal, the last one deflected near the aperture,

IDO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK HCIKNCES.

roiinclecl at periphery; siiliire very deep, tin- wliorl'- slo|)in)i; toward it; liase cup-shaped, exhibiting
all of till' whorls; apfrturt- cxliihiting a viry ol)li(|iic section of a cylintlcr; slightly expanded, em-
bracing ahoiit one-hall the height oT the last wlunl, and joincti by callus.
Dinifiisions. — Alt. 6 mm.; maximum diam. 11.5 nun.

S|)ooiiiioii.s idi'iitiliod liy Dr. Dull.

Kan- in tin- ii|i|h r mihI lower S.m I'cdro series at San Pedro; three specimens.
Tlie speciriien fijjjiiri'd is lioni the upper San l\'dr() series at San I'edro, and is now
in llie collection of Delos ArnoUl.

Liriitg. — Interior of Oregon ((Joiild).

Pleistocene. — San Petl ro (Arnold).

Family XIA'll. rilVSID.K.

Genus Physa DrajKinKdid.
Shell ovate, sinistrally spiral, thin, polished; aperture rountled in front.

Phijsd fontinalia Linn, is a characteristic species.

158. Physa heterostropha Snij.

/V/)'i(j //f/^;<75//o^/ia Say, Nicholson's Encycl., PI. LXIX, fig. 6. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863,
p. 674. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 118, fig. 107, 1892.

Shell small, sinistral, shining, pellucid; whorls five ventricose; suture distinct; aperture
oval; outer lip thin; pillar lip strong and forms a conspicuous sinus where it joins the whorl above.

Dimensions. — Long. 12 mm.; lat. 7 mm.; body-whorl 10 mm.; aperture S mm.; defi.
95 degrees.

This fresh-water form, toi^ether with several other s])ceies having the same
]ial)itat, was found in the lower San Pedro heds at San Pedro. There is no douht as
to their occurrence in these marine deposits, into which they were probably washed
i)y -ome fresh-water stream.

Living. — North Amefica.
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Supcrfamily DITREMATA.

Family XLVIII. AURICULID^.

Subfamily MELAMl'lS.K.

Gentis Melampus Monffori.

Shell oval-conoidal, or suboval, solid; spire rather short; aperture elongated, narrow;
columellar lip with several dentiform plications; columella plicate; outer lip sharp, interior with
revolving ridges.

Melampus luteus Quoy is a cliaracteristic species.

ARNOLD — THE PALEOMTOLOOY AND STnATIGKAril Y OF SAN PEDIIO. 107

159. Melampus olivaceus Cdrpc.nlcr.

Melampns olivaceiis Qvv.. , Mazatlan Cat., No. 235; Brit Assn. Ript., 1863, p. 647. Cooi'ER, 71I1
Ami. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 18SS, p. 250. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 124, fig. 113,
1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 196.

Shell small, thin, pyriform; spire solid, conical, barely elevated; whorls four or live, flat;
l)ody-whorl comprises most of shell, slightly angulated above; suture appressed, wavy; aperture
lonj;, narrow, rounded anteriorly; outer lip thin; inner lij) incrusted, and with one prominent plica-
lion, antl sometimes one or two more smaller ones; jne prominent plication on columella; umbilicus
subperforate.

Diviensians. — Long. 12 mm.; lat. 9 mm.; aperture 9.5 mm.

Somowliat res^emblcs a small, thin, depressed Conns cnlifornicns.
Found in all of the lower and upper San Pedro localities. Also fdiiiui in I lie
Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — Salinas River to Mazatlan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

Superfamily PETROPIIILA.

Family XLI.X. ( I A DINIID.E.

Gcnii.s Gadinia lird;/.

SIkU obiiciuciy conical; muscular impression horseshoe-sliaped, the right side shortest,
terminating at the siphonal groove.

Gadinia a I'm Gray is a characteristic species.

160. Gadinia reticulata Souerhij.

Mourclia nticiilala SliV., Proc. Zool. .Soc, 1S35, p. 6.

Gadinia reticulala Sbv., H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., Vol. I, p. 463, 1853. Cpr., Brit. As.sn.

Rept., 1863, p. 666. Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, i87i,p. 11, PI. II, figs, i to 9;

PI. IV, figs. I, 2 and 3. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 98, fig. 83, 1892. Williamson,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 196.
Ro'icel/ia sp. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 651.
Gadinia ( Roivellia) radiata Cooper, Gabm, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. III. 1865, p. 188. Cooper,

Geogr. Catal. Moll., p. 24, No. 460, 1867.
Roiucllia radiata Cooper, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, 1871, p. 319.
Gadinia radiala Cooper, Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1872, p. 192.
Gadinia reticulata van radiata Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, 1894, p. 26.

Shell conical; ape.x central, smooth, bliiiU; surface sculptured by numerous rounded,
radiating ridges, made somewhat nodose by concentric, elevated lines of growth; aperture slightly
ovate; inner surface smooth; lip smooth, effuse; color white.

Ditn€7isio7is. — Long. 15 mm.; lat. 14 mm.; alt. 5 mm.

Somcwliat resembles Acmren mitra, hut is more depre.ssed, has a less acute
apex, and is sculptured radially. One specimen found in upper San Pedro series of
San Pedro.

I'.KS C'ALIKOKNIA A(;AU1;MV Of SCIENCES.

lAiHHCj. — Lower California (Carpenter): West Coast (Keep) : Halfniooii Ray
(Arnold).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Nicolas Island (Bowers.

Siipcronlcr STRl' PTONKUR A.

Order CTENOBRANCHIATA.

Supcrfamily TOXOGLOSSA.

Family L. TEREBRID.-E.

Genus Terebra Bruguiere.

Shell elongated, turriculated, narrow, solid; wliorls numerous, rather flattened, with super-
ficially impressed sutures; aperture small, ovate, profoundly notched at base; columella oblique.

Terebra nebulosa Sowerby is a characteristic specie|.

Section Acus (Huviphrey) Gray.

i6i. Terebra (Acus) simplex Carpenter.

Myurella simplex Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 657; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser.,
Vol. XV, 1865, p. 395. Gabb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II, p. 78, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 253. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 56, fig, 40, 1892.

Terebra simplex Cpr., ^T. variegala Gray i^fide Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VII, p. 14, 1885).

Terebra (Acus) simplex Cpr., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 207.

Shell small, turreted, slender; ape.x acute; whorls ten to eleven, flat; sculpture consists of
about fourteen faint, transverse ribs, each terminated on anterior end by a prominent node; a pseudo
suture separates the row of nodes from the main part of the whorl; incremental lines visible; suture
impressed, distinct; aperture subelliptical; outer lip thin, slightly arcuate anteriorly; inner lip smooth;
plication on columella; sinus short.

Dimensions. — Long. 33 mm.; lat. 9 mm.; body-whorl 13 mm.; aperture 9 mm.; defl.
18 degrees.

Sculpture in thi.s species is quite variable; some specimens have the row of
nodes prominently elevated, others show only a little constriction at upper third of
transverse ridge.

Common in upper, rare in lower San Pedro series of the San Pedro region.
Rare in the Pliocene of Deadman Island and Timm's Point. Found in the Pleis-
tocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura, and at Twenty-sixth Street, Spanish Bight, and
Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper) : San Pedro; San Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall): San Pedro (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALKONTULOCl Y AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN I'EDUO. V,)',)

Family LI. CONID.E.

Genus Conus Linnc.

Shell thick, obconic, whorls enrolled upon themselves, the spire short, or not elevated,
smooth or tiiberculated; aperture long;, narrow, the margins parallel, truncated at ihe base; the outer
lip with a slij;ht sutural sinus.

Conus mdniioreiis Linn. i.s a clmnicteriBtic species.

162. Conus californicus Hinds.

Conus califor7iicus Hus., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1844; Voy. Sulphur, j). 7, PI. I, figs. 3, 4, 5, 1844.

= C ravus Gld. {fide Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 658). Gabb, Pal. Cal.,

Vol. II, p. 78, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p 17, PL IV, figs. 62, 63, 1884.

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rtpt. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 236. Keep, West Coast Shells,

p. 54. 1892.
Shell double-conical; spire compact, elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven or eij^ht, flat,
smooth, except for incremental lines; suture irregular, appressed; body-whorl conical, subangular
anteriorly, spirally ornamented with fine lines, which are most prominent on lower [)art of whorl;
aperture long, narrow, slightly wider anteriorly; outer lip thin, bulging anteriorly; obsolete pos-
terior sinus.

Dimensions. — Long. 34 mm.; lat. :8 mm.; body-whorl 29 mm.; aperture 27.5 mm.; defl.
83 degrees.

Tlie specimens from the Pleistocene are generally much worn, but some of
them retain the reddish brown coloration of the spiral lines and upper part of
the whorls.

Not uncommon in the Pliocene at Deadman Lsland and Timni's Point; in the
lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; very common in the
upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos, San
Pedro, and Long Beach. Found also at Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — -Farallon Islands to San Diego; Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara, to San Diego (Cooper) : San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando (Cooper): San Pedro; Stanford University (Arnold).

Family LIT. PLEUROTOMIDiE.

Genus Pleurotoma Lamarck.

Shell turriculated, fusiform, terminated anteriorly by a straight, more or less long canal;
aperture oval; columellar lip smooth, straight or sinuous; outer lip somewhat sinuous, with a pos-
terior sinus.

Pleurotoma babylonia Lam. is a characteristic species.

200 CALIKOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

163. Pleurotoma perversa Guhh.

PUiirotoma />rrvrna C.Miu, I'loc. Cal. Acad. Sci., \'(.l. Ill, 1S65, p. iS;,; Pal. Cal., \'ul. H, i)|i. 6,

73, PI. 1, fig. 10,1869. CooPKK, 7lh Ann. Ri\n. (';il. .St. Mln.. iS.SS, p. 260.
Siircuhi perversa, Gahu, Tkyon, Man. Cotuli., \'i)l. \'I, ]>. 239, PI. \'l, tig. 79, 18S4.

Shell small, sinistr.il, elong.ito, sU-nikr; whorls fight lo t-lovcn, convex; surface smooth
e.xcept lor fine incremental lines which are conve.xly angulaled posteriorly a little above middle ol
whorl; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture elongate-ovate; outer lip arcuate anteri<4rly; inner
lip incrusted; columella smooth; posterior sinus prominent; anterior sinus long, narrow.

/^/mtnsiaiis. — Long. 42 mm.; lat. 11.5 mm.; body-whorl 21 mm.; aperture, including canal,
16 mm.; iletl. iS degrees.

I)i.stiiiii'iii-li:ililc rroiii (illuT iiiciiilicrs (if (liis t;imily hy beinfj sinistral.

CoMimoii ill tlio Pliuceiic and lower San Pedro scries at Duadmaii Island; in
lower San Pedro series at San Pedro; and rare in the upper San Pedro series at
Deadman Island, San Pedro, ami Los Cerritos. Coninion in upper San Pedro series
at Crawfish George's.

Living. — Vancouver Islaiul to Catalina Island (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barlinra to San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Borsonia Btllanli.
Shell tusil'Driii; with a plication upon the midtlle of the coIumk-H.i.
Pli'urotnnin pijrenaica Koualt i>^ a cliarMctcristic species.

164. Pleurotoma (Borsonia) bartschi, sp. no v.

Platk V, Fio. 7; TiatkIX, Fh;. 1.

Shell small, fusiform, elongate; apex obtuse, mammilliform; whorls seven, angulated near
middle; body-whorl less angulated than those of spire; anterior portion of whorl ornamented with
about twelve oblique, transversely elongated nodes, wliich reacli their greatest prominence on the
angle of the whorl; body-whorl sometimes smooth and sometimes nodose; posterior portion ot whorl
rt.it and smooth except for incremental lines; incremental lines fine, oblique, and angulated convexly
posteriorly on upper portion of whorl; suture deeply appressed, distinct; aperture elongate-elliptical;
outer lip thin, arcuate anteriorly below posterior sinus; inner lip incrusted; columella nearly straight,
incrusted, with one sliarj) plication in middle of aperture; posterior sinus shallow; anterior sinus
prominent.

Dimensions. — Long. lonim.; lai. 7 mm.; body-whorl 11.5 mm.; ajierture, including canal,
S.5 mm.; defl. 28 degrees.

Distinguishable from B. dallii and B. Jioorcrl \)y the prominent nodes on the
whorls. Looks veiy much like Drillia torosa, but is easily distinguishable by the
plication on columella and more angulated body-whorls. Pronounced a new species
by Dr. Dall. Specimens of Borsonia barlschi in the State Museum collection of
fossils at Berkeley are labeled "Drillin moisia."

AKNOLD — THJ'^ PALIiONTOLOGY AND STUATICKAril Y OF SAN PEDRO. 201

Rare in tlic; I'liocfiiL' aiul luwer .San i'udro series at Deadniaii l.slanil. The spo-
ciinon figured on Plate IX is tlio typo, which is from tlic lower Ran Pedio series at
Doadiuan Islinni, and is now in the Tnited States National Miiscnni; the specimen
lii^ured on Plate V is a stnnipy I'orni, wliirli might be calleil variety curia.

Pltisloceue. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

165. Pleurotoma (Borsonia) dalli, sp. nov.

P1.ATE VI, I'u.. 2.

Shell small, fusiform; spire elevated; ape.x mammilliform; whorls eight, sharply angulatecl
a little anterior of middle; body-whorl less angulatecl than tliose of spire; posterior portion flat to
slightly concave, anterior portion slightly convex; first four whorls slightly nodose on angle; orna-
mentation consists of fine oblique, incremental lines which are conve.xly angulated posteriorly just
posterior to angle of whorl; sutiiie deeply impressed, distinct; aperture elongate-elliptical; outer lip
thin, arcuate anteriorly; inner lip incrusted; columdla slightly recurved, with one prominent plication
in middle of aperture; posterior sinus prominent; anterior sinus rather short.

Dimensions. — Long. 23.5 mm.; lit. 9 mm.; hody-wliorl 13 mm.; aperture, including canal,
ID mm.; defl. 27 degrees.

Di.5tingiiisliable by inaminillifonn ape.x, small deflection, sliarj)ly angulated,
smooth whorls, and plication on columella. Specimens pronounced new species by
Dr. Dal I.

Rare in lower San Pedro series and Pliocene at Deadman Island. The speci-
men figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman
Island, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

166. Pleurotoma (Borsonia) hooveri, sp. nov.

P1..1TE X, Fig. 1.

Sliell small, fusiform; ape.x mammilliform; whorls Wvc or si.x, angulated slightly anterior to
middle; body-whorl less angul.ited than those of sjiire; surface smooth, e.xce[)t for incremental lines,
which are oblique, and angulated convcxly posteriorly a little above angle of whorl; suture deeply
impressed, distinct; aperture elliptical; outer lip thin, arcuate anteriorly below posterior sinus; inner
lip incrusted; columella incrusted, straight, with one prominent plication in middle of aperture; pos-
terior sinus shallow; anterior sinus short.

Dimensions. — Long. 13 mm.; lat. 6.5 mm.; body-whorl 8. 2 mm.; aperture, including canal,
6.5 min.; defl. 50 degrees.

Distinguishable from B. dnUii by greatly (lepres,sed spire, fewer whorls and
lack of nodes on apical whorls. Pronounced a new species by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series; two found at Deadman Island. The speci-
men figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadmau
Island, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

< 2G I March 12, IWJ.

'2(^2 «AI,IFOUNlA A( Ani;MV OK SCIKNCKS.

Sulijiiiius Leucosyrinx Ihill.

167. Pleurotoma (Leucosyrinx) pedroana, s|). nov.
I'LATK IX, Fi<i. 4.

ShfU -sin.ill, elongated; apex subacute; whorls six, sl):iri)ly angulatcil near anterior margin;
upper portion ofwiiorls flat; ornamentation consists simply of incremental lines, which are angulated
convexly posteriorly a little posterior to the angle of the whorl; lower portion of body-whorl, and
sometimes the lower portion of the upper whorls, faintly s|)irally ribbed; deep sutural canal; aperture
ovate; outer lip thin, bulging anteriorly; inner lip smooth; posterior rims shallow and wide; canal
long, narrow; columella slightly recurved.

Dimetisiotis. — Long. 17 nun.; lat. 6 mm.; body-whurl 10 mm.; aperture 7 mm.; defi.
22 degrees.

Distinguishable by the deep, canal-like suture and the i)roniincnce of the
anjjidation on the lower part of the whorls. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall as
being new.

Rare in lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island; three specimens found.
The specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at Dead-
man Island, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Genota Admns.

Section Dolichotoma Bellardi.
Shell mitriieform; whorls finely cancellated; aperture elongated, canal short; sinus profound.
Pleurotoma mitrceformis Kiener is a characteristic species.

168. Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) carpenteriana Gahh.

Pleurotoma (Surcula) carpenteriana Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci., Vol. Ill, 1865, p. 183; Pal. Cal.,
Vol. ILpp. 5.72, PI. I, fig. 8, 1869.

Surnila carpenteriana Gabb, Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 239, PI. VII, fig. 3, 1884. Cooper,
7th Ann. Rept. Cal. vSt. Min., 1888, p. 266. Keep, We.st Coast Shells, p. 57,
fig. 41, 1892.

Genota carpc7iteriana Gabb, Dai.i,, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XII, 18.S9, p. 303.

Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) carpenteriana CpR., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 207.

Siiell large, fusiform; spire elevated and about as long as ihe aperture; whorls eight, sub-
flattened on the sides, slightly concave near suture, and very slightly convex anteriorly; surface
ornamented with fine spiral ridges, which alternate in size on lower part of body-whorl; suture im-
pressed; a|)crtiire narrow, widest in luiddle; outer lip thin, arcuate anteriorly below the wide, shallow
sinus; inner lip smooth, incrusted; canal broad and short.

Dimensions. — Long. 88 miu.; lat. 33 mm.; body-whorl 66 mm.; aperture, including canal,
50 mm.; defl. 38 degrees.

The specimen described is an exceedingly fine speeimeii, a little above the
average in size. Mrs. Oldroyd has over a dozen fine specimens of the living shells
of this species, which have been hauled up in the fishermen's nets at San Pedro.

AKNOI,!) — THK PALEONTOLOGY AND STK\ TK : iiAPHY OF SAN I'EDIU). 203

Not iiiK'oJiHUdii ill the upper S;ui I'odro series at Sail Pedro, Dcatliuaii I.slaiHJ,
and Crawfish George's. Found also in the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego,
and at the old irrigating ditch, Ventura.

Living.- — Monterey to San Diego ((,'ooper): Cerros Island (Dall).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San I'cdro (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego;
VcMitura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa llos.i; San Fcrnantlo (Cooper): San Diego well (J)all).

169. Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) cooperi, sp. nov.

I'LAiK VII, Fio. 3.

vSIiell large, fu.siform; sjiiro elevated, same length as aperture; whorLs seven, prominently
angulated near middle; upper portion liecidedly concave, lower portion slightly convex; first five
whorls slightly nodose on angle, rest of whorls smooth on angle, except for roughness caused by in-
cremental lines; surface ornamented with revolving spiral ridges, most prominent on the lower portion
ol whorls, and with prominent incremental lines, which, following the outline of the lip, are convexly
angulated posteriorly on the upper portion of the whorl and concavely angulated on the lower
portion; on the ujiper whorls the nearly ccpial prominence of the two .systems of sculpture give the
shell a cancellated appearance; aperture long, narrow, with sides nearly parallel; outer lip thin,
arcuate anteriorly below sinus; inner lip .smooth, incrustcd; posterior sinus shallow, broad; canal
short, nearly as wide as aperture.

Dimeyisions. — Long. 65 mm. ; lat. 24 mm. ; body- whorl 42.5 mm.; aperture, including canal,
33 mm.; dell. 39 degrees.

Distinguishable by the decided convexity of the ujiper portion of the wIkhI,
smooth angle and cancellated appearance of upper whorls.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen found. The
specimen figured is the type, which is from the upper San Pedro scries at Sau Pedro,
and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

170. Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) tryoniana Gubb.

Pleurotoma (Surcula) tryoniiuia Gabb, I'al. Cal., Vol. II, p. 6, PI. I, fig. 9, 1869.
Surcula tryoiiiatta Gabh, Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 266.

Shell resembles /". carpcniet iana in shape; whorls eight, convex anterior to middle, with
row of nodes on angle; upper portion of whorls concave; surface ornamented with revolving ridges,
rather coarser on lower portion of whorl; suture impressed; aperture elongate, narrow, widest in
middle; outer lip thin, bulging below the wide, shallow sinus; inner lip smooth; canal short, broad.

Dimejisions. — Long. 75 mm.; lat. 28 mm.; body-whorl 52 mm.; aperture, including canal,
40 mm.; defl. 33 degrees.

Distinguishable by nodose, convex, angular whorls.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. Mrs. Oldroyd has several
specimens of this species, which have been hauled up alive in the fishermen's nets at
San Pedro.

Living. — San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Oldroyd).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

204 ('ALII'OltN'IA ACADKMV Ol" SCIENCES.

Goiiiis Drillia Uraii.

Shell lurriculatftl; aperture oval, oblique; canal sliort, twisted; coluiiK-lla lip strongly
callous above.

Plcuidtomn yibhot^n Kieiier is a cliaracteristic species.

171. Drillia cancellata Carpenter.

Diiliiacanctl/ala QvR., Hi it. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 658; I'roo. I'hil. Acad. Nat. vSci., 1865, p. 63.
Trvon. Man. ("onch., Vol. V'l, p. 183, 1884.

Shell resembles D. inertuis in shape; whoils eiylil or nine, nearly flat, bm slightly angiilatici
near anterior margin; decoration consists ol five to si,\ spiral lidges and about twenty-five rather
more prominent transverse, slightly oblique ribs, the whole giving the whorls a cancellated apjiear-
ancc; suture impressed, distinct; canal long, prominent.

The four specimens found wore young, and \w adidt ha.s so far been recorded
from this formation.

Found in tlie lower San Pedro series of Dcadnian Island, and in tlie upper
San Pedro series of Los Cerritos. Fotind in the Plcihitocene at Spani.sh JJight,
San Diego.

Living.- — Puget Sound (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

172. Drillia hemphilli Stearns.

I'LATK V, FlO. 8.

Drillia hemphilli Stearns, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1874, p. 80, PI. I, fig. 3. Trvon. Man.
Conch., Vol. VI, p. 185. PI. Xlll, fig. 49, 1884.

Shell small, elongate, slender; ape.x acute; whorls eight, slightly convex, with fifteen
distinct, transverse, slightly oblique, rounded ribs; flat anterior sutural riblet about one-fifth the
width of wliole whorl; suture impressed, distinct; spiral sculpture consists of a few faint grooves;
outer lip thin, bulging anteriorly below posterior sinus, which is deep and narrow; anterior sinus
short; inner lip and inner side of columella incrusted.

Dimensions.- — Long. 16 mm.; lat. 5 mm.; body-whorl 8 mm.; aperture, including canal,
5.5 mm.; defl. 20 degrees.

Tlie specimen described is I be largest one found, the normal length being
about 10 mm. Distingui.sbalilc by its small size, pi'oniiiicnt sutural ril)lel, and
oblique transverse ridges.

Found in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro, and in
the upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos, San Pedro, and Crawlisb George's.
Found in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura; and at Spanish Bight and
Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro
series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Lower California (Stearns).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Ventura (Arnold): San Diego (Stearns; Arnold;
Hemphill).

AKNOLD— THE I'ALKONTOLOGY AND STlIATIi UIAIMl V OF SAN PEDKO. 205

[S. D.] Drillia incisa Curpenter.

Drillia mcisa CpR., Brit. Assn. Kt])!., i.Sd;,, ]>. 657. Cooper, jtli Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1 888, p. 239.
Shell like D. inermis, except that ilic spiral sculpture consists of several impressed grooves.

Foiiiul in the I'leistoceiie at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Livmg. — Straits of Fuca to Santa Cruz (Cooper).

/'/ei.siocene.— Santa Barbara to San Pedro (Cooper): San Diego (Arnold).

173. Drillia inermis Hinds.

I'LATE V, Fii:. 10.

PlfuroUnna inermis Hds., Proc. Zool. vSoc. , 1S43, ]). 37; Voyage Sulphur, p. 16, F'l. V, fig. X, 1844.
Dtillia inermis Hds., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 657. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 72, 1869.

Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 182, PI. XII, figs. 40 and 43; PI. XXXII, fig. 42,

1884. Cooper, 7th Ann. Ript. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 239.

Shell elongate, slender; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls eight or nine, slightly angulated
a little posterior to middle, the posterior portion being slightly concave, and the anterior portion
slightly convex; ornamentation consists of nine to eleven rounded, spiral ridges, and numerous
prominent transverse ridges following the lines of growth, which are coiivexly angulated on the
angle of whorl; tiie ornamentation is more prominent on the lower portion of the whorls; suture
impres.sed, distinct; aperture elliptical; outer lip thin, arcuate anteriorly; posterior sinus shallow;
anterior sinus r.ither long; inner lip and inner portion of columella incrusted; columella slightly
recurved.

Dimensions. — Long. 30 mm.; alt. 9 mm.; body-whorl 17 mm.; aperture, including canal,
11.5 mm.; (kll. 22 degrees.

Distiiii^ni.shable from /). iicidrillntd by longer canal, angulation of whorls, and
greater prominence of ornamentation; distinguishable from D. cancellata by less
deflection and angulation of whorl, except body-whorl, which is more evenly convex
than in the latter.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, ami in the upper San
Pedro series of Los Cerritos and San Pedro. The specimen figured is from the
upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.
Found ill the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, and the old irrigating ditch, Ventura;
and at Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Luximj. — Santa Barbara to San Diego; Lower California (Cooper).

rieifitocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego; Ventura
(Arnold).

174. Drillia inermis var. penicillata Carpenter.

Drillia penicillata Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 658; Jour, de Conch., Vol. XIII, 1865, p. 146.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 239. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 56,
fig. 38, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 208.

Pleuroloma penicillata Cpr., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 1S2, PI. XII, fig. 40, 1884.

Shell elongated; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls eigiit, only sliglitly convex; ornamented
with numerous nearly obsolete, rounded, spiral ridges, and fine incremental lines which, reproducing

206 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

tlie outline of tlie lip and posterior sinus, form in the miildle of the whoil an angle open anteriorly;
transverse ornamentation more prominent on apical whorls; suture impressed, distinct; aperture
elliptical; outer lip thin, arcuate anteriorly; posterior sinus shallow, wide; anterior sinus short;
columella slightly curved to left; spirally ridged.

Diinensions. — Long. 26.5 nini. ; lal. 9 mm.; body-whorl 14.5 mni.; aperture including
canal, 11 mm.; defl. 22 degrees.

J)istiii':;iiislial)le by the beautiful wavy incremental lines, wliicli are quite
prominent in most speeimens. Some of tlie shells reach a leiiiith of 10 mm. (irades
imperceptibly into I), imrmif^.

Not uncoramon in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Ishmd and San
Pedro, and in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los
Cerritos, Long Beach, and Crawfish George's. Found in the Pleistocene at Spanish
Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego; and at the old irrigating ditch and Barlow's
ranch, Ventura.

Living. — San Pedro, south; Cerros Island; Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

175. Drillia johnsoni, sp. nov.
Plate VIII, Fig. 17.

Shell of medium size, turreted; whorls eight or nine, nearly flat, each crossed by about
thirteen prominent, rounded, equal, equidistant, oblique ribs, which begin at anterior portion of whorl
and extend for about two-thirds distance across whorl, where they become nearly obsolete; a sutural
band occupies the upper third of the whorl; lower portion of whorl with five deep, channel-like
sulcations; sutural band with strong, oblique incremental lines; suture appressed, undulating;
aperture subelliptical; outer lip arcuate; posterior sinus narrow, rather deep; anterior sinus short,
recurved; columella incrusted; body-whorl convex, extended below, with revolving sulcations on
lower portion; transverse ridges obsolete on lower portion.

Dimensions — Alt. 32 mm.; lat. 11 mm.; body-whorl 16.8 mm.; aperture, including canal,
12 mm.; canal 2 mm.; defl. 25 degrees.

Resembles /-". montereyensis, but is distinguishable by larger size, less promi-
nent Init more sculptured sutural liand, longer and more oblirpie ribs, and more
numerous spiral sulcations. Distinguishable from /'. aurantia by much larger size,
more prominent and more .sculptured sutural band, more distinct sjiiral sulcations,
longer and less oblique aperture, and a recurved rather than a straight anterior
sinus. Pronounced a new species by Dr. Dall. Named in honor of Henry R.
Johnson of Washington, D. C, who has prepared many of the drawings used in
illustrating this paper.

Type specimen from upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. The specimen
figured is the type, which is now in the United States National Museum. Found
also in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island by W. B. Barber.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold; Barber).

A1;N()I,1) TllK PAI.F.ONTOLOOY AND STRATIfiliAPIIV OK SAN PEDRO. 207

176. Drillia merriami, sp. nov.

Platk VIII, Fu;. 7.

Shell small, fusiform, rather thin; apex bUiiit; whorls seven, somewhat angular, with about
fourteen slitrjitly oblique, prominent, rather sharp transverse ridges; these ridges are most prominent
on angle of whorl, and become obsolete near anterior margin and at about one-third width of whorl
Irom [)Osterior margin; a narrow sutural band occupies upper one third of whorl; incremental lines
\isil)le; suture deeply im|)ressecl, distinct; body-whorl somewhat ventricose and narrowed anteriorly,
with transverse ribs sometimes obsolete; aperture broadly elliptical, narrowed anteriorly to a promi-
iKiit sinus; posterior sinus small, near suture; outer lip arcuate, thin; columella smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 14.2 mm.; lat. 5.2 mm.; body-whorl 7.6 mm.; aperture, including
canal, 6 mm.; canal 1.5 mm.; defl. 31 degrees.

Tlii.s species somewhat resembles Borsonia barischi, but may be distinguished
\)\ lack of columellar plait, longer but less oblique transverse ridges, and narrower
sutural band. Distinguishable from D. liempliiUi. by lack of spiral sulcations, less
obliijue ribs, much longer body-whorl, and much more prominent canal. Di.s-
tingiiishable from I>. torosa by lack of spiral lines, narrower sutural I^and, le.ss convex
wIkjtIs, and more and longer ribs. This species is .said by Dr. Dall to be near the
Panama species D. pallida Sby. Named in honor of Dr. John C. Merriam, Pro-
lessor of Paleontology in the University of California, who has assisted the writer in
many ways in the preparation of this paper.

Rare in Pliocene and lower San Pedro sci"ies of Deadman Island. The
specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman
lsl;ui(], and is now in the United States National ^luseum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

177. Drillia montereyensis Stearns.

Pleiuutoma (Drillia) ??!oniereyensis Stearns, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1873, p. So, PI. I,
fig. 21. Tkyon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 184, PI. XII, fig. 30, 1884.

Shell small, elongate, slender; seven moderately rounded whorls, upper portion of volutions
concavely aiigulated and ornamented with fine spiral ribs and furrows; middle of upper whorls and
upper part of body-whorl dis])laying fifteen equidistant, longitudinal, nodose, slightly oblique ribs;
on the smaller volutions of the spire a puckering at and following the suture suggests a second
indistinct series ol nodules; aperture less than half the length of shell; canal short; posterior sinus
r.ither broad, rounded and of moderate depth.

Dimensions. — Long. 15 mm.; lat. 6 mm.; body-whorl S.4 mm.; a[)ertiire 6 mm.; defl.
22 degrees.

Resembles a large D. liempliilli in shape, l)iit has a very distinctive orna-
mentation.

Rare in tlic; lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island; of tiie two specimens
fiiiiiid, one was obtained by Mrs. Oldroyd.

Living. — Monterey (Stearns) .

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Oldroyd: .VinoM).

208 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SOIENCES.

178. Drillia pudica Hinds.

I'lAih VIII, I'u.. 13.

PUiirotoma pitdica Hr)S., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843,1). 4'> Voyage Suliihur, p. 20, PI. VI, fi}";. 11, 1844.
Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 330. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 1S9,
PI. XIII. fig. 55, .884.

Shell small, resembling D. torosa in geni-ial appearance; whorl.s seven, angular, convex
heiow, concave above, with twelve or thirteen transverse ribs, nearly ail of which extend from suture
to suture, but le.ss prominent on the concave surface; surface sjjirally sulcate; in other respects
similar to torosa.

Dimensions. — Long. 11 mm.; lat. 4 mm.; defl. 25 degrees.

1 )istiii,iiuisli;il)lo from I), iorosd by the long transverse rib.s, and liy the more
convex outline of the whoK' ."hell. Specimen identified by Dr. Pall.

Rare; one specimen from tipper San Pedro .series of San Pedro, which
is figiiiid, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Cenlral America (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

179. Drillia renaudi, sp. nov.
I'l.ATK VIII, Fic. .5.

Shell small, fusiform, turreted; apex blunt; whorls eight, sharply angular, with angle aiiout
two-fifths distance from anterior margin of whorl; up|)er and lower surfices flat; aljout lifleen oblique
nodes ornament the angle and extend down on tiu; lower |)ortion ot the whorl, becoming obsolete
before reaching the suture; nodes obsolete on body-whorl; suture deeply imi)ressed, distinct;
aperture short, elliptical, oblicjue; posterior sinus broad, shallow; anterior sinus long, straight;
columella incrusted within; body-whorl angular, ventricose, much produced and narrow below,
smooth, except for very faint incremental lines.

Dimensions. — Long. 15.8 mm.; lat. 6 mm.; body-whorl 9 mm.; ajjcrture, including canal,
7 mm.; canal 2 mm.; defl. 35 degrees.

Different in sliapc from any other mcml)cr of this genns found in these
deposits. J)istingiiishal)le by the smooth, ventricose body-whorl, sharply angulated
whorls, nodose angle, and long canal. This .S2:)ecies has the long canal of D. perrersa,
the angular whorls of Leucoaijrinx pedroaiin, and the nodes, though less prominent,
of D. toro)>a. Specimens pronounced a new species by Dr. Dali. Named in
honor of Ralph E. Renaiid, wiio has prepared many of tlic drawings which illustrate
this paper.

Rare; one specimen from Pliocene and one (type) from lower San Pedro
series of J)eadman Island. The specimen figured is the type, which is now in the
United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDKO. 209

1 80. Drillia torosa Curpenler.

Ihillia torosa Ci'r., Biit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 657; Jour, de Conch., 3id Ser., Vol. XV, 1H65, p. 145.
Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 183, PI. XIV. fig. 93, 1884. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal. St. Min., 18SS, p. 239. Kekp, West Coast Shells, p. 56, fig. 59, 1892. William-
son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 298.

Shell elongated; s|)ire elevated; ape.x acute; whorls eight, angulated near middle, with row
of about nine nodes, transversely elongated, on angle; the upper portion of whorl Hat to concave;
anterior half of whorl spirally striated; incremental lines visible, oblique, and on upper part of whorl,
concave anteriorly; suture inijiressed, distinct; lower portion of body-whorl and columella spirally
striateti; aperture elliptical; outer lij) thin and arcuate anteriorly; inner !![) and columella slightly
incrusted; jiosterior sinus shallow; anterior sinus short, straight.

Ditncnsions. — Long. 25 mm.; lat. 8 mm.; body-whorl 14.5 mm.; ajibrture, including
canal 9.5 mm.; defi. 22 degrees.

Distinguishable by the nodose whorls. The relative length of canal varies
somewhat in this species, as does also the prominence of the nodes.

Found in the Pliocene at Deadman I.sland and Timm's Point; in the lower
San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; and in the upper San Pedro
series at Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish George's. Most
common ia the lower formations.

Living. — Santa Cruz to Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene.- — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold). *

Genus Bela Gray.

Shell oval, fusiform, thin; spire produced; canal short; sinus small, near the suture; columella
llattcntil; operculum pointed at both ends.

Pleiirotoma turricula Montf. is a characteristic species.

181. Bela fidicula Gould.

Platk VII, l''i(i. 10.

Fiesi/s ^di'cu/a Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1849, p. 142; Wilkes' E.xpl. E.xped.,

Vol. XII, p. 233, fig. 284, 1852.
Bc/a Jidtcula Gld. , Cpr., Brit. Aesn. Rept., 1863, p. 658. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 222,

PI. XXXII, fig. 17, 1884.

Shell small, thin, turrcted, short, fusiform; whorls seven, angular, forming a broad shoulder at
the suture; surface sculptured with delicate, regular, obtuse, transverse rib-folds, about twenty-four
on the last whorl, on the middle of which they disappear, decussated by more crowded, delicate
i^rooves, a little undulating, about eight on the penultimate whorl; suture dee|)ly impressed, distinct;
aperture narrow, elliptical; outer lip thin, slightly arcuate; i)illar smooth interiorly, spirally striate
externally; canal short.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; lat. 4.1 mm.; body-whorl 6.8 mm.; aperture 5 mm.; defl.
30 degrees.

Found in Pliocene at Deadman Island, lower San Pedro series at Deadman
Island, and upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's. Found also in the Pleistocene

( 2- ) March 14, 190a.

210 CAMFOHNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCKS.

ill bliilT west of bath-house, Santa liarliara, and at nM iiiii;atiiii; dilcli, NCiitiiia. 'I'lic
specimcMi fijjiired is from the lower San I'tdio series at Deadman Island, and i^ now
in tlie (.'ollection of Dclos Arnold.

Living. — Paget Snnnd (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — Saii iV'dro; Santa l>arl)ara; Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San I'cdro (Arnold).

182. Bela sanctae-monicae, sp. no v.

I'L.VTK VIII, FUi. 14.

Shell small, broadly fusiform; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls five, convex, slightly
angular above, with about sixteen prominent, rounded ribs, which extend from suture to suture;
surface sculptured with spiral sulcations; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture slightly oblique,
subelliptical; canal short; body-whorl ventricose, lacking transverse sculi)ture on lower portion;
pillar smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 12mm.; hit. 7.5 mm.; body-whorl .S.5 mm.; a|)citure, including canal,
6.8 mm.; canal i mm.; defl. 50 degrees.

Distinguishable from B.fidicnla by nuicli Itroadci' form, fewer and less sharply
angular whorls, and more ventricose body-whorl, and less elevated spire. The type
specimen was examined by Dr. Dall, who pronounced it a new species.

Type from lower San Pedro, scries (Pleistocene) at Port I.,os Angeles, near
Santa Monica. Five specimens of the same sjiecies, with sligiitly more angulated
whorls, were found in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island. The specimen
figured is the tyjie, which is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Port Los Angeles (Arnold).

Genus Mangilia ( Leaclt) liisso.
The present genus includes all P leurotomidd; without opcrcula.
Subgenus Clathurella Carpenter.

Shell fusiform or turriculated; columella lip without callosity, except a small posterior tooth;
no operculum; the cancellated surface, more ventricose form, and more evident canal, distinguish it
from Mangilia; the emargination of the outer lip from Clavaiula; the texture and sculpture of the
surface from Bela and Daphnella.

Pleurotoma linearis Blainv. is a characteristic species.

183. Mangilia (Clathurella) conradiana Gabb.

Clatlniiclla conradiana Gaub, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, j). 7, Fl. I, fig. 12, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 235.

Shell small, robust, broadly fusiform; spire high, whorls seven, tlie first smooth and round,
the remainder angulated, concave above, convex below; surface ornamented by ten or twelve rounded
transverse ribs, crossed by square elevated ribs, with sometimes smaller ones interposed; on the upper

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 211

or concave part of vvliorl are several line, revolving; lines; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture
long, narrow; posterior sinus near suture deep, prominent; anterior sinus short, recurved; outer lip
arcuate; pillar straigiit, spirally striate.

Dimensions. — Long. 11.5 mm.; lat. 4.5 mm.; body-whorl 6.9 mm.; aperture 5.5 mm.; defi.
35 degrees.

Di.stinfi;ui.sliablo by deep posterior sinus from otlici' inomhers nf the same
family. (Ori};iiially described from Pleistocene specimen.) Pronounced as "near
V. canjh'hm I)all,""l)y Dr. Dall.

Rather common in the Pliocene and lower tSan Pedro series of Dcadman
l«laiid; rare in the lower San Pedro series and upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.
Found in the Pliocene at Packard's Hill; and in the Pleistocene at the bath-house,
Santa Barbara.

Living. — San Pedro (Raymond).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (C'oopcr) : San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold): San Diego well (Dall).

Subgenus Cythara Schumacher.

Shell lusilurm, polished, longitutlinally ribbed; aperture linear, truncated in front, slightly
notched behind; outer lip margined, denticulated within; inner lip frequently finely striated.

Pleurotoma stromhoides Reeve is a characteristic species.

184. Mangilia (Cythara) branneri, sp. nov.
Pi-ATK IX, Fiu. 10.

Shell small, fusiform; spire elevated; apex rounded; whorls si.\; slightly convex, with six
sharp, slightly oblique, transverse ribs arranged in slightly twisted lines radiating from the apex;
suture impressed, distinct; aperture narrow, tnmcated in front, slightly notched behind; outer lip
margined; inner lip smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; lat. 4 mm.; body-whorl 6 mm.; aperture 4.5 mm.; defi.
27 degrees.

Distinguishable by the few longitudinally connected, sharp, radiating ridges.
Pronounced by Dr. Dall as probably being new. Named in honor of Dr. John C.
Branner, Professor of Cieology in Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Rather common in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island. Found also
in the Pleistocene at bath-house, Santa Barbara. The specimen figured is the type,
which is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and i.s now in the
United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Subgenus Mangilia Rifiso, s. s.

Fusiform, mostly longitudinally ribbed, spire elongated, turriculated, acuminated; canal short,
more or less truncated; columella smooth; sinus near the suture. No operculum.

Pleurotoma ponderosa Reeve is a characteristic species.

212 rAT.IFORNIA ACADKMV OV SCIENCl'a.

185. Mangilia angulata ('nrj>enler.

Platk. VII, ric. !l.

Mangilia angulata Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 658; Ann. & M.ij;. Nat. Hist., 3rd vSti. , Xdl.
XV, 1S65, p. 395. Keep, West Coast Shells, \>. 55, 1892. Coopku, Bull. No. 4, ( al.
St. Mill. Bureau, 1894, Part 3, p. 27.

Shell small, lurreted, elongate-fusiform; ape.x acute; whorls si.K, broad and angular, angle
being slightly posterior to middle; sculpture consists of ten prominent, rather shaqi, transverse
ridges which reach ma.xiniuni jjrominence on angle of whorl; suture deiply impressed, distinct,
aperture oblique, narrow, elliptical, drawn out anteriorly into a short, narrow canal; outer lip thin;
simple, arcuate; inner lip smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 8 mm.: lat. 3.2 mm.; body- whorl 5 mm.; aperture 4 mm.; defl.
33 degrees.

Some of tlie shells show a very faint spiral sculpture. Distinguishable by
broad form and simple transverse sculpture. Specimens identified by J)r. Dall.

Many specimens of this species in the State museum collection of fossils at
Berkelry are labeled "J/, variecjata."

Kather common in the lower San Pedro series of Deadinan Island and San
Pedro; rare in the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's and Los Cerritos.
Found also in the Pleistocene at bath-house, Santa Barbara; Barlow's ranch, Ven-
tura, and at Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego. The specimen figured
is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection
of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound to Santa Barbara (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Joaquin Bay, Orange County
(Bowers): Santa Barbara; Ventura; San Diego (Arnold).

186. Mangilia hooveri, sp. nov.

Plate IX, Fn;. 5.

Shell small, elongate-fusiform, solid; spire elevated; apex mammilliform; whorls si.x, only
slightly convex, with about ten low, rounded, slightly oblique, transverse ridges; the first whorl is
smooth, while the next three are more convex than the lower ones, and have traces of spiral sculp-
ture; body-whorl with sculpture nearly obsolete; aperture elliptical, tapering to a very short canal
anteriorly; outer lip arcuate, thin; pillar quite long and straight.

Dimensions. — Long. 10.9 mm.; lat. 3 mm.; body-whorl 6 mm.; aperture 4 mm.; defl.
20 degrees.

Distinguishable by the slender form, nearly flat whorls, and the broad, low,
transverse ridges. The body-whorl resembles that of a small, elongate-pillared Dri/lia.
Pronounced new by Dr. Dall. Named in honor of Mr. T. J. Hoover of Stanford
University, California.

Type from ui)per San Pedro series of San Pedro; rare. The specimen figured
is the type, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 213

187. Mangilia interfossa var. pedroana, var. nov.
Plate VI, Fig. 3.

Mangilia inter/ossa Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 658; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., Vol.

XV., 1865, p. 29.
Daphnella interfossa Cpr., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 310, PI. XXII, fig. 11, 1884.

Shell small, turreted, elongate-fusiform; apex acuminate; whorls six, convex, ornamented
with about sixteen rounded, slightly oblique, transverse ridges and four to six sharp, raised, spiral
lines in the interspaces; suture deeply impressed; aperture narrow, slightly oblique, elliptical; outer
lip thin, simple: inner lip smooch.

Dimensions. — Long. 7.5 mm.; lat. 2.5 mm.; body-whorl 4.1 mm.; aperture 2.8 mm.; defl.
30 degrees.

Distintriiishable from M. interllrnta by broader form, more convex whorls, and
more niimeroiis line? of sculpture. Specimens pronounced new variety of M. inter-
fossa by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island; and in upper San Pedro
series at Crawfish George's. Found also in the Pleistocene at bath-hou.?e, Sanbi
Barbara. The specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series
at Deadman Island, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

188. Mangilia interlirata Steams.

Pl.\te VI, Fig. 15.

Mangilia interlirata Stearns, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1S72, p. 226, PI. I, fig. 10. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 249, PI. XXII, fig. 56, 1SS4.

Shell small, elongate, fusiform; spire much elevated; apex acute; whorb six, slightly con-
vex, ornamented by nine or ten slightly oblique, rather narrow, transverse ridges; spiral sculpture
consists of three or four sharp raised lines, which extend to base of body- whorl; suture impressed,
distinct; aperture narrow, elliptical; outer lip thin, simple; inner lip simple; canal simple.

Dimensions. — Long. 8.S mm.; lat. 3 mm.; body-whorl, 4.9 mm.; aperture, 3 mm.; defl.
25 degrees.

Distinguishable from J/, interfossa var. pedroana by its slenderer outline,
fewer transverse and spiral ridges, and flatter whorls; distinguished from others of
the genus by the prominence of its spiral lines. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and in the upper San
Pedro series at Los Gerritos. The specimen figured is from the Lower San Pedro
series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — West Goast.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

189. Mangilia oldroydi, sp. nov.

Plate VL Fig. 16.

Shell small, turreted, elongate- fusiform; apex acuminate; whorls seven, convex, rather
shouldered above, and crossed by sixteen slighdy oblique rounded ridges; transverse ridges become

214 CALIFOKNIA Af'AnEMY OF SCIENCES.

obsolete on lower half of body- whorl; spiral sculpture consists of tliree or luiu liiuiaiscii lines on
lower portion of whorl and several microscopic linos on ujiper iiorlion; the s|)ir;il sculpture is more
prominent on tiie body-whorl; suture ticeply impressed; aperture narrow pyriform, tirawn out on
anterior end to a long, narrow, recurved canal; outer li]) arcuate, thin, sim])le; inner lip smooth.

Dimensions. — Lonj.;. i6 mm.; lat. 6 mm.; body-wliorl lo mm.; aperture S mm.; defl.
38 degrees.

The largest aii'l finest of the Pleistocene MavgWue. Distiii<;iiisli;il>lc liy ils
large size, rouiulccl ridges, faint shoiildercd appearance of the whorls, 11 ml long,
recurved canal. " DifTerent from any of tiic species in llic Smithsonian collec-
tion "( l^iH).

Hare in lower San IV'dro series of J)eadmaii Island; one specimen (type)
collected by Mrs. Okhoyd, which is (ignred, and is now in her collection.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Oldroyd).

190. Mangilia painei, sp. nov.

Platk VIII, Fi.:. 1.

Shell small, elongate-fusiform; spire elevated; apex rounded; whorls seven, evenly convex,
with about eleven slightly transverse, rounded ribs, which become obsolete at the sutures; spiral
sculpture obsolete; aperture narrow, elli[)tical, narrowing anteriorly to canal; canal truncate in front;
posterior sinus small; outer lip arcuate, thin, with faint ridge on interior; suture deeply impressed;
pillar long, smooth within, obsolete sculpture without.

DimcnsioJis. — Long. 12 mm.; lat. 4.2 mm.; boily-whorl .S mm.; aperture, including canal,
6.1 mm.; canal 1.5 mm.; defl. 32 degrees.

Distingnishal)le by .slender form, evenly convex whorls, prominent transver.se
ribs, and obsolete spiral sculpture; canal also longer than in most species. Resembles
J/, oldroijdi in outline, but has no spiral sculpture or angulated whorls. Pronounced
a new species by Dr. Dall. Named in honor of jNIiss Winifred Mabel Paine of Red-
lands, California, who has drawn many of the figures illustrating this paper.

Not uncommon in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island. The
specimen figured is the tyi)e, which is from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman
Island, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

191. Mangilia sculpturata Dull.

Pi.ATK VI, Fic. 17.

Bela sculpturata Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, 1887, p. 299, PI. 1\', fig. 7.

Shell small, turreted, elongate-fusiform; apex acute; whorls seven, sharply angulated, with
flat, sloping surfaces both above and below angle; sculpture consists of eight or nine sharp transverse
ridges, and two or three sharp spiral lines on lower portion; aperture very deeply impressed, giving
tabulate appearance to whorls; aperture long, narrow, and drawn out into a long, narrow canal at
anterior end; outer lip thin, simple; inner lip smooth; spiral sculpture extends to base of pillar.

Dimensions. — Long. 10.5 mm.; lat. 3 mm.; body-whorl 6 mm.; aperture 4 mm.; defl.
23 degrees.

ARNOLD — Tin: I AI.EONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAl'HY OF SAN PEDIiO. 215

A slciulor, (Icoply i-iituicil form, witli a coinparativcly loiij; canal; tliese
cluiiactcri^^tics tli«tiii<riiisliiiig it I'roiii ollier.s of the genus. Specimen identified by
Dr. Dall.

Rare in Pliocene and lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; one
spocinioii from each horizon. The specimen figured is from the Pliocene of Dead-
man Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — West Coast.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

192. Mangiha striosa ('. B. Adams.

I'l.ATK IX, Vu:. :?.

Uarii^ilia slriosa C B. Ai)S., Ann. N. V. Lye. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, 1S52, p. 147. Tryon, Man.
Conch., Vol. VI, p. 249, PI. XXXIV, fig. 96, 1884. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XV, p. 208, 1892.

Shell small, elongate-fusiform; spire much elevated; apex acute; whorls si.x, subangular,
with numerous fine, slightly wavy transverse ridges, which become obsolete at the sutures; spiral
sculpture nearly obsolete; suture very deeply depressed, giving a rather frail appearance to the
sjJires; aperture narrow, elliptical, tapering anteriorly to a short, truncated canal; posterior sinus
small; outer lip thin, simple, arcuate; columella smooth; straight on anterior portion.

Dimensions. — Long. 9.2 mm.; lat. 3 mm.; body-whorl 5.2 mm.; aperture 4 mm.; dcfl.
22 degrees.

This species is distinguishable by its numerous fine, transverse ridges, deep
suture, subangular whorls, and slender form. Resembles jl/. sculpturata somewhat in
outline, but has less angular whorls and more numerous, finer ribs. Dislinguishable
from .)/. nldroydi by the angle being nearer the middle of the whorl, the ridges being
liner, the ])illar shortei", and the suture deeper. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Los Cerritos. Found also
in Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper
San Pedro series at Los Cerritos, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.
, Living. — Panama (Carpenter): San Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Subgenus Taranis Jeffreys.

.Shell minute, cancellated; whorls angulated, slightly exserted at base; aperture pyriform;
outer lip thin, simple; sinus obsolete; canal short.

Taranis morchii Malm, is a characteristic species.

193. Mangilia (Taranis) strongi, sp. nov.
Pi.ATF, I\, Fig. 7.

Shell small, elongated; spire elevated; apex mammilliform; whorls six, angulated near
middle, upper surface concave, lower surface convex; two strong spiral ridges, one on angle, the

21 r> CAUFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Other in middle of lower portion of wliurl: incremental lines visible; siitnn- imim^scil, dislincl;
aperture subovate, obliciue; outer lip thin, slightly arcuate anteriorly; inner lip smooth; posterior
sinus broad, very shallow; anterior sinus sliort; columella short, distinct.

Dimensions. — Long. 12 mm.; lat. 5.5 mm.; body-whorl 7 mm.; aperture 5 mm.; deH.
3S degrees.

Distiiigiiisli!il)lo fiom others of the same family by the two strong, revolving
ridges. Nnimnl in honor of A. M. Strong. Spocinions prononnced new .'^pooics l)y
l)r Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro scries of San Pedro and Deadnian i.slaml; I'diind
also in the Pliocene of Deadinan Island, and in the upper San Pedro series at Craw-
fish George's. The specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Peilro
series at Deadraan Island, and is now in the United States National Mnscum.

Plfistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Monica; San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Spirotropsis .SVtrs.

Shell elongate, turreted, s])ire produced; the obtuse ape.x mamniillilorm; whorls numerous,
carinated in the middle; aperture narrow, oblique, with a short canal; sinus deep; remote from
suture.

Pleurotoma carinata Phil, is a characteristic species.

194. Pleurotoma (Spirotropsis) smithi, sp. nov.
Platk VI, Fii:. i;{.

Shell elongate, turreted, slender; spire elevated; apex obtuse, mammillilorm ; whorls ten,
convex, with a .slight tendency toward angulation on the lower third of the whorl, and al)rn])tly
terminated at the posterior margin; suture very deeply impressed, distinct; sculpture consists simply
of oblique, incremental lines, which are quite deeply angulated convexly, posteriorly just a litde above
the middle of the w^horl; aperture narrow, oblique; outer lip thin, arcuate anteriorly; inner lip smooth
and incrusted; jiosterior sinus deep and remote from suture; canal narrow, slightly recurved, over
one-third of the aperture.

/?/;«i?;/i/wz.f.— Long. 35 mm.; lat. 11 mm.; body-whorl 8.5 mm.; ajjerture 13 mm.; defl.
19 degrees.

A long, slender species, sliglitly I'escniliiing the sinistral /'. /irrrrr^a in general
outline, hut easily distinguishal)ie from that species and also From all the other
members of this family. Some of the shells are a little more depressed than (he type.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall as being a new species.

Not uncommon in the lower San Pedro series and I'lioccne uf Ocadman
Island. The specimen figured is the type, which is from the Pliocene of Dcadman
Island, and is now in the United States National IMuseum.

Living. — (Locality not mentioned) (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 217

Family TJIT. CANCELLAKIID.E.
Genus Cancellaria Lamarck.

Subgenus Cancellaria s. «.

Shell oval, cancellatcci; last whorl vcntricose; aperture oblong, canaliculated in front; canal
short, sometimes recurved; columella with several large oblique plications.

Type, Cancellaria cancellata Linn.

195. Cancellaria cooperi Gahh.

P1.ATK VII, I'li:. S.

Cancellaria {Narotia) cooperi Garb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1865, p. 186.
Cancel/aria cooperi Gabb, Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VII, p. 76, PI. IV, fig. 66, 1885. William-
son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 211, PI. XXII, fig. 2.

Shell fusiform; spire elevated, about one-third length of shell; apex subacute; whorls six to
seven, angulated, concave above, convex below; lower portion of whorl with ten to fourteen promi-
nent, rounded, slightly oblique ribs which end in tubercles on angle; lower part of whorl ornamented
with close-set spiral ridges, alternating in prominence; ridges on upper part of whorl less prominent;
body-whorl ventricose and crossed by raised incremental lines; suture appressed, wavy, distinct;
aperture semielliptical; outer lip not thickened, denticulated; inner lip heavily incrusted, and with
two sharp, oblique plications on lower part; columella slightly twisted, rough; canal short.

Dimensions. — Long. 80 mm.; lat. 35 mm.; body-whorl 56 mm.; aperture, including canal,
35.5 mm. ; defl. 40 degrees.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of >S;in Pedro; five specimens found.

Mrs. Oldroyd has a fine living specimen of this species which was hauled up in
the fishermen's nets at San Pedro. The specimen figured is from the upper San
Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Oldroyd).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

196. Cancellaria crawfordiana DaU.

Cancel/aria crawfordiana Dai.l, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, p. 182, PI. VI, fig. i.

Shell small, fusiform; spire elevated; w^horls five or six, acutely angulated above near margin;
upper portion flat, forming revolving table; lower portion evenly convex; sculpture very prominent,
cancellated, consisting of about twenty-five nearly straight, equidistant, transverse ribs and about ten
equidistant spiral ridges of equal prominence with the transverse ones; incremental lines visible
between transverse ribs; suture impressed, very distinct; aperture semielliptical; outer lip slightly
thickened and faintly denticulate; inner lip not incrusted; columella with two prominent plications on
the inner side; canal short and broad.

Dimensions. — Long. 37 mm.; lat. 16 mm.; body-whorl 24.5 mm.; aperture, including canal,
17.5 mm.; defl. 38 degrees.

Resembles C. cooperi in shape, but is distinguishable by the prominent cancel-
lated sculpture.

(28)

March 17, 1903.

21 S CALIFOUNIA ACADr.MY OF SCIENCES.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen found.

Zirtn*;.— Drake's B:i\ to San Diego, 20 to 30 fathoms (Dall): San Pedro
(Raymond).

PU'hlocene. — San Pidro (.\rrinid).

197. Cancellaria tritonidea (lulih.

1'i.ATK VII, Fni. r..

Cancellaria irilonidea Gabr, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, \>\>. 11, 79, PI. II, tig. 18, i86g. Cooper, jtli Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 231. Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV,
1891, p. 183.

Shell large, robust-fusiform; spire elevated, subacute; whorls si.\, first generally decollated,
angulated; upper part of first three and one-half revolutions convex; upper part of lower whorls
concave; lower part of all whorls, except body-whorl, generally covered with a lamellar incrus-
tation; ten prominent sharp nodes on angle of whorl; whorls ornamented with numerous promi-
nent, squarish, spiral ridges between which are less prominent raised lines; incremental lines
visible, and some of them which pass through the nodes have the prominence of weak varices; suture
appressed, wavy, distinct; aperture subovate; outer lip not thickened; inner lip incrusted; columella
rough, twisted, widened, with two prominent plications on the inner side; canal short, wide.

Dimensions. — Long. 90 mm.; lat. 60 mm.; body-whorl 70 mm.; aperture, not including
canal 50 mm.; defl. 75 degrees.

The shell figured and described in this paper is the largest and most nearly
perfect one yet found in this locality. Gabb's type specimen was beach worn and
not as well jireserved as the one described above, which accounts for the lack of the
sharp nodes and more rounded outline of his shell. A specimen in this collection
labeled "Cancellaria vetusta Gabb, Pliocene, Ventura" by Dr. Bowers, is of the same
species. Whether Bowers' specimen came from the Pliocene or Pleistocene is a
matter of doubt.

Dr. Dall pronounced C. tritonidea near to C. cassidiformis Sowerby,an(l it may
be one form of this hitter variable species.

The j^oung shells of this species are quite variable in regard to the promi-
nence of the nodes, amount of angulation of the whorls, and the shape of the aper-
ture. Any one not possessing a series showing the connection between the two
extremes might think them different species. C. vetusta is probably a precursor of,
if not identical with, C. tritonidea.

Rather rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. Found also in (he
Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch and at old irrigating ditch, Ventura. The .specimen
figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collec-
tion of Delos Arnold.

PleiMocene. — Coyote Creek, Ventura County; San Pedro (Cooper): San
Pedro; Ventura (Arnold).

AKNOLD — Tin: I'ALEONTOLOGY AND STKATKJIUI'IIV Ol' SAN PEDKO. 219

Gcuus Ad mete M>dkr.

Shell oval, thin, diaphanous, covered by a thin epidermis; spire sharp; last whorl ventricosc;
aperture oval, feebly channeled in front, columella arcuated, obliquely truncated, with rudimentary
plications; outer lip sharp.

Adniele viridula Fabr. is a cliaracteri.stic species.

198. Admete gracilior Carpenter.

ri,ATE VII, Fiu. 4.

Caiicillaria gracilior Ci'R., Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 50, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
iSSS, p. 23.

Shell small, ovate, thin; spire elevated, subacute; whorls six, rounded to subangular, crossed
1)V numerous prominent, rounded ridges which reach their ma.ximum jirominence on the angle of the
whorl; these ridges become nearly obsolete on the anterior part of the body-whorl; spiral sculpture
consists of numerous fine ridges and furrows; suture deeply depressed, giving shouldered appear-
ance to whorls; aperture ovate; outer lip thin, smooth; inner \\\) only slightly incrusted; columella
obliquely truncated, and having two plications on inner side; slight umbilical slit; no canal.

Dimensions. — Long. 11 mm.; lat. 6.3 nini.; body-whorl 7.5 mm.; aperture 5.5 mm.; defl.
50 degrees.

A tiiiique form, looking something liice a small Fusns robiisiits with the canal
gone. It is (jnite a variable species, one specimen showing a narrower spire and
tower, but more prominent ribs than the type, while still another showed more
rounded whorls and less prominent ridges.

Fouml in the lower San Pedro series at Deadraan Island. Also obtained from
the Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara; and at Port Los Angeles, near
Santa Monica. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Dead-
man Island, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Oldroyd; Arnold): Santa Barbara (Carpenter;
Arnold): Santa Monica (Arnold).

Family LIV. OLIVID.E.

Genus Olivella Sivainson.

Shell small, polished; spire produced, acute; suture canaliculated; aperture narrow behind;
enlarged anteriorly; columella plicated in front, callous posteriorly.

Olivella undatella is a characteristic species.

199. Olivella biplicata Sowerby.

Olivella biplicata Sby., Tank. Cat., App., p. 33, 1825. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661.
H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 146. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 75, 1869.
Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. V, p. 87, Fl. XXXIV, fig. 58, 1883. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 255. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 40, fig. 20, 1892.
Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 212 (and varieties).

220 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SCIKNCES

Shell small, subcylindrical; spire only slifjhlly elevated; apex subaculc; whorls five or six,
flat, smooth, except for very fine incremental lines; suture aj^pressed, very distinct; body-whorl
convex, but nearly tlat near outer lip; aperture elonjjate-lrianj>^utar; outer lip thin, nearly straijjlit;
inner lip thickly incrusted, the incrustation forming (piite a ridge; columella completely incrusted
around lower portion, two prominent plications.

Dinifiisions. — Long. 17.7 mm.; lat. 9.6 mm.; body-whorl 15.7.; aperture 13. i mm.; aj^ical
angle 90 degrees.

This species differs from 0. jiedroana in size and comparative width, and fioni
0. intorta in havinji two phiits, a greater deflection, ami in being mncli larger.

Common in the lower and upper San Pedro scries, and Pliocene of the San
Pedro region. Pound also in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch and the old irri-
gating ditch, Ventura; at the bath-house, Santa Barbara, and at Spanish Bight and
Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa
Barbara; Ventura; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Seven Mile House; Twelve Mile House; Kirker's Pass; San Diego
well (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

200. Olivella intorta Carpenter.

OHvella intorta Cpr. , Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 207. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888,
p. 255. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 42, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 212, PI. XIX, fig. 9.

Shell small, subovate; spire elevated, solid; whorls five, flat, smooth; suture appressed, very
distinct; body-whorl ventricose, smooth; aperture long, narrow, widening anteriorly; outer lip thin;
inner lip incrusted, incrustation thick, forming callus on body of middle whorl near aperture;
columella with smooth incrustation over lower portion, and one prominent, sharp plait on lower side.

Dimensions. — Long. 11. 7 mm.; lat. 6 mm.; body-whorl 9.7 mm.; aperture 7.2 mm.; defl.
60 degrees.

Distinguishable from 0. pedroann by breadth, less elevated spire, greater
deflection, and larger callus on upper part of inner li]i; distinguishable from
0. hipUcata by single plait on columella, less deflection and smaller size.

Quite common in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of the San Pedro region; rare
in upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos. Found in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth
Street and Pacific Beach, San Diego; and at Barlow's ranch and the old irrigating
ditch, Ventura.

Living. — Santa Cruz to Lower California (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura; San
Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

AUNOLD-THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGIIAPHY OF SAN I'EDUO. 221

201. Olivella pedroana Conrad.

Streplwna pcdroana Con., Pac. R. R. Rcpt., Vol. V,p. 327. PI. VI, fig. 51, 1854.

Olivella diclica Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 75. 1869. Trvon,
Man. Conch., p. 71, PI. XVII, figs. 28, 31, 34, 18S3. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.
Min., 1888, p. 255. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 42, fig. 21, 1892. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 212, PI. XIX, fig. 7.

Shell small, elongate; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls five, flat, smooth; suture appressed,
very distinct; aperture elongate-triangular; outer lip thin; inner lip callous; lower part of columella
incrustcd; columcllar plication divided by median groove.

Dimensions. — Long. 12.9 mm.; lat. 5 mm.; body-whorl 9.4 mm.; aperture 7.2 mm.; defl.
40 degrees.

Distinguishable from 0. intorta l)y double coliuiiclhir iilicaLiou, smaller callus,
slenderer form, sharper apex and straighter outer lip; distinguishable from 0. bipli-
cata by slenderer form, smaller size, and more elevated spire.

Common in upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos; rare in upper and lower
San Pedro series, and Pliocene of San Pedro and vicinity. Found also in the
Pleistocene at Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego, and at Barlow's ranch,
Ventura.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Seven Mile Beach; Twelve Mile House; Kirker's Pass; San Diego
well (Cooper).

Family LV. MARGINELLID.E.

Genus Marginalia Lamarck.

Shell ovately oblong to subcylindrical, smooth, polished, sometimes longitudinally ribbed;
spire short, conical, or concealed; aperture narrow, elongated, obtuse or truncated in front; columella
plicate; outer lip with a thick marginal varix, its inner margin smooth or crenulated.

3farginella globella Linn, is a characteristic species.

202. Marginalia jewettii Carpenter.

Margiitella jewetlii C-PK., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 207; Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 661. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. V, p. 43, PL XII, fig. 57, 1883. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.
Min., 1888, p. 249. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part i, 1S90, p. 57.
Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 43, fig. 23, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 212, PI. XIX, fig. 6.

Shell small, smooth, ovate-oblong; spire barely visible; aperture not extending full length
of shell, narrow, elongated, obliquely truncated in front; outer lip thickened with marginal varix,
its inner side smooth; columella with three prominent plications near anterior end, and lesser
ones above.

Dimensions. — Long. 5 mm.; lat. 3 mm.; aperture 4.7 mm.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

12:22 CAI.Il't)l{NIA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCES.

Foiiiul ill tlie lower San Pedro series at Doadman Island and San Pedro, and
in the upper Sail Pedro series at Crawfish Georj^e's, San Pedro, and Deadiiian Island.
Living. — Monterey to San Pedro (Dall).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold).

Sectiou Volvarina Hinds.

Shell small, pyriform, polished; spire elevated, but concealed by enamel; aperture not
extending full length of shell; outer lip tiiin, wilii incurving flange; columella with sharj) plaits.

203. Marginella (Volvarina) varia Soiverby.
I'LATK IV, Fui. 9.

Volvarina varia Siiv., CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 43, 1892.

Shell small, pyriform, smooth; spire elevated slightly, but concealed by enamel of surface;
aperture not extending full length of body-whorl, narrow posteriorly, widening gradually anteriorly;
outer lip thin, with a flange curved inward; columella with four sharp plaits.

Dimensions. — Long. 9 mm.; hit. 5 mm.; aperture 8 mm.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Found in all of the lower and upper San Pedro series localities in the vicinity
of San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.
The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is
now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): Cape St. Lucas; West Indies
(Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Family LVI. MITRID^E.

Genus Mitra Lamarck.

Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated; aperture small, narrow, notched in front; columella
transversely, somewhat obliquely, plicate; outer lip thick, smooth within, without external varices.

Type, Mitra episcopalis Lam.

204. Mitra maura Swainson.

Mitra maura Swai^., Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 193, 1835. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 121, PI. XXXVI, fig. 67, 1882. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 257. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 42, fig. 22, 1892. William-
son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 211.

Shell mitre-shaped; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls five or six, only slightly convex,
each appressed against antecedent whorl, forming a distinct suture; surface smooth, except for
incremental lines; aperture long, narrow; outer lip thickened; inner lip not incrusted; columella
with four distinct plaits, which increase in prominence posteriorly.

Dimensions. — Long. 56 mm.; lat. 18.5 mm.; body-whorl 37 mm.; aperture 25 mm.; defl.
30 degrees.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPII V OF SAN PEDHO. 223

Found in the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro, and in tlie npjter San
i'udio series at Deadman Island, San Pedro and Crawfish George's.

Living. — Farallon Islands to San Diego; South America (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego; San Nicholas Island (Cooper) : San
Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).
t

Genus Mitroraorpha A. Adamft.

Sliell small, elongately fusiform; whorls flattened, with revolving lirae, and sometimes longi-
tudinally i^Iicate; aperture narrow; columella straight, slightly transversely lirate; lip acute, smooth
within, scarcely sinuated posteriorly.

Miiromorpha gracilis Carpenter is a characteristic species.

205. Mitroraorpha filosa Carpenter.

? Daphnella filosa Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 658.

Miiromorpha filosa CpR., Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 55, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200, PI. XIX, fig. I.

Shell small mitre-shaped; apex rounded; whorls six, flat, ornamented with several sharp,
raised, revolving lines; suture impressed, distinct; aperture long, narrow, oblique; outer lip denticu-
late interiorly; inner lip smooth; columella spirally lined externally.

Dimensions. — Long. 8 mm.; lat. 3.6 mm.; body-whorl 6 mm.; aperture 5 mm.; defl.
55 degrees.

A shell from the Pleistocene shows transverse ridges on first four whorls, but
these become obsolete below this. This transversely ridged specimen is intermediate
between the typical M.filom and j\1. intermedia. M. aspera is probably the type of
the precursor of the three West Coast species mentioned, then in phylogenetic order
would come 31. intermedia, specimens like the ridged variety of iJ/. filosa, and lastly
typical M. filosa. The cancellate upper whorls of all the species except M. filosa
show M. aspera to be the precursory form.

One specimen in lower San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Living.- — Santa Barbara (Carpenter): San Pedro (Simpson).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

206. Mitroraorpha interraedia, sp. nov.

Plate IV, Fig. 10.

Shell small, mitre-shaped; apex rounded; whorls six; slightly convex; whorls ornamented
with about four equidistant, sharp, raised spiral lines, and numerous rounded, transverse ridges which
are most prominent on angle of whorl; ridges are obsolete, or nearly so, on body- whorl; suture quite
deeply impressed; aperture long, narrow, oblique; outer lip slightly arcuate anteriorly, smooth
interiorlj-; inner lip smooth; columella spirally lined externally.

Dimaisions. — Long. 9.5 mm.; lat. 3.9 mm.; body-whorl 6.5 mm.; aperture 4.5 mm.; defl.
36 degrees.

'J'J-l CALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

This s|HH'ies (•cciii>iL's a position nearly luiclway between .1/. ///"srr ami ,1/.
aapern. It dilTers from the first in liaving distinct transverse ridges on the u|iper
whorls, a smootli inii<M- lip, a slightly slenderer form, and a more impressed suture;
and dilTers from the second in having fewer transverse ridges, which arc obsolete, or
nearly so, on the hody-whorl, a narrower aperture, a slenderer form and more numer-
ous and sharper spiral lines. Pronounced a new variety of Jilosa by Dr. Dall. Its
characteristics would ally it a little more readily with M. aspera, but it has enough
distinctive features to separate it from both.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island.

Found in the Pleistocene at the ])ath-house, Santa Parbara. The specimen
figured is the type, which was found in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman
Island, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Zin'nfyf.— West Coast (?) (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Family T.VIT. FASCIOT.ARIID.E
Subfamily FUSING.

Genus Fusus Lamarck.

Shell fusiform; spire long, acuminate, many-wliorlcd; aperture oval, usually striate within;
outer lip simple; columella smooth; no umbilicus; canal long and straight.

Fusus nicobaricus Lam. is a characteristic species.
207. Fusus barbarensis Trask.

Pi.ATK IV, Fig. 15.

Fusus barbarensis Trask, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. , Vol. I, 1855, p. 41. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 240. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 217.
Fusus corpuknhis (not of Conrad, Wilkes' Expl. Exped., Vol. X, p. 728, PI. XX, fig. 4, 1849)

Cooper, Bull. \o. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 26.
Fusus dupetithouarsi {non Kiener), Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Mining Bureau, Part 3, 1894, P- 26.

Shell of medium size, long, slender, fusiform, rather thin; whorls nine, evenly convex, crossed
by about ten rather low, rounded ridges, which fade out toward sutures; body-whorl sometimes lacks
these ridges, but in that case it generally has an irregularly, wavy surface ornamented with numerous
sharp, raised spiral lines with sometimes smaller lines intercalated; suture deeply appressed; aperture
subelliptical; outer lip thin, smooth margin, with prominent, internal spiral lines beginning just pos-
terior to margin; inner lip incrusted, sometimes not covering the spiral sculpture of columella;
columella long, nearly straight, except for curve backwards, spirally ridged; canal long, narrow,
nearly straight.

Dimensions. — Long. 60 mm.; lat. 20 mm.; body-whorl 39 mm.; aperture, including canal,
31 mm.; canal 15 mm.; defl. 32 degrees.

Distinguishable from F. robusius and F. rugosus by much slenderer form, longer
spire, more clear-cnt spiral lines, and longer and straighter canal. This is the oldest

AUNOLD — THE rALEONTUUXi V AND STKATUiliAril Y OF SAN PKDUO. 225

form fdiiiiil in this locality. There is no doiiht alioiit the close relatioiishij) ol' the
three species, [tarda rensis, robustns and rtif/osun, as the large series of each whicii the
writer has had during the preparation of tliis paper shows forms nearly, if not quite,
filling the gajis between the three types. /'. Onrbai-cnais is probably the precursor
of the other two forms, and although it occurs in the later horizons in whicli the
olhcr two sjiecies are the denoniinating types, still, judging by numbers, this foiin
rcaelu'd its maxiniuni devclopuuMit in the upper San Pedro series.

.S|)t'cimens idcntidetl by Dr. Dall.

Common in the Pliocene, rare in tiie lower San Pedro series of Deadman
Island; one or two specimens found at each of Deadman Island, San Pedro, and
Crawfish (ieorge's in the upper San Pedro series. The specimen figured is from llie
Pliocene at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold. This
and several other species have been reported from the "Miocene of Deadman
Island." Although the lowest horizon at Deadman Island is Miocene, still all of the
fossils reported as occurring in the Miocene at that place come out of a Pliocene
stratum wiiich rests unconformably ujion the Miocene.

Jjlviiuj — San Pedro (Oldroyd; Tlaymoud).

Pleistocene. — Santa Parbara (Trask; Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene — San Pedro (Arnold;.

208. Fusus luteopictus J)all.

Fiisus lu/eopichis Dav-I^, " ' Prjc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,' 1877, p. 4." (Author's unautliorized reprint,

i.ssued March 19, 1877.)
Fusus ambusius Gld., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 664 (pars.); (not of Gould) {fide Dall.)
Fusus genicnlus Conr., Gabb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II, p. 71, 1S69 (pars. syn. exel.) {fide Dall).
Fusus awius/us Gi.u., CooPKR, Cal. Monterey Shells, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 70; Geog.

Cat., No. 787 (most Californian writers) (fide Dall).
Fusus lulcopicttis Dall, Willl\mson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \^ol. X\', 1892, p. 217, PI. XX, fig. i.

Shell small, fusiform; whorls five, convex, crossed by nine rounded ridges which reach their
maximum development on the middle of whorl; surface ornamented with three or four prominent
spiral lines, with finer ones sometimes intercalated; suture appressed; aperture subovate; outer lip
not thickened, with internal spiral lines; inner lip incrusted; columella short; canal very short, narrow.

Dimensions. — Long. 19 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; body-whorl 13.5 mm.; aperture, including canal,
10 mm.: canal 3 mm.; dell. 38 degrees.

Distinguishable by small size and very short canal.

Rare in the lower San Pedro scries at Deadman Island; common in the upper
San Pedro series at Crawfish George's, but rare in the same horizon at San Pedro,
Deadman Island and Los Cerritos. Most of the specimens obtained came from
Crawfish George's.

Living. — Farallon Islands to San Diego (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

(29) March 19, 1903.

226 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

209. Fusus robustus Trash.

Fiisiis robustus Trask, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. I, 1S55, j). 41. Cooi'kr, jtli Ann. R(.-|)i. Cal. .St.

Min., 1S88, p. 241.
Fusus kobelii {no\. of Dall), of Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 240 (in part).

Sliell of medium size, elonj;;atc-fusiforni, thick; whorls about si.\, convex, crossed by eii;ht
or nine prominent rounded ridges which are most prominent on angle of whorl (these ridges are
sometimes obsolete on the anterior part of the body-whorl); spiral sculpture consists of four to six
prominent raised lines, with sometimes smaller lines intercalated; suture ajiprcssed, deep, distinct;
aperture pyriform; outer lip smooth on inner edge, but with numerous sjiiral ritlges further in; inner
lip smooth; columella spirally ridged externally; canal rather short, narrow.

Dimensions. — Long. 34 mm.; lat. 14 mm.; body-whorl 22.5 mm.; aperture, including canal,
17 mm.; canal 5 mm.; defl. 40 degrees.

Distinguisliable from /•'. ritgosus by smaller size, heavier shell, lack of promi-
nent angular appearance of whorls and ridges near posterior suture, less number of
whorls and relatively shorter canal. Upon examining a large series of this species
and of /•'. ni//usnf< the writer has no hesitancy in separating tiicsc two forms of Trask's.
Distinguishable from /'. kohiti by deeper appressed suture, stronger, revolving ridges,
narrower form, and lack of wavy sutural band on posterior edge of whorl. F. robustus
is probably a precursor of F. kobelti. This species has been identified as F. amhustus
by many West Coast conchologists, including Cooper and perha2)S Carpenter. Speci-
mens identified by Dr. Dall.

Found only in the upper San Pedro series; rather common at Old San Pedro.
Found also in the Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (California State Museum).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper; Arnold): San Pedro (Trask; Arnold).

210. Fusus rugosus Trask.

Plate IV, Fiu. 7.

Fusus rugosus Trxsk, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. I, 1855, p 41. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.
Min., 1888,. p. 241.

Shell of medium size, elongate, fusiform, thin; whorls eight, convex, crossed by eight to
eleven rounded ridges, which rise to greatest prominence on upper side of whorl; body-whorl ventri-
cose and sometimes lacking transverse ridges on forward part; surface ornamented with several
prominent raised lines, with fine lines sometimes intercalated; suture deej)ly appressed, wavy;
aperture elliptical; outer lip thin, with interior spiral ridges extending nearly to rim; inner lip smooth;
columella long, slightly twisted, spirally ridged; canal long, narrow, slightly curved.

Dimensions. — Long. 50 mm.; lat. 19 mm.; body-whorl 35 mm.; aperture, including canal,
28 mm.; canal 13 mm.; defl. 44 degrees.

The specimen described and figured is a small one. Some of the specimens
are over 65 ram. in length.

Distinguishable from F. robustus by larger size, thinner shell, longer canal,
more ventricose body-whorl, and greater development of transverse ridges on upper
portion of whorl. Perhaps F. rugosus is the precursor of F. robustus. If so, then

AKXOI.D-TIIE PALKONTOLOGY AND STIJATlCliAPIlY Ol" SAN PEDltO. 227

rohiisiiis is a (le.<i:eiierat(' I'orni in so tar as size and beauty go, for mgosus is truly a
magnificent sliell, while the former is small and much less attractive. This species
has been identified as F. nmfntsltis, and is so labeled in the State Museum collection
at Berkeley. F. ambustus of Gould is a slenderer, longer pillared form from Central
America.

Found oidy in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island. The shells in
this horizon arc beautifidly preserved, this form especially being nearly always found
in a perfect condition, and having a shell that in most cases is translucent. Rather
rare. The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island,
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Liring. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Califuniia State Museum).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barljara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold; Trask).

Genus Pisania Bivona.

Shell oblong; spire prominent; whorls .smooth or sjjirally striated; canal very short; outer
lip thickened and crcnated.

Pisaiiia jiitsio Linn, is a characteristic species.

211. Pisania fortis Carpenter.

Pisania foriis CpR., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Sen, Vol. XVII, 1866, p. 277. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min.. 18S8, p. 260.

.Shell fusiform, short; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls five or si.x, convex on upper
whorls to angular on body-whorls; eight wave-like ribs, most prominent on the angle ot the whorl;
prominent sutural riblet on posterior margin of whorl; surface ornamented with three to five promi-
nent, squarish, rough, revolving ridges, between which are finer raised lines; suture wavy, appressed,
distinct; aperture pyriform; outer lip denticulated; umbilicus subperforate.

Dimensiotis. — Long. 49 mm.; lat. 29 mm.; body-whorl 38 mm.; aperture 25 mm.; defl.
58 degrees.

This species resembles some specimens of Furpurn crisj^ata, but is a lighter
shell, and the sculpture is entirely different. Originally described from a specimen
from the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara. It has never been found living.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Deadman Island; two
specimens found. Found in the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Plehtocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Family LVIII. BUCCINID.E.

Genus Chrysodomus Swainson.

Shell fusiform, ventricose; spire elevated; whorls rounded; covered with a horny epidermis;
apex papillary; aperture oval; canal short; inner lip simple, smooth.

Chrysodomus nntiqua Linn, is a characteristic species.

22S (;alifoknia acadlmv df sciences.

212. Chrysodoraus rectirostris ('(tr/ieulcr.

I'l.ATK VII, I'm. 7.

Chty sodoniHS recliroslris CvR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 664; Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865,
p. 64. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 131, Pi. I. Ill, fitj. 3+8, 1S81.

Shell small, turreted, slender; ape.x acute; whorls nine or ten, slightly conve.\, wilii about
fourteen rounded, transverse ridges reaching from suture to suture; ridges follow direction of lines of
growth, which are convex anteriorly; spiral sculpture consists of numerous fine furrows; suture
impressed, distinct; body-whorl slightly angulated at base; aperture elliptical; outer li|) thin, bulging
above canal; inner lip smooth, incrusted; columella long, straight, narrow, smooth on inner jKirt;
canal long, straight, narrow.

Pimcitsions. — Long. 28 mm.; hit. 7 mm.; body-whorl 14.5 mm.; aperture, inckuling canal,
1 1.5 mm.; canal 5 mm.; dell. 22 degrees.

This species looks something like a Pleurotoma, hut may be distinj^iiislied hy
the straight canal and almost flat whorls. Carpenter's description in llie British
Association Report for 18(13 is misleading. In describing this species he says the
shell is "small, white, smooth, with straight canal." Why he uses "smooth" in
describing such a decidedly sculptured form is not easy to understand. Several
specimens of this species were identified from Carpenter's type by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the Pliocene and lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and in
the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish Ceorge's. The specimen figured is from the
lower San Pedro .series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos
Arnold.

Living. — Puget Sound (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

213. Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird.

Plate VII, Fic-.. G.

Chrysodomus tabulalus Baird, Proc. Zool. vSoc, 1863, p. 66. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 663;

Nat. in British Columbia, Vol. II, p. 356. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rejjt. Cal. St. Min.,

1888, p. 235.
Nephoiea tabu/a la ]i\\RD, GARTi, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 71, 1S69. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. II,

p. 121, PI. XLIX, fig. 286, 1881.

Shell large, fusiform; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls eight, sharply angulated and
keeled above, forming a rimmed, spiral table; surface ornamented with revolving ridges of alternating
size; suture very deeply impressed; aperture pyriform; outer lip thin, smooth; inner lip incrusted;
canal long, narrow, curved backwards; columella twisted, spirally ridged.

Dimetisions. — Long. 80 mm.; lat. 34 mm.; body-whorl 55 mm.; aperture, including canal,
42 mm.; canal 19 mm.; defi. 44 degrees.

Rather common in Pliocene; rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadman
Lsland and San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at the bluff west of the bath-
house, Santa Barbara, and at the old irrigating ditch north of Ventura. The

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGEAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 229

specimen lii;iiie(l was Iroiii the riiocciie, Deadinaii Islaiul, and is now in liie cdUgc-
tiiin (if Dt'los Aninlii.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Catalina Island (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara; Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Eagle Prairie; Twelve Mile House; San I'Vinando; Santa Barbara
(Cooper); San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold).

214. Chrysodomus, sp. indel.

Two poorly preserved, nndelcrminablo species; both fusiform, one with rounded
wliorls, the otlicr slightly tabulated on upi)er part; fine spiral sculpture on both,
'i'hese specimens have the shape of C. dims. They correspond quite closely to the
<lescrij)tions of some of the living species which now inhabit boreal waters.

Found in the Pliocene of Deadman Islaiul.

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Ai'nold).

Genus Siphonalia ^4. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform, sometimes variej^ated in coloring; rather thin; epidermis very thin,
fugacious; last whorl ventricose, shouldered, usually nodosely plicate and spirally ribbed; aperture
oval: outer lip thin; columella smooth; canal rather short, twisted.

Siphonalia nodosa Mart, is a characteristic species.

215. Siphonalia kellettii Forbes.

ri.ATK. IV, Fig. 5.

Sipho7ialia kellettii Yov.v.^s, Proc. Zool. See, 1850, p. 274, PI. X, fig. 10. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept.,
1863, p. 663. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 134, PI. LIV, fig. 352. Cooper, 7th
Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 264. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill,
Part. I, 1890, p. 122. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 22, 1892.

Shell large, fusiform; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven or eight, angulated
anterior to middle with eight to ten prominent nodes on angle; concave near posterior margin,
where it is appressed against the antecedent whorl; numerous fine, deep grooves furnish the spiral
ornamentation; suture appressed, wavy; aperture ovate; outer lip not thickened; inner lip incrusted;
columella twisted; umbilicus subperforate ; canal long, narrow, curved back.

/ )imeiisio?is. —l.ong. 114 mm.; lat. 59 mm.; body-whorl So mm.; aperture 37 mm.; canal
22 mm.; defl. 44 degrees.

Often brought up alive in the nets of fishermen at San Pedro, but rarely found
fossil. Found in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish
George's. Found also in the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego. The speci-
men figured was obtained in the upper San Pedro series at Sau Pedro, and is now in
the private collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego; Japan (Cooper).

230 CALIKOKM.V ACADKMV l)r SCIENCKS.

Pleistocene. — San Petlro to San Diego (Coopor) : San IVilro; Saii Diego
(Arnold).

GiMius Macron //. .f- A. Adams.

Slicll ovate, solid, with a thick i-piilcnnis; spire elevated; coliiinrlla wrinkled, with a callosity
at tiie upper part; outer lip thin, with a small tooth anteriorly.

Type, Macron kelldtii A. Ads.

216. Macron kellettii .1. Adainf^.

Pseudoliva kellettii A. An., Prog. Zool. Soc, 1853, p. 185.

Macrov kellettii h. An., Ci'R., Brit. As.sn. Rept., 1863, p. 664. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. Ill,

p. 214, PI. LXXXII, fig. 477, 1S81. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 21, 1892. Cooper,

Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 27.

Shell ovate, solid, subperforate; spire prominent; whorls rounded; suture canal-like; last
whorl spirally sulcated; aperture oval ; columella callous posteriorly, anterior portion produced and
flexed; posterior part of lip bent, anterior part dentate. Canal a mere notch. Average length
about 25 mm.

One specimen in upper Ran Pedro series of San Pedro.

Living. — Lower California (Keep): Cataliiia I.sland to Lower California
(Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Joaqnin IJay, Orange Comity (Bowers).

Pliocene. — Ventura County (Bowers).

217. Macron lividus A. Adamf^.

Macron lividus A. An., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept.. 1863, p. 664. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 20,
fig. 2, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 216.

Shell small, ovate, solid; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls five, evenly convex, smooth;
suture distinct; aperture ovate; outer lip sharp and curved; inner lip short and bent; columella with
a strong fold near the top of the aperture.

Dimensions. — Long. 19 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; body-whorl 14 mm.; aperture 10 mm.

This species is characterized by its smooth surface and small size. One
specimen found in the upjier San Pedro series at the lumber yard, San Pedro.

Living. — San Pedro (Williamson) : San Diego to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Family LLX. NASSIDyE.

Genus Nassa Lamarck.

Shell ovate, ventricose; body-whorl variously sculptured; aperture ovate, with a short, reflected,
truncated, anterior canal; inner lip smooth; often widely spread over with enamel, with a posterior
callosity or a blunt dentiform; outer lip dentated, internally crenulated.

Nassa mutahilis Linn, is a characteristic species.

AKNOLD — TUE I'ALEONTOLOCi V AND STRATIGKAl'UV Ul' SAN I'KDKO. 231

2i8. Nassa calif orniana Conrad.

Plate IV, Fi<;. 3.

Schizopyga califomiana CoN., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1S56, p. 315; Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. VI

p. 69, PI. II, fig. I, 1857.
Schizopyga californica CoN., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 55, PI. Ill, fig. 32, 1882.
Nassa cali/orniana Con., Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, iSgi, p. 177. Cooper, Bull.

No. 9, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 29.
Nassa fossata van, Gahb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, pp. 47, 74, 1869.

Shell large, conical; whorls seven, convex, ornamented with about thirteen prominent,
rounded, posteriorly sloping, transverse ribs and four or five slightly less prominent sharp, revolving
ridges; the transverse ridges tend to become less prominent on the anterior part of the body-whorl;
suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture subovate; outer lip thin and denticulated by ends of
internal revolving ridges; inner lip slightly incrusted; columella short, twisted, spirally and longitudi-
nally ornamented, and deeply grooved next to body-whorl; anterior sinus very short, broad, recurved.

Dimensions. — Long. 37 mm.; lat. 20.5 mm.; body-whorl 24 mm.; aperture 16.5 mm.; dell
48 degrees.

The most heautil'iil and one of the largest of the Pleistocene Nassas. Easily
tlistinguisluible by the ornamentation and size.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series, except at one place in the bluff ju.st
north of the town of San Pedro, where quite a few very fine specimens have been
found; also found in the Pliocene and lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island;
and in the uiipor San Pedro series at Los Cerritos, Deadman Island, and Long Beach.
Found also in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura; and at Pacific Beach,
San Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro;
and is now in the private collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Drake's Bay to Cedros Island, Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Ventura; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold),

Miocene.- — Santa Clara County (Cooper).

219. Nassa cerritensis, sp. nov.

Plate IV, Fig. 1.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated; ape.x subacute; whorls eight, slightly convex, crossed
by seven to ten prominent, rounded ridges which are less prominent near the suture; spiral sculp-
ture consists of nine to eleven sharp, raised lines; three upper whorls have a cancellate appearance;
suture appressed, wavy; aperture ovate; outer lip thickened by denticulated ridge on inner side;
inner lip smooth, incrusted, the incrustation completely covering the spiral sculpture internally;
columella twisted, spirally sculptured, with deep groove next to body- whorl; canal short, broad,
recurved.

Dimensions. — Long. 30 mm.; lat. 14.5 mm.; body-whorl 18 mm.; aperture 11 mm.; dell.
30 degrees.

This species varies much, especially in deflection and in the number of trans-
verse ridges. The deflection of the upper whorls is sometimes as high as GO degrees.

232 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY UF SCIENCES.

wliile tliat of the lower wliorls woiiUl he about oiie-liall' of llial. Some of (he adult
shell!; also show a deflectiou of 50 doj^recs. The robust shells as a rule show more
transverse ridges than (lie slenderer foiins. Distinguishable fniiu var. cooperi by
less aiigulated whorls and ridges, less impressed suture, greater defleetion of upper
whorls, and larger size. The robust form somewhat resembles i\^. cdHfornumn, but
is distinguishable from that species by its appressed, rather than impressed suture,
less prominence of spiral litius, and smaller si/e. Dr. Dall pronounces this species a
precui-sor of N. cooperi.

Rather common at Los Cerritos, where the type was found. One or two
specimens found in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Long Beach, and
Crawfish George's. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego.
The specimen figured is the type, which came from the upper San Pedro series at
Los Cerritos, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

220. Nassa fossata Gould.

Biicciman fossahim Gi.D., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1S50, p. 152. Otia, Conch., p. 67, 1S62.

Nassa fossata Gld., H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Mollusca. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rtpt., 1863, p. 662.
Gabb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II, p. 74, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IV, j). 55, PI. XVII,
fiRs. 316, 318, 1882. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. .St. Min., 18SS, p. 253. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 36, fig. 16, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 212.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven, convex; body-whorl
ventricose; ornamentation of fourth and fifth whorl consists of five or six strong-, nodose, spiral
ridges which increase in number by intercalation on the lower whorls; the prominence of the nodes
varies inversely with the number of ridges, the ridges on the body-whorl being nearly smooth and
alternating large and small; the ridges near the angle of the whorl reach the greatest promin'^nce;
suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture ovate; outer lip thickened and denticulated by ends of
revolving internal ridges; inner lip incrusted, the incrustation spreading over part of body-whorl and
columella; columella short, curved, spirally striated, and grooved deeply next to body-whorl; anterior
sinus short, broad, recurved.

Dimensions. — Long. 29 mm.; lat. 17 mm.; body-whorl 21 mm.; aperture, including canal,
14.5 mm.; defl. 50 degrees.

The adolescent shell of this species resembles N. per-pingim, but may be
distinguished by the greater convexity of the body-whorl, greater deflection, and
general more solid a|)pearance. The adult shells are characterized by their general
solid appearance, great deflection, and the great difference in sculpture between the
upper and lower whorls.

Found in the Pliocene at Deadman Island; in the lower San Pedro series at
Deadman Island and San Pedro, and in the upi)er San Pedro series at all of the
localities in the vicinity of San Pedro. Found also in Pleistocene at Spanish Bight
and Pacific Beach, San Diego; and at old inigaling ditch and Barlow's ranch,

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIORAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 233

Ventura. Tlio specimens of tliis species found at Crawfish CJeorge's are character-
ized by their hwgv. size anti elevated spire, witli deeply impressed suture.

Living. — Straits of Ftica to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene.— ^Awia Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
San Diego' (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Danger Creek; Santa Rosa; Soquel, Santa Cruz County; San Diego
well (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Miocene. — Martinez; Walnut Creek; Griswold's, San Benito County; Foxin's,
Santa Barbara County (Cooper).

221. Nassa insculpta Carpenter.

Nassa insculpta CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 662; Froc. Cal. Acad.Sci., Vol. Ill, 1866, p. 223.
Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 38, PI. XII, fig. 154, 1882; (not of Cooper, 71)1 Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 188S, p. 253). Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 212, PI. XXIII, fig. 6.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven, nearly flat, but obliquely
truncated near margin; sculpture consists of numerous fine, spiral furrows, which are most promi-
nent on lower portion of body-whorl; four upper whorls have prominent transverse ridges; aperture
subquadrate; outer lip thickened by a slightly denticulated ridge; inner lip incrusted slightly, but
spiral ornamentation shows through the incrustation; cokimella short and separated from body-whorl
by deep, narrow groove; canal short, broad, curved.

Dimensions. — Long. 20 mm.; lat. 11 mm.; body-whorl 12.8 mm.; aperture, including canal,
9 mm.; defl. 38 degrees.

Distinguishable by lack of any but spiral ornamentation on lower whorls. A
specimen in the State Museum collection at Berkeley labeled N. insculpta is not the
species, but is close to H. versicolor var. hooveri. This is probably the specimen upon
which Cooper bases his report of the occurrence of A^. ijisculji^a at Santa Barbara.
Hare in ujiper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen.

Livinr/. — Catalina Island (Cooper; Raymond).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Williamson; Arnold).

222. Nassa mendica Gould.

Nassa mendica Gi.n., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1850, p. 155. Wilkes' E.\pl. Exped., Vol. XII,
p. 263, PI. XIX, fig. 331, 1852. Otia, Conch., p. 70, 1862. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept.,
1863, p. 662; =M. woodzvardi Fbs.; =N. gibbsii Cooper {fide Trvon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. IV, p. 56, PI. XVII. figs. 320-323, 1882). Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 74, 1869.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 253. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 37,
1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 213.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls seven, convex; ornamented with a
varying number of transverse ridges and a few less prominent spiral ridges; suture deeply impressed,
distinct; aperture subquadrate; outer lip thin, smooth on edge, but denticulated remote from margin;
inner lip incrusted; columella curved, spirally striated, and separated from body-whorl by deep
groove; canal short, recurved.

Dimensions. — Long. 18.5 mm.; lat. 8 mm.; body- whorl 11 mm.; aperture, including canal,
7.5 mm.; defl. 38 degrees.

( 30 ) March 20, 1903.

234 CALIl'-OUNIA A( ADF.MY OK SCIENCES.

A species varying principally in the tuiinln r ;uiil pioniincnee (if transverse
ridges. Distingni^halili- from N. perpinguis by acnteness of spire.

FoiituI in all of the fossiliferon^ formations at all of the localities in tho vicinit}'
of 8an Peilro. iV. mcndica is mnch rarer tiian the variety conpcrl. Found in the
Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara; at Ikrlow's ranch, and the old irri-
gating ditch, Ventura; and at Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (f'ooper): San Pedro; Santa
Barbara; Ventura; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Kirker's Pass; Twelve Mile House, San Mateo County; San
Diego well (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

223. Nassa mendica Gould, var. cooperi Furhex.

Nassa roopen Fbs., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850, p. 273, Fl. XI, C\g. 4. Cpr., Rrit. Assn. Re])t., 1863,
p. 662. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 74, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 253. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 37, fig. 18, 1892.

Nassa mendtca var. cooperi Fbs. , Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 56, PI. XVII, figs. 322,323,
1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 213.

Shell like JV. viendica, except that the transverse ridges are more prominent and less
numerous. Mutations occur between the extreme A'^ mendica with latticed ornamentation consisting
of equally prominent spiral and transverse ridges, and the extreme N. cooperi \\\\\\ only six large,
transverse ribs.

More common than the typical 'N . mendica. Found in the lower and upper
San Pedro series and Pliocene of the San Pedro region. Found in the Pleistocene
at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

JAving. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper): Catalina Island (Stearns).

Pleistocene — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Stearns; Arnold).

Pliocene. — Kirker's Pass; Twelve-mile House, San jNIateo County; San
Diego well (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

224. Nassa perpinguis Hinds.

Nassa perpinguis Hds., Voyage Suli)luir, p. 36, PI. IX, figs. 12, 13, 1844. Cpr., Brit. A.ssn. Rept.,
1863, p. 662; Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, pp. 47, 75, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IV,
p. 56, PI. XVII, fig. 319, 1882. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 253.
Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 38, fig. 19, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 213.

Nassa inlerstriata, Con., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V, p. 327, PI. VI, fig. 49, 1856.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls seven, convex, abruptly truncated
at posterior margin, forming a spiral table; ornamentation consists of sharp, spiral ridges with
slightly wider interspaces, and posteriorly sloping transverse ridges, the whole giving a decidedly
cancellate appearance to the surface; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture subovate; inner

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDKO. 235

portion of aperture ridjred by spiral sculpture; outer lip thin; inner lip thinly incrusted; columella
twisted and spirally ornamented; groove on upper part of columella prominent; canal short, curved.
Dimensions. — Long. 23 mm.; lat. 12.3 mm.; hocly-whurl 15 mm.; aperture, including canal,
II mm.; doll. 40 degrees.

The transverse oriKunoiitiilioii i.s tlie luu.st proniiiient in the iii»[>er wliorls,
while in the hiter ones the spiral ridjjjes are the most iiiii)ortant. On the body-whorl
the lranver.se ri(l<;;es sometimes become nciirly obsolete, beinj^ represented only by
lines of fj;rowth.

Common in the upper and rare in the lower Ran I'ech'O .series at .San Pedro
and vicinitv. Also fonnd in the Pliocene at Deadman Island and Timiu's Point.
Found in the Pleistocene at Sjiaiiish P>ight and Pacific Beach, San Diego; and at the
old irri;;ating ditch and Barlow's raiicli, Ventura.

Living. — San Francisco to San Diego; Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventnra;
San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall): San Pedro (Arnold).

Miocene. — Santa Monica and Aliso Creek, Los Angeles Connty (Cooper).

225. Nassa tegula Reeve.

Nassa tegula Rye., Icon. Conch., Nassa, No. 98, PI. XV, 1853. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863,
p. 662. Gabh, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 74, 1869. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 39,
PI. XIII, tigs. 166, 167, 1882. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 253.
Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 37, fig. 17, 1892. Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 213.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls five, slightly angulated at middle,
with nine or ten prominent transverse ridges most prominent on angular part of whorl; these ridges
are sometimes divided by spiral grooves into two or more nodes; suture impressed, distinct; aper-
ture subquadrate; outer lip thickened by a row of elongated denticles; inner lip smooth and incrusted,
the incrustation spreading over the columella and the front of the shell like an apron; a rather shallow
groove separates the lower portion of columella from body- whorl; canal very short.

Dimensio7ts. — Long. 11 mm.; lat. 7 mm.; body-whorl 7.9 mm.; aperture, including canal,
5 mm.; defl. 58 degrees.

The most robnst of the Nat^sas found in this locality. Distinguishable by
the prominence of the incrustation on the inner lip. Dr. Dall says that this species
is close to N. vibex of the Atlantic coast.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Long Beach,
Deadman Island, and Crawfish George's; also occasionally found in the lower San
Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at
Twenty-sixth Street and Sj)anish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego; Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

230 C'ALIFOKNIA ACADEMY Of SCIENCES.

226. Nassa versicolor 0. B. Ailamx, var. hooveri, var. nov.

1'l.ATK IV, Fio. 6.

A'assa versicolor C. H. Ad., Panama Cat., p. 66, 1852. Tryon, Man. Conch., \'oI. IV, j). 50, I'l. X\',
figs. 270-272, 275, 1882.

Shell small, conical; spire not highly elevated; ape.x subacute; whorls si.x, slightly convex,
crossed by fifteen prominent rounded ribs which bend slightly forward on the upper whorls, and are
abruptly truncated at the sutures; on the body-whorl these ribs are concave anteriorly and become
obsolete on the lower portion of the whorl; ribs on the upper whorls are of uniform size for their full
length; suture deeply impressed, distinct; spiral ornamentation consists of eleven to thirteen grooves,
which extend to base on body-whorl; columella extended, plication on inner side, and deep, narrow
groove around it at base of body-whorl; outer lip thickened by a prominent, smooth ridge on the
inner side; inner lip incrusted, the spiral sculpture, however, showing through the incrustation;
canal short, broad, with effuse lips.

Dimensions. — Long. 14.5 mm.; lat. y mm.; body-whorl 10 mm.; aperture, including canal,
7 mm.; dctl. 54 degrees.

A unique foriu for tliis locality; somewhat resembles N. tegula in shape, but
easily distinguishable from that species by the sculpture. Pronounced a variety of
N. versicolor Adams, by Dr. Dall. N^. versicolor is found in the southern fauna, its
habitat being Panama to iMazatlan according to Tryon.

Rare in upper Sau Pedro series of San Pedro; two specimens found, one a
junior. The specimen figured is the type, which was obtained from the upper San
Pedro series of San Pedro, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Family LX. COLUMBELLID.E.

Genus Columbella Lamarclc.

Shell strombiform or obovate, smooth or longitudinally or tranversely ribbed; internal lip
excavated in the middle, crenulated or denticulated; outer lip inflected and internally thickened and
crenulated in the middle.

Columbella mercatoria Lam. is a characteristic species.

227. Columbella solidula Reeve, var. precursor, vur. nov.

Plate X, Fio. 4.

Columbella solidula RvE., Conch. Icon., Vol. XI, PI. XXIV, fig. 149, 1859. Tryon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. V, p. 147, PI. LII, figs. 92 and 93, 1883.

Shell small, broadly fusiform; spire elevated; apex rounded; whorls seven, only slightly
convex, slightly shouldered above, smooth; body-whorl two-thirds length of shell, with row of nodes
on shoulder, each node being the termination of a faint transverse ridge which becomes obsolete on
lower portion of whorl; columella with spiral sulcations on exterior; aperture rhomboidal, narrow;
outer lip thickened internally by row of prominent teeth; inner lip smooth; canal short, recurved.

Dimensions. — Long. 14.5 mm.; lat. 6.5 mm.; body-whorl 10 mm.; aperture, including
canal, 7.5 mm.; canal i mm.; defl. 42 degrees.

AltNOLU — THK PALEONTOLOGY AND STllATIGKAPUY OF SAN I'KDIJO. 237

This unique sjiocies is distinguishable by its smooth upper whorls, and seulji-
tured hody-whorl. Pronounced a variety of C. soliduta Rve. by Dr. Dall.

The shell of which this form is a variety is found living on the coast of Ecua-
dor, South America. The type is the only specimen that has been found in the
upper San Pedro series at San Pedro; it is figured, and is now in the United States
National ^luseura.

ricidocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Anachis II. .f- ^4. Adams.

Siiell oval-fusiform, longitudinally ribbed; spire elevated; aperture narrow; columella
straight; outer lip nearly straight, crenulated within.

AnachU ntgosa Sowerby is a characteristic species.

228. Columbella (Anachis) minima, sp. no v.

P1.ATK IX, Fig. 8.

Shell small, resembles a young Ainphissa corrugata but much slenderer; surface sculjjtured
by numerous transverse ridges and fine spiral sulcations; whorls six, shouldered above as in Amphissa
versicolor; aperture subquadrate; outer lip nearly straight; pillar straight, spirally striated.

Dimensions. — Long. 6 mm.; lat. 2.4 mm.; body-whorl 3.5 mm.; aperture 2.2 mm.; defl.
28 degrees.

Distinguishable from Amphissa corrugata by slenderer form, more shouldered
whorls and less wavy transverse ridges. Pronounced a new species of Anachis by
Dr. Dall.

Type from upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; rare. The specimen
figured is the type, which is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus .ffisopus Gould.

Shell fusiform, gibbous, broadly truncate in front; aperture lunate, with a posterior callous
on the body; columella smooth, vitreous; suture abnormally arcuate near the aperture.

Type, JEsopus japonicus Gould.

229. Columbella (iEsopus) chrysalloidea Carpenter.

PL.VTE V, Fig. 6.

Ainycla chrysalloidea Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 612; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1864,

p. 223.
Columbella chrysalloidea CpR., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. \', p. 135, PI. L, fig. 42, 18S3.
Aslyris chrysalloidea Cpr., Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 36, 1892.
Columbella {.,'Esopus) chrysalloidea Cpr., Williamson, Proc. U- S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 213.

Shell small, with general elongate-elliptical outline, or chrysalis-shaped; spire elevated, sub-
acute; whorls si.x, very slightly conve.x; surface marked by delicate spiral ridges and furrows;

23S lALU'UliNIA A(.:.V1j1;MV OF SCIENCES.

aperture ovate; canal short; outer lip thickened by several longitudinally elongate denticles on inner
side; inner lip curveil, smooth; spiral ornamentation prominent on lower portion of columella.

Dimensions. — Long. S.2 mm.; hit. 3 mm.; body-whorl 5.5 mm.; aperture 3.4 mm.; defl.
44 degrees.

Rare in tlie lower San Pedro series at Deatlman Island ami San Pedro; not
uncommon in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro. Found also in the Pleisto-
cene at Twenty-sixth street, San Diego. The specimen fissured is from the upper
San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the colleetion of Delos Arnold.

Living. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper).

Pkislocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

230. Columbella (jEsopus) oldroydi, s^). iiov.

Platk VI, Fit;. 7.

Shell small, slender, fusiform; spire elevated; apex rounded; whorls seven, convex; first
three whorls smooth, remainder, with exception of body-whorl, ornamented with about eighteen
transverse ridges and two or three rather indistinct spiral grooves, the whole giving a cancellate
appearance to the surface; on the body-whorl the transverse and spiral sculpture are of about ecjual
prominence, the transverse sculpture being more subdued than on the whorls above it; suture quite
deeply impressed; aperture narrow, elliptical; pillar truncated anteriorly; outer lip smooth, thin;
inner lip smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 9 mm.; lat. 2.6 mm.; body-whorl 5 mm.; ai)erture 3 mm.; defl.
24 degrees.

Distinguishable from ^1. chrijsalloide.a by slenderer form, prominently sculp-
tured surface, deeper suture, and smooth inner lip. Pronounced a new species by
Dr. Dall.

Lower San Pedro series at Deadraan Island; rare. The specimen figured is
the type, and is now in the collection of Mrs. Oldroyd.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Astyris //. <t- A. Adams.

Shell oval-fusiform, smooth or transversely striated; aperture oval; inner lip smooth, not
callous; outer lip sinuous posteriorly, crenulated within.

Astyris clausiliceforme Kiener is a characteristic species.

231. Columbella (Astyris) californiana Gaskoin.

Platk X, Fig. 9.

Columbella (^Aslyris) californiana G ASK. , Proc. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 12.
Columbella californiana Gask., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1856, p. 341.

This species resembles A. gausajnita quite closely, but differs from it in the
following respects: it is slightly broader, has more swelling whorls, more prominent

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 239

ftl)iral linos on the lower i)iU't of thu budy-wlioil, iloes not have the ovcrlaii[»ing
apiieanuuH' of the whorls at the suture as much as in A.f/nunapata, has a less heavy
shell, and has a less glossy surface. Specimen identified by Dr. J)all.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadraan Island, also found in tlie
lower San Pedro series at San Pedro. The specimen figured is from the lower Sun
Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Deles Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Carpenter).

} Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Oldroyd; Arnold).

232. Columbella (Astyris) gausapata Gould.

Pi.ATK X, Fig. 8.

Columbella gausapata Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1850, p. 170; Wilkes' Exp). E.xped.,

Vol. XII, p. 267, Pi. XIX, fig. 337, 1852.
Nassa pcdroana Con., Pac. R. R. Re])t.. Vol. V, p. 327, PI. VI, fig. 48, 1856.
Amycla gausapata Gld., Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 662. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 76, 1869.

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 229.
Astyris gausapata Gld., Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 35, fig. 15, 1892.
Colutnbclla {Astyris) gausapata Gld., Willl\mson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 213.

Shell small, rather heavy; spire elevated; ape.x acute; whorls seven, slightly convex; body-
whorl ventricose, slightly angulated; whorls smooth except for delicate incremental lines; suture
depressed, distinct; columella recurved and striated on outside with faint spiral ridges and grooves;
aperture elongate-ovate; canal prominent, slightly curved; outer lip thickened with a row of spirally
elongate denticles; inner lip smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 11 mm.;lat. 5 mm.; body-whorl 7 mm.; aperture (not including
canal) 3 mm-X i-9 mm.; defl. 35 degrees.

Distinguishable from C. cnliforniann by much longer canal, thicker shell, and
more prominent denticulation of outer lip; distinguishable from C. iuberosa by
broader spire and less angulated body-whorl; distinguishable from \Rr. carinata hy
lack of keel, and slenderer spire. Specimens Identified by Dr. Dall.

Found in all of the formations at all of the localities in the vicinity of San
Pedro. Pound also in the Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara; at Barlow's
ranch and the old irrigating ditch, Ventura; and at Twenty-sixth Street and Pacific
Beach, San Diego. Much rarer than var. carinata. The specimen figured is from
the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos
Arnold.

Living. — Alaska to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
Santa Barbara; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Kirker's Pass (Cooper).

2-jn CALII'OIJNIA ACADKUY OF SCTF.XOES.

233. Columbella (Astyris) gausapata litm/J, vnr. carinata Hinds.

Pi.ATK X, Fl<;. 10.

Columbella carinata Hds., Voyage Sulphur, |). 39, PI. X, figs. 15, 16, 1844. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Ropt.,
1863, p. 662. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. V, p. 116, IM. XLVII, figs. 35-39. 1883.
Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, j). 213.

Amycla cannata Hds., Gabii, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 76, 1S69.

Astyris gausapata var. carinata Hds., Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 35, 1892.

Shell \\Vq A.gau^a'paia, except that it has a distinct keel 011 tlie upper part of
the whorl. A large series of shells shows mutations between the t3-|)ical (jau>^npata
and this variety. An extreme keeled form gives the following dimensions: Long.
8 mm.; lat. 1.1 mm.; body-whorl ") mm.; aperture 0.0 mm.

Common in all of the formations at all of the localities in the vicinity of
San Pedro; much commoner than 0. gausapata. Found also in the Pleistocene at
the old irrigating ditch north of Ventura; at bath-house, Santa ]>ar!)ara; and at
Spanish liight, San Diego.

The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and
is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
Santa Barbara; San Diego (Arnold).

234. Columbella (Astyris) tuberosa Carpenter.
ri..vTK X, Fio. 7.

Amycla tuberosa Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 662; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Sen, Vol. XV,
1S65, p. 398. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 229.

Astyris tuberosa Cpr., Stearns, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1873, p. 81. Keep, West Coast
Shells, p. 36, 1892.

Columbella tuberosa CPR., Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. V, jx 135, PI. L, figs. 40 and 41, 1883.

Columbella {Astyris') tuberosa Cpr., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 213^
PI. XX, fig. 6.

Shell small, slender; spire elevated; acute apex; whorls seven, only slightly convex; body-
whorl angulated, lower portion decidedly concave and ornamented with narrow grooves and ridges;
surface of upi)er whorls smooth except for delicate incremental lines; suture distinct; aperture ovate,
and less than one-half the length of shell; anterior end of columella slender; outer lip thickened
by row of tubercles on inner side; inner lip smooth; canal short, straight.

Dimensions. — Long. 6.5 mm.; lat. 2.8 mm.; body-whorl 4 mm.; aperture 2.9 mm.; defl.
22 degrees.

Distinguishable from other members of genus by slender spire and angulated
body-whorl.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
in the upper San Pedro series ut Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos, San Pedro,
and Deadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego;

AUNOLU — THE I'ALliONTOLUCiV ANU STKATKIKAI'M Y UF SAN I'EDKU. 241

;iii(l iit batli-lioiise, Santa Barbara. The specimen fif^ured is from the upper San
i\(iro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Lioiitg. — Neah Bay to San Diego (Cooper).

/Vci.s^ocene.— Santa liariiara to San Pedro (Cooper): San Peilro; San Diego;
Santa iJarbara (ArnoUl).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

(uMius Amphissa Jl. .( .1. Ailams.

.Shell bucciniforni, longitiulinally libbeil; s[)ire elevated; aperture rather wide, enlarginjj
below, aiui teriiiinating in a wide anterior sinus; inner lip callous, plicate below; outer lip not thickened
on margin, plicate within.

A7n2)hissa corrugata Reeve is a characteristic species.

235. Amphissa corrugata Reeve.

Biucinuyn corrugatum RvE., Icon. Conch., PI. IV, fig. no, 1S46.

Tru7icaria corrugata RvE., CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 662.

Cominella {Atnphissa) corrugata RvE., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1866. Gabu, Pal. Cal., Vol. II,

p. 74. 1869.
Amphissa corrugata RvK., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. V, ]). 197, PI. LXIII, fig. 66, 1883.

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1SS8, p. 228. Keep, West Co;ist Shells,

p. 34, fig. 14, 1892.

Shell small, solid, fusiform; spire elevated; ape.x acute; whorls seven, slight))' conve.x, with
about eighteen to twenty rather wavy, slightly oblique, rounded, transverse ridges e-xtending from
suture to suture; spiral ornamentation consists of numerous fine, raised lines in the interspaces
between the transverse ridges; suture impressed, distinct; aperture rhomboidal, narrow; outer lip
Urate within; inner lip incrusted, smooth; canal short, recurved; pillar spirally lined externally.

Dimoisions. — Long. 19 mm.; lat. 9 mm.; body-whorl 13.5 mm.; aperture 10 mm.; defl.
52 degrees.

The Pliocene form.s are much smaller than the one described above (a Pleisto-
cene specimen). Carpenter mentions the shells as becoming dwarfed in deep water
(10 fathoms).

Rather common in Pliocene and lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island;
I'are in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish (leorge's.
Found also in the Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Alaska to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper) : San Pedro; Santa Bar-
bara (AriioUl).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall): San Pedro (Arnold).

( 31) Marcli 21, 1903.

242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

236. Amphissa ventricosa, sp. nov.
rijvTK V, Fi(i. 11.

Shell small, broadly fusiform; spire elevated; whorls five or six, evenly convex, with twelve
or thirteen strong, rounded, transverse ridges; intersjiaces scul])tured with prominent, regular, equi-
distant, raised spiral lines, of which there are five or six on the penultimate whorl; suture deeply
impressed, distinct; a|>erture semicircular; outer lip ventricose, thickened with row of teeth; inner
lip smooth, incrusted; pillar straight; spirally sculptured on outside; no canal.

Dimensions. — Long. 12 mm.; hit. 6 mm.; body-whorl 8.6 mm.; aperture 6 mm.; dctl.
43 degrees.

Resembles ,1. bicolor somewhat, but distingiii.shable from tbi.s species by lack of
canal, stronger ribs, and more convex whorls; distinguishable from other members
of genus by thin shell, ventricose whorls, semicircular a])erture and lack of differ-
entiated canal. Dr. Dall examined the type and pronounced it a new species.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island. The specimen figured
is the fvj>e, which is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now
in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

237. Amphissa versicolor JJ<(U.

Amphissa versicolor Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1872, p. iii. Tryon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. V, p. 197, PL LXIII, fig. 67, 1883; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892,
p. 213, PI. XX, fig. 9.

Amphissa corrugata RvE., Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 228 (in part).

Shell small, fusiform; apex acute; whorls seven, convex, slightly angular above; body-whorl
slightly ventricose; surface ornamented with about fourteen rounded, obliquely transverse ridges, and
several distinct, raised, spiral lines in the interspaces; suture quite deeply impressed; aperture sub-
elliptical; outer lip slightly thickened by lirated ridges on inner side; inner lip incrusted, smooth;
columella spirally sculptured externally; canal short, broad, recurved.

Dimeitsioiu.— hong. 10.2 mm.; lat. 5 mm.; body-whorl 7 mm.; aperture 5 mm.; defi.
47 degrees.

Distinguishable from ^4. corrugata by more ventricose body-whorl, relatively
longer columella and shorter spire, more angulated whorls, deeper suture and less
numerous but more oblique and larger transverse ridges. Specimen identified by
Dr. Dall.

Found in lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and uj)i)er San Pedro
series at Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos, and Deadman Island. Found also in the
Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — San Pedro (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 243

Family TAT. MURTCID.E.

Genus Murex Linne.

Shell ovate or oblong; spire prominent; whorls convex, crossed by three or more con-
tinuous varices; aperture ending below in a canal, which is generally partly closed.

Murex tenuispena Lam. is a characteristic species.

Subgenus Chicoreus Mont fort.

Shell ovate-pyriform; varices foliated and sometimes spinose; canal short, curved, wide,
nearly closed.

Murex adustus Lam. is a cliaracteristic species.

238. Murex (Chicoreus) leeanus D<(U.

Platf. VII, Fig. 1.

A/urex (Chicoreus) leearius Dall, Proc. U. vS. Nat. Mus., Vol. XII, 1890, p. 329, PI. VII, fig. i.

Shell large, strong, angular in outline; apex sharp; whorls five or six, angular, flat to con-
cave above; each whorl ornamented with three varices, which e.xtend out into long, rather sharp
spines; the varices toward the apex fall short of completing a whole whorl, so that they are slightly
spirally arranged; a faint node on angle between each pair of varices; surface sculptured with delicate
squamose, spiral cinguli, with chiseled grooves between; suture deeply impressed, wavy; aperture
elliptical; outer lip smooth; inner lip slightly projecting, smooth; canal long, narrow, slightly curved,
covered; older termini of canal visible on pillar at left of canal.

Dimensions. — Long. 55 mm.; lat. 43 mm.; body-whorl 47 mm.; aperture 17 mm.

A large, showy shell, easily distinguishable by the long, sharp varical spines.
Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro and Crawfish George's. The
drawing of this si)ecies is a composite, and was made from two imperfect specimens
from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, which are now in the collection of
Delos Arnold.

Xii'in^.-^Cerros Island, off Lower California (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

239. Murex (Chicoreus?) trialatus Sowerby.

Murex trialalus Sbv., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1840, p. 143. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 113,

PI. XXXIV, fig. 372, 1880.
Murex califoriiicus Hds., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 128. Voyage Sulphur, PI. Ill, figs. 9 and 10,

1844. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 113, PI. XXXIV, fig. 375: PI. XXXV,

fig. 287, 1880.
Muricidea californica Hds., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 663. Gabb, Pal. Cal., V^ol. II,

p. 69, 1869.

Shell small, fusiform; spire elevated, subacute; whorls five, convex; body- whorl over three-
fourths length of shell; varices three, thick and rounded, elevated on angle of whorl to sharp,

'2\i CAMl'dKNlA ACADKMY OF SC^IENCM.

prominent nodes; a single, less prominent, rounded node on angle between each jxiir of varices;
spiral sculpture of fme raised lines, with fine incremental liruhi' in the interspaces; aperture ovate;
canal long, narrow, slightly recurved, and generally covered by overgrowing sides; lower jiart of
columella slightly widened; outer lip thickened by varix, smooth inner surface; inner lip slightly
raiseil and smoothly enameled.

Ih'iiit-tisions. — Long. 38 mm.; lat. 21.5 mm.; body whorl 30 mm.; ajjcrturc 22.5 mm.; canal
1 1 mm.; defl. 60 degrees.

Kaio in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Deadman Isliiml, iiml Craw-
fish George's.

Living. — BaidinasBay to San Diego (Carpenter) : Tiower r'alitornia (ITciii|iliiin.
J^leisloccne. — San Pedro (Arnolds

Subgenus Pteronotus Smainson.
Shell triangular; varices fin-like or foliated; canal moderate, closed, somewhat curved.
Murex trigonulns Lam. is a characteristic species.

240. Murex (Pteronotus) festivus Hinds.

Murex festivus Hds., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 127; Voyage Sulphur, p. 9, PL III, figs. 13 and

14, 1844. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 116, PI. XXXV, fig. 383, 1880.
PleronohiS festivus Hds., Cpr., Brit. A.ssn. Rcpt., 1863, p. 663. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 70.

1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 261. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst.

Sci., Vol. Ill, Part I, 1890, p. 142. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 22, fig. 3, 1892.

Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 216.

Shell of moderate size, fusiform; spire elevated, short; whorls si.x, subangulate, crossed by
three prominent, reflexed, frill-like varices; a single rounded node between each set of varices;
numerous spiral lines, which are almost obsolete, ornament the intervarical .spaces; suture deeply
impressed; aperture pyriform; outer and inner lips smooth; canal long, narrow, slightly curved;
columella squamose on outside, widened slightly.

Dimensions. — Long. 40 mm.; lat. 21 mm.; body-whorl 31 mm.; aperture, not including
canal, 12 mm.; canal 11 mm.; defl. 65 degrees.

This species is characterized by the sharp, frill-like varices said by Dr. Dall
to resemble quite c\osQ\y P. textilis Gabb, of the Miocene of San Domingo and Hayti,
and the Pliocene of Florida.

Hare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadraun Island; not uncommon in the
upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Crawfish George's, San Pedro and Los
Cerritos. Found also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — San Pedro to San Diego; Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Subgenus Pterorhjrtis Conrad.

Varices wing-like; aperture usually dentate within the outer lip, with a produced tooth
near its base.

Type, Murex nuttalli Conrad.

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIGUAl'HY OV SAN PEDBO. 245

241. Murex (Pterorhytis) foliatus Marlyn.

Cerosioma folialum Maktvn, Univ. Conch., No. 66, PI. XXIV, fig. i, 1784. CPR., Brit. Assn.

Rept., 1863, p. 663. Keep, Common Sea Shells, V\. XIV, tig. 5, 18S1; West Coast

Shells, p. 27, 1892.
Murex folialus Mart., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 113, Pi. XXXIV, figs. 370, 371, 373, 1880.
Pterorhylis foliatus Mart., Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 24.

Shell small, broadly fusiform, with extended varices; spire elevated, subacute; whorls three
to four; varices three, widely e.xpanded, foliated on anterior side; one prominent node on convex
surface of whorl between each set of varices; aperture subovate, with smooth outer and inner lip;
canal long, narrow, expanding anteriorly, generally covered by overgrowing lips.

Dimensions. — Long. 35 mm.; lat. 21 mm.; body-whorl 26.5 mm.; aperture 21 mm.;
canal 10 mm.

Distinguisliiible l)y llic \vini;'-liko, foliated varices. Tlie specimen described
was too poor to figure.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen found.

Living. — Vanconver to Oregon (Carpenter): Sitka to Santa Barbara; Asia
(Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): Puget Sound; San Diego; Santa Barbara
Islands (Carpenter): San Joaquin Bay, Orange County (Bowers).

242. Murex (Pterorhytis) nuttalli Conrad.

Cerosioma nuttalli Con., Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 264, PI. XX, fig. 22. Cpr.,
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 229; Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 663. Tryon, Struct, and Syst.
Conch., Vol. II, p. 105, PI. XLIII, fig. 8, 1883. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 233. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 26, fig. 8, 1892.

Pterorhytis nuttalli CoN., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 215.

Shell of medium size, heavy, thick; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, convex, each with
three prominent varices, which are rather smooth behind, but showing their lamellar structure in
front; each varix is connected with the analogous varix on the preceding whorl, but the varices being
slightly less than one-third of a revolution apart cause the radiating ridges formed by the connected
varices to be spirally twisted; intervarical spaces prominently spirally ribbed, the ribs extending on
to the backs of the varices; seven or eight prominent spiral ribs on the body-whorls; aperture ellip-
tical; outer lip with eight or nine internal teeth, each corresponding to one of the external sulcations
of the body-whorl; sometimes with prominent tooth near anterior portion of outer lip; inner lip
smooth; canal rather short, covered; lower portion of columella expanded, rough, subpunctate.

Dimensions. — Long. 65 mm.; lat. 34 mm.; body-whorl 50mm.; aperture 25 mm.; canal
14 mm.

This species may be only a variety of P. foliatus Mart. It is distinguishable
from the latter species by the greater prominence of its spiral sculpture, and its
lower varices.

Rare in upper San Pedro series at Dead man Island and Los Cerritos.

Living. — Baulinas Bay to San Diego (Cooper).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego (Cooper).

2-l<5 I'ALIl'OKNIA ACADEMY OF SflRNCKS.

243. Murex (Pterorhytis) monoceros Suircvby.

Afurex monoceros Shy., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S40, p. 143. Tryon, Man. Conch , Vol. II, p. 115,

PI. XXXV, fitjs. 3SS, 389, iSSo.
Miiricidea (^Phylloyiotus) paucivarkata Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, ]). 43, PI. Xl\', tig. i, 1S69 (^fide

Tryon).
Afuricidea paucivaricata Gabb, Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 252 (^fide Tryon).

Shell moderate in size, fusiform; spire nearly as long as ai)ertiiri-; whorls seven, subangulated,
bearing eight or nine large, longitiulinal ribs which develop into prominent nodes on the angle;
suture irregular, appressed, distinct; aperture ovate; canal rather short, narrow, recurved, and often
overgrown by two lips; outer lip thickened, denticulated with four sharp teeth; inner lip slightly
projecting, smooth, incrusted; columella widened; varices two or three, never prominent, sometimes
obsolete; numerous small revolving ribs crossed by small squamosa plates; body-whorl sometimes
ornamented with five or si.\, quite prominent, rounded, spiral ridges.

Dimensions. — Long. 46 mm.; lat. 23 mm.; body-whorl 32 mm,; aiK-rliirc, including canal,
26 mm.; canal 9 mm.; defl. 50 degrees.

Distingiiislia})le from M. californica by dcnticnliitcd outer lip, lack of varices,
thicker .'^liell, and generally larger size. Originally de-scribod from Pleistocene
specimen.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Living. — Lower California?

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Diego (Cooi)er) : San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Monoceros Lamarck.

Shell ovate; last whorl large; spire rather elevated; aperture semilunar; inner \\p wide and
flattened; outer lip crenated, with a prominent tooth usually at the forepart.

Monoceros lugiihre Sowb. is a characteristic sj)ecies.

244. Monoceros engonatum Conrad.

Monoceros engonahnn Con., Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII, 1837, p. 264, PI. XX, fig. 17.
Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 663. Gabb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II, p. 75, 1869. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 195, PI. LXI, figs. 304, 1880. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 251. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 29, fig. 10, 1892. Willi-
amson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 214.

Monoceros unicarinatum RvE., Icon. Conch., Sp. i.

Shell of medium size, fusiform; whorls si.\, angular, flattened to concave above and below;
spirally sulcata, sulci with tranverse lamellar striae; suture deeply appressed, distinct; aperture sub-
elliptical; outer lip effuse, dentate within; inner lip slightly flattened, smooth; canal deep, narrow,
recurved; pillar twisted, squamose.

Dimensions. — Long. 40 mm. ; lat. 20 mm.; body-whorl, 30.5 mm.; aperture 24 mm.; defl.
55 degrees.

This is a variable species. Specimens showing the scaly surface of var.
spirntum grade over into tiie smooth form; the sharp-keeled forms merge into those
which approach very near to J/, lapilloides. Some specimens have thin and smooth

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATKiKAlMlY OF SAN PEDRO. 247

oiilor lip.s, while others are Htronj;ly dentate. Of tll'ty spcciineiis from tlie San Pedro
Pleistocene only three have the characteristic tooth developed, thus sliowinj:; that in
these earlier forms this distinguishing characteristic was only occasional. The
scaly .specimens are generally the strongest keeled. This latter form is the var.
spiratam of I'lainvillc.

Found in all of the lower and upper Han Pedro series localities in the vicinity
of San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura; and at
Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Baulinas Bay to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleidocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Cooper): Lake Merced, San Mateo
County; San Pedro; San Diego; Ventura (Arnold).

245. Monoceros lapilloides Conrad.

Purpura {Motioceros) lapilloides Con., Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., \'ol. VII, 1837, p. 265, PL XX,

fig. 18.
Monoceros lapilloides CoN., = M. punctatum Gray, -\- M. brevidcns Con. {fide Cpr., Brit. Assn.

Rept., 1863, p. 663). Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 28, fig. 9, 1892. Cooper, Bull.

No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, 1894, Part 3, p. 28.

Shell of medium size, purpuroid-shaped; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls four, very
slightly convex; surface ornamented witii nearly obsolete spiral cinguli and nearly obsolete, irregular,
wavy, transverse ridges; suture impressed, indistinct; aperture subovate; outer lip thickened, dentate;
inner lip flattened, smooth; canal short.

Dimensio7is. — Long. 20.5 mm.; lat. 13 mm.; body-whorl 18 mm.; aperture 14 mm.; dctl.
67 degrees.

The specimen described shows the reddish color of the live shells. Distin-
guishable from J/, engonatuvi by much shorter spire, broader and shorter pillar, and
much less angular whorls; distinguishable from Purpura sa.dcoln by relatively larger
spire, narrower aperture, dentate outer lip and spiral cinguli.

Raz'e in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Carpenter): Monterey (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): Ventura County (Bowers).

Genus Chorus Gray.

Shell laminately varicose; spinose on the shoulder; canal rather long; outer lip with a spine
as in Monoceros.

Type, Chorus belcheri Hinds.

246. Chorus belcheri Hinds.

Murcx belcheri Hds., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S43, p. 127; Voyage .Sulphur, PI. II, figs. 1-3, 1844.

Pfeiffer, Nov. Conch., Ser. II, p. 35, PI. X, figs. 6, 7.
Chorus belcheri Hds., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 663. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 198,

PI. LXI, fig. 309, 1880; Syst. Conch., Vol. II, p. 114, PI. XLV, figs. 43, 44, 1883.

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 235. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 25,

fig. 7, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 216.

248 CALII'DKNIA ACADKMY OF SCI1CNCE8.

Shell large, broadly fusiform; spire slightly elevated; whorls five, sharply angiiiatcil, with
eight or nine nearly obsolete varices which rise to prominent blunt nodes or spines on tlie angle of
whorl; incremental lines prominent; spiral liration on upper whorls; suture in)i)ressed, distinct;
aperture ovate; outer lip not thickened, effuse; inner lip incrusted; columella widened; umbilicus
perforate; canal long, narrow, curved backwards.

Dinuitsioits. — Long. 90 mm.; lat. 62 mm.; boily-whorl 7S mm.; ajjcrturc 40 mm.; canal
25 mm.; defl. 95 degrees.

A beautiful shell, one of the lai-gest gastrojiods found in this formation.

Rare in npiier San Pedro series at Crawfi.sh CJeorge's, Los Cerritos, and San
IVdro. Found also in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura.

Living. — Catalina Island to San Diego; Lower California (Coo[)er) : Sitka
(Carpenter): .lapan (Tryon).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold): Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

Genus Eupleura //. X- A. Adams.

Shell ranellitbrm, with a pair of lateral varices, one on either side, and intermediate smaller
varices; aperture dentate within.

Eupleura caudata Say is a characteristic species.

247. Eupleura muriciformis llrudcrij).

Plate IX, Fic. 16.

Ranella muriciformis Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1832, p. 179. Rve., Conch. Icon., Ranclla, PI. \'II,

fig. 34, 1844.
Ranella plica/a RvE., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S44, p. 13S; Conch. Icon., Ranella, PI. VII, fig. 33, 1844.
Ratiella triquetra RvE., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1844, p. 139; Conch. Icon., Rariella, PI. VII^ fig. 41,

1844. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Re()t., 1863, p. 667; 1856, p. 201. Gari!, Pal., Vol. II,

p. 73, 1S69. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 262.
Eupleura muriciformis Brod., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 182. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II,

p. 168. PI. XXXIX, figs. 501, 502, 504, 505, 1880. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci.,

Vol. Ill, Part I, X890, p. 145.
Eupleura 7tiuriciformis (van?) unispinosa Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, p. 174,

PI. VI, fig. 5.

Shell of medium size, quite broadly fusiform, solid; spire elevated; whorls five, subangular
at lower one-third, concave to straight above, convex below; whorls crossed by varices at every two-
thirds revolution, the two varices on the body- whorl and the ne.xt varix posterior to these are
prominent, the others being obsolete in most cases; the varices are generally thin, webbed, and with
six obsolete spines; the spine at the shoulder is the most prominent, but the second spine, counting
forward, is the one corresponding to the axis of the intervarical nodes; the web between the shoulder
spine and the suture is bent forward; spiral ridges correspond to each spine; four nodes on angle of
whorl between each pair of varices; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture elliptical; outer lip
thickened by six dentiform calluses, one each between each pair of external spiral ridges; canal long,
narrow, nearly straight.

Dimensions. — Long. 25.5 mm.: lat. 14 mm.; body-whorl 20.5 mm.; aperture, including
canal, 17.5 mm.; canal 7 mm.; defl. 70 degrees.

AliNOI.Ii niK I'AI.KOSTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 249

Tlie piovailiiii^- type of tliu San Pcdio fossil specimens does not correspond
exactly lo any of the ik\scri[)tions of tiie living varieties of this species as {^iven by
Dr. I>all ill the paper cited above. It comes nearest to var. uiiispinosn, differing
iroin that fiiini liy having a straight canal. 'I'lic name vnv. jileistocenensis is suggested
for the San I'cdro fossil foian.

liare in the u[)per San Tedio series of San I'edro; one specimen from lower
San Pedro series at Deadman Island. Fonnd also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-
sixtii Street, San Diego. The specimen figured is fium the upper San Pedro series
at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos AiiinM.

JAcing. — California to \'cne/.iiela (J)all).

Pki»tocene. — San Petiro (Arnold): San Diego (Dall; Cooper; Arnold):
Pacific coast of Lower California; head of tlic(!ulf of California (Dall).

248. Eupleura muriciformis var. curta, var. iiov.

Pl.ATK VIII, I'u:. 9.

Shell small, broadly fusilbrm; whorls I'uur, angular, Hat above, convex below; two sharp
spiral ridj>es on upper whorls, si.x on body-whorl correspondinjj to obsolete spines on varix; one
prominent varix on body-whorl, other varices obsolete; whorls crossed by prominent, narrow,
routided ridije.s, of which there are twelve on the penultimate whorl; aperture elliptical; outer lip
thickened by a row of six denticles; inner lip smooth, projecting; canal short, narrow.

Dimensio>is. — Long. 15 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; body-whorl 11 mm.; aperture, including canal,
9.5 mm.; canal 2.2 mm.; defl. 65 degrees.

DifTers from /:,'. iituricifoni/ix in having ob.solete varices, transverse ridges
in.stead of nodes, inncii shorter canal, and in general much stronger sculpture.

The type, which is figured, is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro,
and is now in the United States National !\riiscum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Trophon Montforl.

Varices numerous, lamcllitorm or laciniated; s[)ire prominent; aperture ovate; canal open,
usually turned lo llic Icit; shell uhitc, often dark colored within the a])ertuie.

2ropho7i clntliniliif^ Linn, is a characteristic species.

Subgenus Boreotrophon Fischer.

249. Trophon (Boreotrophon) cerritensis, sp. uov.

Platk VI, Fig. 6.

Shell of medium size, elongate-fusiform, heavy; whorls six, angular, with angle in middle,
crossed by about eighteen strong, tran.svcrse ribs; lower portion of whorls ornamented with two or
three strong, spiral ridges, one of which is on the angle, the two systems of ridges giving a can-
cellated surlace; body- whorl and columella cancellated; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture

( 3.> ) Marv h JJ. 1903.

2">() lAMlOKNlA AfAKlMY Dl' Si lliNCKS.

elliptical; outer lip lliickt-nftl, smooth within; iiiiuT lip incrustcd, smootli; cohimclla only faintly
sqimniose, curvi-tl and slightly twisted; canal ratluT short, narrow.

Pi^iffisions. — \.(tn^. 33 mm. ; lat. 15 mm.; body-whorl 23 mm.; aperture, including canal,
i,S mm.; canal 7 mm.; detl. 44 degrees.

'I'ln' liiijii'st of the Trophonn so far fotmd in tlii.s locality. I'lic adult of litis
slii'll resfml)U'.s var. /tnicnrnor, hut is (listiiij;iiishai)l(' ffom that species hy its larger
size, heavier sliell, more proiniiieiit spiral ridges, |)r()porti()iially shorter canal, and in
haviiii; tlie angle near tin- niiddic of ilic wliml, !:itlicr than posterior to lln' middle;
distingnishahle from T. Ktnditi hy heavier shell, more inimerons and much heavier,
lower and mi>re rounded, tratisverse ridges, shorter canal, and hy having the angle in
the middle of the whorl. The young of 7'. ceirik'nsis resemhle.s 7'. pcdrnnna .some-
what, hill tiiay he distingiii.siied from that species hy its heavier shell, ntore depressed
outline and much shorter canal. Ait adult found at Los Cerritos lias fewer transverse
ridges and a higher angle than the type. Type from lower San Pedro series of
Deadman Island. Said i)y Dr. Dall to he tiear T. rratic/i/'i/>i>i Fahricins.

One adult specimen (type) and live jtitiiors fotind in lower San Pedro serie.s
at Deadittait Islatid; one specimeit fiditt Los Cerritos in ui^per San Pedro series.
The specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at
Deadman Island, and is now in tlie Uttitcd Slates Natiotial Musetiiti.

Pleistocene. — San I'ldio (.\titold).

250. Trophon (Boreotrophon) gracilis Perry.

I'l.A-ri; VI, Fig. 8.

Polyplex gracilis Pickkv, Coiuii , I'i. IX, lig. 4.

Tropkon iiiit/lifoslatus (mA i>i\\'nUH.) GwiK. Va\. C;i\.,\o\. II. p. 70, 1869 (in part). Cooper, 7th
Ann. Kept. Cal. St. Miii., 1S88, p. 268 (in pan;.

Shell of medium size, (u-.iforni; sp're elevated; whorls five or si.x, sharply angular, crossed
by eight or nine frill-like varices, which fle.x forward and are only slightly coronate on angle; surface
smooth; suture deeply impressed, giving tabulate appearance to upper p.irt of whorl; a[)erturi
elliptical; outer lip efTuse, smooth within; inner lip smooth; columella long, slightly twisted; canal
long, narrow, recurved.

Dimensions. — Long. 26 mm.; hit. 13 mm.; Ijody-wlioil 19 5 mm ; aperture 16.2 mm.; canal
7.7 mm.; defl. 62 degrees.

Distingui.shahlc hy frill-like varices and lack of spiral sculpture. Specimens
identified h}' Dr. Dall. This species is the 7'. mvlticostatufi of most western col-
lectors. It differs from that species in having fewer, but more prominent varices,
and in being a broader shell.

Rare in Pliocene and lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island. Foiitid
also in the Pleistocene at bath-house, Santa Barbara. The specimen figured is from
the I'lioeene of Deadman Island, and is now iti the collection of Delos Arnold.

JAring. — Circumpolar; Sitka to Monterey (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper; Arnold): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOCY AND STUATKlUArHY OF SAN I'EDKO. '2'>\

251. Trophon (Boreotrophoni multicostatus /Cxclisihullz.

I'LATK. VI, l>'l(i. !).

Murex multicostatus Esru., Zool. Atlas, Vol. II, \>. 11. I'l. IX, fijr. 4, 1.S29. Kuster, yl///r<'jr,

p. 45, PI. XVI II, figs. 3 and 6. 1837.
Trophon viii/tkostatiis P^scH., H. & A. Adams, ("k-ii. Ric. Moll., XOJ. 1. p. 77. Cpk., Hrit. Assn.

Rcpt., 1863, p. 663 (in part). TkVON, Man. Comii., Vol. II. p. 141, PI. XXXI, fig.

316, 1880. Cooi'Kk, 7th Ann. Kept. Cal. St. Min., 1S88, p. 269 (in pari). Keep,

West Coast -SliL-Jls, p. 21, 1892 1 in part).

Shell small, rusitonn; whorls five, angular above, with twelve to fourteen raised varices; no
spiral sculpture: aperture subclliptical; outer lip not effuse; inner lip smooth; canal short, slightly
curved.

Dimnisions. — Long. 10.5 mm.; lal. 4.5 mm.; body-whorl 7 mm.; aperture, iiuluding canal,
5 mm.; canal i mm ; defl. 40 degrees.

Till' sliell (lescfil)e(l is a small niio. Distiii,niiislial)l(! t'foiii T. grari/l:< by
having larger iitiiuber of varices, less pi-oiiiiiieiit varices, inore slender shell, a less
efftise outer lip, and less sharply aiigulated whorls. Identified as "7'. multicostntiis
var.?" by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadtnan Island, and in upper San
Pedro series at Han Pedro. The specimen fignred is frotn the lower San Pedro series
at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Sitka to Monterey; circnmpolar (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (ArnoKI)..

252. Trophon (Boreotrophon) pedroana, sp. nov.

Pl.vtk VI, Fic. 1-2.

Siiell small, elongate-fusiform, thin; spire elevated, acute; whorls si.K, convex, with very
slight angle about one-third width from posterior margin; body-whorl slightly ventricose; whorls
ornamented with about fourteen slightly raised, rounded transverse ridges, and two faint spiral
ridges, one of which is on the angle of whorl; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture semiovate;
outer lip thin, not effuse; inner lip smooth; columella long and slender, smooth; canal long, narrow,
nearly straight.

Dimensions. — Long. 12 mm.; lat. 4.8 mm.; body-whorl 9 mm.; aperture, including canal,
7 mm.; canal 3 mm.; detl. 35 degrees.

The thinnest, most delicate of the Trophoitx of llii- locality. Distinguishable
from var. prcnoirsor by thinness, le.^s angulation of whorls, less prominence of
sctilpture, and sitnple outer li[); distingtiishable from 7'. scdlarifonnis by its thinness,
narrowness, and spiral lines; distingiiisiialile from 7'. dif^p'd'i/iK Dall by smaller size,
more numerous whorls, and mure pr((miii(iil transverse sculpture.

Pronounced a new species liy Dr. Dall, who also says that it is near ?'. dis-
p(irili!<, which has been dredged at (iiay's Ilariior, Alaska.

Rather common in the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro and Deadman
Island; found also in upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's. The specimen

252 CALIKDHNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

fii^mvil is the type, wliicli cnine from tlio lower f^aii Pedro series at Dcadiinm Island,
and is now in the United Stales National Miisenni.
/'A /s/(»7'H(!. — San Pedro (Arnold).

253. Trophon (Boreotrophon) scalariformis (!,>iil,l.

Platk VI, I'lc. Id.

Fusus scalariformis Gld. , Invert. Mass., p. 288, fig. 208.
Trophon scalariformis Gld., Tryon, Man. Concli., Vol. II, p. \.\\. I'l XXXI, fij>:. 314, 1880.

Shell small, iusiform, spire elevated, subacute; wliorls I'niir or five, convex, crossed by about
thirteen prominent rounded ribs, most prominent in middle of whorl; body-wiiorl ventricose;
suture impressed, distinct; aperture broadly ovate; outer li|) slightly effuse; inner lip curved,
smooth; columella lonp, rather narrow, curved, smooth; canal of medimn leny;th, narrow.

Dimensions. — Long. 16 mm.; lat. 7.5 mm. ; body-whorl 10.5 mm.; aperture, including canal,
S mm.; canal 3 mm.; defl. 44 degrees.

Somewhat resembles T. muUicostatna, but is distingui.?hable by lack of angula-
tion in whorls, longer columella and canal, but rather more ventricose body-whorl;
easily distinguishiible from 7'. pcclronnn by more depressed aspect of shell and lack
of spiral lines. Very faint spiral lines .sometimes visil)le. Specimens itientified by
Dr. Dall.

Rather common in lower San Pedro series, rare in Pliocene of Deadman
Island; found in the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro; and in the u|)])er San
Pedro series at Crawfish George's. The si:)ecimen figured is from the lower San
Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Circuraboreal. (Julf of St. Lawrence.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

254. Trophon (Boreotrophon) stuarti Smifh.

I'l.ATK. VI, Fic. A.

Trophon s/uar/i Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1880, p. 481, PI. XLVIII, fig. 6.

Trophon orpheits Gld., Cpr., Brit. Assn Rept., 1863, p. 663 (in part). Tryon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. II, p. 139, PI. XXXI, fig. 310, 1880 (in part). Coopkk, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. vSt.

Min., 1888, p. 268 (in part). Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 21, 1892 (in part).

Shell of medium size, fusiform; spire elevated, acute; whorls seven, sharply angular, crossed
by nine to eleven frill-like varices which rise to .sharp points on angle; whorls ornamented with two
to three sharp, spiral ridges, one of which revolves on angle; aperture semielliptical; outer lip
thickened, smooth within; inner lip incrusted, projecting; columella long, twisted, squamose; canal
long, narrow, slightly curved.

Dimensiofis. — Long. 30 mm.; lat. 13 mm.; body -whorl 2 mm.; ai)erture, including canal
16.5 mm.; canal 8 mm.; defl. 52 degrees.

Distinguishable by prominent, frill-like varices and sharp spiral lines, which
give latticed appearance. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

ARNOLD — THU PALKONTOLOdY AND STKATKiUAPH Y OF SAN PEDIIO. 253

Ivarc ill IMiocenc f»t I )(';iiliiiaii Islaiul and riiiiiii's Point; also reported from
lower S.iii IVdro series at Deadmaii Island. The specimen fifjiired is from the
Pliocene at Di-adman Tslaml, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

JAi-hiij.- Sitka (o Straits of Fuca; Wa.sliington (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Dieijo w(dl (Dall).

255. Trophon (Boreotrophon) stuarti .s'/k/V// var. praecursor, var. nov.

I'l.ATK VI, Fuj. 5.

Shell snuill, clonq^atf-fusitorm: spire elevated, acute; whorls .si.x or seven, angulated above,
crossed by^lbo^lt fifteen sharp varices, and with two shari> spiral lines; suture deeply impresseil
distinct; aperture subelliptical; outer lip effuse, smooth; inner li]) smooth; columella long, straight,
nearly smooth; canal long, narrow, very slightly curved.

Dimensions.— \Mn^. 15 mm.; lat. 5.5 mm.; botly-whorl 10 mm.; aperture, including canal,
8 mm.; canal 4.2 mm.; defl. 35 degrees.

I)istin_n'iii.slialde from T. stnartl by smaller size, less prominent transverse
frills and spiral lines, and slenderer form; distinguisliable from 7\ dit^pnrilis by much
more sharply defined sculpture and more angiilated whorls. Pronounced var. prre-
cui-snr of .7'. stiiard by Dr. Dall. Type from Pliocene of Deadman Island.

Not uncommon in Pliocene and lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island.
Found also in IMcistocene at i)ath-house, Santa Barbara. 'I'he specimen figured is
the ty]tc, wiiicli was found in the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now in the
collection of Delos Arnold.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

256. Trophon (Boreotrophon) tenuisculptus Carpenter.

Troplion tcnuisculplus Cpr., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XVII, 1866, p. 277. Gabb, Pal.
Cal., Vol. II, p. 70, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 139, PL XXXIII, fig. 359,
1880. Cooper, 7tli Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., iSSS, p. 268.

.Slifll small, fusiform; whorls live, angulated above, forming a slightly sloping, tabular band
above; ornamentations of numerous transverse ridges and several spiral lines; suture deeply
impressed; aperture elliptical; outer li[) thin: inner lip incrusted, smooth; canal narrow; columella
long, twisted.

Dimensions of a Young Specimen. — Long. 14.5 mm.; lat. 6.1 mm.; body-whorl 10 mm.;
aperture and canal S mm.; canal 4.5 mm. ; defl. 50 degrees.

Distinguishable by numerous transverse ridges, which are more numerous
than in any other member of this genus found in this locality. Type of species
from Pleistocene of Santa Barbara. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in Pliocene of San Pedro district.

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Carpenter).
Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

2,")4 ( ALIKilUNIA AlADKMV Ol" SCIKNCKS.

257. Trophon (Boreotrophon) triangulatus Curpenter.

Tioplwn Iriiingulaliis Ci'R., Brit Assn. Kept., 1S63, p. 663; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1865,
p. 224. Tkyon, Man. Coiuh., \'ol. II, ji 42. 18S0. Coopfr, ytli Ann. RejiLCal. St.
Min., 1SS8, p. 26S.

Tiophou ( Jiotfotrop/ion) Iriangu/iiliis Cl'K., Dali., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. \'ol. XIV, 1S91, |>. iSO,
PI. V, fijjs. I. 3 anil 6; Vol. XV, 1892, ji. 216.

"Whorls about seven, tlie nuclear lost; varices si.x In tin- wliorl, stronj;, wide, thincilfied,
with ijuttered spines which have their hinder edge rounded; surface with strongly marked lines of
jirowtli and hall" obsolete, fine, irregular, spiral scratches, stronjjest on the body and almost wholly
wantini; between the suture ami the spines; the aperture in some specimens might be denticulate.

" Pimetisions. — Long. 75 mm.: lat. 50 mm.; aperture 56 mm."

As the only shell t'oiiiid in ilio Pleistocene was an extremely yoiinii !""' worn
specimen, the above, taken tioni a ilesciiiition hy Dr. Dail (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XIV, p. lyO), is inserted. The IMeistocene specimen inoasnres \) mm. in
length, ami has nine varices. The young of this species is distinguishahlc from tiie
young of T. gracU'iK hy having a shorter canal and less prominent varices.

Rare in lower 8an Pedro scries of De:ulm;in Island.

Living. — Santa Cruz T.-^land to Catalina; Lower California (Cooper): San
Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Ocinebra Le.ach.

Shell small, with numerous varices which are foliated and often spinose; spiral sculpture;
canal more or less closed.

Ocinebra erinaceus Linn, is a characteristic species.
258. Ocinebra barbarensis Gabb.

Plate V, Fio. 1.

Murex barbarensis Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. III. 1865, p. 183.

Muricidea barbarensis Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 69. 1869.

Ocinebra barbarensis Gabb, Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, ]i. 124, 1880.

Shell small, fusiform; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four or five, sharply angulated, flat
or concave above, slightly conve.\ below, ornamented with five to nine rather sharp, transverse
ridges, which rise to a sharp, recurved process on angle, and by numerous strong, squamose, revolv-
ing ridges; suture very deeply appressed, giving spire a stairca.se appearance; aperture subelliptical;
outer lip thickened, denticulated; inner lip incrusted, projecting slightly; canal short, narrow, gener-
ally covered; columella slightly widened and twisted.

Dimensions. — Long. 19 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; body-whorl 15 mm.; aperture, including canal,
II mm.; canal 5 mm.; defl. 60 degrees.

Distinguishable from O.perita by more prominent processes on angle of whorl,
more prominent spiral ridges, deeper appressed suture, and more taljulated upper
portion of whorl. Specimens identified by Dr. Dail.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTULOfJY AND STKATKiKAPHY OF SAN PEDUO. 255

Itaic ill llic lower 8;m Pedro scries ;it S;iii Petlro :iiiil Deiidnian Isljiiid.
KountI ;il.-o ill llie Pleistocene ;il S;iiita iJarbaia. 'I'lie specimen figured i.s from
tlie lower San Pedro series at Deadraan Island, and is now in the collection of
Delos Arnold.

Living. — Catalina Island; Santa Barbara Cliannel (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (fJabh; Arnold): S:iii Pedro (Arnold).

259. Ocinebra foveolata lliml^.

Afiire.x foveola/a Hds., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 127; Voyage Sulphur, p. 9, No. 13, PI. III. fij:s.
15,16, 1844. Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 205. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II,

p. 125, PI. XXXVI n. fig. 465, 18S0.

Muricidea foveolata Hds., CooFiiK, ytli Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 252.
Ocinebra foveolata Hds., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 215.

Shell of medium size, fusiform; spire elevated; whorls si.\, angulated, with six or seven
prominent, rounded, transverse ribs tiiat rise to the prominence of nodes on the angle of the whorl:
surf.icc ornamented with numerous clear-cut, rather squarish, raised lines, and incremental lirujje in
the interspaces; suture deeply appressed, wavy: aperture subpyriform; outer lip thickened, denticu-
l.iled; inner lip incrusted, smooth; canal long, narrow, slightly curved; columella not perceptibly
witiene(.l; umbilicus subperforate.

Dimensions. — Long. 35 mm.; lat. 17 mm.; body-whorl 28 mm.; aperture, including canal,
30 mm.; canal 9 mm.; defl. 60 degrees.

Distinguishable b\' the broad, prominent, transverse ridges which rise to
rounded nodes rather than to sharp points, as in some other members of the genus,
and by the deep suture and rather long, narrow form of the shell. Specimen identi-
fied Ity Dr. Dull. Specimens of 0. jierita in the State Museum collection of fossils at
Berkeley are labeled "'0. foceolnta."

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one imperfect specimen found.

Living. — Bauliiia^ Bay to Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

260. Ocinebra interfossa Carpenter.

Ocinebra interfossa QvK. , Brit. Assn. Rept, 1863, p. 663. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 70, 1869.
Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 131, PI. XXXIX, fig. 484, 1880. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 254. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 24, fig. 5, 1892.
Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1S92, p. 215.

Shell small, broadly fusiform; spire elevated, subacute; whorls five or si.x, angulated above;
surface sculptured with numerous transverse and spiral ridges of nearly equal prominence, giving the
surface a latticed appearance; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture subovate; outer lip
thickened, slightly denticulated; inner lip smooth, incrusted; canal short, generally covered;
columella twisted, squamose; umbilicus subperforate.

Dimensiotis. — Long. 13 mm.; lat. 7.2 mm.; body-whorl 10 mm.; aperture, including canal,
7 5 mm.; canal 2.5 mm.; defl. 55 degrees.

Distinguishable from other members of genus by .strong, latticed sculpture,
short canal and small size. Identified by Dr. Dall.

2"»6 (AMKOKN'IA AIADKMY OF SCIKNTES.

KalluT oomnidii in ii|i]i('i' San I'cdro set'ies atSiiii I'cdro; (nic in I'liufciH' at
Doatlinan Island; fonnd alx) in l-dWciSun Tcdro series at |)radnian l>land ami San
Pedro, and in tliu iii>|n.'r San Pt'dri) surit's at Crawlisli (ioui-gc's ami headman Island.
Found also in tiie Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, >San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; San J)iego (^Arnolil).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

261. Ocinebra keepi, sp. nov.

Plate V, Fiu. i).

Shell of medium size, fusiform; spire elevated, subacute; whorls live to six, strongly anjju-
lated above, giving a tabulate appearance to upper portion; whorls crossed by about seven sharp
frills, which fle.x forward, and rise to prominent points on the angle; anterior portion of whorl
ornamented with five or six strong, rough, subangular spiral lines, more prominent on lower
portion of w'horl; posterior ])ortion of whorl smooth between frills, except near suture, where the
surface is roughened ijy laminated, incremental lines; suture deeply appressed, undulating, distinct;
aperture subelliptical; outer lip thickened and slightly denticulated; inner lip enameled, slightly
projecting; columella twisted, squamose, only slightly widened; uniisilicus subperforate; canal of
medium length, narrow, sometimes covered with overgrowing lips.

Dimensions. — Long. 35.5 mm.; alt. 21 mm.; body-whorl 26.5 mm.; ajjerture 20 mm.; canal
7.5 mm.; defl. 56 degrees.

Distinguishable from other members of the genus l)y the transverse frills.
The type specimen shows tlie original reddish brown color. Pronounced a new
species by Dr. Dall. Named in honor of Profcs.sor Josiah Keep of Mills College,
who has done so much toward advancing the study of couchology on the Pacific Coast.

Rare in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro; ty[)e specimen found at Dead-
man Island in the upper San Pedro conglomerate. The specimen figured is the
type, which is now in the United States National Museum. One sjiecimeii from the
upper San Pedro series at the lumber yard, San Pedro.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

262. Ocinebra lurida .Miilili'iulorf.

Tritoniuni luridum MiDD., Mai. Ross., Pi. il., p. 150, PI. IV., figs. 4, 5, 1849.

Ocinebra hirida Midd., Cpr., Brit. As.sn. Rept., 1S63. p. 663. Gabij. Pal. Cal., Vol. II., p. 70, ICS69.
Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol II . p. 131, PI. XXXIX, figs. 481, 485, 188S. Keep, West
Coast Shells, p. 23, fig. 4, 1892. WiLi.iAMSt).^, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu.s. , Vol. XV,
1892, p. 215, PI. XX, fig. 3.

Shell of medium size, fusiform; whorls six, convex, slightly angulated near posterior margin;
upper whorls with several transverse ridges; surface ornamented with numerous rounded, raised
lines; suture deeply impressed, distinct; body-whorl not extraordinaril yventricose; aperture sub-
ovate; outer lip thickened, denticulated; inner li|) incrusted; columella widened; umbilicus subper-
forate; canal narrow, sometimes covered with overgrowing lips.

Dinunsions. — Long. 25 mm.; lat. 13.3 mm.; defl. 55 degrees.

AIJNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIOKAPU V (IF SAN PKUKO. 257

Distiiii^uisliable by luck of transverse ri(l,<!;es of any kind on hody-wliorl and
its antecedent whorl. >S[)ecimen identified by Dr. Dull.

Kure in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one deformed specimen from
Crawfish George's. Found in Pleistocene ut Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Sun Diego (Arnold).

263. Ocinebra lurida MidtL, vur. aspera Bavnl.

Pl.ATK V, FlC. 12.

Vitularia aspera Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 66.

Ocinebra lurida var. aspera Baird, Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 663. Tryon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. II, p. 131, 1880. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 254.

Shell of medium size, fusiform; whorls si.x, convex, with about nine prominent, rounded
transverse ribs; surface ornamented with numerous rounded, raised, spiral lines and fine incremental
lirukc in the interspaces; suture deeply impressed, distinct; body-whorl prominently ventricose, and
with transverse, rounded ridges which become obsolete on columella; aperture subovate; outer lip
thickened, denticulated; inner lip slightly flattened, incrusted; columella only slightly widened;
umbilicus subperforate; canal straight, narrow.

Dimensions. — Long. 27 mm.; lat. 14 mm.; body-whorl 20 mm.; aperture, including canal,
16 mm., canal 6 mm.; defl. 55 degrees.

Distinguishable from 0. lurida by more ventricose body-whorl, and by the
rounded ridges on the lower whorls, which are lacking in lurida. Specimens
identified by Dr. Dall.

Iluther common in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos,
Crawfish George's and Deadman Island; also found in the lower San Pedro series at
Deadman Island and San Pedro. Found in the Pleistocene at bath-house, Santa
Barbara; and irrigating ditch, Ventura. The specimen figured is from the upper
Sun Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Deios Arnold.

Living. — Sitka to Santa Barbara (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper): Sun Pedro (Arnold).

264. Ocinebra lurida Midd., var. cancellina PJdlippi.

Plate IX, Fio. 11.

Fiisus cancellinus Phil., Archiv. fiir Naturg, Bd. 1, 1S45, p. 67; Abbild., II, Fusus, PI. Ill, fig. 2.
Urosalpinx cancellinus Phil., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 154, PI. XXXIX, fig. 492, 1880.

Shell small, broadly fusiform; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, convex; body- whorl
ventricose; whorls crossed by about nine prominent, broad, rounded ribs, the interspaces ornamented
with prominent rounded, raised spiral lines, between which are numerous squamose incremental
liruke; suture not deeply impressed, rather indistinct, undulating; aperture subelliptical; outer lip
slightly twisted, squamose, not widened; canal short, rather broad, uncovered; umbilicus subperforate.

Dimensions. — Long. 22 mm.; lat. 12.5 mm.; aperture 12.5 mm.; canal 4 mm. ; defl. 62 degrees.

( 33 ) March 25, 1903.

258 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SCIliNCES.

Distiiiguishal)le by l)roiul ami depressed form, bioiid, rounded ridges, and
prominence of the spiral lines and incremental linihe. Speeinieii identified by
Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San I'edro series at Han I'edro. The t-peeinien figured is
from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now iu the United States
National Museum.

Living. — Straits of Magellan (Tryon).

Pleistocene. — Sau Pedro (Arnold).

265. Ocinebra lurida Miild., var. cerritensis, vur. nov.
Plate V, Fig. 5.

Shell small, broadly fusiform, heavy; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, convex, enlarj>;ing
rapidly from the first whorl; body-whorl ventricose; whorls crossed by about nine prominent, rather
narrow, rounded ribs, which extend to end of columella; interspaces ornamented with strong, raised,
spiral lines; suture impressed, not very distinct; aperture subelliptical; outer lip thickened, with a
row of about six prominent denticles; inner lip smooth, incrusted; columella not much widened,
abruptly truncated at end; umbilicus subperforate; canal short, straight, narrow.

Dimeiisiotis. — Long. 17 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; body-whorl 14.5 mm.; aperture 11 mm.; canal
3 mm.; defl. 60 degrees.

Distinguishable from others of its genii:^ by large body-whorl, depressed
appearance, small size and heavy shell. Pronounced a new variety by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of the San Pedro region; first found at Los
Cerritos; type from Crawfish George's; also found in the lower San Pedro series at
Deadman Island and San Pedro. The specimen figured is the type, which is now in
the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — Sau Pedro (Arnold).

266. Ocinebra lurida M'uhL, var. munda Car])enter.

Ocinebra lurida \a.r. munda Ci'K., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 663. D.\ll, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ,
Vol. XV, 1892, p. 215, PI. XX, fig. 3.

Shell small, fusiform, thick, solid; spire elevated, apex acute; whorls five or six, evenly
convex; sculpture consists of rather low, rounded, transverse ridges (of which there are about twelve
on the penultimate whorl) and equal, equidistant, rounded, raised, spiral lines (of which there are
six on the penultimate whorl); suture quite deeply impressed; aperture elliptical; outer lip thick-
ened with row of denticles interiorly; inner lip and columella smooth; canal short, narrow,
generally covered.

Dimensions. — Long. 14 mm.; lat. 6.5 mm.; body-whorl 10 mm.; aperture, including canal,
7.5 mm.; canal 2.5 mm.

Distinguishable from others of the genus by its low, rounded, transverse ribs,
which are of the same size and prominence from suture to suture, regular s^nral lines

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGIIAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 259

and slender sliapo. The sculpture of this species is less prominent than on the other
species of this genus.

Several specimens from the lower Ran Pedro series of Deadraan Island.

Living. — Catalitia Island (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

267. Ocinebra micheli Ford.

Plate V, Fig. 15.

Shell small, elongate-fusiform; spire elevated, acute; whorls five or six, strongly angulated
above, crossed by about nine prominent, rather sharp ridges, which are most prominent on angle;
anterior portion of whorl with four or five strong, squamose, raised lines, between which are numerous
squamose, incremental liruLx-; suture deeply appressed, distinct; aperture subovate; outer lip thick-
ened, smooth interiorly; inner lip incrusted, slightly raised; columella long, twisted, squamose; canal
long, narrow, nearly covered.

Dimensions. — Long. 16 mm.; lat. 7 mm.; body-whorl 11 mm.; aperture, including canal,
8.5 mm.; canal 4 mm.; defl. 40 degrees.

Roscmhles 0. perita somewhat, but is distinguishable by more slender form,
longer columella, and greater number of transverse ridges. Identified by Dr. Dall.

One specimen from the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's, which is
figured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — West Coast North America.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

268. Ocinebra perita Hinds.

Murex perilus Hds., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 129; Voyage Sulphur, p. 9, PI. Ill, figs. 23, 24, 1844.
Ocinebra perita Hds., Trvon, Man. Conch., \'ol. II, p. 124, 1880.
Muricidea perita Hds., Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 252.

Shell of medium size, fusiform; whorls five, sharply angulated, with about six or seven rather
sharp, transverse ridges which are most prominent on angle; surface ornamented with numerous
raised lines, with squamose, incremental lirulae in the interspaces; suture deeply appressed, wavy;
aperture subovate; outer lip thickened, denticulated; inner lip smooth, incrusted; canal long,
straight, narrow, sometimes covered; columella somewhat twisted, slightly widened; umbilicus
subperforate.

Dimensions. — Long. 24 mm.; lat. 12.5 mm.; body-whorl 17 mm.; aperture, including canal
14 mm.; canal 6 mm.; defl. 60 degrees.

Distinguishable from 0. barbarensis by less prominent points on angle of whorl,
and by less prominent spiral lines. Identified by Dr. Dall as probably 0. perita.

Several specimens labeled by Dr. Dall as "0. interfossa, leaning toward
0. perita" had about one more transverse rib to the whorl than does the tj-pical
0. perita, the ribs were not .so prominent on the angle, but the spiral lines were
stronger than in the latter species. Comparing a series of both forms they are seen

200 CAUFOKNIA ACADEMY OK SCIKNCES.

to intcrgrade, and tlicv do not vary cnoiij;;h to justify making a variety out of (lie
new form.

Found in tlie lower f^an I'edro scries at Dcadman Island; and in the uj)|>er
San Pedro series at Dcadman Island, San Pedro, and Crawfish CJeorge's. Found in
the Pleistocene at l)ath-house, Santa Barbara; and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper; Arnold): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

269. Ocinebra poulsoni Xulhill.

Plate V, Fl(i. 2.

Ocinebra pmlsoni Nutt., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rcpt., 1S63, p. 663. Nuttai.i., niss., Cpk., Jour.
de Conch., Vol. XII, 1865, p. 148. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 130, PI.
XXXVIII, fig. 475, 1880. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 23, 1892. Williamson, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 215. Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau,
Part 3, 1894, p. 30.

Shell of medium size, elongate-fusiform; spire elevated, compact; whorls six, deeply concave
above, convex below, with rounded transverse ridges rising to prominent nodes on angle of lower part
of whorl; nuclear whorls coarsely cancellated; ridges obsolete on concave portion of whorl; more or
less prominent spiral ridges on lower portion of whorl; spiral sculpture faint on concave surface; fine
incremental lines quite prominent; suture not deeply appressed, wavy; aperture semielliptical;
outer lip denticulated; inner lip effuse, incrusted, smooth; canal short, narrow; columella slightly
twisted, widened; umbilicus subperforate.

Dimensions. — Long. 32 mm.; lat. 16.5 mm.; body-whorl 23 mm.; aperture 16 mm.; canal
5 mm. ; defl. 42 degrees.

The specimen described is a narrow form, some of the specimens showing a
deflection of 55 degrees. INIany of the specimens retain the coloration of the brown
spiral bands. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series at Dcadman Island and San Pedro; not
uncommon in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Crawfish George's,
and Deadman Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San
Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and
is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — Ventura (Bowers): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Subfamily PURPURIN^E.

Genus Purpura Bruguifre.

Shell oblong-oval, last whorl large; spire generally short; aperture ovate, large, terminating
in a very short oblique channel, or notched; columella flattened; outer lip simple.

Purpura persica Linne is a typical species.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGUAPHY OF SAN PEDRO, 2G1

270. Purpura crispata Chemnitz.

Purpura crispata Ciif.m., Conch. Cab., XI, PI. 187, figs. 1802 and 1803, 1795; KusTER, Conch. Cab.,
p. 105, PI. XIX, figs. 3 and 4, 1837. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 662. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol, II,' p. 175, PI. LXIII, figs. 163-166, 168, 1880. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 261. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 33, fig. 13, 1892.

Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated; apex subacute; whorls five to seven, conve.x or
angulated, with one or more prominent spiral ridges on angular part of whorl; suture impressed,
distinct: aperture ovate to elliptical; outer lip eftuse, generally denticulate; inner lip incrusted,
smooth; canal short, curved backwards; umbilicus subperforate.

Dimensions. — Long. 34 mm.; lat. 20 mm.; body-whorl 26 mm.; aperture, including canal,
22.5 mm.; canal 6 mm.; defl. 55 degrees.

Tlie specimen whose dimensions are given was a stnall one, but the relative
proportions in this specimen seemed to be about tlie average. A very variable species,
some being nearly smooth and some almost spinous in their roughness. The smooth
forms generally lack the denticulation of the outer lip. The shell texture is very
well preserved in mo.st of the Pleistocene specimens, some of them being almost
indistinguishable from living shells.

Not common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Deadman Island,
and Crawfish George's. Found in the Pliocene at Pacific Beach and lluss School,
San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to Santa Barbara (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Seven Mile Beach, San Mateo County (Cooper) : San Diego (Arnold).

271. Purpura saxicola Valenciennes.

Purpura saxicola Val., Venus, PI. VIII, fig. 4, 1846. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 662,
=/'. lapillus Cooper (not Linn, sp., Lam.), Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 75, 1869.
Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 174, PI. LIII, figs. 152, 154a, 1880. Cooper, 7th
Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1S88, p. 262. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 31, fig. 11, 1892.

Shell small, semiglobular; spire slightly elevated; apex subacute; whorls four, angulated,
tabular on top; body-whorl ventricose; surface ornamented with obsolete spiral ridges and fine
incremental lines; suture impressed, distinct; aperture large, elliptical; outer lip smooth, thin, effuse;
inner lip and columella flattened, incrusted, sharp; canal short.

Dimensions. — Long. 18 mm.; lat. 13 mm.; aperture, including canal, 16 mm.; canal
13.5 mm.; defl. 85 degrees.

Quite a variable form. All the Pleistocene specimens at hand show the
mottled or banded reddish brown coloration. Distinguishable from P. crisj)a(a by
the small spire, large body-whorl, large aperture, and smoothness of the shell.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; three specimens. Found in
the Pleistocene at irrigating ditch, Ventura.

Living. — Alaska to San Diego; Lower California (Cooper).

202 CALIFOUNIA AC.'ADKMV OF SCIKNCES.

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Poilro; Vculma (AriinM).
Pliocene. — Santa Rosa; Kirker's Pass; San Fernando (Cooper): Stanford
University (Arnold).

Subfamily CORALLKlPUlLlN.E.

Genus Coralliophila //. <l A. Adam.9.

Shell broadly fusiform; nuckar whorls smooth; postnuclear whorls with rasp-like surface,
and somewhat open umbilicus.

Coralliophila neritoidea is a characteristic sjiccies.

272. Coralliophila nux Reeve.

Murex nux RvE., Conch. Icon., sp. 81.

Coralliophila 7tux RvE., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. II, p. 210, PI. LXVI, figs. 368, 374, 1880.

Shell purpuroid shaped; whorls angular; surface rough and cancellated by spiral and trans-
verse squamose ridges, the spiral ridges being the most prominent; suture deep. Longitude about
12 millimeters.

Tliis specimen is too imperfect to allow of a good description. Dr. Dall
labeled this specimen ''Coralliophila, probably var. of nux."

One si^ecimen from the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Living. — Mazatlan to Panama; Gallajiagos Islands (Tryon).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Suborder ST RE PTODON T A.

Superfamily PTENOGLOSSA.
Family LXll. SCALID.E.

Genus Scala Iluniphrey.

Shell mostly pure white and lustrous; turreted, many whorled; whorls round, sometimes
separated, ornamented with numerous transverse ribs; aperture round; peristome continuous.

Scala pretiosa Linn, is a characteristic species.

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIOKAPUY OF SAN PEDllO. 263

273. Scala bellastriata Carpenter.

Platk IX, Fi.:. 17.

Scalaria bellastriata Cvv.., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 660; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1864,
J). 22. Gaiu!, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, ]). 7S, 1S69. Cooper, 7th Ami. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1 888, p. 263.

Scala bellastriata Ci'R., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 209.

Shell conical, with elevated spire; whorls si.x, rounded, each having fifteen thin varices;
suture almost separating whorls; varices spinous at shoulder, a few of the varices thickened; inter-
varical spaces ornamented with spiral ridges; aperture slightly elliptical, with longer axis vertical.

Dimensions. — Alt. 17.5 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; detl. 42 degrees.

Thi.s species is easily di.stiii<!,uishable hy its low spire and by its spiral orna-
iiiontation. The only other nicnibcr of this genus t'otind in this locality which has
spiral sculpture is S. hemphilli, which has a much slenderer sj)ire and a less im-
jn-essed suture. The figure of this species is of a living shell from Sau Pedro, which
is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Rare; only four found in the upper San Pedro scries of San Pedro.

Living. — Sau Pedro to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

274. Scala crebricostata Curpcnter.

Scalaria crebricostata Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 660; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1864,
p. 222. Gahis, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 78, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 263.

Shell turreted, thin; spire consists of eight convex whorls, each with fourteen to eighteen
slightly obliciue, sharp, thin, reHexed, transverse varices; varices show a slightly coronate appearance
at the shoulder; suture deep and distinct. Deflection 22 degrees.

Some of the specimens have only slightly reflexed varices, and the amount of coronation
varies in different individuals.

Distinguishable from 8. indianorum by thinner shell, thinner and sharper
varices, and more irapre.ssed suture; distinguishable from S. tinda by more numerous,
and generally more reflexed varices; distinguishable from .S'. hiiuhii by more numer-
ous and less coronated varices. Specime:is identified as questionable by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro and Deadman Island; also
in lower San Pedro series at San Pedro. Found in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch
and irrigating ditch, Ventura; and at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura; San
Diego (Arnold).

•J(j-1 CALll'UKNI.V At'ADKMV DF SC'IKNCKS.

275. Scala hemphilli Dull.

Sill/a hemphilli Dali., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, p. 16. Coofi-r, ^\^\ Ami. Rcpl. Cal.
St. Min., 1888, p. 263.

Shell resemblintj robust 5". h'ytcla; nine to twelve varices, coronated behind near suture:
surface of whorls beneath the varices longitudinally delicately scul])lured with alternate grooves and
riblets. Dctlcction 30 degrees.

Distiiiguisliablc from S. hellastrinta by less proniiiicnt spiral sculpture and by
a less deflection; from other members of the genus found here by its deflection and
the spiral sculpture. The specimen described was identified by Dr. Dali.

One immature specimen from the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Pleistocene. — San Diego (Dali): San Pedro (Arnold).
Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dali).

276. Scala hindsii Carpenter.

Scalaria hindsii Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 165; Brit. Assn. Rcpt., 1856, p. 336; 1863, p. 660.

Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 49, fig. 31, 1892, =3". subcoronata Cpr., {fide Cooper, Bull.

No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 31).
Scala hindsii CpR., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 209.

Shell small, turreted, thin; whorls eight, evenly convex; varices eight to twelve, sharp, thin,
sometimes reflexed, very prominently coronated just anterior to suture; suture deep, distinct; aperture
subcircular; lip slightly thickened; inner lip slightly incrusted.

Dimensions. — Long. 11.5 mm.; lat. 5.2 mm.; defl. 27 degrees.

Distinguishable from S. indianorum by smaller and thinner shell, fewer,
thinner, and more coronated varices, and deeper suture; distinguishable from
S. tincta by smaller shell, and fewer and more coronate varices; di.stinguishable from
S. crebricostata by fewer and more coronate varices. Several specimens were identified
by Dr. Dali.

Hare in upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, Deadman Island, Crawfish
George's, and Los Cerritos; also reported from lower San Pedro series at Deadman
Island and San Pedro.

Living. — Santa Barbara (Jewett): San Pedro (Williamson): Panama
(Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

277. Scala indianorum Carpenter.

I'LATK V, Flu 4.

Scala indianorum Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 660; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV,
1865, p. 31. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 70, PI. XIV, fig. 48, 1887. Cooper,
7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min , 1888, p. 263. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 50, 1892.

Scala indianorum Cpr., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 210.

ARNOLD -THE PALEONTOLOGY AND S llJATUiKAPUY OF SAN PEDRO. 265

Shell thiik, elongated; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls ten, rounded, witii twelve to
sixteen heavy, refiexed varices; varices striated with line incremental lines; suture deejj; aperture
subcircular; inner lip thickened, forming columella.

Dimensions. — Long. 26.5 mm.; lat. 9 mm.; tlell. 32 degrees.

Distini;'iiislial)Ie from -S'. tinctn by heavier shell, thicker and ji;enerally more
luiiueruiis varices, \vlii(;li are refle.xcd, ami i)y a more solid appearance caused by the
loss sunken suture; distinguishable from S. hiiuhii by more whorls, thicker shell,
more varices, which arc thicker, more refiexed and less coronate, and by less promi-
nent sutures; distinguisiiable from S. crehricostdla by thicker shell, thicker varices,
which are more refiexed, and by a less prominent suture. Several specimens of
this species were identified by Dr. J)all.

Two from the Pliocene of Deadniaii Island; common in the lower and upper
San Pedro series of San Pedro and vicinity. The specimen figured is from the
upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Licinyr — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Diego (Dall): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

278. Scala tincta Carpenter.

Plate V, Fig. ."?.

Sca/aria liiicla CpR., Brit. Assn. Kept., 1863, [). 660. CooPER, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888,

p. 263.
Sea/aria indianoriim var. tincta Cl'R., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV, 1865, p. 31.

Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 70, Pi. XIV, fig. 49, 1887.

Shell thin, elongate; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls nine to ten, rounded, with ten to
twelve tliin varices, which are generally not refiexed; suture deep; aperture subcircular; inner lip
only slightly thickened.

Dimensions. — Long 25 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; defl. 28 degrees.

Distinguishable from H. indinnornin by more delicate shell, thinner varices,
which arc not refiexed as a ride, thinner lip and nuudi deeper sului'e; distinguishable
from N. hliiih'd by more numerous varices, which lack the distinct coronation, and by
more whorls and less deflection; distinguishable from S. crehricoalata by fewer and
less refiexed varices. Specimen.s identilied by Dr. Dall.

Rather common in upper, and rare in lower San Pedro series of San Pedro
and vicinity. Found in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura; at Pacific
Beach and Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego; and in the Pliocene at Pacific Beach
and Iluss School, San Diego. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro
series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Cruz to San Diego (Cooper).

, 34 ) JUrch 27, 1903.

20(> I'ALU'dltNIA Al'ADEMV Or SIUICNCEB.

Pleistocene. — 8aii Dici^o (Cooper): "^ii" IVhIi'o (Cooix-r; Arnold): W'lituia;
San Diogo (Aniolil).

Pliocene. — San Diego (Cooper; Anmld).

Goiui.-^ Opalia //. .(• ,1. Aihims.

Shell turriciilated, imperforate; whorls united, the last wiiii :i rib at the base.
Opalia coronatd Lain, i-^ a eliaracteristie species.

[S. D.] Opalia anomala Stearns.

Ofia/ia anoma/a Stearns, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1875, p. 464, PI. XXVII, fig. i. Cooper,
7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 255. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill,
Part 2, 1892, p. 245.

Shell solid, imperforate, elongated, conical; spire gradually tapering; whorls conve.x, when
perfect probably eleven to fourteen in number, nearly smooth, being marked only by incremental,
and, in some specimens, by an outgrowth varix; suture well defined; basal whorl traversed spirally
by an inconspicuous rib, varying in prominence, in some si)ecimens barely discernible; the convexity
or angularity of the lower part of the basal whorl modified by the presence or absence of the
basal rib.

Dimensions. — Long. 53 mm.; lat. 19 mm.; body-whorl 24.5 mm.; a|)frturc 11 mm.

Tlii.s large, nearly smooth species has so far been reported only t'loni tlic
Pliocene of San Diego, where it is quite conininn.

P/iocene.— San Diego (Henipliill; Stearns; Arnold).

279. Opalia borealis Gould.

Sea/aria 6area/is GLD.,W\\kcii' Exped., \\>\. XII, 1S52, p. 207. Tkvon, Man. Concli., \V)I. IX,

p. 76, PI. XVI, fig. 89, 1SS7.
Ofia/ia dorea/is Gld., Ci'R.. Brit. Assn. Rept, 1863, p. 660. Cooper, 7ih Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 255. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 49, fig. 30, 1892.
Scaia (Opalia) borealis Cpr., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 189J, p. 210.

Shell small, turreted, thick; apex generally decollated; whorls sevLii, oiih- slightly conve.x;
varices eight, rounded, thick, prominent, and forming radiating ridges from the apex; suture im-
pressed, distinct; body-whorl squarely angulated at base, with keel on angle; base flat, smooth;
aperture subovate; outer lip thin, effuse; inner lip only slightly incrusted.

Dimensions. — Long. 15 mm.; lat, 6 mm.; defl. 22 degrees.

The specimens described were identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; two specimens.

Licing. — Karatschatka; Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (AriKjld).

ARNOI,!) — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGliAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 2G7

280. Opalia crenatoides Carpentur, var. insculpta Carpenter.

Opalia (f crenatoides) var. insculpta Cpr., Hi it. As.sn. Ript., 1S63, p. 660; Ann. & Mas,'. Nat.
Hist., 3rd Series, Vol. XVII, 1.S66, p. 277. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 255.

Shell of medium size, elongated, thick, milk-white; spire elevated, with blunt apex; whorls
si.x, convex; first and second post-nuclear whorls more convex than the remaining; whorls, angulated,
nearly smooth; last four post-nuclear sharply and strongly angulated above, llattened along middle,
and quite abruptly contracted at base; whorls ornamented with twelve to fourteen radiating trans-
verse ribs, which are obsolete on the sides of the whorl, faintly developed at the base, and strongly
developed on the top of the whorl, where they are appressed against the antecedent whorl, and
appear like nodes on the angle of the whorl; a faint sutural riblet is sometimes noticeable on the base
of the whorl; above this sutural riblet are faint holes, corresponding to the intercostal spaces; fine
incremental striations are visible over the whole surface of the shell; the base of the body-whorl, just
l)elow the angle, is ornamented with a prominent, wide, elevated rib; aperture elliptical; outer lip
thickened, rounded, slightly expanded at columella; this lip is finely, concentrically striated; inner
lip rounded, smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 16.4 mm.: lat. S.3 mm.; body-whorl 9.9 mm.

Thi.s species is distinguishable by its broad form and sliarply angidar whorls,
wliicdi arc prominently scidptnred above, with obsolete scuilptnre on the sides of the
wlioii. Cari)enter's type specimen was a post-Pliocene fossil from Santa Barbara.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island.

Living. — Santa Cruz to Santa Barbara (Cooper).
Pleistocene.— SAutii Barbara (Cooi)er) : San Pedro (Arnold).

[S. 1).] Opalia varicostata Stearns.

Opalia varicostata Stearns, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1875, p. 463, PI. XXVII, figs. 2-5.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 255. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst.
Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892, p. 245.

Shell elongated-conical, turreted, tapering, solid, imperforate; aperture ovate; peristome
continuous, thickened; dingy to clear white; suture well defined; whorls united, exceedingly variable
in convexity and altitude; specimens all decollate or truncated, equally solid, though varying in
length from 20 to 60 millimeters, showing four and one-half whorls within the first measurement to
five in the latter; longitudinal ribs nine to twelve, varying in number, prominence and regularity, as
well as in obliquity and thickness; suture more or less waved, dependent upon the prominence of the
ribs, which terminate anteriorly at and join a transverse (spiral) rib at about the middle of the
Ijasal whorl.

Dimensions of a Rather Small Specimen. — Long. 34 mm.; lat. 14.5 mm.; body-whorl
17 mm.; aperture 9 mm.

This magnificent but variable species has so far been reported only from the
Pliocene of San Diego, where it is quite common.

Pliocene. — San Diego (Hemphill; Stearns; Arnold).

2(!S CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Superfamily (tVMNOGLOSSA.

Family LXUl. Kl' 1.1 M I D.K.

(ii-iuis Eulima liisso.

Shell small, white, and polished; slender, elongated with numerous level whorls; spire often
curved to one side; obscurely marked on one side by a series of periodic nuniths which form promi
nent ribs internally; apex acute; aperture oval, ])ointcd above; outer lip thickened internally; inner
lip retlected over the pillar, not umbilicated.

Eulima tortuosa Adams is a characteristic species.
281. Eulima falcata Carpenter.

Plate IX, Fk;. 15.

Eulima falcata Ci'R., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 280.

Shell small, elongated, thin, white, glossy; spire ver)' acute, curved into scythe-shajje;
whorls ten, flat; suture indistinct, not impressed; body-whorl subangular at base; base elongated;
aperture pyriform, seemingly api)re.ssed to side of shell out of its normal position; outer lip acute and
rounding; inner lip concave.

Dimensions. — Long. 6.5 mm.; lat. 3 mm.; body-whorl 3 mm.; aperture 2.5 mm.; dell.
30 degrees.

Distinguishable froin E. miani^ by subangulated body-whorl, cc'cciitric .ipcrtiirc
and curved spire; distinguishable from E. hnstnta by curved spin' and more eccentric
aperture. The specimens described were identified by Dr. Dail.

One specimen each from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and
the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro. The specimen figured is from the lower
San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is now in (he collectimi of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Acapulco (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Oldroyd; Arnold).

282. Eulima hastata Soverhy.

Platk IX, Fii;. 9.

Eulima hastata .Sby. , Proc. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 7. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept , 1856, p. 335. Trvon,
Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 273, PI. LXIX, fig. 39, 1886.

Shell small, slender, turreted; apex acute; whorls nine, flat, smooth; suture indistinct, not
impressed; body-whorl angular below, short; aperture suboval, abru])tly truncated in front.

Dimensions. — Long. 7.4 mm.; lat. 2.5 mm.; body-whorl 3.1 mm.; aperture 2 mm.; defl.
22 degrees.

Distinguishable by the short, angular base, and short, truncated aperture. In
otlier respects like E. micans. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Four found in upj)er San Pedro series at San Pedro; and one in tiie lower
San Pedro series at Deadman Island. Found in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch,

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIORAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 269

VciitiHii; ami at Rpatiisli P)i<rlit, 8an Piot^o. The spooimcn fie;tirc'(l is from flio upper
San I'edro series at San iVnlro, and is now in the eollectiun of Doles Arnojil.

Living. — Gulf of California; Ecuador (C'arpeuter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Ventura; San Diego (Arnold).

283. Euliraa micans (Jarpenter.

Pi.ATK IX, Fu:. 12.

liulima micans Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rt-pt., KS63. p. 659. Reeve, Condi. Icon., p. 33, 1865. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 272, Pi. LXIV, figs. 29, 30, 1886. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal. St. Min., 188S, p. 240. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 50, fig. 32, 1892. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 209.

Shell small, turreted, glossy; apex acute; whorls ten. Hat; body-whorl convex; suture
distinct, not impressed; aperture elongate-ovate; outer li]> thin, rather arcuate; inner lip slightly
incrusted.

DimetisJons. — Long. 12 mm.; lat 3.2 mm.; defl. 25 degrees.

Distingui.-^hahle fiom A', fnlcata by strai<;ht spii-f ami less bulging outer li|);
distinguishable from /,'. ImMata by even convexity of hody-whorl. The specimens
described were identilied by Dr. Dall.

Found in the lower San Pedro series at l^eadnian Island and San Pedro, and
in the upj)er San Pedro series at Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos, and San Pedro.
The specimen figured is from the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island, and is
now in the collection of Delos Arnold. Found also in the Pleistocene at Barlow's
ranch, Ventura, and at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Livimj. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleisfocoie. — Santa P>arbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
San Diego (Arnold).

Family LXIV. PYRAMIDELLID.E.'

CJenus Turbonilla Risso.

Turbonilla Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., Vol. IV, p. 224, 1826. Type, Turbonilla lypica Dall &
Bartsch, :=Turbonilla plicalula Risso, 1826, non Turbo (^Turbonilla) plicatulus
Brocchi, 1S14.

Shell with sinistral nucleus, slender, having many whorls, with axial' or spiral sculpture, or
both; cohmiella straight or twisted, usually with a single fold, which is rarely obsolete; operculum
horny, subspiral, with spiral striae on its outer surface.

Animal with wide, flattened tentacles; mentum elongated, flattened, and bilobed in front;
foot large, short, auriculated anteriorly.

' The portion of the teit relating to this family has been prepared, under the eupervlslon and with the asalslance of W. H.
Dall, by Paul Bartscb, aid iu the United States National Museum.

'Sculpture following the direction of the coil of the whorls is in these diagnoses referred to as tpiral. That at right angles to
the spiral sculpture, or In general parallelism with the axis of the shell, is called oiioJ. An endeavor has been made to include all the
Pleistocene species known from California, some of which, though found at San Diego, have not yet been obtained at San Pedro.

270 CALIFOltMA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCES.

The species of this genus nvv distriluitcd in :ill seas. All nur \\'c<( Ainciiran
forms have tlie cohimcliar InM iiittTiuil and liardly to he seen witlioiil hreaking away
part of tlio whorls.

'Iho niiiul)er i>f spcfios is so great, and tlicy arc so ^inidai lo oni.' anolliLr, lliaL
a niimher of sections, hased chiefly on the types of sciiljiimi', iiave heen found con-
vcnicnl in treating of Huni. ISIost of liicse sections grade into one anotlu r lliroui;li
peripheral species.

Section St riiil II rlioii illd Sacco.

Sit ioturbonilla S\CCO, I. Moll, del Piedmontc e dclla I.ij^iiria, p. 94, 1S92.

Shell as in Chemititsia, Init very finely and closely .spirally striated on the spire and base.

Type, Slrioturhonilla ulpina Sacco, /. c.

284. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) muricata Carpenter.

Chetntiilsia muricata Cl'R., Mazatlan Cat., Brit. Assn. Re[)t., iJi56, p. 260.

Shell small, slender, solid, rather thin, milk-white; nuclear whorls two and one-halt, heli-
coid, smooth, one-third sunken, their axis being at right angles to the axis of the post-nuclear
whorls; post-nuclear whorls flattened, ornamented by eighteen to twenty-two very jMominent,
elevated, convex-topped, slightly oblique a.xial ribs, which extend to the suture posteriorly, but fuse
just before reaching tlie suture anteriorly; ribs on body-whorl fuse abruptly at angle; the intercostal
spaces appear as deep channels about as wide as the ribs; the suture appears very distinct, owing to
a sharp angulation on the upper part of the whorl, and a slight contraction at the base; body-whorl
rather short, rounded, smooth on base, except for fine, incremental lines; a])erture subquadrate, the
outer lip meeting the columella at almost right angles.

Dimensions. — Long. 5.4 mm.; lat. 1.3 mm.; altitude of body-whorl, 1.7 mm.

This species resembles T. siearnsu, but may he distinguished from that species
by more elevated, narrower and more numerous ribs and by the stronger angulalion
above. The specimen examined lacked prominent spiral sculpture as far as the
writer was sible to determine. This specimen was identified by Dr. Dall, imt the
species was omitted from tlie text prepared by Dall and JJartsch.

Rather common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and LosCerritos;
rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San INdro.

Living.- — Gulf of California to Mazatlan (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

285. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) similis C. H. Adams.

Chemnitzia similis C. B. Ads., Catalogue Panama Shells, No. 228, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. V, 1852, p. 392.

Shell small, slender, solid, milk-white, thick; nuclear whorls two and one-half, smooth,
helicoid, about one-third sunken, their axis being at right angles to the axis of the post-
nuclear whorls; post-nuclear whorls nine, somewhat flattened, ornamented by fourteen to eighteen
prominent, broad, convex, oblique, axial ribs, which traverse nearly the whole of the exposed

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OP SAN PEDKO. 271

portion <>t the whorls, but fuse anteriorly before reaching suture; the ribs are bent sHghtly forward
near their posterior extremity; intercostal sjiaces deep, narrow; spiral sculpture fine but conspicu-
ous; the sutures are deeply impressed, with smooth sides, caused by the fusion of the ribs before
leachiiij; the sutures; body-whorl rounded, smooth below, except for minute incremental lines and
spiral ornamentation. A|)erture subquadrate; the outer lip joins the straight, somewhat revolute
colunulla at a right angle.

/h'DUJisions. — Long. 5 mm ; lat. i.i mm.; altitude of body-whorl 1.4 mm.

This species soinewliat icsciulilcs T. stcnrndl, hut is distiiigiii.shahle from that
species hy tlie less mimhcr and ,-;rfaler pi-oiiiliniico <»!' tiie rihs, wiiicli in some cases
heiul slii^htly forwaixl near tiieir posterior extremity. 7'. simi/is was i{hMitifiO(l hy
Dr. Dall; hut the species was omitted from the text prepared hy Dall and Bartscli.

Rare in the lower 8aii Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro;
cnniniiiii in the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro and Los Cerritos.

Livinfj. — Gulf of ( alit'ornia to Panama (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

286. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) stearnsii D. <t- B., sp. nov.

I'l.ATK II, Fli;S. 5 AND Ott.

Shell milk-white, rather stout; nuclear whorls two, small, helicoid, their a.xis being at right
angles to the axis of the post-nuclear whorls; post-nuclear whorls very slightly convex, almost
flattened, somewhat contracted at the base, and strongly shouldered at the summit, traversed by
eighteen to twenty-six oblique, flexuose, axial ribs, which render the summits of the whorls wavy;
intercostal spaces deep, terminating a little above the periphery, thus leaving a narrow, plain band
above the suture, as in T. iorqiiata siylina; the entire surface of the whorls is marked by numerous
faint, wavy, spiral striations, which also ornament the otherwise plain basal portion of the last whorl;
suture well defined, slightly channeled; aperture subovate, anterior angle obtuse; outer lip thin,
joining the short, somewhat revolute columella in a gentle curve.

Dimensions. -^J.onfr. 9.2 mm.; diam. 2.3 mm.

The type, which has eleven and one-half post-nuclear whorls, is from the post-
Pliocene of San Diego. .

This species in a general way resemhles 7\ forquafn dijUud, l)iit differs from it
in heing nuieh more rohiist, of greater diameter tlirotighoiit, and in having the fine,
wavy scidptnre characteristic of the section.

Tavhon'illa f StrioturbonUlnJ siearut>ii occurs quite ahundantly in the po.st-
Pliocene deposits at San Diego and San Pedro. It also occurs recent in the Gulf of
Califoiiiia. Tln' name is proposed in honor of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns of Los Angeles,
who collected many specimens of this group.

287. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) torquata Gould.

P1.ATK II, Fics. 4 A.N'ii 4a.

Che>nnil:ia torquata Gld., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1853, p. 384, PI. XIV, fig. 16.

Shell slender, solid, milk-white, entire surface marked by faint, wavy, spiral striations;
nuclear whorls three, helicoid, their axis being at right angles to and to one side of the post-nuclear

'2l2 CALIlOltNIA ACADKMV OF SCIENCES.

whorls; post-miclcar whorls somewhat flattened, ornamented by sixteen to twenty-two broad,
oblique, somewhat flexiiose axial ribs, which traverse five-sixths of the ex|)oscd portion of the whorls,
then fuse, leavinjj a band above the suture and the base of the last whorl devoid of sculpture; the
intercostal spaces appear as jrrooves (iouj^ed out of the shell, their bases markinji;^ the fusinjr point of*
the ribs; they are equal to the ribs in breadth; the sutures are well defined, owing to the very slight
shouldering of the summit and the slight contraction of the base of the whorls; last whorl slightly
angular at the |)eriphery; aperture subovate; the rather thick outer lip joins the straight, somewhat
revolute columella at almost a right angle.

Dimensions. — Long. 10.6 mm.; diani. 2.5 mm.

The specimen figured is tVom tlie |>ost-Plio(;cii(! of Sun Diego.

This species occurs living along the Californiii coii.st at present, but appears
far more almndant in the fcssil state. More tlian five hundred individuals referable
to thi.s form have been examined, only six of which were recent, the remainder
being post-Pliocene fossils from the vicinity of San Pedro and San Diego.

288. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) torquata, var. stylina Carpenter.

Pl.ATK I, Flll.S. 10 AND lOrt.

Chemnitzia (? torquata varj stylina Cpr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV, 1865, jj. 396.

Shell like T. torquata, but more slender, witii hut two nuclear whorls; having more axial
ribs, twenty-two to twenty-eight on the post-nuclear whorls, and the intercostal spaces extending
further down upon the whorls, thus diminishing the breadth of the plain band above the sutures;
entire surface marked by faint, wavy, spiral striations.

Dimensions. — Long. 8 mm.; diam. i.g mm.

The specimen figured is from Monterey. This variety has been found as far
north as Port Etclees, Alaska. It occurs abundantly as a post-Pliocene fo.ssil in tiie
vicinity of San Pedro and San J)iego.

Section Lancea Pease.

Lancea Pease, Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. IH, 1867, p. 293. Tyjje, Turbonilla {Latuea) clongala
Pease, ^Pjrgoslylus Monterosato, Conch. Medit., p. 90, 1884.

Turbonillas with strong axial ribs and spiral sculpture, jirovided with thickened varices at
irregular intervals on the spire, which are usually accompanied by iiiieniil iir.itions of the outer lip.

289. Turbonilla (Lancea) aurantia ('arpenler.

Chemnitzia tridentata (? var.) aurantia Cpr., Brit Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 659; Jour, de Conch., Vol. XII,
1865, p. 147.

Shell small, slender, solid, rather thick, reddish-brown; first three post-nuclear whorls convex,
five remaining post nuclear whorls (nearly) flat; whorls ornamented by twenty to twenty-six broad,
evenly rounded, only very slightly oblique axial ribs, which extend nearly from suture to suture;
the intercostal spaces appear as narrow grooves, their width is much less than the width of the ribs;
the spiral striations on the base and between the ribs are very faint; the sutures are well defined and
deep, owing to a distinct shouldering of the whorls above, and an equal contraction of the whorl at

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLO(!Y AND STUATICKAl'HY OF SAN I'EDUO. 273

the base; last whorl slightly angular at the periphery, base of this whorl smooth except for very fine
axial, incremental lines, and nearly obsolete spiral striations; aperture subquadrate, tin.- thick outer
lip joins the nearly straight, somewhat revolute columella at almost a right angle.
Dimensions. — Long. 6 mm.; lat. i.S mm.; body-whorl, altitude 2 mm.

Tliis species somewhat resembles T. irldenlnia in general appearance, but may
lie distinguished from that species by the greater number of ribs, which are closer
together and broader, the narrower interspaces and fewer whorl.s. The specimen
described lacks the nuclear whorls, which were broken off; the sjiiral sculpture on
this specimen is also very faint, and would have been overlooked if a very high-
power magnifier had not been used. This specimen was identifieil by Dr. Dall; but
the species was omitted from the text prepared l)y Dall and Bartsch.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
ill the upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos and San Pedro.

Lioing. — Puget Sound to Santa Barbara (Carpenter): San Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

290. Turbonilla (Lancea) tridentata Carpenter.

Plate II, Fios. 1 and la.

Ckemnitsia tridentata Cpr., Jour, de Conch., Vol. XIII (3rd Ser., Vol. V), 1865, p. 147.

Shell large, broad; chestnut colored, obscurely banded; nuclear whorls three, helicoid,
about one-third immersed, scarcely extending beyond the margin of the spire, their axis being at a
right angle to the axis of the later whorls; post-nuclear whorls slightly convex, somewhat contracted
below aiul slightly shouldered at the summit; traversed by about twenty to twenty-four strong, well-
rounded, somewhat oblique axial ribs, which continue faindy over the decidedly angular periphery
of the last whorl and the base to the umbilical region; these ribs are considerably enfeebled on the
last whorl of old shells and frequendy become almost obsolete on these; the exposed portion of the
whorls is traversed by six to ten spiral grooves, which appear most prominendy in the shallow and
broad intercostal spaces, and less so on the ribs; these deep spiral lines are regularly spaced, leaving
a broader interval on the middle of the exposed portion of the whorl; the base of the last whorl is
likewise ornamented by spiral grooves, but here they appear less developed than on the spire; in
addition to this the entire surface of the shell is marked by numerous very fine, somewhat wavy,
spiral and axial striae, which show most prominently on the last whorl and base, and give the shell a
very minutely reticulated secondary sculpture; at irregular intervals the whorls are marked by thick
callous varices, which are usually of a lighter color than the remainder of the shell; aperture large,
subquadrate; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, having three strong internal lirations, joining the
whitish, short, straight, revolute columella at a litde less than a right angle; by transmitted light
two spiral, light color-bands become apparent on the inside of the lip, each of which is bordered by
a zone of a darker color than the remaining shell; the general color efTect of the exterior is that of a
flesh-colored shell, covered by a dark epidermis, which is stretched tight over the ribs, permitting
the lighter color beneath to shine through it at their summits.

Dimensions. — Long, i i.i mm. ; diam. 3. 2 mm. (Dr. Carpenter's type, collected at Monterey,
and having 11 post-nuclear whorls). Long. 12.8 mm.; diam. 3.6 mm. (Specimen figured, which is
from San Pedro).

Fossil specimens from the post-Pliocene of California are larger, have fewer
ribs, and more of the deep revolving lines than recent ones.

(J5I M:\rrh :)0. 1903.

274 CALIFOItNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

291. Turbonilla (Lancea) pentalopha /'. .(• li., sp. nov.

PlATK I, FlOS. 1 ANli I a.

Shell chocolate-brown, inflated, stubby; nuclear whorls three, helicoid, moderately larj^e,
about one-third inimcrsetl, thfir axis being at arigiit angle to the axis of the later whorls; post-nuclear
whorls at tirst a little roundetl, later tlattened, scarcely contracted at base, shoulderet! at the summit,
adorned by twenty to twenty-eight strong, rounded, slightly oblique and somewliai tlexuose axial
ribs, which pass over the periphery of the last whorl and gradually disappear on tlie base; intercostal
spaces rather deep, marked by five or six narrow, dee]), subequally spaced spiral grooves, which
encroach upon the ribs and in places extend over them; base of the last whorl very short, abruptly
rounded, depressed at the umbilical region, marked by seven equally-spaced spiral stria; of the
same nature as those of tlic ex|)osed portion of the preceding whorls, the first one above and the first
one below the periphery are a little farther apart than the rest and map out the path for the shoulder
of the succeeding whorl; aperture large, ovate; outer lip thin, meeting the short, somewhat twisted
and revolute columella in a broad curve; the refiexing of the thin columella and the sudden curving
of the base cause the shell to appear subumbilicate.

By transmitted light the ribs become apparent on the inside of the outer lip, and tlie spiral
striae appear as so many faint red bands; at irregular intervals five strong spiral lirae are developed
on the inside of the outer lip, the upper four being equally sjjaced, the fifth or anterior one being a
little closer to its neighbor; no varices appear to accompany the internal lirations, a character in
which it difTers from typical Lancea.

Dimensions. — Long. 8.5 mm.; diam. 2.3 mm.

The type, which is figured, wa.s collected at San Diego, and has ten po.st-
nuclear whorls.

llecent specimens appear to range from San Pedro to Lower California. Fos-
sils of this species have been found at Deadman Island.

Section Pyrgiscus Philippi.

Pyrgiscus Phil., Weig. Arch., Bd. VII, 1841, p. 50. Type, Mclania rufa Phil., 1. c. =Pyrgostelis
MoNTEROSATO, Conch. Medit., p. 89, 1884.

Turbonillas having prominent axial ribs and spiral sculpture, but no varices or internal lira-
tions; columella usually somewhat tlexuous.

[S. D.] Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) auricoma D. it- B., sp. nov.

Plate I, Figs. 4 ani> 4a.

Shell slender, attenuated, brown, lighter on the early whorls, becoming quite dark on the
last; nuclear whorls two and one-half, large, helicoid, not immersed, projecting somewhat beyond
the outline of the spire, their axis being at a right angle to the axis of the later whorls; |)ost-nuclear
whorls at first somewhat rounded, later flattened, traversed by eighteen to twenty-four strong,
moderately wide axial ribs, inclined slightly toward the aperture; these continue quite prominently
over the well-rounded periphery and base of the last whorl to the umbilical region; intercostal spaces
somewhat irregular in width, deep, ornamented by about eight moderately deep, wavy, spiral striae,
which are red in color; whorls slightly contracted at base and shouldered at the summit, which is
rendered wavy by the ribs; suture quite prominent; the base of the last whorl is well rounded,
inflated, and ornamented by nine subequally spaced spiral striae of a similar character to those of the

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 275

exposed portions of the wlioil; aperture large, ovate, somewhat produced at the base; posterior
anjjle acute; outer lip thin, joining the oblique, strongly revolute columella in a wide curve; the
strongly retlexed columella and the liecided rounding of the last whorl give the shell a subumbili-
cated appearance; the peritreme is rendered almost complete by the strong callus which extends
from the posterior angle of the aperture to the insertion of the columella; by transmitted light the
interior of the outer lip appears beautifully marked by narrow, wavy, sometimes branching, spiral
tlireads of red, laid on a grounil of pale yellow, the middle one of which is the broadest, and marks
tlie periphery.

Dimensions. — ^Long. 7.2 mm.; diam. i.() mm.

Tlie type i.s from Scamtnou's Lagoon, Ijower California, and ha.s twelve post-
luicloar whorls.

'riii« species also occurs recent along the California coa.st, and has been found
as a [)ost-Pliocene fossil at San Diego.

292. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) latifundia D. d- B., sp. nov.

Platk III, Fics. .') AND Ha.

Shell very broadly conic, milk-white; nuclear whorls two and one-half, with moderately
elevated spire, extending a little beyond the outline of the first post-nuclear whorl on one side, about
one-third immersed, their axis being at a right angle to the axis of the later whorls; post-nuclear
whorls well rounded, each much broader at its base than the summit, ornamented by about fourteen
strong, rounded, oblique, axial ribs and seven or eight deeply impressed, very prominent spiral
lirations, extending across the intercostal spaces, which are about twice as wide as the ribs, and upon
the sides of the.se, but they do not cross their summits; both ribs and intercostal spaces pass very
feebly over the decidedly angulated periphery (this angulation is much more pronounced in young
specimens than in the adult); the short base is marked by about seven continuous, somewhat wavy,
subequally spaced, spiral lines, much weaker than the spiral sculpture on the exposed portion of the
whorls; aperture subquadrate, posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture
within by transmitted light; columella straight and revolute.

Dimensions. — Long. 5.8 mm.; long. spir. 5.2 mm.; diam. 2 mm.

The type is ;i post-Pliocene fossil from San Pedro, and has nine post-
nuclear whorls.

This species occurs also in the post-Pliocene deposits of Deadman Island.
So far no recent representatives have been found.

293. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) tenuicula Gould.

Plate II, Fics. 7 a.nd la.

Chemnitzia tenuicula Gld., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1853, pp. 383, 384, PI. XIV, fig. 15.

Shell small, elongated, lanceolate, turreted, rather solid, shining, wax yellow, a little dusky
below the suture; whorls ten, flat, slightly shouldered above, marked by about twenty direct, longi-
tudinal folds, the summits of which are cut by numerous fine revolving striae, deeper in the interstices,
which also extend over the base of the shell, though the folds terminate at the periphery, or are
extended in delicate furrows; aperture narrow, ovate; lip sharp; revolving strife apparent within.
Dimensions. — Length 7.5 mm.; diam. 1.3 mm.

Found at Santa Barbara.

276 CAUFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

The above is the origiiml doscriptioii liy (idiilil. 7'iirfiiiiii//'i f Pi/rgisciisJ
tennicu/a GonKl is tlie most abiiiulaiit and most variable species of all tlie west
American forms, presenting many varieties or iiici[)ient species; to describe these
would not aid science or tlie collector, but would only add to the confusion wliicih
tliis paper is intended to dispel. Tlu' foUnwini;- comprehensive descrijMion will
embrace, we believe, all the fnrins cominii uiidei- this name: —

Shell slender to somewhat stubby and inflated, varyinjr in color from milk-white to wa.xy
yellow or to dark brown, variously banded or plain monocolored; nuclear whorls three, moderately
large, planorboid, slightly sl.uitingly immersed; post-nuclear whorls rounded to flattened, contracted
at base and strongly shouldered at the summit, traversed by eighteen to twenty-eight strong axial
ribs, which are c.\cur\'ed and usually somewhat thickened, and connected at their summits, which
appear beaded; these ribs extend feebly over the rounded base of the last whorl; the entire shell is
crossed by spiral lines, ten to sixteen or more of which appear on the exposed portion of the whorls,
and more, closer placed, wavy ones on the base of the last whorl; the suture is deep, subchanneled
and wavy; aperture ovate, produced at base; outer lip thin, meeting the oblique, slightly curved and
revolute columella in a broad curve; a faint callus connects the posterior angle of the aperture with
the insertion of the columella.

Dimoisions. — Long. 6.5 mm.; diam. 1.9 mm.

The specimen figured is from the Todos Santos Bay, Lower California, and
has nine post-nuclear wliorls. One of the same number of whorls from San Pedro
measures: long. 6.2 mm; diam. 1.7 mm.

Recent specimens in our collection range from Monterey to Todos Santos
Bay, Lower California. The species occurs also in the post-Pliocene beds at Ban
Diego and San Pedro.

^«3^

294. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) crebrifilata Carpenter.

Plate II, Fios. 6 and Ga.

Chemnitzia crebrifilata Cpr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 3d Ser., Vol. XV, 1865, p. 395.

Shell milk white to waxy yellow to yellowish brown in color, and of similar shape to
7". tennicula Gld.; nuclear whorls three, helicoid, slantingly one-third immersed; extending a little
beyond the outline of the spire on one side; post-nuclear whorls at first well rounded, later flattened,
strongly shouldered at the summit and ornamented by eighteen to twenty-four very pronounced, acute
and somewhat flexuous, irregularly slanting axial ribs, which are outcurved at the summit of the
whorl and there held in union by a spiral thickening of the wavy shoulder; intercostal spaces moder-
ately deep and very broad, at least double the width of the ribs, with a quite deep depression immedi-
ately below the shoulder, which causes the summits of the whorls to appear crenulate, and
ornamented by about eight to ten spiral striations of varied width and spacing; these striations
frequently extend over the ribs and cause the intermediate ground to appear as raised ridges; suture
deep and wavy; periphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, the axial ribs extending faintly
over the base to the umbilical region; the base is marked by spiral striations similar to those of the
exposed portion of the whorls, but here they are more wavy and adjacent; aperture ovate, rather
large, acute posterior angle, and the base somewhat produced; outer lip tliin, meeting the oblique,
somewhat twisted and revolute columella in a gentle curve; a faint callus extends from the posterior
angle of the aperture to the pillar. By transmitted light a broad, white, revolving band becomes
apparent in the peripheral region of the aperture in dark-colored specimens.

Dimctisio7is.—\.on^. 5.4 mm.; diam. 1.6 mm.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 2n

The specimen figured has nine post-niiclefir wliorls. Fossil specimens from
tlie post-Plioeone of California attained a much larger si-/e than recent representa-
tives of tiie species. A fragment of a s|)ccim(Mi collected at San Diego, consisting
of the last four whorls, has a diameter of 2. 'J nun.

295. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) subcuspidata Carpenier.

PlATK, II, I-'lliS. 2 A.Nl) 2f(.

Cheninitzia subcuspidata Cpr., Proc. Cal. Ac;ul. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1865, p. 220, No. 670.

vShell stout, strong, somewhat inflated, whitish to wa.xy yellowish; nuclear whorls three,
helicoid, of moderate size, slantingly one-fourth immersed, slightly extending beyond the general
outline of the spire on one side; post-nuclear whorls well rounded, the last two somewhat flattened,
contracted at base, outcurved and muricated at their summits, traversed by sixteen to twenty very
strong, flexuose, more or less irregular axial ribs, which extend strongly upward and render the
shoulder subcuspidate and very wavy; these ribs become enfeebled on the last whorl and almost
obsolete on the base, extending only very feebly over the well rounded periphery to the umbilical
region; intercostal spaces wider than the ribs, undulating, traversed by live to twelve deep spiral
striations, which extend less prominently over the ribs and cause the whorls to appear as if they were
wound by a series of overlapping bands of varied width; these bands vary in number and con-
sequently in width, being fewer and most prominent on the earlier whorls, as are the ribs, later on
becoming enfeebled; a very slight groove passes about the periphery of the last whorl and maps out
the route for the suture; the spiral sculpture of the entire last whorl is very regular, there being about
thirteen subequally spaced stri;e above the periphery and eighteen on tlie base; the sutures are very
deep, subchanneled; aperture ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip moderately thick, rather effuse
at base, joining the oblitjue, somewhat reflexed columella in a gentle curve; a faint callus connects
the posterior angle of the aperture with the insertion of the columella; by transmitted light a faint,
light, revolving band becomes apparent in the peripheral region within the aperture.

Dimensions. — Long. 6 mm.; diam. 2 mm.

The specimen figured and described is Dr. Carpenter's tN'pe; it has eight and
one-half post-nuclear whorls, and comes from San Diego. Fossil speeimens from the
same locality are even more robust. One of seven post-nuclear whorls measures:
long. 5.G mm.; diam. 2.1 mm. I'^ouihI in the post-Pliocene deposits of San Pedro.

Section Pi/rgisculus Monterosato .

Pyrgisciibis Monterosato, Conch. iMedit., p. 88, 1884. Type, Melania scalaris Philippi.

Turbonillas with strong axial ribs and lamellate spiral sculpture, having a decidedly sloping
shoulder at the summit.

296. Turbonilla (Pyrgisculus) laminata Carpenter.

Plate II. Fiu.s. 8 and Sa.

Dunkcria laminata Cpr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV, 1865, p. 396.

Shell white to dark brown, plain or variously banded; nuclear whorls three, large, tumid,
helicoid, slantingly slightly immersed; post-nuclear whorls well rounded, ornamented by twenty-two
to twenty-eight strong axial folds, which pass feebly over the well-rounded periphery and base of the

27S CALll-OUNlA ACADKMV OF SCIENCES.

last whorl to the umbilical region, and five very strong, broad, flat, subequally spaced spiral ridges,
which give the spire a reticulated, pitteil pattern; the portions between the ribs and the spiral lolds
appear as small, deep pits of a more or less circular outline, while the ribs appear thickened where
they are crossed by the sjiiral iiands; a sixth spiral band majis out the path lor the shoulder of the
succeeding whorl on the periphery of the Ijasal whorl, while the base proper is marked by about
eight spiral striations, whicij are strongest at the periphery and gradually weaken toward the
umbilicus; the whorls arc markeil by a ipiite prominent sloping shoulder, which extends from the
first revolving band to the summit; tiie suture is deep, subchaiuieled; aperture broadly ovate, some-
what eflfuse, with the posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, en. luilate Ijy the spir.d ridges, meeting the
curved and revolute colunu'lla in a broad curve; a thin callus extends from the posterior angle of the
a])crturc to the umbilical region.

Dimensions. — Long. 6..S mm.; diam. 2.2 mm.

The specimen fii!;iife(I is frmn San Pedro, mid has nine whorl.s.

Post-Pliocoiie specimens from California are usually larger, though quite
itlenticai in every other respect. One of nine post-nuclear whorls measures: long.
S.G mm.; diam. '2.4 mm. The smallest forms come from Lower California. One of
eight post-nuclear whorls measures: long. 4.9 mm.; diam. l.G mm.

Section Pyrgola'nipros Sacco.

Pyrgolampros vSacco, I Moll, del Piedmonte e della Liguria, p. 85, 1892. Type, P. mioperplicatulus
Sacco.

Turbonillas with more or less weak axial ribs, which always almost disappear as they pass
over the periphery and base of the last whorl, and many very fine, faint spiral striations; columella
usually somewhat flexuous.

297. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) lowei Z). <C- B., sp. iiov.

Plate I, Fins. .5 and .")«.

Shell of medium size, light golden brown; nuclear whorls three, small, helicoid, ])artly
slantingly immersed; post-nuclear whorls very similar to those of T. vancouverensis Baird, in out-
line, moderately conve.x, strongly contracted at base and moderately so at the summit, bounded by a
prominent suture. The early whorls increase less rapidly in diameter than the later ones, and are
ornamented by more and weaker axial ribs than the later ones; these ribs slant toward the aperture;
beginning with the sixth whorl the shell assumes a more robust character, the whorls become broader
and are ornamented by twenty to twenty-two strong, somewhat flexuose, almost vertical axial ribs,
which extend faintly over the angular periphery of the last whorl to the umbilical region; the entire
shell is traversed by many very fine, very closely placed spiral stria;; aperture subrhomboid, outer lip
thin, produced and flaring at its junction with the twisted and revoluted columella.

Dimensions. — Long. 7.2 mm.; diam. 2.2 mm.

The type is from San Pedro, and has ten and one-half whorls. Specimens
from the post-Pliocene of California are larger and more robust. One of ten normal
whorls measures: long. 8.1 mm.; diam. 2.4 mm. Fo.ssil specimens occur abundantly
at San Pedro and San Diego.

This species is named in honor of Mr. H. N. Lowe, of Long Beach, Califor-
nia, to whom we are indebted for material bearing on our study of these difficult
little shells.

ARNOLD -I' HE rALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 279

[«. D.J Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) lowei, var. pedroana I). <C- li., var. iiov.

Pl.ATK II, EuiS. 3 AND ,3a.

Shell similar to T. Icncci, both in general form and sculpture, but more robust, broader and
less attenuate; nuclear \viiorls three, half immersed; post-nuclear whorls with ribs of more uniform
size, not crowded and enfeebled on the early wliorls as in T. lowci; basal portion of the whorls of a
darker color than the upper, causing the exposed portion of the whorls to apipear baniietl above the
suture; whorls faintly shouldered, otherwise as in T. loiuei.

Dimensions. — Long. 7 mm.; diam. 2.3 mm.

The type lia^ nine post-nncIear wliorls. SpeciiiieiLS from Victoria, 1>. C, are
.still lii-oader. One of seven post-nnclear whorls mca.sures: long. 5.b mm.; diam.
"_M mm. Tiie nortliern specimens are also somewhat lighter in color. This variety
is found liviiii;- from Victoria, B. C, to 8tin Diego, and occurs fossil in (lie post-
Pliocene heds at San Diego.

298. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) arnoldi D. X- B., sp. nov.

ri..\TE I, Tio. 7.

Shell whitish, robust, more or less inflated; nuclear whorls decollated; post-nuclear whorls
flattened, somewhat contracted at base, and slightly outcurved at the summit, traversed by about
twenty-two to twenty-eight more or less irregular a.xial ribs, slanting slightly toward the aperture,
and which extend less jjrominently over the well-rounded periphery of the last whorl to the umbilical
region; suture deep, subchanneled, somewhat undulate; the entire surface of the whorls is covered
with fine, very closely placed, wavy, spiral striations; last whorl somewhat produced; aperture large,
subovate, with a thin outer lip, which is decidedly effuse at base, and meets the somewhat oblique and
revolute columella in a Inroad curve.

Ditnensions. — Long. 7.6 mm.; diam. 2.3 mm.

The specimen figured has eight post-nuclear whorls.

This species .so far has only been rei)orted from the post-Pliocene deposits
of Deadman Island. It is named in honor of Mr. Ralph Arnold, of Pasadena,
California.

299. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) gibbosa Carpenter.

Pi.ATK I, Fii:.s. 2 AND 2a.

Chcmnitsia gibbosa Cpr., Cat. Maz. Shells, p. 430, No. 525, 1857.

Shell inflated, robust, broad and stumpy, of light, fulvous coloration; nuclear whorls deeply
immersed, very slightly exposed at the tip, their axis apparently being at a right angle to the axis of
the later whorls; post-nuclear whorls flattened, somewhat contracted at the periphery and rounded
at the summit, traversed by about sixteen to twenty-four broad, coarse, irregularly slanting axial
ribs, which extend over the inflated periphery of the last whorl to tiie umbilical region, appearing less
promment on the base; the entire surface of the shell is covered by very minute, close, spiral
striation; suture subchanneled and wavy; aperture ovate, outer lip thin, joining the twisted and
revolute columella in a broad curve.

Dimetisions. — Long. 5.6 mm.; diam. 2. r mm.

The specimen figured has seven post-nuclear whorls.

280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF S(IENCI':S.

'rilis is certiiiiily tlic most iitiiiltracLivc member of the fijeniis. Dr. Ciirpciiter
tiosi'iibeil it as a reeeiit form in his Catalo^^ue of Mazathin Shells. AVe have a siiit^ie
recent specimen from Monterey. It appears to be more abiiiidaiil in the post-
Pliocene deposits of Deadman Island.

300. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) adleri I). .( />*., sp. nov.

Plate I, Fu;. i).

Whorls decidedly flattened, contracted at the periphery and shouldered at the summit;
axi.il ribs only faintly indicated near the summit of the whorls by distant, shallo'v, impressed lines,
which mark their lateral margins; tiie entire shell is traversed by faint, closely placed, wavy, spiral
striations; suture cjuite deep, subchannelcd; jicriphcry of the last whorl rounded; aperture sub-
rhomboidal, posterior angle obtuse; columella rL-tlexcd, strongly twisted, giving it the appearance of
being provided with a broad, rounded fold; a faint callus connects the columella with the posterior
angle of the aperture.

Dimensions. — Long. 9.3 mm.; diam. 3.2 mm.

Only two fragments of this specimen have so far come to our notice; both are
from the post-Pliocene deposits of Deadman Island.

The type consists of the last six post-nuclear whorls. It may, however, have
had eleven whorls normally.

Genus Pyramidella Lamarck.

Shell turriculated, spire elevated, a.xially ribbed; columella with three anterior plications;
outer lip siiarp, sometimes plicate within.

Pyramidella plicata Lamarck is a characteristic species.

301. Pyramidella conica Adams, var. variegata Carpenter.

Obeliscus variegata Cpr., Hrit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 658; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Sen, \'c)l. XiV,

1864, p. 46. Keep, West Coast Shells, \>. 54, fig. 35, 1892.
Pyramidella conica Ans., var. variegata Cpr., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \oI. XV,

1892, p. 208.

Shell small, elongate-conical; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls ten, flat, smooth; suture
distinct; aperture subovate; outer lip thin; columella truncated, with three plications.
Dimensions. — Long. 13 mm.; lat. 3.6 mm.; defl. 20 degrees.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen. This species
was omitted from the text prepared by Dal! and Bartscii. In examining some
Turbonillns in the collection of Mr. Henry Hemphill the writer found one of this
species labeled "7'iirbnnilla me.ncnna Dall and Bartsch." This name is the one
under which it probably should appear, but not having an opportunity to consult
Dr. Dall on the subject, this note is appended.

Living. — San Diego; Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

AUNOLD — THIi PALEONTOLOGY AND SI'KATKiKAPHY OF SAN PEDltO. 281

(jeiui.s Odostomia Fleinimj.

Odoslomia Fleming, Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Vol. V'll, I'l. I, \>. 76, 1.S17 ? {tfx />a//c).
Typf , Odostomia plica/a MoNT.

Shell with sinistral nucleus, subglobose to broadly conic; spire rarely elevated as in Tur-
bonilla; scul|)ture varving in the different sections from plain (Odostomia, s. s.) to highly ornamented
{C/trysattida); ccjlumella provided with a single fokl, which is rarely obsolete.

Aniiuul as in TnrbonlUa. The species of tliis genu.s are (li.stiibiitu<l in all seas.
Tlu! original description of this genus incUuled cliicHy small land shells, with dentate
a|)LTtures, but also a few marine species. The land shells had alrcad}' received
names, so the marine species were left to carry Fleming's name, a fact recognized
liy him in later publications. The rarity of the original edition of the Edinburgh
Encyclopedia has made it very difiicidt to ascertain the facts in regard to this genus,
and the true date of its publication, iiut we believe the facts to l)e now established as
above stated. The species cited in the original publication are 0. iniersiincta,
0. uiiidentata, 0. plicata, 0. snndolcunsis and 0. inscnlpta.

Section Odonlomia Fleming, s. s.

Odostomia Fleming, Edinburgh Encyclopa'dia, Vol. VII, Ft. I, p. 76, iV,\-] {ex parte).
Type, Odostomia plicata Mont.

Odostomias of more or less conical outline, devoid of all sculpture, except incremental lines,
and having a more or less prominent columellar fold.

302. Odostomia tenuis Carpenter.

Pi.ATK I, Fig. 14.
Odostomia tenuis Cpk., Cat. Maz. Shells, p. 412, 1856.

Shell slender, conic, umbilicated, dingy white; nuclear whorls small, immersed; post-nuclear
whorls very slightly conve.x, almost flattened, scarcely contracted at base, and hardly shouldered;
suture not very prominent, hardly channeled; base and periphery of the last whorl well rounded;
apt-rture quite large, ovoid, posterior angle acute, outer lip somewhat contracted at its middle; colu-
mella very fle.xuous, slender and revolute; parietal wall covered by a faint callus; columellar fold
strong opposite the umbilical chink.

Dimensions. — Long. 5.7 mm.; diam. 2.6 mm.

The specimen figured is from Santa Rosa Island, California, and has seven
post-nnclear whorls.

Th(i species appears to range in the recent state from Washington to Cali-
fornia, and has been found in the po.st-Pliocene deposits of San Diego, San Pedro,
and Ventura.

Section Evalta A. Adams.

Evatea A. Adams, Ann. .Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser. , Vol. VI, i860, p. 22. Type, Odostomia ( Evalea)

elegans A. Adams.
Ondina De Folin, Fonds de la Mer, p. 214, 1S70. Type, Ondina sulcata De Folin, 1. c.

Odostomias without a.xial sculpture, having spiral striation or liration.

( 36 ) Much 31, 1903.

282 CAUFUUMA AlAllliMY UF SCIENCES.

[S. D.] Odostomia (Evalea) stearnsii D. .1 li., sp. iiuv.

Pl-ATF. I, Fui. 12.

SIk'11 regularly elongate-conic, turreted, subumbilicated, milk wliiti; nuckMr wIkmIs small,
slantini;ly imnuTsed; post-nuclear whorls rounded, somewhat conlractcd at base antl strongly shoul-
dered at the summit; suture profound, channeled; last whorl rather inllated; aperture large, pyrilorm,
posterior angle obtuse, outer lip slightly contracted at the middle; columella decidedly oblique, flex-
uous and refle.xed, the narrow parietal wall being covered by a faint callus; a«weak columellar fold
appears opposite the umbilical chink; the entire shell is ornamented with very fine spiral striation.

Piinensions. — Long. 5.2 mm.; diam. 2.2 mm.

The type has eight post-miclear whorls, and is from the post-Pliocene of San
Diego, which is the only locality, so far, from whicli this species has been reported.

303. Odostomia (Evalea) gouldii Carpenter.

I'l-ATE I, Flo. 15.

Odostomia (? xat.) gouldii Cx'R., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV, 1H65, p. 30.

Shell solid, inflated, shining, subdiajjhanous to milk-white; nuclear whorls obliquely im-
mersed; post-nuclear whorls rounded, not contracted at base, and but very feebly shouldered at the
summits; base and periphery of the last whorl well rounded; aperture large, ovoid, posterior angle
acute; outer lip well ronnded, its anterior margin somewhat efTuse at the junction with the twisted,
reflexed and appressed columella; columellar fold very prominent a little anterior to the upper end
of the columella; the entire shell is very feebly and closely spirally striated.

Dimensions. — Long. 5 mm.; diam. 2.8 mi

im.

The specimen fignred has six post-nuclear whorls, and comes from Monterey.
The species ranges recent from Alaska to San Diego, Cal., occurring as a po.st-
Pliocene fossil in the last-named place, and also at San Pedro and Ventura.

Section Amauru Moller.

Amaura Moller, Index Moll. Grcenl., p. 7, 1842. Type, A. caiidida MiJller, 1. c.

Odostomias of extremely large size, inflated, very heavy, usually devoid of all sculpture,
sometimes very minutely spirally striated.

This genus was supposed to be naticoid, but an examination of the authentic
specimens shows its relations to be with the Pyramidellidiu. The account of the
animal in Fischer's Manual u|>pears to have been taken from a true naticoid, perhaps
ylmaM?'o^;.st8, which Fischer wrongly includes as a section under Amnnrn; but tliis
account does not agree with Moller's original diagnosis, nor with the characters of
Amaura, as determined from specimens collected in Greenland by Moller, which
show, when the back of the shell is ground away, the plait invisible from in front of
the aperture.

ARNOLD — THK PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OT SAN PKDRO. 2(S3

[S. D.] Odostomia (Amaura) pupiforrais Carpenter.

Pl.ATl. I, Fill. 13.

Odostomia satnra vax. ptif)iformis CPR., Ann. Mag. Nat. lli.>it., 3i;d Scr., Vol. XV, 1865, p. 30.

Shell broadly conic, umbilicated, rather thin, white, shining, of rather rough exterior;
nuclear whorls immersed; post-nuclear whorls somewhat rounded and shouldered at the summit;
suture deep and channeled; base #nd periphery of the last whorl decidedly rounded; aperture large,
broadly ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip somewhat effuse in its anterior margin; columella
thin and flexuose, provided with a prominent oblique fold a little anterior to the umbilicus; a weak
callus covers the parietal wall.

I^imcHiions. — Long. 6.4 mm.; diam. 3.3 mm.

TIic type was collected at Neeah Bay, WaHliiiigtoii, and has yix po.st-miclear
whorls. Tiic strong umbilication and the light weigiit of the shell enable one to
distinguish it quite readily from all the other forms of this section. The species
ranges recent from Alaska to Ban Diego. Fossil specimens have been found in the
post-Pliocene beds of San Diego.

304. Odostomia (Amaura) nuciformis, var. avellana Carpenter.

Platk I, Fici. 11.

Odostomia ( ? var.) avellana Cpr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV, 1865, p. 30.

Shell large, stout and inflated, white; nuclear whorls small, immersed; post-nuclear whorls
somewhat rounded, rather broad, marked only by thin lines of growth; sutures quite prominent, sub-
channeled; base and periphery of the last whorl well rounded; aperture large, subovate; posterior
angle obtuse; outer lip somewhat contracted, while the anterior margin is somewhat effuse; columella
short and tle.xuose, provided with a strong, broad fold just anterior to the umbilical chink; a strong
callus extends from the posterior angle of the aperture to the base of the columella and renders the
peritreme almost continuous.

Dimensions. — Long. 9.1 mm.; diam. 4.4 mm.

This is one of the large AVest Coast Odostomias, and ranges in the recent state
from Alaska to San Pedro. The specimen figured is from Neeah Bay, Washington,
the type locality. It has six post-nuclear whorls.

Fossil forms occur in the post-Pliocene deposits of Deadman Island, and also
at Ventura.

0. avellana differs from true 0. nuciformis in having the spire much more
elongated; it is therefore less pudgy than that form.

Section Chrysallida Carpenter.

Chrysallida Cpr., Cat. Maz. Shells, p. 416, 1S57. Type, Chrysallida communis C. B. Adams.

Odostomias having strong axial ribs, crossed by equally strong spiral sculpture, which renders
the spire nodulose; the axial ribs pass only faintly over the base, while the spiral sculpture remains
quite prominent.

284 CALIKOUNIA ACADKMV OF SCIENCES.

[S. D.] Odostomia (Chrysallida) diegensis IK .( IL, sji. iiov.

I'l.ATK I, Fid. 8.

Shell elongate-conic, dingy white; nuclear whorls decollated; post-nuclear whorls flattened,
contracted at base and strongly shouldered at the summit; suture undulate, profoundly channeled;
about seventeen very strong, rounded, axial ribs cross the third and I'ourth, and twenty-two the
penultimate whorl; these ribs pass faintly over the well-rounded ,j)eriphery of the last whorl to the
umbilical region; the first five whorls are encircled by four strong, spiral riilges, while the penultimate
shows an additional one; these ridges are not quite as broad as the axial ribs, but extend ])r<jminently
over them and the intercostal spaces; base ornamented by about ten spiral ridges of weaker char-
acter than those of the spire, and by the faint extensions of the axial ribs; ajjerlure suboval, decidedly
produced and flaring at the junction of the outer lip with the columella (outer lip fractured in all
our specimens); columella somewhat twisted and reflexed, a bit being broken away at the umbilical
region in the type, disclosing a small umbilical chink which is opposite to the strong columcllir fold;
a heavy callus connects the posterior angle of the aperture with the columella.

Dimensions. — Long. 4 mm.; diam. 1.6 mm.

The seven specimens of this species in our collection all come from the post-
Pliocene deposits at San Diego. The type has seven post-nuclear whorls.

Section Oscilla A. Adams.

Oscilla A. Adams, Froc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 310. Type, Odostomia {Evalca) lirata. A. Ad.

Odostomias having strong spiral ribs, the spaces between which are ornamented by numer-
ous fine, raised, axial threads.

[S. D.J Odostomia (Oscilla) aequisculpta Carpenter.

l'i..*TF. I, Figs. ."! anh 3a.

Odostomia ( Evalea) csquisculpta Cpr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., Vol. XIV, 1864, pp. 46, 47.

Shell small, quite solid, elongate-ovate, subdiaphanous to white; nuclear whorls three,
obliquely one-third immersed; post-nuclear whorls rounded, separated by a prominent suture and
ornamented by about five fairly strong and rounded, subequally spaced spiral ridges on the second,
and six above the periphery on the penultimate whorl; the base of the last whorl is similarly sculp-
tured, the striations becoming fainter near the columella; the depressed spaces between the revolving
ridges are beautifully, closely crossed by fine axial riblets; periphery of the last whorl well rounded;
aperture large and effuse at base, posterior angle acute, outer lip thin, somewhat arcuate; columella
stout, provided with a small fold near the umbilical chink; a faint callus unites the posterior angle of
the aperture with the upper end of the columella; the external sculpture is apparent within the aper-
ture by transmitted light.

Dimensions. — Long. 2 mm.; diam. 1.2 mm.

The specimen here described and figured is Dr. Carpenter's type. Tt was
collected at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

This species occurs quite abundantly a.s a recent form, ranging from San
Pedro, California, to Cape St. Lucas. It is also found in the post-Pliocene deposits
of San Diego.

The type is an immature specimen. One specimen comprising seven post-
nuclear whorls measures: long. 5 mm.; diam. 1.8 mm.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 285

[S. D] Odostomia (Oscilla) grammatospira D. <(■ /}., sp. nov.

I'l.ATK I, FiCS. (i AND 6(1.

Sliell elongate-conic, subtliaphanous lo milk wliile; nuclear whorls three, one-half obliquely
iinnitTsed; post-nuclear whorls flattened, traversed by four very strong, flattened, decidedly raised
spiral ridges, which are separated by furrows of about the same width; the sutures being marked
by a little wider groove than those between the spiral ridges; the spiral depressions are very finely
and closely axially ribbed; the base of the last whorl is ornamented by similar sculpture, but of a
weaker character, the spiral ridges diminish gradually in size and at the same time approach eacli
other more closely, vanishing altogether on the extreme base; ajjerture subrhombic, posterior angle
acute, outer lip thin, arcuate, very much produced and tlariug at the junction with tlie pillar; colu-
mella stout, refie.xed, provided with a prominent fold at its insertion.

Diiiiensiivis. — Long. 5.'^ mm.; diam. 2.1 mm.

'I'lic ly[K' lias ciglit po.st-iuiclear wliorls. It was collected at Cape St. Lucas,
Lower California. Two fossil specimens in our collection from the post-Pliocene
ImmIs of Sail Diego are referable to this species.

Subgenu.s Ivara D. if li. (iiis,s.)
Odostomias characterized by the spiral striation and tabulated whorls.

305. Odostomia (Ivara) terricula (Carpenter) D. & B.

Pl.ATK IV, FUi. 14.

/vara terricula CPR. (mss.), D. & B., 1901.

Sliell minute, ovate, thin; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls five, convex, shouldered above;
surface sculptured by fine, spiral ridges and obsolete transverse ribs, more prominent near top of
whorls; suture deeply impressed; body-whorl over half length of shell; shouldered above, evenly
convex below; aperture truncated above, evenly rounded below; outer lip thin, extending around and
up on columella, forming a small columellar plication.

Dimensio7ts. — Long. 4 mm.; lat. i.S mm.; body-whorl 2.6 mm.; aperture 1.5 mm.

This delicate little shell is easily recognized by its shouldered whorls and
delicate spiral scnli)ture. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall; but the species omitted
from the text prepared by Dall and Bartsch.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island. One specimen, which is
iigured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Mexican Coast (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Superfamily T.ENIOGLOSSA.

Family LXV. TRITONID/E.

Genus Tritonium Link.

Shell oblong; spire prominent; whorls with a few remote and non-continuous varices; colu-
mella rough or smooth; canal recurved, short or long; outer lip internally crenated or denticulated.

Tritonium variegatus Lam. is a characteristic species.

286 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCKS.

306. Tritonium gibbosus liroderip.

Tn'ion gibbosus Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1833, p. 7, PI. VII. Kuster, Concli. Cab., p. 69, fig. 7.
Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 23, PI. XII, fig, 103, iSSi. Cooper, Bull. No. 4,
Cal. St. Min. Hurcau, Part III, 1894, p. 32.

Shell small, subfusiform; whorls five, subtriaiigiilar, strongly angulated, giving tabular
appearance to the iii>per part of whorls; prominent rounded, nodose varices at about every two-
thirds of a revolution, with two orthree nodes on angle of whorl in intervening spaces; suture reaching
nearly to columella, giving a staircase appearance to the spire; surface ornamented with small,
revolving ridges matle rugose by incremental lines; aperture subcircuhir; outer li|) slightly corru-
gated internally; inner lip smooth, incrusted; canal long, narrow, curved slightly back; umbilicus
subperforate.

Dimnisions. — Long. 41 mm.; lat. 22 mm.; body-whorl 2S mm.; aperture 10 mm.; canal
II mm.; defi. 56 degrees.

A uiiifjnc .shell, the only one of its genus ko i'ar recorded as occiiiiiig I'ossil in
California.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; one specimen found. Dr.
Dall also reports one found in the hay at this place, which he thinks is a fo.ssil that
had been weathered out of the Pleistocene beds.

Living. — West tropical America; Panama (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Dall; Arnold).

Subgenus Priene //. (("■ A. Adams.

Shell ventricose, thin, cancellated or plicated ; canal short ; operculum with apical
initial point.

307. Tritonium (Priene) oregonensis Redjidd.

Pi.ATK VI, Fk;. 1.

Triton oregonense K^DF.. Ann. N. Y. Lye, Vol. IV, 1846, p. 165, PI. XI, figs. 2a, 2b. Gi.D.,

Wilkes' E.xpl. E.xped., Vol. XII, p. 241, 1852.
Fusus oregotiefisis Redf., Reeve, Icon. Conch., No. 61, figs. 6ia-6, 1848.
Triton (Priene) oregonensis Redf., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661.
Tritoninm (Priene) oregonensis Redf., Gabb, Pal. Cal. Vol. II, p. 73, 1869.
Tritoninm oregonense Redf., Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, 1887, p. 212.
Priene oregonensis Redf., Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 261. Keep, West Coast

Shells, p. 44, 1892.
Priene cancellatiis Lam. {fide Trvon, Man. Clonch., Vol. Ill, ]>. 34, PI. XVI, figs. 164-167;
PI. XVII, figs. 170-172, 1881) (pars).

Shell large, fusiform; spire elevated; apex blunt; whorls eight to ten, convex; nuclear
whorls smooth, except for obsolete spiral striations; cancellated sculpture of nearly equally promi-
nent spiral and transverse rounded ridges; suture deeply impressed; discontinuous rounded varices
at every half to two-thirds revolution on upper whorls; aperture subovate; outer lip not thickened,
slightly effuse on adult shells; canal long, narrow, recurved; inner lip incrusted; columella slightly
twisted; umbilicus obsolete.

Dimensions. — Long. 103 mm.; lat. 48.5 mm.; body-whorl 71 mm.; aperture 31 mm.; canal
21 mm.; defl. 47 degrees.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 287

Y()iiii<^ sliells look iiHicli like c'crtiiiti species of Triton on iiccuuiit of varices.
Coiuiuoii in the Pliocene of Deiuliiuui Islaiul; rarer in the lower 8an Pedro series at
Dcadinan Island, and oidy occasionally found in the n|)[)er San Pedro series at
Doadinan Island, San Pedro, and Crawfish George's. The specimen figured is from
iho Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

LiriiKj. — Straits of Fuca to Monterey; Ja[)an (Cooper): dredged off San
Diego (Raymond): Kodiak Island (Snodgrass).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).
Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Ranella Lamarck.

Shell ovate or oblons-;, compressed, with two rows of continuous varices, one on each side;
ai)erture oval; columella arcuated and ridged, or crenulated; canal short, recurved; outer lip
crenated.

Ranella spinosa Lam. is a characteristic species.

308. Ranella calif ornica Hinds.

Ranella californica Hds., Ann. Nat. Hist., \'ol. II, 1S43, p. 255; Voyage Sulphur, p. 12, PI. il,
figs. 3 and 5, 1S44. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661. Tryon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. Ill, p. 40, PI. XXI, f^g. 32; PI. XXII, fig. 42, 1881. Gahk, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 73,
1869. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 44, fig. 24, 1S92. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 211.

Shell large, broadly fusiform; spire elevated, about one-half length of aperture; whorls five,
convex, each with two prominent, rounded, rather reflexed varices, each set forming a continuous
varix from apex to base; between varices are one or two prominent rows of rounded nodes, each
row having from one to four, and numerous rugose revolving ridges of varying prominence; suture
deeply impressed, distinct; aperture subovate; outer lip thickened, ridged, denticulated; inner lip
incrusted, the spiral ornamentation sometimes showing through the incrustation; columella curved,
flattened, widened; canal short.

Dimensions. — Long. 90 mm.; lat. 67 mm.; body- whorl 70 mm.; ajjerture, including canal,
53 mm.; defl. 76 degrees.

This shell is easily distinguishable by its size and general solid appearance.
Rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; three perfect specimens found;
one fine specimen from the upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos; also found at
Deadman Island and Cuiwfish George's in the same horizon. Found iu the Pleis-
tocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Gabb): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — Kirker's Pass.

288 CALIFOKNIA AlADliMV OF SlIENCES.

Family LX\ I. CYPR.EID/E.
Genus Cypraea Llmu.

Slic'll vcntricosc, convolute, covered will) siiiny enamel; spire concealed; aperture lonj^ and
narrow, with a short canal at each end; inner lij) crenulated; outer lip inflected and crenulated.

Cypnea argus Linn, is a characteristic species.

309. Cypraea spadicea Gray.

Cypraa spadicea Swainson, Tillock's Phil. Mag., Vol. I. XI, iS.>3, p. 376; Kxotic Conchology,

PI. CLXXXII. Tkyon, Man. Conch., Vol. VII, p. 182, Pi. XIII, tig. 78, 1885.
Cypriea spadicea Gray, Monog. Cypra-itiea, Zool. Jour., London, Vol. I, 1S24, p. 71. Dali.,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1S92, p. 207.
Luponia spadicea Gray, Cpr., Rrit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 657. Keep, West Coast .Shells, p. 59,

fig. 43, 1892.
Luponia spadicea Swain., Gabh, Pal. Cal, Vol. II, p. 78, 1869. Cooper, 7ih Ann. Rcpt. Cal. St.

Min. , 18S8, p. 247.

Shell of medium size, pyriform, ventricose, convolute; spire concealed; surface covered
with shining reddish brown enamel in living shell (in the fossil obtained at San Pedro this is worn
and subdued); aperture long and narrow, with a short canal at each end, the anterior canal being the
longer; outer lip inflected and crenulated; inner lip crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 50 mm.; lat. 33 mm.; altitude, when lying aperture down, 25 mm.

Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

One specimen from the upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island found by
Mrs. Oldroyd, and one from the upper San Pedro series at the lumber yard, San
Pedro, found by ])elos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego and Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara Island (Cooi)er) : San Pedro (Oldroyd; Arnold).

Genus Trivia Gray.

Small shells with striae extending over the back, where they are frequently interrupted by an
impressed dorsal sulcus.

Trivia quadripunciaia Gray is a characteristic species.

310. Trivia californica Gray.

Trivia ca/i/ornica Gray, Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rcpt. , 1863, p. 657. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 60,
figs. 44, a, b, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 207.

Shell small, semiglobular; convex surface crossed by eight or nine transverse ridges, which
are interrupted on the center of the shell by a slight depression running longitudinally; sloping
surface of ends ornamented with several ridges that radiate from the ends of the dorsal depression;
aperture narrow, curved; outer and inner lip denticulated by elongated, sharp teeth, the continua-
tions of the transverse ridges.

Dimerisions. — Long. 8 mm.; lat. 6.5 mm.; alt. 5 mm.

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN ITIDRO. 289

Only a few specimens found in tlie upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.
Zu'i»i^.— Santa Barbara to Lower Calit'ornia (Carpienter).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

311. Trivia solandri Gnti/.

Trivia so/andri Gray, Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 657. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 60, 1892.
Williamson, Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 207.

Shell, small, ventricose, convolute; spire concealed; about thirteen elevated lines cross the
back of the shell; these lines are interrupted in the middle of the shell by an impressed median
sulcus, aloni,-^ the sides of which the transverse lines end in rounded nodes; the sulcus does not
extend to either end of the shell; aperture long and narrow, with a canal at each end; inner lip
crenulated; outer lip inflected and crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 12.5 mm.; lat. 9.5 mm.; height, when lying on aperture, 7 mm.

This species is distinguishable from '/'. callfornica by its much larger size,
coarser sculpture and impressed median sulcus.

One specimen from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island.

Living. — Santa Barbara to Panama (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Erato Rinno.

Shell obovate, polished; .spire short, conical, distinct; aperture linear; outer lip without
vari.x, but thickened toward the middle, and denticulated within; columella with distinct plates at
the forepart.

Erato Icevis Donov. is a characteristic species.

312. Erato columbella Menlce.

Erato colunibellaViViV.., Zeit. Mai., p. 183, No. 26. 1847. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 657.
Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. V, p. 10, PI. IV, fig. 8, 1883. Keep, West Coast Shells,
p. 61, fig. 46, 1892. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 240. Willlwi-
soN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 207.

Shell small, pyriform; spire only slightly elevated; whorls four, nearly flat, e.xcept body-
whorl, which is ventricose and pyriform, and comprises most of the shell; surface smooth; suture
distinct; aperture long, narrow, curved around body-whorl; outer lip finely dentate within.

Dimensions. — Long. 7 mm.; lat. 4 mm.; body-whorl 6.5 mm.; aperture 6 mm.

One specimen from upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.
Living. — Monterey to San Diego; Mazatlan (Cooper).
P/eiS<oce/ie.— Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

( 37 ) April 28, 1903.

2!K) CAIJKOUNIA ACAMKMV <ll' SlIKNl'KS.

Family I.Wll. TK I Im )K 1 D/E.
Gciuis Triforis I>ishai/cs.

Sliell sinistral, scul|)liiici.i, jjiaiuilar; wluirls i)uim.Tous, tuniiiiialinj^ bcluvv in a small apcr-
turf, with tubular anterior canal; opposite this canal is sometimes a second one upon a varix,
marking the position of a former aperture.

Triforh percersus T.inii. is a cliuriU-U'iislic sprcies.

313. Triforis adversa Moattujn.

Triforis adversa Mont., Test. Brit., p. 271, 1803. Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 660. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 187, PI. XXXIX, fig. 51, 1887. Keep, West Coast Shells,

p. 47, 1 89 2.

Shell sinistral, with cancellated sculpture, caused by three spiral and numerous ecjually as
prominent transverse ridges; resembles Bittium rui^aliim somewhat in sculpture.

One imperfect specimen from lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island
collected by Mrs. Oldroyd.

Living. — Vancouver to Santa Barbara Island (( arpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Oldroyd).

Supcrfaniily LERITI 1 1 ACEA.
Kaiuily I>X\'11I. CKKITUKJl'SlD.E.

Gemis Seila A. Adums.

-Shell spiral, elongated, many whorled, frequently varicose; aperture channeled in fmni,
with a less distinct canal posteriorly; outer lip not reflected; nuclear whorls sinistral; trans-
versely lirate.

314. Seila assimilata C. B. Adams.

Plate IV. Fig. 8.

Ccrithiopsis assimilata C. B. Au., Maz. Cat., No. 563, 1852. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 660.
Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 174, PI. XXXVI, fig. 59, 1887. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 232. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 48, 1892.

Shell small, thin, turreted; nuclear whorls sinistral; whorls ten, ornamented with three
prominent, sharp, equal, equidistant, raised spiral lines; interspaces between ridges crossed by
numerous fine lirulae; suture indistinct, not distinguishable on ujiper portion of spire; base truncated
abruptly, flat; aperture subquadrate; outer lip thin, not efl'use; inner lip simple; columella recurved;
canal short.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; lat. 3.8 mm.; body-whorl 3.8 mm.; aperture 2.1 mm.; defl.
24 degrees.

Resenil)Ie8 the Bltlinina, but is distin,2;nisliable by the strong spiral lines.
Specimen identified by Dr. Dall. Rare in lower San Pedro series at San Pedro.

ARNOLD — TUK PALEONTOLOGY AND STIIATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDKO. 291

The specimen filmed was (il)taiiu(I fioni the lower San Pedro series at San
l\'(lr(i, and is now in tlir |)rivalc collecliiHi of Delos Arnold.

Liriiuj. — Monterey to I'anaina (("ooper): ("atalina Island, '10 fathoms
(ArnoKl, I'JOl).

Pleistocene. — !^an i'cdro (Oldruyd; Arn(jld): San Diego (Cooper).

Family LXIX. CERITIIIID.E.

Genus Bittium Leach.

Shell elevatt-'il, with luiinerous granular whorls and irregular varices; anterior canal short,
not recurved; inner lip simple; outer lip not reflected, usually with an exterior rib.

Bittium rdiculatum Da Costa is a eliaracteristic species.

315. Bittium asperum Gabb.

Turbotiilla aspera Gabb, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1861, p. 368.

Bittium asperum Gabb, Cpr., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Sen, Vol. XVII, 1866, p. 276. Gabb,
Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 72, PI. II, fig. 20, 1869. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 153,
PI. XXX, fig. 7, 1887. Cooper, 7th Ann. Kept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 230.

Bittium asperum Cpr., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 205.

Shell small, slender, turreted; apex elevated, acute; whorls nine to ten, nearly flat on
posterior portion, with prominent angulation anteriorly; sculpture consists of three spiral ridges,
crossed by si.xteen to eighteen much more prominent ridges; suture deep, distinct; aperture semi-
elliptical, with prominent basal emargination instead of a canal; lip thin, inner side crenulated; body-
whorl angulated, base slightly sculptured spirally.

Dimensions. — Long. 10.5 mm.; lat. 31 mm.; aperture 2.5 mm. x 1.5 mm.; defl. 22 degrees.

This species may be distinguished by the rehitive prominence of its trans-
verse scnl[)tiire. Specimens identified by Dr. Dall

Common in the Pliocene at Deadman Island and Timm's Point; rare in the
lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, and found only occasionally in the upi)er
San Pedro series of Crawfish George's and San Pedro. Found in the Pleistocene at
bath-house, Santa Barbara; at Barlow's ranch, Ventura; and at Pacific Beach,
San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to Catalina Island (Cooper).

Pkidocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
Santa Barbara; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall): San Pedro (Arnold).

316. Bittium californicum Dall d; Bartsch.

Plate IV, Fio. 4.
Bittium {Elachistd) caii/ornicum Dall & Bartsch, Nautilus, Sept., 1901, p. 58.

Shell, small, thin, white, turreted; spire elevated, mammilliform apex; whorls eight, convex,
slightly more angular on anterior portion of whorl; whorls crossed by twelve or thirteen prominent.

292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rounded, equal, equidistant ridj^es; spiral sculpture hardly visible; suture deeply impressed, distinct;
aperture subrotund; outer lip thin, smooth; columella smooth; body-whorl anjjulated at the base;
base shows spiral lines.

Dimensions. — Long. 6 mm.; lat. 2.2 mm.; body-whorl 2.5 mm.; aperture 1 mm.; defl.
24 degrees.

This species, with the pos.sible exception of B. williamsoni, is the smallest of
the Pleistocene Bittiums of this looality, ami is easily di.stinguishahle by its size and
the faintness of its spiral sciili)tiire. 8evei-al specimens show a slightly less deflection
than the one figured. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Kare in the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro. The specimen figured,
which was found in tlie lower San Pedro series at San Pedro, is now in the collec-
tion of Delos Arnold.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

317. Bittium filosum Gould.

Cerithiutn /ilosum Old., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1849, p. 120; Wilkes' Expl. Exped.,

Vol. XII, p. 149, fig. 175, 1852.
BUtititn Jilosum Gld.. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 655. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX,

p. 152, PI. XXIX, fig. 90, 1887. Cooper, -th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 230.

Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 72, fig. 57, 1S92.

Shell small, slender, turreted; apex elevated, acute; whorls eight, flat, slightly angulated
near anterior margin, and ornamented with four alternating ridges and grooves of about equal width;
apical whorls transversely sculptured; base of body- whorl sculptured in same way; suture deep,
distinct; aperture small, semielliptical, with basal emargination instead of a canal; lip thin, with
interior ridges corresponding to exterior grooves.

Dimensions. — Long. 8.5 mm.; lat. 2.9 mm.; aperture 2 mm. x 1.2 mm.; defl. 20 degrees.

This species is distinguishable by its lack of transverse ornamentation. The
specimen described was identified by Dr. Dall.

Specimens of this species are rather rare in both the lower and upper San
Pedro series at San Pedro and Deadman Island; a few found at Crawfish George's.

Living. — Sitka to Monterey (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

318. Bittium quadnfilatum Carpenter.

Plate IX, Fic. 2.

Bittium quadrifilatuni CPR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 655; Jour, de Conch., Vol. XII, 1865, p. 143.
Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 153, PI. XXIX, fig. 91, 1887. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 230. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 72, 1892. William-
son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 205, PI. XXI, fig. 4.

Shell small, turreted, elongate; apex acute; whorls ten or eleven, nearly flat; body-whorl
slightly ventricose; surface sculptured by four more or less prominent spiral ridges, and on upper
whorls by transverse ridges; these ridges become obsolete on the penultimate and body-whorls in
adult specimens, leaving only the spiral lines on these whorls; suture distinct, impressed, giving a

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 293

keeled appearance to the lower portion of the whorl in some specimens; aperture subquadrate; outer
lip thin; c(jlunielhi truncate, s|)irally sculptured without.

Dimensions. — Long. lonini.; hit. 2.5 mm.; dell. 18 degrees.

This species is intermediate between B. fit<Kini\ ami />. nsperum, having the
.sculpture of the former on tlie body-wliorl and the sculpture of the latter on the
apical whorls, while the intermediate whorls have a fjradation sculpture. Speci-
mens identified hy Dr. Dall.

Not uncommon in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San
Pedro; rarr in tiic upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los
(^erritos, and Crawlish George's. Found in the Pleistocene at the halh-house, Santa

I'arhara.

The specimen figured is from tiie lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island,
and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

One of the laws of evolution is that of acceleration of development, which has
been formulated by Alpheus Hyatt,' as follows: —

"All modifications and variations in progressive series tend to a})pear first in
the adolescent or adult stages of growth, and then to be inherited at earlier and
earlier stages, according to the law of acceleration, until they either become embry-
onic or are crowded out of the organization, and replaced in the development by
characters of later origin."

This means that theoretically each organism in its ontogeny, or life hi.story,
ought to go through stages of growth corresponding to all of its ancestors, and that
these stages ought to appear in the order of its ancestral forms. This law is exempli-
fied by tlie genetic series, consisting of B. nsperum, B. quadrijilatum and B.Jilosum.

First, we have B. asperum, which is the only species of this genus found in
the Pliocene at Deadman Island. It has a characteristic nodose-cancellate sculpture,
caused by two series of ridges, s[)iral and transverse, and this sculpture extends back
from the body-whorl through the intermediate to the apical whorls. Thus, in this
species the same characteristic sculpture is found in the larval stage (which is rep-
resented by the apical whorls), the adolescent stage (intermediate whorls), and in the
adult stage, which is represented by the penultimate and body-whorls.

Next we have B. quadvifilntum (Plate IX, fig. 2), which is first found in
the lower San Pedro beds of the Pleistocene, and which, it is reasonable to suppose,
developed out of Bitthnn usj^eriim. At any rate, this species is not found in the
Pliocene, but is quite abundant in the lower San Pedro. The sculpture of this
species is as follows: Apical whorls nodose-cancellate; intermediate whorls with the
transverse sculpture becoming less prominent as the whorls become larger; penulti-
mate and body-whorl generally with four prominent spiral threads or ridges, but with

> A. Hyatt, "Qenegls of the Ailetldn," Preface, p. Ix.

'_".»«

CAI.IFOltNIA AfAlJKMY OV Sl'IKNCES.

tnuisverse sciilptmo obsolete. It is thus seen that the axperum sculpture is found in
the iutonuoiliate and apical whorls. That is, the cancellate scul|)turc, or, more prop-
erly .-peaking, the transverse sculpture, has been gradually forced back towanl the
earlier stages of growth, and is wholly lost in the adult stages of li. (/iindriji/ntum.

The next species in the series is B. Ji/oxum. This species is found very
sparingly in the lower San Pedro, and although nt)t common in the upper San Pedro,
is notioeai)ly more abundant in this later horizon than in the one preceding. Its
separation from />'. (jinuhijUalitui no doul)t liegan early in the Pleistocene, hut this
type did not reach a full development until the time of the upper San Pedro. The
sculpture of this species consists primarily of spiral ridges or raised lines. This to the
naked eye seems to be the only sculpture in typical specimens, i)ut with the aid
of a microscope the apical whorls are seen to have quite prominent transverse ridges,
giving them (with the spiral ridges) a cancellate or ni^periun sculpture. Thus we see
that the sculpture developed in tiie adult li. nspennii is forced onl of the adult stages
and back into the adolescent stages, while in B.Jllosum we have the same sculpture
occurring only in the apical whorls, or larval stage. As the larval period is the
earliest in which we may study the shell of the gastropod, we may reasonably suppose
that in the ne.xt marked period of development this cancellate sculpture would be
completely lost, leaving only ihe tyjiical B. Jifonnn), or spiral sculpture, to ornament
the whole shell from its larval to its adult stage, unless new characteristics of
sculpture were developed in the meantime.

The spiral sculpture has been the persistent character in this series, while the
transverse has been nearly lost by being forced back further and further toward the
embryonic stage in succeeding individuals, until we have it remaining only in the
very earliest whorls of B. jiln^iDu.

It is true that all three of these species are living at the present day, and that
the transverse sculpture has persisted in certain individuals up to the present time,
but the}' are sufficiently differentiated to call by different .sjiecific names. It is
evident that in the case of the Bittiiony. under discussion, the develoi)ment of what
we call species has been brought about, not so much by the acquiring of certain
specific characteristics, as by the gradual loss of a certain characteristic already
possessed by the ancestral form.

TABLE SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE.

Larval stage, apical
whorls.

Adolescent stafje, in- Adult stage, peunltimate
tormediate whorls. and body-whorl.

B. filosum. (Upper San Pedro)

spiral and weak
transverse.

spiral.

sjjiral.

B. quadrifilaium (Lower San Pedro). .

spiral and trans-
verse.

spiral and weak
transverse.

spiral.

B. asperum (Pliocene)

spiral and trans-
verse.

spiral and trans-
verse.

spiral and

transverse.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOCJY AND STUATIGKAl'HY OF SAN PEDRO. 295

319. Bittium rugatum Carpenler.

I'LATK IV, Fii:. 11.

Bittium rugatum Cpr., Ann. iS: \\:\<^. Nat. Hist., 3rci Ser., Vol. XVH, 1866, p. 276.

Sliell small, turreted; spire elevated; ape.x acute; whorls ten to eleven, flat; numerous trans-
verse ridjjes, crossed by a varying number of nearly equally prominent spiral ridges, produce a
nodose-cancellated sculpture; the spiral ridges increase in number on the anterior whorls; suture
very deeply impressed, forming a sutural canal; body- whorl angulaled, base ornamented with fine
spiral and transverse lines; aperture subrectangular; outer lip thin, smooth; columella incrusted;
canal short.

Dimensions. — Long. 13 mm.; lat. 5 mm.; body-whorl 6 mm.; aperture 3.5 mm.; defl.
23 degrees.

This species is quite variable in sciilptiire, owiiiii to tlic varviiii;' luimber of
spiral ri(.lii;e.s on (lifTercnt indiviiliials. The specimen described was identified by
Dr. Da 11.

Coiiunon in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro,
and in up{>er San Pedro series at Deadman Island, Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos,
and San Pedro. The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San
Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Catalina Island to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

320. Bittium williamsoni, sp. iiov.
Platk VI, I'lu. 11.

Shell small, elongate, turreted; whorls seven, angular, flat and sloping above, straight
below; upper .surface of whorl minutely cancellate with fine spiral and transverse ridges; lower sur-
face with two prominent spiral ridges and faint transverse ribs; suture deeply impressed, distinct;
aperture circular; base smooth; basal angle rounded slightly.

Dimensions. — Long. 2.5 mm.; iat. i mm.

This is the smallest of the IJitlininti found in llie San Pedro deposits, and is
distinguishable by its small size, prominently turbinated apex, and prominent can-
cellated sculpture. The specimen figured is the type, which was identified as a new
species by Dr. Dall, and which is now in the United States National Museum.

Found in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. Also found in the
Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, near San Diego.

Living.~{Vbi?) (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Subgenus Styliferina A. Adams.

Diaphanous; conical turreted; whorls smooth, conve.x; apex mucronate; aperture subquad-
rate; inner lip straight.

Bittium orthocJiila A. Ads. is a characteristic species.

2t>G CALIFDUNIA ACADliMV OK SCIKNCKS.

321. Bittium (Styliferina) tenuisculpta Carpenter.

I'l^TK VI, FUi. 14.

Shell small, conical, turreted, thin, diaphanous; apex sharp; whorls ton, rounded, nearly
smooth, but showiujj faint spiral sculpture; suture deep, distinct; body-whorl rvcnly rounded below;
aperture .subrotund; outer lip thin; inner lip simple.-

Dimensions.— Imw^. 5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.; body-whorl 2.5 mm.; ajicrturc 7.5 mm.; defl.
20 degrees.

Specimens iilciitifitnl hy J^r. J)iill.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of San Tcilio; one specimen loimd, which is
figured, and is now in tlio collection of Delos Ai iiold.

Living. — West Coast (?).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Diastema Deshayes.

Shell turreted; whorls with numerous transverse ribs, and with a few intermediate varices;
inner margin of the aperture partially detached from the previous whorl; the aperture itself is
strongly contracted posteriorly.

322. Diastema, sp. indet.

Shell small, regularly conical, turreted; whorls seven, convex, ornamented with eleven
slightly oblique transverse ridges, which are most prominent on the angle of the whorl and become
obsolete at the sutures; suture deeply impressed; aperture broadly elliptical; outer lip thin; inner li[)
smooth; canal short.

Diynensions. — Long. 10.5 mm.; lat. 4.5 mm.; body-whorl 5.8 mm.; aperture, 4 mm.; defl.
28 degrees.

The above descrii)tion was taken from a shell which Dr. Uall pronounced a
young of the genus Diadonia.

Lower Pleistocene of San Pedro, only one specimen, h. specimen of the
same species (?) was found in the Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Genus Cerithidea Sicainson.

Shell turriculated, longitudinally ribbed; whorls numerous; summit of spire more or less
decollated; aperture rounded, slightly slit anteriorly; outer lip expanded, thickened, broadly rounded
below, and usually produced into a beak crossing the sinus to the left.

Cerithidea decoUntvm Linn, is a cliaractcristic species.

323. Cerithidea californica JJaUlemann.

Cerithium californicuni Hald., Fr. VV. Univ. Moll., cover of No. i, 1840.

Cerithium {Polantis) sacra/tan Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1849, p. 118; Wilkes'

Expl. Exped., Vol XII, p. 114, PI. X, fig. 116, 1852. Tryon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. IX, p. 162, PI. XXXIII, figs. 69-72, 1887.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDUO. 297

Ceri//tit/fa .uicra/a Gld., Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 226. KEi:r, West Coast Shells, p. 71,

fijj. 56, i8g2.
Cerilhidea califomica Hald., Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 79, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 233. Dali„ Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892, p. 277.

Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 205.

Shell tiirreted; a|)e.\ decollated; whorls nine or ten, slightly convex, ornamented with three
or four s|)iral ridyos and luimcrovis transverse ri<lg(s, the two sets varying in prominence; suture
impressed, distinct; aperture subquadrate; outer lijj effuse, thickened, broadly rounded below, and
slightly produced in a columellar beak; inner lip straight above this beak.
Dimensions. — Alt. 25 mm.; lat. 9.5 mm.; dcfl. 22 degrees.

Tlii.s is the only representative of tliis genus, and is one of the commonest of
the gastropods in the upper San Pedro formation.

Found in tlie Pliocene of Deadman Island, lower San Pedro series of Dead-
man Island and San Pedro, and upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's, Los
Cerritos, San Pedro, and Dea'dinan Island. Found in the Pleistocene at Twenty-
sixth Street and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Baulinas Bay to San Diego; Mazatlan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando, Los Angeles County (Cooper) : San Pedro (Arnold).

Family LXX. C.ECID.E.

Genus Caecum Fleming.

Young shell spiral in one plane, afterwards an arcuated tube, truncated posteriorly by the
loss of the spiral portion, and closed there by a convex septum or plug.

Ccecum cornuoides is a characteristic species.

324. Cascum californicum Ddll.

Plate VIII, Fig. 6.

C(Ecuvi cooperi Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 655; not of Smith {Jide Dall).

Cceaim californiaan Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, 1885, p. 541. Tryon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. VIII, p. 219, PI. LXVI, fig. 65, 1886. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 73, 1892.

Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892, ]i. 299.

Shell small, tubular, curved, white, very slightly tapering; plug bent toward convex side;
aperture circular, slightly contracted; surface ornamented by thirty to forty prominent, narrow,
rounded rings.

Dimensions. — Long, (maximum) 3 mm.; lat. 0.9 mm.

Shell may be distinguished from G. crebricinctum by its small size and much
more prominent, narrow, sharp rings.

Quite common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Crawfish
George's, and in the lower Sau Pedro series of Deadman Island and Sau Pedro.

( 38 ) April 27, 1903.

208 C'ALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

Tlu' spi'oiincn fijjnrt'd is from tlic lower San Peilro series at Deadman Island, and is
now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Santa Barbara Island to San Dictio (Carpenter): Calalina Island,
L'O fathoms (Arnold, 1!H)1).

/'leistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Dioi^o (Sloarns).

Pliocene. — San Qnentin Bay, Lower California (Orcntt).

325. Caecum crebricinctum Carpenter.

Pi.ATK VIII, Via. 10.

Caciim crebricinchim CvK., Brit. As.sn. Rept., 1863, p. 655; Proc. Cal. Acad. .Sci., Vol. Ill, 1865,
p. 215. Tryon. Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 218, PI. LXVII, fig. 71, 18S6. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 73, 1892. Dall. Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2,
1892, p. 300. Williamson, Proc; U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 204.

Shell small, white, curved, tubular, thin; ornamented with very fine, close, annular ring
sculpture; plug subangulate, bent toward conve.x side.
Dimensions. — Long. 5.5 mm.; hit. i mm.

Distinguishable from C. ra/ifornicu)it by its larger size and less prominent
rings. The specimen described was identified by Dr. Dall.

Found in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro, and
in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Crawfish George's. The specimen
figured is from the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection
of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Car])entci) : San Pedro (Williamson):
Catalina Island, 20 fathoms (Arnold, 1901).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold): San Diego; Coronado Beach (Dall).

Pliocene. — San Quentin Bay, Lower California (Orcutt).

326. Cgecum magnum Stearns.
Platk VIII, Fig. 16.

Cteciim magnuvi Stearns, Tryon, Man Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 219, Pis. LXN'II, LXXXIII, 1886.

Shell small, tubular, curved, tapering; surface sculptured with numerous fine rings; aperture
circular; plug sharp.

Dimensions. — Long. 5 mm.; latitude, base, 0.9 mm.; ape.x 0.3 mm.

This species resembles C crebricinctum, I)iit differs from that species in being
more curved and in tapering ranch more rapidly from the anterior to the posterior
extremity. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall. Tryon's figure may be of C. crehri-
cinctuni. One specimen from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island, which
is figured, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — ?

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

AliNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAl'HV OF SAN I'EDKO. 299

Family LXXI. VEKMETIDiE.
Genus Serpulorbis Sassi.
SlicU tubular, irregularly twisted, adherent; aperture rounded; columella not plicate.
Serpulorhis arenaria Quoy. is a characteristic species.

327. Serpulorbis squamigerus Carpenter.

Aleles squamigerus Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1856, p. 226.

Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 654. Cooper, 7tli Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 264. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 74, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat

Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 204.
Vermetus squamigerus Cpr., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. \'I1I, p. 181, PI. LIV, figs. 73, 74, 1886.

Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, adherent; surface may be transversely or longitudinally
ornamented, generally, however, only showing circular incremental lines; aperture circular.
Dimensions. — Diameter from 2 mm. to 15 mm.

In some cases found attached to rocks in conglomerate, in others found in
irreguhir aggregates or individual sections.

Common in the ujiper San Pedro series of San Pedro and vicinity; rare in
the lower San Pedro series of Deadraan Island and San Pedro. Fouiul in the
Plei-stocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barhara to San Diego (Cooper) : San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Subgenus Vermicularia Lamarck.

328. Serpulorbis (Vermicularia), sp. iiulet.

One small nepionic shell of a species of this genus was found in the lower
San Pedro series of San Pedro. Specimen identified by Dr. Dall.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Spiroglyphus Daudin.

Animal forming a groove on the surface of shells or stones, covering it over with shelly
matter, and forming a tubular case.

Spiroglyphus spirorhis Dillw. is a characteristic species.

329. Spiroglyphus lituella March.

Siphonium {Dendropoma) lituella Morch., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 154.

Spiroglyphus lituella MoRCH., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 654. Keep, West Coast Shells,
p. 73, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 204.

Shell small, irregularly and sometimes openly spiral, rather compressed; color dingy white;
surface sculptured by incremental liruhe and arcuate striae, which are appro.ximately regular;
aperture circular.

Dimensions. — Diameter of coil 1.5 mm.

300 CALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

This little animal forms a groove on the surface of shells or stones, and covers
it over with shelly matter, forming a tubular case.

Common on stones and shells of upper Pan Pedro series at San Pedro,
Deadman Island, Crawfish (Icorge's, and Los Cerritos.

Living. — California coast (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Family LXXII. TURlllTELLlD^.

Genus Turritella Lamarck.
Shell elongated; many whorled; whorls rounded, with revolving stria'; aperture rounded.
Turritella terebra Linn, is a characteristic species.

330. Turritella cooperi Carpenter.

Turriiella cooperi Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1863, p. 655; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1864,
p. 216. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 80, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 20,
PI. LXI, 1886. CoopKR, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 269. Keep, West
Coast Shells, p. 73, fig. 58, 1892. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2,
1892, p. 318. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 205.

This species is distinguishable from T. jewettii by its deej»ly impressed and
distinct suture, faint spiral ridges (lacking entirely in some specimens), circular
aperture, and sharper spire, the deflection in this species being only 10 degrees.
Resembles Atlantic form, T. apicaliti.

Rather common in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro and vicinity.
Found in the Pliocene at Pacific Beach and Russ School, San Diego; and in the
Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego; and at Barlow's ranch and the irrigating
ditch, Ventura.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego;
Ventura (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold): San
Quentin Bay, Lower California (Orcutt).

331. Turritella jewettii Carpenter.

I'LATB IV, Fig. l.S.

Turritella je-wettii CpR., Brit. Assn. Rei)t., 1863, p. 655; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Sen,
Vol. XVII, 1866, p. 276. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 80, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 269.

t Turritella sa7igiiinca Reeve, Cooper (Williamson), Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, 1894,
Part 3, p. 32.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STIIATIUKAI'UY OF SAN PEDUO. 301

Shell tiirreted, with slender, taperinjj spire; number of whorls variable; whorls flat, with two
distinct spiral ridges on anterior portion and three or four less distinct ridges posteriorly; incremental
lines distinct and concave anteriorly; suture thread-like and rather indistinct, not usually impressed;
aperture angular.

Dimensions. — Defi. i6 degrees.

The spiral sculpture in this species is quite variable, the prominence of the
various ridges not being constant; the suture is also somewhat imi)ressed in some
specimens. A more solid shell than T. cnoperi, being less slender, having more
prominent spiral sculpture, a more aiigulnr ;i|)erturc and a less distinct suture than
the latter species. The shell listed by Mrs. Williamson as 2\ sanguinea from the San
Pedro Pleistocene is probably this species, as Carpenter in his original description
(the type being a Pleistocene fossil from Santa Parbara) says that T. jeweitii is near
7\ s(mgumea.

Common in the Pliocene, rarer in llic lower San Pedro series, and still rarer in
the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and vicinity. The specimen figured is from
the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall): San Pedro (ArnoUl).

Family LXXIII. LITTORIXID.E.

Genus Littorina Ferussac.

Shell turbinated, thick, pointed, few-whorled; aperture rounded; outer lip acute; columella
rather flattened, imperforate.

Littorina Utorea Tjiiin. is a characteristic species.

332. Littorina planaxis {Nuttall) Philippi.

Littorina planaxis Nutt., Philippi, teste Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 266. Cpr., Brit. Assn.
Rept., 1863, p. 655. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 80, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. IX, p. 248, PI. XLIII, figs. 55, 56; PI. XLIV, fig. 57, 1887. Cooper, 7th Ann.
Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 246. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 68, fig. 53, 1892.
^=L. patula Gld. {fide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892, p. 321).
Williamson, Proc. U. S. NaL Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 205.

Shell small, broadly conical; spire not much elevated; whorls three, convex, the last being
ventricose; surface roughened by lines of growth; aperture ovate; outer lip thin; inner lip and
columella flattened and eftuse.

Dimensio7is. — Alt. 8 mm.; lat. 6.2 mm.; aperture 5 mm. x 3.5 mm.; defl. 70 degrees.

Distinguishable from L. scutulata by lack of coloration, rough surface, very
effuse inner lip, greater deflection, and fewer whorls. Specimens identified by
Dr. Dall.

One specimen each, from the upper San Pedro series of Sau Pedro, and

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lower 8:111 IVdro isories of Dt'iulmun Islaml; toiiiul also in lliu lower San Pedro
series at San Pedro; and in the Pliocene of Deadman Island.

Living. — Sitka; San Diego (Cooper).

Pkistocene. — San Nicolas Island; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

333. Littorina scutulata (louUl.

Litlorina scutulata Gi.i)., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1849, p. 83; Wilkes' Expl. Exped.,

Vol. XII, p. 200, fijj. 241, 1852. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 656. Tryon, Man.

Conch., Vol. IX, p. 250, PI. XLV, fij;s. 98-103, 18S7. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 246. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 68, fig. 52, 1892. Williamson,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 205.
Littorina plena Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1849, p. 84; Wilkes' E.xpl. Exped.,

Vol. XII, p. 201, fig. 236, 1852.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, very slitjhtly convex, the last one
ventricose and slightly angulated; sculpture consists of numerous nearly obsolete, spiral stri;e, and
fine, oblique, incremental lines; aperture ovate; outer lip thin, lower part effuse; inner lip incrusted,
effuse; color reddish brown.

Dimensions. — Alt. 10 mm.; lat. 6 mm.; ajierturc 5 mm. x 3 mm.; defl. 48 degrees.

All the specimens from the Pleistocene that have heen examined show a
characteristic reddish brown color. Several specimens identified by Dr. Dall; among
them two which were marked "variety," but which have been included in this species
for lack of constant varietal differences.

Found in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman I.slaiui and San Pedro; and
ill tlie upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos, Crawfish George'.s, San Pedro, Long
Beach, and Deadman Island. Found in the Pleistocene! at Barlow's ranch, Ventura;
and at Pacific Beach and Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura; San
Diego (Arnold).

Genus Lacuna Turton.

Shell turbinated, thin; aperture semilunar; columella flattened, with an umbilical fissure.

Lacuna pallidida Da Costa is a characteristic .species.

334. Lacuna compacta Carpenter.

Lacuna .? var. compacta Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 656.

Lacuna {? solidula, var.) compacta CPR., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Scr., \'ol. XIV, 1864, p. 429.
Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 266, PI. L, fig. 71, 1887.

Shell small, thin, compact; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, slightly convex; body-
whorl prominently angulated at base; suture impressed, distinct; aperture ovate; outer lip not effuse^
thin; inner lip slighdy effuse; chink very small, almost obsolete; surface faintly marked with very
fine incremental lines.

Dimensions. — Long. 6 mm.; lat. 4 mm.; aperture 3 mm. x 2 mm.; defl. 60 degrees.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOr.Y AND STRATIOIJAPHY OF SAN PEOKO. 303

Distinn;iiislial)le by its compactness, angiilated body-wliorl, small chink and
angle of deflection. Tiie specinicu described was identified I)y Dr. Dall as probably
being of this species.

Some specimens of L. conipacta in the State Museum collection at Berkeley
are labeled L. noliduln.

Rare in lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island; and in the upper San
Pedro series at Los Cerritos and San Pedro. Found in the Pleistocene at Barlow's
ranch, Ventura; at bath-house, Santa Barbara; and at Spanish I'ight, San Diego.

Living. — Vancouver district (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Ventura; Santa Barl)ara; San Diego (Arnold).

335. Lacuna porrecta Carpenter.

Lacuna porrecta CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 656; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3id Ser., Vol. XIV,
1864, p. 429. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 265, PI. L, figs. 55, 56, 57, 1887.
Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 66, 1892.

Shell small, white; spire not much elevated; whorls three, convex; body-whorl very slightly
angulated; suture distinct; aperture ovate; lip etTuse; umbilical chink large.

Dimensions. — Long. 6 mm.; lat. 5 mm.; body-whorl 5.7 mm.; aperture 4.5 mm.; defl.
74 degrees.

Distinguishable by large umbilical cliink, depressed spire, large angle at apex,
and effuse outer lip.

Three specimens of this species found in the lower San Pedro series at Dead-
man Tsland; also found in same horizon at San Pedro; and in the upper San Pedro
series at Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish George's.

Living. — Vancouver district (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

336. Lacuna solidula (Loven) Carpenter.

Plate VIII, Fig. U.

Laciaia solidula hoxv.^, Inde.x Moll. vScandin., p. 23 {lesle Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 656).
Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 80, 1869. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. IX, p. 266, PI. L,
fig. 69, 1887. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 244. Keep, West
Coast Shells, p. 66, 1892. Dali., Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892,
p. 321. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 205.

Lacuna carinata Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1848, p. 75.

Liltorina pedroana Con., Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V, p. 327, PI. VI, fig. 50, 1S56.

Modelia slriataGMm, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1S61, p. 368.

■Shell small, turreted, thin; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, rounded, ornamented with
fine oblique incremental lines; suture deeply impressed, distinct; aperture large, ovate; outer lip
thin; inner lip sharp, effuse, incrusted; small umbilical chink.

Dimensions. — Long. 10 mm.; lat. 6.2 mm.; body-whorl 7.5 mm.; aperture 5.5 mm.; defl.
44 degrees.

304 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY nl" SCIENCES.

Distiiitruitfliiilili.' from other iuciiiIkts nf llic i;('iiii'< loiiml in lliis t'liiinaiimi hy
its elevated spire, deeply impressed siitnic, and .-iiiull (Utlcclidn. 'i'lie spcciinoii
described was identified liy I)r. 1)mII.

Rare in lower San Tcdro series at Deadman Island and upper San Pedro
scries at San Pedro. Found also in the Pleistoeeiie at PacKic Peach, San Diego.
The speeiuien lij^ured is somewhat decorticated, came from I lie upper San Pedro
series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living- Ala>ka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San
Diego (Arnold).

Family LXXIV. FOSSARID.E.
Genus Fossarus Philippl.
Shell perforated, sculptured; inner lip thin; aperture semilunate.
Fossarus cosiaUts Brocchi is a characteristic species.

Subgenus Isapis J/, cf- A. Addms.

Shell umbilicated; spire elevated; cancellated, or with revolving ribs; columella with a small
median tooth.

Isapis anomala C. B. Adams is a characteristic si^ecies.

337. Fossarus (Isapis) fenestrata Carpenter.

Isapis /enestrala CvR., Brit. A.ssn. Rept., 1S63, p. 656; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser. , Vol. XV,
1865, p. 28. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 65, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U- S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 206.

Shell small, turreted; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, .slightly convex, ornamented
with prominent, squarish, raised, spiral ridges, with numerous fine, oblique lirula- in the interspaces;
three spiral ridges on penultimate whorl, twelve to thirteen on body-whorl; suture deeply impressed,
distinct; aperture ovate; outer lip thin, slightly effuse; inner lip flattened, effuse; umbilical
chink small.

Dimensions. — Long. 8 mm.; hit. 7 mm.; body-whorl 7 mm.; aperture, 5 mm.; defl.
65 degrees.

Found in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro, and
in the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's, San Pedro, and Deadman Island.
Living. — Vancouver to San Diego (Carpenter).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Family LXXV. RISSOIDiE.

Genus Rissoa Frendnville.

.Shell minute, white or horny; conical pointed, many-whorled; smooth, ribbed or cancel-
lated; aperture rounded; peristome entire, continuous; outer lip slightly expanded, thickened.

Hissoa costulata Risso is a characteristic species.

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGUAl'HY OF SAN PEDllO. 305

338. Rissoa acutelirata Carpenter.

I'l.xTK IV, Via. I--'.

Rissoa acutelirata Cru., Brit. Assn. Kept., 1863, p. 656.

Shell minute, conical, pointed, rather thick; whorls five, convex, with fifteen sharp, distant,
spiral riblets, traveling over eighteen sharp distant ribs, which are obsolete on base of body-whorl;
apeitiire ovate; peristome entire, continuous.

Dimensions. — Long. 1.5 mm.

This minute little shell is seen under the microscope to have a very cancellated
sculpture. Specimens identified l)y Dr. Hall.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. Two specimens. Found also
in the Plei.stocene at the old irri<i;ating ditch, Ventura. The; speoiincn fit:;ured is
from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of
Delos Arnold.

Living. — San Diego (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; Ventura (Arnold).

Subfamily II YDROBIIN/E.

Genus Paludestrina d'Orbigny.

Shell conical, more or less elongated; smootii, imperforate or nearly so; apex acute; aperture
ovate; piTitrinn- continuous; outer lip acute; inner lip not thickened.

Paludestrina pisciinn d'Orbigny is a characteristic species.
339. Paludestrina curta, sp. nov.

Pi.ATF Vlir, Fig. 2.

Shell small, conical, very thin; spire elevated; apex rounded; whorls four, very convex,
smooth, except for obsolete transverse sculpture; suture deeplj- impressed, distinct; aperture oval;
peritreme continuous, thin; umbilicus subperforate.

Dimensions. — Long. 4 mm.; lat. 2.2 mm.; body-wliorl 2.6 mm.; aperture 1.5 mm.; defi.
38 degrees.

Distinguishable from P.stokesi by much broader shell, fewer whorls, and more
perforate umbilicus. Pronounced a new species by Dr. Dall.

Hare in lower and upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. The specimen
figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is
now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

340. Paludestrina stokesi, sp. nov.

Pi.ATK VIII, Fig. a.

Shell small, conical, thin; spire elevated; apex acute; whorls six, very convex; surface with
faint, nearly obsolete, rounded, transverse ridges; suture deeply impressed, distinct; body-whorl

( 39 ) April 27, 1903.

306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

evenly vt-ntricose; aperture oval; peritreme continuous; outer lip acute; inner lip not thickened;
umbilicus nearly obsolete.

Dimensions. — Lonjj. 4.8 mm.; l.it. 2 mm.; body-whorl 2.5 mm.; aperture I mm.; dill.
22 degrees.

This littU> frosli-vvator gastropod is (listingiiislial)U' hy it.s small size, tliin slid!,
very convox whorls ami coiitiiuioiis periLreine. >Spuciinens pronoun cod a new species
by Dr. Dall. Named in honor of Mr. Frank Stokes of Pasadena, California.

Rare in upper and lower San Pedro series of San Pedro. The specimen
figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is
now in the United States National Museum.

J'leiatocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Family LXXVI. CALYPTR.EIDiE.

Genus Crucibulura Schumacher.

Shell conical, more or less regular, with subcentral, subposterior, sharp ape.x; aperture basal,
with a central, internal, cup-shaped lamina, which is entire, and attached along a line on one side to
the inner wall of the shell.

Section Crucibulum, s. s.

Distinguished from Dispotaa by having in the adult tin- whole margin of the internal cup
free from|the shell, and the cup as a whole merely attached by a narrow strij) of adhesion.

Crucibulum rudis Brod. is a characteristic species.

341. Crucibulum spinosum Sov:erbi/.

CalyptrcEa spinosa Sby., Gen. of Shells, PI. XXIII, figs. 4, 7, 1824.

Crucibulum spinosum S?i\., Reeve, Icon. Conch., Sp. 10. Conrad, Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. V,
p. 327, PI. V, fig. 46, 1856. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 323, PI. IX, figs. 3a, 3/>/
id., 1863, p. 654. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 81, 1869; Geol. San Domingo, p. 241,
1873. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 118, PI. XXXII, fig. 38, 1886. Cooper,
7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 237. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 77, fig. 62,
1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 203.

Crucibulum auricula var. spinosum Sby., =DispolcEa dumosa CoN. (young shell), ^=Crucibulum
dumosum Tuomey & Holmes (young shell), {Jide Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci.,
Vol. III. Part 3, 1892, p. 350.)

Shell conical, elevated; apex rather acute, slightly curved, smooth, subcentral; surface
ornamented with numerous rounded, radiating ridges, and sometimes with concentric rows of spires;
concentric lines of growth visible; a cup-shaped lamina is attached along a line nn one side of the
interior of the shell; inner surface smooth; rim thin; aperture nearly circular.

Dimensions. — Diam. 21 mm.; alt. 13.5 mm.

The only member of this genus found in the San Pedro series of this locality.
Dr. Dall .says that the recent specimens, from California agree in the minutest par-
ticular with the Caloosahatchie fossils. This is probably a case of a survival of au
old form.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIOKAPHY OF SAN PEDHO. 307

Coiniiioii in the lower San Pedro series of Deadniaii I.slaiul, and in u|)per San
I'l'dro series of Deadmaii Island, San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Long Beach, and Crawfish
George's. Found in tlie Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street and Pacific J>cach,
San Dieji;o.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego (Carpenter): south to Peru (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (C-ooper): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall): Caloosahatchie beds and Allifi;ator Creek,
Florida (Dall and WiUcox).

Miocene. — (Xewcr) North and South Cainiina (Coni'ad and Holmes): (older)
San Domingo (Gabb).

Genus Galerus Hamphrey.

Shell depressed, subconical, spiral; summit subcentral; aperture very large, basal, with a
subspiral broad lamina adhering to tlie left margin.

Galerus chinensis Linn, is a characteristic species.

342. Galerus mammillaris Broderip.

Galerus mammillaris Brod., Trans. Zool. Soc, 1835, PI. XXIII, tig. 5. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept.,
1856, p. 323. =Calyplrea fastigiala Gld., = (?) Galerus contortus Cpr. {fide Dall,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 203).

Calyplrea mammillaris Brot:)., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 120, PI. XXXIV, figs. 64-75,
78-81, 1 886.

Shell depressed, subconical; whorls flattened, three; apex central, blunt; aperture subcircular,
large; a broad lamina begins at ape.x on inner surface and makes a whole turn to the left, reaching
nearly to margin; lower part of body-whorl corrugated; surface marked by irregular spiral stria;.

Dimensions. — Long. 32 mm.; lat. 30 mm.; alt. 7 mm.

The specimen described was identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadraan Island and San Pedro; and in
the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's and San Pedro.

Living. — Puget Sound to Monterey (Cooper): Santa Barbara to Central
America (Carpenter): San Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

Genus Crepidula Lamarck.

Shell oval, limpet-like, with a posterior, generally lateral spiral apex; interior with a shelly
lamina covering its posterior half.

Crepidula peruviana Lam. is a characteristic species.

308 CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

343. Crepidula aculeata Gviclin.

Patflla antleata Gmki.., Sysl. Nat., p. 3693. 17SS.

Crepidula aculeata Gmkl., ==Calyptii/-a echinus Brod., =Calvptra-a hyslrix Brod., =Crepidula
cali/ornica NuTT. {Jide Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 323, PI. VIII, figs. 3a, 37).
Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 654. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 129,
PI. XXXIX, figs. 61-65, «886. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 236.
Dai.l. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, 1889, p. 152. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 76,
1S92. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892, p. 357. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 203.

Shell small, deep, thin; apex near anterior margin curved to left, smooth; surface sculptured
with numerous |)rominent rounded, discontinuous, irregular ridges from near ape.x to margin; margin
thin, crenulated; aperture subquadrate; deck oblique, thin, cupped, lower on right side than on
left; inner surface smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 11 mm.; lat. 9 mm.; alt. 6 mm.

The specimen described was identified by Dr. J)iill. The occurrence of this
species on ijoth sides of the American continent is probabl}' due to the survival of
an ohi form which has changed little since the two regions were closely connected
by water.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of San Pedro and Deadman Island.

Living. — Monterey, south; Asia; Atlantic (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando (Cooper): De Leon Spring.s, Shell Creek, and
Alligator Creek, Florida (Dall aiui Willcox).

344. Crepidula adunca Soiverhy.

Crepidula adunca S^\., Tank. Cat. , Appen., p. 7, 1825. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 654.
Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 82, 1S69. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 129,
PI. XXXVIII, figs. 51-55; PI. XXXVII, figs. 39, 40; Pi. XXXIX, fig. 60, 1886.
Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 236. Keep, West Coast Shells,
p. 75, fig. 60, 1892. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892, pp. 355,
358. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 203.

Crepidula rostrifortnis Gld. , Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, 1846, p. 160; Wilkes' Exp).
Exped., Vol. XII, p. 375, fig. 482, 1852.

Crypta adunca Sby., H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., Vol. 1, p. 369, 1853.

Shell nearly circular at bas.e, elevated and curved backwards to apex; apex elevated, sharp,
hooked, and removed from margin; surface marked with fine lamellar lines of growth; aperture
nearly circular; margin thin; deck short, thin in middle, thicker towards sides, with anterior edge
deeply curved; cavity penetrates beak from deck; deck set deep in shell.

Dimensions. — Long. 19 mm.; lat. 12.5 mm.; alt. 10.5 mm.; aperture 15 mm. x 12.5 mm.

This shell is easily distinguishable by its elevated apex and short, curved-edged
deck. Dr. Dall identified the shell described. This is the West Coast form of the
Atlantic C. convexa Sby.

Rather rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro:
and in the upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos, Crawfish George's, San Pedro, and

ARNOLD — THK PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATKlRArilY OF SAN PEDRO. 309

Deadman Island. Found in (lie Pleistocene at the bath-hoiise, Santa Barbara; at
Barlow's rancdi, Ventiini; and at Spainsh Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Santa Barbara; Mexico (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Barbara;
Venlui'a; San Dici^o (Arnold).

345. Crepidula dorsata Hroderip.

Crepidula dorsata Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 38. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 654.

Gabb, Pal. Cal, Vol. II, p. 82, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 127,

PI. XXXVII, figs. 26-30; PI. XXXVIII, fig. 41, 1886. Cooper, ytli Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 236. Kkep, West Coast Shells, p. 76, 1892. Dall, Trans. Wagner

Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part IV, 1892, p. 358.
Crypta dorsata Brod., H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., Vol. I, p. 369, 1853.

Shell small, much depressed; apex curved to one side and upward, smooth on lip; surlace
sculptured with rough, rounded, radiating ridges, expanding and also increasing in number by inter-
calhition toward thcniarfjin; aperture round ; margin crenulated and thickened; deck partly detached,
thin, oblique, with pit at apex.

Dimensions. — Diam. 10 mm.; alt. 3 mm.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; and upper San Pedro
series of Crawfish George's and Los Cerritos.

Living. — Straits of Fnca to Mazatlan; Peru, South America (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando (Cooper).

346. Crepidula grandis Middendorf.

Crepidula grandis Midd., Mai. Ro.ss., Part II, p. loi, PI. XI, figs. 8,9, 10, 1849. CPR., Brit.

Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 584. Gabb, Pal. Cal., V'ol. II, p. 81, 1869. Tryon, Man.

Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 127, PI. XXXVII, fig. 33, 1886. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 237. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part II, 1892,

P- 35s.
Shell heavy, elevated obliquely fiom an oval base; sides flattened; apex narrowed, curving
nearly to side margin; surface sculptured by numerous fine lamellar lines of growth; deck long,
thick (much thicker on side opposite from apex) and showing lines of growth on inner side, occupies
over half of aperture, joins shell near margin.

Dimensions. — Long. 80 mm.; lat. 50 mm.; alt. 45 mm.; aperture 60 mm.

The rim, especially near the posterior end, shows the lamellar structure of the
shells. These shells have a very pronounced habit of growing one upon another
until the group sometimes numbers six or eight individuals. This species is easily
recognized by its size and thickness.

Dr. Dall unites C. prcerwpta Con. and C. jmnceps Con., but separates this
species from C. grandis Midd. It has been the writer's privilege to examine quite a
series of C. prcerupta Con. from the Astoria Miocene of Blakeley, Washington, and

310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

it is his opinion, also, ili;it this species is dislint-l from C. grnndis. Two specimens in
liio upper Han Pedro series of Deadman Ishinil. I'oimkI :ilso in the Pliocene at
Pacific Reach, San Diego.

Living. — Kamtschatka; Hakodate, Japan; Okhotsk (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Plincene. — Santa Ro.sa; Kirker's Pa.'^s; Santa Barbara; San Fernando; San
Diei^o well (Cooper): Alpine Creek, San Mateo County; Stanford University; San
Diego (Arnold).

Miocene — Tomales, Marin County; Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County;
Foxin's and Santa Rosa Island, Santa Barbara County (Cooper).

347. Crepidula navicelloides Nuttull.

Crepiduta navicel/oides Nutt., Jay's Cat., No. 3035, 1835. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept. , 1863, p. 654.

Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 82, 1869. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 126, 1886.

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept., Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 237. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 76.

fig. 61, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 203.
Crepidula nunimaria Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, 1846, p. 60; Wilkes' Expl. Exped.,

Vol. XII, p. 377. fig- 480, 1852.
Crepidula explanata Gld., Mex. and Cal. Shells, p. 4, PI. XIV, fi^. 7, 1853; Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856,

p. 205.

This shell varies greatly in sbnj)e, due to the surface on which it grows.
Specimens showing an easy gradation from the circular, flat variety, C. nummaria,
through the typical, oblong, flat, 0. navicelloides, to the elongated, curved variety,
C. crplnnatn, have been found in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. This
species ma}' be distinguished from the other members of this genus by its flat or
dorsally concave appearance, and by the way in which the deck is raised in the
center to allow body space between it and the inner surface of the shell. Repre-
sentatives of the above forms were identified by Dr. Dall as this species.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; and in the upper San
Pedro series of Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos, San Pedro, and Deadman Island.
Found also in the Pleistocene at the bath-liouse, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Alaska to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall). ,

348. Crepidula onyx Sowerby.

Crepidula onyx Sbv., Genera of Shells, No. 23, fig. 2, 1824. Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 225;
Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 323. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, PI. XXXVII, fig. 37;
PI. XXXVIII, figs. 43-50; PI. XXXIX, fig. 59, 1886.

Shell ovate, generally irregular, luw arched, strong; apex small, marginal, sharp and turned
to one side; surface marked by concentric lamellar lines of growth; aperture irregularly ovate; lini

ARNOLD — THK PALEONTOLOfJV AND STRATK! K.Vl'll V DP SAN I'EDUO. 311

thin; iiHiTior rctldish brown (shows in d\\ Pleistocene specimens examined), except for border equal
in wiiith to the space between the deck and the rim, which is light colored; deck thin, with nearly
straight edge; slight de[iression where deck joins shell on rii'ht side; deck curves upward at margin
where it joins shell, making the line of contact indistinct in most specimens, the deck merging
into the shell.

Dimensions. — Long. 32 mm.; hit. 25 mm.; alt. 10 mm.

This sliell may bo ili.stiiigiiislied fi'oin V. rugosa by its larger si/.e, depressed
t'nrm, interior coloration, and by tiie indi.stiiictness of the line of contact between the
dvck ;iiul the shell. The deck of V. onijx is also joineil to the shell nearer the rini
than is the deck of either G. 7-uf/osa or C. adunca.

This specimen was identified by Dr. Dall.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and .San Pedro; and
in upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island, Los Cerritos, and San Pedro. Found
also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Panama, Central America (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

349. Crepidula rugosa XattuU.

Crepidnla rugosa NuTT., mss., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 224. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 654.

Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 128, PI. XXXVII, fig. 37, 1886. Keep, West

Coast Shells, p. 76, 1892.
Crepidula onyx Sby. var. rugosa Nutt., Willi.vmson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X\', 1892, p. 203.

Shape of shell similar to C. onyx, but more arched; ape.x prominent, submarginal, sharp,
hooked, smooth, turned only slightly to one side; lines of growth irregular; surface rugose, and
quite glossy in some specimens; aperture oval; margin thin; deck deeply sunken in shell, and line
of contact with shell very distinct; edge of deck straight.

Dimensions. — Long. 20 mm.; lat. 12 mm.; alt. 10 mm.; aperture 15.5 mm. x 12 mm.

Distinguishable from C. onij.c by more prominent apex, which is further from
the niaigin than in the latter; by the deeper set deck and by the less prominent
lines of growth. Smaller than (\ onyx. This specimen was identified by Dr. Dall.

Found in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro; and in
the u|)per San Pedro series of Crawfish George's, Deadman Lsland, San Pedro, Los
Cerritos, and Long Beach.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): Mexico to Peru ? (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnohi).

Family LXXVII. AMALTHEID.E.

Genus Hipponyx De France.

Shell thick, obliquely conical, non-spiral; ape.x somewhat posterior and curved backwards;
muscular impression horseshoe-shaped; base of attachment shelly, secreted by the foot of the animal.

Hipponyx cornucopice Lam. is a characteristic species.

312 t"ALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

350. Hipponyx antiquatus Linmrus.

Patflla antiquatus 1,inn., Syst. Nat., Kd. XII, p. 1259, 1768. DiLLW., p. 1035, No. 44, 1760.

Hipponyx anlujuatuslAH'^i., Menkk, Zeit. f. Mai., p. 79, 1853. CPR., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1.H56, p. 3;
Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 654. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 134, PI. XL,
fiRS- 93-99. '8.S6. Cooper, 7tli Ann. Rcpt. Cal. St. Min., 18S8, p. 244. Keep,
West Coast S1k-11.s, p. 74, fig. 59, 1892.

Concholepas antiquatus LiNN., H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., Vol. I, p. 373, 1853.

Shell oljliquely conical; ape.\ blunt, projecting beyond posterior marj^in of shell; surface
roughened by prominent lamellar, concentric lines of growth; base ovate; rim smooth, not crcnated.

This is a very v.ariable species, the specimen descrilictl liaving ;ui iiiHiisuall}'
elevated apex. The specimen was identified by Dr. Dall.

Carpenter believe.s tlie ITipponijK milrula of the West Indian fauna to be
identioal with the f/ippnnij.c antiquntvx of the Pacific Panama ro<;ion. Tf the.-^e two
are identical it is another case of an old species which has lived on in both habitats,
having changed but little since the two regions were connected by water; or else it
is a case of parallel development, where two species, having come from a common
stock and living among like conditions, though .separated geographically, have
developed along parallel lines and are enough alike at the present time to warrant
their being called the same species. In such a genus as Hippowjx, where there are
so many mutations in a single species, either case would be pcssible.

One specimen from the lower San Pedro series of Deadmau Island; also found
in the Pliocene of Deadman Island.

Licing. — Bodega .Bay and south; South America; Atlantic (Cooper).

Pleistocene- — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold).

351. Hipponyx cranioides Carpenter.

Hipponyx crajiioides Cpr., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XIII, 1863. p. 428. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 135, PI. XL, figs. 6, 7, 18S6. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal St. Min., 1888, p. 244.

Shell obliquely conical, depressed; apex inconspicuous, blunt, posterior to center, but not
reaching margin; surface ornamented with several wide lamella- of growth which are grooved by
numerous radiating furrows; aperture ovate; rim thin, sometimes corrugated near outer edge;
interior smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 19 mm.; lat. 17 mm.; alt. 6 mm.

Distinguishable from 77. nniiquatus by depressed shell, more central apex,
and more regular lamellie of growth, which are prominently radially furrowed. The
specimen described was identified by Dr. Dall.

According to Tryon //. tumens equals H. cranioides.

Rather common in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San
Pedro; rare in upper San Pedro serie.s at Deadman Island and LosCerritos. Found
also in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to Santa Barbara (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 313

352. Hipponyx turaens Carpenter.

Hipponyx lumens Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rcpt., 1863, p. 654; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser.,

Vol. XV, 1865, p. 181.
Capulus himens Cpr., Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 232.

Shell of mediinn size, tumid, with oval base; ape.x distinct, small, sharp, curved to right
side, raised above margin; surface sculptured by numerous sharp, distinct, raised radiating lines and
less j)roniinent lines of growth, which give the radiating lines a slightly gfranulose appearance;
a])erture oval, slightly effuse, and finely crenulated on outer border.

Dimensions. — Long, (including apex) 11.5 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; alt. 5 mm.

Distinguishable from //. nntiqiiatvs by its rather faint, regular sculpture, of
which tiic railiatiiig lines arc iniicli more piominent tiiaii the concentric.

One si)eciinen from the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; also found
in lower San Pedro series at San Pedro; and in the ujiper San Pedro series at Dead-
man Island. Found also in the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey to San Diego and Islands (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; Arnold): San Diego (Arnold).

Family LXXVlll. NATIClDiE.
Genus Natica {Adanson) Scopoli.

Shell subglobular; spire slightly elevated; aperture half round; a spiral columellar callus
entering the umbilicus.

Natica canrena Linn, is a characteristic species.

Subgenus Cryptonatica Dull.

A'aticas with smooth calcareous operculum and an umbilicus entirely and smoothly filled
with callus.

Type, Nnticn clmisn Brod. & Sowb.

353. Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip <fc Sowerby.

Platk X, Fig. 18.

Nalica c/ausa Hkod. & Sby., Zool. Jour., Vol. IV, 1829, p. 360; Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 136,
PI. XXXIV, fig. 3; PI. XXXVII, fig. 6, 1839. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661.
Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 77, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 30, PI. IX,
figs. 65, 67-69, 73, 1886. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 253. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 46, 1892.

A^atica russa C.i.n., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, 1859, p. 43; Otia, p. 109, 1862. Cpr.,
Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 586. Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3,
1894, p. 29.

Shell of medium size, ovate-globular; spire only slightly elevated; whorls four, evenly
conve.x, though sometimes slightly shouldered; surface smpoth except for fine incremental lines;

( 40 ) April 28, 1903.

314 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

suture impressed, distinct; aperture semilunar; outer lip sharp; inner li|) callous antl rcllcctfii
completely over the umbilicus.

Dimensions. — Alt. 27 nun.; lat. 25 mm.; aperture 20 mm. x 12.5 mm.; doll. 115 dep;rei's.

After compariiijj a scries of Naticas collected from the Pliocene of Deailmati
Island, part of wliieli were identified as N. russn and part as N. chmsa by Dr. Dall,
it is very evident that there is no difference between the two species. This species
is di.-;tingnishable from Neveiita recluziann liy a mure elevated spire, more evenly
convex whorls, and a more concave umbilical region.

Rare in Pliocene of Deadman Island and Tinim's Point. None have been
found in the Pleistocene by the writer, except one small specimen which came from
the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island. Found in the Pliocene at Packard's
Ilill, and in tiie Pleistocene at the bath-house, Santa Barbara. Tiie specimen
figured is a medium sized one from the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now in
the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Arctic Ocean; Alaska; North Atlantic (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa
Barbara (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Genus Polynices Muntfort.

This group includes all of the Naticidte with corneous operciila.
Type, Natica mammilla Linn.

Subgenus Neverita Risso.

Shell depressed, orbicular; spire conical or flattened; columella partly filled by a tongue-
shaped callous process (funiculum) from the columella. Operculum horny.

Natica duplicata Say is a characteristic species.

354. Polynices (Neverita) recluziana Petit.

rL.VTK X. Fic. V2.

Natica recluziana Petit, Deshaves, Mag. de Zool., Mollusca, p. 37, 1841. Tryon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. VIII, p. 34, PI. XII, fig. I, 1886.
Neverita recluziana Petit, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., Vol. I, p. 208, 1853. Cpr., Brit.

Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 254.

Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 46, fig. 26, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. XV, 1892, p. 211.
Neverita recluziana Desh., Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 77, 1869. Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci.,

Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1892, p. 369.

Shell ovate to flattened globular; spire only very slightly elevated, obtuse; whorls three,
slighdy conve.x; body-whorl having a long, slightly convex slope from suture to near base, where it

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 315

suddenly turns under to umbilicus; surface ornamented with fine, oblique incremental lines; suture
distinct, but not impressed; aperture semilunar; lip thin; columella incrusted, the incrustation
extending down and completely covering the umbilicus.

Dimensions. — Long. 20 mm.; lat. 24 mm.; aperture 16 mm. .x 10 mm. ; defl. 130 degrees.
(A rather small specimen.)

The young shells are more depressed than the adults, some of them being
quite flat. In some of the specimens the callus has not comf)letely covered the
umbilicus, leaving a little pit near the lower part of the umbilical region. This
species is very variable in l)oth size and shape. Dr. l*all has described a variety
with an elevated spire wliich he calls var. ulin. This variety is quite common in all
of the upper 8an Pedro series localities.

("ommon in the upper San Pedro series of the San Pedro region, l)ul rare in
the lower San Pedro series and Pliocene. Found in the Pleistocene at Barlow's
ranch and old irrigating ditch, Ventura; at Spanish Bight, Twenty-sixth Street, and
Pacific Beach, San Diego; and in the Pliocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego. The
specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the
collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Monterey to Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa
Barbara; San Diego (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbara; San Fernando (Cooper) : San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold): San Diego well (Dall).

Miocene. — Martinez; Walnut Creek; Santa Inez; Santa Monica; Death
Valley (Cooper).

Subgenus Lunatia Gray.

Shell usually somber colored; covered with a dark, thin epidermis; not so thick as the
typical group; umbilicus open, without funiculum. Operculum corneous.

Type, Natica ampullaria Lam.

355. Polynices (Lunatia) lewisii Gould.

Pl.ATK X, Fic. 14.

Natica lewisii Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1847, p. 239; Wilkes' Expl. Exped., p. 211,

PI. XV, p. 253, 1852.
Lunatia lewisii Gld., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 661. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 77, 1869.

= A', reiniana Dunker (young), = N. algida Gld. {,fide Trvon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. VIII, p. 35, PL XIII, figs. II, 12; PI. IX. fig. 70, 1886). Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.

Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 247. Keep. West Coast Shells, p. 45, fig. 25, 1892. Dall,

Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part II, 1892, p. 374.
Natica (Lunatia) lewisii Gi.ii.,\\'u.i.\\i.\soti, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 211.

The adult may be distinguished from Neverita recluziana by its large size,
open umbilicus, generally more elevated spire, and a shallow, spiral groove near the

316 CALIFOllNIA ACADEMY OF SOIENCF^.

anterior portion of tliu bociy-wliorl. Tlio uppLr whorls iire more coiivrx and iiiore
(listiiictly sepanitcd from each other l)y tlie suture than are the U|)per whorls of the
hitter species. All the specimens t'diiiHl wore larger than the average N. recluziana,
some of them being over 100 nun. in altitude.

Rare in the upper San Pnlro series of 8an Peilro, Los Cerritos, Long Beach,
Cniwlisli (ieorge's, and Deadman Island. The specimen figured is from the upper
San Pedro series at San Pedro, and is now in the collection of J)elos Arnold.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper): Japan (Tryon): Catalina
Island (Arnold).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Nicolas Island (Cooper) : San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Kirker's Pass; Santa Barbara; San Fernando (Cooper): Soquel,
Santa Cruz County (Arnold).

Genus Sigaretus Lamarck.

Shell ear-shaped, with niiiuite spire and very large aperture; e.xternally with revolving striae;
color usually white, with sometimes a thin, corneous epidermis. Operculum minute, horny,
subspiral.

Sigaretus neritoideus Liun. is a characteristic species.

356. Sigaretus debilis Gould.

Sigaretus debilis Gld., Jour. Bo.st. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1853, p. 379, PI. XIV, fig. 17. Cpr.,
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 207. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 57, PI. XXIV,
fig. 65, 1886. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 264. Keep, West Coast
Shells, p. 47, 1892.

"Shell small, much depressed, thin, almost pellucid; whorls two, spire almost coincident
with the general surface; apex at one-fourth the diameter of the shell; periphery obtuse-angular,
becoming more so as it approaches the aperture; ventral surface excavated at the umbilical region,
with a slight unappressed lamina at that point; margin of the aperture having a very slight advance
in the outline, as it approaches the peripheral angle; surface with very numerous and very delicate
obtusely excavated revolving striae, much finer on the ventral than on the dorsal surface."

Dimensions. — Length about 22 mm.

The above is Gould's original description.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series; one imperfect specinitii from that hori-
zon at Los Cerritos, and one nearly perfect one from the Imnbei' yard, San Pedro.

Living. — Monterey to Lower California (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (('ooper).

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGUAniY OF SAN PEDRO. 317

Family LXXIX. LAMELLARIID.E.

Genus Lamellaria Montagu.

SIkU ear-shaped; thin, pellucid, fragile; spire very small; aperture large, paluKjus; inner
lip receding.

Lamellaria pempicua is a characteristic species.

357. Lamellaria stearnsii Dull.

Lamellaria slearnsii Dai.l, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1S72, p. 122, PI. XV, fig. 6. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. VIII, p. 63, PI. XXVII, figs. 12 and 13, 1886. Keep, West Coast
Shells, p. 47, fig. 27, 1892. Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 211.

Lamellaria depressa Dall, mss., 1866 (^fide Dall).

Shell suborbicular, depressed; spire hardly elevated above last whorl; whorls three, convex;
columella sharp, thin, widely arcuate, loosely twisted, so that the apex is discernible from below;
suture distinct; aperture very effuse, rounded; marked by lines of growth, crossed by microscopic
fine revolving stri:e.

Dimensions. — Long. 15.2 mm.; lat. 11 mm.; alt. 7 mm.

Somewhat resemhles Sigaretiis debilis, but smaller, smoother, and more inflated.
Rare in lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; one specimen. Found
also in the Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Living. — Monterey (Dall): San Pedro (Williamson): West Coast (Keep).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Superfamily DOCOGLOSSA.

Family LXXX. ACM.EID.E.

Genus Acmaea EschschoUz.
Shell solid, patuliform ; apex erect or anteriorly inclined.
Acmcea mitra Esch. is a characteristic species.

358. Acmgea depicta Hinds.

Palelloida depicta Hds., Ann. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, 1842, p. 82; Voyage Sulphur, p. 53, No. 217, 1844.
Nacella depicta Hds., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 204. CpR., Brit. Assn. Rejjt., 1863, p. 650. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 103, 1892.

Shell small, conical, with elongate-elliptical base; apex inconspicuous, about one-fifth length
from posterior extremity; surface ornamented by radiating narrow bands of color.
Dimensions. — Long. 7 mm.; lat. 2.8 mm.; alt. 1.8 mm.

This species is close to A. paleacea, but is slightly broader, more depressed,
and has bands of brown radiating from the apex.

One S2)ecimen from tiie upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's.
Living. — San Diego (Carpenter).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

359. Acmaea insessa IIin(h.

Patella hisfssa Hds., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.. Vol. X, i860, p. 82, PI. VI, fig. 3.

Nacella incessa Hns., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 650. Garb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, !>. S7, 1869.

Cooi'ER, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 227. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 103,

fig. 91, 1892.
Acnitra insessa Hds., Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, 1871, p. 244, Pi. XIV, fig. 3. Tryon,

Man. Conch., Vol. XIII, p. 18, PI. VI, figs. 36, 37, i8gi. Williamson, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 197.

Shell limpet-shaped, rather thick, brown; apex acute and dark, with light band around dark
spot (this coloration due to the wearing of shell through outer layer); sculpture consists of fine incre-
mental stria-; margin inclined to be compressed as the shell grows old; ape.x slightly anterior.

Dimensions. — Long. 17 mm.; lat. 10 mm.; alt. ii mm.

Found in tlie Pliocene of Deadman rslniid; the lower San Pedro series of
Deadraan Island and San Pedro; and the upper San Pedro series of Deadman
Island, San Pedro, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish George's. Found in the Plei.stocene
at bath-house, Santa Barbara; and at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Dall).

Pleistocene. — San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Barbara; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

360. Acmaea instabilis Gould.

Patella instabilis Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, 1846, p. 150.

Nacella insladilis Old., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 650. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 103,

1892.
Acmtea insladilis Gld., Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, 1871, p. 245. Tryon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. XIII, p. 18, PI. VI, figs. 32, 33, 1891. Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau,

Part III, 1894, p. 24.

Shell resembles A. insessa, but is much larger when adult; apex rounded; sculpture con-
sists of concentric grooves and striae.

Dimensions. — Long. 26.5 mm.; lat. 15 mm.; alt. 12 mm.

Distinguishable from A. u/,sessa by its rounded apex, shallowness, and larger size.
One specimen from upj^er San Pedro series of Crawfish George's.

Living. — Sitka to Monterey (Dall).

Pleistocene.— San Pedro (Arnold): San Nicolas Island (Bowers).

361. Acmaea mitra Eschscholts.

Acmaa mitra EscH., Zool. Atlas, Vol. V, p. 18, No. i, PI. XXIII, fig. 4, 1833. Dall, Am. Jour.
Conch., Vol. VI, 1871, p. 241, PI. XIV, fig. i. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min.,
1888, p. 228. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XIII, j). 24, PI. Ill, fig. 50, 1891. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 99, fig. S5, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 197.

Scurrta mitra EsCH., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 650. Gabb, Pal., Cal., Vol. II, p. 87, 1869.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDKO. 319

Shell conical, apex erect, nearly central, rather sharp, smooth; posterior surface straight;
anterior slightly convex; ornamentation of fine incremental lines, giving quite a rough surface to
some specimens; aperture oval to nearly circular; rim smooth.

Dimensions. — Long. 31 mm.; lat. 27.5 mm.; alt. 19 mm.

Easily (li.stin<!;nisliable by its elevated, nearly central apex, comparatively
smooth, light colored .surface, and its size.

Not uncommon in the upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper): Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County

(Arnold).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

362. Acmgea paleacea Gould.

Acmaa paleacea Gld., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1S53, P- 376. PI. XIV, fig. 5; Mex. and Cal.

Shells, p. 3, PI. XIV, fig. 5, 1853. Dai^i,, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, iSji.p. 253.

Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XIII, p. 20, PI. VI, fig. 42, 189 1. Williamson, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 197.
Nacella paleacea Gld., Cpr., Brit. A.ssn. Rept., 1863, p. 650. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 104, 1892.

"Shell minute, delicate, thin, elongated, laterally compressed, so that the two sides are
parallel; dorsal aspect a long, narrow oval; lateral aspect low, triangular; apex at about the anterior
third, acute, antrorse; surface with delicate lines of growth and a few obtuse radiating ridges along
the dorsal slope at each end; color cinnamon brown."

Dime7isions. — Long. 7 mm.; lat. r.5 mm.; alt. 2 mm.

This shell has little resemblance to any of the others of its genus found in this
formation, and ma}' readily be distinguished by its small size and peculiar shape.
Dr. Dull itleiitified the specimen.

Rare in the upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's; two specimens found.

Living. — Santa Barbara (Jewett): Monterey; San Diego (Dall).
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

363. Acmaea pelta Eschscholtz.

Acmaa pelta Esch., Zool. Atl., Vol. V, p. 19, No. 5, 1833. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 650.
Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 52, 1869. Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, 1871,
p. 246, PI. XIV, fig. 6. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 228. Trvon,
Man. Conch., Vol. XIII, p. 17, PI. VIII, fig.s. 86-95, 1891- Keep, West Coast Shells,
p. 102, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 197.

Shell depressed, rounded, with few prominent bulging ribs, which are not developed in the
young shell; apex smooth, obtuse, and anterior to center.

Two specimens sent to Dr. Dall were identified by him as the young of
this species.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; and upper San Pedro
series of Los Cerritos and San Pedro. Found in the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach,
San Diego; and at Barlow's ranch, Ventura.

320 CAUFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Living. — Sitka to San Dlej^o (CoopcM).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura; San Dioijo
(Arnold).

364. Acmeea spectrum (Xnlttill) Reeve.

Anntra spectrum Nutt. , RvE., CPR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 650.

Acniica specimm Nutt., Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 86, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. .St.

Mill., 1888, p. 228. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 100, figs. 86, 87, 1892. Williamson,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 197.
Acinaa speclrum Rve., Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, 1S71, p. 251, !*1. XIV, fig. 10. Tryon,

Man. Conch., N'oi. XIII, p. i ), PI. I, figs. 7-9, 1891.

Shell de[)ressed, with rather acute ape.x, which is about one-third length of shell fi-om the
anterior margin; ribs very prominent and rugose, generally alternating large and small.
Dimensions. — Long. 26111111.; lat. 19111111.; alt. 10 111111.

The eorainonest of the Acmtedif, and easily distingiiishaljlc by the prominent,
rugose ribs.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island; and rather common
in the upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro.

Living. — Bodega Bay to Lower California (Dall).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara;. San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Family LXXXI. LIOTIID.E.
Genus Delphinoidea Brown.

Shell orbicular, depressed, widely umbilicated; spire short; whorls transversely striated or
cancellated; aperture round, not nacreous; peristome continuous, simple.

Delphinoidea cancellatn Marry at is a characteristic species.

[S. D.] Delphinoidea coronadoensis, sp. no v.

Shell minute, orbicular, depressed, niilk-wliitc, rather thick for size of shell; spire flattened
beneath plane of upper periphery of the body-whorl; whorls two and one-half, nearly circular in
cross-section; surface ornamented by numerous subequal, rounded spiral ridges, and very minute
transverse lines, the whole giving the surface a cancellated appearance; irregular lines dejioting
interruption in growth are common on the body- whorl; suture deeply appressed; umbilicus wide,
deep; aperture suboval; peristome continuous, rather thick, slightly effuse.

Dimensions . — Ma.ximum diam. 2 mm.; alt. 0.9 mm.

This species, which is the smallest gastropod found in the Spanish Bight
Pleistocene, is named for the Coronado peninsula, into which Spanish Bight extends.

Pleistocene. — San Diego (Arnold).

AUNOLD — Tlir, PAI.KONTOI.OOY AND STUATIORAPIIY OK SAN PEDHO. 321

I'amily l,.\X.\ll. PHASIANELLID^K.
(uiius Phasianella Lamarck.

SIrU elongated, polished, richly cdlmed; whnils convex; aperture oval, not pearly; inner lip
callous; outer li|) thin; (i])(i('uhim slu-lly ; callous outside, subspiral inside.

Phasianella fulimoides Lam. is a cliaracteristic species.

365. Phasianella compta (hndd.

Phasianella compta Gi.n., Pac. R. K. kept., X'ol. \'l, p. _:;33, I'l. XI, figs. 25, 26, 1857. Cpr., Brit.
Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 651. Gaub, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 82, 1869. Tryon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. X, p. 173, PI. XXXIX, figs. 69-72, 1888. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.
.Min., 1888, p. 25S. Kkep, West Coast Shells, p. 89, fig. 74, 1892. Williamson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 199.

Shell small, thin; .spire elevated; ape.K subacute; whorls four, evenly convex; ornamenta-
tion consists of eight obsolete spiral ridges crossed by numerous fine oblique, incremental lines;
suture depressed, distinct; aperture ovate; outer lip thin; inner lip sharp and effuse, with incrustation
extending to umbilical region; a narrow umbilical chink is sometimes present.

Dimensions. — Long. 9.5 mm.; lat. 6 mm.; body-whorl 7 mm.; aperture 4.2 mm. ,x 2.8 mm.;
defl. 45 degrees.

I^istingiiislial)lc from tlu' gciui.s Lacuna by lack of distinct umbilical chink,
and by the spiral lines. These lines are slij^htly oblicpie and slope anteriorly from
the top of the whorl. The Pleistocene shells often retain their coloration of zigzag,
irregular, transverse, piir[)lo lines.

This species is common in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; and in
the lower San Pedro series at Han I'etlro and Deadraan Island. Found also in the
Pleistocene at Twenty-sixth Street, San Diego.

Liviny. — San Pedro to Mazatlan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Cooper; Arnold).

Family LXXXIII. TURBINID.E.

Genus Pachypoma Gray.

Shell trochiform, conical, with moderately elevated spire; base concave, not umbilicated;
whorls flattened, rugose, spinously fringed. 0[)erculum oval, subquadrangular, externally convex.

Pachypoma cadata Chem. is a characteristic species.
366. Pachypoma incequale Martyn.

Trochus incEqiialis Mart., Univ. Conch., Lonci., 1784.

Pachypoma inaquale Mart., Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 199, PI. XXIII,

fiRS- I. 3. 5-
Trochus gibbe/osHS Chem., Conch. Cab., X, p. 278, vign. 23, 1795.
Pachypoma gibberosum Chem., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 651. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II,

p. 83, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 256. Keep, West Coast

Shells, p. 87, 1892.
Asiralium incequale Mart., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. X, p. 244, PI. LVII, figs. 51, 52, 1888.

May 4. \Wi.
(41)

;J22 CALirouMA ai'adkmy of sciences.

Slicll <>l inoileratf size, conical; spire elL-vaicd, suljaculc; whorls tivc or six, llal, wiili luinnr-
oiis oblique, rounded, irregular, transverse ridges, with smaller ridges intercalated on luwcr pan ol
w hurls; siiliiri' inipifsst'd, wavy, distinct; apirture siihovatc; umbilicus obsolete; base tl.il, oi ii,uiuiilt(l
with several prominent, rounded, rugose spiral ritiges with squamose liruke between.

Dimensions. — Alt. 23 mm.; hit. 25 nun.; dell. 65 nun.

Tlii.s species resembles Pomnnln.v undosits (|iiiic c!lo.seIy, htit may he (listiiigiiisluMl
from tli;it species by l;iek of |ii(imincnt keel on ;iiiU'riiir niainiii of wliorl, iiilercalated
transverse ridges, arid |>rnmiMoiil spiral ridj^cs on base.

Kare in upper San Pedro scries of S;ni Pedro.

J/iriiiff. — Straits of Fiiea to < ':it;ilin:i Island (('unpcr).

P/ehiocene. — Santa Barbara; San I'cdro (Coupcr): San I'udro (Williamson;
ArnoUl).

Genus Pomaulax druij.

Shell trochiform, elevated, conic, aiigulated and nodose at the periphery; oliliquely ribbed;
not unibilicated; inner lij) arcuated witli a wiile callus, which is channeled, anteriorly tiinicated.

Type, Pomaulax undosus Wood.

367. Pomaulax undosus Wiwd.

Trochus undosus Wood, Index, Test. Suppi., PI. LI, fig. i, 1S28; Suppl., j). 16, PI. \', tig. i, 1S59.
Pomaulax undosus Wood, Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 651. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 83,

1869. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. X, p. 243, PI. LVIII, figs. 69, 70, 1S88; Syst. and

Struct. Conch., Vol. II, p. 308, PI. LXXX, fig. 33, 1S83. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.

St. Min., 1888, p. 260. Keep, West Coast Shells, j). 89, fig. 75, 1892. WilllviMSOn,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 199.

Shell large, conical; spire elevated, subacute; whorls six or seven, flat with undulating,
nodose keel on anterior margin; transverse ridges on upper part of whorl, with sin. ill nodes near
middle of shell and toward anterior margin; suture api)ressed, distinct and wavy; keel prominent on
body-whorl; base flat, with faint spiral sculpture; aperture subovate; columellar protuberance on
some specimens.

Dimensions.— Ah. 40 mm.; lat. 45 mm.; dell. 70 degrees.

Tbis species is characterized by the prominent nodose keel on anterior marijin
of wborl. Although the living specimens are common, the fossils are rare in this
locabty.

Upper San Pedro series of San Pedro and Crawlisii George's. Found also in
the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to ("ape St. Lucas; Monterey ? (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa P>arbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Genus Leptothyra Carpenter.

Shell small, turbinated, thick; not unibilicated; aperture circular, slightly angulated
anteriorly.

Type, Lcplothyrn carpenleri Carpenter.

AKNOl.l) THi; rAI.KONTOUKiV AND STHAIK I llA I'll V ill' SAN PEDRO. 323

368. Leptothyra bacula Carf)enler.

I.epioHyx bacula Cl'R., Brit. Assn. Rt-pt., 1863, p. b^r. Kk.kp, West Coast Shells, p. 87, 1892.
Leptothyra bacula Cpr., Gahb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 85, 1869. Coopkr, 7lh Ann. Rept. Cal. St.
Min., 1888, p. 245. Williamson, Pmc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892. p. 199.

Shell small, turreted, thick; surface sculptincil by fine spiral lines; no umbilicus; aperture
cin-ular, slightly angulated anteriorly.

Dimensions. — Alt. 2 mm ; lat. 2.5 mm.

Tlic spcciincii from tlio Pleistot'eiui sliows the oriji;iniil ])ink color of the living
,<lifll, iiiul looks very nuu'li like :i very siiiiill NorvWvi norrixii, exeept that the Lcp-
I11//11//11 ha.s 111) iiiul)iliriis.

Distinguisliahle fimn A. cnrpenteri aiui A. /iinicicosUita by its niiicli liner spiral
si'iilptiire Mild |)iiiki.sh coioi'.

()iie s[)eeimcn from the lower San I'edro series of Deadnian I.sland; al.so
fdiiiid in the lower San Pedro series at Los Cerritcs. Found in the Pleistocene at
liaili-iiouse, Santa Barbara.

Zu'tn</.— -Monterey to Catalina Island (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Bar-
bara (Arnold).

369. Leptothyra carpenter! Pilsbry.

Lcptotltyra carpenteti 1'ilsbrv, Tryon, Man. Concii., Vol. X, p. 247, PI. XXX1X<7, figs. 26-29,
1888; Nautilus, July, 1890. Wii.i.lvmson, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1893, p. 199.

Leptotliyra samiuincus LiNN., Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652.

Leptothyra sanguinca Cpr., Gahb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, ]). 85. 1869. Trvon, Syst. Conch., Vol. I,
PI. II, p. 312, 1882. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., p. 245, 1888. (Not
Leptotliyra sanguineus Linn., Syst. Nat., 1760.)

Leptonyx sanguinca LiNN., Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 87, fig. 73, 1892.

Shell small, sul)conical, thick; spire only slightly elevated; vvhoils three to four, slightly
convex; body-whorl subangulate anteriorly; whorls ornamented by nine to ten fine, spiral ridges;
aperture circular; not umbilicated; tubercle on lower portion of outer lip; suture slightly im-
pressed, distinct.

Dimensions. — Alt. 8 mm.; lat. 10 mm. ; defl. 100 degrees.

Distingnishable from L. iviuclcostida by larger size, greater number and less
promineiioe of s[)iral ridges, and by less prominence of suture; distinguishable from
L. haculn by less number and greater prominence of spiral ridges.

Found ill lower San Pedro series at Deadraan Isliind, and San Pedro; and
in tli(> upper San Pedro series at San Pedro and Crawfish George's.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego; Japan (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

370. Leptothyra paucicostata Ihill.

Leptothyra patccicostata Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1872, p. 131, PI. XV, fig. 10. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. X, p. 248, PI. LXIII, fig. 27, 1888. CooPER, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal.
St. Min., 1888, p. 245.

824 C'ALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OK S(IKNC15S.

Shell smaller than L. carpenUri; whorls ornaiiuiilcil with very i)romiiicnt, coarse spiral
ridjjes; a typical specimen showing six on the body-whorl and two small ones in umbilical region;
suture deeply impresseii, distinct; aperture circular; lip thick, with tubercle on lower part.

Diviensions. — Alt. 4 nun.; lat. 5 mm.; dell. 100 degrees.

Distiiigiiisliablc from h. carpeiiteri and A. hncula by tlie coarse spiral ril)s and
dceji silt tire.

Two specimens foniul in the lower San Pedro series of San Pnlrn. Found in
tiio Pleistocene at the hatli-honso, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Santa (.'iiiz to Monterey (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa ]iarbara (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Family LXXXIV. TIM )('II1 D.E.

Genus Chlorostoma Suuinson.

Shell conoidal, profoundly umbilicated, or umbilical region covered by a callosity; whorls
smooth or subcarinated, the last subangulated at the base; colunicll ir lip spirally twisted ardinul the
umbilicus; outer lip angulated at the base.

Chlorostoma argyrostroma Chemn. is a characteristic sj)ecies.

371. Chlorostoma aureotinctum Forben.

Trochus aureotinclus Fbs., Proc. Zool. .Soc, 1850, ji. 271. Fischeu, Coq. Viv., Turbo, p. 94,

PI. XXXI, fig. I.
Chlorostoma aureolinctum Fns., Cpr., Rrit. Assn. Rept., 1S63, p. 652. Coopkk, 7th Ann. Rtpt.

Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 234. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 172, PI. XXVII,

figs. 31-33, 1889. Keep, West Coast Shells, [>. 84, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200.

Shell conoidal, spire somewhat elevated; ape.x obtuse; whorls four, slightly convex; body-
whorl subangular at base; surface roughened by prominent^ rounded, irregular, transverse ridges,
which appress against the antecedent whorls and become obsolete at the angles of the whorl; lower
portion of whorl smooth, as is the whole surface of the two posterior whorls; suture distinct; base of
body-whorl furrowed with four grooves which show transverse incremental liruke at their bottoms;
umbilicus deep and effuse, with bright, yellow stain in the living shell; aperture circular; columellar
lip slightly twisted around umbilicus; outer lip with two small tubercles on inner side of base.

Dimensions. — Alt. 10 mm.; lat. 17.5 mm.; defi. 100 degrees.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.
Living. — Santa Barbara to Lower California (Cooper).
Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

372. Chlorostoma brunneum Philippi.

Trochus bniwieus Phil., Zeits. Monog. Troch., p. 300, PI. XLIII, fig. 19, 1848. Lischke, Jap.
Meers. Conchyl., p. 99. F"ischer, Coq. Viv., p. 365, PI. CXII, fig. i.

Chloroslotna brunneum Phil., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 84,
1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 234. Trvon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. XI, p. 170, PI. XXVII, figs. 36-38, 1889. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 83,
fig. 69, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200, PI. XXI, fig. 8.

AKNOLD — THK PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIORAl'HY OF SAN PEDRO. 325

vSlicll conoid. il, tliii'k; wliorls six, slijjlilly convex; slight shoulder posleriorly near suture;
ornamentation consists of numerous prominent, line, oblitiue, incremental lines; suture impressed,
distinct; umbilicus obsolete; base flat; obsolete spiral ornamentation; outer lip thin, effuse.

Dimensions. — Long. 28 mm.; lat. 28 mm.; dell. 65 degrees.

Distinguishable from C. montereyi, which it resembles in siiape, liy more
convex wIkhI.-!, obsolete umbilicus and lack of spiral urnamentatioii.

'riii.s species is rare in the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and in llic upper
San I'cdro series of Deadman Island and ( 'rawlisli (Jeorfi,e's.

lAc'uKj. — Cape Mendocino to San l)it'<:;() (Cooper): .lapan ? (Trvnn).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara Island (Cooper): San i'cdro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

373. Chlorostoma funebrale A. Adams.

Chlorosloma fiinebralc A. An., I'roc. Zool. vSoc, KS54, |). 316. Cru., Brit. A.ssn. Rept., 1863, p. 652.
Gabu, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 84. 1869, Cooi'ER, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888,
p. 234. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 170, PI. XXVIII, figs. 42-44, 1889. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 84, fig. 71, 1892. Wii.i.iam.son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 200, PI. XXI, fig. 7.

Trochus fiinebraiis A. Ad., Fischer, Coq. Viv., p. 173, I'l. l.VII, fig. 3.

Shell conoidal, thick, black; whorls five, only slightly convex; ornamentation of eight spiral
ridges crossed by fine, ohlicpic lirul.i of growth; suture distinct; base flat; ornamentation same as
whorls, with the oblique incremental lines brought into ])rominence, as a rule; umbilicus obsolete;
outer liji effuse, with one prominent and one smalltr tubercle near umbilical region; inner lip
incrusted.

Dimensions. — Long. iS mm.; lat. 19 mm.; dell. 74 degrees.

Distin2;uislia!)le bv black color, spiral ridges and ()i)solete umbilicus.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
ill upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Long Beach,
and Crawfish George's. Found also in tlu' Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura;
and at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
San Diego (Arnold).

374. Chlorostoma funebrale .4. Adavifi, var. subapertum Carpenter.

Chlorostoma funebrale \m . subapertum Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, \>. 652. Dall, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200, PI. XXI, fig. 6.

Shell resembles C. funebrak, but differs in having more prominent spiral
ridges, which are usually much more rugose, and in having a prominent umbilical pit.
Found in same localities as C. funebrale.

Living. — Vancouver district (Carpenter) : West Coast.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

:?24 CALIFDUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell smaller than L. carpenleri; whorls ornamented with very i)roniinent, coarse spiral
ridjjcs; a typical specimen showing six on the body- whorl and two small ones in umbilical region;
suture deeply impresseil, distinct: aperture circular; lip thick, with tubercle on lower part.

Dimensions. — Alt. 4 mm.; lat. 5 mm.; de(l. 100 tlegrees.

Distlngiiisliable from L. carpentcri and A. Imcula by tlic coarse spiral ribs and
dee|> suture.

Two specimens found in the lower 8an Pedro series of San Pedro. Found in
tlic Pleistocene at the bath-honse, Santa Barbara.

Living. — ^Santa Cruz to iMonterey (Cooper).

Pkistocctic. — Santa Jiarbara (Cooper): San Pedro; Santa Barbara (Arnold).

Family LXXXIV. TROCIIID.K.
Genus Chlorostoma Sirainson.

Shell conoidal, profoundly umbilicated, or umbilical region covered by a callosity: whorls
smooth or subcarinated, the last subangulated at the Ij.isc; colunnll.u- lip spirally twisted around the
umbilicus; outer lip angulated at the base.

Chlorostoma argyrostroma Chemn. is a characteristic species.

371. Chlorostoma aureotinctum Forbes.

Trochiis aureotinclus Feb., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850, p. 271. F'ischek, Coq. Viv., Turbo, p. 94,

PI. XXXI, fig. I.
Chlorostoma aureotinctum Fns., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. Cooi'i;k, 7th Ann. Rtpt.

Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 234. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, j). 172, PI. XXVII,

figs. 31-33, 1889. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 84, 1S92. Williamson, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200.

Shell conoidal, spire somewhat elevated; ape.x oijtusc; whorls four, slightly convex; body-
whorl subangular at base; surface roughened by prominent^ rounded, irregular, transverse ridges,
which appress against the antecedent whorls and become obsolete at the angles of the whorl; lower
portion of whorl smooth, as is the whole surface of the two posterior whorls; suture distinct; base of
body-whorl furrowed with four grooves which show transverse incremental liruke at their bottoms;
umbilicus deep and effuse, with bright, yellow stain in the living shell; aperture circular; colunuUar
lip slightly twisted around umbilicus; outer lip with two small tubercles on inner side of base.

Dimensions. — Alt. 10 mm.; lat. 17.5 mm.; defl. 100 degrees.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.
Living. — Santa Barbara to Lower California (Cooper).
Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

372. Chlorostoma brunneum Philippi.

Trochus bninneus Phil., Zeits. Monog. Troch., p. 300, PI. XLIII, fig. 19, 1848. Lischke, Jap.
Meers. Conchyl., p. 99. Fischer, Coq. Viv., p. 365, PI. CXII, fig. i.

Chlorostoma brunneum Phil., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 84,
1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. Sl Min., 1888, p. 234. Tryon, Man. Conch.,
Vol. XI, p. 170, Pl. XXVII, figs. 36-38, 1889. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 83,
fig. 69, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200, PI. XXI, fig. 8.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STnATIORAPHY OP SAN PEDRO. 325

Shell conoidal, thick; whorls six, slightly convex; slight shoulder posteriorly near suture;
ornamentation consists of numerous prominent, fine, oblique, incremental lines; suture impressed,
distinct; umbilicus obsolete; base fiat; obsolete spiral ornamentation; outer lip thin, effuse.

Dimensions. — Long. 28 mm.; lat. 28 mm.; dell. 65 degrees.

Distinguishable fioin C. montereyi, wliicli it resembles in shape, liy more
convex whorls, obsolete iiinbilicns and lack of spiral ornamentation.

This species is rare in the Plioceni? of Deadman Island, and in the npper
San IVilio series of Deadman Island and Crawfish Georjie's.

Llc'uKj. — Cape Mendocino to San Diego (Cooper): Japan ? (Tiyon).

Pleistocene— i^Awis. Barbara Island (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

373. Chlorostoma funebrale ^1. Adams.

Chlorosloma funebralc A. Ar)., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S54, y. 316. Cru., Brit. Assn. Rc|)t., 1863. p. 652.
Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 84. 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Kept. Cal. St. Min., 1888,
p. 234. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 170, PI. XXVIII, figs. 42-44, 1889. Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 84, fig. 71, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,
1892, p. 200, PI. XXI, fig. 7.

Trochus funebralis A. Ad., Fischer, Coq. Viv., p. 173. PI. LVII, fig. 3.

Shell conoidal, thick, black; whorls five, only slightly convex; ornamentation of eight spiral
ridges crossed by fine, oblique lirula- of growth; suture distinct; base flat; ornamentation same as
whorls, with the oblique incremental lines brought into prominence, as a rule; umbilicus obsolete;
outer lip eftuse, with one jjrominent and one smalkr tubercle near umbilical region; inner lip
incrusted.

Dimensions.— \.or\g. iS mm.; lat. 19 mm.; defl. 74 degrees.

Distinguishal)le l»y black color, spiral ridges and ob.solete umbilicus.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
ill upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island, San Pedro, Los Cerritos, Long Beach,
and CrawH.sh George's. Found also in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura;
and at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; Ventura;
San Diego (Arnold).

374. Chlorostoma funebrale .1. Adams, var. subapertum Car^en^er.

Chlorostoma fimcbrale \z.\ . subaperiuni Cpk., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. Dall, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200, PI. XXI, fig. 6.

Shell resembles C. funebrale, but differs in having more prominent spiral
ridges, which are usually much more rugose, and in having a prominent umbilical pit.
Found in same localities as C. funebrale.

Living. — Vancouver district (Carpenter): West Coast.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

326 CALIFORNIA At'ADKMY OV SCIENCES.

375. Chlorostoma gallina Ftirbes.

Trochiis ( A/onodoiita) galliua l-'its., I'mc. Zuol. Soc, 1.S50, p. 271, 1*1. XI, tig. «.

Trochits gallina Fbs., Fischer. Coq. V'iv., p. 258, I'l. CXI, f\^. i.

Chlorostoma v^allina FoRfiKS. Ci'R., Biii Assn. Rcpt., 1863, p. 652. Tkyiin, Man. Concli., \'<>1. XI,
p. 169, PI. XX. fig. 15: PI. XXVIII, figs. 52 and 53, 1889. Kef.p, West Coast .Siulls,
p. 84, fig. 70, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis.. V<>I. XV, 1892, p. 200.

Shell conoiclal. thick; whorls five, flat, slightly shouldered jiosleriorly near suture in some
specimens; ornamentation consists of numerous obsolete spiral ridges, and irregular, oblique, trans-
verse ridges of varying prominence; suture distinct; umbilicus nearly obsolete; base flat, same orna-
mentation as whorls; outer lip elTuse, with prominent tubercle near umbilicus.

Dimi-iisioiis. — Long. 20 mm.; lat. 21 mm.; defl. 80 degrees.

Most specimen.s .^liow oljliciiie, iilteriiiitini; dark and li^lit, inc<rular lines,
which oliaractcrize tlie liviiit; shells.

Rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Crawfish George's, and Dead-
man hiand. I'^onnd in the Plei-tocene at Pacific Peach, San Diego.

Livimj. — Santa Barhara Islands to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Aniolil).

376. Chlorostoma montereyi Kiener.

P1.ATK X, Fi.i. l!l.

Trochus montereyi Kikner, Species Trochiis, PI. XXXIII, figs, i and \a. Fischer, Coq. Viv.,

p. 104, PI. XXXIil, fig. I. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 171, PI. XXVII,

figs. 27, 28, 29, 1889.
Omphalius pfeifferi Phil., Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 200.
Chlorostoma pfeifferi Phil., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. CiAnn, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 84,

1869. Cooper, 7ih Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., i8S8, p. 234. Keep, West Coast

Shells, p. 83, 1892.
Chlorostoma montereyensis Kien., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200.

Shell conical; whorls seven, flat (on some specimens the whorls have a shoulder on the
posterior part); suture distinct but not impressed; surface of upper five or si.\ whorls ornamented
with five flat, spiral ridges, the .space between the ridges being crossed by minute incremental lines,
which slope anteriorly at quite an angle; ornamentation on the rest of the whorls indistinct; base
flat, indistinctly ornamented as on the upper whorls; uniijiiicus open, smooth and slightly keeled
aperture elliptical.

Dimensions. — Alt. 35 mm.; lat. 33 mm.; defl. 65 degrees.

The specimen described was i(lcnti(i(Ml l)y Dr. Dall.

Found in the Pliocene of Deadiuan Island; in the lower San Pedro series
of Deadinaii Island; and in the upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island, Crawfish
George's, and San Pedro. Found in the Pleistocene at Pacific lieach, San Diego.
The specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's, and
is now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Baulinas Bay to San Diego (Cooper).

AKNOLD — THK FALF.ONTOLOCY AND STKATIGKAl'HY Of SAN I'EDUO. 327

I'lvUtocene. — Saiilu Jj;irliaia to Sail Diego (Cooper): San I'eilro; .Sail Diego
(Ariiolcl).

I'liocene. — Sun Peiiro (Arnold).

Subgenus Omphalius Philippi.

Shell coiivex-trocliiform, umbilicated; whorls with revolving series of granules; the last
whorl hluntly anijulated at the periphery; umbilicus encircled by a callosity; columellar lip termi-
nated by a tooth anteriorly, below which are small tubercles; outer lip usually internally grooved.

Chloroduma viriditlus Gmel. is a characteristic species.

377. Chlorostoma (Omphalius) viridulum var. ligulatum Menke.

Trochus ligulalus Menke, Zeit. f. Mai., 1850, p. 173. Fischer, Coq. Viv., p. 3S2, PI. CXV, fig. 5.

Oniphaliiis lignlatus Menke, Cpr., Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p 235.

Oiiif>/ia/ius fiiscescens Phil., Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S56, p. 224. Ci'k., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1S63,

p. 652. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. .Min., 1888, p. 255. Keep, West Coast

Shells, p. 82, fig. 68, 1892.
Tiochiis luridus Nutt., Cpr., niss., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 233.
Chlorostoma {Omphalitis) viridulum var. ligulatum Menke, Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 177,

PI. XXIX, figs. 58-60, 1889. Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200.

Shell turbinated, thick; whorls five, conve.\ to nearly flat; body-whorl subangular at base;
01 naineiitation consists of seven to eight prominent nodose spiral ridges; suture distinct, sometimes
([uite deeply impressed; base flat, with ornamentation same as whorls, except less prominent;
umbilicus deep, effuse, smooth; outer lip efl'use, denticulated on lower portion.

Dimensions. — Alt. 17 mm.; lat. 18 nun.; defl. 80 degrees.

Some of the specimens show the mottled coloration of the live shell.
Distinguishable b}' denticulation and ornamentation.

Rare in lower San Pedro scries of Deadman Island ami San Pedro; common
in the upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos and Crawlish George's; but rare in the
upper San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro.

Licing. — Cataliiia Island to San Diego (Cooper): Mazatlan (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Cooper; vVriiold).

Genus Thalotia Gray.

-Shell ovate-turriculaled, rather thick; not umbilicated; whorls flattened, with revolving ribs,
which are sometimes granulated; aperture subrotund; columella tuberculated, truncate in front; outer
lip rather thick, crenulated within.

Thnlotin conicus Gray is a characteristic species.

378. Thalotia caffea Gabh.

Turrica 1 Ptyc/istjlis) caffea Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1865, p. 187; Pal. Cal., Vol. II,

pp. 16, 84, PI. Ill, fig. 27. 1869.
Thalotia caff,a Gabb, Cooper, Geog. Cat. West Coast Shells, p. 26, 1S67. Cooper, 7th Ann.

Rept. Cal. St. Min., 188S, p. 267.

328 rALiKoHNiA A( ai>i:my ok sciences.

Sliell conical, tliiii; spire elevated, suliacutc; whorls live or six, llat; ornaineiitaiiLiii consists
of smooth keel on anterior part of whorl and row of nodes on posterior part next to suture; flat space
between these two smooth; both keel and ll.it surf.ice nodose on anterior |).irt of body-whorl; suture
very ilee]) and narrow; boily-whorl acutely anguhiteil at base; base sliyiitiy convex, ornanitntcd with
several alternating large and small nodose spiral ridges; aperture ir.ipi-zoid.ii; outer lip thin, bulging
below; columella incrusted, anil having two plications.

IJinit-nsioiis. — .Alt. 19 mm.; lat. 16 mm.; ilefl. 70 degrees.

Distiiii;iiisli,ililc from tlic Oa/linxtmti/i' l)y the (Ici'p, miiiiow .suture, lai'gu
:i|U'fliir(', willi l)iilj;iiin' lower |i:irl of (inter lip, iiml pliciiled (•(iliiiiiell;i.

Foiiiicl ill IMidC'c'iie of DL'iulinaii l-laiid; one specinu'ii fnun lower San Pedro
series of Deadmaii Island.

LiriiKj. — Montefej (Cooper): San Pedfo (Raymond).

Pleistocene. — Santa I'arhara; San Pcdfo (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Phorcus Risso.

Shell conoidal, umbilicated; umbilicus cylindrical or infiiiulibulironn; whorls frequently tuber-
culated above ami with channeled suture; columella sometimes terminating in a tubercular tooth.

Phorcus viayufi Linn, is a characteristic species.

379. Phorcus pulligo Murtj/n.

Trochus ptdligo Mai^t., Univ. Conch., I'l. LXXVI, 1784. Piui.ii'Pi, Conch. Cab., p. 84, PI. XV,

fig. 3. P'lscnF.K, Coq. V'iv., p. 232. PI. LXXX, fig. i.
Phorais pulligo Makt., Ci'R., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 653. Cooper. 71I1 Ann. Rejit. Cal. Si.

Min., 1888, p. 259.
Chlorosloma pulligo Mart., = C. niarcidus GiAi.{/ide Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, j). 171,

PI. XXVI, fig.s. 23, 24, 25, 1889).

Shell broadly conical; whorls five, flat, but .somewhat obsoletely ribbed or bluntly nodose
in most specimens; surface shows extremely oblique lines of growth; suture distinct but not much
impressed; base flat anil smooth, except for faint incremental lines; ajjerture subovate; lips not
thickened; umbilicus smooth, round and effuse.

Dimensions. — Alt. 18 mm.; lat. 22 mm.; defl. 78 degrees.

Tlii.s shell is often confii.sed with Chloroatoma moiifercjji, hut may be distin-
giii.shed from thai species hy its gradually expanding iiinbilicus, greater deflection,
and lack of spiral .sculpture. Specimens of thi.s species were identified by Dr. Dall.

Ilather common in the u))[)er San Pedro series of Crawfish George's. The
specimen figured is from the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's, and is
now in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Sitka to San Pedro (Cooper.)

Pleidocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 329

Guiiua Calliostoma Sicainaon.

Shell trochiform, conical, not umbiiicated; last whorl angulated and usually ribbed at the
periphery; aperture quadranfjular; columella simple, oblique, often ending in a tooth in front.

Calliostoma zizyphinuin Linn, is a ciiaracteristic species.

380. Calliostoma annulatum Murlyn.

Trochus attnula/us Mart., Univ. Conch., Vol. I, fig. 33, 1784. Phii.ippi, Conch. Cab., p. 11,

Pi. Ill, f^gs. 3, 4.
Zizyphinus annulatus Mart., A. Ads., Free. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 164. Gray, Dieffenbach's

N. Zealand, p. 237, No. 72.
Calliostoma annulaluvi Mart., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II,

p. 83, 1S69. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 231. Tryon, Man.

Conch., Vol. XI, p. 363, PI. LXVII, fig. 43, 1889. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 79,

fig. 64, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, PI. XXII, fig. 2.

Shell conical; whorls seven, slightly angulated in center, and ornamented with sharply
nodose spiral ridges which increase by intercalation from two on third whorl to seven or eight on
body-whorl; suture deep, distinct; body- whorl acutely angulated at base; base nearly flat, ornamented
with numerous smooth, rounded spiral lines; aperture subquadrate; columella nearly straight,
thickened.

Dimensions. — Alt. 17 mm.; lat. 16 mm.; defl. 67 degrees.

Distinguishable by slightly angulated whorls, nearly equally prominent nodose
ridges, and nearly straiglit cohiinolla.

Quite rare in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.

Living. — Straits of Fuca to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Diego well (Dall).

381. Calliostoma canaliculatum Martyn.

Trochus canaliculatus Mart., Univ. Conch., Vol. I, fig. 32, 1784.

Zizyphinus canaliadatus Mart., Gray, Dieffenbach's N. Zealand, p. 327. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

fig. 18.
Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II,

p. 83, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 231. Tryon, Man.

Conch., Vol. X, PI. XLI, fig. 34, 1888; Vol. XI, p. 361, PI. LXVII, fig. 49, 1889.

Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 80, fig. 65, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. XV, 1892, PI. XXII, fig. 6.

Shell conical; whorls six, flat, ornamented with very prominent rounded, spiral ridges, two
on the third and fourth whorls, and then increasing by intercalation until the body-whorl in some
specimens has five or six prominent ridges, with a less number of auxiliary riblets in between; suture
deeply impressed, forming a canal; aperture subquadrate; base flat, and ornamented in the same way
as the whorls; lip as in C costatutn.

Dimensions. — Long, ig mm.; lat. 20 mm.; defl. 67 degrees.

Distinguishable by fiat whorls, sutural canal, and few large spiral ridges.

( 42 ) April 29, 1903.

330 CALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

Rail' in the Pliocene of Doadmaii Ishiiid, ami in tiie lower Ran Pedro
series of Deadinan Island and San Pedro; eoninion in the npper San Pedro series of
Deadnian Islanil, 8an Petiro, Ivos Ccrritos, and ( rawfisli ( Jeorjje's. F(»niid in the
Pleistocene at Spanish Bigiit, and in ihi' Pliocene at Pacilic Beacii, San Diego.

Living. — Straits of Fnea to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (C'ooj)er): Sun Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

382. Calliostoma costatum Mart an.

Trochus costaliis Mart., Univ. Concli., Fl. X, fig. 3, 1784. Piiilii'im, Concli. Cab., p. 275,

PI. XL, fig. 8.
Calliostoma coslalum Mart., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652. Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II,

p. 83, 1S69. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. .Min., 1888, p. 231. Tryon, Man.

Conch., Vol. XI, p. 362, PI. XVI, fig.s. 6, 9; PI. XVIII, fi^. 16, 1889. Keep, West

Coast Shells, p. 81, fig. 66, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,

1892, PI. XXII, fig. I.
Zizyphinus filosHS Wood, Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 27.

Shell turbinated, thick; whorls five, convex, and ornamented with about eight, almost equally
prominent, spiral ridges; fine oblique incremental lines visible on most specimens; suture deeply
impressed; base slightly conve.\, ornamented same as whorls; outer lip slightly efTuse; columella
thickened and incrusted.

Dimensions. — .•\lt 22 mm.; Lit. 20 mm.; defl. 70 degrees.

Distinguishable by the even convexity of the whorls, inunerous, comparatively
smooth, spii;al ridges, and thickness of the sliell, which is unusual for a member of
this genus.

Rare in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
in tlie upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's, Los Cerritos, and San Pedro.
Found in the Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Sitka to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper) : San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Fernando, Los Angeles County (Cooper).

383. Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter.

Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, ]). 653; Proc. Cal. Acad. .Sci., Vol. Ill,
1864, p. 2(5. Cooper, 7ih Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min , 1888, p. 231. Trvon, Man.
Conch., Vol. XI, p. 371, Pi. LXVII, fig. 54, 1889. Keep, West Coa.st Shells, p. 81,
1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., Vol. XV, 1892, PI. XXII, fig. 3.

Spire more acute than in other species of the genus; whorls six to seven, concave above,
convex below; convex part has two or three rows of granular spiral ridges; concave surface orna-
mented with a few fine granular spiral ridges; suture indistinct; base flat, marked by several smooth
spiral ridges; aperture circular.

Dime7isimis. — Alt. 18 mm.; lat. 15 mm.; defl. 46 degrees.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOOY AND STKATIGRAPnY OF SAN PEDRO. 331

Found ill upper San Pedro scries of Siui Pedro, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish
Goorije's. Found in llic I'liooene at Packard's Hill, Santa Barbara; and in tlie
Pleistocene at Spanish liight, San Diego.

Living. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego,
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — Santa Barbaia (Arnold).

384. Calliostoma tricolor Gabb.

Ca/liostoma tricolor Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1.S65, p. 186; Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 17,
PI. Ill, fig. 28, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 231. Tryon,
Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 370, PI. LXVII, fig. 52, 1889. Keep, West Coast Shells,
p. 82, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, PI. XIX, fig. 8.

Shell conical; spire elevated, subacute; whorls five to si.x, flat to concave, with prominent,
rounded keel on anterior margin; surface ornamented with fine sjjiral lines; suture impressed, dis-
tinct; base nearly flat, ornamented with tine spiral ridges and furrows; aperture subcircular; outer
li[) thin; columella slightly incrusted.

Dimensions. — Alt. 11 nun.; lat. 11 mm.; defl. 66 degrees.

Distinguishable by the prominent, smooth keel on the anterior part of
whorls; and by the concavity and inconspicuous ornamentation of the upper part
of the whorls.

Rare in the Pliocene at Deadmaii Island; in lower San Pedro series at San
Pedro; and in upper San Pedro series of Crawfish George's, San Pedro, and Los
Cerritos. Found in the Pleistocene at Spanish Bight, San Diego.

Living. — New Year Point to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro to San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego
(Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Gemis Norrisia Bayle.

Shell thick, conoidal, orbicular, covered by an epidermis, smooth; widely umbilicated, umbili-
cus surrounded by the callous extension of the columella; outer lip not thickened or sculptured within.

Norrisia norrisii Sby. is a characteristic species.

385. Norrisia norrisii Soiverby.

Trochischus norrisii Sby., Tank. Catalogue, 1825. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 652.
= T. convexus Cpr. {fide Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 85, 1869). Tryon, Syst. and
Struct. Conch., Vol. II, p. 315, PI. LXXXI, fig. 64, 1883. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.
Cal. St. Min., 1S8S, p. 268. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 86, fig. 72, 1892.

Norrisia norrisii Sky., Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 200.

Shell of medium size, conoidal, orbicular, thick; s|)ire only slightly elevated above body-
whorl; whorls three or four, only very slightly convex, smooth except for lines of growth; suture

332 CALIFOltNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

only slightly appressed, distinct; aperture subtriangular; outer lip thin, slightly bowed anteriorly;
umbilicus large, deep, surrounded by callous extension of the columella.
Dimensions. — Alt. 32 mm.; lat. 40 mm.

Described from a living .specimen.

Found in nppcr San Pedro series at, Deadmaii Island. Finiiid also in llie
Pleistocene at Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Santa Barbara to San Diego (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper): San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Genus Margarita Leach.

Shell thin, globular-conical, umhilicated; whorls rounded, smooth; a[)CTlurc rounded,
pearly; lip sharp, smooth.

Margarita helicina Fabr. is a characteristic species.

386. Margarita optabilis Carpenter, var. knechti, vur. uov.

Plate V, Fig. 14.

Cibbida optabilis CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 653.

Shell small, conical, thin; turbinated apical whorls; whorls five; upper whorls rather angular,
slightly tabulated above; body-whorl rounded, slightly angulated at base; two prominent spiral
ridges, one at angle of whorl, the other near anterior margin; between these two ridges is a slightly
concave surface sometimes ornamented with faint spiral ridges; oblique incremental lines quite
prominent; suture impressed and distinct; base of body-whorl only slightly convex, and ornamented
by five spiral ridges; umbilicus large, deep, eflfuse, smooth; aperture subrotund; inner lip incrusted
and projecting slightly over umbilicus.

Dimensions. — Alt. 8.5 mm.; lat. 8 mm.; body-whorl 6.5 mm.; aperture 4.5 mm.; defl.
70 degrees.

Some of the specimens retain their mottled coloration. The sculpture varies
much in this variety, the number of spiral ridges varying; and the ridges sometimes
being nodose and sometimes smooth.

Specimens pronounced variety of J/, optabilis by Dr. Dall.

Common in lower and rare in upper San Pedro series of San Pedro. The
specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at San Pedro,
and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

387. Margarita optabilis Carpenter, var. nodosa, var. nov.

Plate V, Fig. 13.

Gibbula optabilis Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 653.

Shell small, distinctly conical, thin; whorls five, flat, and ornamented by two prominent
slightly nodose spiral ridges, each about one-fourth width of whorl from margin; between these two

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOOY AND STRATir.R.VPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 333

ribs, ami also near the posterior margin of whorl, are less prominent ridges; incremental lines visible;
body-wliorl angular, with nodose ridge on angle; base of this whorl nearly flat, and ornamented with
two prominent nodose spiral ridges and several lesser ones; umbilicus deep, but not very effuse;
aperture ovate; inner lip slightly overlapping umbilicus; suture not impressed, indistinct.

Dimensions, — Alt. 6.5 mm.; lat. 6.5 mm.; body-whorl 5 mm.; aperture 3.5 mm.; defl.
75 degrees.

This variety is (listini^ui.shiihle by its siiuple conical sliapc, Hat wliorls, and
nodose ridges. It may grade into the turl)inated, convex-wliorlcd variety, M. knechti,
although no mutations have been foiiiul in the large series at hand. This form was
pronounced a variety of 31. optahilis by Dr. Dall.

Found in the lower San Pedro series of San Pedro and Deadman Island.
The specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at San
Pedro, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

388. Margarita parcipicta Carpenter, var. pedroana, var. nov.

Pl.\te V, Fio. 16.

Gibbida parcipicta CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 653; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser.,
Vol. XIV, 1864, p. 427.

Shell small, thin, globular, conical; spire elevated, subacute; whorls four, rounded, tabulated
near posterior margin; four spiral ridges on upper whorls; suture deeply impressed and distinct;
base of body-wiiorl rounded, and ornamented by fine s[)iral ridges; umbilicus deep and effuse;
aperture subcircular.

Dimensions. — Alt. 5.5 mm.; lat. 5.5 mm.; body-whorl 4.5 mm.; aperture 3 mm.; defl.
80 degrees.

Specimens pronounced variety of M. parcipicta by Dr. Dall.

Found in the lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island and San Pedro; and
in the upper San Pedro series at Deadman Island, San Pedro, and Los Cerritos.
The specimen figured is the type, which is from the lower San Pedro series at Saa
Pedro, and is now in the United States National Museum.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

389. Margarita pupilla Gould.

Plate X, Fig. 15.

Trochus pupillus Gld , Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1850, p. 91; Wilkes' Expl. Exped.,

Vol. XII, p. 186, fig. 208, 1852.
Margarita pupilla Gld., = M. calostoma A. Ans. {^fidc Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 653).

= yJ/. salmonea Cpr. {Jide Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 249).

Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 295, PI. XLIV, figs. 29-32, 1889. Keep. West

Coast Shells, p. 78, fig. 63, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV,

1892, p. 202.

Shell small, ovate-conic, rather solid; whorls five, convex, flattened slighdy above, forming
a narrow, tabulate band just below suture; body-whorl obtusely angulated; surface sculptured with

334 CALIFOHNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

small, flattened, subeqiial, equidistant, revolving ribs, five on tlic upper whorls; interspaces orna-
mented by tine, oblique, incremental lines; base of body-wliorl nearly llat, and ornamented with
numerous line, revolving lines, which become coarser near umbilicus; suture deeply impressed, dis-
tinct; aperture circular; columella somewhat arcuate; umbilicus small, groove-like; outer lip sharp,
nacreous layer on inner lijj.

Dimensions. — Alt. 5.S mm.; lat. S mm.; iletl. 67 degrees.

Somewhat rcscmhlos Solaridla periDnahU'n^, i)iiL may l)o (li.stiiiguislieti l>y. smaller
uinbilicu.s; flutter, liner sculptured l)ase; wliofls less flattened above and finer .sciil[)-
tured, both spiral and tfansverse. Dr. Dall prnnomic(!d the Pliocene specimen a
variety of M.pupilla.

Found in Pliocene at Dcadman Island; two specimens, one of which is figured,
and is now in the collection of Delos ArnoUl. Found al.so in the Pleistocene at
the bath-house, Santa Barbara.

Living. — Alaska to Catalina Island, rare at latter jilace (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara (Cooper; Arnold).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Genus Solariella »S. Wood.

Shell thin, globular-conical; generally with wide crenated umbilicus; whorls rounded,
sculptured; aperture rounded; lip shar]i, smooth.

Solariella perainabilis Cpr. is a characteristic species.
390. Solariella cidaris A. Adanus.

Plate VII, Fig. 11.

Margarita cidaris A. Ad., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 653. Cpr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd

Ser., Vol. XIV, 1864, p. 426; Vol. XV, 1865, p. 29. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St.

Min., 1888, p. 249 (young); = Solariella oxybasis Dall {fide Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal.

St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 27).
Turcicula cidaris (A. Ad.) Cpr., Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 331, 1889.
Solariella cidaris A. Ad., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 202, PI. XXII,

fig- 4-

Shell conical; spire elevated, subacute; whorls six to seven; four upper whorls only slightly
convex; lower whorls very convex; surface ornamented witli spiral rows of nodes which grade into
nodose ribs on the lower side of the body-whorl; suture deeply impressed; aperture circular; outer
lip thin; inner lip and columella enameled, the incrustation completely obscuring the small umbilicus
in most specimens.

Dimensions. — Alt. 40 mm.; lat. 33 mm.; body-vvhorl 26.5 mm.; aperture 13 mm.; defl.
66 degrees.

The specimen described and figured is an exceptionally large one, the average
altitude being only 18 mm. Identification by Dr. Dall.

Hare in the Pliocene; only about a dozen specimens found, and all of these
from the Pliocene of Deadman Island. According to Dr. Coo[)er, San Marcial is on

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLO(iV AND STHATICUAl'HV Ol' SAN PEDRO. 33o

the peninsula of Lowcn- raliforniii, and is in iIk; 'rcrtiary bell. Tiiis would correspond
to the horizon of the formation at Deadnian Inland, where tiicy are found only in the
Pliocene. The specimen figured is from (lie Pliocene of Deadraan IsUmd, and is now
in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Neeah Bay to Catalina Island (dredged) (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — San Marcial (Carpenter).

Pliocene. — San Pedro (Arnold; Williamson).

391. Solariella peramabilis Carpenter.

I'LATK VII, Fig. 2.

Solariella peramabilis CpR., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 653. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min. ,
1888, p. 265. Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XI, p. 312, PI. LXVII, figs. 59-61, 1889. Will-
iamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. XV, 1892, p. 202.

Shell small, conical; spire elevated, subacute; whorls five, conve.\, with narrow tabulate band
just anterior to suture, and oniameiitatioii of five or six spiral ribs crossed by fine lirula;; suture
deeply impressed; aperture circular; umbilicus open, large, with three internal spiral lines.

Dimensions. — Alt. 14.5 mm.; lat. 12 mm.; body-whorl 10.2 mm.; aperture 5 mm.; defl.
82 degrees.

The specimen described was identified I)y Dr. Dall.

Rare in the Pliocene; four specimens found in the Pliocene of Deadman
Island. The specimen figured is from the Pliocene of Deadman Island, and is now
in the collection of Delos Arnold.

Living. — Catalina Island (30 fathoms) (Williamson).

Pliocene. — Sau Pedro (Arnold).

Family LXXXV. CYCLOSTREMATID/E.
Genus Vitrinella C. li. Adams.
Shell minute, depressed turbiniform; widely unil)ilicated; aperture large, rounded.
Vitrinella anoniala d'Orb. is a characteristic species.

392. Vitrinella williamsoni Dall.

Vitrinella ■williamsoni Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 202, PI. XXI, figs. 2 and 3.

" Shell small, white, depressed, with two and a half whorls; spire flattened; suture appressed,
with a shallow channel or excavation outside of the appressed margin of the whorl, outside of which
the convexity of the whorl ri.ses higlier than the suture; base slightly more rounded than the upper
side, with a wide and flaring umbilicus; periphery rounded; aperture rounded, oblique; surface pol-
ishetl, finely striated here and there by the incremental lines, which are most prominent above.

"Dimensions. — Maximum diameter of shell, 5.5 mm.; minimum diameter, 4.5 mm.; alti-
tude, 1.25 mm."

336 CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

Several specimens of iliis species? were foiiinl in the lower San Pedro series of
San IVtIru. Tliey were in a perfect state of preservation, and if tliey had been
found on the beach would, no doubt, have been called "dead shells." It is po.ssible
that some of the shells reported as "dead on beach " have been washed down from
the fossil beds, and have been listed as living.

Found in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, and the lower San Pedro
series of Deadman Island; rare.

Living. — San Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Superfamily ZYGOBRANCH lA.
Family LXXXVl. HALIOTID/E.

Genus Haliotis Linne.

Shell ear-shaped, with a small flat spire; aperture very wide, iridescent; exterior striated,
dull; outer angle perforated by a series of holes, those of the spire progressively closed.

Haliotis gigantea Cheran. is a characteristic species.

393. Haliotis fulgens Philippi.

Haliotis ftilgens Phil., Zeitschr. f. Mai, p. 150, 1845; Abbild. und Beschreib., p. 11, Pis. VII and

VIII, fig. I, 1847. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 574. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol.

XII, p. 81, PI. XII, figs. 61, 62, 1890. Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.

XV, 1892, p. 198.
Haliotis splendens RvE., Icon. Conch., Pi. Ill, h^. 9. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 90, fig. 76,

1892. Weinkauff, Conch. Cab., p. 24, Pis. VII and VIII.

Shell large, flat, oval; spire very slightly raised near margin of shell; surface spirally
grooved, the grooves appearing as ridges on the interior; holes four to seven, elevated margins;
interior highly colored; outer layer of shell brownish red.

Dimensions. — Long. 112 mm.; lat. 88 mm.; depth 21 mm.

Distinguished from //. rufescens and //. cracheroidii by grooved surface and
colors of interior.

This specimen, which was found in the conglomerate of the upper San Pedro
series of Deadman Island, is probably the first authentic record of an Haliotis from
the Pleistocene of California. It was a perfect specimen when found, but in remov-
ing it from the matrix it was unfortunately broken into several fragments. A small
but perfect specimen of this species was found in the Pleistocene (uj^per San Pedro
series) at S2)anish Bight, San Diego.

Dr. Cooper has reported II. cracheroidii and H. rufescens from the Pleistocene
of San Pedro, but upon examination of the fossils (?) upon which he based his report,
which are now in the State Museum Collection at the University of California, they

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND 8TEATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 337

were found to bo recent shells from the kitchen-middens tiiat overlie all of the San
Pedro fossil deposits. The mistake of reporting kitchen-midden shells as " Pleisto-
cene " ami " Pliocene " has been made by a number of collectors, who have mis-
taken these accumulations for fossil deposits. The two species of Ifaliotls above
referred to, besides H. fnlrjena, n.rc common in many of the kitchen-middens along
the coast, and especially so in those around San Pedro.

Living. — Monterey to Lower California (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro; San Diego (Arnold).

Family LXXXVII. FISSURELLIDiE.
Subfaiinly FISSURELLWKIX^.

Genus Lucapina Graij.

Shell oval-oblong, conic, depressed, cancellated; summit subcentral, the oval opening sur-
rounded by a callus; margin crenulated.

Lucapina crenulata Sby. is a characteristic species.

394. Lucapina crenulata Sowerby.

Fissurella crc7iulata Sby., Tank. Catalogue, App., p. vi, 1825; Conch. 111., No. 19, tigs. 31, 38, 1831.

Lucapina crenulata Sv.\ ., Cpr., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 223. Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept, 1863, p. 651.
Gabb, Pal. Cal. Vol. II, p. 85, 1869. Trvon, vStruct. and Syst. Conch., Vol. II, p. 326,
PI. LXXXIII, fig. 17, 1883. Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XII, PI. XLIV, figs. 95, 96,
1890. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 95, fig. 79, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 198.

Shell large, oval, conical, depressed; surface cancellated with numerous radiating ridges and
concentric incremental lines; summit subcentral, the oval opening surrounded by a callus; margin
crenulated.

Dimensions. — Long. 90 mm.; lat. 57 mm.; alt. 20 mm.

This species is distinguishable by its large size and rather faint scul[)ture.
Rare in the u[)i)er San Pedro series at Los Cerritos.
Living. — San Pedro to San Diego (Carpenter; Williamson).
Pleistocene.— S-dn Pedro (Arnold).

Subfamily EMARGIKULIN^.
Genus Fissuridea Sivainson.

Shell oval, conical, depressed, with the ape.\ in front of the center, and perforated by oblong
opening; surface radiated or cancellated; margin crenulated; callosity often truncate, sometimes
aminated.

Fissuridea inceqiialis Sby. is a characteristic species.

( « ) May 4. 1903.

338 CAIJFOHNIA ACADEMY OK SCIKNCKS.

395. Fissuridea aspera KkcIiucIioU:.

Fissurella aspera Escii., Zt)ol. Atlas, Vol. V, p. 21, PI. XXIII, fiu;. 5, iS.^.V

Glyphis aspera EscH., Ci'R., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 223. Cru., Brit. Assn. Rcpt., 1863, \>. 651.

Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 85. 1869. Cooper, 7th Ami. Rcpt. Cal. .St. Min., 1888,

p. 241. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 96, fijj. 80, 1892.
Fissuridea aspera Esch., Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 197.

Shell oblong, conical; anterit)r and posterior slopes only very slightly convex; a])ical liolc
anterior to center, nearly circular, the plane of its outer rim sloping considerably forward; numerous
prominent, straight, rough ribs radiate from the apical hole and produce a corrugated margin for the
shell; inner side of rim corrugated and slightly efTuse; inner surface smooth.

Dimejisions. — Long. 60 mm.; hit. 42 mm.; all. 23 mm.

Easil}' di.'stingui.shiiblo by its large size mikI prmniiKMil, loiiuli, radiiiting ridges
and alternating color bands. Has fewer and rougher ril).s tliaii /'^. jiinrinn, and a
more elliptical apical hole.

Not uncommon in the lower Sun Pedro series at Dcachnan Island and San
Pedro; common in the upper San Pedro series at Crawfish George's, and rare in the
same formation at Los Cerritos, Deadman Island, and San Pedro.

Living. — Sitka to San Pedro (Cooper),

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara to San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Ainuld).

396. Fissuridea inaequalis Sonrrbij,

Fissurella inaqualis Sby., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 126; Conch. 111., fig. 45. Reeve, Conch.

Icon., fig. 50.
Glyphis intgqualis S^\., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 1S4, Pi. VII, figs. 4^-4 «. Tryon, Man.

Conch., Vol. XII, p. 215, PI- XXXIV, figs. 63, 64, 1890.
Fissurella pica Shy., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 126; Conch. 111., Vol. II, figs. 32, 33. Reeve,

Conch. Icon., fig. 49.
Fissurella inecqualis \?iX. pica Sby., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1856, p. 184. Tryon, Man. Conch.,

Vol. XII, p. 215, PI. XXXIV, fig. 64, 1890.

Shell oblong, conical, much depressed; anterior and ])osterior surfaces convex; lateral view
of margin a line convex upward (as if shell had been on a convex surface); radiating ridges numer-
ous and fine; concentric ridges numerous and nearly as prominent as the radiating ridges; the two
systems of lines giving the surface a decidedly canceilate apjiearance; apical hole slightly oblong,
anterior to center; inner surface smooth; inner surface of margin finely corrugated; color white.

Dimensions. — Long. 22.5 mm.; hit. 12 mm.; alt. 6 mm.

Distinguishable from other members of this genus occurring in this formation
by its small size and the convex appearance of the sloping sides. The specimen
described was identified by Dr. Dall.

Six specimens in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; also found in llie
same horizon at Los Cerritos, Deadraan Island, and Long Beach.

Living. — Guacomayo; Galapagos Islands (Carpenter).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

ARNOLD — Tin; PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 339

397. Fissuridea murina {Carpenter) Ball.

Glypliis densiclalhtata var. murina Ci'K., niss.

Fissuridce imirina (Cpr.) Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, 1SS5, p. 543; Vol. XV, 1892.

p, 197.
Glyphis densiclathrata Rvi:., Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XII, p. 215, \'\. XXXIX, fig. 81, i89o(pars).

Cooper, Bull. No. 4, Cal. St. Min. Bureau, Part 3, 1894, p. 27.

Shell resembles F. aspera in general outline; apical hole nearly central, circular; radiating
riilges numerous and smooth, except for fine incremental lines; inner margin of shell quite evenly
crcnulaled; color white.

Dimensions. — Long. 46 mm.; hit. 30 mm.; alt. 16 mm.

Distinguishable frotn /*'. aspera by lack of coloration, finer and more numer-
ous ribs, more central and more nearly round apical hole. Smaller than the latter.
Dr. Dall says that this is the same species which Californian conchologists have been
calling Gbjplds densiclathrata, hut that it is not the same as Reeve's G. densiclathrata.

Four specimens in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro; found in the
saujo horizon at Deadman Island, Los Cerritos, and Crawfish George's; ami in the
lower San Pedro series at Deadman Island.

Living. — San Pedro; Catalina (Williamson): Santa Barbara (Cooper).

Pleistocene. —San Pedro (Arnold) : San Joaquin Hay, Orange County (Bowers).

Genus Clypidella Sivainson.

Shell oval, rugose, slightly elevated, truncated at the anterior extremity; perforation large,
subcentral, or somewhat anterior,

Clypidella pustulata Lam. is a characteristic species.

398. Clypidella bimaculata Dull.

Clypidella (?) bimaculata Uall, mss., in Cooper, Geol. Cat. W. C. Shells, No. 470, 1866.
Fissurellid(sa bimaculata Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1872, p. 132, PI. XV, fig. VII.

Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 97, fig. 82, 1892.
Clypidella bimaculata Dall, Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, pp. 86, 124, 1869. Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept.

Cal. St. Min., 1888, p. 235.
Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall, Trvon, Man. Conch., Vol. XII, p. 183, PI. XLIV, fig. 94, 1890.

Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 198.

Shell resembles C. callomarginala. Aperture and apical hole elliptical, the latter being
central; wide, thickened ridge on inner side of rim and on inner side of apical hole. Smaller than
C. callomarginala.

Specimens identified by Dr. Dall.

Not uncommon in the lower San Pedro series of Deadman Island and San
Pedro; rare in the upper San Pedro series of Los Cerritos and San Pedro.

Living. — Farallon Islands to Santa Barbara Islands (Cooper).

Pleistocene. — Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

342 CAUFOUNI.V ACADKMY OK SCIENCES.

Sul)dass IS01*1>I:IRA.
onitT roi.vri.AcoriioRA.

Superfamily EOCHITONIA.
Family LXX.WIII. (JIIITON I D.E.

Genus Ischnochiton Gntij.

Shell thin; lamin.f of insertion regular, acute, neither pectinate nor serrate; eaves large;
sinus usually smooth; girdle squamose, the squam£e generally striate.

hchnochiton longicymna Blainv. is a characteristic species.

403. Ischnochiton regularis Odrpenler.

Chiton regulan's CPR., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1855, p. 232.

Ischnochiton regularis Cpr., Keep, West Coast Shells, p. 107, fig. 93, 1S92. Tryon', Man. Conch.,
Vol. XIV, p. 142, PI. XVII 1, figs. 41, 46, 1892.

Shell depressed, elongate-oval, width half of length; valves not sharply arched; lateral areas
ornamented with concentric, slightly granular ridges and fine radiating lines; central area with
inconspicuous fine irregular lines; a])ex smooth; mucro longitudinally ridged with irregular raised lines.

Description partly from living shell. The only fossil representative of this
species so far reported is a perfect central valve found in the upper San Pedro series
of San Pedro in 1894 by Dr. G. H. Ashley.

Living. — Monterey (Carpenter): West Coast (Keep).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Ashley).

Genus Gryptochiton Midd. <£• Gray.
Shell large; valve entirely immerswl in the girdle, which is minutely fasciculately pilose.
Type, Cryptochiton stelleri Midd.

404. Cryptochiton stelleri Middendorff.

Chiton stcttcri J>Udd., Bull. Acad. St. Peters., Vol. VI, 1846, p. 116.

Chiton {Cryptochitoii) ste/ieri Midd., Mai. Ross., Pi. i, p. 93, PI. I, figs, i, 2, 1847.

Chiton amicii/atus Shy . , Thes. Conch., Ill, Chitons, fig. 80.

Chiton sitkensis Rve., Icon. Conch., PI. X, sp. 55.

Cryptochiton stelleri Midd., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 648. Gaisb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, p. 87,

1869. Trvon, Struct, and Syst. Conch., Vol. II, p 346, PI. LXXXV, fig. 83, 1883.

Cooper, 7th Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min., 18S8, p. 237. Keep, West Coast Shells, p. in,

fig. 99, 1892. Trvo.v, Man. Conch., Vol. XV, p. 148, PL VII, figs. 7-13; PI. VI,

fig. 6, 1893.
Chiton califomicus Prescott, Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd .Ser., Vol. XXXVIII, 1864, p. 185.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIOIJAPH V OK SAN PEDRO. 343

One valve \va^^ fouiul in tlie lower San Pedro scries of Deadman Islaiid, and
hvii in the Pliocene of the same locality. One is i)rol)al)ly an end valve and is
distingnishai)le l)y its strong convexity, thickness, and smooth surface. It has a
small, acute notch on each side near the end.

Dimensions.- — Long. 20 mm.; lat. 30 mm.; alt. \-'> mm.

Lirinr/. — Straits of Fiioa to Monterey; Kamtst-liatka (Cooper): Hakodate,
.lapan (?) (Carpenter).

P leistocene.-— San Diego (Cooper): San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Deadman Island, San Pc(ho (Arnold).

Supcrfamily Ol'SlL'ii I'l"( )X 1 .\.
Family LXXXIX. MOrALIlD^E.

Genus Mopalia Gray.

Shell regular; lamina' lengthened; anterior valve with si.x or more slits, the others with a
single slit; last valve sinulate behind; sinus narrow, mucro median, depressed; sutures indented;
girdle wide, bristly, sometimes fissured behind, sometimes projecting anteriorly.

Mopalia hlainvillei Brod. is a characteristic species.

405. Mopalia ciliata Smverby.

Chilon muscosus Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, 1846, p. 145; Wilkes' Expl. Exped.,

Vol. XII, p. 313, fig. 436, 1852.
Mopalia nmscosa Gld., Cpr., Brit. Assn. Rept., 1863, p. 64S.
Mopalia ciliata Siiv., Keep, West Coast Shells, p. no, fig. 98, 1892. Williamson, Proc. U. S.

NaL Mus., Vol. XV, 1892, p. 196.

Shell depressed, rather broad, oval; obliquely ridged along the back; sculpture prominent
and covering whole of surface; side areas sculptured with granulated, radiating ridges; central area
ornamented with longitudinal, granulated, rai.sed lines; mucro median depressed, ornamented with
sharp, oblique lines which meet on middle and form an acute angle open anteriorly; anterior valve
large, semicircular, with ten granulated, elevated, radiating lines, and interspaces granulated as in
lateral areas.

Dimensions. — Long. 40 mm. ; lat. 19 mm. ; depth 6 mm.

Description from living specimen. The only specimen of this species ever
reported in the fossil state was found in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro.
It is a perfect anterior valve, 10 millimeters wide and 5.2 millimeters long.

Living. — Vancouver to Monterey (Carpenter): San Pedro (Williamson).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

344 CAI.II'OUNIA ACADKMY Ol' SCIENCES.

ARTHROPODA.

Class CRUSlACi'lA.'
Siil)ci;iss EUCKIJSTACHA.

Supcrnnlcr V\ K K I I'l.Dl A.
Order TIIORACICA.

Family XC. BAI,AXiI).E.

Genus Balanus /.inO'r.

Shell low, conical or cylindrical, composed of six jjieces. Opercular plates subtriangular;
base membranous or calcareous.

406. Balanus concavus liroan.

Balanns concavus Bronn, Italians Tertiar-Gebikle (1831) et Leth;ea Geognostica, b, II, 3, 1155
(1838), Tab. XXXVI, fig. 12; = B. cylindraccus var. concavus Lam.; = Lcpas
tinlinnabidum Brocchi, (^fide Darwin, Monog. Cerripedia, II, p. 235, PI. IV,
fig. 4rt-4^, 1854).

Shell longitudinally striped with white and pink, or dull purple, sometimes wholly white;
scutum finely striated longitudinally; internally, adductor ridge very or moderately prominent.

This is the common pinlc hiirnacle of the west coast. Darwin reports this
species as fossil from Coralline crag, England; subappenine fortnations, near
Turin, Asti, Colle in Tuscany; Tertiary beds near Lisbon; Tertiary beds,
Williamsburg and Evergreen, Virginia; Maryland.

Sometimes found in the upper San Pedro series of San Pedro, Los Cerritos,
Crawfish George's, and Dcadman Island; also reported from the lower San Pedro
series of San Pedro. Found in the Pliocene at Packard's Hill, Santa Barbara; and
at Puss School, San Diego; in the Pleistocene at Barlow's ranch, Ventura; and at
Spanish Bight and Pacific Beach, San Diego.

Living. — Panama; Peru; San Pedro, California; Philippine Archipelago;
Australia (Darwin).

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

^Tbe classification and generic descriptlooB of this class, unless otherwise stated, are from Eastman's Zitfel's " Text.Book
of Paleontology.*'

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOC; Y AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 345

SuiKironlcr M A I A C ( ) S T K A C A .'

Order DECAl'ODA.

Suborder BR AC in' T R A .

Sublribe CANCROIDEA.

Section CancrinL

Genus Cancer Linnr.

Carajiace transverse, suhelliptical, indistinctly aroohited; antero-lateral marpins regularly
arcuated and armed with ten teeth; iVoiit narrow, cut into five teeth or lobes; eye-peduncles short, orbits
small, with two fissures in both upper and lower margins; antennules longitudinal, or nearly so; basal
antennal joint somewhat enlarged and united with the front, thus excluding the short flagellum from
the orbit; merus of the maxillipeds distally truncated, and not produced at the antero-external angle;
chelipeds subequal, the hand generally costate on the outer surface.

407. Cancer breweri Gabb.

Cancer breweii Gabb, Pal. Cal., Vol. II, ]). i, I'l. 1, fig. i, 1S69. Cooi'ek, ytii Annual Rcpt. Cal.
St. Min., 1888, p. 227.

" Hand shorter, more robust, and broader proportionall\' liian that of C. tnagisler Dana;
upper margin flattened and bordered by two well-defined ridges, each bearing about four tubercles;
outer surface marked by five nearly obsolete ridges minutely tuberculated; fingers shorter than in
C. magisler, the movable one more curved, and both with the denticles nearly obsolete' ' (Gabb).

Dimensions. — Length of hand 82 mm.

The above description is ;i copy of Gabb'.s orij»;inaI. .V well preserved hand
from the lower San Pedro series of Deachnan [shmd corresponds ahuo.st exactly witli
(Jabb's figure of his type. C. magistcr i.s the common large edible crab of the Cali-
fornia coast.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Pliocene. — Calleguas ranch, N'ciiUira County (Hrewer).

' Divisions of this suborder snd Rennric description from "Synopsis of Oftllfornia Slalk-Eyed Crustacea." By S. J. Uoluiei.
Occajiioiinl Papers. Cal. Acad. Sci., No. VII, p. 47, 1900.

, 14 , May 39, 1903.

34G CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

VKRTHHRATA.

Class PISCKS.

Order ELASMOBRANCIIII.

Suborder SKLACIIII.

Fiuiiily TliYGUNlD.E.

Genus Urolophus.

408. Urolophus halleri (?) Cooper.

Two stings of this species (one of the common Sting-Rays of the California
coast) were found in a perfect state of preservation in the upper San Pedro series at
San Pedro. Dr. V. II. (Jilhert, who identified the specimens, said tliat owing to the
insufficiency of the evidence offered Ijy the sting alone he was unable to make a
definite specific determination.

Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold).

Paut it I. r>ii;T:Tor;T? APirv.

'I'lie following Bibliography is iiiteiidetl to give all of the articles wliich refer
either to tlio geology or paleontology nieiitioned in this [)aper. Inasmuch as nearly
all of the species foiuul as fossils in the deposits at San Pedro are living at the present
time, most of the articles refer to living shells. Dr. Stearns has kindly prepared a
complete list of his publications u[) to Jaiuiary 1, 1001, and as a complete bibliography
of his writings has never been published it will be included here under his name.

Many of the references given were taken from the Bibliography of Fossil
MoUusca, prepared by the late Dr. James G. Cooper, and published in lUillftiii
No. 4 of the California State Mining Bureau.

1852. Adams, Chas. B. Catalogue of Panama Shells. Ann. N. Y. Lye. A'ai. Hist., Vol. V,

1852; also separately.

Full notes and descriptions; no figures. 0)it of nearly 500 species, over 100 were new; but
very few of them extend to California, though many of the species are found living or fossil
farther north.

1835. Adams, Henry and Arthur. Various articles published in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1835 to 1876.

1853-S3. The Genera of Recent Mollusca. 2 vols., 8vo, and 138 plates. London, 1853-83.

This tine systematic work contains figures and descriptions of several West Coast mollusca.

1863. Ac.assiz, Alex. Descriptions of New Echinoderms. Bull. Mus. Cotnp. Zoo/., VoX.l, 1^6^.
1874. Revision of the Echini. ///. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 7. Cambridge, 1872-74.

1899. Anderson, F. M. The Geology of Point Reyes Peninsula. Bull. Dept. GeoL, Univ.

Cell., Vol. II, 1S97, No. 5, pp. 119-153, PI. IV.

IQ02. Arnold, Delos and Ralph. The Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Stratigraphy of the

Coast of Southern California. Jour. GeoL, Vol. X, 1902, No. 2, pp. 1 17-138,
Pis. I-V, figs. 1-7.

1895. Ashley, G. H. The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California.

Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, 1895, pp. 273-367. Pis. XXII-XXV.

Also issued in Leland Stanford Junior University Pnblicatious, Geology and Paleontology,
No. 1, 1895.

1863. Haird, William. Collections made by Dr. Lyall, Dr. Forbes, R. N., and J. K. Lord,

on the Northwest Boundary Survey, Vancouver Island, etc. Proc. Zool. Sac., 1863,
p. 66, 12 plates.

Sixteen species described, fourteen figured, but only nine seem to be new.

1863. Binnev, W. G. Bibliography of North American Conchology. 2 vols., 8vo.

Published by the Smithsonian Institution, 1863-64. This publication catalogues all of the
American species named by the authors quoted. Useful for books printed before 1860.

(347 )

348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

1825-27. Hi.AiNVii.LE, D. DE. Manuel dc Malacolo^ie et de ('oncliyliologie. 2 vols., 8vo, 190
plates. Paris, 1825-27.

1832. Living and Fossil l'iii|iiiias, etc. Ann. NouvelUi dii Miis. Paris, Vol. I, 1832,

p. 189, with plates.

187S. Bowers, Stephen. Geology of Santa Rosa Island from Notes taken hy Dr. Lorenzo

G. Vates. Smilhsotiian Report for 1877, pp. 316-320.

18S1. Brauns, David. Geology of the Environs of Tokio. Mem. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tokio,

No. 4. 1881.

1829. Broderip, W. J., & SowERBY, G. B. Zool. Jour., Vol. IV, 1829, p. 359, descriptions.

Plntps of same iu Zoology of Captniu Beeehey's Voynfje fo the Piicillc niul Behriiiy'H Strftits,
in the ship "BlosBom," 1825-28; published in Loiuloii in 1839, with the aiil of Dr. J. E. (iray.

1830. Species Conchyliorum. London, 1830.

Monographs of various genera; 4 to 14 colored plates.

1832-35. Descriptions of West Coast Species of Mollusks. Proc. /.ool. Soc, 1832-35.

1827. Brown, Thomas. Recent Conchology of Great Britain, i vol., 410, 62 colored plates.

Edinburg, 1827. 2nd Ed., London, 1844.

1855. Carpenter, P. P. Descriptions of (supposed) New Species and Varieties of Shells,

from the Californian and West Mexican Coasts, principally in the (Collection of
H. Cuming. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1855, pp. 228-235.

1855-57. Catalogue of the Reigen Collection of Mazatlan Mollusca in the British Museum.

Printed by order of the Trustees at the Oberliu Press, Warrington, 18.'),')-1S.")7.

1856a. First Step toward a Monograph of the Recent Species of Petaloconchus, a Genus of

Vermetidea. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, pp. 313-317, with woodcuts.

1856^. Monograph of the Shells collected by T. Nuttall, Esq., on the Californian Coast, in

the year 1834-5. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, pp. 209-229.

1856c Descriptions of Shells from the Gulf of California, and the Pacific Coasts of Mexico

and California. Part II. By H. A. Gould, M.D., and P. P. Carpenter. Proc. Zool.
Soc, 1856, pp. 198-208.

i856</. Description of New Species and Varieties of Calyptneidu', Trochida-, and Pyra-

midellidae, principally in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856,
pp. 166-171.

1856^. Description of New Species of Shells collected by Mr. T. Bridges in the Bay of

Panama and Its Vicinity, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proc. Zool. Soc,
1856, pp. 159-166.

1856/ Notes on the Species of Hipponyx inhabiting the American Coasts, with Descrip-
tions of the New Species. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S56, pp. 3-5.

1857. Report of the Present State of our Knowledge with Regard to the Mollusca of the

West Coast of North America. Kept. Dril. Assn. Advt. Sci., 1856, pp. 159-368,
4 plates.

1858. First Step towards a Monograph of the Ctecidea, a Family of the Rostriferous

Gasteropoda. (Chiefly from the American seas.) Proc. Zool. Soc, 1858, pp. 413-444.

1863a. Supplementary Report on the Present State of Our Knowledge with Regard to

the Mollusks of the West Coast of North America. Repl. Brit. Assn. Advt. Sci.,
1863, pp. 517-686.

Extra copies, with title-page, 1864.

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGHAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 349

1863^ Review of Prof. ('. H. Ailams' "Catalogue of the Shells of Panama," from the

type specimens. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1H63, pp. 339-369.

1864a. Descriptions of New Marine Shells from the Coast of California. Proc. Cal. Acad.

Sci., Vol. Ill, 1864, pp. 155, 175, 207.

iS64(5. Diagnoses of New Forms of MoUusks, Collecteil at Cape Lucas, Lower California.

By Mr. J. Xantus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., \'ul. XIII, 1864, pp. 311-315,

474-479; Vol. XIV, 1864, pp. 45-49-
i864<-. Contributions toward a Monoijraph of the Pandorida-. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S64,

pp. 596-603.

1864,65. Diagnoses of New Forms of Mollusca, from the Vancouver District. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XIV, 1S64, pp. 423-429; Vol. XV, 1865, pp. 2S-32. Also
in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, pp. 201-204.

1865a. Diagnoses of New Species and a New Genus of Mollusks, from the Reigen Mazatlan

Collection; with an Account of Additional Specimens Presented to the British
Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, pp. 268-273.

1865^. Descriptions of New Species and Varieties of Chitonidie and Acmada- from the

Panama Collection of the late Prof. C. B. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, pp.
274-277.

1865^. Diagnoses of New Species of Mollusks, from the West Tropical Region of North

America, Principally Collected by the Rev. J. Rowell.of San Francisco. Proc. Zool.
Soc, 1S65, pp. 278-282.

i865</. Diagnoses of New Forms of Mollusca from the West Coast of North America.

Mrsl Collected by Col. E. Jewett. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. XV, 1865,
pj). 177-182 and 394-399.

i865<'. Diagnoses of New Forms of Mollusca, Collected by Colonel E. Jewett on the West

Tropical Shores of North America. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., \'ol. X\', 1S65.
PP- 399-400-

-Diagnoses des Mollusques nouveau.x provenant de Californie et faisant partie du
Musee de I'lnstitution Smithsonienne. Jour, de Conch., Vol. XII, 1865, pp. 129-149.

-New Species and Varieties of Mollusca, Collected by the late Dr. Kennerly in
Puget Sound. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., New Ser., 1865, p. 54.

-Articles on West Coast Mollusca. Am. Jour. Conch., Vols. I-VII, 1865-1873.

-On the Pleistocene Fossils Collected by Colonel E. Jewett, at Santa Barbara, Cali-
fornia; with Descriptions of New .Species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., \'ol.
XVII, 1866, pp. 274-278.

1872. Mollusks of Western North America. S?nithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,

Vol. X, 1872, No. 252.

Thirteeu reprinted papers of Carpenter's.

1769-95. Chemnhv, J. H. (Martini & Chemnitz.) Conchylien Cabinet. 410, XUrnburg,
1769 to 1795,

The lust date is that of Vol. XI, the only one in which binomial nomenclature is used.
Martini not being an authority under Linui'an rules, k new edition begun in 1844 by Kuster,
continued by W. Kobelt and Weiukauffto 1887. Nuruburg; 4to, 1,988 colored plates.

1843. Chenu, J. C. Illustrations Conchyliologicpies, etc. 79 numbers, folio, colored plates.

Paris, 1S43.

Living and fossil shells.

Bibliothecjue Couchyliologique, a reprint of older authors and their illustrations, including
works by Say, Leach, RaKuesque, Conrad, Martin, etc.

1865/

Ml

Pu

T ^Ac 1 t

'^"5 73-

1866.

;>50 CAMFOHNIA ACADEMY DF SCIENCES.

1860-62. Manuel de C(>ncliylit)logie et ile PaheontoUijjio. 2 vols., grand Svn, with alxmt

5000 cnj4raviiij;s, |)arl colori-d. Paris, 1860-62.

1832. Conrad, Timothy A. Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of North America

(Eastern), i vol., 56 pages, 18 plates. Philadelphia, 1832.

Ah many West Const fossils nre very near, or iileiificnl with Ensteni, they need close
compnriHoii.

1837. Descriptions of New California Shells. Jour. Acad. Nal. .^ci. Plii/a., \'ol. V'll,

1837, pp. 227 el seq., 4 plates.

The 45 new species desrrihcd from Cnliforniii, with (ij^nres, form the lirst important article
on West Coast shells.

1849. Report of United Stales Exploring Expedition, under Commander Wilkes, \'ol. X,

Geology. PhiUnlclphia, 1849.

Plates and descriptious of Tertiary fossils from Oregon, muny of which have since been
found in California.

1856. Report of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad to the Pacific Coast. \'o\. \,

Appendi.x 2, Fossil Shells and Recent, with 9 plates; Vol. VI, Appendix, p. 69,
5 plates, Fossils; Vol. \'II, Part 2, p. 189, 10 plates. Washington, D. C, 1856.

,855_y-j. Am. four. Conch., Vols. I to VII, 1865 to 1873.

Several articles on West Coast shells.

i860. Cooper, William. Report of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad to the Pacific

Coast, Vol. XII, Part 2, No. 6. Report upon Mollusca Collected on the vSurvey.
Washington, i860. Also separately.

,862. Nine New Californian Marine Mollusca. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, 1862,

pp. 202-207.

,863. On New and Rare Mollusca Inhabiting the Coast of California. Pror. Cal. Acad.

Sci., Vol. Ill, 1863, p. 57.

1867. Geographical Catalogue of the Mollusca Found West of the Rocky Mountains,

between Thirty Degrees and Forty-nine Degrees north latitude. Pamphlet, 4to, 40
pages. San Francisco, 1867.
797 species named.

i8yoa. Notes on the Mollusca of Monterey Bay, California. Am. four. Conch., Vol. VI,

1870, p. 42.

247 species named.

1870^. Note on Gadinia and Rowellia. Am. four. Conch., Vol. VI, 1870, p. 320.

1874. On the Tertiary Geology of California, with Notes on the Characteristic Fossils,

etc. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1874, pp. 172, 389, 401, 422.

1888. Catalogue of Californian F'ossils. jth Ann. Rept. Cal. St. Min. (William Irelan.)

Sacramento, 1888.

jggo. Value of Fossils as Indications of Important Mineral Products. <)th Ann. Rept.

Cal. St. Min. (William Irelan.) Sacramento, 1890.

1894a. Lists of Fossils in "Gas and Petroleum yielding Formations of the Central Valley

of California." By W. L. Watts. Dull. Cal. St. Min. Bureau, No. 3, 1894.

1894/J. Catalogue of Californian Fossils. Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5. Bull. Cal. St. Min. Bureau,

No. 4, 1894.

J897. List of Fossils in "Oil and Gas yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura, and

Santa Barbara Counties." By W. L. Watts. Bull. Cal. St. Min. Bureau, No. 11,
1897, pp. 79-87.

ARNOLD — THE rALEUNTULOC V AND STKATlGliAl'UY UE SAN TEDUO. 351

1869. Dam., W. H. Materials for a Monograiih of the Family Le|)etid;c. Am. Jour. Conch.,

Vol. V, 1869, pp. 140-150.

1870^. Review of the Family SiphonariicLi-. .liii. lour. Conch., Vol. V, 1870, pp. 30-41,

Pis. II, IV, V.

1870^. Materials for a Monograph <il the Family Gadiniid;e. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V,

1870, pp. 8-22.

1870C. Review of the Tercbralulidie and Lin^iilida'. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, 1870,

pp. 88-168, Pis, VI, VIII.

187 irt. On the Lim])et.s; with Special Reference to the Species of the West Coast of

America, and to a More Natural C'lassitication of the (iroiip. .fw. /our. Conch.,
Vol. VI, 187 1, pp. 228-2S2, Pis. XIV-XVII

1871^. Diajjnoses of Sixty New Forms of Mollusks from ihe West Coast of America and

the North Pacific Ocean. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1S71, |)p. 93-160, Pis.
XIII-XVI.

1871C. Note on Gadinia. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1S71, pp. 192-193.

1872a. Notes on Californian Mollusca. Proc. Cat. Acad. Set., Vol. IV, 1872, pp. 182-183.

1872^. Preliminary Descriptions of New Species of Mollusks from the Northwest Coast of

America. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1S72, pp. 270-271 and 302-303.

i873rt. Catalogue of the Recent Species of the Class Brachiopoda. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phi/a., 1873, PP- 177-204.
1873^. Descriptions of New Species of Mollusca from the Coast of Alaska, with Notes on

Some Rare P'orms. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1873, pp. 57-62.

1874a. Notes on Tertiary Fossils from the California Coast, with a List of the Species

Obtained from a Well at San Diego, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1874,
pp. 296-299.

1874^. Catalogue of Shells from Rehring Strait. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., V'ol. V, 1874,

pp. 246-253.

1877a. Report on the Brachiopoda of Alaska and the Adjacent Shores of Northwest

America. Proc. .Acad. Nal. Sci. Pliila., 1877, pp. 155-170. Scientijic Results, Art.
Ill, 1877, pp. 45-62.

\%Tjb. Preliminary Descriptions of New .Species of Mollusks from the Northwest Coast ol

America. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1877, p. 6.

iSj-jc. On the Californian Species of Fusus. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1S77, p. 5.

1878a. Descriptions of New Shells from California. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. I, 1878,

pp. 46-47.

l?<^?,b. Distribution of Californian Tertiary Fossils. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1S78,

pp. 26-30.

1878^. Report on the Limpets and Chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic Regions, etc.

Proc. U. S. Nat. .Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 281-344. Scientijic Results, Art. IV,
1879, pp. 63-126.

1878//. Post-Pliocene Fossils in the Coast Range of Cahfornia. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. I, 1878, p. 3.
i878(f. Fo.ssil Mollusks from Later Tertiaries of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I,

1878, pp. 10-16.

;j."»2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

1881. Ou tlie Genera of Chitons. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us.. Vol. IV, iSSi, pj). 279-291.

1883. List of Papers 1)\ \V. 11. Dall, from 1S66 to 1882. 3 vols. Washington, 1683.

Rppriuts of principal pnpcrs l)y this writer.

1884a. Report on the Molliisca of the Commander Islands, Behring Sea, Collected by

Leonhard StejneRer in 1882 and 1883. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VII, 1884,
PP- 340349. I''- "•

1884^. New or Si>ecially Interesting Shells of Point Barrow Expedition. Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. VII, 1S84, pp. 523-526, PI. II.

1886a. Contributions to the Natural History of the Commander Islands. No. 6, Report

on Behring Island MoUusca, Collected by Mr. Nicholas Grehnitzki. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. IX, 1886, pp. 209-219.

iS86^. Supplementary Notes on Some Species of Mollusks of the Behring Sea and

Vicinity. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, 1886, pp. 297-309, Pis. 111-1\'.

1889a. Catalogue of Shell-bearing Marine Mollusks, etc., of .Southeastern Coast of the

United vStates. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, 1889.

1889^. Preliminary Report on the Collection of Mollusca and Brachiopuda obtained in

1887-88 by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross." Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XII, 18S9, pp. 219-362, Pis. V-XIV.

1890. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Part I. Pulmonale, Opistho-

branchiate and Orthodont Gastro])ods. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Set'., Vol. Ill,
Part I, 1890.

1891. On Some New or Interesting West American .Shells Obtained from the Dredgings

of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," in 1S88, and from Other
Sources. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 173- 191, Pis. V-VII.

1892^. and Harris, G. D. Correlation Papers. Neocene. Dull. U. S. Geol. Sur.,

No. 84, 1892.

1892^. Notes on Geology at La Jolla, San Diego, Cal. Nautilus, Vol. VI, No. 4, Aug.,

1892, p. 88.

1892^. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Part 2. Streptodont and Other

Gastropods, Concluded. Trans. Wagner Free fnst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 2, 1S82.

1894a. On the Species of Mactra from California. Nautilus, Vol. VII, No. 12, April,

1894, PP- 136-138, PI. V.
1894^. Synopsis of the Mactridae of North America. Nautilus, Vol. Mil, No. 3, July,

1894, pp. 25-28; No. 4, Aug., 1894, pp. 39-43-

1894c. Report on Mollusks and Brachiopoda Dredged in Deep Water Chietly Near the

Hawaiian Islands, with Illustrations of Hitherto Unfigured Species from Northwest
America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVII, 1894, pp. 675-733, Pls- XXIII-XXXII.

1895a. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Part. 3. A New Classification

of the Pelecypoda. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 3, 1895.

1895^. Diagnoses of New Species of Mollusks from the West Coast of America. Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVIII, 1895, pp. 7-20.

1896. New Species of Leda from the Pacific Coast. Nautilus, Vol. X, No. i. May, 1896,

pp. 1-2.

1897a. Notice of Some New and Interesting Shells from British Columbia and the Adja-

cent Region. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brit. Columbia, Vol. II, 1897, p(). 1-18,
Pis. I, II.

AKNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STIIATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDBO. 353

18971^. New West American Shells. NautUns, Vol. XI, No. 8, Dec, 1897, pp. 85-86.

1898a. On a New Species of Fiisus from California. Nautilus, Vol. XII, No. 1, May,

1898. pp. 4-5.

1898^. A Table of North American Tertiary Horizons, Correlated with One Another and

with Those of Western Flurope, with Annotations. 18th Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Sur.,
Part II, 1898, pp. 323-34.S.

1898^. Synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Psammobida; of Norlii America. Proc.

Acad. Nai. Set. Phila., 1898, pp. 57-62.

18980^. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Part. 4. Pelecypoda: I, Prio-

nodesmacca; II, Teleodesmacea. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, Part 4,
1898.

i898<". Synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Leptonacea of North America and the West

Indies. Proc. U. S Nat. Mus., Vol. XXI, 1898, pp. 873-897.

1899. Synopsis of the Solenidse of North .'\merica and the Antilles. Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. XXII, 1899, pp. 107-112.

i900rt. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Part 5. Pelecypoda, Concluded.

Trails. Wagner Free Inst. Set., Vol. VI, Part 5, 1900.

1900^. Synopsis of the Family Tellinidje and of the North American Species. Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. XX 1 11', 1900, i)p. 285-326, Pis. II-IV.

1901. Illustrations and Descriptions of New, Unfigured, or Imperfectly Known Shells,

Chiefly American, in the U. S. National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.
XXIV, 1901, pp. 499-566, Pis. XXVII-XL.

1854. D.AKWiN, Charles. A Monograph on the Subcla.ss Cerripedia, with F"igures of All the

Species. Part II, pp. viii, 684, Pis. XXX. London, 1854.
Printed for the Ray Society.

1839. Deshayf.s, G. p. New Species of Shells from West Coast of North America. Revue

Zool., 1839.

1840. Magazine de Zoologie, 1840, Pis. XIV-XCV'III.

Coutaius illustrations of new shells, and also six previously described by Conrad from the
West Coast of North America.

1853-54. Catalogue of the Conchifera in the British Museum, Vol. I, 1S53; Vol. II, 1854.

1789. Di.xoN, George. A Voyage Around the World. London, 1789. Appendix,

P- 355. fig- 2.
1874. D'Orbigny, Alcide. Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale, 1826- 1833. Mollusca:

4to; 86 colored plates. Paris, 1874.

Also published as a catalogue of the species in the British Museum, by Dr. J. E. Gray, 1854.

1832. Duclose, M. Synopsis of Purpura, giving New Species, etc. Ann. Sci. Nat., Vol.

XXIV, 1832, p. 103, with plates.

Also figured in Mag. deZool., 18.33.
1858-71. Dunker, Wilhelm. Novitates Conchological. Series II. 4to, 48 plates. Cassel,
1858-1871.

On marine shells only.

1874-83. Monographs on Buccinum, etc. Zeits. /. Ma/., iSj 4-188^.

Also articles in Chemn. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, on Plauorbis, etc.

1900. Eastman, Charles R. Text-book of Paleontology, by Karl A. von Zittel. Trans-

lated and edited by C. R. Eastman. Vol. I, pp. 706, 1476 woodcuts. Macmillan
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CAUFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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«893
1896.
1S87.
1850.

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1861.
1865.

1864-69.

1788.
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1851.
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1862.

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Faikh.vnks, H. \V. Geology of San Dicjjo County; also of Portions of Orange and
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The Geology of Point Sal. Bull. Def>t. Geol. Univ. Cal.,Vo\. II, 1896, Nu. i,

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Fischer, Paul. Manuel de ConchyJioJogie et de Paleontologie Conciiyliologique, etc.,
pp. x.xiv -j- 1369, 23 plates and 1138 text figures. Paris, 1887.

Fokhes, Edward. West Coast Shells, Cliietly from Lower California, Collected by
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-Geological Survey of California, J. I). Whitney, State Geologist. Paleontology,

Vol. I, 1864; Vol. II, 1869, with 33 plates. Philadelphia, 1864-1869.

Gmelin, J. F. Systema Naturae. Leipzig, 1788.

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Shells from the Gulf of Caliiornia and the Pacific Coast. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat.

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Mollusca and Shells of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, etc. Report of the Ex-
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Gray, John Edward. Monograph of the Cyprseidae. Zool. Jour., Vq\. I, 1824, p. 71.

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ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STKATIGUAPUY OF SAN PEDRO. 355

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1862-69. Jei-freys, J. G. British Conchology. 5 vols., 8vo, 147 plates. London, 1862-1869.

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3o6 CALIFOHNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

1S30. Menke, C. T. Synopsis Mctlioiiica MoUuscoruni. 2nd Rd. Pyrmont, 1830.

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1S98. Merriam, John C. The Distribution of the Neocene Sea-urchins of Middle California

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1838-39.

1S32-41. and G. B., Jr. The Conchological Illustrations, colored figures, of all hitherto

Unfigured Recent Shells. 2 vols., i2nio., 200 plates. London, 1S32-1841.

1839. A Conchological Manual. Illustrated by 500 figures. London, 1839.

1842-59. Thesaurus Conchylioruni, or Figures and Descriptions of Shells. London, 1842-

1S59.

1812-29. SowERHY, James, and De Carls, James. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. 12
vols., 8vo., 648 colored plates. London, 181 2- 1829.

1820-35. The Genera of Recent and Fossil .Shells. 2 vols., 8vo. London, 1820-1834.

Also, Zool. Jour., 1825- 1835, 5 vols., 8vo., with colored plates.

i866<7. Stearns, Robert E. C. List of Shells Collected at Baulinas Bay, California, June,

1866. Ptoc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1S66, pp. 275-276.

i866/5. List of Shells Collected at Santa Barbara and San Diego by Mr. J. Hepburn, in

February- March, 1866, with Remarks upon Some of the Species. Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., Vol. Ill, 1866, i)p. 283-2S6.

1867^7. Remarkable Instance of Vitality in a Snail. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill,

1867, pp. 328-329.

1867^. Shells Collected at Santa Barbara by W. Newcomb, M. D. , in January, 1867.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci , Vol. Ill, 1867, pp. 343-345.

1867^. List of Shells Collected at Purissima and Lobitas, California, October, 1866.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1S67, pp. 345-346.

1867a'. List of Shells Collected at Bodega Bay, California, in June. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,

Vol. Ill, 1867, pp. 382-383.

i867(f. Shells Collected by the U. S. Coast Survey Expedition to Alaska in the Year 1867.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 1S67, pp. 384-385.

Also in Keport of the Supcriiitciideut of the U. S. Coast Survey, for I8G7; Appemlii No. 18,
pp. 291-2.

1869^. Shell Money. Am. Nat., Vol. Ill, No. i, March, 1S69, pp. 1-5.

1869*. The Haliotis, or Pearly Ear-Shell. Am. Aal., Vol. Ill, No. 5, July, 1S69,

pp. 250-256, with figures.

1871(7. Description of a New Species of Monocera from Calilornia, with Remarks on the

Distribution of North American Species. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1S72,
pp. 167-171, with figures.

1871^. Descriptions of New California Shells. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VII, 1872,

pp. 172-173, with figures.

i87ir. On the Habitat and Distribution of the West American Species of Cypraeidae,

Triviidie, and AmphiperastidiE, etc., etc. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1871,
pp. 186-189.

358 CALIFORNIA ACADESIY OF SCIENCES.

i872<j. Description of a New Species of Mangeli;i from California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Set.,

\\i\. 1\', 1S72, ]). 226, with figure.

1872^. Remarks on Marine Faunal Provinces on West Coast of America. Proc. Cal.

Aiad. Set'., Vol. IV, 1872, p. 246.

i872f. De.scriptions of New Species of Shells from California. J'roc. Cal. Acad. Set.,

\'ol. I\', 1X72, p. 249.

i872(/. Notes on I'ur|)ura canaliculata of Duclos. Proc. Cal. Acad. Set'., X'ol. IV, 1872,

pp. 250-251.

1872^. A Partial Comjxirison of ilic Conchology of Portions of the- Atlantic and Pacific

Coasts of North America. Proc. Cal. Acad. Set'., Vol. IV, 1872, pp. 271-273.

1872/". The Californian Trivia and Some Points in Its Distribution. .-Im. A'a/., Vol. VI,

December, 1872, pp. 732-734, with figures.

1873(7. Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New Species of Nudibranchiate Mollusks

from the Coast of California. Proe. Cal. Acad. Set., Vol. V, 1873, ])p. 77-78, with
figures.

1873^. Descriptions of New Marine Mollusks from the West Coast of North America.

Proe. Cal. Acad. Set'., Vol. V, 1873, pp. 78-82, with plate.

i873<r. On Xylophagous Marine Animals. California Horticulturist, etc.. May, 1873,

with figures.

i873</. Remarks on the Nudibranchiate or Naked-gilled Mollusks. California Horticul-
turist, July, 1873.

iS73<'. Aboriginal Shell-money. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol, V, 1S73, jip. 113-120, with

plate.
^^12>f^- Shells Collected at San Juanico, Lower California, by William M. Gabb. I^roc.

Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1873, pp. 131-132.

1873^. Shells Collected at Loreto, Lower California, by W. M. Gabb in February, 1867.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1873, P- '32.

1873A. Aboriginal Shell-money. Overland i\Ionthly, San Francisco, Scjit., 1S73, with

figures.

Also in Olobus, Braunschweig, Germany, of nbimt same date; without credit.

'875a. 77. On the Vitality of Certain Land Mollusks. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. , Vol. VI, 1875,

pp. 185-187, with plate. Am. Nat.. Vol. XI, Feb., 1877, pp. 100-102.

1875^. Description of New Fossil Shells from the Tertiary of California. Proe. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Pliila., 1875, PP- 463-464, with plates.
1877a. Aboriginal Shell-money. Am. Nat., Vol. XI, June, 1S77, pp. 344-350, with

figures and plate.
1877^. Aboriginal Shell Ornaments, and Mr. F. A. Barber's paper thereon. A»i. Nat.,

Vol. XI, Aug., 1877, PP- 473-474-
1878. Description of a New Species of Dolabella from the Gulf of California, with Remarks

on Other Rare or Little Known Species from the Same Region. Proe. Acad. Nat.

Sci. P/iila., 1878, pp. 395-401, PL VII.
1879a. Remarks on Fossil Shells from the Colorado Desert. Am. Nat., Vol. XIII, 1879,

pp. 141- 1 54; several figures.

Read before the California Academy of Sciences.

i9,-]()b. Description of a New Species or Variety of Land Snail Irom California (Heli.x cir-

cumcarinata). Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. I, 1879, pp. 316-317, 3 figures.

AUNOI.D — THE PALEOXTOLOr.Y AND STUATTClIArH V OK SAN I'KDKO. 359

i88ia. Observations on Planorbis; are the Shells of Planorbis Dextral or Sinistral ? On

Certain Asjiects ol Variation in American Planorbes. Proc. Acad. i\'at. Sci. /'hi/a.,
1 88 1, pp. 92-110, with 27 figures.

i88i^. Mya arenaria in San Francisco Bay. ,'/;;/. A^at., Vol. XV, May, 1881, pj). 362-366.

l88if. On Helix aspersa in California, antl ihe Geographical Distribution of Certain West

American Land Snails, etc Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, iS.Si, pp. 129-139.

i882rt. Verification of the Habitat of Conrad's Mytilus bifurcatus. J'roc. Acad. A'al. Sci.

Phila., 1882, pp. 241-242.

i882iJ. On the History and Distribution of the hiesh-Water Mussels and the Identity of

Certain Alleged Species. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci., November 20, 1882, 21 pages and
figures.

1883^. On the Shells of the Colorado Desert and the Region Farther East; Part I. The

Physas of Indio; Part II. Anodoiita californiensis in a New Locality. Am. Nat.,
Vol. XVII, Part 2, October, 1883, pp. 1014-1020.

Read before the Cnliforuia Academy of Scieuces, June 6, 1883.

1883^. The Edible Clams of the Pacific Coast, and a Proposed Method of Transplanting

Them to the Atlantic Coast. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. Ill, 1883, pp. 353-362,
with several figures.

Letter to Prof. Spencer F. IJiiird, U. S. Fish Commissioner, October 14, 1882.

1883^. Description of a New Hydrobinoid Gasteropod from the Mountain Lakes of

Nevada, with Remarks on Allied Species and the Physiographical Features of Said
Region. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18S3, pp. 171-176, with figures.

18830'. P'resh-Water Pearl Mussels. Minijig and Scietitijic Press, San Francisco, April 7,

1883.

1885a. The Giant Clams of Puget .Sound. Forest and .Stream. May 28, 1885.

Read at the Washington, D. C, meeting of the American Fisheries Society, April, 1865.

i885<5. The Helicida? of the John Day Fauna. Contained in Dr. Charles A. White's

paper, "On Marine Eocene, Fresh- Water Miocene, and other , Fossil Mollusca of
Western North America." Bull. U. S. Geol. Siir., No. 18, 1885, jjp. 14-18,
PI. III.

1886. The Teredo, or Ship- worm. Am. A'a/., February, 1886, pp. 131 -136, with figures.

From letter to Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Society Smithsonian Institution.

1887. Ethno-Conchology — a Study of Primitive Money. Rept. U. S. Nat. A/us.,

18S7, pp. 297-334, Pis. I-IX, and numerous text-figures.

1889a. Helix (Stenotrema) hirsuta Say on the West Coast. Nautilus, Vol. — , November,

1889, pp.—.

1889^. Notice and Comments on the Distribution of Planorbis (Helisoma) bicarinatus Say.

I Vest American Scientist, September, 1889.

1890(7. Descriptions of New We.st American Land, Fresh-Water and Marine Shells, etc.

Scientific Results of Explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross."
Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. XIII, 1890, Pis. XV-XVII, pp. 205-225.

1890*. On the Ni,shin;im Game of " Ha " and the Boston Game of "Props." Am.

.Inthropo/ogist, October, 1890, pp. 353-358, with figures.

iSgirt. List of American Land and Fresh-water Shells Received from the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, etc. Proc. U. S. Nat. .)/us., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 95-106.

360 CALIFOHNIA AC^VDKMY OF SCIENCES.

1891^. List of Sliclls Collcclcd on the West Coast of Soutli Ami;iica, Principally between

Latitudes 7' 30' S., and 80° 49' N.. by Dr. W. IL Jones, U. S. Navy. Proc. U. S.
Nal. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 307-335.

iSgir. Notes on the Sculpture of American Lininaas, etc. Nautilus, \'u\. 1\', March,

1891, pp. 121-124.

i892rt. ratul.i strij^osa Gould, in .Arizona. Nautilus, Vol. VL May, 1892, |). i.

1892^. Preliminary Descriptions of New Molluscan Forms from West American Regions.

Nautilus, Vol. VL December, 1892, pp. 85-89.

i893«. Description of a New Species of Nassa (Nassa brimncostoma) from the Gulf of

California. Nautilus, Vol. VH, May, 1893, pp. lo-ii.

i893(^. Report on the Lantl and Fresh-water Shells of the Death Valley Expedition.

North Am. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, pp. 269-283.

iBsiied by U. S. Dept. Agric, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy.

1893^. Preliminary Report on the Molluscan Species Collected by the United .States

Scientific E.xpedition to West Africa in 1889-90. Proc. U. S. Nal. Mus., Vol. XVL
1893. PP- 317-339-

1893^^. On Rare or Little Known MoUusks from the West Coast of North and South

America, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. XVI,

1893, pp. 341-352, PI- I-

1893^. Report on the Mgllusk Fauna of the Galapagos Islands, with Descriptions of New

Species. Scientific Results of Explorations by the U. -S. Fish Commission Steamer
"Albatross." Proc. U. S. Nal. A/us., Vol. XVL 1893, pp. 353-450, Pis. LI-LIL

,893/ Notes on Recent Collections of North American Land, Fresh-water, and Marine

Shells, Received from the U. -S. Department of Agriculture. J^roc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XVL 1893, pp. 743-755-

1894a. Triodopsis -\- Mesodon, Distribution, etc. Nautilus, Vol. \'IIL May, 1894,

pp. 6-8.

1894/^,99. Llrosalpin.x cinereus in .San Francisco Bay. Natdilus, Vol. Vlll, June, 1894,

pp. 13-14; Vol. XIL Feb., 1899, ]). 112.

1894^. Hcli.x (Arionta) coloradoensis: — A New Locality. Nautilus, Vol. X'lIL July,

1894, p. 29.

1894^. The Shells of the Tres Marias and other Localities along the Shores of Lower

California and the Gulf of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVH, 1894,
pp. 139-204.

1894^. MoUusk Fauna of the Galapagos Lslands. West Aniericati Scioitist, April, 1894.

1895. A New Variety of Ocinebra circumtexta Stearns. A^autilus,'Wo\. IX, June, 1895, p. 16.

1897. Uvanilla regina — A New Locality. Nautilus, Vol. XI, May, 1897, pp. 1-2.

1898a. Description of New Species of Actaeon from the Quarternary Bluffs of Spanish

Bight, San Diego, California. Proc. U. S. AU. Mus., Vol. XXI, 1898, p\>. 297-299,
with figures.

Also preliminary dcBCriptions in Naulilun, Vol. XI, .June, 1S97, pp. 1415.

1898^. Notes on Cytherea (Tivela) cra.ssatelloides Conrad, with Descriptions of Many

Varieties. Proc. U. S. Nat. .Uus., Vol. XXI, 1898, pp. 371-378, Pls- XXIII-XXV.

1899a. Crepidula convexa Say, var. glauca Say, San Francisco Bay. A^autilus, Vol. XIII,

May, 1899, p. ',8.

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STUATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO. 361

1899^. Natural History of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Nautilus, Vol. XIII, June,

1899, pp. 19-20.

Also in Science, N. S., Vol. X, 1899, No. 230, p. 121.

A criticism of Nelson and Goldnmn's paper iu A'. A. Fauna, No. 14.

iSgcjc. Dona.\ stultorum Mawe: — Conrad's Species, Cytherea crassatelloides. A^aulilus,

Vol. XIII, November, 1899, pp. 73-75.
Contains bibliograpliy of this species.

i899r/. Abalone Fishery in California: — Protective Regulation. Nautilus, Vol. XIII,

November, 1899, p. 81.

i899<'. Modiola plicatiila Lamarck, in San Francisco Bay. Nautilus, Vol. XIII, Ducem-

ber, 1899, p. 86.

See also, Nautilm, Vol. XII, 1898, pp. 102-103.

1899/. Description of a New Variety of Haliotis from California, with Faunal and

Geographical Notes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXII, 1899, pp. 139-142.
Also, Nautilus, Vol. XII, 1899, pp. 106-107.

1900a. Exotic Mollusca in California. Sciettce, N. S., Vol. XI, 1900, No. 27S, pp. 655-659.

iqoob. Notes on the Saxidomi of the West Coast. Nautilus, Vol. XIV, May, 1900,

PP- 1-3-
1 900c. The Fossil Shells of the Los Angeles Tunnel Clays. Science, N. S., Vol. XII,

1900, No. 294, pp. 247-250.

iqood. Vallonia pulchella Miill., in Los Angeles and elsewhere in California. Natitilus,

Vol. XIV, October, 1900, pp. 65-67.

1900.?. Fossil Land-Shells of the John Day Region, with Notes on Related Living Species.

Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, 1900, pp. 651-660, PI. XXXV.

1850-52. Stimpson, William. Descriptions of Marine MoUusks. Proc. Bost. Soc. A^at. Hist.,

Vol. Ill, 1850; Vol. IV, 1851-1852.
1857. Crustacea and Echinoderms of the Pacific Coast, 1857.

1820-33. SwAiNSON, William. Zoological Illustrations. The shells in 5 parts, 410, 40 colored

plates. London, 1820-1833.

1834. Exotic Conchology, or Drawings of Rare Shells, etc. 4to, 48 plates. London, 1834.

Second edition by Hanley, 1841.
1855. Trask, J. B. Descriptions of Californian Fossil Shells, /^roc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. I,

1855, pp. 40-42.
1862. Trvon, Geo. W. A Monograj)!! of the OicIlt Pholadacea, etc. i vol.,8vo, i plate.

Philadelphia, 1862.

1865-72. Editor Americayi Journal of Conchology. 1865-1872. 7 vols., 8vo, plates.

1879-95. Manual of Conchology, Structural and Systematic. Philadelphia, 1879-1895.

Sixteen volumes on marine moUusks, twelve other volumes on land shells.

1882-84. Structural and Systematic Conchology. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1882-1884.

1833. Valenciennes, A. Recueil d' Observations de Zoologie, etc. Par Al. de Humboldt et

A. Bonpland. Vol. II. Paris, 1833.
1846. Voyage au tour du Monde sur la "Venus" pendant les annees 1836- 1839. Par

M. du Petit Thouars. 24 plates. Issued in 1846.
1899. Vaughan, T. W. a New Species of Caryophyllia from California. Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. XXII, 1899. pp. 199-203. ,„„^, ,^3.

362 CALIFOUXIA ACADEMY Ol SCIENCES.

1900. The Eocene and Olijjocene Coral Faunas of the United States, etc. U- S. Geol.

Siirv., Monograph XXXIX.

1S94. Watts, W. L. Tlie Gas and Petroleum Yieldinjj Formations of the Central Valley of

California. Bii//. Cal. St. A/in. Bureau, No. 3, 1894.

1S97. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura, and Santa Barbara

Counties. Bull. Cal. Si. A/in. Bureau, No. 11, 1897.

1900. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of California. Bull. Cal. St. Min. Bureau,

No. 19, 1900.

1S65. Whitney, J. D. Geological Survey of Califorvia. Vol. I, Geology. Philadelphia, 1865.

1892. Wii.Li.xMSON, Mrs. M. B. An Annotated List of the Shells of San Pedro Bay and

Vicinity. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. XV, 1892, pp. 179 220, Pis. XIX-XXIIL

1902. A Monograph on Pecten a-quisulcatus Carpenter. Bull. So. Cal. Acad. Sci.,

Vol. I, No. 5, May i, 1902, pp. 51-64, Pis. IV-VL

iS59a. Wood, William. General Conchology. Royal 8vo, 59 colored plates. Lon-
don, 1859.

1859^. Inde.x Testaceologicus; Catalogue of Shells According to the Linnican System.

Svo, 2,300 colored figures. London, 1859.

1886-87. VV^ooD, Searles V. Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. 4to, 5 parts, 81 plates.
London, 1886-1887.

1851. Woodward, S. P. A Manual of the Mollusca; Recent and Fossil .Shells, i vol.,

i2mo, 25 plates and many woodcuts. London, 1857.
Liiter edition by R. Tnte.

1889. Yates, L. G. Stray Notes on the Geology of the Channel Lsland.s. The Mollusca of

the Channel Islands of California. Insular Floras, gtli Anti. Repl. Cal. St. Min., 1889.

3m CALIFOUNIA ACADKMV OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF I'LATE 1.

(all figures magnified.)

Fig. I. 7'u>do>ii//a {L<i>ife(i J pcTi/a/op/ia D ALL &. Bartsch. Type specimen. Longitude

8.5 mm.; x6. 274

Fig. la. Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 274

Fig. 2. Tiirbonilla ( Pyrgolainpros) gibbosa CARPENTER. Longituile 5.6 mm. ; X9-3- 279

Fig. 2a. Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 279

F"ig. 3. Odoiiomia (Oscilla) aqitiscu/pta Carpenter. Type specimen, not fully mature.

Longitude 2 mm.; X13. 284

Fig. 3a. Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 284

Fig, 4. 7'urbonil/a (Pjrgisais) auricoma Dall & Bartsch. Type specimen. Longitude

7.2 mm.; x6.2. 274

Fig. 4a. Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 274

I"'g- 5- Turbonilla (Pyrgo/atnpros) h7i>ei Dall &. BxKTSCii. Type specimen. Longitude

7.2 mm. ; x6. 2. 278

Fig. 5a. Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 278

Fig. 6. Odostomia ( Oscilla) graminalospira D.A.LL & Bartsch. Type specimens. Lon-
gitude 5.3 mm.; xio. 285
Fig. 6a. Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 285
Fig. 7. Turbonilla ( Pyrgolampros) arnoldi Dall & Bartsch. Type specimen. Lon-
gitude 7.6 mm. ; x6.2. 279
Fig. 8. Odostomia ( Clirysallida) diegensis Dall ScBaktsch. Type specimen; the lower

right-hand portion of the aperture defective. Longitude 4 mm. ; xu- 284

Fig. 9. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros ) adleri Dall & Bartsch. Type specimen; the ape.x

defective. Longitude 9.3 mm.; X5. 280

Fig. 10. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) torquala var. stylitia Carpenter. Longitude 8 mm.;

X7.25. 272

Fig. loa. Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 272

Fig. It. Odostomia ( Amaura) nucifornis s/av. avellana Carpenter. Type sjiecimen.

Longitude 9. 1 mm.; X5. 283

Fig. 12. Odostomia (Evalea) stearnsii Dall & Bartsch. Type specimen. Longitude

5.2 mm.; X9.2. 282

Fig. 13. Odoslomia ( Atnaura) pupiforniis Carpenter. Type specimen. Longitude

6.5 mm.; x?. 283

Fig. 14. Odostomia tenuis Carpenter. Longitude 5.7 mm.; x8. 281

Fig. 15. Odostomia (Evalea) gouldii Carpenter. Longitude 5 mm.; X9. 282

:::mdirsCal Acad. Sci. Vol III

2 a

A

[Arndld] Pi/.t^

3«

^l

13

iBEiD -igHHBirnai « unr. ar.

3GG CALIFORNIA AlADEMV OF SCIENCES.

FiR.

I.

Fig.

la

Fig.

2,

Fig.

2(1

Fig.

3-

Fig.

3«

F.g.

4-

Fig.

4a

Fig-

5-

Fig.

5a

Fig.

6.

Fig-

6a.

Fig.

7-

Fig-

■ja

Fig.

8.

Fig.

8a

EXPLANATION OF PL.A.TE II.

(all figures magnified.)

TiirboniUa ( Lancea) tridentata Carpenter. Longitude 12.8 mm.; X5. 273

Same Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 273
Tiirbonilla (Pyrgiscus) subciispidata Carpenter. Type specimen. Longitude

6 mm.; xg. 277
Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 277
Tiirbonilla ( Pyrgolampros) lowei var. pedroana Dall & Bartsch. Type speci-
men. Longitude 5.5 mm.; xio. 279
Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 279
Tiirbonilla torquata Gould. Longitude 10.6 mm.; x6. 271
Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 271
Tiirbonilla stearnsii Dall & Bartsch. Type specimen. Longitude 9.2 mm.;

X6.7. 271

Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 271

Tiirbonilla ( Pyrgiscus) crebrifilata Carpe.vter. Longitude 5.4 mm.; X10.7. 276

Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 276

Tiirbonilla (Pyrgiscus) tenuiciila Gould. Longitude 6.1 mm.; xg." 275

Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 275

Tiirbonilla ( Pyr^iscultis) laminala Carpenter. Longitude 6.8 mm.; xg. 277

Same. Nuclear whorls more enlarged. 277

..'1:JiHSD\L.A£A..3...VDL. Til

[ArndldJ Piate II

U^

A

i !>

^

7 «

oiJS CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL

Fig. I. Paracyathus pedroensis Vaughan. View of calice. Greater diameter 12 mm.;

X2.8. 88

Fig. \a. Same. Upright view of corallum. Height 18 mm.; xi.2. 88

Fig. 2. Caryophvllia californica Vaughan. View of calice. Greater diameter 1 1.5 mm. ;

X2.7. 87

Fig. 2a. Same. Upright view of corallum. Height 13 mm.; XI.2. 87

Fig. 3. Caryophvllia pedroensis yAVGHXti. View of calice. Greater diameter 13.5 mm.;

X2.6 87

Fig. 3a. Same. Upright view of corallum. Height 25.5 mm.; xi.2. 87

Fig. 4. Caryophyllia arnoldi V WGHA'H. Upright view of corallum. Height 16.5 mm.;

X2.5.

Fig. 4a. Same. View of calice. Greater diameter 16 mm.; X2.5. 86

Fig. 5. Tur6onilla( Pyr^isais J la/ifundia D ALL & B.\RTSCH. Type specimen. Longitude

5.8 mm.; X7.4. 275

Fig. 5a. Same. Nuclear whorls more magnified. 275

86

[Arnold] Rate ni.

mm

5«

nnn -ura aKxrnnt a scr . 5 r.

37U CALIFORNIA ACADEMY Ol' SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. I. JVassa cerrilensis, sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos. Type

specimen. Lonj^itiide 31 mm.; Xi.3. 231

Fig. 2. Voh'u/a cv/indn'ca Cakpk\tkr. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Lon-

j>itude 7 mm.; X2. 191

Fig. 3. Nassa californiana Conrad. Upper .San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

38 mm.; X3- 231

Fig. 4. Bittinm californicum Dall & Bartsch. Lower San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 5.6 mm. ; X4. 291

Fig. 5. Siphonalia kellettii Forbes. Ujjper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 112

mm. ; natural size. 229

Fig. 6. Nassa versicolor var. hooveri, var. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Type specimen. Longitude 14 mm.; X2.7. 362

Fig. 7. Fusus ru^osus Trask. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

50 mm. ; X1.3. 226

Fig. 8. Sctla assimilata C. B, Adams. Lower San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

ID mm.; X4- 290

Fig. 9. Marginella ( Volvarina) varia SowERBY. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Longitude 9.2 mm. ; X2 6. 222

Fig. ID. Mitromorpha intermedia, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Tyj)e sjjecimen. Longitude 9.6 mm.; X4- 223

Fig. II. Bitlimn rugatuin Carpentkr. Up[)er .San Pedro series, .San Pedro. Longitude

13 mm ; X3-i- 295

Fig. 12. Rissoa acutelirata Carpenter. Ui)iier San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

2.1 mm.; X6.7. 305

Fig. 13. Turrilella jewetlii Cw.F^niB.v.. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude 69 mm.;

natural size. 300

Fig. 14. Odostomia ( [vara) terricula (Carpenter) D. & B. Lower .San Pedro series,

Deadman Island. Longitude 4 mm.; X6.7. 285

Fig. 15. Fusus barbare7isis Trask. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude 50 mm.; X1.5. 224

.'.'lMdirs Cal Acad. 5ci. Vol. hi.

la

>i

3

[ArndldJ

P:.-- '

/'-■■

1'

i\ ■ ^

4

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; UIH BHrrrrrs k rcy. b r

372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. I. Odnebra barbarensis Gaub. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Lon-

jjilude 19 mm.; X2. 254

Fig. 2. Ocinebra poiilsoni Nuttai,l. Ujjper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

31 mm.; X2.7. 260

F'S- 3- Scala lincla Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude ig

mm.; X2. 265

Fig. 4. Scala indianotum Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longi-
tude 21 mm. ; X2. 264
I'.U- 5- Ocinebra liirida van ccrritensis, var. nov. Upper San Pedro series. Crawfish

George's. Type specimen. Longitude 17 mm.; Xi.3. 258

Fig. 6. Columbella ( yRsopus) chrysalloidea Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, San

Pedro. Longitude 11 mm.; X 2. 237

P'&- 7- Pleiirotoma ( Borsonia) barlschi, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Short variety. Longitude 14 mm.; Xi-3- 200

Fig. 8. Drillia hcmphilli Stearns. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 16

mm.; X2.5. 204

Fig. g. Ocinebra keepi, sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Type

specimen. Longitude 35 mm.; X2. 256

Fig. 10. Drillia inermis Hinds. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 22 mm.;

X1.25. 205

Fig. II. Amphissa vetilricosa, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Type

specimen. Longitude 13 mm.; X2. 242

Fig. 12. Ocinebra lurida var. aspera Baird. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Lon-
gitude 28 mm.; X2. 257
Fig. 13. Margarita oplabilis var. nodosa, var. nov. Lower San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Type specimen, tilted back. Altitude 6.g mm.; X4. 332

Fig. 14. Margarita oplabilis var. hiechli, var. nov. Lower San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Type specimen, tilted back. Altitude 8 mm. ; X3- 332

Fig. 15. Ocinebra micheli Ford. Upper San Pedro series, Crawfish George's. Longitude

16 mm.; X 2.5. 259

Fig. 16. Margarita parcipicta xzv. pedroana,\3.r. nov. Lower San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Type specimen, tilted back. Altitude 5.5 mm. ; X4. 333

MjuiLj ^^^.i-^^iJ. 5CI . YDL. 111.

[Arndld] Piate Y

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374 I'ALIKOKNIA A(AI)I:MV Ol' SCIKNCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL

Fig. I. Triloninm ( Priene) oregonensis Redfiei.o. Pliocene, Deadman Lsland. Longi-
tude I02 mm.; iiatur:il size. 286
Pleurotoma ( Borsotiia) dalli, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Type specimen. Lonj^itude 23 mm. ; X2. 201

Mangilia inlcrfossa var. pedroana. var. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 6 mm.; X5- 213

Trophon ( Borrolrophon) stuarti Smith. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude

30 mm. ; X2. 252

Trophon ( Boreolrophou) orpfieus var. precursor, var. nov. Pliocene, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 15 mm.; X2.7. 253

Trophon ( Boicolrophm) cerritcnsis, sp. nov. Lower San Pe^lro series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 32 mm.; X2. 249

Colnmhella (.-Esopits) ohiroydi. sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 8.5 mm.; X2.6. 238

Trophon ( Boreotrophon) gracilis Perry. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude

26 mm.; X 2. 250

Trophon (Boreotrophon) mul/icostaius Eschscholtz. Lower San Pedro series,

Deadman Island. Longitude 10 mm.; X2.6. 251

Fig. 10. Tropho7i (Boreotrophon) scalariformis Gould. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Longitude 15.5 mm.; X2 6. 252

Fig. II. Bittium williamsoni, sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Type speci-
men. Longitude 2.9 mm.; X7-2. 295
Fig. 12. Trophon (Boreotrophon) pedroana, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 12 mm.; XS-S- 251

F'g- '3 Pleurotoma ( Spirolropsis) smithi. .--p. nov. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Type

specimen. Longitude 36 mm.; Xi-S- 216

Fig. 14. Biltium (Styliferina) tenuisculpta Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Longitude 6.1 mm.; X4. 296

Fig. 15. Mangilia interlirata Stearns. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Lon-
gitude 9.1 mm.; X3. 213
Fig. 16. Mangilia oldroydi, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Tyjie

specimen. Longitude 16. i mm.; X2.5. 213

Fig. 17. Mangilia sciilplurala\^K\.\.. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude 1 1 mm ; X3. 214

Fig-

2.

Fig.

3-

Fig.

4-

Fig.

5-

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7-

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9-

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m

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m

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37C> TALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VH.

Fig. I. Afurex ( Chicoreus) leeamis IDwA.. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longjitude

55 mm.; Xi.3- 243

Fig. 2. Solariella pcramabilis Carpenter. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Altitude 14 mm.;

Xi-5- 335

Fig. 3. Pleurotoma ( Dolichotoma) cooperi, sp. nov. U[)per San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 64 mm ; natural size. 203

Fig. 4. Adtneie gracilior Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Lon-
gitude 10.5 mm.; X3-3. 219

Fig. 5. Cancellaria tritotiidea Gabb. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

90 mm.; natural size. 218

Fig. 6. Chrysodomus tabitlalus Baird Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude 80 mm.;

natural size. 228

Fig. 7. Chrysodomus reclirostris Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Longitude 28 mm.; X2. 228

Fig. 8. Cancellaria. cooperi Gabb. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

80 mm.; natural size. 217

Fig. 9. Mangilia angiilata Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Lon-
gitude 8 mm.; X3-6. 212

Fig. 10. Bela fidiciila Goui.D. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

II mm.; X4- 209

Fig. II. Solariella cidaris Carpenter. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Altitude 42 mm.;

natural size. 334

L Acad. Sci.Ydl. Ill

LATE VII

#*-

J)

.¥/

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KicrD -ZXTK awrmt a ircr. o j;

378 CALIFOISNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fijj. I. A/anjfi/ia paiiiei, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Islami. Type

specimen. Longitude 12.5 mm ; X3-4. 214

Fig. 2. Pahidestrina ciirta. sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, San Pedro. Type s|)ecimen.

Longiiudc 3.8 mm.; X7. 305

Fig. 3. Piiliidcstrina slokesi, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, San Pedro. Type speci-
men. Longitude 4.6 mm.; X54. 305

Fig. 4. Dt-nlalium indianonim CARPENTER. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Longitude 38 mm.; natural size. 186

Fig. 5. Drillia rcnaudi, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. I ype speci-
men. Longitude 16 mm.; X3. 208

Fig. 6. CtBciim californicum Dai^I-. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

2.9 mm.; X5.8. 297

Fig. 7. Drillia merriami, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Type

specimen. Longitude 14 mm.; X3-2. 207

Fig. 8. Bulla quoyi Gray. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. A young specimen.

Longitude 8 mm ; X3- '93

Fig. 9. Euplcura nmricifortnis var. curia, var. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Type specimen. Longitude 15 mm.; X3.2. 249

Fig. 10. C<scum crebriciiiclum Carpenter. Lower San FVdro series, San Pedro Bliitl.

Longitude 5.5 mm.; X6. 298

Fig. II. Lacuna solidula (Loven) Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. A

somewhat decorticated specimen. Longitude 10 mm.; X2.5. 303

Fig. 12. Dentalium pseudohcxatronum Dall. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Longitude 15.5 mm. ; X3. '86

Fig. 12a. Sectional view of same; X3- '^6

Fig. 13. Drillia pudica HiNDS. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 11 mm ;

X3-5- 208

Fig. 14. Bela sancta-monica, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series (Pleistocene), Port Los

Angeles. Type specimen. Longitude 12 mm.; X3. 210

Fig. 15. Cadulus niteutior Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Lon-
gitude 10 mm.; X3.3. '87

Fig. 16. Ctscum magnum Stearns. Lower San Pedro .series, Deadman Island. Longitude

4.7 mm.; X5-3- 298

Fig. 17. Drillia joknsoni, sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Type specimen,

apex broken off. Longitude 29 mm. ; X2. 206

Fig. 18. Haminca virescens SowERBV. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

7 mm.; X3.25. 194

Memoirs Cal.Acad.Sci.Vdl. III.

[n:

/"^

^.

X- -. .

12"

^^

"- :--*TrT-? • sTTf ar

o."

80 CALIFOHNIA ACADEMY OV SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fig. I. Pleiiroioma ( Borsonia) barlscki, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 18.5 mm.; X3-4. 200

Fig. 2. Bittinm quadrifilatum Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Longitude 10 mm.; X3- 292

Fig. 3. Mangilia striosa C. B. Adams. Upper San Pedro series, Los Ccrritos. Longitude

9.4 mm.; X3- 215

Fig. 4. Plcurotovia ( Leiuosyrinx) pedroana, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 17 mm.; X3. 202

Fig. 5. Mangilia hooveri, sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Type specimen.

Longitude 11 mm.; X3. 212

Fig. 6. Act(€07i ( Rictaxis) punclocmlata Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 5.9 mm.; X3. 189

Fig. 7. Mangilia (Taranis) sirongi, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Type specimen. Longitude 12 mm.; X3.5. 215

Fig. 8. Columbella ( Anackis) mt7iima,sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Type

specimen. Longitude 5.5 mm.; X3. 237

Fig. 9. Eulima kas/ata Sowerby. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

10 mm.; X3-4- 268

Fig. 10. Mangilia (Cythara) hranneri, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Type specimen. Longitude 10 mm.; X3.2. 2U

Fig. II. Ocinebra lurida \^\. cancellina Philippi. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 21 mm.; X2. 257

Fig. 12. Eulima micans Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longi-
tude 12 mm.; XS-S. 269

Fig. 13. Planorbis tumidus Peeikper. Up|)er San Pedro series, San Pedro. Ma.xinium

diameter 12.7 mm. ; X3. 195

Fig. 14. Planorbis verviicularis Gould. U|)per -San Pedro series, San Pedro. Ma.ximum

diameter 1 1.5 mm.; X3- I95

Fig. 15. Eulima falcata CARPENTER. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longi-
tude 7 mm.; X3. 268

Fig. 16. Etipleura iniiriciformis Broderip. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longi-
tude 33 mm. ; natural size. 248

Fig. 17. Scala bellastriata Carvkt^tkr. Figure of living shell from .San Pedro. Longitude

18 mm.; X 2. 263

Memoirs Cal Acad. 5ci. Vdl, ni.

[Arnold] Piy'.T

5&i

15

m

7

%

f

■^SeM--'

13 "'-'M

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382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3-

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5

Fig.

6

Fig.

7-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Fig. I. Pleurotoma ( Borsonia) hooveri, sp. nov. Lower San Pedro .series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. 12.7 mm.; X3. 201

PhorcHS pnlligo Martyn. Upper San Pedro series, Crawfish George's. Speci-
men slightly tilted back. Altitude 17.5 mm.; natural size. 328
Toniatina cit/cilel/a Govi^D. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Lsland. Longitude

1 1 mm.; X3-2. 190
Columbclla solidula var. precursor, var. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Type specimen. Longitude 14.4 mm.; X^-S- 236

Tonialina cerealis Gould. Lower -San Pedro series, -San Pedro. Longitude

4.5 mm.; X5-5- "89

Ac/a!0/i Oasin STEARtts. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 14 mm.;

X3- 188

Columbella ( Astyris) tuberosa Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 6.5 mm.; X3. 240

Fig. 8. Coluvtbclla (Astyris) gausapata Gould. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 10 mm.; X3. 239

Fig. 9. Columbella (Astyris) californiana Gaskoin. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Longitude 10 mm.; X3. 238

Fig. 10. Columbella (Astyris) gausapata var. carinata Hinds. Upper San Pedro series,

San Pedro Longitude 7.7 mm.; X3. 240

Fig. II. Tornatina eximia Baird. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude 12.5 mm.; X3. 190
Fig. 12. Polynices ( Neverita) recluziana Petit. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Typical shape. Altitude 17.5 mm.; natural size. 3'4

Fig. 13. Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip & Sovverby. Pliocene, Deadman Lsland.

Shouldered variety. Altitude 26 mm.; natural size. 313

Fig. 14. Pohnices (Lttnatia) lewisii Gould. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Lon-
gitude 75 mm.; X0.66. 315
Fig. 15. Margarita pupilla Go\5i.T>. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Altitude 7.5 mm.; X3- 333
Fig. 16. Delphinoidea coronadoensis, sp. nov. Pleistocene, Sjianish Bight, San Diego.

Type specimen, view from above. Maximum diam. 2 mm.; X5- 320

Fig. 17. Same specimen viewed from in front; X5. 320

Fig. 18. Cylichna alba Brown. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

12 mm.; X1.5. 192
Fig. 19. Chlorostoma inontereyi Kiener. Upper San Pedro series. Crawfish George's.

Specimen slightly tilted back. Altitude 28 mm. ; natural size. 326

Memoirs CalAcad. 5ci. Vdl. hi.

[A:-.

,.f.r

•x^.

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384 CALIFOHNIA ACAOKMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

Fig. I. Pccleii ( Plagiodenium) newsomi. sp. nov. Uiiiier San Pedro series, Los Cerritos.

Type specimen, left valve. Altitude 26 mm. ; xi.4- ii.S

Fig. la. Same specimen. Outline, showing cnnve.xity of valve. XI.4. 113

Fig. 2. Pccten (Chlamys) hericeiis Gould. Pliocene, Deadnian Island. Exterior of lelt

valve. Altitude 50 mm.; natural size. 110

f"'g- 3- Pedeii ( P/agioclenium) vent) icosus Sowerby. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Exterior of left valve. Altitude 36 mm. ; xi.3. 114

Fig. 3a. Same specimen. Outline, showing conve.xily of valve; xi.3. 114

Fig. 4. Pectni (Chlamys) hastalus Sowerby. Pliocene, Deadnian Island. Left valve,

exterior view. Altitude 38 mm.; XI.3. 109

Fig. 4a. Same specimen. Outline, showing convexity of valve; XI.3. 109

Fig. 5. Pec/en (Chlamys) hericeus var. stralcgus Dall. Lower San Pedro series, Dead-
man Island. Exterior of right valve. Altitude 21 mm. ; XI.3 no

Fig. 6. Pecleti ( Plagioctenhnn) vcntricosus Sowekbv. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Exterior of left valve. Altitude 56 mm.; natural size. 114

Fig. 6a. Same specimen. Outline, showing con\exity of valve; natural size. 114

.,. u,., M,

akiii.

intKiiLAuu} Rate XI

^^

6 "

I*;''-

mam -inH-HimTOH & wry, s.F.

38G CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIL

Fig. I. PecUn (Pecfen)i/fn/a/t/s SowERnw Living shell from Gulf of California. Exterior

of left or flat valve. Altitude 58 mm.; natural size. 104

Fig. la. Same sjjecimen. Outline, showing convexity of right valve; natural size. 104

Fig. 2. Pccten (Chlamys) laliauritus Conrad. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Exterior of left valve. Altitude 23 mm.; x i 3. Ill

Fig. 2rt. Same specimen. Outline, showing convexity of same valve; XI.3. m

Fig. 3. Pecten ( Pcdeit) sUartisii Dai.i.. Pliocene, San Diego. Exterior of left or flat

valve. Altitude 65.5 mm.; natural size. 106

Fig. 4. PecteJi (Chlatnys) laliauritus var. mo7!otitiieris Conrad. Upper San Pedro series,

San Pedro. Exterior of left valve. Altitude 20.5 mm. ; XI.3. 112

Fig. 4a. Same specimen. Outline, showing convexity of same valve; XI.3. 112

Fig. 5. Pecten (Pecteii) diegc7isis Dall. Living shell, Monterey. Outline, showing con-
vexity of right valve (which is the same as the convexity of the right valve of
P. stramsii). Altitude 72 mm.; natural size. 106

Fig. 6. Pecten ( Chlamys) jordani, sp. nov. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Type specimen,

exterior of right valve. Altitude 51 mm. ; xo.g. ill

Fig. 7. Same specimen, exterior of left vahe; xo.g. 11 1

Fig. 8. Pecten (Chlamys) laliauritus var. fragilis, var. nov. Upper San Pedro series, San

Pedro. Type specimen, exterior of right valve. Altitude 25 mm. ; xi.3. 112

[ARHnLD] Fu-:.

-i.:fj,

0

"^

•i^

I '

\

4"

388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIIL

Fig. I. Coopcrella suhdtaphaiia Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadnian Island.

Interior, showinjj hinge. Longitude 12.5 mm.; X5. 153

Fig. 2. Callista subdiaphaiia var. pedroaiia, var. nov. Lower San Pedro series. Dead man

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 33 mm.; xo.8. 144

Fig. 3. Aligeiia ccrri/ensis, sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos. Type speci-
men, view of interior. Longitude 1C.9 mm.; X3. 138
Fig. 4. Callisla sitbdiaphana Carpenter. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude 45 mm.;

X0.8.
Fig. 5. Psepkts ia7itil/a GovLD. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. View of inte-
rior. Longitude 6 mm. ; X4. 133
Fig. 6. Pecten ( Pathiopec(en) caurinus Gould. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Exterior of

left valve. Altitude 122 mm.; xo.8. 107

Fig. 7. Tellina ( Moeretla) salvionea Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadnian

Island. Interior of right valve. Longitude 14 mm. ; X3.3. 157

Fig. 8. Do7iax Icevigata Dkshaves. Upi)er San Pedro series, San Pedro. Interior view.

Longitude 21 mm.; X2.5. 170

Fig. 9. Donax cali/ornica Conrad. Lower San Pedro series, Deadnian Island. Interior

view. Longitude 17 mm.; X2.5. 170

144

MEivi,

[ArNDLDJ FiATE

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v ^

1< ?

-..a^; :_,:.y

^■ilisihmiii^

FHUTO .-UIH-^Hirnnt «r HET, B.F,

388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIIL

Fijj. I. Coopcrella subdiaphana Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Interior, showing hinge. Longitude 12.5 mm.; X5. 153

Callista subdiaphana var. pedtoana, var. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Type specimen. Longitude 33 mm.; xo.8. 144

Aligeiia cerrile^isis, sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos. Type speci-
men, view of interior. Longitude 1C.9 mm.; X3. 138
Callisla subdiaphajia Ch'S.V'E'iiTE'R. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Longitude 45 mm.;

X0.8. 144

Psephis tajitilla Gould. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. View of inte-
rior. Longitude 6 mm. ; X4. 133
Pectcn ( Patinopectcn) caurinus Gould. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Exterior of

left valve. Altitude 122 mm.; xo.8. 107

Tellina (Moerella) salmonea Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Interior of right valve. Longitude 14 mm. ; X3.3. 157

Fig. 8. Donax lavigata Deshayes. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Interior view.

Longitude 21 mm.; X2.5. 170

Fig. 9. Donax cali/oniica Conrad. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Interior

view. Longitude 17 mm. ; X2.5. 170

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4-

Fig.

5-

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7-

Cal.Acad.5ci.Ydl. in.

[Arnold j Piate XII!

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390 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fig. I. Venus (Chione) succincla Valenciennes. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Exterior of right valve. Longitude 54 mm.; natural size. 149

Fig. 2. Venus ( Chione) Jluctifraga SowEunv. Upper San Pedro series, San F^edro. Ex-
terior of right valve. Longitude 25 mm.; XI.7. '47

Fig- 3- Veyius {Chione) neglecta Sower by. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Lon-
gitude 30 mm.; X2.2. 148

Fig. 4. Tapes stamineaQo'H'S.KV). Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 50 mm.;

natural size. 150

F'g- 5- Tapes lacineata Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos. Longitude

10 mm.; x i.i. 150

Fig. 6. Tapes ienerrima Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

84 mm.; n.itural size. 151

ml BfTTTcn. • lo:^- n r.

3;»2 CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATK XV.

Fig. I. Sftnele pulchra SowERBY. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

15 mm.; X3.3. 166

Same. Outline, sliowinij conve.xity of valve; X3-3. 166

Tellina {Angulus) buttoni Dall. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Interior

view. Longitude 13. 5 mm.; X4.6. 157

Same as fig. 2. Exterior view; X4-6. 157

Semele pulchra var. motUcrcyi,\AT. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadnian Island.

Longitude 14 mm. ; X3.3- '66

Same. Outline, showing convexit)' of valve; X3.3. 166

Thyasira bisecla Conrad. Pliocene, Deadnian Island. Longitude 74 mm.;

XI. I. '35

Cardium {Ringicardiuni) procerum Sowerbv. Upper San Pedro series, San

Pedro. Exterior view. Longitude 73 mm.; natural size. 139

Tellina {Angulus) ida Dall. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos. Longitude

62 mm.; X0.7. 'S'^

8. Tellina (Anguhts) bodegensis Hinds. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 50 mm. ; natural size. '5*^

Tellina (Angulus) rubcsccns Hanlev. Uijper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

Longitude 42 mm.; natural size. 159

Fig.
Fig.

\a.
2.

Fig.
Fig.

3-
4-

Fig.
Fig.

4<i.
5-

Fig-

6.

Fig.

7-

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9-

Memoirs C/LAn,^.ScrVDL. Ill

[Arndlhj Plate a

^.•s ^-v

(*•■

WCTII IXm BRTTCH • WCT, B^

394 CALIFOHNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

l6l

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVL

Fig. I. Macoma indcniala Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos. Longitude

50nim. ; natural size. i6i

Fig. 2. Macoma calcarea Gmelin. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

i8 mm.; X2.3.
Fig. 3. Macoma nasiila Conrad. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Large, typical

specimen. Longitude 75 mm.; natural size. 163

Fig. 4. Macoma inquinaia Deshayes. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

42 mm.; natural size. 162

Fig. 5. Macoma secta Conrad. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 82 mm.;

natural size. 164

Fig. 6. Macoma yotdiformis Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Longitude 24 mm.; natural size. 165

Fig. 7. Venus {Chione) gnidia Broderip & Sowerby. Upper San Pedro series, San

Pedro. Exterior of right valve. Longitude 96 mm.; natural size. 147

":EM0IRSD\L.ACAD,5CI VDL.II]

[Ahndld] Rate XVI

-',(V

■^y.

^'^',

Kinrn-urH »-*nT • i, fuv sr.

31)0 CALIFOUNIA ACAUKMV OF SC'IKNOES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIL

FijT. I. Tt-rtbratalia hcmphilli Dall. Pliocene, Santa Barbara. View of pedicle valve.

Longitude 57 mm. ; xo.6. 92

Fig. 2. Same. Lateral view of both valves; xo.6. 92

Fijj. %■ Same. View of brachial valve; xo.6. 92

Fig. 4. Lt-da harnata Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

9.5 mm.; X4-5- 97
Fig. 5. Leda taphria Dall. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

9.6 mm.; X4. 98
Fig. 6. Leda minula var. precursor, var. nov. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Type specimen. Longitude 9 mm.; X5. 97

Fig. 7. Leda fossa Baird. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

13.5 mm.; x3-2- 96

Fig. 8. Mytilimeria nuttalli Conrad. Lower San Pedro series, Deatlman Island. Altitude

17 mm.; XI.4. 126

Fig. 9. Terebratalia smilhi, sp. nov. Pliocene, Deadman Island. Type specimen. Alti-
tude 50 mm. ; natural size. 93

Fig. 10. Verticordia novemcostata Adams & Reeve. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. Longitudes mm.; X4.5- 126

Fig. If. Corbula luteola Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longi-
tude 8 mm.; X3. 181

Fig. 12. Bornia reli/era'DAi.i.. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Interior view,

showing hinge. Longitude 7.5 mm.; X4. 136

Fig. 13. Yoldia scissurata Dall. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

12.7 mm.; X4- 99

RSLAL/^:/-„3CI.VDL.m.

[ArmcleJ Pl

10

-■>'

3l»S fALIFOUNIA ACADKMV OK SCIENCES

EXPLAXATION OF PLATE XVIU.

Fig. I. Kfllia suborbictilaris Montagu. Lower San Pedro series, Deadniaii Island.

Interior view of left valve. Longitude 8 mm. ; X4.3. 137

\'\f,. \a. Same specimen. Outline, showing convexity of valve; X4.3. 137

Fig. 2. Pandora ^ Kennei lia) bicarhiaia Carpenter. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman

Island. View of imperfect left valve. Longitude 14 mm. ; X3. 123

Fig. 3. Pandora (K'etincr/ia) Jilosa Cw.fF.ni'E'R. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island.

Left valve. Longitude 15 mm.; X3. 124

Fig. 4. Area labiata Sowerdv. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude 28 mm.;

XI. 3- loi

Fig. 5. Diplodonia scrrkata Reeve. Upper SAn Pedro series, San Pedro. Longitude

10.2 mm.; X3.3- '34

Fig. 5«. Same. Outline, showing convexity of valve; X3.3. 134

Fig. 6. Nucula supras/riata Carpenter. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos. Longi-
tude 7 mm.; X4.7. 96
Fig. 7. Kellia laperousii Deshaves. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Interior

view. Longitude 23 mm. ; X2. 137

Fig. 7a. Same. Outline, showing convexity of valve; X2. 137

Fig. 8. Diplodonta orbella Gould. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Longitude

9.2 mm.; X3.3. 134

Fig. 8a. Same. Outline, showing convexity of valve; X3.3. 134

Fig. 9. Glycymeris barbarensis Conrad. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. View of

interior. Longitude 25 mm. ; xi-3. 100

Fig. 10. Glycymeris septcntrionalis Middendorff. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro.

View of interior. Longitude 22 mm. ; XI.3. 'oi

Fig. II. Ne(zra pectinala C\KPF.^TEK. Lower San Pedro series, Deadman Island. Imper-
fect valve. Longitude 6.5 mm. ; X5.4. 181
Fig. 12. Astarle {Crassine//d) brannen sp. nov. Upper San Pedro series, Los Cerritos.

Type specimen, interior view. Longitude 1 1.2 mm. ; X2.7. 127

MEMu!R3CAL.ACAD.5CI.VDL.m.

0"

1 "

10

400 CALIFOKNIA AIIADKMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Fig. I. Mactra (^Spisula) falcata Gould. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Interior

of left valve. Longitude 47 mm.; natural size. 176

Fig. 2. Mactra californica Conrad. Uj^per San Pedro series, San Pedro. Interior of left

valve. Longitude 39 mm.; natural size. '74

Fig. 3. Mactra hemphilli Dai.i,. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Interior of right

valve. Longitude 124 mm; natural size. '75

Fig. 4. Mactra exoleta Gray. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Interior view, right

valve. Longitude 57 mm.; natural size. '75

Fig. 5. Mactra {Spisula) catilliformis Conrad. Up])er San Pedro series, San Pedro. In-
terior of right valve. Longitude 125 mm.; natural size. i?^

"^

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102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Cardium {L^vicardium) elatum Sowerby. Upper San Pedro series, San Pedro. Exterior

of left valve. Altitude 167 mm.; natural size. 141

Memoirs Cal Acad. SclYdlhl,

[ARNni.

XX.

jTrnrnftHEY. Br,

-101 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL

Fig. I. Pec/gn dellus Conrad. Pliocene, Santa Barbara. Left valve of Gabb's type speci-
men of Janira bclla (No. 960, Collection Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia). Altitude 80 mm., slightly enlarged. 103

Fig. 2. Same. Right valve. 103

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MBMDIRSCAL/^rffiSC! Vdl m.

fARMnLcl Plate X}?/,

Figure a. San Pedro. — North end of Deadman Island, looking east, showing unconformity between
Pliocene and lower San Pedro (Pleistocene) strata. (See Diagram B, Plate XXII, for explanation.)

Photograph by R. Arnold.

Figure b. San Pedro.— East point of Deadman Island, looking north, showing unconformity between
Pliocene and lower San Pedro (Pleistocene) strata.

Photograph by R. Arnold.

''^""^H5 Cal Acad, ^f^' ^Z"' in.

[Armdld] PIAT!

Figure a. San Pedro. — San Pedro bluff, looking southwest toward the San Pedro valley, showing lower
and upper San Pedro (Pleistocene) strata. (See Diagram D, Plate XXII, for explanation.)

Photograph by R. Arnold.

^.. .jf^-.

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!

Hi"

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Figure b. San Pedro. — San Pedro bluff north of valley, looking . .wing unconformiti .

lower and upper San Pedro (Pleistocene) deposits. (See Diagrann D, Plate XXII, for explanation.)

Photograph by Dr. H. W. Fairbanks.

Memoirs Cal Acad. Sc "

[ARHDLdJ PlAi:

Figure a. San Pedro. — North end of the San Pedro bluff, looking northwest, showing fossiiiferous
layers near top. Ri-ctograph by R. Arnold.

J

^^

•

4

^^^A-

^■^^J .

•>*'-.••.-

'*'»-

Figure b. San Pedro.— North end of the San Pedro bluff, looking southwest, showing fossiiiferous
layers at the bottom. Photograph by R. Arnold.

^CI YDLin.

[ARMDLDJ Plate 'XXv'I.'I

Figure a. San Pedro. — Specimen of the fossillferous sand from the lower San Pedro deposits, San
Pedro bluff, north of valley. Olivella intorta is the dominating species.

Photograph by R. Arnold.

Figure o. San Pearo.— Specimen of the tossiiiferous lower San Pedro sanostona frcrr. Dsaar:-.an
Island. Photograph by R. Arnold.

Memoirs Cal Acad. Sci.Vdl. Ill

[Arnpud] Plate •CC}

jb^.

Figure a. Long Beach. — Bluff at Alamitos Beach, looking east, showing horizontal upper San Pedro
(Pleistocene) strata. Photograph by R. Arnold.

^^rrrtp

S.2^

f^':

_»r2izi-",

msi

1^ ■*■•

t

idin^mgl

Figure b. Long Beach.— Typical section of the upper San Pedro (Pleistocene) bluff east of Long
Beach. (Lowest visible layer composed of fossil shells). Photograph by R. Arnold.

Memoirs Cal Acad. Sci.Vdl. III.

[Arnold] Plate ^(X,

Figure a. San Pedro. — South end of the lowest San Pedro terrace, looking northeast from Crawfish
George's toward Timm's Point, showing the contorted Miocene shales overlain by the thin horizontal upper
San Pedro (Pleistocene) layer. Photograph by R. Arnold.

.%

Figure D. Port Harford. — Railroad cut at Fossil Point, looking sourh, snowing inaian Kitcnen-miaden
six feet thick and full of shells overlying the Pleistocene deposit of brecciated shale.

Photograph by R. Arnold.

Memdirh Ca? ^^'■'^ ^^^ \'"' ^^^

^A-

/

i

t

Figure a. Pismo. — Section of sea-ciiff three miles northwest of Pismo, showing Miocene shales on
right, overlain unconformably by San Pablo (Middle Neocene) sandstone on left, the whole capped by
horizontal Pleistocene deposits of brecciated shale. Photograph by R. Arnold.

• Figure b. Santa Barbara.— Bluff just west of the bath-house, showing alternating hard and soft layers
of the lower San Pedro (Pleistocene) sandstone. Photograph by R. Arnold.

Memoirs Di^^^^'^n. Vol. in

[Arndld] Piate XC<J!

ry^vtrwr-

Figure a. Santa Baroara.— Portion of bluff west of Rocky Point, showing asphaltum-impregnated
Pleistocene gravels resting on the Miocene shales. Photograph by R. Arnold.

-t*^!p-r*£'S6C"

Figure b. Santa Barbara.-Bluff west of Rocky Point, showing the Pleistocene sands and gravels
resting on the Miocene shales. Photograph by R. Arnold.

Mbmdirs Cal Acad, 5ci. Vol. III.

[Arnold] Piate XXX!

Figure a. Ventura. — West side of the Ojai Valley, looking west from the boulevard, showing two of
the three wave-cut terraces in Pleistocene sediments. Photograph by R. Arnold.

Figure b. Ventura. — Hills north of Ventura composed of Pleistocene sediments, looking northeast.
The old irrigating ditch is seen about half way up the hill. Photograph by R. Arnold.

MnMDIRSCALACAD.Sci.VDLin.

[Arnold] Pl^ XXXIV.

&?-fSi'*

Figure a. Ventura. — Side ot ravine above the Barlow ranch house, looking vi'est, showing tossiliferous
upper San Pedro (Pleistocene) beds at an elevation of over six hundred feet above sea-level, dipping at an
angle of over 40°. Photograph by R. Arnold.

Figure b. San Diego.— Bluff at La Jolla capped by Pleistocene deposit of gravel and sand.

Photograph by F. L. Park.

'EMHIRfi r.M.I^rm 'nn Vpt, yr.

[ARiinLD] Plate yyr.^

Figure a. San Diego. — Bluff at foot of Twenty-sixth street, looking north, showing the fossiliferous
upper San Pedro (Pleistocene) deposits In the lower half of the bluff. The Anomia limatula bed is at the
very base of the bluff and forms the reefs at the right of the picture.

Photograph by R. Arnold.

Figure b. San Diego.— Small section of the sea-cliff at Pacific Beach, showir
Opalia varicostata in the matrix of the San Diego formation (Pliocene).

expansus and

Photograph by R. Arnold.

Memoirs Cal Acad. Sci, Vol. m.

[Arnold] Piaie W^n

Figure a. San Diego.— Sea-ci iff at Pacific Beach, looking north, showing the base of the slightly tilted
sandstone of the San Diego fornnation (Pliocene), resting on massive gravels and conglomerates.

Photograph by R. Arnold.

Figure b. San Diego.— Sea-cliff at Pacific Beach, looking north from a point one-half mile north of
Ocean Front, showing slightly tilted sandstones of the San Diego (Pliocene) formation capped by horizontal
upper San Pedro (Pleistocene) gravels. Photograph by R. Arnold.

[ApHDLDJ Plate

Figure a. San Diego. — Bluff and beach at Spanish Bight, looking north, showing the very fosslliferous

layer at the base of the bluff which also forms the beach at this point.

Photograph by R. Arnold.

Figure b. San Diego. — A closer view of the beach at Spanish Bight. Most of the shel ; this

picture are In place in the hard Pleistocene sand layer which forms the beach at this point.

Photograph by R. Arnold.

In I)i:\ to Xo f.uai i: III

New geueric, Hpccific nuj subHpcoiGo uames in heavy-faced type; HyiionyniH in ilallcH.

Aiii.A 72, 9ri

(■nMnnmh 72, 95. 138

lyalli 95
Acmam 84, 317

(lepictn 25, 39, 84, 317

iusessii 15, 19, 22, 23, 25, 27, 31, 39, 52, 60, 84, 318

iustftbilis 25, 39, 84, 318

mitra 25, 39, 84, 107, 317, 318

paleacea 25, 39, 84, 317, 319

pelta 19, 27, 31, 33, 39, 55, 00, 84, 319

spectrum 19, 23, 27, 33, 39, 84, 320
Acmsuidiu 84, 317
Aotaoon 77, 188

punctocoelnta 19, 22, 27

(Rictnxis) punctoccelnta 39, 55, 60, 189

traskii 27, 39, 60, 77, 188, ISO
Actn'oniila) 77, 188
Acus 78, 198

simplex 78, 198
Atlesmacea 77, 183
Admete 79, 219

gracilior 19, 39, 52, 79, 219

viridula 219
^aopiis SO, 237

chrysalloiJea 80, 237, 238

japonicus 237

oldroydi 80, 238
Akera ciikilella 190
Aletes squamiijerua 299
Aligeua 74, 138

cerritensis 30, 35, 74, 138

striata 138
Amaltheidse 83, 311
Amaura 82, 282

Candida 282

miciformis var. avellana 82, 283

pupiformis 82, 283
Amauropsis 282
Amiautis 59, 75, 145

callosa 27, 30, 35, 57, 59, 60, 75, 145
Amphlilesmn d<'cisa 165

piilchra 166
Amphissa 80, 241

bicolor 242

corrngata 15, 19, 25, 27, 31, 39, 52, 80, 237, 241, 242

litbcrom 240

ventricosa 19, 39, 80, 242

versicolor 19, 23, 25, 27, 31, 39, 60, 80, 242
Amiishim caurinum 107
Amycla carinala 240

chrysalloklca 237

gausapala 239

Amycla tubrro»a 240
AnacUis SO, 237

minima 80, 237

rugosa 237
Aualiuacea 73, 121
Angulus 75, 157

bodegousis 75, 158

bnttoni 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 35, 55, 75, 157, 158

ida) 75, 158

modcsluH 157

var. obluKUK 157

ruboscens 75, 159
Auomalodesmacea 73, 121
Anomia 59, 73, 117

cphippium 117

lampe 18, 21, 25, 27, 30, 32, 35, 55, 56, 60, 73,
117, 118

limatula 59, 60, 73, 117, US

macronchisma 116
Auomiacea 73, 116
Auomiidm 73, 116
Aiithozoa 46, 71, 86
Area 16, 72, 101, 102

glycymcris 100

labiata 27, 35, 67, 72, 101

noai 101

nuclevis 95

sulcicosta 57
Arcacea 72, 100
Arcida! 72, 100
Arcinaj 72, 101
Arcopagia medialis 160
Artemis ponde.rosa 146
Arthropoda 85, 344
Arthropomata 71, 92
Astartacea 73, 127
Astarte 73, 127

branneri 27, 30, 60

(Crassinella) branneri ;i5, 127

compacta 127

obliqua 127

semisulcata 127
Astartidro 73, 127
Astralium inagualf 321
Astyris 80, 238

califoruiana 80, 238

chrysalloidea 237

clausiliicforme 238

gausapala 56, 80, 238, 239, 240
var. carinata 80, 240

tuberosa 80, 240
Auriculidaj 78, 196

406

LALIFUKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Axinea bnrbarentu 100
intermrUia 100

Balaniiije %S, 344
BaUuni 85, »44

ooucaTus 22, 24, 25, 28, :il, 3'J, 47, ")2, 55, 00,
85, 344

eyilndracfut var. concavtis 344
B«l» 78, 20!l, 210

lidioiilii 15, 19, 25, 3i), 52, 55, 78, 209, 210

aanctsB-monicsB 19, 39, 56, 78, 210

fculj'tiirnla 214
Bitlium 82, 291

nsperiiui 15, 17, 19, 25, 27, 39, 52, 55, 56, 00,
82, 291, 293, 294

cnliforuicnm 19, 39, 82, 291

{EliichiKln) califdniicum 291

filosuiu 19, 22, 25, 27, 39, 82, 292, 293, 294

ortbuobiln 295

quadrililntum 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 39, 52, 82,
2S»2, 293, 294

reticulntum 291

rugatum 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 39, 82, 290, 295

(Styli(eriua) teuuisculpta 206

williamsoni 28, 39, 60, 82, 292, 295
Boreotrophoii 80, 249

cerritensis SO, 249

RTni-ilis SO, 250

multicostalus 80, 251

orpheus var. prsecursor SO, 250, 251, 253

pedroana 80, 251

scalariformis 80, 252

stnarti 80, 252

tennisculptus 80, 253

trianRulatus 80, 254
Bornia 74, 136

corbiiloides 136

retifera 18, 35, 74, 136
Borsouia 78, 200

bartschi 78, 200, 207

daUi 78, 200, 201

hooveri 78, 200, 201
Brachiopoila 15, 46, 71, 92
Brachyura 85, 345
Bryozoa 46, 52, 71, 92
Bncciuida> 79, 227
Buccinum corrnijiitum 241

foumtum 232
Bulla 77, 193

adamsii 193

ampulla 193

(Tornatina) cerealu 189

{Al-era) culcilella 190

nebulosa 33, 193

punctata 193

pnnctnlata 23, 25, 28, 31, 39, 67, 77, 193

qnoyi 28, 39, 77, 193

viretcen» 194
BnllidfE 77, 193

Cadulus 77, 187

fusiformin 187

iiitciilior 19, 47, 55, 60, 77, 187

uubfuHiforiuiii 187
Crooidro 82, 297
Crooum 83, 297

califoruicnui 19, 22, 28, 31, 39, 83, 297, 298

rooperi 297

coruuoidoK 297

crebrieiiu-tuiii 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 39, 83, 297, 298

mnyiMim 19, 22, 39, 83, 298
Callio«tomn 84, 329

aiiimlatum 28, 39, 84, 329

cannliculatum 15, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 33, 39,
00, 84, 329

coBtatum 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 39, 60, 84, 3.30

Remmulfttnm 25, 28, 31, 39, 52, 60, 84, 330

tricolor 15, 22, 2,1, 25, 28, 31, .39, 60, 84, 331

zizypbinum .329
Calliostomic 328
Callista 74, 143

(Amiantis) callosa 145

uewconiliinna .35, 59, 60, 74, 143

subdiaphaua 15, 17, 35, 74, 144, 145
var. pedroana 18, 35, 74, 144
Calyplrcea ichinus 308

/antigiala 307

hyUrix 308

mamillar'ta .307

sphioaa 306
CnlyptriEidio 83, 306
Caucellaria 79, 217

cancellata 217

casaidiforiuis 218

cooperi 28, 39, 79, 217

{Narona) cooperi 217

crawfordiaua 28, 39, 217

gracilior 219

tritouidea 28, 39, 55, 67, 78, 218

vetusta 218
Cancellariidn^ 79, 217
Cancer 60, 85, 345

breweri 20, 47, 85, 345

magister 345
Caucriui 85, .345
Caucroidea 85, 345
Capulus tnnicns 31.3
Cardiacea 74, 138
Cardiidro 74, 1.38, 141
Cardila monilicosta 128

occidentalin 128

suUenla 128

venlricoita 128
Carditidce 73. 128
Carditacea 7.3, 128
Cardinm 74, 138

californicum 140

californ'tpnufi 68

centijilonum. 142

corbis 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 35, 52, 68, 140

AHNOLU — Tllli PALEONTOLOtJY AND STRATICltAPHY OF SAN PtUKO.

407

Oardium (CernrttoJermn) corl)is 140

odiile 140

eliitum 27, 30, .Sf), 67, 141

(Ln^vicardinui) elntuin 141

liillnnum 142

iaocurdia 1,38

luUolabrnm 139

mudtfilum viir. cin/iJUostim 142

uorvegicum 140

nuttuUi 140

pavami-nne tid, 13!)

prooeium 18, 27, .30, .32, ST), 56, 59, 60, 1.39

(Kingicardium) proceniin 139

qundrigouiirium 27, 30, ,32, ,35, 60

(Trnchycnrdium) iiundrigouariiim 139

ringt'iis 139

stibstrintiim 141

(Livvicnrdium) substiintum 141
Caryophyllin 71, 86

anioldi 40, 71, 86, 87, 88

californica 46, 71, 87, 88

pedroensis 46, 71, 87, 88
Cerastoderma 74, 140

coibis 74, 140
Cerithiacea 82, 290
Ceritbidea 82, 296

califoiuica 15, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 33, 40, 60,
82, 296, 297

decollatum 296

sacrata 297
CeritbiidiB 82, 291
CerithiopsidfB 82, 290
Cerithiopnix ansimilata 290
Cerilhium cali/ornicum 296

filosum 292

{Potamis) xacrtUum. 296
Cerontomn folintum 245

nuttalli 245
Chama 74, 130

exogyra 27, .30, 35, 74, 1,30

Ittzarus 1.30

pelhicida 15, 18, 2.3, 25, 27, .30, 35, 74, 130

njiinoxn var. pilhicida 130
Cbauiucea 73, 130
Cbamid:o 1.30
Chemtiitzia cnbrijUala 276

i/ibbosa 279

muricdla 270

similis 270

subcuspidata 277

tenukula 275

lorquata 271

var. .ill/linn 272

tridentata 273

var. aurantia 272
Chicoreus 80, 243

leeauus 80, 243

trialatus 80, 243
Chioue 75, 147

brevilineata 149

Chione ciitlona 147

calif ornhimiK 149

nuclifrmja CO, 75, 147

ijnhliii 75, 147

iieglecta 75, 148

nuttalli 149

simillima 32, 56. 00. 75, 148

mceinria .3.3, ,5.5, 50, 00, 75, MS, 149
Chiton amiculnlus 342

califoriiicun 342

mUKCoauH 343

rfijiitarin 342

sitkensiH 342

atelier i 342

{Cryptochiton) uleUeri 342
Cbiionidio 85, 342
Chlauiys 72, 107, 109

haHtatiis 72, 109

hericens 72, 110

var. stratogua 72, 110

jordani 72, 1 1 1

latiuuritus 72, 1 1 1

var. (ucicolns 1 12
var. fragilis 72, 112
var. nionotimeris 72, 112

opuntia 72, 113
Chlorostoma 84, .324

argyrostroma 324

anreotiuctum 28, 40, 84, 324

brunneum 15, 2.3, 25, 40, 50, 84, .324

funebrale 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 40, 55,
60, 84, 325
var. subapertum 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31,
40, 84, .325

gallina 23, 25, 28, 40, 60, 84, 326

marcidua .328

montereyensiK ,326

montereyi 15, 19, 2.3, 25, 28, 40, 60, 84, 325, 326,
328

pfeifferi 326

piilligo 328

svibapertum 23

(Omphalius) viridulum var. ligulatum 19, 22,
23, 25, 28, 31, 40, 327

viridulus 327
Chorns 80, 247

belchori 25, 28. 31, 40, 55, 80, 247
Chrysallida 82, 281, 283

communis 283

diegensis 82, 284
Chrysodomus 15, 40, 79, 227, 229

antiqna 227

dims 229

rcctirostris 15, 19, 25, 40, 79, 228

tabiilatns 15, 17, 19, 22, 40, 52, 55, 67, 79, 228
Cirripedia 85, .344
Clathurella 78, 210

cautieldii 211

conradiana 15, 19, 22, 28, 40, 52, 78, 210
Clavatiila 210

•JOS

CALIFOKNU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CUm'tttid ituhdiaphana 144
CliJiupborn 73, IH

clavioiilatn l'24

puiiciiitrt IS, 27, :ir>, 60, 7;}, 124

ClyponstroiJn 71, Ul
Clypidelln 85, 339

biiuneulfttn 19, 22, 28, 31, 40, 00, 85, 339

cnlloiimrginatn 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 40, 85, 339, 340

piutiilntn 339
Ca-loulonita 71, 86
Co1uuiIh>11ii so, 236

ojiliforiiinun 19, 22, 238, 2.19

(Astyris) cnlifornirtim 40, 23S

eariuala 240

chrysftUoidea 19, 22, 28, 2.37

(iBsopiis) chrysnlloidea 40, 00, 237

gansapnttt 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 3.3, 239,
240
var. cariuatft 13, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28,
31, 32, 3.3, 239

(Astyris) gansapntn 40, .52, 55, 60, 239
var. cariuata 40, 52, 55, 60, 240

mercatoria 236

miuiiua 28

(Anacbis) minitaa 48, 2.37

oldioydi 19

(.Esopas) oldroydi 40, 238

solidula 80, 2.36, 2.37

var. prsBcursor 28, 40, 2.36

tuberosa 19, 22, 23, 2.5, 28, 31, 2.39,240

(Astyris) tuberosa 40, 52, 60, 240
Columbellidio 80, 236
Cominella ( Amphlaaa) corruijala 241
Conchocele bhecta 135

dhjuncta 135
CoHcholi'pcu antiquattis 312
Conidre 78, 199
Conus 78, 199

califoruious 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33,
40, 60, 78, 197, 199

marmoreiis 199

ravus 199
Cooperella 75, 153

subdiapbana 18, 35, 61, 75, 153
Cooperellid;c 75, 153
Coralliopbilrt 81, 262

neritoiilea 262

nnx 28, 40, 81, 262
Coralliopbilinif 81, 262
Corbula 76, 180

gallica 180

luteola 15, 18, 21, 27, .30, 35, 61, 76, 181
Corbulidas 76, 180
Crassinella 7.3, 127

branneri 73, 127
Crepidula 83, .307

aculeata 19, 22, 28, 40, 68, 83, .308

adunca 19, 22, 24, 28, 31, 40, 52, 55, 56, 61, 83,
308, 311

cali/omica 308

Crepidula oonvoxa 308

dorsalft 19, 25, 31, 40, 83, 309

excavatn .57

fxjitttniila 310

graiidis 24, 40, .58, 61, 68, 83, .309, 310

uavicelloidcs 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 40, .52, S3, 310

nummaria 310

onyx 19, 22, 24, 28, 31, 40, 61, 8.3, 310, 311
var. rugosa 311

peruviana 307

prnrupta 309

prill ceps 309

rOHlri/ormis .308

rugosa 19, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 40, 50, 83, 311
Cruoibulum 83, 306

auricula var. spinonum 306

ilumosum 306

rudis 306

spiuosum 22, 23, 24, 2,5, 28, 31, .32, 33, 40, 56,
61, 83, .306
Crustacea 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 47, 85, 344
Crypta ndiinra 308

dormta 309
Cryptochitou 85, 342

stelleri 15, 19, 40, 68, 85, 342
Cryptodon bucctns 135

jlexuoaus 135, 136

nuttaUi 178
Cryptodontidro 74, 135
Cryptomya 76, 179

californica 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 55,
61, 76, 179, 180

ovalis 180
Cryptonntica 83, 313

clausa 83, 313
Ctenobraucbiata 78, 198
Cuiniugia 76, 167

califoruica 15, IS, 21, 23, 25, 27, 35, 76, 167

mutica 167

shnilh 167
Cupulifera 92
Cyclati acutilmeain 131
Cyclostrematidaj 85, 335
Cylichua 77, 192

alba 19, 28, 41, 55, 61, 68, 77, 191, 192

aracbis 192

cylindracea 67, 192
Cyprasa 82, 288

argus 288

spadicea 24, 41, 82, 288
Cypra;id!0 82, 288
Cypricardia pudroana 155
Oyprina bisecta 135
Cythara 78, 211

branneri 19, 41, 52, 78, 211
Cytberea 142

callosa 145

cra,i.mt''Uoidc» 143

( Tivela) croKxalelloidi's 143

( TriQOnella) crassatelloidea 143

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAPUy OF SAN PEDKO.

409

Cythereft eryuiim 143
^'igniitoa 146
aotidiKsima 143
atuttorum 143

DAniNKi-uv 'JIO

filona 223

inter fossa 213
Deonpoda S^'i, 345
Dclphiuoidcii 84, 320

cnncellntr. 320

coronadoensis 01, 84, 320
Denitro/iotna litnella 2"Ji)
Deutiilii(la> 77, 185
Doutaliuiu 77, 185

elephautinum 185

heiagonum 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 47, 55, 61,
68, 77, 185

iudianorum 19, 22, 25, 47, 77, 186, 187

neohcxaijoiuim 185, ISO

pretloaiiin var. iiulianoriim 186

pseuilobexagoinim 19, 28, 47, 61, 77, 186

semipolitum 24, 25, 28, 47, 77, 187

semiilriatum var. semijiolllitm 187
Diadematoida 71, 90
Diastoma 19, 41, 52, 82, 296
Dione angHstiformis 144

iiobiliji 145
Diplodoiita 74, 133

lupinus 133

orbella 18, 25, 27, 35, 61, 74, 133, 134

serrioata 27, 35, 61, 74, 134
Diplodoutidio 74, 133
Dispotita dumoaa 306
Ditremata 78, 196
Doooglossa 84, 317
Dolichotoum 78, 202

carpouteriaua 78, 202

cooperi 78, 203

tryoniaua 78, 203
Doiiacid,i> 76, 169
Douai 76, 157, 169, 171

californica 18, 21, 27, 35, 76, 170, 171

californicus 170, 171

Jlexuosus 170

liBvigata 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 55, 59,
61, 76, 170, 171

navkula 170

obestts 170

sluttorum 143

truncvilus 169
Dosiuia 16, 146

callosa 145

discus 146

ponderosa 59, 61, 146
DosiniuiB 75, 146
Drillia 78, 204, 212

cauccUata 19, 31, 41, 61, 78, 204, 205

hemphilli 19, 22, 28, 31, 41, 55, 61, 78, 204, 207

iucisa 61, 78, 205

(62 )

Drillia incruiis 19, 28, 31, 41, 55, 01, 68, 78, 204, 205, 200
var. pouicillata 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32,
33. 41, 55, 61, 205

johnsoni 28, 41, 78, 206

merriami 15, 19, 41, 78, 207

muLBta 200

moutorcyeiiHis 19, 41, 78, 207

pallida 207

pniicillata 78, 205

pervorHa 208

pudica 28, 41, 78, 208

renaudi 78, 208

torosa 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 41, 78, 100,
207, 208, 209
Dunkcria laminala 277

I^IIINARACIINIDS 71, 91

e.xcentrkus 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 46, 53, 55, 57,
58, 61, 71, 91
Echinometridio 71, 90

Echinoidea 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 46, 71, 90
Echiiiodermata 71, 90
Kchintis jnirpuraluH 90
EUichhla cdli/onticum 291
Elasiiiobrancbii 85, 346
Emargiimliiiro 85, 337
Eochitouia 85, 342
Epiphragmophora 77, 194
Erato 82, 289

oolumbella 28, 41, 82, 289

Irovis 289
Eucrustacea 85, ,344
Euechiuoidea 71, 90
Eulima 81, 268

falcata 19, 41, 81, 268, 209

hastata 19, 28, 41, 55, 61, 81, 268, 269

micaus 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 41, 55, 61, 81, 208, 269

tortiiosa 268
Eulimidu' 81, 268
Euplotira 80, 248

caudata 248

muiiciformis 19, 24, 28, 41, 01, 67, 80, 248, 249
var. curta 28, 41, 80, 249
var. pleistoceueusis 249
var. unispinosa 248, 249
Evalea 82, 281

irijuisculpla 284

elegaus 281

gouldii 82, 282

stearnsii 82, 282

FA.SCIOI.ARIIDiE 79, 224

Fissurella 85, 340

aapera 338, 340
crenulata 337
inaqualis 333

var. pica 338
pica 338
picta .340

volcano 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 41, 61, 85, .340

Jnne 30, 1M3.

•IIU

CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

FiK8ur«llidn> 8S, 337
FitsurrlliJita himwiitiilit 339

ealloiniir-jiiialii 340
FiiiSurelliJeiiiiK STi, 3^<7
Fiii8uri(lea 85, XI7

Oitporn lit, •_••.>, 24, •-'.'), -JS, 31, 41, »■>, 33S, .33!)

iim.limlis -.M, -JS. 31, 3-.', 41, 8r., 337, 338

muriim 1!), 24, 25, 28, 31. 41, 85, 33!)
Fo8Siiri>lii> 83, 304
Fos»i>ru8 8.3, 3(M

oostalns 304

(IsnpiH) (euestrata 304
Frrnula jfjrrtyfi 93
Fusiuin 79. 224
Fusus, 79. 224

amlm^lut 225, 22(i, 227

barLnreusis 15, 17, 19, 24, 25. 28, 41, 7S), 224,
225

canctlliniiH 257

eorpulfntut 224

ditpttithouarsi 224

Jidicula 209

genie ulus 225

ioft<-f<i 226

luteopictus 19, 24, 25, 28, 31, 41, 79, 225

nicobaricHS 224

orfijonfHAis 286

robustus 19, 24, 25, 28, 41, 52, 79, 219, 224, 225,
226, 227

rugosuB 19, 41. 79, 224, 225, 226, 227

acalariformis 252

Gadinia 78, 197

nfm 197

ratliata 197

[Rowellia) ratliata 197

reticulata 41, 78, 197

var. radiala 197
Gadiniidic 78, 197
Galerus 83, 307

chineusis .307

contortua .307

mammillaris 19, 22, 25, 28, 41, 52, 83. :«)7
Gastropoda 15, 17, 19, 22, 2.3, 25, 27, 31, 33, 39. 77, 188
Gemminm 75, 152
Genota 78, 202

carpenteriann 202
Gibbula oplabilia 332

parcipicta 3.33
Glottidia 71, 94

albida 52, 71, 94
Glycymeris 72, 100

barbareusis 23, 2.5, 27, 30, 35, 61, 72, 100, 101

estrellana 182

generoaa 182

iDtermedia 101

septentrionalis 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, .36, 72, 100, 101
Olyphis aapera 338

denaiclalhrala 339

var. murina 339

iitijphis iturfjutititi 338
Ojuiuogloasa 81, 268

llAi.iDTlDJK 08, 69, Sr>, 336
llaliotin 33, 49, 50, 68, 8.'), 3.36, 3.37

tTurliiToidii 3.3, .3.36

(ulyeiis 24, .34, 41, 61, 85, 336, .337

gigaiiloa 336

rufc8ceus 3.36

HplcmlinK .336
Hamiuea 77, 194

rymhi/drmii 194

hydutJH 1!)4

virescens 2S, 41, 77, 194
Helicidii" 77, 194
Ilolix 2S, 77, 194

cuyana 194

(Epipliraymophora) 41, 195
lliiiuiteB 72, 115

cortezi 115

crassus 115

iliuantnia 21, 23, 27, 30, 36, 72, 115

poulioni 115
Hipponyx 83, 311, 312

aiitiquatus 1,5, 19, 41, 8.3, 102, 312, 313

corinicopiii' 311

crauioides 19, 22, 24, 31. 41, 61, 83, 312

mitnila 102, 312

tumens 19, 22, 24, 41, 61, 8.3, 312, 313
Hydrobiinro 83, 305
Hygropliila 77, 195

LsAris 83, 304

anomala 304

/inexfrala 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 42. 83, 304
Ischnocliitou 85, 342

louyicyiiioa .342

regularis 28, 42, 85, 342
Ismeiiid. jejfriyai 93
Isopleura 85. 342
Ivara 82. 285

Icrricula 19, 42. 82, 285

Janira iii'Ua 103, 104, 105

denlata 104, 105. 106

excavata 104
.Jouaunctiuio 77. 184

KKI.LIA 74. 1.36. 154

lapcrousii 15, 18, 21, .30, 61. 74, 136, 1.37

suborbionliiris 18, 21, ,36, 68. 74. 137
KoUicllida) 74, 1.38
Keuuerlia 73, 123

bicarinaia 18, 36, 73. 123

flosa IS. 36, 7.3. 123, 124

Lamosa 76, 177

(Rata) uudnlata 177
Lacana, 83, .302, .321

carinaia 303

compacta 19. 28. 31, 42, 52. 55. 61, 8.3. 302. 303

ARNOLD — TUE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

•ill

Lacunn pnlliduin 302

porrectu 10, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 42, 83, 303
solidula 19, 28, 42, 61, 83, 303
var. compac/a 302
LiDTicardiiiiu 74, 140
elalu7n 74, 141

tubslrialum 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 30, 61, 74,
141
LsmoUnria 84, 317
depressa 317
perspiciia 317
Bteainsii 19, 42, Gl, 84, 317
Lamellariidro 84, 317
Laucea 81, 272

nil ran tin SI, 272
cidiigntii 272
pentalopha 81, 27-t
trideutnta 81, 273
Laqueus 71, 93

oaliforuicns 93, 94

var. vancouvi renms 93
jeffreysi 15, 46, 51, 52, 53, 71, 93
Lazarin 74, 129

pectunciilus 129

siibqundrata IS, 21, 25, 27, 36, 74, 120
Leda 57, 72, 96
ecelata 98

fossa 18, 36, 72, 96
hamata 18, 36, 61, 72, 97
miuuta var. prsBCursor 18, 21, 36, 72, 97
peruula 96

tnpbrin 15, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 36, 61,
72, 98
Ledidro 72, 96
Lepas tintinnabulum 344
Leptonacea 74, 136
LcptonidiD 74, 136
Leptonyx bacuta 323
saH(/«iHi'rt 323
Leptothyra 84, 322, 323

bacula 10, 31, 42, 52, 84, .323, 324
carpeuteri 19, 22, 25, 28, 42, 68, 84, 322, 323, 324
paucicostata, 19, 42, 52, 84, 323
samiuinea 323
sa7igumeus 323
Lencosyrinx 78, 202

pedroana 78, 202, 208
Lima 73, 115

dehiscens IS, 36, 116
(Mniitellum) dehisceus 116
hians 115
orientaVin 116
squamosa 115
Limidie 73, 115
LimnaMdiB 77, 195
Lingula albida 94
Lingulidiu 71, 94
Liuguliiiic 71, 94
Liocardium cruentalum 141
datum 141

Liocardium substnatum 141
Lioconcha vewcombiana 143
Lioliida' 84, .320
Litbopbngn 7.3, 121

plumula 73, 121
LilhophaijUH plnmula 31, .36, 121
Littoriiia 83, 301
litorea 301
palula 301
pedroana 303

plaiiaxis 15, 19, 22, 28, 42, 83, 301
plfua .302

scutulata 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 42, 65, 61,
8,3, ,301, .102
Littorinidoj 83, .301
Lucapiua 85, 3,37

creuulnta 31, 42, 85, .337
Lucapinella callomar(jinata 340
LuciuidiD 74, 131
Luciua 74, 131

ncutiliueata 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 23, 2,5, 27, 36, 52,

61, 65, 67, 68, 74, 131, 132
borealis 67, 131
californica 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36,

52, 56, 62, 74, 132
jamaicensis 131
uuttalli 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 62, 74,

132
orbella 134

teuuisculpta 27, .36, 61, 74, 13.3, 1.34
tetrica 131
Lucinncea 74, 131
Luuntin 84, 315

lewisii .32, 50, 57, 84, 315
Luponia apadicca 288
Lutraria canaliculatn 177
capax 178
maxima 178
{C'ryptodon) nutlalli 178
tra7i»moiita7ia 177, 178
undnltila 177
vcntricoHa 175
Lutrariinro 76, 178
Luiricola aha 160
Lyonsia 73, 125

bractfala 125

cnliforuica 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 36, 73, 125
nilida 125
norvegica 125
LyousiidiB 73, 125

MACiiy-ERA patuta 173
Macoma 52, 7-5, 160, 161. 169

calcarea 18, 36, 75, 161

edulis 68

expansa 161

iudentata 27, 31, 36, 62, 75, 161, 163

inquiuata 15, 18, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 36, 48, 56,
62, 68, 75, 162, 163

teheyi 161, 162, 163, 164

•n:

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY Ol' SCIENCES.

Maoomn imsiitii IS, '.'1, 'JS, OTi, 27, 31, 32, .33, 36, ."iS,
AT, «•:, 68, T.'', 162. 103, 104. 167
var. keUeyi 27, 31, .30, 02, 7.">. 104
fxtlroana 167
soetn 18, 21, 23. 25, 27, 31, ;t2, 3.3, 36, 02, 68, 1\

103. 104
{Itixithitruf) ffcta vnr. nliitia 164
tciicra 100, 101
trrta 163

yolJiformis IS, 21, 30, 02, 7r>. 101, 10.3, 105
Maorou 70, 2.30

kelU.ttii 28, 42, 70. 2.30
livi.lus 42, 70, 2.30
Mnotra 70, KM, 174
anntiiin 177

ciliforiiici 27, .36, 59, 62, 70, 174, 175, 176
ciitilliformis 23. 25, 27, 31, 33. 55
(Spisnln) cntilliformis 36, 02, 176
oxoleta 27, .36, 02, 07, 76, 175
(nlcnta 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 170
(Spisula) falcata 36, 62, 176
himphilli 27, 36, 76, 175
maxima 178
plauulata 174

var. falcata 176
solida 175
stultonim 174
Mactracea 76, 174
Mactrida> 76, 174
MactriniG 76. 174
Mitra nalmonea 157
Malacostrncft 85, 345
Maugilia 55, 78, 210, 211

augulnta 10, 22, 25, 31, 42, ,52, 55, 62, 78, 212
(Cythara) branneri 211
(Clathurella) conradiana 210
hooveri 28, 42. 78, 212
iuterfossa 213

var. pedroana 19, 25, 42, 52, 79, 213
interlirata 19, 31, 42, 79, 213
oldroydi 19, 42, 79, 213, 214, 215
painei 19, 42, 79, 214
sculpturata 15, 42, 79, 214, 215
striosa 28, 31, 42, 62. 79, 215
(Taranis) strong! 215
variegata 212
MaugiliiB 214
Mantellnm 73, 115

dehiscens 7.3, 110
Margarita 84, .332

calostoma 333
cidaris 334
helicina 3.32
optabilis 3.32, 333

var. knechti 22, 23, 28, 42, 84, 332, 333
var. nodosa 19, 22, 42, 84, 332
parcipicta 84, 333

var. pedroana 19, 22, 24, 28, 31, 42, 84,
333
pnpiUa 42, 52, 84, 333

Margarita nalmonea 333
Margiuolla 79, 221
globplla 221

jowettii 10, 22, 24, 25, 28, 42, 79, 221
(VoWiiriiia) varia 222
Margiiiollidii' 79, 221
M'-ijatfltfiinnH himartilalits 339
Meijirlia jiffrrysi 93
Molaiupina' 78, 106
MelampuB 78, 100
Molaiupiis Inteus 190

olivaoeiiH 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 42, 02, 78, 197
Melaiiia rufa 274

scalaris 277
Mfrcenaria jn'rtaininosa 140
Miri'trix catlona 145
Metis 75, 160

alta 18, 23, 25, 27, 31, 30, 62, 75, 100
Mitra 79, 222

episcopaliH 222

maura 22, 24, 25, 28, 42, 79, 222
Mitridro 79, 222
Mitromorpha 70, 223
aspera 223, 224
filosa 19, 42, 79, 223, 224
gracilis 223

intermedia 19, 42, 52, 79, 223
Modelia striata 303

Modiola fornicala 18, 31, 30, 52, 55, 120
pulex 118

recta 18, 2.3, 27, 31, 36, 02, 120
Modiolus 73, 120

fornicatus 73, 120
rectus 73, 120
Mttirella 75, 156

salmonea 18, 36, 75, 157
Mollusoa 72, 75, 70, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 95
MoUuscoidea 71, 92
Monia 73, 110

macroschisma 73, 116
Monoceros 80, 246
brevidc.ns 247

engonatum 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 42, 55, 56
62, 80, 240, 247
var. spiratum 247
lapilloides 28, 42, 80, 246, 247
lugubre 246
punclatum 247
unicarinatum 246
Monodonla (jallina 326.
Mouotremata 77, 194
Mopalia S.'j, 343

blaiuvillei 343
ciliata 28, 42, 85, 343
musrona .343
MopaliidfB 85, .343
Mourctia reticulata 197
Murex 80, 243

adustus 243
harbarensii 254

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOCiY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF'SAN PEDRO.

413

Murex bekheri 247

calt/ornicuH 243, 24G
festivus 19, 24, 25, 28, 31, 244
(PtoionotiiB) festivus 43, 244
foliiitiiH 28, 245
(Pteroihytis) foliutua 43, 245
J'ovtolata 255
locauns 25, 28, 07
(Chicoreus) looiiuus 43, 243
monoceros 28, 240
(Corostomn) mouooeros 43
(Pterorhytis) mouoceroB 246
muUicostalHi 251
iiuttnlli 244

(Ptmi>rhytis) imttiiUi 43, 02, 245
mix 202
peritUK 25!)
teiniispiun 243
trinlatus 24, 25, 28, 43, 243
(Chicoreus) trialatus 243
trigouulus 244
MiuicidiB 80, 243
MuricitUa barbarensis 254
californica 243
/oviolala 255
paucivancata 246
{I'hyllonoius) paucivaricata 246
peritii 259
Mya abruptn 182

cancellatus 179
glycymeris 182
uorvegica 183
Myacea 179
Myaoidif 70, 179
Mijsia 1 34
Mytilftcea 73, 118
MytilidiL' 73, 118
Mytilimeria 73, 125

uuttalli 15, 18, 21, 37, 73, 125, 126
Mytilus 73, 118, 120
abbrevialuif 118
bi/urcalus 1 19
borealis 1 18
oaliforuicus 50

edulis 18, 23, 25. 27, 33, 36, 49, 68, 73, IIS, 119
incurvalus 118
lithophagQS 121
minijanensis 118
modiolus 120
notatus 118
pedroanus 118
pellucidus 118
smaragdinus 118
aubsaxaiilis 118
velustus 118
Myurella simplex 57, 193

Nacella depicla 317
incessa 318
iTistabilia 318

Nacolla /JrtJi'acfa 319
Narona cooperi 217
Nassa 79, 230

culiforiiiniia 15, 19, 24, 28, 31, 32, 43, 55, 02,

79, 231, 232
cerritensis 25, 2S, 31, 32, 43, 62, 79, 231
cooperi 17, 232, 2;<4
fosanta 15, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 43, 55,

56, 62, 79, 231. 232
gibbcaii 233

iuBOulpta 28, 43, 79. 233
interstriala 234

meudica 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 43,
52, 55, 57, 62, 80, 233, 234
var. cooperi 15, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31,
32, 33, 43, 56, 02, 80, 232, 234
mntabilis 230
perpinguis 15, 17, 19. 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 43,

55, 56, 62, 80, 232, 234
pedroana 239
tegula 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 43, 62, SO, IXt,

236
versicolor 236

var. hooveri 28, 43, 80. 233. 236
vibei 235
woodwardi 233
Nassidiu 79, 2.30
Natica 8.3, 313

algida 315
ampullaria 315
caureua 313

clausa 15, 17, 19, 43, 52, 57, 65, 68, 31.3, 314
(Cryptonatica) clansa 313
duplicata 314
kicisn 24, 25, 28, 31, 315
[Luiiatlii) lewisii 43, 315
mammilla 314
recluziana 314
rciniana 315
russa 31.3, 314
NaticidiB 83, 313
Noaira 76, 181

ornatissima 181
pectiuata 18, 37, 70, 181
NepCunea tabulala 228
Neverita 83, 314

recluziana 15, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, .32, 43, 55, 56.
62, 8.3, 314, 315, 316
var. alta 55
Nodipecten 72, 108

subuodosus 72, 108
Norrisia 84, 331

norrisii 24, 43, 62. 84. 323, 331
Nucula 72, 95, 96
ccclata 98

castreusis 15, 17, 18, 21
(Acila) castrensis 37, 95
conradi 95
decisa 95
divaricala 95

414

CALIFORNIA AGADKMY OF SCIENCES.

Naoiiln obliqun 96

»uprn»trintn IS, 21, 27, 31. 30. 02, 72, '.Hi

(Niicula) 8ti]irniitrinta SNi

ttnuit UO
Nncitlncni 72, 95
NiiculidiK 72, 95
Niittallia 7(>. lUS

uiiltulli 76, I6S

Obelisi'ds varifgata 280
Ooiuebrn 80, 254

barbarouBis 19, 22, 43, 52, 80, 2.'>4, 259

oriunceua 254

fovcolntft 28, 43, SO, 255

iutcrfossft 15, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 43, 02, 80, 255,

259
keepi 24, 43, 80, 256
luridn 25, 43, 62, 80, 256, 257

vnr. nspern 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 43, 52,

55, 80, 257
Tar. cnnuelliua 28, 43, 80, 257
var. cerritensis 19, 22, 25, 31, 43, 80, 258
var. mnuila 19, 43, 80, 258
micheli 25, 43, Si), 259

perita 19, 24. 25, 28, 43, 52, 62, 80, 254, 255, 259
poiilsoiii 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 43, 62, 80, 260
Udoatomia 82, 281

[Evalea] ayuisculpta 284
(Oscillft) n>quiscnlptn 284
(Chrysallida) diegensis 284
(Evalea) elegaus 281
gouldii 19, 22, 4.3, 52, 55
(Evalea) gouldii 282
(Oscilla) grammatospira 285
insculpta 2,S1
interstiuctn 281
(Evalea) lirata 284
unciformis 283

var. avcllana 19, 43, 52, 55, 62, 283
(Amaura) uuciformia var. avellana 283
plicata 281

(Amaura) pnpiformis 283
saudviceusis 281
satura var. pupi/ormvi 283
(Evalea) steamsii 282
tenuis 22, 2.3, 28, 43, 55, 62, 82, 281

var. gouldii 282
(Ivara) terricula 285
uuidentata 281
CKdalia nubdiaphana 153
(Bdalina subdiapha7ia 153
Olivella 79, 219

biplicata 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 43,

52, 55, 56, 62, 79, 219, 220, 221
bcetica 57, 221
intorta 15, 19, 22, 24, 2.5, 28, 31, .32, 33, 44, 55,

.56, 62, 79, 220, 221
pedroaua 15, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, .32, 44, 55,

57, 63, 79, 220, 221
nndatella 219

OlividiK 79, 219
UiuphaliuH 84, .327

fuvr scent 327

iKjuUituK 327

p/npri .326

viriduluiu var. ligulatum 84, 327, 339
Undiua 281

Hulcata 281
Opalia 81, 266

anomala 58, 63. .SI. 266

borealiK 28, 44, 81, 266

curoiiata 266

crenatoideH var. iusculpta 44, 81, 267

varicostata 58, 6.3, 81, 267
Opisthnliram-hinta 77, 188
()])si(liitoiiia 85, ,343
Usoilla 82, 284

iiciuisonlpta S2. 284

grammatospira .S2, 285
Ostracca 72, 102
Ostrea 57, 72, 102

couchaphila 49

edulis 102

lurida 18, 21, 25, 27, 31, .32, .37, 49, 56, 63, 72,
102
var. expausa 102
var. rnfoides 102

maxima 103

veatchi 63
Ostreida> 72, 102
Oudardia bultoni 157

Paciivdksma crnnHnU'lloidiH 143
Pachypoma 84, .321

Ciilata 321

gVtheroKum .321

in^qunle 22, 23, 25, 28, 44, 84, 321
PaludoBtrina 83, 305

curta 22, 23, 28, 44, 83, 305

piscium 305

stokesi 22, 23, 28, 44, 83, 305
Pandora 73, 123

(Kennerlia) bicarinata 123

bitiraifi 1 23

(Kennerlia) filosa 124

ptinrfafa 124
Paiuloridi). 7.3, 123
Panomya 77, 183

ampla 1.5, 37, 65, 77, 183
Panopea 76, 182

estrellana 182

generosa 15, 18, 23, 27, 31, 37, 52, 68, 76, 178, 182,
183
var. globosa 182
var. solida 182

norvrijicd 183

(Mya) norvegica 183
Paraeyathns 71, 88

caltba 88

humilis 88

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATICRAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

415

PnraoyiithiiB pedroensis 46, 71, 88, 89, 90

Htcnriixi 88, 8!)
Pitraphoiai* jMUittt 184
FaleUa aeuUata 308
anti<iuntua 312
iusfsaa 318
hmtaliiliti 318
Pati^lloida tit/iirta 317
I'atiuopecteu 72, 107
cmiriuus 7'2, 107
expniistis 72, 108
Peoten 72, 103, 107, 108, UT), 116
RiquiHulcutiis 33, 56, 114
bellus 51, 52, 53. 72. 101, l()(i
(Ppcteu) bollus 103

Cfturimis 14, 15, 17. 18, 25, .52, 58, 65, 68, 107, 108
(Pfttinopecteii) caurinus 37, 107
circularia 1 14
deiitatus 27, 67, 104, 105
(Pecteu) dentatHs 37, 72, 104
dontioulata 27, 31
diegeii8is 104, 105, 106
expansus 58, 63, 107, 108
(Patiuopectcn) expansus 108
floridus 106

(Hiuuites) giganteus 115

hastatus 15, 18, 2.5, 52, 6.3, 10!), 110, 111, 115
(Chlamys) hastatus 37, 109
hemphilli 51, 58, 63, 72, 104, 105
(Pecteu) hemphilli 103, 105
hericeus 15, 18, 6.3, 65, 68, 109, 110, 111
(Chlamys) hericeus 37, 110

var. strategus IS, 37, HO
inc« 1 14
iiUerniedius 108
islaudicus 107, 109
jordani 15, 17, 18, .52
(Chlamys) jordani 37, 1 1 1
laqueatus 105

latiauritus 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, .37, 63,
111, 112
var. fragilis 27, 31, 37
var. mouotimeris IS, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, .32,
33, 37, 55, 63
(Chlamys) latiauritus 111
var. fragiUs 112
var. fucieolus 112
var. mouotimeris 112
maximiis 103
mesotimeris 1 1 1
monotimeris 112
newsomi 27, 31, 113
(I'lagiocteuium) newsomi 37, 113
nodosus 108
opuntia 52, 53, 63, 111
(Chlamys) opuutia 113
propalulus 107

stearusii 15, 37, 58, 63, 104, 105, 106
(Pecten) stearnsii 72, 106
subuodosus 23, 27, 108

Pecten (Nodipooten) subuodosus 37, 108

eubveutricoBUH 63, 113

(Plagiuctouium) subveiitricosus 114

tumiiluM 114

tunica 1 1 1

ventricosHS 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 55, 56, 03,
113, 114

(Flagiocteuium) voutricosus 37, 114

i/esnot'iimn 67, 107
Pectinacea 72, 103
Pectiuidii' 72, 103
Pectuuculiuif 72, 100
Pectuncittitii corbia 140

palului 131

at'ptenlrioitalis 101

var. subobnolela 101
Pelecypoda 15, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35, 72, 95
Peuitella 77, 184

penita 77, 184

speliea 184
Periploma 73, 121

alta 122

argeutaria 2.3, 25, 27, 31, .37, 6.3, 73, 121, 122

exrurra 122

iuiiquivalvis 121

letiticularis 122

planiuscida 122
PeriplomidiK 73, 121
Petricola 75, 154

arcuata 154

califomica 154

carditoides 18, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 37, 56, 63, 75,
154, 155, 156

coguata 75, 156

(Petricolaria) coguata 37, 156

cordhri 155

cylindracea 154

deiiticulata 18, 27, 31, 37, 75, 155, 156

(Petricolaria) denticulata 155

gibba 154

(Rupellaria) lamellifera 155

lapicida 154

lithophaga 155

pedronna 155

pholadiformis 1.55, 156
Petricolaria 75, 155

coguata 156

douticulata 155
Petricolid.-o 154
Petrophila 78, 197
Phasiauella 84, 321

compta 19, 22, 28, 44, 63, 84, 321

fulmoides 321
Phasiauellid.li 321
Pholadidai 156, 183
Pholadidea 77, 1S4

loscombiaua 184

penita 15, 23, 25, 27. 31, 37, 48, 50, 184
(Peuitella) peuita 184
Pholadiufe 77, 183

416

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Photos eoneamerata 1S4

eonraiii 1S4

orispata 183

l>cnila 1S4
Phorcu8 84, 3-28

magus 32$

puUigo 25. 44. 84. 328
Pkyltonotui fHiucivaricata 246
Pbysa 78. 196

fontiualis 196

heterostropha 22. 23. 44. 78. 196
PhyBida> 78. 196
Pisania 79, 227

fort is 24, 28. 44. 56. 63, 79. 227

pusio 227
Pisces 28. 47, 85. 346
Placunanomia alope 116

cepio 116

maeronchisma 56. 116

{Monia) machroachiimia 116
Plagioctcuiam 72. 113

newsomi 72, 113

subventricosns 72. 114

ventricosus 72, 1 14
Planorbina? 77, 195
Plauorbis 77, 195

coruens 195

tnmidns 22, 23, 28. 44. 77, 195

vermicularis 22, 23, 28, 44, 77, 195
Plalyodon 76, 179

cancellatus 2.3, 25, 27, 31, 37, 76, 179
Plenrotoma 77, 199, 228

aurantia 206

babylonia 199

bartschi 15, 19

(Borsouia) bartschi 44, 200

csrinata 216

carpenteriana 24, 25, 28, 32, 55, 56, 63, 203

(Dolichotoma) carpenteriana 44, 202

{Surcuta) carpenUriana 202

cooperi 28

(Dolichotoma) cooperi 44. 203

dalli 15, 19

(Borsonia) dalli 44, 201

gibbosa 204

hooveri 19

(Borsonia) hooveri 44, 201

inermw 205

linearis 210

mitr.T-formis 202

montereyensis 206

(Drillia) monlereyensia 207

pedroana 19

(LeucosyrinT) pedroana 44, 202

penicillala 205

perversa 15, 19, 22, 24, 28, 31, 44, 56, 77, 200,
216

ponderosa 211

pudica 208

pyrenaica 200

Plenrotoma renaudi 15, 19

(Drillia) renaudi 44

smithi 15, 19

(Spirolropsis) smithi 44, 216

stromboides 211

tryouiana 28

(Dolichotoma) tryouiaua 44, 203

[Surcula) tryoniana 203

turricula 209
Pleurotomid;r 77, 199, 210
Pododesmus 73, 116

macroschisma 23. 25. 27, 52, 63, 68, 116. 118

(Mouia) macroschiBma 37, 116

rudis 116
Polynices 83, 314

(Lunatia) lewisii 315

(Neverita) reclnziana 314
var. alta 315
Polyplacophora 85, 342
Polyplex gracilis 250
Pomaulax 84, 322

nudosus 25, 28, 44, 56, 63, 84, 322
Poromyacea 73, 126
Polamis sacralum 296
Priene 82, 286

cancellatus 286

oregonensis 15, 19, 24, 25, 28, 44, 68, 82, 286
Priouodesmacea 72, 95
Protocardia 74, 142

ceutifilosa 15, 17, 18, 37, 52, 74, 142
Fsammobia 76, 167, 168

edentnla 27, 37, 76, 168

(Fsammobia) edentula 168

feroensis 167
PsammobiidiB 76, 167
Psephis 75, 152

lordi 152

salmonea 18, 21, 37, 52, 75, 152

tantilla 18, 21, 23, 27, 31, 37, 75, 152, 153
Pseudoliva kellettii 230
Pteuoglossa 81, 262
Pterouotus 80, 244

Jesticus .32. 63. 80, 244

textilis 244
Pteropsidinse 76, 177
Pterorhytis 80, 244

folialus 80, 245

monoceros 80, 246

mtUalU 80, 245
Plychstylis caffea 327
Pnlmouata 77, 194
Puncturella 85, 341

cncnllata 15, 19, 28, 44, 52, 85, 341

galea ta 15, 19, 44, 85, 341

noachina 341
Purpura 50, 81, 260

canaliculata 50

crispata 24, 25, 28, 44, 48, 63, 68, 80, 227, 261

(Monoceros) lapiltoides 247

lapillus 261

ARNOLD— THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGKAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

417

Farpnra persica 260

saiicolft 28, 44, 55, 80, 247, 261
Purpuriui.' 81, 260
Pyramidella 82, 280

conica var. rariegata 28, 44, 82, 280

plicata 280
Pyramitlellid* 81, 269
Pyrgisculus 81, 277

lamiimta 81, 277
Pyrgiscus 81, 274

auricoma 81, 274

crebritilata 81, 276

latifundia 81, 275

snbcuspidata 81, 277

tenuicula 81, 275, 276
Pyrgolampros 81, 278

adleri 81, 280

arnoldi 82, 279

gibbosa 81, 279

lowei 81, 278

vav. pedroana 81, 279

mioperplicatulus 278
Pyrgostelift 274
Pyrgostylns 272

Rata 76, 177

undulata 18, 37, 57, 76, 174, 177
Ranella 82, 287

californica 24, 25, 28. 31, 44, 63, 82, 287

muriciformis 248

plkala 248

spinosa 287

triquetra 248
Hexitharus secta var. cdulis 164
Rictaxis 77, 188

jmnclocalata 77, 188, 189
Rimula cucutlata 341

galcata 341
Ringicardium 74, 139

procerum 74, 1.39
RisKoa 83, 304

acutelirata 28, 44, 55, S3, 305

costulata 304
Riseoidie 83, .304
Rowtllia 197

radialn 1 97
Rupellaria 75, 155

lameAUftra 23, 37, 75, 155
Sanguiuolaria 76, 168

californica 161

nuttalli 27, 31, 37, 68, 168

(Nuttallia) nuttalli 168

sordida 161
Saiicavida) 76, 182
Saxicava cardiloides 154
Saiidomus 75, 151

aratus 18, 23, 25, 27. 31, 33, 37, 48, 55, 63, 75,
151

gracilis 151

uuttallii 151
(.13)

Scala 81, 262

bellaalriato 28. 44, 81, 26.3, 264

(Opalin) brjrealin 266

crebricoslata 22, 23, 24, 28, 44. .V). 6.3. SI. 263.
265

hempbilli 28, 44. 81, 263, 264

hiudsii 19, 22, 24, 28, 31, 45, 81, 263. 264, 265

indiauorum 15, 19, 22, 24, 2.5, 28, 31, 45, 81.
263, 264

pretioua 262

tincta 19, 22, 24, 2.5, 28, 31, .32, 45, 55, 63, 81,
263, 264, 265
Scalaria bdUuHrnta 263

hortalis 266

crebricoitata 263

hindsii 264

indianorum 265

var. lincla 265

Kuhcoronala 264

tincla 265
Sculidas 81, 262
Scapbaodridie 77, 192

Scaphopoda 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 47, 77, 185
Schizopyga cali/orniana 231

californica 231
Schizothcerus nuttalli 178

scopali 75

ponderosa 75
Scrobicularia hiaugutala 160
Srurria mitra 318
Scatella 71, 91

excentrica 91

(Echinarachiiius) exceutricus 91

iuterlineata 16

sirialula 91
Scutellidae 71, 91
Seila 82, 290

assimilata 19, 45, 82, 290
Selachii 85, 346
Semele 76, 165

decisa 21, 23, 27, 31, .38, 63, 76, 165, 166

pulchra 27, 31, 38. 63, 76, 166

var. montereyi 18, 38, 76, 166
Semelida? 75, 165
Septifer 73, 119

bifurcatus 18, 38, 119

heberti 119

lampe 73
Serpulorbis S3, 299

arenaria 299

squamigerus 19. 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 45, 63,
83, 299

(Vermicnlaria) 299
Sigaretns 84, 316

debilis 31, 45, 84, 316, 317

neritoideus 316
Siliqua 76. 172

californica 173

Incida 18, 21, 27, 31, 38, 63, 76, 172, 173
nuttalli 173

Jane », 1903.

118

CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OP 8CIENCE8.

biliquk pululn 76. 173

Tar. iiiilUilli 27. 3t>, 63. 172. 173

mtiintn 172
Sittqunrin eittntuln 168
SiphoimliK 79. 22!)

kellcttii 25. 28, 31. 4:>. 63, 68, 7!t, 229

iiotluBa 229
Siphoiiium (Ihndroiiomn) liliirlln 299
Solnriollft 84. Xii

oiiiiiriB 1,5, 45, 67, 3.14

ori/hiuin 334

perniiinbilis l,'), 4.5, 67, 8.5, 334, 3,35
SoUcurtu-< rtili/orniiinuA 169

tuiUIti 172

nultalti 173

rniiinia 172
Soleu 76, 171

gibbus 169

margiuatiis 171

radius 172

rosaceus 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 38, 63. 76. 171

sicanus 1.5. 17. 18. 21. 23. 25, 27, 31, 38, 76, 171,
172
var. rotnci'us 171
Soleiiacea 76, 171
Soleuid;i' 76, 171, 172
Soleuoconcbia 77, 18.5
Sphairflla lumitla 134
Sphtvjiia cali/ornicfi 180
Spiroglyphus 83, 299

litnella 24, 25, 28, 31, 45, 83, 299

spirorbis 299
Spirotropsis 79, 216

smithi 79, 216
Spisiila 76, 175

catilliformis 76, 176

falcnta 76, 174, 176
Slandella cnti/ornica 174

/nlcnta 176

nwiHtn 176
Stereosoniala 71, 90
Strephonn pedroana 221
Streptodouta 81, 262
Streptoueura 78, 198
Striotnrbouilla 81, 270

alpiua 270

muricata 81, 270

similis .SI, 270

steamsii 81, 271

torqnata 81. 271

rar. styliua 81. 272
Strongylocentrotns 71. 90

franciscanuB 20, 46, 71. 90

pnrpuratus 20, 46, 5.3, 63, 71, 90
Stylilerina 82, 295

tennisculpta 19, 45, 82, 296
Stylommatophora 77, 194
Surcula carptnU rinnn 202

perversa 200

tryoniana 203

TiiniogloMHa 82, 285
TaufluB 76, 169

califoriiiauiis 2:<, 25, 27, 31, .32, 38, 49, 65, 75,
76, 169, 173
Tapes 7.5, 149, 151

divmiim 1.50

ijraciliit 151

Inoiiiiata 27, 31, 38, 150

Ihifnlum 150

littorata 149

iiiontHUa 14.5

Btamiuoii 18, 21, 2.3, 2.5, 27, 28, 31, .32, 3.3. .38,
48, .56, 63, 68, 75, 1.50
var. ruilirnta 149

tcnerrima 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 38, 55, 64, 75, 151
TapeliniK 75, 149
TarauiB 79, 215

morchii 215

strongi 15, 19, 22, 31, 4.5, 79, 215
Teleodesmatia 7.3, 127
T(>lliim 7.5, 1.56

(dia 160

bodegousis 18, 21, 23, 25. 27. 31, .32, 33, 38. 64,
68, 1.58, 159, 165

(Angulus) bodegeusis 158
buttoui 157

(Oudardia) buttoni 157

calcaria 161

douacina 156

emacerata 158

ids9 31, 38, 158, 1.59

(.\iigulus) ida! 158

imininata 162

laiiceolata 157

lata 161

lignmenlina 164

meyeri 160

{Anijulus) modeatus var. oblusut 157

niisutn 163

ohfusa 157

jwdroniia 157, 161

proxima 161

reticulata 165

rubescens 27, .38, 139

(Angulus) rubescens 159

(Mctrella) salmouea 1.57

secta 164

sordida 161

Btriata 158

siibuhan 161

lenera 161
Tellinacea 75, 1.56
Ttllhiella 158
Tellinidio 75, 156
Terebra 57, 78, 198

uebulosa 198

simplex 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 64, 198

(Acus) simplex 45, 198

variei/atn 198
Terebratalia 71, 92

ARNOLD — THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGItAPHY OF SAN PEDRO.

■}i;>

Terebratnliii lieuiphilli fli, 52, 5:t, 71, !)2. 03

uliKoIeta 9*2

smithi 1.5, 4fi, 71, »2, 93
Torolinitiili<lii« 71, U2
■I'orol.ridii. 7.S, 198
Tlmlotin 84, 327

cnfl™ 15, 19, 45, 84, .327

couicus .327
Thornoica 85, ,344
Thracin 73, 122

ou rta 1 22

pubosoeus 122

trapezoiiles l."). 17, 38, 7.3, 122, 123
Thracii.lii. 73, 122
Tbynsira 74, 1.35

bisecta 15, 17, 38, 6.5, 74. 1.3.5. 1,31!

(Cryptoilon) bisecta 14

ilcxuosiis 135

Kouldi 15, 17, 38, 74, 1.35, 1.36
Thijatirn blsecla 135
Tivola 74, 142

crassatelloides 18. 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 38, 64,
74. 143. \h-A
Tiirimtella 57

fasciata 188

punclocdlala 188, 189
Tornatina 77, 189

cerealis 19, 22, 28, 45, 64, 77, 189

coarctftta 189

culcitcUa 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 45, 52, 55, 64,
77, 190

eximia 15, 4,5, 77, 190

harpa 45, 55, 64, 77, 191
Tornaliuidin 77, 189
Toxocidn ris /ranciscn na 90
Toxoglossa 78, 198
Tracbycardium 74, 138

iiuadrigenarium 74, 139
Tresiis 76, 178

mnximiif! 178

iHittHlli 2,3, 2,5, 27, 31, .38, 64, 6S, 76, 17S, 180
Triforid^i 82, 290
Tiiforis 82, 290

ad versa 19, 45, 82, 290

perversus 290
Triifonella crfimaielloidcs 14.3
Trigoiria rrassntelloitlcn 143

sfultorum 14.3

tnntilla 153
Triton 287

ifihlinnus 28, 286

orrgontnur 286

(Prime) omjoiicnsis 286
Tritonidip 82, 285
Tritonium 82, 285

yibbosus 45, 82, 286

liiriiliim 256

orrijotiense 286

oregoueusis 68

(Priene) oregonensis 286

variegatus 285

Trivia 82, 288

califoriiica 28, 45, 82, 288, 289

i|iiadripiiiiolHta 288

holaiidri 45, 82, 289
Tr()cbida> 84, 324
TrorhiHchuH ronnjus .331

iiorrinii 331
'J'roehuH nnnutnCnx .329

aureolineluii 324

brunmitx 324

rnnaUcnhUHK .329

•■ontatiiH 330

funrhraVm ,325

Unllhia 326

(Monoilonta) ijidlinn 326

gibherosuK 321

inaquntis 321

liyulalus 327

liiridus 327

monlereyi 326

inUllijo 328

pu/iitlun 333

iiinloauK .322
Trophon 65, 80, 240

cerritensis 19, 31, 2.50

(Borcotrophoii) cerritensis 4,5. 249

clatbratus 249

craticulatiis 2.50

diapariliB 251, 253

gracilis 15, 19, 52, 251

(Boreotrophou) gracilis 45, 250

multicostatus 19, 28, 2.50, 251, 2.52

(Boreotropboii) miilticDStiitiis 4.5, 251

orpheus 68, 252, 253

var. prsecursor 15, 19, 45, 52, 253

pedroana 19, 22, 250, 2.52

(Boreotropboii) pedroana 45, 251

scalariformis 1.5, 19. 25, 56, 251, 252

(Boreotropboii) scalariformis 45, 2.52

stuarti 15, 17, 19, 4.5, 68, 250, 252, 256

(Boieotropbou) stuarti 2.52

teuuisculptiis 15, 2.53

(Boreotropboii) teniiisculptiis 45, 253

triaugulatus 19, 254

(Boreotropboii) triangnlatiis 45, 2.54
Triineiiria corrmjata 241
Trygonida. 8.5, 346
Turbiuid.i' 84, 321
TnrbiiiolidiP "I, 86
Turbonilla 55, 64, 81, 269, 281

adleri 19, 45

(Pyrgolampros) adleri 280

arnoldi 19, 45

(Pyrgolampros) arnoldi 279

nspern 291

aurantia 19, 22, 28, 31, 45

(Ijincea) aurantia 272

(Pyrgiscus) auricoma 274

crebritilatji 19, 22, 31, 45

(Pyrgiscus) crebritilata 276

(Lancea) elongata 272

J 21)

CAUFOKNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

TiirboDilU gilib»i>n 19, 46

(P}r(;i«l«ui|)ro«) K>l>l>o8a 27(1

lAiiiiunta I!), 22. 28. 31, 4t>. .Vi

( Pyr);iiioulti(l laiuiuKtn 277

latifundia 40

(l*yrt(isoii8) latifundia 27.'>

lowei 19. 22, 28, .SI, 46, 27!>

(ryrgnlniupros) lowei 278
vnr. pedroana 279

mexicaUA 280

iiiiiricata 10, 22, 46

(Stridturbonillii) murioatn 270

pentalopha 19, 46

(Lanceal pentalopha 274

plicntula 269

flirntulut 269

Bimilis 19, 22, 31, 46

(StriotnrboDilla) gimilie 270

stearnsii 22. 23. 28. 31, 46, 270, 271

(SlriotMrhonilln) stearnsii 271

Bubcuspidata 19, 22. 28, 31. 46

(Pyri^iscus) subcuspidata 277

teuuicula 19. 22, 28, 31. 46, 276

(Pyrgiscus) tenuicula 275, 276

torqiiata 19, 46. 272

var. stylina 19, 22, 46, 271

(Striotarbonilla) torqnata 271
var. styliua 272

tridentata 19, 22, 31, 46, 52, 273

(Lancea) tridentata 273

typica 269
Turcica (Plijchatylh) cnfi-n ,327
Turckula citlnrix 3.34
Tarritella 83, 300

apicalis .300

cooperi l.i, 17. 19, 22. 24, 25. 28, 31, .32, 46, M.
55. 56, 57, 64, 83, .300, 301

jewettii 15, 19, 24. 25. 28, 46, 83, .300, .301

unngiihiea .300, .301

terebra ,300
Tnrritellida> 83, 300

Drolophcs 85. .346

balleri 28, 47, 85. 346
Urotalpinx cnncfllinus 257

VeDlIB rnrl'Zi 147

HiulifraKa 27, 147

(Chioiie) fluctiriasa .38, 147

i/ibboAittn 147

Kiiidia 27, 67, 147

(Cliioiii') giiidia .38, 147

kmnrrlryi 146

lamcllifera 149, I.W. l.'iS

la]>ioida 154

mnximn I.*) I

ueglecta 27, 31, 148

(Chione) ncglccla .38, 148

nullaVi 149

perlamiiKiiia 51, ,')2, 75, 146

ri.jidn 150, 151

rysonin 153

»ecuris 149

simillima 15, 18, 23, 25, 27, 31, 148

(Chioue) simillima 38, 148

ulnminm 150

Buccincta 23. 2'., 27. 31, 149

(Chione) succincta .38, 149

triiilillus 153

verrucosa 146
VermetidiP 83, 299
Vtrmdua si/iinini(icriii> 299
Vermicularia 19, 46, 83, 299
Vertebrata 85, 346
Verticordia 73. 126

cardiiformis 126

novemcostata 18, 38, 73, 126

oniain 126
Verticordiidif 73, 126
Vitrinella 64, 85, 335

anomala 3,35

williamsoni 19, 28, 46, 85. 335
I'll uf aria anprrn 257
Vola 57

detitala 104
i'otvaria nlhn 192
Volvarina 79. 222

varia 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 46, 64, 79, 222
Volvula 77, 191

acumiuator 191

cylindrica 19, 46, 64, 77, 191

Veneracea 74. 142
Venericardia 74, 128

barbareusis 15, 17, 18. 25, 27, 32, 38, 52, 74, 128

borealis 57

var. rrntriroia 128

planicostata 128

ventricosa 15, 17, 18, 38, 52, 56, 57, 64, 128
VeneridiP 74, 142, 147
Vencrinip 74, 142
V'nfrupii rorditri 155
Venna 75, 146

bisfcla 1 35

hrevitineala 149

ralifornica 149

callota 145

YoLiiiA 72, 99

amygdala 100

arctica 99

cooperi 27, 38, 55, 64, 72, 99. 100

impresan 99

myalis 99

scissnrata 18, 38, 72, 99, 100

ZiHPHXA 77, 183

criipnia 56, 184

gabbii 23, 2.'5, 27, 31, .32, .38, 56, 77, 184
Zizyphinux aiutulatus .329

canaliculalus 329

Jilosus 330
Zygobranchia 85, 336

lCt?»tinueti /rt}tn Stit^fui Pagt o/ Covtr.)

17. Phycological Memoirs. By Db Alton Saunders, pp.22.
21 plates.

18. The Phosphorescent Organs in the Toadfish Por-
ichthys notatus Girard. I5y Charles Wii.son Greene, pp. 24.
3 pliiles.

19. New Mallophaga, III. Comprising Mallophaga from Birds
of P.inama, ISmju California ami Alaska. Hy Vernon L. Kellogg. Mal-
lophaga from Birds of California. By Vernon L. Kellogg
and Bertha L. Chapman. The Anatomy of the Mallophaga.
By Robert E. Snoucrass. pp. 229. 17 plahs.

20. The Nature of the Association of Alga and Fungus
in Lichens. l!y Georce James I'eirce. pp. 36. i plalf.

2 I . Studies on the Flower and Embryo of Sparganium.
By Douglas IIoigihon Campbell, pp. 3S. 3 plalcs.

22. The Development and Phylogeny of Placenticeras.
By James Perrln Smtth. pp.60. 5 p/a/ts.

23. Studies on the Coast Redwood, Sequoia semper-
virens Endl. By George James I'kikce. pp. 24. i p/atf.

24. Description of Two NewGeneraof Fishes(Ereunias
and Draciscus) from Japan. By Davmj Starr Jordan and John
Otterhein Snyukk. Description of Three New Species of
Fishes from Japan. By David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin
Starks. pp. 10. 4 plates.

25. Notes on Coccidae (Scale Insects): Notes on Cer-
ococcus. By Rose \V. Patterson. New and Little Known
California Coccidae. By S. I. Kuwana. The Redwood Mealy
Bug ( Dactylopiiis sequohe sp. nov.J. By George A. Coleman. The
San Jose Scale in Japan. ByS. I. Kuwana. pp. 50. 6 plates.

26. Studies on Ciliate Infusoria. By N. M. Stevens, pp.44-
6 plates.

27. Coccidae (Scale Insects) of Japan. By Shinkai Inoki-
CHi Kuwana. pp. 56. 7 plates.

28. The Anatomy of Epidella squamula, sp. nov. By
Harolu Meatil pp. 30. 2 plates.

29. The Root-tubercles of Bur Clover (Medicago den-
ticulata Willd) and of Some Other Leguminous Plants.
By George James Peikck. |ip. 34. i plate.

30. The Net-Winged Midges (Blepharoceridae) of North
America. By Vernon L. Kellogg, pp. .S'j. $ plates.

31. The Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Marine
Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. By
Ralph Arnold, pp. 420. 37 plates.

Address,

CHARLES H. GILBERT,

Stanford University, California.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY

FROM

The Hopkins Seaside Laboratory

OF THE
LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY

x:x:x:ii

THE FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

By CHARLES II. GILBERT and EDWIN C. STARKS

[ Reprinted from the Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences

Vol. IV ]

Stanford University, California
1904

Contributions from tlic Hopkins Laboratory.

1. The Fishes of Sinaloa. Ry David Starr Jordan, pp.142.
29 platt'S.

2. On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebas-
todes. 15y Frank Cramkr. pp. 42. 14 plalcs.

3. The Fishes of Puget Sound. By David S. Jordan and
Edwin C. Starks. pp. 71. 29 plales.

4. New Mallophaga, I, with special reference to a Collection made
from Maritime Birds of the Bay of Monterey, California. By Vernon L.
Kkllogg. pp. 144. 15 plales.

5. Notes on Fishes, Little Known or New to Science.

By David Starr Jurda.n. pp. 4.S. 24 plalcs.

6. Notes on Fresh Water Fishes of the Pacific Slope of
North America. By Ci.oidsi.ev Rltter. Description of a New
Species of Pipe-Fish (Siphostoma sinalose) from Mazat-
lan. By David S. Jordan and Edwin C. Starks. Notes on Del-
tistes, a New Genus of Catostomoid Fishes. By Alvin Skalk.
pp. 29.

7. New Mallophaga, II, from Land Birds, together with an account
of the Mallophagous Mouih-Parts. By Vernon L. Kellogg, pp.118. 14
plates.

8. List of Fishes Collected at Port Ludlow, Wash. By
Edwin Chapin Starks. pp. 14. 2 plales.

9. Marine Fossils from the Coal Measures of Arkansas.
By James Perrin S.mith. pp. 72. 9 plalcs.

10. Scientific Names of Greek and Latin Derivation.
By Walter Miller, pp. 31.

11. A Morphological Study of Naias and Zannichellia.
By Douglas Hovghton CAMPnEi.L. pp. 68. 5 plates.

I 2. Geology of the Paleozoic Area of Arkansas South
of the Novacullte Region. By George H. Ashley. 31 cuts. 2
maps.

13. The Development of Glyphioceras and the Phy-
logeny of the Glyphioceratidae. By James Perrin Smith, pp.
28. 3 plales.

14. A Geological Reconnaissance of the Coal Fields
of the Indian Territory. By Noah Fields Drake, pp. 93.

15. Description of a Species of Fish (Mitsukurina
owstoni) from Japan, the Type of a Distinct Family of
Lamnoid Sharks. Bv David Starr Jordan, pp. 5. 2 plates.

16. The Development of Lytoceras and Phylloceras.
By James Perrin Smith, pp. 32. $ plalcs.

{C»HtiHUtii on Third Pa£t o/ Cn'fr.)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY

FROM

The Hopkins Seaside Laboratory

OF IHH

LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY

:x:a:>lii

THE FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

j'.v ciiARLios II. (;ii.i;i:Rr .\m> kdwix c. s'iwrks

[ Reprinted fruin the ML-m<iirs of the California Academy of Sciences

Vol. I\' ]

-Stamiiki) Umvkusitv, Califor.nia

1904

P R I-: V A r O R \' NO T E.

This memoir is the thirty-second of a series designed to illustrate investiga-
tions and explorations connected with the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct
of the biological laboratories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. These
investigations have been carried on by means of the assistance given by Timothy
Hopkins, Esq., of Menlo Park, California. This memoir appears in the publica-
tions of the California Academy of Sciences, the present edition being a reprint.

Olivkk p. Jenkins,
Charles H. Gilbert,

Directors Hopkins Laboratory.
Date of publication, February 6th, 1904.

Till'; riSlll'S OF PANAMA l]AV

( II AKI.ICS II. CILHICkl" AND i;i)\VIN C. STAKKS.

( 'oNTIATS.

I'l.ATIS I-XXXIII.

Introduction 3

List of New Speciks ............ 5

Systematic Account ok Sria iks ........... 5

General Remarks on Disiriiution ......... 205

Tahi.e of Distkiiuiion ............. 206

HlHIJOGRAPHY . 219

Explanation of I'i.aies ............ 228

Index ................ 293

iNTItODm^TION.

Thk iclitliyoloi;'ie history of Panama Bay falls naturally into three periods.
The first, heginnini;' with LSdO, depended upon the activity of Captain John AT. Dow,
whose collections, forwarded to tlie Smithsonian Tnstitiilion and to tiie British ]\rnseum,
were reported upon by Dr. Theodore Gill and Dr. Albert Gilnther. This early work
culminated in 1809 through the publication of Giinther's " Fishes of Central
America," which contains an admirable summary of the state of our knowledge at
that ilale, with valuable discussions of the fauiial relations of both marine and fresh-
water forms.

The second period was characterized by tbe work of Dr.' Franz Steindachner,
based in part upon liis own collections, in part upon material obtained through various
correspondents. No general summary was given by him, but the diagnoses of new
species, which ap[)eared in his series of "Notizen" and "Beitrage" (See Bibliog-
raphy), form a model of accurate and detailed work of that description.

1 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The third period lias resulted from investigations undertaken either direclly
or with the a-ssistanee of the I'niti'd States Fish Coniniission and the Smithsonian
Institution. Under their auspices Dr. Gilhert made in 1881 large collections of
the fishes of Panama, which served as the basis for luinu loiis papers by Jordan and
(Jilbert. A second and nuu-h larger eoUectioii, made by him in 1883, was nnfortn-
nately destroyed l)y lire, together with all lield-notes and the manuscript report the ii
ready for the printer. The only record of this material is embodied in a list published
by Jordan (1885). The new species indicated in llmt list remained, I'nr llic iimst
part, still undescribed and unrepresented in any museum at a period ten years lat(M!

The deeper waters oiT the Panama liay, out as far as the Galapagos Islands,
were thoroughly explored by the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross
in ISSS ;ind 1891. Reports upon the fishes thus obtained have been given by
Jordan and Bollman (1889), by Gilbert (1890 b), and recently in most admirable
and complete form by (iarnian (1899).

The following account of the fishes of Panama Bay is based primarily
updii material obtained in 189G by an expedition from the Leland Stanford .Inninr
Universit}', generously equipped and sent out by Mr. Timothy Hopkins of INIenlo
Park, California. The party consisted of ])r. C. H. Gilbert and Messrs. E. C. Starks,
C. J. Picrson and R. C. McGregor. During the six weeks (January 10th to Feb-
ruary 24th) spent in residence at Panama, an almost hourly inspection of the excel-
lent fish-market was maintained; the tide-pools of the reef were explored, and the
rocks and islands near the city were investigated by the aid of dynamite. The
effectiveness of the party became so reduced by illness during the last weeks of then-
stay, that they were unable to carry out that part of their plans which contemplated
the exploration of the Pearl Islands on the one hand and the rivers of the Isthmus
on the other. These localities offer still a rich field for investigation. Of the two
hundred and eighty-three marine species obtained, forty-three were new, and included
among them all but four {'ri/losurus sp., Cijnoscion sp., Scams sp., and (Hlharkltthij
sp.) of the still undescribed forms of the' list of 1885. Descriptions of many of
the new species have already ap[)eared in tlie different volumes of Jordan and
Evermann's "Fishes of North and Middle America," and full accounts of all
apjiear in the present paper.

We have admitted to our list all previous records of fishes from Panama Bay,
unless good reason exists for doubting their validity. Several general references to
"Panama," in Jordan and Evermann's work above cited, seem not to be based upon
special records, and arc rejected by us, even where there is a general probability of
their occurrence at Panama in view of the known range of the species. Of the fishes
obtained by the Albatross, we have included such only as were dredged within the
fifty-fatliom line. Even when thus restricted, the assemblage is found to contain
many forms which are rarely or never taken along shore, and seem to constitute a
sublittoral fauna of characteristic shallow-water species. The genera Priimofns,
SympJiurus and Diplectrum offer numerous examples of such species.

s

(ilLUKKT AND STAKKS— FISHKS OF PANAMA HAV

List of Nkw Species.

Types iif mII new species are deposited in the Iclitliyoloj^ical Collections of
tlir Leliind Stanford Jnnior Universitv, and hear the nnndiurs indicated in the

fol

list:

Carcharias velox 11 S',).'{

C;iich;iiias tirdali' 1 lSK-1

Carcharias azurcus 1 IS'.tO

Mylinhalis asperrimiis 1 l.S'.l't

Galcichthys xenaiulun 5821

daUMchthys fini'iiniamii WtSfi

lachysiinis (.•mmi-IaiU' oSl.S

Tachysurus evernianni (>70(J

Tachysuriis sleiiulachin-ri 7()2()

Pisooilunophis tlaspikitiis ")S20

M iiraMia cleiisydra (iS07

Anchovia rastralis 5812

Anchovia mundcola 5817

Anchovia naso 5816

Ancliovia starksi 5814

Cctcnuraulis c-iijfynK'ii 5815

Ht'miraini>hus saltator (i8()(i

l-'istiilaria corneta (i8(),S

Olitjoplites refiiljjens (i7'.)'.)

Hemicaranx zelotcs 5819

I'cprikis siiyderi 6800

Lobutcs paciticus 5883

I.utiaiiiis Jordan! 11988

Rhej^ina tliauniasiiMn 5978

Saijcnicluliys inordax (i809

Larinius clTiilncns 5520

Odontoscion xanthops 5519

Stfllifcr illccehrosus 551 5

Stclliffr zcstocarus 5518

Ophioscion sinnilus 55U)

Polyclcimis ijoodei 5517

Kqiics viola 5521

Pomacentrus jjilli 6803

HaliclKt-res macicrct^ori 6804

Xesurus lio|)kinsi 126( 1

Balistes verres 6805

Prionotus ruscariiis 6488

Microij()l)iiis niiratlorcnsis 651 1

Kvcrmannia p;inamensis (i5()9

Ratradioidcs boulengeri (5487

Porichlliys jfrccnti 6485

Hypsoblennius piersoni 6522

Homesthcs caulopus 5623

Family GTXGT.Yl\rOSTOMTD.E.

I. Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gmelin).

A single specimen taken, 27 cm. long. The body and fins are light brown-
ish, marked with small black spots about as large as pn]»il, those in front of dorsal
arranged rather iinit'orndy in cross-series. Snout unspotted. Lower side of head
whitish, unspotted.

Family GALEID.E.

2. Mustelus lunulatus (Jordun <£• Gilbert).

Platk I, Fig. 1.

Five specimens were secured seeming to agree in all respects with an indi-
vidual collected by Dr. Jordan from the type locality, Mazatlan. In a young male
53 cm. long the claspers do not project beyond the edge of the ventral fin ; in
another 64 cm. long they are fully developed, protruding beyond edge of ventral for
about 4 cm. A male from Mazatlan (68 cm. long) has the claspers undeveloped,
not reaching beyond margin of ventrals. This seems to indicate considerable irregu-
larity in the sexual development of the species. The young of M. lunulatus are as
yet unknown.

( a ) Januaiy 12, 1903.

6 CALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SrlKNCre

Tlic Pjiii:iiii;i specimens agree will willi llic niii;in;il ilcscri|ilii)ii nl' llic spccii's,
exri'pl ill tiio follosviiij:; ri'spci-ts: —

((() DistniK'o I'roiu iiisi-rtioii of lirsl dorsal lo aiidiior iunt nl pectoral '; (not
"alxnil .\ ") its tlistanee from lip of snout. Tliis tliscrepaiicy is due, however, to
an error in tlie original description. Mr. Hartoii A. I'ean has Icindly re-examined
the tvpe, and slates tliat tlie lirsl distance is contained ahonl '2t times in the second.

(b) Distance hetween dorsals 'J:\ to 2A times (not "2ii limes") base of lirst,
and 25 to 3i times ("a little more than :) limes") base of second. Mr. Bean
gives base of lirst dorsal 2ii and base of second doisal ■]\, in the interspace hi Iween
dorsals. This interval is therefore longer in the type than in any of the Tanama
specimens. The latter agree, however, with the Ma/.allan specimens above menlioiied.

A specimen of .1/. luiiiilalH>< in tlie United States National ISfiiseum (No.
46838), taken by the "Albatro.ss" at the moulh of the .\riileg(' Iviver, (iiilf of Cali-
fornia, has the proportions of the ty[)e. The base of the first dorsal, excluding the
tleshv hump which ju'ecedes the rays, is contained 2ii limes in the interval between
dorsals, the base of the second dorsal 'S-j times in this interval. It is evident,
therefore, that the size and relative positions of the dorsal lins niu>l be used with
caution for specific distinction.

((■) Middle of dor.sal base usually midway between axil of pectorals and
anterior insertion of ventrals, sometimes very slightly nearer pectorals. In none of
the Panama siiecimens is it nearer the base of the pectorals by a distance equaling
the diameter of the eye, as given in the description of thi; type (slightly less than
this in the type according to Mr. Bean).

Following are dimensions of a Panama specimen: —

tntn.

Total lensrtli 5:?o

Length of head 95

Length of snout » 4.^

Diameter of orbit '7

Length of spiracle ."^-S

Length of middle gill-slit '4

Distance from tip of snout to front of mouth 34.5

Distance from tip of snout to inner angle of nostrils 27

Distance between nostrils 14

Distance between angles of mouth 28

Distance from tip of mandible lo line joining posterior angles of lijjs 21

E.xtreme length of upjier lip 5-5

E.xtreme length of lower lip ■'^

Distance from tij) of .snout to base of pectorals 113

(ireatest width of pectoral base 23

Outer pectoral margin 7'

Inner |)ectoral margin 40

Distal pectoral margin 57

Axil of [xrctoral to base of ventrals 107

Snout to base of ventrals 230

Outer edge of ventrals 40

GILBEUr ANll ST AUKS — FISHES OF I'AN'AMA 1!AV 7

IIIIU.

Hiise of ventrais 27

Snout to base of dorsal tin proper, not including fleshy nd^e 167

Uase of first dorsal 51

Heij^ht of anterit)r niarijin of first dorsal (not includinjj fleshy huni|) at Ixise) 65

1 lei.L;hl of posterior niarj^in 2g

Distance between dorsals 125

Base of second dorsal 39

Distance from second dorsal to base of upper cautial lobe 52

I.enjjth of upper caudal lobe ^. no

I )istance from tip of cautlal to base of notch..' 41

Distance from base of notch to origin of lower lobe 75

Distance from orii;iii uf louir caudal lobe to base of anal 39

r.ase of anal 26

A specimen of Gakii>i ciiUfontlriii^ from Arngdalen;! liay, TiOwcr r'aliforniii
(No. I 104 L. IS. J. U.) compafcd witli J/. lannUUuA hits tlie f^iis less incised and with
iduiidfd anji-les, the snout broader and less pointed, the lips longer, about equaling
width of nostril, and tiic duisal more hack wart! in position, its base contained three and
one-fourth in its distance from snout. The angle of the mouth is also much greater.

G. c(d[fornicu!< ranges to the southward along the entire coast of Lower Cali-
fornia and throughout the Gulf of California, where it is found as.sociated with
.1/. liinii/atiis. Tt occurs doubtless at Mazatlan, althougii it has not yet been recorded
from that point. It was obtained by the "Albatross" in ]<S89 at San Quentin and
IMagdalciia bays on tlie outer coast of Lower California, and in Coneepcion Bay, San
Tjiiis (ionzules Bay, and at Station o02C) in the (Julf of California. The fietuses
reported from Guaymas by Evermann and .Jenkins (1S!>1, p. I'J!*), Mixier the name
of Gakus dorsall^, belonged to G. californicax, as is sulHcicntly evident from their
measurements.

3. Galeus dorsalis Gill.

I'l \TI I, I'lc:. 2.

Previous diagnoses have called attention to the low, comparatively little-incised
fins, and the short caudal. More conspicuous difTerences are found in tlie small size
of the eye, the large spiracle, and the large nostrils. The diameter of the eye is
contained 2; to 3 times in the distance from tip of snout to front of upper jaw. In
.1/. htmdatus of the same size, it is contained twice in this distance. The width
of the internasal septum is less than the distance from inner angle of nostrils to
margin of snout, while greater than this distance in I/, lunulalui^. The spiracle is a
long slit, I or more than I diameter of eye. The nasal valve is smaller than in
related species, produced mcsially into a narrow flap, the width of which does not
exceed \ witlth of nostril. The inner folds are also much simpler and smaller, and
fail to conceal the olfactory mcmljranc. The snout is narrower and sharper, with
the outlines less curved; it is also thinner, so as to a])pear whitish-translucent. The
pores on snout are much more conspicuous than in related species, and contribute to
give it a spongy texture; they are numerous on top and sides of snout as well as
below, and are clustered to form a consi)icuous patch below front of eye. The
shagreen is much coarser than in .1/. Innulntus.

8 CAMFOUNIA ACADKMY or SCIENCKS

I>nlli iH'i'tonils iiiid vi'iitiiils liavr lnoiid, loiiiuli'd oiitor iiiijilcs, aiitl liavc llio
posterior mai-^iiis straiulil <ir nearly stiai^lit wlioii the I'm is i^proad. Tlic pccrtoral
contrasts stronirly witli that of M. lunulntiis, wliere the outer iii)j:;le is proloii^cd, i;iv-
iiij^ tlic fin II falcate shape. Tlic tip of the pectoral reaches to or slij^htly heyoiid tlic
vertical from the middle of the dorsal bas(>. TIk! first dorsal is low, with roiindcd
anterior an^le ami j:;ently concave marf^iii, the anterior angle failinj; to reach the tip
of the posterior an.ij;le when the fin is declined. Hoth dorsals are longer in ])ropor-
tion than thev are in .1/. htnnlattif^, and tiie caudal luduncle as well as the caudal tin
shorter. The base of the second dorsal e(|uals in length the hack of cMiidal peduncle;
the base of the anal equals in length the lower side of the caudal peduncle. The
bases of second dorsal and anal are much shorter than caudal peduncle in .1/. /inii>-
ladiK. The angle of the lower eaudal lobe is rounded or slightly angulateil, nevei'
nciite, the outline very gently concave next the angle. The margin of llu' po-lcrior
lobe is broad, evenly truncate when spread.

Following are measurements of a specimen from Panama: —

mm.

Total lciii;th 4^'«

Length of head (to first j^ill-slit) «4

Lena^h .if head (to last gill-slit) 107

Length of snout 4'

Diameter of orbit 10.5

Length of spiracle 4

Tip of snout to front of mouth 3 '

Tip of snout to inner angle of nostrils 27

Distance between nostrils 11

Distance between angles of mouth 25

Distance from' tip of mandible to line joining posterior angles of lii)s 18

Extreme length of upper lip 7

E.xtreme length of lower lip 6

Tip of snout to base of pectoral 107

Width of [Xictoral base 24

Outer jK-ctoral margin 68

Inner pectoral margin 39

Distal jiectoral margin 47

Axil of pectorals to base of ventrals 105

Snout to base of ventrals 233

Outer edge of ventrals 36

Base of ventrals 27

Snout to base of first dorsal 152

Base of first dorsal 52

Height of anterior margin of first dorsal 53

Height of posterior margin of first dorsal 17

Distance between dorsals 100

Base of second dorsal 4 '

Back of caudal peduncle 41

Length of upjier caudal lobe 85

Tip of caudal to base of notch 3°

Base of notch to origin of lower lobe 62

Origin of lower lobe to base of anal 29

Base of anal 28

GILBERT AND S TAUKS — I'ISII KS OF PANAMA liAV 9

Tills species is known as yet only iVdin iIk; Hay of Panama. Like O. caVifor-
n'lciix, from wiiidi it dilleis widely in other respects, it has th(! yonnji allaclied to the
oviihut liv a placenla. Phe three specimens ohtained hy this expedition are all
females; oni; of tliein eniilains well de\(li)|M(| ynimi;'.

4. Galeocerdo tigrinus MulUu- <f- llenlc

Recorded from I'anama hy .loidan and liollman (l.SS!», p. 17!)), their speci-
men having- been collected hy the "Ali»atross." The s|>ccies was not seen by the
aulhuis.

5. Carcharias aethalorus Jordun .f- Gilhcrl.

Abniidanl at Panama, where it is used as food lhon,i:;li nut lii.i;hly prized.
Small specimens only were seen. In a male about !*()cm. lonj:;, the claspers are very
small, not reaching margin of ventrals. The teeth of both jaws are distinctly serrate
in these young examples, the serrie growing coarser towards base, equally present
on the two margins. The interspace between dorsals is 5 to (i times base of
second dorsal (excluding the Heshy ridge before lin), and the base of anal consider-
ably less than (1| in) its distance from caudal. Fn other respects the Panama
specimens answer well the original desciiplion.

6. Carcharias velox (Gilbert).

Pi.ATF. I, Fi<:. :!.

Carcharhins velo.w Cilhekt, Jordax iK: Kvermann, 1898, p. 2747.

Distin.y-uishaljle from other known sharks of the Pacific coast of .Xnierica by the exxessively
lony, sle-nder, acute snout, tlie slender body, and the very lono caudal tin.

I'rtcM-.i! iiortion of snout slinhtiy more than i '^ times width of mouth, 5 times distance
between nostrils, if, times width of snout opposite outer angles of nostrils, I J times interorbital
width, 2 ;J times distance from chin to line joining angles of mouth. Nostrils transverse in position,
the inner ant^le nearer nuiuih tlian lip of snout i)y a distance slii^htly less than length of nostril. Front
of eye equidistant from nostril and front of mouth, the middle of eye nearer angle of mouth than
nostril; diameter of eye less than nostril, slightly more than half longest gill-slit. Snout very porous.
Fokis at angle of mouth slightly long.r llian usual. (".ill-slits rather wide, the mi(klle slit if times
diameter of orbit.

Teeth of lower jaw very narrow, erect, very minutely serrulate, apjjearing entire except with
the lens. The species thus rejiresents a transition between Carcharias and the alleged genus
Hvpoprion. Teeth in upper jaw very oblicpie, witle at l)ase, with a deep notch on outer margin, the
terminal cusp rather narrowly triangular.

Pectoral broadly falcate, the anterior margin convex, the distal edge concave, lx)th angles
rounded. Tip of pectoral reaching a short distance beyond base of first dors;il. Anterior margin
of i)LCtoral 2 1 times the posterior (inner) margin, about \\ times the distal edge. First dorsal
inserted about the diameter of orbit behind a vertical from axil of pectoral; nearer iiectoral, therefore,
than ventral. The anterior margin is concave basally, convex on distal half, the anterior angle
rounded. The free margin is concave, largely owing to the much produced acute posterior lobe.
The vertical height exceeds the length of the base; the anterior lobe very high, extending beyond
tiji of posterior when the fin is declined, equaling \ leng:th of anterior margin of iiectoral. Posterior
margin of first dorsiil 3J in the anterior margin. Base of first dorsal contained 2\ times in interspace

10 CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCES

iK-twi't-n tlorsals; Ixisc of sccontl tlors;)! 65 tiiiu-s. Maij^in of second ilorsil ^(.iilly concave. I-'ront
margin low, tlie aii.yle l)roailly roiimled, l)aii'ly reaching;' jjosterior end of l)ase when (in is d<'clin('tl.
The posterior Iol)e is much produced and acute, shj^litly lonj;er than base of tin, tiie latter i^ in the
distance from its Ixise to front of c.uidal ]»[.. L'p|ier lohe of cauilal 35 in total length; the lower lobe
2 1 in the up|)er. Terminal loin.- of caudal 35 in the up|ier lohe. Anal larj^er than second d<«rs;il,
higher, with deeply incurved marj;in, its hise a little lonjjer, its orijj^in slij;htly in advance of that
t)f second ilors;il: the |K>sterior insertions of the two (ins nearly opiKisite. Length of mial base 1 i[
in its distance from anterior edjje of caudal pit.

Color bluish above, whitish or ).;rayish below. Free margin of pectorals narrowly white, tin-
anterior e(.l.i;e narrowly Ixirdered with black, which is most evident when seen from the outer surface,
the inner surface iK'inj,' dusky. The lirst dors;d is unmarked, the second dorsiil has the anterior lobe
diLsk\-. I'pjjer edije of caudal black, the lower marjLjin faintly dusky. I-'ins otherwisi- unmarked.

A single specimen, n female, 120 cm. Ions;, was procured in tlie Panama mai-
i<et. As preserved, it i.s partially skinned. 'I'lie following measurements were
taken when the specimen was intact, hefore jireservation. Where not exactly
aijreein<i with dimensions given above, the latter will be luinul nioie reliable.

iiiiii.

Tip of snout to insertion of dorsal .^13

Base of first dorsal 111

Distance between dorsals 2.Sa

Base of secc)nd dorsal 45

From second dorsal to front of caudal pit 73

FVont of caudal pit to tip of caudal 350

Tip of snout to axil of pectorals 380

Axil of pectorals to front of base of ventrals 283

Front of ventrals to front of anal 165

Front of anal to front of caudal pit 116

Girth at front of first dorsal 451

7. Carcharias cerdale (Gilbert, j

Pl,vtk II, Fii!. 4.
Carc/iariniis ccrda/c GihUKKT, Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2746.

Body moderately compressed, not elevated, the depth at front of dorsal iiut more than one-
fourth i;;-reater than the oblique anterior marjrin of the dorsal fin, less than the distance from the nostril
to the first gill-slit. Head depressed, the snout flattened, lony and narrow, acute. I^enjrtli of snout
beyond mouth J to ,'5 greater than distance l)etween angles of nioutli in all but one (the largest)
specimen, where it is slightly less than width of mouth; j to J greater than distance from tij) of lower
jaw to a line connecting angles of mouth; ^ to ,'0 greater than wiiltli of snout o])i)osite outer angle of
nostrils. Interorbital width equaling distance from tip of snout to front of eye in the young, to middle
or posterior border of eye in older specimens; less than half distance to tir.st gilI-oi>ening. Middle of
eye nearer nostril than angle of mouth by i to ^ its diameter. Distance from eye to nostril 1 or
slightly more than | distance from nostril to tij) of snout. Middle of nostrils much nearer front of
mouth than tip of snout. Nasal flap with a ver\- narrow, short, acute lobe, placed at end of inner third
of flap. Outer angle of nostrils nearly at margin of snout, the inner angles sejiarated by a distance
equaling or slightly exceeding that between inner angle of nostril and back of eye. Lips very little
developed, the lower entirely concealed in closed mouth, the \ipper visible as a very short fold.

Teeth in lower jaw narrow, erect, serrulate t)n both margins, more coarsely so toward base.
The serration is more conspicuous in the smallest specimens (45 cm.), and is obsolescent on some of

GILBERT AND STAHKS— FISHES OF PANAMA KAV 11

tliL- tfftli in adults. Ttvlli in npjKT jaw Imiadly triani;iilar, in (runt of jaw iiarrnwi-r and cTi-ct, those in
sides of jaw ^rowin); at once broader ami more ol)li((iie. The lateral teeth have a strong notch on the
outer side. Both marfjins are stronjfly .serrate, tlie serrations increasinjj t<jwarci biise, one or more of
those below notch sometimes enlarijeil and cusp-like in adults. Teeth about sj.

Cons|)icuous areas of larj^e and of small pores on under siile of head. Gili-o|)eninj.pi of
moilerate wiilth, tiie longest equalinj; distance lx;twcen eye and nostril, the fifth much shortened, al)out
J ieiij^th of tlrst. Kye small, e(|ualiiii,f lcni;th of nasal oi)eninn, i J to 2 in middle jjill-slit.

Pectoral short and I )roail, the ])oslerior niarj^in not slronjjly incurved. Tip of fin e.>itendinj;
to a vertical intersectinjj tlorsal base at origin of its fX>sterior third or fourth. Anterior margin of pec-
toral T, times length of inner or posterior margin, the latter less than width of base. First dorsal
begiiuiing biiiind a vertical from a.\il of jx-ctorals a distance about eciualing that which separates eye
from nostril. I'ree margin of tin gently concave, the anterior angle extending to a point midway
between base and tip of |3osterior lobe, when the fin is (ie|iressed. Hase of first dorsal 2i to 2^ in
inters|)ace ijetween tlorsals. Base of second dorsal 7 in intersjjace between dorsals, 2'j in its distance
from anterioi" inart;in of pit. Tlir origin of second dorsal falls over or i)fliin<i middle of anal base.
The fin is but slightly concave, with rounded anterior angle; its posterior angle much |)roduced; the
|)osterior margin e.xceeiling ba.se of fin, which about e(|uals length of anterior margin. Anal inserted
more anteriorly than second dorsal, its base longer, its margin much more deeply concave, the length
of basi' contained about li limes in its distance from lower caudal lobe. Lower caudal pit in advance
of the up])er. The cautlal is broad throughout, the lower lobe not falcate, slightly less ( ,'(, to J ) than
half length of upper lobe, which is about 4 J in total !inu;th. .Shagreen coarse.

Color varying from light to dark gray above, the i)elly and lower part of sides wliitish. Fins
all dusky or grayish, the caudal often with a l)lackish border. Pectorals with or without a black tip,
the latter when present not as conspicuous as in C. crlhalonis, usually not extended onto inner face of
fin. A specimen 73 cm. long has the claspers undeveloped, extending slightly beyond margin of
ventrals. Another s])eciinen, S5 cm. long, has the clas]5ers fully developed, extending beyond the
margin of the ventr.ils for ;i distance of 5 cm.

Al>iiiH];iiit at Panama, where nmncroii.s specimens wofe secured.

(J. curdale strongly resembles C- ((;(hn/(>nix, with wiiich it is associiited in the
Hay of Panama. It is distinguishable at sight by tlie narrower gill-.slits, broader and
less falcate fins, and by the mtich less cons|ii('noiis l)lack tips to the pectorals. The
dentition is very dissimilar in the two, and makes it necessary to arrange them in
different parts of the genus, C. cerdale belonging to the subgenus FlnUjpndon.

8. Carcharias azureus sp. nov.

CaZON AZLi-.

Pi.ATK II, Fh:. 5.

Snout very short and bluntly rounded, its outline nearly p;irallel with cleft of mouth, the length
of its preoral portion i| to i| in distance between angles of mouth, constantly greater than distance
from chin to line joining angles of mouth, and very slightly {\ to y'j) less than distance between
inner angles of nostrils. Width of snout opposite nostrils equals distance from angle of mouth to first
gill-slit. Eye nearer mouth than nostril, nearer nostril than angle of mouth. Outer angle of nostril
midway between tip of snout and middle of eye. Eye small, its horizontal diameter J nostril ojjening.
Nostrils converging along lines which meet a short distance behind symphysis. The anterior margin
is produced into a short, triangular flap. Width of mouth equaling half length of head in front of
gill-slits. Gill-slits wide, equaling or slightly exceeding the distance from eye to nostril, about equaling
length of branchial area. Two very short diverging furrows visible at angle of mouth, one representing
as usual the obsolescent upper lip.

12 CAMl-oliNIA ACADEMY OF Sl'IENCES

Tfi'th in npiHT jaw brtiadly trian.i;iilar, (iMiiiur, tin- antfiior vi\y,v ni-ntly coiivrx, ihr iniUT
Hfiitly concavi- ami often willi a sliijlil nutch tlivulinj^ tlic niarj;in into cciiial jxirts. Tt-itli in lower
j.-«w erect, narrowly lanceolate from a broatl base. All the teeth are stronjjly serrate on Im.iIi mars^jins.

IVotorals lonjj anil wide, concave i)osteriorly, hence a|>|K'arinjj; falcate, their tips extendinj^
slightly iK-yond kise of first dors;il. Both angles are broailly rounded. ri)per niarjiin of jxctorals
3i to 3i times lower marjjin, and i J to ij times the [xisterior marjjin; its len.i;th etjuals that of luad
in advance of first i^ill-slit. A line joininjj; a.xil of |M'ctorals pass<-s in front of origin of first dors.il a
di.stance ei|ualinj; iliaineler of orbit. Hase of first dorsal contained i^ to i!, times in anti-rior niari;in
of fin, and ij or ij times in the intersp;ice Ix-tweeii dorsals.. l'|)i)er margin comavi-, llu- jxjslerior imi
little |)r(Kliiced, contained 35 to ,^J times in anterior margin. .Second dorsil inserted well in advance
of anal, the lenj^th of its base contained 2\ to 2'^ times in base of first dorsal. 4I to 4^* times in the
inters|wce, i-| to il times in its distance from front of ciudil |iit. rostirior lol)e of .second dorsal
extends nearly half-way to oriii;in of ii|)per caudal loi)e. l-'ront of anal under end of first third of
ilors;il Ixise, the two fins nearly eipial in leiimth, the anal |K'rhaps sli,i;htiy the longer. Mari^in of anal
much more dee])ly concave. Distance from anal to orii^in of lower caudal lobe contained 1 I, limes in
distance from .second dorsal to orit;in of u])|K'r caudal lobe. Caudal slitihtly exceedini; j liie total
Ieni;th:the lower lobe with rounded ans,de apiK-arinj^; l>lunlly falcate, ct)ntained 2| times in upper lobe.

Color uniform lijjht blue or bluish sray above, white below. Caudal anil second dorsal i>iack
margineil; the lower caudal lobe anil ilislal half of ]x-ctoral lariiely blackish.

This species is well known lliough not abiuuliint at Panama, and is more liij;lily
prizeil as food than other sharks. It appeared in the market on two occasions during
the stay of the expedition, and three specimens were preserved, measiirinti fntm !(2
to 05 cm. Two of these are males with the claspcrs quite undeveloped, not nearly
reaching margin of veiitrals. The species is said to ii^ach a large size.

('. nznreits is extremely near C. nicai-ar/nenaif^, from Lake Nicaragua and its
outlet, the San Juan River. Dr. Jordan has kindly conijiared the aiK)ve description
with a specimen of C. nicnraguensis (No. 8091;}) in the United States National
MuseniM. The latter has a longer and wider snout, the lengtii of which is eoutained
11 in its preoral portion, its width opposite the nostrils equaling the distance from
the angle of the mouth to the third gill-slit. The base of the first dorsal is I tlie
interspace between dor.sals, and the base of the second dorsal is contained 2.', times
in the first. The lower caudal lobe is contained 2s in the upper lobe. Tiic iicctoral
is but faintly dusky. These differences are not great, liut tin ic lias been no
opi>ortunity to make a direct comparison. Tu view of the exceptional distriliulion
of C. )uc(irit(/ue)isix, known only from fresh waters, which belong to the Atlantic
slope, it has not been thought wi.se to make the identification.

9. Scoliodon longurio Jurdmi <£• Gilbert.

Aitundant ,'it Panama, where six speciiuens were (ilitained. Tlic Icngtii of (he
base of the first dorsal is contained 2J to nearly 3 times in the interspace between
dorsals, not 21 times, as stated by Jordan & Evermann (l.SOC), p. 42). The teeth
are not at all serrate in the Panama specimens; the thin margin is .sometiiues gently
sinuate, but never toothed.

GILBERT AND STAKES— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY l3

Family SPHYRNID.E.
10. Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaus).

Reported for the fir.st time from the Pacific Coast of America hy the Hopkins
Mazathui Expedition (Jordan. 1895 h, p. 383), whicli secured a single specimen.
Although overlooked by previ(Mis ob.servers, the species seems to he nut rare
at Panama.

Three sjjeciraens were preserved, each about -30 cm. long. A number of
larger specimens were seen, from one of wliidi were obtained a number of fully
developed embryos. These measure about 20 cm. in length, and exhibit perfectly
the reniform shape of the head characteristic of this species. The groove forward
from the nostrils is better developed in the embryos than in older individuals, being
considerably more prominent even than in S2)eciraens of <S'. indes, 60 cm. long. In
examples of S. tiburo, 60 cm. long, the prenasal groove is but little less distinct than in
S. titdpf< of the same size. In the Panama specimens of S. tiburo there is a more
decided fold at the angle of the mouth. In S. tiburo the head is both longer antero-
posteriorly and wider than in S. tudes, the greater length being in large part due to
the greater convexity in the curve of the anterior profile. Thus in *S'. tiburo a line
joining inner angle of nostrils cuts off the anterior ^ of the snout; in 6'. tudes,
the anterior | only. The angle between anterior and lateral margins of head is
more obtuse in S. tiburo, owing to this increased cotivexity of the anterior profile.
The angle is as distinct, however, as in S. tudes, and the current statement con-
cerning S. tiburo, "anterior and lateral margins of head confluent into a semi-
circle," is by no means justified.

II. Sphyrna tudes (Cuvier).

In common with other species of "Hammer-heads," -6'. tudes is frequently
brought into the Panama market. It is undoubtedly abundant along the entire
Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America. Several specimens were secured.

12. Sphyrna zygaena {Linnaus).

Still more abundant than the preceding species, appearing in the market
almost daily. Several specimens were obtained.

Family SQUALID.E.

13. Squalus sucklii (Girard).

Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 54) suggest that a single species of Sgualus
may be found to extend from the coast of California {S. sucklii) to Chile {" S. fernan-
dinus"). In that case, it would be to this species we should assign the Panama
record given by Giinther (1868, p. 396).

^ 3 , March 2. 1903.

14 CALIFORNIA Ai;ADi:My OF SCIENCES

Family PRISTID.E.

14. Pristis zephyreus (.lonUni .{'• Slarh).

A saw, SO cm. loiif^, was iiniciucil I'rosli in the marki't. A yoiiiij:; spccimoii
t'litiro, '.'U cm. in (otal length, was taken in fresh or slightly hrackish water in a
tributary of tlie Rio Grande at Miraflores. The smaller specimen agrees well with
the ty|.e of the Species.

Some statements in tiie original description which might lead to confusion
are explained or corrected below.

The teeth are all deeply grooved behind, the groove with sharply trenchant
edges. In both of the Panama .specimens the teeth are in 22 pairs. The inter-
spaces between the hind teeth are 4 times the base of teeth in the yonng, 21 times
in the adult. The length of the front teeth is slightly more than 1 the breadth of
the saw between them in young, 2^ in this width in adults. Distance between first
and second tooth 2} times base of first in young, twice base of first in adult. Width
of mouth slightly less than distance between tips of hinder teelli. The "slant
height of pectoral " of the original description includes the anterior margin of
the whole pectoral mass, from its angle forward to a i)oint just behind eye. The
"lower lobe" of caudal is the distance from anterior insertion of lobe to tip of fin.
The saw in the type is 28 cm. long from base to tip, ol cm. from tip of saw to front
of nostril.

Family RHINOBATIDiE.

15. Rhinobatus leucorhynchus (Gunther).

Seen on two occasions only.

The relationship is extremely close between this species and B. gluucostigmn,
which is abundant at Mazatlan. B. leucorhynchus has no slate-colored spots on the
back, and no black blotch on the under side of the snout. The rostral ridges are
much narrower, and the rostral cartilage ta])ers more anteriorly. The snout is
broadly triangular, with almost perfectly straight sides, which are slightly concave
near tij), making the latter narrow and sharp. In R. glaucosiigmn, the rostral outline
is slightly concave from its base to near the tip, where it becomes convex, thus
making the terminal portion of the snout broader and more bluntly rounded. The
posterior gill-slit is narrower, contained 1| times in the fourth slit. In other
details of structure, the two forms agree very closely, the proportions of disk and
fins, the size of eyes, nostrils, and mouth, and the character of nasal flaps being
wholly similar.

B. gluucostigma has been considered the northern representative of B.
leucorhynchus, but is now recorded from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil
(Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIII, p. 1). Its discovery at Panama is therefore to be
expected.

GILBEUT AND STARRS — FISHES OK PANAMA BAY I'j

i6. Zapteryx xyster {Jordan <C- Evermann).

Kniiwii niilv liuiii ilic tvpc .specimens, collected hy I'luf. !•'. II. Miadiey at
I'.-Iii;iiii:i, ill l.Slili.

Family KA.IID.K.

17. Raja equatorialis (Jordan <£• Bolluiun).

KiK.wii only from the type, wliicli was ilredi^ed ijy the " Aliiatros.s " in ISSH,
at Stalioii •J7!»7, in liic liny of Panama, at a depth of tliirty-tliree fathoms.

Family NARCOBATID.E.

18. Narcine entemedor {.Jordan .f- SlaHx).

Not rare at Panama; live .-specimens seen in the market. ()l}tained al.so Ijy
Dr. (lilbert at Panama, in 1883.

The interorhilal widlli is less than ,<;'iven in the original description. The
least width of frontal cartilage between the eyes is contained three times in the
preocular portion of snout; the distance between the eyes IJ. The longitudinal
diameter of the eyeballs, which somewhat protrude, equals or slightly exceeds the
diameter of the spiracle. The spiracle is horseshoe-shaped, the eye entering its
anterior border; everywhere except in front it is surrounded by a raised border
which bears a single scries of small tubercles. Series of pores are conspicuous on
ui)per surface of snout, each pore often surrounded by a dark ring; a j)air of much
larger pores near middle line behind spiracles.

A deep fold of integument surrounds the lower jaw posteriorly, growing very
low as it surrounds angle of mouth, and passing anteriorly to join the base of the
frenum of the nasal valve. Laterally it is concealed by a still ileeper fold, which
overlajis it postero-laterally and is continuous anteriorly with the inferior na.sal valve.

19. Discopyge ommata {Jordan d- Gilbert).

Not seen by the expedition. First taken by Dr. Gilbert at Panama, in 1882.
The type is from "Albatross" Station 2795, in the Bay of Panama, at a depth of
thirty-three fathoms.

Family DASYATIDJ-l
20. Urolophus halleri {Cooper).

Not seen in 1896, but reported on previous occasions. U. umbrifer Jordan
and Starks is one of the many color forms of this species. U. nebulosus has been
ascribed to Panama (Jordan & Evermann, 1896, p. 81), but no authentic record of
its occurrence can be found.

16 OALIFOliNIA ACADKMV OF SCIENCES

21. Urolophus mundus (<iill).
Urohphus aslerias Jordan & (.iihkkt, iSSj /«, p. 579.

The types of V. arteritis, obtained by Gilbert at Mazatlaii and Panama in
liSSl, were originally identified a.s U. mundus, but were afterwards distiiij^uisbed
because of disagreement with the description of U. mundus, the types of the
latter being lost. The discrepancies do not now seem very important, liowcvcr,
and it seems sjife to identify U. mundus with tlic present species, which is abundant
from Panama to the Gulf of California.

r. niuudus was thought to ho di.sliiigui.-;hud from other species, inchidiiig
D. asterias, by the short caudal spiiu'. posteriorly inserted. If, however, the original
description refers to the posterinr point of insertion of the caudal spiiif, it agrees
with r. astfri(xs. Measured in that way, the insertion of the spine is usually behind
the middle of the tail (measured from anus), and the length of the spine equals
distance between snout and nostrils. U. mundus is .said to have the skin " beset with
numerous small stelliforra tubercles, larger on the dorsal region," but no mention is
made of the row of large spinous tubercles on median line of back and tail, cliarac-
teristic of U. asterias. In U. mundus the distance of snout from hinder margin of
pectorals is said to equal the width of the disk, while in U. asterias the disk is
constantly somewhat wider (A to ys)- If another species be discovered at Panama,
with disk as wide as long, with stelliform prickles but with no median series of
spines, tlie case will have to be reconsidered.

Five specimens were obtained by the expedition at Panama; three of them
are males. The females are 42 and 31 cm. long, and contain embryos about
two-thirds grown. The coloration in all the specimens is uniform dark brownish
on upper side of disk, without the faint dusky spots found in a Mazatlan example.
The fringe on velum is ranch less conspicuous in the Panama material. None of
the specimens approach the closely related U. rogersi Jordan and Starks, which is
undoubtedly distinct.

22. Urolophus goodei {Jordan & Bollman).

Not obtained by the expedition. The types were dredged by the "Albatross"
at Station 2795, in Panama Bay, at a depth of thirty-three fathoms. Jordan and
Evermann (1896, p. 81) state that this species was taken in Magdalena Bay, Lower
California, but the present writers are unacquainted with the record. Boulenger
(1898-9, Vol. XIII, p. 3) lists it from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil.

23. Urolophus aspidurus (Jordan & Gilbert).

Abundant at Panama, where numerous specimens were secured, all but one
of which are females. One contains embryos full grown.

The following corrections and additions may be made to current descriptions:
The disk, taken to posterior margin of pectorals, is constantly a little broader than
long; its length being less than that of tail measured from posterior insertion

o

GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 17

of ventrals. The amount of exsertion of the snout is very variable, the protruding
portion hi'.'xnv^ sometimes short and broad, sometimes lontj and narrow. The
distance from eye to tip of snout is o\ or 05 in disk, measured as above. The
posterior insertion of caudal spine is very sligiitly in advance of middle of
till! (measured from anus). The bucklers on tail vary in the present speci-
mens from one to seven (eiijht in one of the types); they have not appeared
at birth, and are still undeveloped in a young specimen 15 cm. long. It will
probably be found that there is always a regular series of seven or eight of these
when they first appear, a variable number of them falling off later. In the adults,
tho.se remaining are usually unequally spaced, the interspaces often showing the
scars of the lost bucklers. Minute asperities seem to be constantly present (at least
in females), and are most numerous in a .strip extending along the median line of
disk. The teeth are much as in d. mundas, but are much more deeply grooved.

In females the teeth are flat without cusp, each tooth with a deep transverse
groove, the hinder margin of which is elevated to form a ridge crossing the tooth
transversely behind its middle. In the male, each tooth has a long acute median
cusp; those in the upper jaw deeply grooved from base to tip along their anterior
face, those in lower jaw transversely convex. In U. 7nunduf> the cusps of upper
teeth in the males are provided with shallow grooves on basal portions only, and the
transverse grooves on the flat teeth of the females are shallow, and followed by a
lower transverse ridge. In embryos of U. aapidarus, the inner margin of spiracular
rim is much elevated and produced anteriorly into a long slender coiled lobe, pos-
teriorly into a much shorter [)rojection. All trace of this raised rim disappears in

the adult.

24. Dasyatis longa {Garman).

Not rare. One female specimen preserved.

Anterior margins of pectorals gently concave along the middle, becoming
convex toward tip of snout, the latter abruptly projecting. The cutaneous fold on
lower side of tail is low, not over 3 mm. in height; it begins opposite the anterior
insertion of caudal spine, and is evident on about half the length of the tail. An
extremely low ridge on back of tail behind caudal spine. The tail is very rough
behind the caudal spine. A series of 34 coarse, spinous tubercles on median line
of back, the three largest at intersection of median line with shoulder-girdle.
Opposite this point are two short series of much smaller tubercles converging slightly
backward. In addition to these, the interorbital region and the median area of back
contain numerous stellate prickles, but few of which are behind the shoulder-girdle.

mm.

Length of disk 355

Width of disk 420

Tail (from anal slit) evidently broken 79°

Tip of snout to middle of nasal flap 80

Outer edge of ventrals "°

.Anterior margin of pectorals 260

Longitudinal diameter of eyeball 20

Length of spiracle ^5

Width of cartilage between eyes 3^

18 CALIFOHNIA ACADEMY OF St'IKNUES

Material is not al liaml lo (Iccidc tlio ri'latioii l)et\veen D. foiu/n and D.
Jipleiiiiti. The specimen lifted l)y -lordan (l.S!)") A, ]>. ;}.S9) from Afazatlan may bo
the latter, if the two species are distinct. In one of the Mazatian specimens, witli
the disk 32 cm. loiiji, the upper surface is naked, except three small spines on middle
line near .-honlder-<iirdle. The tail is al.so naked, and possesses, in addition to the
verv hi.iih ontaiieons fold helow, a free upper fin-fold half the heiiiht of the lower.
Tl is prol)al)]e that the two species are distincl.

25. Pteroplatea crebripunctata (I'dcrs).

Three specimens seen at Panama.

The ]iroporti()ns of disk are not essentially diirfienl in /'. i-n'hr'ijiitiKiata,
I', rnvii, and /'. nnii-liirn. In all, the distance from tip of snout to front of anal slit
equals half the width of the disk (or a little li'ss than half in I\ rani); and the
extreme len<;lh of disk, from tip of snout to hinder mari;in of pectorals, is contaiiuMl
\l to IJ times in the width. A line joining angles of disk intersects very slightly
in advance of its middle a line from (ij) of snout to tip of tail.

P . crebripunctata and P. maclura are extremely close, differing princii)ally in
color, the marblings and spots being finer in P. maclura, and the lighter markings
brighter in color, more sharply contrasting with the rest. P. rava has a sharper
snout than the others, the rostral angle being, however, in excess of a right angle
(110 degrees). The type of P. rava is a male specimen, 29 em. long, with well
developed claspers and no trace of caudal sj^ine.

Family M VLIOJ'.ATID.E.
26. Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen).

Frequent]}' seen; three sj^ecinicns preserved, one of which has measurements
as given below.

Rostro-frontal fontanel nai'rowing anteriorly to opposite the hinder margin of
eyes, then abruptly expanding; its greatest width anteriorly, 21 mm.; least width at the
constriction, 13 mm ; greatest width posteriorly, opposite middle of spiracles, 18 mm.

mm.

Tip of snout to front of anus 323

Tip of snout to posterior margin of pectorals 365

Width of disk 615

Length of tail (broken) 1200

Greatest breadth of head (at anterior origin of pectorals) 106

Width at eyes (including the latter) 87

Width of cranium opposite middle of eyes 53

Width of snout opposite front of eyes 56

Length of spiracle 31

Tip of snout to middle of nasal flap 61

Width of mouth 44

Diameter of iris 1 1

The Panama specimens agree entirely with those described by Jordan (1895
b, p. 391). The com2)arative measurements given in the paper cited are often

GlLBEKT AND STARKS— FISHES OP PANAMA BAY 19

erroneous, as will appear l)v oomparinj; tiiein with the above. The size of the spots
is somewhat variable, and the length of the tail is unreliable, the latter being usually
more or less shortened by injury.

27. Myliobatis asperrimus (GUherl).

Pi.ATK III, Fig. (i.
Myliobatis asperrimus Gilbert, (Jgrda.n' & Evermann, 1898, p. 2754).

Upper surface of head aiul body, excepting the snout, an area on outer side of spiracle, the
|)ectoral marj^in and its posterior anyle, and the ventral fins, thickly covered with minute usually
stellate prickles of uniform size, most numerous on median portions of head and back; those on b;isal
half or two-thirds of pectorals are least crowded, and are arranj^ed in definite longitudinal series,
corrispoiuliny; with the muscle bands. The tail is very rough throughout, being covered with similar
stellate prickkrs. It is also crossed isy numerous narrow grooves, or inilented lines, mostly conve.f
forwards, sonu'whal irregular in position and direction, and not corresponding on the two sides. In
the type they follow at an average interval of about 10 mm. Lower side of disk mostly smooth, with
some prickles on the basal part of pectorals anteriorly, arranged in lengthwise series, and other patches _
on lower side of head, belly and base of ventrals.

Rostro-frontal fontanel scarcely constricted anteriorly, the bounding ridges diverging abruptly
at their anterior ends. Nasal flap with a shallow median notch, covering the mouth e.xcept the
median portion of lower dental plate, its posterior margin coarsely fringed. Teeth in each jaw in one
broad, median row, and three lateral rows; those of median row about five times as broad as long
antero-posteriorly.

The color is dusky-brown abo\e, the anterior portion of pectorals with eight or ten narrow,
transverse bars of bluish-white, most of which break u|) into series of spots towards outer margin of
disk, the posterior ones also breaking up towards middle line. The bars and spots are fainter
anteriorly, becoming whiter and more intense posteriorly. Towards outer angles of disTi the bars are
sometimes separated by intermediate series of light round spots. The bars usually fail to meet across
the back. The posterior portion of disk, including ba.se of tail and upper surface of ventrals, is
covered with nnuul white spots not much larger than jjupil; some of those immediately succeeding the
bars show a trans\erse serial arrangement. The top of head shows one or more pairs of indistinct
light spots. Margin of snout and of pectorals blackish. .Spiracular border black. Dorsal with a black
blotch posteriorly. Under side of head and disk bright white. Proximal portion of tail blackish above,
lii;hter below, the entire tail becoming black posteriorly.

mm.

Length of disk to front of anus 272

Length of disk to posterior edge of pectorals .'^3^

Width of disk 345

Length of tail (not perfect) 1215

Greatest width of head, at origin of pectorals 79

Width of cranium, between orbits 45

Width of snout, opposite front of eye 55

Tip of snout to middle of nasal Haj) 60

Length of nasal flap 26

Greatest width of nasal flap 35

Diameter of iris 1054

Width of mouth 33

Distance between anterior gill-openings 75

Distance between posterior gill-openings 45

Distance from anterior to posterior gill-openings 45

Length of spiracle 26

Length of fontanel 60

Greatest width (at anterior end) 23

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Olio spociincn takon, a nialo. with mulovcloppd clas])ors wliicli do not iionrly
reach the edj^o of ventiiils.

Family STLURID.E.

28. Felichthys panamensis (Gill).

Ahmuhiiit. ( )t" till' six specimens {jreservetl, three are males ami tinee
females, all being of nearly equal size. The specimens ilo not dilTcr aceordin;:; to sex
in the shape of the dorsal buckler as extensively as is indicated in Steindachner's
figures (187G b, Plate II). Furthermore, such diflerence as exists is in the opposite
direction to that observed by him, as the ijiickler is lai-ger and prnportimially
somewhat wider in the females than in the males. More obvious sexual differences
are found in the length of the ventral fins and in the shape of the anal. In females,
the ventrals are long, constantly extending beyond the front of the anal. In males,
tliey fail to reach the front of the anal fin. In females, the anterior portion of the
anal fin is produced, forming a j^rojecting lobe, thus giving a strongly concave arch
to the posterior half of the margin of the fin. In males, there is no lobe, and the
margin of the fin is nearly or wholly straight. This diflerence in the shape of the
anal was noticed by Steindachner (1876 b, p. 15), but was sujiposed by him to be due
to age and not to sex. Another sexual diflerence seems to exist in the size of the
head, which in the present specimens is less in the case of the females, 84 to 3|
(3| in males). The specimens taken range from 325 to 360 mm. in length.

29. Felichthys pinnimaculatus {Steindachner).

Negro encuero.

One of the most abundant food-fishes of the Panama market. Sexual peculi-
arities seem much less strongly marked thaji in F. panamensis.

30. Galeichthys lentiginosus {Eigenmann <L- Eigenmann).

Frequently seen; nine specimens preserved.

The species is at once recognized by the very long narrow occipital process,
by the depressed head, which is wide posteriorly and tapers rapidly forward to the
narrow pointed snout, by the very convex mouth, and the usually smooth head. In
the latter respect, however, there is much variation. The granulations may be confined
to the occipital process and the posterior part of occiput, and be faintly visible
where present, or they may entirely cover the crown forward to the interorbital
space. In tiie latter case, the pattern of sculpture is exactly similar to that figured
for Netuma planiceps (Steindachner, 1876 b, Plate IV), except that the granulations
are less definitely in series, and that an evident groove extends backward from
fontanel to near base of occi|)ital process. The dilference in roughness of the head
is dependent neither on age nor sex. The specimen with best marked granulations
is a female.

GILBERT AND STAUKS — FISJIES UF I'ANAMA BAY 21

Tlic iKirrow pointed snout, and lai-j:;e convcxly cnrvcd luunlli cuMilmiL' to
<;ive tlu- latin- a oonsiderahlo lateral ckd't, wlion seen iVoni llic side. 'I'Ih' leii<,'tli
ol' the Iioad is very constant, o,' to oi\ in lenj;tli, wlicn nieasiirod Ui niar;,dn of
opercniar nuinluane. Eyu :', to 3i in its distance from tip of snout. Tlie upper jaw
protrudes beyond tlic^ lower for al)ont tliree-fonrtiis the widlii (if tlu' tluek upper lip.
The maxillary barbels extend b(!yt)nd base of pectoral s[)ine, but not beyond its Itasal
third. I'ectoral pore variable, usually minute and detected with dillieulty, occa-
sionally an obvious slil.

The anal iin is very loni;-, with perfectly straight mar<.^in, the rays declining
regularly from the longest to the last. Five specimens iiave respectively 23, 24, 24,
24 and 2o anal rays, including rudiments. The anus is anteriorly placed, its distance
from base of ventrals ecpialing half its distance from front of anal Iin. All but one
of the speeinieiis are females, and have the inner edge of the ventrals and the upper
side of the iiiiiei' rays covered l)y a thickened fold of skin.

Light brownish in life, with blue and green reflections; the lower portion of
the sides coarsely punctate with brown. The fins are all dusky toward tips, the ba.sal
portions dull orange yellow. JNIaxillary barbels blackish, the others white. The
specimens answer well to the descrijition (»f the types.

It is evident that the relative smoothness of the liead cannot serve to distin-
guish tlio nominal genera Gakich(h)js and Hc.rtnieinntichfhi/s. The character is
de|>endent partly on variation in the granulation of the bones, [lartl}' on the amount
of thickening of the integument. Many species frmn dilTerent .sections of the group
show similar individual variations, according to which tlu^y might l)e placi'd in one
or the other genus. Tlie American spc^cies with villiform teeth and comparatively
narrow crescentic palatine patches will be ranged under the oldest name, Gnkichllujs.

31. Galeichthys peruvianus {Liilken).

This rare species was not seen. Described originally from Callao, it has been
recorded from Panama by Steindachner and by Gilbert, and from Altata, Mexico,
by Steindachner. It has not been procured by any of the numerous investigators
in northern iNIexico.

32. Galeichthys eigenmanni, sp. nov.

Pi.ATK IV, Fn;. 7.

This species, found in abundance at Panama, and idt'utilied with d. seemanni

by Eigenniaini and others, seems to be an uudcstTiiied species. G. seemanni is from

some unknown locality in Central America, not improbably from the Atlantic side.

It is described (Giinther, 18G4 r;, p. 147) as having the top of the hend Jinel;/

granular; the occipital process with a prominent ridge; vomerine [)atches of teeth

ividehj separated; and particularly as having the fontanel reaching to the base of the

occipital process. Dr. Jordan (1883, p. 282) has re-examined the type in the

British Museum for this last character, and has found it as described. In all these

respects the Panama specimens differ strongly, as shown below.

^^ ] Uucb 3, 1903.

22 CAI.irOUNIA ACADEMY OK SCIKNCKS

Hfail liroad anil flat, },j li> j,^ in Icnjjlli; its ilt.-|)lli at liasi- of occipital ])rocfSS 1 1 to i§ in its
k-nnth. The tior.s;il prolik- from ilors;il spine to li|) of snout nearly (apix-arinj; jx-rfcctly) straii,'ht.
Snout witie and tiepressetl, sharply \vedye-sha|x;d as viewed from the side; its lenj^h to a point <in iIk'
median line of head iK-tween anterior marjjin of eyes ,'^J to 4 in heail. The jjrefrontal does not form a
protuberance in front of eye as in (i. jordaiii m\A related s|)ecies, the contour of snout rising; uniformly
to the edfje of the dermal marj^in of eye. The interorbital area is flattened and wide; its width between
dermal supraorbital marj;ins 2 to 2 J in head. The to]) oi head is coarsely granular, the granulated area
estending forward usually to above middle of orbit in two diverging areas, se|j;irated by a triangular
continuation Ixickward of the naked or smooth area of .the snout. The length of the fontanel is
variable in the present specimens, but in none of them (U)es it reach the occipital |)rocess.' In two
specimens evidently abnormal, the groove is very short, extending only to the ape.x of the triangular
smooth area, which extends backward from interorbital space. Usually, howcser, the groove narrows
Ixickward uniformly, though sometimes constricted where it enters the granular area of the head, and
e.xtends to within J iliameter of eye of the occipital process. The occipital process is usually broader
than long; in e.xtreme cases it is broader than long by nearly the length of the basal plate of the dorsal
spine; from this it varies to only as broatl as long. The basal plate of the dorsal sjjine is twice, or a
little more than twice, as broad as long. The median keel is lower than in (i. planiccps or G. jordani;
in some S]x?cimens it is scarcely evident at the termination of tlie fontanel, hut grows stronger on the
occipital process.

The ma.xillarv barbel usually reaches base of ])ectoral sjiine; in one s]K'cinun to axillary pore,
in several about to middle of ()])ercle. Tlu' outer mental barbels often reacli but \ distance to gill-
openings, but sometimes e.xttMid beyond the latter. The vomerine patches of teeth usually meet on
median line, or are separated by a narrow groove only. In but one specimen (an adult male) are
they widely se|>arated (as figured byGiinther and Eigenmann). The eye is contained 6^ to 7 times in
the head, measured in a straight line from median tip of snout obliquely above eye to gill-opening.

As in other related species, the head is longer and the \entrals shorter in the male, the ventrals
overlapping front of anal in females and provided with a very large fold of the integument. In the
females the black of the ventrals passes gradually into the lighter margin. In males the transition
between the two areas is abrupt. In five specimens examined, the gill-rakers are 5-|-io, 5-}-io,
6+10, 5+11, and 5+12. The pectoral pore is a long slit. The jjase of adipose fin is twice or
nearly twice diameter of eye. The dorsal has 7 soft rays, and the anal 17 or 18. The length of
the jjectoral is \'ery variable; measuring from base of spine to tip of soft rays, it is contained from
I 5 to I i in head.

I'^roiii G. jordani niid other fclated species, G. eigenmanni can be at once
recognized by the wider, flatter head, especially the more depressed snout, the smaller
eye, tiu- rougher liead, and the less evident carina on the occipital process.

Three males and nine females were preserved.

It is not clear what species from Santa Helena Bay is referred to by Boiilenger
(1 8U8-yy, Vol. Xnr, p. o) tnnler the name Avina seevKinni. From his statement
"Le Gnk'ichih>/!< (jl/hcrti Jord., n'en est pas separable," we are disposed to believe that
he had before him specimens of G. jordani rather than G. L'igen))ianni.

33. Galeichthys jordani {Eigenmann <£■ Eigenmann).

Two specimens were obtained 250 and 345 mm. long. The larger individual
is a female, with elongate ventrals overlapping the front of the anal fin, and provided

' From n drnwing kiudly commuuicated by Professor Garman, it is learned that Eigeumauu's material in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology agrees with the present specimens in the length of the fontanel groove.

GILBERT AND STARRS— FISH F.S OF PANAMA HAV 23

on the upper surface of tlie inner rays willi ;i iiuu'li thickened foM of tlic iiiULru-
inoiit, as in (}. ])l<i(ijii(Kjon and G. oujciunnnii'i.

'i'lic spcrinicns taken a<;ree well with Ei,i;riimainr~ ili-ciiplii)ii of tiie types,
except in tlic size (if the [talatine patcii nf teeth, whieli is in a(hdts about as hirj^e as
in G. eigennutmii, and many times the size of the small vomerine patcii. It is probaljly
true of this species, as of G.fjUherti from Mazatlan (Jordan and (Jill)ert, 1S82 h, p. 47.
under Arms nssimUix), that the palatine hands vary "considerably in size and some-
what in form, the width ranjiing from \ diameter of eye to 1, beinj:; jrenerally larj^er
in adults." Eigenmann's type of G. jordnni was an immature specimen. In the
smaller of our specimens the palatine patch is much less developed than in the
adult, thoMi:;h somewhat larger and more ovate than in Ei<renmann's fii^nre.

In both of the specimens taken the fontanel groove terminates a very short
distance in advance of the base of tlu- <icci|>ilal process, not reaching the base of
process as described by Eigenmann.

The gill-rakers number 5 + 11 and 5+12, the most anterior being very minute,
if tlie one at the branchial angle be reckoned with the vertical series instead of
the horizontal, as above, one of the specimens will have the formula (5+10, as com-
pared with Eigenmann's type 6 + 9.

Comparing the Panama material with the co-types of G. (jUberti from Mazatlan,
it is impossible to detect any appreciable differences, unless possildy in the color,
which is lighter in the jMazatlan specimens. G. f/i/berti is said to lack the i>ectoral
pore, but in reality possesses a minute rouml pore, as is evident in the co-types exam-
ined. The adidt G. jordnni from Panama has the pore likewise minute, while the
younger example has a considerably larger, slightly elongate opening. The width
of the mouth is the same in the Afazatlan and Panama specimens; measured exter-
nally, at the posterior labial angle, it equals the distance from the tip of the snout
to the hiniler margin of the pupil, and is contained 2| to 2| times in the length
of the head.

The two would be united without question, were it not that the co-types of
G.gilberti (three in number) agree perfectly among themselves and differ from the
Panama specimens of G. jordani in having the occipital plate much wider, more evenly
roundeil in transverse section, and with a much lower keel. The occipital plate is,
in each of these specimens, wider than long l)y half the width of the basal plate of
the dorsal spine. In G. jordnni the width of the occipital plate is J or I its length.
This plate is also much more sharply keeled and more densely granular. On the
basis of these differences the two species are held provisionally distinct.

In both species the upper lobe of the caudal is longer and more falcate than
in related species, reaching far beyond the lower lobe, and contained 3[ to S^ in the
length. Tlie head is finely and often sparsely granular, the granular area not con-
tinued forward in any of the Panama specimens as far as a line joining posterior
margins of orbits. The fontanel groove widens anteriorly, is rather deep, with sharply
defined margins, and terminates abruptly, not "merging into the broad, flat, smooth,
interorbilal area" as is described in the type of G. gilbtrti.

24 lALll'UHNIA A( ADIMV OK SCIKNC'KS

34. Galeichthys xenauchen {Gilherl).

I'l ATK IV, KiR. 8.

J/<itui,niati(/itlivsxniaiirli<ii(\\\.\\v.K\ (Jokdan iS: IC\ kkmann iSyS, jj. 2777).

In nppoaniiK'c, (r. .rriKiiirlirn is most closely iillied to species of Ndinnn.
liaving the low depressed iiead, with the lateral outlines conver^inji forwards to the
narrow pointed snout, and a long largely adherent adipose dorsal. The palatine
patclies are, however, narrow, and without haekwardly [)rojecting lobes. The species
is distinguished from all those known from the Pacific Coast of America hy the long
and extraordinarily narrow occipital process.

Type, a female 38 cm. long.

Head 3| in lL-nj;tli; ilcpth at front of dorsal 5I; anal witli 23 rays. W'itllh of head at o])ercle
I, in its length; width at front of eyes 2 in huad. Width of mouth at inner angles 2| in head.
Interorbital width 2,'^. Eye very small, 9 in head, 3-^ in its distance from tip to snout, 4^ in postocular
part of head, 4 J in interorbital width.

Teeth all villiform. Mandibular bands well separated on niidtllc line, very l)riia(i nu-sially,
rapidly ta|x;ring to a jxsint laterally, the band i)roduced beyond angle of mouth, its greatest width
contained 2^ times in its length. Premaxillary band very conve.xly curved, following the outline of the
snout, its width 5-| in its length. Vomerine patches roundish, separated by an evident medial groove,
inarked off from the palatine patches by a narrower groove and a constriction. The palatine patches
are equal in width to the vomerine patches, and less than twice as long. They are of nearly equal
width throughout.

Ma.xillary barbels very slender, reaching slightly beyond the base of the pectoral spine. The
mental barbels do not reach edge of gill-membrane, the outer pair equaling length of snout and half of
eye. Nostrils very large, the anterior broadly oval, with widely reflexed rim, the posterior widely
elliptical, not concealed by the valve. Distance from anterior nostril to ti[) of snout eciualing that from
posterior nostril to front of eye.

Fontanel wide, with nearly parallel edges on frontal region, al)ru[)tly narrowing at front of
occiput, where it is continuous with a narrow and .shallow groove. The latter fails to reach base of
occipital process by a distance equaling half diameter of eye. The raised margins of the fontanel are
continuous with a pair of sharp ridges bounding the groove, these accompanied by a pair of
lower ridges on their outer sides and parallel with them. Posteriorly, these ridges are roughened with
granules, and merge into the granulated area on posterior part of occiput. Occipital process granu-
lated, the granules arranged in more or less definite lines radiating backwards and downwards on each
side from median point of base. Lateral portions of occiput with an area of radiating stri;e, sei)arated
from the central ridges by a smooth groove-like depression. A narrow granulated area extends
forward on each side of fontanel to above back of orbits. The occipital process is very long and
narrow, its width opposite its middle being but 5 of its length. Near base it abrujrtly expands, the
basal width being half its length plus that of dorsal plate on median line. Opercles and humeral
plate weakly striate. Gill-membranes with a wide free fold posteriorly. Gill-rakers weak and short,
I -(-4 movable ones. No evident axial pore.

Dorsal spine slender, with a series of sharp granulations on anterior edge; minutely roughened,
not serrate behind. It is broken in the type, but its length was about | that of head. Pectoral
spines rather slender, rough granular on outer margins, with short fine serrie within. Both are
mutilated in the type, but their length was about equal to that of dors;d spine. The pectorals
extend nearly | distance to ventrals, the ventrals nearly to origin of anal. Distance from anus to

GILBERT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY lio

base of ventrals 3 its distance from front of anal. Anal fin very lonjj, its I>;lsc 1 ■[ in heail, its longest
ray \ head. Distance between dorsals 3J in length. Adijxjse tin lung, iiighest about o[)i)Osite the
middle, « itli a short almost vertical free posterior margin. Its vertical height is 3J in its length, which
is more than twice the distance from adipose fin to rudimentary caudal rays, greater than the base of the
first dorsal, anil eijual to half the length of the head. Caudal fin with broad lobes, the lower
rounded; the upjier mutilated in the type, but evidently acute and longer than the lower.

Color |iuri)lish above, more bluish anteriorly; the Icjwer parts silvery, coarsely punctait- with
brown. Fins all blackish, e.xcept the lower surface of the jxiired fins.

35. Galeichthys guatemalensis (Giinther).

Tliis .species was not seen by the authors. Recorded by Giinther (1868,
p. 393) from Panama; by Boulenger (1899, p. 2) from Rio Lara, Darien.

36. Galeichthys dasycephalus {Giinther).

This species was occasionally seen; eleven specimens were preserved, all of
which are females.

It answers well the description of Giinther (1804 a, p. 157), and of Jordan
and Gilbert* (1882 b, page ol), except that the head is constantly longer, l to 4|,
in length, and the dorsal spine is contained 11 instead of 11 times in head. The anal
contains 21 rays, including the rudiments. The top of the head is constantly much
rougher than in G. longicephn/its, although exhibiting much variation in this respect.
The fontanel groove reaches base of occipital process in all of the specimens taken.

37. Galeichthys longicephalus (Eigcnmann d- Eigenmann).

Taken occasionally; eight specimens were preserved, all of which are males.

There is little variation in the sculpturing of the head, which is either en-
tirely smooth, invested with thick skin, or minutely roughened by a few scattered
points. None of our specimens have the plates roughly granulated, as in G. dasy-
cephalus.

The head is very constant in length, 3j, 3s, 3|, 3|, 3i, 3|, 31 and 34 times
respectively in distance from tip of snout to base of caudal. The maxillary barbel
reaches to base of pectoral spine, or to the end of its ba.sal fourth. The outer mental
barbels are variable, sometimes not reaching gill-opening, more often slightly beyond
it. The eyes vary in length, and equal their distance from hinder end or middle of
posterior nostril, and about half their distance from tip of snout. The width of
mouth about equals the length of snout, 2,i to 31 in head. In the description of the
type, the width of mouth should doubtless stand 3i, not 2i, in head. The distance
from the tip of snout to front of dorsal is contained 2| to 2i in the length; the inter-
space between dorsals 3| to 4.

The color of the upper part is brown, sometimes continued down <iv.r thr

' Dr. .Jordan has kindly re-examined the specimens here referred to, collected bj- (.ilbort at I'auama ou a
previous expedition, and states that the head measures 4J (uot i\) in length to base of caudal.

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

sides ami belly, almost eiitiicly miiskiii<i llio silvorv of (lioso |iiiifs. In otlicr spoci-
meiis, the iriiles nml l)elly are brij^lit silvt-i y witlioiit l)r()\Yii liiij;o. Tlic fins arc all
ilusky, ill some specimens much darker than in others; the ventrals soiuetimcs nar-
rowly cductl with hrijjht wliiio.

We have been tempted to consider this species the male of G. (lamjce/thnlni^,
as oiir niimcrons specimens seem to be all males, while onr specimens of G. d/txy-
cephii/iix, as well as all those of which we have record, seem to he females. The
structural dilTereiices are so nuich greater in .iniounl llinii aic known lo l)c scxnal
with any other species, that we hold the two forms distinct. In addilion In llic j-lrikinj,'
dilTercnce in the lenjith and scidptni'lnj; of the head, (i. l'iii;/icv/)/iit/ux has shorter
barbels, coarser j;ill-rakers, shorter pectoral spines, a wider fontanel, and a wider
snout niul mouth.

38. Sciadeichthys troscheli (dUI).

Abundant aloni; the entire coast of IMexico and Central Ameiica. At
Panama it occurred daily in the niarkcls, l)nt seldom in large niiinlicrs. The collec-
tion contains five specimens from Panama, one from Champerico.

The species varies in certain respects more than has been represented. The
dor.sal l)nckler varies much in width, and even in general shape; one specimen at
hand has it triangidai', tapering nearly uniformly from the base forward to the long
acute apex, two-fifths of its length on the median line being contained within the
notch of the occipital process. In one individual, the granulations are very sparse,
and largely obscured by the thickened integument.

The maxillary barbels are blackish, with a consj)icuous white infeiior mar-
gin. They vary much in length, often failing to reach opercular opening, sometimes
overlapping base of pectoral spine. The vomerine patch of teeth is sometimes long
(transversely) and narrow, thus separating widely the palatine bands (as figured by
Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, p. 56); sometimes much shorter and wider. The
head seems very constant in length, 3^ to 3,'; in total length (without caudal).

39. Selenaspis dowi {Gill).

Large specimens are frequently brought into the Panama market, but seldom
more than two or three at a time. The young are rarely seen. In one of the speci-
mens at hand, a curious variation is observable in the shape of the dorsal shield, which
has its anterior margin medially produced and wedge-shaped, fitting into an
emargination in the occipital process, much as in Sciadeichthys troscheli.

40. Netuma kessleri (Steindachner) .

One of the most abundant species of catfishes at Panama. It varies in color
from light brown to nearly black on the upper parts, and may be pure white below
or variously marked with brown. The fins vary in a similar manner, the caudal, anal,
and inner surfaces of pectorals and ventrals being black in the darkest specimen.s,

CII.IM'.liT AND STARRS — FISHES OK I'ANAMA liAY 27

merely du.sky in otlieis. Tlie vomerine patches vary soniewiiat in .size and .--liaije. A
very narrow groove ma}' be deLected, separating tlicm in ail of tlie i-peciniens, and
tliey do not seem to he wholly confluent with the palatine patches even in achilts.
rhr pterygoid liaiids nmy he wholly ahscnt, or represented hy a linear group ot
small patches, or fully developed as an elliptical patch of large size,
^sinc specimens were preserved.

41. Netuma insculpta (Jordan li- Gilbert).

ililhcrto known only from the type (an adult male) and two young co-types,
all from Tanama. To these, the 2)resent collection lias aildeil an atlull female, 27
cm. long.

The species is very close to N. planicepa, hut differs in its wider head, more
numerous ami coarser granulations, wider occipital process, longer iiarbcls, and
shorter higher adipose fin. The occipital process is less sharply keeled, and the
palatine teeth are in larger patches. In our specimen, the vomerine patches are
large, the apposetl magriiis rounded, meeting in the middle hut not confluent;
evitlent furrows mark them ofl from the palatine patches. The latter are very
large, with straight parallel inner edges, as in N. platijpogon.

Jn the following measurements the specimen varies somewhaL from the ty[)e
description:

Head 85 in length, luterocular width 2,', in head; snout 2?; width of mouth
(external measurement) 2; maxillary barbel reaching to end of second fifth of the
length of the pectoral spine; outer mental barbel to little past gill-opening. Occip-
ital process a little wider at base than its length on the median line. Length of
predorsal plate on the median line one-third the length of one of its sides. The base
of the adipose fin is contained 2:; times in the head, its height I4 in its length. The
ventrals overlap the rudimentary anal rays. The anal has 14 developed ray.s, o rudi-
ments. The posterior face of the pectorals is black, the other fins dusky. The
maxillary barbel is silvery white, with a black upper margin.

42. Netuma planiceps (Steindachner) .

Of frequent occurrence. This proves to be an extremely variable species, the
variations not being dependent on age or sex. and not correlated. The occipital
process may be very much narrower than figured by Steindachner (1870 b, PI.
IV), more tapering posteriorly; or it may be broader than there represented and
more expanded at the base, so that the lateral margins are more concave and the
greatest width and length of the plate are about ((pial. There is usually a wide
shallow groove extending backward from the fontanel to within about a pupil's diam-
eter of the occipital i)rocess. This is often obscured posteriorly by granules or
granulated ridges, and may even be obliterated by the latter, as shown in the
figure already cited. The carina on the occipital process is usually sharp, rarely

28 CAUFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

roiindeil posteriorly. In tlic former case it is not infrequently continued iKickward
onto the dorsal plate. The j^ranulations are always very line; they are sonjetinies
arranjjed in series, and are always rather distant and inconspicuous.

The teeth (ni the pMlatt' are especially v:irial)lc. Tlie vnniciiiir |i;ilciies ai'e
usually small, and may lie either conlluent with each other and with tin' palatine
patches, or niav he se|)arated from hoth by a *,n'oove. This variation seems to l)e not
determined hy aije. The palatine patches are sometimes ovale, small, with very
indistinct hackward processes; sometimes fully twice as large, pnidiiicd backward,
with their inner margins nearly straight and diverging.

The snout is usually broadly rounded or subtruiicate, seen from above. In
some cases, however, it is sharply convex, the mouth then with more lateral cleft,
and often with swollen lips. In all the specimens, the premaxillary band of teeth is
long, its width being contained not le.-s than fuui' iImk's in the Icii^lli. The barbels
are always short, the maxillary barbel seldom reaching the gill-o[)enin,n. In adults,
the appearance is often peculiarly modified by the great enlargement of the upper
portion of the cheek muscles, making the top of the head transversely concave.

The long adi|)Ose fin is highest near its middle, where the vertical height is about
one-third the length. The tin is not wholly adnate, there being a short, free posterior
border. It is constantly a little longer than the base of the first dorsal.

43. Netuma platypogon {Gilnther).

Abundant in the Panama market. Of the ten specimens preserved, six are
females, with elongate ventrals, which overlap the front of the anal. Unlike
G. eigemnnnni, the vent is constant in position, not more anteriorly placed in
females. As in G. eu/enmanni and G. jordani, the inner ventral ray is somewhat
broadened in females, and gives attachment to a dermal thickening, less marked,
however, in this species.

In one male specimen taken at some date between January 10 and February
24, the mouth contained eggs, and was obviously functioning as a brood-cavity.
The strong arch to the buccal roof was evident. It is clear that the breeding season
is not confined to dune and July, as given by Steindachner (1876 b, p. 17).

i\. ijl(dijp()(j(jn has the basal portion of the paired fins jet black on their upper
surfaces, in both males and females. The anal is blackish in its anterior two-thirds,
with a wide while margin. The fontanel groove is everywhere sharply defined. It
is widest a little in front of the middle of its length, tapering slowly liackward to the
ba.se of the occipital plate, the base of which is always reached. Anteriorly, it
narrows more rapidly, terminating in an acute point which is opposite or in advance
of the middle of the eyes.

The dorsal spine is very narrowly compressed, its anterior margin sharp,

strongly serrate.

44. Netuma oscula {Jordan <i- Gilbert).

Two specimens are distinguishable from N. planicept^ only by the smaller
mouth and the shorter band of premaxillary teeth. The width of the latter (antero-

(ULBEUT AM) SIAUKS — FISHES OV PANAMA liAV 29

posteriorly) is contained luit three times in its leni^tli. One speeiiuen is a young
mule, the otiier an aihilt female with very narrow convexly curved snout, ami small
convex month with thick li[)s. TJic adidt agrees exactly with adults of N. planicaps,
except in the characters mentioned. iV. oscitld may represent an extreme variation
in that most variahle species, hut Ihe two forms are retained until intermediate speci-
mens are ohtaiiied.

It is douhtful whether the specimen described by Eigenmann and Eigenmanii
(1890, p. 74) as Tachisitrus oscitlus is properly referred to this species, as the mouth
is wider (two in head), and the intermaxillary hand is wider antero-posteriorly, its
width one-fourth its length. The vomerine patches seem also much more widely
separated than in ]\\ oscttla or ^Y. p/nniccp^. In our adult female the head is
contained 3| times in total length (without caudal).

45. Netuma elattura {Jordan d- Gilbert).

Known from the type specimen obtained l)y Dr. (Jilbertat Panama in 1881;
and from another ol)tained at Albatross Station 2800, Bay of Panama, at a depth
of seven fathoms (Jordan aiul Bolhnan. ISSO, p. IT'.')-

46. Tachysurus steindachneri sp. nov.

Plate V, Fiu. 9.

.IriKs iitclanopHS Stkindaciiner, 1876 <5, p. 29 (Panama); not Ariits mclanoptts GOnther (Rio

M(itac;iia, Atlantic slope of Guatt-niala).

It has been pointed out by Dr. Steindachner, in the article above cited, that
Panama specimens of Taclujanrin^, allied to T. mdauopus, differ not a little from
Giinther's description of that species. Two specimens in the present collection,
21 ( 3 ) and 2(1 {i) cm. long, agree with those examined by Steindachner. They
differ fi'om melanopri^ in the shorter head (4^ in iiielanoptis), the character of
the longitudinal groove on top of head (" indistinct, narrow, linear behind,
scarcely extending to the base of the occipital process" in )ne/anopns), the shorter
maxillary barbels (not quite extending to the middle of the pectoral fin, in mclano-
pux), and in the small size of the axillary pore (" nearly as wide as a na.sal
opening" in vielanopus). The description of melanopus is so lacking in detail that
other dillerences may well exist. When to these considerations is added the fact that
rnelanopns belongs to the Atlantic fauna, while no species of marine catfish is as yet
known to be common to the two oceans, it seems advisable to recognize the Pacific
form as distinct.

Of the Pacific species, 7\ steindachneri is most nearly allied to 2\ liropus, but
the latter has the inner faces of the paired fins light or slightly dusky, instead of
black on basal half; the spines are longer and more slender, the snout longer and
more rounded at its extremity, the anterior divergent extensions of the granulated

( 6 ) October ri, 1903.

30 CALlFOltMA ACADLMY OF SCIENCES

area on top of licail iiro much wiilff, ;iii<I llic iKitiirc of the Iciintliwi.so <:;roovc is
widely (litToreiit.

Tvpe, S , '2\ cm. long.

Ht-ail ,vj in Icnj^'tli to base of caudal; i-lcplh 5. Greatest widlh of head if its lenj^th; intei-
ocular width '2\: snout 3; width of mouth (at outer anjjles) 2^; eye 5^; pectoral spine i J. Anal u ith
22 rays, includini; anterior ruilinicnis.

Heaii narrow, the octiput slij;htly tiepressed opjjosite the upper anisic of the o|)erc]e. Snout
narrtiw, depressed, sulitrunaite anteriorly. Top of heail. with a very few niiiiute granules, most
numerous on the occi|)ital plate, where they are mt)re or less conlluent to form wavy irri'i^ular lines.
The occipital I )late is w itler than long by the diameter of the i)\ipil; its posterior half is narrow, the
lateral margins being strongly concave; the median ridge is very low, disapiiraiini; hcliiml. '1 In-
median line of the head is occupied by a sharply detlned deep groove, which is ct)ntiniious from a point
op]josite the posterior nostrils to a point distant from llu' base of the occipital plate by the diameter
of the pupil. This cutaneous groove is much n.nrciuir tlian tin- fontam-l dcpiession which it
traverses, and widens or narrows independently of the latter. Its widest points are at the anterior end
of the groove ami at the anterior end of its ]X)sterior third. There are no strongly marked stria-
parallel with the posterior portion of the groove. In no other s|)ecies of Tachystirus known t<> us is
there a continuous groove occupying the fontanel de])ression. In 7". y//;///// the groove may be con-
tinued for a short distance in front of the .sculptured area, and is then interrupted in the interorbital
region, to reappear anteriorly as a short narrow linear dejjrtssion. T. ct)n>icla)>c has also a short
detached anterior portion; and this is even shorter, almost round, in T. liropus. In the tyjx' of
T. steindachmri, the granulated area on top of head does not send forward diverging processes, the
line connecting the middle of the orbits being ccpiidi.stant from the front of the granulated area and the
posterior nostrils. In the co-type, some granulations accompany \ery narrow diverging ridges, which
reach the middle of the interorbital s|)ace.

The teeth are similar to those in other species of the genus. The palatine patches are large,
well sejiarated, of very coarse granular teeth. The ma.xillary and mandibular baiuls are wide, of villi-
form teeth except for those forming a backwardly projecting lobe near mandibular symphysis; these
being coarsely granular.

Eye large, 2| in interorbital width. The maxillary barbel extends beyond pectoral
jx>re to end of basal sixth of the spine. The outer mental barbels reach to opposite base of
pectoral spines, the inner barbels being half their length. The pectoral ])ore is a narrow slit scarcely
half the length of nostril. The branchiostegal membrane has mesially a very narrow, free fold (not
to be made out in the co-type). Gill-rakers slender, 5+12, the longest half the diameter of
the orbit.

The pectoral spines are short and heavy, their width at base yV '^'''^''' le".!^t'i. "liich is half
the distance from margin of branchiostegal membrane to insertion of ventrals. The outer etlge of the
spine is weakly serrate near tip, minutely tuberculate elsewhere; the inner margin is provided with
rather small, closely appressed teeth. The dorsal sjiine is broken in the type, | the length of
the head in the co-type, the dorsal rays projecting well beyond it. The base of the adijKise dorsal
equals \ the length of the head. The sexual orifice is very slightly nearer base of inmr ventral
rays than front of anal. In the (inale) type, the ventrals fail to reach front of anal by \ their
length; in the female sjiecimen they slightly overlap it.

Light grayish brown above, with greenish and bluish reflections; silvery below. Inner faces of
paired fins uniformly black in type (male), the basal half only blackish in the female. Anterior half
of ventrals dusky.

GILBEKT AND STAUKS — FISUES OF PANAMA HAY 31

47. Tachysurus emmelane Gilbert.

Platk VI, Fitis. II iiiul ll'i.
Tachysurus cnimclane Gilbert, Jordan & Evkrmann, 189S, p. 2785.

Head 3j in length (4,'j in total); depth 5 (6 in total). A. 27 (3+24). Eye 7 in head,
2!, in its distance from tip of snout, 4 in postorbital jjart of head, 3I in interorbital width, 2 J in frontal
width opposite middle of eyes. ^foiilh of moderate width, gently convex, the distance between its
angles (measured internally) 2 J in head.

Teeth in premaxillary and front of mandible finely villiform; posterior mandibular teeth
stronger than those in front, bluntly conic, not, however, coarsely granular, as are the posterior man-
dibular teeth in T.Jurtltii, T. iin/aiiopus, and 7". liropus. Mandibular bands with a wide interspace
niesially, each widest near symphysis, rapidly tapering laterally, and extending beyond angle of mouth.
The width of the bands is less than in related si^ecies, \ eye at their widest jxjint. The length
of one of the niandil)ular bands is slightly greater (i|V) l'^''" length of eye. Prema.xillary band very
short, its length but \ greater tlian tlial of one of the manilibular bands, e.xtending on each side
less than 1 distance from median line to angle of moutii; width of band 5 its length. Palatine teeth
granular, in small oblanceolate i)atclies, which taper to a jjoint laterally, and are widely separated
on median line, the patches agreeing in size and shape with those in T. liropus.

Head depressed, tapering, and at the same time narrowing anteriorly, as in other species of
Tachysurus; profile rising in a uniform, gently convex curve to occii)ut, where it becomes concave,
owing to the more rapidly ascending outline of the occipital process. Eye low, but little above angle
of mouth, the interorbital space decidedly convex. Barbels slender, the maxillary liarbels reaching
edge of gill -nienibrane in front of pectoral spine, the outer mental barbels extending Ixryond gill-
membrane, i^ in head; the inner not to edge of membrane. Gill-nu-mbrane widely attached to
istliiiius, without free edge.

Occipital region with very fine granulations, those on middle of occiput forming parallel series
along the fontanel groove, those on median portion of occipital process in series which diverge back-
ward from the median line. The sculirtured area extends forward to a vertical which traverses the
cheek at a distance of its own diameter behind the eye: anterior edge of granulated area equidistant
between the tip of snout antl front of predorsal plate. Fontanel produced backward as a deep, narrow
groove, which fails to reach base of occipital process by a distance eciualing half the length of the
process on the median line. The groove widens but little anteriorly; an area jjehind and on each side
of the groove with parallel series of granulations, and marked of! from the rest of the head by a
shallow trench. Base of occij)ital process similarly indicated by a transverse indented line; occipital
process not keeled, very wide at base, becoming abruptly very narrow behind, its posterior third
having parallel margins and being as wide as long, the lateral margins therefore deeply concave; width
of process at base equaling its length on median line plus that of predors;il jjlate, its hinder edge deeply
incised to receive the anterior rounded wedge-shaped process of the pretlorsal plate. The latter is finely
granulated anteriorly, the lateral wings concealed under the smooth skin. A narrow groove as long as
eye occupies the anterior end of the fontanel. Opercle without radiating ridges. A short, slit-like
a.\illary pore present. Humeral process short, the exposed portion not broadly triangular, the surface
smooth, or indistinctly rough. Gill-rakers 6-|-i3, of moderate length and thickness, the longest below
the angle, § diameter of eye.

Dorsal spine with a series of obtuse granulations in front and very weak retrorse serra behind,
its length to tip of calcified portion if in head; longest soft ray i| in head. Adijwse dorsal not
adnate, its anterior insertion about over middle of anal; base of adipose dcjrsal much greater than
its height, less than base of first dorsal; distance between tlorsals equal to lengtli of head. Pectoral
spine strong, ridged and granulated in front, the hinder edge with very strong serrje; length of

32 CAIJFOUNIA Al^ADKMY OF SCIENCES

spine I J in head, tin- tin projeclinji iH-yonil lip uf spiiu- and rtMciiini; 'i distance from axil to base of
vcntrals. N'entrals reaching to or nearly to orij^in of anal. \'ent midway between base of ventrals
and front of anal. Base of anal equalinjj lcn).;th of pectoral spine, its marijin (.jently concave, the
longest ray 2| in head. Caudal with jxiinted lobes, the lower lunyest in the type, i j in head.

Q)lor dark steel blue or brownish above, becoming bright silvery below; posterior | of anal
white, the anterior jiortion black with a narrow white edge; pectorals and ventrals with anterior
(outer) face wliite or slightly dusky; |)ectorals with inner face of U|)|)er rays l)lack; a blark blutch
covers all of inner face of ventrals except terminal half of inner rays; barbels blackish.

Closely relale-d to 7\ mclanopus and T. multiradifitus, difTering from the formn in tlu longer
anal tin, from the latter in the black markings on lower tins.

The (le.-<cri|)tion of the type of T. muUiradinfHt^ {Bagrua? arinidex) Kner tt
Steintlacliiior (1864, ji. 17), iinrK-ate.s a species with miic-li loiighci- stMilptiiriiig of the
liead, a longer fontanel ,i;'i-0()ve, iiaiTOwer occipital process, ;iii(l innrc anteriorly
inserted adipose dor,sal.

Tiie type is a single specimen, 2S() niiii. long, froiu I'anaiiia.

48. Tachysurus furthii (Sli-i iiddchner).

Abundant, eighteen S2)ecimens preserved. Our specimens exhibit some
variation in the size of the granulations on top of head, also in the extent of the
granulated area, which sometimes extends as far forward on the ridges as the posterior
border of the eye. The groove extending backwards from fontanel is variously
developed. An occasional specimen shows no trace of the groove; others have it
developed for half the distance to the occipital process; in mo.st cases it nearly
reaches the base of the latter. In the interorbital region, the fontanel depression
contains no definite groove, but at the anterior end of the depression, a short oval
detached portion of such groove is always present.

The interspace between dorsals is found to be o^ to i in the length, not "3 to
3^" as given by Eigenmann. Tiie species stands alone in tlie delicate, easily
ruptured skin, and the very light blue color of its upper parts.

49. Tachysurus evermanni sp. nov.
Pl.\tf. V, Fio. 10.

Type, 252 mm.; Panama Bay; C. H. Gilbert and party, collectors; No. G706,
Iclithvological Collections, L. S. Jr. U.

Very close to T. furthii, from which it difiers in the subecpial jaws (the upper
much protruding in furthii), the thick, gently rounded snout (thin and subtruncate
in furthii), the shorter barbels, the coarser granulations on head, the absence of a
depressed linear pit at anterior end of fontanel depression (this always present in
furthii, representing a detached anterior portion of a fontanel groove), and the much
wider union of gill-membranes with the isthmus.

GILBERT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA HAY 33

Head 3| in the Icnirth; clcjitli 4 J; tip of snout to front of dorsal 2|; distance l^etween dorsals
3j; distance from base of inner ventral ray to front of anal 6f. Kye 4 in interocular, 8 in head;
greatest width of head i| in its length; length of snout Zf^-; width of mouth 2g; distance bet\vcen
anterior nostrils 6| (55 m/iniliii); |>ectoral spine equaling length of head behind front of pupil; dorsal
sjjine equaling length of head behind posterior margin of pupil; base of adipose tin equaling Iwse of
(liiiNal behind tile spine.

The snout is convexly rounded anteriorly, less depressed than in fiirthii. The maxillary
IkitIkI l)arely reaches gill-opening, when laid horizontally backward; the outer mental barbels reach
margin of gill-membrane on under side of head.

The [wlatine patches of teeth are narrowly elliptical, their length 1 \ times the diameter of the
ori)it: they are narrowly sejxirated in front, the inters])ace :3 diameter of pupil; the inner mandibular
teeth next the symphysis are coarsely granular, like the palatine teeth.

(.ill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus, without free foltl, the width of the complete
union w iih the isthmus more than twice the diameter of the eye (much narrower, less than diameter of
eye m fiirthii). Gill-rakers rather strong, 5+9, the longest § the diameter of the eye.

Top of head much more coarsely granulated than in fiirthii; the groove is confined to the
granulated area, terminating at a point § diameter of pu])il in front of the base of the occipital process.
Anteriorly, the fontanel depression is evident, but contains no definite groove at any point. The occijjital
process is very broad, wider at base than long, much shorter than in fiirthii, the median portion not
elevated as in the latter; a raised line representing an obsolescent keel is present on the median line of
the anterior two-thirds. The predorsal plate is narrdw, sculptured like the occiput on its anterior
transverse portion only.

The dorsal and pectoral s])ines are slender, rugose anteriorly, but without teeth except near
the tips; the teeth on the posterior margin of the dorsal spine are scarcely visible, being smaller than
in fiirthii; the inner pectoral teeth are stronger and less numerous than \\\ fiirthii. The type is a male,
with the \entral fins failing to reach the front of the anal by half their length. The vent is midway
between ventrals and front of anal. The pectoral pore is small, slit-like.

The skin is thicker and less delicate than in fiirthii, and the color is darker, the up]K-r parts
dark i)re)wnish, with obscure bluish reflections. Barbels all more or less dusky.

50. Tachysurus multiradiatus (Guniher).

Not seen by us. The type specimen was rccoftlcd by Kner & Steindacbiier,
1864, p. '227, as Bagrua. ? arioides, from the Kio Uayaiio near Panama. A second
specimen has now been listed by Bonlenocr, 1<S!)1, p. 2, fioin Rio Cianati, Daricn. .

51. Cathorops hypophthalmus (Steindachner) .

Known oidy from the types, and from two specimens secured by (Jilbert in
1S81; all from Panama.

52. Cathorops gulosus (Eigenmann £• Eigenmann).

Two specimens were secured, 230 and 21.") mm. long. Xone others are
known save the types, from Panama, which are in the Museum of Comparative

Zoology.

Our .specimens agree for the most part with Eigenmann's description. The

following details may be placed (jn record:

34 CALIF<.)KSIA ACADKMV OK SCIKNCKS

Hcail 3^ or 3^ in longtli; tlistancc from tij) of snout to oriijin of ilors;il, 2^; distanci' hclwcL-n
durs:ils t,\ or 31}. Intcrocular S|Kice 2 in lu-ad; wiilth of mouth, nicasuretl at outer anfjlc of lijjs, 2^ or
zjj; U'njjth of ilorsal s])ine i| to ij in head; upijer caudal lolie i^; lonj^est anal ray 2^; ventrals 2 or
2i. Tiu- retrorse teeth on inner b(»rder of dors;il and jjectoral spines are minute, irrejjular, crowiieii.
The maxillary b;irtx-ls extend to liistal fourth of pectoral si>ine; outer mental liarijels to its middle,
inner mental barlK-ls to itslxise. The fontanel j(^roove fails to reaoii the haseof the occipital i)rocess by J
the diameter of the eye. The palatine jxitches of j^ranular teeth are wider than tijjured by Kijjenmann,
the two se|>;irated by a distance equal to or slij,ditly in excess of the diameter of the eye. The [xitclies
vary in size antl sha|)e in the two specimens, and on o|)posite sides of the same individual. In one
s|)ecimen are two iletached teeth laterally on the head of the vomer, on one side only; none in the
other s|x?cimen.

In aililitioii to the other eharuL'tcrs uli'i'iuiy iiolt'd, Cdthoro/js dill'crs liuin
^'rtchi/xiirus in thu absence of the patch of coarsely j^raniihir teeth along the inner
lioniiT of the syniphysial |iortion of tlu' niandilmlai' liaml.

Family SYMBRANCHID^.

53. Symbranchus marmoratus Blwh.

Abundant in a fresh-water pond at MiraHores, where it i.s trapped for food.
As none could be taken with the seine, it seems probable that the species burrows in
the nuid. The few specimens secured were all brownish, variously marbled witli
yellowish.

Family LEPTOCEPHALID^.

54. Congrellus gilberti JJoiiula-ss-Oglibij.

Conf^rcllns gilberti Douoi.ass-Oc;ilbv, 1898, p. 288.
Ophisoma (?) baharicum Gilbert, 1891a, p. 349.

Dredged by the "Albatross," Station 2797, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms; recorded
by Gilbert as Opliimmn (?) halearicum. The species is based exclusively on Gilbert's
description above cited. The type si)cciinens are deposited in the United States
National Museum.

55. Congrellus nitens {Jonlnu <(• Hollman).

One specimen dredged by the "Alliatross" in Panama Bay, Station 2799,
29^ fathoms (Gilbert, 1890 6, p. 4-50).

56. Congrellus proriger (Gilhcrl).

A co-type of this species was dredged by the "Albatross" in Panama Bay,
Station 2799, 29^ fathoms (Gilbert, 1891a, p. 35).

(ULBKIIT AND STAHKS - FISHKS OF PANAMA HAY 35

Family MUILKNESI H 1 1 ) JO.
57- Muraenesox coniceps .fovdan (C- Gilbert.

SaI IKO.

'I'lio most aliiiiHlaiit col at Panama, wlicrc; it appears in the market nearly
every day. The relations of the speeie.s to its Atlantic representative M.xacnaua are
much in need of elucidation.

58. Neoconger verraiformis (lilhevi.

"Alhatross," Station '27W, Panama I'.ay, 2!)^ fathoms ((Jilhert, IHUU h, p. 450).

Family MYlllDzE.

59. Myrophis vafer Jordan d- Gilbert.

Numerous in rock-pools, from which sevei'al specimens were ohtaincd, larj^er
than any heforo rt^cordcd. The teeth arc in a moderate hand in u|)pcr jaw, narrowinu;
backward, and wideninii,- rapidly in front, where it becomes confluent with the patch
at anterior end of vomerine series. Ikdiiud this, the vomerine teeth are in a single
series, which is continued backward to behind angle of mouth. IMandibular teeth in
a single series laterally, widening into a band at symphysis. In M. pnnciatus all the
bands of teeth are wider, and thoseof vomer and mandible are in more than one series.

V'ad/c of Measurements in Millimeters.

-

"3

b.

a

-^

^

0

S

3

0

3

0

V

s

0.

w

j-

(11

1/

0

■a

0

«

0

0

a.

0

«

X

A

^"5

,=

•J

X V

— X

A

•a

•0

bC

i

M

•S «

fiti;

CO

a

y

0.

V

•0 s

^ 0

.0

V

'<8

OJ

s

m

>,

«!

.B^

C-o

H

X

H

S

'^

0

»

a

;f

h;

280

108

172

31

5

4

8^

2

5

2^

65

215*

98

117*

284

4i

3}

8

2

4i

2

59

210

81

129

23

31

3

6

2

31

^1

49

Family OPIIK^HTIIYID.E.

60. Myrichthys tigrinus Gimrd.

Ophisurus xy stunts JORH an &. Gii.hicrt, 1881 c, p. ^^46.

Xumorous specimens were obtained from tide-pools on the reef. They answer
Girard's description of the t^'pe, and also the type description of 0. .vysiiirus. The
number of rows of teeth on sides of mandible varies from two to four, younger speci-

* Tail in this specimen evidently injured, though surrounded by the fin.

36

CALIFOKNIV Ai'AI)1:MV OF SCIKNCES

mens liMviiiii fi-LMjiioiitlv llio lower miinhor. Tlie lieuil varies in k'iij;tli, Ijoinj;
i-i)iit:iiiioil '.i}i to IJ times in tin' lriini<. There are but two conspicnons series of
ronnilislj spots on either side of tiie l)ack, a third series of much smaller spots lieini;;
only occasionally present alonji base of anal fin. The spots on head vary greatly
in size, number and position. No arranuenieiit can be assigned to these as normal
for the species.

6i. Pisoodonophis daspilotus (liUnrt.

Pl.\TK VII, FU!. \i.

Pisoodonophis daspi/olus Gw.KKWV (Joroax & Kvkrmann, 189S, p. 2803).

Brownish above, gray below, tlie heail and IhxIv usually thickly coxeiid wilii hlaik sjKJts
smaller than the eye; these are smaller and more numerous on the head, fewer and fainter on the lighter
inferior surface, and become indistinct or entirely disappear on the terminal portion of tail. In one
s|X'cimen the head and trunk arc spotted and the entire tail unicolor. In another no spots are present,
the upper parts being a uniform dark brown, the under parts lij^hter brown, a few dark freckles only
being present on sides of head. In all specimens the snout and lower jaw are blackish.

The anus is near the middle of the total length, sometimes nearer the tip of snout, sometimes
nearer tip of tail. The cheeks are not greatly swollen. The gape e.xtends behind the eye, its length,
me;isured from tip of lower jaw to angle of mouth, being contained 4J to 4^ in head. The snout pro-
jects beyond the lower jaw for a distance about equaling diameter of orbit. Eye 2 to 2j in snout,
1 1 to 2^ in interorbital width. Tubes of anterior nostrils about i diameter of eye, directed downward
near tip of snout. Posterior nostrils under front of eye, concealed in the upper lip as usual.

Teeth all bluntly conic, in rather wide bands on jaws and vomer; they are usually not disposed
in regular series within the bands, but each band has about the width of four series, and these are
sometimes distinguishable. The mandibular teeth become larger on a];)proaching the symphysis, those
at point of mandible and those on head of vomer being much the largest teeth present. The patch on
shaft of vomer tapers backward to a point considerably behind angle of mouth.

Origin of dorsal entirely behind tip of pectorals, its distance from snout I to J greater than
length of the head. The tip of the tail is compressed, acute, horny, used for defense. Pectoral very
short, from a wide base which slightly exceeds length of gill-slit. The fin rapidly narrows downward,
the longest portion contained 12 to 14 times in length of head. The width of gill-slit is about \ head.

Table of Measurements in Millimeters.

ti

■i

s

s

g-S

S

0

it

M

a

2

■o

s

(8

a

V

X

I

•d

es
V

X

a

0

it

>^
'A

•0

■5

CS

0

a;

3
0

in

0

w

S

... 0

eg

F

0

1

S3

ti

a

:3

0

ii

S

SO

It

>

1

0

I

a

362

177

185

38

8

3

5

9i

6i

2|

3i

5

48

3

12

401

203

198

48

loi

3i

7

II

n.

3i

4

6

53

4

Hi

492

248

244

52

II

3i

7i

16*

8}

3*

31

6}

68

5J

18

494

255

239

56

12

4i

7

16

8i

A\

4

6

68|

5i

16

GILBEKT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

37

Four specimens were secured, three obtained in hnicivish water at tlie mouth
of a small stream which empties into Panama Bay, the fourth in a fresh-water |)ond at
Miraflores. There is some reason to suppose that they burrow in the mud.

62. Ophichthus triserialis (Kaup).

No Panama record is known to the writers. The species is abundant on
the Mexican coast, and has been recorded from the Galapagos Islands (CJilhekt,
18906, p. 450).

63. Ophichthus zophochir Jordan <£.- Gilbert.

This species has been heretofore known only from the Mexican coast (Guay-
mas, Mazatlan, Acapulco). A single specimen was taken in a rock-pool at Panama.
As in the type, the teeth are acute, biserial on all the bones. The color is as described,
except that the dorsal is not definitely black-edged. The anal is conspicuously
edged with black, the pectoral largely blackish. Pores on head black-edged.

Ta6/f of Measurements in Mlllimrtcrs.

3

3^

a

= 2
"0

A
u

^

K

ad and tru

5

5

4;

a

0

s
0

1

0

=■0
S 0

si
li

0

a

I

:°

S

r-"

B

<o

0

B.

a"

329

114*

214^

37

61

4

I2i

2

19

49

Family .AIUR.FNID.E.

64. Rabula panamensis (Sieindachner).

Recorded from Panama by Stcindachner, and by Boulenger (1899, p. 2), as
Muriena panamensis; not seen by the writers.

65. Lycodontis verrilli {Jordan <i- G ilbert) .

Only the type specimen known; collected^by Prof. F. IF. Bradley at Panama
in 18G6; now in the museum of Comparative Zoology.

66. Lycodontis dovii (Giinther).

A single specimen 753 mm. long was taken in a tide-pool on the reef at
Panama.

The color is dark chestnut-brown, uniform on head, body and fins, except
that the belly and under side of head are lighter. The spots are numerous, round,
varying in size, but all of them small, the largest smaller than pupil; they were all
very light yellow in life, and are not definitely ocellated, the ground-color being
slightly darker around them. The larger spots are on the dorsal portions, with occa-

(G) October 6, 1903.

38

CAIJFOKNIA AC'ADIOMY OK Sl'IICNCKS

sioiial liner oiu's iiitormiim;lo(l; those on ventral surface minute. Fins colored like
the boiiy, the spots of the same size anil character. On the head the spots become
less numerous, the anterior tliird of its length plain.

Teeth everywhere in single series, the lateral teeth small, those anteriorly in
both maxillary and mandible much enlarf>;ed. Shaft of vomer with a very inconspic-
uous series of teeth, beginning opj)osite middle of eye, preceded after an interval by
three very large depressible canines, the largest teeth present. .V series of five
black-edged pores along each half of upper and lower jaw, tlic (wu largest nn ujiper
jaw between front of eye and anterior nostril tul)e.

Table of

Measureinenls

in Millimeh)

\".

!53

U

U 0

Vi

0 =

X

u

=

o2

u

CS

J;

,

— a

•o

T3 ei

s

iS-a

ji

cs

^

t= a

0

u

a

M W.

p

I'

= 0

T,

>1

it

■z 0

75^

336

417

103

44

19

7

50

78

67. Muraena clepsydra Gilbert.

Plate VII, Fig. i:i.

Mureena clepsydra Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2805).

Mttrana inclanotis GOntiier, Cat. Fish., Vol. VIII, p. 98 (in i)art); here belong; .ill dllier records
of M. mclanotis from the Pacific.

Closely related to M. insii/arunt and M. arff/is, finm the trcipical i'acitic, hut differing; from
both in color.

No.strils tubular, of almost equal length. .Moutii closing completely, the teeth entirely con-
cealed by the lips. Gape straight, horizontal, extending to well behind the eyes, 2^ to 2-J in head.

Teeth in jaws large, compressed and wide at base, tapering uniformly to an acute point,
directed backward, close set, everywhere uniserial; those in sides of mandible noticeably smaller than
those of upper jaw, the teeth in both jaws increasing in size anteriorly. As many as 18 or 20 teeth
may be present in the half of either jaw, but many of them are usually wanting, leaving gaps in the
series. A single row of small teeth on shaft of vomer, beginning opposite front of eye. Head of
vomer with two long canines, larger than any of the other teeth, one or both of these usually wanting
in larger specimens, having apparently fallen out.

Head 2 (i|i to 2^^-,) in trunk; head and trunk i^ to i^ in tail; depth at anus approximately
half length of head. Eye small, its diameter contained 12 to 16 times in head; snout 5 to 5 J. Dorsal
beginning on the head, its distance from snout i J to il in head.

Color dark brown, lighter on belly, dull whitish on under side of head. Head, i:)ody and tins
closely covered with white spots, those on posterior parts larger, with some smaller ones intermingled,
the larger spots with a more or less evident central constriction which makes them hourglass-shajjcd.
Toward the head, the spots become very small and crowded, not more than half as large as pupil.
Fins indistinctly light margined. A large elliptical jet-black blotch surrounds the gill slit, distinctly
margined by a series of confluent white spots. The longitudinal diameter of the blotch is contained 5
to 5i times in the length of the head. Angle of mouth with a small black blotch, often obscure, pre-
ceded by a pale spot on mandible. The throat is marked with a number of parallel lengthwise folds,
the bottom of each fold with a dark line.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

39

Table of Measurements in Millimelers of Five Specimens:

M

a

s

z

M

*"

a

CO

3

•0

^-

■0

I.

5

H

•*■

s-

K

0

s

7

675

311

364

106

45

20i

630

289

341

96

38

i8i

61 '

612

287

325

98

39

19

6 J

473

203

270

66

28

13

52

397

'77

220

58

21

II

4i

fl

.So

59

521

47

40

27

72

70
^•4
50
39

This species is abundant at Panama, where it is frequently brought to market.
About 25 specimens were seen during tlie visit of the expedition, all essentially alike
in coloration. The type is 397 mm. long (see table of measurements), and has the
spots on body less numerous than in larger specimens.

68. Muraena lentiginosa Jcnijns.

Originally described from tin; ({ala|)agos Islands, this species seems much
more abundant in Mexico, toward the northern limits of its range. No specimens
were seen by the authors, the single Panama record being by Rowell (Jordan &
Gilbert, 1882/, p. 381).

Family ELOPID.E.
69. Elops saurus Linncuus.
This species was occasionally seen, but was not abundant.

Family ALBULID.E.
70. Albula vulpes {LinncBUs).
Not abundant. A few specimens only were seen in the market.

Family CLUPEID.E.

71. Sardinella stolifera {Jordan d- Gilbert).

The species is apparently not abundant at Panama, as but two or three small
specimens were seen. It is now known to extend as far south as Guayaquil
(BOULENGEK, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 1).

40 CAUFOKXIA ALADKMV OF SCIENCES

72. Opisthonema libertate {Giuilher).

Abumlant; several specimens preserved averaging about 25 cm. long. Yonng
specimens were also seen at Aeapulco.

Tliis species tliflers from 0. lujlinum in coloration, in the shorter dorsal and
anal fins (the latter containing 20 or 21 rays), and in the more numerous gill-rakers.
The alleged diHerences in length of head are not reliable, both species varying greatly
in this respect and no average difference being evident.

Six specimens of 0. libertate give the following measurotnents: —

Head in length.

Deplt

1 in length.

3l

H

3?

H

4

3i

4Vt,

3

4i

3-iV

4?

2tV

In addition to the details of coloration already reported there is frequently
present a series of small, round, evenly-spaced dark spots, behind the humeral spot,
along the line separating the blue of the back from the silvery of the sides. Scutes
18-1-14 or 15.

73. Ilisha furthi {Steindachner).

Pellona furthi Steindachner, 1875a, p. 14.
Pellona panamensis Steindachner, 1. c. p. 14.

A very abundant food-fish at Panama, but of inferior quality. The species is
extremely variable in shape, but the deepest forms with strongly arched ventral out-
line {I. furthi) grade imperceptibly into the more slender forms with weak ventral curv-
ature (/. panamensis). Xo other characters are correlated with this difference in ventral
curvature, and it appears certain that but a single species is represented. The deeper
specimens are constantly the smaller ones, so far as indicated by the material at hand.
The eye is therefore proportionately larger, and the snout (measured into the eye)
apparently shorter than in the larger, slenderer individuals. In none of tlie
specimens do the first five to seven anal rays originate under the dorsal fin, as describ-
ed in I. furthi. In both deep and slender forms the first anal ray is approximately
under the la.st of the dorsal. The front of the dorsal is constantly nearer the tip of
snout than the base of the caudal, the difference varying from f to | diameter of orbit.

The following table of measurements exhibits the variation in depth of body,
and in size of eye and snout. The length into which the depth of body is meas-
ured, is taken from the tip of snout to base of caudal, excluding the projecting tip of
lower jaw. Steindachner has apparently included the latter in his measurements.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

41

74- Opisthopterus dovii {Giln(her).

This species is known only from Panama, where it occurs but rarely. Four
specimens were seen, 18 to 20 cm. long; they agree well with Giinther's diagnosis.
Head 4J to 5 in length; depth Si to oh Eye 3s to Sj in head; maxillary li*s or 2.
Pectorals long, pointed, 4 to 4^ in length. Origin of dorsal nearer caudal than
scapula by half length of head. A. 55, 59, 61, 62 in our specimens; D. 11, 12, 13,
14. Scutes 27 or 28. Teeth in jaws strong, incurved, in a single series.

Color light olivaceous above, bright silvery below angle of gill-opening. A
faint bluish streak sometimes present along upper edge of silvery area. No dark
humeral spot. A broad black vertebral band. End of snout and tip of lower jaw
black. Fins translucent, with dark specks along the rays.

75. Opisthopterus macrops {Giinther).

Occurring but rarely. Three specimens were obtained, each about 225 mm.
long.

The species is readily distinguished from 0. dovii by its much larger eye,
more oblique mouth, strongly concave occipital profile, and deeper body with much
stronger ventral curvature. The teeth are much smaller than in 0. dovii, and there
is a conspicuous humeral spot, lacking in the latter. In the specimens taken, the
head is 41 or 41 in length, the depth 21 to 3. Eye 21 to 2f in head. Front of dorsal
slightly nearer root of caudal than scapula, farther forward than in 0. dovii. Pec-
toral 45 to 41 in length. Scutes 27. D. 13 or 14. A. 62. Coloration as in 0. dovii,
but with a large black humeral spot.

Not heretofore reported since the discovery of the type at Panama by Capt.
J. M. Dow.

76. Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner).

Onl}- the type specimen is known.

42 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

Fa.uil.v ENGRAULIDID.1-I

77. Anchovia miarcha (Jordan <(• Gilbert).

Colloctod by Pn.f. Frank II. Hnulley in tin- IVail Islands, Bay of I'anama
(JouDAN & CiiLBEKT, 1882 ?i, p. (>2'2); not seen by us.

78. Anchovia ischana {Jonlan <C- Uilhert).
Three specimens taku II, tbe largest G;> mimi. Inni;.

79. Anchovia curta [Jordan <{: Gilbert).

^s^uut■r()lls spt'cimens were taken. Some of tiiese have the lateral streak
"somewhat indistinct," as given in the original description of the species, while others
have the streak much better marked, with well-delined edges. It widens on the
caudal peduncle and wholly disappears anteriorly.

80. Anchovia opercularis (Jordan if- Gilbert).

A specimen of this species is recorded by Gilbert (1890A, p. 44i») from Al-
batross Station 2802, Panama Bay, in IG fathoms.

81 . Anchovia lucida Jordan & Gilbert.

Five specimens were taken, the large.st 57 iniu. in total length.

In the original description of this species the cheek is described as being over
half the length of the head. This is evidently a mistake, and should probabl}' read,
cheek over half the po.st-orbital part of the head. This would agree with the speci-
mens taken.

82. Anchovia rastralis (Gilbert & Pierson).

Pi.ATK VIII, In;. U.

Slolcphorus raslralis Gii-bert & Pierson (Jordan & Ever.mann, 1898, p. 281 1).

Head 3.16 (3.1 to 3.3); depth 3.8 (3.5 to 4.2); eye 3.4 in head (3.33 to 4). D. 14 (12 to
15) A. 26 to 32. Length 5 to 8 cm.

Body much compressed and deep; belly sharply kcelctl in front of ventrals; dorsal outline
much less curved than ventral. The lower profile rises very rapidly from a point opposite middle of
pectorals to tip of snout, the shape of head thus closely resemblinjr that of Cetcngraulis. Ma.xillary
reaching almost but not quite to gill-opening; snout high, compressed, its length ^ to ^ diameter of
eye. Gill rakers averaging in larger e.xamples 51-I-64, in smaller specimens 44-I-50; the largest about
as long as eye. Insertion of dorsal fin variable, but never posterior to a point midway between base
of caudal and middle of eye; pectoral fins reaching to or nearly to insertion of ventrals; the latter
not to vent.

Color olivaceous, the lower part of sides with violet reflections; sides of head silvery; a con-
spicuous silvery lateral band, varying in width from about one and one-third times length of orbit in
the largest examples to less than one-half the orbit in the smaller specimens. The band is widest before

GILBERT ANO S I'ARKS — KISHES OF PANAMA BAY 43

dorsal, and tapers to half or less than luilf its j^reatest width on caudal peduncle, where it frequently
disajjpears in the youni;. In larger specimens the ventral edge of this hand is tre(iuently ill-detined
anteriorl)-. Top of luad with widely spaced black specks. A dark vertebral streak, more or less of
which often consists of two narrow lines. Tips of caudal lobes often blackish; fins otherwise unmarked.
DilTering from closely allied species in the following characters: l-"rom .-/. liitida, in the much
longer head, more compressed body, well defined lateral stripe, and smaller eye; from A. compressa^ in
the longer head and wider lateral band; from .•/./>(7//<jW(W,v/.f and A. miaidco/a, in the much more numer-
ous gill rakers, anil the more anterit)r position of the dors;d relatively to the anal, the origin of the anal
being under the middle of the dorsal, while in . /. paiiamcnsis the origin of the two fins lie in the
same vertical.

83. Anchovia naso {(h'lberl .C- Piemon).

Stolephorus naso Gilhl:kt & Pierson (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2813).

Head 3.3-3.5 in length; depth 4.7-5.8; eye 4.5-5 in head. Anal 22-24; ilorsal 14 or 15;
lateral line about 35.

Dor.sal and venlial outlines weakly arched; IkkIv slender, compressed, its greatest depth 1.5 in
head; belly carinateil in front of ventrals, and sometimes behind them in larger specimens. Head long
and slender, its greatest width 1.5 to 1.7 in its length, the lower profile much more oblique than the
upper. Snout long, compressed, bluntly rounded, its length exceeding the small eye. Cheek with
a very acute posterior angle. Opercle narrow% oblique. Ma.xillary rather bluntly pointed, failing to
reach gill-opening bv about one-half diameter of pupil. Teeth on the ma.xillary quite ])rominent and
directed forward. Gill-rakers short, i7-)-20 in number; the longest 1^ in eye. Scales large, thin,
deciduous, only a few^ scattering ones remaining on our specimens. Dorsal fin inserted midway between
front or middle of orbit and base of median caudal rays. Origin of anal under or slightly behind
middle of dorsal; length of anal base about equal to the di.stance from front of orbit to base of ventral
fin. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, their length about one-half length of head. I,ength of ventrals
equaling or slightly exceeding distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil.

Color light olive, with the usual bright reflections; a large dark patch of brown dots on
occiput; a double series of dots along median line posterior to dorsal, this absent in some specimens;
large specimens with a bright well defined silvery streak, slightly narrowing anteriorly and on caudal
peduncle, its greatest width about equaling diameter of eye. In the young, this band is fainter and
narrower. A conspicuous series of black dots at base of anal.

Characterized by the slender form, well defined silvery streak, sharply carinated breast, the
small eye, and the very long, compressed, deep and rather bluntly rounded snout. Most closely
resembling A. star/csi, from \\ hich it differs in smaller eye, longer snout, and slightly longer anal.
Length 40 to 52 mm.

84. Anchovia starksi {Gilbert <C- Pierson).
S/o/ep/iorus sfari-si GiL-BERT & Pierson (Jordan cS: Evermann, 1898, p. 2813).

Head 3.3 to 3.6; depth 4.8 to 5.5 in length, 1.3 in head. Eye 3 to 3.5 in head. Dorsal
15 or 16; anal 17 to 22; scales about 41. VertebrtE 40 (counted in one e.xample only).

Body long and slender, slightly deeper and more compressed than in ,-/. iscliaiius, which much
resembles this species. Dorsal outline very little arched; ventral outline nearly straight from gill open-
ing to insertion of anal fin, the lower profile of head oblique, nearly straight. Belly compressed,
keeled for anterior two-thirds of its length in front of Ixise of ventrals.

Head long and pointed, its width li times in its length. Ma.xillary abruptly widened opposite
the mandibular joint, tapering posteriorly to a blunt point, which reaches almost to the gill-opening, its
length equal to length of base of anal. Snout long, sharp, and projecting, abruptly compressed in its

44 CALIFOKNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

terminal |)<>rtioii as sci-n from al>ove, its Icnj^lh twotliiriis clianu-tiT of iirl)it. or slii;htly more, liranch-
iostcjT'il iiK-mbraiu-s iinitcd at base for a very short distance. In four examples e.\amineti as to this
point, die ^ill-rakers are as follows: 20+25, 23+24. 21+23. '9+3°: ll>i" l"".i(est contained i^ to
1 1 in eye. Scales lari;e, thin, deciduous, a few only remaining,' on the s|)ecinH-ns at hand. Origin of
the dors;il tin equally distant from the base of the cauilal tin and the tip of snout or front of eye. Anal
insertetl under beginning of [wisterior third of b;ise of ilorsal. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the
latter e.Ntending three-tifths distance to front of anal.

Color light olive, with broad, well defined, lateral silvery streak of nearly uniform uidlh,
usually narrowing anteriorly and on middle of caudal ix;duncle, its width in our largest specimens (ive-
sixths diameter of eye. The silvery streak has a slight golden tinge. A narrow dark vertebral line,
which widens on the nape. Occiput blackish.

This species differs from ./. ctiltrata in its slenderer body, shorter snout, wider opercle
and smaller teeth; the belly is also not sharjjly carinate, the dorsal is more anteriorly placed,
the ventrals are farther back, and tbe silvery streak is wider anteriorly. It differs from A. dclicatissima
in its longer, slenderer head and body, smaller eye, longer, sharper snout, and nuK-li u ider, better
defined silvery streak.

Length 4 to (') cm. Named t'oi- Mr. Edwiti Cliapin Siarks.

85. Anchovia panamensis {Sieindackiier).

This species was found to be rather common.

Dr. Steindachner seems to have had both A. panamensis and A. mundeola, as
his description covers both in many respects. His count of scales woiiki apply
better to .1. mundeola than io A. panamensis, which has 38 to 41. The length of
head, 4!, applies better to A. panamensis, that of A. mundeola being generally about

I in liMigtli of body. Otherwise there seem to be no differences.

86. Anchovia mundeola {Gilbert <t- Pierson).

Stolcphorus mundcolus Gilbert & Pierson (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2812).

Head 4.15 (4 to 4.25); depth 3.77 (3.40 to 4.25); eye 3.44 in head (3.12 to 3.70). Dorsal
13 or 14; anal 33 (33 to 35); scales 36 (36 to 39). Dorsal and ventral contours about equally and
gradually rounded from the middle region of body to the tip of snout and base of caudal fin. Snout
short, high, compressed, blunt at tip, its length i^ in eye. Eye very large. Maxillary broad, taper-
ing to a sharp point which reaches margin of gill-opening. Gill-rakers 17+21 to 22+24; the longest

I I to 2 in eye. Anterior insertion of dorsal (in varying from a point midway between base of caudal
and middle of eye to a point midway between the caudal and tip of snout. In ten examples its inser-
tion is before that of the anal. Anal fin long, averaging 33 rays; its origin beneath the anterior thiril
of the dorsal; length of base shorter than in A. panamensis, being 3j'j in length, while in die latter
its length is contained 2\ in length. Pectorals long, reaching well beyond the insertion of the ventrals,
equaling length of head behind front of pupil; a large axillary scale. Ventrals scarcely reaching vent.

Color uniformly light olive with silvery reflections; a faint, narrow, silvery stripe, .sometimes
scarcely distinguishable. Sides of head plain silvery. Upper margin of orbital rim black. Dorsal
region blackish. A faint, narrow, dark line on each side of the light mid-dorsal streak. Caudal
slightly dusky. Fins otherwise unmarked.

This species is closely allied to A. panamensis and A. compressa, but may be distin-
guished from the former by its longer head, larger eye, greater depth, fewer scales along the lateral
line, and its much shorter anal base; also by the much fainter lateral silvery stripe. The eye is con-
tained 14 to 16 times in length, excluding the caudal; while in panamensis the length contains the eye
16 to 20 times.

GILBURT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA llAV

45

From .-1. comprcssa it ciiRers in the relative length of the head and maxillary. In .-/. niunde-
ola tile maxillary is contained in the head \\ times (i.igto 1.37); in comprcssa i J times (1.30 to
i.Si). In mundeola the head is contained 4.15 times in the length; in comprcssa 4.44 times.

Since tlio piiljlication of tlie above description, as cited, the raateriul lias
been fnrtiier stiuliod l»y C'hloo Lesley Starks, wiiose resnlts we are i)crinitted to
incorporate below.

Twenty-seven specimens were measured, ranging in size from 72 to 120 mm. in kngth. In
A. panamcusisXhe head measures .21 to .25 of the length exclusive of the caudal; in A. mundeola .24
to .26. The depth of panamcnsis is .24 to .26; of mitudcola .24 to .27. The size of the eye is the
most strikinn liifference between the two species, holding well from .05^2 to .o6;J in panamcnsis and
from .07 to .o~\ \\\ mundeola. The maxillary measures about the same throughout (doubtless
some tips are broken). \\\ panamcnsis the snout measures about .04 and in mundeola from .04 to
.05. Gill-rakers and also the rays in the dorsal and anal tins numi)er about the .same in the two species.
The length of anal l>ase in panamcnsis seems generally longer, running from .35 to .39 of length,
while in mundeola it runs from .33 to .36. The number of scales varies from 39 to 41 \n panamcnsis;
from 36 to 39 in mundeola.

The extremes of the two species difTer j:;reatly in appearance, and no difficulty
is encountered in separating them; but a few specimens seem to come so nearly inter-
mediate that it is difficult to know to which form to a.ssign them. When collected
the two species were easily sei)arable on account of the faint, silvery, lateral stripe of
mundeola, but since preservation it has so faded in both species that it cannot be
considered.

These two species may prove to be the same, but since A. mundeola has been
described, it will be better to consider the two as distinct, until enough material can
be obtained to settle the point beyond question.

Measuremen/s in Hundredths of Length to Base of Caudal.

^

-^

—

^

V

3 -

0

0 =

^

M

a

■c

Vi

■= 5

£5

>.

5

0

0

0

0

n

33

13

0.

0;

3
0

Base 0

1

Numb
rays

3

Anchovia panamensis.

77
89
92
86

71
88

89
109

105
79

24
23
22
21
23
23
23
24
24
25

25i

25

26

24
24
25
24
26
26
26

6
6i

51

6

6

6|
6|
6f
6|

18

18^

19

i7i
18

>7i

17

19

i8|
20

4

36

16 -I- 22

34

13

40

4

38

16 + 22

32

13

40

4

36

15 4- 18

32

12

41

4

38

16 4- 22

32

13

39

1

4

37

16 4- 22

33

13

41

4

38

16 4- 24

35

14

39

4

39

17 4- 22

33

13

40

4

35

16 4- 25

30

14

40

4

36

18 4- 22

32

13

39

4

35

15 4- 19

32

14

40

(')

October 12, 1903.

40

II

£■3

I.'

CAUFOIINIA ACAUKMY OF SCIENCES
Ills in Jiundrcdths of Length to Base of Caudal.

a.

H

o

B
10

'&

9 C

£ 1

e's

a ••
'A

es

is

Anchovia mundeola.

84

25

25J

7i

19

5

36

16 + 23

30

13

39

83

25i

24i

7

•9J

4i

35

16 -1- 22

33

13

38

91

25i

25

7

19

44

36

16 ± 19

31

13

37

87

25

26. \

7

21

5

34

16 + 19

3'

13

39

78

25

24

7

20

4i

35

17 + 22

32

13

38

104

26

25i

7

19

4i

35

17 + 23

33

13

37

108

24

27

7

18

4

36

20 + 24

35

14

37

102

24i

27

7

.8^

4

36

16 + 25

33

12

37

93i

25

26

7

20J

4i

34

17 + 23

32

•3

39

lOI

24i

26

7i

19

4i

34

17 + 22

33

12

37

82

26

26

7

21

5

33j

16 + 17

3'

13

37

116

25

28

7

20

5

34

17 + 22

31

13

39

120

24

27

7

19

4

34

16 + 23

32

14

37

108

24i

27

7

20

4f

354

18 + 22

31

14

36

75

25

26

7J

20

4J

35

17 + 23

31

'3

3«

103

25

26^

7J

21

4

33

17 -1- 24

30

12

37

107

25

26

7J

20j

4

354

20 + 23

31

•4

36

87. Anchovia spinifera (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Plate VIII, Fio. 15.

Two specimens were taken in shallow water by means of a cast-net.

Head 4 in length; depth 4; dorsal 16; anal 38; scales 42. Form moderately slendtr, the
dorsal outline ascending in nearly a straight line from snout to front of dorsal, where it reaches the
greatest height; thence descending at about the same angle in a straight line to caudal i)eduncle; ventral
outline evenly cur\-ed from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Abdomen somewhat compressed,
not serrated.

The head is rather long, and has a sharp conical snout. The upper posterior outline of the
gill-opening is very oblique. A line drawn from snout to angle of ojxrcle would nearly parallel the
oblique maxillary. The subopercle projects beyond the opercle in a triangular process. The eye is
placed within the first two-fifths of the head. The maxillary is slender, and not angulated on its upper
outline towards its posterior end. It is widest near angle of mouth, and ends in a rather sharp point
near lower edge of gill-opening. The teeth are small but sharp. The gill-rakers are slightly shorter
than the orbit; about I5-|-I7 in number.

The origin of the anal is about under the middle of dorsal. The pectorals extend to or
slightly past the middle of the outer \entral rays.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

47

0\viii<,^ to the action of formalin, those specimens have little of their ori<,Mnal
color left. Where scales remain, the lower parts of the sides are brij^ht silvery,
rather abruptly shaded to olive above. Apparently no lateral stripe was present.
The caudal ami ilic lirst rays of dorsal are tipped with black. In life, the caudal and
dorsal were otherwise bright yellow.

Measuremenls in Ifundrcdths of Length to Base of Caudal.

\

5

§1

d

s

*■

0

'15.

a

s

«

w

0

E
0
■0

e

a

"■§

3

tA

M

M

M>,

a

a

c

a <r

^SS

s

0

w

S

a

X

V

0

0

0 k.

.J

96

26

25

51

22

4

3S

20

'5

'7i

99

26

26

5i

22

4^

39

'9

'4

'7

88. Anchovia macrolepidota {Kner S Sleindachner).

Very abundant, reaching a large size and used for bait. The body is closely
compressed, and very minute teeth persist in the maxillaries even in adults.

89. Cetengraulis mysticetus Gunlher.

Abundant; often used as bait in hand-line fishing. It reaches a length of
20 cm. Our specimens have been compared with C. edentulus from Jamaica, and
are found to differ from this closely related Atlantic representative in the slightly
longer head, slenderer body and caudal peduncle, smaller eye, and shorter anal fin.
The anal has an average of but one less ray, instead of three less, as given by Jordan
& Evermann, 1S9G, p. 4.30.

In the original descri[)tIon, the gill-rakers on the lower part of arch are said
to number 42. Dr. Boulenger has kindly reexamined for us the three types in the
British Museum, and finds in eacdi from 55 to 60 gill-rakers. Tiie number in the
specimens at hand ranges from 00 to 60. In these specimens, the pectorals usually
do not reach the ventrals, either terminating some distance from them, or rarely
approximating them.

The color in life is light olivaceous or olive-green above, passing into
the bright silvery of sides and lower parts. No lateral stripe. Caudal margined
with dusky.

48

CALIFDllNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

> in Hundredths of length without Caudal.

Species

Locality

Length wiihout caudal,
in mm

Head

Depth

Orbit

Maxillary

Snout

Greatest lcn_i;;th from pre-
opercular ridge to gill-
opening

Number of dorsal rays..

Number of anal rays

Number of scales

CETENC.RAULIS MYSTICETUS

Panama

149
36

31

8

21

4

14
15
22

42

153
36
30
7J
21^

4

15
15
23
40

144

37

31

7i

22

4

15
15
23
43

«45

37

29

8

2>i
4\

14
15
22

43

152
35i
3oi
7i
21

4

15
14
22

42

CETENGRAULIS EUENTULUS

South Atlanlit

106

96

lOI

109

34

33

33

33

3ii

33

33

34i

8

9

8

8i

20

20

19

20

5

5

5

5

12

12

12

1 1

•4

14

15

15

24

24

23

23

39

40

41

40

104

33

32

9

20

5

12
15
23
41

90. Cetengraulis engymen Gilbert d- Pierson.

Cetengraulis cngymcn Gilbert & Pierson (Jordan and Kvtrmann, 1898, p. 2815).

This species differs from C. mysticclus in the much narrower union of the gill membranes, the
less numerous gill-rakers, and in the longer snout. Head 3 to 3.3 in length; depth 4 to 4.9; eye 4 in
head; dorsal 14 or 15; anal 20 to 23; vertebrae 41. Body compressed, fusiform, not so deep as in
vtysticetus or cdcntulus. The dorsal and ventral outlines are about equally and regularly curved in the
larger specimens; in the smaller specimens the ventral contour is more nearly straight. Belly trenchant,
but not carinate nor serrate; caudal peduncle moderate, its depth being contained 1.5 times in its
length. Head similar to mysticctus; the snout longer, contained 5.5 to 7 times in head, li times in
eye (the snout is contained 8 to 9 times in head, in mysticctus). Both jaws bear minute teeth, those on
the maxillary largest. Rranchiostegal membranes united for only | to J of the distance between tip
of mandible and mandibular articulation; wholly free from the isthmus. Ti]5 of manditilc directly
beneath the anterior border of orbit. Gill-rakers long, nine-tenths diameter of eye, 20 to 30 on the
upper limb, 25 to 30 on the lower limb; in five examples as follows, 25-(-30, 27-I-25, 30-(-26, 25-I-30,
23-I-29 to 20-I-25.

The origin of the dorsal is midway bet\veen base of median caudal rays and a point \arying
between front and middle of the eye. Insertion of anal below the posterior fourth or third of the dorsal,
its length equaling the distance from the jX)sterior border of the eye to insertion of pectoral. The
pectoral is short, 2^ to 2^ in head, failing to reach the insertion of the ventrals by half or nearly half
its length. Caudal deeply forked, its median rays 2\ to 3 times in head.

Color uniformly silvery, with a distinct, well defined lateral silvery Ixuid, extending from up[>er
angle of gill-op)ening to base of caudal; its greatest width cfjuals the diameter of orbit, becoming
narrower on caudal peduncle.

Length 38 to 57 mm.

GILBERT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

■j:i

91. Lycengraulis poeyi (Kner it- Steinduchner).

Seven spocinieii.s were Uvken, tlie largest 198 rara. in total length.

In some of the specimens the pectorals scarcely reach to the base of the
ventrals, while in others they reach a very liltle past this point. Tlie gill-rakers
become shorter and somewhat thicker witli age.

We have compared these specimens with a single sjiecimun of L. grossidcns
from Pernambuco, Brazil. The latter specimen seems to differ from L. poeyi in
having a slightly longer maxillary, a greater distance separating the lip of snout
from lower angle of cheek, and in the slightly larger teeth, which are more nneven
and more widely spaced.

Akastircmcnts in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Species

Locality '

Length withoiil caiulal, in mm

Head in lootlis of Icnyih

Depth

Eye

Ma.\illary

Origin of dorsal from snout

Greatest distance from eye to gill-openinc;;

Snout to lower angle of cheek

Dorsal rays

Anal rays

Gill-rakers

Scales

LYCENGKAll.lS roF.VI.

Panama.

186

'59

153

189

23i

23

23i

23

26

24

24

25

5

5

5

5

18

'7i

.8i

18

56i

56

54 1

55

15

14

■4?,

■4i

i8i

18^

18

iS

15

14

15

14

24

25

24

24

14+20

15 + 19

14+20

14+20

40

40

41

41

198

23i

24

44^

18

54J

14
19
14
25
12+19
40

L. GROS-
SIDENS.

Brazil.

169
24
25
4|
20J

55i
i5i

20|

15

24

14 + 18

39

Fnmilv SYNODONTID.E.

92. Synodus evermanni Jordan ti- Bollman.

Dredged by the "Albatross" in Panama Bay, at Stations 2795 and 2797, 33
fathoms; not seen by us. The species is also known from "Albatross" Stations 2831,
3043, 3044, of! the coast of Lower California, in depths of 12 to 74 fathoms; and
Station 2998, Gulf of California, 40 fathoms.

50 CALIFDUNIA Al'ADEMV DF SCIENCES

93. Synodus scituliceps Jordan it- Oilberl.

Synotius jfni-i»si JORnAN &. Bollman, 18S9, j). 15,^.

Two specimens scon, oiu' of wliicli is 10 cm. Ioiil;, and i'^ preserved, 'i'lic
head is remiirkahly long, 3j in lengtii. Five rows of scales between lateral line and
median series before dorsal; seven rows between lateral line and median scries before
aims; sixty scales in lateral line; six rows on checks. These charactcis wonld range
the specimen under tlie nominal species S. jenkin><i, which we are unable, however,
to distinguish from S. scituliceps. Specimens from Mazatlanwith short bead (typical
6'. sciluliceps) have five or six rows of scales on the cheeks (never four as originally
described), and liave the anterior dorsal rays reaching or not reaching tip of posterior
ray when depressed. In the.se, the head varies from 3J to 4J in length, no specimen
before us having the head as small as described for the type of S. scituliceps (4|).

The species was also seen at Acapulco (Dec. 20), several specimens being
observed lying on the sandy bottom near the wharf. They lie rigidly in a straight
line, and their colors harmonize so well with tliat of the sand that they are detected
with difficulty. One sjjecimen, on coming to rest after swimming a short distance,
disappeared in the sand, leaving only the tip of the snout exposed. It did not enter
head first, but settled into the sand with its whole length at once, apiiarontly throwing
up the sand by motions of its pectoral and ventral fins.

Family PG'X'ILIID.E.

94. Poecilia elongata Oiinther.

Very abundant in the brackish sloughs about Panama. We found it also in
the market, where numerous specimens were taken from 5 to IH cm. in length.
These are all females, no males being seen. All of the specimens examined have
young in the oviduct, about 18 ram. in length, apparently about ready to be set free.
They have four or five narrow, distinct cros.s-bars on the body. Tlie scale-pouches
have also a narrow, dark border, which shows through the scales as in the adult.

We here supplement the original description, from specimens 10 to 18 cm. in
length. Head 31 to 4| in length; depth Z\ to 4. Eye 3i to 41 in head, slightly less
than half the interorbital widtli in tiic larger specimens, slightly more than half in
specimens 10 cm. long. Interorbital width half head. Height of caudal peduncle
It to 1 J in head, diminishing in height but slightly (.sometimes not at all) from dorsal
to caudal base. Scales in six specimens 30, in six specimens 31, in four specimens
32. Nine specimens have 10 dorsal rays, two have 9; eight specimens have 9 anal
rays, four have 8.

After removing and drying the jaws, a narrow band of very fine villiform
teeth, behind tlie dark-tipped slender outer teeth of each jaw, may be seen by the aid
of a lens.

GILBEKT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 51

95. Poecilia boucardii Steinduchner.

Very ahiiiulant in fresh and braokisli water. I'^mhihI in every |)oii(l and
stream in the savannah about Panama. They agree very well with Dr. Steindach-
ner's description of the typical s|)ecimens, which were taken about Colon.

The black spots on the cauilal arc quite variable in size. In most specimens
the caudal (in and even the posterior part of the caudal peduncle, is profu.sely covered
with rather large black spots. There are elongate or elliptical spots between the rays,
and smaller indistinct spots are on the rays. In a few specimens the spots are small
and diffused, those on the rays being most persistent. The young, 2o to 40 mm.
long, have only small imlistinct spots.

96. Anableps dowei (iiU.

Not seen by us.

The types of the species have been ascribed to Panama, this locality being based
on the following ambiguous statement by Gill (18G1 <i, p. 3): "There has recently
been sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Panama, by Captain J. M. Dow, a new
species of the genus Annbleps." While this specimen was xcnt from Panama, it was
apparently not captured at that point, as witness the following statement published
by Dow (1801, p. 30): "Some time since, while in the bay of La Union, State of
San Salvador, I caught ... a couple of what I supposed was Anableps tefroph-
thalviits; but upon sending them to my friend. Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian
Institution at Washington, was somewhat surprised and gratified to hear that they
were of an entirely new species . . . A. dowli." On a subsequent trip, Dow
obtained (1. c.) from the same locality several specimens, which were likewise sent to
the Smithsonian Institution (see Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 i, p. 373). Others are
recorded by Giinther (ISGGa, p. 338) from Chiapam and Guatemala, and still others
(Gunther, 1864 6, p. 27) are said to have been collected by Captain Dow on the
"Pacific Coast of Panama."

There seems to be no warrant for changing the spelling of the specific name,
as has been done, to doici, dowii or docii. It appears as doicei in three places in the
original description, a fact which sufficiently indicates the deliberate intention of the
author concerning it.

Family ESOCID.E.
97. Tylosurus scapularis Jordan & Gilbert.

Several specimens seined in fresh water at Miraflores. Four specimens pre-
served, the largest 41 cm. in length, the others 23.

In these specimens the caudal peduncle is not compressed, as described for
the type, but is about as wide as deep. The body is somewhat depressed, especially
in the ventral region. The description of the type states that the eye "is contained
8 or 9 times in the length of the upper jaw" (this agrees with our specimens), "and

52 CAUFOltNIA AOADEMY OF SC'IKNCES

3^ times ill rest of liciul." Tliis last donlitlcss sliuuld roiul postorl)itiil part of hciul.
The eye in our specimen is contained U to nearly 5 times in head wilhont upper
jaw. The description states that the anterior dorsal rays are " as long as from eye
to edge of opercle." This sliould read to edge of preopercle or to anterior edge
of opercle.

The lateral haiul tapers to a point at each end. It is nearly confined to the
posterior third of the body, and does not reach to the caudal rays. In the large speci-
men it is dusky silvery and has ill-defined edges, while in the small ones it is well
defined and bright silvery. It is bordered above with a dark streak, very conspicuous
in the younger specimens, but dilTuscd and only slightly darker tliiui the body in the
large specimen.

98. Tylosurus stolzmanni (Steinihtchner).

Two specimens were taken, 51 and G2 cm. in entire length. Besides these we
have in the Museum of Stanford University as})eciinen from Mazatlan of about the
size of our smaller specimen. These are larger than the type (477 mm. in length),
from the description of which they differ in some minor respects.

In our specimens the body is as broad as high at the region of the ventrals.
The interorbital space is a little wider than diameter of eye, which is contained 12
times in length of head. The anal base is a little longer than the dorsal base. The
insertion of the ventrals is nearer the caudal base than the posterior border of the
eye by from 1 (in the larger specimen) to 3 times the diameter of the eye.

This is probably the species recorded by Boulenger (1899, p. 2) from the Gulf
of Panama, under the name Belone truncata.

99. Tylosurus fodiator Jordan <L- Gilbert.

Not uncommon at Panama. Like other gars, it is called Aguja by the native
fishermen.

100. Tylosurus pacificus {Sleindachner).

Three specimens were collected, wliich agree very well with the description
of the type.

Family HEMIRIIAIMPHIDiE.

loi. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus {Ramani).

Two specimens collected at Panama by Captain J. U. Dow have been identified
by Jordan and Gilbert (1882 i, p. 373) with the short-nosed half-beak, //. j^oeyi
( = H. unifasciatus). The species is also recorded from Panama by Jordan &
Boll man (1889, p. 180).

GILBERT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY ii'i

I02. Hyporhamphus roberti {Cuvier d- Vulenciennen).
One small specimen taken, about l'» vm. in Kn^lh.

103. Hemirhamphus saltator sp. nov.

Platk IX, Fiii. Ki.

Htiiiir/iainphus ba/ao ]oRi'i.\ti, 18.S5, p. 370 (Panama) ; ncit of Lc Sueur.

Head from tip of upper jaw, 4J in lenijth from the siune fxjint to base of caudal; depth 6J to
6,"u. I)ors;iI 13 or 14; anal 11 or 12; scales 53 or 54.

Hody compressed, the sides vertical and |3arallel. Mandible from ti[) of upfxrr jaw 4 J to 4 1 in
leni;th. diameter of eye slightly exccedini,^ interorbital width, 4 to 4I in head. I'ectoral i J to 1 J in
head. In.sertion of ventrals midway between base of caudal and anterior third of |X'ctoral (in. I.^st
viiural ray ])n>(iiii-cil, ,iiui lousier than first ray. F"ront of anal a little anterior to middle of dorsal base;
the posterior enil of anal base coterminous with that of d(jrs;il. Posterior ray of dors;il jirotluced;
anterior rays about a third hit;her than those of anal.

Color uniform brijjht silvery on Imvtr part of sides, dusky silvery above. An inconspicuous,
dark, narrow lateral streak extends from u])]>er annle of tjill-oiK-ninij^ to just above middle of caudal.
Top of head and upper jaw dark. Dors;il and caudal dark; jxjctorals dusky; ventrals colorle.ss, except
a slight dusky tinge towards ends of outer rays; anal white.

This species is closely related to //. brasiliensis from tlie West Indies, with
which it has been identified. It differs from that species in the smaller eye, longer
mandible, and longer pectoral fin. The insertion of the ventrals is more anterior;
the horizontal length of the opercle is greater; the anterior rays of the dorsal are
lower, and there are one or two more scales in a horizontal series.

Eight specimens were taken, from 41 to 4() cm. in entire length.

(H| October '21, 190J.

54

CAUFOIINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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C.II.BKIiT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA l!AV 55

Family EXOCGi:TID.E.

104. Fodiator acutus ((Juvier <f- VidcncienneH).

Alxiiidaiit ill rniiiuna Bay; man}' wore seen flyinji, and four s|icciiii(iis were
taken, 14') to l.").S mm. in lengtli. They agree well wilii tlic i|.s(ri[i(i(>ii of tlic type.

105. Cypselurus callopterus (Giinther).

Two specimens were collected, 2o and 31 cm. in lengtli. Tliey agree well
willi Dr. (Jiintlier's description and plate.

106. Exonautes rufipinnis (Cuvier <£.• ValencienneK).

Only the type of KnocwAus dowi (Jill, 18G3, p. 1(!7, ( A', rujiplnnis), is
known from the vicinity of Panama.

Family FISTULARIIDiE.
107. Fistularia depressa Giinther.

A single large specimen was taken in the market at Panama.

We have examined specimens from Japan, Honolulu, the Philippines, and
La Paz, L. C, and can distingiii.>jh no diiTorences between them. In the figure of
this species given by Dr. Giinther (Shore-fishes, Challenger, Plate XXXII), the
greatest width between the diverging ridges on the anterior part of the snout is
indicated at a point too far forward. In our specimens the ridges are farthest apart
at the beginning of the anterior ; or J of the snout. The interorbital area appears to
be more concave in small specimens (25 cm. in length) than in the larger ones. In
the latter the interorbital is contained 5i in the postorbital part of the head. In
specimens 50 cm. in length the orbit (measuring the extreme length between the
bones surrounding the eye) is from 9] to 9;,' in the head, and the length of the max-
illary is OL In a specimen G9 cm. in length, the maxillary is contained 10 times
and the eye 11 times in tlie head.

A large number of small specimens 25 to 28 cm., and one specimen 41 cm. in
length from Honolulu, are plain brown on the back, while a larger specimen 61 cm.
long has blue spots, as in our Panama s|)ecimen. Four specimens from La Paz,
51 cm. long, all show blue spots. The following color description was taken from
our Panama sjiecimen in the fresh condition.

Olive-brown on upper parts, white below. A pair of narrow blue stripes,
interrupted anteriorly and posteriorly, begin at the nape, diverge backward and cross
the lateral line just in front of the point where it becomes straight, then run just
above and parallel to the lateral line as far as the tail. Another pair of streaks, made
each by a series of blue spots, runs close along each side of mid-dorsal line, from a

56 t'AI.IKdUNlA ACADl.MY Ol' SCIKNCKS

point above axil of pectorals to front of dorsal. Rohind dorsal a single scries of spots
occupies llif median line of liaek.

io8. Fistularia corneta sp. nov.

PI.ATK X, FlliS. 18 ANll I8«.

Five specimens, eacdi 02 cm. long, were seen in llie I'linnnin niarket; two of
tliese were preserved. Besides these, we have in the collection of Stantord Tni-
versitv several small specimens from Panama. (•(ilicM-ted by tiie "Ali)atross," and
several small ones from Ma/.atlan.

I Ii-;k1 ,^ in K-ii,i;tli. I >c|illi of IkkIv. a slioit distanrc in Inml ii( dorsal I'm, ! the il<]>tli al (i((i|iul.
At insertion of ventral (ins tlu- uiiltli nl tlir lindy is luicc its (l(|illi. Tlu- cxtri-mc l.iii^tli <>{ the nihil
is contained 9 times in the leiit^tli of the heatl: maxillary 13'^ to I3js'; interi>rl)ital width (bone)
3} to 4 in postorbital \K\n of head. Lenj^th of jiectoial, from base of upper lay to tips of longest
rays, 6| to 7 in liead; ventials i 1.

The maxillary is rather short, and has a concave jiosterior border. The iipi)er lateral ridpe of
snout is serrated on its posterior three-fifths. On the anterior half of the serrated portion, the serra-
tions become abruptly finer and more crowded. The two superior ridj^es of the snout are rather
wide a|xtrt posteriorly, and very gradually approach each other anteriorly. They are scarcely
divergent or even parallel in the large sijecimens, but in the small ones they diverge slightly on the
anterior half of the snout. The distance between them is everywhere hhk h greater than their distance
from the ujjper lateral ridge. The area between the upjier latiral ridge and the superior ridges
is generally smooth, sometimes somewhat uneven, but never roughly scul])tured. The interorbital
area is flat and roughly sculptured on each side, and its middle third is ilepressed to form a snioolh
channel.

The pectoral reaches about one-third of the distance between the base of its upper ra)' and the
insertion of the ventrals. The dorsal and anal tins are exactly opposite and equal in length; their base
4 times their distance from the middle caudal rays. The skin is everywhere smooth; the lateral line is
not armed with bony plates.

In the five specimens seen at Panama (fresh) the back was a uniform dark brown. In the
small specimens from Panama and Mazatlan there is usually a lighter stripe, with ill-defined edges, on
each side of the back, a short distance above the lateral line, and following its course to the base of the
caudal fin.

This species differs from F. depressa in having a shorter maxillary, a larger
eye (in specimens of the same size), and jiarticnhirly in having a much \vid(!r inter-
orbital space. There is no trace of bine markings in our material.

We have several specimens of F. petimba from Formosa and Japan, wiiich
agree well witii the description given by Dr. Giinthcr (Shore-fishes, Challenger,
p. 08) under the name F. serrata. They differ from /■'. corneta in having the superior
ridges of the snout very close together and parallel for nearly their whole length.
(They are spoken of as ridges, though they appear, in this species especially, as a
single, raised, flat area posteriorly, the sides of which arc left in relief as ridges
anteriorly.) The distance between them is everywhere much less than their distance
from the upper lateral ridge. The area between the upper lateral ridge and the
superior ridges is roughly sculptured with radiating lines, as shown in the illustration
accompanying the description cited above (Plate XXXII). The interorbital area is

(ilLBERT AND SIARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 5/

deeply ooncave and without flat sii|ira(>rl)ital areas. The f;errations of the upper
lateral ridge are coarse. The skin is rough to tlie touch, and the lateral line is armed
with .small, hon)% stellate plates, which hecome larger posteriorly.

\\'c li:i\c nil specimens of F. tabacaria, hut from current descriptions it is
(lifTerent from /'. corneln. It seems always to have hlue spots and to iiave few or no
serrations on llic upper lateral ridge. It has not heen roeonled from tlie Pacific.

Family SVNU.N A 1 11 IDJl

109. Siphostoraa auliscus Svain.

Two specimens, 122 and 88 mm. long, were taken in ihe \l'u> firande, at
]\[iraflores, near Panama. We have com|)ared them with tw(j small specimens of
*b'. au/i:<cii>i from Magdalona Hay, L. C, and find the only difference to he the more
anterior anal opening in the smaller specimen, in which it occupies the ring just
anterior to dorsal. In (he other specimens it is in the same ring with the front of
dorsal. i'lie Panama specimens are darker and more mottled. Each body ring has
a liroken vertical white streak, and on ahout every fifth ring is a faint dark streak.

no. Hippocampus ingens Oirard.

Three specimens taken, 5, 8, and 10 cm. long. Tiie smaller two, a male and a
female, are rough with papilliX', and have many dermal flaps. The largest one, a
female, is almost perfectly destitute of these, though upon close examination with
a lens very small, white papilhe are to he seen.

Two si)ecimeiis from Mazatlan in the collection of the Stanford University
have heen examiiu'd. One is smooth, the other covered with deinial flaps.

Family ATHERINIDiE.
III. Kirtlandia pachylepis (Giiniher).

This species and K. (/i/herfi, referred to the genus Men'uUn by Jordan and
Evermann (1890, pp. 798 and 801), the former afterwards transferred to the genus
Thjrina by these authors (1898, p. 2840), belong to the genus Kirtlandia. We
have compared them with K. vnyi-ans, the type of the genus. Like the latter, they
have crenate scales, which are, however, smooth, not " very rough to the touch," as
described by Jordan and Evermann. Our specimens of K. vagrans and K. pachy-
lepis have no scales on the dorsal. The base of the anal has a row of rather long
scales. Both the dor.sal and anal of K. gilberti are scaleless.

Nine specimens of K. pachijlejns were collected. They differ from Giinther's
description only in the slightly longer head, and in a greater range of fin-rays.

Head and depth 5 in length of body without caudal. Eye and snout about
equal, ol in head. Angle of lower jaw slightly in advance of front of orbit. Inter-

58

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES

orbital space oiic-fourth or ono-liftli wider llian eye. Jaws with a i)an(l of villiform
teeth. IVctonils rcacliinji nearly to tip of ventrals. Anal and soft dorsal conlor-
ininons. Soales 41 to 4;>. About '27 scales on back in a series between occipnt and
spinous dorsal. Fins unmarked. Snout and a small area on toji of bead i)ebind
eye dusky. Hack dusky, with small brown punctulations, which narrowly border
each scale. Lateral streak dark above, sbailing <Iownward into silvery, widest
under the dor.sals. A dark line on back from dorsal to occiput, composed of a single
row of dark brown dots; more conspicuous in the smaller specimens.

Mt-asitrcmcnls in Hundredths of Length ■without Caudal.

Length witlumt caudal, in mm..

Head

Depth

Eye

Snout

Insertion of ventrals from snout.

Length of anal base

Length of pectoral ,

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Scales

1
I '5

99

97

99

109

100

97

97

20l

20J

20

20

21

20i

20

20 J

20'

21

20

20i

20

20i

•9i

20 J

7

6

6J

6

6

6J

6

H

6i

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

43

41

43

41

42

42

42

42 1

24

24I

25J

25A

24

26i

23*

25i

28^

28

27

29

27 i

28

27

27

v-i,8

iv-i,7

V-I,S

IV-I,S

v-i,7

v-i,7

iv-i,7

v-i,7

1,21

1,22

1,21

1,21

1,23

1.23

1,21

1,21

42

43

43

42

44

42

43

41

S2
20

I9i
6J
6

40 1

25
26J

v-i,7
1,21

42

112. Kirtlandia gilberti (Jordan d- Bollman).

Of this species we obtained nine specimens, which we have examined in con-
nection with thirteen co-types collected at Panama by the "Albatross."

Only two of these have six dorsal spines, as described for the type; fifteen of
them have 5; and five of them have 4. The origin of the first dorsal in the type is
described as being at a point midway between the posterior margin of the heail and
the base of the caudal. We find that it varies from this to a point half the diameter
of the eye nearer to the occiput. The longest spine (probably owing to a slip of the
pen) is alleged to be 4| in the head. This should read 31 to 3i. The longest ray of
the soft dorsal exceeds the length of the snout by from one-fourth to one-half the
diameter of the eye. The origin of the anal varies in position from a point midway
between base of caudal and posterior base of pectoral (as described), to a point mid-
way between base of caudal and middle of upper pectoral ray; the width at base is
generally somewhat greater than "distance from tip of snout to base of pectorals."
The scales are crenate, but smooth to the touch. The dorsal and anal are scaleless.
The edges of the lateral band are well defined, and a nuich darker streak com-
poses its upper edge. It is widest under the dorsals, thence narrows on the caudal
peduncle and widens at base of caudal fin. Its termination is rounded.

GILBERT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

-)'J

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal

Lent,rtli witliout caiKJal, in mm

Mead

Depth

Kye

(Irijjin of anal from caudal base..
Orij^in of first dorsal from caudal.

Leni^-th of pectoral

l.cns^th i>f anal base

Xnmbcr of ilorsal spines

Numbir of dorsal rays

NiimbtT of anal rays

Xuml" I I if s> ules

103

105

no

22

21

22

'7

'7

'7

6

6

6

36

37

37

44

43

44

19

.81

18

19

20i

20i

V

IV

V

1,9

1,8

1. 9

1. 19

1,19

1. 19

^ 1

4')

49

103
20J

'7
6

38

43

IM
_' I
\'
I, 'I
1,21
50

98

103

97

30|

21

21

■71

1 - 1
' / 1

>7J

5}

6

t 1

40

38

3'^

43

45

421

18

18

'9

21

20

20

IV

\-

IV

i."^

\M

1.9

1,20

1,20

1,20

50

50

49

93

95

21

20I

16I

'7

(.

6

3«

3S

43

43

18

.8i

21

20

V

V

1.9

1.9

i.'9

1,20

50

51

Fin Form u hi' of the Co -Types.

Dorsal

Anal

vi-1,9
1,22

v-1,9
1,20

I v-1,9
1,20

VI-1,9
1,22

v-1,9

1,22

v- (broken;
(broken)

Dorsal

v-(broken)
1,20

V-I..^

1,20

IV-I,9
1,20

V-1,9
1,21

v-1,9
1,20

v-1,9
1,20

v-1,9
1,19

Anal

113. Atherinella panamensis Sieindachner.

I'LATE IX, Fit;. 17.

A single .specimen obtained, 13 cm. in entire length.

AVe add the following details to Dr Steindachner's excellent description: —
Head 4^ in length; depth 41. Eye 3| in head; snout 83; interorbital width 2J. The
enlarged outer teeth of the upper jaw are in two series only in front of jaw, in one
series laterally. Pectoral 2j in length. The insertion of the ventrals is nearer the
tip of the lower jaw than the base of the caudal by half the length of the head.

Family MUGILID/E.
114. Mugil cephalus Linnceus.

Taken by Gilbert at Panama in 1883 (Jordan, 1885, p. 371); not recorded
by other observers.

115. Mugil thoburni Jordan Jc Stiirks.

Recorded (as 3Iugil incilis) from Panama (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882?*, p. G24)
and from Chiapam (Steindachner). The types of the species were collected by the
"Albatross" at the Galapagos Islands.

00

CAMfOKNlA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCKS

ii6. Mugil curema Ouvicr d- Valenciennes.

This species comes iiilo tlio Piiiiaina markets in aluindaiicc. W'c have eom-
paretl six speeimens with (tthers from the Atlantic and can distini^nish no (litTciences
hctweeii them.

Afrasiitrmriils in niindicdiln of l.cnuth icilhoul Caudal.

L»K:ality.

Panama.

Jamaica.

l.rn.v;lli willioiit
caiulal, ex-
pressed in mm.

Head

IX|)th

Inten)rl)ital(lionc
only)

Insertion t)f ven-
tral spine from
snt)ut

Front of spinous
dorsal irum
snout

Tip of pectoral
from snout

Length of pec-
toral

205
27

25

Len^Tth of anteri-
or dorsal rays

Length of anteri-
or anal rays...

Number of dor-
sal spines and
rays

Number of anal
spines and rays

Scales from above
upper pectoral
ray

40

49i
46i
•9i
11.V

\2\

iv-i,8
111,9

38

212
26

24

9i
'38

49i
44

lO^

iv-i,7
111,9

240
26i

26

10

40

52

45

18J,

250
26
22

[li

iv-i,8

111,9

39

48.V

44 i
18,^
lU
12

iv-i,8
111,9

38

192
26
25

40

50A

45i
\%\

i2i

iv-i,8

111,9

37

190
26

25

9^
40

51
47
20

12^

iv-i,8

111,9

37

201
26
26

10
40

49 i
45J
19
12

.2>

IV-1,8

111,9

37

231

26i
26

39i

52
45

12

K,v W'.st.

"45 "'"^

IV- 1, 8

111,9

36

26
27

9i
39i

5oi

45J
191

I2.i

13

27
27

39

51

47 i
21

n\
14

230

24
26

38

50

43 i
19
II
12

IV-1,8 iv-i,.s , jv-1,8

111,9

36

111,9

37

111,9

37

117. Mugil hospes Jordan it Culver.

Abundant at Panama. It is at once separated from J/, curenid hy tiic htnger
pectoral. We found the small crustacean nearly always present in tlic mouth of
the Panama sjiecimens, as it was in the type and co-types from Mazatlan.

GILBERT AND STAIIKS — FISHES OP PANAMA BAY
Measurements in Hundredths of Length zvithout Caudal.

01

Locality -

Lt-ni;lli u itluiut (.Miidal, in mm.

Head (witiKuit (ipcTcuiar llap)

Depth

Interorbital (hone)

Insertion of ventral spine from
snout

Front of s])in()iis tiorsal from
snout

Tip of pectoral from snout

Length of pectoral

Length of anterior dorsal rays..

Length of anterior anal rays...

Number of dorsal rays and
spines

Number vi anal rays and spines

Scales

Panama.

212

193

2 12

222

230

190

217

219

28

28

26i

27

27

27

26J

27

26

27

23i

24 i

22 J

24

24|

23

II

loi

lOi

10

lO

lOi

10

10

41

42

39 i

41

39 i

4oi

41

40J

5ii

53. V

5'

5'i

5>i

52

5'

51

52i

53i

51

5'i

51 i

52 i

52i

52i

23i

25i

23

24

24

25

24

23i

12

•3

^A

•2.1

>2.i

12^

12I

I '*

12.V

13

12'

13

121

13

'3

13

IV-I,S

IV-I,S

IV-I,S

iv-i,8

iv-i,8

1V-I,8

iv-i,8

1V-I,8

111,9

111,9

111,9

111,9

111,9

111,9

111,9

111,9

37

37

3«

36

37

38

36

36

^Mazatlan

" ■Tvl-i-.)

170
28
23

to
39 s

50

501

23

12l

'3i

iv-i,8
111,9
38

1x8. Chaenomugil proboscideus {Gilnther).

Prol)ably not so coinnion as fartlic>r riorlli. Two large spocimens and several

small ones were collected, the latter found in rock-pools, in company with Querimnna

harengus.

Measuremetits in Hundredths of Letigth withotit Caud.il.

L(,"n"ih in mm . .

191
26
29

6

56
78
75
23
■5
1 .v-1,8
III, 10
39

154
271
3'
6i

56

78

75

23

16
1 v-1,8
111, 10

41

76

28
34
1\
56
78
70

25

18
1 v-1,8
111,10

40

56
29

32
8

57

77

73

25

18
iv-i,8
111,10

40

48

IKad

30

Depth

Eye

Insertion of first spine of spinous dorsal from snout
Insertion of tirst spine of soft dorsal from snout

3'
8

55
78
72

Len*'th of pectoral

26

Length of ventral

18

Number of dorsal rays and spines

1 v-1,8

Nuiiiijt'r of anal ravs and snmes

111,10

Sctilcs

40

(9)

November 12, 1903.

02

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

119. Querimana harengus (Giinlher).

Tliis little nuillet was taken in abundance in the ntck-pools. There is con-
siderable variation among the specimens, as the tal)le of measurements will show.
Nothing can be found, however, that would indicate more than one species among
them, (^ut of fiftv specimens examined, four were found with three anal spines.
In each of these cases, a spine hail replaced a ray, as only nine rays were present
instead of the ten always found in two-spincd examples.

Mtaxiircmcnls in Hundredths of Length 7rit/i,>iil ('nudnl.

Length in nun. , witliDUi cauiial . . .

Head

Depdi

Eye

First dorsal from snout

Second dorsid from snout

Insertion of \entral S|jine from
snout

Anal from snout

Length of pectoral

Lent^th of anal base

Spines and rays of dorsals

Spines and rays of anal

Scales

47
30
28

7
53

75

44

70

21

16
iv-i, 8
11, 10

36

40

32*

30

8

55
76

46

73
21

142
iv-i,9
II, 10

36

45

32

29

8

55
75

44
73
21

15
iv-i,8
II, 10

38

43
3'
30
7
53
76

44
71

20i
15

iv-i, 8

11,9

37

45
31
29

1\
53

76

44
71
20^
16

IV-I,.S

11,9
36

45

29

26

8

51
74

4'
68
20

15
IV-I,S

II, 10

38

41

28
26

1\

5'
72

42
70

• y
16

IV-I,S

II, 10

38

44
32

27
8

53
74

46

71
19

15

IV-I,S

II, 10
37

41

28

26

8

51
72

42
69

19

15
IV-I, 8
II, 10

37

Farailv SPHYR.ENIDyE.

120. Sphyrasna ensis Jordan A Gilbert.

Not uncommon in the market at Panaina, where nine specimens were collected.
These agree very well with the description given by Dr. Steindaclmer (1879//, p. 4)
under the name S.forsteri, he having confused it witli tliat East Indian species.

GILBERT AND STAKK8 — FISHES OF PANAMA lUV
AftiisuremeHls in Hundredths of length without Caudal.

63

Length in mm., from tij) of snout to l)asc of
caudal

I lead from tip of snout

l)r|ith

Orbit

Insertion \entral spine from tip of snout.

S|)inoiis diirsal from snout

Soft dorsal friim snout

Leni^th of jiectoral

Lonj;est dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

Numlier of dorsal rays and spines

Number of anal rays and spines

Number of scales

298

305

359

310

290

3'i

3'i

3oi

3ii

32

1 1 '

13

13

i3i

•3i

'4

5i

h\

5

5

5i

51

1 1

40

40^

39 i

40 i

42

43 i

43

43 J

43

44

44

12\

7ot

69.1

70

71 1

7o.i

13

13

12.-

13

I2.i

13

II

II. I

...l

11.^

II

nj

ID.'

xo\

10

loi

10.^

io.i

v-i,8

v-i,9

v-i,9

v-i,6

v-1,9

v-i,9

i'>7

11,8

11,8

II. 8

11,8

11,8

loS

1 1 I

109

I OS

1 , „ ,

112

290

31

n\

53

41
44
70J
13

M\
IGJ

v-i,9
11,8
no

Family POLYNEMID.Ti:.
121. Polydactylus approximans {Lnj d- BcnncU).

Common hut much Ics-s abundant than /*. opercularis, and intitdi less valuable
than the latter as a food-fish.

Measurements in Himdrcdths of Length "without Caudal.

Length in nun

Head

Depth

Ma.xillary

Spinous dorsal from snout

Distance from front of spinous dorsal to soft dors;il..

Length of pectoral

Longest detached ray

Longest dorsal spine

Longest dorsal fy

Dorsal

Anal ;

Scales

217

193

31

32

29

29

14

i4i

37

39

27

28

28

28

41

42

22

22

21

19

vni-i.i2

viii-1,12

111,14

111,14

60

r.i

191
32
30
14

39
30
29
45
Broken
21
vin-i,i2

'".13
60

206

32

28

14.V

39
27

31
45
24
22
viii-1,12

HI. 13
61

205
32
29
'4
39
27
28

39
22
20
viii-1,12
III, 14
62

64

CALIFOKMA Al'ADKMV Ol' SCIENCES

122. Polydactylus opercularis (Gill).

Taken with hook mid line in jijrcat ahiiiulaiice. It is eagerly sought after by
the native jmpiilation, by wliom it is highly prized. Tt is one of the most imporlMiit
food-fishos, and on some days equals or exceeds in numbers all others combined.

The type is described as having only eight free pectoral rays, but that was
tloubtless based on erroneous observation.

AfeasiircHienls in Hundredths of Length ivithout CaudaL

Length in mm

Head

Depth

Maxillary

Spinous clors;il I'loiii snout

Distance from (runt of si^inDUs dorsiil to
soft dorsal

Length of pectoral

Longest detached ray

Longest dorsal spine

Longest dorsal ray

Dorsal

Anal

Scales

280

280

290

242

205

31

29 i

30.V

30

30

25

24

25

25

251

18

'7i

1 7 J.

17

I7i

36

36

35

35 i

35

25

26

28

28

26|

21

20

21

20.^

22

31

3ii

32

33i

32

20

20

■9 J,

20

201

iS

i/i

18

18

18

VIII-1,12

VIII-1,12

VIII-1,12

VIII-1,12

VIII-1,12

111,13

111,13

"1,13

■ II, 13

HI, 13

66

69

68

70

68

7i

178
30

27

I

34i

26),

22

35
20

17V

VIII-1,12

111,13
69

Family HOLOCENTRIDiE.

123. Myripristis occidentalis GlU.

Two specimens were taken among the islands in the bay. The species differ
from J/, jxjbcilopus more than has been previously indicated. The teeth are much
larger, and the vomerine patch is lance-shaped rather than anchor-shaped. The
anterior rays of the dorsal and anal arc longer, making these fins more angulated
and their posterior margins more nearly vertical. Scales thirty-nine or forty in the
lateral line, somewhat smaller than indicated in the type description.

The color of the back is of a clearer reddish brown, less slaty than in
M. pcecilopus, and with bluish reflections on each scale. The silver begins on the
row of scales below the lateral line rather than above, and is ri(;lier in coppery and
greenish reflections. The dorsal is lighter, and there are no dusky bands at base of
caudal and below the lateral line, as in M. p(£cilo2ms. The ventrals have lighter or

GILBERT AND STAUK8 — FI8HKS OF PANAMA BAY

65

colorless tips. In one specimen the ventrals are iraraaculate, in the other a sli,i,Mitly
dusky tin<i;c is present. The three specimens of M. pitcilopm hate the tips of the
ventnils darker, running from (hisky to Mack. There is a dark pigment spot above
pupil in M. occidentalis, which is absent or very slightly dusky in M. piecilopus.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length wilhout caudal in mm...

Head

Depth

Eye

Snout

Length of pectoral

Length of ventral

Height of soft dorsal

Height of anal

Length of caudal

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Scales

4.S

37
15

7i
22

3-40-7

46
35
36
15
7i
24

I S 16

IS 16

24 24

x-i, 141 .\-i, 14

i

IV, 12 ' IV, 12

3-39-7

124. Myripristis poecilopus (Gill).

Three specimens taken.

Very small villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; the palatine patches
very long and tiarrow, the vomerine patch anchor-shaped, its length about three
times its width across lateral arms. The median backwardly extending limb is
narrow and pointed.

Color of back slaty brown, passing into bright, iridescent silvery at the
upper part of the band of scales which bears the lateral line. Upper end of opercle
with bluish retiections. Directly below the lateral line is a narrow, straight, dusky
streak, commencing three or four scales from gill-opening and ending a little behind
tip of pectoral. Tips of ventrals varying from slightly dusky to black. Base of
caudal with a dusky band. Spinous dorsal dark or nearly black. Other fins
colorless.

G6

CALIFOKNIA ACADI:M\ tU' St'IKNCES

> in Hun,:

I.enjjth without caudal in mm..,

Head

DejJtli

Kye

Snout

Length of pectoral

Length of ventrals

Height of soft dorsal

Height of anal

Length of caudal

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Scales

'// without Caudal.

45
35
35
15
8

21
21

15
1 6

23

x-i, 14

\\. 12

3-34-7

50

1
44

34

35 i

35

33

14

15

•7i

8

20

21

20

20

15

15

15

15

22

23

x-i, 14

X-I, 14

IV, 12

IV, 12

3-35-7

3-35-7

125. Holocentrus suborbitalis QUI.
Taken in abnnclancc in the rock-pools. Our specimens do not materially
differ from the description of the type. The statement that "the tail behind tlie
vertical fins nearly equals a ninth of the total length" should doubtless read "the
height of the caudal peduncle behind the vertical fins nearly equals a ninth of the
total lenofth." The leniitii of the tail behind the vertical fins is alxtut 3,'; in the total

length.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length icithout Cauda/ A

Length without caudal in mm.

Head

Depth

Orbit

Maxillary

Preopercular spine

Third anal spine

Third dorsal spine

Base of soft dorsal

Length of jDectoral

Length of ventral

Dorsal

Anal

Scales

153

145

150

112

no

65

32

32

32

32

3-

35

37

37

38

38

37

39

II

12

iii-

12

12

14

13

13

I2|

13

13

15

8i

^

8

7

6>

5i

19

17

191

21

20

22

17

17

i8i

■ . '9

i7i

20 1

i3i

I4i

14

131

14

14!,

22

23

24

25

25

27

21

22

24

24

24

26

XI-13

XI-14

XI-14

XI-14

XI-14

XI-14

IV, 9

IV, 9

IV, 9

IV, 9

IV, 9

IV, 9

39

38

38

38

37

37

68

34i
38
14
14J
7
22

19

H\

27

25
XI-14
IV, 9
37

Un tLiB tible, the head is measared to the angle formed by largest opercular spine and edge of Hubopercle. The preopercular
spine la measured along its npper edge from its angle with preopercle.

GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

07

Family MULLID.E.
126. Upeneus grandisquamis GUI.

Several spcciinons collocteil in tlie i'aiiaiiia iiiarUot. This large series enables
us to add the following range of variations to the original description:

Head 3[ to 3.V in length without caudal; depth 3 to 3|. Eye 4.V to ■') in
liead; snout 2 to 2J. The fin counts in our eleven specimens are constantly
VIII-I, 8 for the dorsal, and T, 0 for the anal. The third dorsal spine is longer
than the fourth, but does not project beyond it. Sometimes it does not reach its tip.

Dr. Gill's measurement of the length of the spinous dorsal fin includes the
membrane which connects the last spine to the body. As most specimens have this
membrane broken, we have considered the base of the fin to extend to the base of the
last spine. The base of the first dorsal equals or sometimes slightly exceeds the
interval between the dorsals, the latter equaling or sometimes slightly exceeding the
base of the second dorsal. The interval between the dorsals contains 4 scales along
the median line.

The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen: Red above,
silvery below; 2 silvery streaks along the sides anteriorly, follow the rows of
scales above and below the lateral line, and arc continued forward on the head to a
point behind the eye. Other silvery streaks follow the rows of scales, but are much
less conspicuous. Dorsal and caudal deep orange-red with wide translucent margins.
Measurements in Hundrcdtlis of Length without Caudal.

Length without caudal, in mm..

Head

Depth

.Snout

Eye

Length of 3d dorsal spine

Length of pectoral

Height of second dors;d

Spinous dorsal from snout

Front of first dorsal to front
of second dorsal

Number of gill-rakers

Number of dorsal rays .'. .

Number of anal rays

Scales

160

32
32
15
7
21

25
12
40

29
6-1-1 1
vin-1,8

1,6
2-30-5

154
30
29
14
6^
21

n\

12 V

3S.\

30
6-^11
VI 1 1-1,8

1,6
2-30-5

145
3'
29
14
7
20

25
13
39

28
6+11
vni-1,8

1,6
2-3 '-5

142
29 i
29
14
6^

i9i
23
13
38

29

6+12
vni-1,8

1,6
2-31-5

121
30
30

'4

- 1
' 'J

19

24

13

38

28^

6+11
vin-1,8

1.6
2-30-5

08 CAUFouNi.v ai'adi;my of sciknckb

Family SCOMHKID.E.
127. Sarda chilensis Cuvier it- Valenciennes.

AlMiinlaiit ill the market for two or tliree days, but not again seen. We
preserved one specimen, 4G cm. in lenL:;tli.

Eighteen gill-rakers are attributed to the horizontal limb of the anterior
branchial arch by Jordan & Evermann, 180(5, p. 872. Tliey also (Icsorii)e the maxil-
lary as not reaching the eye. In our .specimen there are but nine gill-rakers including
cue rudiment; and the maxillary extends to below the posterior border of the eye.

128. Scomberomorus sierra Jurdun .C- Starks.

This species is brought into the market daily, and is one of the most important
food fishes. We preserved six specimens.

If it is distinct from its East Coast relative, S. inaculatiis, it is separated by
only slight characters, and a large series from both shores will have to be compared
accurately to define the species. The chief character that ha.s been alleged to sep-
arate the two is the more backward position of the dor.sal in S. sierra. Our
material shows this character to be valueless.

We have but three specimens of S. maculatus. From these, 8. sierra seems to
differ in being a little more slender, and in having the spots rounder and more
numerous below the lateral line. As the a[)pended table indicates, the size of the
head and eye may average smaller, the number of dorsal rays less, and the number
of gill-rakers more. 8. sierra has 3 or 4 rows of spots below the lateral line, while
8. maculatus has but two, or at the most, the beginning of a third.

We do not admit to our list 8. concolor, recorded without comment from the
Gulf of Panama, by Boulenger, 1899, p. 3. Aside from this record, 8. concolor has
been known only from Monterey Bay, California.

GILBEHT AND STARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA HAY

69

■V.

0

s

s

^

s

H
<

s
u
<

<

O

o

s:
u
a

o

'^

I-

IN} >

00

o

00

m -

c
o

u

X

1^

1

o»

v£>

+

n

1

rO

-i-

e
o

u

A.. 1^

C

a

00

00

o

CO

C4

o

rt

O

ID

o

CO

PI

i-i M

'^ y.

"- - <^ I-

- I
> Z
X

O

-hi
O

O -)-

CO

o
to

-fei

ID >-• -

- J. ^

2 X

: ^ +

— I a

X

O f ? -
" 7 -^ 4-

X „

vO > o

I i +

> i. ^

X -

o

CO

c
o

u

a

o

« ^

o
-a

o
o

C

_)

f^

a. '3 ■§

0) i_ rt

DOS

o
c
t/5

c
o

c
rt

U)

V

c

o
•a

be

tt)

a
•V

3

a

o

n

o

E

^ +

+

a X

^ T ::
I ^ +

X

7 X

o T

- 7
X

I

-r

X

7 X

= E J 2

rt

(LI

3

Z

rt

b«

J3

3
Z

(10)

November 13. 1901

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OV SCIENCES

Family TUK'IIIURIIU':.

129. Trichiurus lepturus Linmius.
Recorded from Panaiiia l)y .Ionian aiul Bollmaii, 1881), p. 180.

Family NEMATISTIID/E.

130. Nematistius pectoralis Gill.

Prohably rare as far south as Panama; only three or four seen.

The followint;: measurements are from u s{)ecimen 30 cm. in lengtii.

Head 3^ in length; depth SJ. Eye o in head; snout 3^; maxillary 2,'n;
interorbital (bone) 3J. Dorsal VIII-I, 2G; anal T, IG. Gill-rakers 3 + 9, the
longest two-thirds the diameter of the eye.

Family CAllANGIDiE.

131. Oligoplites saurus {Block d- Schneider).

Not uncommon in the market, though much less abundant than 0. miindus.

The top of head and nape are smooth and without conspicuous pores iu saurus
and there is no membrane connecting the anterior branchiostegal rays of the two
sides. Our material shows that no reliable character can be drawn from the com-
parative size of the lowest suborbital bone and the next above. In saurus the lowest
suborbital seems constantly narrower than the one above it, but they vary greatly in
size, sometimes differing on opposite sides of the same specimen. Larger specimens
have proportionately deeper bodies, so this character also must be used with caution.

We have compared our material with specimens from the Atlantic, and can
appreciate no difference whatever.

GILBEirr AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

71

1

3

n

<:

lO

f^. ri

ON c

fv

0
PI

o

lO

4

> 0

• 1^

M

c

"

-f- u-i -

: - c^

"

"

!*

4

>

^t

^

,

«^l -49»

PI PI On ".

g

g-

rn I^ lO

n n

M

re

-1-

-t

o

CJ

(N

^H

lO "O ■-

P)

HI

H-

N

>

[

'*>

•*•

H» 9

%

?!

^

t^ T^

w -

~

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72 CALIFORNIA .\( AiH.MV OF SCIENCES

132. Oligoplites altus (Gnnlher).
1'i.ATF. XI, Flu. 20.

One specimen tnkcn in tlie Panama market.

Head 4J in length without caudal; depth t,\. Eye 4I in head; snout 3J; maxillary ii|. The
interorbital width equals the tliameter of the eye. Dorsal V-1, 19; anal III, 20.

Body moderately deep, as in specimens of (>. saitrus of equal size; contour very slightly
angulated at front of soft dorsal and anal. Mouth large, the ma.xillary reaching slightly past
eye. The hands of teeth on jaws are wider than in either O. saitnis or O. viiitidus, and differ from
them in having the outer row of tlie lower jaw composed of slender movable teeth which are more or
less in contact and project above the other teeth. They are bluntly rounded as viewed from the side,
but are laterally compressed to a sharp cutting edge. The width of the mandibular l)and of teeth
anteriorly is about a fourth of the diameter of the eye or one-fourth wider than ma.xillary near the
posterior end. The premaxillary band is somewhat narrower. The patch of vomerine teeth is
rounded in front and acutely pointed behind; its length about half the diameter of the eye, its wndth
about two-thirils of its length. The jxilatine p;itches are about half as wide as the vomerine patch.
Gill-rakers moderately slender, their length about two-thirds eye. Top of head and nape with pores,
as in O. mundits. Anterior branchiostegal rays connected across isthmus by a thin transparent
membrane.

The anterior rays of dorsal are a little longer than those of anal. The last rays of dorsal
and anal are produced; those of anal a little longer, barely reaching to the short anterior caudal
rays. Pectoral about ij in head; its tip reaching slightly p;ist tips of ventrals. Origin of ventrals
nearer front of anal (behind detached spines) than tip of lower jaw by about half eye. Caudal lobes
subequal.

Color not unlike O. mtmdus. Back slaty-brownish, lower parts and sides silvery. Top of
head to tip of snout dark; tip of mandible black. Pectoral fin dusky on inner face, growing darker
or black at base. Dorsal and caudal dusky, median rays of caudal darker at tips. Ventral and anal
white.

This species differs from 0. mundus in having a smaller mouth, a more slender
body, and in the character of the teeth in the lower jaw. Dr. G. A. Boulenger has
kindly re-examined for us the type of 0. altus in the British Museum, and informs
us that the top of the head is densely beset with pores, and the anterior branchioste-
gal rays of the two sides are joined by membrane. There can be no question, there-
fore, as to the correct identification of our specimen.

GILBEKT AND STARKS - FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length without raudal in mm 225

Head

Depth

Eye

Maxillary

Snout to posterior margin of eye

Snout to soft dorsal

Snout to first anal ray

Length of pectoral

Length of caudal

Longest dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

Number of dorsal rays v-i , 1 9

Number of anal rays 11-1,20

23

30
5

'4
III

49
50
16

27
12J

lOj.

Number of gill-rakers

4-(-io

133. Oligoplites refulgens sp. iiov.

Plate XI, Fio. 19.

Head 4I in body without caudal; depth \\. Eye 4) in head; maxillary 2^^; snout 3^. Inter-
orbital width little exceeding diameter of eye. Dorsal V-I, 20; anal II-I, 19.

15ody more elongate than in other members of the genus; the ventral and dorsal outlines
similar and symmetrical, without angles at origin of dorsal and anal fins.

Head pointed; its greatest width 2 J in its length; its depth at point of occipital crest a little
anterior to edge of opercle, i J in its length. Mouth comparatively small; its outline cur\'ed upward
anteriorly and downward posteriorly; lower jaw slightly the longer; maxillary scarcely reaching to
below middle of eye. Teeth on jaws in narrow bands which are scarcely as wide as expxjsed jx)rtion
of maxillary anteriorly. Bands on vomer and palatines wide, that on vomer about i J as long as it
is wide, its greatest width in its anterior third or fourth; palatine bands at least twice as wide as those
on jaws. Tongue with minutely granular patches.

Head entirely scaleless. Scales on body about as in the most conspicuously scaled examples
of O. saurus. Top of head and nape smooth as in O. saurus, without the conspicuous pores of
O. nmndiis and O. alius.

Insertion of ventrals about midway between base of first anal spine and the vertical from
anterior orbital rim; their tips reaching over half way to second anal spine. Pectoral extending to
tips of ventrals. Longest anterior dorsal ray a little longer than longest anal ray. Last ray of dorsal
and anal elongate, that of the anal the longer, reaching rudimentary caudal rays. Caudal rather
short, the lobes equal; its longest ray i^ in head.

Sides bright silvery; top of head and snout nearly black; extreme tip of lower jaw black.
Two very dark brown or blackish bands run pxirallel along the back and upper part of sides; the

74

CALIFOKNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

lower sharply defined below by the silvery of the sides, passing gradually above into dusky silvery.
The iipiK-r hand is uniform in color and joins its fellow of the ojiposite side, forming a well defined
median banil on back as viewed from above. Dorsal spines anil anterior part of soft dorsal blackish;
anal slightly dusky anteriorly, its spines white. Wntrals white; pectoral dusky on inner face, growing
darker towards base. Up{)er and lower edges of caudal dusky; the upper the darker.

A single specimen, 22 cm. in entire length, was taken in the Panama market.
Afcasiin-nicn/s in Hundredths of I^nglh tcithoitl Caudal.

Length without caudal

Head

Depth

Eye

Ma.xillary

Snout to posterior edge of eye

Snout to soft dorsal

Snout to anal . . .

Length of pectoral

Length of caudal

Length of longest anterior dorsiil ray
Length of longest anterior anal ray..

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Number of gill-rakers

203

2li
22

5

9J
II

49
51

I2i

18

T
v-i, 20

n-1,19
6+17

134. Oligoplites mundus Jordan d- Starka.

Tn tlie Panama market thi.s .species is more abundant than any other of the
genus.

0. mundus resembles 0. ultus, and differs from that division of the genus to
which 0. saurus and 0. refulgens belong in having the top of its head and nape
closely covered with pores, which open into short canals ramifying beneath the skin.
In a large specimen from Mazatlan, about 10 inches in length, these pores and
canals are very conspicuous and extend posteriorly in a patch on side of back to a
point above the anterior third of the pectoral fin. 0. mundus and 0. alius have also
the anterior branchiostegals connected across the isthmus by a thin, but tough trans-
parent membrane. The bands of teeth on the jaws are wider, the body is deeper,
and the caudal is longer.

GILBERT AND ST AUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Measurements in Hundredths of Leni^tlt u'ithoiit Caudal.

to

Locality

Length without caudal in mm

Head

Depth

Eye

Maxillary

Tip of snout to posterior edge of eye.

Tip of snout to soft dorsal

Tip of snout to ana!

Length of pectoral

Length of caudal

Height of dorsal

Height of anal

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Number of gill-rakers above angle....
Number of gill-rakers below angle ...

Panama

198
25
35

III
5>
52
161

25
I5i
15
iv-i, 19
ii-i, 19

3
10

210

25i
34
51
'71

Hi

52i

53

'7i

27

16

15
-1,20
1,20

3
II

205

261

36
5i
i7i
12

53

54i

17

28

16

15

1V-I,20
11-1,19

4
10

208
26
35
5
18
12
53
55
1 61
261
16

14
v-1,19
11-1,19

4
10

174
26

36 i

5i
18
12
53
55
i6i

27

.-\l}li>di.<ii, s Mil at

iMgoon, I tan,
Mex. Mex.

209

26

34

5

'7i
12

52

52i

'7i

151
25i
33

-;.

'7
12

5'
52
16

25 J

15

16

15

14

^5

14

iv-i,i8

V-I,20

iv-1,19

ii-r,i8

11-1,20

11-1,19

3

4

3

9

10

10

385

241

35
4
16
loj
51
5'
16

24I
14
'3i

V-I,20
11-1,20

4
10

135. Trachurops crumenopthalmus (liluch).

Occasionally brought to market, where numerous speciraen.s were collected.
It was also observed at Acapulco. We are unable to find any differences between
specimens from the Atlantic and the Pacific.

The head varies from 3J to 3.^ in length; the depth from 3.J to 3|; the pec-
toral from 3[ to 3|. Orbit 21 to 3' in head; maxillary 2] to 2^; ventral 2 to 2\.
Plates and scales along the entire lateral line vary from 86 to 91.

136. Hemicaranx atrimanus [Jordan it Gilbert).

Of frequent occurrence in the Panama market, where it appeared sometimes
in considerable numbers.

As the original description was taken from a single specimen, we append the
following notes giving a wider range of variation.

Head 3:| to 4| in length; depth 2J to 2J; length of pectoral 21 to 2-,'; chord
of curve of lateral line 3.V to 4; straight part of lateral Hue l^ to 2. Orbit 3J to 4J

7G CAUFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

in lioiul; maxillary o\ to 3;; veiitrals 1^, to 2^; liigliest dorsal spine 3 to 3.\; second
dorsal ray 1 ,' to 2. Lenj;th 23 to 3(5 era.

The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen: Back deep
blue, with faint traces of cross-bars. Snout and opercles dusky. Cheeks dusky
yellow, with coarse brown specks. Lower part of sides silvery, with some dusky
shading and without yellow. Cautlals and pectorals light lemon-yellow, the caudal
narrowly edged with black. Pectorals with a jet-black blotch involving base and
axil of fin and basal portion of all except the lowest rays. Dorsal, anal am! vcntrals
orange-yellow, more or less dusky; dorsal inconspicuously margined with l)hick.

137. Hemicaranx zelotes Gilbert.

Plate XII, Fig. 22.

Hemicaranx zclotcs Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2845).

Closely related io atrxmanui, with which it agrees in huvinga large jet-black area
on axil and base of pectorals. It differs from alriiaanut^ in the following characters:
The more rounded profile of snout; the lower spinous dorsal; the longer maxillary;
the higher, shorter curve in the lateral line; the wider scutes, which are also fewer
in number; the darker coloration of body and fins.

Head 4 to 4J in length; depth, 2f to 2-3; D. VII-I, 26 to 29; .'\. II-I, 23 to 25; P. 20 to 22.
Scutes 51 to 53 (over 60 in afrhnanits).

Body regularly elliptical, its greatest depth about in the middle of its length, e.xclusive of
caudal peduncle. Head small; anterior profile more decur\'ed, the snout hence blunter than in
alrimaniis; de]:)th of head just behind eye about five-sixths its length. Jaws subequal, the tij) of the lower
slightly projecting; ma.xillary narrow, not quite reaching anterior margin of pupil, about 3J in head
(3 J in atrimanus). A single series of small, close-set subequal teeth in each jaw; no teeth on vomer,
palatines, or tongue. Orbit considerably greater than snout, 3| to 3* in head. Interorbital width
(taken at anterior margin of orbit) slightly less than orbit. Occiput with an evident carina. Distance
from snout to first dorsal spine greater than length of pectorals.

Spinous dorsal very low, the highest spine considerably less than orbit (greater than orbit in
atrimanus). A well de\eloped antrorse sjjine before the dorsal. Soft dorsal and anal similar, not
falcate; the rays decreasing in size from the first; the highest ray of the soft dorsal 2 to 2i in head;
the highest ray of the anal about 2 J in head. Dorsal and anal depressible into a sheath of scales, the
last 3 or 4 rays uncovered. Caudal fin wide, well forked, the upper lobe the longer, the longest ray
not quite one-fourth total length of body. Pectoral fin long, falcate, but much shorter than in atri-
manus, 3 J to 3 f in body (2 3 to 2 1 in atrimanus). Ventrals 2 1 to 2 1 in head. Scales as in atrimanus.

Lateral line with a very strong curve anteriorly, the height of the curve 2| to 3^ in its length;
its length 2 J to 2\ in the straight portion. The entire length of the straight portion is furnished with
scutes, which are very small in front and behind. The scutes are considerably wider and lower than
in atrimanus : the widest about one-half the diameter of orbit (about one-third diameter of orbit in
atrimanus) .

Coloration much as in atrimanus, but darker and the fins without yellow. Blackish olive above,
dusky silvery below, top of head and snout black. Spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal and anal black,
except a narrow light streak at base. Caudal dark, margined with black; pectorals very dark, black
on inner face, the extreme lower rays light. ' A large jet-black blotch covers the base of the pectorals
and extends for about one-fifth of the whole length of the fin; the a.xil is also black.

Four specimens were obtained in the market at Panama; none others were seen.

GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA HAY

77

138. Hemicaranx furthii {Sleindachner).
Only the types known, from Panama. Probably not distinct from //. kucurun.

139. Hemicaranx leucurus {Giinlher).
Only the type known, from Panama.

140. Caranx vinctus Jordan <i- Gilbert.

But few specimens were seen, four of these preserved. Tliey agree well with
the description of the type. The measnreraent of the eye in the original description
is evidently of the entire orbit. Between the adipose eyelids, the eye is 5 to 5i in
head .

141. Caranx hippos {Linnceus).

We have compared seven specimens from Panama and Mazatlan with live
specimens from Jamaica and Cuba. The Pacific examples seem to differ slightly in
having an average larger number of gill-rakers and more plates in the straight
part of the lateral line. In five of the seven Pacific specimens, the ventrals end con-
siderably in advance of the vent; in one specimen they reach the vent, and in one
they extend beyond it. The Atlantic specimens all have the ventrals reaching to or
a little past the vent. The Panama specimens are all a little more slender than the
Atlantic or Mazatlan specimens. It i.s not probable that these differences have any
importance for clas.sification.

Miiisii)()ncnts in Hundredths of Length wit/iout Caudal.

Locality

Length in mm. without cauilal
Depth at base of ventrals

Distance from base of ventrals to
1st detached anal spine

Distance from vent to base of ven-
tral fins

Panama

Mazatlan,
Mex.

Jamaica

252

204

260

261

254

185

177

200

200

193

172

32

34

30I

32 J

31

M

36

35i

36

36

35

20J

2.i

2li

22

21

2I|

19

20i

21

20\

20

144

16 J

16

i6i

15

15

14

14

'4i

14

i3i

38

20l

•3i

(U)

a

n

n

y r&

3

3

3

. 3

R"^

"n

d 2J

(xBr

►n

0 0

0

"O -t

ft

0

" c;

s

% 2.

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sr

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A.

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n

3

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•-t

November 14, 1903

78

CAUFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Table of gill-rakers and plates of straight part of lateral line.

Locality

Panama

Mazatlan

famaica

■1

*Gill-rakers

16 + 2
39

16 + 2
42

16+ I
41

16 + 2
37

15 + 2
38

16+ I
39

16+1
38

14 + 2
33

15 + 2
35

14 + 2
36

15 + 2
32

14 + 2

Plates

36

142. Caranx caballus (G«7i//«er).

Frcqncntlv appoiiring in considerable nnnil)ers; seven specimens preserved.
These, in addition to throe specimens from ]\Ia/,;itI:in, have l)een compared witli four
specimens of C. crysos from the Atlantic (two from Jamaica; one from Woods Hole,
Mass.; cue from Florida).

C. cnballus seems to be more slender, the dei)th varying from 3', to 83 (3 to
3J^ in C. cry$0!<). The former has two or three of the ])lates on the caudal peduncle
lengthened antero-post(!riorIy. Counting from a point opposite the base of the last
dorsal ray to opposite the beginning of the short outer rays of the caudal, they num-
ber four or five in C. cahallus, and seven or eight in C. crysos.

The tw^o species do not difTer in length of the pectoral or in the number of
plates in the straight part of the lateral line, as has been alleged. In both, the
pectoral varies from 2J to 3g in the length, and the plates from 47 to 50.

143. Caranx marginatus Gill.

Common in the Panama market. We supplement the description given by
Jordan and Evermann (LSOO, p. 922) as follows:

Head from o\ to oj in length; depth 2,' to 3. Dorsal in four specimens
VIII-I, 21; in two specimens VIII-I, 20. Anal in four specimens II-I, 16; in two
specimens H-I, 17. Eye (iris) 4 to Al in head; maxillary 3 to 3', reaching to below
posterior border of pupil. The gill-rakers number 4 or 5 -f 14 or 15. Pectoral 2f
to 3 in body. Arch of lateral line 1? to I'i in its straight portion. Plates in straight
part of lateral line in two specimens 30, in three specimens 31, in one specimen 32.

We have specimens in the collection of Stanford University from Mazatlan,
Socorro Island and the Galapagos Islands, which agree with our Panama specimens
in all respects.

Doubtless all of the records of the occurrence of C. latus in the Pacific are
referable to either C. marginatus or 0. medusicola. C. marginatus differs from C.
medusicola and C. latus in having a slenderer form, and fewer plates in the lateral
line.

We have re-examined the two type specimens of C. medusicola from Mazatlan,
and also several specimens from Clarion Island. None of them exceed 7 inches in
length. From C. latus of the same size (of which we have specimens from Key
West, St. Lucia and Bahia, Brazil), C. medusicola differs in the following resj^ects:

• Qill-rakers given for lower arch only; the rudimeuts enuiuerated separately in each case.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

79

The maxillary is shorter, 2'i to 2,\ in head (2 to 2J in C. lalii<<). The preorhital is
wider, in the narrowest part two-thirds the diameter of the eye (half eye in C. latus)-
The snout is longer, from 2^\ to 3 in head (3| to 3^ in C. latua). The gill-rakers are
more numerous, 1+ 17 or 18 (4 -|- 14 or lo in C. lalas). It lias 1 or 2 more soft
rays in the dorsal and anal, 22 or 23 dorsal rays, 18 anal rays (20 or 21 dorsal rays,
and 1() or 17 anal rays in C. lahis). One of the Mazatlan specimens is deeper than
any specimen we have seen of C. latus, the others are of the same depth.

'i'lio figure of C. medusicola given by Jordan (18i)oi, plate 34), shows the
characters of this species very well, except that the preorbiUil is not wide enough.
In the original description, the number of the dorsal spines, gill-rakers, and lateral
plates is wrongly given. The first dorsal has 8 spines, the plates to the bend in the
lateral line number from 36 to 38.

Meastiremenls in Hundredths of Length -without Caudal.

Species

Locality

Length without caudal in mm

Head

Depth

Snout

Least width of preorhital

Maxillary

Eye

Chord of curve of lateral line

Straight part of lateral line

Number of soft dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Plates in straight part of lateral line

C. MEDUSICOLA

Mazatlan

(TIPBS.)

98

lOi

4
12^

123

30i

42.>
IO.\

4
12

7\

C larion
Island

C. LATUS

30

30

4ii

41 i

22

22

18

1 8

36

36

133

139

32

32^

40

421

1 1

iH

4i

4i

13

12'

7^

7i

30

30

42

42

22

23

18

18

37

38

Bahia,
Brazil

103

33

43

9

3

15

8

28

45
21

17
37

Key West,
Florida

III
32 i
43

9

3

•5

8

30
43
20
16
36

108

32

43

9

3

i5i
8

30
45
21

17

35

144. Gnathanodon speciosus {Forskdl).

Appearing infrequently; on two occasions many large ones were brought to
market. Our five specimens all have 10 rays in the dorsal and K) in the anal.

145. Citula dorsalis {(Jill).

Fre(|ucntly brought to market. AVe preserved seven specimens from 24 to
30 cm. in length. To the description given by Jordan and Evermann (189G, p. 930),
we make the following additions and corrections, based upon our material.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Depth from 1 j to 2 in length. Eye 4 J to 4^ in head; snout 2',' to 3. Pec-
toral oin'-foiirlh to one-fiflli loni,f('r than head. Vcntrals reaching well past vent,
ahont lialf the distance from their insertion to the third anal spine. Length of gill-
mkei*s II little over half diameter of eye, their numher G + 10. In three specimen.s
the dorsal rays numher 1!> and the anal 17; in three the dorsal is IS and (Ik; anal KI,
and in one the dorsal is \'.) and the anal H>. .Scales in the straight part of lateral
line 48 (not 58).

146. Alectis ciliaris {Block).

But few of this species were seen. We have compared dui' material with a
single specimen from Jamaica and can ai)preciate no differences.

147. Vomer setipinnis {Mitch ill).

Brought into the market almost daily, sometimes in large numbers. We
preserved nine adult specimens and several young; the latter were taken in the
tide-pools.

We have compared our adult specimens with three specimens from Beaufort,
N. C, and a single large specimen from Jamaica. From the former, ours differ in the
following respects: The body is more slender, the declivity of the anterior profile is
less steep, the space between the eye and the angle of profde aljove eye is shorter,
the bases of the anal and soft dorsal are shorter, and the scutes on the caudal
peduncle are larger. They diflfer from the Jamaica specimen only in having larger
scutes. We have compared the young with specimens of the same size from
Galveston and find them similar. The specimens from Beaufort seem to occupy a
position between the Panama specimens and V. spixii.

Our material from the Atlantic is so meagre that we arc unable to decide
whether the species fi*om the Pacific is distinct or not.

GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

81

Afrasiiy,)!], >ili in f fn miredlhs of f fii,'l!i -rilhiu/l Ciinlnl.

Locality \ Beaufort, N.C.

5
1.

Panama

Galveston

Lenytli without cauclal in mm

Head

Depth

Maxillary

Eye

Eye to niiddleof upper curveof head

Eye to anterior tip of maxillary...

Least distance from eye to anterior
profile

150

164

lU Oil

Eye to ojxjrcular iinglt

Straight part of lateral line from
base of middle caudal rays

Chord of curve of lateral line

Length of soft dorsal base

Length of anal base

Length of pectoral

Length of caudal ,.,

55

13

8

15

Hi

40

34?.

45

53

34

Bro

57

13

1\
16

i5i

12

41
31

46

54

35

ken.

■38
33i
58
13
7i
17
i5i

7
Hi

41
33

46

52
37

248

33

5H

n\

8

I3i
14

41
33
44i
48

34

20

159

225

z^\

32

50i

50

I3i

13

8

7

13

13

Hi

i3i

13

39
32
42i
48

38i

204

34

48i

13

7

I2i

13

12^ 13

172
33i
52
13

S

•3
14

7

I2i

4ii 42 4oi

31

44

48

40

44i

43

48

48

37

38

•04

32i

51

13
7i

I2i

I3i

6i
I2i

43
31
44
48
38

63
39
68

14

9i
18
18

n

i3i

40

29
46

55
37

3"

66
38
63
13

9
' 7
17

7
12

38
28

45
52

65
38
66

14

in

20

74
II

37
32
45
54

66
38
65
14
9i
19
18

7
12

37
33
46

53
34
30

148. Selene oerstedii Lidkcn.

Cominoii; brought into the market ahiiost dail}' with aS". vomer. It may be at
once distinguished from all other members of the genus by the occipital region being
scarcely angulated, and by the comparatively large ventral fins.

The following description is from a specimen 31 cm. in length.

Head 2?, in length; depth ij. Eye 4 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3J-. Dorsal \'I, I, 18;
anal II, I, 15. The profile of snout is less nearly vertical than that of head in front of eye, with
which it forms a slight angle just below the level of tlie eye. In smaller examples the angle is less
noticeable. The upper profile forms a broad even curve from just above eye to spinous dorsal. The
outline of the body is angulated at front of soft dorsal and anal.

Teeth small, blunt, and not much crowded, in bands on jaws and jalatines, in a quadran-
gular patch on vomer. Preorbital space contained 3 times in postort>ital space. Gill-rakers contained
2i times in diameter of eye; their number 4-I- 14.

The pectoral reaches to abov^e eleventh or twclftli anal ray, or to within twice the diameter of
the eye of the base of the middle caudal rays. The ventrals reach to the first detached anal spine; in
specimens 21 cm. in length, they reach to the first anal ray; in specimens 11 cm. long, they reach
to the caudal rays and are about half the length of the entire body. Anterior dorsal and anal rays
filamentous. Second dorsal spine as long as the maxillary, reaching when fin is depressed, two-thirds
the distance between its base and the front of tlie soft dorsal. In a specimen 1 1 cm. in length it is
longer than the head by a distance equal to the diameter of the eye.

Color sihery with bluish reflections above. Spinous dorsal and front of soft dorsal dusky;
other fins colorless. In specimens 21 cm. in lenglh or less, the distal half or more than half of the
ventrals is black.

82

CALIFOKNIA ACADKMY OK SCIENCES
I '/>■/;, '/,/;//\ /;/ Hundredths of Length zvithout Caudal.

Lcn^h without caudal in mm.

Head

Depth

Eye

Snout

Length of [lectoral

Length of ventrals

Length of caudal

Length of dorsal base

Length of anal base

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

86
42
73
10
22

43
60

37

45
45

ii-i, 15

149. Selene vomer {Limmtus).

Common at Panama. We have compared our specimens with others from
Florida and Jamaica, and find only individual differences.

150. Chloroscombrus orqueta Jordan <i- Gilbert.

Frequently taken in abundance. We have compared our specimens with the
original description (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, 0, p. 646) and with specimens of
C. chrysia'us.

The depth is very variable; in our most slender specimens the depth is 2%
in the length, while in the deepest specimen (of the same length) it is 2 J.
Between these extremes are all intermediate shapes.

151. Trachinotus rhodopus Gill.

Not abundant; eight specimens preserved, from l-') to 3G cm. in length.

We have compared them with a single specimen of 7\ glaucus from Key
West. In addition to the less vertical snout noted by Dr. Gill, they diflcr in
having much longer, slenderer, and more numerous gill-rakers. The scales appear
to be smaller, and the dorsal and anal are probably slightly longer.

The dorsal formula in seven sjiecimens is VI, I, 20, in one specimen VI, I, 19;
the anal in three specimens III, 19, in five specimens III, 18. The gill-rakers are
long and slender, and do not greatly taper in size from their base to their tips.

CilLBEKT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA 15AY

83

Tliey iHimhcT 11 or IT) on the lower liinl) of the areli, ami in Iciii^tli are from three-
fifths to two-thircia the diameter of the eye.

The character of width or position of the cross-bars is without value. In one
nf our small specimens, the second l)ar on one side occurs directly midway between
the first and second bars on the reverse side, wliile the third bar is only a little behind
the second bar of the reversed side. The first two bars are not always nearer
together than the others, as described by Jordan and Evermann. The bars are not
so conspicuous in our small specimens as in the larj^e ones, but they are evident.

In our specimens of T. glaucits, the dorsal formula is V, I, 19, the anal
III, 17. Tlie gill-raUers arc short and thick at the base and taper rapidly to a
point. They number !J on the lower part of the arch, and in length are Imt
one-third the diameter of the eye.

Measuremeyils in Hundredths of I rtisilh -cilhoul Caudal.

Species

Locality

Length without caudal in mm

Head

Greatest depth at angle of dorsal

Eye

Snout

Maxillary

Interorbital (bone)

Pectoral fin

Ventral fin

Upper caudal lobe

Length of gill-rakers

Height of caudal peduncle

Number of dorsal spines

Numlicr (if dorsal rays

Number of anal spines and rays

Number of gill-rakers on lower limb of arch

TRACHINOTUS KnoDOl'US

Panama

TRACHINOTUS
GLAi;CUS

Key West

-I

51
61
6i
91
9

23

10

50

3i

8,V

VI, I

20
III, 18

15

221
2(>\

54
6i
7

ID

9i
24

lOi

53

4

VI, 1

20

III, 19
15

232
27

49
6i-
7

9i
9i
23
III

51
4
9

VI, I

20
III, 19
14

226

26i

53
6J
6i
9

9i

21 A

\\\

Hinken

9

V, I

19

III, 17

9

84 CAUFOKNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

152. Trachinotus culveri Jitnlou d- SlitrL-K.

A sinj^le specimen was taken in the market.

Tliis spooios seems to differ from T. fnlcatnsi in liavini; a slii;iitly sliorter
dorsal and anal. Oin Panama speeimen and the type and co-type from INTa/atlan have
the following lin connts: Dorsal VI, I, IS; Vi, I, IS; \l, 1, 17; anal 111. IC; III,
17; 111, IG. In twelve specimens of 7'. fdlatlns, three have 20 soft rays in the
dorsal, nine have 19; in the anal, nine specimens have IH soft rays, three have
17. As the largest specimen of falcatus in our" possession is hnt 8 cm. in length,
other comparisons are unsatisfactory.

T. cu/veri differs from 2\ kennedyi in iiaving a dcejicr, more angulated body
and in having the mouth more ohli(|ue. The anterior end of the prennaxillary is on
a level with a point a little above the lower rim of the orl/it in T. cnlcerl, while it is
slightly below the orbit in 7\ kenncdiji.

153. Trachinotus kennedyi Steindachner.

Frequently brought to market but never in large numbers. Six specimens
were preserved, 28 to ol cm. in length.

They are smaller than the specimens from which Dr. Steindachner wrote his
excellent description, and differ slightly as follows: Head 3J- to '^ in length; depth
l|tol|. Eye 4 to 4| in head; interorbital width 21. The maxillary reaches to
below the middle of the eye or only slightly beyond that point.

154. Trachinotus paloma Jordan & Starlcs.

One adult specimen taken, 31 cm. in length. We have in addition a large
specimen from Magdalena Bay and several small ones (including the types), from 5
to 10 cm. in length, from Mazatlan and San Juan Lagoon, Mexico. For comparison
we have a single large specimen and two smaller ones of 7\ carolinun from the
Atlantic.

2\ paloma differs from 2\ caroUnus in having a smaller eye, 5;^ to 5,V in head
in adult, 3^ to A\ in young (4t in carolinus in adult, 3 to 3^ in young). The gill-
rakei-s are longer, their length contained 6 times in the postorbital part of the head
in the adult (10 times in the adult of carolinus). They number the same in the two
species, 4 + 9 or 10. The snout is longer, 3| in head (4 in head in carolinus), and
the maxillary is shorter, 3 in head (2',' in carolinus). The anal lobe seems to be
shorter, 1| in head, 1) in anal base (in carolinus it equals head and is 11 in base of
anal). We find little difference in size of head between the two species, though such
was alleged to exist in the original description of 2'. paloina.

155. Nomeus gronovii {Gmdin).

Recorded from Panama by Dr. Eigenmann (1894, p. 029), who states that
they were taken in " rocky pools at Panama." It has not been taken by other
observers.

GILBERT AND STAllKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 85

156. Peprilus palometa (Jordan ct Bollman).

Tliis species was frequently hrouglit to the Panama market. As tlie type of
the species was only 7 cm. in length, we supplement the original description by the
following taken from specimens 19 to 23 cm. in entire length.

Head 3J to 3i in length without caudal; depth i ,'9 to i,»o. Eye 4J to 4f in head; maxillary
3J; ilorsal III, 44 to 46; anal III, 41 to 43. Lateral line 100. Gill-rakers 5+ 16 or 17.

Body compressed and deep, the dorsal and ventral outlines similar in contour behind the
head. Dorsal profile of head more convex than ventral; the snout blunt. Mouth small and oblique,
the maxillary i)arely reaching past the anterior orbital rim. Teeth in a single row on jaws; none
evident on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers about half as long as the diameter of the eye.

A few scales ]3resent on head under and behind the eye, and a few at ujjper end of opercle;
head otherwise naked. Scales on body smooth, crowded, and loosely attached; those of lateral line
more firmly attached. Dorsal, anal, and caudal (ins covered with fine crowded scales.

In the co-types, with which we have compared our specimens, no lobes are evident on the
dorsal and anal fins. In the adult specimens, the lobes are well developed, though variable in length;
they are generally longer in the larger specimens. The spines of dorsal and anal are scaled over, as
are the rays. Anal lobe much longer than that of dorsal, often reaching to below the tips of the last
anal rays,, or to base of caudal fin. Dorsal lobe sometimes extending to opposite tip of pectoral,
sometimes reaching further back. Dorsal and anal rays behind the lobes of about equal height,
generally a little higher than the diameter of eye, though often less than that in the smaller specimens.
Tip of pectoral generally reaching to half way between its base and tips of middle caudal rays. Pelvic
bones ending as a short sharp spine. Upper lobe of caudal the longer, sometimes filamentous.

Color bluish brown on back, silvery on lower parts of body. Top of head and snout colored
like the back. Opercle with dusky brown areas. Dorsal, anal and caudal variously dusky. Pectoral
dusky behind base; the rays sparsely covered towards their ends with rather large brown dots.

(12)

November SO, 19U3.

86

califohnia academy of sciences

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GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 87

157. Peprilus snyderi sp. nov.

Plate XII, Fw. 23.

Head 3! in lencfth without caudal; depth 2 J. Eye 55 in head; snout 3J; maxilUiry 3}.
Scales no. Dors;il III, 45; anal III, 43. Gill-rakers 5+ 16.

Dorsal and ventral outlines of body similar, the body not greatly compressed, more elongate
fhan in any other American species. Snout blunt. The occipital crest forms a sharp ridge on top of
head. Mouth rather small, the maxillary barely reaching to the vertical from anterior edge of eye;
jaws subequal. Teeth small and close-set in a single even series, those of lower jaw fitting inside those
of upper jaw when mouth is closed. Gill-rakers moderately slender, half as long as the diameter of
the eye, their number 4 or 5-}- 14 to 16. Top of head with a network of sensory canals ramifying
over it, the most conspicuous branch vein-like above anterior part of eye. Branching canals also
e.xtend more or less over the scales of back above lateral line, sometimes reaching nearly to dorsal
spines.

Head entirely scaleless except the cheeks and upper jjart of opercles. Dorsal, anal and
caudal with \'ery small, crowded scales, e.xtending nearly to the ends of the rays. Pectoral scaleless.
Body completely in\'ested with rather loosely attached scales.

Dorsal and anal fins with moderate lobes, that of anal slightly longer than that of dorsal,
about equal to the length of head without snout. Base of anal a little shorter than that of
dorsal. Tip of pectoral nearly reaching to the vertical above notch behind anal lobe, its length
greater than that of the head by the diameter of the eye. Pelvic girdle ending as a small sharp
spine. Caudal longer than pectoral by nearly half eye.

Color bluish brown on back, changing to a warm Vandyke brown on naked parts of head.
Caudal a rich dark brown similar to that of head. Pectoral brown at base, toward end of rays dusky,
with dark points. Other fins dusky. One specimen is more silvery than the others, and may represent
more nearly the original coloration. Top of head brown. Caudal, dorsiil and anal slightly dusky.

The type is 255 mm. in entire length. The species came to market on but
two days of our visit of six weeks. Seven specimens in all were seen and preserved.

The species is named for our friend and associate, Professor John O. Snyder,
who has helped us materially in the preparation of this report.

88

CALIFOBNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
y luiremaUs iti I' ' hs of Length without Caudal.

Length without cnudal in mm.

Heul

Depth

Eye

Snout

Maxillary

Longest dorsal rays

Longest anal rays

Length of {sectoral

Length of caudal

Number of scales

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Number of gfill-rakers

Type

200

215

211

.87

180

187

192

2^

28

27

28

29

2S

28 1.

37

38

37i

39

41

37i

39

5i

5i

5i

5i

5i

54

5i

7i

7i

7h

8

8

7i

7i

8

71

8

8i

8i

8

H

I9i

i9i

•9

22

2. A

20

•22

20

21

20

24

23

21

23

32

32

31

33

32i

32

33

34

34

33

36

34

35

35

107
"1.45

112

106

III

108

109

"1,45

"1.43

111,44

111,44

"1,45

111,44

III. 43

111,42

"1.43

111,42

111,42

"1.43

111,42

5+16

4+14

4+16

4+16

4+14

4+15

4+14

158. Peprilus medius {reicrs).

The Panama record of this species (Jordan, 1885, p. 375) needs verification.
The specimens obtained may have belonged to one of the forms above recorded,
both of which were at that time unknown. Only the type of P. medius is now
extant.

Family CHEILODIPTEIIID.E.
159. Apogon dovii Giiniher.

Abundant about the rocky islands in Panama Bay.

The species varies in color from light to dark red, with much or little black
pigment. The caudal may be translucent or blackish, the soft dorsal is translucent,
or may be tipped with black, or may be largely black with only the posterior rays
whitish. The anal and ventral fins may also be translucent, or with the terminal
portions more or less largely black. Young specimens are marked with a very con-
spicuous round or elliptical black spot on the end of the caudal peduncle, and a rather
poorly-defined dusky streak around the snout and across the opercle. The streak
wholly disappears and the caudal spot becomes very faint and diffuse with age.

GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

89

There seera to be no differences, save those of color, between A. dovii and A.
retrosella. The fin-rays, general proportions, and squamation seem alike in the two.
The fin-formula is: dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. The lateral line traverses 2-4 or
25 large scales to the base of the caudal fin, and 5 or 6 scales of reduced size on the
fin itself. Between the lateral line and the base of the spinous dorsal are 2\ rows of
scales (as in retrosella). In ^l. airicaudus there are 4i or 5i rows, in A. ntridorsalis
3^ rows between the lateral line and the spinous dorsal.

Measurenicnls hi Ilundrtdlhs of f.nti^lh U'ithoul Caudal.

SjDecies

Locality

Length without caudal in mm

Head

Depth

Eye

Interorbital (bone)

Snout

Maxillary

Third dorsal spine

Second dorsal ray

Second anal spine

Second anal ray

Pectoral

Ventral

Caudal

APOGON DOVII

A. RETROSELLA

Panama

Mazat-
lan,
Mex.

San

Benito

Id., Mex.

70

62

60

1<^

40

41

40

40

35

34i

34

34

12

13

I2i

13

9

9

f'i

^\

10

ID

9J

' 1

21

21

20i

21

154

>5i

17

17

22

23

24

25

9i

10

Hi

I2i

21

20

20

21

24

24

25

25

20

19

20J

22

ro

29

28

28

55
42

34
12

9
9

21

'7
24
12J
21

24
20

29

Family CENTROPOMID.E.

160. Centropomus undecimalis (Block).

Frequently found in the Panama market.

We are unable to follow Dr. Jordan (1895 h, p. 452) in recognizing the
Pacific form as a distinct species (C viridis). The separation is based on the supposed
greater length of the appendages to the air-bladder in riridis, and the shorter second
anal spine. AVe find, however, that the third anal spine projects beyond the second
in Atlantic specimens as well as in those from the Pacific, and there seems to be no

90 OALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(HfTcrence between them in this respect. Tlie appcndaj^es to the air-bladder vary
widely in KMi^tli. from atrille less than the diameter of the eye to twice the diameter,
in our Panama specimens. In the few individuals we have been able to examine
from the Atlantic (Havana and Jamaica), the appcnda<;es vary from IJ to 1^ times
the orbital diameter. It is highly iiii|irol)ablo, therefore, that this character possesses
any significance.

i6i. Centropomus nigrescens Giiniher.

Only a few small specimens seen.

162. Centropomus pedimacula Poey.

Very abundant at Panama.

We have had for comparison a single specimen from the Atlantic, which
shows a slightly longer anal spine and a slii;htly wider intcrorbital space than any
of our Pacific examples. In all other characters there seems to be perfect agreement
with our Panama specimens. We believe that the slight differences found are well
within the range of variation of the species, and shall therefore not recognize Centro-
pomus 7nediiis (the Pacific form) as distinct in any degree. A full series from the
Atlantic may eventually prove, however, that these characters have a higher value
than we have assigned to them, and necessitate specific separation of the two forms.

C. grandoculatus is certainly not separable from C. medius { = pedimacula).
The scale-counts of different authors vary widely in this group, as some have included
a number of the scales overlying the base of the caudal fin, and others cease the
enumeration at a point corresponding to the base of the median rays. In this paper
we have adopted the latter course, and find very uniformly 47 or 48 tubes in speci-
mens from Mazatlan, Panama and Havana, including those from the San Juan
Lagoon, Mexico, upon which is based the description of grandoculatus given by
Jordan and Evermann. The first dorsal fin contains uniformly 8 spines, as in all other
species of the genus. The describers of grandoculatus seem to have neglected the
first spine, which is very short and often concealed by the scales. Other characters
assigned to grandoculatus, such as the form of the body and the size of the eye, have
no significance. The amount of black on the ventral fins is also subject to wide
variation, and has no distinctive value. In young specimens, the black is usually
very distinct, but in adults it grows fainter and often disappears.

163. Centropomus unionensis Bocourt.

Plate XIII, Fig. 27.

Abundant in Panama Bay.

The species is closely related to armatus and rohalito, but has shorter anal
spines and weaker ridges and spines on head than in either species. It agrees with
rohalito in the slender, flexible dorsal spines, the second one of which is very short, in
the anterior position of the vent and in the pale lateral line; with armatus in the small
number of gill-rakers, and the increased number of scales in a vertical series above
the lateral line. The second anal spine scarcely extends beyond the tip of the longest

GILBERT AND STAEK8 — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

91

anal ray, and extends beyond the third anal spine a distance less than half tiie diam-
eter of the jmpil. The intcrspinous lueiubranc is not (hisky. The dorsal spines are
slenderer even than in robalito; the third is not heavier than the fourth, and is usually
shortened a little, giving a rounded contour to the fin, which is sometimes, however,
sharplv angular. The second dorsal spine is very short, varying from onc-fuurth to
one-sixth tiie length of the third. The distance from the vent to the base of the
first anal spine equals that between the tip of the snout and some point between the
hinder margin of the pupil and the hinder margin of the orbit. The preorI)ital and
the horizontal and vertical limbs of the preopercle are very weakly spinous, the
spines being scarcely perceptible in some specimens. There are 2 stronger spines,
as usual, at the preopcrcular angle. The ridges on top of head are low and nar-
row; the median pair are most widely separateil at a |)oint over the middle of the
occiput. There are ") or G developed gill-rakers on the vertical limb of the outer
arch, 11 or 12 on the horizontal limb, besides 2 or 3 rudiments on each. There are
47 or 48 scales in the lateral line in advance of the base of the caudal, and 7.1 in a
vertical series between the middle of the soft dorsal and the lateral line. The lateral
line is uniformly pale.

Measuretnenls in Hundredths of Length icithoiit Caudal.

Length in nini. without projecting lower jaw or caudal

Head without lower jaw

Depth

Eye

Interorbital (bone only)

Ma.\illary

Third dorsal spine

Fourth dorsal spine

Fifth dorsal spine

Second anal spine

First anal ray

Second dorsal ray

Pectoral

Ventral

Caudal

Caudal peduncle (height)

Vent from front of anal

Distance from anal to base of ventral spine

Longest gill-rakers

254
41

28

251

1"

5i

5

5f

6

14

I3i

i7i

i7i

17

i7i

•4i

i4i

i8i

19

15-i-

16

broken

151

23i

24i

2>i

21

broken

about

Hi

■12

16

141

38

38i

4

3i

244

39i
28

5

5i
14
18

i7i

14

18

16

15

23i

2li

24

II

15

39
4

255

239

i4i 151

25*J

i4i

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

164. Centropomus armatus GUI.

Plaik XIII, Flu. •Jli.

Abiimlaiil in Panama Bay; distinguishable at sij;iil by the excessively
ilevelopeil second anal spine with the black interspinous membrane, and by the
strong, inflexible dorsal spines.

The s])ccies is placed by Bonlenger (1805, p. 370), in the synonomy of C.
en^ifcrus, but this is wholly inadmissible, as has been pointed out by Jordan and
Evermann (189(5, p. 1123)/

C. ensifcrus agrees with armdtiaf in the strongly spinous bones of the head,
and in its greatly developed second anal spine and black membrane; but it differs
conspicuously in the slender, flexible dorsal spines, and in the course of the cranial
ridges and the shape of the included areas. In the three specimens of ensifcrus
before us from the Atlantic, there are but 5 or G scales in a vertical series between
lateral line and middle of second dorsal fin. The gill-rakers in these specimens are
as follows: O+l/, with 3 additional rudiments on each limb; 9+17 with 4 rudiments
above, 0 below; 8+16, with 4 rudiments on each limb. The distance from the
middle of the vent to the base of the first anal spine equals, or a little exceeds, that
from tip of snout to hinder edge of pupil. The second anal spine extends to opposite
the edge of the scaly area on base of caudal, and is contained 3,"^ to 3g times in the
length. The character and direction of the ridges on to]) of head are very charac-
teristic, and are well shown by the accompanying figure (PI. XIII, fig. 24).

In C. armatus, the second anal spine is longer than in any other Pacific
species, to be compared in this respect with C. ensiferus only. The fifteen specimens
secured by us vary little in the length of this spine, which extends, when depressed,
to opposite the base of the caudal in young specimens, well beyond that point in
adults. The third anal spine usually exceeds slightly the longest soft ray. The
membrane between the second and third anal spines is jet-black in the young, and is
usually blackish in varying degree in adults. In none of our specimens has the
pigment entirely disappeared, but it is not improbable that it occasionally does so.
The dorsal spines are much stronger than in any other known species, and are wholly
constant in this regard. The third spine is the strongest, and is inflexible; it is but
little longer than the fourth, which projects beyond a line joining the third and fifth,
giving a rounded contour to the fin. There is considerable variation in the height
of the spines, the fourth spine, when depressed, reaching occasionally to or beyond
the origin of the second dorsal, but usually falling short. The second spine is pro-
portionally long, 24 to 3| in the third spine. The dorsal formula is VIII-I, 10 (11
articulated rays in one specimen); the anal III, 6. The vent is posteriorly placed,
the distance from its center to the base of the first anal spine about equaling the dis-
tance from the tip of the snout to the middle of the eye. The preorbital has 5 to 7
strong retrorse spines; an equal number of still stronger spines are in the " humeral "
process; preopercular spines much larger than in rohalito or unionensis.

The median pair of ridges on top of head are very strong. From the middle
of the occiput they diverge a little, both anteriorly and posteriorly, and are separated

GILBERT AND STAU Kb — FISHES OF PANAMA HAY

93

at their posterior ends by a distance eqiuiliiij^ the diameter of tlie pupil; anteriorly
they converii;e, meetinfi; at a point opposite the front of the eye.

The gill-rakers are long and slender, the longest two-thirds to five-sevenths
the diameter of the eye, there being 5 or 6 movable ones on the vertical limb, an<l
11 or 12 on the horizontal limb, besides 2 or 3 immovable riulimetits on each limb.
There are ol or 52 tube-bearing scales in the course of the lateral line, corresponding
in number with the approximately vertical series along the Ijack. Each vertical row
under the mi(K]!e of the second dorsal fin contains 7i or S\ scales in the fifteen
specimens examined. The lateral line is pale, but is accompanied above and below
by short stiteh-likc liiu's of black pigment, one pair for each scale.

MeasiiretncHts in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length in mm. frum lip ui .-jiiout to caudal basi
Head witlioui lower jaw

Depth .

Eye ....

Interorbital (bone only)

Maxillary

Third dorsal spine

Fourth dorsal spine

Fifth tlorsal spine

Second anal spine

First anal ray

Second dorsal ray

Pectorals

Ventrals

Caudal

Caudal peduncle (height)

Vent from front of anal

Distance from anal to base of ventral spine.
Longest gill-rakers

1

222 '

.IV ;

4u

27

29

6

6

5i

5i

H

14

i7i

i7i

I7i

i8i

•5

I5i

27i

''

23I

JO

III

4l.

18
18

26 I 27
23

25
12

\2.\,
36

4i

230

39

27!-
5i
5i

14*

17

i6i

Hi

27
18

17
27

22

25
III

14
37i
4i

ii:n

November 21, 1903.

94 CAUFOKNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCKB

165. Centropomus robalito Jordan <(• Gilbert.
I'l.ATK XIII, Fiti. 25.

Vi'iv iihuntliint at Pamima.

Dr. lidiiK'iii^cr places this sprcirs in tlio .syiioiKJiny of ('. ciinifcrus, and Joi-tlaii
ami Kwnnami i-oiisiiliT tlie two pmhably identical. They are easily dislinj^Miisliahle,
however, by the dilTerent size and the direction of tiic ridges on the top of the head,
by the larger serrations in C. ensiferus, the longer anal spines, and the rounded con-
tour of the spinous dorsal. The membrane between second and third anal spines
seems to be constantly blackish in cnsiferKs, and is usually pale in rolm/itfi. From 0.
armatiig, robalito differs strikingly in the longer, more flexible, dorsal spines, the
angular contour of the s[)inous dorsal liii, tiic ridges on head with llie shape of the
enclosed areas, the shorter anal spines with the light interspinous membrane, the
more anterior ]iosition of the vent, the more numerous gill-rakers, the larger scales,
and the uniformly light color of the lateral line. The third anal spine fails to attain
the tip of the succeeding soft ray. The second spine extends beyond the third for
a distance equaling one-half to three-fourths the diameter of the eye ; it sometimes
attains the base of the caudal fin, but more frequently fails to do so. The dorsal
spines are long and flexible, the third little heavier than the fourth. The (in is
sliarply angulated at the tip of the third spine, which usually reaches a straight line
joining the tips of the succeeding spines. The second spine is very short, contained
4 to 4i times in the third. The distance from the vent to the base of the first anal
spine nearly equals that from tip of snout to hinder margin of orbit, varying a little
from that measurement in either direction. The spines on the margin of the pre-
orbital and preopercle arc distinct and strong, but less so than in armatus.

The median pair of ridges on head are stronger than in any other species, and
enclose a narrower space, which is widest opposite the posterior ends of the ridges
and is regularly wedge-shaped, the ridges meeting at a point opposite the nostrils.
The gill-rakers are long and slender, the longest two-thirds the diameter of the orbit.
They are more numerous than in armatus, 7 or 8 movable ones on the vertical limb
and 15 or IG on the horizontal limb, with 2 or 3 rudiments at each end of the series.
There are 40 to 49 scales in the lateral line in advance of the base of the caudal fin,
and 5 or 6 scales in a vertical series between the lateral line and the middle of the
second dorsal. The lateral line is uniformly pale.

In the fresh state the ventrals are rich golden yellow, whitish at the base, with
white pigment at tips, best marked on the inner rays. Anal lemon-yellow, including
the membrane between the spines, which is rarely dusky; the base of the fin and
the last two rays are translucent. The spinous dorsal is translucent dusky, not dis-
tinctly black; the soft dorsal similar, translucent at base. The caudal is dusky trans-
lucent, slightly tinged with straw color, the latter best marked on the lower lobe.
The pectorals are translucent.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

1)0

Mecisurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Lenjjili in inin. without projecting lower jaw or
caudal

IIcucl wilhimt lower jaw

Depth

Eye

IiUcrorliital (hone only)

Maxillary

Tiiinl dorsal sjiine

Fourth dorsal spine

Fifth dorsal spine

Second anal spine

First anal ray

Second dorsal ray

Pectoral

Ventral

Caudal

Caudal peduncle (height)

Vent from front of anal

Distance from anal to base of ventral spine

Longest gill-rakers

192

261

? ',' ^

240

40

39i

3yi

27J

28

27

6i

51

51

4J

4i

4i

i3i

'4

■3i

19

iS

i«

18

'51

.61

•5

13

•4

24

20

20

i7i

16

16

i81

17

18

25 1-

24

25

23i

22

23i

27 i

I2i.

25
12

I2i

15 1

i6i

16

16

39

40

41

i

5

41

4.^

242

222

2 J 2

1 61

17J

Family SERRANIDyE.
166. Petrometopon panamensis (Steindachner) .

This species is seldom brought to the market, though it is very aljundaiit about
the islands in Panama Hay.

The excavation in the frontal bones for the reception of the posterior processes
of the premaxillaries is not so deep .as in P. guttatus. It more nearly resembles in
this respect Epinephelus loiiti, as figured by Boulengcr (1805, p. 173).

To the type description we add the following range of measurements, taken
from specimens 19 to 28 cm. in length: Head 2^ to 2^ in length, without caudal.
Eye 5[ to 6 in head; interorbital width (bone) 9,V; snout 3;,' to 4. The fin formula
seems to be constant as described: Dorsal IX, 14; anal III, 8. The small canines
anteriorly in each jaw are sometimes paired on one or both sides.

96 CALIFOliNIA ACADEMY OF 8CIKNCE8

167. Epinephelus analogus Gill.

Abiimlaiit among tlie islands in Panama Bay, hronght to market in consider-
able numbers.

No variation has been reported in the inimhcr of dorsal s|iiiH's, which seems
to be constantly ten. Tn a specimen 20 em. long, the upjier parts were dusky-
olive, the under parts lighter, the cross-bars vci'y faint. The spots were brownish-
red. The dorsal and the upper caudal rays were colored like the back; the fins
otherwise were slaty-blue with a whitish margin, all of lluin sjiotted like the soft
doi-sal. In specimens 8 to 10 cm. long, the dark bars are distinctly six in number,
one on the nape, two below the spinous and two below the soft dorsal, and one on
the tail. They are well marked above the lateral line, but fade out on lower part
of sides. The round dark spots are confined to the bands, where they arc arranged
in pairs, forming two vertical series in each band; the two middle bands contain
five pairs each.

168. Epinephelus labriformis (Jenijns).

Abundant in the Panama market.

In our smallest specimens, 6 and 15 cm. long, there is no trace of the numerous
gently undulating pale lines running upward and backward, described by Stein-
dachner (1876, /*, p. 5) in a specimen 75 mm. long. In none of our specimens was
the inside of mouth salmon-yellow, as described by Jordan (1895, b, p. 444); the
lil^s were faintly tinged with yellow. The distal half of the upper pectoral rays was
deep red, shading below into the yellow of the lower rays. The black saddle on
caudal peduncle seems to be constantly present. The number of articulated dorsal
rays is constantly 17, as given by Jenyns and Gill.

169. Promicrops guttatus (Linncnus).
Very large specimens are frequently Ijrought to market.

170. Alphestes multiguttatus (Gunther).

Abundant in Panama Bay, the young very numerous in the tide-pools. The
young have fewer spots, mostly confined to the head, while the sides of the body are
marked by wavy longitudinal dusky streaks, which are much darker where they
traverse certain vertical areas, thus producing a number of vertical bars, which soon
disappear. The dark streak behind the maxillary is more conspicuous than in
adults. In specimens less than 35 mm. long, the preopercular angle is provided
with a large furcate spine, with a long posterior and a short anterior limb. The
posterior limb rapidly diminishes in size, while the anterior limb elongates and
becomes appressed to the preopercular margin, forming the antrorse spine character-
istic of the genus.

As has been pointed out, this species is well distinguished from A. afer, by
differences in color and in the contour of the head and body. We find no differ-

GILBERT AND STARRS — FlSUliS OF PANAMA BAY 97

ence, however, in the rehitive lengths of the second and third anal spines, and very
little difTeronce in the length of the s'"-'"!ikers. A. muUvjnttatns. has the {^ill-
rakers u trifle longer than in .1. nfer, but they do not exceed two-thirds the length
of the gill-fdamcnts.

171. Mycteroperca boulengeri Jordun d- Slarka.

Probably rare; only two specimens taken, each abont 23 cm. in length.

We make the following corrections to the original description, and to the
description given by Jordan and Evermann (189G, p. 1175):

Head 2| in length (2^ in type, 30 cm. long); depth 3,| (2,V i" type). In our
specimen, and in the type and co-types (3 specimens) from Mazatlan, the dorsal is
constantly XT, 16, the anal IIT, 11. Scales 23-90-44; ctenoid posteriorly, becoming
cycloid anteriorly. Snout 4 in head; eye oi (6J in type); longest anal ray 2 (IJ
in type); third dorsal spine 3.

172. Hypoplectrus lamprurus (Jordan d- Gilbert).
Only the type is known, obtained by Gilbert in 1881, at Panama.

173. Paralabrax humeralis {Cuvier <t Valenciennes).

Young specimens of this species are recorded from Panama by Steindachner
(187G, b, p. 4) as Serranus alhoviaculatus.

174. Diplectrum radiale (Qiioy <fr Gaimard).

Occasional in the Panama market, not taken by us about rocky reefs or islands.
There are constantly 10 series of scales on the cheeks running obliquely downward
and forward; 51 to 6 scales in a series between lateral line and base of dorsal near
the middle of the length; and seven articulated rays in the anal fin. There is but
little variation in the size and spination of the preopercular lobe, the species being
readily distinguishable from D. macro2'>oma and D. eurypledrum by this character
alone.

175. Diplectrum macropoma [Giiniher).

No specimens of this species were secured by us. It seems to occur abun-
dantly a short distance from the shore, where it was dredged by the "Albatross" in
depths of from 7 to 33 fathoms. A single specimen was said to be found by them
in the Panama market. Its range seems to be co-extensive with that of the tropical
fish-fauna in general, as it was obtained by the "Albatross" in 1889 at Station 3014,
of! Guaymas, Gulf of California, 29 fathoms, and at Station 3039, off Magdalena
Bay, Lower California, 47 fathoms.

The species is very close to D. radiale, but differs constantly in the wider
preopercular lobe, the larger scales on cheeks (6 or 7 rows), and the larger head
and deeper body. There are constantly 7 anal rays. The colors in life have not

[)g I'ALIFOUNIA ACADKMV OF SCIENCES

been reconlocl; but tliorc are no distinct blue spots on tbc dorsal, in diir iniitcrial,
and in j;enonil the coloration seems to Imvc been less variegated tliiiii in />. nnJiale.

176. Diplectrum euryplectrum Jordan 1- Bollman.

Known only from moderate deptlis in Panama Bay, wliere it was dredged by
tbe " Albatross" in 1888, in 33 to 51i fatboms.

It is a deeper species tban radinle, witb niiicb wider preopercular lobe, 8
series of scales on tbe cbeeks, and constantly 8 anal rays. Tliere is no trace of blue
spots on tbe soft dorsal, wbicb is marked by a very cbaracteristic narrow black bar
along tbe base. Tbe coloration in tbc fresb state bas not been reported. Judging
from alcobolic specimens, it is probal)lc tbat tbe species diflers widely from radiale
in tbat respect. Tt was not taken in tbe Gulf of California willi its companion species,
I), inncrojwma.

177. Prionodes fasciatus Jenyns.

Tbis species is abundant among tbe CJalapagos Islands, and on tbe coast of
Mexico, but lias been recorded but once from I'anama Bay (Pearl Islands and
Panama, Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, n, p. 625). It was not seen by us.

178. Paranthias furcifer {Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Not seen by us; recorded from Panama by Steindachner (1870, /^ p. 6; as Sermnui^
creolus), and by Gilbert (see Jordan, 1885, p. 377).

Rhegma Gilbert.

Rhegma Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 3169).

Allied to Rypliais, Grammistcs and Gramma, having; the large ctenoid scales and interni|)ted
lateral line of Gramma, and the peculiar physiognomy, attachment of gill-membranes, and fin struc-
ture of the RypticintB.

Scales of moderate size, thin, not embedded, minutely ciliated; lateral lines 2, the upper near
base of dorsal, ceasing under origin of posterior fifth of soft dorsal, the lower line beginning slightly in
front of the end of the upper line, running along middle of caudal peduncle; the tubes very short,
borne on much smaller intercalated scales, and not forming a continuous line. Head largely scaled,
the snout and jaws naked.

Gill-membranes united anteriorly, forming a narrow free fold across the isthmus. Hranchios-
tegals 7. Pseudobranchise well developed; a w^ide slit behind last gill-arch; gill-rakers short, broadly
triangular, strongly toothed. Upper margin of opercle, above its angle, wholly attached by mem-
brane to the shoulder girdle, as in the RypticincE. Mouth large, protractile, the lower jaw protruding,
the maxillary broadly exposed, with a narrow supplemental bone along its upper edge. Teeth all
villiform, in broad bands on jaws, vomer and palatines, the inner teeth on jaws slightly longer than
the others and depressible. Tongue smooth. Large mucous pores on under side of mandible, and
slit-like pores present on edge of preorbital and around front of eye. Anterior nostril near edge of
preorbital, provided with a short tube; posterior nostril without tube or raised rim, immediately in
front of eye. A short free triangular flap on upper edge of each orbit. Upper portion of preopercle
with a single strong plectroid spine, directed backward and downward; bones of the head otherwise
unarmed, the preorbital and preopercle with entire edges, the opercle w'ithout spines or ridges.

GILBEKT AND STAllKS— FISHES OF PANAMA HAY 99

Vc'iUrals small and aiitc-rior in i)usilion, as in the Kyfiticiiuc, consistinji each of i stronp
spine, and 5 liranched rays, their base beiny in front of base of pectorals; no enlarged scale behind
base of ventrals. Vertical fins low, with rounded lobes, their basal portions well scaled; dorsal with
7 low strong spines anti 22 i)rofusely brancheil rays; anal with 3 spines and 18 rays. One species,
apparently the type of a distinct sub-family, Khci^matinu:.

179. Rhegraa thaumasium G'dherl.
I'l.ATK. XV, Fic. :ti.
R/ugtiia I ha II HI as ill III GiLiiEKi, I.e., p. 3170.

Head 2 J in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; U. VII, 22; A. Ill, i.S. Scales 45 in a longitu-
dinal series along middle of side.

Body elongate, moderately comj^ressed, with very short, deep, caudal |jeiiuncle. Anterior
profile strongly arched, slightly itepressed above orbits. Interorbital space very narrow, convex, its
wiihh two-thirds diameter of orbit. Mouth large, slightly oblique; lower jaw the longer, its tip enter-
ing the profile.

Dorsal spines low, strong, increasing backward, the last spine one-fourth longer than diameter
of orl)it. Anal spines short and strong, the middle spine longest.

Lateral line curved strongly upward from its origin to below third dorsal spine; thence run-
ning parallel with the back to below middle of second dorsal, from which point it gradually approaches
the base of the dorsal, where it terminates uniler the fifth ray from the last; along its anterior course
it is separated from base of dorsal by from 4 to 6 scales (in oblique series). Scales minutely ctenoid
except on head, breast, and belly, on nape under anterior dorsal spines, and on base of pectoral. Top
of head scaled forward to interorbital space, the anterior scales here, as well as those on cheek, much
reduced in size, embedded, so that their outlines cannot be distinguished.

The following measurements of the type sjiecimen are given:

mm.

Total length 85 0ue.b«.ulreJtl.8

■ '^ of Icnutli to

Length to base of caudal 70 base of caudal.

Greatest depth 33

Least dei)th of caudal peduncle 15!

Length of caudal peduncle 8

Distance from tij) of upper jaw to end of opercular flap 37

Length of snout 6

Diameter of eye 72

Interorbital width 3 J

Tip of snout to end of maxillary 19

Length of pectoral 27

Tip of snout to base of upper pectoral ray 35

Tip of snout to base of ventrals 3 '

Length of ventrals 13

First anal spine 3i

Second anal spine 6

Third anal spine 4 1

First soft anal ray 81

Longest soft anal ray 15

First dorsal spine 4

Last dorsal spine 9

Longest dorsal ray 15

Caudal 23

lUO CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY Ol-' BCIENCIC8

CoK)r, iic.irly uniform warm brown on IkmiI. body and lins; a tlusky opercular l)lotcli; soft
dors.ll, anal and camlal only narrowly niarj^inctl with while.

OiMi specimen known, from Panamft.

i8o. Rypticus nigripinnis Gill.

Not rare. The upper preopercular spine is minute, but seems to be constantly
jiresent. The second dorsal spine is usually a little longer than the first, and is
united for its entire length by membrane with the succeeding soft ray.

Family LOJ50T1D.E.

i8i. Lobotes pacificus Gilbert.
ViJiTK XIV, Fig. 28.

Lodo/cs fiartyidis Gilbert, (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2857).
LoboUs aticloriim Steindachner, 1876 (J, p. 6 ; Panama. Not of Giinther.

Z.o^tf/« .f«/7«aww«.f/.f Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 rf, p. no; Panama. Gilbert, 18S2, p. 112; PunUi
Arenas. Jordan, 1885, p. 378; Panama. Boulenger, 1899, p. 2; Rio Tuyra, Darien.

The Lobotes of the Pacific Coast of Central America is distinguished from the
other known species, L. surinamen»i>>. and L. erate, by the small size of the preoper-
cular serrations, those at the angle not elongated and spine-like, even in the young.

Head 2 J in length; depth 2 J to 2,'o (to base of caudal rays); depth of caudal peduncle 2 J in
head. Dorsal XII, 15; anal III, 11; pectoral 15. Scales 46 (+ 6 on base of caudal) \\; vertebra
12+12. Body more elongated than L. suriiiaiiicnsis, agreeing in this respect with L. crate, the
depth less than half the length. Upper profile deeply concave at occiput, thence strongly conve.x to
front of dorsal. Head shorter and narrower than in L. siiritiamensis, the interorbital width but slightly
longer than snout, 3^"^ to 4 in head (3\ to 35 in head in L. siinnamensfs). Eye small, 6J to 7J in
head, 2 or 2 j'„ in interorbital width. Mandible strongly protruding, but without symphyseal knob.
Ma.xillary narrow, not concealed in closed mouth, its tip reaching vertical from middle of pupil, 2 5 to
2y''o in head.

Upper jaw with a moderate villiform band of teeth, in front of which is a single series of
conical close-set canines. Lower jaw with a single series, similar to outer series of upper jaw, and
behind <liem a very narrow band of villiform teeth which grow slightly larger towards symphysis.
Palate toothless.

Posterior margin of preopercle vertical, the angle protruding little or not at all. In five young
specimens, 175 to 275 mm. long, the preopercular teeth are fine, acute, short and inconspicuous, about
as in species of Pomadasjs. They increase but little in size towards the angle, where they are never
spine-like; below, they are perceptible only in the immediate vicinity of the angle, the remainder of
the horizontal limb being entire. In the adult the vertical limb is finely and evenly toothed, the angle
and lower limb slightly roughened or entire. Opercle with two short spinous points, behind the lower
of which a narrow tongue-shaped process of the subopercle extends to near the edge of opercular
membrane. The humeral process is very weakly toothed, contrasting virith the strongly serrate condition
in L. siiritiatneiisis. Branchiostegab 6.

Gill-rakers short, two-fifths diameter of eye in young, comparatively shorter in adults, 5
on vertical limb, all but one of which are broad firmly fixed tubercles, 14 on horizontal limb, the
anterior two or three tubercular.

OILBICRT AND ST.VUKS — FlSlliiS OF PANAMA llAV lOl

Spiiuuis diMsal low, witli j^ciitly roiiiuleil DUtliiK-. Nolcli Ix-twec-n iiors;il.s sllallow, llic eli;vciuh
spine two-iliirils the Iciiijlli uf llic longest, wliicli is containeil 2 lo 2^ limes in head in the young,
3 times in adults. When declined, the spines are |xirtially received within a saily groove. SofldorsJil,
anal and cauilal with l>asal portions ilensely scaled, anil with series of sc-;iles running up on membrane
to beyond middle of lin. Soft dorsal and anal of eipial height, forming bluntly rounded lolx-s, the
longest rays of which are about half head in adults, i ,1 to i j in head in young. Third anal spine
about half length of k)ngest ray. Pectiprals shorter tiian \entrals, 2 to 2.\ in head; veiitrals i\ in head
in young, shorter in adults.

.Scales less strongly ctenoid tiian in A. si/riiiaincns/s. Tubes of lateral line mostly simple,
occasionally with one to three branches.

Color grayish or brownish, with |)lumbeous or silvery reflections. The youngest s|}ecimens
show faintly the dark streaks so conspicuous in young of A. siirinamcnsis, viz: a |>air running back-
wards from interorbital spice; a pair from upper posterior border of eye converging towards front of
dorsal; a broader band from eye ilownwards and backwards across cheeks. Soft dors;il, anal and caudal
uniform blackish, or the caudal with an ill-defined lighter edge. IVctorals translucent; ventrals
blackish.

Aluiiulaiit at raiiaiiKi, wIutc it i.s known ;i.s Hunuydte.

Family PRI ACANTII IDyE.

182. Pseudopriacanthus serrula (GUbert).

Only the ty[)u known, fioni Albatfoss Station 2797, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms
(Gilbert, 1890 b, p. 450).

Family LUTIANID.E.

183. Hoplopagrus guentheri 0111.

Tliis species liail not ht-en taken previously farther sontii tiian Mazatlan. We
secureil one large specimen with dynamite among the rocky islands in the Bay. It
must be very rare at Panama.

Lutianus.

The characters relied upon to separate Neonuvnis, Lutianus, Genijoroge and
Evophit'S, seem wholly lacking in distinctive value. The band of temporal scales
may be narrow or wide, and may be i.solated or may be surrounded by bands of
smaller scales. AH degrees of scaling of top of head are found among the Asiatic
species, and considerable variation among the American members of the grou|). The
teinpoial ridge never joins the orbital rim, but terminates at varying distances
between that and the median crest. Its appro.ximation to the median crest depends
in part upon its production anteriorly, and this is in many species a question of age.
No groups can be separateil by this character, uor can the natural allinities of the
S|)ecies be determined by its aid. A third character is derived froiu the emargina-
tion of the preopercle, into which may lit a knob of the interopercle. Most Amer-
ican species have this weakly developed or absent, but L. jorchiui forms an obvious
transition between the two conditions, and this will doubtless be made more complete
by an examination of the Asiatic forms. Lutianus (Evoplites) viridis is evidently
the descendant of an Asiatic form, and has the notch and knob strongly developed.

, H I November 28, ISOJ.

102 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Tlio temporal lidj^Oij do not join tin- inodiaii frontal ritl,u;o, tlu)ii,u;li they are continued
woU forward and a|)|)r()ach it.

In this paper we have useil the oldest name, IaU'kihus, for all AuKrican
species.

184. Lutianus jordani {Gilberl).

I'LATK XIV, Flli. 20.

A'eo/ua-nis jofiAiiii GiLKimr QoRi^AN & Evermann, 1898, p. 1251).

Head 2} to 3 in length; depth 2^ to 2^; eye ^\ in head; dorsal X, 14; anal III, y; scales 5!
alx)ve lateral line, 43 to 47 oMiijue series runninij downwards ami backwards.

Body deep, with regular curves, the two profiles nearly equal. Snout short, with tjently
rising up|)cr profile, 3J to 3J in head. Eye large, its diameter much greater than the widtli of the
preorhital at midille of length, where it is one-seventh length of head. Ma.xillary reaching slightly beyond
front of pu])il, its length equaling that of snout and half eye, 2g in head. Least width of preorbital half
the diameter of the eye. Temporal ridge ceasing about middle of orbit, much nearer orbital rim than
metlian crest, but not confluent with either. Mandibular teeth in a villiform band, which is of moderate
width anteriorly and tapers rapidly on sides. An outer series of distantly placed moderate canines.
Teeth in premaxillaries similar to those below, the canines small, a pair on each side enlarged, but
small for this genus. Vomerine teeth in a kite-shajied tract, rapidly reaching its greatest width, then
tapering slowly backward for twice the distance. The anterior margins are gently concave, the
fKjsterior deeply so. Preopercular margin with a rather deep emargination above the angle. The
interopercle forms a slight protuberance opjjosite the preopercular notch, the prominence failing to fill
the notch, as it does in viridis and other species of the ' ' Genyorogc ' ' group. Above the emargination,
the edge is very minutely and finely serrulate, at the angle provided with a few short slender rather
distant teeth. Gill-rakers strong, those above angle short, all but one tubercular, the one at angle
abruptly lengthened, about half diameter of eye; seven developed on horizontal limb of arch. Posterior
nostril elliptical.

Fi\e or si.x series of scales on cheeks, the band running upward to level of upper margin of
orliit. A single narrow band of scales on occijjut, separated by a naked space from those on nape.
Top of head, snout, mandible, preopercle, ma.xillary, and inferior half of interopercle naked. Scales
above lateral line in series parallel with the lateral line; those below lateral line in horizontal series.
Scales on the breast not much reduced, as large as those on opercle. Basal half of dorsal and anal
with series of scales which form a sheath at base; basal three-fourths of caudal densely scaled.

Dorsal spines heavy, not flexible, the fourth the longest, 2I to 2| in head. Second and tliiid
anal spines about equal, half the length of snout and eye. Soft dorsal and anal low, rounded, the
longest ray (measured from free edge of sheath) about one-third head. Caudal lunate, the middle
rays three-fourths the outer, \\ in head. Pectorals very long, nearly reaching \ertical from vent,
\\ in head. Ventrals i\ in head.

Color: Back and top of head deep olive; lower half of sides and below dark reddish-purple.
Many of the scales on sides with a silvery spot near the margin, jjroducing faint lengthwise stripes.
F"ins reddish-purple, the basal portions of soft dor.sal and caudal tinged with olive. Iris silvery, with
an inner and an outer orange circle. No blue lines on the head. Inner lining of gill-membranes and
the shoulder girdle largely orange-red. Pectoral fins orange-brown.

Of rare occurreuce at Panama, but occasionally taken in considerable num-
bers. It is a small species, reaching a length of about 40 cm.

185. Lutianus novemfasciatus Gill.
Occasional; reaching a large size.

GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 103

i86. Lutianus argentiventris (Pelern).

With the exception of L. guUatus, the most abundant species of the genus.
The species is marked by the very slender sharp snout, tlic profile being concave in
front of tlic nape, convex behind it. Tlie snout is tlirec-oighths to four-elevenths
llie len,i;tli of the head, and equals the length of the maxillary; it is not depressed
anteriorly. The blue stripe below eye is conspicuous only in the young. It may
extend, without iiit(Tni])ti()n, from the tip of the snout along entire side of head to
oi)ercular margin. It is more often limited to the anterior part of the head, and
becomes variously broken up into a series of dashes or dots.

187. Lutianus Colorado Jordan <i- Gilbert.
Not abundant; reaching a large size.

188. Lutianus guttatus (Steindachner) .

The most abundant species of the genus; never reaching a large size. This
species has the temporal region more extensively scaled than in other American
representatives of the genus in the Pacific. The usual temporal band of large scales
is present, in addition to which are bands of small scales in front of and behind it.

189. Lutianus aratus (Oiinlher).

TjCss abundant than other species of the genus; several specimens secured.
The maxillary reaches past the middle of the eye.

190. Rabirubia inermis (Peters).

A single mutilated specimen was found. The species must be one of the
rarest known, as but three specimens have been noted by collectors. The figure
l)ul>lislic(l by Jordan (I'roe. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, 1895, Plate XXXIX),
errs in the number and obliquity of the dark streaks above the lateral line. Nineteen
or twenty of these can be distinguished on the specimen from which the drawing
was made, and the streak from last dorsal spine runs to the tenth scale of the lateral
line. The anal fin contains ten ra^'S in each of the Panama specimens known.

191. Xenichthys xanti Gill.

Brought to market in abundance. The best description of this species is that
given by Jordan and Gilbert (1882 a, p. 325) under the name of X xenops. The
following details ma}' be added.

Eye 3 to 3J in head. Scales 52 to 54; those on head and nape less coarsely
ctenoid than elsewhere. The fourth dorsal spine is as long as the third, or some-
times a little longer; the fifth is but slightly shorter. In the declined fin, the fifth
spine reaches past the tips of all the other spines anterior to the tenth; the pectoral
does not reach the vertical from the vent. In the six s^iecimens counted, the dorsal
was constantly XI, I, 18, the anal III, 17.

104 CAUKOliNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

W'l' liavo coin pa rod lliis species with .\. agtiKsizii from the (Jalapaj^os Tslaixls,
1111(1 lind it to (lilTor in haviiij; fewer scales, a larj^er eye ami a sliortcr pectoral liii.
A', aijdxsizii lias aS to (Jl scales; (he eye is conlaiiieil 3.\ to 3}; times in the licad; (he
pectoral reaches to heyond tlic orii^in nl llif ;in;il.

Family 1 1 .K.M f Id 1 ).]■:.

192. Haemulon scudderi Gill.

Tlic most abundant species of the gcnns at Panama.

In ci<;lit lialf-^rown specimens, five have 11 dorsal spines, three have 12
dorsal spines. In thirty-six young specimens, with the streaks and caudal spot
still conspicuous, thirty-three have 11 dorsal spines, three have 12 spines. The
articulated dorsal rays are K! or 17 in niinihcr; the anal rays 7 or 8. In twelve
specimens from Mazatlan, ten have 12 spines, two have 11.

In young specimens, are three well-developed streaks and one itidimenlary
one. The uppermost starts on the median line of occiput, runs to the spinous
dorsal, and is continued along each side of the base of the dorsal, gnidually growing
fainter and disappearing before reaching the second dorsal. A pair begin just
inside the nostrils, run just above the eyes, diverging backward to a point opposite
the origin of the dorsal, thence converging to the base of the last dorsal ray, behind
which the iiair unite on upper median line of caudal peduncle, on which they reach
base of iijipcr cimdal rays. Another pair begin at tip of snoiil and cxleiid backward
through eye to middle of caudal peduncle, where they become faint or entirely
disappear. A faint streak extends backward from u])per margin of orbit to begin-
ning of lateral line, along the anterior part of which it may be faintly indicated. A
large black oval spot three-fourths the size of the eye is half on the caudal pcdniicle,
half on the base of the fin. Comparing these streaks, which disappear in adults,
with the permanent coloration in //. inncvoi^tnmum, we find them characterized by
the rudimentary condition of the streak along (or just below) the lateral line, and
the total absence of a streak, present in macro?,tomum, lunning from above eye along
sides ju.st above the lateral line.

//. itrinhlcri differs from its Atlantic representative If. pnrra: (1) In having
usually 11 dorsal spines instead of 12; (2) In having longer falcate pectoral (ins,
which extend beyond the tips of the ventrals, and are nearly devoid of scales; (3)
In the greater compression of occiput and nape, forming a crest which may l)c traced
in adults to the interorbital space; (4) In the greater compression of the snout,
which is also produced upward at tip, so that in adults the upper profile of snout and
head as far as occiput is concave. In 11. i^arrn, the dorsal spines are normally 12.
In but one specimen of parra out of sixteen examined, have we found 11 spines, a
number which seems not to be recorded for the species. The pectoral fins are short
and rounded, not reaching tips of ventrals. They are very densely covered with
scales to their tips, both membranes and rays being comi)Iet(!ly invested. The
ventrals also are much more densely scaled than in i<cud.deri. The occiput, nape
and snout are transversely broadly rounded in Ixith young and old specimens, while

CilLBEUT AND STAliKS — FISHES OP PANAMA 1!AY

105

tlie upper profile forms an uninterrupted even eurvc from tip of snout to front of
dorsal, and hcyorid. Tlie (in and scale forintda does not ililTer from that in Kciid-
deri, exce[)t as noted. There are 52 scales in the hiteral line, corresponding with
I lie iiuiiilicr of vertical series above it.

Measitremcnls in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Species .

Locality

H/KMULON
SCUDDERI

Panama

H/CMULON
PARRA

Mavana,
Cuba

i.(ii!L;lli uitlidUt laiidal in mm.
Head

Eye ...

Snout

Inlciiirliital (liniu')

Maxillary

Third diirsal spine

Soi<md ;mal spine

Length of iKCtoral

l,rnL;th ()[ \'cntrals

Length df upper Inhe ol randal.
Heii;lit (if caudal peduncle

' ~>

200

205

\i 1

.351

.-.6

1"

.•^7

.37

n

n

9

i4i

H

15

9

9

71

•5

•4i

15

•51

13

16

15

'4i

i.3i

28

29

2.3

22

22

21

26

27

20J

I I

lOi

1 I

198

.341
.37

9
14

7i
14
15
' .3
21
20
20
10

193. Haemulon steindachneri {Jordan <f- Gilbert).

Fre<]uent in the market and about tlic islands in the bay.

A detailed and wholly .satisfactory description of this species is given by Stoin-
daeliner (187(w?, p. 15) under the name Ihemulon candinidculn.

194. Lythrulon flaviguttatum (Gill).
Lylhriilon ofxilrsccns Jokd.w (.\: Stakks (Jordan, 1895, p. 459, 1^1. XL; Mazatlan).

Abundant in the Panama market; often taken with dynamite about the
islands in the bay. We have compared our specimens with the type of L. opalescens,
and find no ditTercnces between them. The following account of opalescens is based
on a re-examination of the type, the published description being faulty in several
respects:

Head 3;^; depth 2;; dorsal XII, 17; anal III, 10 (the last ray cleft to the
base, the parts somewhat separated, the posterior half again forked, both joining the last

106 CAUFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

iiitcrliii'man; snout 3| in licail; maxilliiry 2'^; eye (l)ctwccn eyelids) 3;;;; interoil)ital
wiiltli (l)(.'t\voc'n edi:;os of frontal bone) 4; lonj^est (foiirtli) dorsal spine 2; longest
dorsal ray oj; second anal spine 2;;'; scales G or 7-53-14. Ciill-rakers 0+17 on one
side, 9+19 on the other.

For comparison, we subjoin a statement of measurements and counts based on
five Panama specimens of faviyxdtntvm, each aliont the same lenirtli as the typo of
opalescens.

Head 3;^ to 3;^ in length; depth 2: to 2i; dorsal XTT, IT.; XI 11, KJ; Xll.
17: Xll. 17; XII, 17; the anal has 3 spines and either 10 i.r 11 niys; when there
are 10 anal rays, the last ray is divided to the base and the two halves are well
sejiarated. Snout 3: to 3;^ in head; eye (between eyelids) 3;.| to 4; bony interorbital
width 3J to 4; longest (fourth) dorsal spine 2; longest dorsal ray 3', to3J; second
anal spine 2j to^j; scales 6 or 7-51 to ."):! i:', or 14; gill-rakers usually 10 + 18 or
9+10, in one specimen 11 + 20.

195. Orthostcechus maculicauda Gill.

Seldom seen by us.

Well described and figured by Steindachner (1870 h, p. 12. PI. VI) as Ilaimulon
mnzallnnum. The outline of the spinous dor.sal is, however, widely different from
that shown in the figure. It is convexly rounded throughout, not concave behind
the highest portion of the fin, the .second spine exceeds the seventh, and the third
is usually slightly longer than the fifth. There is usually a faint indication of the
caudal spot.

196. Anisotremus pacifici {Gilnther).

Rather common in the Panama market.

The general color is dusky silvery, with four very faint dusky cross-bars,
which correspond in position and extent with the more conspicuous bars of A. dnrii.
The soft dorsal, anal and ventrals are blackish, the caudal and pectorals yellowish.

The species is characterized by the very short, blunt and wide snout, the
narrow preorbital, the very large eye, the short pectoral, and the short dorsal and
long anal fins almost devoid of scales. The soft dorsal and anal fins are also rounded
in contour, the middle dorsal rays being longer than the anterior rays, and the anal
fin not emarginate, as it is in dovii.

The head is contained 2^ to S^V times in the length to base of caudal; the
depth 21 to 2|. Eye 4 in head. The preopercular margin is indented above the
projecting angle, on which the teeth are moderately or scarcely at all enlarged.
Below the angle, the teeth are again reduced and point downward and backward.
The normal fin-formula is: dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 10. Wc find in one specimen
only, dorsal XII, 13; and in one other, anal III, 9. The second anal spine is con-
tained 1? toll times in the head; the third anal spine 21 to 31 times. The soft
dorsal and anal have short series of scales on basal half only of interradial mem-
branes, the rays, together with the entire distal half of fins, being naked. In both

CilLBERT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA HAV 107

dovii and cfcains, these fins are densely scaled to their tips. 'JMie pectorals are short,
not nearly reaching vertical from tips of ventrals, tlieii- length Ij in head. The
scales on the hack are in series parallel with the lateral line, hnt lose their regnlarity
under the soft dorsal. There are 5i or 6i series between the lateral line and iIr'
base of the spinous dorsal, and 10 to 48 scales in the lateral line.

197. Anisotremus cjesius {JurUan it- Gilbert).

This species, known hitherto only from tliu types taken at Mazatlan ami one
specimen from Acapulco, was found to be abundant among the islands in Panama
Bay. It is readily distinguished from its nearest relatives in the Pacific by its uni-
form coloration, its longer dorsal iin, and its very long falcirte pectoral. The preorbital
is also wider, four-fifths diameter of eye. None of our specimens show trace of dark
bars. The description of the ly|>es answers well to ouv specimens, but the maxillary
extends to middle of eye, instead of "not quite reaching to front of eye." Of nine
specimens examined, all had 12 dorsal spines; there were eight with 16 dorsal rays,
one with 15; seven with 10 anal rays, two with 9. The third anal spine is longer
than in (hiril or pacijioi, protruding beyond the wide basal sheath for tsvo-fifths
length of head. The caudal is much more deeply forked and the upper lobe more
decidedly tlu' longci'; the median caudal rays are slightly k'ss than half the upper.

198. Anisotremus dovii {Giinther).

Occasionally brought to market.

The normal fin-formula in this species is: dorsal XI, 14; anal III, !*. We
have no specimen with 12 spines, but this variation is to be expected. The soft
dorsal varies to 15, but apparently not to lO. The type was described as having 12
dorsal spines and 16 rays. The vertical fins are scaled to their tips, but the anterior
half of each ray, with a narrow strip of the membrane preceding it, is naked. Where
the rays fork distally, they become entirely invested. There are 6i horizontal series
of scales between the lateral line and the middle of the spinous dorsal. The pectorals
do not extend to opposite tips of ventrals, IJ in head.

This species is very close to .4. pacijici, but differs in the longer sharper
snout, larger dorsal and anal spines, greater scaliness of the fins, the presence of but
9 anal rays, and the intenser color of the bands.

199. Anisotremus interruptus {Gill).

We have two specimens, one 23 cm., the other 4o cm. long. They throw no
additional light on the relation of inlerruplns to its Atlantic representative surina-
mensiti. In both specimens, the scales above the anterior portion of the lateral line
are conspicuously enlarged, an oi)li<]ue series downward and backward from first dor-
sal spine containing but 7 scales. Specimens of surinajnensis have somewhat smaller
scales, and are darker in color, esjiecially on the fins. These are slight differences,
however, and may well prove inconstant. The species interruptus should be accepted
only provisionally.

lOS

rALIFOKNI.V ACADKMY OV SCIKNC'ES

200. Anisotremus tseniatus (lill.

OcxiLsional in tin- iiiaikfl; i)f moru frcqiiont uccui rcm-o alimil tlic rocky
i.slantls ill tlie Hay.

'I'lio species is iindoiibledly ilistind rnini its Aliaiitie reprosentiitive .1. rir-
oinictiK, altlioiii^h some of the chanictors wiiicii have been relied upon to distinguish
the two are of no value. 'riiiiP, the gill-niker.s art; alike in holii and the eye does
not ditler in size. Tlie second anal spine is varia!)le in i)oth; in (<t;niiUas, its tip
usually fails to reach the tip of the soft rays, in vinjiuicus it usually reaches beyond
their lifts.

The most striking difference is in the color, as has been siifTiciently described
by previous authors. In addition, we note that the fins in oiri/'uiicn^ are more densely
scaled, this being especially well marked with the [tectorals. Tlie anterior portion of
the spinous dorsal dillers widely in contour: in vmjinicus, the lliird spine is longest,
the second live-sixths or more than five-sixths the length of the fonrlh; \i\ /u nia(ti>^,
the fourth spine is usually the longest, the second very short, not more than four-
sevenths the length of the fourth. Our material is not sufTieient to enable us to deter-
mine the limits of variation in the relative lengths of the dorsal spines. The pectoral
seems to be slightly longer in Ueniatufi, and the preorbital a little narrower, but these
differences are unimportant.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Species .

Locality

Lenj^h without caudal in nun.

Head

Depth

Eye

Snout

Ma.xillary

Interorbital

Second dorsal spine

Third dorsal spine

Fourth dorsal spine

Secontl anal spine

ANISOTREMUS
T^ENIATUS

I'an.iina

Length of pectoral ...

Leng^ of ventral

Upper lobe of caudal .

170

33

49
81

12
9
9

10

'51

1 61

16

36

23

29

193

33

4«
S

12

9i
9
91
16

'7

1 61

36
22

29

ANISOTREMUS
VIRGINICUS

Key West,
Fla.

I So

33

49

8

I 2

9l

9

12I
16
15
'5i
34
231
28

•43
34i
49
9

I2i

91

9\

12^

17

i6i
1 64
36

24
29

lilLliKUT ANU STAUKS — FISUES Ul' I'ANAMA BAY lU'J

201. Brachydeuterus nitidus (Steinchichner).

Four specimens taken. Tliey agree with Dr. Steindachiier's description in
most particulars.

Head 3 to 3] in lenj^th without caudal; snout 3 to 3', in head; eye 4 to li;
iriterorbital (hone) 5. Scales 48 to 50. Two of our specimens have 0 anal rays, one
has 14 dorsal rays; the others have 8 anal and 15 dorsal rays. The upper lohe of
the caudal is consi)icuously longer than the lower lobe.

202. Brachydeuterus leuciscus {(1 anther).

Very abundant; the young aii.l lialf-grown specimens exhii)it the same bewild-
ering variety of form and general appearance for which I he species is noted in other
parts of its range. Compared with adults, the young appear much slenderer, with
longer sharper snout, smaller moutli, and less arched frontal regi<m. The preorbital
usually appears much wider; but in all these respects there is wide variation among
young of the same size. It reaches the length of 31 cm.; adults vary little in appear-
ance, and approach nearly the even contour of Poiiiailasi)i 2}anamensis. The pectoral
is never falcate, and eipials the distance from tip of snout to upper preopercular
margin.

203. Pomadasis panamensis (Sieindachner).

This species was very abundant at Panama. Our material shows few varia-
tions from Dr. Steindachner's description.

Eye 4;i to Oj in head; interorbital 4.1 to 5; second anal npine 2.^ to 2'^. 'i'he
maxillary reaches a vertical from (he anierinr margin, or the anterior third, of the
|)upil. Dr. Steindachner's statement that the tliird dorsal spine is from 2 to 2J times
as long as the second is doubtless a slip of the pen. The third dorsal spine in our
specimens varies from 3 to 3i times the length of the second.

204. Pomadasis bayanus Jordan £ Evermann.

Pristipoma hiimilc Knkr & Sieind.vchnkk, 1S64, p. 222, PI. I, fig. i. Siki.nd.vciiner, 1879 a,

p. 33. Not Pristipoma humilis BowniCH.
Pomadasis baya7ius ]ov.n\N Sl Evermann, 1898, p. 1331.

One specimen, 36 cm. long, was taken in the Rio Grande River, at ]\IiraHores,
a point above tide-level, where the water is perfectly fresh. A small specimen is in
the museum of Stanford University, collected at San Jose del Cabo, Mexico, by
Mr. .]. F. Abbott. Tiie records do not show whether this specimen was taken in the
river at San Jose, or in the sea.

Tlie species is very close to P. crocro, agreeing with it in general shape and
color, and in tin and scale formulie. Both species have normally 13 dorsal spines.
P. bayanus has a longer snout, larger mouth and shorter second anal spine. The
latter varies greatly with age. In our smaller specimen, it reaches far beyond the
tip of the soft rays, to the base of the anal, and is contained 4 times in the length; in
the larger specimen, it fails to reach the tip of anal rays, and is contained (>.\ times

. jg , NovembcT 30, 1903.

110 CAUFCtUNU ACADEMY OF SCIENCK8

in the length. The doi-sal contains 13 spines, 12 rays; tiie anal III, 7. The scales
are very irrei:;ular, and (liflicult to onunicrate. We count 52 pores in the lateral line,
in each specin»en. Tlie head is contained o times in tlie length (2^ is a misprint for
'Sg in Jordan & Evermann's description, /. c).

The eye is contained "> times in head in the larger specimen, 3:| times in the
smaller; snont 2^^a'> niaxillary 2'f, in large sitccimeii, 2,! in the smaller; fourth dorsal
spine 2i and 2^; second anal spine 2 and 1:. The hase of the second dorsal is one-
half the hase of the spinous dorsal. The gill-rakers are short and weak, 13 on hori-
zontal limb of arch, 3 or 4 of the anterior being rudimentary, immovable.

Striking characters of this species are: the ploughshare-shaped snout, narrow-
ing upward and forward to form a ridge, which terminates in the acutely angulated
premaxillaries; and the small accessory scales, which are larger than such scales are
aj)t to be, are more irregular in shape, and are scattered more widely over the surface
of the other scales,

205. Pomadasis macracanthus (Giinther).

A common species in the market. The following additions to current descrip-
tions are from specimens 18 to 26 cm. in length.

Head 2;.| to 2-' in length; depth 2:/ to 2^'. Eye 41 to 4g in head; snout 2^ to
3i; interorbital (bone) 5 to 5,'. Three of our specimens have 13 dorsal rays, three
have 14. The anal has constantly 8 soft rays, as described by Giinther, the last split
ray counting as 1; not 7 rays, as given by Jordan anil Evermann (1898, p. 1332).
Pectoral 3 to 3i in length.

Our specimens have the scales rather strongly ctenoid, not smooth as described
by Giinther.

206. Pomadasis branicki {Steimhuhner).

A single specimen was obtained. The dorsal spines seem to be indilTurently
13 or 14 in number. There are 14 in our specimen.

207. Orthopristis chalceus {Giinther).

Very common; seen daily in the markets.

The dorsal spines are usually 12 in number, only one of our specimens has 13;
the articulated rays are usually 15 (exceptionally V>). We have found no specimen
with 14 rays, as recorded by Steindachner (1870 b, p. 3, PI. II; as Pristipoma kneri).
The anal rays are usually 11 in number (exceptionally 12). Tlie tubes in the lateral
line (corresponding with the series of scales above the lateral line running obliquely
downward and backward) are 52 to 54 in number. The diameter of the eye equals
the width of the preorbital, 4| in the head; pectoral 1\ to IfV; snout 2| to 2i%; the
maxillary extends beyond the front of the eye. Brownish streaks follow the centers
of the rows of scales, alternating with narrower grayish blue streaks along the mar-
gins of the rows. No pale streak below the dorsal and no darker cross-bands in any
specimens seen by us.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 111

208. Orthopristis brevipinnis (Sleindachner).
I'l.ATK XV, ri.i. 30.

Four 8pociincii.s, from 28 to ;>1 cin. long, were obUiiiieil by us in llie I'liiuuna
iiiaiket; no others were seen.

The species has been made the type of a distinct genus {hnciella Jordan &
Fesler), difTering from Orthopristis in the presence of accessory scales, from Micro-
lepidotus in the larger scales, the presence of accessory scales on the bases of the
larger ones, and the shorter spinous dorsal. A re-examination of Microfepidotus
inornntus (Magdalena Bay, Albatross collection) shows however llial the scales have
been incorrectly enumerated in that species. They are in reality of the same size
as the scales in Iireoipinnis, there being GO in the lateral lino. There are furthermore
numerous small accessory scales on the bases of the larger ones. The dorsal and
anal are scaled in inornntus, almost as fully as in brevipinnis. The two species are
very closely related, differing principall}' in the relative sizes of the two dorsal fins.
This diflerence is not greater than that occurring between species of Pomadasis or
Anisotretnus, and seems not worthy of generic recognition. In one specimen of
0. iyiornatus from jNIazatlan, we find 15 dor.sal spines. The only character to separate
the two species as a generic group {Microlepidotus) distinct from Orthopristis, is the
possession of the small accessory scales on the sides. This character appears also in
BracJnjdeuferus, where elonr/ntus and axillnris possess it highly developed, while
nitidus and corcinwformis are without it. We have no indication of the condition in
the type of Brachydeuterus {auritus). Should the latter have no accessory scales,
the subordinate group consisting of elongaius and axillaris would be without distinct-
ive name. We have preferred to reduce Microlepidotus to the rank of a subgenus, of
equal value with Evapri»tis, which forms a transition between it and the ordinai-y
forms of Orthoj^ristis with naked fins and no accessory scales.

Steindachner's description of the type of brevipinnis (1870rt, p. 10, PI. V)
refers unquestionably to the present species, but the accompanying figure is so poor
and inaccurate as to suggest a very different fish. Prominent among the unfortunate
features in this drawing are: the upper contour, whicli should be evenly curved from
snout to caudal peduncle; the dorsal spines, which should be longer and slenderer; the
soft dorsal, which is much more completely scaled; the streaks above the lateral line,
which are much less oblique, much wider, more irregular and wavy, and less
numerous; the series of scales below the lateral line, with their accompanying
streaks, which should be horizontal, instead of oblique.

The usual fin formula is: dorsal XIII, 17; anal III, 13 or 14. The third
dorsal spine is the longest, 2| to 2i in the length of the head. The lateral line con-
tains GO to G2 tubes.

The scales in the species of Orthopristis are more nearly uniform in size than
current descriptions would seem to indicate. 0. forbesi, from Albemarle Island,
Galapagos Group, is said to have 80 to 85 series of scales. Examination of one of
the types makes it evident that the vertical rows were counted, instead of the
oblique rows. The number of oblique rows corresponding to the pores in the lateral
line is 65.

|]0 CAUFOUNIA ACADKMV OK SCIENCU'S

Fiunlly SIW lUD.lv

209. Calamus brachysomus (f.mkinglon).
Chrysophrys calamus GOnthkr, 1869, p. 421 (Paiiiiiiia).

Known from the OJnlf of Culifornia, from Piinama, iiiul frotn S;mt;i Ilcltiia
Bay, near CJuaya.iuil (Boiiloiiger, 1808-0, Vol. XIV, p. 7).

Several small specimens wore seen in llie market and a niinilier of larj^o
indiviihials were taken by the aid of dynamite about the islands. Four specimens
were preserved, ranging in length from 23 to 43 cm.

Its southern representative, C. (aurinus, is a more slender species and has
shorter dorsal spines and a shorter pectoral. Two specimens of lamiiim which we
have examiiuHl from the (ialapagos are darker in color, especially about tlu; head,
and have the inner base of the pectoral blackish.

The original description of C. brachysomus contains numerous errors and can-
not be relied upon. To the description given by Jordan and l'"vcrmann (ISOS,
p. 145;*), we make the following additions:

Head 3.^ to 3.', in length; depth 2 to 2',. Eye S'i, to 44 in head; snout 1;;! to
1 J. The maxillary reaches to below the anterior orbital riiu. 'i'hore are but five very
small, short gill-rakers on the lower branchial arch. In our specimens, the dorsal is
constantly XII, 12 and the anal III, 10. The third dorsal spine is contained 1^ to
2: times in the head; the second anal spine is generally longer than the third, but
does not reach to its tip in the declined fin. Its length is 3^ to 4i in head.

CJILBKUT AND STAKK8 — FISHES OF PANAMA IfAV
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

ii:

Species .

Locality

Lengtii witliiiiil laiiil.il ill mm iSO

Head

IVptli

Hye

i'lCdihital (least depth)....

I nUTdihital (l)one)

.Siuiiit

.Maxillary

Pectoral

Third dorsal sjiine

Second anal spine

Ventral

Caudal

Caudal peduncle (height)

48

7
>4l

S

19
13
37
1 61

7
22
26

9

HKACIIYSOMUS

Panama

TAURINUS

La Pa/, r.ala|t;ij;os
L. C. i Islands

'77

'75

255

286

3«

3'

3'

34i

46

49

46

43

8

8i

7i

n

12

12

I3l

I4i

8

8

S

.SI

1

17

iSi

'9

20

12

12

I3l

•5

37

40

37 1

35

16

16

17

12

8

9j

7

7

23 i

24

22

18

29

3>

Broken

26

loi

1 1

9

9

216

3'1

421

s

III

s

'7J

121
36

'3
6.1

22

3'
9

Family GERRID^E.

210. Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill).
Diaptcrus doiuii GiLi-, 1863, p. 162.

We found this species very common at Panamii, and carefully selected a
series of about twenty specimens, with a view to exhibiting all the variations to which
it is subject. AVe have also a large number of specimens from other localities.

Our extensive series seems to prove E. doivii to be invalid. It is alleged to
differ from this species in having the maxillary groove "linear" instead of "broad
and semi-oval "; in having the scales o-47-lO instead of G-44~ 13, and in having the
" spinous dorsal blackish at the margin" rather than " fins immaculate."

Our specimens show all intermediate stages of the maxillary groove, from
linear to broadly U-.sha]ied. In some individuals the groove is as wide at the anterior
or open end as at the middle, but in most of them it is more or less constricted ante-
riorly by the encroachment of the scales on each side. In one specimen the groove
is wholly closed in front by the meeting of these scales. The scale-formula in our

114

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

specimens is 5-44 or 45-10. The mar<;in of the spinous dorsal varies in color from
dusky to l)lnoi<, but wo liavc some small specimens, enllcetiMl hy the Albatross, in
wbicb tbe fins may be said to be immaculate.

Our specimens of tbe young up to 05 mm. in length show lii;lit brown cross-
bars on back. One at the nape runs obliquely downward and backward to the upper
end of gill-opening; one at the front of the spinous dorsal runs obliquely downward
and forward to lateral line, nearly meeting the one at the nape; between these there
is a shorter vortical bar, and more posteriorly are several bars running downward and
forward, whicli become more or less indefinite along the middle of their lenglli. One
or two of these bars are represented by the spots on the upper edge and at the middle
of the caudal peduncle.

Our material from the Atlantic is so meager that we are unable to discuss
relationships between E. cnlifortiienfiis, E. hnrengnlus, and E. ineudogula.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Locality

Length without caudal ex-
pressed in mm

Head

Depth

Eye (insideof adipose eyelid).

Pectoral

Second dorsal spine

Second anal spine

Caudal

Ventrals

Snout

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Scales ,

Panama

154

149

95

80

32

31

33

33

37

36

36

3«

9

9

ID

ID

32

33

33

32

i8

i7i

18

17

8

8

9

9

27

i6

27
17

26

1 8

18

1 1

10

III

10

IX, 9

IX, 9

IX, 9

IX, 9

111,7

111,7

111,7

111,7

5-45-IO

5-44-10

5-44-10

5-45-10

Chatham
L, Gala-
pagos

149
32

37
10

34

19

9

27

17

1 1
IX, 9
III, 7
5-44-10

153
33

3S
10

32

19

9

28

18

10

IX, 9

111,7

5-44-10

150

31

37
10

32
18

26
17

lOl

IX, 9

111,7

5-45-10

■56
30
32

9
32
i7i

81
28
16
loi

IX, 9

III, 7

5-45-10

211. XystEema cinereum (Walhawni).

Panama records are by Giinther, 1869, p. 391 (as Gerres squamipinnis) ; and
Jordan, 1885, p. 384.

212. Gerres aureolus Jordan <i- Gilbert.
Known only from the type taken by Gilbert at Panama in 1881.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 11.0

213. Gerres peruvianus f'uvivr £ Valenciennes.

\\\t fdiitul this sjK'cii^s very coiumuii at Paiianiii. From G. oHstliosloiniis it
diller.s ill having' tlie prumaxillary groove scalelcss, a Hinallcr eye, siuallcr and
crowded teeth, and a higher sheatli of scales to dorsal and anal. From G. nnreolm
(us described) it dift'ers in having the eye not larger than length of snout or width
of interorbital, and in having the second dorsal spine mnch stronger than the others,
and much more than half length of head (second dorsal spine of G. prrnvianus is
from li'o to li in head).

214. Gerres brevimanus Giinther.

Piobahly not common; we collected live specimens ranging in entire length
from 2d to oli cm. The species may be at once distinguished from all other Amer-
ican species by the short pectoral, which never reaches the vertical from the veut,
and which equals in length the post-nasal part of the head.

The lips are much thickened, especially the lower one. In the smaller
specimen the breadth of the lower lip at its widest part is contained 3;^; times in the
diameter of the eye. In the largest one, it is contained 2^. Between these there is
a regular gradation, with the exception of the next to the largest specimen (31 cm.
long), in which the lips are much wider thiin in any other. In this, the lower lips
are thickened until they meet on the median line, and api)ear as a medially divided
flap, which extends backward to below the corners of the mouth, where it is trun-
cated. We cannot determine whether this is a sexual character, as our specimens
unfortunately have been eviscerated.

The upper profile of the head is concave above the eyes and convex above
the nostrils; the snout is blunt, in the large specimens projecting beyond the tip of
the lower jaw a third of the diameter of the eye, in the small specimens somewhat
less. The eye varies inueli with the size of the fish and is contained (inside of the
adipose eyelid) from o.l to 41 times in the length of the head. Its width nearly
equals the length of the snout in the smallest specimens; in the largest ones it is
contained from 1 .1 to li times in the snout.

The gill-rakers are very short, 9+13 in number. The exposed portion of
the maxillary varies in length from 4;j- to 4J in the length of the head. The ventral
spine is stout and blunt, about six-tenths of the longest ventral raJ^ The second
anal spine does not project beyond the third, which about equals the soft rays. The
third dorsal spine projects beyond the second, sometimes beyond the fourth.

The streaks along the rows of scales are scarcely fainter than in G. lineatus;
those above the lateral line are as conspicuous as those below.

Giinther's statement that the length of the head is twice and a half in the
lengtli of the body is evidently a misprint. It should read thrice and a half.

ii<;

CALltXlKNlA A( ADKMV t»l' S( IKNCKS

Measurements in Hundrt-dths of Length tvit/tout Caudal.

Lcujjth without i-.iii<l,il ill mm..

Head

Deplli at kisc of first ilors;il spiiu-.

Eye between adiix>se eyelids

Snout

E.\|X)sed [xirtion of maxillary

Interorbital

Lenjjtli of ]jectoral

Length of ventrals

Second dorsal spine

Second anal spine

Caudal

Number of dorsal rays

Numl)cr of anal rays

Scales

170

30

45
8J

9

6

10

24
25
23
19
36
i.\, 10
III, s

6-40-1 1

3ii
43

7i

lOi

6

9i
25
26
21
'7i
3«
IX, 10
III, s
-39-1 1

3'1

45

S

1 1

7
10

24
24
22
iS

35
IX, 10
III, s
6-39-11

247

27S

3'i

31

421

45

7

7

12

10

s

8

1 1

luj

23

24i

24

24i

20

19).

16

'7

34

34

IX, 10

IX, 9

III, s

111, 8

6-40-1 1

6-39-1 1

Family KYPHOSID^:.

215. Kyphosus elegans (I'ttcrs).

AbniithuiL ill the market; also taken by us about tbe focky islands. No speci-
mens of K. nnalogus were observed, thougli these were carefully looked for. It is
probable- that Panama records of K. analogus refer to degans. The differences
separating these closely related species are well shown by our specimens, 'i'lie scales
are comparatively large, there being 63 to 08 in the lengthwise scries above the
lateral line. The anal is more elevated than the dorsal, the height of its anterior
rays being contained li times in the base of the soft portion of the fm. There seem
to be constantly 13 rays in the second dorsal and 12 in tlic anal (instead of 12 in one
and 11 in the other).

Our specimens vary widely in color. One is almost unifonuly deej) biuiizc
on head, body, and fin.s, there being only faint traces posteriorly of the lighter streaks
whifh ill other specimens follow the centers of the rows of scales. Othci' si)ecimens
approach more nearly the bright coloration found in A', analogus, some of the streaks
being noticeably blue.

216. Sectator ocyurus {Jordau X- (Jilbcrl).

Seen on two occasions only, but present then in considerable numbers.
We have the following corrections to make in the original description: The
eye is contained 41 to 4| times in the head (not 4). The scales on the breast are

GILBERT AND STAUKS — FISHES Ob' PANAMA BAY 117

rauoli rediiciMl in size. Tiie base of tlie spinous dorsal is two-thirds (not nearly equal
to) the length of the soft dorsal or anal. The soft dorsal contains lo (not 13) rays.

Family SCLENIl)^.

217. Isopisthus remifer Jordan dk Oilbert.

Aliiindiiiit; known only from Panama. This species is probably distinct from
its very close Atlantic representative, /. parvipinnis, but no specimens of the two
have been directly compared, and the characters alleged to distinguish them are in
need of verification. /. remifer is said to have longer pectoral fins and more numer-
ous rays in the anal fin. In seven specimens at hand, however, the pectoral is
shorter than the description of the typo would indicate, equaling the length of the
head behind the front of the pupil, and contained IJ to 1'; in the length of the head.
They agree in this character wholly with the type of I. 2)<ii'vipimiiii (see Jordan,
1883, p. 280), and with its synonym /. affinis Steindachner. /. remifer is said to
have 19 rays in the anal, as contrasted with IT) or 17 in parvipinnis. The only reli-
able information concerning the condition in parvipinnis is derived from Steindach-
ner's description and figure of /. affinis. In two specimens examined by him, the anal
fin contained IG and 17 rays. In seven specimens of /. remifer, the anal counts are
as follows: 1(>, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18. In the type of remifer, there are said to be 19
rays. It is impossible to pronounce upon the distinctness of these two species until
adequate Atlantic material is at hand for comparison.

The dentition has been insufficiently described by all observers. It difTers in
no essential respect from that characteristic of Cynoscion. The mandible contains
an outer series of minute teeth, closely associated with an inner series of elongate
canine-like teeth of considerable size. The canines are not definitely 3 in number,
as described by Steindachner, but vary from 6, the normal number, to 2 or 3, the
missing ones having become accidentally detached. The canines are largest along
the middle of the side of the mandible, and cease before reaching the symphysis, the
tip of the mandible being occupied by a double series of very small teeth. On the
sides of the upper jaw is an outer row of slightly enlarged teeth, and a narrow band
of villiform teeth behind it. Anteriorly the band disappears and gives place to a
short inner series, the median pair of which are enlarged to form the very conspicuous
fangs.

The scales agree in size in the two species, there being 52 to 55 enlarged
scales along the lateral line, and above the lateral line 70 to 75 oblique series running
downward and backward.

Isopisthus seems to differ inadequately from the genus Archoscion, being dis-
tinguished only by the longer interval between the dorsal fins.

(16)

December 4, l'JU3.

IKS

CAI-IFOllNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

M,

'lis in Hundredtlis of Length witlwut Caudal.

Lenj^h to Ixisc of caudal in mm..

Depth

1 li-.ul fmin lij) of uppir jaw

Eye

Maxillary

Least wiiltli of suborbiUils (bone)

Interorbital (bone)

Length of third dors;il spine

Length of fifth dorsal ray

Length of fifth anal ray

Length of pectoral

Length of \ xnlrals

Length of caudal

Height of caudal peduncle

221

25
32

7

•4

ij
6

I2i

12J
II
2li
16

i7i
9

202

24

32

7

14!

•i

6

12I
22I

17
18

9

218. Cynoscion praedatorius {Jordan <fc Gilbert).

Occasionally coming into the market in considerable numbers, reaching a
length of 75 to 110 cm. It is strongly distinguished from all other species of Cynos-
cion by its more oblique mouth and heavier mandible. As this character seems to us
insufficient to warrant generic separation, we do not recognize the nominal genus
Buccone based upon it.

In twelve specimens, three have 18 dorsal rays, seven have 19 rays, one speci-
men has 20 rays and one but 15. The last-mentioned seems normal in every way.
There is no distinct sheath at the base of the soft dorsal. The anal fin contains 2
spines (not 1, as described) and 9 rays.

The scales above the lateral line increase in size posteriorly to below the mid-
dle of the soft dorsal, and decrease somewhat on the very slender caudal peduncle.
There are 65 to 70 oblique rows running downward and backward. The posterior
nostril is obovate in shape.

219. Cynoscion squamipinnis {Gilnther).

Not rare in the Bay of Panama.

As stated by Steiudachner, the scales along the lateral line are decidedly
larger than the others. There are 47 to 50 of these enlarged scales, and an equal
number of oblique rows of scales running downward and backward above the lateral

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISUES OF PANAMA HAV 119

lino. The enumeration of scales in current descriptions (70 and (So) is based on
the vertical series above the lateral line.

The spinous dorsal is shorter than in any other species of the genus, contain-
ing constantly 8 spines, of which the first is short, firmly attached to the second, and
the eighth usually ailnate to the back. The pectorals reach to or nearly to the
vertical from the tips of the ventrals.

220. Cynoscion othonopterus .Ionian <fc Gilbert.
Obtained at Panama by Gilbert (Jordan, 1885, p. IW:]); not seen by others.

221. Cynoscion reticulatus (Giinther).

CORBINA RALLADA.

Abundant; not reaching a large size.

222. Cynoscion albus {Giinther).

CORBINA AMARILLA.

Abundant at Panama, reaching a large size, specimens 220 cm. long coming
frequently to the market. This species and C. stolzmanni reach the largest size, and are
the most imj)ortant food-fishes of the genus at Panama. C. albtis is readily distinguished
from other Panama species by the nearly naked dorsal and anal, the lanceolate
caudal, the large scales, and the long pectorals. From 0. stolzmanni, it is addi-
tionally distinguished by the wider head, the blunt snout, with its decurvcd upper
profile, by the longer, slenderer caudal peduncle and by the presence of much bra.ssy
yellow on the lower half of the sides, this being especially marked in adults. The
median caudal rays are also much more produced than in C. stolzmanni of the same
size, and the lateral line is more arched anteriorly. Opercle largely black on its
inner face.

D. IX or X-I, 19 to 22. A. II, 8 or 9. Lateral line with 53 or 54 pores
(counted to base of caudal); 57 to 60 oblique rows of scales running downward and
backward above the lateral line. Head 31^ to 3.^ in length; maxillary 2^ in head.
Usually 9 movable gill-rakers on horizontal limb of arch. The sheath of scales at
the base of the dor.sal fin is much wider than in 0. stolzmanni. Series of scales
accompany the first few rays of dorsal and anal, the remainder of each fin being naked.
The posterior nasal opening is narrowly elliptical or ovate, much wider than in
C. stolzmanni.

223. Cynoscion stolzmanni {Steindachner) .

CORBINA BLAXCA.

Abundant in the Panama market, reaching a length of 220 cm.; the most
highly prized representative of the genus at Panama.

r2() CALIKOKNIA ACAUliMV OF SCIKNCliS

We have little to add to Steindachner's excellent description. The depth is
contained 4' tinu's, rather than 4 time?, in the lenf^tli; l)oth dorsal and anal are scaled
on one or more of their anterior rays. The species has normally 10 dorsal spines
(rarely 9).

The second dorsal and caudal are margined with hiackish. The upper half of
the axil of the pectoral is black. The membranous fold behind the mandibular teeth
is black, contrasting strongly with the rest of the mouth. The gill-cavity is largely
blackish, especially the lining mL'mi)rane of the oi)ercle. The ventrals, pectoral and
anal fins are without dusky markings, except on the inner face of the upper pectoral
rays.

224. Cynoscion phoxocephalus Jordan (fc Gilbert.

This strongly marked form is known as yet only from Panama Bay, where
we have found it to be abundant.

The dentition difYers in no essential respect from that found in other species
of Cynoscion. All of the teeth are smaller, including the anterior pair of canines in
the premaxillaries. The arrangement differs somewhat from that ascribed to the
type. The premaxillary teeth are in a band throughout, which contains everywhere
more than two series. Along the sides of the jaw, the outer series consists of stronger
conical teeth which are scarcely larger than those behind them. Anteriorly the
band widens, and bears along its posterior edge a converging pair of small canines.
The mandibular band is widest near the symphysis, where it consists of three series, those
of the outer series somewhat stronger than the others. Laterally, the band rapidly
narrows, at first to two series, the inner of strong conical teeth, the outer very small;
then the outer series disappears, those of the remaining series increasing in size toward
the angle of the mouth.

The scales above the lateral line are in 85 to 90 oblique series, downward and
backward. Those of the Literal line are enlarged, as usual in the genus, but are so
concealed by smaller scales, that they are difficult to enumerate.

The spinous dorsal is more elevated than in other species of the genus, the
third spine often reaching the tip of the last spine when depressed. The last dorsal
spines are very delicate, one or more of them often lacking; the spines are normally
10 in number. The second dorsal is without a definite scaly sheath; small scales
encroach on the thickened base of its anterior rays.

The posterior nostril is a narrowly oblong slit, scarcely larger than the ante-
rior pore-like opening.

In life, grayish silvery above, with bluish and greenish reflections, silvery
below; mouth cavity orange-yellow; opercular lining jet-black. A black humeral
blotch, concealed by gill-cover. Anal and lower caudal lobe tinged with yellow;
fins otherwise translucent-dusky.

GILBERT AND STARRS - FISHES OF PANAMA BAV 121

225. Sagenichthys raordax sp. nov.

Pi^TK XVI, Fki. 32.

This species, which comes rather abuiulantly to tiie market at Panama, has
been identified heretofore witli Sdgenichllnjs anrtjlodon from the Atlantic. No satis-
factory material from opposite sides of the Isthmus has ever been compared, and
none from the Atlantic is now available to the authors. But if current descriptions
of S. ancylodon are at all reliable, there can ite no question as to the validity of the
form here described, which is distinguished by the greatly enlarged scales along the
course of the lateral line, and by the much smaller size of the scales covering the
body generally, as shown by the number of oblique rows above the lateral line. The
gill-rakers are shorter than in S. ancylodon.

Dorsal X, I, 28-30; anal II, 9 or 10. Head 3j^ in length; depth 41. Snout 4} to 4J in
head; eyes (between edges of adipose eyelids) 6i in head in adults 38 cm. long, 5I to 5| in speci-
mens 25 cm. long. The width of the bony interorbital space is slightly greater than the distance from
the tip of the snout to the posterior nostril, slightly less than 5 times in the head. In younger speci-
mens, it equals the length of snout as far as posterior nostril.

The maxillary is longer in young specimens, its length contained 2 to 2 J times in the head; in
larger specimens 2\ to 2^. The premaxillaries have an outer series of arrow-shaped teeth, which are
very long toward the center of the jaw, and decrease in size regularly toward the angle of the mouth.
Anteriorly, behind the outer row, is a short series of three teeth on each side the median line, one of the
anterior pair, or rarely both, greatly elongate, much exceeding any of the other teeth in size.
Along the posterior half of each premaxillary, there is a narrow inner band of small cardiform teeth,
which retain the form of the canines, each tooth having a distinctly lancet-shaped head, and a longi-
tudinally-ridged stalk. Near the hinder end of the band, the outer row of canines become so reduced
as to be indistinguishable from the teeth lying l^ehind them. The sides of the mandible contain an inner
series of large arrow-shapeti canines, and a single outer series of slender teeth, similarly provided with
arrow-shaped tips. Anteriorly on each side, the inner series of canines terminates, and an outer series
of still larger canines develops, consisting normally of four teeth on each side the symphysis, of which
the second pair are the largest. These are not continuous with the outer series of small teeth which
occupy the sides of the jaw, as the latter bend around behind the anterior canines, where the two
series overlap. The larger canines are subject to frequent injury, and are rapidly replaced by others
occupying the same position. The lower jaw projects so that the anterior mandibular canines close
outside the upper lip.

The gill-rakers are proportionately longer in young specimens, in which the longest is one-
third to two-fifths the diameter of the eye. There are 7 to 9 movable rakers on the horizontiil limb of
the outer arch.

The dorsal spines are very slender and weak. The membrane behind the tenth spine joins the
base of the eleventh, which is attached for its entire length to the first soft ray. All the fins are densely
scaled to their tips. The caudal fin is doubly concave, the median rays greatly protruding in the
young, less so in adults. The pectoral fins are very long, extending nearly twice as far as the ven-
trals, i^io 1 1 in the head in specimens 12 inches long (injured in larger specimens). Ventrals 2^
in head.

The scales are very small, those above the lateral line arranged in about 105 oblique series
running downward and backward. The scales bearing the pores of the lateral line are much enlarged,
47 to 50 in number, counted to the base of the median caudal rays. These enlarged scales are covered
and in part concealed by small scales similar to those above the lateral line.

CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SOIENCES

In life, grayish brown above, witli bluish and greenish reflections, bright silvery below. The
dorsal and ciiiilal are dusky, the caudal often with narrow blackish margin, but without any deepening
of color in the lower lobe. Ventrals and anal unmarked. Upper half of axil black, the inner face of
the (Xiclorai dusky, especially in its upper |)orlion. Gill-cavity more or less dusky.

Measiitrmftits in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length to caudal base, in mm

Depth

Head from tip of upjx'r jaw

Eye between adipose eyelids

Maxillary

Least width of suborbital ( W\\w only)...
I nterorbital width above middle of eye...

Length of third dorsal spine

Length of .soft dorsal base

I k'ight (if anal

Length of [sectoral

Length of ventrals

Length of caudal (middle rays)

Least height of caudal peduncle

345

292

22

22

3ii

31

4J

5

i4i

15

li

•1

7

61

II

9i

37

38

II

1 1

20j

21

13

14

'7

19

8

81

229

21
30!
51

'4i

ll
r.i,

3f>

121,

24
'4i

226. Nebris occidentalis Vuillunt.

GUAVINA.

Nebris zestus Jordan & Starks (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 1417).

Abundant.

In Sagenichthys, hojnsthus and Nebris, we have genera each of which is
represented by one species on the Pacific coast of Central America, and a supposedly
different, but very closely related representative form in the Atlantic. Unfortunately.
we have no Atlantic material for comiiarison in any of these cases. This is to be
regretted the more, as no direct comparisons have ever been made, and the distinctive
characters relied upon may prove to be fictitious.

GILBEUT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

123

Length from tip of iijjix'r juw to caudal base in mm.

Depth

Head, frum tip of upjjer jaw

Eye.

Ma.villary

Least width of sulmrhitai

liitcrorbital (bone)

Length of third tlorsal spine ....

Length of fifth dorsal ray

Length of longest anal ray

Length of pectoral

Length of ventrals

Length of middle caudal rays ...
Least height of caudal peduncle .

246
26
31

3i
14

4
10
10
10^

13
27

19

22

9

224

24
32

3i
14

4
1 1

9J

1 1

•31
29
18
22
8i

227. Larimus argenteus {Gill).

BOCATUERTA BLANCA.

Very abundant.

In this species, a vertical line from the corner of the closed mouth passes mid-
way between the front of the orbit and tiie tip of the snout. The length of the snout
is two-fifths that of the maxillary. The gape is arched, with the convexity behind.
The anterior (lower) margin of the mandible is also strongly arched with its convexity
forwards. The eye is smaller than in any other species of the genus, 4 J to 5 in head,
in adults.

In life, very brilliant silvery on sides and below, the upper parts faintly olive,
with silvery, greenish and bluish reflections. The dorsal and anal are slightly dusky,
the pectorals translucent, the anal and ventrals white or faintly straw-colored.

228. Larimus effulgens Gilbert.

Plate XVI, Fio. 33.

Larimus effulgens Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 1421).

Very close to L. acclivis, with which it agrees in almost all details of structure. The color
is, however, bright silvery without trace of stripes, as in L. argenteus. The pectoral fin is ako much
longer.

Dorsal XI, 28 to 30; anal II, 6; pectoral 16; head 2>^ss 'o 3l! depth 2j to 3; pores of lateral
line 49 or 50.

124 CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Mouth sli^;htlv more oliliiiiu- than in I.ariiinis arc/ivis, much less so than in /,. arfft>i/ri/.<:.
PremaxillarifS anteriorly on a level with middle of pupil (lower part of pupil in L. acclivis). Maxillary
about reachinjf vertical from front of pupil, 2^ to 2\ in head. Teeth minute, close-set, even, in a single
scries in each jaw. none of them enlarijed. Eye larj^e, 3} to 4 J in head. Interorhital space 4 J to i\\.
PreojK'rcular margin membranous, with flexible ribs ending in minute spinules. Gill-rakers very long,
two-thirds diameter of orbit, 19 or 20 on horizontal limb of arch.

nors;d spines high and fle.xible, the first two not noticeably thickened. Tenth spine shortest.
Third dors;d spine longest, 2 to 2j in head. Soft dorsal very long, its base 2j to 2^ in length.
The longest dorsal ray equals length of snout antl eye. Second anal spine very strong, 2^ to 2^ in
head. Pectoral very long and narrow, i fij longer than head, injured in most specimens. Ventrals
reaching to or slightly beyond vent, 1 J in head. Caudal lanceolate, the middle rays much produced,
as long as head. Tubes of lateral line much branched. Definite scaly sheaths along bases of dorsal
and anal. Basal |x>rtions of membranes of vertical fins with series of scales.

Bright silvery, the back grayish. Lining of cheeks black, a small black blotch on upper iliird
of a.\il. Ventrals, anal and lower caudal rays bright orange- yellow; fins otherwise dusky-translucent.

Rather common at Panama, where numerous specimens were secured.

229. Larimus acclivis Jordan & Bristol.

Plate XVII, Fig. 34.

BOCATUERTA RALLADA.

A common species in the Panama market. Our material agrees with the
types of the species in those points which are supposed to be distinctive of this Pacific
form. The black streaks are conspicuous, and the second anal spine is constantly
shorter than the soft rays, 2J to 2g in the head. The region about the pscudobranchiie
is largely black.

230. Larimus pacificus Jordan ,i- Bollman.

Not seen by us; the type dredged by the Albatrcss in Panama Bay, Station
2802, 16 fathoms. It was subsequently dredged in the Gulf of California, Stations
3021 and 3026, 14 and 17 fathoms.

231. Odontoscion xanthops Gilbert.

PL.VTE XVII, Fio. .35.
Odontoscion xanthops GihBE.Ki (Jordan & Ever.mann, 1898, p. 1426).

Head 3 in length; depth 3?; dors;il XII, 27; anal II, 8; pectoral 17; pores in lateral line 50.

Head and body elongate, compressed, narrow. Dorsal and ventral outlines nearly equally
curved. Profile slightly depressed over front of orbits, the snout bluntish, not protruding. Jaws
equal, the lower wholly included, the symphysis prominent, slightly passing the prema.xillaries.
Mouth very oblique, the ma.xillary reaching slightly behind middle of eye, 2\ in head. Tip of ina.xil-
lary broad. Mental and rostral pores of moderate size, not conspicuous. A series of slender canines
in lower jaw, preceded by an irregular outer villiform row, most evident toward symphysis. The
series of canines turns inward and backward on the symphyseal protuberance, the innermost pair
enlarged, directed backward. Upper jaw with a series of conical teeth, similar to those on sides of
mandible, separated by a considerable interspace from an inner series of very small close-set teeth,
directed backward. Eye very large, subcircular, the longest diameter 3| in head; snout 4J; inter-

(JILBEKT AND STARKS — I'ISHES OF I'ANAMA BAY 125

orbital width 4j. A definitt- supiaorljital ridjje. Sul)orl)itals narrow. Preoiiercular marKMii wiihoiit
dttinitL- spines, with minute crcruilations, wliicli end in spinous points. Gill-rakcrs long and slfrukr,
16 on horizontal limb <jf arch, the longest two-fifths diameter of orbit.

Spinous dorsal very high, of weak fle.xible spines, none of which are thickened. The thin!
spine is the highest, as long as snout and eye; eleventh spine shortest. Second anal spine strong,
equaling length of snout and half eye. Pectorals short, not reaching tips of ventrals, i /^ in head.
Ventrals not reaching vent, e.xiending half way from their base to front of anal. Caudal apparently
short and rounded; somewhat mutilated in the type, as are the soft dorsal and anal.

.Scales large, weakly ctenoid, except on head, where they are cycloid. Ma.xillary, tip of man-
dible, and extreme tip of snout naked; head otherwise completely invested. A definite sheath of scales
at base of soft dorsal. Soft portions of all the vertical fins with membranes scaled.

Dark steel-gray, with olive tinge above, silvery below, the lower parts coarsely punctate with
brown. Blackish streaks follow the rows of scales, those below the lateral line broad, horizontal,
consjjicuous; those above lateral line narrower, less intense, the anterior ones directed oblicjuely
upwards, those under soft dorsal nearly horizontal. I'ins dusky, the anal, lower caudal lobe, and the
terminal portion of ventrals black. Iris bright yellow. Roof of mouth and sides of mandible within
orange-yellow, the membrane within mandibular teeth black. Tongue faintly yellow. A dusky
yellow bar above and one below pseudobranchi;e, the gill-cavity otherwise silvery.

A single specimen, 19 cm. long, from Panama Bay.

232. Corvula macrops {Steindacliner).

This species is frequent about the islands in Panama Bay. We collected five
specimens, which we have examined in connection with a specimen collected at
Mazatlan by the Hopkins E.xpedition.

These all seem to be darker and have more pronounced stripes along the rows
of scales than Steindachner's figure (1876 «, PI. II) of the type would indicate.

We may supplement the original description as follows: Head 33 to 3;| in
length; depth 2| to 3^. Eye 3|- to 4 in head; snout 4 to 4|. Two specimens have
52 transverse series of scales; one has 53; three have 54. The anal is constantly II,
10; the dorsal as follows: three specimens, XI, I, 25; one specimen XI, I, 24; one
specimen XI, I, 20.

233. Elattarchus archidium (Jordan & Gilbert).

Frequently taken on sandy shores.

The dorsal formula has been incorrectly given. There are 11 (rarely 10)
dorsal spines, and 20 or 27 articulated rays. In eight specimens, the second dorsal
contained rays as follows: 2G, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27. The diameter of the eye is
constantly less than the interorbital width and is contained 4 J to 5 times in the head;
interorbital width 3i to 4!. The caudal is strongly emarginate or shallowly lunate.

Aloiii;; the sides of the mandible, there is a series of minute teeth along the
outer edge of the row of canines (as in Cynoscion); as we approach the symphysis
these increase in size until they come to equal those of the inner series, which
decrease rapidly in size along this jiart of the jaw. Two irregular series are thus
formed, which turn backward on the symphyseal knob, the pair of large canines being

( 17 ) December 8, 1903.

12() t'AUl'DKNIA ACADliMV OF SCIENCES

the last teeth of iIk' inner series. Along the front and sides of the upiur juw are two
series, an onter row of enlarged canine-like teeth (smaller, however, than the large
teeth along the middle of the niandihle), and an inner row of slender enrved eardi-
form teeth enrving directly hackward. Those along the front of each jaw are larger
and more widely spaced than the others. Behind the middle of the premaxillary,
the inner series develops into a narrow hand. The canines diminish in size laterally
and hecome finally indistinguishahle from the tooth of the hand.

A specimen of this species secured hy the Alhatross in Saii .Iiian Lagoon,
near Guaynias, Gulf of California, has heen compared with our material; no differ-
ences appear to exist. In iliis specimen, also, there are 26 rays in the second dorsal
fin.

234. Bairdiella ensifera {Jordan A Gilbert).

A common fish in the markets. It is well separated from B. icidia hy the
shorter snout, more ohlique mouth, more projecting lower jaw, stouter dorsal spines,
longer and stouter second anal spine, shorter soft dorsal and rounded spinous dorsal.

Dorsal X, I, 22 in two specimens; X, I, 23 in three specimens; X, I, 24 in
three specimens. Snout equals diameter of eye, or is slightly shorter; it is contained
from 4^ to 4,' times in head. Anterior margin of premaxillary on a level with a
point slightly above lower edge of pupil. The tip of the lower jaw projects a very
little beyond the upper.

Dorsal spines all stout, the second the stoutest; the fourth the longest, the fifth
and sixth only slightly reduced in length, the others reduced rapidly to the tenth.
The posterior outline of the extended spinous dorsal is convex above and concave
below. The second anal spine reaches nearly to below the caudal base, the length
from 1| to 1| in head.

In three specimens of B. icistia, the dorsal formula is IX, I, 28; X, I, 27;
X, 1, 26. The snout is a little longer than eye, its length from 4 to 41 in head.
Anterior margin of premaxillary on a level with a point midway between lower part of
eye and lower part of pupil. Tip of lower jaw included. Dorsal spines all slender;
the second not stouter than the others, the third the longest. The jiosterior outline of
the extended spinous dorsal is concave, the fin being sharply angulated at the tip of
the third spine. The tip of the second anal spine scarcely reaches jiast the vertical
from the tips of the last dorsal rays; its length 1| to 1| in head.

235. Bairdiella armata Gill.

Frequent. In six specimens the dorsal formula is X, I, 23; in five it is X, I,
22 (not XI, I, 21, as described by Jordan and Evermann, IS'JH, p. 1436).

The longest rays of the caudal fin are just below the middle; above these the
fin is slightly concave, below it obliquely truncate. This shape is not well marked
in some specimens.

The following color notes are from a fresh specimen: Fins all yellow; ventrals,
pectorals, and caudal orange-yellow; spinous dorsal with a large black blotch above;
soft dorsal and caudal with dusky margins. Mouth and gill-cavity light yellow.

GILBERT AND 8TARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA 15AV 127

236. Bairdiella chrysoleuca (Gunther).

Not uncommon.

An examination of younjjcr specimens than those from which are drawn cur-
rent descriptions of this species, slieds little additional lif^ht on its relations to B.
aluta. The type of the latter is 19 cm. lon<^. We have at hand one specimen of
chrysoleuca 19 cm., and one l('>o nun. loiii;. In these, the eye is 41 to 5 in head (not
4, as in aluta). The fin counts ascrihed to aluta are outside the range of variation of
chrysoleuca, as is also tlie nuraher of scales in the lateral line. The soft dorsal in
chrysoleuca varies from 21 to 23 rays (not 18, as in aluta); the anal contains 9 rays
(not 8) and the lateral line traverses 49 to 51 scales (not 44), the count being made
to the base of the middle rays of the caudal. If the account of B. aluta is reliable in
these respects, the species is certainly distinct.

In our specimens of chrysoleuca, the head is contained 3^ to 3], in the length;
the depth 25 to 31. The width of the preorbital is contained 1| times in the diam-
eter of the eye; the longest gill-raker is three-fifths diameter of pupil. The second
dorsal spine is much stouter than the third and is not flexible. The filamentous ray
of the ventral fin does not nearly reach the vent.

237. Stellifer oscitans {Jordan <t Gilbert).

Frequently brought to market. We preserved six specimens, from 18 to 24
cm. in entire length. To the original description, we add the following:

Head 3] to 3^ in length; depth 3 to 3|. Eye equals prenasal part of snout
(measuring around contour of snout), 5 to O'l in head. Snout (distance from tip to
front of eye) 3,V to 4 in head. Three of our specimens have 24 rays in the soft
dorsal, and three have 23. One specimen has but 10 spines in the first dorsal fin.

238. Stellifer furthi (Steindackner).

Common. A large number collected in the Panama market. We add the
following to the original description: Head 3] to S} in length; depth 3 to 3',. Eye
4f to o in head; interorbital 2i to 3; second anal spine 2 to 2^; ventral s]iine
2| to 2?. The maxillary reaches to below a point midway between the posterior
edge of pupil and the posterior edge of orbit.

The color of a fresh specimen is as follows: Body light gray above, lower
parts of sides silvery, tinged with pinkish salmon. All fins light yellow; soft dorsal
with a narrow black margin.

In Jordan and Everraann's description of this species (1898, p. 1441), occur
the following statements: "Highest dorsal spine 1| in head," " ventrals 21 in head."
This seems to have been incorrectly transcribed from Steindachner's description,
which gives the length of the third (the highest) dorsal spine as 1? times the second
and about 2.\ in the head; the ventral spine 2.V in the head.

128 CALIFUKNIA AL'ADKMV Ul" SCIKNC'EB

239. Stellifer illecebrosus Gilbert.

PijvTK XVIII, Fki. 36.
SUlliJcr illecebrosus Gilbert (Jordan <S: Evermann, 1898, p. 1442).

Head 3 to y\ in lenijth: ileptli 2(\. D. XI\', 20 or 21 : A. II, 11; P. 19 or 20.

Hotly compressed, rather deep, both outlines curved, the tiorsal more tiian the \entral.
Head broad and depressed, but less so than in other species of Slclli/eriis, the interorbital width
etpialini,' distance from ti]> of snout to front of ])upil, },'l in head. Greatest width of head i /^ to 2,'d
in its length. Upjx^r protile depressed above the orbits, the snout rather bluntly rounded, overlap-
ping the premaxillaries but little. Mouth large, moderately oblique, the gape curved. Ma.xillary
reaching vertical from middle of pupil, or slightly behind this ])oint, its length, me.isured from front of
prema.xillaries, 2j to 2g in head. Teeth in lower jaw uniform in size, in a villiform l)and of moderate
width, which does not conspicuously increase towards symphysis. Prema.xillary teeth in a similar
villiform band, with an outer row of enlarged canines, which decrease in size towards the angle of the
mouth. Lijjs thin, but somewhat thicker than in other species of the genus. Five large pores in
mandible, and five in snout immediately behind prema.xillaries, the inner pair being concealed by over-
hanging lobes. Back of these are three minute pores. Horizontal diameter of eye 5I to 5J in head;
length of snout 4 to 4^; least width of preorbiial half the diameter of orbit. Vertical limb of preojier-
cle with 8 or 9 rather slender spines, which increase in size towards angle; usually three of those at
the angle are enlarged and radiate regularly, or the lowermost may be directed abruptly downwards.
The horizontal limb is entire or provideti with small tle.xible spines, loosely attached and in-ojecting but
little beyond the integument. Gill-rakers short, slender, the longest nearly half the longitudinal
diameter of eye, 5 or 6 above angle of arch, 10 or 11 below.

Spinous dorsal high, the first two spines strong and rigid, the third to the eleventh weak and
fle.xible, the twelfth to the fourteenth again stronger and rigid. Second spine nearly two-thirds the
third which is the longest, i^ in head. The fin diminishes slowly in height to the si.xth sjMne, then
more rapidly to the eleventh which is the shortest. The twelfth to the fourteenth progressively lengthen
and belong to the second dorsal, the last being more than half the length of the longest ray.

Second anal spine long and slender, about two-thirds the height of the longest ray, equaling
distance from tip of snout to front of pupil. Last ray of anal under the third before the la.st of the
dorsal. Pectorals reaching to or nearly to the vertical from the vent, i| in the head. Ventrals
short, the outer ray filamentous, i| in head. Caudal douljle-truncate, sujjlanceolate, the middle rays
projecting much beyond the outer, 1^ in head.

Scales cycloid on top and sides of head, elsewhere ctenoid. Lateral line more arched than
the back, becoming straight slightly behind front of anal fin. Soft jiarts of all the vertical fins scaled
to their tips. Pectorals and ventrals with series of scales along the membranes.

Color in life, plain silvery gray above, silvery below. Dorsals and upper portion of caudal
dusky translucent. Pectorals light straw-color. Ventrals mesially orange-yellow, the inner ray, the
outer ray, and the tips of all the rays bright white. Anal deep yellow, the rays margined with black.
Lower caudal rays yellow. Gill-cavity dusky, without yellow.

Three specimens from the Bay of Panama, the largest 255 mm. long.

As stated below, under Eques viola, the last portion of the original ]ml)li.shed
description of S. illecebrosus (Jordan & Evermann, 18U8, p. 1442), including -the
color and some structural details, refers instead to E. viola, and should be transferred
to the description of that species. There should be stricken from the description of
S. illecebrosus all after the 11th line from the bottom of p. 1442. The statement sub-
sequent to this point: "This species is related most nearly to Stellifer minor, in some
respects intermediate between Stellifer and Bairdlella " refers, however, to illecebrosus.

GILBERT AND STARKS - FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 129

but was not iiicliuled in the oiifjinal manuscript, a copy of which is furnished above.
On page 1431) of the vohime cited, in the; key to species, under the head of S. illere-
bro.'ois, occurs the statement " coloration dark." This should read " coloration
silvery."

240. Stellifer ericymba (Jordan <t Gilbert).

This little fish is common in Panama Bay. Many specimens were preserved,
the largest not exceeding Ki cm. in length.

We have examined in connection with our specimens the description given

by dordan and Kvermunn (18U8, p. 1444) and find it satisfactory.

241. Stellifer zestocarus Gilbert.
Plate XVIII, Fio. 37.
Slellifcr zeslocarus Gilbert (Joriian & Evermann, 189S, p. 1445).

Head 3,V to 3] in length; cUpth 2li to 3. Pores in lateral line 47 to 50; dorsal XII, 19; anal
II. 10.

Coniparati\ely deep and compressed, with narrow head, large oblique mouth, the greatest
width of head i .} to i i in its length. Anterior profile rising in an even convex curve to front of
dorsal, depressed very little if at all above the orbits. Greatest depth under front of spinous dorsiii.
Length of caudal peduncle, measured from base of last anal ray, i| in head; from last dorsal ray,
1|. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2 5 in head.

Head extremely soft, the bones cavernous. Snout Ijlunlish, not projecting beyond the ])re-
maxillaries, its length 4I to 4! in head. Lower jaw included, the tip produced into a short but
distinct symphyseal knob. Mouth large, very oblique, the maxillary (measured from front of
snout), equaling length of snout and eye, 2| in head. Teeth in narrow villiform bands in both jaws,
wiliest in sides of premaxillaries. None of the teeth enlarged. Lips thin. Mental and rostral pores
minute. Interorbital space transversely convex, 2 1 to 2j\ in head. Supraorbital ridges prominent.
Preopercle with a wide membranous bonier, which is strengthened near the angle with diverging ribs.
A single rather stifiE spine directed backwards, immediately above the angle. Gill-rakers numerous,
long and slender, about 20 on horizontal limb of arch, the longest half the diameter of orbit. Eye
large, elliptical, the long axis oblique, the greatest diameter 3| or 3! in head, equaling distance from
tip of snout to front of pupil.

Fins high, densely scaled, including the spinous dorsal. First and second dorsal spines rather
strong and St if!, the third and succeeding spines flexible. Third spine longest, I5 in head. The
ninth spine is shortest, the tenth and eleventh longer, belonging to the soft dorsal. The last three
spines are stronger and rigid. Second anal spine long and rather slender, 2^ to 2J in length of head.
Longest anal ray if to if in head. Anal basis long, equaling length of snout and eye. Caudal
double-truncate, almost lanceolate, the middle rays much produced, i| or ij in head. Pectorals
long, reaching beyond vent, i J in head. Ventrals not nearly reaching vent, i i to 15 in head.

Scales thin, deciduous, weakly ctenoid. Head completely scaled.

Nearly uniform grayish silvery above, bright silvery below. F"ins slightly dusky. Mouth
and gill-cavities silvery white. A blackish blotch in the region of the pseudobranchise.

Seven specimens from Panama Bay, the longest about 15 cm. long.

242. Ophioscion typicus Gill.

Not common; eight specimens were taken 14 to 21 cm. in length. The
description of this species by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 1448) was evidently

i;5(3 CAHFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

taken fiDiu a voung specimen. AVc make the following additions to the original
description:

Head o^ to ;>;:! in length. Eye 4{ to 5 in head; snout o.,' to 4; interorhital
(hone) ;^'J to 4; maxillary 3 to 3J; third dorsal spine 11 to 2|.

Ill iidilition to the differences already noted as distinguishing this species from
0. strabo, we note the lighter pectorals and ventrals, which are colorless or only
slightly dusky. In 0. utrabo the pectorals are dark, and the ventrals, with the excep-
tion of a white outer ray, are nearly i)lack.

243. Ophioscion simulus (lilhert.
Plate XIX, Fio. 38.
Ophioscion simt/iits Gn.BERT (Jordan iS: Evkrmann, 189S, p. 1449).

Dor&il X-I, 26; anal II, 7: pectoral iS or 19; jwres in lateral line 50; smaller scales not
here enumerated cover the base of the caudal fin. Head 3| in length, equaling depth.

Body more elongate and less compressed than in other species, the head especially charac-
terized by rounded outlines; preorbitals turgid; snout blunt, scarcely at all compressed, evenly rounded
in all directions. Top of head everywhere transversely convex, not at all depressed over the orbits.
A scarcely noticeable depression at occiput, with the exception of which the profile rises slowly and
evenly to the front of the dorsal fin. Predorsal region transversely evenly convex, not compressed to
a ridge, except immediately in front of first dorsal spine. Dorsal and ventral outlines about equally
cur\'ed, the base of anal fin but little more oblique than the normal contour at that point. Mouth
wide, broadly U-shaped as seen from below, overixissed by the bluntly rounded snout for a distance
(taken xxially) equal to half diameter of pupil. The cleft of the mouth is moderately oblique, the
maxillary reaching the vertical from middle of pupil. Length of maxillary (measured from front of
premaxillaries) 3]^ in head. Mandible with a broad band of villiform teeth of uniform size. Pre-
maxillaries with a similar broad villiform band, preceded by an outer series of small canines, close-set,
smaller in size than in related species. Preorbital of moderate width, swollen and turgid as in Pachy-
itrus, its width 6J in head. Posterior nostril large, circular, without trace of raised membranous edge.
Anterior nostril vertically elliptical, small, with raised margin. Oblique diameter of eye, 4f in head.
Preopercular margin with 14 to 16 spinous teeth (in the type specimen), the upper ones minute,
increasing in size towards preopercular angle, around which they evenly radiate. None of them are
conspicuously enlarged, and the lowermost is not directed abruptly downward. Gill-rakers short, the
longest about equaling diameter of posterior nostril, 7 movable ones on upper limb of arch, 13 below.

First dorsal high, of very slender flexible spines, excejit the first two. The second spine is
strong and rigid, as long as the fourth, contained if times in the head; the third spine the longest,
reaching when declined to base of the spine of second dorsal, its length i| in head. From the third,
the spines decrease rapidly, so that the distal margin of the fin is subvertical. The tenth spine is the
shortest, its membrane reaching base only of the eleventh, which belongs to the second dorsal and
is two-thirds as long as diameter of the eye. Second dorsal high, the longest ray equaling length
of snout and eye. Caudal sublanceolate, mutilated so that its exact shape cannot be ascertained. The
middle rays are considerably longer than the outer, and are at least three-fourths length of head.
Second anal spine long and strong, its measured length i f in head, slightly greater than that of first
soft rays, which however project beyond it. Outer ventral ray produced in a very short filament,
about one-fourth diameter of eye. Ventral spine 2| in head, the longest ray, exclusive of filament,
1 1 in head, reaching five-sevenths distance from its base to vent. Pectorals i^ in head, reaching
vertical from tips of ventrals.

GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHKS OF PANAMA BAY 131

I-i|)s, pillar meml)ianes, and under side of snout naked, head and body otl)erwise scaled.
Scales on niandihle, and a small patch on base of anterior branchioste^als, cycloid; those in advance
of nostrils cycloid, or very weakly ctenoid; scales otherwise strongly ctenoid. Second dorsal and
anal with a definite low scaly sheath at base, consistint; of a sinijle series of small scales and in addition
series of scali-s on the membranes, e.xtendini^ two-thirds distance to tip. Caudal scaled to tip. L;iteral
line uilli a lniU4 low iur\c, the iuinht of which equals half diameter of orbit.

Color steel-jjray above, \\ ithout dark streaks, white below, the cheeks and lower |)<>rtion of
sides with much brown specking, sometimes confined to the margins of the scales. Mouth white
within. Lining of oiiercles blackish. F"ins dusky, the distal part of ventrals black, the outer ray
white. Anal uith the anterior rays tipped with black.

A siii,<;le .specimen 187 mm. lonjj;.

This .s|)ecies is closely related to <). sclenm, but difTers in tlie loiij^er, less
eompi-essed body, the plain coloration, the turgid preorbitals, less arched lateral
line, and .smaller canines.

244. Ophioscion strabo Gilbert.

Thi.s species is listed, without remark, by JJoulonger (18'J'J, p. o) from liio
Tuyra, and other rivers on the western slope of the Isthmus of Darien. The species
was not seen by us. These Panama specimens should be carefully compared with
the closely related species Ujpicus and siinulus, which are known from Panama and
closely resemble 0. strnbo.

245. Ophioscion imiceps {Jordan <t Gilbert).

This species seems to be rather rare at Panama. During our stay of six weeks
we secured twelve specimens. Like other species of the genus, 0. iinicepa varies
greatly in length of snout and diameter of eye.

Head 31 to 3;J in length; depth 25 to 'SI. Eye 4^ to 5.1 in head; snout 3g
to 4; interorbital width SjJ to 45; second dorsal spine 2^ to 3; third dorsal spine
1;; to 2.

Common.

246. Ophioscion scierus {Jordan <C- Gilbert).
Plate XIX, Vu:. .39.

The snout projects beyond the mouth for a distance varying from one-third to one-half
the diameter of the eye. It increases in sharpness with its length.

Interorbital width (bone) 4J to 4J in head (not 5^); snout 3! to 3J; eye 5{ to 5^. Gill-
rakers short, barely movable, 12 on horizontal limb of arch. Soft dorsal with a distinct, rather wide
sheath of scales at base; each interradial membrane with a series of scales, rapidly diminishing in size
from the base upward, reaching half way to margin of fin. Anal similarly scaled, the basal sheath less
clearly defined.

Second dorsal spine very stout, conspicuously stronger than any of the succeeding spines, all
of which are slender and weak. The eleventh spine is twice the length of the tenth. The second anal
spine is very robust, twice the width of the second dorsal spine, reaching to opposite the tij) of the fifth
soft ray. Soft dorsal rays 24 or 25.

Opercular lining'blackish.

132

CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Measurements in Hundredths of length tvithout Caudal.

Length without cauiLil in mm.

Mead

Depth

Eye

Snout

Interorbital wiiltli

l-cngth of pectoral

Length of third dorsal spine ..
Lcnpth of second anal spine ..

198

150

150

153

171

161

'47

3J

30J

32

3'i

31

31

3oi

3'

3<J

32

32

31

32

30

5J

6

6

6i

6

6i

6

8i

8i

«J

8A

9

8

8

71

7

1\

71

n

7

7

23

24

26

24

24

24

24

i6i

i9i

19

1 81

I7i

18

19J

I5i

iS

17

17

17

17

18

.63

3oi
31
6

9

7i

23

i6i

i6i

247. Sigmurus vermicularis {Unnthur).

Frequently brought into tlie market, where we collected nine specimens.

Head from 3,\, to 3] in length. Eye 5.| to Si in head; snout 3^ to 4; length
of third dorsal spine 1| to 1|; interorbital (bone only) 4![ to 5. The dorsal formula
is as follows: In one specimen IX, I, 27; in four specimens X, I, 27; in four speci-
mens X, I, 2r>. The anal is constantly II, 8.

248. Sciaena deliciosa {Tschudi).

According to Jordan and Eigenmann (1889, p. 406), a few specimens of this
species, said to have been taken at Panama, are in tlie Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. There are no other references to the occurrence of
this Peruvian species at Panama, and the record is in need of verification.

249. Micropogon altipinnis Giinther.

CoKIUiNA I.UNA.

Head 2,h to 3i '" kngth; depth 3I to 3^. Kye 6 to b\ times in head; snout projecting
beyond the mouth for a distance etjualing one-fourth eye. Snout 3 J in head. Anterior nostril very
small, circular, with a narrow membranous border, widened posteriorly to form a short flap. Posterior
nostril obliquely elliptical, its greatest diameter one-third eye. Maxillary reaching verUcal from front
or middle of pupil, 2j in head. Anterior premaxillary teeth of the outer row noticeably larger than
those behind them. Usually four pairs of slender mantiibular barbels. I'pper preopercular serrie very
small, increasing in size toward the angle. At the angle, separated from the.se by a wide interval, is
a very strong spine directed downward and backward, below which is a similar but shorter spine
directed more obliquely downward. The gill-rakers are very short, the longest two-fifths the hori-
zontal diameter of the pupil, 15 or 16 present on the horizontal limb of the arch.

The dorsal fin contains constandy 1 1 spines, the last longer than the one preceding. In eight
specimens the soft rays number 20, 21,21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22. The spinous dorsal is very high, the
third spine extending to base of first or second ray of soft dorsal; its length is conUiined i ^ to i j times

G1L15EUT AND STAltKS— laslIKS OF TANAMA HAV 133

ill tin- lir.ul. The low scaly sheath along the base of the soft dorsal disappears shortly before reaching
the end of the I'm. The second anal spine is nearly or quite equal to the length of the snout. Pec-
torals e.xleniling well beyontl the ventrals, I : in the head. Outer ventral ray filamentous, i ^ in head.
Caudal with the middle rays longest, the outline of the fin concave above the middle, convex below it.

Scales above the lateral line in very oblique series downward and backward, normally 40 or 41
in number; in one specimen there were but 35 rows, in another 43. An occasional scale is intercalated
between these series as they approach the lateral line, the number of pores slightly exceeding the
series.

Color as usual in the genus. Upper part of axil dusky. ( )i)ercular lining dusky, becoming
black ])osteriorly, where it contrasts strongly with the silvery opercular membrane.

This is a common species at Panama. Our description is ba.sctl on specimens
31 to 30 cm. long.

250. Umbrina xanti Gill.

Recorded from Panama by Gilnther (18G8, p. 426, as U. analis), and Ijy
Gilbert. Not seen by us.

251. Umbrina dorsalis (lill.

Infrequent; fouj- specimens secured.

Dorsal X, I, 29, 29, 31, 31. Anal II, 7, 7, 7, 8. Eye ^ to 4| in head;
snout 3i or 3^. Preopercular mari^in scarcely serrate, provided with a rather thick
membranous border with small flexible teeth.

252. Menticirrus nasus {Gilnther).
Afcnticirrus siiiius Jordan & Eigenmann, 1S89, p. 437.

Frequent in the Panama market. The twelve specimens before us differ
in the size of the eye and the form of the snout sufliciently to demonstrate the
identity of J/, simus and M. nasus, which have been separated on differences similar
to those here found.

Head 3| to 3| in length; depth 4 J to A\. Eye equals snout in front of ante-
rior nostril, and is contained 5[ to 51 in head; snout 3[ to 3.V. The third dorsal
spine is the longest and is contained 4] to 4J in the length. When the fin is
depressed, its tip reaches variously from the base of the first ray of the second dorsal
to the base of the fourth. Above the lateral line, there are 50 oblique series of scales
running downward and backward.

The nostrils are larger than in M. pnnamensis, the anterior nostril round or
very slightly oval, distant half its diameter from the posterior nostril. A dermal
flap is attached to its posterior edge, and extends back to the posterior nostril. The
posterior nostril varies in shape from widely to narrowly elliptical. Its posterior end
is usually pointed and reaches the beginning of the adipose eyelid.

The caudal is S-shaped; its upper angulated lobe extends beyond the lower
rounded lobe a distance equal to the diameter of the eye.

I Ig ) December 12, 1903.

13-i CALUOKNIA ACADKMV Ul' SC11:;NCKB

253. Menticirrus panamensis {Steindachner).

The most abiiiulant species of the genus at Panama. Fourteen sjiecimens
were preservetl, the largest 33 cm. in lenglh. The following atlditions may be made
to Dr. Stcindachiior's description, in the light of our large series.

Dorsal X, I. 20 or 21; anal I, 9. Depth 1^ to 4J (rather than nearly 1 as
stated by Steindachner) in length without caudal; head 3 to 3.}. Eye 7 to 8 in head;
snout 3^2 to 4. The anterior nostril is round, and is separated from the posterior
nostril by a space equal to half its diameter. To its posterior edge is attached a der-
mal flap, which extends back to the posterior nostril. The latter is a little broader
than the former, and twice as long. It ends at a distance equal to its length from
the orbital edge (exclusive of the adipose eyelid). The outer series of teeth in the
upper jaw consists of from G to 10 irregularly spaced canines, those in the front of
the jaw much enlarged.

When the spinous dorsal is depressed, the tip of the third dorsal spine reaches
to, or a very little past, the front of the second dorsal. The length of the third spine
is contained in the length of the body 5 to 5| times; it equals the caudal and is con-
tained Ij to 1| in the pectoral (Steindachner describes it as equal to the pectoral).
The caudal is conspicuously S-shaped; the upper lobe shorter than in other species;
its tip not extending bej'ond the lower rounded lobe.

3/. panamensis differs from M. nasus in having a longer head, smaller eye,
smaller nostrils placed farther from the eye, larger canines, and shorter dorsal spines.
The anal base is longer, the fin is not so much rounded in outline. There are two
less dorsal rays and one more anal ray; the upper angulated lobe of tlie caudal
does not project beyond the rest of the fin. M. panamensis probably reaches a
larger size.

254. Menticirrus elongatus (Giinther).
Frequently seen, but less abundant than 3f. panamensis.

255. Polyclemus dumerili (IJocourl).

Very abundant in the Panama market during the early part of January. The
species has been admirably described by Dr. Steindachner (1875 b, p. 31) under
the name Genyanemus fasciatus. It may be well to note that the pectoral and ventral
fins are densely scaled, as well as the soft portions of the vertical fins. Below are
given the colors in the fresh state.

Silvery gray on back, sometimes tinged with deep reddish yellow. Lower
half of sides, including belly and under side of caudal peduncle, salmon-red.
Breast and area about ventrals dusky silvery. Bars jet-black. Sides and top of
head dusky. Opercular lining blackish. Under side of head generally, including
opercular membrane and under side of snout, tinged with salmon. Dorsal, caudal
and pectoral fins straw-color, made dusky by minute points. Soft dorsal with a
narrow black margin. Spinous dorsal largely blackish. Anal orange-yellow.
Ventrals dusky yellow.

GILBEKT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 135

256. Polyclemus rathbuni (Jordan Jb Bollman).
Only the types reported by Jordan and Hollmaii (188!), p. 102) from Panama.

257. Polyclemus goodei {Gilbert).

Plate XX, FiiiS. 40, 40a.
Para/ouc/iiiriis {Zac/cimis) goodei Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 1480).

The homodont dentition and elongate form of this species seem hardly suffi-
cient for generic separation from Polyclemus. Its nearest rehitive is probably I',
peruamis, Steindachner, a form with deeper body, but with scaly vertical fins and
with llie outer row of teeth but very little enlarged.

Head 3j to 4 in length; depth 4 to 4'; dorsal XI, 25 to 27, the spines varying from X to
XU; anal II, 7; 45 to 48 rows of scales running obliquely upwards and forwards from the lateral line.

Elongate, with broad heavy head, the temporal region swollen, protuberant. Snout very
high and blunt, its anterior profile vertically rounded, little protruding beyond the prema.xillaries.
Length of snout 3^ to 35 in head. Rostral and mental pores very large, arranged as usual. The
symphysial pore is bounded laterally by two membranous wings, continued forward from the man-
dibular margins, bearing many barbels. This is the condition also in Paralonchurus pclersi and in
Polyclemus /asciatus, no "multifid barbel" being present. The barbels in P. goodei 3se much larger
and more numerous than in any other species known to us. They are widely spaced, form a con-
spicuous series along the inner margin of the mandible, and become crowded into a dense fringe along
the anterior half of the margin of tlie interopercle.

Mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching the vertical from the posterior edge of pupil, a trifle
less than one-third head. Teeth slender, villiform, none of them enlarged, those in the lower jaw in a
narrow band, in the upper jaw in a much wider band. Teeth nearly all with brow'n tips. Mouth very
protractile. Eye large, 2^ in interorbital width, one-fourth postocular part of head. Preopercle with
a membranous edge minutely crenate, spinulescent. Branchiostegal membrane very wide. Pseudo-
branchije co\'ered by membrane, partially concealed. Gill-rakers undevelojjed, represented by soft
tubercles, of which there are 6 or 8 on the horizontal limb of arch. Two or three ne.\t the angle are
sometimes slightly longer and movable.

Dorsal spines slender and flexible, the third the longest, equal to length of snout and half eye.
Tenth spine shortest. Soft dorsal and caudal densely covered with scales to their tips. No difier-
entiated sheath at base of soft dor.sal. Anal fin without scales. First anal spine minute, the second
slender but not flexible, one-half to two-thirds length of longest ray. Caudal fin with the lower lobe
longest, convex, the upper lobe concave. Longest caudal rays if in head. Pectorals broad, reaching
vertical from tips of ventrals, but not nearly to vent, 1 \ in head. The ventral s[)ine is inserted slightly
behind the vertical from the base of the lowest pectoral ray. Outer ventral ray produced into a fila-
ment about one-fourth total length of fin. The longest non-filamentous ray, \\ in head.

Scales strongly ctenoid. Lateral line with a low wide cur\'e, which grows abruptly steeper in
its posterior part, the lateral line becoming straight behind the middle of the anal fin. The scales of
the lateral line are enlarged, but are almost wholly concealed by smaller scales.

Color dark grayish brown above and on sides, with greenish and bluish reflections; white
below. Back and sides with four broad inconspicuous cross-bars extending downward and slightly
backward; the first from predorsal region to base of pectorak; the second from end of spinous dorsal;
the third from base of eighth to twelfth, the fourth from twentieth to twenty-fifth rays of soft dorsal.
Basal portion of the anal fin, and the outer ventral rays yellow, the distal portions dusky; other fins
dusky, the pectorals darker on the inner face, black at axil. Lining of o{>ercle dusky.

136

OALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Rare at Panama, eifi;lit spcfiineiis were obtained (hirin,2; a close inspection of
tlie markets for six weeks. Longest specimen 28 cm.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length without caudal in mm

Depth

Length of head

Diameter of eye

Greatest width of preorbital

Width of interorbital

Length of snout

Length of third dorsal spine

Length of longest anterior dorsal rays

Length of third anal ray

Length of pectoral

Length of ventrals

Length of caudal

Height of caudal peduncle

20 1

25
26i

4
4
8
8

13
8i
12

24
18J

23

lOi

TYPE

226
26
27i

4
4

^

8

Broken

8

12

25
21
22
10

230
26
27

4

4

8i

8i
II

8
12

24
20
22
10

258. Paralonchurus petersi Bocourt.

Plate XX, Fui. 41.

Rare; but four specimens seen.

The genus Paralonchurus, of which ;;e<e/si is the type and the only known
species, is well separated from related forms by the cycloid scales and the anterior
insertion of the ventral fins. The base of the ventral spine falls in the vertical from
the base of the uppermost pectoral ray. The species carries to an extreme the
physiognomy peculiar to this section of the family, the eyes being very small, the
snout long and depressed, with very large pores, and the fins excessively developed.

Head 3J to 3| in length; depth 4 to 4].. Dorsal X-I, 33 or 34. Anal II, 8. Lateral line
49 or 50. Interorbital space equaling or slightly exccwiins^ length of snout, 3? in head. Eye 3J to
3i in interorbital width. Distance from front of premaxillaries to tip of ma.xillary equaling that from
tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil, 2y\ to 3 in head. Vertical width of preorbital under front of
orbit equals half interorbital width.

The snout projects beyond the premaxillaries for a distance equaling two-thirds the diameter
of the eye; it is flattened from above and bluntly rounded from side to side. There is an evident
depression abo%'e the orbits. Mouth larger than in related species, the maxillary reaching a vertical
slightly behind the eye. The teeth are in bands of about equal width in the two jaws, increasing
slightly in size toward the inner side of the mandibular band and the outer side of the premaxillary

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

137

band. L'ppcr jaw witli an outer series of enlarjjed teeth, llie basal four-fifths of each tooth finely
ridged lengthwise, the terminal one- fifth abruptly smooth, separated from the ridged portion by a
shallow transverse groove. This structure is very similar to that found in Sai^eiiir/it/iys, e.xcept that
the terminal portion is flattened anil lance-shaped in the latter, but remains conical in Paralonchiirns.
It is interesting to note that most of the teeth are light brown in color, as is usual with arrow-shaped
teeth. The finer teeth in Paralonfhiints seem to show a similar structure to that just de.scribed.

Pseudobrancliix' are perfectly evident in this genus, never wholly concealed, though covered
by the integument, (".ill-rakers very short, little movable, 6 developed on the horizontal limb of the
arch. Free edge of mandibular ramus with a series of delicate cilia, which are continued forward
along the sides of the median pore at the chin. Preopercular margin delicately denticulate, with
fle.xible teeth.

Pectorals very large, twice as long as the ventrals, reaching the vertical from the vent, or the
front of the anal fin. The caudal fin is unsymmetrically lanceolate, the longest rays being those just
below the middle of the \\\\. the outline not incurved above or below these. The longest caudal rays
equal the K)ngest of the pectoral fin. The outer ventral rays are produced, extending half-way to the
front of the anal.

Scales all cycloid, perfectly smooth, those of the lateral line enlarged, covered with very
small scales. The caudal is scaled on its middle rays, the other fins wholly scaleless.

In life, the back is grayish-brown, with light blue and bronze reflections; under parts whitish.
.All tile fins, except the spinous dorsal, are deep bright blue, appearing light brown by transmitted
light; the i)Iue color persists in spirits. Posterior border of pectoral fins black; inner ventral ray
light brownish yellow, the outer filamentous ray whitish; anal with a narrow black margin. Branchi-
ostegal membranes, gular membrane and lips with some yellow. Inside of mouth and gill-cavity,
and lining of shoulder girdle orange-yellow. Lining of opercles jet-black, of cheeks dusky.

Measiiremaits in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length without caudal in mm I' 252

Head

Depth

Eye

Snout

Greatest width of preorbital
Interorbital (bone)

30

22i
2\
9

4
9

Length of pectoral 29

Length of third dorsal spine

Length of longest anterior dorsal rays

Length of third anal ray

Length of ventrals

Length of caudal

Height of caudal peduncle

ID

8

I I

'4
26

238
30
23I

9
4
9

30
9
71

12

>4l
27

91

138 CALIFOKNIA ALADKMV OK SC'IliNCES

259. Eques viola (Hlhert.

Platb XXI. Fi.:. 42.
hqUcS Vioiu l.lLlilCKT (,JoKI>AN & EvERMANN, J898, p. i486).

Tlip present .=;pocies and Stellifcr ilkcebroi^us wore oris^iiially pnhlislicd in
Jordan and Kvorniann'-s Fishes of North and Middle America, Vol. II, i>p. 11 12 and
1486, from manuscript furnished by Dr. Gilbert. While being typewritten, the last
manuscrii)t pages of the two descriptions were unfortunately interchanged, with the
result that the color, as well as various anatomical details ascribed to E. viola belong
to Stelli/cr il/eabrosus and vice versa. In the original description of E. viola (t. c.
p. 1486), all should be stricken out after the word " reaching" on the fourth line
from the bottom of that page. The following description exactly follows the original
manuscript:

Head 2/j to 3 J in length to base of caudal; dei)th 2^''. to 3^'^. D. IX or X, 38 to 41; A.
II, 7 or 8; P. 17 to 19. Scales 50 to 54 (oblique series).

Body narrowly wedge-shap)ed in section, sharply compressed towards dorsal outline, widening
below. Lower outline of head horizontal, straight; ventral outline a gentle convex curve to ba.se of
anal, which is moderately oblique; lower outline of caudal i)eduncle slightly concave. The anterior
upper profile rises steeply in a very gentle curve to front of dorsal, thence more obliquely to front of
soft dorsal, where the depth of body is greatest.

Snout compressed, with rather prominent blunt tip, which slightly overhangs the mouth. Tip
of snout and of mandible swollen, provided with large mucous pwres, a series of five in the mandible,
two transverse series of five each in the snout, of which the posterior lateral pair is minute. Mouth
horizontal or very slightly oblique, the ma.xillary reaching about to vertical from hinder margin of
pupil, its length measured from tip of snout 2| or 2 J in head. Teeth in lower jaw in a wide villiform
band, a few of the outer series anteriorly slightly enlarged. Premaxillary teeth in a wide villiform
band, the outer series enlarged, forming moderate canines, larger than those in front of mandibular
Ixmd. Interorbital space narrow, its width contained 5 to 5^ times in the head. Eye large, 4 to 4J
in head. Preopercle entire, the membranous border sometimes minutely crenulate; opercle ending
posteriorly in two concealed points, the included opercular membrane covered with fine scales. Gill-
rakers short and weak, 5 above the angle, 9 to 11 movable ones below, the longest about four-ninths
eye.

Mandible, gular and branchiostegal membranes, and more or less of the snout naked, the scales
extending forward in some specimens to beyond the nostril.s, in others scarcely beyond the front of
orbits. Head otherwise scaled. Lateral line following outline of back, strongly curved anteriorly.
The pores of the lateral line are minute, placed on small scales, irregularly wedged in between the
larger ones. Above the lateral line are very oblique series running downwards and backwards, and also
vertical series. There are about 50 of the former and 90 to 95 of the latter. Scales all ctenoid
except those on anterior part of breast, on lower anterior part of cheeks and on interopercle Vertical
fins densely covered to near their tips with small ctenoid scales. Pectorals and ventrals with series of
scales on the membranes.

Spinous dorsal short, usually nearly triangular in outline, the second sj)ine the longest, the
others rapidly decreasing to the last or next to the last. Longest spine usually as long as snout and
eye, sometimes shorter. Soft dorsal long and low, increasing in height backwards, the longest ray
about 3j in head. Depth of caudal peduncle equaling its length behind dor.sal tin. Anterior insertion
of anal fin about under middle of soft dorsal, the length of caudal peduncle behind anal i j to 1 1 in
head. Second anal spine strong, its length equaling distance from tip of snout to front or middle of
pupil and nearly reaching the tips of the soft rays. Caudal convex, the lower lobe slightly longer than

GILBEKT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 131)

the iipijcr. Pectonils sliorl aiul l)rinid, 15 to i J in heail, llie upfKT angle rounded, not reaching as far
back as the ventrals, which equal them in length. Axillary scales of ventrals and pectorals very little
developed.

Color varying from uniform deep bronze-purple on body and Cms, to brownish gray with
silvery reflections. Lower parts of head and body somewhat lighter. Tip oi mandible white.

Ten specimens, the longest 189 mm., wei'e taken around San Joso Rock, in
the Bay of Panama.

Til thi.s species, three sleiuler iiiterneiirals, not connected with dorsal spines,
lie in advance of the nenral spine of the second vertebra. Four internenrals giving
attachment to dorsal spines, lie crowded between the nenral spines of the second and
tiiird vertebras, the anterior one being very broad. Three internenrals follow, inter-
posed between the third and fourth neurals, and three more between the fourth and
fifth.

Family CIRRHITID^.

260. Cirrhites rivulatus Valenciennes.

The only Panama record for this species is that by Giinther (18G8, p. 421),
based on a specimen secured by Captain Dow. It was not seen by us.

Family POMACENTRID.E.

261. Chromis atrilobatus Gill.
Plate XXI, Fio. 43.

This species is very abundant about the islands in Panama Bay, where
numerous specimens were secured.

It is a strikingly elegant lish in form and color. The upper parts are brown-
ish, shading to silvery on lower sides of head and trunk. The yellowish silvery
blotch at base of last dorsal rays and on the contiguous iwrtion of the back is very
conspicuous. A jet-black bar, wider in its upper portion, crosses base of pectoral fin
and involves its axil. It often fails to reach the lower rays of the fin. The pectoral
fin is translucent, unmarked. The ventrals are translucent or slightly dusky. The
anal is light or variously dark, but is without distinctive markings. The spinous
dorsal is uniformly dusky, the anterior two-thirds of the soft dorsal, including the ray
which forms the tip of the lobe, jet-black, with a narrow white margin. The last
three or four dorsal rays are translucent. The outer half of each caudal lobe is jet-
black, with a narrow translucent margin, the entire central portion of the fin trans-
lucent.

The body is slender, tapering regularly backward from the front of dor,sal.
The top of head is everywhere transversely convex. The longitudinal contour shows
a slight but well-defined depression above the eyes. The teeth are in wide bands in
each jaw, the outer series conical, stronger than the others. The spinous dorsal is
rather hjw and of nearly uniform height. The soft dorsal and anal are distinctly

e

111) CAUI-UKNIA AlAUKMV Or tJClKNlKS

an«;iilati'il. Both oaiulal lobes are inodiiccd into filaments, the upper the loiij^er.
The fin is very ileeply forked, the median rays but one-fourth the lon<;est rays of the
upper lobe. The lateral line is discontinued at the anterior edge of the yellow
blotcii below last dorsal rays. It contains 10 or 20 scales. Each of the scales of the
median series on caudal peduncle i-; distinctly pitted, ami eoiitaiiis a small tube which
is apparently imperforate, and represents the vanishing stages of the lateral lin(
which formerly occupied this region. The median series of scales on the trunk con
tains 2S to 30 scales. Between the lateral line and the dorsal sheath are 2i rows
of scales.

Tlie dorsal contains 12 spines and 13 rays; the anal fin 2 spines and 12 rays.

C. atrilobattts resembles strikingly in coloration C. no(aiut< from .Ta|)an; but
the latter is deeper, and has 13 dorsal spines, larger scales, and a black-edged
anal fin.

262. Pomacentrus rectifreenum Gill.

A large number of adult specimens, 15 to 18 cm. long, are referred to this
species.

Two very closely related, yet distinct, species were found associated around rocky
islands in Panama Bay. They were separated in the field by their slightly different
color and proportions, characters to which we can now add a slight but i>erfectly
constant difference in the fin-counts. Owing to the absence, among our Panama
material, of series illustrating changes which occur with age, and to the lack of adults
from any other region, our identification of one of these forms with the Mexican
species reciifrcenum is subject to some uncertainty. The second form is described
below as a new species (P.giUi). Our specimens of reciifrcenum are almost uniformly
light brown, with darker edges to the scales. The head is darker than the trunk,
and the ventral and vertical fins are black. The pectorals are distinctly blackish,
with a light blotch on the upper rays near the base. A small black spot occu2)ies the
extreme base of the uppermost ray. In the majority of specimens, no traces persist
of blue spots, but in others of full size, there are very distinct blue spots on the sides
and top of head, and on the scales covering the anal fin. In one specimen 14 cm.
long, there are in addition distinctly visible the vertical blue streaks on the scales of
the sides, which are characteristic of the young of recdfrcenum.

There are constantly 15 soft dor.sal rays, and 13 anal rays, the last split ray
being in each case reckoned as one. These numbers hold in our Panama specimens
(thirteen in number), and are also found in two young sjiecimens of rediframim (all
to which we have access) from Mazatlan. In Gill's description of the types of redi-
frceniim, he assigns to it IG dorsal rays and 15 anal rays. It is reasonable to suppose
that the split ray at the end of each fin was by him reckoned as two rays. In giving
an account of some of the tyi:)e material furnished him by Dr. Gill, Dr. Giinther
gives 15 dorsal and 14 anal rays. In their description of the species, Jordan and
Evermaun assign 13 rays to each fin, but this is certainly an error.

GILUEUT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF I'ANAMA BAY

141

fri tilt' adult, the preorhital is very wide, equaling or exceeding the diameter
of tiic eye; the iiiterorbital space is very wide and strongly arched; the margin of
the preorbital is smooth or nearly so for some distance behind the angle of the n)outh.
There are 20 scales traversed by the lateral line, and 26 or 27 in a series along middle
of trunk.

Mc-asinininils in I fundredtlis of Length willwut Caudal.

127

32i

52

s

l.cnjjth without caudal expressed in mm

Head

Depth

Orl)it

Interorbital

Preorbital at end of maxillary

Longest dorsid rays 24

Longest anal rays ■ 22

Length of pectoral ' 27^^

Length of ventral 28

Upper lobe of caudal 30

Height of caudal peduncle ^ 16

Scales along middle of body.

26

125

122

109

122

32

3'

32

33i

60

55i

52i

61

9

H

9

81

I2i

I 2

12

I2i

8

8

8

81

25

26

26

24

23

23

23i

23

30

28^

29

30

29

28i

32

30

29

29

31

30

16

16

i6i

i6i

27

27

27

27

121

33

55

9

8i
24
24
29
29

30
i6

263. Pomacentrus gilli sp. nov.
Platk XXII, Fui. 44.

Very closely related to P. redi/ricninn, but differing constantly in tlie uniformly translucent
pectorals, the larger eye, the narrower and flatter interorbital space, the narrower preorbital, which is
serrated to a point opposite to or in advance of the angle of the mouth, and in the shorter dorsal and
anal fins.

Adult specimens, 14 cm. long, are brownish olive, or darker brown, on head and body, in-
cluding the bases of the vertical fins. Rich of the scales on back and sides h;is a distinct black edge.
The vertical fins and the ventrals are black, or in some S|3ecimcns yellowish. The pectorals are trans-
lucent yellow in life, with the upper rays colored like the rest of the fin. There is a blue spot at the
ba.se of the upper pectoral rays. Each scale on the sides of the head and on the base of the anal fin is
marked with a pinkish blue sjjot. These are fainter in adults, but were not wholly lost in any of our
sijecimens. The smallest specimen procured is 1 1 cm. long. The spots are here more generally dis-
tributed. Large spots are present on the scales of the four lower series of the trunk, and on the scales
in front of the pectoral base. Small spots are present on the scales of the caudal peduncle and on
scattered scales on the top of the head and the sides of the trunk, especially evident above the lateral
line. The scaly portions of the caudal, the soft dorsal and the pectorals are also marked with small
blue spots less conspicuous than those on the anal hn. A few scales on middle of sides show vertically
elongated spots, indicating the probable presence in the young of vertical^ streaks along the rows of

(19) December 14, 1903.

in

CALIFORNIA AOADEMV OK SCIENCES

scales, ;is in P. ralifrirnum. There is no indication in mir s|)ecimens of blue streaks on the head,
but such n>ay well be present in the young.

Head 3i to 3,>o in length; depth if to \\. P. XII, 14: A. II, 12. The lateral line traverses
;o scales ( 19 in one s])ecimen); 26 or 27 scales in a series along tlie middle of the sides; 9 scales in a
series between lateral line and anus, 3 between lateral line ami front of ilorsal. There are fewer
accessory scales on top of head than in P. rcdifrieniim.

The ])reoperciilar niari^iii is sharply serrate to or slightly i)elow the angle; the horizontal limb
is smooth. Preorbital sharply serrate with slender retrorsely curveil spines, which occur as far forward
;is the angle of the mouth, or slightly beyond that point.

The jireorhital is narrower than in P. rfcti/rcenum, its greatest width, opposite angle of
mouth, equaling two-thirds diameter of orbit.

The soft dorsal and anal fins contain constantly 14 and 12 rays, the last sjilit ray being counted
as one. Thirteen specimens have been e.xamined as to this |)oint. P. reel i/nni urn has constantly one
more ray in the dors;il and anal. The soft dorsal and anal tins are pointed in all our specimens,
whereas they are bluntly rounded in P. reeti/recnum. The ventrals have the outer ray filamentous,
e.xtending beyond the vent, usually exceeding the length of the pectoral lin, and equaling the length
of the head.

The species is abundant among reefs and islands in Panama Bay. A single
specimen was secured at Acapulco.

We take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Theodore Gill, to whom is
due much of our early knowledge of Panama fishes.

Measurements in Htindredtlis of Length ivithout Caudal.

Length u ithout caudal expressed in mm

Head

Depth

Orbit

Interorbital

Preorbital at end of maxillary

Longest dorsal rays

Longest anal rays

Length of pectoral

Length of ventral

Upp)er lobe of caudal

Height of caudal peduncle

Scales along middle of body

107

105

104

1 02

107

t 34

32i

34

33

33

56

52

56

53

53

9

9

9A

9

9i

10

9i

10

10

9i

6

6i

b\

6^

6i

26

25

28

26

26

24

25

27

25

26

31

31

31 i

32

31

31

30

30

32

31

32J

31

32

31

32

i6i

15

16

16

16

27

26

26

26

27

83

34
54
10

lO

6

28

27
30
32

31
16
26

264. Pomacentrus flavilatus Gill.
Not seen by us; recorded by Boulenger (1899, p. 3) from the Gulf of Panama.

GILBERT AND STAKKS— FISHES OF PANAMA HAY 143

265. Nexilarius concolor {Oill).

Abundiiiit along rocky shores.

Tliis species shows remarkable resemblance to Gli/phisodon declivifrons. So
far as known, the two do not occupy the same waters, G. dedivifrntis beiiifj known
only from the coast of Mexico, N. concolor from Panama. For description of our
Panama material, see Jordan and Everraann (1898, p. 15o9).

266. Glyphisodon saxatilis {Linnwtis).

Very abundant everywhere about rocks.

The sides of body show five well-defined dark bars, as described, but the
"sixth faint bar" at base of caudal is usually absent.

Specimens have been compared witii material from the Atlantic, and from
the Hawaiian Islands.

267. Microspathodon dorsalis {Gill).

Seen abundantly at Acapulco and Panama. At Acapulco, on December
20th, numerous small specimens of a very brilliant blue were seen about the rocks of
the mole. A larger specimen, 130 mm. long, was obtained. In this, the general
color is slaty-black, without blue tinge. The blue on the centers of the scales
on trunk has already disappeared, but the pair of larger blue spots on the nape,
those above the first, sixth and fifteenth scales of lateral line, and the confluent
pair immediately behind last dorsal ray are conspicuous. All the larger scales of
occiput and postorbital region are marked each by a blue spot, the spots irregular in
size and shape. An occasional scale on the nape is similarly marked. There is an
oblong blue spot on the eye above the pupil. An interrupted blue line runs from
supraorbital rim anteriorly above the nostril, the two lines converging toward the
tip of the snout, but not reaching it. A second broader streak runs forward from
below eye to the depression separating tip of snout from preorbital. A third short
streak runs backward from the angle of the mouth, continued by a series of two or
three blue spots on successive scales. A blue bar crosses the inner base of the upper
pectoral rays. Outer margin of ventrals blue. Margins of dorsal and anal narrowly
blue to or nearly to the tips of the lobes. Upper and lower margins of caudal pale,
the edge narrow and light blue in color near the base of the fin, wider and translucent
opposite the middle of the lobes. Soft dorsal and anal fins have the post-lobular
margins transparent, this edge widest and best marked on last dorsal rays. Pectorals
have a wide terminal translucent bar, occupying about one-third of the fin. The
lower region has a generally distributed bluish tint in life.

A larger specimen from Panama, 175 mm. long, is no further advanced toward
the mature condition. The color is dark slaty-blue, with broad white margins to the
pectorals, and narrower margins to the other fins. The larger sk^'-blue spots still
persist, three above the lateral line, a saddle behind dorsal, and a larger spot on each

144 CALIt'OUNIA ACADKMY OK SCIKNCl'-S

side of the nape. A profusion of small blue spots cover (lie toj) and sides of the
head, one above the eye and one behind it being larger than the others. A scries
of sj)ots form a distinct line below the ej'e, extending forward on the preorbital. A
blue spot surrounds the nostril. The tip of the snout, the anterior (lower) edge of
the preorbital, the angle of the mouth and the mandible are blue. There is a very
narrow blue margin to the spinous dorsal and to the anterior half of the anal lin. A
large Idue spot on upper margin of eye-ball.

In older specimens, the conspicuous blue spots and siieaks iiave largely
vanished, but the smaller blue spots on sides of head may remain in specimens 25
cm. long. The blue spot on the upper edge of the eye-ball persists in all our
specimens.

The ground color varies with the color of the l)ottom, adults from sand or
coral being light gray in tint {M. cinereus), while others are blackish or slaty blue.

Family LABRID/E.

268. Harpe diplotaenia GUI.
Al)undant among the islands in Panama Bay.

269. Halichaeres sellifer Gilherl.

Two specimens were secured, 19 and 24 cm. long. They agree in most details
with the descriiition given of the type, the single specimen heretofore known. In
both Panama specimens, however, the outer caudal rays are shorter than the middle
rays, the posterior margin of the fin being gently convex, even when the fin is
spread. In the type, 29 cm. long, the caudal was found to be "truncate or slightly
emarginate, the outer rays scarcely produced." The outer caudal rays doubtless
become longer with increasing age, as in many of the Labrid;e. The outer ventral
rays are also shorter in our specimens, where they are less than twice the length of
the inner rays, and fail to reach the vent. This also may depend upon the age of
the specimens.

In the Panama specimens, the head is contained 3| to Sh in the length; the
depth 3 to SI,. The depth of the caudal peduncle is 1:, to 11^ in the length of the
head. The snout 2'1 or 2,'^ in the head.

The dorsal fin contains 9 spines and 11 rays, the anal fin 3 spines and 12
rays in each specimen. The first anal spine is greatly reduced and concealed in
the membrane, and might easily give occasion to a statement that but 2 spines were
present.

The colors were essentially as in the type of the species, but were somewhat
less brilliant, the bright red of the sides being here of a duller brownish red tint.
Following is a description of the coloration of our smaller specimen.

In life, each scale has a basal band of bright blue, the scales otherwise
brownish, margined on all sides (including the base) with light yellow or olive.

GILBERT AND S TAKKS— I'ISHKS OF PANAMA 15AV 145

'I'liore iirc l)liic' spots on the oporclcs, and two panillel lilne streaks fi-Dm the eye
toward the snout. A streak, or a series of spots, on the sniiorbital rinj;. ( )percles
with a pinkisii ground color. 'I'liere is a l)hickish half-har nn(h3r the posterior portion
ot the spinous dor.sal, the bar narrowing rapidly helow, and di.sappearing on middle
of sides; it is directed toward the vent, and seems to be more posteriorly placed
than in //. nicholsi. There is a pinkish bar in front of the base of the pectoral.
Candal yellow. Dorsals brownish red, with a bhie margin, and bine streaks
riinniiii;- (il>li(im'ly downward and l)ackward. The anal is yellowish at the base,
becoming brownish red toward the margin. There is a narrow blue edge, a blue
spot at the base of each ray, and two parallel blue lines anteriorly, which divide that
portion of the fin into basal, middle and terminal thirds. The ventrals and pectorals
are translucent, the outer ventral rays translucent, margined externally with lilue.

270. Halichaeres macgregori s]). nov.

Ti.ATK XXIII, Fl(i. 45.

One specimen 87 mm. long was taken in company with P^eitdojuHn notospilus
in a rock-pool on the Panama reef. It was not recognized at the time as a species
distinct from notospilus, and no color notes were taken.

Head 3 in Icnijth; depth 35; depth of caudal peduncle equals distance from tip of snout to
middle of eye. Snout 2'J in head; eye 5. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12.

Anterior canines J, those in the lower jaw subequal, the outer canines of the upf)er jaw
smaller than the others, but evidently enlarged. A well-developed posterior canine on each side of
the upper jaw, this accompanied on one side of jaw by a smaller tooth more posteriorly placed.

The dorsal spines are slender but puny;ent. The last dorsal ray is split to the base. The first
anal spine is reduced to a mere rudiment, which can be detected only on dissection. The last anal ray
is s|)lit to the base, each half being; again partially divided. The aiudal is evenly rounded behind.
The ventral spine is three-tifths the length of the outer ventral ray, the inner branch of which is longer
than the outer, hut is not filamentous and does not project beyond the contour of the fin. The ventrals
do not cpiite reach the vertical from the hinder margin of the pectorals, and e.xtend only two-thirds the
distance from their base to the origin of the anal. The pectorals cover si.x scales in a series liehind
their base.

The scales in front of the dorsal fm fail to cross the median line, the naked space Ix-ing very
narrow posteriorly, but widening rapidly toward the nape. The scales are reduced in size, but are
arrangetl in series continuous with those below and behind them. The scales of the breast are
moderately reduced in size, a series anterior to base of ventrals containing 8 scales.

The lateral line is continuous, the jjosterior portion running on the third series below the
anterior portion. The tubes of the posterior portion are simple, those of the anterior portion divided
to form two or rarely three branches. Above the dorsally lying portion of the lateral line is a single
horizontal series of scales of full size. Above each scale of this series, and forming with it a very
oblique row running upward and forward, are four much smaller scales which decrease rapidly in size
upward. The uppermost of these are inserted on the base of the dorsal fin, and constitute an incipient
sheath. Similar series of reduced scales running downward and forward are found along the anterior
portion of the anal tin. There are 7 horizontal series of full-sized scales between the lateral line and
the anterior portion of the anal fin.

No trace remains of the brilliant colors which this tish undoubtedly displayed in life. In
spirits, the ground color is grayish olive, slightly darker along the back. Many scales have each a

1 ji; CALIFOKNIA Al'ADKMY OF SCIENCES

il.uk l)ro\vn sjxit at l>,isi', those so inarkt-il forming rallier ik'tinitc- lar^v prouiis, whidi corrcspoiul on
the two siiles of the lish. A series of four such ^rou|>s, separated hy narrow inters|)aces, lie alonj; llie
lower half of the sides. Behind the eye, are three or four narrow wa\y dark lines, the lower two
ioinetl more or less l>y irre.ijular cross-branches. A faint ilusky streak runs forward from eye to snout,
a faint sjiot Ik-Iow the eye, anil a well marked horizontal ilusky streak on lower ])art of checks, turninjj
downward and Ixickward across preopercle. A narrow brown streak runs ilown«anl and backward
across prepectonil area, but fails to reach the median \'entral line.

Spinous ilorsal dusky, a small bl.ickish blotch at lip of membrane between first two spines. A
very conspicuous elliptical jet-black spot on bas;\l jiortion of first four rays of the soft dor.sal; the spot is
faintlv ocellated with whitish, above this a faint curved dusky streak, then the translucent mariiin of
the tin. Hehinil the spot, the ilorsal is markeil with oblique cross-bands of ilusky and whitish. The
caudal ap|Xfars uniformly dusky. The anal is dusky, with a narrow translucent marj^in. The sijine
and outer ventral ray are dusky, the rest of the fin whitish. The pectorals are iinifi irmly tr.insluccnt.

Named in honor of Richiird C McCJregor, a member of tli<! exp(Mlitioii to
Panama, to the success of which he materially coiitriljuteil.

271. Halichaeres dispilus (Oiinther).

The types came from Panama, where the species was also secured hy the
Alhatro.ss (Jordan & BoUman, 1889, p. 182). It has been reported also from Aca-
pulco and INIazatlan.

272. Pseudojulis notospilus (i anther.

Tlie dark bands across the back are in tiic number of 8, the first being on the
nape, the eighth on the caudal j^eduncle. Those in front of the soft dor.sil become
progressively fainter, the anterior three, and the one on caudal peduncle, commonly
di.sap[iearing in adults.

The species is very abundant in all rock-])Ools about Panama.

273. Thalassoraa lucasanum {(Jill).

This species has been recorded from Panama by Gilnther (18G4i, p. 20)
without comment. It has not been obtained there by other investigators.

Family SCARID^.
274. Pseudoscarus perrico {Jordan <.t- Gilbert).

Occasionally taken about the rocky islands in Panama Bay. Five specimens
were secured, ranging in length from 23 to 38 cm. The adipose hump on top of
head is variable in its development among individuals of the same size. Our si)eci-
mens are eviscerated, so we are unable to determine whether the development of the
hump is dependent on sex.

The following color-notes were taken from a fresh specimen 263 mm. long:
Scales on body with the central portion blue, surrounded by brown. Under parts
whitish. A wedge-shaped blue spot immediately behind the eye; 4 narrow blue

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF I'ANAMA RAY 147

streaks radiate from above the eye; 4 or 5 small spots of blue on tlic iiiterorbital
space; one or more blue streaks in front of eye, and a broad patch below eye. Teeth
fireen. Dorsal fin narrowly margined with bright green; below this the fin is
brownish golden, with an imperfect median green band, which is most distinct pos-
teriorly; a basal series of green spots is present. The caudal has the central rays
green, tlio outer ones yellow, edged witli green. The anal is largely green, the
margin being more brightly colored tlian the rest of the fin. The pectorals are
brownish yellow, margined posteriorly with a translucent band; the upper ray has a
greenish margin. The ventrals are greenish white.

There is considerable variation in the size and shape of the green streaks
alionl the eye. Those below the eye are usually wider than those elsewhere, the
middle group often coalesccnt to form a wide blotch. One pair, from upper anterior
margin of orbit, sometimes extends well across the top of the head, meeting or nearly
meeting on the median line.

'n

Family P:PHIPPir)iE.

275. Chaetodipterus zonatus (Girard).

This species comes abundantly to the Panama market, but seems not to reach
a large size. The longest specimen seen was less than 30 era. in length, and had
not developed the thick bony masses on cranium such as appear in the adult of C.
faber.

C. zonatus differs from its Atlantic representative C. faber principally in the
lower lobes of the vertical fins, the shorter ventrals, and the smaller scales. The
coloration of the two is essentialh' the same, there being no diflerence in the number
and arrangement of the bands. These may, however, be a little wider in zonatus,
which has also a more conspicuous black blotch on the pectoral. The fin-rays are
the same in the two species, the dorsal I'ays varying from 21 to 23, the anal rays from
18 to 20.

The lateral line contains the same number of pores in the two species, 48 to
50, but the scales are notably smaller in zonatus, and are less regularly arranged.
The smaller scales on the head and on the vertical fins are also noticeably smaller in
zonatus. The widest 2>ortiou of the black band which connects the front of the dorsal
to the front of the anal has 11 or 12 scales in a longitudinal series across it; in faber
there are usually but G or 8 scales across the widest portion of the band. In zonatus,
there are 18 to 20 scales in an oblique series on sides between axil and tip of pec-
torals; m faber, there are but 12 or 13 scales on corresponding part of sides.

A specimen of zonatus 50 mm. long is very light grayish olive, the bars very
faintly indicated or wholly absent. The sides of head and body are marked with
scattered sharply-defined brown spots and blotches mostly smaller than pupil. Those
on head are arranged in a series along the line of the dark band. On the lateral
line, below last dorsal spines, a circular area of the ground color, as large as the eye,
is ocellated by a brown line. The third dorsal spine is slightly shorter than in C.
faber of the same size.

148

I'ALU'UKNIA AtADEMV Ul' SCIENCES

A/tasiiremenls in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Lenjjtli in mm

Head (to edjife of membrane).

Snout

Interorbital width

I ")iamcter of iris

Depth opposite first anal spine

Longest dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

Longest pectoral ray

Longest ventral ray

276. Parapsettus panamensis Steindachner.

Not rare in the Panama market, where numerous specimens were obtained.

In addition to the short grachiated dorsal spines, this genus differs from
Chfpfodipierus in having no transverse fold behind the upper lip, which is therefore
technically as well as actually non-protractile. The shoulder-girdle agrees with
Chcetodipierus. The alisphenoids are much more developed, meeting each other
raesially, and closing the cranial cavity in front. The interorbital septum contains a
well-developed osseous lamina, which comes in contact posteriorly with the strong,
compressed, vertical limb of the basisphenoid. Tlie latter fails to meet the para-
sphenoid below.

Family CH/ETODONTIDyE.
277. Chsetodon nigrirostris (GUI).

P1.ATB XXIV, Fk;. 47.

Two adults of this apparently rare species were taken by the use of dyna-
mite near one of the rocky islands in Panama Bay.

In addition to the distinctive color-markings, this species has the scales on the
cheeks enlarged, the exposed surfaces much higher than wide, arranged in four
horizontal more or less wavy series, but not in quincunx order. The preopercle is
strongly striated.

The head and the lower half of body are silvery, more or less washed with
light yellow, each scale having often a brownish spot at base, these forming three
faint lengthwise stripes along the scale-rows. The base of the anal, and the upper
half of the trunk are light brownish purple. A jet-black bar encircles upper part of
snout, but does not include the upper lip, nor the region behind the vertical from the

OILBEKT AND STARRS — FI8QE8 OF PANAMA BAY 149

nostril. A black blotch above and boliind each orbit, fails to meet its fellow by a
distance about eqnalinji; the diameter of the pupil. A narrow black orbital ring
encroaches on the eye-ball. A wedge-shaped black bar ha.s its apex at front of
dorsal, its base being separated from the orbital region by a transverse whitish bar
which crosses the head behind the eyes. The wedge-shaped bar is bordered behind
by a wide silvery band. The opercular membrane is jet-black, as is also the mem-
brane covering the shoulder girdle. A few of the scales covering the supraclavicle
are edged or blotched with black. A jet-black bar crosses the base of the upper
three-fourths of the pectoral, and is continued into a broader axillary band, which
likewise fails to involve the lower rays. A broad black bar begins at base of fifth or
si.xth dorsal spine, includes the basal half of soft dorsal and is continuous with a
wedge-shaped bar on caudal peduncle, the apex of the wedge failing to reach the
lower edge of the peduncle, but directed toward the margin of the last anal rays.
The remainder of the vertical fins are translucent dusky, unmarked. The ventrals
are dusky; the pectorals translucent yellowish.

AVe have not admitted to our list the Atlantic species Chietodon capistratus.
recorded without comment from Rio Tuyra, Darien, by Boulenger (1899, p. 3).

278. Chaetodon humeralis Giinther.

The young are abundant in tide-pools, and adults are present in large num-
bers among the rocky reefs and islands in the Bay.

Our youngest specimen is 28 mm. long, and is in the last phases of the
" I'holichthys " stage. The color scheme of the adult is plainly indicated, but the
head is wholly scaleless and is entirely covered with sculptured shields. One of these
extends from the occiput on to the nape, in the form of a dagger-shaped spine, which
fails to reach front of dorsal by a distance equaling about one-fourth its length. The
angle of the preopercle is produced into a rounded squamous process, which extends
more than half way to the insertion of the ventral fins. Two similar squamous lobes
are attached to the upper portion of the shoulder girdle, their posterior margins
being free. The upper is larger and less evenly rounded than the lower, and is
separated from it at the point traversed by the lateral line. The margins of these
lobes and the preopercular margin are very finely but sharply serrulate. Similar but
smaller squamous processes are attached to the horizontal limb of the preopercle and
to the inner edge of the dentary, lobes on one side of the head corresponding to inden-
tations on the other, those of the two sides closely joining below and wholly concealing
the isthmus and the branchiostegals. The cheeks are firmly cuirassed, like the rest
of the head.

The colors are the same as in adults with these exceptions: The ventrals are
black. The vertical black bar at base of caudal is faintly indicated. The caudal
fin, and the soft dorsal and anal fins are translucent, unmarked, thus contrasting
strongly with their barred condition in the adult. The broad bar across posterior
portion of trunk is continued definitely on to posterior portion of spinous dorsal, and

( 30 ) December 22, 1903.

ir)0 CALU'OKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

on to tho hii^i\\ portion of nnal spines. There is al no linu; any oi-elliis, Imt a distinct
intonsilication of tlic black of tliu postorior I)ar occurs over a small loiindcd area
ininu'diateiy below the hist dorsal spines.

With increasinji size, there appears first the black bar on dorsal and anal,
conteiupornneously with the broadening of the bar on candal peduncle. A definite
white bar then forms behind the latter, on the basal portion of the caudal fin. Before
the sharp differentiation of this bar, white piji;ment occupies its future position, but
covers a wider area, gradually thinning out posteriorly, visible on the entire basal
third of tlie fin. As soon as it becomes concentrated into a narrow bar, a faint dusky
margin develops posteriorly, tliis widening to form a bar, which develops most rapidly
on the lower half of the fin. The bars on dorsal and anal are at first near the middle
of the fin, leaving a wide translucent margin, but later migrate distally.

The largest of our immature specimens is 55 ram. long. At this stage, the
middle dark caudal bar is still much narrower than the basal bar, and there is no
tnice of the succeeding two bars (white and black).

279. Pomacanthus zonipectus (Gill).

Much less alanulant than Ilulacnnthus ^jasser, with which it was found asso-
ciated. But two individuals were seen.

In adults, the upper profile is continued forward in an even curve to front of
nape. From this point, the occipital region is deeply concave, the profile becoming
again convex above ocular region and snout. The color has been well described
by Dr. Jordan (18i>5 6, p. 484) from IMazatlan examples.

An immature specimen, 63 mm. long, shows the characteristic coIorati(jn of
the young, which has been described by Jordan and Gilbert (1881 c-, p. 358), under
the name Pomacanthus crescentalis. The third yellow band behind the head cuts
the bases of soft dorsal and anal fins three or four rays in advance of the posterior
ends, instead of running from end to end, as described. It curves forward on the
two fins, meeting the anterior yellow band to form a broad loop, which is wider than
the bands and blue in color. The dorsal continuations of all save the caudal band
are blue. A blue bar is present midway between the first and second, and the second
and third yellow bars behind head; no other blue bars are present. The basal two-
thirds of the caudal fin is jet-black, save for tlie narrow vertical yellow bar which
divides that area equally. The outer third is translucent, with a narrow dusky bar
near the anterior edge of the tract.

•o"-

280. Holacanthus passer Valenciennes.

Abundant among rocky islands in Panama Bay.

Gill's type of H. strigatus, a synonym of //. passer, must have been an imma-
ture specimen. In such we find a conspicuous narrow blue streak running from nape
to upper posterior margin of orbit, thence faintly downward in a broken line toward
base of preopercular spine. This streak disappears entirely in adults. In the young,

GILBKUT AND STAltKS — FISIIKS OK I'ANAMA liAV 161

a secdiid lilue streak connects upper anterior margins of orbits, then extends vertically
(Inwiiward beliiiul angle of mouth, 'i'lie transverse portion of this streak persists in
adults and becomes greatly widcneil.

An oval area in front of dorsal fin contains a number of small bright Idue
spots, usually one for each scale. The scales behind the white bar are widely mar-
gined with blue in adult specimens, but in none do we find traces of the blue cross-
bars described by (iill. These may be found in younger specimens than have come
to our hands. In adults, that portion of spinous dorsal in front of the white cross-bar
is bright yellow. The rest of the fin is deep brown like the body, pa.ssing into
brownish yellow in the falcate lobe, nnd as a submarginal ijaiid in front of this and
behind it. Behind the anterior yellow area, the fin is narrowly margined with bright
blue, the margin becoming much wider on the vertical part of the fin. In the young,
the dorsal is similarly colored, but the blue margin is wider and includes also the
anterior spines, and is everywhere followed by a submarginal yellowish brown band.
The anal is similarly marked. The caudal fin and nearly half of the caudal pedun-
cle are light lemon-yellow, the fin posteriorly with a narrow dark brown edge. Pec-
torals and veutrals lemon-yellow, without other markings. The white bar on sides
extends from base of dorsal, below fifth to seventh spines, downwards to a point
opposite middle of base of pectorals. It is usually widest in its upper third, narrow-
ing rapidly below. In adults, the dorsal lobe reaches nearly to edge of caudal.

The genus Angelichilujs Jordan and Evermann, characterized by the absence
of spines on the preorbital, by the coarser spines on the ascending limb of the pre-
opercle and by the greater length of the dorsal and anal lobes, should doubtless be
considered a section of Holacanthus.

Family TEUTHIDID^E.
281. Teuthis crestonis Jordan <t- Starks.

This species is very near T. matoides, from the Hawaiian Islands and the
Western Pacific generally, and may prove to be undistinguishable from that widely
distributed form. It agrees in most details of shape, color and fin-rays, but appears
to differ in having the spine on the side of the tail distinctly smaller, and in having
the sides of the body mottled, but not streaked. In specimens 8 to 20 cm. long, the
caudal spine is four "to five hundredths of the length from snout to base of caudal. In
specimens of T. matoides from Honolulu, 10 to 23 cm. long, the caudal spine is five to
six hundredths of the length. In eight specimens from Panama, the fin-rays are:
Dorsal IX, 25, 25, 2G, 26, 20, 26, 2(>, 27; anal III, 23, 24, 24, 25, 25. 25, 25. 25.

T. bahianus from the Atlantic has a still larger caudal spine, which is seven
to eight hundredths of the length.

T. crestonis is abundant in the tide-pools of the Panama reef, and among the
islands in the Bay. It is recorded from Panama Bay also by Boulenger (1899, p. 3).

CALIFOHNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

Family BALISTIDiE.

282. Balistes polylepis SliiiulacUner.

Not iiiicommoii at Panania; three specimens were collected wliich agree very
wi'll witii Steiridachiier's description of the tyi)e and co-types from the west coast of

Mexico.

it may ho distinguished from B. carolinensis hy the smaller scales, deej)er
body, more elevated and convex interorbital, less sharply angiilated anal, and the
shorter caudal lobes. Our three si)ecimens of B. caroHntmis all have 24 anal rays,
wiiile B. po/i/kpis has 2o or 20; the lateral series of scales of carolinensis are 55 or
oC) in number, those of polylepis G9 to 73. B. carolinensis has the depth of the body
contained twice in the length, polylepis 1,,' to 1,! times; in carolinensis the caudal
lobes are somewhat longer, more slender and of erjual length, while in polylejns the
lower lobe is the shorter.

Mcastirements in Hundredths of Length witliout Caudal.

Lengtli without caudal, in mm

Head

Depth

Orbit

Snout

Interorbital

Length of pectoral

Height of anterior part of soft dorsal.

Height of anterior part of anal \

Length of middle caudal rays

Dorsal rays

Anal rays

Scales, from upper part of gill-opening...

194

207

33

32i

57

57

7J

7

26

26

1 1

lOi

•3

13

26J

26J

22A

22

20

19

111,128

in, 27

1
26

■

25

69"

73

211

32

59

7
26
1 1

i3i
27

23
20

in, 27

25

70

283. Balistes naufragium Jordan d- Starks.

The commonest Balistoid in Panama Bay; many specimens were taken about
the rocky islands.

We have re-examined the type of the species, from Mazatlan, and correct
here a few slight errors in the original description:

Dorsal III, 26; anal 24; scales 50. Head to lower end of gill-slit 2;: in body.
Snout Vg in head; eye 5^; longest dorsal ray Ig; longest anal ray IJ; pectoral 1|.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISIIKS OK PANAMA liAY

153

The groove before eye is very faint, scarcely to be made out in some of om-
Panama spocimon^. Dorsal very sli<;litly falcate in the type and in larger specimen-s;
in small and half-grown examples only, is it sharply angiilated. The anal is rather
sharply rounded. In life the sides are marked with many narrow vertical wavy
blue lines.

The species is easily distinguislicd from B. poh/kpis by the thicker body, the
larger scales, the darker and more variegated coloration, the much reduced preocular
groove, and the less falcate fins. In B. ]iolijlcpl><, the upper margin of the dorsal
llii is deeply concave for the whole length; in />'. naufragium, the greater part
of the upper margin is convex, a few only of tlie anterior rays projecting, making
that part of the fin concave. The caudal lobes are also much shorter in this sjtecios,
while the middle rays arc more produced. The plates are much more roughly
granular, and are fewer in number. The lips are much thicker and more deeply
plicate, the peripheral folds being densely papillose. The ventral stay is more
robust, and the circumoral area is devoid of plates.

Aleasiiremenls in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Locality .

Panama

216

180

3"-

•65

34

35

34

35

56J

58

57

58

7

n

6i

7

28i

28

28

27

i3t

15

I3i

14

26

24

24

23

20

21

20

19

21

22

19

21

26

26

26

26

23

23

24

23

50

51

51

52

Mazatlan
(Type)

Length without caudal, in nun . 261

Head

Depth

Orbit

Snout

Length of pectoral

Height of anterior rays of soft dorsal.

Height of anterior rays of anal

Length of middle caudal rays

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

33J
55
7
27
i3i
25
21

19

25
24

Series of scales I 51

255
341
56

6i
30

15

24!

21

21

26

24
50

284. Batistes verres sp. nov.

Plate XXVI. Fig. 4'.).

We describe as new the species that has commonly been referred to B. capis-
tratiis on the Pacific coast of Central America. B. capistralus was probably ba.sed
on East Indian material, but we have had for comparison specimens from the

154

CALIFOKNIA ACAUKMV OK SCIKNCES

Plinviiiiiui Islands only. From tlicsc, B. verrca ilifTois in having smaller scales ami a
greater niimher of dorsal and anal rays. Specimens from Panama and Mazallan
liave the scales 08 to 05; the dorsal has 30 to o2 rays, and the anal 28 or 21). Five
specimens of B. capistraius from Hawaii have 50 or 51 oblique series of scales
(counted from the upper end of the gill-opening); the dorsal has 20 or 30 rays; the
anal 25 to 27 rays. The caudal of the Hawaiian specimens is truncate, with the
outer ravs not produced. The caudal is noticeably lunate in the Panama and
Mazatlan specimens. Bleeker's plate shows that l)is specimen from the lOast Indies
has 50 series of scales, 30 rays in the dorsal lin, and 27 in the anal.

The following description is fiorn the type of B. verves:

Head to lower anyle of ijill-opening 3J in Icnj^th, without caudal: depth 2. Eye ^\ in head;
snout il; intcrurbital width t,\. Dorsal III, 31 ; anal 28. Scales from upper end of gill-openinj; 64.

Teeth with their inner cutting edge produced, the lower ones shutting inside of the upper.
The groove before the eye is scarcely longer than the eye. The length of the gill-opening is twice the
diameter of the eye, and about equal to the length of the longest pectoral ray.

Groove of spinous dorsal a little longer than first dorsal spine, two-thirds the length of the
base of the soft dorsal. Anal Ixise shorter than dorsal base by three-fifths the length of the eye.
Anterior [xirt of dorsal a little higher than that of anal. Caudal lunate, the outer rays about one-
fourth longer than the middle rays.

Posterior [wrt of sides with g or 10 lengthwi.se series of small antrorse spines. A row of
very small pores e.xtends irregularly backward from eye nearly to the front of soft dorsal.

Color in alcohol: upper jjarts of body brownish slate-color, lighter below. Anterior edge of
upr>er lip, and lower lip and chin light yellowish. A scarcely discernible streak extends backwards
across cheek from angle of mouth. Other specimens have this streak very conspicuous, as in
B. capistraius. Caudal blackish; spinous dorsal ilusky, other fins light yellowish.

Mcasuremaits 771 Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Locality

Length without caudal, in mm....

Head

Depth

Eye

Snout

Height of anterior part of dorsal
Height of anterior part of anal...

Length of pectoral

Length of caudal (middle rays) .

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

Scales

Panama

1

(Type)

212

281

191

315

32

34

33

31

50

52

52

48

6

5

6

5

28

30

27i

27i

15

i4i

i3i

15

I3i

i3i

I2i

I2i

Hi

II

II

ID

15

i6i

1 61

15

31

31

32

32

28

29

29

29

64

65

62

61

Mazatlan

250
33
51

30
16

14
12
16
30
28
61

194
32
49

28
16

I4i
12

15
31
29

58

GILBEUT AND BTAKK8 — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 155

285. Xesurus hopkinsi sp. iiov.

Flate XXV, Fiu. 48.

Two large specimens, 41 and 43 cm. in lon<!;lli, were taken at Panama, and
cannot be referred to any of the described .species. For comparison we have speci-
mens of X. pnndndts from IMazatlan, Chirion Island, and San Benedicto Island;
A', iaticlnvius from the Galapagos Islands; and the type of -V. cldrionis from Clarion
Island. We have not sufficient material to decide upon the validity of the last-named
species, and for present jjurposes will consider it distinct from the others.

The outlines of the body are evenly curved. The snout projects but slightly as coni[)ared
will) the other s])ecies, and the upper anterior outline is shallowly concave. From before eye todors;il,
the profile is rei^'ularly rounded and without a projection at nape.

Dorsal \'1II, 26 or 27; anal 111, 23. The head is smaller than in the other species, 26 or 27
hundredths of the leni^th. In seven specimens of X. pianialiis, the head averages 31 1 hundredths
of the lent,rth; in three sj)ecimens of latic/avitis, 31 1 hundredths; in c/arioii/'s, 30 hundredths. The
mouth is smaller; the ma.xillary forms but 6', hundredths of the length (in pundatus^ 78 hun-
dredths; in /alic/ai'iiis, 8j hundredths; in clarionis, 8 hundredths). The teeth are much smaller,
tliough they number the same as in the other species, 8 or 9 on each side of the ui^jjer jaw. The eye
is smaller, 4 or 4^ in the snout, 5 hundredths of the length (in piindatus ii\ hundredths; in lali-
c/aviiis, 7f hundredths; in darionis, 61 hundredths).

The pectoral is broad and rounded at its tip, reaching to above the base of the secontl anal
spine, when forced into a horizontal position. It seems to incline obliquely upward in its normal
position. The ventrals nearly reach the first anal spine, and are about two-thirds the length of the
I)ectorals. The dorsal and anal are as in related species. In the larger specimen, the tirst dor.s;il sjjine
has become almost entirely concealed beneath the skin, the first anal spine wholly concealed.

The posterior part of the body is rather thickly covered with sharp spines, the bases of which
are expanded as rough plates. The spines are somewhat inclined forward and are occasionally bitid
(some specimens of other species have scattered rough plates which sometimes bear low sharp keels,
but never high spines). The three bony shields on the caudal peduncle bear thick blunt spines, their
points broati and smooth, as though worn.

Color light slaty on lower ])arts, dark above. One specimen is faintly spotted with black on
nape and opercles.

156

CAUFOKNIA ACADEMY OF BCIENCK8
M,itsiir,iiu-nts in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length without caudal, in mm

Mead

Depth

Maxillary

Eye

Horizontal limbof preopercle from litliiiul ftikl in inaiulil)k-

Vertical limb of iireoi^ercle

Length of pectoral

I.Liit;tli of ventral

Length of fifth dorsal spine

Longest anal rays

Height of caudal peduncle just behind base of dorsal ....
Length of longest caudal ray in upper lohe

360

335

27

26J

51

49

6i

6i

5

5

1 I

12

13

13

26

25

16

16

12

II

12

12

III

12

24J

23J

Family TETRAODONTID^.

286. Spheroides angusticeps {Jenyns).

Not seen by us; recorded from Panama by Jordan and Gilbert (1882 n,
p. 031) tniin tlie Bradley collection, and by Jordan and BoUman (1889, }). 183).

287. Spheroides lobatus (Steindachner).
Obtained at Panama by tbe Albatross; not seen by us.

288. Spheroides testudineus {Linnceus).

Probably rather rare at Panama, where four specimens were taken. Compared
with others from Jamaica, they seem to show a slight difference in the length of the
head and snout, but our series is insufficient for the verification of this distinction.
Our specimens are much bleached, so that nothing can be made out except the pat-
tern of coloration, which agrees with that of the Jamaica specimens. No satisfactory
comparisons can be made as to the size of spots, or the distinctness of markings.

This species differs from *S'. annulatus in having the interorbital space (bone)
narrower, the dorsal and anal shorter, the spots a trifle larger, and the termination of
the dorsal and the anal further from the caudal, the insertion of the fins being more
anterior and the base shorter. As the interorbital increases in width with age, only
specimens of about the same size should be compared in this respect.

GILDKET AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

157

Locality

Length without caudal in mm

Head from teeth to midtUe of gill-openiny,

Dc[)tii at occiput

Orbit

Interorbital (bone)

Snout (from teeth)

Length of dorsal

Length of anal

Length of caudal

Termination of dorsal from caudal

Termination of anal from caudal

Number of dorsal rays

Nuinlier of anal rays

Panama

Jamaica

164

150

32

33

2li

23

7

7i

7i

8

i6i

i6i

18

18

15

15

24

25

14

13

13

13

8

8

7

7

135

33

21

'7i
I7i
14
24
'4
>3A
8

7

168

34

23

6

7

18
16J

i3i

25

'4i

'3i

8

7

137

133

35i

34

25

22

7

7

7i

7i

18

18

17

18

14

15

25

24

13

14

■3i

13

8

8

7

7

151

34
22J

7i
7i

174

i7i

15

25

14

i3i
8

7

289. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns).

Appearing frequently in the Panunia market. Tlie young are common also
in the tide-pools, associated with the young of Tetraodon hisjndus. In the young, the
concentric rings are less variable and less interrupted than in adults. The ground
color of the back is generally not broken up into small spots, as is so frequently the
case in adults. The spots on the sides are usually larger and fewer in the young, or
are sometimes entirely absent. The caudal is rather abruptly blackish upon its pos-
terior half, the other fins are colorless.

One specimen, 15 cm. in total length, differs from all the others in the some-
what more prominent sharper spines, and the very different coloration. Upon the
middle of the back is an S-shaped marking, the extremities of which arc equidistant
respectively from the eye and the front of the dorsal, the interval being in each case
twice the diameter of the eye. Around it are very irregular incomplete rings. A
curved line runs from just behind the eye to the middle of the gill-opening and another
from the nape to above the base of the pectoral fin. Across the snout and caudal
peduncle are irregular lines. The sides have fewer spots than is usual, and the fins
are as here described for the young. The measurements of this specimen are the
third listed in the appended table.

We have examined specimens from Mazatlan, La Paz, and the Galapagos
Islands. Some of the larger northern specimens {S. politus) have the color of

(21) December 23, 1903.

158

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

the back broken up into smaller spots than in the .southern specimens, thoujj;h some
of the smaller northern specimens are like the southern in this as in other respects.
Spheroiiks polUus has been recorded from Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 188i), p. 183)
and from Santa Helena Bay (Boulen^or, 1808- 1)9, Vol. 14, p. 8). We consider it
identical with inunt/atiis. The Galapagos specimens vary greatly in depth of color.
One has the back, pectoral, dorsal, and caudal very dark brown, almost black, while
the anal is dark. The color of the back grades in other sjiecimens to light brown,
while the tins are nearly colorless. One specimen differs from the others in having a
very concave interorbital.

Mtasiircmoils in Himdrcdths of Length without Caudal.

Locality

Panama

Galapagos

La

Paz,
Mex

Mazatlan,
Mex.

Length without caudal in mm

Head from teeth to middle of gill-opening.

E)epth at occiput

Orbit

Interorbital (bone)

Snout (from teeth)

Length of dorsal

Length of anal

Length of caudal

Distance from tip of dorsal rays to caudal .
Distance from tip of anal rays to caudal....

Number of dorsal rays

Number of anal rays

200

37
24

5i
13
20J
18
\b\
24

9i

9i

8

7

158

36i

24

7
12

19
18
i6f
26

8
8
7

121
36J
24i

5i

9

16J
18

15
26
10

9i
8

7

170

34

25

7
loj

20
'18

25

8

n

185

35
24

6
12
18^

19
16 J

24
7
8
8
7

200

34
24
4i

18
19
17
24
8

n

116
35
24

8

10
18

19
i6i

25
9
9

215
36
24
5i
13
20

19
16J

24

8

7
8

114
36i

23

6
10
18
18
i5i
25

9
10

8

7

92

35
22

7

7i
18

17
16

25
10
10

8

7

290. Spheroides furthii (Steindachner).

A rare species, not taken by us; recorded from Panama by the describer,
and by Jordan (1885, p. 393) from the Gilbert collection.

Guentheridia gen. nov. (Teiraodoniidce).

Type, Tetrodon formosus Giinther, 1870, p. 283.

This genus differs from Spheroides in the character of the olfactory organ,
which is a transversely-placed tube, open at each end to its full diameter. The outer
end is squarely, the inner obliquely, truncate, making the upper margin of the tube

GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 159

very narrow. The inner surface of the tube is closely covered with large cup-shaped
pits, visible to the naked i>ye. To these pits the olfactory nerve is distributed; they
are undoul)tcdly the end organs of the nerve.

Similar pits are developed in the genus Tetraodon {eretJiizon, setosun, aerostnticus,
perspicillari^, hispidas), where they occupy the inner surface of the nasal flaps; but
they are not found in other genera. The nasal organ of Tetraodon could be formed
from that of Guentheridia by cutting through the upper edge of the tube, thus leaving
two lobes springing from a common base.

The American species of iSpheroides, nearly all of which we have examined,
have the olfactory tubes with small openings, and without cup-shaped pits on
their inner surfaces; the latter are smooth, or are sometimes provided with one or two
slight folds of skin.

a'

291. Guentheridia formosa (Giinther).

Common at Panama, twelve specimens being secured. In addition to these
we have examined six specimens collected by the Albatross at Panama in 1888.
We found no young of this form, though the young of Tetraodon hispidus and Spher-
oides annulatus were common in the tide-pools.

The color pattern is variable. In some examples the spots are almost evenly
distributed over the back and upper part of the sides, with no indication of concen-
tric arrangement. Other examples have the spots confluent into smooth concentric
rings, arranged with the smallest ring in the middle of the back. Between the
examples with scattered spots and those with smooth rings are all intermediate stages —
some with the spots arranged concentrically but not united, some with them more or less
united, forming rings with uneven contour. The spots vary also in size. Sometimes
they are little more than half the size of the eye, and are separated by interspaces
of the gray ground color of about their own width, sometimes the}'^ are as large as
the eye, or larger, and are so closely set that the ground color shows only as narrow
lines between them. In one specimen some of the spots have fused into small irreg-
ular rings about twice the size of the eye, and enclose small spots of the ground color.
The top of head has transverse rows of spots or solid bars. The latter are some-
times united in pairs, forming wider and fewer bars.

Tetraodon fonnosus was described from a single specimen from South America.
The type description is not detailed, so the identification with this Panama form
must be considered provisional, until direct comparison can be made with the type.

292. Tetraodon hispidus Linnoeus.
Arothron crethizon Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, p. 631.

This species is not rare about the rocky islands in Panama Bay, where
numerous specimens were obtained, ranging from 15 to 330 mm. long. The long
quill-like spines protrude only when the fish is inflated. When retracted, the
position of the spines is indicated by the pores in the skin.

IQQ CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

In our smallest specimens, the belly is white, the hack brown with small
wliitc spot-s, one ut the base of each spine; alonj^ lower margin of sides are light
spots of larger size, enclosed in a network of dusky lines. In slightly larger speci-
mens, the white spots on back have disappeared, and the under parts are covered
with a close black reticulum, the lines of which show a tendency to a lengthwise
arrangement. This tendency becomes dominant in specimens about 3 cm. long,
the lower parts then marked with parallel black lines of varying width and intensity,
which occasionally ana.stomose. The white dorsal spots soon reappear, and the length-
wise streaks begin to fade, wholly disappearing in adults.

We have had for comparison numerous young and adult specimens from the
Hawaiian Islands, and two young individuals from Japan. No diilerences arc discov-
erable, so we have been forced to conclude that T. hispidus is identical with
T. erethizon, and is a species of universal distribution in the tropical Pacific.

293. Eumycterias punctatissimus {Giinther).

Plate XXIII, Fio. 46.

Not rare among the rocky islands in Panama Bay.

The white spots are always numerous and crowded, especially on the lower
part of the sides, but they vary considerably in size, and the brown lines forming the
network enclosing them are sometimes wider, sometimes narrower. The belly is
always white. The sides and top of the head, the nape and the whole dorsal line,
are marked with numerous small blue spots, usually surrounded each by a darker
ring; the eye is occasionally, but very rarely, surrounded by blue radiating streaks.
Young specimens are sometimes marked by an obscurely ocellated dusky area below
the dorsal fin, but no trace of this persists in adults. The youngest specimen, 12 ram.
long, is a uniform warm brown, without trace of .spots. The basal fourth of the
caudal fin is usually covered with fine white spots, the remainder of the caudal and
all the other fins, translucent, unmarked.

The vertical fins are short, with evenly rounded margins. The pectorals are
strongly emarginate, with the upper lobe the longer. The dorsal and anal each
contains 9 rays (rarely 10). There is a short nasal tube widely open at the summit.

Family DIODONTID^.

294. Diodon holacanthus Linnccus.

Three specimens were secured, 115, 179, and 280 ram. long. All show the
characteristic black cross-bars and blotches ascribed to this species. Round black
spots are also present on the lighter spaces of the back, and on the postocular area,
where they are largest. Small black spots are present on the snout in the two .smaller
specimens, but are lacking in the larger one. In all of the specimens, large black
spots are present over the ventral region, one in the axil of each spine. They are

GILBERT AND STAUK8 — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY ICl

more prominent in the youngest example than in the older ones, but their shape is
less definite. The fins are immaculate in all, and the upper lobe of the pectoral is
notably longer tlian the lower lobe, a character which becomes more pronounced in
tlio older specimens. So far a.s our specimens arc concerned, there is no indication
that with increasing age there is an approach to D. lnj^trlr. The species should be
held distinct until a full intermediate series is obtained.

Family SCORPiENID^.

295. Scorpaena histrio Je.nyns.
Taken by the Albatross at Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 182).

296. Scorpaena pannosa Cramer.
Only the tyj'c known; taken by the Albatross at Panama.

297. Scorpaena mystes Jordan <& Starks.

Of frecjuent occurrence in the Panama market, the collection containing nu-
merous specimens from 10 to 30 cm. long.

In the type of S. mysies, the supraocular cirrus is longer than the diameter of
the eye, but this is a very varial)le feature. In the majority of our Panama specimens,
the cirrus is shorter than the diameter of the pupil, and in some individuals no trace
of it can be found. Two Panama specimens have it long, as in the type; in a third
it is long on one side and short on the other. In one adult co-type from Mazatlan, it
is short, as is also the case in a young specimen from La Paz, L. C. The variation
is dependent on neither age nor sex.

The nearest relative of -6'. 7nystes is the representative form S. plumieri of the
Atlantic. The differences alleged to separate the two are slight. In all the speci-
mens we have examined, those from the Pacific can be distinguished by the darker
duller coloration, and the wider shallower grooves and pits on the top of the head.
S. plumieri is currently described as having a long supraocular cirrus. From the
following statement, however, it is evident that the species varies in this regard as
does its Pacific representative: "Junge individuen besitzen bios wenige, oder selbst
keine Hautlappen, und einem jungen Weibchen fehlen auch die tentakeln iiber dem
Auge." (Kner, Novara Fische, 18G6, p. 115).

298. Scorpaena russula Jordan d- Bollman.

Dredged by the Albatross at Stations 2795 and 2797, in Panama Bay, 33 fath-
oms; only the types known.

162 CAUR1RNIA ACADEMY OF SCrENCI-:S

Family TllIGLID.K.

299. Prionotus xenisma Jordan iL- Bollman.

nrctlgcd at Albatross Stations 2795 and 2805, in Paiinina Hay, 33 and 51 .\
fatlionis; the types only known.

300. Prionotus loxias Jordan.

Only the types known; dredged at Albatross Station 2805, Panama Bay, 511
fathoms.

301. Prionotus quiescens Jordan tt- Bollman.

The types were dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay, in depths of 7 to
511 fathoms.

302. Prionotus albirostris Jordan d- Bollman.
The types from Albatross Station 2795, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms.

303. Prionotus horrens Richardson.

This species is very similar in general ap])earance to P. ruscarius, with which
it has been freqnently confnsed. The two agree in having a continuous sharp ridge
running from the margin of the snout across preorbital and cheek to the preoper-
cular spine, this ridge bearing several strong bramble-like spines standing out from
the head at right angles, and hooked backward. In this respect, both species diller
conspicuously from /-". trihnluA, in the adults of which the rostral spine, the spine on
the middle of preorbital, and that on the middle of cheek become inconspicuous or
wholly wanting. P. tribulus cannot be considered a representative Atlantic species of
either of these Pacific forms, for the relationship is not so close as has been assumed.

P. horrens seems to be less abundant than P. ruscarius. We secured four
adults at Panama. Three others have been reported by Jordan and Bollman
(1889, p. 182) from Albatross Station 2800, in Panama Bay. Aside from these, the
species is known only from the Gulf of Fonseca, where the tyjies were obtained.
The following description is drawn from the seven specimens above noted:

Head 2? to 2| in length to base of caudal; depth 4 to 4 J. Snout equaling maxillary, 2^ to
2^ in head; eye 5|^ to 6; interorbital width 4. Dorsal X, 11; anal 9. Snout depressed, the longi-
tudinal profile nearly straight, the sides concave, flaring strongly outwards to the sharp ridge at its
lower margin. Beneath the ridge, the surface of the preorbitals is horizontal, continuous with that of
the widely exposed dentigerous portion of the premaxillaries, and with the lower surface of the head.
The snout is squarely truncate, or the preorbitals, especially in the young, may project slightly beyond
its tip. They are never strongly produced, as in P. ruscarius, and permit a wide strip of the premax-
illaries to be seen from above in the closed mouth.

The interorbital space is wide and flat, bounded by bluntly rounded supraocular ridges, which
are usually low, but vary somewhat. This space is never deeply concave, as in P. ruscarius and
P. tribulus.

GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 163

The head is very finely granular, the radiating ridges delicate and very numerous, the minute
granules almost uniformly covering the bones. The anterior margin of the preorbitals is minutely
serrulate or i,>-ranular, the posterior tooth sometimes larger than the others, projecting spine-like.
Immetlialely behind the rounded portion of the preorbital, from which it is separated by a notch, is a
strong compressed spine directed outward and backward. Behind this, on the ridge already mentioned,
is a series of similar spines increasing in size posteriorly. One of those is on the center of the pre-
orbital, one on the center of the cheek, the thirtl at the base of the preopercular spine. These spines
decrease but little with age; but it may be possible that none of our specimens is fully grown. The
preocular, supraocular, occipital, nuchal, opercular and humeral ridges and spines offer nothing
peculiar. No spines immediately behind the eye. A single pair, similar to the occipital spines,
located slightly in advance of the latter, on the blunt postocular ridge. No trace of a jxistocular
groove.

The anterior nostril has a broad short flap arising from its posterior margin. Mouth large,
the ma.xillary reaching a vertical which passes through spine on middle of cheek and traverses the
orbit midway between its anterior margin and the front of the pupil. Mandible with a small but
evident symphysial knob, much better developed than in P. ruscarius, the intermandibular space
anteriorly acute. Vomerine and palatine patches of teeth varying greatly in width, the vomerine patch
greatly constricted mesially, but not wholly divided in any of our specimens. The vomerine patch
about equals in length one of the palatine patches. Gill-rakers varying in length from two-fifths to
four-fifths diameter of pupil. They are usually heavy, club-shaped; 6, or rarely but 5 movable ones
are developed on horizontal limb of arch. The membrane between the op)ercular spines is partly cov-
ered with cycloid scales.

Scales thin, smooth or weakly ctenoid in the young, wholly smooth with entire edges in
adults. The scales of the lateral line have their exposed portions roughened with minute projections, the
free edges coarsely spinous in the young. The size and roughness of these scales vary widely in
different individuals. The sides of body are wholly scaled, save for a narrow naked strip in the a.xil
of the pectorals and ventrals. The breast is variously scaled, but less completely so than in P.
ruscarius. The scaled tract is sometinies limited to a narrow medial band, with a constriction opposite
the base of the \entrals; when wider than this, it is in adults still bounded in front and on the sides
with distinct naked margins. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, and about 100 vertical series
above the lateral line.

The dorsal spines are slender and flexible, none of them roughened or serrulate on their
anterior margin. The first spine is but little shorter than the second (the longest) ; the free margin of
the fin is slightly concave. The eighth is the last spine to bear movable membrane, the ninth being
thick and short, declined, firmly embedded in the integument, and the tenth little more than a conical
bony nodule, which is sometimes entirely concealed. The caudal is truncate when spread, rarely
slightly emarginate. The pectorals are very short, barely reaching the vent in adults, slightly beyond
that point in the young. In the very immature type (115 mm. long), the pectoral is figured as e.xtend-
ing to a point opposite the fourth anal ray. The posterior margin of the fin is evenly rounded, the sixth
to the eleventh rays the longest. Detached pectoral rays very long and slender, the uppermost about
as long as the rest of the fin, e.xtending well beyond tips of ventrals. In adults, the tips of ventrals
fall a little short of the tips of the pectorals, and neither fin reaches the vent.

The dorsal contains invariably 10 spines and 11 soft rays; the anal has but 9 rays. As noted
above, the last dorsal spine (or tubercle) is sometimes concealed.

Color in spirits : dusky brown above, an obscure broad dark bar extending downwards from
anterior part of spinous dorsal, and a second, more distinct, from posterior part of soft dorsal. A
dusky shade on cheeks, continued on to lower side of head, where it widens from the cheek spine
backward to behind tip of maxillary. Lower parts bright white. Spinous dorsal dusky, especially on
its anterior half, where there may be disconnected traces of a distinct black margin. Gill-cavity
blackish; peritoneum white.

164

CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The soft dorsal has its rays faintly barred, the posterior half darkest, the margin irregularly
hlackish. Caudal with much white iiigment, the terminal fourth with a series of oblong black blotches,
LK-cupying the membranes lK-tweeii the rays. The remainder of the Cm has two or three irregular cross-
series of smaller roundish black spots. The anal is white, some of the rays occasionally margined
with black. \'entrals white, sometimes black-margined. Pectorals dusky at base, becoming black
toward middle of lin; the distal half is occupied by a conspicuous white cross-bar, beyond which is a
narrow bar of black. The white cross-bar does not involve the upper or the lower rays.

Measurenunls in Jlundrcdllts of Length zvithout Caudal.

Total length in mm

Length to base of caudal in mm.

Greatest depth

Least depth

Length of caudal peduncle

Head.
Snout .
Orbit .

Interorbital width

Maxillary

Greatest width of snout without spine..

Snout to first dorsal spine

Base of spinous dorsal

Base of soft dorsal

Longest caudal ray

Middle caudal rays

Upper pectoral ray

Fifth pectoral ray

Ninth (longest) pectoral ray

Upper detached ray

Second detached ray

Third detached ray

Snout to first anal ray

Base of anal

Ventral spine

Outer ventral ray

Inner ventral ray

232

185
25
9i
17
43i
i9i

III

19J

24

43i

23i

24

24i

18
28
32

3U

27

21

66i

19

14

19

24

213

171
24 1
91
17
40
18

1\

lOi

18
23

40^

2li

24i
22\

1 81

27
31
30
24
i8i

65
20

14
18

24

224
182
24^
9
17
40
i8i
7i

lOj

18

23
40
20^
26

24i
22^

i7i

25 J

29

31

24

20

64

20\

14
18
22^

152

121

28

9

18

44
i9i

H
12
20
26
44
23i
23
29
26J

20i
29

33

35i

28i

24
65

20i

i6i

21
24

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OK PANAMA BAY 105

304. Prionotus ruscarius sp. iiov.

1'i.ATK WVII, Fkjs. 50, r.Of(.

Prionoliis /lonriis ]oKUA^, 1895 <5, p. 492 (Mazatlan); Jordan <N: Evicrmann, 1898, p. 2172
(Panama; Magdalena Bay); not Prionotus Iwrrens Richardson.

Prionoltis lihoslmtiis ]oKUhti, 1885, p. 387; Jordan & Huches, 1S86, pp. 332, 337; not Prionotus
fiirostratus Richardson.

This specie.s strongly rcsomhlos /\ horreiiH, witli wliicli it is fotiiul a.s.soci:ite(l.
It ilillcrs in the coarscU' gramilar head, whicli is usually strongly hirostratc, the con-
cave interorbital space, the strongly ctenoid scales, the more numerous rays in the
vertical fins, and in the shape of the pectoral.

Like P. horrens, this species has a ridge extending from edge of preorbital
backward to base of preoporcular spine. The ridge is less sharp than in horrens,
being scarcely keel-like in our younger specimens, and decidedly rounded in a large
individual 34 cin. long. The rostral plates are usually produced into rounded lobes,
with a deep emargination between them; but the lobes vary greatly. Where the
lobes are large, the premaxillaries are wholly or almost wholly concealed, when
viewed from above. In the largest specimen the lobes project but little, and the
premaxillaries are exposed.

The ridges and granules are much coarser than in /'. horrens, more nearly
resembling P. trihulus. The ridges are everywhere easily discernible. The spines
are slightly smaller than in P. horrens, but occupy tlio same positions and are for the
most part similarly develo[)ed. The supraocular spines are usually smaller, with two
present above each orbit, a minute one projecting into a notch in tlie immediate bony
rim of the orbit, and a larger one farther removed from the rim, on the rounded
supraocular ridge. But one supraocular spine is present in P. horrens. The humeral,
opercular and occipital spines and ridges are sharper and stronger in P. ruscarius.

Head 2 i to 2 J in length to base of caudal; depth 4| to 4J; snout 2 J to 2 J in head (to edge
of opercular flap); eye 5 J to 6; interorbital width 4 to 4^. Dorsal X, 12; anal 11.

Interorbital space deeply concave, as in P. Iribulus. Anterior nostril with a slender flap,
longer than in P. horrens, reaching when depressed to or beyond anterior margin of nostril. The
ma.xillary usually fails to reach vertical from spine on middle of cheek. The intermandibular space
is rounded anteriorly; there is little or no trace of a symphysial knob. Vomerine patch of teeth con-
stricted mesially in young specimens, wholly divided into two separate patches in adults. Each half
of vomerine patch about equals one of the palatine bands. Gill-rakers 6 (movable), the longest about
three-fourths diameter of pajjil. The nienihrane between the o])ercular spines is covered with cycloid
scales.

Scales thick ant! firm, strongly ctenoid on back and sides, becoming cycloid on belly and
breast, anil on anterior portion of nape. The scales of the lateral line are less roughened than in
P. horrens, the edges not strongly spinous. The breast is almost completely scaled, a small tract
immediately tjehind the isthmus, and a narrow area at base of each ventral, naked. There are 50 to 52
scales in the lateral line, and about too vertical .series above the lateral line.

The dorsal spines are tle.xible, hwi stronger than in P. horrens. The first and second spines
are about equal, the succeeding ones rapidly shortened, the margin of the fin straight. The ninth
spine bears a mo\'able membrane. The tenth is immovably imbedded, very strong, the basal tubercle

(22) December 29. 1903.

I(i0 OAUIUUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCE8

bearinjj a \veII-dcvelo|je(i, Ixickwarclly dirccteii spinous process. The lower caudal lol>e is slit^luly
Ionj;er than the upper; the margin is concave rather than truncate, when the fin is spread. The |x.-c-
torals are very sliort, reachinjj to or sh).jlitly beyond the vent in adults, a little Ioniser in the youn^.
The fin is sharply aiij,'ulated above, the third and fourth rays the lonjjest; the jwsterior niarj^in from
the fourth to the ninth rays is vertically truncate or slightly emarginate; the whole contrasting strongly
with the evenly roundetl fin of P. horrens. The det;iched rays are short, the up])er not nearly reach-
ing the tips of the vcntrals.

The dorsal contains invariably to spines and 12 soft rays; the anal has 11 rays in all ui the
eighteen sjxicimens examined, except in one which had 10.

Color in sjiirits: dark brown on back and sides, white below; a faint ill-defined dark bar
under spinous dors;»l, and one slightly more distinct under posterior half of soft dorsal. Gill-cavity
blackish. Dorsals translucent, the spinous dorsjil blackish toward tip anteriorly; posterior [xirt of soft
dorsiil dusky at Ixise, the fin with a more or less ilistinct blackish margin, which does not involve the tips
of the rays. Caudal translucent dusky on basid portion, with faint dark blotches arranged in one or two
irregular cross-rows. In the terminal third, the rays become charged with much white pigment and
the intervening membranes are black. Anal and ventrals translucent, unmarked. Pectorals dusky
on Ixisal half, becoming blackish toward midiUe of fin. The distal half of the third to the ninth rays
with a broad whitish bar, broadly margined with black.

This species is now known from Panama, Mazatlan and Albatross Station
3041 (Magdalena Bay, L. C).

GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHES OP PANAMA HAY
Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

167

Total lenjjfth in mm

LenjJth to base of caudal in mm

Greatest depth

Least cle])tli

Length of cautlal |)iiluiu-le ,

Head (to edge of flap)

Snout

Orbit

Interorbital uiiitli

Maxillary

Greatest width of snout without spine

Snout to first dorsal spine

Base of spinous dorsal

Base of soft dorsal

Longest caudal ray

Shortest caudal ray ,

Upper pectoral ray

Longest (fourth) pectoral ray

Ninth pectoral ray

Upper detached ray

Middle detached ray

Lower detached ray

Snout to first anal ray

Base of anal

Ventral spine

Outer ventral ray

Inner ventral ray

1 5,1

225

270

1 i.)

'77

222

251

22 J

201

8

8

8

15

.6J

•5

42

39

3f>i

19

'7i

'7

8J

n

7

lOj

9J

9

18

17

151

25

2li

20

41

37i

341

24

23

20j^

24J

27

25

27i

28

24i

26

24

2'i

25

27

23

33

33

29

3'

3ii

28

26

26

23

21

22

'9

16

i6i

141

60

58

58

26

26i

25i

i4i

i4i

13

20

19

i7i

28i

25i

23

202

157
24

8

'41
40

i7i

8

10

•7
22

38i
23J
25
30

26i

25
33J

32}
27i

23

20

61}

25

I4J

201

28

Family GOBIID^.

305. Philypnus lateralis Gill.

Abundant in the Rio Grande at Miraflores. In life, the scattered spots on the
sides and the streaks about eye were reddish in color.

1G8

CAUFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Til llu'ir List of American (Jobiida', Eigenmann and Eigcnmann (18RS,
p. 52) tlistingiiisli the Atlantic aiul Tacilic species of PhUi/pnu!< ( /'. (hnmitnr and
/'. iitlfialis) by the size of tiie scales, the lengtb of the bead, and tbe number of anal
rays. In going over tiiis ground later, Jordan and Evermann (1808, p. 2195) state:
"Tbe only constant difference between tins species [/'. lateralis] and Phili/pniis
dormitor seems to be tbe brighter coloration of lateralis."

We have examined in tbis connection five specimens of /'. dormitor, and thir-
teen specimens of P. lateralis. These bear out in tbe main the dilTerenccs assigned
by Eigcnmann. In P. dormitor, the head averages shorter, although the extreme
of variation includes some measurements of P. lateralis. The scales are smaller in
P. dormitor, although here again there is an overlapping in the fornuihe. IJut in
/'. dormitor the anal i-ays are constantly 10, while in /'. lateralis they are constantly 11.
Below are data for individual specimens examined:

p

. LATERALIS.

Mazatlan

Panama

Head

H

H

2|

3tV

n

2 J

2?

2,'i

3

2il

n

2J

28

2g

Scales

52

54

55

56

52

56

55

55

54

54

53

56

53

51

Scales in cross-series

17
II

20
1 1

19
1 1

'7
1 1

18
1 1

17
1 1

17
1 1

IS
1 1

16
1 1

17

Anal

II

II

II

II

II

P. DORMITOR.

Havana

Jamaica

Tampico, Mex.

Head

3?

3

3+

3 1

3A

Scales .-

56

56

59

59

61

Scales in cross-series

19

ID

19
10

18

ID

21
10

20

Anal

10

We have not sufficient material to enable us to decide whether there are any
constant differences in coloration. The young of both species are marked by a
longitudinal band, interrupted, or narrowed at intervals by incursions of the ground
color. The only young specimen of /\ dormitor in our possession shows three con-
spicuous cross-bars on tbe back: one under posterior portion of spinous dor.sal, con-
tinued on tbe fin as a jet-black bar traversing its posterior and distal half; the
second, immediately behind the soft dorsal; the third, much narrower, just in advance
of the caudal fin. These become faint in adults, but we find traces of them in all our
specimens. Where traces of these bars exist in Pacific material before us, they are
very faint, even in brightly colored young, and do not involve the spinous dorsal.

GILBERT AND 8TAKK8 — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 109

306. Dormitator maculatus {lUuch).

Aliumluiit at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Of the two forms recognized by
Eigenmann as occurring; in (lie Atlantic, our material agrees almost exactly with the
second, which he had from Giirupa and Rio Grande do Sul.

Our younj^er specimens, 10 to 15 cm. long, are slender, with the nppei' profde
usually noticeably depressed above the eyes. The head is o to 3^ in the length, the
depth '3: to Z'l. Highest anal ray If to I5 in head. Distance from snout to base of
first dorsal spine equaling distance from first dorsal spine to base of last anal ray; it
is sometimes slightly greater, sometimes slightly less than this distance, but always
approximates it.

The color was light grayish, with numerous oblique dark bars 1 ininiiig down-
ward and forward from the back. A blue spot surrounded by a black area above the
base of the pectoral. Base of pectoral with a blue or black cross-bar. A dark bar
downward from eye to angle of mouth, and four parallel longitudinal dark streaks
across cheeks and opercles. The spinous dorsal was broadly edged with bright red
in life.

Two adults, 255 mm. long, have the depression above the eyes less marked,
the head larger, 2J in length, the depth much greater, 2:-; in length, and the coloration
plain dark brown on body and fins, save the red margin to the dorsals. Distance from
snout to base of first dorsal spine equals distance from the latter to base of third anal

It is probable that this widely-distributed brackish-water species is subject to
local variations in different parts of its range, variations which are not geograi)hically
progressive and are incapable of systematic recognition. According to this view,
the resemblance of the Panama and Rio Grande do Sul specimens is a chance one,
depending upon inde])endent local variation from the common stock.

A number of small specimens from the Rio Presidio at Mazatlan, Mex., do
not agree precisely with either form, though they stand nearer the one here
described. But the head averages somewhat smaller (3J to 3i in length), and
the distance from snout to first dorsal spine is about equal to that between first
dorsal spine and middle of anal. There seems to be no basis for the division of
these specimens into three groups, as indicated by Jordan and Evermann (1898,
p. 2197).

307. Eleotris pictus Kner <i- Sieindachner .

Ekolris eequidens Jokd.an & Gilbert, 1881/, p. 461.

Abundant in muddy overflow ponds and ditches at Mirafiores, where a few
specimens were obtained. These agree perfectly with Kner and Steindachner's
description and figure, also with typical E. (vquidcn^ from Mazatlan. Both show the
characteristic mottlings of white or bluish white on the under side of the body. The
black bars on the sides of the head are not visible in the larger individuals, but are
very apparent in young specimens 50 to 125 mm. long. They consist of a short
narrow line on each side of occiput, more or less broken up into series of dots, and of
two rather broad dark bars diverging backward from eye. The upper bar extends

170 CALIFORN'IA ACADI'.MV OF SCIENCES

to tlie upper end of the pectoral base, but is not well marked posteriorly. The lower
runs bafkward and slightly downward across cheeks to the preopcrcular inar<;;in. The
lower part of cheeks is crossed nearly vertically by three broad dark shades separated
by two narrow light streaks. In none of our specimens, do we note the bar described
by Kner and Steindnchner beginning at the angle of the nioutli :iii(] joiniiig the
second bar at preopercular margin. All of the fins are dark, rather finely liarred
with blackish and lighter. 'i'lie spinous dorsal has usnally a rather wide translucent
margin, and a submedial lengthwise translucent streak.

The teeth are equal or nearly so. In young specimens, a slight enlargement
of the outer mandibular teeth can often be detected.

In specimens of Eleotiis pisouis from Havana (Kio Almendares), the outer
series in the upper jaw are slightly enlarged, more noticeably on the sides than in
the front of the jaw. A few of the posterior teeth near the miildle line of the upper
jaw are also slightly enlarged. In the medial portion of the mandibles, the anterior
row is slightly larger. The inner mandibular series is also enlarged, the teeth increas-
ing in size laterally where the band narrows to a single series.

In E. abacurus, the teeth are similar to those of E. jnsonis, but the canines are
much larger. Both outer and inner series are enlarged in the upper jaw, the inner
series less so, and the teeth are declined. It is extremely probable that K. abacurus
is a synonym of E. amblyojtsis.

308. Alexurus armiger Jordan d- Richardmn.

A single specimen, 172 mm. long, slightly larger than the type. This is the
second individual to be reported, and extends the known habitat of the species from
La Paz, L. C, to Panama.

The type description needs modification in the following respects: The
diameter of the eye is contained 9| times, the length of the snout 5 times in the
length of the head. There are broad bands of villiform teeth in each jaw, the outer
series enlarged to form small canines. In the upper jaw, these increase in size
laterally, and extend as far as does the villiform band. The inner teeth are not
enlarged. In the mandible, the outer canines are confined to the central portion of
the jaw, numbering only about 5 on each side of the symphysis. The teeth of the
inner mandibular series are also enlarged, but less so than the outer, and are directed
backward.

The cheeks and opercles are wholly covered with cycloid scales similar to
those on the occiput. They do not overlap, and are more or less embedded and
concealed.

As indicated in the published drawing of the type (Jordan, 1895 b,
PI. XLVIII), the rays of the procurrent portion of the caudal fin are unbrauched
and not articulated.

In the Panama specimen, the fin rays number: dorsal VI, 14, anal 11.

309. Gymneleotris seminudus (Gilnther).
Only the type known from Panama.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 171

310. Gobius soporator (hivier l- Valenciennes.
The luost uljiiiulaiit lisli ol tliu tidu-pool.'s aiuuiig the rucks.

311. Gobionellus sagittula (Giinthcr).

Not seen by iis; the species was described from specimens taken on the
Pacific Coast of Central America, and has been recorded from Panama Bay l)y
Jordan (1885, p. 387) ami l)y Bunlenyer (1899, p. 3; Rio Tiiyra, Darien).

312. Gobionellus microdon {Gllliert).

I'l-ATE XXVIII, Fi.;. 51.

This species has been known hitherto from two immature specimens taken
ill a l)rackish lagoon a short distance soutli of Giiaymas, in the Gulf of California.
We now report it from tlie I'aiiama region, where two specimens were secured in
the Rio Grande, at Miraflores, a point entirely above the action of the tides. One
specimen is immature, only slightly larger than the types, the other is 113 mm.
long, ai)parently adult. These enable us to correct the original account of the
species in respect to the dentition and the coloration.

The teeth are minute in l)0th jaws. Those in the mandible are in a narrow
l)and, with the outer series very slightly enlarged, inserted on the extreme outer
edge of the jaw, and directed almost horizontally. They are not separated by an
interspace from the I'est of the band. Those in the upper jaw are extremely
minute, in a wider band than those in the mandible, the outer series stronger than
the others, but scarcely longer. Here again, there is no interspace between the
stronger series and the rest of the band. In G. sagittula, the upper jaw contains
an outer series of strong conical teeth, separated by a well-defined interspace from
a narrow inner series of small villiform teeth; the villiform band in mandible is
somewhat wider, of slightly coarser teeth, with an outer series less enlarged, and
with two or three pairs of strong conical teeth in the inner series next the
symphysis.

Color in spirits: light greenish olive, the snout and interorbital region
brownish; a narrow black streak extending backward from eye; a second narrowly
V-shaped streak on opercle. A series of five to seven vertically oblong blotches
or bars on middle of sides. In the young specimen, these are distinctly band-
like, and reach nearly to upper and lower i)rofiles of body. In the adult, they
are much shortened, and the anterior ones are obscure. Alternating with these
bars above, is a series of blotches extending half way to middle line of sides, becom-
ing confluent in the dorsal region with a brown reticulum which encloses variou.sly-
shaped areas of the ground color. A series of three brown blotches occupies the
naked predorsal strip.

Dorsals whitish, each with three or four irregular lengthwise streaks, slightly
looped from ray to ray. The caudal has a number of narrow cross-bars composed
of series of small spots on the membrane. Other fins are colorless, or nearly so.
A bright green spot is on the base of the tongue in life.

\7-2

CALIFDUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEN(^ES
Afgasiirements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Total Icnytli iti mm

Mead

Snout

Maxillary

Rye •....

InterorI)ital width limny)

Depth

De|ith of caudal i«_(l\mcle

Distance from snout to tlorsal

Distance from first dorsal spim- to lirst ray

Base of second dorsal

Snout to anal

Base of anal

Highest dorsal spine

Length of caudal

Length of pectorals

Length of ventrals

Transverse rows of scales

Dorsal spines

Dorsal rays

Anal rays

87

6J
10

19
9

3«

ly
39
55
37
24
34

21
65

VI

i4 + <

14 + 1

313. Garmannia paradoxa (Giinther).

Plate XXVIII, Fig. 52.

Abundant in tide-pools on the Panama reef, where nuraerotis specimens were
obtained.

Females are light olivaceous in color, with nine or ten dark cro.ss-bars, two of
which are on head, one opposite base of pectorals, two under si)inous dorsal, three
under soft dorsal, one on caudal peduncle and sometimes a fainter one at the base
of the tail. The bars are usually wider than the interspaces, and each contains a
number of small spots of the light ground color, arranged in one or more vertical
series. A narrow horizontal black line traverses each bar at middle of sides. The
dorsals are coarsely speckled, the caudal finely barred. The anal is blackish, the
pectorals and ventrals faintly dusky; a small blackish blotch is sometimes present at

GILBEirr AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 173

biisc of upper pectoral mys. The under .side of llu; head is coarsely spotted, usually
with two parallel cross-bars. Mules are much darker, sometimes nearly uniformly
blackish, with all the fins black.

Six spines have been erroneously attributed to this species. Seven are
present in all specimens examined by us, incUulin;,^ the one obtained by the
Hopkins E.\pedition to Ma/.allan (see Jordan, 18'J5, p. 497, PI. LIX). The normal
fin-formula is dorsal VII, V2; anal 10. In ten specimens counted, one had 11 dorsal
rays and one had 13; in all others, the normal formula was found. The first dorsal
spine is constantly produced into a filament, which usually fails to reach the middle
of the soft dorsal, but extends beyond the first dorsal ray.

The dentition has not been correctly described. There is in the u{)per jaw a
moderate band of villiform teeth, alonj;; the front of which is a series of strong curved
canines, which decrease in size regularly toward the angles of the mouth. Behind
the band, in the middle of the jaw, are four much slenderer canines, directed back-
ward, all evenly spaced. In the lower jaw, the teeth are in a villiform band, with
an outer and an inner series of strong canines. Laterally, these all give place to a
single close-set series of teeth, which are but little larger than those of the villiform
band. The canines of the inner series increase in size laterally and are directed
obliquely backward. The outer canines are stronger than the inner, and decrease in
size laterally.

The scales are large and strongly ctenoid, covering the body behind the ver-
tical from the second to fourth ray of second dorsal. There are about 16 cross-series
of scales, the anterior series containing about 12 scales each.

The head is contained 3.^ in the length to base of caudal; 4^ to 4.1 in the total
length.

314. Enypnias seminudus {Giinther).

Plate XXIX, Fig. 53. ,

Fifteen specimens were secured of this rare species, which had not been reported
since the discovery of the types in 1861. Examination of our material shows that
the species is widely separated from typical Oohius, and also from Garmannia, pos-
sessing the following characters:

The dorsal spines are constantly 7 in number instead of (>, the number
assigned in current descriptions. There is a pair of thick barbels on the chin, each
of which springs laterally from the edge of the median frenum of the lower lip.
The body is much more completely scaled than is the case with Garmannia paradoxa.
The belly is naked, and has continuous with it a naked strip extending up into the
axil of the pectoral fin. The head and nape are also naked, a narrow naked strip
extending backward along base of spinous dorsal. Otherwise, the scales cover the
body, the scaly area narrowing anteriorly behind the base of the pectoral fin. Ante-
riorly, the scales are very small and are arranged irregularly. They increase in size
posteriorly, and are there inserted in regular series. There are about 50 or 00 scales
in a line along middle of sides.

(23) December 30, 1903.

171 fAI.IFOliS'lA AfADKMV OF SCIENCKS

III this species, as in Oannannia parndoxa, we fail to fiiul tlu' "'J small curved
canine leeth on eacli side of lower jaw." The mandible contains a broad bund of
rather coarse villiforni teeth, with an inner and an outer scries of cnlari^cd canines.
The upper jaw is similar, but contains no enlarged inner series.

None of the dorsal spines are filamentons or elongate. They are constantly
seven in number, the last two much more widely spaced than the prcceiling five.
The last meiiibrane joins the base of the first soft ray.

The head is large, witli swollen cheeks and a bliiiiL nuse. Its length is con-
tained 3J to 3| times in length to base of caudal, 3;,' to 3| times in total length. The
greatest depth of body is contained 4J times in length to I)ase of caudal, oj in total
length, in a female; 4;^ (05) in a male.

In females, the body is obscurely cross-banded, a horizontal black line on
each bar along dorsal outline, and another where each crosses middle line of sides.
The soft dorsal and caudal are coarsely speckled in cross-series; a i)lack bar at base
of upper and one at base of lower caudal rays. A conspicuous black blotch at base
of upper pectoral rays. Males are much darker than females, the fins all blackish
and without cross-barring, the bars on sides little evident.

The normal fin-formula is D. VII, 15; A. 11. In fifteen specimens examined,
all contained 7 dorsal spines, thirteen contained 15 dorsal rays (one had 12, and one
16 rays), fourteen contained 11 anal rays (one had 10 rays).

There is nothing in the squamation to distinguish this species generically fioni
Gobius. The genus Eaypnias may be based upon the 7 dorsal spines and the pair of
mental barbels.

315. Bollmannia chlamydes Jordan.

Only the types known, from Albatross Stations 2800, 2802, 2803, 2804, 2805,
Panama Bay, depths 7 to 51 .V fathoms.

316. Aboma lucretiee {Eigenmann <£■ Eigenmann).
Only the type known, from Pearl Island, Bay of Panama.

317. Microgobius emblematicus {Jordan & Gilbert).
Microgobius cydolepis Gilbert, 1891, p. 74.

About thirty specimens were secured in tide-pools on the Panama reef.

In spirits, the coloration is largely lost, the fish having the translucent oliva-
ceous cast so characteristic of the typical members of this genus. On the back, along
the base of the dorsal fins, are more or less distinct traces of five elongate dusky
blotches, the intervals between which are narrower than the eye. Most .specimens
show a distinct, vertically oblong black humeral spot. The fins are translucent
dusky, darker in males, in some of which the ventrals and anal are black. The
spinous dorsal has occasionally one, or several, lengthwise series of small dark spots,
one for each spine. The red streak on caudal is often represented by a pale line
traversing obliquely the dusky fin. For the coloration in life, we can refer to the
original description.

GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

175

The species varies greatly in clepLli, in sqiianiation, and in the ienjith of the
dorsal spines. The depth varies from 4,! to (> in lengtli to base of caudal. The scales
grow larger posteriorly, and are there regularly arranged. More anteriorly, they are
reduced in size and crowded, and are very diflicult to enumerate. Diflerent speci-
mens vary greatly in size of scales, in amount of crowding and irregularity in the
anterior j)ait of the body, and also in the relative completeness with which the ante-
rior part of the body is invested. The head, nape, and belly, and a .strip along base
of spinous dorsal are always naked. A narrow vertical strip immediately behind
pectorals is usually soaleless. The scaly area of sides therefcne narrows anteriorly
and ends at a point about opposite the first dorsal spine. In some specimens the
.scales cease more posteriorly, opposite fourth or fifth dorsal spine. This condition
does not differ essentially from that found in Microgohius signalus, the type of the
genus, nor in M. thalassiiuts. The genus Zalypnus, based on emhkinalicua, must
therefore be withdrawn. As above indicated, the enumeration of the rows of scales
is attended with great difficulty, and cannot be made with any high degree of
accuracy. In different specimens, our counts have varied from 45 to 70, the majority
ranging between 55 and G5.

The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines are usually .somewhat produced, often
extending to middle of dorsal base, or even beyond this point. In some specimens,
apparently females, the fin is evenly rounded in outline, with none of the rays pro-
duced. Microgohius cyclolepis was ba.sed on a specimen, 5 cm. long, from the Gulf of
California, said to differ from 3f. emhlemnticns in the lower spines, the larger scales,
and in the presence of a round black humeral spot. Our present material shows that
all of these characters fall within the range of variation of M. embkmaticu^, of which
M. cyclolepis is doubtless a synonym.

The dentition is as follows: The upper jaw is provided with an anterior series
of slender canines extending along the proximal half only of each premaxillary.
Those nearest the center of each jaw are upright, backwardly curved toward their
tips; the others are strongly curved (almost hooked) in the direction of the angle of
the mouth. Behind the canines is a single series of minute villiform teeth, extending
much farther laterally than do the canines. The mandibular teeth are arranged like
those in the lower jaw, the outermost canine on each side larger than the others.
Opposite the point where the anterior scries terminates, the teeth of the posterior row
are abruptly transformed into laterally curved canines, which replace on the sides of
the jaw those of the anterior row.

In ten specimens, the fin-formula is as follows, the last ray of both dorsal and
anal divided to the base and enumerated as one ray:

Numlaer of rays.
Sfjecimens

Dorsal
spines

VII

Dorsal rays

Anal rays

i'^ 17

I8

i6

17

1 8

lO

I

6

3

I

7

2

170

CALIFVnSIA ACADliMY Ol' SC'IENOES

One specimen with 18 rays in the dorsal lias 17 in the anal. In all other
cases the two fins agree. All specimens possess a sharp thin dermal fold which
extends from the first dorsal spine, to the hase of which it is attached, forward over
na|>e anil occijmt to a point immediately hehind the eyes. A similar fold exists in
^f. signatus, and will douhtless be detected in M. thalassinus. It does not exist in
M. gttlosus, which is in other respects less closely allied to the species under con-
sideration, and will douhtless in time receive genorie recognition. A similar fold is
found in Uobiits nicholsi, and again, in an exaggerated form in LopJiogohluf, cij2>rinoidcs.

M. emhlematicus is most nearly allied to M. thalnssimts, which it seems to
represent in the Pacific. No structural features which promise to be permanent
are alleged to distinguish them, but we have no specimens of thalai^siHus at hand for
comparison. It seems altogether probable that M. eulejns, from Fortress Monroe,
is a synonym of .1/. tha/ai^simts.

Measurements in Hinidredlhs of Lenglh without Caudal.

Total length in mm

Lengtli to base of caudal in mm

Head

Snout

Eye

Interorbital width

Maxillary

Depth of body

Depth of caudal peduncle

Longest dorsal spine

Longest dorsal ray

Longest caudal ray

Longest pectoral ray

Longest ventral ray

48

50

38

40

27

26i

5A

51

7

n

•i

2

12

14

21

17

10

ID

16

43

12

17

26

28

18

18

21

21

318. Microgobius miraflorensis sp. nov.

Plate XXIX, Fio. 54.

A species with comparatively large ctenoid scales, with produced spinous dorsal, and with
plain coloration. Resembling in general appearance M. cmblematicus, hut the body less elongate,
the mouth larger, the caudal more produced, the scaling and the coloration entirely different. There
is also lacking the cutaneous fold on nape and occiput.

Head 3i in length; depth 5. Maxillary i^ in head; eye 3J. Dorsal VII, 17. Anal 17;
the last ray split to the base, the two halves separated for half the distance found between distinct rays.

GILBERT AND STAUKS - FISHES OP PANAMA BAY

177

The body is rather elongate, the mouth large, oblique, the maxilbry reaching slightly beyond
the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. The interorbital space is very narrow and shal-
lowly grooved, its width but half the diameter of the pupil. The gill-opening is produced below the
level of the jiectoral base. Tliere are no fleshy ap|)endages on the inner edge of the shoulder girdle.

The teeth are in a double row in each jaw, those of the outer series enlarged to form
slender curved canines, as in otiier species of Aficro^obius. The outer series is confined to the anterior
portion of each jaw, the inner series e.xtending laterally beyond them. In the mandible, these lateral
teeth are somewhat enlarged, replacing those of the outer series, which they do not equal in size.

The spines of the dorsal fin are all very slender and flexible, all but the first and seventh
produced, but connected by membrane to their tips, the tip of the produced lolje reaching middle of
soft dorsal when depressed. Soft dorsal and anal of equal extent, high, the last rays slightly over-
Iapf)ing the caudal. Pectorals and ventrals reach the same vertical, which is slightly Ijehind the origin
t(f the anal fin. The caudal fin is lanceolate, the middle rays produced, their length equaling the
distance between the tip of the snout and the base of the middle pectoral rays.

The scales are large, all but the anterior ones regularly arranged and strongly ctenoid. Ante-
riorly, in the post-jsectoral region, the scales become reduced in size, cycloid, and less regularly
arranged. As nearly as they can be enumerated, there are 44 or 45 in a longitudinal series. The
head and nape, a narrow strip along spinous dorsal, and the breast and belly are naked.

There were no bright colors in life, while in related species (e.xcept giilosus') there are blue,
green and red. In spirits, the head and body are light grayish olive, with a soiled appearance due
to minute punctulations and the faintly darker margins of the scales. The snout, and the marginal
portions of the vertical fins, are more distinctly dusky. The sides are crossed by a number of
e.xtremely narrow dark lines, 4 or 5 of which can be counted on that part of sides corresponding to
anterior halves of dor.sal and anal. A more distinct narrow bar descends from the front of the spinous
dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals colorless.

Measurements in Htmdredths of Length without Caudal.

Total lengfth in mm

Length to base of caudal in mm

Head

Depth

Depth of caudal peduncle

Maxillary

Eye

Interorbital width

Snout to first dorsal spine

Base of first dorsal

Base of second dorsal

Snout to origin of anal

Base of anal

Length of caudal

Length of pectoral

Length of ventral

Longest dorsal spine

39
29
29
21
8

i7i

8

2
35
17
38
54
37
33
23
25
39

178

CALIFORNIA ACADtilY OF SCIENCES

319. Evermannia zosterura {Jonlm >(• Gilbert).

Seven specimens were seciired from the title-pools of the Paiiiima reef, where
it was associated with the much more numerous A', pii nanuniM!^. The species had
heen detected Iieretoforo only at Ma/.allan, Mex. In the Panama specimens, the
normal fin-formula is 1). \\. ll-|-l; A. lo-|-l. One specimen only vailcs from this
in having the anal rays H + l. In seven :i<l(lilional siicciincns from Mazatlan no
variation exists.

A', zoshrina agrees with K. jmnamensis in having a rather long (lexihle
appen(hige totiie shoulder-girdle, and in the presence of embedded scales; though both
cliaractei-s are denied in all published descriptions. The scales are very few in number,
and can bo detected only by the examination of detached portions of the skin under
high magnification. There are thus no characters remaining to separate Evermannia
from I/i/pmts, save that the latter has five instead of four dorsal spines, with none
of them filamentous or produced; the scales are also regularly arranged and are not
concealed. These characters seem doubtfully sufficient for generic division, but the
groups may be provisionally retained pending further examination of allied species.
CU-relandia is .somewhat less closely related. It is said to have no fleshy appendages
to the shoulder-girdle, but in C. iox, which we have re-examined, there is an evident
low sharp crest along the lower portion of the girdle, rising at about two points to
form inconspicuous papillte. This condition is quite difTcrent from that obtaining in
Kvermannia and //ijp7iii>i, where a single long flexible finger-like process arises from
the same locality in all of the species.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length withoiit Caudal.

Length of body in mm

Length of head

Length of snout

Length of maxillary

Diameter of orbit

Depth (if body at ventral base

Distance from snout to spinous dorsal

Base of second dorsal

Distance from snout to anal

Base of anal

Length of pectoral fin

Length of ventral fin

Length of caudal fin

22

30

33

32

6

7

15

'3J

5i

6 +

20

18

42

43

35

34

59

61

32

27

16

.6i

23

22

26i

24

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHKS OF PANAMA HAY 179

320. Evermannia panamensis ssj). no v.
I'LATK XXX, I'lu. 55.

Head .^,1 in li-ni^th, clc|)lh 5L Dorsal IV, 16; anal 14; pectoral 19.

Body slender, highest opposite base of ventrals, which in preserved specimens protrude much
helow the general contour of the belly. The body tapers comparatively little posteriorly. The up|x-r
pnifilr descends in a Ions' even curve from the front of the dorsal to the tip of the snout, with an
indiiit.ition in front of occiput. The lower jaw is curved upward toward tip, well included within the
u|)]ier. TIk- Uilli aic minute, slender, anil slii^hlly curved; in a narrow band on the e.xtreme edge of
each jaw, i^ruwing witler in front; the outer series is slightly enlarged. The maxillary e.xtends l)eyond
the orbit for a distance about equal to its diameter; its posterior extremity slightly behind the middle of
the head. The eyes are small, 6i in head, separated by a narrow spice which is less than half their
(lianictiT.

The edge of the shoukier-girdle has one rallur long lle.xible appendage, inserted opposite the
fourth to si.xth pectoral ray counted from Ixlow.

The first dorsal spine is filamentous in the male, extending in the type specimen to base of
ninth soft ray, when depressed. The second spine is also somewhat produced, reaching in the type
to slightly beyond the b;ise of the second soft ray of dor.sal. The third and fourth dorsal spines are
shortened, but extend slightly beyond base of first soft ray. The first three spines are close-set and
evenly spaced; the fourth is more widely separated from the third, the interval about equaling that
separating the first from the third spine. The distance between the base of the fourth dorsal spine and
the origin of the second dorsal equals the length of the snout. In females the first spine is usually
produced, but less so than in males. In some specimens it fails to reach the base of the first soft ray.

The origin of the anal is opposite the interspace between the third and fourth dorsal rays.
Its l;\st ray is slightly posterior to the last dorsal ray. The last rays of the dorsal and anal overlap
the base of the caudal. The caudal is produced, lanceolate, its length four-fifths that of head.
Scales small, cycloid, partially emljedded, not easily distinguishable.

Color in siiirits: males dusky brown, somewhat lighter toward midiile line of belly, the pigment
dots on head much coarser and more widely spaced than those on sides of body. A faint vertical
dark line below the eye. Pectorals, ventrals, dorsals, and upper half of caudal fin translucent, with
dusky rays. Anal black, its upper half translucent, strongly contrasting. In life the upper half of
caudal was yellow.

The females are lighter and less uniform in coloration. The ground color is light olive, the
upper jiart of head and the dorsal region finely mottled with brown, the sides of body with narrow
streaks following the lines which separate the myotomes. The dorsal fins have translucent membranes,
and almost uniformly dusky rays. The caudal has the upper half plain or faintly cross-banded, the
lower half translucent or faintly shaded, the coloration of the two halves never sharply distinguished
as in the male; there is a faint suhmarginal dusky streak, better defined on upi^er half of fin; the
margin is narrowly translucent or whitish. The basal two-thirds of anal fin is dusky, more intense
toward middle of fin, the marginal third translucent or whitish. The pectorals and ventrals are
translucent, the former with dusky rays, the latter unmarked.

Tliis species is closely rcliited to E. zosterura. It is more extensively scaled
tliaii the lattiT, and seems to attain a larger size. It has one or two more soft rays
in the dorsal and anal fins. The male is readily distiiignished by its striking and
pi'cnliar coloration. The females require carefnl inspection, but can be separated
usually at sight by the coloration of the secontl dorsal (in, which is noticeably speckled
in E. zosterura.

Forty specimens of this species were obtained in tide-pools on the Panama
reef.

ISO

CALIKOKNIA AL'ADEMV OK SCIENCES

Affasiirirnit'nts in Hundrfdths of Length u'ithoiil Caudal.

l.t'iiglli withoiU cauilal in mm

Length of head

Length of snout

Length of maxillary

Diameter of orbit

Interorbital width

Depth of body at ventral

Least depth of caudal f>eduncle

Distance from snout to spinous dorsal..

Distance between front of dorsals

Base of second dorsal

Distance from snout to anal

Base of anal

Length of caudal peduncle

Height of longest dorsal spme

Length of pectoral fin

Length of ventral fin

Length of caudal fin

35

33

8

m

5

'i

i7i

8

43
15
35
6o

31

lO

30
14
19
25

(Type) S

9

32i

31

33i

32J

7i

7

17

15

5i

6

2

i|

'7J

17

8

74

44

42i

16

16^

34i

35t

61

64

30

27

10

81

38

16

16

i6i

23

22

27

26

32i

32

7

>34
6

1 4
18

74

414

36

62

30

8

i5i

15

21

24

321. Tyntlastes brevis {Gunlher).

This species is known from the type, and fioni two partially digested speci-
mens taken from the stomach of a Centropomus (Gilbert, 18906, p. 451).

Family ECHENEIDID^.
322. Echeneis naucrates Linnceus.
Recorded from the Gulf of Panama by Boulenger (189!>, p. 3).

323. Remora remora (Linnwus).
OI)tained at Panama by Gilbert (Jordan, 1885, p. 372); not seen by us.

Family OPISTPIOGNATHID^.

324. Opisthognathus punctatum Peters.

Recorded from Panama by Jordan (1885, p. 389) on specimens secured by
Gilbert; not seen by others.

GILBERT AND 8TAKKS — I'ISFIES OF PANAMA BAY 181

Family DACTYLOSCOPI D/K.

325. Dactyloscopus zelotes Jordan & Gilbert.
Only the type known, collected at Panama by Captain J. M. Dow.

Family URANOSCOPID^.

326. Kathetostoma averruncus Jordan <i- BoUman.

Known from the type, dreilged in Panama Bay at Albatross Station 2800, in 7
fatboms (Jordan & BoUman, 1889, p. 103). Recorded by Garman (1890, p. 75) from
deptbs of 56 to 210 fatboms.

Family BATRACHOIDIDiE.
327. Batrachoides pacifici (Giinther).

Very abundant at Panama, appearing daily in the markets; the young abun-
dant in the tide-pools of the reef. The youngest specimen obtained by us is 24 mm.
long, and shows a well-developed adhesive disk between the ventral fins. In a
specimen 30 mm. long, no trace of the disk remains. In the young, the ground color
is much lighter than in adults, while the black cross-bars on body and fins are much
more conspicuous.

In their account of this species. Meek and Hall (1885, p. 61) make two serious
errors, which are repeated by Jordan and Everraann (1898, p. 2314). The scales
are said to be ctenoid, whereas they are perfectly smooth, with entire edges; and the
anterior mandibular teeth are described as in two rows, while they are in a cardiform
band, some or all of the outer and the inner series enlarged as strong conical
canines. In the outer row there seem to be regularly two or three pairs of these
canines.

The upper lateral line is interrupted under the middle of the soft dorsal, the
lower line at a point slightly posterior to this: the two are then continued at the
immediate base of dorsal and anal respectively, and are again interrupted near the
ends of these fins, to reappear on caudal peduncle at their former levels; they are
discontinued on the base of the caudal fin, but are each represented on the fin itself
beyond the base by a series of two or three pores.

The smaller number of fin-rays and the much larger eye serve readily to
distinguish this species from surinnmensis and boukngeri. In dentition, it seems to
agree more nearly with the latter.

(24) January 5, 1904.

1.S2

CALIIUKNIA ALAUKMV OF SCIKNCE8

Mtasiiniiuiils in Huiidrtdtlis of I.eiiglli loillioiil Caudal.

Length to base of caudal in mm

Length of iicad

Greatest width of heati

Length of snoul

Diameter of eyel)all

Interocular width

Length of maxillary

Greatest depth of Ijody

Depth of caudal jiecliincle

Snout to first dorsal spine

Base of seconil dorsal (to base of last ray)

Snout to front of anal

Base of anal (to base of last ray)

Length ol caudal

Length of pectoral (from middle of axil) ...
Length of ventral

208

38

32
8
6
8

20J

18

35 i

51

55

42

18

1 8

15

235
3«i
33
«i
5J
10
22J

'7

7i
37
51
58 i
40

'7
17
15

328. Batrachoides boulengeri sp. nov.

I'l.ATE XXXI, Figs. 57-5711.

Batrachoides stirifiamensis GOnther, 1S61 i>, p. 174 (in part); Gunther, 1868, p. 388. Not
liairachus surinametisis Blocii & Schneider (Surinam).

Head 25 to 2J in length; greatest width of head 3:; depth SjJ. Interorbital width 2 J to 2i|
in head; snout 4^; maxillary i| to li in head. Eye 3f to 4 in interorbital width, to to 11 in head.
Dorsal III, 27 to 29; anal 25 or 26.

Head very strongly depressed, the posterior part of trunk strongly compressed, the depth and
width about equal at a point opposite the tip of the pectoral fins. The arrangement of pores and
barfjels on the head is essentially as in B. pacifici, but the filaments are more numerous and larger.
As in other species, the filaments are clustered, being for the most part the fringed margins of cutane-
ous flaps which occur in piirs on either side the organs of the lateral lines.

The teeth near mandibular symphysis are in a broad cardiform patch, with the outer series
enlarged to form broad conical canines. The sides of the mandible are occupied by a single series
of very strong conical canines, two or three of which near the middle of each ramus are much larger
than those in front and behind; this series is continuous with the posterior series of the cardiform band,
where they decrease rapidly in size, those nearest the symphysis being scarcely larger than the others
of the band. Vomerine teeth normally eight in number, the median ones small, the others increasing
rapidly, the outermost usually as large as the largest of the palatine series. Palatine teeth strictly in a
single series, eleven in number on each side; they increase regularly from the anterior end backward
to the sixtli, which is the largest, the remaining five being subequal, and about as large as the third.

GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 183

The premaxillary teeth an- all finely viliiform, in a narrow banc! which tapers laterally to a point, and
is discontinued opposite the fourth or (ifth of the palatine series. Opercle and subopercle each with
two stronj>^ diverj^injj spines, the lower in each case shorter than the upper.

The entire head, with the throat and breast and the pre-jjectorai area are naketl. The rest of
the body, includinj,' the entire belly, is covered with elongate imbricated cycloid scales, the margins of
which may he sliijhtly crenate. As in other s])ecies of the genus, there arc two lateral lines: the up|M-r
begins on a level with the up])er opercular s|)ine, runs parallel with the back for a distance slightly
exceeding two-thirds the leii^th of the iiuuk, to a point opposite the base of the eighteenth dorsal ray;
it is there discontinued, to reappear at the extreme base of the dorsal fin, along which it is evident
from the twentietii to the twenty-fiftli ray; it is there again interrupted, reappearing at its former level,
where it is continued to a point opposite the end of the dorsal fin. The lower lateral line curves around
the lower base of the pectoral fin and up behind it, then runs nearly jiarallel with the base of the anal
to its interruption at a point opposite the twelfth anal ray; it is then continued along the base of the
anal to within a ivw rays of its end, wiien it reappears at its former level. Two short longitudinal
series of filaments divide the basal portion of the caudal fin into thirds, and seem to represent a pos-
terior continuation of the two lateral lines.

There is a deep glandular pocket behind the u|)per jiortion of the pectoral fin. On the inner
face of each pectoral toward the base is a .series of grooves, one in each interradial membrane; these
are continued |)ro.\imally as canals which ])enetrate the base of the fin.

The color is gray, very finely mottled with olive-brown. About seven dark bars cross the
back and sides. The belly and under side of the head are whiti.sh. The ventrals are whitish, the
other fins colored like the body.

This species seems to resemble the Atlantic B. surinamensis, with which it
has been identified by Di-. Giinther. No specimens of surinamensis are at hand for
comparison, but published descriptions indicate important difYerences between the
two forms. According to Cuvier and Valencionnos (Hist. Nat. Poi.ss., Vol. XIT,
p. 488), B. surinamensis has a very small eye, the diameter of which is contained
eight or ten times in the interorbital space; the palatine teeth are in two rows, the
throat is scaly, and the two lateral lines disappear near the middle of the length of
the trunk. I\reek and Hall (1885, p. Gl) state that the vomerine teeth are small,
about fourteen in number, and the pectoral is without pores on its inner surface. All
of these features are essentially different in the species here described, as has appeared
in the above description. Authors are not agreed concerning the arrangement of
the palatine teeth in B. surinamensis. They are variously described as in two rows,
in one irregular row, or in a single series. We are also uncertain concerning the
anterior mandibular teeth; Cuvier states that those of the anterior series of the cardi-
form band are stronger than the others, while Giinther describes a viliiform patch,
the outer teeth of which are not canine-like.

Through the courtesy of Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, we are enabled to give the fol-
lowing notes on the specimen of B. surinamensis, on which Meek and Hall l)ased
their account of the species. The specimen is 111 mm. long. It is numbered 2080
in the catalogue of the Indiana University Museum.

The longitudinal diameter of the eye is one-third the interorbital width. The
palatine teeth are conic, irregular in size, in a single row. The vomerine teeth are
14 in number, increasing in size outward. Tlie mandibular teeth are in a single
series laterally, in a band in front, the anterior and the posterior series of the band

184

CALIEX)RNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

evidently eiilarnod. Upper jaw with a narrow band, the posterior row .sli<j;lilly
enlarj^ed. Rej^ion in front of ventrals naked. Lateral lines disappearint^ near
middle of tail. No pores at base of pectoral rays on inner surface.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length to base of caudal in mm

Length of head

Greatest width of head

Length of snout

Diameter of eyetwll

I nterocular width

Length of maxillary -...

Greatest depth of botly

Depth of caudal peduncle

Snout to first dorsal spine

Base of second dorsal

Snout to front of anal

Base of anal

Length of caudal

Length of pectoral from axil

Length of ventral

Base of caudal to bend in upjKr lateral line.
liase of caudal to bend in lower lateral line..

295

255

35i

36

29

:^'i.

8i

8J

3i

3i

I2i

13

20J

21

16

18

7

7

35

35 J

55

56

50

. 50

47

49

16

18

16

17

i3i

15

22

19

27

22

329. Porichthys margaritatus (Richardson).

Taken by the Albatross in Panama Bay at Station 2802, at a depth of 10
fathoms. Also reported by Dr. Boulenger (1899, p. 3) from Rio Tuyra, Darien (as
P. notatus).

330. Porichthys greenei sp. nov.

Plate XXX, Fig. 56.

A small light-colored species, taken by us in the tide-pools of the Panama
reef. It differs from all other species of the genus in the complete union of the
dorsal and anal fins with the caudal, in the small head, and in the comparatively weak
development of the phosphorescent spots.

Head 4^ to 4 J in length; depth 5 J. The mouth is oblique, the lower jaw longest, the ma.x-
illary extending beyond the eye, slightly more than half length of head. A pair of slender cutaneous
slips at tip of snout. Tip of maxillary with a cutaneous flap, the free edge of which is fringed.

GILBERT AND HTARKS— FISHES OF PANAMA HAV 185

Maiidiblu antLiiorly u iih ;ui DUlcr series of small canines, lichiiid which is a narrow band of
short cardiform teeth. The latter pass toward sides of jaw into a single series of canines, enlarging
toward angle of mouth and hooked backward and laterally. Prema.xiliarics with a single close-set
series of slender conical teeth, a median pair slightly larger than the others, but scarcely canine-like.
Vomer with a pair of widely separated canines, about equaling the large teeth in sides of mandible, and
much larger than any of the palatine teeth. The latter are of small size, nearly uniform, ten to
twelve in number. The eye is small, its diameter about equaling the bony interorbital width.

The lines of sense organs and phosphorescent organs of this species have t>een described by
Dr. C. W. Greene (1899, p. 676), to whose paper we refer. As there stated, the rows agree very
closely with those in P. notatus and /*. margaritatus. The phosphorescent organs arc, however,
much smaller, proportionally, than in these species, and are le.ss developed in the dorsal region and
on to[) and sides of head. The following account gives the princii)al differences l)etween P. grecnci
and the other species mentioned. In some minor details, it differs from the account given by Dr.
Greene.

Ill the (/('/'.frt/ series, no phosphorescent spots are present. In the lateral seucs, there is no
upper row of phosphorescent organs. In xhn filiiiral vow, both sets of organs are constantly present;
the sense organs are difficult to distinguish, as they are not accompanied by dermal filaments; the
line is discontinued at a point opposite the twenty-first anal ray. Concerning the phosphorescent

organs in this series in /'. 7iotatiis, Greene says (1. c, p. 671): "The organs of this line have

no relation to the body segments." We find that the typical arrangement, in the three species
known to us, gives two spots to each anal ray, along that [lart of the line which is parallel with the
anal tin. The spots are not equally spaced, but are rather ob\ iously arranged in pairs, though one
member of a pair is occasionally undeveloi^ed. Hotli caudal rows are well developed as in other
species. The ffastroffular row is always complete, but the sense organs are again difficult to detect,
owing to the absence of filaments. In the tipper opercular series, and in a row along the lower edge of
the black subocular blotch, the phosphorescent organs are well developed; they are absent, however,
or very sparingly developed on all other series on to[) and sides of head.

The dorsal and anal tins are longer than in other species, the dorsal containing 2 spines
and 38 or 39 rays, the anal 35 or 36 rays. The membrane of the last dorsal spine joins base of first
soft ray. The last two or three dors;il rays are shortened, and the last ray is joined for its full length
with the upper ray of the caudal; there is thus a notch jjetween the two tins. The anal is continuous
witii tiie caudal, without notch, as the last rays are not shortened.

As in other species, a gland is i)resent in the a.xil of the pectorals; also a .series of canals pene-
trating the base of the tin on the a.xillary side, as in Balrachoides, one for each interradial membrane.
The color is translucent grayish or olive, with five broad dark cross-bars on back along base
of dorsal fin, and a sixth on nape (including base of spinous dorsal); there are also one on occiput,
one behind orbits and one on snout, the last three less intense and more or less joined. The basal
portion of the pectoral fin is more or less dusky. Fins otherwise translucent, unmarked.

Twelve specimens were obtaincil. The species is named for Dr. Charles
Wesley Greene.

ISC,

CAMKDKNIA AlAUHMV OV SCIENCES
Measiiretnenls in Hundredths of Length tcithout Caudal.

Lenjjth without caiidal in mm

Head

Snout

Interorbital space (bony)

Eye

Maxillary

Depth

Least depth at base of caudal.

Snout to dorsal

Distance between dorsals

Base of second dorsal

Snout to anal

Base of anal

Caudal

Pectoral

Ventral

76

75

24

24

5

5

3+

3i

4

3i

'3

I2i

1 8

^^

3i

4

25

23

4J
70

71

37

37

63

61

II

1 1

18

18

1 1

12

331 . Thalassophryne reticulata Gimtlier.

Teeth on maiidihlc, vomer aiul palatines similar, in single series, small, nearly
uniform in size, antcro-posteriorly compressed so as to resemble diminutive incisors.
Sometimes single teeth are crowded out nf line, hut they are never in two definite
series, not even, as alleged, on front of mandible. The maxillary teeth are similar,
but very much smaller, in two rows or a narrow baud.

The last dorsal and anal rays are inserted at a distance from base of camlal
equaling more than half their length. They are joined by membrane for their entire
length to the caudal peduncle and to the jiortion of the caudal fin which they
overhip.

The type is described as having 24 rays in the dorsal and 24 in the anal fin;
it is figured, however, with 25 rays in the dorsal. Nine specimens counted by us
show uniformly 26 rays in the dorsal fin, 25 in the anal; a tenth specimen lias 27
dorsal and 25 anal rays.

GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

187

Measnrcmetits in Hitndrcdlhs of Length icithout Caudal.

Length to base of caudal in mm

Length of head

Greatest width (if head

Length of snout

Diameter of eyeball

Interorbital width

Length of maxillary

Greatest depth of body

Depth of caudal peduncle

Snout to first ilorsal spine

Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray)

Snout to front of anal

Base of anal (to base of last ray)

Length of caudal

Length of pectoral (from middle of axil)...
Length of ventral (outer ray)

255

218

3«

31

30

30

6

6

3

3

6

7

16

16

19

19

5J

6

28

29

56

54

44

46

52

53

18

20

22i

23

14!.

14I

332. Thalassophryne dowi Jordan d; Gilbert.

This species seems to he rarely taken. A single specimen was obtained by
ns, 150 mm. long. The only others known are the three types from Ptinta Arenas,
Costa Rica, and two specimens dredged by the Albatross in the Bay of Panama.

The lower half of the body is whitish, unmarked; the dorsal portion is blackish, relieved by
the white lateral line and by a few irregular blotches of whiti-, which are most numerous toward the
middle of the sides. The head is blackish above and on sides, very finely marbled with gray. The
lower lij) and the front of the lower jaw are similarly marked; the gular membrane is slightly dusky;
the under side of the head otherwise white. The eyes are seen with difficulty, being colored like the
surrounding area. The anal is white, except some of the posterior rays, which are margined with
black. The basal half of the dorsal is white or grayish, sharj)ly contrasting with the black marginal
half. The terminal half of caudal is jet-black, the basal half white, blotched more or less with brown.
The ventrals are white; the pectorals white, marbled with brown on their basal portion. Teeth in
premaxillaries small, in two series, the front tooth of the outer series on each side a strong conical
canine. Sides of mandil)le with a single series of strong canines, which increase in size backward to
the eighth or ninth, then suddenly diminish. On the front of the mandible, are two series of similar
teeth. The vomer contains twelve canines, increasing in size laterally. The palatine teeth are in a
single series, about twelve in number on each side, large and small teeth regularly alternating in the
series.

The head is contained 3 J to 4 times in the length. It is cuboid in shape, with vertical cheeks,
and very obliijue month; in appearance resembling Astroscopus. Greatest depth of head three-fourths
its greatest width.

iss

CAUFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Thf last two or tlirco rays in the dorsal anil anal (ins arc progressively shortened, giving a
rounded contour to the luA of these fins. The last rays of each are united for their whole length by
membrane to the caudal. In three specimens at hanil the second dors;il contains respectively 30, 31,
and 32 rays; the anal 29, 29, and 30.

Two [xiirs of filaments i)roiect from the free niar!,nn behind the upper lip, one in front of each
eye, the second pair nearer the median line. A pair of similar filaments on lower lip near symphysis.
No other filaments on head or body: but jxiirs of inconsijicuous thick fleshy lobes close in front of the
isolateil sensory orjjans on the lower jaw, anil on the sides and top of the head.

The opercular spine, and the spines of the dorsal fin are wholly enveloped in the integument.
They contain a central canal, which ojjcns in a shallow groove on the anterior face of the spine, at an
appreciable distance below the tip.

The geiuis Dcector Joi-ilan ct Evenniiiin (1S9,S, pp. 2:;i:) and 2325), of which
this species is the type, seems to have little value, ami is not here recognized. The
characters assigned are the many rayed dorsal and anal fins, and the nnion of tliese
witli the candal. Other species of llialassophnjne have 10, 20, and 20 rays in the
dorsal fin; 18, 19, and 25 rays in the anal. It seems nnwarrantable to distinguish
from these geuerically a species containing 30 to 33 rays in the dorsal and 29 or 30
in the anal. As regards union of the dorsal and anal fins with the caudal, this occurs
in varying degrees, and is not correlated with increased number of fin rays.
T. maculosa (D. II, 19; A. 18) seeius to have the fins wholly distinct; T. amazonica
(D. II. 20; A. 18) has them completely joined; T. reticulata (D. II, 26; A. 25) has
them almost wholly united.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length to base of caudal in mm

Length of head

Greatest width of head

Length of snout

Diameter of eyeball

Interorbital width

Length of maxillary

Greatest depth of body

Depth of caudal peduncle

Snout to first dorsal spine

Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray)

Snout to front of anal

Base of anal (to base of last ray)

Length of caudal

Length of pectoral (from middle of a.xil) ..
Length of outer ventral ray

134

27 J

23 i
4i
2
6

13
20

5i
25
61

39
58
16
18
9

GILBERT AND 8TAUKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 189

Family CCnUESOrTD/E.

333. Gobiesox rhodospilus Giinlher.

The types of this species arc from Panama, Ixil it was not seen hy us. It is
recorded by Boidenger (1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 8) also from the I5ay of Santa Helena,
near Guayaquil.

Gdbic^ox cjijrinus Jordan & Evorniatm (189S, ]i. 2.331) is founded on Oiintlier's
description of specimens in the British Museum, to which he has applied the name
Gobiesox nudus Bloch (see Giinther, 1861J, p. 502). These specimens were partly
from the West Indies, partly from the Island of Cardon (misspelled Cordova, fide
Gihither, 1SB8, p. 381) on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, and are probably not con-
specific. Giinther's description (copied by Jordan and Evcrmann) was doubtless
based u2)on the adult specimens from the West Indies, not upon the very immature
Nicaraguaii si^ecimens.

Family BLENNIID^.

334. Malacoctenus delalandi (Cuvier <£• Valenciennes).

Not seen by us; known from Mazatlan to Guayacpiil (Bonlenger, 1898-9, Vol.
XI \', p. 8). It is recorded by Giintiicr (18G1 a, p. 371) from the "Pacific coast
of Central America," where it was collected by Captain Dow.

335. Mnierpes macrocephalus (Giinther).

This species has been taken several times at Panama, but was not seen by us.
It is recorded by Boulenger (1890, p. 4) from Flamenco Island, Panama Bay.

336. Auchenopterus monophthalmus Giinlher.

A very abundant species in the tide-pools at Panama.

The sexes are readily distinguished by the coloration, and by the size of the
mouth. In females, the lips, mandibles, and the lower portions of the cheeks and
opercles are marbled or finely blotched with dark; the ventrals, the lower pectoral
rays and the caudal are cross-barred. In males, all of these regions are plain,
except the caudal, which may be faintly barred. In females, the mouth is small, the
distance from tip of snout to tip of maxillary not exceeding (in adults) that from
tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil. In males, the length of maxillary as meas-
ured above, exceeds the distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of orbit.

The first three dorsal rays form a detached fin, its posterior membrane joining
fourth spine at or immediately above the base. The three spines are flexible, not
pungent at tip, much weaker than the succeeding spines. The fourth spine becomes
abruptly stif! and strong. So slender are the tips of the first and second spines that
it is liillicult to detect them where they terminate in the membrane. The first and
second spines are about equal, and are somewhat longer than any of the spines in

(35) January 8, 19M.

190 CALIFDltNlA ACADKMV OF SCIliNCES

tlio pasterior portion of iIil' liii. Tlio third spine is shortened, but still is lonf^er than
the fourth. The dorsal formula is III, XXVI + 1. In ten specimens exainini'd, the
anal fin contained constantly 2 spines and 20 rays, the last two rays being distinct,
but closelv approximated at the base.

The lateral line traverses 38 to 40 scales, including the scale which overlies
the base of the caudal fin and is sometimes without tube. The arched portion of the
lateral line contains IS to 20 scales, the straight portion 10 to 21. The scales con-
stituting the upper portion of the arch are slightly enlarged, and are perforated on
the anterior two-fifths only by a tube which opens on the under surface of the scale.
At the summit of the arch, a single series of scales intervenes between the lateral
line and the base of the dorsal fin. At the beginning of the straight i)ortion of the
lateral line, it is separated by five horizontal rows from the base of the dorsal, and
bv five rows from the base of the anal.

The second dorsal fin is marked by seven dark bars, which arc continued
more or less definitely upon the back and sides, where every alternate band is more
distinct, the fainter ones being often with difliculty distinguished. On the middle of
sides, the bands are variously confluent and irregular. The dorsal ocellus occupies
the next to the la.st dorsal bar; and is rarely accompanied by a second smaller ocellus
developed in the last dorsal bar (in two out of eighty specimens). No small ocel-
lated spots are present on the dorsal fin in advance of the main ocellus. The anterior
dorsal fin is witliout ocellus, and is variously blotched with dusky; the first spine is
light, with four narrow cross-bars in the female, plain in the male. The dorsal
ocellus is found between the twentieth and twenty-second spines of the second
dorsal, occasionally encroaching on the membrane between nineteenth and twen-
tieth sjiincs. The anal shows six or seven oblique dark bars, or is more frequently
uniform blackish, with a white margin. The caudal, pectorals and ventrals are
finely cross-barred in females, plain in males. In females, the lips, mandibles,
and lower portion of cheeks and opercles are barred or freckled, these regions plain
in the males. The opercle has a dark blotch; a dark shade is usually present below
the eye. A dark blotch occupies the basal portion of some of the pectoral rays, this
more specialized on the lower rays in females.

OILfiERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA
Measuremi)its. in I fundirdllis of Length without

Length in mm

Length of head

Length of snout

Length of maxillary

Diameter of orbit

Interorbital widtli

Greatest depth

Depth of caudal peduncle

Length of first dorsal spine

Length of second dorsal spine

Length of third dorsal spine

Length of fourth dorsal spine

Length of twunty-sixth dorsal spine..

Length of first anal spine

Length of second anal spine

Length of longest anal ray

Length of caudal fin

Length of ventral fin

Length of pectoral fin

67
30

8
16

f)

4
24

9

91
I I

7
6

9i
6 J

19
24

52
31

8
16

6

4
23

8

10
III

7
6i

9

6i

8

15
23

2 I

24

BAY

Cauda/.
9

v.n

67

3«

8

'3i
6

3I

25

8

I2l
13

9

7
1 1

7 J
91

'51

24

24

50
29

7
12I

6

3

24
8i
1 1
II

7J

7
10

7
81

131
22
20
24

337. Hypsoblennius piersoni sp. nov.
Plate XXXII, Fig. 60.

Resembling //. gentilis and //. gilbcrli, but with shorter spinous dorsal and much longer soft
dorsal and anal.

Head 4: depth 5. D. IX, 25; A. II, 24; P. 16; V. I, 3.*

The form is elongate, with very bluntly rounded snout, the mouth subinferior, as in the other
species mentioned. There is a slender nasal tenbicle, longer than in its nearest relatives. The orbital
tentacle is as long as diameter of eye; above a short basal stalk, it is finely dissected to form five or si.x
slender filaments, one or more of which may be branched. The mouth is very small, largely trans-
verse, reaching posteriorly to a vertical midway between front and middle of pupil. No posterior
canines. Gill-opening extending below to opposite lower edge of pectoral base; from this point,
the margin of the branchiostegal membrane can be traced across the throat, but it is nowhere free.

* In six specimens of H, githerti fron] San Diego, the fio-formula stands:

Dorsal XU, 17 Xll, 18 XII, 18 XI, 19 Xll, V-i XII, 19
Anal n, 18 11, 19 U, 19 11, 19 II. 19 II, 20

In one specimen of II. gentilin from San Dlefio, we find D. XII, 16; A. II, 18.

192

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK 801ENCE8

The lateral line is conspicuously devi'lo|Ded in its anterior part only, fur a (llstancc equaling the
length of the heatl.

The ilorsiil spines arc very slender, and increase rej^ularly in leiii;th posteriorly, then- being
no notch l)et\veen spinous and soft dors;ils. It differs in this resi)ect from related si)ccies, there iieing
a ilistinct though not conspicuous notch in //. ffnili/is and //. fri/bcrli.

The color is very light olivaceous, with black blotches and markinjjs following the same pat-
tern seen in //. t^ilfifrli. Along the Ixick is a series of six quadrate blotches, below each of which is a
similar smaller blotch, those anteriorly separated by a light streak corres|)onding in position to the
lateral line. Below the middle of sides is a series of dark sjXJts arranged in seven pairs, those of the
anterior |Kiirs developed as short vertical streaks. A few scattered smaller spots on head and sides of
lK)dy. There is a narrow V-shaped bar on occiput, a broad bar downward from eye to angle of
mouth, and a faint V-shaped mark on gular region. A conspicuous oval black hlntcii on front of
spinous dors;»l. The tin is translucent with dusky markings not in definite pattern. A conspicuous
black ]K)int at the base of each anal ray. The anal is translucent, with a dusky lengthwise streak along
the base of the distal third of the fin. Pectorals and ventrals translucent, with some dusky markings.

Named for Mr. ('. .[. Pierson, a member of the Panama Expedition, to whose

untiring industry nincli of its success was due.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length in mm. to base of cauda

Head

Snout

Eye

Ga])e of mouth

Interorbital uidlii

Length of orbital filament

Depth of body

Depth of caudal peduncle

Length of dorsal base

Length of anal base

Length of pectorals

Length of \entrals

Length of caudal

.•?2

25

7

7 +
7

2i

8
20

8
80

53
22

•5
15

338. Hypsoblennius striatus (Sieindachner) .

Abundant in the tide-pools of the Panama reef.

The following details may be added to the original account given by Stein-
dachner (1877, p. 15, PI. VIII, fig. 4) :

The free tips of the rays and spines of the dorsal fin are white, the color less
intense than that on anal margin. The edge of the membrane between the spines

GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHES OF PANAMA DAY l!t3

and between the anterior dorsiil rays is black, contrastinff sharply with the white-
tipped spines and rays. A well-defined elliiitical spot of jet-blaclc oecii[)ies the mem-
brane between the first and second dorsal spines; it is nearly as large as tiie eye, and
is margined willi a whitish ring. The blackish blotch, mentioned by Steindachner,
between third and fifth dorsal spines is difTnse and ill-defined, and .sonu-tiines
extends beyond the limits assigned. There is a black spot at the base of each anal
ray. The ventrals have the basal portion dusky, the distal third or half of each ray
white. The supraorbital tentacle is crossed with red and whitish bars.

The usual liii-fonnula is dorsal XII, 10; anal 20: occasionally dor.sal XII, 15;
anal 10. The dorsal spines are constantly twelve, and the dorsal rays never as numer-
ous as seventeen. Steindachnor's type, described with seventeen dorsal rays, is figured
with sixteen rays. The pectoral fin contains constantly fourteen rays, as figured, not
fifteen, as stated in the description. The ventrals are described with one s]iine and
two rays. They have constantly one spine and three rays. The sjiine is short but
strong, and the inner ray is usually hidilen in the integument enveloping the second
ray, but is sometimes distinguishable externally. The ventral fins have been examined
by us in //. g'dberti, scrutator, punctatiis and gentilis, and are found to contain con-
stantly one spine and three rays.

The interorbital space is rather deeply grooved. The anterior nostril is in a
short tube, the posterior rim provided with a cirrus. The long supraorbital tentacles
are unfortunately omitted in Steindachner's drawing. The length ol ilie gill-slit
equals the distance from the tip of the snout t.i I he front of the pupil, scarcely extend-
ing below to the level of lower base of pectorals.

A short lateral line extends to or into the second dark cross-band beliiml the
head, its posterior portion more or less broken up into detached fragments. It gives
off a few short and irregular blanches above and below, each ending in an open pore.

We have examined the mandibular teeth in twenty specimens without finding
a posterior canine, such as was reported by Steindachner in one of his typical
examples.

339. Hypsoblennius brevipinnis (Gicnther).

The species is apparently rare, as but one young specimen was obtained.

*

Homesthes Gilbert.

llomcsthcs Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2394) {cauhpiis).

Differing from Hrjpsohlennius chiefly in the presence of four articulated ventral
rays instead of three as is usual in Blenniinoi. We have examined the ventrals of
Hypsoblennius striatus, jninctatus, ionthas, gentilis, and gilberti, and have found them
to consist constantly of one short strong spine and three simple articulated rays. In
Iloviesihes cmdopus there is one strong short spine and four well-developed simple
jointed rays.

194 C.VUI'OHNIA ACADKXIY OF SCIENCKS

340. Homesthes caulopus d'HInrl.

I'l-ATK \XXII, I'M. 61.

/ /oiiifsl/its t(Ut/if/>us CiiLBERT, /. r., p. 2394.

HeatI 3j in Icnj^th; depth at liasc of ventrals 4, at middk- of abdomen t,'j; least depth of
cniuhil |icdiinelc 3 in length of head; snout 4; eye 4 to 4J; lonj^jest dorsal spine 2jj; last dorsal spine
7,1: lonjjest (tenth) dor&il ray 2; longest (fifteenth) anal ray 2I; ventrals ij; lonj^est pcdoral ray ig
to ij; auidal il. I)ors:il XII, 15 or 16; anal II, 17; pectorals 14; ventrals I, 4.

Robust, nioilerately compressed, with wide heavy head and short bluntly rounded snout, the
anterior prolile of which is nearly vertical. In sha])e and yeneral api>earance much resembling Hypso-
hlftiniiis gilhcrti. Mouth very wide, horizontal, short, the maxillaries reaching vertical from hinder
eilge of pupil, 3 to 3J in head. Teeth as usual in this grou]), the posterior not enlarged or canine-
like. Nostrils with slightly elevated margins, scarcely tubular, the hinder edge of anterior nostril
prcKluced into a conspicuous laciniate llai), about two-thirds as long as the diameter of orbit. A similar
but larger orbital cirrus, divided nearly to the base into si.x or eight slender filaments. Interorbital
space deeply grooved, without median ridge, opening posteriorly into the deep transverse groove
which sejxirates the orbital region from the somewhat swollen occi])ut, its width i .\ eye. The mucous
canals of head give off transverse branches which o])en by numerous pores, which thickly beset the
snout, subocular region, top of head, preopercle, and upper portion of opercle. Width of gill-slit
ecpialing or slightly exceeding one-half length of head, confined to area above lower base of pectorals.

First dorsal spine over margin of jireopercle; spinous dorsal low, of nearly uniform height,
much lower than .second dorsal, the spines rather strong at base, with weak reflexed tips; membrane of
last dorsiil ray joined to extreme base of rudimentary caudal rays. Anal low, rising slightly poste-
riorly, leaving a short free interval between its last ray and the caudal.

Lateral line strongly developed anteriorly for a distance equaling length of head; from that
[X)int it is only faintly visible, declining abru])tly to middle of sides, along which it may be traced to
base of caudal; the anterior portion gives off numerous pairs of short transverse lines, each of which
ends in a pore; no pores or lines are visible jjosteriorly.

Blackish, without sharp markings, the sides with irregular light blotches, some of which are
subcircular in outline and contain one or more black central specks; the light markings near the back
are elongate and vertically placed, faintly outlining dark bars of the ground color; lower [larts lighter.
A vertical black blotch on cheek behind eye; no distinct bars on head; tentacles whitish. Fins all
blackish; the anal, the ventrals, the lower caudal and pectoral rays deeper black; anal and caudal
margined with white, some of the dorsal rays narrowly tipped with white.

Two speciraetis, 102 and 115 mm. long, from Panama Bay.

341. §cartichthys rubropunctatus {Cuvier <i- Valenciennes).
Recorded once from Panama (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 n, p. 628).

342. Rupiscartes atlanticus {Cuvier & Valenciennes).

There is no Panama record for this species, which is known, however, from
the Mexican coast to Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 8).

343. Emblemaria nivipes Jordan <£.■ Gilbert.
The type from Pearl Islands, Panama Bay; not seen by us.

(lILBEItT AND STAUKS — FISHES OF PANAMA HAV

195

pMiiiily CKKDALID.K.
344. Microdesmus dipus (liniUicr.

Not seen by us. In addition to llic tyiic, tliis species is known only from a
specimen recordeil by Lockinj^^ton (18.S1, p. 114), from La Taz, L. C.

Dr. G. A. Boiilciii^er has kindly re-examined for ns tiie type of the species,
and writes: " There are four ventral lays. TIhj (ifteen anterior dorsal rays are
simple and inarticulate; further back they j;radually become branched and articulate,
and are distinctly so from the eighteenth. The anal rays are all articulate and
branched."

345. Microdesmus retropinais Jordan iL- G'dberl.

I'l.ATi. XX\I, Fi.:. r)9.

Seven specimens were obtained in rock-pools on the Tanama reef.

The genus Microdesraus — witii the two species M. dipus and M. retropinnis —
has been described as having the ventrals reduced each to a single i-ay. < )iir
material has sliown, however, that in M. retropinnis a serious error was committed, for
each ventral lin consists of a short slender spine and three slender unbranched rays,
tlie inner of which is the longest. Througli the great kindness of Dr. G. A.
Boulenger, who has examined for us the type of M. dipns, we learn that that species
also has "four ventral rays" (undoubtedly one spine and three rays).

In .1/. retropinnis, the dorsal fin contains 15 slender s])ines and 32 to 34 rays.
Each of the rays is definitely articulated, and the majority of them are many times
forked. The anal rays are all articulate and all but the first one forked.

We are informed by Dr. Boulenger that in .1/. dipus also tlie fifteen anteiior
dorsal rays are simple and inarticulate, while further back they gradually become
branched and articulate, being distinctly so from the eighteenth back. In this species
the anal rays are all articulate and branched.

In one specimen of M. retropinnis, we enumerate 58 vertebrae in addition to
the hypural element. The latter is assisted by one spine in forming the basis for
attachment of the caudal fin.

In six specimens the fins count as follows:

Dorsal.,
Anal ...

49
29

48
30

48
30

48
31

47
29

47
29

The scales are circular in outline, attached by their entire margin, and are
non-imbricate. On the head and the anterior part of the body, they are closely
crowded and are arranged in definite rows. Toward the tail, they are more widely
spaced, and on the abdomen they are partially or wholly embedded and difiicult to
detect. They cover the entire head, including snout and branchiostegal membranes.

The margin of the upper jaw is formed by the premaxillaries, the broad max-

lUli

CALIKOltMA ACADK.MV Ol' SCIENCES

illarv lyiiiji ln'liiiul it. Tlu' tooth aro slronj;; and ooiiic, willi ratlior aciito ti|)s; those in
tin- man(iil>lo aro in two rows anteriorly which narrow to a single series laterally; those
in upper jaw apparently in a single series.

346. Cerdale ionthas .Ionian .f- Gilbert.

Platk XXXI, Fu). .IS.

Kighteon specimens were secured on the Panama reef. The genus Cerdak
was dosoriltod as ilifToring from MicroJcsiiui^^ in having two rays in the ventral fin,
but this was due to an error in observation. As in Micrudct^^iiia, the ventral liii
contains one spine and three rays. The two genera seem to dillor only in the
nuioh shorter body and fewer vcrtobno in Ccrilak. The vertebrae are 20+23 in
number in addition to the liypiiral oloinoiit. One lurniid spine assists the hypiirnl in
supporting the caudal fin.

The dorsal fin contains 12 slender spines and 150 to '.VI branched articulate
rays. The anal contains 27 to 29 branched rays (by error given o(> to 38 rays,
instead of 20 to 28, in the original description and subsequently).

Following are the fin-counts in twelve specimens:

Dors;il.,
Anal ...

44

28

44
28

44
28

44
28

44
28

44
27

43

28

43
28

43
28

43

27

43 42
27 29

The pectoral fin contains fourteen rays.

The post-temporal is forked, and rather firmly joined to the skull. The supra-
clavicle is :i|ii>;iitiitly absent. The actinosts are thin, fiat, and very large, the three
up|)ermost joining the hypercoracoid, the lower one joining the hypocoracoid. The
opercular bones are all present.

The front of the mouth is formed by the premaxillaries only. The maxillaries
are slender and much curved. The teeth are small and conic in both jaws, uniserial
in the premaxillaries, biserial in front of mandible becoming uniserial laterally. No
teeth on vomer or palatines.

The branchiostegal rays are five in number.

The restricted gill-openings can scarcely suffice to distinguish a family Cerda-
lidit from the Blenniidte.

Family OPHIDIIDiE.

347. Lepophidiura prorates {Jordan <C- Bollnui.n) .
Known only from type and co-types taken in Panama Bay.

348. Otophidium indefatigabile Jordan S Bollmann.

Recorded from Albatross Station 2797, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms (Gilbert,
1890 6, p. 453).

GILBERT AND STARKS — FI8HKS OF PANAMA It.W

107

Family FI Ell A.SFERIDyE.

349. Fierasfer dubius Putnam.

A sini:;lc specimen, ">>S mm. loiif^, was taken in a tide-pool at Panama. We
think it better to use the name dnbiiis rather than a//i/u.s (Giinther) for this species.
The type locality for dubms is the Pearl Islands, near Panama; while the locality of
affinis is unknown, and the description inadequate. In our very small specimen,
the head is one-eighth the length, the dorsal begins a head's length behind the occiput,
the pectoral equals the maxillary and is half as long as the head. The outer mandi-
bular teeth, and the teeth on front of vomer are slightly enlarged.

Family BIIOTULII)^.
350. Ogilbia ventralis {Gill).

Not rare in tide-pools on the Panama reef. Heretofore known only from
Mazatlan and Cape San Lucas.

The tip of the snout anti the terminal portion of mandible are furnished with
sharply elevated curving sensory ridges.

Family BREGMACEROTIDiE.

351. Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson.

Dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay, Station 2804, 47 fathoms; these
are the types of B. balhymaster, Jordan and BoUman, 1880, p. 173 (see Jordan and
Evenuaim, 1898 6, p. 2520).

Family PLEURONECTID^.

352. Hippoglossina bollmani Gilbert.

The types only known, from Albatross Stations 2804 and 2805, Panama Bay,
47 and 511 fathoms.

353. Paralichthys woolmanni Jordan & Williams.

The type of this species was collected by the Albatross, in 1888, at Panama,
and was first listed by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 182) as P. adspersus Steindach-
ner. Later, when made the type of a new species, it was erroneously credited to the
Galapagos Islands. The si)ecies is abundant at Panama, where we obtained numer-
ous specimens, and is known to range as far north as the Gulf of California (Mazat-
lan, Guaymas, La Paz). Specimens from Mazatlan and La Paz have been distin-
•ruished under the name /'. sinnloce Jordan and Abbott (see Jordan & Evermann,
1898, p. 2872), but seem to differ in no respect from P. woolmanni.

In ten specimens from Panama, the fin-rays and gill-rakers are as follows:

Dorsal

Anal

Gill-rakers.

70

70

7^

72

73

73

74

75

75

52

53

54

58

56

57

57

58

58

12

14

•4

13

•4

'3

14

14

13

76
58

13

(86)

Jinoary K, 1804.

IDS

CALll'OUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

111 nine specimens from Mazntlan (iiu'liuliii'^ the type of 1\ sinnlod), tlie j;ill-
nikors on liorizontal linil> of an-li arc constantly thiitiuMi or fourteen in nnmher, and
tlie fill ravs as fnllnws:

Dorsal.,
Anal ...

72

72

73

7.^

73

73

74

76

56

57

56

58

58

59

56

60

76

61

The longest gill-raker in /'. woolmanni is two-fifths to one-third as long as the
diameter of the eye; on the vertical limb of the arch 4 or "> are usually |)rcseiit, 1 or
'J of which may he immovable and rudimentary.

In the northorii portion of its range, P. woolmanni isaccomjianied by the closely
related P. cestuarius, which differs in its more elongate form, the longer, more numerous
gill-rakers, the more numerous fin-rays, and the lighter, more nearly uniform coloration;
a row of distinct small white spots follows the contour of the body, near the base of
the vertical fins. P. maydalewn Abbott (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, j). 2871), is a
synonym of P. (estuarins. We have compared the types of the two species.

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Locality .

Total length in mm

Length to base of caudal in mm

Head (without opercular membrane)...

Snout (to upper eye)

Ma.xillary

Upper eye

Interorbital width (total)

Greatest depth

Depth of caudal peduncle

Longest gill-raker

Length of caudal

Length of ventral

Length of pectoral

Longest dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

Chord of arch of lateral line

Panama

272

219

28i

6t

14

5

2i

45
12

14
13

13

270
219

29i

6+

14+

5+

2i

46i

12 +

23i

9

i4i
13
13
i5i

Guaymas,
Mex.

260
208
30J
7

15
5i

2k

47i
12J

2i

24
14

I2i

12

15

GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OP PANAMA HAY

199

354. Ancylopsetta dendritica Gilbert.
1'L.vTE XXXIII, Fig. 02.
Ilippoglossina sabanensis BouLENGER, 1899, p. 4.

Infrequent; five specimens obtained.

In this species the tiihes of the hiteial lino are profusely branched in adults,
Imt the structure does not difler from that found in other flounders with branched
tubes. We are unable, therefore, to recognize the genus liamularia Jordan and Ever-
mann (1898, p. 2()33) ba.-^ed on thi.s character. The species is closely related to
A. quadrocellata Clill, from which it differs most strikingly in having the anterior
dorsal rays not produced. This also we consider of less than generic importance.

Our specimens are smaller than the type. The depth is Ij in the length.
The intcrorbital width is about half the diameter of the upper eye. The length of
the maxillary is contained 2^ to 2',' times in the length of the head. The color is
blackish brown, becoming black on distal portion of vertical fins, which are narrowly
margined with white. The fins are similarly colored on the blind side; the head and
body of the blind side are also more or less washed with dark brown, especially around
the margins. The ocellated spots are arranged as in A. quadrocdlata, but the one
above the arch of the lateral line is wanting. The central light spot is yellow in life.

In five specimens, the fin-rays are as follows:

Dorsal .
Anal ...

77
64

79

64

79
65

82
67

84
67

This is the species described by Boulenger (1899, p. 4) from Rio Sabana,
under the name Uippoylossina sabanensis.

355. Platophrys constellatus Jordan.

Taken by the Albatross in Panama Bay, at Stations 2795, 279G, 2797, at a
depth of 33 fathoms (Jordan & Eollman, 1889, p. 183).

356. Engyophrys sancti-laurentii Jordan d- Bolbnann.

Panama Bay, Stations 2795 and 2805, depths 33 and 51^ fathoms; recorded
by Garman (1899, p. 222).

357. Syacium latifrons {Jordan <£.- Gilbert).
Known only from the types, which were taken at Panama.

358. Syacium ovale (Giinther).

But few seen; nine specimens obtained. None of these show any tendency

to increased width of intcrorbital space.

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY Ol" SCIKNCES

359- Cyclopsetta querna {Jordan l- Bollman).

Abiindaiit. In luliilt specimeus, 255 mm. long, tlie colored side is uniform
dusky brown on head, body and fins, the fins without dusky blotches.

The tubes of the l;iternl lino are profusely branched above and below. An
intricate network of brancliing tubes covers the preoperclu and the postocular region
of the head. The upper eye is distant from profile a distance less than diameter of
pupil. The interorbital width in adults equals lialf llic diameter of the eye.

360. Azevia panamensis (Sicindachner).

Infrequent; but four specimens secured.

The scales on the colored side of the body are strongly ctenoid, those of the
uncolored side perfectly smooth.

361. Citharichthys platophrys Gilbert.

Known from the type only; Albatross Station 2799, Panama Bay, 29i
fathoms.

362. Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins d; Evermann.

Abundant; diflering from C. spilojderus in the longer* gill-rakers, which are
also more numerous, in the slightly larger scales, and the slightly larger eye. In
our specimens, the lateral line traverses 40 to 43 scales. In nine specimens of
C. spilopterus from Havana, there are 45 to 47 scales in the lateral line. Our
specimens of gilberti have thirteen or fourteen gill-rakers on horizontal limb of outer
arch. Havana specimens of spilopterus have constantly eleven gill-rakers.

363. Etropus crossotus Jordan S Qilbert.
But few seen by us.

Family SOLEID^.

364. Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner).

Common in Panama Bay.

Resembling A. rnazatlanus, but differing in the smaller scales, the smaller eye
and wider interorbital space, the larger mouth, the increased number of fin-ra3\s, the
finer, more numerous cilia (in specimens of equal size), and the more elongate form.

The color is almost uniform brown on body and fins; in lighter specimens only
are the vertical fins faintly mottled or blotched with dusky. Ten to twelve faint
dark hair-lines cross the body, often to be made out with extreme difliculty. Young
specimens show numerous patches of fine black cilia on head and body, the larger

patches arranged in two series nearly midway between the lateral line and the bases

^ k

•By error. Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 2C8(i) state that the glll-rakers in this species are shorter than fn C. spilopterus.

GILBERT AND STAKKS- FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

201

of (lonsal and anal tins rcspectivoly. In older speciiiicns, the cilia arc less numerous,
and usually disappear entirely in adults.

As in .1. inazatlanus, the lower two-thirds of the opercle, as well as the sub-
opercle and the preopercle on the blind side are naked; in A. klunzimjeri, the scales
on cheeks and upper part of opercles arc non-irnbricate and frequently smooth,
especially in specimens of large size.

The eyes are small and distant, the interocular space usually wider than the
diameter of the eye. The i)ectoral varies widely in length and in the number of
rays, seven specimens showing respectively 5, o, 4, 4, 4, 3 and 2 pectoral rays. In
five specimens there are 71 to 76 oblique rows of scales running downward and
backward to the lateral line. In five specimens of A. m(tzailanns, there are 54 to 61
obli(iue rows. In tiiree specimens of .1. k lanzingeri, there are 62 to 64 dorsal rays,
46 to 49 anal rays; in four specimens of .1. mazatlanus^, 52 to 55 dorsal rays, 40 to 43
anal rays.

Measurem< Ills in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length to base of caudal in mm

Head

Snout

Maxillary

Eye

Interorbital width

Depth

Depth of caudal peduncle

Length of caudal fin

Length of pectoral

Longest dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

i6o

27

8

lOi

25

2i
64
20
30

4
I4i

15

365. Achirus fonsecensis (Gi'mther).

Solea fonsecensis GOnthek, 1862, p. 475 (Gulf of Fonseca).

Solea fischeri Steindachner, 18794:, p. 13, PI. II, fig. 8 (Rio Mamoni, near Panama).

Solea panamensis Steindachner, 1877, p. 10, PI. II (Panama).

This species is abundant in the Bay of Panama and appears frequently in the
market. It has not been recorded .south of this point, but extends to the northward
as far as Mazatlan.

The pectoral fin is greatly reduced, containing usually two short divergent
rays, which fail to equal the diameter of the orbit. In one of our specimens three

'202

CALIKOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIliNCES

rav« !ire present, fmir specimens have bill a single ray eacli, while two specimens are
witliout any trace of a pectoral fin. .1. Jischeri, hased on a yoiMi<; .spcciiueii with one
pci-toral rav, anil N. /ninainenni^, based on an adult specimen without pectoral, are
duplicated by our material, and are to be considered as synonyms of A . fonsecensis.
The best description and lii;iire are ^ivcii by Steindachner under the name of
S. panamiiisis. The figure should be reversed.

The scales along the lateral line are (JO to G5 in number, not about 85, as
!<tated by Giinther. In ten specimens, the fin-rays run as follows:

Dorsil.
Anal...

6i

45

6i

45

6 1

42

60
45

60

45

60
44

59

44

5S
44

57
43

57

43

Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

Length witfiout c:uKlal in iiiiii

Head

Snout

Maxillary

Eye

Interorbital width

Depth

Depth of caudal peduncle

Length of caudal fin

Length of pectoral fin

Longest dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

«50

9

lOl

3
3

61
20
29
2.',
•4i
15

158
27
«1
10

22

2j
70

i8i

26 i

3

i3i
•3l

366. Achirus scutum {Gimlher).

Known only from Panama and the Gulf of Fonseca; not recognized until
now since the original description. We found the species abundant at Panama,
securing about thirty specimens, the largest 18 cm. long.

The species is strikingly marked with numerous narrow gray bars on a dark
brown background, the bars varying in number from thirteen to twenty, often pursu-
ing a wavy course and forking or coalescing with adjacent bars in a most irregular
and intricate way. In some specimens, the irregularities are few in number. The
dorsal and anal are marked like the body, but the caudal is much lighter, crossed
by about four irregular dark bars which often break up into series of roundish spots.

The pectoral is usually shorter than the eye and contains three rays, of which
the middle is the longest. In twenty-five specimens, eight were found with two rays,
and three with four rays. In five specimens, the fin-rays are as follows:

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA HAV

203

Dorsal
Anal...

56

44

55
43

54
43

54
42

53
43

In the original description, the anal fin is said to liave 48 rays, hnt there must
have been incUided l)v inadvertence the five rays of the right ventral fin, which is
continnons with the anal fin. There are 70 to 80 ohlique rows of scales running
downwards and backwards above the lateral line. The blind side of the head in
advance of the prcopercle, and the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins are
fringed with rows and clusters of filaments. These are not so long or so numerous
as in A . fonsecensis.

Measurements in Hundredths of I. en i^ III '<i'itlioul Caudal

Length to base of caiulal in mm

Length of head

Length of snout

Length of ma.xillary

Diameter of eye

Interorbital width

Greatest depth

Depth of caudal peduncle

Length of caudal fui

Length of pectoral fm

Longest dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

1 '39

125

jS 1.

28

9

8i

10

10

4

4

2i

3

76

75

20J

20

31

311

i "^

3i

■51

'7

16

17

367. Symphurus atramentatus Jordan <i- Bollman.

Known from specimens dredgctl by the Albatross in Panama Bay at tSta-
tions 2795, 2797 and 2805, depths 33 to oil fathoms; recorded by Garman (1899,
p. 229).

368. Symphurus elongatus (Gilnther).

Occasional in the Panama market, reaching a large size, the largest specimen
seen by us being 255 mm. long. In adults, the depth is contained 3^ to 85 in the
length, thus much greater than has been ascribed to the species.

-MM

.)/

CALIFORNIA AOADKMV OF SCIKNCES
•:ls in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.

l-enptli uitluiut c.uul;il in mm.

Hcaii

Dfpth

Maxill.iry ..

Snout to lower eye

Length of lower eye . .

Length of ventral

Longest dorsal ray

Longest anal ray

Length of caudal tin

Height of gill-opening

Scales

Dorsal rays

Anal rays

225

233

189

170

")

21

20

20i

2.S

^71

29

28

5

5i

5i

5i

5 •

5

5

4^1

>i

2

>]

0

6

5i

6

6

7

7

7

71

7

7

7

71

8

8

8

10

7

61

6i

7

96

99

93

95

106

no

108

107

88

92

87

87

'37
20

24i
5

y\
^\

6
7
71

lOj

95
104

89

369. Symphurus atricaudus (.fonlan d- Gilbert).

A speciiuen of this specie's has been linted from Panama by Eigenmann (1894,
p. 632). The record is in need of verification.

370. Symphurus leei Jurdan <£■ Bollman.

Recorded from Albatross Stations 2800, 2802, 2803 and 280 1, deptiis 7 to oU
fathoms.

371. Lophiomus caulinaris Garman.

Described by Garman (1899, p. 79) from Alljatross Stations 3387 and 3391,
oti Panama, in deptlis of 127 and 153 fathoms. It had been previonsly recorded by
Gilbert (1890 h, p. 454) as L. setijerm, from Station 2805, Panama Bay, 51.^
fathoms.

372. Antennarius strigatus Gill.

Not seen tiy us.

373. Antennarius sanguineus Gill.

Not seen by us.

374. Zaiieutes elater {Jordan & Gilbert).

Recorded from Stations 2794 and 2795, depths 62 and 33 fathoms (Gilbert,
1890 6, p. 455); and from Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 183).

GENERAL REMARKS ON DISTRIHUTION.

The ichthyological province to wliicli Panama belongs extends to the north-
ward as far as the Gulf of California and Magdalena Bay. Of the 374 species recorded
from Panama, 204 are now known to occnr in the Gulf of California, and furlher
exploration will certainly increase this list. The two ro.mions differ principally in the
greater develoj)nicnt at Panama of Siluroids and Sciienoids, tlie majority of which fail
to reach the northern limits of the province.

To the south of Panama, the faunal relations are as yet poorly defined. The
coast of Ecuador is known to us principally from Roulenger's (1898-9) brief account
of a collection from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil. The marine species
there listed belong almost exclusively to the Panama fauna, and include many char-
acteristic forms. How much farther to the southward these extend their range is
unknown. The coast of Peru is largely unexplored, but the very incomplete lists
which we possess indicate an almost total absence of Panama species. When these
coasts shall be adequately investigated, there will probably be discovered a rather
sharp line of demarcation of faunas, corresponding with the interval between the
areas of the South Equatorial and the Equatorial Counter Currents.

Much has been written concerning the close parallelism between the fish-
faunas on opposite sides of the Isthmus of Panama, and the bearing of this upon the
question of a water-way formerly open between the two oceans. A full bibliography
of the subject is given by Gregory (1895), together with a resum<5 of the geological
and biological evidence for the former existence of such an interoceanic connection,
and a discussion of the probable date of its occurrence.

From the biological side, the subject is treated in a most satisfactory way by
Faxon (1895), with whose views we find ourselves wholly in accord. The ichthy-
ological evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the existence of a former open
communication between the two oceans, which must have become closed at a period
sufficiently remote from the present to have permitted the specific differentiation of
a very large majority of the forms involved. That this differentiation progressed at
widely varying rates in different instances becomes at once apparent. A small
minority of the species remain wholly unchanged, so far as we have been able to
determine that point. A larger number have become distinguished from their
representatives of the opposite coast by minute (but not "trivial") differences,
which are wholly constant. From such "representative forms," we pass by imper-
ceptible gradation to species much more widely separated, whose immediate relation
in the past we cannot confidently affirm. Of identical species, occurring in both

, 27 ) January 25, 1904.

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

oceans, oiir P«imm« list contains 43, as shown on tho appeiulod 'tuhlo of distrihiition.
To these shouKI be aiKloil the followinjj forms, nnrecordeil as yet from Panama, l)ut
known from.otlier localities) on the Pacific Coast of North America:

Manta l>irostris Scomber colias

Trachuriis picturalus Reinora albescens

Trachurus trachurus Mola mola

Caranx lugubris Diodon hystrix

Tluinnus thyniuis Lampris lima
Gcrino alaliinira

The total number of identical species which we recognize in the two faunas
now separated by the Isthmus is therefore 54, as compared with llie 71 enumerated
by Jordan (1885). It is obvious, however, that the striking resemblances between the
two faunas are shown as well by slightly divergent as by identical species, and the
evidence in favor of interoceanic connection is not weakened by an increase in one
list at the expense of the other. All evidence concurs in fixing the date of that
connection at some time prior to the Pleistocene, probably in the early Miocene.
When geological data shall be adequate definitely to determine that date, it will give
us the best known measure of the rate of evolution in fishes.

Of the 82 families of fishes represented at Panama, all but 3 (Cerdalidse,
CirrhitidiB and Nematistiid;^) occur also on the Atlantic side of Central America;
while of the 218 genera of our Panama list, no fewer than 170 are common to both
oceans. The well-developed families Centropomida' and Dactyloscopid;^; are pecu-
liar to the two tropical faunas now separated by the Isthmus of Panama.

Table of Distkibution.

The following table indicates the distribution of Panama fishes, in .so far as
tiiey have been reported from the Gulf of California, the Galapagos Islands, the
coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and the Atlantic Ocean. For the Gulf of California,
we have depended upon Jordan (1895 i), Evermann and Jenkins (1891), and Gill
(1862). For the Galapagos Islands, we have at hand a manuscript list by Messrs.
Snodgrass and Heller. Ecuador is known to us principally through the list published
by Boulenger (1898-9), and Peru through the paper by Abbott (1899rt). Very few
characteristically South American forms extend their range northward to Panama;
and very few species from the Indo-Paeific fauna reach the continental shore-line,
though a somewhat larger number of the latter find their way to the series of out-
lying islands (Revillagigedos and Galapagos).

GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA liAY

207

Panama

Ginglyniostonia cirratum .

Mustelus lunulatiis

Galeus dorsalis

Galeocerdo tigrinus

Carcharias sethalorus

Carcharias velox

Carcharias cerdale

Carcharias azureus

ScoliodonMongurio

Sphyrna tiburo

Sphyrna tudes

Sphyrna zygaena

Squahis suckiii

Pristis zephy reus

Rhinobatus leucorhynchus

Zapteryx xyster

Raja equatorialis

Narcine entemedor

Discopyge ommata

Urolophus halleri

Urolophus mundus

Urolophus goodei

Urolophus aspidurus

Dasyatis longa

Pteroplatea crebripunctata

Aetobatus narinari

Myliobatis asperrimus

Felichthys panamensis

Felichthys pinnimaculatus
Galeichthys lentiginosus . . ,
Galeichthys peruvianas

Gulf of
California

(iala[);igos

Klanils

Ecuador

Peru

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-1-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Atlantic
Ort-aii

+

+

+
+
+

+

•J()8

CVLIKOUNIA ACAUK51V UK SCIENCES

Panama

Galeichthys eijienmanni

Galcichthys jordani

Galeichthys xenauchen

Galcichthys guatenutlensis ..
Galcichthys dasycephalus ...
Galeichthys longicephalus...

Sciadeichthys troscheli

Selenaspis dowi

Netiima kessleri

Netuma insculpta

Netuma planiceps

Netuma platypogon

Netuma oscula

Netuma elattura

Tachysurus steindachneri . .

Tachysurus emmelane

Tachysurus furthii

Tachysurus evermanni

Tachysurus multiradiatus ..

Cathorops hypophthalmus .

Cathorofs giilosus

Symbranchus marmoratus .

Congrellus g^lberti

Congrellus nitens

Congrellus proriger

Muranesox coniceps

Neoconger vermiformis ...

Myrophis vafer

Myrichthys tig^inus

Pisoodonophis daspilotus ..

Ophichthus triserialis

Gulf of
California

Gala])agos
Islands

+

+

Ecuador

Peru

Atlantic
Ocean

+
+

+

+
+
+
+

+

+

+

GILBERT AND STARKS - FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

209

Panama

0|)hiilu!nis zophochir

Rabiila [xinamensis

Lycodontis verrilli

Lycodontis dovii

Murana clepsydra

Muraena lentiginosa

Elops sauriis

Albiila vulp)es

Sardinella stolifera

Opisthonema libertate

Ilisha furthi

Opisthopterus dovii

Opisthopterus macrops

Odontognathus panamensis

Anchovia miarcha

Anchovia ischana

Anchovia ciirta

Anchovia opercularis

Anchovia lucida

Anchovia rastralis

Anchovia naso

Anchovia starksi

Anchovia panamensis

Anchovia mundeola

Anchovia spinifera

Anchovia macrolepidota . . . .
Cetengraulis mysticetus ....

Cetengraulis engymen

Lycengraulis poeyi

Synodus evermanni

Synodus scituliceps

Gulf of Galapagos
Gilifornia Islands

+

+
+
+
+
+

+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

Ecuador

Peru

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+

+

!1()

CAIJFOUNI.V ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

raiuiina

Pcecilia elonyaUi^

Poecilia bouairilii

Anableps dowei

Tyli«uriis scapularis

Tylosurus stolzmanni

Ty losunis fcKliator

Tylosurus pacificus

HypHjrhampIuis uuifasciatus....

I Iyp)orhani|)luis rolx^rti

Hemirhamphus saltator

Fodiator acutus

Cypselurus callopterus

E.xonautes rufipinnis

F"istularia depressa

Fistularia corneta

Siphostoma auliscus

Hippocampus ingens

Kirtlandia pachylepis

Kirtlandia gilberti

Atherinella panamensis

Mugil cephalus

Mugil thoburni

Mugil curema

Mug^l hospes

Chffinomugil proboscideus

Querimana harengus

Sphyrana ensis

Polydactylus approximans

Polydactylus opercularis

Myripristis occidentalis

Myripristis pcecilopus

*3tn LoiB Ooomles Bay (Albatrosa).

Gulf of
California

+
+

+
+

+ *

+
+
+
+

Galapagos
Islands

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Ecuador

Peru

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
+

+

+

GILBEUT AND STARK8- FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

!1]

Panama

Holocentrus suborbitalis

Upeneus grandisquamis

Sarda chilensis

Scomberomorus sierra

Trichiurus lepturus

Nemat istius pectoralis

()limil)lit('s saiiriis

Oligoplites altus

Oligoplites refulgens

Oligoplites nuindus

Trachurops crunienophthalmus

Hemicaranx atrimanus

Hemicaranx zelotes

Hemicaranx f urtliii

1 K'niicaranx Iciioiirus

Caraiix vinctus

Caranx hippos

Caranx cahallus

Caranx marginatus

Gnathanodon speciosus

Citula (lorsalis

Alectis ciliaris

\'omer setipinnis

Selene cerstedii

Selene vomer

Chlorosconihrus onjueta

Tracbinotus rhodopus

Trachinotus culveri

Trachinotus kennedyi

Trachinotus paloma

Nomeus gronovii

Gulf of
California

Galapagos ^^^^^^^
Islands

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+

+
+
+
+

+
+

+

+

+
+

+

+

+
+

+

+

Peru

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

0 1.)

12

t-AMKOKNIA ACADKMY OF KCIKNCES

Panama

IVprilus (xiloiiK'ta

IVpriliis snycleri

I'eprilus medius

Ajxijiuii dovii

Centruix»mus iindeciinalis

Centroponuis nij^i-scens

Centropxjmus iiedimacula

Centroiximus unionensis

Centropomus armatus

Centro|K)nius robiUito

Petrometopon ixinameiisis

Epinephelus analogus

Kpinephelus labriformis

Promicrojw guttatus

Alphestes multiguttatus

Mycteroperca boulengeri

Hypoplectrus lamprurus

Paralabrax humeralis

Diplectrum radiale

Diplectrum macropoma

Diplectrum euryplectrum

Prionodes fasciatus

Paranthias furcifer

Rhegnia thaumasium

Rypticus nigripinnis

Lobotes p)acificus

Pseudopriacanthiis serrula

Hoplopagrus guentheri

Lutianus jordani ,

Lutianus novemfasciatus

Lutianus argentiventris f

Gulf of
California

-1-

+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+

+

+

+

+
+

Gala|)agos
Islands

+

+

+
+

+

+

Ecuador

I'ciu

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+

+

+

OILBEUT AND STARKS — KISIIES OK PANAMA liAV

213

I'anania

Liitiaiuis Colorado

Lutianus guttatus

Lutianus aratus

I\aljirul)ia ineimis

Xcniilithys xanti

I l.iimilim sciuldfii

I la inuKm stciiulachiieii

1 .\ tliruliin lla\ii;uttatnin

{ )rlhostoechus iiiatulicauda .

Anisotremiis pacilici

Anisotremus cassius

Anisotremiis dovii

Anisotrc'imis intcrniptus. . . .

Anisotremus t;t:niatiis

Brachydeuterus nitidus

Brachydeiiterus leuciscus .. .

Pomadasis panamensis

Pomadasis bayanus

Pomadasis macracantlius ...

Pomadasis branicki

Orthopristis chalceus

Orthopristis brc\ipinnis ....

Calamus brachysomiis

Eucinostomus californiensis

Xystiema cinereum

Gerres aureolus

Gerres peruvianus

Gerres hre\imanus

Kypliosus elegans

Sectator ocyurus

Isopisthus remifer

(28)

Gulf of
California

Galajjagos
Islands

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+

+
+
+

+
+
+
+
4-
+
+
+
+
+

+

Kcuador I'eru

+

+

+

+

+

+
+

+
+

+

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+

+

+

Juitur; 2C, 1901.

214

CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

l';uiaina

Cynoscion pnedatorius....
Cynoscion sqiiamipinnis ..
Cynoscion othonopteriis . . .

Cynoscion reticulatus

Cynoscion albus

Cynoscion stolzmanni

Cynoscion phoxocephaliis

Sagen ichthys mordax

Nebris occidentaiis

Larimiis argenteus

Larimiis effulgens

Larimus acclivis

Larimus pacificus

Odontoscion xanthops....

Corvula macrops

Elattarchus archidium

Bairdiiilla ensifera

Bairdiella armata

Bairdiella chrysoleuca

Stellifer oscitans

Stellifer fiirthi

Stellifer illecebrosus

Stellifer ericymba

Stellifer zestocarus

Ophioscion typicus

Ophioscion simulus

Ophioscion strabo

Ophioscion iniiceps

Ophioscion scierus

Sigmurus vermicularis

Sciaena deliciosa

Gulf of
California

Galapagos

Islands

+

+

+

+

+

Ecuador

+

+

+
+

Peru

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+

+

GILBERT AND STAUKS— FISHKS OF PANAMA ItAY

215

Panama

Micropogon altipinnis

L'ml)riiia xaiui ..

Umbrina dorsalis

Menticirrhus nasus

Menticirrhus panamensis .
Menticirrhus elongatus....

I'liiycli'imis duinerili

Polyclenuis rathijuni

Polyclemus goodei

Paralonchurus petersi

Eques viola

Cirrhites rivulatus

Chromis atrilobatus

Pomacentrus rectifra-num

Pomacentrus gilli

Pomacentrus flavilalus

Nexilarius concolor

Glyphisodon saxatilis

Microspathodon dorsalis.,

Harf)e diplotaenia

Halichaeres sellifer

HalichEeres macgregori .

Halichaeres dispilus

Pseudojulis notospilus

Thalassoma lucasanuni ...
Pseudoscarus perrico ....
Cheetodipterus zonatus...
Parapsettus panamensis .
Chaetodon nigrirostris....

Chaetodon humeralis

Pomacanthus zonipectus

fiiilf of fialajiagos
California: Klaii<ls

+

+

+
+

+
+
+

+

+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+

+
+
+
+
+

+

+

+

Ecuador I Peru

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

Atlantic
Ocean

+

21 f.

OAl.Il'OUNIA AcAUKMV Dl' SCIENCES

Panama

I lolacantluis passer

Tciitliis crcstonis

Ikilistcs i)oIylf|)is

Balistes naufrajjiiim

Halistes verrcs

Xcsuriis hopkinsi

Splicroicles angusticeps

Splieroides lolx»tiis

Sphcroicles testiidiiieiis

Splieroides annulatus

Spheroides furtliii

Guentheridia formosa

Tetraodon hispidus

Eumycterias punctatissinuis..

Diodon holacantluis

Scorpana histrio

Scorpitna ftannosa

Scorpana mystes

Scorpaena russula

Prionotus xenisma

Prionotus loxias

Prionotus quiescens

Prionotus albirostris

Prionotus horrens

Prionotus ruscarius

Philypnus lateralis

Dormitator maculatus

Eleotris pictus

Alexurus armiger

Gymneleotris seminudus ....

Gobius soporator

Gobionellus sagittula

Gulf of
California

Galapagos
Islands

+
+

+
+
+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

-t-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+

+

+

+

Ecuador , Peru

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+

+

+

+ i +

+

+

+

+

+

OILBKKT AND STAKKS- FISHES OF PANAMA liAV

•217

I'aiiaina

Gobionellus microdon

Ciarmaiiiiia [)arado.\a

l'JU|inias si-niiniuliis

lidllmannia clilaniyilcs

Aboma lucretke

Microgobiiis eniblemaliciis

Microgobius niiraflorensis

Everinannia zosterura

ICwrmaiiiiia jjanamensis

Ty ntlastes brevis

Echeneis naucrates

Remora remora

Opisthognatluis piiin tatuni

Dactyloscopus zelotcs

Kathetostoma averriincus

Batrachoides pacific!

Batrachoides boulengeri

Porichtliys margaritatus

Porichthys greenei

Thalassophryne reticulata

Thalassophryne dowi

Gobiesox rhodospilus

Malacoctenus delalandi

Mnierjjes macrocephalus

Auchenopterus monophthalmus.

Hypsoblennius piersoni

Hypsoblennius striatus

Hypsoblennius hrevipinnis

Homesthes caulopus

Scartichthys rubropunctatus ....

Rupiscartes atlanticus

Emblemaria nivipes

( lulf of ( lalaiKiiros ,- ,
-. ,., Ill hcuailor

Lalilurnia Islands i

+
+

+
+
+

Peru

Atlantic
Drcaii

+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

2 IS

CALIFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Panama

Micnxlesmus dipiis

Microdesmus rctropinnis ....

Cerdale ionthas

Lcpophiilium prorates

Otophiilium iiulefatij;abilc ..

Ficrasfer diibius

Ojjilbia ventralis

Bregniaceros macclellandi ..

Hip|)oglossina bollmani

Paralichthys woolnianni

Aiicylopsetta dendritica

Platophrys constellatiis

Engyophrys sancti-laurentii

Syacium latifrons

Syacium ovale

Cyclopsetta querna

Azevia panamensis

Citharichthys platophrys ....

Citharichthys gilbert!

Etropus crossotus

Achirus klunzingeri

Achirus fonsecensis

Achirus scutum

Symphurus atramentatus ...

Symphurus elongatus

Symphurus atricaudus

Symphurus leei

Lophiomus caulinaris

Antennarius strigatus

Antennarius sanguineus....
Zalieutes elater

Gulf of |GaIapagos
California Islands

+

+
+

+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+
+
+

+

• +

Ecuador

Peru

Atlantic
Ocean

+

+

+

+

Bl IJ L lOG HA I'll 'V

1840-42. Jenyns, L. The zoology of the voyajje of H. M. S. Beajjle, under the command of
Captain Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1S36. Fish. 1840-42.

iS6oa. Gu.L, 'riiicoooRK. Monograph of the genus Labrosomus Sw. Proc. Acad. Nal. Sci.
Phil., i860, pp. 102-108.

iS6o^. Gill, Theodore. Monograph of the Philypni. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., i860,
p[). 120-126.

iS6ia. Cin.L, Theodore. Description of a new species of the genus Anableps of Gronovius.
/'roc. Acad. Nal. Sci. Phil., 1861, ])]>. 3-6.

1861^. Gill, Theodore. .Synopsis gcnerum Rhyiici et affiniuin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1861, pp. 52-54.

i86if. Gill, Theodore. On several new generic types of fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1861, pp. 77-78.

1861a'. Gill, Theodore. Monograph of the Tridigitate Uranoscopoids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1861, pp. 263-271.

i86ia. Gunther, Albert. On a collection of fishes sent by Captain Dow from the Pacific coast
of Central America. Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 186 1, p]). 370-376.

i86i(5. Gunther, Albert. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes bf the British Museum,
Vol. III.

1861. Uow, John M. [Letter concerning Anableps dowei.'] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lotid., 1861,

p. 30.

1862. Gill, Theodore. Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Insti-

tution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862. Part I,
p[). 140-151: Part II, pp. 242 246; Part III, pp. 249-262.

1862. GiJNTiiEK, Albert. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum. Vol. IV.

1863a. Gill, Theodore. Description of some new species of Pediculati, and on the classifica-
tion of the group. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1863, pp. S8-92.

1863^. Gill, Theodore. Descriptive enumeration of a collection of fishes from the western
coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Captain John
M. Dow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1863, pp. 162-174.

1864. Kner, Rudolf, and Steind.\chner, Franz. Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fischen

aus Central-Amerika. Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. W'issen., Vol. X, 1S64, pp. 1-61.

1864a. Gunther, Albert. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, Vol. V.

18641^. Gunther, Albert. On some new species of Central American fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lotid., 1864, pp. 23-27. Also, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., Vol. XIV, 1864,
pp. 227-232.

18644:. Gunther, Albert. Report of a collection of fishes made by Messrs Dow, Godman
and Salvin in Guatemala. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lo7id., 1864, i)p. 144-154.

220 CALIFOltNlA Al'ADKMV l»K SCIENCES

1.S641/ (ii'NTliEK, Ai.iiERT. Oil a poison-ori^aii in a genus of H.iiiacliuiil lislu-s. /*/(v. Zool.
Soc. Land., 1S64, pp. 155- 15S.

i.S6s. Gil. I.. Theodore. On a new j^eneric ty|)i; of sli.irks. Proc. Acad. Nal. Sci. Phil.,

1865, p. 177.

1S65. r)i)\v, John M. [[.ettor conccrnin}^ examples of T/ia/assophryne obtaim-d at Panama.]

J'roc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1S65, p. 677.

iS66(i. GuNTHER, Albert. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, Vol. V'l.

i8A6^. Gi'NTilER, Ai-BERT. Memoir on the fishes of the. states of Central .Vmerioa. Proc. Zool.
Sor. Lond., 1866, pp 600-604.

1S6S. .SrKiNPACiiNER, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (VII). Sitzb. k. Akad. Wisscn. Wicn ,

Vol. LVII, 1S6S, pp. 965-1008.

1 868(1. BocouRT, M. F. Note sur des poissons Percoides appartcnant au genre Cenlrofiome,

provenant du Me.xicpie et de rAmerique Ccntrale. .-Inn. Sci. Nal., 5th Ser. , Vol.
IX, 1868, pp. 90-91.

iS68(^. BocoURT, M. F. Descriptions de quelques Acanlhopterygiens nouveaux appartenant au
genre Serrau et Jlfcsoprion, recueillis dans I'Ami'-rique Centrale. Ann. Sci. Nal.,
Vol. IX, 1868, pp. 222-224.

1S69. GuNTHER, Albert. An account of the fishes of the states of Central America, based on

collections made by Captain J. M. Dow, F. Godman, Esq., and O. Salvin, Esq.
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, pp. 377--194-

1869. Peters, VV. Neue oder weniger bekannte Fische des Berliner Zoologischen Museums.

Monalsber. Konigl. Akad. Wisscn. Berlin, 1869, pp. 703-711.

1869. BocoURT, M. Descriptions de quelques reptiles et poissons nouveaux appartenant a la

faune tropicale de I'Amerique. Poissons de la famille des Scienoides. Nouv. Arch,
du Mas. d'Hist. Nal., Vol. V, 1869, pp. 21-24.

1870a. SteindachiJer, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (VIII). Silzb. k. Akad. Wisscn. Wien,
\'ol. LX, 1869 (1870), pp. 120-139.

1870^. Steindachn'er, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (IX). III. Uber einige neue oder seltene
Arten von Mazatlan, Lagos und Santos. Silzb. k. Acad. Wisscn. Wien, Vol. LX,
1869(1870), pp. 305-315.

1870^. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (X). Silzb. k. Acad. Wisscn. Wien, Vol.
LXI, 1870, pp. 623-642.

1870. GuNTHER, A. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, Vol. Vlll.

1871. Cope, E. D. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. Trans. .7w /'/;//.

Soc, Vol. XIV, 1871, pp. 445-483.

1874. Putnam, F. VV. Notes on Ophidiidse and Fierasferid;e, with descriptions of new species

from America and the Mediterranean. Proc. Bosl. Soc. Nat. Hisl., 1874, pp. 339-
34S.

1S74. Vaillant, L.,and Bocourt, M. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans I'Amerique

Centrale. 4th part. Rtudes sur les poissons, 1874.

i875rt. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (I). Silzb. k. Akad. Wisscn. Wicn,\o\.
LXX, 1874(1875), pp. 375-390.

1875^. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (II). Silzb. k. Akad. Wisscn. Wien,
Vol. LXXI, 1875, PP- 443-480.

1876(1. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (III). Silzb. k. Akad. Wissc7i. Wien,
Vol. LXXII, 1875 (1876), pp. 29-96.

GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA I!AV 221

1876^. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (IV). Sit:b. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien,
V..1. I, XXII, 1875 (1876), pp. 551-616.

1877. Steinoacmner, F. Ichthyologische Beitriige (V). Sitzb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien,

Vol. LXXIV, 1876 (1877), pp. 49-240.

1877. Streets, T. H. Contributions to the natural history of the Hawaiian Islands and Fanning

Islands and Lower California. Fishes of Upper and Lower California. Bull. U. S.

Nal. A/us., No. 7, 1877, pp. 43-56.

1877. Gill. Theodore. Synopsis of the fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set.

Phi/., 1877, pp. 175-191.

1878. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (VI). Silsb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Vol.

LXXVII, 1878, pp. 379-392.

1879^. Steindachner, F. Ueber einige neue und seltene Fisch-artcn aus den k. k. Zoologisch-
en Museen zu Wien, Stuttgart und Warschau. V. Beitrage zur Kcnntniss der
Meeresfische Siid-Amerika's. Denkschr. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. XLI, 1879,
pp. 2S-44.

187915. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (VII). Sitzb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien,
Vol. LXXVIII, 1878 (1879), pp. 377-400.

i879<-. Steindachner, F. Beitrage zur Kcnntniss der Flussfische Sudamerika's. II. Ueber
eine Sammlung von P'ischen aus deni Mamoni-Flusse bei Che])o. Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wissen. Wien, Vol. XLI, 1879, pp. 159-169.

1880. Lockington, W. N. Description of a new Sparoid fish {Spams brachysotnus), from

Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nal. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 284-286.

iSSoa. Steindachner, F. Zur Fisch-fauna des Cauca und der Fliisse bei Guayaquil. Denksch.
k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. XLII, 1880, pp. 55-104.

1880^. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (VIII). Sitsb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien,
Vol. LXXX, 1879(1880), pp. 119-191.

1881. Lockington, W. N. List of the fishes collected by .Mr. W. J. Fisher upon the coasts of

Lower California, 1876-77, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Acad. A'at. Sci.
Phil., 1881, pp. 113-120.

1881. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (X). Sitzb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wicn,Vo\.

LXXXIII, 1881, pp. 179-219.

i88i(i. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Notes on a collection of fishes made by Lieut.
Henry F^. Nichols, U. S. N., on the west coast of Mexico, with descriptions of new
species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., \'ol. IV, 1881, pp. 225-233.

i8Si^. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols,
U. S. N. , in the Gulf of California and on the west coast of Lower California, with
descriptions of four new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 273-279.

iSSif. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of thirty-three new species of fishes
from Mazatlan, Me.xico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 338-365.

iSSirf. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Potnadasys from
Mazatlan, with a key to the .'-pecies known to inhabit the Pacific coasts of tropical
America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, I88r, pp. 3S3-388.

i88i<'. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Xenichthys
{Xenichtliys xenurus) from the west coast of Central America. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 454.

(39) January 28, 1904.

22*2 CAUFOKNIA ACADKMV Ol' SCIKNCKS

1881/. Jordan. D. S. , ami Gii.ukrt, C. H. Descriplion of five new species of IisIks from
Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc . U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. IV, 18S1, pp. 458-463.

1882. Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes observed at Punta Arenas, on tlie Pacific coast of Central

America. JhiU. U. S. fish Com., Vol. II. 1S82, p. 112.

iSS2(i. JoRi>AN, D. S. , and Gilbert. C. H. Descriptions of nineteen new species of fishes from
the Bay of Panama. Bull. U. S. Fis/i Com., Vol. I, 1881 (1882), pp. 3of'-335-

1882^. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. A review of the Siluroid fishes found on the Pacific
coast of tropical America, with descriptions of three new species. Dull. U. S. Fish
Com., Vol. II, 1882, pp. 34-54.

i882f. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Mazatlan, Mexico, by
Charles H. Gilbert. Bttll. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. 11, 1SS2, pi>. 105-108.

i882</. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Charles H.
Gilbert. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. II, 1882, pp. 109-111.

iSS2«'. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of four new species of sharks, from
Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nai.Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pj). 102-110.

1882/. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Coiiodon {Conodon
serrifer) from Boca Soledad, Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882.
PP- 351-352-

1882^-. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Catalogue of the fishes collected by Mr. John
Xantus at Cape San Lucas, which are now in the U. S. National Museum, with
descriptions of eight new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Afiis., Vol. V, 18S2, pp. 353-371.

1882/i. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus at
Colima, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 371-372.

i882<. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Capt. John
M. Dow, now in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. V, 1882, pp. 373-378.

1882/6. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of a collection of fishes made by Mr. L.
Belding near Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. U. S. Not. Mus., Vol. V,
1882, pp. 378-381.

1882/. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Rev. Mr.
Rowell, now preserved in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 381-382.

1882W. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Urolophus
{Urolophus asterias) from Mazatlan and Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V,
1882, pp. 579-580.

i882«. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes now in the Museum of Yale College,
collected by Professor Frank H. Bradley, at Panama, with descriptions of three new
species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 620-632.

i882<7. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of two new species of fishes {Myrophis
vafer and Chloroscombrus orqueta) from Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V,
1882, pp. 645-647.

i882/>. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new eel {Sidera castanea) from
Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 647-648.

1883. Jordan, D. S. Notes on the American fishes preserved in the Museums of Berlin,

London, Paris and Copenhagen. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1883, pp. 281-293.

GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 223

1883. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. II. Description of a new species oA Rhinobalus {Rhino-

batus glaiicoslignid) from Mazallan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,\'o\. VI, 1883,
pp. 210-21 1.

1884. (iuANT, W. R. OciiLViE- A revision of the fishes of the genera Sicydium and Lenlipes,

with descriptions of five new species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 153-172.

1884. Jordan, D. S. Notes on the fishes collected at Guaymas, Mexico, by Mr. H. F. Emeric,

with a description of Gobiosoma hislrio, a new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. VII, 1884, pp. 260-261.

1884. Jordan, 1). S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of Scieena sclera, a new species of

Sciceiia ixom Mazatian and Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., Vo\.'Wl\, 1884, pp. 480-

482.

1884^. Jordan, D. S., and Swain, Joseph. A review of the American species of Epinephelus
and related genera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VII, 1884, pp. 358-410.

1884/^. Jordan, D. S., and Swain, Joseph. A review of the species of Lutjaninae and Hop-
lopagrince found in American waters. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VII, 1884,
pp. 427-474-

1884. Meek, Seth E. A review of the American species of the genus Sytwdus. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Set. Phil., 1884, pp. 130-136.

i884rt. Meek, S. E. , and Newi.and, R. G. A review of the American species of the genus
Sphyrcena. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 67-75.

1884^ Meek, S. E., and Newland, R. G. A review of the American species of Scomberomorus.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 232-235.

1884. Meek, S. E. , and Hoffman, M. L. A review of the American species of the genus

Teuthis. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 227-231.

i884(/. Meek, S. E., and Goss, D. K. A review of the American species of the genus
Trachynotus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 121- 129.

1884/^. Meek, S. E., and Goss, D. K. A review of the American species of Hcmirhamphus.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 221-226.

1884. FoRDiCE, M. W. A review of the American species of Stromateidae. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phil., 1884, pp. 311-317.

1885. Meek, S. E. , and Hall, E. A. A review of the American genera and species of

BatrachidiB. Proc. Acad. A'at. Sci. Phil., 1885, pj). 52-62.

1885. Hall, E. A., and Mc Caughan, J. Z. A. A review of the American genera and species

of Mullidc-e. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1885, pp. 149-155.

1885. Jordan, D. S. A list of the fishes known from the Pacific coast of tro|)ical America,

from the Tropic of Cancer to Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, 1885,
pp. 361-394.

1885. Eigenmann, C. H., and Fordice, M. W. A review of the American Eleotridinae.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1885, pp. 66-80.

1885. Garman, S. Notes and descriptions taken from Selachians in the U. S. National

Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, 1885, pp. 39-44.

1886. Jordan, D. S., and Edwards, C. L. A review of the American species of Tetraodon-

tid:E. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, 1886, pp. 230-247.

1886. Jordan, D. S. , and Hughes, Elizabeth G. A review of the species of the genus

Prionotus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, 1886, pp. 327-338.

224 CALIKOHNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

iSSO. EvERMANN, B. W., and Meek, S. E. A revision of tlie American species of tlic jjenus

Gerrfs. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sii. Phil., 1886, pp. 256-272.

1SS7. Jordan, 1). S., ami Gilbert, C 11. Description of a new species of Thalassophryne

{T/ialassophryne dowi) from Puiita Arenas and Panama. /Vw. U. S. Nat. .Uits.,
Vol. X, 1SS7, p. 388.

1888. EiGENMANN, C. H., and EiGENMANN, R. S. A list of ilic Auurican species of Gobiidic

and Callionymidte, with notes on the specimens contained in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoolojjy, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Proc. Cal. Acad. Set., 2nd Ser.,
\\)1. I, 18S8, pp. 51-78.

1S88-89. EiGENMANN, C. H., and Eigenmann, R. .S. I'reliiniiiaiy notes on Soutli Amciicaii
Ncmatdgiiatlii, I, II. Proc. Cat. .Acad. .Sci., 2nil Ser., Vol. I, iSS.S, pp ii'j 172; \'iil.
II, i88y, pp. 28-56.

1888. Jordan, D. S. List of fishes collected by Alphonse Forrer aboiii iM.izailan, with (lusiiip-

tions of two new species — Heros beam' and Pa-cilia biil/cri. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/i/.i.,
Vol. II. 18S8, pp. 329-334.

iSSS. Jenkins, O. P., and Evermann, B. W. Descriptions of eighteen new species of fishes

from the Gulf of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1888, pp. 137-158.

1889. Morrison, W. L. A review of the American species of PriacanihidEe. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Set. Phil., 1889, pp. 159-163.

1889. KiRSCH, P. H. A review of the European and American Uranoscopidx- or Star-gazers.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phil., 1889, pp. 258-265.

1889. Jordan, D. S., and Bollman, C. H. Descriptions of new .species of fishes collected at

the Galapagos Islands and along the coast of the United States of Colombia, 1887-
88. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. XII, 1S89, pp. 149-183.

1889. Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H. A review of the vScianidiu of America and

Europe. Rcp't. U. S. Com'r Fish and Fisheries, 1886 (1889), pp. 343-451.

1889. Jordan, D. S., and Goss, D. K. A review of the flounders and soles (Pleuronectidse)

of America and Europe. Rep' I. U. S. Com'r Fish and Fisheries, 1886 (1889),
pp. 225-342.

1890. Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H. A review of the genera and species of Serran-

ida; found in the waters of America and Europe. Suit. U. S. Fish Com.,\'o\. VIII,
1888 (1890), pp. 329-433-
1890. Kirsch, P. H. A review of the American species of Thread-fins (Polynemidas). Ann.

N. y. Acad. Set., Vol. V, 1890, pp. 231-236.

1890a. Gilbert, C. H. A preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer Albatross
on the Pacific coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of
twelve new genera and ninety-two new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. XIII,
1890, pp. 49-126.

1890^. Gilbert, C. H. A supplementary list of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and
Panama, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mtis., Vol. XIII, 1890, pp. 449-455.

1890. Eigenmann, C. H. , and Eigenmann, R. S. A revision of the South American Nema-

tognathi or cat-fishes. Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Set., I, 1890.

1891. Jordan, D. S. A review of the Labroid fishes of America and Europe. Pep't. U. S.

Com'r Fish and Fisheries, 1887 (1891), pp. 599-699.

1891a. Gilbert, C. H. Description of Apodal fishes from the tropical Pacific. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Afus., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 347-552.

GILBEUT AND STAllKS- FISHES OF PANAMA ItAV 225

iSgiiJ. Gu.BKKT, C. H. Description of thirty-four new species of fishes collected in 1888 and
1889, principally among the Santa Barbara Islands and in the Gulf of California.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 539-566.

1891. EvKRMANN, B. W., and Jenkins, O. P. Report upon a collection of fishes made at

Guaymas, Sononi, Mexico, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Afus.,
Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 121-165.

1892. Jordan, D. S., and Davis, B. M. A preliminary review of the Apodal fishes or eels

inhabiting the waters of America and Europe. AV/>7 U. S. Com r Fish and Fish-
eries, 1888 (1892), pp. 581-677.

1893. Jordan, D. S., and Fesler, B. A review of the Sparoid fishes of America and Europe.

Reft U. S. Cotn'r Fish and Fisheries, 1 889-1 891 (1893), pp. 421-544.

1S94. Vaillant, Leon. Sur une collection de poissons recueillis en Basse-Californie et dans

le Golfe par M. Loon Diguet. Bull. Soc. Phitoni. Paris, 3rd Ser., Vol. VI, 1894,
pp. 2-S.

1594. EiGENMANN, C. H. Notes on some South American fishes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,

Vol. VII, 1S94, pp. 625-637.

i895(?. Jordan, D. S. Description of Evermannia, a new genus of Gobioid fishes. Proc. Cat.
Acad. Sci., 2nd Sen, Vol. IV, 1892-1894 (1895), p. 592.

1S95/'. Jordan, D. S. The fishes of Sinaloa. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, 1895,

PP- 378-514-
1895. Boulenger, G. a. Catalogue of the Perciform fishes in the British Museum, Vol. I.

1595. Faxon, Walter. Reports of an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and

South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by
the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross", during 1891, Lieut. -Commander
Z. L. Tanner, commanding. XV. The Stalk-eyed Crustacea. Mem. Afus. Comp.
Zool. Harvard College, \'o\. XVIII, 1895, pp. 1-292.

1895. Gregory, J. W. Contributions to the Paheontology and Physical Geology of the West

Indies. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. LI, 1895, pp. 255-312.

1596. Jordan, D. S. Notes on fishes, little known or new to science. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci.,

2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1896, pp. 201-244.

1896. Jordan, D. S., and Starks, E. C. Description of a new species of Pipe-fish (Siphos/oma

sinaloce) from Mazatlan. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1896, p. 268.

1896. Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. The fishes of North and Middle America. Part

I. Dull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47.

1896. Gilbert, C. II. Descriptions of twenty-two new species of fishes collected by the

steamer Albatross, of the United States Fish Commission. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XIX, 1S96, pp. 437-457-

1896. RuTTER, Cloudsley. Notes on fresh-water fishes of the Pacific Slope of North Amer-

ica. III. Note on a collection of fishes made in streams near Cape San Lucas by
Dr. Gustav Eisen. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1S96, pj). 263-266.

1898. Ever.mann, B. W. Notes on fishes collected by E. W. Nelson on the Tres Marias

Islands and in Sinaloa and Jalisco, Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XI 1, 1898,
PP- 1-3-

i8g8. Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. The fishes of North and Middle America.

Parts II and III. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47.

1898. Ogilbv, J. Douglas- New genera and species of fishes. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. IV.,

Vol. XXVIII, 1898, pp. 280-299.

OO,; CALIFOHNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

1898-9. HoULENCER, n. A. Viajjjjio till Dr. Enrico Festa nel I'Kcuatlor e leRione vicine. Pois-

sons lie rKquateur. Boll. A/us. Zool. Anal. comp. Torino, Vol. XIII, iSyS, pp.
1-13; Vol. Xl\', 1899, pp. 1-8.

1899. Greene, C. W. The phosphorescent organs in the Toad-fish Porichthys notahis Girard.

Joiim. Aforph., Vol. XV, 1899, pp. 667-696.

i.s.,.) Idroan. D. S., and McGregor, R. C. List of fishes collected at the Revillagigedo

Archipelago and neighboring islands. Rep' t U. S. Com' r Fish and Fisheries, 1898
(1899), pp. 273-284.

iSyy. Garman, Samuel. Rci)orts of an exploration ofltlie west coasts of Mexico, Cenlral and

South America, and ofl' the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by
the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross," during 1S91, Lieutenant-Com-
mander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. XXVI. The Fishes. Mfin. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard College, Vol. XXIV, 1889, j)]). 1-431.

1899. BouLENGKR, G. A. Viaggio del Dott. Enrico Festa nel Darien e regioni vicine. Pois-

sons de TAmerique Centrale. Boll. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino, Vol. XIV, 1899,

pp. 1-4.
1899a. Abbott, J. F. The marine fishes of Peru. Proc. Acad. Nai. Sci. Phil., 1899, pp. 324-364.
1899^. Abbott, J. F. Notes on Chilean fishes, with description of a new species of Sebastodes.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1899, pp. 475-477-

1900. Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. The fishes of North and Middle America.

Part IV. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47.
1901a. Pellegrin, J. Poissons recueillis par M. L. Diguet dans le Golfe de Californie. Bull.

Mus. d' Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, pp. 160-167.
1901^. Pellegrin, J. Poissons recueillis par M. L. Diguet dans I'Etat de Jalisco. Bull. Mus.

d' Hist. Nai. Paris, 1901, pp. 204-207.
1903. Heller, E., and Snodgrass, R. E. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos

Expedition, 1898-1899. XV. New fislies. Proc. Wash. Acad. .Sci., Vol. V, 1903,

pp. 189-229.

228 CALirOKNIA AlAUKMV OV SCIKNCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L

PAGE

Figs. I, la. Mustelus lunulalus Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 5

Figs. 2, 2a. Galdis dorsalis Gill. Panama. 7

Figs. 3. 3a- Carcharias velox Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 9

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230 CALIl'OKMA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL

PAGE

Figs. 4, 4a. Carcharias cerdale Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 10

Figs- 5. 5a- Carcharias aziireus Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. n

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232 CAUFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL

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Fis- 6. Myliobalis asperrimus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 19

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

PAGE

Fig. 7. Galeichthys xenauchen Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 24

Fig. 8. Galeichlhys eigenmanni Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 21

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

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Fig. 9. Tachysiinis steindachneri Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 29

Fig. 10. Tachysurus evermanni Gilbert & Stakks. Type specimen; Panama. 32

Memdirs Cal.Aeaii. 5ci. Vol IV.

[Gilberts Starks] Plate V

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238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL

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Figs. II, lui. Tachysicrus emmelane Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 3'

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

PAGE

Fig. 12. Pisoodotiophis daspilotus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 36

Fig. 13 Murcena clepsydra Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 38

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL

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Fig. 14. Anchovia rastralis Gilbert & Pierson. Type specimen; Panama. 42

FiR. 15- Anchovia spmifera CuviER & Valenciennes. Panama. 46

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244 CALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OK SCIKNCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

PACE

Fig. i6. Hemirhamphus sallator Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 53

Fijj. 17. Atherinella panamensis Stkindachner. Panama. 59

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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X
Figs. i8. i8a. Fistularia cornela Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 56

PAGE

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248

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

PAGE

Fig. 19. OHgoplites refulgens Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. "?,

Fig. 20. OHgoplites alius Gunther. Panama. 72

■ly

250 CAUFORNU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIL

FACE

Fig. 21. OUgoplites nmndus Jordan & Starks. Panama. 74

Fig. 22. Htmkaranx zilotes Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 7^

Fig. 23. Ptprilus stiyderi Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 87

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252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIIL

PAGE

Fig. 24. Centropomus etisiferus Poey. Havana. 92

Fig. 25. Centropomus rohalilo Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 94

Fig. 26. Centropomus armalus Gill. Panama. 92

Fig. 27. Centropomus unionensis Bocoukt. Panama. 90

1^1' ill'; "^

254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

PAGE

Fig. 28. Lobotes pacificus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 100

Fig. 29. LuHanus jordani Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 102

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIL

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Fig. 34. Larimus accUvis Jordan & Bristol. Panama. 124

Fig. 35. Odontoscion xanlhops Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 124

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Fig. 36. SteHi/er i/lecebrosits Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 128

F'K- 37- Stellifer zeslocarus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 129

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Fir. .^S. Ophioicion simulus Gilbert. Type .specimen; Panama.
Fig- 39- Ophioicion scienis Jordan & Gilbert. Panama.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

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Figs. 40, 40rt. Po/yc/ennis goodei Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 135

Fig. 41. Paralonchurus pelersi BocoURT. Panama. 136

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL

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Fig. 42. Et/ues viola Gii.iiert. Type siiecimcn; Panama. 138

Fit;. 43. Chroinis atrilobatns Gill. Panama. '39

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIL

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Fig. 44. Pomaceiitrus gilli Gilbert & Stakks. Type specimen; Panama. 141

CAI.IKOKN'IA ACAOKMY OF SCIKNCKS

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIIL

l-ACE

Fijj. 45. Halichieres macgrcgori Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panam;i. 145

Fig. 46. Eumycterias puncialissimus Gunther. Panama. 160

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

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Fig. 47. Chalodon nigriroslris Gill. Panama. "4

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
Fir. 48. Xesun4s hopkhisi Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. i55

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Fig. 49. BalisUs verres Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. I53

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIL

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Fij.s. 50, 50a. Prionoliis niscariiis Gilbert & Stakks. Type specimen: Panamii. 165

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Fig. 51. Gobionclliis microdon Gilbert. Panama. '7'

Fig. 52. Garinmnia paradoxa Gu.VTHER. Panama. ^1-

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXLX.

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f'K- 53- F.nvpnias seminudus Gunthkr. Panama. «73

P'ig. 54. Microgobiiis miraflorensis Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 176

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Fig. 35. Evt-niiatniia pauanietisis GlLHEKT & .Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 179

Fi)j. 56. Porichthvs greniei GILBERT & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 184

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F\^A. 57, ^ja. Bahai/ioidts boulaigeti Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 182

Hg. 58. Lerdale ionthas Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 196

F'g- 59- Microdesmus retropintns Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 195

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Fig. 60. Hxpsoblennius piersoni Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 191

Fig. 61. Homesihes catilopus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 194

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIIL

PAGE

Fig. 62. Ancy'lopsetfa dendritica Gilbert. Panama. 199

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AiiAcTKus, Eleotris 170
AIhihiii lucrotiiu 174, 217
iicclivis, Liiriuiiis \'23, 1'24, '214
Acbirus foiiseceusis 201, 20S, 218

kliui/.in«eri 200, 201, 218

mazntlimiiii 200, 201

scutum 202, 218
acutus, Fodiator 5.j. 210
luIspersHs, Paraliclithjs 1U7
i('<|ui(leiis, Eleotris 10!)
aer<istaticu8, Totraoilon l.")!l
ii'Stuarius, ParaliclitUys 1!I8
ii'thalonis, Carchaiius 9, 11, 207
AetolmtiiB nnriiiari 18, 207
afcr, Alpbestes 90, 97
nifiuis, Fierasfer 197

Isopisthus 117
agassizii, Xeuicbthys 104
alaluuga, Germo 206
albescens, Remcira 206
iilbirostris, Priouotus 162, 216
allmuiiifulatus, Senauus 97
Allinla vulpes 39, 209
Albulidie 39

albus, Gyuosciou ll!l, 214
Alectis ciliaris 80, 211
Alexurns armiger 170, 216
Alphestes afer 96, 97

multiguttiitus 96, 97, 212
altipiiniis, Micrupogou 132, 215
alius, Oligoplites 72, 73, 74, 211
aluta, liairdiella 127
amazuiiica, Tbalussophryne ISS
amblyopsis, Eleotris 170
Auftbleps 51

dowei .')!, 210

tetropbthaluuis 51
aiialis, Umbriiia 133
aualogus, Epinepbelus 96, 212

Kypbosus 116
Aacfaovia couipressa 43, 44, 45

cultiata 44

curta 42, 209

delicatissima 44

iscbana 42, 43, 209

lueida 42, 43, 209

macrolepidota 47, 209

miarchii 42, 209

mundeola 5, 43, 44, 45, 46,

naso 5, 43, 209

opercnlaris 42, 209

pauamensis 43, 44, 45, 200
(38)

209

Aucbuvia rastralis 5, 42, 209

spiiiifira 4t), 209

starksi 5, 43, 209
Biicyli)ili)ii, Sageuii-blbys 121
Aiicylopselta deudritica 199, 218

quadrocellata 199
Aiigelicbtbys 151
aiigusticcps, Spberoides 1513
Aiiisotreinus 1 1 1

ciusius 107, 213

dovii 106, 107, 213

iulerruptus 107, 213

pacifici 100, 107, 213

surinauieusis 107

tiuuiatus 108, 213

virginicns 108
aiiQulatus, Spberoides 156, 157, 158, 159
Aiiteuuarius sauguiuous 204, 218

strigatuB 204, 218
Apogou atricaudus 89

atridorsalis 89

dovii 88, 89, 212

retrosella 89
approximaus, Polydactylus 63, 210
aratus, Lutiauus 103, 213
arcbidium, Elattarcbus 125, 214
Arcbosciou 117

aigeiiteus, Larimus 123, 124, 214
argoutivenlris, Lutiauus 103, 212
argus, Muni'ua 38
aiioides, Bagrus 32, ,33
Arius assimilis 23

melanopuR 29

seemanui 22
armata, Bairdiella 126, 214
armatus, Centropomus 90, 92, 94, 212
armiger, Alexuius 170, 216
Arotbron eretbizon 159
asperrimus, Myliobatis 5, 19, 207
aspidurus, Urolopbus 16, 17, 207
assimilis, Arius 23
asterias, Urolopbus 16
Astroscopus 187
Atberinella pauameusis 59, 210
Atberiuid.-c 57

ntlauticus, Rupiscartes 194, 217
atrameutatus, Symphurus 203, 218
atricaudus, Apogou 89

Sympburus 204, 218
atridorsalis, Apogou 89
atrilobatus, Cbromis 139, 140, 215
atrimauQs, Hemicaranx 75, 76, 211

Jauuarj 30, 190t.

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Aucbeuo|>turus uioiiophthitluiiiK I8!>, 'J 17
niivtoruiii, Lolniteii IWI
aiiliiionii, Sipliuntoiuii 57, 'JIO
nnrnolus, lii-nes I U, ll.'i, 2i;t
niiritiiH, ItruebyiU'iitcriis III
iiverniiioiis, Knthetostoiun ISI, •J17
nxilliiriri, Hniohyihniteriis III
Ar.t<viH |>auauioii8is 200, SIS
azureus, Ciirobarins />, II, 12, 207

Uauki's akioii>i» 32, XI
Imhiniiiiit, TetithJK 151
l<i>ir>liellii 128

lilntii 127

nrnmtn 126, 214

fhrysolcnon 127, 214

eiisifcrn 120, 214

ieistin 12(>
bnlao, Ilttiuirbanipbus 53
balonricum, Ophisomn .34
Biilistos capistratus 153, 154

caroliuensis 152

uaiifragiiim 1,'>2, 153, 216

polylepis 1.52, 15.3, 216

verres 5, 1.53, 154, 216
Balistiilip 152

luitbymaster, Bregmaceros 197
Bntrachoides 185

boulengeri 5, 181, 182, 217

pacific! 181, 182, 217

stirinameusis 181, 182, 183
Batrachoiilidio 181
Batracbiis suriuameusis 182
bayauus, Poniadasis 109, 213
Belone tniucnta 52
birostris, Mauta 206
birostratns, Prionotiis 165
Bleuuiidiv 189, 196
Blenniinie 193

bollmani, Hippoglossina 197, 218
Bollmauuia chlamydes, 174, 217
boncardii, Pacilia 51, 210
boulengeri, Batrachoides 5, 181, 182, 217
boulengeri, Mycteroperca 97, 212
Bracbydtutenis 111

anritiis 111

axillaris 1 1 1

corviuasformis HI

elongatns III

lenciscns 109, 213

nitidns 109, 111, 213
bracbysomus, Calamux 112, 11.3, 213
bratiicki, Pomadasis 110,213
brasiliensis, Hemirhamphns 53, 54
Bregmaceros bathymaster 197

macclellandi 197, 218
Bregmacerotido) 197
brevimanas. Genres 115, 213
brevipinnis, Hypsoblennins 19.3, 217

Orthopristis 111, 213

brevis, TyiitbiHlCK I so, 'Ji;
Brotuli(In> 197

BlKHOIIO 118

CAIiAI.i.l's, ('araiix 78, 211
CH'«iu«, Aiiioiitri'iiuiH 107, 213
C'alauiiis braohyNoiuiis 112, ll.'i. 213

taiiriiius 112, 1 13
calamus, CUrysophrys 112
califuruicuH, Galena 7, 9
calKornienRiB, Eucino'stoiuus 11.3, 114, 21.3
I'alloptorus, Cypsclurus 55, 210
capislratUH, Balisteg 1.53, 1.54

Chnlodon 149
Cnraiigid:!' 70
Caraiix caballus 78, 211

crysos 78

hippiis 77, 21 1

latuB 78, 79

lugubris 206

margiuatus 78, 21 1

iiioiliisicola 78, 79

viiictiia 77, 21 1
Carcharias 9

n'tbalorus 9, II, 207

azureus 5, 11, 12, 207

cerdale 5, 10, 11, 207

iiicaragnensis 12

velox 5, 9, 207
Carchariuus cerdale 10

velox 9
caroliuensis, Balistes 1.52
carolinus, Tracbinotus 84
Cathorops 34

Rulosus 33, 208

bypophtbnlmus 3.3, 208
caudimacula, Ila'iuulou 105
cauliuaris, Lopbiomus 204, 218
caulopus, Homesthes 5, 19.3, 194, 217
Centropoinidn' 89, 206
Ceutropomus 180

armatus 90, 92, 94, 212

ensiferus 92, 94

graudoculatus 90

medius 90

uigresceus 00, 212

pediinacula 90, 212

robalito 90, 91, 92, 94, 212

uiidecimalis 89, 212

unioneusis 90, 92, 212

viridis 89
cephahis, Mugil .59, 210
Cerdale 190

ioutlias 196, 218
cerdale, Carcbarias 5, 10, II, 207
cerdale, Carcbariuns 10
Cerdalidaj 195, 196, 206
Cetengraulis 42

edeutulns 47, 48

engymen 5, 48, 209

OILBEUT AND STAKKS— FISllKS OF PANAMA BAY

295

Cetongraulia mysticetns 47, 48, '209
Cbionomuyil proboscijcvis 61, 210
ChnitodipteruB 148

fiiber 147, 148

zonatus 147, 148, 215
Chnitodon cftpistratns 149

humernliH 149, 2IS

nigrirostria 148, 215
Chfotoclontiilin 148
chnlceus, Orthopristis 110, "JKf
Clioiloclipteriiiii' SS
iliili'iisis, Sardn (i8, 211
chlamydea, Bollmaiiiiia 174, 217
Chloroscombrua chrysunis 82

orqueta 82, 211
Chromis atrilobntiis i:i9, 140, 215

uotatus 140
chryaoleucn, Bairdielln 127, 214
Chrysophrya calamus 112
olirvsurua, Chloroscombrus 82
ciliaria, Alectia 80, 211
ciueieum, Xyat;ima 114, 213
cinereus, Mierospathodou 144
cirratum, Ginglymostoma i>, 207
Cirrhitea rivulatiia 139, 215
Cirrhitidai 1.39, 206
Citharichthya 4

gilberti 200, 2 IS

platophrys 200, 218

apiloptenis 200
Citula dorsalia 79, 211
clarioiiia, Xesnrua 155
clepsydra, Mniania 5, .38, 209
Clevelandia 178

ios 178
Clupeidov 39
colias, Scomber 206
Colorado, Lutiaima 103, 213
compresaa, Auchovia 4,3, 44, 45
coucolor, Nexilarina 143, 215

Scomberomorua 68
Congrellua gilberti 34, 208

niteua 34, 208

proriger 34, 208
conicepa, Muriunesox .35, 208
coustellatus, Platoplirya 199, 218
corneta, Fistiilaria 5, 56, 57, 210
corvinaformis, Brachydeuterus 1 1 1
Corvula macropa 125, 214
crebripuDctata, I'teroplatea 18, 207
creolus, Serrauus 98
creacentalia, Pomacanthiia 150
creatonia, Teuthia 151, 216
crocro, Pomadasia 109
croaaotiia, Etropua 200, 213
cruraeuopbtlialmiia, Traclmropa 75, 211
cryaos, t'araiix 78
cnltrata, Auchovia 44
culveri, Trachiuotua 84, 211
curema, Mugil 60, 210

cnrta, Auchovia 42, 209
cyclolepia, Microgubiua 174, 175
Cyolopaetta quenia 200, 218
Cynoscioii 4. 117, 118, 120, 125
albua 119, 214
otbonopterua 119,214
pboxocepbalus 120, 214
prii'datorius 1 18, 214
reticiilatua 119, 214
Hquauipiiiuia 118, 214
stdl/.maiiiii 119, 214
cypriuoides, Lopbogubiua 176
Cypaelnru8 callopterus 55, 210

DAtTYLOSCOPIIliK 181, 206
Dactyloscopus zeloteg 181, 217
Diictor 188

daspilotus, Piaoodouopbia 5, 36, 208
Dasyatidii) 15
Daayatia dipterura 18
longa 17, 18, 207
daaycepbalua, Galoichtbys 2.5, 2B, 208
declivilrous, Glypbiaodou 143
delalaudi, Malacocteuua 189, 217
delicatiaaima, Auchovia 44
delicioaa, Sciii'Ua 132, 214
deudritica, Ancylopaetta 199, 218
depreasa, Fiatularia 55, 56. 210
Diapteras dowii 113
Diodon bolacautbns 160, 216

hyatrix 161, 206
Diodoutida) 160
Diplectrum 4

euryplectrum 97, 98, 212

macropoma 97, 98, 212

radiale 97, 98, 212
diplotionia, Harpe 144, 215
dipteiura, Daayatia 18
dipuR, Microdesmus 195, 218
Diacopj'ge ommata 15, 207
dispiliia, Halicb.'i>re3 146, 215
Dormitator maoilatiia 169, 216
dormitor, Pbilypmia 168
doraalis, Citula 79, 211

({alena 7, 207

aiicrospathodou 14.3, 215

Umbrina 1.3.3, 214
dovii, Aniaotremus 106, 107, 213

Apogon 88, 89, 212

Lycodoutis 37, 209

Opiatbopterua 41, 209
dowei, Auablepa 51
dowi, Exocoitua 55

Seleuaapia 26, 208

Tbalaasopbryiie 187, 217
dowii, Diapterus 1 13

Euciuoatomua 113
dubiua, Fieraafer 197, 218
dnmerili, Polyclemna 1.34, 135, 215

290

CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Ei-iiE}<eiuii>.K 180

Ec-heiieiti imiicrntes ISO, 217

ei»l(>ululii3, Colaiigrniilis 47, 48

effulgons, Liiriiuim .'>, I'.>:<, '214

eigemuanni, (iftleichlhys .'i, 21, 22, 2:i. 2S. 2()S

sinter, ZnlienleH 2(M, 2IS

EInttnrohiiii nrchiiliiiiu 125. 214

eliiUiirn, Notiima 2ft, 208

rlegnus, Kypbosiis ll(>, 213

Eleotria ftbacurns 170

ii'<|nitloii8 169

niublyopsis 170

pictns ICn. 216

pisouis 170
elougnta, Pti'cilia <'>0, 210
eloiigntns, Brncbydrutenis 1 1 1

Menticirrhus I'M, 215

Sjiupburus 20:!, 218
Elopidiv SO
Elopa snunis .1i), 20tl
Embleiunria iiivipes 194, 217
embleniaticns, Microgobiiis 174, 175, 170, 217
enunelane, Tacbysnnis 5, 30, .SI, 20$
Engraiilidiilic 42

en^ymen, Ceteugmnlis 5, 48, 209
Eiigyophrys saiicti-lniireutii 199, 218
eusifera, Bairdiella 126, 214
eusife^ll^j, Centropouius 92, 94
ensis, Sphyrii>iia 62, 210
entemeilor, Narciue 15, 207
Eiiypuias 174

seminadiis 173, 217
Ephippidac 147
Epiuepbelus aualogns 96, 212

labriformis 96, 212

loiiti 95
e<inatoriali8, Raja 15, 207
Equcs viola 5, 128, 138, 215
erate, Loboles 100
eretbizou, Arotbron 159

Tetraodou 160
ericymba, Stellifer 129, 214
Esocid.f) 51

Etropns crossotus 200, 218
Enciuostomns califoTnieiisis 113, 114,213

dowii 113

barengiilus 114

pseiidognia 114
enlepis, Microgobins 176
Enmycterias punctatissimns 160. 216
enryplectnim, Diplectrnm 97, 98, 212
Evapristis 111

iverraaiuii, Synodus 49, 200
evennanni, Tachysurus 5, .32, 208
Evermannia 178

panamensis 5, 178, 179, 217
zoslenira 178, 179, 217
Evoplites 101
Exocntid.i' 5.5
Exoccetns dowi 55

Exoiiatites rufipiniiis 55, 210

KAiiKU, Cha'todipteriiB 147, 148
faluitiix, TraohiiiotiiK 84
faHoiatns, (iciiyaueiuus 134

I'rioiiodes 98, 212
l''eliubtbyK panameusiii 20, 207

piiiuiiunciilaliiN 20, 207
fprnaiidiuus, Sqiialuu 13
Fit'rasfiT alliuis 197

dubius 197, 218
Ficrasferid.i' 197
fischcri, Solca 201, 202
FiHtulnria corneta 5, .W, 57, 210

depressa 5!), 5(>, 210

petiuiba 56

serrata 56

tabacaria 57
Fistiilariidio 55

(laviguttatum, Lythnilon 105, 106, 213
Hftvilatns, Pomaceutnis 142, 215
Foiliator acutns 55, 210
fodiator, Tylosurus 52, 210
fonseceusis, Acbinis 201, 20.3, 218

Solea 201, 202
forbesi, Orthopristis 1 1 1
formosa, Guentberidia 159, 21(i
formoBUS, Tetraodou 159

Tetrodou 158
forsteri, Sphj-raua 62
fnreifer, Parauthias 9S, 212
furtbi, Ilisha 40, 209

I'ellona 40

Stellifer 127, 214
ftirtbii, Hemicaraux 77, 211

Spberoides 158, 210

Tncbysurvis 30, 31, 32, 33, 208

Gai.f.k'iithys 21

dasycephalns 25, 26, 208

eigenmanni 5, 21, 22, 2.3, 28, 208

gilberti 22, 23

gnatemalensis 25, 208

jordani 22, 23, 28, 208

lentiginosus 20, 207

lougicephalus 25, 26, 208

peruviaims 21, 207

platypogon 23

■seemauni 21

xenauchen 5, 24, 208
(ialeid;" 5

Galeocerdo tigrinus 9, 207
Galeas califoruicus 7, 9

dorsalis 7, 207
Gormaniiia 173

paradoxa 172, 17.3, 174, 217
gentilis, Hypsoblennius 191, 192, 193
Genyanemu!- fasciatna 1.34
Genyoroge 101, 102

GILBEUT AM) STAltKS— FISHKS OF PANAMA lUV

•I'M

Geriiu) iiliilungii "200

Gerres anruolus 114, 115, 213

breviiuanu8 1 15, 213

liueatiia 115

olisthostumiis 115

l)i"ruviiiniis 1 15, 21.'!

8qiLamliniiiiis I 14
Gerridip 1 1 .'i
gilberli, Citlmiiohthys 200, 218

CongrcUus 34, 208

Galeiohthys 22, 2:1

Hypsobleuuius l!ll, 1112, HCl, I'.ll

Kirtlaudia 57, 58, 210
gilli, Pomiioeutrus 5, 140, 141, 215
Giuylymostomn cirriitum 5, 207
Giiiglyiuostomidir 5
glniU'OKtignin, lUiinobntus 14
gluucus, Traebiuotns 82, 83
(ilyphisoiioii (leclivifions 143

snxntilis 143, 215
Gnatbauodon speciosiis 70, 2 1 1
Gobiesoeidro 189
Gobiesox gyriuus 189

uudns 189

rhodospiliis ISO, 217
Gobiidae 167
Gobiouellus miorodmi 171, 217

siigittula 171, 21G
Gobius 173, 174

nicholsi 17G

soporator 171, 216
goodei, Paralouchurus (Zaclemus) 135
goodei, Polyc!euui!j 5, 1.35, 215
goodei, Urolophns 16, 207
Gramma 98
Giammistes 98

graiidisqnamis, Upeneus 67, 211
grandooulatus, Ceiitiopomiis 90
greenei, Porichthys 5, 184, 217
gronovii, Nomevis 84, 211
grossideus, Lycongraulis 49
guatemaleusis, Galeiohthys 25, 208
gneiitheri, Iloplopngvus 101, 212
Guentheridia 158, 150

fonnosa 159, 21G
giilosHS, Cathoiops .33, 208

Microgobiiis 176
guttatus, Lutianns 10.3, 212

Petrometopon 95

Promicrops 96, 212
Gymueleotris semiuudiis 170, 216
gyriuus, Gobiesox 189

H/EMui,id;e 104

Ilfemulon catidimacula 105

maciostoimim 104

mazatlaiinm 106

parra 104, 105

scudderi 104, 105, 213

steiudachueri 105, 213

Halichiores dispiliiH 14G, 215

macgregori 5, I4.'), 215

uicholsi 145

sellifer 144, 215
halleri, Urolophns 15, 207
hnreiigiilus, Kuciuoutomus 114
hareiigns, Querimaiia 61, 62, 210
Harpe diplota'iiin 144, 215.
Ilrmicaraiix alrimniiiis 75, 76, 21!

fiirthii 77, 211

leucuriis 77, 21 1

zelotes 5, 76, 211
Hcmirbamphidiu 52
llemirhampbus balao 53

brasilieusis 5.3, 54

saltator 5, 53, .54, 210
Hcxaueuitttichthys 21

xenaucheu 24
Hippocampus ingcns .57, 210
Hippoglossina bolluiaiii 107, 218

sabaueusis 199
hippos, Caraux 77, 211
hispiduB, Tetraodoii 157, 150, 160, 216
histrio, Scorpreua 161, 216
Holacauthus 151

passer 150, 216

BtrigntuB 150
holacauthus, Diodou 160, 216
Holoceiitridio 64
Holocentrus suborbitalis 66, 211
Homesthes 193

caulopus 5, 193, 194, 217
hopkinsi, Xesurus 5, 1.55, 216
Hoplopagrus gueutheri 101, 212
horreus, I'riouotus 162, 165, 166, 216
hospes, Mugil 60, 210
humcralis, Ch.'etodon 140, 215

Paralabrax 97, 212
hnmile, Pristipoma 100
humilis, Pristipoma 109
hypophthalmus, Cathorops 33, 208
Hypoplectrus lamprurns 97, 212
Hypopriou 9
Hyporhamphus poeyi .52

roberti 53, 210

uuifasciatus .52, 210
Hypsobleuuius 193

brcvipinnis 193, 217

geutilis 191, 192, 193

gilberti 191, 192, 19.3, 194

iouthas 193

piersoni 5, 101, 217

punctatus 193

scrutator 193

striatus 192, 19.3, 217
hystrix, Diodou 161, 206

irisTiA, Bairdiella 126
Hisba furthi 40, 209
pauameusis 40

298

C'ALll't)KMA Ai ADl'.MY OF SCIENCES

UlecebrosuB, Stellifor A, I'iS. 120. IS8, 214

Ilvpuii!) 178

imict'ps, Opbiosciou l.'ll, 'JU

iuoilis, Miigil 50

iuil(<(nti)-ul>il(<, Olophidiiiui lOti, 'JIS

iiiormi!), Itabinibin 103. '213

iiigoiis, Hippocampus 57. 210

iuornatUB, Mierolepiduliis 111

Ortbopriiitirt III
insculpta, Netniun 27, 208
insiilnniui. Miira'nn 3S
iiitprniptiis, Auisotreiuus 107, 2l.'t
ioulbas, Cenlale 196. 218

Hypsobloiiiiiiiii W3
ioH, Clevelniidin 17S
Isacielln 111

iiiobaiia, Aiicbovia 42, 4.'t, 209
Isopistbus 117. 122

affinis 117

parvipinuis 117

reiuifer 117, 21.1

JKNKINSI. SyuoJiis ."iO
jordiini, (inleicbthys 22, 23, 28. 208
jordani, LuCiauus 5, 101. 102. 212
jordani, Neomicuis 102

KATHETatTOMA AVERRDNOCS 181, 217

keuiiedyi, Tracbinotus 84. 211
kessleri, Netnma 26, 208
Kirtlandia 57

gilberti 57, 58, 210

pachylepis 57, 210

Tngrans 57
klnuziugeri, Acbirus 200, 201. 218
kiieri, Pristipomn 110
Kypbosidai 116
Kypbosns aiialogns 1 16

elegans 116. 213

Labrid.£ 144

Inbriformis, Epinephelns 96, 212

Lampris luua 206

laiuprnTDS, Hypoplectrus 97, 212

Larimiis ncclivis 123, 124, 214

argentens 123, 124, 214

effulgens 5, 12.3, 214

pacificns 124, 214
lateralis, Pbilypnus 167, 168, 216
laticlavins, Xesurus 155
latifrons, Syacinm 199, 218
latns, Carani 78, 79
leoi, Sympbnms 204, 218
ientiginosa, Mnriena 39, 209
Icutiginosns, Galeicbthys 20, 207
Lepopbidinm prorates 196, 218
Leptocepbalidie 34
lepturns, Tricbinms 70, 211
lenciscns, Bracbydenterns 109, 213
leacnms, Hemiearanx 77,211

louoorbynobuH, Kbinobatns 14, 207

libertato, Opislboiieua 40, 209

lineatiis, Gcrres 1 15

liropiis, Taebysurus 29. 30, 31

lobatuH. Spberoidos 156

Lobotes 100

aiictuniiii 100

eratc 100

pacificus 5. 100, 212

suriiiameiiRiB 100, 101
Lobotida> 100
longa, Dasyatis 17, 18, 207
longicppbiiliis, Grtli'icbtbys 25, 26, 208
loiimiiio, Scoliodon 12, 207
Lopbiomus cnuliimris 204, 218

setigerus 204
Lopbogobiiis cyprinoidos 176
louti, EpiuepbeluB 95
loxias, Priouotus 162, 216
liicnsannm, Thalnssoma 146, 215
lucida, Ancbovia 42, 43, 209
lucretiii>, Aboma 174, 217
higiibris, Caraux 206
liiua, Lnmpris 206
luunlatiis, MusteluB .5, G 7, 8, 207
Lutinuida> 101
Lutiaiius 101, 102

aratus 103, 213

argentiventris 10.3, 212

Colorado 103, 213

(Evoplites) viridis 101, 102

gnttatus 103, 213

jordani 5, 101, 102, 212

novemfasciatus 102, 212
Lyceugruulis grossideus 49

poeyi 49, 209
Lycodoutis dovii 37, 209

verrilli 37, 209
Lytbrnlon flaviguttatum 105, 106, 213

opalescens 105, 106

MArfi.ELi.ANiii, Krefjiiiaceros 197, 218
macgregori, HalicbaTes 5. 145, 215
maclnrn, Pteroplatea 18
macracauthus, Pomadasis 110, 213
macrocepbalus, Muierpes 189, 217
macrolepidota, Auchovia 47, 209
macropoma, Diplectnim 97, 98, 212
macrops, Corvula 125, 214

Opisthopterus 41, 209
macrostomnm, Ha'miiloii 104
maculatus, Dormitator 109, 216

Scomberomorus 68, 69
maculicauda, Orthostcuchus 106, 213
maculosa, Tbalassophryne 188
magdalena>, Paralichtbys 198
Malacocteuus delalaudi 189, 217
Mauta birostris 206
margaritatus, Poricbtbys 184, 185, 217
margiuatus, Caranx 78, 211

GILBEUT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY

2U'.I

niurmorutus, Syiuliriiuclius 34, 208
luiituiiles, Teulhis 151
iiia/atliiiniin, lliiiiiiilnn lOli
iim/.atliiiius, Achiriis "JOO, 201
medius, Ceiitropomus 90

Peprilus 88, 212
niediisicolH, Ciiriiiix 78, 79
uielauopiiB, Ariiis 29

Tiichysunis 29, 31, 32
melauotiti, Sluriciia 38
Meuidin 57
Meuticirrhuii elongntus 134, 215

UBHiis 133, 134, 215

pauamensis 133, 134, 215

simuti 133
miartha, Auehovia 42, 209
Mivrodesmus 195, 19(>

dipus 195, 218

retiopiuuis 195, 218
microdou, (iobionellus 171, 217
Microyobius 177

cyclolepis 174, 175

emblematitus 174, 175, 17<), 217

eulepis 176

gulosus 176

miraflorensis 5, 176, 217

siguatus 175, 176

tbalassinus 175, 176
Microlepidotus 111

iuoruatus 111
Micropogon altipiuuis 132, 215
Microspathodou ciuereus 144

dorsalis 143, 215
miraflorensis, Miciogobius 5, 176, 217
niiuur, Stellifer 128
Mnierpes macrocephalus 189, 217
Mola mola 206
mola, Mola 206

muuopbtbalmus, Auclieiiopterus 189, 217
mordax, Sageuicbthys 5, 121, 214
Mugil cephalus 59, 210

cvirema 60, 210

hospes 60, 210

iucilis 59

thobnrui 59, 210
Mngilidio 59
Miillidio 67

multiguttatus, Alpbestos 96, 97, 212
multiradiatus, Tachysiirus 32, 3-!, 208
mundeola, Aiuhovia 5, 43, 44, 45, 46, 209
liiundeohis, Stulepborns 44
uuiudiis, Oligoplites 70, 72, 73, 74, 211

Urolophus 16, 17, 207
Murn3ua argus 38

clepsydra 5, 38, 209

iusularum 38

lentiginosa 39, 209

melanotis 38

pauamensis 37
Mursonesocidiv 35

&iiiriiMicsox coiiiceps 35, 203

Havnniia 35
Mnrn'iiida' 37

MiiHtcliis liiutilatus 5, 6, 7, 8, 207
Myctcroperca boiileiigeri 97, 212
Myliubatidii' 18

Myliobatis asperrimus 5, 19, 207
Myrichtbys tigriuub 35, 208
Myridie 35
Myripristis occideutaliu 64, 65, 210

piL-cilupus 64, 65, 210
Myrophis piuictatus 35

vafer 35, 208
mystes, Scoipioua 161, 216
luysticetuB, Celeugraulis 47, 48, 209

Naiwink kntemedor 15, 207

Narcobatidie 15

uarinari, Aetobatus 18, 207

naso, Anchovia 5, 43, 209

iiaso, Stolephorus 43

uasus, Menticirrhns 133, 1.34, 215

iiaucrates, Ecbeiieis ISO, 217

naufragitim, Balistes 1,52, 153, 216

Mebiis 122

occideutalis 122, 214

zestus 122
uebnlosus, Urolophus 15
Nematistiidai 70, 206
Nematistius pectoralis 70, 211
Neocouger vermiformis 35, 208
Neomajuis 101

jordaui 102
Netuma 24

elattura 29, 208

inscnlpta 27, 208

kessleri 26, 208 ■

oscula 28, 29, 208

planiceps 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 208

platypogou 27, 28, 208
Nexilarius coucolor 143, 215
nicaraguensis, Carcharias 12
uicholsi, Gobius 176

Halicha?res 145
nigrescens, Centropomus 90, 212
nigripinnis, Rypticus 100, 212
nigrirostris, Cha>todou 148, 215
iiitens, Congrellus 34, 208
uitidus, Brachydeuterus 109, 111, 213
uivipes, Emblemaria 194, 217
Nomeus grouovii 84, 211
notatus, Chromis 140

Porichthys 184, 185
uotospilns, Pseudojulis 145, 146, 215
novemfasciatus, Lutiauus 102, 212
nudns, Gobiesox 189

occiDENTALis, Myripristis 64, 65, 210

Nebris 122, 214
ocyurus, Sectator 116, 213

300

CAMt\)KNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OJontogiintbuH )N>iiiiiueiiMiK 41, '20!)
OtliiiitoHciuii xanthops •'>. I'24. 'JI4
■I'Ditmlii, Scloiio SI, '211
Ogilbiii vpiilmliH 197. '218
(igliuum, Opiiitlioiieiiia 40
Oligoplitos iillus 7'2, 73, 74, 211

miiudns 70. 7'2, 73, 74, '21 1

refulgens 5, 7.1, 74, '211

sauriiB 70, 7'2, 73. 74. '211
olisthodtouins, (lorroti llTi
onimatu, Discopyno l.">, '207
u|>iiltf!ireiig, Lythrtiluii 10.'). MHj
opcroiilariD. Auchuviu 4'2, '20!l

PolyJactylus 03, G4, '210
Ophichtkns trUorialis 37, '208

zophoohir 37, '209
Ophii'htbyidiK 33
Ophi.liiila- 19G
Opbiusciou imiceps 131, 214

scierus 131, 214

simulus r>, 1.30, 131. 214

slmbo 130, 131, 214

typious 129, 131, 214
C)pbisomn bnlenriciim 34
Opbisiirns xysturus 35
Opistbogiinthidic ISO
Opistbognatbus pnuctatnm 180, 217
Opistboneiun libertate 40, 209

ogliuum 40
Upistbopterns dovii 41, 209

macrops 41, '209
orqaeta, Cbloroscoiubrus 82, 211
Ortbopristis 1 1 1

brcvipiuuia U I. 213

cbalceiis 110, 213

forbesi 1 1 1

inornatns 111
Ortbostwchas macnlicaiida 106, 213
oscitaus, Stellifer 127
oscula, Netuma 28, 29. 208
osculus, Tachisnras 29
otbonopterus, Cynoscion 119, 214
Utopbidinm indefntigabile 196, 218
ovale, Syacinm 199, 218

j-ACHTLEPis, Rirtlandia 57, 210
pacifici, Anisotremns 106, 107, 213

Batrachoides 181, 182, 217
pacificus, LnrimiiB 124, 214
pacificus, Lobotcs 5, 100, 212
pacificns, Tylosnrus 52, 210
paloma, Tracbinotus 84, 211
palometa, Peprilns 85, 212
pauamensis, Aucbovia 43, 41, 45, '209

Atberinella 59, 210

Azevia 200, 218
panamensis, Evermanuia 5, 178, 179, 217
pauameusis, Felicbtbys 20, 207

Ilisha 40

Menticirrhns 133, 134, 215

pniinmeiiKis, MuriKiia 37

()d>iiit(>giiatbiis 41, '209

I'nnipHettus I4.S, 215

Ptilluim 40

I'etroiiietopou 9.'i, 212

rouiadiisU ino, 213

Habiila ,37, '209

Solen 201, 202
paiiiioKn, Scorpiiua 161, 216
paniduxa, Oarmauiiia 172, 173, 174, 217
Paralabrax bnmeralis 97, 212
Paralirbtbys adspersus 197

a'stiiaritis 198

magdalciiio 198

siualoio 197, 198

woolmaiini 197, 198, 218
Paraloiicburus 136, 1.37

peterei 135, 1.36, 215

(Zaclemus) goodei i;j5
Parniitbia.s fmcifer 98, 212
Piiraiisettus panamensis 148, 215
puna, Ha>uuilou 104, 105
paivipinnis, Isopistbns 117
passer, Holacanthus 150, 2IC
pectoralis, Nematistius 70, 211
pedimacnla, Ceutropi)mus 90, 212
Pelloua furtbi 40

panamensis 40
Peprilns medius 88, 212

palometa 85, 212

snyderi a, 87, 212
perrico, Pscudiiseanis 146, 215
perspicillaris, Tetraodon 159
peruanus, Polyclemus 135
pernvianns, Galeicbtbys 21, 207

Gerres 115, 213
petersi, Paralonchnriis 135, 1.36, 215
petimba, Fistularia 56
Petrometopon gntlatus 95

panamensis 9.5, 212
Pbilypnus 168

dormitor 168

lateralis 167, 168, 216
phoxocepbalns, Cynoscion 120, 214
pioturatus, Trachurus 206
pictns, Eleotris 169, 216
piersoni, Hypsoblennius 5, 191, 217
pinuimaculatus, Feliclithys 20, 207
pisonis, Eleotris 170
Pisoodonopbis daspilotus 5, .36, 208
plauiceps, Netnma 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, '208
platopbrys, Citbaricbtbys 200, 218
I'liitopbrys constellatna 199, 218
Pliitypodon 1 1

platyijogon, Netnma 23, 27, 28. 208
Plenroneetida." 197
plumieri, Seorpa'na 161
PoBcilia boucardii 51, 210

elongata 50, 210
FoeciliidsB 50

Cir.BERT AND STAKKS — KISIIKS OF PANAMA BAY

:>01

pcucilnpus, Myriprietis 64, 6.'>, "J 10
poej'i, Hyporbiiiuphiis 52

LyccuyrnuliK 49, 20!)
politus, Spheroiilcs 157, 15S
Polyclemns 135

.lumerili 134, 135, 215
goodei 5, l.'tS, 215
perunnus 135
rnthbiini 135, 215
Polydaclylus npproxiiuaiis 6.3, 210

opcrculnris 63, 64, 210
polylepis, Balistes 152, 153, 216
rolyuemiilai 63
Pomacautbus crescentalis 150

zouipectus 150, 215
Poniaceutridip 139
Pomacontrus Hnviliitns 142, 215
gilli 5, 140, 141, 215
rectifra.uum 140, 141, 142, 215
Pomadasis 1 1 1

bayauus 109, 213
branicki 110, 213
crocro 109

macracanthus 110,213
pauamcusis 109, 213
Pomadnsys 100

Porichthys greenei ">, 1S4, 217
niargaritatus 1S4, 185, 217
notatns 184, 185
prsedatorins, Cyuosciou 118,214
Priacanthida* 101
Priacauthns sernila 212
Prionodes fasciatus 98, 212
Prionotus 4

albirostris 162, 216
birostrattis 165
horrens 162, 165, 166, 216
loxias 162, 216
qniescens 162, 216
ruscarius 5, 162, 163, 165, 216
tribiihis 162, 165
xeuisma 162, 216
Pristida? 14

Pristipoma bumilc 109
hiimilis 109
kneri 110
Pristis zephyreus 14, 207
proboscideus, Cbamomugil 61, 210
Promicrops gnttatus 96, 212
prorates, Lepopbidium 196, 218
proriger, Congrellus 34, 208
pseudognla, Eucinostomus 114
Pseudojulis uotospilus 145, 146, 215
Psewdopriacanthus serrula 101
Pseudoscarus perrico 146, 215
Pteroplatea crebripunctata 18, 207
maclnra 18
rava 18
punctatissimns, Enmycterias 160, 216
pnnctatnm, Opisthognatbus 180, 217
(39)

piiiiclatiis, Hypsobleiiiiiiis 193
Myropbib .'{5
Xebunis 1.55

guAUKOCKLLATA, Ancylopsetta 199
Qaeriniaiia bareiigiis 61, 62, 210
qiierua, Cyclopsettu 200, 218
quiesceus, Prionotus 162, 216

Haiiiki'Iiia inekmis 103, 213
Rabula panaiucusis 37, 200
radiale, Diplectrum 97, 98, 212
Haja equatorialis 15, 207
Uajida? 15
Rjimnlaria 199

rastralis, Aucbovia 5, 42, 209
rastralis, Stolepborus 42
ratbbuui, Polyclemns 135, 215
rava, Pteroplatea 18

recti(r;eunn), Pomacentrus 140, 141, 142, 215
refulgens, Oligoplites 5, 73, 74, 211
remiler, Isopisthns 117, 213
Reuiora albescens 206
remora 180, 217
remora, Remora 180, 217
rcticnlata, Tbalassopbryue 186, 188, 217
reticulatus, Cynoscion 119, 214
retropiunis, Microdesmus 195, 218

retrosella, Apogon 89

Rhe^ma 98

thaumasium 5, 99, 212

RhegTiiatinse 09

Rbiuobatida^ 14

Kbiuobatus glaucostigma 14
leucorhyncbns 14, 207

rhodopns, Trachinotus 82, 83, 211

rbodospilus, Gobiesox 189, 217

rivulatns, Cirrbites 139, 215

robalito, Centropomns 90, 91, 92, 94, 212

robcrti, Hyporbampbus 53, 210

rogersi, Urolopbns 16

rnbroponctatns, Scartichthys 194, 217

rutipinuis, Exonantes 55, 210

Rnpiscartes atlauticns 194, 217

ruscarius, Prionotus 5, 162, 163, 165, 216

nissnla, Scorpa>na 161, 216

Kypticiua> 98, 99

Rypticus 98

nigripinnis 100, 212

SABANENSis, Hjppoglossiua 199
Sagenicbtbys 122, 137

ancylodon 121

mordax 5, 121, 214
sagittula, Gobionellus 171, 216
saltator, Hemirbamphus 5, 53, 54, 210
sancti-laurentii, Eugyopbrys 199, 218
saugninens, Antennarins 204, 218
Sarda cbilensis 68, 211

JhDiutrj sa ISM.

:!()'.

CALIKOUNIA AOAUliMY OF SCIENCES

SiirJiiiollii s|..|il.i;i .i;!, .:ii;i
mitirim, Klups 3y, 'JO!!

OIJK'oplil.s 70, 7J, ";», 74. -J II
nnruiinn, MiiriKiiOitux STi
Hitxiililiii, Ctlyplii.so(loii M.'l, 'ilu
HCiipiilurin, Tylo!>uriis 51, 210
Suiiritla' 146

Scnrliclitbys rtibropuiuliilus l!(4, "JW
Scnrnii 4

Scimleiolilbys trosilipli 20, 208
Si-iii'Un tleliviusa I.'i2, 214
SuiiiMiidiK 117

Hcioriii), Ophiosoiou 131, 214
Hoitnlict'ps, Syiioiliis TiO, 20!(
Si'oliutlou loiigiirio 12, 207
Suoiulifr oolias 206
Scuiubt'roiuorus coiiculor 68
luiicnlntus 68, 6<J
Hierra 6S, 60, 211
Scouibridii) 68
Soorpii'im bistrio 161, 216
luystcs 161, 216
pauiios^ii 161, 216
pliiuiieri 161
nisiiiilu 161, 216
Scorpn-uidiv 161
scriitntor, Hypsobleuniiis 193
scudderi, Hii-mulou 104, 105, 213
scntnm, Acbirus 202, 218
Sectntor ocyurns 116, 213
Mi'ciuftuui, Anns 22

G«leicbtbys 21
Seleuaspis dowi 26, 208
Selene a<rstedii 81, 211
vomer 81, 82, 211
scllifcr, Unlicbn)res 144, 215
seuiinndiis, Enypnins 173, 217

Gymueleotris 170, 216
Serniiiiilii' 95
Sirruuus nlbomaculatns 97

creolus 98
serratn, Fistiilnria 56
serruin, Pscudoprincautbiis 101, 212
setigenis, Lopbiomus 204
setipinnis, Vomer 80, 21 1
setosns, Tetraodon 159
sierra, Scomberomonis 68, 69, 211
Sigmnras vermicularis 132, 214
sigiiatns, Microgobius 175, 176
Siliirid;ij 20

simulus, Ophiosciou 5, 130, 131, 214
simns, Meiiticirrhns 133
sinalon), Paraliobtbys 197, 198
Sipbostoma aiiliscus 57, 210
anyderi, Peprilns 5, 87, 212
Solea fiscberi 201, 202

fonsecensiH 201, 202
panamenais 201, 202
Soleida) 200
soporator, Gobius 171, 216

Spai'idiK 112

spcciusus, (iiiatbnnudoii 79, 211

SpboruiduM 158, 159

aiigiisticops 156, 216
aiiiiulatim 156, 157, 158, 159, 216
fiirtbii 1.58, 216
Kibatus 156, 216
politua 157, 158
tuutudiueus 156, 216
Spbyra'iia ciisis 62, 210

forstori 62
Spbyni'iiida' 62
Spbyriia tiburo 13, 207
tudps l.'{, 207
zygiiiia 13. 207
Spbyriiid:!' 13

spilopterus, Citbaricbtliys 200
spiuifern, Ancbovia 46, 209
spixii. Vomer 80
Sqnalidfu 13
Siiualns 13

foriiaiiiliiLUM 13
sncklii 1.3, 207
squamiiniinis, Cyiioscioii 118, 214

Gerrcs 114
starksi, Ancbovia 5, 43, 209
starksi, Stolepborus 43
steiudaobneri, Hieraulou 105, 213
steindachneri, Tacbysurus 5, 29, 30, 208
Stellifer 128

ericymba 129, 214
finlhi 127, 214

iUecebrosus h, 128, 129, 138, 214
minor 128
oscitaus 127, 214
zestocarus 5, 129, 214
Stolepborus muudeohis 44
uaso 43
rastralis 42
starksi 43
stolifera, Sardinella .39, 209
stolzmanni, Cyuosciou 119, 214

Tylosnrus 52, 210
strabo, Opbiosciou 1.30, 131, 214
striatus, Hypsobleuuius 192, 193, 217
strigatus, Antenuarius 204, 218

Holacanthus 150
suborbitalis, Holoceutrus 66, 211
sncklii, S<iiialus 13, 207
Burinamensis, Auisotrcmns 107
Batracboidos 181, 182, 183
IJatracbus 182
Lobotes 100, 101
Syacium latifrous 199, 218

ovale 199, 218
Symbranobidaj 34
Symbrancbus marmoratus 34, 208
Sj'nipbnrus 4

atramcutatns 203, 218
atricaudus 204, 218

r.ILltlCUT AND STAUKS — I'lSHKS OF I'ANAMA 15AV

oU:}

Symphuriu. eloiigtttiiii 'JO.'I, '218

leei 204, 218
SyiigimthidiD 57
Syiioiloutiiliu 49
Syiioilus everniiiniii III, ■_'OII

jeiikiusi M

scitiiliccps 50, 20!)

TAiiACARiA, Fistulnria 57
Tat'hisurHS osciilus 2!)
Tiichysnrus 29, 30, .-jl, .'M

emmelane 5, .')0, 31, 208

evermanni 5, 32, 208

furthii .■)(). 31, 32, 33, 208

liropiis 20, .30, 31

melniiopiis 29, 31, 32

iniiltiriuliutns 32, 33, 208

steindachneri ,■), 29, 30, 208
tiouiatus, Auisotremtis 108, 213
tnnriiius, Cnlaiuus 112, 113
testudineus, Spheroides 156
Tetraodou 159

nerostaticus 159

erethizou UiO

formosus 159

hispidus 157, 159, UiO, 2I(>

perspicillaris 159

setosus 159
TetraodoutidiL' 156, 158
Tetrodou formosus 158
totrophthalmus, Anablrps 51
Teuthidida^ 151
Teuthis bahianus 151

crestouis 151, 216

matoides 151
tbalassinus, Miciogoliius 175, 17(>
Tbalassoma lucasainim 146, 215
Thalassophiyue 188

amazouica 188

dowi 187, 217

maculosa 188

i-eticulata 186. ISS, 217
thaumasium, Rhegma 5, 99, 212
tbolnirui, Mugil 59, 210
Tbunuus tbyiiiius 206
tbyuuus, Tbumnis 206
Tbyrina 57

tibnro, Sphyrua 13, 207
tigriuus, Galeocerdo 9, 207

Myrichtbys 35, 20S
Tracbinotns earoliiius 84
culvL'ii 84, 211
falcatus 84
glaucus 82, 83
kennedyi 84, 211
paloma 84, 2 1 1
rhodopus 82, 8."?, 211
Tiachurops crumeuopbtbalmus 75, 211
Trachnrus picturatus 206
tiacbnnis 20(i

trauburuH, Tracbiiriis 206
tribuluH, PrionotUK 162, 165
Trichiuridiu 70
TricbiuruB lopturua 70, 211
Triglid;!. 162

triBerialiH, Opbicbtbus .37, 208
truHcbeli, Sciadoicbtbya 26, 208
truiicata, Bolono 52
hides, Spbynia 13, 207
Tylosurus 4

fodiator 52, 210

pacilicus 52, 210

Kunpularis 51, 210

stolzmauui .52, 210
Tyiillastes brcvis 180, 217
typicus, Opbioscion 129, 131, 214

UMiiBiFEK, Urolopbus 15
Umbriua aualis 133

dorsalis 133, 215

xanti 1.33, 215
undecimalis, Ct-utrupomus 89, 212
unifasciatus, Hyporbampbus 52, 210
unioueusis, Centropomus 90, 92, 212
Upeueus graudisiinamis 67, 211
Uraiioscopid:!' 181
Urolopbus ftspidurus 16, 17, 207

asterias 16

goodci 16, 207

balleri 15, 207

muudus 16, 17, 207

iiebulosHs 15

rogersi 16

umbrifer 15

VAKEii, Myropbis 35, 208
vayviuis, Kirtlandia 57
velox, Carcbarias 5, 9
velox, Carcbarinus 9
veutralis, Ogilbia 197, 218
vermicularis, Sigmnrus 1.32, 214
vermiformis, Neocougcr .35, 208
verres, Balistes 5, 15.3, 154, 216
verrilli. Lycodoiitis .37, 209
vinctus, Caraiix 77, 211
viola, Eques .5, 128, 138, 215
virgiuicus, Auisotremus 108
viridis, Coutropomus 89

Lutiauus (Evoplites) 101, 102
Vomer setipinnis SO, 211

spixii SO
vomer, Seleue 81, 82, 211
vulpes, Albula 39, 209

wooLMANNi, Paralicbthys 197. 198, 218

XANTHOPS, Odontosciou 5, 124, 214
xauti, Umbrina 13.3, 215

Xeuicbtbys 10.3, 213
xenauchen, Galeicbtbys 5, 24, 208

\

;i04

CALIFOUNIA ACADKMY OF SCIKNCES

xi'iiniiohi'ii, llmniipiiiiitiolitlivs
Xeiiii'litliyn n^iiHsizii IU4

xiiiiti I0:{. -213

xeiii>|>!i lU.'i
!ieiiUiu>i. PriuuottiM \6'2, 216
xouopx, Xeuiclitbys lU.'i
XesuruK olHrioiiitt 155

hopkinsi 5, 155, 216

IntioliiTius 155

puuolntus 155
Xystii'um ciuereiiiu 114, 2i:<
xvKler, Zjipleryx 15, 207
xysturus, OpbiBuriis 35

Zai.ieutks ki.atku 204, 218
ZalypiiiiM 175
Ziiptciyx xyster 15, 207
zelotes, llemicuraiix 5, 7li, 211
zi<loto8, DnctyloBCopus 181, 217
zepliyreus, Pristis 14, 207
zestocaruB, Slellifer 5, 12i), 214
zeutiis, Nebriu 122

zoimtuB, Chd'todipterus 147, 148, 215
zoiiipeolus, Pomacftiitlms 1.50, 215
zophochir, OphichtUus 37, 2'!l
zosterurii, Everniiiuiiiii 178, 179, 217
zygii'im, Spbynm 13, 207

ERRATA.

Page 5, 2ist line, for "//f/nirawp/ius" read Hemirhaniphiis.

Page 21, loth line from bottom, for "Fiif. 7" read Fic^. S.

Page 22, 17th line, for "G. />/ania/>s" read Nctuma p/aiiicrps.

Page 23, 2nd line, for "G. platypogon''' read Nctuma platypogon.

Page 24, 2nd line, for ''Fig. S" read Fig. 7.

Page 43, 7th line from bottom, for "A. ischaniis" read ./. ischana.

Page 74, 1 2th line from bottom, after "Jordan and Starks, " insert Plate XI 1, Fig. 21.

Page 75, 14th line from bottom, for '' crnmcnoplhalmus" read crumcnophlhalmiis.

Page III, 20th line, for "cloiigatus" read ki/ciscus.

Page 128, 6th line, for "Stelli/encs" read Stellijcr.

Page 133, 2ist and 22nd lines, for "Moiticirrus" read Mcnlicirrhus.

Page 134, 1st and 26th lines, for ''Minticirrus" read Mcnticinhus.

Page 135, 17th line, for '' Polyclemus fasciahis'" read Polyclenuis dumcrili.

Page 159, 4th line, for " crcthizon" read hispidus.

Remove parentheses from names of authorities for the following species: Muskhis luiiiilntns
(page 5), Prislis zepliyreus, Rbinobatus Icucorhyiichus (page 14), Zaptcryx xyster. Raja cqua-
lorialis, Narcine eiitemedor, Discopygc ommata, Urolophus hallcri (page 15), Urolophus goodci,
Urolophus aspidurus (page 16), Ptcroplatca crcbripundata (page 18), Afy/iobatis aspcrriiiius
(page 19), Galeichthys peruvianus (page 21).

Enclose in parentheses names of authorities for: Gale us dor salts (page 7), Scoliodon /oliguria
(page 12).

(CtnttHMtJ from Sttffnd Pagt of Cever.)

17. Phycological Memoirs. Ry Db Alton Saunders, pp.22.
21 plates.

18. The Phosphorescent Ornans In the Toadflsh Por-
ichthys notatus CIrard. liy Charles Wii^on Grek.nu. pp. 24.
3 plates.

19. New Mallophaga, III. Comprising Mallophaga from Birds
of Pan.ima, liaja California and Al.iska. By Vernon L. Kellogg. Mal-
lophaga from Birds of California. By Vernon L. Kellogg
and Bertha L. Chapman. The Anatomy of the Mallophaga.
By KoiiKRT E. Snodgkass. pp. 229. 17 plates.

20. The Nature of the Association of Alga and Fungus
In Lichens. By George James I'eirce. p|). 36. i plate.

2 1 . Studies on the Flower and Embryo of Sparganium.
By Douglas Houghton Campbell, pp. 38. 3 plates.

2.2.. The Development and Phylogeny of Placenticeras.
By James Perrln Smith, pp. 60. 5 plates.

23. Studies on the Coast Redwood, Sequoia semper-
virens End I. By George James Peirce. pp. 24. i plate.

24. Description of Two NewGeneraof Fishes(Ereunias
and Draciscus) from Japan. By David Starr Jordan and John
OTfERREiN S.NVDER. Descrlptlon of Three New Species of
Fishes from Japan. By David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin
Stakks. pp. 10. 4 plates.

25. Notes on Coccidaa (Scale Insects): Notes on Cer-
ococcus. By Rose \V. Patterson. New and Little Known
California Coccidse. By S. L Kuwana. The Redwood Mealy
Bug ( Daclylopius sequoiee sp. nov. ). By George A. Coleman. The
San Jose Scale in Japan. By S. I. Kuwana. pp. 50. (> plates.

26. Studies on Ciliate Infusoria. By N. M.Stevens, pp.44.
6 plates.

27. Coccidse (Scale Insects) of Japan. By Shinkai Inoki-
CHi Kuwana. pp. 56. 7 plates.

28. The Anatomy of Epidella squamula, sp. nov. By
Harold Hkath. pp. 30. 2 plates.

29. The Root-tubercles of Bur Clover (Medicago den-
ticulata V\/illd.) and of Some Other Leguminous Plants.
By George James Pkirce. pp. 34. i plate.

30. The Net-Winged Midges (Blepharoceridae) of North
America. By \'ernon L. Kellogg, pp.50. 5 plates.

31. The Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Mnrino
Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. By
Ralph Arnold, pp. 420. 37 plates.

32. The Fishes of Panama Bay. By Charles H. Gilbert
AND Edwin C. Si arks, pp.304. ^^ plates.

Address,

CHARLES H. GILBERT,

Stanford University, California.

II !^iiiiNiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiir{iii<iin|i'iiiiii!ii

3 5185 00293 359^

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