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CONTRIBUTIONS

TO THE

Flora of Beaver County,

FROM THE

MANSFIELD HERBARIUM,

1865—1903,

BY IRA F, MANSFIELD,

• >4

Member of American Philosophical Society and A, A. A, S.

PUBLISHED BY THE

TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANY,

BEAVER FALLS, PENNA.

I 903

' Mas'

"Herbarium! Herhariiim, Who zvrote iff

No, I never read Herbarium.

Then you have an immense pleasure to come."

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T'RE FA C E.

In preparing this check list it has been based upon a collec-
tion of wild flowers found within the county of Beaver, and for
thirty-seven years many varieties have been carefully studied to
prove they are indigenous to this locality. Although botany is
taught quite generally in the various schools of our county, yet
with few exceptions, little or no attention is igiven to the
systematic preparation or preservation of native wild flowers. In
carrying on the search and preparing herbarium, careful study
has been made of geographical distribution, fertilization, and
development. To assist teachers, young naturalists, and those
who would like a botany in plain EngHsh ; the list drops the
orders, retaining the genera, with names of species in Latin.
The object of this check list has been to localize the flora ; giving
a record of the author's owai experiences, aided by careful
references to the standard works, giving priority to old names;
using Gray's botany in all disputed points. I am under obligations
to Prof. Leo. Lesquereux, late of Columbus, Ohio, in naming
many of the flora, ferns and mosses; Mrs. Lois H. Mansfield,
l\Irs. Mary K. Moody. Mrs. Olive C. Beauchamp and parties of
lady school teachers, who have camped with me along the Ohio
and Beaver rivers ; all assisting in discovering and naming new
species ; also studying the problems as to nativity and objects of

life of all of our wild flowers. The influence of climate as to
plants is plainly shown in our county. The Ohio river, with its
low altitude, and mild influences, gives us many flowers that
range through our southern states, even to Carolina and Georgia ;
while the high ranges of hills, with altitudes of 1300 feet, along
Little Beaver river, with its colder climate, make the flora in
many respects like that of the Lake region and Canada. Our
entire county is covered with drift of shales and boulders from
the ice age, alternating sands, clays and gravels, and the flora of
any township depends chiefly on which of these soils happen to
lie uppermost. Bordering the streams in every township, the
hemlock spruce is abundant, and amid their gloomy recesses are
found the club mosses, parasites, the handsome pink ladies'
slippers Cypripediums, the Aspleniums and Phegopteris ferns in
abundance. Along the low valleys and in the peat bogs of Pine
swamp above New Gallilee, grow many varieties of Habenarias,
with other orchids ; also the three royal Osmunda ferns, with
fronds six feet high. Each year there is less opportunity for
collecting", the lumberman with his portable saw mill, moves on
to fresh spoils, leaving behind an inextricably confused mass of
tree tops, broken logs and upturned stumps. The best part of
botany after all is not in the books, and to any who find the
study dry, we commend camping out with nature herself ; that
boundless outdoor life, whose interest, beauty and mystery is
with us from the cradle to the grave, forever stimulating inquiry,
and ever lichly rewarding patient and loving toil.

Beaver, Pa., January ist, T903.

CHE C K. L IS T.

ACORUS,

Calamus ^^^^^ ^^^S

Pungent and aromatic, especially its thick
creeping root-stalk which forms the officinal
calamus aromaticus. This is now sparingly
used as a stomatic, also in confections, distilling
and brewing. Small bees and the Antiopa
butterfly may be included as among the fre-
quent early visitors.

ACTOEA,

^j^g^ White Baneberry

RUBRA R^d Baneberry

ACTINOMERIS,

HELiANTHOiDES Actinomcns

ACHILLEA,

MIU.EFOUUM •••.;•• ^«^^0^

Tradition claims this plant used by Achilles
to cure the wounds of his soldiers and the
genus is named fot that mighty hero. The
Scottish highlanders claim its value in an oint-
ment; the Swedes use it as a substitute for
hops in beer, and the Swiss from it make the
celebrated Alpine vinegar.
ABUTILON,

AVIC15NNAE ^^^^'^^ Ma//0W

ADIANTUM,

PEDATUM Maiden Hair Fern

AMARYLLIS,

HYPOXis Yellow Star Grass

AGRIMONIA,

EuPATORi\ Common Agrimony

PARViFLORA ^^^^^^ AgTimouy

AGROSTIS,

VULGARIS Herd's Grass

ALLIUM,

CERNUM Nodding Onion

Canadense Nodding Garlic

AMPELOPSIS,

QUiNQUEFOLiA Virginia Creeper

AMPHICARPOEA,

MoNOiCA Hog-pca-nut

A graceful vine, bearing two sets of flowers
and fruit. The upper flowers are delicate lilac,
in drooping clusters ; the subterranean ones
without petals yielding fruit. The lower ones
are fertilized by ants.

ANEMONE,

Pennsylvanica Thimble Weed

ViRGiNiANA Thimble Weed

Thaijctroides Wind Floiver

Nemerosa Wind Flower

Canadense Wind Flower

Early and quite showy, the flowers are quite
often bright rose color. Fertilized by bees and
the small flies Syrphidoe. The fruit heads of
the two first gives the common name.

ANTENNARIA,

Margaritacea Everlasting

APLECTRUM— ORCHIS,

Hyemale Adam and Bve

10

E STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.

S26

APOCYNUM,

ANDROSAEMiFOLiUM Dog Bane

CANNABiNUM Indian Hemp

APHYLLON,

UNiFLORA Naked Broomrape

Parasitic with slender one-flowered scapes,
often called cancer root. The flowers have
yellow folds in tlie throat and fragrant. The
plant yields a bitter juice that is used as a
tonic. Cross fertilized by bees and flies.

AQUILEGIA,

Canadensis Columbine

cocciNEA Columbine

The last species is quite distinct with larger
flowers and short spurs, is found growing on
south banks of Ohio river. The bird like claws
of the blossoms furnishes the name. Largely
visited at night by the moths and millers.

ARETH USA— ORCHIS,

BUL«^osA Nymph of Diana

ARABIS,

HESPERiODES Rock Cress

HiRSUTA Hairy Cress

LOEViGATA Smooth Cress

Canadensis Sickle Cress

ARISTOLOCHIA,

serpentaria Snake Root

ARTEMISIA,

ABSINTHIUM Wormzvood

13

ARALIA,

RACSMOSA Spikenard

NUDiCAULis Sarsaparilla

TRiFOLiA Dwarf Ginseng

QUiNQUEFOLiA Giuscng

HiSPiDA ^^ild Elder

ARISOEMA,

TRiPHYLLUM Jack ill the Pulpit

Dracontium Green Dragon

The difference in color with the triphyUnm
indicates the sex, the purple stripe spathe
the "Lords" and the light green the "Ladies."
The law regulating the sex in flowers has
always had an interest and the ultimate con-
clusions are that in the earlier embryonic stages
it is not determined, as the leaf bud may in
all plants be either male or female. This is
determined by the amount of nutrition the
embryo is able to draw unto itself. In
dracontium the leaves are grotesquely formed
and resemble the claws and foot of a dragon.
The long spadix tapering to a long point beyond
the spathe for the purpose of attracting atten-
tion.

ASARUM,

Canadense Wild Ginger

The root has an aromatic odor and a warm,
]nmgent taste. I'he odd flowers are borne close
to the ground, often covered with leaves. A
few butterflies, but mostly gnats and flies look-
after distributing the pollen.

ASCLEPIAS,

CoRNUTi Silk Weed

QUADRiFoijA Silk Weed

TUBEROSA Pleurisy Root

14

u-

0^

FROM TRIMENS MEDICINAL PUNTS.

536

DANDELION.
(Taraxacum taraxacum).

ASTERS,

puNicEus Starwort

PATENS Starwort

SHORTii Starzvort

DUMOSis Starwort

CRiEODES Starzvort

AzuREUS Starwort

CARNEUS Starwort

LoNGiFOLius Starzvort

nova-Angita Starzvort

ASPIDIUM,

FELIX-MAS Male Fern

Thelypteris Lady Fern

MARCiNALE Shield Fern

Booth Wood Fern

NovABORACENSE New York Fern

SPiNULOSUM Spinnlose Fern

ACRosTiCHOiDES Dagger Fern

GoLDiANUM Goldie's Fern

CHRisTATUM Crested Fern

From recent researches the theory that in
growing ferns from the seed spores, that there
is a missing link, or in other words that ferns
have a grandfather^ but no father, has been
disproved. The spores of all cryptogamous
plants are the same in purpose and as perfect
in use as the seed of other flowering plants.
The spores have their antheridia and arche-
gonia or male and female organs, and some-
times are on different prothalli, or at least, not
perfected at the same time, on the same one.

ASPLENIUM,

FEEix-FEMiNA Ladies' Fern

TRiCHOMANES Dzvorf Spleeuwort

THRijPTERODES Silver Spleenzvort

EBENEUM Ebony Spleenwort

EBENOTDES Hybrid Spleenwort

The last named is a hybrid by nature from
A-ebeneum and C-rhizophyllis, the result of one

17

species being fertilized by the antheroides of
another species. If hybridity among ferns be
admitted, then A-Bootii is another hybrid form
A-christatum.

AZALEA,

viscosA Swamp Azalea

arbore;sce;ns Smooth Azalea

CALENDULACEA Flame Azalea

AZOLLA,

Caroliniana Azolla

BAPTISIA,

australis Blue False Indigo

LEucoPHEA Cream False Indigo

TiNCTORiA Wild Indigo

The plants are common, assigned as a native,
having been found in every part of the United
States. Also cultivated in gardens and used for
dyeing, but is a poor substitute. The root in
medicine is used as a laxative and in larger
doses as a cathartic and emetic. Bees and
butterflies constant visitors.

BELLIS,

INTEORTPOLIA Daisy

BIDENS,

BiPiNNATA Spanish Needles

CHRYSANTHEMOiDES Burr Marigold

CERNUA Small Marigold

BLEPHILIA,

ciLiATA Downy Blephila

HiRSUTA Hairy Blephila

18

2t^^r^

BOTRYCHIUM,

i^UNAROiDES Grape Fern

ViRGiNicuM Rattlesnake Fern

NEGLECTUM Moonwort

GUCHNERA,

Americana Blue Hearts

BRUNELLA,

VULGARIS Self Heal

BROMUS,

SECALiNus Cheat

CACALIA,

ATROPLiciFouA Indian Plantain

CALYSTEGIA,

SEPiUM Rutland Beauty

SPiTHAMAEA Bind Weed

CALTHA,

PALUSTRis Marsh Marigold

"The marigold that goes to bed with the sun,

And with him rises weeping."
Extensively used by boiling as a vegetable,
as a pot herb like spinach. So abundant is
the bloom in Johnson's swamp near Cannelton,
that the swamp seems paved with gold. The
flowers are rich in nectar and the yellow
Syrphidoe flies, with the Papilio butterflies
look after cross fertilization.

CAMPANULA,

Americana BeMower

21

CASSIA,

Marilandica Lenna

OBTUSIFOI.IA Lenna

Chamaecrista Partridge Pea

NicTiTANS Sensitive Plant

CANNABIS,

SATivA Hemp

CAMPTOSORUS,

RHizoPHYLLUS Walking Fern

The venation is peculiar and the disposition
of the sori depends on the reticulated veins
forming crooked lines and fruit dots. The
leaves are prolonged like a runner, which often
roots at the apex, and these in turn to others ;
hence the popular name.

CARDUUS,

NUTANS Musk Thistle

CARDAMINE,

HiRSUTA Bitter Cress

PURPUREA Spring Cress

RHOMBOiDEA Meadozv Cress

CELASTRUS,

SCANDENS Climbing Bittersweet

CEANOTHUS,

Americanus Jersey Tea

ovALr.s Red Rout

The leaves were used for tea during the Ameri-
can Revolution, and is still used by some, they
claiming that the action is as stinnilating as
Chinese teas. The flower spikes are slightly
fragrant and are visited by many kinds of
insects.

22

356

WILD COLUMBINE.
ic4quilegia Canadensis,)

TROM "NATURE'S GARDEN
COPYRIGHT 1900, Bf
DOUeLEOAY, PAGE & COMP/

CHELONE,

GLABRA Turtle Head

CHELIDONIUM,

M Ajus Celandine

CHRYSOSPLENIUM,

Americanum Golden Saxifrage

CHIMAPHILA,

UMBELLATA Pipsissewa

maculata spotted Pine

CIRSiUM,

MUTicuM Swamp Thistle

pu^[iLUM Pasture Thistle

ARVENSE Canada Thistle

Cylindrical heads with purple flowers, dispens-
ing- their seeds by the aid of a light globe of
pappus. Linnets, gold-finches and other birds
feed on the seeds ; and the larva of the plume
moth Pterophorus. with the painted lady
butterfly Vanessa, largely live on thistle heads.
The flowers are fragrant and rich in nectar,
which insects imbibe to abject intoxication.

CIMICIFUGA,

Americana Bu^hane

RACEMOSA Black Cohosh

CICUTA,

MACULATA Water Hemlock

CIRCIA,

LuTETL\NA Enchanter's Nightshade

25

CLEMATIS,

viORNA Leather Flower

ViRGiNiANA Virgin's Bower

CLINTONIA,

BORCALis Yellow Clintonia

UMBULLATA White Clintonia

CLAYTON! A,

Caroliniana spring Beauty

ViRGiNiCA Spring Beauty

CLEOME,

PUNGENS Spider Flower

COMMELYNA,

ViRGiNiCA Day Flower

CORALLORHIZA— ORCHIS,

ODONTORHIZA Coral Root

MULTiFLORA Coral Root

Prized by chemists, but disappointing to orchid
hunters. Simple scafe, with sheaths in place
of leaves, dull colored red flowers. Its clus-
tered coral roots speak its praises.

COLLINSONIA,

Canadensis Horse Balm

COLINSIA,

VERNiA Innocence

PARVTFEORA Blue Byes

CORYDALIS,

GLAUCA Pale Corydalis

AUREA Golden Corydalis

FEAVUEA Crestless Corvdalis

26

FROM KCEHLER'S MEOICINAL-PFLANZEN.

b76

MANDRAKE,

CHICAGO:
A.W, MUMFORO OUBLISHER.

COSMANTHES— P

PuRSHii Cosmanthes

FiMHRiATA Cosmanthes

CONOPHOLIS,

Americana Cancer Root

A sing'ular parasite growing in clusters of three
on the roots of oak trees. The upper scales
forming bracts to the yellow flowers, while the
lower scales covering each other in regular
order, not unlike those of a fir-cone.

CRYPTOTAENIA,

Canadensis Honewort

CUPHEA,

viscosissiMA Clammy Ciiphea

CUNILA,

Mariana Dittany

CUSCUTA,

ARVENis Dodder

Twining parasites of bad reputation, absolutely
without conscience and of uncanny ways, living
b>- sucking the life out of composites. Small
flies visit the clusters of tiny white flowers.

CYSTOPTERIS,

FRAGiLis Cliff Fern

BULBiFERA Bladder Fern

The last named has bulbs scattered at base
of pinnaes. which drop to the ground, send
cait rootlets and send up developed fronds the
second season.

29

CYNOGLOSSUM,

oFFiciNALS Hound's Tongue

ViRGiNicuM Wild Comfrey

MoRisoNi Beggars' Lice

CYPRIPEDIUM— ORCHIS,

CANDiDUM Small White Slipper

PUBRSCENS Large Yelloiv Slipper

PARViPLORUM Small Yclloxv Slipper

SPECTABiLE White and Pink Slipper

ACAULE Rose-purple Slipper

Orchids are the gypsies of the plant world,
being found in every country. They have a
geographical movement, a real traveling by
new tubes forming on the farther side of each
present plant. The flowers often showy, being
the only class of plants that show development.
Only a few are capable of self-fertilization.
They are distinguished from other flowers by a
twist in the ovary, having the upper petal
brought down, taking the place of the lower
petal. In the above species the lip is inflated
resembling a Lady's Slipper ; others take on
forms of insects. Some botanists claim these
changing forms are inherited, but later authori-
ties who have made orchids a study, show that
these modifications are associated with the
structure and habits of insects and their visits
to these flowers. The early Algonquins called
tliem "Indian's mawcahsin flower." Linnaeus
in 1740 named this group for Cypris the
"Divine Mother" of the Roman people. All
these species are visited by bumblebees carry-
ing the pollen on their backs

30

346

LADY'S SLIPPER.
(Cypripedium hirsutum ]

DATURA,

STRAMONIUM Jamestowfi Weed

DASYSTOMA,

FLAVA Foxglove

DALEA,

ALOPEUROiDES DaUa

DESMODIUM,

Acuminatum Chain Trefoil

NUDiFLORUM Bush TrefoU

Pauciflorum Trefoil

ROTUNDiFOLiA Trefoil

LiNEATUM Trefoil

Canadense Trefoil

The seeds form a chevaux-de-frise of beggar
ticks. Thoreau writes: "Though you were
running for your life, they would have time
to catch and cling to your clothes," and so the
seeds get what they wanted, deposited in a new
place. Butterflies are frequent visitors.

DELPHINIUM,

TRioiiNE Larkspur

EXALTUM ,• .Larkspur

AZUREUM Larkspur

DECODON— N

VERTiciELATus Looscstrife

Stems reroot themselves from their tips when-
ever they touch the water. Flowers trimor-
phous, and only fertilized from a stamen of
equal length in another flower.

33

DENTARIA,

LACiNATA Toothwort

MAXIMA Toothwort

HETEROPHYLivA Pepper Root

DiPH YLLA Crinkle Root

DIANTHERA,

Amb;ricana Water Willow

Favorite plant with cattle for food along our
creeks, producing a large flow of milk. The
flowers purplish and the separated cells give
appearance of two anthers. Fertilized by
butterflies and the so-called snake feeders.

DICENTRA,

CUCULI.ARIA Dutchman's Breeches

Canadensis Squirrel Corn

The firmly closed two spurred petals would
seem to prevent intrusion of insects, but by
means of gauze placed over flowers, no seeds
are set, proving pollen from other flowers is
necessary. The rounded spurs make the first
named, as they resemble Dutchman's breeches.

DIOSCOREA,

vii.U)SA Yam Root

The rhizomes are used in a medicinal way
and the roots or "yams" as articles of food.
A bad name, for the plant is never villous,
and often nearly smooth.

DROSERA,

ROTUNDiFOLiA Sundew

DYSODIA,

CHRYSANTHEMOiDES Fetid Marigold

84

V <•

DULCHIUM,

SPATHACEUM Spiked Sedge

ECHINODORUS,

RADiCANS Urchin's Sack

ECHIUM,

VULGARIS Viper's Bugloss

ECHONOCYSTIS,

LOBATo Balsam Apple

A beautiful rapid-growing climber with triple
tendrils, and is cross fertilized largely by
beetles. The name means hedgehog, in allusion
to the armed fruit.

ELEOCHARIS,

R0ST12LLATA Spiked Rush

ELODES,

ViRGiNiCA Marsh Wort

EPIPHEGUS,

ViRGiNiANA Beech Drops

Saprophytic plants, upper open flowers are
sterile, the lower ones which never expand,
accomplish the continuance of their kind.

EPIGOEA,

REPiiNS Trailing Arbutus

It is hard to realize the plant with its creeping
habits is actually a shrub. They were the first
flowers to greet our Pilgrim Fathers, and are
peddled every spring under the title of the
Plymouth Mayflower.

37

EPILOBiUM,

AuGusTiTiFOLiuM WUlow Herb

coLORATUM Rose Bay

EQUISETUM,

HYEMALE Scouring Rush

SYivVATicuM Horsetail

PRATENSE Branched Tail

ERYTHRONIUM,

Americanum Yellow Adder's Tongue

Ai^BiDUM White Adder's Tongue

These flowers are adapted to long tongued in-
sects. The bumblebee Bumpus Pennsylvanicus
and the butterfly Colias philodice are often seen
entering the flower bell and issue besprinkled
with pollen.

ERIGERON,

BELLiDiFOLiUM Robin's Plantain

Canadense flea Bane

ERECHTHITES,

hieracifolia Pire Weed

EUPHORBIA,

CORKOLLATA Plozverlng spurge

HYPERiciFOLiA Ploivcring Spurge

ESUEA Plozverlng Spurge

DEN TATA P lowering Spurge

EUONYMUS,

ATRoPURi'UREUS Burning Bush

Amekicanus Spindle Bush

38

EUPATORIUM,

PURPUREM Joe Pye Weed

AGERAToiDES White Snake Root

PERPOLiATUM Thorough Wort

SESSiLiEoiviUM upland Boneset

ATissiMUM Trumpet Weed

These heads of flowers show that in "union
there is strength" by being composite, attractive
to insects. The first-named to commemorate
Dr. Joe Pye an Indian doctor who had great
reputation in curing typhoid fever by its use.

FEDIA,

OLITORIA Lamb's Lettuce

Fagopyrum Corn Salad

FILAGO,

Germanica Cotton Rose

FLOERKEA,

PROSERPiNACOiDES Palse Mermaid

FRAGARIA,

iLtiNOENSis ^^'^^c? Strawberry

ve;sca Cliff Strawberry

Six natural species are recognized, ah belong-
ing to F-vesca. The lUinoensis is the source
of the famous Hovey's Seedling and later
Qf the Wilson's Albany, whose production
marked an epoch in strawberry culture. Some
botanists condemn calling it a berry as the
iruit or achaena are borne on its exterior.
Izaak Walton, in his Angler, quotes Dr. Boteler
as saying. "Doubtless, God could have made
a better berry, but, doubtless, God never did."

41

FUMARIA,

orFTCiNALis Smoke Plant

GAULTHERIA,

PROCUMBENS Wintcrgreen

MACULATUM Wintergreen

GALIUM,

TRiFLORUM Sweet-scented Bedstraw

CONCINNUM Rough Bedstraw

LATiFOLiUM Smooth Bedstraw

pii^osuM Hairy Bedstrazv

ASPRELLUM Hooked Bedstrazv

ciRCAEZANS Wild Liquorice

GAURA,

BIENNIS ■ . . Gaura

GENISTA,

TiNCTORiA Dyer's Weed

GENTIANA,

Saponaria Soapwort

OCHROLEUCA White Gentian

Andrewsii Blue Gentian

QUiNQUEFLORA Fivc-Howcred Gentian

They bloom with the late frosts, when birds
have flown. The closed flowers have been used
to disprove cross fertilization by insects, but
bees have been noted puncturing the petals of
the tight closed bottle shaped corolla. The
juices of the plant are very bitter and used
as a substitute for quinine.

GERARDIA,

TENNiFOLiA Purple Gerardia

PAUPERCULA Small Gerardia

42

YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER AND PAINTED CUP.

312

COPYRIGHT 1900, SY
NATURE STUDY PJB. CO., CHICAGO.

GEUM,

ALBUM Avens

GERANIUM,

PUSiLLUM Small Craneshill

MACULATUM Large Craneshill

I'he long fruit bearing beak resembling the bill
of cranes.

^^prungel, the German scholar, first noted the
close relation as to form between flowers and
insects. Others have noted the number of
species of insects is related to the number of
species of plants, each shaping those of the
oiher.

GILLENiA,

TRiF'oi.iATA Indian Physic

GOODYERA— ORCHIS,

REPK-VS Rattlsnake Plantain

PUBESCENS Rattlesnake Plantain

TESSELivATA Rattlesnake Plantain

GRATIOLA,

ViRuiNiANA Hedge Hyssop

HAMAMELIS,

ViRGiNiCA Witch Hazel

The polygamous showy flowers come out late in
autumn, maturing the next summer its torpedo
shaped seeds, which it expels with remarkable
force to a distance of forty feet. It has lately
been discovered that the pollen after germi-
nating upon the stigma, with comparative
rapidity until winter, when the upper part of
the pistil dies and the pollen tube passes the
winter in that part of the pistil which has a
protective covering of hairs. In the spring the
pollen tube resumes its growth and perfects
fertilization of the plant.

46

HABEN ARIA— ORCHIS,

BiGULOVii Large Fringed Orchis

HooKERiANA Small Fringed Orchis

CiLiARis Yellow Fringed Orchis

PSYCODES Purple Fringed Orchis

BLEPiiARiGLOTTis White Fringed Orchis

ORBicuLATA Spurred Fringed Orchis

DiLA'f ATA Green Fringed Orchis

PERAMOENA Oval Leaf Orchis

LACUNA Ragged Orchis

'.b&'

The difiference between these species is marked
and distinct year after year. Variation is the
universal rule in nature and this genus in
all species shows that it exists everywhere.
So there are no two faces exactly similar ; so
there are no two plants which do not vary to
some extent in structure ; and today the natural-
ist wants to know the cause of the variations.

HEPATICA,

TRiBOL A Liver Leaf

ACUTii.OBA Liver Leaf

On sunny sides of hills the leaves are tribola,
or round lobed, and in shady nooks, leaves
acute or pointed and sometimes five-lobed. The
ancients believed nature indicated by shape to
which her creations should be applied.

HEUCHERA,

Americana Alum Root

PUBKSCENS Alum Root

HEDEOMA,

PUi,EGioiDES Pennyroyal

HiSPiDA Pennyroyal

46

OSWEGO TEA OR BEE BALM.
(rMonarda didyma. )

PAGE A COM

HELIANTHUS,

TUBERosus Artichoke

GIGANTEUS Swi-floWCl

HiRsuTAS Sun-ilozver

DECAPETALUS Swi-flower

DivARicATus Siiu-flower

MiCROCEPHALUS SuH-flozver

The divaricatns is claimed to be original of
the artichoke. The other species in mythology
sacred ; as the flowers always face the sun.
They are used in the temples as symbolizing
constancy and service to the sun-god.

HIERACIUM,

VENOSUM Rattlesnake Weed

PANicuLATUM Pauicled Weed

SCABRUM Hawk Weed

HOUSTONIA,

TENNIFOLIA BluetS

LONGii'oiviA Innocence

COERULIA Quaker Ladies

They are dimorphous with short pistils and
and stamens. The tall secure pollen from taP
and short from short pistil or stamened plants,
thus preventing self-fertilization.

HYPOXIS,

ERECTA Star Grass

HYDROPHYLLUM,

ViRCiNicuM Water Leaf

APPENDicuEATUM Water Leaf

HYDRANGEA,

ARBORESCENS Wild Hydrangea

49

HYDROSOTYLE,

RANUNCUivOiDES Pennywort

HYPERICUM,

CoRYMBOSUM St. John's Wort

PROUFicuM St. John's Wort

DENSiFLORUM St. John's Wort

ELUPTicuM St. John's Wort

PERi?ORATUM St. John's Wort

ILEX,

vERTiciLLATA Black Alder

ILYSANTHES,

GRATioLOiDES Mire-Hower

IMPATIENS,

F ULVA Jewel Weed

PALLIDA J^'^^^l ^^^^

Cleistogamous flowers fertilized in the bud.
The seed pod bursting with violence, scatters
*he seed without aid of elements or animals.

lODANTHUS,

PINNATIIflDIA P<^1^^ Rocket

IRIS,

VERSICOLOR B/«^ ^'^ s

VERNA Dzvarf Flag

CRISTATA Crested Flag

ISANTHUS,

CAERULEUS ^(^^^^ Pennyroyal

JEFFER30N1A,

Twin-leaf

DIPHYLLA

60

#* .as.

JUNCUS,

EFFfisi-s Bog Rush

The soft pliant stems much sought after by-
basketry clubs, as they easily take up colors and
work up beautifully into baskets.

KALMiA,

LATiFOLiA Calico Bush

AUGusTiFOLiA Shecp Laurel

GI<AUCA Pale Laurel

Through Apollo and the emperors, Tiberias
and Augustus, the legends of laurel are dra-
matic. The use of same was forbidden to
;f:rofane services ; even today many count it
a good omen to decorate homes for Christmas.
Farmers persist in exterminating laurel as
poisonous to sheep. Others ruin many fine
groves hunting for the knotty roots to make
pipes and souveniers.

KRIGIA,

ViRGiNiCA Dandelion

LESPEDEZA,

TiNCTORiA Bush Clover

HiRTA Bush Clover

REPEjNS Bush Clover

DivERGENS Bush Clover

viOLACEA Bush Clover

They bear two kinds of flowers, the showy
ones with petals never fruit, the others without
petals extremely fertile. Butterflies and bees
are constant visitors. The plant named for a
Spanish governor of Florida.

LEPIDIUM,

iNTiiRMiSDiuM Pepperwort

53

LEDUM,

LATiFOLiUM Labrador Tea

LINUM,

USITATISSIMUM FlaX

LIPARIS— ORCHIS,

LoESELii Tivay Blade

Lii.i?OLiA Tway Blade

A pretty little orchid, the racemes with purplish
ilowers, and fat or shining leaves. To have
success in germinating the seeds they must be
town in fungus-infected soil.

LIATRIS,

SQUARROSA Biasing Star

SCARIOSA Biasing Star

Showy spikes of purplish flowers, often three
feet in length. Grows in great masses near
Islorado park, with polygala, golden rod and
lobelia. Flowers are visited by the honey bee
and orange banded hornets.

LILLIUM,

Can.\de;nse; Meadow Lily

SUPERBUM Wood Lily

The pollen is largely distributed by the hum-
ming birds ; the smallest, most exquisite and
unabashed tropical jewel, that assists in fertiliz-
ing all our tubular flowers. The bird's tongue
is perforated, forming cylindrical tubes, captur-
ing insects in flowers, as well as nectar. They
cover their nests with lichens and line them
Avith down of cat tails and ferns. In extracting
nectar from flowers, they poise on wing, and
the only bird that flies backward out of flower
tubes.

LINARIA,

VULGARIS Butter and Eggs

Canadensis Butter and Eggs

64

85

BUBY-TPlKOATKiJ HUMMING BII-;j
Lite-size

LIPPIA,

LANCEOLATA Fog Frilit

LONICERA,

PARviFLORA Small Honeysuckle

ciLiATA Fly Houeysuckle

GRATA Woodbine

LOBELIA,

SPiCATA Pale Lobelia

SYPH1I.ITICA Blue Cardinal

CARDiNALUS Red Cardinal

iNFLATA Indian Tobacco

DoRTMANNA Water Lobelia

LUDWIGIA,

ALTERNiFOLiA Seed-box

PALUSTRis Water Purslane

LYCHNIS,

\-ESPFj<TiNA Evening Cockle

GiTHAGO Corn Cockle

LYCOPUS,

ViRGiNicus Bugle Weed

EuROPAEus Water Horehound

siNLTATus Water Horehound

LYSIMACHIA,

ciLiATA Loosestrife

Thvrsifeora Tufted Loosestrife

STRicTA Loosestrife

QUADRiFOLiA Loosestrife

NUMMULARiA MoHcywort

The last is a pretty trailing vine growing in
the river channel beds among the gravel and
stones. The golden yellow flowers attracts
many insects.

57

LYCOPODIUM,

DENDROiDEUM Ground Pine

coMPLANATUM FestooH Pine

CLAVATUM Club Mos<;

Variation in these plants seem to be more
than evolution, being guided by some intelli-
gent power having definite and ordered results.
They were not left to chance, and always an
end in view, with regular methods adapted
to that end. The subtile spores discharge
copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder.

LYGODIUM,

PALMATUM Climbing Fern

Rootstalks with climbing fronds. From each
mid-vein veinlets arise obliquely curving out-
ward to edge of lobes. Connecticut passed a
blue law in 1869 with a penalty of one hundred
dollars for gathering this fern. This is the
only state law, where a wild plant has received
special protection on account of its beauty.

MAIANTHEMUM,

BiFOLiA Tivo-Leaved Seal

MARUTA,

CoTULA May Weed

MALVA,

MOSCH ATES Musk Mallozv

ROTUNDiEOLiA Common Mallow

58

334

GENISTA.

MELITOTUS,

^^^'^ Sweet-scented Clover

MEDICAGO,

LUPULiNA Medick

MEDEOLA,

\^iRr.iNiANA Cucumber Root

Named for the sorceress, Medea, from the im-
ag-inary notion that it possesses great medicinal
virtues. Always found growing with Orchids.

MENTHA,

SYLVKSTRis HoTse Mint

PIPERITA Pepper Mint

AQUATiCA Water Mint

viRTDiS Spear Mint

ARVKNSis Corn Mint

MERTENSIA,

ViRGiNicA Blue Bells

MELANTHIUM,

ViRGiNicuxM Bunch Flower

MICHELLA,

REP^^s Partridge Berry

The white fragrant flowers are rarely
dimorphous or completely confluent in one.
Cross fertilized mainly by small butterflies and
bees. The scarlet berries are edible remaining
through winter. This evergreen plant is com-
mon in America, Mexico, Asia and Japan.
Supposed to have had common origin, being
separated by descent of glacial periods.

61

MITELLA,

DiPH YLI.A Bishop's Cap

MIMULUS,

ALATus Monkey Flower

RiNC^NS Monkey Flower

Jamesii Monkey Flower

MOLLUGO,

VERTiciLLATA Carpet Weed

MONARDA,

DiDYMA Oswego Tea

i^iSTULOSA Red Burgamot

PUNCTATA Horse Balm

MOSSES,

TuNGERMANIA

Hypnum-adustum
Desmatodon-avenacens
Bartrania-ponisfomies
Cylindesthesium-seductria

PoivYTRICHIUM-EORMOSUM

Hypnum-tamarissimum

Merchantia-Polymorphia

Deeuhorn-Mushroon.

Mosses are interesting- on account of the
important part they play in the economy of
nature. The mossy coverinsj^s of the forest
collect the rainfall like a sponge, holding back
excessive torrents ; while the bog moss forms
peat and other mosses grow on rocks produc-
ing by decay a thin layer of humus in which
the seeds of higher plants take root. They
have capacity to endure droughts and of sus-
pending their growth in dry and resuming it
again in moist weather. Among plants none
of a higher order are closely allied and the
chasm which divides mosses from all other
plants, is the widest in the whole vegetable
kingdom.

62

A. W, MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO.

281

LADY'S SLIPPER.

RIGHT 1899, Br
NATURE STUDY PUB. CO.. CHICAGO.

MONOTROPA,

UNiFu^RA Indian Pipe

HiPOPiTYS Pine Sap

LANUGINOSA Falsc Bcech Drops

MYOSOTIS,

PALUbTRis Forget-me-not

LAXA Forget-me-not

VERVA Forget-me-not

MYRIOPHYLLUM,

VERTiciLLATUM Water Milfoil

TENiiLLUM Water Milfoil

NAPAEA,

DioiCA Marsh Mallow

NARDOSMIA,

PALAIATA Coltsfoot

NABULUS,

- ALTissiMus Drop Flower

ALBus White Lettuce

CREPiDiNEUS Rattlesnake Root

NEPETA,

GLECiiOM A Ground Ivy

Cataria Catnip

NICOTIANA,

rustica Wild Tobacco

Named for John Nicot, who introduced the
tobacco into Europe. The species number about
fifty, all of American origin. Common in old
fjelds ; a relic of cultivation by the Indians.
'J he family dependent upon insects for cross
fertilization.

65

NUPHAR,

ADVUNA Yelloiv Pond Lily

VARiDGATUM Y ellozv Poud Lily

PUMiLUM Yellow Pond Lily

Flowers produced all summer and from their
odor called "brandy bottles." Many use the
roots as food, as also its farinaceous seeds.
The sepals graduate into petals and the rows
of petals into stamens. Reproduction is accom-
plished by the seeds, buds, bulblets, bulbs, tubers,
cuttings, scions, and from leaves. Thus God's
boundless resources of skill can accomplish
either one purpose in a thousand different
ways, or a thousand different purposes by one
radical form and that form a leaf.

OENOTHERA,

CHRYSANTHRA Eveuijig Prinii'ose

PUMiLLA Bvening Primrose

BIENNIS Evening Primrose

GRANDiFLORA Evening Primrose

CRUCiATA Evening Primrose

Plant varies greatly. Of nocturnal habits, the
flowers opening near sunset and emit a fra-
grance to catch the large night moths. The
roots are eaten to provoke a relish for wine.

ONOCLEA,

SENSJ.BiLiS Sensitive fern

ORCHIS,

SPECTABiLis Shozvy Orchid

The flower is completely tiu-ned around and the
Up instead of being superior is anterior. The
number of species is over five thousand, exceed-
ing that of any other order. Twenty-eight
have been found in Beaver county.

66

FBOM KCEHLER'S ME0ICINAL-PFLAM2EN.

488

SWEET FLAG-.
(Acorus calamus.)

OSMORRHIZA,

LONGisTYLis Sweet Cicely

BREViSTYLis Szveet Cicely

OSMUNDA,

REGALis Royal Fern

ciNNAMOMEA Cinnamon Fern

iNTERRUPTus Flowering Fern

Named for St. Osmund, who came over from
Normandy in 1066 with William the Conqueror
and who was made chancellor and reformed
the liturgy. The root stalk continues many
years, forming crowns of fronds or hummocks
of imbricated stalk bases and interlacing
roots. The base of the stalks are winged
inwrapping the less developed like the scales of
an onion. In Pine swamp the fronds grow six
feet above the hummocks, curving outward and
form such stately beauty that they are deserv-
ing of name royal ferns. All the genera have
the stalks winged and woolly, nor is there any
absence of auricles or rounded lobes to dis-
tinguish the American from the European.

OXALIS,

viOLACEA Wood Sorrel

STRicTA Wood Sorrel

ACETOSELLA Wood Sorrel

These plants bear small cleistogamous flowers
underground that are self fertilized. They
yield the salt of lemons due to oxalic acid.
The triple leaves are reputed to have been
used by Saint Patrick as a symbol of the
Trinity.

OXYRIA,

DIGYNA

.Mountain Sorrel

69

PAPAVER,

DUBiUM Corn Poppy

SOMNiFERUM Com Poppy

PARONYCHIA,

DiCHOTOMA Whitlow Wort

Canadensis Betony

PENTHORUM,

SEDOiDES ^ione Crop

PEDICULARIS,

Canadensis Betony

The spikes bear the slender corolla as the
head of a walrus and even with the miniature
])rojections in imitation of his tusks. The pollen
is protected from rain, under the hooded upper
lip. Bees are common visitors.

PENSTEMON,

PUBESCENS Beard's Tongue

Digitalis Beard's Tongue

GR-\NOiFLOROUS Beard's Tongue

PHYTOLACCA,

DECANDRA ^oke Berry

PHORADENDRON,

FLAVESCENS ^aJse Mistletoe

Of seventy-six species only this one found
growing in our county. The plant much
blanched with scaly leaves, and having small
spikes of yellow flowers ; followed by white
berries with vicous pulp, that are eaten by
birds, thus scattering the seeds. The mistletoe
is parasitic, most common on the shad or June-
berry tree.

70

PHYRMA,

LEPTOSTACHYA Lopseed

PHYSOSTEGIA,

ViRGiNiANA Dragon Head

PHELIPOEA,

LuDOviciANA Broom Rape

PHEGOPTERIS,

Drvopte;ris Oak Fern

POLYPODIODES Beecli Fern

HEXOGONOPTERis Beech Fern

PHYSALIS,

ANGULATA Ground Cherry

viscosA Ground Cherry

Pennsylvanica , Ground Cherry

PHLOX,

divaricata Wood Pink

LYCHNiDiA Szuanip Phlox

MACULATA Sivcet William

SUBLATA Moss Pink

POLYGONUM,

DUAiETORUM Climbing Buckzvheat

orientals Prince's Feather

Hydropiper Sniartzveed

ACRE Red Smartweed

ARTicuLATA Jointzveed

aviculare Knotgrass

ARu^OEiuM Tear-thmnb

Pennsyevanicum Rose Feather

ViRGiNiANUM Rose Feather

POLYPODIUM,

vuLGARE Rock Fern

73

POLYGONATUM,

GiGANTEUM Solomofi's Seal

BiFLORUM Solomon's Seal

POLYGALA,

BREviFoiyiA Milkivorts

SANGUiNEA Milkworts

POLEMONIUM,

REPTANS Greek Valerian

PONTEDERIA,

coRDATA Pickerel Weed

PODOPHYLLUM,

peltatum May Apple

POTOMOGETON,

GRAMiNDUS Poud Weed

Those who desire to make further discoveries
can with a microscope take up the Algae, a
large group of cosmopoHtan plants. In the
order of Diatoms, many are found attached
to these pond weeds. They vary greatly,
showing plant forms that are very beautiful.
There are many genera, and millions of species,
growing and moving everywhere, but how, is
one of nature's secrets.

POTENTILLA,

Canadensis Pive Fingers

PSORALEA,

oNOHRYCHis Psoraka

PTEROSPORA,

Andromedea Pine Drops

74

N

IRIS

COPYRJGHT 1899. OOUBLEOAY <S MoCLUHE CO , NEW VORK.

PTERIS,

GRACiLUS Rock Brake

AQUiUNA Rock Brake

ATROPURPUREA Rock Brake

The genus Pteris consists of about one hundred
species, widely distributed in America, Mexico
cind Europe. The transverse section of stems
shows fibroid bundles of tissue ; likened in
appearance to "U. S." or the heraldic "dis-
played eagle" and in Europe it is also said they
show "King Charles in the oak."

PYROLA,

ROTUNDiFOLiA False Winter green

ELLiPTiCA Shin Leaf

PYCUANTHEMUM,

LANCEOivATUM Basil

QUAMOCLIT,

coccLNEA Cypress Vine

RANUNCULUS,

MURiCATus Buttercup

MULTiEiDus Buttercup

FASCicuLARis Buttercup

BULBOsus Buttercup

AETSMAEFOLius Spearzvort

ABORtius Small Crozvfoot

REPTENS Creeping Crozvfoot

ACRfS Buttercup

RHUS,

TYPHINA Staghorn Sumach

Toxicodendron Poison Ivy

COPALLINA Dwarf Sumach

VENENATA PoisoH Sumach

aromaTica Fragrant Sumach

77

RHODODENDRON,

MAXIMUM Great Laurel

Catawbiense: Great Laurel

Both species are abundant on hills back from
Monaca. They produce their new growth
below the beautiful flowers, forming a terminal
inflorescence destitute of leaves and developed
from a large scaly bud. The cultivated species
are R-Catawbiense hybridized with the tender
exotic R-aboreum. The flower stems are hairy
and sticky, keeping off insects not wanted,
•^vhile the flowers are fertilized by many kinds
of bees and night moths. They give us a broad
hint to adopt them as our National Flower.

RIBUS,

FLORiDUM Black Currant

CYNOSBATi Gooseberry

ROSA,

BLANDA Early Rose

LUCiDA Dzvarf Rose

Carolina Swamp Rose

RUBiGiNosA Szveet Brier Rose

MiCRANTHA Small Sweet Brier Rose

RUDBECKIA,

LACiNiATA Cone Flower

TRiBOLA Cone Flower

SPECiosA Cone Flower

FULGiDA Cone Flozver

HiRiA Cone Flozver

The last named species now common of recent
introduction, with clover seed from the west.
The small bee Halictus, bumble bees and larger
butterflies are constant visitors.

78

WILD YELLOW OR CANAOi^^
iLiUum C^nadense. )

FROM "NATURE'S GARDEN.'

COPYRIGHT 1900, BY

>OUeLeDAV, PAGE Sl compain

RUBUS,

ODORATus Flozvering Raspberry

viLLOSUS Blackberry

Canadensis Dewberry

occjDENTALis Thimble Berry

SARRACENIA,

PURPUREA Pitcher Plant

An interesting but almost extinct plant found
growing in the peat bogs of Pine swamp above
New Gallilee. The curious inflated leaves are
always partly filled with water and many
drowned insects, that not only contributed to
the fertilizing but now to the sustenance. This
species have leaf glands secreting a digestive
fluid which aids in assimilating the insects.
Now known that the pitcher leaves are kept
filled through the roots.

SAPONNARIA,

OFFICINALIS Bouncing Bet

SAGGITTARIA,

RiGiDA Narrozv Arrozv Head

OBTUSA Broad Arrozv Head

The genus remarkable for its variations in leaf
and flower characters. Most of the fourteen
named species can be traced in our county, but
tliey seem to be mere forms not varieties.
The pollen is largely distributed by the glassy
winged dragon fly.

SABBATIA,

ANGULARis American Century

BRACHiATA Rose-pink Century

81

SANICULA,

Marilandica Black Snake Root

SCROPHULARIA,

Canadensis Blood Root

Showy but fragile flowers, common every-
where. The blossom attracts insects which
gather pollen but no nectar. Named from the
color of the juice.

SAMOLUS,

Americanus Pimpernel

SAXIFRAGA,

ViRGiNiENSis Saxifrage

Pennsylvanica Saxifrage

SCROPULARiA,

RODOSA Figzvort

SCUTELLARIA,

LATERIELORA Skullcap

piLOSA Skullcap

VERSICOLOR Skullcap

SERRATA Skullcap

INTSGRIFOLIA Skullcap

canescens Skullcap

\ quack doctor having formerly vaunted its
virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia the genus
bears the name of Mad-Dog-Skullcap. Flowers
are fertilized by the bee Halictus and leaf cutter
Megachile.

SENECiO,

OBOVATus Groundsel

AURKNS Golden Ragwort

82

SISYRINCHIUM,

Bermudiana

.Blue-eyed Grass

SILENE,

ROTUMDiP^LORA RoMid Campioii

REGiA Royal Campion

STELLATA Starry Campion

ALBA White Campion

Pennsylvanica Pink Campion

NocTURNA Night Campion

iNFLATA Bladder Campion

Beautiful but delicate flowers. Some open in
sunshine and others at night, being visited by
large moths.

SIDA,

Napaea Sida

SMILACINA,

RACEMOSA

.Solomon's Seal

SMILAX,

ROTUNDiFOLiA Greenbrier

HERBACEA Carrion Flower

GLAUCA Sarsaparilla

SOLIDAGO,

COESIA Golden Rod

ivATiFOLiA Golden Rod

ULMIPOUA Golden Rod

Canadensis Golden Rod

Some twenty species have been collected in
this county, showing many forms of leaf and
flower. Flowers are visited day and night by
insects and there seems supply of pollen and
nectar for all.

85

SOLANUM,

Dulcamara False Bittersweet

NIGRUM Poison Nightshade

Caroline;use Horse Nettle

SPARGANUM,

SIMPLEX Burr Reed

EURYcarpum Large Reed

androcladum Branching Reed

SPECULARIA,

peri'oliata Venus Looking Glass

SPIRANTHES— ORCHIS,

cernua Ladies Traces

PROECox Ladies Traces

gracilis Ladies Traces

The name alludes to the spiral flower spike.
The odor of last named is peculiarly aromatic
reminiscent of the horse chestnut, but remark-
ably sweet, attracting many insects. The two
iirst abundant at 1200 feet above sea level, the
last in swamps.

SPIROEA,

OPULIFOLIA ^'i^ic Bark

LOBATo Prince's Feather

Arupjcus Goat's Beard

FiLTPENDULA Mcadozv's Pride

TOMENTOSA Steeple Bark

SALiciEOLiA Meadozv Sivect

STACHYS,

ARVENSIS Woundu'^r'

aspera Hedge Nettu

PALUSTRis Hedge Nettle

HYSSOPiFOLiA Hcdgc Nettle

GLABRA Hedge Nettle

86

STENANTHIUM,

AuGusTiFOLio Bunch Flower

One of the most handsome and showy plants,
with wand like leafy stem and conduplicate
keeled leaves. Numerous flowers in compound
racemes, waving' like plumes in the wind.
Spikes of flower heads often five to seven
feet high. Flowers are polygamous, staminate,
pistillate and perfect on same plant.

STRUTHIOPTERIS,

Germanica Ostrich Fern

STELLARIA,

LONGiFOLiA Stickworts

puBTvRA Chickzveed

uiviGNOSA Starwort

SYMPLOCARPUS,

FOETiDUS Skunk Cabbage

Tliis plant really has no season of rest. Flower
buds form in the fall as leaves drop away and
are constantly pushing upwards so that in the
first warm days of February they appear above
ground and by St. Patrick's day they are in full
bloom. It is the leader of the spring pageant
of flowers and insects find them out by the
fragrant smell they emit like unto old mustard
plasters and onions. Honey bees, banded flies
and millers patronize the flow^ers and often end
their lives there, as spiders spin a web across
the opening in spathe and leisurely feed on
the prisoners. Later the leaves appear and form
great tufted crowns.

89

TARAXACUM,

Dens-leonis Dandelion

Under date of November 30th, 1902, H. S.
McCauley told the Physicians' Club that
100,000 children in Chicago did not know a
rose from a dandelion. After an investigation
in three of the largest schools it was found
that the charges were true. With children as
old as fourteen years, "lilocks, daisies, lily
buds" were the joyous cries shrilled forth when
violets were exhibited. Largely in all the
graded schools of Beaver county, nature
studies are taught by displaying in school room
windows plants, nests and mounted insects.

TANACETUM,

VULGARE

Introduced into the county by Dr. Barney
Dustan, at Darlington in 1812. The doctor
was the first physician in the county to abandon
the barbarous and useless process of bleeding.
He was known as the "Botanical Doctor" and
With tansy, celandine, wormwood and whiskey,
obtained many marvelous cures.

TEUCRIUM,

Tansy

Canadense Germander

Sometimes called wood sage, the leaves being
rich in a volatile oil. Named for Teucer,
kmg of Troy. The lower lobe of flowers broad
and furnishes a good landing for the Andrea
ground bees, seeking the nectar and pollen.

90

TEPHROSIA,

ViRCiNiANA Goat's Rue

Of the 125 species, only this one extends
north into our county. The odd pinnate leaves
are remarkable for their peculiar veins, not
netted or branching-, but extending parallel to
each other obliquely from the midrib. The red,
purple and white flowers are conspicuously
papilionaceous, with petals borne on claws.
The plant is locally known from its long root-
lets as the devil's shoestrings.

THALICTRUM,

coRNUTi Meadozv Rue

DioicuM Early Rue

ANEMONOiDES Rite Anemone

PURPURASCEUS Piirplc Rue

Graceful, airy plants with plume clusters of
misty white flowers. The several species ail
seem to be favorites with bees and butterflies
tliough the flowers are polygamous.

TRIFOLIUM,

arvense; Rabbit' s-foot Clover

PRATENSE Red Clover

REFLEXUM Buffalo Clover

RIPENS White Clover

Pratense is the common red clover and de-
pendent upon bumble bees for fertilization ;
arvense, with fuzzy heads is an emigrant from
Europe ; repens is rich in nectar and fertilized
by the honey bee. Tradition makes it identical
with the Shamrock of Ireland.

93

TRADE3CANTIA,

ViRGiNiCA Spiderwort

ROSEA Spiderwort

piLOS A Spiderwort

A genus of plants, showing variety in leaf and
habit. They have been much improved by cul-
tivation. Named for John Tradescant, a noted
gardener to Charles I of England. Flowers
visited by the Papillo butterflies and humming birds.

TRILLIUM,

GRANDiFOLiUM White Nightshade

SESSii^E Wake Robin

EREOTUM Birthroot

ERYTHROCARPUM Painted Trillium

CERNUM Nodding Trillium

NiVALE Dwarf Trillium

MansfieIvDII Lobed Trillium

Several species have two and three stems from
the same root, and some flowers are double,
in which the various organs have reverted to
leafy bracts, showing several whorls of pure
white petals. Eiiorts have been made to dis-
cover our native plants and this genus has been
called a "native," but about as much progress
has been made as in the discovery of our native
inhabitants. Adventurers, tourists and emi-
grants both of flowering plants and men, have
settled in our county and become naturalized
citizens, but we are forced to conclude that
plants Hke men had one common origin. The
last species was named by Prof. Lesquereux,
showing each petal three lobed, like the liver-
leaf. Variation in these species have been com-
pared for many years, and they do not revert
to the parent form, the tendency to variation is
continuous.

94

.^-

-H-

^

2U0

GOLDEN ROD.
■•/b Life-size.

NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CMld*GO.

TRIENTALIS,

Americana Star Floivcr

TYPHA,

LATiFOLiA * Cat-tail-flag

AuGusTiFOLiA Cat-tail-flag

The upper half of the cyHndrical spike consists
of stamens only, the lower half are ovaries
or pistils. The powdery pollen of the staminate
flowers, scatters itself over the pistillate flowers
below and thus fertilizes them. The leaves of
this plant, with sedges and equisetams work
up beautifully into raffia or basketry, the popu-
lar fad, with young ladies.

UNIOLA,

PANicuLATA Spiked Grass

LATiFOLiA Spiked Grass

UTRICULARIA,

VULGARIS Bladderwort

An interesting plant, having no home being
blown from shore to shore by the winds.
Botanists have been unable to decide whether
the capillary dissected stems are leaves or
rootlets. The flowers are pouched, having
stomach like sacs, into which insects are
entrapped.

URTICA,

GRACILIS Nettle

UVALARIA,

PERFOLiATA Belhvort

GRANDIFLORA BellwOVt

SESSiFOLiA Bellwort

97

VACCINUM,

STAMiNEUM Sqiiaw Huckleberry

CORYMBOSUM Swamp Huckleberry

VALERIANA,

EDUus Valerian

PAUciFLORA Valerian

VERBASCUM,

Thapus Common Mullein

Blattani Moth Mullein

Lychnitis White Mullein

Picturesque weeds with velvety leaves, that are
prized in making liniment for strains. The last
species is rare and hybridizes spontaneously
with the first named.

VERBENA,

HASTATA Blue Vervain

STRicTA Hoary Vervain

OFFICINALIS European Vervain

URTiciFOLiA White Vervain

With its branches Roman priests swept the
altar of Jupiter. In Gaul, the vervain was
used in divination ; also by the Druids. The
botanist, Gerarde, says, "Manie old wives
fables are written of holy vervaine gainst
witchcraft made availing."

VERONICA,

ANAGAijs Water Spcedivcll

ViRGiNicA Culver's Root

Americana Brooklime

HEDERAEEOLiA /^'J Speedwell

VERNONIA,

NovEBORACENSis Iron Weed

VICIA,

Caroj.iniana Tare

SATRA Vetch

CRACCA Tufted Vetch

VIOLA,

PALusTRis Marsh Violet

PEDA 1 A Bird's-foot Violet

SAGi'iiATA Arroiv-leaved Violet

ROSi'KATA spurred Violet

LANCEOLATA Laiice Violet

ROTuxDiFOLiA Rouiid Violet

PUBE^CENS Doiuny Violet

ERiocARPA Woolly Violct

Can \densis Canada Violet

BLAXD White Violet

SeUvIrkii Rooster Violet

Several species have cleistogamous flowers
under ground, their own pollen fertilizing their
own ovules. Some of the flowers are so
irregular as to require insect agency. Children
take the spurred blossoms and fight until the
other has lost its head, which gives the common
name, "roosters."

WALDSTEINIA,

Fragarioides Barren Strazvberry

WOODSIA,

obTt:sa Rock Poly pod

IVof. Leo. Lesquereux. with Mr. Mansfield,
spent several } ears examining the fossil plants
and ferns of Beaver county, and from those
found in connection with Cannel Coals, decided
the present fern flora partook of the character
of the fossil flora, and that the evolutionary
theory could not be accepted.

101

XANTHIUM,

STRUMARiuM Cocklehur

ECHINATUM CocklebllY

XYLOSTEON,

ciLTATA Fly Honeysuckle

obi.oinCIFolia Sivamp Honeysuckle

ZIZIA,

INTRRREGNUM Goldcii Alexander

Mr. Andrew Carnegie startled our country by
offering ten million dollars for the founding of
a great university to be located at Washington,
P. C, with the aim to promote original research
and insure the publication of same. In the
C'Ctober issue of "The Plant World." published
at Washington, they show by reliable authority
that not one-half of the living flora is known
to science, and nothing like a final attempt
at classification can be made until all plants are
known and illustrated.

C- 10 ^

QK 131 .M35

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