Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre on behalf of the CITES Management Authority of the Netherlands December 1998 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/contributiontoev98wcmc CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. The new CITES listing critenia 3. Activities undertaken in tree species evaluation 3.1 Selection of species 3.2 Collection of information 3.3 Application of the criteria 4. Results of the tree species evaluation 4.1 Review of species for Appendix I listing 4.2 Review of species for Appendix II listing 5. Discussion References Acknowledgements Annex 1 Biological Criteria for Appendix I Annex 2 Profiles of Tree Species Annex 3 List of species recorded as globally threatened as a result of population decline through exploitation in the Tree Conservation Database Index Boxes and Tables Box 1 Summary of the Biological Criteria for listing in Appendix I Summary of the Criteria for listing in Appendix I Table 1 Tree species included in the Appendices of CITES Table 2 Summary of results of the tree species evaluation i eae Yi * ? i a = a ‘i, Ate > ¢ views or ' — es henry of ee ae Pe — F ar -® ip BOWE ko ge ed Pal ease! - bk 4 isi rae ye — ‘ . 14 : 7 pA aa i ' aa ‘lt ia cet ee arts ie en “lf sass it 4 wis We Ber ti nat. eek 4 a woe fie hl mes a Tree species evaluation using the new CITES listing criteria 1. Introduction The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) has been utilised for over twenty years as a tool to help conserve wild species which are traded internationally. Species which are covered by the provisions of the Convention are included in appendices. To qualify for Appendix I, the Convention states that taxa must be "threatened by extinction" and that they "are or may be threatened by trade". Species included in Appendix II are those which “although not necessarily now threatened with extinction, may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival”. Procedures to amend the appendices are laid down within the Convention. Resolutions providing further guidance on which species to list on the appendices were passed at the first Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention in 1976 in Berne. The so-called "Berne Criteria" provided guidance on the biological and trade status information required for inclusion in a proposal to amend the appendices. In 1994, the Parties adopted Resolution Conf. 9.24 which contained new criteria for amendment of Appendices I and II. These are summarised in Section 2 below. The CITES listing criteria were developed at the same time as the development of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories and are loosely related to them. The general aim of the new IUCN system of categorising is "to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of species according to their extinction risk" (IUCN Species Survival Commission, 1994). The IUCN categories indicate the degree to which species are threatened by extinction and are thus highly relevant to the CITES listing process. As well as detailing the new CITES listing criteria, CITES Resolution Conf. 9.24 also sets out in general terms the information requirements for amendment proposals. It points out that sufficient information, of sufficient quality and in sufficient detail to judge the proposal against the listing criteria should be provided to the extent available. It also acknowledges that for some species the amount of scientific information will be limited. The CITES appendices include a wide range of plant and animal species including, at present, around twenty tree species which are traded internationally as timber (see Table 1). The provisions of the Convention and subsequent guidance on listing do not generally distinguish between different species groups in their application. There has, however, been international debate about the suitability of the Convention as a tool to help conserve particular species groups. Increased interest in the use of CITES for timber species over recent years has contributed to this debate. Various amendment proposals have been submitted to CITES for timber species and have been considered by the Parties at the Eighth and Ninth Conferences, prior to the adoption of Resolution Conf. 9.24. At the Tenth Conference, Parties again considered and rejected a proposal to list a major timber species, Swietenia macrophylla, on Appendix I of the Convention. At the Tenth Conference of the Parties, the final report of the CITES Timber Working Group (TWG), convened following the Ninth Conference in November 1994, was considered and endorsed. The CITES Timber Working Group (TWG) was formed to review implementation issues relating to timber species. Its formation was in response to the increased interest in CITES as a conservation tool for tree species and concems about the potential practical implications of timber listings. The CITES listing criteria were applied to tree species for the first time in Phase 1 of this project undertaken by WCMC. Fifty-eight species were selected: care was taken in choosing representatives from various continents and various climatic regions, trees that were listed in the Appendices and some that were not listed, and covering various degrees and forms of utilisation. The choice was made in such a way as to evaluate trees with no known use at all, as well as trees used in the pharmaceutical or wood or other industries. The results were presented to the Seventh Meeting of the CITES Plants Committee. The Plants Committee congratulated the Netherlands CITES Management Authority and WCMC on the production of the report, noting that it provided a valuable review of the application of the new CITES listing critenia for a range of tree species. Furthermore, the Plants Committee invited the Netherlands CITES Management Authority to continue the process of applying the new CITES listing criteria to tree species included in the CITES appendices and for internationally traded tree species (and other plant species) not included in the CITES appendices. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Phase 2 completed the review of the application of the 1994 CITES listing criteria to timber species. A further 250 tree species were evaluated against the CITES listing criteria. Although far from complete, the list of evaluated tree species aims at providing a reasonable representation of tree species from various regions, climates and grades of commercialisation and conservation. The evaluation includes a preliminary testing of the criteria against the majority of timber species included in the Appendices of CITES (see section 3.1). Application of the criteria to CITES-listed timbers assists in the implementation of a TWG recommendation that: The Plants Committee under the charge as outlined in Resolution Conf. 9.1, Annex 3, para vii) reviews the list of all timber species currently included in the appendices and reports the results of this review to the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Subsequently at the Eighth Meeting of the CITES Plants Committee (November 1997) it was agreed that the results of the WCMC Tree Species Evaluation project commissioned by. the CITES Management Authority of the Netherlands be used as a basis for this review. In its final report, endorsed by the CITES Parties, TWG noted that: many internationally traded timber species, boreal, temperate and tropical, can be managed on a sustainable basis through the application of appropriate silvicultural techniques, but that for other timber species such knowledge is currently lacking; and that there may be timber species which are under threat because of detrimental levels of use and international trade. Consequently the TWG recommended that: The range states should pay particular attention to internationally traded timber species within their territories for which knowledge of biological status and silvicultural requirements indicates concern. Table 1. Tree species in the CITES Appendices Species Appendix Use ARAUCARIACEAE Araucaria araucana Vo BERBERIDACEAE Podophyllum hexandrum II Medicinal CARYOCARACEAE Caryocar costaricense II (Timber) CUPRESSACEAE Fitzroya cupressoides I Timber Pilgerodendron uviferum I Timber JUGLANDACEAE Oreomunnea pterocarpa II (Timber) LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE) Dalbergia nigra I Timber Pericopsis elata 0 Timber Platymiscium pleiostachyum sag (Timber) Pterocarpus santalinus I Timber/Medicinal MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia hodgsonii m MELIACEAE Swietenia humilis I Timber Swietenia macrophylla (all popns. in the Americas) nef Timber Swietenia mahagoni 0 Timber PALMAE (ARECACEAE) Chrysalidocarpus decipiens 0 Neodypsis decaryi I PINACEAE Abies guatemalensis I (Timber) Species PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus parlatorei Podocarpus neriifolius ROSACEAE Prunus africana RUBIACEAE Balmea stormiae TAXACEAE Taxus wallichiana THYMELEACEAE (AQUILARIACEAE) Aquilaria malaccensis ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Guaiacum officinale Guaiacum sanctum Note Use: () indicate use is minor 2. The new CITES listing criteria Box 1 Summary of the Biological Criteria for listing in Appendix I: Appendix AA FA A A It has a small wild population (<5000 individuals) B _ Ithas arestricted area of distribution (<10,000 km?) C_ The wild population has been or is inferred to be in decline (SO0% in 5 years or 2 generations or for a small population 20% in 10 years or 3 generations). Introduction Use Timber/Medicinal (Timber) Medicinal Medicinal Timber Timber The new CITES listing criteria as set out in Resolution Conf. 9.24 include biological criteria for inclusion in Appendix I; criteria for the inclusion in Appendix II of species in need of trade regulation in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival; and criteria for inclusion in Appendix II of species which should be included for "look-alike purposes". The main criteria (leaving out those for Appendix II look- alike species) are summarised in the Box below. It should be emphasised that each criterion for Appendix I listing is subject to further qualifications, at least one of which should be met for the criterion to apply. The Appendix I criteria are given in full in Annex 1 to this report. D | Itis likely to meet one of the above within 5 years if not listed on Appendix I. For Appendix I, it is considered that a species is or may be affected by trade if: i. itis known to be in trade ii. itis probably in trade iii. there is potential international demand for it, or iv. it would enter trade if not subject to Appendix I controls. Summary of the Criteria for listing in Appendix II A It is known or inferred that unless the species is subject to strict regulation, it will meet AT LEAST ONE of the Appendix I criteria in the near future. B_ It is known or inferred that the harvesting of specimens from the wild for intemational trade has, or may have, a detrimental impact on the species by EITHER: i. exceeding, over an extended period, the level that can be continued in perpetuity OR _ ii. reducing it to a population level at which its survival would be threatened by other influences. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria 3. Activities undertaken in the tree species evaluation 3.1. Selection of species The timber species selected for evaluation were chosen to illustrate a wide range of differing degrees of threat to wild populations and levels of international trade. In Phase 1, for Southeast Asian and Latin American species a preliminary report prepared for the European Commission, Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species (WCMC, 1991) was used as a partial basis for species selection. This report identified timber species in European trade which were considered threatened in parts of their range. The Tree Conservation Database prepared as an output of the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project, funded by the Government of the Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs/NEDA was a useful tool in the selection of species for review. A list was prepared from the Database of all the globally threatened tree species assessed as threatened because of decline due to exploitation and for which the threat was annotated as felling (this list is included as Annex 3). From this list 58 species were selected for review in the evaluation process. In Phase 2, the majority of species selected are tropical in distribution but some temperate species were also considered. In general, it is relatively difficult to find examples of temperate timber species which are threatened by international trade because the species composition of the temperate timber trade is relatively heterogeneous and is restricted to a smaller number of widespread timber species. This is particularly true of the north temperate timber trade which is dominated by a limited range of conifers and hardwoods. The species selected in Phase 2 include most of the tree species listed in the CITES appendices. Exceptions are Fitzroya cupressoides and Prunus africana evaluated in Phase 1 and the tree species of Aloaceae, Cactaceae, Didiereaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Futhermore, the species Magnolia hodgsonii and Balmea Stormiae have not yet been reviewed. Other species, for example the Afmcan mahoganies Entandrophragma and Khaya have been subject to CITES listing proposals in recent years. In total 255 species were selected for evaluation, and summary information profiles for these species are given in Annex 2. The information profiles are designed as a basis for testing the CITES evaluation criteria and not intended to be fully comprehensive. Availability of information on individual tree species varies considerably. In the majority of cases current information is limited, fragmentary and, in some cases, availability is restricted. 3.2 Collection of information Information has been collected and summarised for the tree species selected on distribution, habitat, population status and trends, ecology, threats, uses, conservation status, conservation measures, and recent trade data. These headings broadly correspond to the categories of information specified for inclusion in CITES amendment proposals in Resolution Conf. 9.24. Information held at WCMC for the selected species was reviewed and supplemented by literature survey and correspondence with experts. The main source of information on the conservation status of tree species has been the Tree Conservation Database. This records information on distribution, mainly at national or state level, for over 20,000 tree species. Conservation status is recorded in the Database for about 7000 tree species following the 1994 IUCN Red List categories. For globally threatened tree species supplementary information is recorded on habitat, ecology, threats, uses and level of use, conservation measures and bibliographic references. This information has been compiled during the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. In general, the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project has concentrated on endemic and restricted range species and so additional enquiries have been made for the more widespread timber species selected for the tree species evaluation. Detailed information on timber species in trade is difficult to obtain. The main source of information on recent levels of timber trade has been the international trade statistics compiled by ITTO for member states (see, for example, ITTO, 1997). PROSEA publications have also been an important source of trade data for the Southeast Asian timber species. Information on the non-timber products obtained from the species evaluated has mainly been derived from the FAO Non-wood Forest Products series. The PROSEA and FAO publications have generally been a valuable source of information for the species profiles. Introduction For the African timber species, draft species profiles were prepared and distributed to participants in the Regional workshop for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project held in Harare, Zimbabwe, 9-11 July 1996. Participants reviewed the information, added supplementary comments and applied the new IUCN categories of threat. For additional African countries not represented at the workshop, notably Benin, Burundi, Central African Republic, Céte d'Ivoire, Senegal and Togo, requests for information focusing on legislation and levels of exploitation for the relevant species were sent to national Forestry Departments. For the American timber species, draft species profiles were prepared for a selection of species and distributed to participants in the Regional Workshop for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project held in Turrialba, Costa Rica in November 1996. Participants reviewed the information, added supplementary comments and applied the 1994 IUCN Red List categories to these species. Draft species profiles for a range of Asian species were prepared for Regional Workshop for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project held in Hanoi, Viet Nam in August 1997. These profiles were again used as a basis for application of the 1994 IUCN Red List categories. Information on the conservation status of conifer species has been compiled by the IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group as part of the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project with species evaluated using the new IUCN categories of threat. This information was added to the appropriate species profiles and additional enquiries were addressed to the Group concerning the presence of the species in international trade. 3.3. Application of the criteria Evaluation of the selected timber species using the criteria was carried out by Sara Oldfield (Senior Project Officer, WCMC and SSC Trees Network Coordinator); Marianne Sandison (Conservation Officer, Conventions and Policy Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and Amy MacKinven (Research Assistant, Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project). The evaluations were based mainly on the information in the species profiles. The procedure adopted was to assess each species initially under the new criteria for inclusion on CITES Appendix I, these being the more explicit criteria. If the tree species did not meet the criteria for Appendix I then the new criteria for Appendix II were applied. As explained in Section 2, one of the criteria for Appendix II listing is Jt is known, inferred or projected that unless trade in the species is subject to strict regulation, it will meet at least one of the criteria listed in Annex I (ie. for Appendix I listing) in the near future. It was, therefore, considered necessary to test the species first against the more stringent criteria for Appendix I. 4. Results of the tree species evaluation A summary of the results of the tree species evaluation is presented in Table 2. It is emphasised that these are preliminary evaluations based on limited information for a wide range of species. More detailed information and quantitative information would, of course, be required to develop CITES amendment proposals. It was found to be relatively easy to apply the CITES listing criteria to those species which had already been evaluated using the new IUCN categories of threat, if these were accepted as given. However, it should be noted that the criteria by which the IUCN categories are applied are, in themselves, subject to differing interpretation by individuals. This is discussed further under the review of species for Appendix I listing. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Table 2. Summary of results of tree species evaluation Result i Species Abies guatemalensis Abies nordmanniana Re subsp. equi-troujani Acacia crassica pa px tx acales ealcBl Afzelia bipindensis a a acl A zelia rhomboidea a ee EL | Agathisendertii _—_—__—| Notes eee I Bi On the basis of the IUCN threat category alone, Appendix I criteria may not be met NOT in Intemational trade. Unlikely to be in trade; insufficient information on conservation status Not enough information to assign Appendix II criteria. Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - habitat loss, only few seed trees. Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - habitat loss, only few seed trees. Appears to meet the criteria but there are taxonomic uncertainties about this species. Agathis moorei ee A eathis spathulata fe — Aglaia penningtoniana Aglaia perviridis Aglaia silvestris Ailanthus integrifolia x ssp. integrifolia Allanblackia stuhlmannii Alloxylon brachycarpum Alnus acuminata Alstonia pneumatophora Amburana acreana Amburana cearensis x Anadenanthera x macrocarpa Aniba rosaeodora Antrocaryon micraster Aquilaria malaccensis Araucaria angustifolia ipebaes7= oleae [IB al I Bi,iv or Araucaria araucana v Araucaria cunningham | ? Araucaria hunsteinii Aspidosperma polyneuron Astronium urundeuva ce eae | Bi?) Autranella congolensis Baikaea plurijuga Baillonella toxisperma x v May qualify if logging intensifies — current evaluation based on IUCN catego’ May qualify if logging intensifies — current evaluation based on IUCN catego! cs Pee ee eS Sea er ee aan ee Se Not in international trade There is some taxonomic uncertainty about the species. It may be conspecific with A. cearensis which also meets App. II criteria — see Annex . Bii - isolated populations needing cross pollination. Based on limited information. Based on the IUCN category VU (B1+2) the extent of occupancy is < 20,000km? but > Wee ee ee 000km?. Insufficient Se on conservation eth hae ae - == ee exploited Based on limited information. x Il? Threatened by commercial exploitation but presence in international trade unclear. Bi - heavily exploited. Uncertain whether Bii applies. Eee Based on IUCN category (CR Al). Ea oe Ea a aT | Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - habitat loss, extremely slow to reach . has restricted regeneration. Introduction S Result Notes App. I App. * wl < =| II Bi Based on IUCN category (EN Alacd+2cd) & very little additional information. Balfourodendron riedelianum Balmea Stormae Beilschmiedia ugandensis Bertholletia excelsa Bombacopsis quinata Boswellia sacra | Brachylaena huillensis ? mm Not enough information to assign Appendix II (syn. Brachylaena criteria. hutchisonii) | Ss | @ Caesalpinia echinata Caesalpinia paraguariensis Calophyllum canum Calophyllum carrii var. longigemmatum Calophyllum euryphyllum Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllum insularum Calophyllum papuanum Calophyllum waliense x v I pseudosumatranum ? Caryocar costaricense Assumed not to be in international trade. tal Insufficient information. | : ! = On the basis of IUCN category. / < = w Insufficient information. Insufficient information. Uncertainty about the trade situation remains. However the species is very rare and if there is any threat of trade Appendix I is probably more appropmate. ! tal oo) te) =o) s : E Cedrela fissilis x Bi - heavily exploited Based on limited information. Cedrela lilloi If in international trade Appendix II criteria do apply. Cedrela odorata Cephalotaxus oliveri x v II Bii Bii - habitat loss, dioecious species therefore infrequent regeneration. Unsure if this species is in international trade (Trade cmiteria 11?). Cercidiphyllum x x japonicum Ceroxylon quindiuense | x x ke in Seca ee lawsoniana 50 per cent in the last century. Chamaecyparis obtusa v 1 Bi Bi - exploited, general deforestation for other timber species. Unsure if this species is in international trade (Trade criteria ii?). oe a) ee Guyana this result would not apply. | Chloroxylon swietenia |x |? | ——_—i|_Insufficientinformationontrade. Sa et a parthenoxylan eee | seem | Cordiadodecandra |? |? | _——_—_—i| Insufficientinformation (s Cordiayillennt 1/8 abl DRO [ee che aM | Kener ee ea eS ae da a ce [ Cupressus dupreziana | VY —s| | IA |, NOT in Intemational trade. Bi - based on Hawthome's (1995a) analysis for Ghana and assuming the evergreen forests in the neighbouring countries are similarly exploited. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Species App. I meets criteria for 0 Cynometra inaequifolia Dacrydium nausoriense Dalbergia annamensis Dalbergia bariensis axe ea v x Dalbergia chlorocarpa cochinchinensis | Dalbergia delphinensis [VY | | Dalbergia greveana |x| x | Dalbergia latifolia ss |x |? | Dalbergia mammosa____ |x | vi Dalbergia maritima v Dalbergia nigra Dalbergia oliveri Dalbergia purpurascens [x | | (WDalbergiairetisa aan ixieneees | kaa Dalbergia stevensoni [irene iv tie | Dalbergia tonkinensis esc Res re ea | ~) Sd ad ‘IK PVs Dehaasia caesia Dehaasia cuneata Dialium cochinchinense Diospyros celebica Diospyros crassiflora Diospyros discolor ? Diospyros ebenum Diospyros ferrea Diospyros hemiteles : » a) Pole tale tnd od Pade tad bd te) Diospyros insularis A Eo eee Diospyros mun Diospyros philippinensis Diospyrospilosanthera |x |x si 2 ? Durio kutejensis Dyera costulata Dyera polyphylla Entandrophragma angolense TT Entandrophragma candollei v II Bi On the basis of IUCN category — but very little additional information. ~ # The species is Endangered, in part through exploitation, but this is not thought to be for international trade. On the basis of IUCN category — but very little additional information. aE ST On the basis of IUCN category — but very little additional information. ERB Ree | UBi Eee eee ICi Although recorded as VU, an IUCN category of Endangered is probably more appropriate. Insufficient information. Insufficient information. No recent threat categorisation Not enough information to assign Appendix IT criteria. Insufficient information Major concem in Papua New Guinea. Cnitically Endangered but not affected by trade. Information needed for Sulawesi Insufficient information Insufficient information II Bi = i II Bi More information needed on regeneration extent of plantation and sustainable management. Listing may be appropriate from certain populations. More information needed on regeneration extent of plantation and sustainable management. Listing may be appropriate from certain populations Entandrophragma caudatum Entandrophragma cylindricum tad tad More information needed on regeneration extent of plantation and sustainable management. Listing may be appropriate from certain populations Species Entandrophragma delevoyi Entandrophragma excelsum Entandrophragma utile Eribroma oblonga Erythrophleum fordii Esenbeckia leiocarpa Eugenia flosculifera Eugenia koordersiana Eugenia ridleyi Eusideroxylon zwageri Fagus longipetiolata Fitzroya cupressoides Guaiacum sanctum Guarea cedrata Guarea thompsonii Guibourtia ehie Hallea ledermannti Hallea stipulosa Haplormosia monophylla Heritiera utilis Homalium foetidum Hydnocarpus sumatrana Intsia bijuga Irvingia gabonensis Jackiopsis ornata Joannesia princeps Jubaea chilensis Juglans neotropica Juniperus bermudiana Juniperus procera m x x xX eets criteria for | Result 711 Bi 2 ? x x v II Bi Flindersia ifflaina v Flindersia laevicarpa x v II Bi Flindersia schottiana x x Getjera salicifolia 2 v 211 Bi This species is considered Critically Endangered in PNG and there is some trade threat; situation elsewhere unclear. Gluta papuana x v II Bi Gmelina arborea x x Gonystylus affinis ? ? Insufficient information Gonystylus bancanus X v II Bi Gonystylus brunnescens 2 2 Insufficient information Gonystylus confusus P # Insufficient information Gonystylus keithii 2 ? Insufficient information Gonystylus macrophyllus |? ¥ Insufficient information Gonystylus maingayi ? ? Insufficient information Gossweilerodendron x v II Bi,ii Bi - heavily exploited. balsamiferum Bii - specific habitat type being lost. Guaiacum officinale x 4 II Bi YAS SA EEA ASIII NNN v II Bi v II Bi,ii Bii - habitat loss, shade required for growth. v Tl Bi,ii II Bit x ? 7m ? 2 x x x x x x x xX 2 2 2 2 xX x x v Bi x x x xX Introduction Notes Insufficient information More information needed on regeneration extent of plantation and sustainable management. Listing may be appropnate from certain ulations . Sterculia oblonga Although this species is threatened by exploitation for its timber it is unclear whether it is traded internationally. Insufficient information Primarily local trade but there are some exports. Not thought to be in international trade. Bi - heavily exploited. Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - habitat loss, slow growth. Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - habitat loss. Not enough information to assign Appendix II critena. : Insufficient information Not in international trade Certain populations may meet the listing criteria Insufficient information Insufficient information Critically Endangered but no trade or threat of trade. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Species meets criteria for | Result Notes App. I App. 0 Kalappia celebica ? ? 21B/II Bi | Depleted by logging; the IUCN threat category is conservative; uncertainty as to whether there is any current trade. On the basis of its limited distribution may qualify for Appendix I. Khaya anthotheca x x More information needed on regeneration extent of plantation and sustainable management. Listing may be appropriate from certain populations x More information needed on regeneration extent of plantation and sustainable management. Listing may be appropriate from certain populations Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - very little regeneration after disturbance (e.g. logging). Uncertain whether this species is in international trade Khaya grandifoliola x Khaya ivorensis x v Tl Bi,ii Khaya madagascariensis Khaya senegalensis x x Kingiodendron pinnatum | ¥ IC Based on population decline (50% in last 20 ears) Kjellbergiodendron ? ? Insufficient information celebicum Kokoona leucoclada ? ? Based on rarity may qualify for Appendix I Koompassia excelsa x x Koompassia grandiflora x 4 II Bi Koompassia malaccensis | x x Lagarostrobos franklinii x x Liguidambar styraciflua x x TaphiRa alata x v II Bi Bi - heavily exploited. Lophopetalum javanicum | x x Lophopetalum x Xx multinervium ~ ~_ [ Lophopetalum Insufficient information achyphyllum Lophopetalum rigidum ? Hy Insufficient information Lovoa swynnertonii X v TI Bi,ii Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - habitat loss, poor regeneration. Lovoa trichilioides x v | II Bi Bi - exploited. Madhuca betis z 2? Insufficient information Madhuca boerlageana Xx v Cnitically Endangered in PNG — Appendix I appropniate but status in Indonesia less clear. Madhuca pasquieri x ? M1 Bi Threatened by felling in both range states, extent of trade unclear. Magnolia hodgsonii ? Y Mangifera decandra ? 2, Insufficient information Mangifera macrocarpa x x Manglietia aromatica ? ? 1 Bi Threatened by felling in both range states, extent of trade unclear Manilkara kanosiensis_| x Yor, |AIBit a ea ee Mansonia altissima x 4 I Bi Bi - heavily exploited. Mastixiodendron x x stoddardii Merrillia caloxylon ? 2 Insufficient information; not thought to be in trade Mezilaurus itauba x x In trade and under threat but insufficient information. Microberlinia bisulcata v 1G Based on IUCN category (CR Al) & very little additional information. Microberlinia v 1Gi Based on IUCN category (CR Al) & very brazzavillensis little additional information. Milicia excelsa x v II Bi? Bi — heavily exploited but Considered marginal due to widespread distribution. Result App.I | App. Milicia regia Millettia laurentii x v I Bi, Mimosa ? ? caesalpiniaefolia Mimosa verrucosa Minquartia guianensis Monopetalanthus heitzii Myrocarpus frondosus Nauclea diderrichii Neesia altissima Neesia malayana Nesogordonia papaverifera Nothofagus alessandri Nothofagus glauca Ochanostachys Ocotea kenyensis [>< |< Octomeles sumatrana Oreomunnea pterocarpa ~)> ON ball IN IN La WA Phoebe macrophylla 2? Phoebe nanmu x Phytelephas seemannii x 5 v Phytelephas tumacana Pilgerodendron uviferum Pinus amamiana x Pinus merkusii x Pinus pentaphylla x Pinus tecunumanit x Pitavia punctata Py, Pithecellobium splendens Planchonia valida Platanus orientalis x Platymiscium x parviflorum Platymenia foliolosa 2 Podocarpus annamensis 1] |-ementaces ff Ocotea catharinensis Ocotea odorifera II Bi Ocotea porosa II Bi Caan econ ee eS ee ee Appendix I is probably more appropnate. Palaquium bataanense ? v Insufficient information Palaquium ? ? Insufficient information impressinervium Palaquium maingayi x x Parinari costata ssp. 2 v Insufficient information costata Parinari oblongifolia 2 ? Insufficient information Pericopsis elata x v II Bi Pericopsis mooniana x v II Bi + ii Widespread but widely threatened by logging Insufficient information 2 ? Threatened by logging but no information on trade situation Introduction Notes Bi — heavily exploited. Bi — heavily exploited. Bii - not enough information. Insufficient information. Insufficient information. Not enough information. Insufficient information Insufficient information Insufficient information There has been come uncertainty about the rate of decline. Bi — considered marginal because although this species is heavily exploited, it also occurs in plantations. Not thought to be in international trade Uncertainty about the trade situation remains. However the species is considered Endangered and if there is any threat of trade for valuable timber. Insufficient information Information required on levels of trade A higher category of threat may be appropmiate. Not in trade Insufficient information Insufficient information Insufficient information Uncertainty about the trade situation remains. However the species is considered Endangered and if there is any threat of trade Appendix I is probably more appropnate. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Species Podocarpus parlatorei Populus ilicifolia Pouteria altissima Prumnopitys andina Pterocarpus angolensis Pterocarpus Pterocarpus macrocarpus Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocymbium beccani Pterocymbium tinctorium Santalum album Tabebuia impetiginosa Taiwania cryptomerioides Tectona philippinensis Terminalia tvorensis Terminalia rerei Testulea gabonensis Result App. I v x [<< [x [> * x x v v Terminalia archipelagi ~ Terminalia superba App. ba Pterocarpus indicus x ? 711 Bi ? ? Pterocymbium tubulatum | ? ? Insufficient information Pterygota bequaertii Pterygota macrocarpa Tisoee nitens II Bi BN Call ON Coll Coll td Notes An IUCN threat category has not yet been assigned but this species is considered threatened and in the absence of further information appropriately listed on Appendix I Assessment based on IUCN category but more information may indicate that critena are fulfilled Based on the IUCN category this species would fulfil Appendix I criteria. However the IUCN category appears to be misapplied. Without this categorisation the species as a whole would not appear to meet any current criteria for CITES listing. This species is of concern in Zambia and Mozambique but is of no concer in South Africa. Insufficient information Insufficient information Range < 10,000 km s Insufficient information Santiria laevigata x x Scaphium longiflorum ? Insufficient information Schinopsis balansae x Shorea curtisti x x Sindora beccariana v ? Insufficient information Sindora inermis ? 2 Insufficient information Sindora supa ? ? The IUCN category for this species is conservative; no information on trade Strombosia javanica ? Insufficient information Swartzia fistuloides ? I Not enough information to assign Appendix II cnitena. Swietenia humilis Swietenia macrophylla x v II Bi Swietenia mahagoni Xx v II Bi Syagrus glaucescens ? milly international trade. A Tectona grandis x Tectona hamiltoniana (ae eer | 12 The IUCN category suggests no immediate concern but is rather contradicted by opulation status and trends summ Insufficient information. Threatened by logging but no information on trade situation; assumed not to be in Bi - based on IUCN threat category EN (Alc,d). Introduction Species meets criteria for | Result Notes Tieghemella africana x ? 1 Not enough information to assign Appendix II criteria. Tieghemella heckelii Xx v 0 Bi,ii Bi - heavily exploited. Bii - habitat loss, elephants are required for regeneration. Toona calantas Insufficient information Triomma malaccensis Insufficient information Triplochiton scleroxylon | Turraeanthus africanus | Ulmus wallichiana ? lee Insufficient information | Vitellaria paradoxa Vitex keniensis Vouacapoua americana ? ? IUCN category of Critically Endangered is based on information for Brazil only more information is needed for other countries and on the trade situation. se [vl [< |p Vis [Xx | I | JS] 2 ad tad 9 | at | ee one rade situa) ee | Vavaea bantamensis ? ? Insufficient information Vepris glandulosa v IA &B Virola surinamensis x v II Bi ee EEE IIE Die nnS Vitex parviflora 7 Wallaceodendron 2 Insufficient information celebicum Warburgia salutaris x v II Bi Washingtonia filifera | Widdringtonia whytei v¥ IB Zanthoxylum flavum 2 2 Insufficient information on whether trade is | ce Ns OMB OIN Gs ee ongoin Zeyheria tuberculosa ? ? Insufficient trade information. KEY x Does not meet the criterion Y¥ Meet the criterion ? Not enough information available to apply the criterion 4.1. Review of species for Appendix I listing Criteria for Appendix I listing generally have a quantitative element, which is elaborated on in the guidelines provided by Annex 5 of CITES Resolution Conf. 9.24. It is emphasised in these guidelines that the figures given are indicative only and that there are many cases where they will not apply. As with much of the rest of the guidelines, there is considerable room for interpretation. Nevertheless, application of the CITES criteria for Appendix I tended to be a straightforward exercise when sufficient information on the species was available and, in such cases, there was little doubt when a species fulfilled the criteria. Cniteria A and B concern small population sizes and ranges respectively. Species must also fulfil certain additional, often loosely specified, sub-criteria. Criterion A requires that the species has a small wild population. Population size is intended to refer to the total number of individuals. Resolution Conf. 9.24 indicates that information on population status in amendment proposals, should give an estimate of the total population or number of individuals with: i) date and nature of census; it) justification for any inferences made about population size and/or number of individuals. In fact there are very few overall population estimates for tree species so this criterion is generally not of major relevance. Furthermore, assuming that most tree species occur within their area of distribution at densities higher than 0.5 per km’, a tree species which meets the major part of Cnterion A (population < 5000) will, in general, also meet Cniterion B (area of distribution < 10,000 km’). Two species evaluated are considered to fulfill Criterion A for listing on Appendix I of CITES. These are Dalbergia davidii and Terminalia archipelagi. Dalbergia davidii is only known from a single locality in Madagascar. It occurs in lowland, deciduous forest, where selective felling of this rosewood species occurs for the export market. Logging activities take place despite the locality being contained in Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Reserve. The IUCN Red List category given for the species is Endangered Bi+2de, C1. The IUCN Criterion C for Endangered species indicates a population of less than 2500 13 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria mature individuals. Terminalia archipelagi occurs only on the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. It is found mainly in lowland primary rainforest where it can be locally dominant It is very much sought after for log export as it is favoured for plywood and has been given an IUCN Red List category of EN Alcd+2cd, C2a. Criterion B takes into account species with restricted areas of distribution. Adherence to the guidelines for Criterion B means that any tree species qualifies for inclusion in Appendix I which: has an area of distribution less than 10,000 km?; which meets one of a series of sub-criteria (fragmentation of range, vulnerability owing to biology, any decline); and is known to be actually or potentially in trade. In general the timber species examined do not fulfil these criteria because of their widespread distributions. However species which are considered to meet Criterion B for listing on Appendix I of CITES are Dalbergia delphinensis, Pterocarpus santalinus (already listed on Appendix I), Tectona philippinensis and Widdringtonia whytei. Dalbergia delphinensis is confined to the south-east of Madagascar, near Taolanaro. The species is threatened throughout its range by selective felling and the decline and fragmentation of its habitat. The location is also under threat of being developed for titanium mining. Dalbergia delphinensis has been assigned an IUCN category of Endangered A2cd, Bl+2bcde. The B criterion for Endangered species indicates an extent of occurrence less than 5000 km’. Criterion C concerns species known or suspected to be undergoing, or to have undergone, a decline. It should be noted that the word "decline" is not qualified in the criterion itself, nor is any upper limit to the size of the population of the species concerned given, so that theoretically extremely abundant and widespread species may qualify. The notes to assist in interpreting the criteria indicate that a decrease of 50 per cent or more in total within five years or two generations, whichever is the longer, may be an appropriate guideline. For timber-producing species the greater length of time is invariably two generations. Information on generation time is not generally available for tree species. In broad terms estimated generation time for trees could be proposed as 5-10 years for pioneer, fast growing species; 50 years for most tree species and 100 years for slow growing species. These generation times have been proposed as working figures in guidelines on the application of the IUCN threat categories to tree species (Jenkins, 1996). As information on the rate of decline of tree populations is unlikely to be available for individual species, in most cases it will be necessary to use inference or extrapolation, considering, for example, the species in relation to habitat decline. Given the generally long generation times known or presumed for most timber species, a large number of tree species are likely to qualify under Criterion C in that any species whose range has halved through deforestation in the past 100 years (for most trees) or 200 years (for slow- growing species) can be inferred as having its population halved and therefore meeting the Criterion as long as it is, or may be, in international trade. Good data on forest loss over the past 100 or 200 years are scanty. For some areas, however, such as the Philippines and south-east Brazil it can be confidently stated that more than half the forest cover has been lost in the past century. There may then be good grounds for asserting that all tree species confined to these areas, which are in trade, mentt inclusion in Appendix I, according to the listing criteria. Criterion C for CITES Appendix I listing can be related to the Criterion A used in the application of the new IUCN categories of threat as they both deal with population decline. IUCN Criterion A is based on an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of: at least 80 per cent decline in 10 years or 3 generations (Cnitically Endangered) at least 50 per cent decline in 10 years or 3 generations (Endangered) at least 20 per cent decline in 10 years or 3 generations (Vulnerable) If a tree species has been assigned an IUCN threat category of Endangered according to Criterion A, this species would not necessarily fall into Criterion C for Appendix I listing because the rate of decline is over three generations (ie. 150 years) as opposed to two generations (ie. 100 years). However, if a tree species has been assigned an IUCN threat category of Critically Endangered according to Criterion A, then it can be extrapolated that the species does fit into Criterion C for Appendix I listing. Assuming that the 14 Introduction population decline is fairly linear then an 80 per cent decline over three generations (IUCN Critically Endangered) is equivalent to a 53 per cent decline over two generations (CITES Appendix I). Species which are considered to meet Criterion B for listing on Appendix I of CITES are Dalbergia nigra (already listed on CITES Appendix I) and Kingiodendron pinnatum. The range of Kingiodendron pinnatum extends from South Kanara in Karnataka to the southern tip of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India. The population of this species is believed to have declined by 50% in the last 20 years because of overexploitation, injuries caused by resin collection and habitat degradation. Dalbergia nigra produces Brazilian Rosewood, one of the most highly prized woods in Brazil. The highest concentrations of the species are located in hygrophilous forest on rich soils in southern Bahia and northern Espirito Santo. Exploitation of the timber and devastation of the Atlantic forest habitat are the main reasons for the decline of the species and regeneration appears to be poor. Although the IUCN Red List category of VU Alcd has been applied to the species, it may be that EN Alcd is more appropriate signifying a population reduction of 50 percent over three generations. 4.2. Review of species for Appendix II listing The criteria for Appendix II were found to be more ambiguous than criteria for Appendix I; terms are not precisely defined, making application of these criteria considerably more difficult. Listing according to Criterion A requires that species will fulfil listing criteria for Appendix I in the near future, unless the species is subject to strict regulation. There is no definition of “near future’ given in Resolution Conf. 9.24. Criterion A of Appendix II is very similar to Criterion D of Appendix I, with Criterion A having a presumed time scale of longer than that outlined in Criterion D (ie. five years). Timber species evaluated which were considered to satisfy Criterion A for Appendix II listing were those already listed in Appendix II of the Convention following downlisting from Appendix I. These species are Caryocar costaricense, Creomunnea pterocarpa and Platymiscium parviflorum. These species are all very rare or endangered. The international trade situation remains uncertain particularly with regard to regional trade. If any of the species are in fact in trade or at risk of trade Appendix I listing would seem more appropniate. In contrast to criteria for listing in Appendix I, where international trade must merely be known or suspected to take place, Criteria B (i and ii) for listing on Appendix II require that international trade has a deleterious effect on the species concerned. The criteria specify either that trade will exceed over an extended period the level that can be continued in perpetuity (Criterion Bi) or will cause or has caused the taxon to become threatened for other reasons (Criterion Bii). Guidance is not given as to interpretation of the term "extended period” within Resolution Conf. 9.24. In evaluation of the selected timber species, Criterion Bi was understood to mean that the level of exploitation from the wild for international trade was greater than that deemed to be sustainable and Bii was assumed to mean that the level of exploitation from the wild for international trade would reduce the population to a level where threats other than exploitation would jeopardise the species. In practice it was found to be difficult to make the distinction between Criteria Bi and Bii when evaluating tree species. In general, if a forest tree species is being cut down at a level exceeding that which can be continued in perpetuity (Criterion Bi), the species may also be more likely to suffer from the impacts of general forest loss (Criteria Bii). The main difficulty in application of Criteria B(i and ii) during the evaluation exercise was in determining whether or not sufficient information was available in order to reach a decision. The rationale adopted was to follow the new IUCN categories of threat where they had been previously applied to species, even though these themselves may have been applied using limited data and mainly rely on inference. Where species have been categorised as Endangered using the new IUCN threat categories and criteria, these have generally been considered to meet Criterion B for Appendix II listing but in some cases, not enough information was available. As previously outlined, the IUCN category, Vulnerable (Criterion A) indicates that the population of a species has declined by at least 20 percent over three generations. Very many tropical tree species could be placed in this category given the rate of deforestation over the past century. It was decided that further 15 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria considerations should be taken into account, notably information on regeneration, growth rate, habitat specificity, and population density. This has proved to be very difficult for certain species in Phase 2, for example the species of Entandrophragma and Khaya which have already been subject to a controversial CITES listing proposal. 5. Discussion It is clear from the evaluation exercise that the new CITES listing criteria can be applied to timber species and that many timber species are likely to qualify for listing on the Appendices of CITES. Difficulties in application of the criteria relate to ambiguities in the wording of Annexes of Resolution Conf. 9.24 which may apply equally to the use of the criteria for any species. Ensuring that the criteria are sufficiently flexible for widespread use has resulted in a system with scope for considerable divergences in interpretation. The limited availability of detailed information for timber species is another problem faced in applying the criteria. Again this is not unique to timber species. It is, in fact, likely that considerably more information is collected at a national level on the distribution, production and trade in timber species, particularly those of international economic importance, than for most other groups of plant or animal species. Collection and collation of data on a particular timber species throughout its range is not, however, an easy task. To demonstrate for timber species that trade is detrimental to wild populations and unsustainable in the sense required for CITES Appendix II listing, information should ideally be available on standing stocks, increment rates (taking into account both growth rates and regeneration rates) and volumes exported throughout the range. As a crude measure, if annual volume exported overall is greater than annual increment rate then trade can be assumed to be unsustainable. In practice these data are very rarely available in good quantitative form, and if they are it is almost invariably for a small part of the taxon's range. In all cases detailed consideration of the ecology and reproductive strategies of the different tree species would be helpful to assess the impact of trade. As mentioned in the introduction, Resolution Conf. 9.24 specifies that CITES amendment proposals should provide sufficient information on which to judge the proposal against the listing criteria. Given the relatively controversial nature of timber listing proposals it would appear important to provide thorough documentation to support such proposals. Previous CITES amendment proposals for timber species have failed to win support, in part, because of weak supporting information. Recently it has been suggested that a scientific protocol is required enhancing transparency and compatibility of proposals for (plant) species to be listed. Such a protocol should describe crucial parameters of population dynamics and geographical distribution which should be assessed as well as methods and (sampling) procedures to carry out the actual assessment. Execution of such a protocol would result in verifiable scientific judgement of the actual status of the species. (Lammerts van Bueren, in litt. 1996) Given the nature of tree species in helping to define the ecosystems in which they occur, and the scale of the international trade in certain species the following steps may be helpful in a process of initial selection of internationally traded timber species for inclusion in the CITES appendices prior to preparation of listing proposals. ie Determination of the habitat specificity of the species, the extent and rate of decline of the habitat. This will give a quantifiable indication of the extent to which the species is threatened with extinction according to the new IUCN categories of threat. If the timber species meets at least the criteria for listing as Vulnerable it may be appropriate for further consideration. il. Collection of inventory, production and trade statistics for at least part of the range of the species, over a period of time, to determine the likelihood of the trade in the species being sustainable (capable of being maintained at the current level in perpetuity). If the trade in the timber species does not appear to be sustainable it may be appropriate for further consideration. iil. Collection of information on the application of silvicultural techniques and extent of plantation development for the species. This will give further indirect indication as to likely impact of trade on wild populations. Where the species does not respond to 16 Introduction silvicultual techniques, or these are not applied, and where plantations are not developed for the species, further consideration of the need for CITES listing is appropriate. In general, where a timber species is in international trade, the trade is contributing to the decline in wild populations; if the species is threatened with extinction it can be considered to meet the criteria for CITES listing. The Tree Species Evaluation exercise has highlighted certain timber species which do appear to be clear priorities for inclusion in the CITES Appendices. Such species include Dalbergia spp. of Madagascar, Dalbergia spp. of the Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia region, and some of the heavily exploited species of Papua New Guinea. For many other species the scientific case remains less clearcut. It is accepted that other considerations are likely to be of major importance in any development of the CITES appendices for timber species, not least the perceived value of the Convention in relation to the conservation of timber resources. Further consideration of the preliminary results of the Tree Species Evaluation process by the CITES Plants Committee and range states should help CITES parties to pay particular attention to internationally traded timber species within their territories for which knowledge of biological status and silvicultural requirements indicates concern. References Abead Arramibide, M. (1995). Latin America — case study on national forestry statistics in the region. In: Proceedings FAO Group on Forestry Statistics, Rome, 20-24 November 1995. FAO, Rome. Hawthorne (1995a). ITTO, 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). IUCN Species Survival Commission (1994) IUCN Red List Categories. Jenkins, C. (1996) Guidelines for the application of the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories to tees. Annex 5 in: Report of the First Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. Lammerts van Bueren, E.M. (1996). Jn litt. to the CITES Secretariat. Oldfield, S.F., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. (1998). The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. Sandison, M.S. (1995) Application of the CITES-listing criteria to plants. TRAFFIC Bulletin 15(3):122- 124 Varty, N. and Guadagnin, D.L. (1996). Information sources on the biology, conservation and trade of tree species of Brazil. Unpublished consultancy report prepared for WCMC. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Acknowledgements Many people have provided information that has been summarised in the tree species profiles. Particular thanks are due to the participants of the Regional Workshops for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project held in Harare, Zimbabwe in June 1996, Turrialba, Costa Rica in November 1996 and Hanoi, Viet Nam in August 1997. At these meetings the conservation status of a range of timber species was reviewed, based on draft species profiles. At the African meeting, Dr Nicholas Chenue Songwe, Dr Jonathon Okafor, Dr Ndjele Mianda-Bungi, and Dr Dominique N’Sosso reviewed the species profiles for west and central African tree species, and Dr Saloma4o Bandeira, Bob Drummond, Coert Geldenhuys, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Alfred Maroyi, Patrick Phin, Cathy Rogers and Jonathan Timberlake reviewed the species profiles for southern African species. The participants at the Costa Rica workshop were Mr Allen J. Coombes; Dr Eduardo Dalcin; Washington Galiano Sanchez; Dra Ana Maria Giulietti; Dr William Hess; Dr Shirley Keel; Luis Corrales; Mr Jan de Koning; Dr Martin Mitre; Dr Cyril H. Nelson Sutherland; Dr Adrian Newton; Dr Kevin Nixon; Maricela Rodriguez; Nina Marshall, Marianne Syrylak Sandison, Nohemy Elizabeth Ventura Centeno; Darien Prado; Joaquina Pires-O'Brien; Flavio Bertin Gandara; Pamela Wellner; Abdou-Salam Ouedraogo; Ximena Buitron; Dr José Antonio Vasquez-Garcia; Ms Dora E. Mora de Retana; Dr Nelson Zamora; Eduardo Calderon and Silvia Llamozas. The participants at the Viet Nam workshop were Professor Dr Chu Tuan Nha; Professor Dr Nguyen Tien Ban; Dr Vu Van Dzung; Dr Le Trong Cuc; Professor Dr Cao Van Sung; Mr Ninh Khac Ban; Dr Pham Hoai Duc; Dr Doan Diem; Prof Dr Nguyen Van Truong; Mrs Duong Thi To; Prof Dr Thai Van Trung; 17 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Nguyen Thanh Phong; Mr Tran Lien Phong; Ms Nguyen Hoang Anh;Prof. Dr Le Dinh Kha; Dr Nguyen Hoang Nghia; Dr Lillian Chua; Dr David Frodin; Dr Dennis V. Johnson; Dr Domingo Madulid; Dr Wendy Strahm; Dr Johanis P. Mogea; Dr Yong Shik Kim; Fuh-Juinn Pan; Dr Weibang Sun; Profesor C R Babu; Mr John Benson; Tonny Soehartono; Vongxay Manivong and Claire Williams. Special thanks are also due to Jeffrey Atkin, Peter Eddowes; Luis Alfaro Lozana, Hector Arce Benavides; Pierre Ibisch; Tim Killeen, Martin Mitre, Adrian Newton (University of Edinburgh) and Israel Vargas. Fauna and Flora International provided a copy of the report Conservation and management of Pau-Brasil Caesalpinia echinata — An action plan. Trade data for timber species of Cambodia, Laos, Madagascar and Viet Nam have kindly been provided by James Hewitt. Thanks are also due to Dr Domingo Madulid who provided information on the Philippine tree species for the review and to Dr Nigel Varty who collected information on the Brazilian tree species whilst working in that country. Trade information for species of Gabon has kindly been supplied by Tom Hammond of the WWE Gabon Programme. Aljos Farjon, Chariman of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group, has coordinated the collection of information on the conservation status of conifer species worldwide, and has responded to various requests for information on whether conifer species are in trade. The species profiles were prepared at WCMC by Sara Oldfield, Charlotte Lusty and Amy MacKinven. Assistance was provided by Kevin Holohan. Julie Reay assisted with the final compilation of this report. Final editing was undertaken by Tim Inskipp. The process of evaluating the timber species was greatly assisted by the participation of Marianne Syrylak Sandison of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Martin Jenkins contributed additional comments on the results of the evaluation process and ideas for the discussion section of this report. Dr Jan de Koning and J.J. Wieringa provided valuable comments on the draft report. WCMC wishes to thank the CITES Management Authority of the Netherlands for providing the financial support required to carry out this project. 18 ANNEX 1 Biological Criteria for Appendix I The following criteria are intended to be read in conjunction with the definitions, notes and guidelines listed in Annex 5 of Resolution Conf. 9.24. A species is considered to be threatened with extinction if it meets, or is likely to meet at least one of the following criteria. A. The wild population is small and is characterized by at least one of the following: i) an observed, inferred or projected decline in the number of individuals or the area and quality of habitat; or il) each sub-population being very small; or ill) a majority of individuals, during one or more life-history phases, being concentrated in one sub-population; or iV) large short-term fluctuations in the number of individuals; or v) a high vulnerability due to the species’ biology or behaviour (including migration). B. The wild population has a restricted area of distribution and is characterized by at least one of the following: i) fragmentation or occurrence at very few locations; or 11) large fluctuations in the area of distribution or the number of sub-populations; or iil) a high vulnerability due to the species’ biology or behaviour (including migration); or iv) an observed, inferred or projected decrease in any one of the following: - the area of distribution; or - the number of sub-populations; or - the number of individuals; or - the area or quality of habitat; or - reproductive potential. Cc. A decline in the number of individuals in the wild, which has been either: i) observed as ongoing or having occurred in the past (but with a potential to resume); or il) inferred or projected on the basis of any one of the following: - a decrease in area or quality of habitat; or - levels or patterns of exploitation; or - threats from extrinsic factors such as the effects of pathogens, competitors, parasites, predators, hybridization, introduced species and the effects of toxins and pollutants; or - decreasing reproductive potential. D. The status of the species is such that if the species is not included in appendix I, it is likely to satisfy one or more of the above criteria within a period of five years. 19 tpn Al IA yet ie i #10 sia ; Phare; rine ie scr oe 2 iy Aika iy r oN ns 4 : } saan ia | ss ee Si - ech tend ey ' od he ae : ; ‘ Vick Aah e seagt di pokes: - Pa fri she - a i . i ae i Die 4a pF = aby detail ANNEX 2 PROFILES OF TREE SPECIES 21 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria AFRICA Afzelia africana Afzelia; Doussie Distribution This widespread species occurs in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat In Ghana, this species is found in dry forest, especially in the forest-savanna borders. It tends to be scattered in areas with rocky soils (Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation types according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones. Afzelia africana is absent from the wetter forest types and is a distinguishing feature of the ~fire- zone’ between Guinea-Congolian rain forest and savanna. 2. Guineo-Congolian transition woodland 3. Guineo-Congolian secondary grassland and wooded grassland 4. Sudanian woodland 5. The Coastal Plain of Basse Casamance N.B. In the Guinea-Congolia/Sudania regional transition zone phytochoria. Population Status and Trends A. africana is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). This species is also common in Nigeria and Cameroon (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is under pressure from exploitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Utilisation Timber of Afzelia spp. in general is used for exterior joinery, flooring, heavy construction, furniture, vats and tanks. The seeds are used as a thickening agent (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Trade A. africana was exported from Ghana as sawnwood in 1994; 2550 m’ of air dried sawnwood was exported at an average price of US$572.00/m’ and kiln dried sawnwood sold for an average price of US$630.00/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Conservation Status IUCN Threat Category and Criteria: VU (Ald) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) A. africana has been given a red star in Ghana meaning it is common but under pressure from exploitation and conservation measures are necessary (Hawthorne, 1995a). This species is considered Vulnerable according to the 1994 TUCN threat categories (Hawthorne, 1995b). 22 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Conservation Measures Protected by law in Céte d'Ivoire. FAO selected this species for conservation action in Cameroon because of the heavy utilisation pressures on the species (Palmberg, 1987). This species can be vegetatively propagated by budding (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). ITTO, 1995(a). Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world topical timber situation. Draft Document. Palmberg, C., 1987. Conservation of genetic resources of woody species. Paper prepared for Simposio sobre silvicultura y mejoraniento genetico. CIEF, Buenos Aires, 1987. (NOT SEEN) 23 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Afzelia bipindensis Afzelia; (Red) Doussié Distribution A. bipindensis is found mostly in the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism, but also extends into the Zambezian region (White, 1983). This species occurs in Angola, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat This is a rainforest species. Population Status and Trends There are reportedly only a few seed trees distributed in a narrow range (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is heavily exploited throughout its range (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Utilisation Timber of Afzelia spp. in general is used for exterior joinery, flooring, heavy construction, furniture, vats and tanks. Trade 5000m’ of A. bipidensis sawnwood was exported from Cameroon in 1994 at an average price of US$1000.00/m’ and the Congo exported 33m’ in 1994 (ITTO, 1995 a). In 1987, Gabon exported 2,595m’ of Doussie from Owendo (IUCN, 1990). Gabon exported 5,302.258 m’ of Doussie in 1994 and 7,560.274 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Threat Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures FAO selected this species for conservation action in Cameroon because of the heavy utilisation pressures it faces (Palmberg, 1987). Vegetative propagation by budding/grafting could be feasible (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. ITTO, 1995(a). Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. YUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. Palmberg, C., 1987. Conservation of genetic resources of woody species. Paper prepared for Simposio sobre silvicultura y mejoraniento genetico. CIEF, Buenos Aires, 1987. (NOT SEEN) White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 24 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Afzelia pachyloba Afzelia Distribution This species occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria and Zaire. Habitat A. pachyloba is a rainforest species. Population Status and Trends There are only a few seed trees throughout its range (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is heavily exploited. Utilisation Timber of Afzelia spp. in general is used for exterior joinery, flooring, heavy construction, furniture, vats and tanks. Trade A. pachyloba is an important commercial species in Cameroon, Nigeria and Congo (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Ald) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures FAO has selected this species for conservation action in Cameroon because of the heavy utilisation pressures on the species (Palmberg, 1987). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Palmberg, C., 1987. Conservation of genetic resources of woody species. Paper prepared for Simposio sobre silvicultura y mejoraniento genetico. CIEF, Buenos Aires, 1987. (NOT SEEN) 25 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Allanblackia stuhlmannii Guttiferae Distribution Tanzania Habitat A species of moist closed forest up to 1600m. Population status and trends This tall tree may be found in some abundance in remaining areas of moist upland forest only in eastern Tanzania, such as the Usambara Mts. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The seeds produce an edible oil, mkani fat. The timber is also used. Trade The oil is used locally and traded. IUCN Conservation category VU B142c according to Lovett, J. & P. Clarke (Lovett, 1996). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture The forests on the Usambaras are under a degree of protection as catchment forests. References Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. Lovett, Jon. 1996. Completed data collection forms of restricted range trees of Tanzania. Prospect. 1995. Species listing from the PROSPECT database. WWF & IUCN. 1994. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. 3 volumes. Cambridge: IUCN Publications Unit 26 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Antrocaryon micraster Anacardiaceae akoua, antrocaryon, aprokuma, bougongi, ifa okete, onzabili Distribution Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda Habitat This species is found in lowland tropical rainforest. Population status and trends This emergent species is heavily exploited for its timber, regeneration is less succesful in burnt or heavily disturbed forests. Saplings do not compete well with weeds (Hawthorn, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem It regenerates in canopy gaps and its fruit provides an important food source to the mammal community. Dispersal/Pollination is aided by Mammals. Seeds of Antrocaryon have been found in 2% (rainy season) to 37% (Dry season) of piles of elephant dung in Bia South Game Production Reserve, Ghana (Hawthorn, 1995). Threats The main threats are clear-felling/logging of the habitat. Utilisation This species is used for food, locally for fuel and the stem of the tree is traded internationally. Trade The species is reported in exports of plywood from Ghana, selling at an average price of US$400/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne, W. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (C6te d'Ivoire). Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. 60pp. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. Katende, A.B. 1993. Annotations to: TPU conservation status report for Uganda dated 29 Jun 1993. 33pp. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. Hawthorne, W.D. 1995, Ecological Profiles of Ghanaian Forest Trees, Oxford Forestry institute 27 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Aucoumea klaineana Okoumé Distribution Okoumé is restricted to west and central Gabon and a few small areas in Equatorial Guinea, Congo and Cameroon. In Cameroon Habitat It is found between sea level and 700 m in lowland broadleaf forests (White, 1996). Vegetation types according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Hygrophilous coastal evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest. Aucoumea klaineana is one of the most abundant species in this forest type especially in old secondary forest on well-drained sites. Population Status and Trends In Gabon the species remains widespread and abundant, and is common in secondary forest; the population is more or less stable (Wilks in litt., 1992). Regeneration Oukomé trees flower only once in every 7 - 15 years (Anon, 1994). This light-demanding species is gregarious in secondary forests (N'Sosso in litt, 1995). It regenerates naturally where the recuperation period between logging cycles is sufficient (Wilks in litt, 1990). However, according to White, in litt. 1996, Okoumé is not regenerate regenerating. It is a light lover which only regenerates in old farms and unburnt savannas. Few tree below 30cm dbh are now seen (White, in litt.). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats Repeated logging particularly in the Premiére zone (near coast) restricts regeneration, although it is considered by Wilks in litt., 1992, that the logging is probably sustainable in Gabon. In contrast experts at the Regional Workshop for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project considered that the restricted range of this species and the destruction of its ecosystem puts the future survival of this species in danger (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Utilisation Okoumé is considered an excellent timber for veneer and plywood and also produces good quality sawn timber. Trade This species is Gabon's most important commercial timber and contributes about 90% of annual production. At present international market forces regulate Okoumé logging in Gabon and state controls are considered ineffective (Wilks, in litt., 1990). France is the main importer of Okoumé. Italy, Japan and Israel are also important importers. This species is traditionally absent from UK markets.(WCMC, 1991). Disappointing oil revenues have resulted in the export of Okoumé timber to Western Europe and Japan becoming increasingly important to the Gabonese economy (Anon, 1994). Congo exported 53,188m’ of Okoumé logs and 23 665m’ of veneer in 1994 (ITTO, 1995). In 1987, Gabon exported 603,740m’ of A. klaineana from Owendo (IUCN, 1990). An unknown volume of logs was exported by Gabon for an average price of US$239.59/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). In addition Gabon exported 371m’ of Okoumé as sawnwood for an average price of US$287.77/m’, 2,106m’ of veneer at an average price of US$97.16/m’, and 10,225m’ of plywood at an average price of US$300.32/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Total export of Okoumé from Gabon in 1994 was 1,327,957.181 m’ and in 1995 the total export was 1,573,702.100 m’ (DIAF, 1996). 28 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996). The gene pool of Okoumé has been seriously deteriorated by decades of selective harvesting (Anon, 1992). Conservation Measures A. klaineana is considered a priority species for in situ conservation by FAO (1984). More than 29,000 ha have been planted with Okoumé in Gabon but reforestation does not compensate for felling in natural forests. Introduction of this species west of Kribi in Cameroon has been discontinued because of its poor form (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Minimum logging diameter in Gabon is 70 cm in forest reserves, although this restriction is not enforced (Wilks, in litt., 1990). A project "Biology of Okoumé", has been funded by ITTO and implemented by the government of Gabon, through the Ministére des Eaux et Forets. Scientific and technical support is provided by the Tropenbos Foundation. The aim of this project is to improve understanding of species specific characteristics of Okoumé, with the objective of realizing high yielding plantations that at least can keep track of the current logging rate. The establishment of such plantations will help reduce the pressure on Gabon's forest area and its biological diversity. (Anon, 1994). The first phase of the project ended in December 1995. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Anon, 1992. News on other Tropenbos activities. Gabon. Tropenbos Newsletter 2. Anon, 1994. Biology of Okoumé: an ecophysiological reforestation project in Gabon. Tropenbos Newsletter 6:8-10 DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. FAO, 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. ITTO, 1995(a). Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. D. N'Sosso contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees White, L. 1996. in litt. to WCMC. Wilks, C., 1990. in litt. to Richard Luxmoore. Wilks, C., 1992. in litt. to Pete Atkinson. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 29 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Autranella congolensis Mukulungu Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Congo, Gabon and Nigeria. Habitat This species is found in dense forest (N'Sosso in litt, 1995). Population Status and Trends This species is fairly rare (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Regeneration This is a recalcitrant species (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats A. congolensis is heavily exploited for timber (African Regional Worshop, 1996). Utilisation The timber is used for heavy construction, flooring, furniture and cabinet-making, acid vats, turnery and joinery. Locally the seeds are used and traded as rattlers for dancers (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Trade Gabon reported export of 51.2 m’ of Mukulungu in 1995 and reported no export of this species in 1994 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: CR (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures None. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. N'Sosso contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project for the Congo. 30 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Baikiaea plurijuga Zambezi Teak; Zambezi Redwood Distribution This species occurs in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Habitat This species is confined to lowland tropical forest on the Kalahari sands. Baikiaea plurijuga is the dominant component of the Baikiaea forest canopy (White, 1983). Baikiaea forest is the most extensive deciduous forest on the Kalahari Sand in the south of the Upper Zambezi basin and B. plurijuga is essentially limited to this area (White, 1983). In Zimbabwe, B. plurijuga is found in higher areas of thicket on Kalahari sands of the Lupane and Nkayi districts and in higher areas of woodland thicket on colluvium in the Binga district (Timberlake er al, 1991). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Zambezian dry deciduous forest and scrub forest (Zambezian Kalahari woodland) Population Status and Trends Precise limits of individual populations of the species are not known but B. pluijuga is the dominant species in the Zambesi teak forests the area of which has been measured. In the early 1980s, Zambesi teak forests were reported to cover an area of 700,000 ha (Mubiti, 1984 in draft CITES proposal, 1986). More recent surveys have shown that 800,000 ha exist in forest commissioned land in Zimbabwe (African Regional Workshop, 1996). In Zambia this forest type formerly covered almost all of the Western Province, the North-Western Province and the western area of the Southern Province (CITES draft proposal, 1986). The increased logging activities of the last fifty years have led to changes in the ecology of the forest; gaps in the canopy allow for thicket species to develop (this is especially a problem in Zambia). It is thought that these changes might inhibit the re-establishment of the Zambezi teak forests (CITES draft proposal, 1986). These forests are expected to disappear within 50 years and to be irretrievably diminshed much sooner (WCMC, 1991). Populations of older individuals (about 500 years old) have now completely disappeared (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Although the Zambesi teak forests are threatened, the range of B. plurijuga has only been fractionally reduced (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Grassland quickly replaces the Zambesi teak forests once they have been cleared, making grassland a more common habitat for B. plurijuga (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Populations in fallow fields and national parks are regenerating well (African Regional Workshop, 1996). There are thought to be intact populations in forests in Botswana and Zambia, where levels of exploitation are less well known (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Regeneration This species coppices well (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem B. plurijuga is associated with Entandrophragma caudatum, Pterocarpus antunesii and Combretum . collinum (Huckabay, 1986). Threats This species is exploited for its timber. The Zambesi teak forest as a habitat type is undeniably threatened, however, the Baikiaea thickets that grow on grassland are still fairly widespread and timber from these thickets can be utilised (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Utilisation The timber is mainly used in flooring. Locally the species is used for medicinal purposes and for tanning. B. plurijuga is not locally exploited for its wood because it is too hard to cut. 31 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Trade Sales values in Zambia over recent years have been around US$1 million annually, 80% in the domestic market and 20% from exports. It is one of the two major commercial timber species of Botswana (WCMC, 1991). Conservation Status IUCN Threat Category and Criteria: LR:Ic (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures This species is considered to be a priority for in situ conservation by FAO, 1984. Jn situ conservation stands have been established in Zambia. The Forest Reserves in Botswana contain B. plurijuga (African Regional Workshop, 1996). This species is not suitable for a plantation programme because of its slow growth and fire sensitivity (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Draft CITES Proposal, 1986. Draft proposal to include Baikiaea plurijuga on Appendix II of CITES. Huckabay, 1986. cited in the Draft CITES Proposal. (NOT SEEN) Piearce, 1986. cited in the Draft CITES Proposal. (NOT SEEN) Timberlake, J., Nobanda, N., Mapaure, I, and Mhlanga, L., 1991. Sites of interest for conservation in various communal lands of N. & W. Zimbabwe. Vegetation survey of communal lands. Report No.1. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 32 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Baillonella toxisperma Moabi Distribution Moabi occurs mainly in Cameroon, Gabon and Nigeria, and is also found in Angola, Congo and Equatorial Guinea. Habitat The monotypic genus Baillonella is endemic to the Guineo-Congolian region (White, 1983). B. toxisperma is limited to dense primary evergreen rain forests. It requires shade for regeneration to occur (Wilks in litt, 1990). Population Status and Trends If this species continues to be over-exploited it will most likely vanish from large areas of its distribution (Schneemann, 1995). In areas of Cameroon that have been logged for several decades (i.e. Central, South, South-West and the Littoral provinces) there is a decrease and in some cases disappearance of Moabi (Schneemann, 1995). Moabi still remains in East Cameroon where there has been no logging. Role of Species in its Ecosystem Elephants play a part in regeneration and dispersal of Moabi as they eat the fruits and deposit the seeds elsewhere (Schneemann, 1995). Wild pigs and porcupines eat the seeds. Threats Moabi is heavily exploited in West Africa. This species is further threatened by its restricted regeneration (Wilks in litt., 1990). It takes between 50 and 70 years before B.toxisperma Starts to flower and regular fruit production doesn't occur until the tree is 90-100 years old (Schneemann, 1995). Utilisation The timber is used for furniture, cabinet work, decorative flooring, turnery and carving, decorative veneers, joinery, and stove fittings. The edible oil (huile de karité) that is extracted from the seeds is of great importance to the local people. The oil can fetch high prices at the local markets in Cameroon; in the larger cities the oil can be worth as much as US$12/litre (Schneemann, 1995). The pulp of the fruit is eaten. The bark is used for medicinal purposes and has ethnobotanical uses (e.g. the Baka pygmies use the bark to become invisible for elephant hunting) (Schneemann, 1995). Trade Strong demand for Moabi timber comes from Southern Europe (Schneemann, 1995) Moabi is an important commercial timber in Cameroon and is a major species in the export trade. Production of B. toxisperma in Cameroon has almost doubled since 1989/1990 (Schneemann, 1995). It is also commercially important to Congo (exports in 1988 of 4, 517m’) and Gabon where it is the second most important wood in terms of export earnings (Wilks in litt, 1990). Gabon exported 55,884m’ in 1987 (IUCN, 1990) and 59,891m’ in 1989. According to ITTO (1995a) 25,000 m of B. toxisperma logs were exported from Cameroon in 1994 at an average price of US$385/m’, and 10,000 m’ of sawn timber were also exported at an average price of US$700.00/m’. While Gabon exported Moabi logs at an average price of US$70.40/m’ and exported 82m’ of sawnwood at US$63. 13/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). In 1994, Gabon exported a total of 32,572.065 m’ of Moabi and 44,390.331 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). There is some concern about illegal trade from some of the Moabi producing countries (Draft CITES Proposal, 1991). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (A1d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) 33 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Conservation Measures The minimum exploitable diameter of Moabi in Cameroon is 1m and in both Gabon and Congo the minimum exploitable diameter is decreed to be 0.8m. B.toxisperma is found in several protected areas in Cameroon (i.e. Forét de Nki, Forét de Boumba Bek and Reserve de Faune du Dja). This species is also represented in the Sibang Arboretum, Libreville, Gabon. (Draft CITES Proposal, 1991). Cameroon has planted 389 ha of this species (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Draft CITES Proposal, 1991. ITTO, 1995(a). Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. Schneemann, J., 1995. Exploitation of Moabi in the Humid Dense Forests of Cameroon. Harmonization and improvement of two conflicting ways of exploitation of the same forest resource. BOS NEWSLETTER 31 vol. 14 (2): 20-32. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. Wilks, C., 1990. in litt. to Richard Luxmoore. 34 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Beilschmiedia ugandensis Lauraceae Distribution DR Congo, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Habitat The species is found in forests around lake Victoria, also in lower montane forest, swamps and damp places Population status and trends A species well known for its timber. It is also used in mine shafts and as a fuelwood. The levels of exploitation, notably in Uganda, as well as a general decline in the extent or condition of the habitat, are major threats. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use Utilisation The tree is felled to make dugout canoes. It is also used in mines and for charcoal. The fruit is edible. Trade The trade in the wood occurs at a subnational level. IUCN Conservation category VU A2d according to MUIENR (Okullo et al., 1997) Conservation measures The species has been raised ex situ by tree planting projects in Masaka. Forest management and silviculture References Okullo, J.B. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for woody plants of Uganda. 35 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Boswellia sacra Burseraceae luban, megerot, mugereh, shajerat alluban, olibanum, mogar, mohor, frankincense, (sheehaz and beyo refer to the resin) Distribution Oman, Somalia, Yemen (Former South Yemen), also likely to occur in Ethiopia Habitat A tree of dry, sparsely vegetated areas and the lower slopes of wadis. Population status and trends The largest and most widespread occurrence of the species is in northern Somalia. It is also a dominant component of desert-woodland on the escarpment mountains in Dhofar in Oman, extending into Yemen. In Oman the tree is so heavily browsed that it rarely flowers or sets seed. Several trees appear to be dying and regeneration is poor. (Ghazanfar, 1995) In Somalia wild stands belong to local families who extract the resin and take care not to damage or overexploit the trees. It appears to be impossible, however, to prevent overgrazing, especially in times of drought, which in itself affects the trees directly by slowing down growth, hampering regeneration and reducing yields of resin. Tapping is generally confined to two periods of 3-4 months depending on the extent and onset of the rains. It is believed that the size of the natural resource and its productivity significantly outweighs demand for the product (Coppen, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals, local use. Utilisation The resinous exudate is used for burning in religious ceremonies. It is also distilled to yield odorous volatile oils for use in the perfumery industry and various forms of the resin and extracts are used as fixatives in perfumes. In China the main use of olibanum is in traditional medicine. The leaves are an important animal fodder, especially in times of drought. Trade The international trade in B. sacra is very difficult to separate from that in other gums, resins and balsams. It is generally known as the Somalian or Middle Eastern olibanum. B. frereana (Somalia), B. serrata (India) and B. papyrifera (Ethiopia) are also major sources of olibanum. Much unofficial trading also occurs across the borders of producing countries. The demand today is believed to be less than that in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Production is also believed to have declined because of severe droughts. Major consumers are China and the Middle East. China imported over 1000 tonnes of olibanum and myrth in 1984. Significantly smaller amounts (50 tonnes) are used in the production of essential oils and extracts in Europe. The Ethiopian olibanum is exported for use as incense in Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches in Europe and Latin America and the chewing grade olibanum from B. frereana is exported in substantial amounts to North Africa and the Middle East. Somalia and Ethiopia are the biggest producers of olibanum. The botanical source for the Ethiopian olibanum is likely to be B. papyrifera as B. sacra is only suspected to occur in Harerge. B. sacra in Somalia produces a higher grade olibanum known as ‘beyo’ but the highest chewing grade is believed to come from B. frereana. World trade in beyo was reported in 1987 to be 200 tonnes. Exports of incense gum from Somalia and their destinations, 1975-1980 (tonnes) ions _ ae 0 eo a Arabia a eae eS rast ea Fan) | 36 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Source: Frankincense and Gums Trading Agency, Somalia in Coppen, 1995. IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to Thulin (1997). Conservation measures The species is in cultivation at the Sultan Qaboos University Botanic Garden in Oman. Otherwise the only studies on its domestication were carried out by a Swedish Aid project in the 1980s. Forest management and silviculture References Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Ghazanfar, S. A. 1995. Plant conservation in Oman. Part 1. (unpublished). Compiled with Anthony G. Miller, Ian McLeish, Tom A. Cope, Phil Cribb and Salim H. Al Rawahi. 62pp. Thulin, Mats. 1997. Comments on the draft species summaries of trees occurring in Somalia. 37 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Brachylaena huillensis Synonym: Brachylaena hutchisonii Muhuhu Distribution This species occurs in Angola, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Transvaal and Uganda. Habitat In Kenya, B. huillensis occurs in the highlands, the coastal belt and in forest remnants (WCMC, 1991). It is found in upland semi-deciduous forest and lowland dry forest or thicket (Beentje, 1994). It is found in the Usambara steppe and coastal lowland of Tanzania and Uganda (WCMC, 1991). This species is dominant in evergreen bush, is common in dry coastal forests and can be found in lowland dry forests and semi-deciduous dry upland forests (1500m-2000m) (FAO, 1986). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Somalia-Masai scrub forest Brachylaena huillensis occurs on the steep northern slopes of the Western Usambara mountains between 700 and 960 m. 2. Zanzibar-Inhambane undifferentiated forest This species is found in the drier forests of this region. Population Status and Trends The distribution of this species is patchy (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). B. huillensis is locally common in Kenya (Beentje, 1994). Role of Species in its Ecosystem Threats The species is subject to heavy exploitation in Tanzania. In Kenya, much of the habitat of this species has been lost and the remaining trees are subject to increasingly heavy felling (WCMC, 1991). It is also suffering from habitat loss due to settlement and cultivation (FAO, 1986) Utilisation This species has been used for sleepers, flooring blocks, furniture, carving and tumery. Its main use internationally is now for wood carvings. It is commonly used in Tanzania for building posts. In Kenya, this species is only used in the carving industry and not for sawn wood (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). Perfumed oil can be distilled from the wood (FAO, 1986). Trade Conservation Status This species is considered Rare in Uganda (Katende, 1995). Conservation Measures It is considered a priority for in situ conservation by FAO, 1984. B. huillensis is found in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve and the Shimba Hills Forest Reserve of Kenya. However in both of these areas this species is being collected. In the Arabuko-Sokoko Forest Reserve licences are issued for collection of dead wood but most of the trees removed are either newly dead (possibly ring-barked trees) or illegally cut trees (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). It is also collected in the Lamu district and transported to Mombasa for the carving industry (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). There are 69 ha of this species in plantations in Kenya (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). 38 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa References Beentje, H.J., 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya:Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 22: FAO, 1986. Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America. FAO Paper 67. pp. 252. Katende, A.B., 1995. Annotations to the WCMC list of Trees of Uganda. Marshall, N.T. and Jenkins, M, 1994. Hard Times for Hardwood: Indigenous Timber and the Timber Trade in Kenya. Traffic International:Cambridge, U.K. pp. 53. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETEAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 39 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Copaifera salikounda Etimoe; Bubinga Distribution This species occurs in Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Habitat This species is most abundant in evergreen forests, although most large trees are found in wet, flat, disturbed areas. It is not limited to the above habitat types; it does, however, prefer moist to wet habitats (Hawthorne, 1995a). Population Status and Trends C. salikouna is common in Ghana although there is a low density of larger trees. There appears to be a lot of regeneration, especially around mother trees. It is a shade tolerant tree (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The seeds of this species are probably dispersed by birds, although many fall to the ground beneath the parent tree (Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats In Ghana this species is threatened by over-exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995a). Utilisation Trade This species is available from specialist timber traders in the UK. It is also recorded in trade with German and the USA. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Ald) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Hawthorne (1995a) has given this species a red star, which means it is common in Ghana but under pressure from exploitation and conservation measures are necessary. This species is considered Vulnerable under the new (1994) IUCN threat categories (Hawthorne, 1995b). Conservation Measures No information. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). 40 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Cordeauxia edulis Leguminosae yeheb, yicib, ye-eb Distribution Ethiopia, Somalia Habitat The species occurs in semi-arid scrub and is intolerant of waterlogging, growing in areas of 250- 400mm annual rainfall. Population status and trends An important shrub or small tree confined to semi-desert bushland from eastern Ogaden to central Somalia. In 1929 it was reported to constitute up to half the woody vegetation in many areas, but its populations are now much reduced and further threatened by regional droughts and war (Anon, 1979).The seeds are highly nourishing and are exploited at such levels that regeneration may be hampered. High demand and free access to fruiting plants often result in the fruit being collected before they are mature (Wickens, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Local use, grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals Utilisation The seeds have a delicious chestnut flavour and may be eaten raw, roasted or boiled as a vegetable. They may also be boiled for a sweet liquor. Rich in protein and with twice the energy value of carob, the seeds can provide the only source of food in times of famine. Leaves may be brewed into a tea. They are also browsed by sheep, goats and camels, which apparently causes the bones to become pink with cordeauxiaquinone. This compound is unique in the plant kingdom, producing an insoluble brilliant red dye used as a mordant in dyeing factories. The wood is used for firewood. Trade Seeds are marketed locally, serving as a staple to the poorer people when in season. Production is less than demand. IUCN Conservation category VU A2cd according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture The species has only recently been brought into domestication. It has been introduced on an experimental scale in Israel, Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan, Yemen and USA. Early aerial growth is slow while the massive root system is establishing. The seedlings develop a tough tap root which makes nursery-rearing complicated. Plants bear fruit in 3-4 years, each yielding about 5kg of seeds. The species has great potential for development as a food resource for the semi-arid regions and as a dessert crop, and possibly for export. References Anon. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC. Hedberg, Inga & Sue Edwards (eds.). 1989. Flora of Ethiopia. Volume 3. Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae. Ethiopia & Sweden: The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa & The Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala. 659pp. Thulin, Mats. 1996. Annotations to: the conservation listing for trees of Somalia. Wickens, G.E. 1995. Edible nuts. Non-Wood Forest Products 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 41 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cordia millenii Omo Distribution Widespread in tropical Africa, this species occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat C. millenii grows in closed forests and old secondary formations. Larger trees of this species (considering C. millenii and C. platythyrsa together) prefer undisturbed, well-drained areas while the smaller trees are more commonly found in disturbed forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation types according to White (1983) 1. Transitional rain forest of the Lake Victoria regional mosaic The Kakamega forest in Kenya has several Guineo-Congolian lowland rain forest species including Cordia millenii. Population Status and Trends In Ghana, this species is common (Hawthorne, 1995a). It is only known from a few locations in Kenya and in these areas the populations are declining due to habitat loss (FAO, 1986). Regeneration This is a light-demanding species, as regeneration and large trees are doubled in density in forest where there has been disturbance (ie. logged or burnt) when compared to undisturbed forest (Hawthorne, 1995a) Role of Species in its Ecosystem In Uganda the fruits are probably dispersed by frugivorous primates (Plumptree er al, 1994 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats This species is threatened by habitat loss (FAO, 1986) Utilisation The wood is thought to be impenetrable to termites and is, therefore, used for furniture, joinery, roof shingles, canoes, household utensils and other decorative work. It is used for making musical instruments in Uganda (FAO, 1986). It is also used as firewood. Locally this species is used as a shade tree. A decoction of leaves are used to treat roundworm, ground up seeds mixed with palm oil are taken against ringworm, and the dried leaves are smoked in Nigeria for asthma, coughs and colds. Trade No information. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: LR (Ic) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) According to Hawthorne (1995a) this species is not of particular conservation concern in Ghana and has been awarded a green star in his star categorization system. Conservation Measures This species is considered a priority species for in situ conservation by FAO, 1984. 42 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. FAO, 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. D. N'Sosso contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project for the Conge. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 43 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cordia platythyrsa Mukumari Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Habitat It is found in closed forests and in old secondary formations and is a common pioneer species. Larger trees of these species (considering C. millenii and C. platythyrsa together) prefer undisturbed, well-drained areas while the smaller trees are more commonly found in disturbed forest. Population Status and Trends Regeneration C. platythyrsa is a light demanding species, as regeneration and large trees are doubled in density in forest where there has been disturbance (ie. logged or burnt) when compared to undisturbed forest The species is regenerating well in Ghana, especially along new logging roads (Hawthorne, 1995a). C. platythyrsa can reach a height of 23m or dbh of 23cm after four years of growth in open areas (Hawthorne, 1995a). In Sierra Leone, the mean annual increments vary between 3.3 and 6.3 cm for the first 18 years (Saville & Fox, 1967 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The fruits (fleshy drupes) of this species are probably dispersed by animals, including elephants (Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats This species suffers from some exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995a&b). Utilisation The timber is used for furniture, joinery, and other decorative work. Trade No information. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Ald) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Under Hawthorne's (1995) star categorization system, C. platythyrsa scores a pink star which indicates that it is common and moderately exploited in Ghana. Hawthorne (1995b) considers this species Least Concern (or systematically Vulnerable) under the new (1994) IUCN threat categories. Conservation Measures This species is planted in a limited scale by the Forest Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Cupressus dupreziana Saharan Cypress Distribution This species is restricted to the Tassili N'Ajjer Massif in Algeria. Habitat Cupressus dupreziana is found in dry sparsely vegetated areas between 1700 and 1900m. Population Status and Trends There are 153 individuals remaining within an area of 200km7. There is no longer regeneration in the wild probably due to a water shortage as a result only the larger trees can reach the water table. The trees are producing viable seeds that can withstand climatic extremes (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem This species is associated with Rhus tripartitum, Pituranthos chloranthos, Olea laperrini, Lavendula pubescens, Myrtus rivellii, Nerium oleander and Tamarix articulata. Threats Grazing has been reported to destroy any regeneration of this species (Lucas and Synge, 1978) Utilisation Previously a major source of timber for local use, C. dupreziana also used to be cut for firewood, but is now too rare to support any form of utilisation. It has been suggested that this species could be valuable for planting in arid areas (Lucas and Synge, 1978). Trade No current trade. Conservation Status Conservation Measures The majority of this species is contained in the popular tourist site, the Tassili N'Agger National Park valley, which has been designated a World Heritage Site. The trees are guarded against cutting in this area (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). This species is cultivated on a small scale. It can be cultivated quite easily in Algiers and in Britain (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). References Lucas, G.L. and Synge, H. 1979). The IUCN Plant Red Data Book. 1UCN, Switzerland SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996. Discussions held by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group as part of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Project. March, 1996. 45 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia baronii Leguminosae voamboana, hazovola, sovoka, sovodrano, hitsika, tsiandalana, palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat The species is mainly found in evergreen humid rainforest at low altitudes, along streams, rivers, in marshy areas and the back of mangrove stands. Population status and trends A widespread species confined to the lowland plains of eastern Madagascar. These forests have been greatly reduced. Large individuals are rare because of overexploitation. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation The timber is used in fine furniture-making, flooring, interiors etc. The species is also a useful source of fuelwood. Trade The timber is present in international trade. Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea received annual imports of 60mof rough rosewood, costing US$0.1 million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture The species is in cultivation and its silvicultural properties are under study. Growth is slow (Blaser, 1993). References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. x Anon. 1979. VI Luxury timbers. pp. 211-238. In Tropical legumes: Resources for the future. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Blaser, Jiirgen. et al. 1993. Akon'ny ala. Numeros 12 et 13. Départment Des Eaux et Foréts. 166pp. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Du Puy, D. J. & H. Labat. 1996. Data collection forms for Madagascan trees for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 46 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Dalbergia chapelieri Leguminosae rosewood, palissandre Distribution Madagascar Habitat This species occurs in humid, evergreen forest up to 1000m altitude. Population status and trends Although widespread, the species occurs mainly in lowland forest which has been and continues to be extensively cleared. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, extensive agriculture Utilisation The timber is valuable as a rosewood and the species is also used as a source of fuelwood. Trade The species is traded on a minor scale internationally and also in local markets. Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea imported 60m?of rough rosewood annually, costing US$0.1million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 47 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia chlorocarpa Leguminosae Palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat A Madagascan endemic occurring in lowland seasonally dry deciduous forest. Population status and trends The species is fairly widespread in western Madagascar, but the primary vegetation in the area has been and continues to be extensively destroyed. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation The timber is valuable as a rosewood and the species is also used as a source of fuelwood. Trade This species is selectively felled for timber and fuel for export. Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea imported 60m?of rough rosewood annually, costing US$0.1million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alacd+2cd according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Populations are protected in Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Reserve, Namoroka Reserve and Bemaraha Reserve. Forest management and silviculture References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 48 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Dalbergia davidii Leguminosae Palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat A species of deciduous, seasonally dry forest. Population status and trends Only known from a single locality, this tree occurs in lowland, seasonally dry, deciduous forest, where selective felling of this rosewood species occurs for the export market. Logging activities take place despite the locality being contained in Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Reserve. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial and local use Utilisation The timber is valuable as a rosewood. Trade Rosewood is reported in sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea imported 60m7of rough rosewood, costing US$0.1 million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN B1+2de, C1 according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures The population is contained within Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Reserve. Forest management and silviculture References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 49 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia delphinensis Leguminosae Palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat This species occurs in lowland, evergreen, humid forest Population status and trends Confined to the south-east of Madagascar, near Taolanaro, the species is threatened throughout its range by selective felling and the decline and fragmentation of its habitat. The location is also under threat of being developed for titanium mining. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, mining/exploration Utilisation The timber is valuable as a rosewood. Trade Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea imported 60m3of rough rosewood annually, costing US$0.1 million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN A2cd, B1+2bcde according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 50 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Dalbergia greveana Leguminosae Palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat This species occurs in deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland up to an altitude of 800m. Population status and trends Widespread in western Madagascar, the species is sought after and selectively felled for its high quality wood which has formed the bulk of the timber exports from western Madagascar. Population numbers have declined over the entire range. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The timber is valuable as a rosewood and the species is also used as a source of fuelwood. Trade Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea imported 60m3of rough rosewood annually, costing US$0.1million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Some localities are protected in Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Reserve and in Ankarana Special Reserve. References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 51 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia louvelii Leguminosae Palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat A species of lowland, humid forest in eastern Madagascar. Population status and trends A species confined to the drastically reduced lowland, humid forests of eastern Madagascar. Populations are now severely fragmented and trees continue to be selectively felled for the export market. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, extensive agriculture Utilisation The timber is valuable as a rosewood. Trade Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 199] and 1992 South Korea imported 60mof rough rosewood annually, costing US$0.1million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd+2cd according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). oy Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Dalbergia maritima Leguminosae Palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat A lowland tree restricted to humid, evergreen, coastal forest Population status and trends The species’ habitat has almost been completely destroyed. The remaining forests are seriously threatened by exploitation, clearing and also by titanium mining. Trees continue to be selectively felled for export and populations are severely fragmented. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, mining/exploration Utilisation The timber is valuable as a rosewood. Trade Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea imported 60mof rough rosewood annually, costing US$0.1million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd+2cd according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 53 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia purpurascens Leguminosae Palissandre, rosewood Distribution Madagascar Habitat A species of deciduous, seasonally dry forest up to 1000m. Population status and trends A widespread and locally common species of east, west and south-west Madagascar. The selective felling of trees has resulted in the serious reduction of population numbers. A questionnaire on national forest genetic resources sent out by the FAO and completed by the Departement des Recherces Forestieres et Piscicoles in Madagascar indicated that all Dalbergia species are threatened by deforestation and overexploitation (Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation fuel (stem, national or subnational trade), timber (stem, minor International trade) Trade Rosewood is reported in annual sawnwood exports to Japan, which together with other sawnwoods amounted to between 200 and 800m? between 1992 and 1995. In 1991 and 1992 South Korea imported 60m?of rough rosewood annually, costing US$0.1million. Rosewood is also recorded in exports of statuettes and other ornaments, veneer and plywood, wood chips and as rough wood to the European Union (Hewitt, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to Du Puy (1997). Conservation measures Some localities occur in the protected areas at Ankarana, Namoroka, and Bemaraha. Forest management and silviculture References Andrianasolo Rabevohitra, M.R. 1993. Completed questionnaire on national forest genetic resources in Madagascar returned to the Division of Forest Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection forms on Madagascan Dalbergia species. Hewitt, J. 1997. Timber imports from Madagascar. (Unpublished report). 54 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Diospyros celebica Maccassar Ebony; Black Ebony Distribution This species is endemic to Sulawesi. Habitat This species is found in rain and monsoon forests; however, D. celebica can grow in both humid conditions and in seasonal climates. It can survive on a variety of soils (e.g. latosols, calcareous, and podzolic soils) (PROSEA, 1995). It occurs in undulating areas upto 600m above sea level (Sidiyasa, in litt., 1994). Population Status and Trends Once a widespread species in Sulawesi, it is now comparatively rare, especially in the south (PROSEA, 1995). When present in a forest it tends to be scattered irregularly (PROSEA, 1995). Regeneration Flowering and fruiting occurs at the age of 5-7 years in D. celebica (PROSEA, 1995). The seeds remain viable for only a short time. Role of Species in its Ecosystem Seeds are dispersed by bats, birds and monkeys (PROSEA, 1995). It is often found with Homalium celebicum (PROSEA, 1995). Threats D. celebica is threatened by heavy exploitation since it is an important source of streaked ebony (PROSEA, 1995). Utilisation The timber is used for turnery, piano keys, carving, brush backs, inlaying, parts of stringed instruments and marquetry. Trade This species has been exported from Sulawesi since the 18th century. Export of this wood peaked in 1973 at 26,000 m’, since then export has significantly decreased because few trees remain (PROSEA, 1995). Japan is the primary market for this species, but it is also exported to Europe and the US... Illegal logging and trade has been reported (Draft CITES Proposal, 1994). Conservation Status This species has an old IUCN global threat status of Rare in the WCMC Plants Database. The new IUCN threat categories have not yet been applied to this species. Conservation Measures In Sulawesi, D. celebica is protected and there is a quota system in place (CITES Proposal, 1994). The Indonesian Government has already started a planting programme of D. celebica; it has not, however, been planted on a large commercial scale (Sidiyasa, in litt., 1994). References CITES Proposal, 1994. Proposal to include Diospyros celebica in Appendix II of CITES. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and W.C. Wong (Eds.), 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 5(2) Timber Trees:Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Sidiyasa, K., 1994. Letter to Sara Oldfield re: Diospyros celebica, Intsia bijuga, Intsia palembanica. Dated 28th Apmil, 1994. 55 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Diospyros crassiflora African Ebony Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, and Zaire. Habitat D. crassiflora is a lowland rainforest species. Population Status and Trends Virtually all big trees of the species have been marketed except in remote areas and the species is considered to be threatened in several countries such as Cameroon and Congo (WCMC, 1991a). Few large trees of the species remain in Nigeria (WCMC, 1991b). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats According to White (pers. comm., 1990 in WCMC, 1991b), this species is at risk as a commercial source of Ebony. Utilisation A speciality wood used for small parts of musical instruments, carvings and items of turnery. Trade Until recently, European demand for this species was limited as it is not considered a fashionable timber (WCMC, 1991), but this situation may now be changing. Zaire is the main exporter of this species. It is also of commercial importance in Congo, Cameroon, and Gabon. In the 1960s around 70 tonnes of wood were exported annually from Cameroon (WCMC, 1991). In 1994, Gabon exported 35 cum (ITTO, 1995b). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Ald) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures Special permission is required for utilization in Cameroon. Regeneration measures are required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabwe, July, 1996. ITTO, 1995b. Results of the 1995 forecasting and statistical enquiry for the Annual Review. ITTC(XIX)/4 WCMC, 1991a. Pre-project study on the conservation status of tropical timbers in trade. Volume 1. ITTO Report PPR 23/91 (M) WCMC, 1991b. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 56 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Diospyros hemiteles Ebenaceae Distribution Mauritius Habitat A species of lowland, dry, seasonal, broadleaved, closed forest up to 350m. Population status and trends A species, probably used as a timber in the distant past, now confined to a few sites of lowland evergreen forest in the south-west and also recently recorded on the east coast at Mt. Briseé. The total population is estimated to contain fewer than 60 individuals, although only 42 trees are known at present. No regeneration is apparent. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals, invasive plants, poor regeneration, clear-felling/logging of the habitat IUCN Conservation category CR C2a, D1 according to Page (1997). Conservation measures There are plans to plant trees from cultivation into managed reserves. Forest management and silviculture References Bosser, J., Th. Cadet, H.R. Julien, & W. Marais. 1976. Flore des Mascareignes: La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues. The Sugar Research Institute, Mauritius; ORSTOM, Paris; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Page, Wayne. 1997. Data collection forms completed on the threatened tree species of Mauritius. Strahm, W.A. 1993. The conservation and restoration of the flora of Mauritius and Rodrigues. (unpublished). PhD Thesis (2 vol.), Reading Uni. U.K. 57 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Entandrophragma angolense Meliaceae African mahogany, gedu nohor, edinam, dilolo, livouti, ndianoni, thiouabid, tiama Distribution Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Habitat The species grows in various types of moist forest and rainforest, particularly in better drained sites, along forest edges, in thickets and gallery forest. Population status and trends The commercial exploitation of this timber species has resulted in the large-scale extraction of mature individuals throughout its range. Significant genetic erosion has been reported in some countries although no actual data are available. Although the species is common and widespread in forest in West Africa, populations in the east are very small, e.g. the species is rare and confined to Kakamega forest in Kenya (Beentje, 1995). Overharvesting and encroaching agriculture and settlement has led to the near extinction of the species in Uganda (Okullo et al., 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation One of the main sources of African mahogany, used for exterior and interior construction, furniture- making, flooring. Trade Ghana exported Entandrophragma spp. in plywood exports in 1995, selling at an average price of US$334/m?. It also recorded the export of E. angolense in 1000m? of sliced veneer, selling at an average price of US$732/m}, as jointed veneer, selling at an average price of US$1365/m3, in 4000m3 of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$472/m3 (ITTO, 1997). In the same year DR Congo exported 1000m? as sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$245/m3, and 8000m:? of logs, selling at an average price of US$130/m?. Gabon exported 169,000m: of logs at an average price of US$22/m3. Cameroon exported 4000m? of logs at an average price of US$170/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures There are protected populations and felling restrictions in various countries. Forest management and silviculture Regeneration is relatively good after logging damage but not after burning. The seed does not appear to disperse great distances and regeneration is poor away from parent trees. A slow-growing species. Successful plantations are established in Cote d'Ivoire. References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Cote d'Ivoire). Alder, D. 1989. Natural forest increment, growth and yield. pp. 47-52. Wong, J.L.G. (ed.), Forest Inventory Project, Seminar Proceedings, 29-30 March 1989, Accra. Beentje, Henk Jaap. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. Nairobi, Kenya: National Museums of Kenya. 722pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. 58 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 38pp. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. IUCN. 1990. La conservation des ecosystémes forestiers du Gabon. TUCN, Tropical Forest Programne Series. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. 137pp. Keay, R.W.J. 1996. Letter to WCMC concerning threatened and endemic tree species in Nigeria. lpp. Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. Okullo, J.B. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for woody plants of Uganda. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. 59 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Entandrophragma candollei Meliaceae African mahogany, omu, penkwa-akoa, cedar kokoti, sipo, kosipo, candollei Distribution Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria Habitat A large tree of lowland rainforest. Population status and trends Although slightly rarer than other members of the genus, the species is still widespread and heavily exploited throughout its range. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation One of the major sources of African mahogany, used for flooring and furniture-making. Trade In 1995 Entandrophragma spp. were listed in plywood exports from Ghana, selling at an average price of US$334/m3. E. candollei is also recorded in exports of sliced veneer, selling at an average price of US$914/m3, and of jointed veneer, selling at an average price of US$1072/m:. The species was exported from Cote d'Ivoire as plywood, selling at an average price of US$666/m3 as veneer, selling at an average price of US$655/m3. Exports of this species from Cameroon included a consignment of plywood, selling at an average price of US$1005/m3, 28,000m: of veneer, selling at an average price of US$800/m3, 13,000m? of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$565/m3, and 5000m ? of logs, selling at an average price of US$180/m3. Congo exported 11,000m3 of logs. DR Congo exported an unrecorded amount of veneer, sawnwood and 1000m:? of logs, selling at an average price of US$379/m3, US$234/m3 and US$120/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures There are protected populations and felling restrictions in place in various countries. Forest management and silviculture Population densities are comparatively low and seed production more erratic but regeneration appears to be good where parent trees remain and may also occur to some degree after burning. References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Céte d'Ivoire). Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. 60pp. Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1- 38. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. 60 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. N'Sosso, Dominique. 1995. Contribution de N'Sosso Dominique au projet Conservation and sustainable management of trees. (unpublished). 24pp. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. 61 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Entandrophragma caudatum Meliaceae Mountain mahogany, wooden banana tree, jungamtave, mpapama, mupingiri, umsikili, umzomondo Distribution Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe Habitat A large tree of scattered occurrence occurring in river valleys and open woodland on rocky slopes or kopjes and deep kalahari sands. Population status and trends Unlike other members of the genus, which provide a commercial source of mahogany, this species is too rare for more than limited exploitation. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The timber is used at a local level, mainly for furniture making. Trade The species is not present in international trade. IUCN Conservation category LR/c according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Gelderblom, Caroline. 1994. Letter from Caroline Gelderblom to Dr Kerry Walter concerning lists of threatened plants in Southern Africa dated 7 March 1994. 10pp. Goldsmith, B. & D.T. Carter. 1981. The indigenous timbers of Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Bulletin of Forestry Research No. 9. Forestry Commission. Kemp, E.S. 1979. Swaziland. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 101-103. Jn Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell International. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. 62 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Entandrophragma cylindricum Meliaceae African mahogany, aboudikro, penkwa, sapele, sapelli, mboyo, kilouka, essie Distribution Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda Habitat A species of lowland forest and woodland types. Population status and trends A relatively common species, although less common than E. angolense. It is exploited heavily throughout its range. Genetic erosion caused by the large-scale depletion of mature individuals from populations has occurred in some countries. In comparison with other species of Entandrophragma this species can occur in drier habitats, including abandoned fields. Populations in Congo are localised (N’Sosso, 1995). The Ugandan distribution is confined to forests at Budongo, Mabira, Bungoma and West Mengo (Okullo et al., 1997) Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation A major source of African mahogany. It is also a source of veneer, charcoal and firewood. Trade In 1995 Ghana exported the species as plywood, selling at an average price of US$242/m3, and in mixed Entandrophragma consignments of plywood, selling at US$334/m3, as 1000m: of veneer, selling at an average price of US$978/m?, as 3000m3 of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$592/m3. Céte d'Ivoire exported the species as plywood, selling at an average price of US$472/, as sliced and rotary peeled veneer, selling at US$947/m? and US$496/m3. Cameroon exported 19,000m3 of plywood, selling at US$1005/m3, 29,000m?of veneer, selling at an average price of US$795/m3, 20,000m of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$500/m?, and 311,000m3 of logs, selling at an average price of US$251/m3. Congo exported 73,000m? of logs. Gabon exported 20,000m: of logs at an average price of US$37,000/m3. DR Congo exported 6000m: of veneer at US$596m3, 10 ,000m3 of sawnwood at US$408/m3 and 16,000m3 of logs at US$178/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures There are protected populations and felling restrictions in place in various countries. Forest management and silviculture The species does not respond well to burning. Growth rates are amongst the slowest in the genus. Successful plantations are established in Cote d'Ivoire. 63 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Céte d'Ivoire). Alder, D. 1989. Natural forest increment, growth and yield. pp. 47-52. Wong, J.L.G. (ed.), Forest Inventory Project, Seminar Proceedings, 29-30 March 1989, Accra. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. 60pp. Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1-38. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. IUCN. 1990. La conservation des ecosystémes forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programne Series. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. 137pp. N'Sosso, Dominique. 1995. Contribution de N'Sosso Dominique au projet Conservation and sustainable management of trees. (unpublished). 24pp. Okullo, J.B. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for woody plants of Uganda. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Entandrophragma delevoyi Meliaceae Distribution DR Congo, Tanzania, Zambia Habitat A species of evergreen forest and thicket on well-drained soils. It occurs in disturbed areas but is sensitive to fires. Population status and trends Although most members of the genus are heavily exploited for their commercially valuable timber, this species is more seriously threatened by habitat loss throughout its range. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation The species is used locally as a source of timber and firewood. Trade IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Adjanohoun, E.J. 1979. Benin. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 91-92. In Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International. Styles, B.T. & F. White. 1991. Meliaceae in Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 68pp. 65 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Entandrophragma excelsum Meliaceae Distribution DR Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Habitat This species is scattered in areas of upland semi-deciduous forest. Population status and trends Unlike most other members of the genus, which are commercial sources of African mahogany, this species is too rare to be exploited at anything other than a local level. Habitat loss is a more serious threat. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/Ic according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Gelderblom, Caroline. 1994. Letter from Caroline Gelderblom to Dr Kerry Walter concerning lists of threatened plants in Southern Africa dated 7 March 1994. 10pp. Katende, A.B. 1993. Annotations to: TPU conservation status report for Uganda dated 29 Jun 1993. 33pp. Styles, B.T. & F. White. 1991. Meliaceae in Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 68pp. 66 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Entandrophragma utile Meliaceae African mahogany, utile, assié, kilouka, mbel, sipo, efobrodedwo, ijebu Distribution Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda Habitat The species grows in various lowland forest types. Population status and trends A widespread species, although it has a patchy distribution and can be rare or absent from likely places. It is reported to be relatively abundant at Mayombe (N’ Sosso, 1995). Heavy exploitation of the timber continues throughout its range. Genetic erosion caused by the depletion of mature individuals has probably occurred in most countries. Local overcutting is also common in parts of West Africa. In Uganda populations are confined to forest at Budongo and Mabira, where it is extremely rare and close to extinction (Okullo er al., 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation An important source of African mahogany, used for interior and exterior construction work, furniture- making. Trade Entandrophragma spp. are listed in exports of plywood from Ghana in 1995, selling at an average price of US$334/m?. E. utile was exported from Ghana in 3000m? of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$675/m3. DR Congo exported the species as veneer, selling at an average price of US$665/m*, as 3000m? of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$442/m;, and as 18,000m:3 of logs, selling at an average price of US$231/m3. Cameroon exported 63,000m? at an average price of US$291/m?. Cote d'Ivoire exported the species as veneer, selling at US$372/m? (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures There are protected populations and felling restrictions in place in various countries. Forest management and silviculture Regeneration is good after disturbance and the species is generally noted to be more light-demanding and tolerant of dry conditions. Growth rates are amongst the slowest in the genus and the seeds and seedlings suffer high mortality rates because of insect attack. References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Cote d'Ivoire). Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1-38. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. 67 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Katende, A.B. 1993. Annotations to: TPU conservation status report for Uganda dated 29 Jun 1993. 33pp. N'Sosso, Dominique. 1995. Contribution de N'Sosso Dominique au projet Conservation and sustainable management of trees. (unpublished). 24pp. Okullo, J.B. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for woody plants of Uganda. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. Styles, B.T. & F. White. 1991. Meliaceae in Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 68pp. Thorne, J.M. 1979. Liberia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 88. In Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell International. 88. Stockholm: Almavist & Wiksell International. 68 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Eribroma oblonga synonym: Sterculia oblonga Yellow Sterculia; Eyong Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia and Nigeria. Habitat It is a lowland rainforest species of transition forests between humid evergreen and semi-deciduous forest and it also occurs in secondary forests. Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Mixed moist semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones Population Status and Trends This species is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). It is also common in Nigeria and Cameroon (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Regeneration The seedlings are shade tolerant, but the larger trees are definite light demanders (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The seeds are probably dispersed by birds (Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats E. oblonga is exploited for its timber. Utilisation The timber is used for decorative veneers, furniture and construction work. Trade Céte d'Ivoire exported 246m’ of E. oblonga plywood for an average price of US$3974.36/m’ in 1994 (ITTO, 1995a). In 1987, Gabon exported 16m’ from Owendo (IUCN, 1990). Gabon exported 987.165 m’ of Eyong in 1994 and 1,893.308 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) According to Hawthorne (1995a), this species is of no particular conservation concern and was awarded a green star for Ghana. Conservation Measures Regeneration work is necessary (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. 69 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 70 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Agba Distribution The genus Gossweilerodendron is endemic to the Guineo-Congolian region (White, 1983). G. balsamiferum occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria and Zaire. Habitat This shade-tolerant species usually grows in mature little-disturbed forest (evergreen or semi- deciduous) and occurs at elevations below 500m. This species flourishes on ferruginous soils derived from secondary sediments. Population Status and Trends It is absent or rare from part of its range within the main Nigeria\Zaire forest block (WCMC, 1991). In the Congo, in the forest zone between Louessé and Niari of Makabana, stands of G. balsamiferum are found with 5 or 6 exploitable trees per hectare (N'Sosso in litt, 1995). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is declining because of heavy exploitation, habitat loss and a lack of a plantation programme (FAO, 1986). Utilisation The main uses of G. balsamiferum is in plywood manufacturing and for furniture, flooring, household fittings and light construction. Trade In 1994, 22m’ of this species was exported as sawnwood from Congo (ITTO, 1995a). From the port of Owendo in Gabon, 6,002 m’ were exported in 1987 (IUCN, 1990). Gabon exported 18,660.055 m in 1994 and 27,307.858 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures FAO (1986) recommended that the genetic material of this species should be protected so that a future planting programme could be set up. A planting programme should be initiated (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. FAO, 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances. FAO Forestry Paper - 77:Rome. pp. 524. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. YUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. D. N'Sosso contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project for the Congo. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris; UNESCO. pp.356. 71 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Guarea cedrata Guarea; light bossé Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat G. cedrata trees are most common in moist semi-deciduous forest and in the dryer undisturbed areas of moist evergreen forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Mixed moist semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest 2. Guineo-Congolian short forest and shrub forest 3. Upland Parinari excelsa forest in West Africa Population Status and Trends This species is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration Seedlings and saplings are often found in shady areas and tend to thrive in undisturbed areas rather than in disturbed areas; trees of all sizes are much more abundant in areas that have not been burnt (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The fruits are eaten and the seeds are most likely dispersed by birds and animals (Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats This species is moderately exploited (Hawthorne, 1995a&b). Utilisation Timber from this species is used for furniture, joinery, panelling, boat building, decorate veneers, turnery and flooring. Trade Ghana exported 2,450 m’ of G. cedrata logs for an average price of US$ 221.00/m’ in 1994 (ITTO, 1995a), 3,710 m’ of air dried sawnwood for US$ 424.00 and kiln dried sawnwood for US$ 563.00/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Gabon exported 1,669 m’ from Owendo in 1987 (IUCN, 1990). The following amounts of Bossé (both G. cedrata and G. thompsonii) were exported from Gabon: 3,179.028 m’ in 1994 and 3,572.884 in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Under Hawthorne's (1995a) star categorization system, G. cedrata scores a pink star which indicates . that it is common and moderately exploited. Under the new IUCN threat categories (1994) this species is considered Vulnerable (Hawthorne, 1995b) Conservation Measures This species is protected by law in Céte d'Ivoire. Regeneration work required. 72 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa References : African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 73 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Guarea thompsonii Dark Guarea Distribution This species is found in Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Zaire. Habitat This shade tolerant species is found moist and evergreen forest hillsides. Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Mixed moist semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Population Status and Trends This species is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). The seedlings are less commonly found in the shade when compared to G. cedrata, and some light exposure seems necessary for seedlings until a size of 15cm dbh is reached (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration It takes almost 200 years to reach a 9 foot dbh, and is therefore relatively slow growing (Keay, 1961 in Hawthorne, 1995a) Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information Threats No specific information. Utilisation Timber from this species is used for furniture, joinery, panelling, boat building, decorate veneers, turnery and flooring. Trade G. thompsonii is not as commercially important as G. cedrata, although it is moderately exploited (Hawthorne, 1995a). The following amounts of Bossé (both G. cedrata and G. thompsonii) were exported from Gabon: 3,179.028 m’ in 1994 and 3,572.884 in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d,) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Under Hawthorne's (1995a) star categorization system, G. thompsonii scores a pink star which indicates that it is common and moderately exploited in Ghana. Under the new IUCN threat categories (1994) this species is considered Vulnerable (Hawthorne, 1995b). Conservation Measures No information. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute: Oxford. pp.345. 74 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 75 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Guibourtia ehie Ovangkol;Amazone;Hyedua Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia and Nigeria. Habitat G. ehie is a forest species, preferring closed rainforests and transitional forests (WCMC, 1991). In Ghana, it is successful in the dryer areas of moist semi-deciduous forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Population Status and Trends This species is common in Ghana, particularly in the north-west of the country. All sizes of tree do better in unburnt rather that burnt forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration Seed dispersal is mainly by wind. Seedlings are found clustered around the parent tree and often remain gregarious in advanced stages of regeneration (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species suffers from high rates of exploitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a&b). Utilisation The wood of this species is a popular substitute for Rosewood. It is used for fine furniture and cabinetwork, turnery, decorative veneers and flooring (WCMC, 1991). Trade This species is increasingly available in the U.S.. It is exported by Gabon; in 1987, 15,450m’ were exported from Owendo (IUCN, 1990), in 1994, a total of 8,607.596 m’ were exported (DIAF, 1996) and in 1995, 10,533.197 m’ were exported (DIAF, 1996). The export of this species in log form is banned by Ghana. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) For Ghana, Hawthorne (1995a) has given this species a red star, which means it is common but under pressure from exploitation and conservation measures are necessary. Under the new IUCN threat categories (1994) this species is considered Vulnerable (Hawthorne, 1995b). Conservation Measures Regeneration measures are required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 76 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Hallea ledermanni synonyms: Mitragyna ciliata; Mitragyna ledermannii Abura Distribution Abura occurs in the coastal regions of the following West Africa countries: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Zaire. Habitat H. ledermannii is gregarious in freshwater swamps. This light-demanding species forms a narrow border along rivers and lagoons in high forest areas, grass plains, savanna and in swampy areas of deciduous and evergreen rain forests (FAO, 1986b) and occurs in areas that are periodically inundated. In Ghana it is often found outside forest reserves along rivers and in village swampland; it tends to have a patchy distribution around swamps, although it does not inhabit all swampy areas. It is found in the coastal regions of Nigeria (Keay, 1989 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian swamp forest and riparian forest Hallea ledermanni is widespread in this forest type. Population Status and Trends As noted above, H. ledermannii is widespread within swamp and riparian forest. Although information on population status and trends is not directly available this could be inferred from information on the extent and decline of its wetland habitats. Regeneration Regeneration requires fresh water conditions and this species thrives best in humid conditions where rainfall is over 1250mm/year and the temperature is between 25 °C and 35 °C. When in its preferred habitat regeneration is plentiful and successful and growth is rapid (FAO, 1986b). Role of Species in its Ecosystem H. ledermanni releases lots of small winged seeds that can produce patches of regeneration on exposed mud (annon. 1958 in Hawthorne, 1995a). It can also reproduce vegetatively (FAO, 1986b). Commonly Abura is found in pure communities associating with species such as Gilbertiodendron, Randia lane- poolei, Symphonia globulifera, and Raphia vinifera (FAO, 1986b). Threats This species is suffering from over-expioitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Utilisation This is a general-purpose timber used in furniture production, joinery, domestic flooring, plywood, veneer, carving and transmission poles. H. ledermannii has some important medicinal properties, e.g. it is poisonous to paramecia and has analgesic properties, and many local medicinal uses (FAO, 1986b) Trade In 1994, 22, 133 m’ of Abura logs (Hallea ciliata) were exported from the Congo, 9,109 m’ (@ US$ 450.57/m’) were exported from Céte d'Ivoire and an unknown amount of Abura (Mitragyana ciliata) was exported from Gabon at an average price of US$ 27. 27/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). In the same year, 945 m’ of Abura {Hallea ciliata} sawnwood was exported from Congo and 463 m’ of veneer Abura (Hallea ciliata) was exported from Céte d'Ivoire for an average price of US$ 1680. 61/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). 77 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Conservation Status IUCN Category and Cniteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Hawthorne (1995a) has given this species a red star, which means it is common but under pressure from exploitation and conservation measures are necessary. This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). Conservation Measures It is considered a priority for in situ conservation by FAO, 1984. Ex-situ conservation work should be commenced and intensified (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. FAO, 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. FAO, 1986b. Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America. FAO Paper 67. pp. 252. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). pp.345. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 78 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Hallea stipulosa Rubiaceae abura, bahia, subaha-akoa Distribution: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia Habitat tropical, lowland, moist, non-seasonal, broadleaved, closed forest Population status and trends In many places it suffers from overexploitation. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation A widespread and important source of timber which occurs most commonly in swampy areas. timber (major International trade), timber (stem) Trade In 1995 the species was recorded in log exports from DR Congo, selling at an average price of US$93/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to World Conservation Monitoring Centre Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Hawthorne, W. 1990. Field guide to the forest trees of Ghana. Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, for the Overseas Development Administration, London. 278pp. Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1- 38. Hawthorne, W.D. 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute. 345pp. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). HMSO. 1. Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. Hutchinson, !., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. 137pp. 79 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Haplormosia monophylla i Leguminosae akoriko, idewa, larmé Distribution Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Habitat tropical, lowland, moist, broadleaved, closed forest, swamp forest Threats clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation timber Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Ald+2d according to African Regional Workshop There is little information on the status of populations or their regeneration but it is expected that overexploitation and habitat degradation are resulting in population declines. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Céte d'Ivoire). Ake Assi, Laurent. 1988. Espéces rares et en voie d'extinction de la flore de la Céte d'Ivoire. (unpublished). 6pp. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. 80 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Heritiera utilis Sterculiaceae de-orh, niangom, nyankom, ogoué, yawe Distribution Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone Habitat The species occurs in lowland evergreen wet and moist forest and swamp forest. Population status and trends A timber species which occurs commonly in remaining areas of forest in the Upper Guinea region and Gabon, especially evergreen forest. Exploitation rates are high and likely to be unsustainable. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Trade In 1995 the species was exported from Céte d'Ivoire, under the name of Tarrietia, in veneer exports selling at an average price of US$286/m3 and in 41,000m? of logs, selling at an average price of US$311/m3 (ITTO, 1997). Ghana also exported 5000m? of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$653/m3. Liberia exported 4000m? at an average price of US$250/m3. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Seeding and early growth can be erratic. The species can grow rapidly, however, in suitable conditions. Growing the species in plantations is being attempted. References Hawthorne, W. 1990. Field guide to the forest trees of Ghana. Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, for the Overseas Development Administration, London. 278pp. Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1-38. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. 81 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Irvingia gabonensis Irvingiaceae abesebuo, goron biri, oro, moupiki, muiba, eniok, wild mango, dika nut, andok, manguier sauvage, chocolatier Distribution Angola, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda Habitat The optimal habitat of the species is evergreen rainforest. However it occurs also in gallery forest and semi-deciduous forest, also often in towns or on the outskirts of villages. It is restricted to fairly wet, well-drained loamy to clay soils. Population status and trends Population declines have occurred through logging operations, expansion of human settlements and poor natural regeneration. The species is, however, relatively common and widespread. Regeneration may be limited by the absence of large seed dispersers, such as elephants. Role of species in the ecosystem The large mango-like fruits are eaten by various animals, including elephants and lowland gorillas which disperse the seeds. In certain regions of Cote d'Ivoire, the species apparently is only able to regenerate through replanting by humans around villages (White & Abernethy, 1996). Threats Local use, poor regeneration Utilisation Great quantities of the seeds are harvested throughout the species range. They are processed into compacted blocks, resembling chocolate bars. This is believed to provide a significant source of income to rural communities (White & Abernethy, 1996). The fruits are also sweet and edible. The wood is very hard and fine-grained. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to WCMC Conservation measures This species is now being researched intensively by ICRAF as a fruit tree species for use in agroforestry systems. It is increasingly being planted on farms as a result. Trees are often conserved on farms during clearance of forest for agriculture, because of their value for fruit production. Forest management and silviculture References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Hawthorne, W. 1990. Field guide to the forest trees of Ghana. Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, for the Overseas Development Administration, London. 278pp. Hawthorne, W.D. 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute. 345pp. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). 82 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. 137pp. Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. White, L. & K. Abernethy. 1996. Guide de la végétation de la Réserve de la Lopé, Gabon. ECOFAC Gabon. 83 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Juniperus procera Cupressaceae East African cedarwood, African pencil cedar, birbirssa, tedh Distribution Djibouti, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen (Former North Yemen), Zimbabwe Habitat A large tree of mountainous areas, occurring in dry forests or as scattered individuals or in pure stands on rocky well-drained soils, mostly between 1750 and 2500m, extending up to 3500m.. Population status and trends A widespread species with a range extending from Arabia to Zimbabwe. Existing populations in the Arabian Peninsula represent a small fragment of the woodlands that once existed. At lower elevations populations appear to be regenerating extremely poorly, possibly because of climatic changes. Trees continue to be cut for fuelwood and timber at a local level, in some places also for export. Few large trees remain. Changing land use patterns, browsing particularly by buffalo and elephants and the increase in plantations of fast growing exotic species are also contributing to the species decline. Outlying populations in Zimbabwe, the Republic of Congo and Malawi are extremely small and threatened. The populations in Kenya are noted to have been seriously depleted as a result of overexploitation of the timber and oil and also because of changing land use (Coppen, 1995). Stands in Somalia are generally made up of trees no larger than 3 or 4m and are small and scattered and in need of protection (Thulin, 1993). The species is said to be common on the West Usambaras and on the northern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro and other isolated mountains in Masailand in Tanzania. However good timber is hard to find here because many of the mature trees have heart rot and are hollow (Mbuya et al. 1994). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, grazing/damage by wild animals, commercial plantation development. Utilisation The wood is distilled to produce cedarwood oil. The commercial form of this oil is made up from a number of different oil-producing conifer species. Both the oil and its derivatives are valuable. The oil is used in soap perfumes, household sprays, floor polishes and insecticides. The timber is of major economic importance, particularly in Kenya where it is used for building houses, for poles, furniture, pencil making and joinery. The bark is used for beehives. The tree is also planted for shade, omamental purposes and as a windbreak. Trade USA, Western Europe and Japan are the major markets for cedarwood oil. The major sources are China and USA. Oil from Juniperus procera now features rarely in international trade. East Africa was once an important source of oil but overexploitation has reduced the wild resources so that only occasional shipments are now available (Coppen, 1995). In Kenya the species is not now generally available as a timber. It is unlikely that more than 250m} per ~ year is used commercially. Local use, mainly for posts and to some extent furniture and joinery, is far greater, at least where stands have survived. A small amount of J. procera was re-exported through Kenya from Tanzania to Germany in 1993 (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Slow growth rates have resulted in a decline in interest in experimenting with the species as a plantation tree (Mbuya er al., 1994). In Kenya 4936 ha are planted with the species. 84 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa References Beentje, H. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. National Museums of Kenya. Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their rovenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Farjon, Aljos. 1993. The Taxonomy of Multi-seed Junipers (Juniperus sect. Sabina) in SW Asia and East Africa. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 49(3): 251-283. Friis, I. 1992. Forests and Forest Trees of Northeast Tropical Africa. Middlesex, UK: HMSO. 396pp. Katende, A.B. 1993. Annotations to: TPU conservation status report for Uganda dated 29 Jun 1993. 33pp. Marshall, N.T. & M. Jenkins. 1994. Hard times for hardwood: indigenous timber and the timber trade in Kenya. Traffic East/Southern Africa. Mbuya, L.P. eral. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania. Identification, propagation and Management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA. Thulin, M. (ed.). 1993. Flora of Somalia. Volume 1. Pteridophyta; Gymnospermae; Angiospermae (Annonaceae-Fabaceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Wild, H. & T. Miiller. 1979. Rhodesia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 99-100. Jn Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. 85 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Khaya anthotheca Meliaceae White mahogany, acajou d’ Afrique, acajou blanc, krumben, anthotheca mahogany Distribution Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Habitat The species occurs in lowland evergreen forest. Population status and trends A common and widespread species which is heavily exploited, particularly in East and West Africa. Regeneration is poor in places, especially where parent trees are scarce and serious genetic erosion is believed to have occurred. There is only limited commercial application in countries where the occurrence is limited, e.g. Zimbabwe (Goldsmith & Carter, 1981). This species is commonly confused with K.grandifolia. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The species is commercially exploited as a source of African mahogany, used in cabinet and furniture- making, veneer, panelling boat building and joinery. Trade The trade in African mahogany commenced in the 17” century and escalated in the 19” and 20” centuries after supplies of American mahogany had declined. Export of mahogany from Ghana, 1992-1996 Volume (m3) 1992 Source: Ghanaian Timber Export Development Board in Hall, 1997. In 1995 the species was exported as veneer, 10,000m? of sawnwood and 9000m? of logs from DR Congo, selling at an average price of US$518/m?, US$328/m? and US$199/m;. Togo exported an unrecorded quantity of Khaya sawnwood in 1995. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures There are protected populations, log export bans and felling restrictions in various counties. Forest management and silviculture : The species is easily confused in smaller size classes with K. grandifolia. The two species can even hybridise. There are numerous experimental plantations but the species is not commercially available from plantation sources. The species is slow growing, attaining a DBH of 60cm after 40 years. 86 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Céte d'Ivoire). Gelderblom, Caroline. 1994. Letter from Caroline Gelderblom to Dr Kerry Walter concerning lists of threatened plants in Southern Africa dated 7 March 1994. 10pp. Goldsmith, B. & D.T. Carter. 1981. The indigenous timbers of Zimbabwe. Forestry Commission. Hall, L. 1997. Sustainable exploitation of widely dispersed species: A case study of the timber genera Khaya and Lovoa. M.Res. thesis, York University. Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1- 38. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. 137pp. Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. Styles, B.T. & F. White. 1991. Meliaceae in Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 68pp. Thorne, J.M. 1979. Liberia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 88. Jn Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell International. 88. Stockholm: Almavist & Wiksell International. Timberlake, J.R. 1996. Annotations to the conservation listing of trees of Zimbabwe. 87 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Khaya grandifoliola Meliaceae Benin mahogany, kruba, male, oganwo Distribution Benin, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo, Uganda Habitat The species is found most frequently in dry semi-deciduous forest or rocky forest and forest outliers. Population status and trends Exploitation of the timber is heavy and has attributed to the comprehensive extraction of mature individuals from most populations. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The timber is exploited as a source of African mahogany. The wood is esteemed less highly than K. ivorensis. The bark is also considered effective against malaria. It is sometimes planted in towns as a roadside tree. Trade The trade in African mahogany commenced in the 17” century and escalated in the 19” and 20" centuries after supplies of American mahogany had declined. Export of mahogany from Ghana, 1992-1996 Source: Ghanaian Timber Export Development Board in Hall, 1997. Togo exported an unrecorded quantity of Khaya sawnwood in 1995. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures Protected populations and log export bans are in place in various countries. Forest management and silviculture Regeneration is poor away from parent individuals and is best at the savanna-forest boundary. The species is easily confused in smaller size classes with K. grandifolia. The two species can even hybridise. There are numerous experimental plantations but the species is not commercially available from plantation sources. The species is slow growing, attaining a DBH of 60cm after 40 years. References Adjanohoun, E.J. 1979. Benin. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 91-92. In Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International. Hall, L. 1997. Sustainable exploitation of widely dispersed species: A case study of the timber genera Khaya and Lovoa. M.Res. thesis, York University. 88 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Hawthorne, W. 1990. Field guide to the forest trees of Ghana. Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, for the Overseas Development Administration, London. 278pp. Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1-38. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. Katende, A.B. 1993. Annotations to: TPU conservation status report for Uganda dated 29 Jun 1993. 33pp. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. 137pp. Keay, R.W.J. 1989. The trees of Nigeria. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 476pp. 89 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Khaya ivorensis Acajou; African Mahogany Distribution This species occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Zaire. Habitat In Ghana, this species occurs in many habitat types but seems to thrive best in moist and wet undisturbed evergreen forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Population Status and Trends It is found scattered across almost the whole of Congo and is occasionally quite abundant (N'sosso, in litt. 1995). African mahogany is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration Trees of Khaya ivorensis can have good seed production at the age of 30; it seems that abundant seed production only occurs every 3-4 years, although some seed is produced every year. The seeds are wind dispersed (Hawthorne, 1995a). The species does not respond well to disturbance (burning or logging), as there is very little regeneration in disturbed areas. However, it does require small to medium light gaps for subsequent growth (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats It is over-exploited for its popular timber (WCMC, 1991). Utilisation The timber is used for panelling, furniture, interior fittings and high quality joinery. Trade In 1989 Ghana exported 10,463m’ of lumber of this species. In a questionnaire survey of UK traders carried out for the ITTO, source countries for this species were given as Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia and Zaire. Gabon also exports this species; in 1987, from Port Owendo 9,667m’ were exported (IUCN, 1990), in 1994, 5,303.158 m’ were exported and in 1995, 7,510.019 m’ were exported (DIAF, 1996). In 1994, Cameroon exported 12,000 cu m and Ghana exported 11,130 cum (ITTO, 1995b). At the end of the 1980s, with the price increases for Brazilian Mahogany and Utile, Khaya has become popular again in the UK market (WCMC, 1991). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) For Ghana, Hawthorne (1995a) has classified this a scarlet star species, which means it is common but under serious threat from heavy exploitation. Reduced exploitation and full protection are required. Under the new IUCN threat categories (1994) this species is considered Vulnerable (Hawthorme, 1995b). Conservation Measures K. ivorensis is protected by law in Céte d'Ivoire and log export has been banned from Ghana and Liberia. It has been considered a priority species for in situ conservation by the FAO (1984). Pest control for Hypsilla is required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. FAO, 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. 90 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). ITTO, 1995b. Results of the 1995 forecasting and statistical enquiry for the Annual Review. ITTC(XIX)/4 IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. YUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. N'Sosso's contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project for the Congo. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 91 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Khaya madagascariensis Meliaceae Madagascar mahogany, hazomena, bangoma, manitrolatra, hazomahogo Distribution Comoros, Madagascar Habitat Populations are found in rainforest, along rivers, salt-water marshes and also in degraded forest up to 800m. Population status and trends In the north-west, the species occurs in Mahajanga, Port-Bergé, Mitsinjo, Ambilobe and also on the Comoros. It occurs further east on the mainland in Vohémas, Ambila and Mananjary. Both the habitat and trees have been heavily exploited. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The timber is used in the manufacture of fine furniture. Trade The species is not specifically recorded in international trade from Madagascar. IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Silvicultural studies are under way and the species has been used for afforestation in Kianjasoa. References Blaser, Jiirgen. et al. 1993. Akon'ny ala. Numeros 12 et 13. Départment Des Eaux et Foréts. 166pp. 92 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae bisselon, madachi, oganwo Distribution Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda Habitat A very widespread tree of savanna woodland in moister zones and transition vegetation types. Population status and trends Logging and local exploitation are largely uncontrolled and poorly monitored. In northern parts of the range exploitation may be leading to genetic erosion. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The wood is heavier and inferior in quality to K. ivorensis, but is much used in savanna zones. The roots are also fed to animals and the bark has medicinal value. Trees are often planted by the roadsides for shade in Nigeria. Trade The trade in African mahogany commenced in the 17” century and escalated in the 19” and 20” centuries after supplies of American mahogany had declined. The increasing rarity of large individuals of K. senegalensis has led to the species becoming less important in the international market. Export of mahogany from Ghana, 1992-1996 Volume (m?) 1992 Source: Ghanaian Timber Export Development Board in Hall, 1997. Togo exported an unrecorded quantity of Khaya sawnwood in 1995. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation measures Legal protection exists in various countries. Forest management and silviculture Natural regeneration from the seed is poor but does occur from suckers. The species is even more slow growing than other Khaya species. An attempt at cultivating the species in mixed plantations is being made on the west coast of Réunion and in production plantations in Mali and Upper Volta (Hall ,1997). References Adjanohoun, E.J. 1979. Benin. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 91-92. In Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. 93 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria FAO. 1990. Report of the Seventh Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 79pp. Hall, L. 1997. Sustainable exploitation of widely dispersed species: A case study of the timber genera Khaya and Lovoa. M.Res. thesis, York University. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. Katende, A.B. 1993. Annotations to: TPU conservation status report for Uganda dated 29 Jun 1993. 33pp. Keay, R.W.J. 1989. The trees of Nigeria. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 476pp. 94 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Lophira alata Ekki; Azobé Distribution Azobé is found in Cameroon, the Congo Basin, Céte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Zaire. Habitat It grows in evergreen and moist deciduous forests, in freshwater swamp forests and close to river banks (WCMC, 1991). Although this species has a definite preference for wet evergreen areas, it is assumed to be sensitive to non-evergreen forest soils and is unsuccessful on rocky soils. L. alata is a pioneer species and is representative of a disturbed forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). It is also sensitive to drought (Swaine & Veenendaal, 1994 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Hygrophilous coastal evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Lophira alata is one of the most abundant species in this forest type and is indicative of earlier cultivation. 2. Mixed moist semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Population Status and Trends Azobé is acommon species in Cameroon and regenerates well (WCMC, 1991). It has been suggested that Cameroon forests with an abundance of this species were once disturbed by humans (Letouzey, 1960 in Hawthorne, 1995a). It is also common in Ghana (Hawthorme, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The seeds of this species are wind dispersed. Light gaps are necessary for successful regeneration, as seed germination does not occur in shady understorey (Hawthorne, 1995a). It is estimated that is takes 220 years for a tree to reach a girth of 2.7m in Nigeria Leone) (Keay, 1961 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats This species is threatened by over-exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995a&b) Utilisation Azobé is used for heavy durable construction work, harbour work, flooring and in railway construction. The fruits can be used to make an edible oil. Trade L. alata logs were exported from Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana in 1994 (ITTO, 1995a). Cameroon exported 49 000m’ at an average price of US$200.00/m’, Cote d'Ivoire exported 8 351m’ at an average price of US$219.43/m’, Ghana exported 1 970m’ at an average price of US$131.00/m’ and Gabon exported an unknown volume at an average price of US$11.46/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Gabon exported a total of 12,416.85 m’ in 1994 and 8,518.17 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). Hawthorne (1995a) has given this species a red star for Ghana, which means it is common but under pressure from exploitation and conservation measures are necessary. Conservation Measures This species has been selected by FAO for conservation action because of heavy utilisation pressure (Palmberg, 1987). It is protected by law in Cote d'Ivoire. In Cameroon 277 ha have been planted. Regeneration work should be intensified (African Regional Workshop, 1996). 95 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. : Palmberg, C., 1987. Conservation of genetic resources of woody species. Paper prepared for Simposio sobre silvicultura y mejoraniento genetico. CIEF, Buenos Aires, 1987. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 96 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Lovoa swynnertonii Mukonguru Distribution This species occurs in Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire and Zimbabwe. Habitat It grows within wet evergreen forest. In Kenya, this species prefers sandy or loamy soils (FAO, 1986). In the Kwale district of Kenya this species is found in lowland forests dominated by Newtonia paucijuga, Milicia excelsa and Antiaris toxicaria and in the Meru district of Kenya it occurs in upland forest dominated by Newtonia buchanannii and Ocotea usambarensis (FAO, 1986). In Mozambique, this species is only known from the Garuso forests and in Zimbabwe is only known from the Chirinda forest where it is found on well-drained slopes of river banks (Flora Zambesiaca). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland rain forest 2. Zanzibar-Inhambane undifferentiated forest Population Status and Trends L. swynnertonii is very sparsely distributed over its range and is only found in a few locations. It is not regenerating well (FAO, 1986). This species is at the edge of its range in Zimbabwe and is found in low densities in the Chirinda Forest (6km?) where there are over 1000 individuals but no saplings (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Regeneration Seed is wind dispersed. Natural regeneration is reported to be poor (FAO, 1986). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is suffering from habitat loss. Excessive exploitation of the large seed-producing trees occurs and natural regeneration is poor. Plantations tend to be unsuccessful because of infestation by Hypsipyla (FAO, 1986). In Uganda the species is suffering from genetic erosion (Styles, in litt, 1991). Utilisation The timber is used for furniture production and has been used in Kenya for bridge construction. Trade No information. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species’ distribution has been greatly reduced, only a few trees remain in Zimbabwe and Mozambique (Styles, in litt, 1991). Bandeira (1996) considers this species to be Data Deficient (DD) under the new IUCN (1994) threat categories, due to lack of biological surveys in north Mozambique. L. swynnertonii is also rare in Tanzania and Uganda as it is at the fringe of its range (Styles, in litt., 1991). Styles (1991) felt that this species deserves endangered status. Conservation Measures This species is found in a few protected forest reserves such as the Rau Forest, Tanzania, the Chirinda Forest, Zimbabwe, and the Meru Forest, Kenya (FAO, 1986). In Mozambique, there are no conservation measures being taken (Bandeira, in litt., 1996). Regeneration work is urgently required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). 97 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Bandeira, S., 1996. Application of the new IUCN categories to trees of Mozambique for the WCMC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Project. FAO, 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances. FAO Forestry Paper 77:Rome. pp. 524. Styles, B.T., 1991. Jn Litt. Letter to Sara Oldfield. 98 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Lovoa trichilioides African Walnut; Dibetou Distribution This species occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Céte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat African walnut occurs in evergreen and deciduous forests, preferring moist sites and tends to be gregarious (WCMC, 1991). It shows a strong preference for acidic, base poor soil (Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation according to White (1983 1. Mixed moist semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest 2. Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest in the Guinea- Congolian/Zambezia regional transition zone. Population Status and Trends Dibetou is found all over Congo, however it is generally quite rare (N'sosso, in litt. 1995). It is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995). Regeneration Seeds of this species are wind-dispersed. Copious seed production of this species seems to occur every 3-4 years in Nigeria (Sanders, 1953 in Hawthorne, 1995a). The viability of seeds is shortlived and they are heavily predated (Sanders, 1953 in Hawthorne, 1995a). The seedlings are shade tolerant, however, they will only develop when there is a light gap in the canopy and seem to require more light once the tree reaches larger sizes (Hawthorne, 1995a). Lovoa initially has a slower growth rate than Khaya ivorensis, but the growth rate does not slow down as it does in K. ivorensis. It is predicted to take 106 years to reach a girth of 9 ft (Keay, 1961 in Hawthorne, 1995). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats Exploitation for international trade. Utilisation The timber is used for furniture and cabinetwork, decorative veneers, panelling, joinery and shop fittings. Trade The timber is exported by Gabon and Zaire. It is one of the two main species exploited in the Congo (WCMC, 1991). Cameroon exported 15,000 m’ of Dibetou logs at an average price of US$390.00/m’ in 1994 (ITTO, 1995). Ghana exported sawnwood at an average price of US$467.00/m’ for air dried wood and US$567.00/m’ for kiln dried wood (ITTO, 1995). In 1987, Gabon exported 4,653 m’ from Owendo (IUCN, 1990).Gabon exported only lm’ of sawnwood at a price of US$108.00/m’ in 1994 (ITTO, 1995) but according to the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts a total of 8,427.548 m3 was exported from Gabon in 1994. In 1995, Gabon exported 8,923.279 m3 of Dibetou (DIAF, 1996). In 1994, Cote d'Ivoire exported 146m’ of Dibetou as a veneer at an average price of US$2007.74/m’ (ITTO, 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). Hawthorne (1995a) has given this species a red star, which means it is common but under pressure from exploitation and conservation measures are necessary. 99 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Conservation Measures It is protected by law in Cote d'Ivoire and is subject to Ghanaian and Liberian log export bans. 6380 ha have been planted in Cameroon (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). ITTO, 1995. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. N'Sosso's contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project for the Congo. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 100 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Mansonia altissima Mansonia Distribution This species occurs in Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria. Habitat M. altissima prefers dry fertile forest soil over wet forest and tend to be drought tolerant (Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones. Mansonia altissima is frequent in the peripheral semi-evergreen lowland rain forest but is absent from wetter types. Population Status and Trends Mansonia is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration The fruits are wind dispersed; seed germination does not occur in large light gaps (Kyereh, 1994 in Hawthorne, 1995a) and seedlings prefer shade for the first two years (Taylor in Hawthorne, 1995a), but after that period the species is a definite light demander (Hawthorne, 1995a). Smaller adult trees (< 60cm dbh) are more cominon in disturbed forest (i.e. logged or burnt) (Hawthorne, 1995a). More seedlings are found in disturbed areas (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats In Ghana this species is moderately exploited for its timber (Hawthorne, 1995a&b). Utilisation Trade Imports: Austria, Portugal and the USA are listed by the ITTO (1995a) as importing Mansonia logs in 1994. Portugal, Sweden and the USA imported Mansonia sawnwood in 1994 (ITTO, 1995a). Exports: Céte d'Ivoire exported 314 m’ of Mansonia veneer in 1994 for an average price of US$ 2,706.22/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Conservation Status i IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). For Ghana this species has been awarded a pink star in Hawthorne's (1995a) star system, which means that it is common and moderately exploited. Conservation Measures This species is protected by law in Céte d'Ivoire. It is considered a priority for in situ conservation by FAO, 1984. The export of this species in log form is banned by Ghana. In Cameroon 420 ha have been planted (African Regional Workshop, 1996). 101 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. FAO, 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 102 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Microberlinia bisulcata Zebrano Distribution This species is endemic to Cameroon. Habitat Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Hygrophilous coastal evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Microberlinia bisulcata is gregarious in this region, forming almost pure stands with good regeneration Population Status and Trends Information is not available but could be inferred from the extent and rate of decline of the coastal evergreen rainforests in Cameroon. The species has a very limited distribution within Cameroon (Gartlan, in litt. 1991). Role of Species in its Ecosystem This is an ectomycorrhizal species and is efficient in phosphorus recycling. Ecophysiological work is currently being carried out on this species and related Leguminous species within Korup. Threats Cutting for the inernational market. Utilisation A speciality timber with white and black streaks used in turnery. Trade This timber fetches a high price (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Cnteria: CR (Alc) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures In-situ conservation provided by Korup National Park and ex-situ conservation presently being undertaken by the Forest Research Station, Kumbu, Cameroon should be intensified (African Regional Workshop, 1996) References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Gartlan, S. 1991. Jn litt. to WCMC. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descnptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 103 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Microberlinia brazzavillensis Zebrano; Zebra Wood Distribution This species is restricted to two coastal areas in Congo and Gabon (Fernan Vaz region). Habitat It is a forest species. Population Status and Trends The distribution is sparse in Gabon, with less than one individual per square kilometre (Wilks in litt., 1992). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The seeds of the this species are large and heavy and are, therefore, not dispersed far from the parent tree (Wilks in litt., 1990). Threats M. brazzavillensis is lightly logged (Wilks in litt., 1992). There are some populations that are not logged in coastal areas of Gabon (Wieringa in litt., 1996). Utilisation This speciality timber is used for decorative veneers and turnery. It is also used in ski manufacture. (WCMC, 1991). Trade M. brazzavillensis is exported by both Gabon and the Congo (WCMC, 1991). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Cniteria: CR (Alc) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures No information. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. Wieringa, J.J., 1996. in litt. to Sara Oldfield. Wilks, C., 1990. in litt. to Richard Luxmoore. Wilks, C., 1992. in litt. to Pete Atkinson. 104 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Milicia excelsa synonym: Chlorophora excelsa Iroko; Tule Distribution This species is widely distributed across Africa; it occurs in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Cate d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tomé & Principe, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire and Zimbabwe. Habitat M. excelsa is found in transitional vegetation between closed forests and savanna. It is often found in gallery forest and can be found in deciduous, semi-deciduous or evergreen forest. Occasionally it is found in isolated relict forests from sea level to about 1300m. It is fairly abundant in the drier areas of semi-deciduous Antiaris-Chlorophora forest (FAO, 1986b). Both M. excelsa and M. regia show a preference for dry, flat, light areas (Hawthorne, 1995a). Most effective seed germination occurs in half-shade, the seedlings are most commonly found in medium sized light gaps and then become light dependant (Hawthorne, 1995a). M. excelsa is considered to be a pioneer species which regenerates in disturbed, open areas and in logged forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). In Kenya, this species is found in relict moist forest and wooded grassland (Beentje, 1994) along the coast and in the central Mem district and Nyanza province (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). It has been found at an altitude of 4500 m on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania; although, it is usually found between sea level and 1200 m (FAO, 1986a). In West Africa this species is found in areas where rainfall is between 1150mm and 1900mm and the temperature is between 25 °C and 35 °C. Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones Milicia excelsa is also commonly found in wetter secondary forest types. Old secondary forest 2. Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest in the Guinea- Congolia/Zambezia regional transition zone 3. Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest in the Lake Victoria regional mosaic 4. Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland rain forest 5. Zanzibar-Inhambane undifferentiated forest 6. Zanzibar-Inhambane secondary grassland and wooded grassland In this habitat type, M. excelsa from the original forest have been left standing. 7. Principe Population Status and Trends Iroko is commonly found growing around villages and old farms as it is left to grow there because of its commercial value (FAO, 1986b). This species is abundant, especially in Cote d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon and Zaire (N'Sosso in litt, 1995). It is also commonly found in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a) In Mozambique, M. excelsa is very scarce and dispersed (Moreno Saiz, 1996). This is also the case in Kenya where this species is now sparsely distributed due to heavy exploitation (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). 105 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Regeneration There is very little regeneration of this species in Zimbabwe (African Regional Workshop, 1996). In Mozambique, where an area was cleared but large trees of M. excelsa left standing, there seems to be regeneration in the open areas (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The fruit of this species contains many small seeds which are dispersed by bats and birds (Osmaston, 1965 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Duikers and animals eat the newly emergent shoots (FAO, 1986b). Threats This species is heavily exploited in Ghana (Hawthorme, 1995a&b) and plantations of this species tend to be unsuccessful (FAO, 1986b). In Zimbabwe, M. excelsa is threatened by habitat degradation; it is found only in an area which is suffering from alluvial erosion. It is not, however, exploited in Zimbabwe (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Utilisation The high quality timber is used as a Teak substitute. It is widely used for all kinds of construction work and carpentry including domestic flooring, veneer and cabinetwork (WCMC, 1991). The timber is used for building ships and barrels. It is used externally because it has great resistance to bad weather (Moreno Saiz, 1996). Locally, this species has many medicinal uses; the bark is also used as a dye (FAO, 1986b). The wood is also exploited by the local people (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Trade This species is not distinguished from Milicia regia by commercial logging companies (Hawthorne, 1995a). Iroko is a major commercial species in international trade. Tanzania and Uganda were in the past major sources of the timber and some Iroko is still exported from E. Africa. In Kenya users of this species claimed that supplies were variable and unpredictable (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). West African countries are now the main exporters, especially Ghana (traded together with M. regia) and Céte d'Ivoire (WCMC, 1991). The UK imported 22 648m’ in 1989. Céte d'Ivoire supplies 60% of the Iroko imported to the UK (WCMC, 1991). In 1987, 11,988m’ were exported from Owendo, Gabon (IUCN, 1990). In 1994, Gabon exported 8,236.664m’ of Iroko and in 1995 exported 12,823.169m’ (DIAF, 1996). According to the ITTO (1995a) in 1994 Iroko logs were exported by: Cameroon (65 000m’ at an average price of US$245 .00/m’), Congo (10 206m’), and Gabon (US$39.75/m’). In addition Cameroon exported 12 000m’ of sawnwood at an average price of US$640.00/m’ and Ghana exported 47 340m’ of air dried sawnwood (@ US$520.00/m’) and an unknown volume of kiln dried sawnwood at an average price of US$653.00/m’ (ITTO, 1995). Congo and Togo both export Iroko sawnwood (ITTO, 1995a). It is estimated that the formal commercial trade in Kenya uses between 800m’ and 1100m’/year of this species (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). There is illegal trade in M. excelsa from Kenya and Uganda and suspected illegal trade from Tanzania (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). Most of M. excelsa used in Kenya is imported (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This timber species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). It has been awarded a scarlet star in Hawthorne's (1995a) own system, which means that it is common but it is under profound pressure from heavy exploitation in Ghana. This species requires protection and exploitation has to be limited if it is to be sustainable (Hawthorne, 1995a). Conservation Measures M. excelsa is protected by legislation in Céte d'Ivoire and Mozambique and is subject to a log export ban in Ghana. In Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, no Iroko has been cut since 1987 because it took a dramatic decline (Moreno Saiz, 1996). In Nigeria, Oyo State has a 10 year moratorium on exploitation. Uganda banned export of unworked timber in 1987, although there is still licensed trade with Kenya and, more recently, with Europe. In 1993, Tanzania also banned the export of unworked timber. Kenya 106 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa has imposed a "Presidential Ban on Logging of Indigenous Timber" (1986), however, little is known about this ban except that it prohibits logging of indigenous timbers. (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). M. excelsa is found in the Shimba Hills National Reserve, although there are reports that this species is still being extracted (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). M. excelsa is found in Reserves and National Parks in Zimbabwe but it is not well protected (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Additional Information Plantations in Ghana have been unsuccessful because of gall attacks (FAO, 1986b). M. excelsa is often found with galled leaves caused by the insect Phytolyma lara, it is thought that these outbreaks limit high densities of this species due to increased mortality (Hawthorne, 1995a). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Beentji, H.J., 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya:Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 722: DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. FAO, 1986a. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances. Forestry Paper 77:Rome. pp. 524. FAO, 1986b. Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America. FAO Paper 67. pp. 252. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. IUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. Marshall, N.T. and Jenkins, M, 1994. Hard Times for Hardwood: Indigenous Timber and the Timber Trade in Kenya. Traffic International:Cambnidge, U.K. Moreno Saiz, J.C., 1996. Maderas explotadas comercialmente en Cabo Delgado (Charpers 3 & 4. IN: Libro Blanco de los Recursos naturales de Cabo Delgado (Mozambique). GETiINSA- Ministerio de Asoutos Exteriores. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. N'Sosso's contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project for the Congo. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 107 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Milicia regia Synonym: Chlorophora regia Iroko Distribution This widespread species occurs in Benin, Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Senegal. Introduced into Nigeria. Habitat Both M. excelsa and M. regia show a preference for dry, flat, light areas (Hawthorne, 1995a). M. regia is found in the same forest types as M. excelsa, with a slight preference for moister forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. The Coastal Plain of Basse Casamance Milicia regia is found in the well-drained drier forest. Population Status and Trends This species is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a) Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is severely threatened by over-exploitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Utilisation The high quality timber is used as a Teak substitute. It is widely used for all kinds of construction work and carpentry including domestic flooring, veneer and cabinetwork. Trade This species is not distinguished from Milicia excelsa by commercial logging companies (Hawthorne, 199Sa). Iroko is a major commercial species in international trade. Tanzania and Uganda were in the past major sources of the timber and some Iroko is still exported from E. Africa (WCMC, 1991). West African countries are now the main exporters, especially Ghana (traded together with M. regia) and Céte dIvoire (WCMC, 1991). The UK imported 22 648m’ in 1989. Céte d'Ivoire supplies 60% of the Iroko imported to the UK. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Ald) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). It has been awarded a scarlet star in Hawthorne's (1995a) own system, which means that it is common but it is under profound pressure from heavy exploitation. This species requires protection and exploitation has to be limited if it is to be sustainable (Hawthorne, 1995a). Conservation Measures This species is considered a priority for in situ conservation by FAO, 1984. It is legally protected in the Gambia and is subject to a log export ban in Ghana. Known to be resistant to Phytolema attack and deserves trials in plantation throughout its range (African Regional Workshop, 1996). 108 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. FAO, 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 109 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Millettia laurentii Wenge Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Zaire. Habitat It is a species of semi-deciduous, dense forest and it is sometimes found in inundated swampy forests. Population Status and Trends No information also this could be inferred from forest extent and rate of decline. Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is threatened by over-exploitation for timber (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Utilisation A decorative species used in furniture production, decorative veneers and speciality items (WCMC, 1991). Trade Zaire is the main source of Wenge for the European market. It is also exported by Congo and Gabon (WCMC, 1991). Gabon exported 589 m of M. laurentii from Owendo in 1987 (IUCN, 1990), a total of 390.580 m’ in 1994, and a total of 400.584 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996) Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures Special permission is required for exploitation of this species in Cameroon. Regeneration work is urgently required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. UCN, Tropical Forest Programme Senies. pp. 200. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 110 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Monopetalanthus heitzii Andoung Distribution Monopetalanthus heitzii is found in the coastal zone of Gabon and follows the Oguooé valley inland. Its total distribution range is at least 70,000 km’. Habitat This species grows in dryland forest. Population Status and Trends It is not thought that populations have declined substantially although there has been some logging in recent years (Wieringa in litt. 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats No specific information. Utilisation The timber is used in furniture production, boxes and crates, light construction and plywood manufacture (WCMC, 1991). Trade Gabon exported a total of 18,481.058 m’ of Andoung in 1994 and a total of 3,542.281 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). This trade name includes various species of Monopetalanthus. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: DD (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures No information. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Wieringa, J.J., 1996. in litt. to Sara Oldfield. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 111 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Nauclea diderrichii Opepe; Bilinga Distribution This species is widely distributed: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Mixed moist semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Population Status and Trends In Ghana, this species is found at constant, low densities and is never very abundant (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration This species is light-demanding. It is a pioneer species that requires large light gaps to regenerate. Young trees are often found in secondary bushy growth in humid areas (N'Sosso, in litt. 1995). In Nigeria, this species was found to regenerate well in large canopy gaps, but in a clear-felling N. diderrichii is out competed by Musanga (Lancaster, 1961 in Hawthorne, 1995a). This species is commonly used in plantations (specifically taungya) (Neil, 1983 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem Elephants and other animals disperse the seeds of this species. Many small seeds are found in the fruit. The seeds can remain dormant in the forest soil (Hall & Swaine, 1980 in Hawthorne, 1995a). The seeds are stimulated into germination by increased light exposure. The effect on germination of the seed passing through an animal's gut has yet to be examined; seedlings, however, are commonly found along elephant tracks (Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats This species suffers from heavy exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995a) Utilisation The timber is used in general construction, flooring, furniture production, dock and marine work, and railway crossings (WCMC, 1991). Locally it has medicinal uses. Trade Céte d'Ivoire exported 13,723 m’ of Nauclea spp. logs for an average price of US$ 232.18/m’ in 1994. Ghana exported 4,960 m’ of N. diderrichii logs for an average price of US$ 135.00/m’ in 1994. In addition Ghana exported 1,430 m’ of N. diderrichhi air-dried sawnwood for an average price of US$ 337.00/m’ and an unknown amount of kiln-dried sawnwood (ITTO, 1995a). Gabon exported 1,356m° from Owendo in 1987 (IUCN, 1990), a total of 3,570.907 m’ in 1994, and a total of 3,010.279 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). . In the first half of 1994, Liberia exported 8 m’ of Bilinga logs for an average price of US$ 80.00/m’ and from June to December they exported 22 m’ for an average price of US$ 50.00/m’ (ITTO, 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Cniteria: VU Alc,d (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). It has been awarded a scarlet star for Ghana by Hawthome (1995a), which means that it is common but it is under profound pressure from heavy exploitation. This species requires protection and exploitation has to be limited if it is to be sustainable (Hawthorne, 1995a). 112 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Conservation Measures Opepe is subject to a Liberian export ban. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). pp.345. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. N'Sosso, D., 1995. in litt. N'Sosso's contributions to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project for the Congo. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 113 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Nesogordonia papaverifera Danta; Kotibé Distribution This species occurs in Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Habitat This species appears to be confined to areas where savannas have in the past replaced forest. N. papaverifera prefers base-rich soils. In Ghana, it occurs in moist semi-deciduous forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). This species can occur at altitudes up to 1000 m but it rarely occurs over 500 m (FAO, 1986). In logged areas of Ghana, N. papaverifera seems to fare well as large trees of this species still remain (Hawthorne, 1995a). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones Nesogordonia papaverifera is frequent in the peripheral semi-evergreen lowland rainforest but is absent from wetter forest types. 2. The Coastal Plain of Ghana West African dry coastal forest N. papaverifera occurs in the western type of this habitat. Population Status and Trends According to FAO (1986) this species is endangered in parts of its range and subject to genetic impoverishment in outlying populations in Gabon, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Liberia and Sierra Leone. N. papaverifera can be found at high densities e.g. in the Nesogordonia papaveriferal/Khaya ivorensis zone of the Celtis spp./Triplochiton sclerocylon forest type in Céte d'Ivoire (FAO, 1986). In Ghana, this species is common (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration This species produces small, wind dispersed seeds, that require moderate shade to germinate and seedlings are common in fairly large light gaps. In Ghana, regeneration is twice as common in disturbed (logged) forest as in similar undisturbed forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats In Ghana this species is moderately exploited (Hawthorne, 1995a). There are no plantations of this species due to its shade demanding nature (FAO, 1986). Utilisation The high quality timber is used in flooring, boat and vehicle building, for tool handles and for furniture. It is locally used for shutters, door/window frames and rafters (FAO, 1986). Trade Céte d'Ivoire exported 9,869 m’ of N. papaverifera logs in 1994 at an average price of US$333.23/m’ and 251 m’ of veneer at an average price of US$1186.33/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Gabon exported 6,210.734 m’ of Kotibe in 1994 and 7,366.573 m’ in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU Alc,d (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). For Ghana this species has been awarded a pink star by Hawthorne (1995a), which means that it is common and moderately exploited. 114 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Conservation Measures N. papaverifera is protected by law in Céte d'Ivoire. Ghana has banned export of this species in log form. The FAO (1986) claim that this species is fairly secure because of the frequent high density stands, its affinity for growing in groups, and its location on hillsides (which are unsuitable for plantation establishment). It still requires in-situ conservation of certain populations (FAO, 1986). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. FAO, 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances. Forestry Paper 77:Rome. pp. 524. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). pp.345. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. 115 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Ocotea kenyensis Lauraceae muthuta, muikoni, mututuriet, masaiat, knaget Distribution DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, former Transvaal), Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe Habitat A species of tropical, moist, closed forest Population status and trends A timber species confined to areas of moist forest in East Africa extending into Central Africa. In some areas the populations are very small, e.g. the Zimbabwean population consists of 4 immature individuals. It yields a superior hardwood which is heavily exploited throughout its range. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, extensive agriculture, forestry management Utilisation The species yields a superior hardwood. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Beentje, Henk Jaap. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. Nairobi, Kenya: National Museums of Kenya. 722pp. Friis, I. 1992. Forests and Forest Trees of Northeast Tropical Africa. Middlesex, UK: HMSO. 396pp. Hilton-Taylor, Craig. 1996. Red Data List of southern African plants. Pretoria, South Africa: National Botanical Institute. 117pp. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. 137pp. Kemp, E.S. 1979. Swaziland. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 101-103. Jn Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell International. Stockholm: Almavist & Wiksell International. Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. Timberlake, J.R. 1996. Annotations to the conservation listing of trees of Zimbabwe. 116 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Pericopsis elata Leguminosae African teak, afromosia, afrormosia, assamela, awawai, ayin, kokrodua Distribution Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Ghana, Nigeria Habitat A gregarious species, restricted to the drier parts of semi-deciduous forests. Population status and trends Four main areas of distribution can be defined; east Céte d'Ivoire and west Ghana, Nigeria and west Cameroon, the Sangha-Ngoko basin in Congo and the central basin in Zaire. Levels of exploitation have been unsustainable in all countries and the species and its habitat has declined through logging and clearance. Remaining populations are small and scattered. Natural regeneration is poor and insufficient to replace lost populations. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, burning, extensive agriculture. Utilisation Afrormosia provides an important alternative to teak. It is used in furniture making, interior and exterior work, flooring and boat-building. Trade Since 1948 trade in the timber has soared; the most significant producers being Ghana and Céte d'Ivoire. Log production in Congo in 1990 was 9004m3. Afrormosia has been used in the furniture industry in the UK. Imports of sawn timber fell from 3500m? in 1985 to insignificant levels in 1989. IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to the African Regional Workshop Conservation measures The species is currently listed in CITES Appendix II. Forest management and silviculture Although easily propagated from seed and stem cuttings, the species is not being planted on a large scale. Trees are capable of attaining 26m height in 16 years. References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Céte d'Ivoire). Anon. 1979. Other fast growing trees. pp. 193-210. In Tropical legumes: Resources for the future. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. CITES. 1992. CITES Appendices as of June 1992. (unpublished). i FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Hawthorne, W.D. 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute. 345pp. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). N'Sosso, Dominique. 1995. Contribution de N'Sosso Dominique au projet Conservation and sustainable management of trees. (unpublished). 24pp. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories 117 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Platanus orientalis Platanaceae Chinar, oriental plane tree Distribution Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece (Crete), Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Lebanon, Sicily, Symria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan Habitat This temperate species is confined to damp woodlands, often in temporary ravines, which provide moisture throughout the dry season, occurring from low altitude to 3000m. Population status and trends The only old world plane tree, this species is very widespread ranging from the east Mediterranean throughout the middle east to the south-east provinces of the Euro-Siberian region. It is considered to be endangered in parts its range because of changing water courses for irrigation purposes and the increased expansion of agriculture. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Pests and diseases, extensive agriculture Utilisation The species has uses as a source of fuelwood and timber, but it is most well-known as an ornamental tree. The most commonly planted tree in London is either a variant or hybrid of the species. It withstands high levels of pollution by storing harmful material in the bark which continually flakes off. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/c according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture A widely cultivated tree, often planted as an avenue tree. References Borodin, A.M. et al. 1985. Krasnaya kniga SSSR: redkie 1 nakhodyashchiesya pod ugrozoi ischeznoveniya vidy zhivotnykh i rastenii. - izdanie vtoroe [2]: tom pervyi - vtoroi [1-2]. Moscow: Lesnaya Promyshlennost. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Giiner, A. & J. Zielinski, J. 1996. The conservation status of Turkish woody flora. pp. 12. Jn Hunt, D. (ed.). Temperate trees under threat. Proceedings of an IDS Symposium on the conservation status of temperate trees, University of Bonn, 30 Sept - I Oct. 1994. Tutin, T.G., V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, & D.A. Webb (eds.). 1995. Flora Europaea Vol 1-5. Velchev, V., S. Kozuharov, I. Bondev, B. Kuzmanov, & M. Markova. 1984. Chervena kniga na NR Bulgariya: izcheznali, zastrasheni ot izchezvane i redki rasteniya i zhivotni: tom 1. Rasteniya. Sofiya: Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite. 447pp. 118 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Populus ilicifolia Salicaceae Tana River poplar Distribution Kenya, Tanzania Habitat A species of lowland, submontane, moist, closed forest, found in riparian habitat on alluvial sandy and grey-brown, sandy mud soils up to 1200m. Population status and trends Restricted to the Tana, Athi and Uaso-Nyiro river systems in Kenya and the Ruvu river system of Tanzania, this species is one of the dominant components of riparian forest. The habitat is greatly reduced and the species is notably scarcer. Seed crops are frequently washed away in annual floods after vegetation clearance. In Kenya the habitat has also been widely irrigated and cleared for settlement programmes. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Poor regeneration, expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation On a local scale the species provides a preferred wood for making dug-out canoes. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU B1+2c according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Beentje, Henk Jaap. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. Nairobi, Kenya: National Museums of Kenya. 722pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. 119 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pouteria altissima synonym: Aningeria altissima Mukali; Anegre Distribution This widespread species occurs in Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat This species tends to be found in the dner areas of semi-deciduous forests. Vegetation types according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones. P. altissima is frequent in the peripheral semi-evergreen lowland rain forest but is absent from wetter forest types. 2. Zambezian dry evergreen forest This is a characteristic species of the semi-evergreen forest of marked Guineo-Congolian affinity; small patches are found in the Mbala district in Zambia. 3. Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest in the Lake Victoria regional mosaic. 4. Transitional rain forest in the Lake Victoria mosaic. P. altissima is at its eastern most limit in the Kakamega forest of Kenya. Population Status and Trends It is relatively common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration It is thought that development past the seedling stage requires at least small light gaps (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem Fruits of this species are eaten and dispersed by birds and perhaps other animals (Hawthome, 1995a). Generally, trees can fruit once they reach a size of 50 cm dbh (Plumptree er al, 1994 in Hawthome, 1995a). Threats P. altissima is threatened by over-exploitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). In logged areas of Uganda, regeneration of this species is further affected by elephant damage to seedlings and saplings (Struhsaker er al, 1996). Utilisation Timber from the genus Pouteria is used for general carpentry, joinery, veneer and plywood, and furniture components. Locally this species has medicinal uses. Trade Note: P. altissima and Aningera robusta are often confused and it is thought that no distinction is made by the timber industry (Hawthorne, 1995a). P. altissima has been exported from Ghana as a veneer; in 1994, 12 080m’ of sliced veneer was exported at an average price of US$984.00/m’ and jointed veneer fetched an average price of US$1375.00/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). 120 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: LR (cd) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Hawthorne (1995a) has given this species a red star, which means it is common but under pressure from exploitation and conservation measures are necessary. Aningeria robusta has been assigned a pink star by Hawthorne, indicating it is of slightly less conservation concern, although the wood of this species is also heavily exploited for timber. Conservation Measures No information. References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. ITTO, 1995(a). Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. Struhsaker, T.T., Lwanga, J.S., and J.M. Kasenene, 1996. Elephants, selective logging and forest regeneration in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. J. Trop. Ecol. 12:45-64. 121 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Prunus africana synonym Pygeum africanum Red Stinkwood; African Cherry Distribution This widespread species is found in Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea - Bioko, Sao Tome & Principe, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa (Cape Province, Natal, Transvaal), Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire and Zambia. Habitat This species occurs at altitudes above 1500m in Kenya (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). In Madagascar this species occurs above 1000m. In Zimbabwe P. africana is restricted to montane rainforest (CITES proposal, 1994) Habitat type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones 2. Marsabit District, Kenya in the Somalia-Masai regional centre of endemism Afromontane evergreen forest, scrub forest, and related types. 3. Afromontane Forest Afromontane rain forest Prunus africana is a characteristic species of the Afromontane rain forest. Undifferentiated Afromontane forest 4. Afromontane Bamboo P. africana is frequently found scattered in Arundinaria alpina bamboo. 5. Transitional rain forest of the Lake Victoria regional mosaic. 6. Sao Tomé Mist forest region 7. The Comoro Islands Population Status and Trends In Cameroon, where P. africana is restricted to the montane forests of the western highlands, the high level of trade has greatly depleted this species (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). This species is relatively rare in Zimbabwe (CITES proposal, 1994). In South Africa, P. africana colonises open sites and the species is regenerating well, with younger trees growing along the roads (African Regional Workshop comm., 1996). Regeneration This is a fast growing species and the seeds germinate easily, however the seeds are recalcitrant (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of Species in its Ecosystem P. africana trees are an important part of the montane ecosystem; tree deaths from bark stripping affects the integrity of the forest and reduces food resources for rare birds (Cunningham & Mbenkum, 1993 in CITES proposal, 1994). Threats High demand for P. africana has led to over-exploitation of this species for its medicinal properties and to a lesser degree its ttmber (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). Bark removal is most extensive in Cameroon and Madagascar (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). In Madagascar, trees are being felled for the bark in protected areas (100-200 trees along the western boundary of the National Park of Mantadia) (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). Regeneration from cut young trees appears to be low in Cameroon (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996) Tree bark can regenerate if care is taken not to damage the cambium. The forestry procedures for bark removal in Cameroon are as follows, the bark is to be stripped from the two opposite quarters of the 122 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa trunk and the tree is then left to regenerate its bark for four years, after this time the remaining quarters are then stripped (Parrott & Parrott, 1989). This species is not under threat in South Africa, as there is regeneration and limited exploitaiion in rural areas where ring barked trees are dying (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Utilisation This species has excellent timber for construction, furniture and household utensils. It is used especially in the informal sector, although it is also used commercially (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). The bark of P. africana is highly valued for its medicinal properties; it is used as a purgative and as a medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate gland hypertrophy, diseases that commonly affect older men in Europe and N. America (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). Bark extracts were patented about 30 years ago (CITES proposal, 1994). Trade P. africana is exported from Africa to Europe where the active compounds in the bark are used for drug production (Walter & Rakotonirina, 1995). Between 1988 and 1993 in Madagascar, the amount of bark harvested doubled from 300 tonnes/year to 600 tonnes/year; in 1995, the estimated figure doubled again to 1200 tonnes (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). Between 1986 and 1991 Cameroon exported an average of 1923 tonnes/year to France, Zaire exported 300 tonnes/year (of P.africana and P. crassifolia) to Belgium and France, Kenya exported 193 tonnes {in 19937} to France and Uganda exported 96 tonnes {in 1993?} (various sources in Walter & Rakotonirina, 1995). There have been reports of illegal harvesting in Uganda (Anon, 1993 in CITES proposal, 1994). There is evidence of complete stripping of trees or felling in Cameroon and Madagascar (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). Trade bans in Cameroon have led to massive illegal trade (Cunningham & Mbenkum, 1993 in CITES proposal, 1994). P. africana is being removed from the Kakamega Forest Reserve, Kenya (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994) Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: Cr (Alc,d) - This category was applied at the Regional Workshop for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. It may, however, apply to populations of the species in parts of its range rather than to the entire population. In many areas, P. africana is severely threatened (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). In Madagascar, trees are cut down and completely stripped of bark; this heavy exploitation is causing the species to be severely threatened (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). This species has been listed as Endangered to Extinction by the department of forestry in Cameroon (CITES proposal, 1994). Conservation Measures This species is listed on Appendix II of the CITES convention. There are 153 ha of this species in plantations in Kenya (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). Seed has been collected and substantial planting of P. africana is underway in Cameroon (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). There are no conservation measures in practice in Madagascar (Dawson & Rabevohitra, 1996). P. africana is no longer harvested in Zimbabwe, it is only used locally in South Africa and it has not entered international trade in Malawi (CITES proposal, 1994). Intensive regeneration is required (African Regional Workshop comm., 1996). _ Additional Information P. africana is an important source of income for the villagers employed by licence holders to collect the bark (Walter & Rakotonirina, 1995). P. africana is a fast growing species that can be cultivated on steep slopes, however, farmers are reluctant to plant unless they can be assured that there is a market (CITES proposal, 1994). References CITES proposal, 1994. Proposal to include Prunus africana in Appendix II of the CITES convention. Dawson, I. and Rabevohitra, R., 1996. Status of Prunus africana resources in Madagascar. Survey Report. Marshall, N.T. and Jenkins, M., 1994. Hard Times for Hardwood. Indigenous timber and the timber trade in Kenya. TRAFFIC International:Cambridge, UK. pp. 53. 123 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Parrott, J. and Parrott, H., 1989. Report on the conservation of Prunus (Pygaeum) africanum in Cameroon. Draft Report. Walter, S. and Rakotonirina, J-C. R., 1995. L'exploitation de Prunus africanum a Madagascar. Rapport élaboré pour le PCDI Zahamena et la Direction des Eaux et Foréts. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 124 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Pterocarpus angolensis Bloodwood Distribution This species occurs in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Afnica, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Habitat In Mozambique, this species is found in all types of woodland and wooded savanna, however its occurrence and density is not uniform (Moreno Saiz, 1996). In Zimbabwe, P. angolensis is found on the fringe of pan grassland of the Lupane and Nkayi districts and in the woodland thicket on the hills of the Binga district (Timberlake er al, 1991). Populations of P. angolensis are denser on Kalahari sand (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Zambezian woodland Zambezian miombo woodland Pterocarpus angolensis is a canopy associate, rather that a dominant canopy species. North Zambezian undifferentiated woodland and wooded grassland South Zambezian undifferentiated woodland and scrub woodland Zambezian ‘chipya' woodland and wooded grassland Zambezian Kalahari woodland 2. Zambezian thicket When found in this habitat type P. angolensis tends to be rare and quite small. It is thought that large mammals and fire allow for the occurrence of the species in the Zambezian thicket as it does not regenerate well in the shade. 3. Grassland and wooded grassland of the Guinea-Congolia/Zambezia regional transition zone. Population Status and Trends This species is very widespread although it is never common. In areas where the local people use the trees there are fewer older stands. In Mozambique, the abundance of this species has decreased dramatically in the last decades; it is rarest in the southern province (Moreno Saiz, 1996). A large proportion of mature trees have been lost to a fungal disease. Approximately forty percent of the trees in Zambia have died from the fungal disease (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Regeneration There is evidence of natural regeneration occuring for this species; however regeneration tends to be episodic and is stimulated by high rainfall or fire (African Regional Workshop, 1996). P. angolensis is often a secondary coloniser. Reproduction starts when the tree is 15-20 years old. It does not coppice well, if at all, and therefore P. angolensis needs to reproduce by seed. Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats P. angolensis is exploited for its timber. Larger trees are dying from a fungal disease that blocks up the xylem (African Regional Workshop, 1996). Utilisation The wood is used for carpentry and construction, especially in the construction of boats. The sap is used as a long-lasting dye. It also has medicinal properties. 125 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Trade There is a huge demand for this species both within Mozambique for furniture making and for export. Almost all of the trees cut in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique are sent to South Africa for export to the Far East (i.e. Thailand, Hong Kong, etc.). In 1993, 1,690m’ of P. angolensis were exported from Cabo Delgardo and in 1994, the volume exported was 5,497m’ (Moreno Saiz, 1996). This is currently a key species for exploitation in Zimbabwe (African Regional Workshop, 1996). This species is imported into Kenya from Tanzania (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: LR (Ic) (category assigned by the South African group of the Workshop, due to observations of sufficient regeneration. VU (Alc,d) was assigned by the West African group.) Conservation Measures Bloodwood is found in the Derre forest reserve in Mozambique. There are 2 ha planted with this species in Kenya (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). Growth of P. angolensis is slow and variable for at least the first seven years, making it less suitable for plantation (African Regional Workshop, 1996). In Zimbabwe this species is found in Forest Commissioned land where it is rarely exploited. The minimum cutting diameter is 25 cm, however this is not enforced (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Marshall, N.T. and Jenkins, M., 1994. Hard Times for Hardwood: Indigenous Timber and the Timber Trade in Kenya. Traffic International:Cambridge, UK. pp 53. Moreno Saiz, J.C., 1996. Maderas explotadas comercialmente en Cabo Delgado (Charpers 3 & 4. IN: Libro Blanco de los Recursos naturales de Cabo Delgado (Mozambique). GETiNSA- Ministerio de Asoutos Exteriores. Timberlake, J., Nobanda, N., Mapaure, I, and Mhlanga, L., 1991. Sites of interest for conservation in various communal lands of N. & W. Zimbabwe. Vegetation survey of communal lands. Report No. 1. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 126 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Pterygota bequaertii Sterculiaceae akodiakédé, efok, koto, kyereyebere Distribution Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria Habitat A tree of moister types of lowland rainforest, often only in mature forest. Population status and trends A timber species occurring in forest areas in West and Central Africa. It is much rarer than, but commonly confused with, P. macrocarpa. The species appears to be suffering declines because of levels of exploitation through most of its range. Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation A source of timber and fuelwood Trade The timber is present at a minor level in international trade. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (C6te d'Ivoire). Hawthorne, W. 1990. Field guide to the forest trees of Ghana. Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, for the Overseas Development Administration, London. 278pp. Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1-38. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. 127 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pterygota macrocarpa Sterculiaceae koto, kyereye, oporoporo Distribution Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Habitat A common tree of drier deciduous forest types. Population status and trends Exploitation for the timber occurs at high levels throughout its range and is likely to be causing population declines. Regeneration is reported to be abundant in areas of logging damage and also after burning. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The species is used as a timber and fuelwood. Trade In 1995 Ghana exported koto in sliced (3000m3), rotary peeled and jointed veneer consignments, selling at an average price of US$901/m3, US$510/m3 and US$1247 respectively, also in 9000m? of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$440/m and in 1000m3 of logs, selling at an average price of US$165/m3 (ITTO, 1997). Céte d'Ivoire exported 2000m: of sliced veneer, selling at US$963/m3, 2000m3of rotary peeled veneer, selling at an average price of US$406/m3, and 5000mof logs, selling at an average price of US$67/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Hawthorne (1995). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Céte d'Ivoire). Hawthorne, W. 1995. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1-38. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. 128 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Swartzia fistuloides Dina; Pau Rosa Distribution This species occurs in Angola (Cabinda), Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Zaire. Habitat S. fistuloides is found in dense rainforest. Population Status and Trends This species is rare in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). This species has been classified as a blue star by Hawthorne (1995a), meaning it is widespread internationally but rare in Ghana, and it is Ghana's interests to look after this species. Role of Species in its Ecosystem Elephants are seed dispersers (1% of elephant dung piles in the Bia South game park reserve contained seeds (Martin, 1991 in Hawthorne 1995a)). Threats "This species may be suffering from a shortage of elephants" Hawthorne, 1995a. Utilisation The decorative timber is used for veneer, turnery, carvings and tool handles. Trade In 1987, Gabon exported 1,250 m’ of Pau Rosa from Owendo (IUCN, 1990); in 1994, Gabon exported 1,387.583 m’ of Pau Rosa and in 1995 they exported 1,921.841 m’ (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures Regeneration work is urgently required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. YUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. 129 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Terminalia ivorensis Combretaceae black afara, emeri, emire, emiré, framire, framiré, idigbo Distribution Cameroon, C6te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Habitat A species of lowland semi-deciduous forest types. It is not uncommon in secondary forest. Adult trees are common along roadsides. Population status and trends A West African timber species found scattered in low densities in remaining forest areas; larger trees occurring in lower-lying parts of semi-deciduous forest. Exploitation is moderate. Poor regeneration is often attributed to crop failure. Seedlings and saplings appear to be very rare except in upland evergreen forest along track sides. It seems the largest stocks of the species may be along roadsides (Hawthorne, 1995b). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation T. ivorensis produces high-quality timber used, for example, in fine carpentry, joinery, building, flooring and ply wood manufacture. The species is also used locally as a fuel. Trade The high quality timber plays a major role in international trade. In 1995 Ghana exported 5000m3 of sawnwood, selling at an average price of US$410/m3, Liberia exported logs at an average price of US$175/m3, Cameroon exported 2000m 2? of logs and Céte d'Ivoire exported 9000m of logs at an average price of US$246/m3. (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VUAIcd according to Hawthorne (1995a). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture The species has been well used in Ghana for taungya and other plantations. However frequent diebacks have occurred, dampening the interest in the species as a plantation tree. There are records of trees attaining 17m height in 8 years, 30m in 15 years, 36.5m in 22 years. References Hawthorne, W. 1995a. Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. (unpublished). 1-38. Hawthorne, W. 1995b. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. 130 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Terminalia superba Combretaceae Trade name: Limba, Afara, Fraké Local names The wider range of local names includes Kojagei (Libera, Sierra Leone), Kobaté, Fra, Fraké, Fram (Céte d'Ivoire), Ofram (Ghana), Afara, Akom and Mulimba. Distribution Terminalia superba has a broad distribution in West and Central Africa. Range states are Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Céte d'Ivoire, Congo, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo. Habitat Limba grows in deciduous moist forest and evergreen rain forest, where it colonises abandoned agricultural land. It prefers a climate with an annual rainfall of 1400-2000 mm, a dry season and a mean annual temperature of 23-26°C. It favours fertile soils of alluvial origin but will grow ona variety of other soil types. The detailed ecological requirements of 7. superba are discussed by Groulez and Wood (1985). Population status and trends Although the species is widespread, common and not generally threatened, it is becoming progressively impoverished by heavy exploitation, as pointed out by FAO (1984). Supplies in the southern parts of its range have dwindled so that forest management and restocking are now needed in those areas where the best quality wood occurs (Groulez and Wood, 1985). In situ conservation is considered to be a priority for the species by FAO (1990). Heavy exploitation is threatening natural populations in West Afmcan countries such as Ghana and Nigeria. N'Sosso (1990) notes that Limba is declining in Congo following 60 years of exploitation, and would benefit from trade controls. Terminalia superba has been recorded as threatened in Cameroon, based on assessments by local experts (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Over-exploitation is the main recorded threat to the species in parts of its range. Forest clearance will also have caused population declines but the ability of 7. superba to colonise agricultural land reduces the overall impact of this threat. Utilisation Depending on where it is grown, Limba is yellowish to brownish-black and of varying hardness and weight. The wood is not durable. It can be easily worked but has a tendency to split when nailed or screwed (Lamprecht, 1989). The timber is used for plywood, furniture, interior joinery and decorative veneers. Trade The market is mainly interested in Limba from the south of its range, especially from the Mayombe of Congo and DR Congo. Until 1955 DR Congo was the principal producer, followed by Angola and Congo. After 1955 exports from the first two countries declined as the forests became exhausted; whereas those from Congo rose annually (Groulez and Wood, 1985). Limba remains one of the most important commercial timbers of DR Congo and for the period 1983-1986 ranked eighth in terms of species production. In 1995, DR Congo exported 3,000 cu m of Limba logs; 1000 cu m of sawnwood and small quantities of veneer (ITTO, 1997). Limba was one of the first species commercially exploited in Congo. It declined in importance from the 1950s to the early 1970s. In the 1960s Limba still represented more than 50% of Congo's log production but this had fallen to 4.55% in 1989. In 1989 the volume of log production for Limba in Congo was 45 525 m’ and log exports 22,910 m’, according to MEF and DREF statistics. In 1995, Congo exported 10,000 m’ of logs (TTO, 1997). 131 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Gabon exported 221 m’ of Limba logs through the ports of Libreville and Port Gentil, in 1989, and 1753 m’ were exported in the first nine months of 1990 (source: SEPBG). No exports from Gabon are reported in ITTO, 1997. Céte d'Ivoire exported 17 072 235 kg of T. superba logs in 1988 (11 months). In 1995, 7,000 cu m of logs and a small amount of veneer were exported. Cameroon exported 62,000 cu m of Limba logs in 1995 together with 15,000 cu m of sawnwood, 10,000 cu m of veneer and an unrecorded amount of plywood. Ghana exported 18, 000 cu m of Limba logs, 3000 cu m of sawnwood and 1000 cu m of veneer during 1995 (ITTO, 1997). This compares with an average of 3,240 cu m during the period 1980- 1986 (WCMC, 1991). Togo exported a small amount of limba sawnwood in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). The wood of Terminalia superba is used particularly in Belgium, Germany and Switzerland (Groulez and Wood, 1985). Conservation measures (source of information WCMC, 1991). Legislation Congo - Minimum exploitable diameter 0.6 m Gabon - Minimum exploitable diameter 0.6 m Ghana - Minimum exploitable diameter 0.7 m Liberia - Minimum exploitable diameter 0.7 m Presence in protected areas Congo Odzala National Park, Conkouati Faunal Reserve, Lekoli-Pandaka Faunal Reserve, Mont Fouari Faunal Reserve, Nyanga Nord Faunal Reserve, Tsoulou Faunal Reserve, M'boko Hunting Reserve, Mont Maroumbou Hunting Reserve, Nyanga Sud Hunting Reserve Gabon Sibang DR Congo Réserve de la Biosphere de Luki Provenance collections Seeds of provenances have been collected in various countries such as Cameroon, Congo, and Céte d'Ivoire for national and international provenance trials and for establishment of conservation stands in the countries of origin. Seed trees have been selected in the southem Congo provenances and seed orchards of grafted select clones have been established (FAO, 1984). Seventeen provenances are being tested in Cote d'Ivoire and are subject to regular measurements of 12 characteristics, including growth rate and wood characteristics (Anon., 1990). International provenance trials are being coordinated by CTFT and FAO's Forestry Department (Anon., 1987). Forest management and silviculture Groulez and Wood (1985) point out that successful natural regeneration of T. superba requires gaps in the forest canopy, sufficiently clean conditions for seed to reach the forest floor, lack of peasant cultivation and the absence of competition for several years. These conditions are seldom found and natural regeneration as a silvicultural system in forest management is possible, but expensive, and not without risk. This species is widely used as a plantation species both within and outside its natural range. Plantations have been developed mainly in Congo, Céte d'Ivoire and DR Congo. The rotation age of this species in plantation varies from 30 to 40 years (Anon., 1987). 132 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa References Anon. (1987). International provenance trial of Terminalia superba. Forest Genetic Resources Information No. 15: 61. FAO, Rome. Anon. (1990). L'arbre du mois. Le Terminalia superba. Bulletin de liaison de membres du réseau Arbres Tropicaux 16: 5-8. FAO (1984). Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. December 1981. FAO, Rome. FAO (1990). Report of the Seventh Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. December 1989. FAO, Rome. Groulez, J. and Wood, P.J. (1985). Terminalia superba: A monograph. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France and Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford, UK. ITTO 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. Lamprecht, H. (1989). Silviculture in the tropics. GTZ, Germany. N'Sosso, D. (1990). Le statut de conservation des bois tropicaux commercialisables. Rapport national du Congo. Unpublished report prepared for the ITTO Pre-project. WCMC (1991) 133 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Testulea gabonensis Izombé Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Habitat It is found in dense primary forests and transitional formations (WCMC, 1991). Population Status and Trends It has a scattered distribution. It has a very limited range in Southern Congo near Conkouati (WCMC, 1991). Izombé also has a very limited geographic distribution within Cameroon (Gartlan, in litt. 1991) Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats Exploitation for international trade. Utilisation Izombé is used for door and window frames, furniture, flooring, turnery and carving (WCMC, 1991). Trade In 1987, Gabon exported 935 m’ of Izombé from Owendo (IUCN, 1990). Gabon exported T. gabonensis logs for an average price of US$33.50 in 1994 (ITTO, 1995a). In 1994, 5,176.546 m’ of Izombé were exported from Gabon and 4,942.090 m? were exported in 1995 (DIAF, 1996). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) The species has been considered to be Endangered in Cameroon (Palmberg, 1987). Conservation Measures Regeneration work is required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. Gartlan, S. 1991. In litt. to WCMC. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. YUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. Palmberg, C., 1987. Conservation of genetic resources of woody species. Paper prepared for Simposio sobre silvicultura y mejoraniento genetico. CIEF, Buenos Aires, 1987. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 134 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Tieghemella africana Douka; Makoré Distribution This species occurs from Sierra Leone to Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and south to Cabinda. Habitat T. africana is a high rain forest species. Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Hygrophilous coastal evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Tieghemella africana is found in the western centre of endemism but is replaced by the closely related T. heckelii in the east. Population Status and Trends No direct information although this could be inferred from information on forest extent and rate of decline. Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats In Cameroon it is under pressure because of changes in land use (WCMC, 1991). Utilisation This species is used for timber. Trade Gabon exported 15,278 m’ of T. africana in 1987 from Owendo (IUCN, 1990). In 1994, Gabon exported 201m’ of Douka sawnwood at an average price of US$92.71m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Total Douka export from Gabon in 1994 was 20,115.323 m’ and total export in 1995 was 20,515.665 m’ (DIAF, 1996). Céte d'Ivoire exported 196m’ of T. africana veneer for an average price of US$1801.07/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) Conservation Measures Regeneration work is required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. DIAF, 1996. Timber trade statistics for Gabon sent from the Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements des Foréts (DIAF) of the Ministere des Eaux et Foréts for 1994 and 1995 sent by Tom Hammond. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. 135 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria IUCN, 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystémes Forestiers du Gabon. YUCN, Tropical Forest Programme Series. pp. 200. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 136 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Tieghemella heckelii Makoré Distribution This species occurs in Cameroon, Céte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Habitat It is a high rainforest species, preferring wet, evergreen forest. Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Hygrophilous coastal evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest Tieghemella heckelii is found in the eastern centre of endemism but is replaced by the closely related T. africana in the west. Population Status and Trends This species might become extinct in Liberia unless re-planted by the Forest Service (Voorhoeve, 1979 in WCMC, 1991). T. heckelii is common in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration Both the seedlings and the saplings are shade tolerant and shoot up in height when exposed to light (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem The large seeds and fruit are eaten by small animals and elephants (in 12% of piles of elephant dung, seeds were found in the Bia South game park reserve (Martin, 1991 in Hawthorne, 1995a)). Seedlings are rare because of predation by rodents who eat the large oily cotyledons. Threats This species is severely threatened by over-exploitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). The reduction of elephant numbers in high forest areas has limited the natural regeneration of Makoré (WCMC, 1991). Utilisation Locally the oil from the seed is eaten and the fruit is used to make soap. Trade Ghana exported 2,090 m’ of T. heckelii air dried sawnwood for an average price of US$510.00/m’ and kiln dried sawnwood was sold for US$659.00/m’. Ghana also exported 3,240 m’ of sliced veneer at an average price of US$778.00/m’, rotary peeled veneer for US$446.00/m’, and jointed veneer for US$1734.00/m’ (ITTO, 1995a). Portugal imported 227 m’ of T. heckelii logs at an average price of US$215.00/m’. Italy imported 2,336 m’ of sawnwood. The USA imported both logs and sawnwood. Portugal and Sweden both imported Makoré sawnwood. (ITTO, 1995a). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: EN (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). For Ghana this species has been awarded a scarlet star by Hawthorne (1995a), which means that it is common but it is under profound pressure from heavy exploitation. This species requires protection and exploitation has to be limited if it is to be sustainable (Hawthorne, 1995a). Conservation Measures T. heckelii is protected by law in Cote d'Ivoire. The export of Makoré in log form is banned by Ghana and Liberia. 137 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). pp.345. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 138 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Triplochiton scleroxylon Obeche; Wawa Distribution This species occurs in Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Céte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Zaire. Habitat T. scleroxylon occurs mainly in forests transitional between humid evergreen and semi-deciduous forests. It prefers base rich, high ph soils and is associated with a two-peak rainfall pattern (Hall & Bada, 1979 in Hawthorne, 1995a). The species has extended its range due to deforestation for agricultural purposes (White, 1983). Vegetation type according to White (1983) 1. Guineo-Congolian rain forest Drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest and similar forest in the transition zones. Triplochiton scleroxylon is often gregarious and can regenerates well on abandoned farmland. Old secondary forest Population Status and Trends It is very common in Ghana, especially outside the wet evergreen forest type (Hawthorne, 1995a). Increasingly smaller trees are being logged in Nigeria for match production which is putting pressure on the species (WCMC, 1991). Populations of this species only occur in north Congo especially in the Sangha region. Regeneration This species regenerates well in logged forest (Hawthorne, 1995a) and in abandonned farmland. It is fast growing and light demanding. Seed production is very irregular for this species; good seed years occur every 4-5 years. It is thought that the dry spell between the two rainy peaks is a stimulus for flowering (Hall & Bada, 1979 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is severely threatened by over-exploitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a) Utilisation Used locally and internationally as a timber species. Trade T. scleroxylon accounts for more of the timber volume extracted annually from west African forests that any other single species. It is Ghana's major timber species for the export trade; in 1989, it accounted for 56.6% of the country's log exports and 22.9% of lumber exports. In 1994, 310,000 m’ of Obeche were exported in log form from Cameroon at an average price of US$220.00/m’. Ghana exported Obeche logs and 131,360 m’ of sawnwood, air dried sold for an average of US$274.00/m’ and kiln dried sold for US$330.00/m’. Togo exported Triplochiton spp. as sawnwood. As a veneer, Obeche was exported in 1995 from Cameroon, and Ghana (sliced veneer: 660 m’ @ ave. US$1214.00/m’; rotary peeled @ ave. US$357.00/m’; jointed veneer @ ave. US$1951.00/m’). Plywood T. scleroxylon was exported from Cameroon (10,000 m’ @ ave. US$695.00/m’) and Ghana in 1994 (ITTO, 1995a). In 1994, T. scleroxylon logs were imported into the Netherlands (2,000 m), Portugal (408m’ @ ave. US$18.00/m’), Switzerland (3,000 m’) and the USA (ITTO, 1995a). Italy imported 46,144 m’ and Switzerland imported 1,900 m’ of Obeche sawnwood. Portugal, Sweden, and the USA also imported 139 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Obeche sawnwood. In addition, Portugal and the United States imported Obeche veneer and plywood. (ITTO, 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: LR (Ic) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to excessive exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). It has been awarded a scarlet star in Hawthorne's (1995a) star system for Ghana, which means that it is common but it is under profound pressure from heavy exploitation. This species requires protection and exploitation has to be limited if it is to be sustainable (Hawthorne, 1995a). Conservation Measures It is protected by law in Cote d'Ivoire. Export of this species has been banned by Liberia. (WCMC, 1991). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). pp.345. ITTO, 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. White F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. pp.356. 140 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Turraeanthus africanus Avodiré Distribution The genus Turraeanthus is endemic to the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism (White, 1983). This species is distributed in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zaire. Habitat T. africanus is found commonly in moist semi-deciduous forest and tends not to occur in the wettest and the driest forest (Hawthorne, 1995a). Population Status and Trends This species is common in Ghana and regeneration is sufficient (Hawthorne, 1995a). Regeneration Only the smaller trees produce fruit and this occurs irregularly (Hawthorne, 1995a). There is high viability of seeds that germinate in the shade and seedlings are shade tolerant, however, a small light gap is best for growth and survival (Alexandre, 1977 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Large trees are usually found in the shade as well (Hawthorne, 1995a). Role of Species in its Ecosystem Seeds of this species are dispersed by animals (Alexandre, 1977 in Hawthorne, 1995a). Threats This species is threatened by moderate exploitation in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1995a). Utilisation T. africanus is used for furniture, joinery, decorative veneer, cabinetwork and panelling (WCMC, 1991). Trade The export of Avodiré in log form has been banned by Ghana (WCMC, 1991). Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (African Regional Workshop, 1996) This species is considered Vulnerable (1994 IUCN threat category) due to exploitation (Hawthorne, 1995b). It has been awarded a pink star in Hawthorne's (1995a) star system for Ghana, which means that it is common and moderately exploited. Conservation Measures This species is protected by law in Céte d'Ivoire. It is considered a priority for in situ conservation by FAO, 1984. Urgent regeneration work is required (African Regional Workshop, 1996). References African Regional Workshop, 1996. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Harare, Zimbabawe, July, 1996. FAO, 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. : Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(a). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute:Oxford. pp.345. Hawthorne, W.D., 1995(b). Categories of conservation priority and Ghanaian tree species. Working Document 4 (prepared for the November 1995 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees - Technical Workshop in Wageningen, Holland). pp.345. WCMC, 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 141 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Vepris glandulosa Rutaceae munderendu-itu, munderendu-waitu Distribution Kenya Habitat A lower canopy tree confined to patches of upland dry forest between 1550 and 2150m, between the lower edges of montane conifer forest, grassland and open woodlands at lower elevations. Population status and trends Known populations are confined to Muguga, Ragati and Limuru, in central Kenya. The population at the type locality in Gichuiro was destroyed along with the forest in the 1970s. The largest population is found at Ragati on the eastern slopes of Mt. Kenya, where they are mostly contained in a commercial block of Vitex keniensis. In 1995, less than 200 adults were counted along with slightly more saplings and coppices. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Local use, expansion of human settlement and agriculture, forestry management activities. Utilisation The wood is used locally for making tool handles. The tree is also noted for its use as a bee plant and invertebrate food. However the species restricted distribution and population has reduced its utilization. Trade IUCN Conservation category EN B1+2c, Dlaccording to WCMC Conservation measures The Muguga population is protected. Ragati Forest Reserve allows controlled exploitation and Thiambethu farm is a privately run ecotourist reserve. Seedlings are being raised on a large scale at the Plant Conservation Programme and Kenya Forestry Seed Centre. Only 3 plants have been successfully raised to maturity ex situ. Forest management and silviculture The species coppices and reproduces by seed. References Achieng’, S. et al. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees endemic to Kenya. Beentje, Henk Jaap. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. Nairobi, Kenya: National Museums of Kenya. 722pp. . FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. 142 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Vitellaria paradoxa Sapotaceae Shea butter tree Distribution Cameroon, DR Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda Habitat A locally abundant tree restricted to dry savannah and woodland where the water table is shallow, generally between 500 and 1000m, often near towns and villages. It grows in areas with annual rainfall not exceeding 1000mm. Population status and trends This species has been overexploited for timber, firewood and charcoal production. Its habitat is suffering from agricultural encroachment and increasing population pressure. Natural populations are, however, often left where land has been cleared. Nevertheless the lack of protection and natural regeneration in ageing isolated stands leads to concern over the likelihood of future population declines. Role of species in the ecosystem The fruit are eaten by elephants. Threats Local use, seed predation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement, extensive agriculture Utilisation The seed is the most valuable commodity. The roasted kernels are pounded and ground into an oily paste, which is then boiled and filtered. The purified butter is edible and rich in Vitamin E, used in cooking and suitable as an alternative to cocoa butter equivalent for chocolate manufacture. It is used commercially in soap, cosmetics and candles and has potential for pharmaceutical preparations. Locally it is used in hair dressing, ointments and waterproofing. The fruit pulp is eaten raw or lightly cooked and is a good source of carbohydrates, iron and B vitamins. The seed husk is used as mulch and fertiliser. The timber is difficult to work but is used for stakes, house posts, ship building and tool handles. The wood is also a source of charcoal and firewood. Trade The amount of fruit harvested each year depends on the price of shea butter. The product is mainly sold in local markets for home consumption and is coming under increasing pressure from imported oils. The butter requires further refining for the export market (Wickens, 1995). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to MUIENR (Okullo et al., 1997). Conservation measures It is poorly represented in protected areas but is occasionally given protection or planted in farmed areas. Forest management and silviculture Little attention has been paid to cultivating the species and no plantations are established. Trees start to fruit at 10-15 years, bearing full fruit crops by 20-25 years with individual yields varying from 20 to 200kg. 50kg of fresh nuts will produce 4kg of shea butter. References Okullo, J.B. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for woody plants of Uganda. Pennington, T.D. 1991. The genera of Sapotaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & New York Botanical Garden. 295pp. Wickens, G.E. 1995. Edible nuts. Non-Wood Forest Products 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 143 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Vitex keniensis Verbenaceae Meru oak, moru, muuru, mfuu Distribution Kenya Habitat A species of moist evergreen forest between 1300 - 2100m Population status and trends The wild populations of the species are confined to parts of the central highlands, including the north- east slopes of Mt. Kenya. Most populations, although protected, are in grave danger of being overexploited. Most of the commercially available supplies are from plantation sources (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation, pests and diseases, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement, extensive agriculture, forestry management activities Utilisation Known as the Meru oak, this species provides an excellent commercial timber. It is used for furniture making, veneer and panelling etc. It also provides a source of firewood. The fruit is edible and can be found in local markets. Trees are also planted for ornamental purposes. Trade The timber appears to be present only in domestic trade. Five furniture companies in Nairobi used on average about 35m? per year. Total usage is likely to be in the region of 350-450m3 per year. Supplies of good quality timber have been said to be poor, much of available stocks have been cut too young (Marshall & Jenkins, 1994). As supplies are largely of plantation origin it is expected the presence of the species in local markets is small. TUCN Conservation status VU Alcd+2cd according to World Conservation Monitoring Centre Conservation measures KEFRI and the Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya maintain a living collection and seed stocks. Forest management and silviculture The species is one of the very few indigenous trees to be planted over a substantial area, namely in the western highlands. It is also planted on a small scale on farms in Tanzania. The plant is fairly fast growing and coppices well. References Achieng'’, S. et al. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees endemic to Kenya. Beentje, Henk Jaap. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. Nairobi, Kenya: National Museums of Kenya. 722pp. Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. Marshall, N.T. & M. Jenkins. 1994. Hard times for hardwood: indigenous timber and the timber trade in Kenya.Traffic Eas/Southern Africa. Mbuya, L.P. et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania. Identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Regional Soil Conservation Uni/SIDA. 144 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Africa Warburgia salutaris Canellaceae chibaha, muranga, pepper bark tree, xibaha Distribution Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Northern Province), Swaziland, Zimbabwe. Habitat The pepper bark tree has a scattered distribution in southern Africa, occurring in savanna woodland and coastal forest, Afromontane forest up to 1200m and lowland forest patches. Population status and trends Populations are known from northern KwaZulu-Natal, along the Drakensberg Escarpment in Mpumalanga and on the Soutpansberg and Blouberg ranges in the Northern Province in South Africa. It is recorded from the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe and lowland forest patches in Swaziland and the Lebombo Mts. in Mozambique. Habitat losses have occurred but the most serious threat and major cause of population declines is the extensive removal of bark, stems and roots for use in traditional medicine. This has led to the near extinction of the species in KwaZulu-Natal, parts of Mpumalanga, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. In KwaZulu-Natal very little seed is set and no seedlings have been reported for unknown reasons (Hilton-Taylor, 1998). The populations in Mozambique appear to be regenerating reasonably, but exploitation here too is unsustainable (Bandeira, 1995). There are still large, relatively untouched subpopulations in the Northern Province. The precise northern distribution of the species and its relationship with closely related species in East Africa requires further investigation (Hilton- Taylor, 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation, expansion of human settlement and agriculture. Utilisation The bark and roots are used in traditional medicinal practices as a treatment of head and chest ailments and also to cure people who are bewitched. The wood is also used for making charcoal/fuelwood. IUCN Conservation category EN Alacd according to Hilton-Taylor (1998). Conservation measures Plants have been reintroduced into two protected areas in KwaZulu-Natal. Although there are subpopulations within protected areas, it is difficult to prevent exploitation. Forest management and silviculture A number of projects are under way to provide a cultivated form. References Bandeira, S.O., L. Marconi, & F. Barbosa. 1996. Preliminary study of threatened plants of Mozambique. Jn van der Maesen, L.J.G., van der Burght, X.M. & van Medenbach de Rooy, J.M. (eds.). The biodiversity of African plants. Proceedings XIVth Aetfat Congress, 22-27 August 1994, Wageningen, The Netherlands: 306-309. Bandeira, Salomao. 1995. Data collection forms for tree species of Mozambique. Hilton-Taylor, C. (comp.). 1998. Assessment of Southem African Trees for WCMC. Hilton-Taylor, Craig. 1996. Red Data List of southern African plants. Strelitzia 4. Pretoria, South Africa: National Botanical Institute. 117 pp. Timberlake, J.R. 1996. Annotations to the conservation listing of trees of Zimbabwe. Timberlake, J.R. 1995. Annotations to WCMC printout entitled ‘Conservation status listing for Zimbabwe’. 79 pp. Wild, H. & T. Miiller. 1979. Rhodesia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 99-100. In Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. 145 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Widdringtonia whytei Cupressaceae mkungusa, mlanje cypress, mlanje cedar, mulanje cedar Distribution Malawi Habitat The species is scattered in submontane, moist mixed, open forest between 1500 - 2200m. Population status and trends The taxonomic validity of the Mulanje cedar is doubtful. It is most likely to represent a variant of W. nodiflora, which occurs in Zimbabwe and South Africa. It is endemic to Mt. Mulanje. The timber has been heavily exploited in the past. No sizeable stands remain untouched and many former stands have been entirely destroyed (IUCN & WWF, 1994). Licences are available now only for the exploitation of dead trees, but illegal felling or killing of trees is believed to take place. Mature individuals appear to be dying at a high rate, possibly because of their sensitivity to fires, which have become more frequent. Regeneration, on the other hand, depends on fire and appears to be extremely poor. Pinus patula has become invasive in areas suitable for Widdringtonia colonisation. The forest is further threatened by various forms of encroachment and development. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Illegal exploitation, poor regeneration, burning, extensive agriculture, natural disaster Utilisation Mulanje cedar is an enormously valuable asset. The wood is very fragrant and resistant to termites, borers and fungal attack. It has been recently found to make excellent timber for boat building and fisheries officials have urged that remaining supplies be reserved for the Lake Malawi fishing industry. Wood is used locally for making carvings, boxes and furniture sold to tourists. The species also yields a potentially commercially valuable cedarwood oil. Trade The trade in mulanje cedar which peaked earlier in the century, is much diminished, confined now to a local scale. IUCN Conservation category EN A labcd, B1+2abcde according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon et al., 1998). Conservation measures The entire distribution of the species is contained within a forest reserve. Only dead trees are licensed for cutting. Forest management and silviculture References Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. 60pp. Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1998. Data collection forms for conifer species completed by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group between 1996 and 1998. 146 THE AMERICAS Abies guatemalensis Pinaceae Guatemalan fir, pashaque, pinabere, romerillo Distribution El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Habitat The tree occurs in tropical, montane, coniferous forest from 1800 to 4000m. Population status and trends The Guatemalan Fir is the southernmost member of its genus. It was reported to be common until the 1940s and large populations may still remain in Honduras. There has been heavy timber exploitation throughout the range. Most of the remaining stands in Guatemala are no greater than 3ha in size. Isolated stands continue to be exploited heavily by local inhabitants, especially for firewood collection, and the deep fertile soils, on which the tree grows, are attractive to agricultural development. Cone crops are irregular and germination is poor. The status of the species in Mexico is difficult to ascertain because of confusion with other species in the genus, many of which are morphologically very similar and some of which appear to have very restricted distributions (Newton, in litt. 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement Utilisation The wood has been used as lumber since Mayan times and was used extensively for construction work by the Spanish. Today it is the preferred wood for roof shingles, building material, charcoal and firewood. Trade There is no evidence to suggest the species is present in international trade. IUCN Conservation category VU Ald according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group. Conservation measures Programmes to improve the status of the species have been run by CAMCORE. Seeds from selected trees have been collected and plantings have taken place in Mexico and Colombia. Felling is prohibited in Guatemala and Mexico and the species is listed in CITES Appendix I. Forest management and ecosystem The average growth rate ranges from 0.36 to 0.46m/year between 49 to 71 years of age. Annual diameter increment varies from 0.59 to 0.69cm. References Dvorak, W.S. & J.K. Donahue. 1992. CAMCORE Cooperative Research Review 1980-1992. Forestry Department, North Carolina State University, USA: CAMCORE (La Cooperativa de Recursos de Coniferas de Centroamérica y México). 94pp. Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1998. Data collection forms for conifer species completed by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group between 1996 and 1998. Newton, A. (1998) Jn litt. to WCMC 147 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Alnus acuminata Betulaceae aliso, mountain alder Distribution Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis, Santiago del Estero), Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru Habitat A species of tropical, montane, moist forest and woodland areas between 1500 and 3800m. It occurs along small streams and at higher altitudes in small valleys where it is protected from cold, dry winds. It is common in montane humid rainforest, upper cloud forest and Tucumanian-Bolivian forest. Population Status and Trends A common streamside species, distributed in montane areas from Mexico to the Andes. Large stands remain in Bolivia, Argentina and probably other South American countries. It is also said to be common in Costa Rica (Arce Benavides, 1998). In north-west Argentina the area of forest, dominated by Alnus, appears to be increasing, possibly as a result of regular fires preventing more climax species from establishing or because of the effectiveness of Alnus’ dispersal system (Grau & Brown, 1995). Elsewhere the original habitat has disappeared over the centuries, particularly at higher altitudes in the Andes where the species is generally only found in protected valleys. Locally, populations have become extinct or are under severe threat from overcutting and habitat clearance and the species is included in lists of threatened plants in Argentina and by the FAO (Chebez, 1994; FAO, 1986), but as a whole the species has a wide ecological breadth and regenerates well (Ibisch, 1997; Killeen, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Invasive exotic plants, extensive agriculture, local overexploitation. Utilisation The trees are cut for fuel and small construction timber. It is a potentially valuable tree for soil improvement, especially for eroded soils. It has been used in agrosilvicultural systems in pastureland in Costa Rica. The bark has medicinal value. Trade Use is only domestic. IUCN Conservation category LRIc according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture A nitrogen fixing species. It coppices well. Managed populations show yields of 10-15m3/ha pa., with a rotation of 18 to 22 years, depending on soil type and altitude. References Arce Benavides, H. 1998. Comments on species profiles for Costa Rica. Brako, L. & J.L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Mongr. Syst. Bot. (Missouri Bot. Gard.) 45: 1-1286. Chebez, J.C. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. d'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama: checklist and index. Monographs in Systematic Botany 17: 1- 1000. Estenssoro, S. 1987. Lista preliminar de plantas especiales. La Paz: Centro de Datos para la Conservacion.17pp. 148 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances.Rome: FAO. 524pp. Grau, H.R. & A.D. Brown. 1995. Patterns of tree species diversity along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in the Argentinean subtropical montane forests. Jn Churchill, S.P. et al. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of neotropical montane forests. Proceedings of the Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium, The New York Botanical Garden, 21- 26 June 1993. Ibisch, P.L. 1997. Comments on species summaries for Bolivia. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on species summaries for Bolivia. 149 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Amburana acreana Leguminosae cerejeira, cumaru de cheiro, imburana de cheiro Distribution Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Mato Grosso, Rond6nia), Peru. It is not clear how or if the species is distinguished from A. cearensis, which is considered to have the same distribution but is also found in Paraguay and Argentina. At present only one species is recognised in Bolivia (Killeen, 1997). Both species are recorded in different literature sources in Brazil. Habitat : A species of tropical, lowland, non-seasonal moist forest. The species was formerly abundant in non- flooded forest (Varty, 1996). Population Status and Trends Once considered abundant in Brazil, the species has become rare since exploitation rose to extremely high levels. In Rond6nia, a major part of the species range, the number of sawmills principally processing A.acreana increased 8 fold between 1975 and 1982 (Varty, 1996). The species is included on the list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by IBAMA (IBAMA, 1992). Ecology Associated species include Swietenia macrophylla and Bertholetia excelsa Role of Species in its Ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation and consequent genetic erosion. Utilisation The timber is used to make luxury furniture. Trade See under A. cearensis. IUCN Conservation category VU Ald+2d according to Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin. (Varty, 1996). Conservation Measures The species is included in the official list of threatened species compiled by IBAMA in 1992. Forest Management and Silviculture Apparently the species is not yet in cultivation (Varty, 1996) References Brako, L. & J.L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants andgymnosperms of Peru. Mongr. Syst. Bot. (Missouri Bot. Gard.) 5:1-1286. Encarnacion, F. 1983. Nomenclatura de las especies forestales comunes en el Peru. Lima 147pp. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameagadas de extin¢ao. (unpublished). 4pp. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 1992. Centuria plantarum Brasiliensium extintionis minitata. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 175pp. Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. 150 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Amburana cearensis Leguminosae cerejeira, cumaré, cumari, ishpingo, palo trébol, roble del pais, roble salteno, umburana do cheiro. Distribution Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru. It is not clear how or if the species is distinguished from A. acreana, which is mainly known from Brazil but also possibly occurs Bolivia and Peru. At present only one species is recognised in Bolivia (Killeen, 1997). Both species are recorded in different literature sources in Brazil. Habitat A tree of premontane forest with monsoon rains, seasonally dry. It is frequent in caatinga, rarer in deciduous forest in south Brazil and Argentina. Population Status and Trends A prime timber species, at least, in Bolivia and Brazil, all large trees are undergoing selective logging along with Machaerium and mahogany (Killeen, 1997). Stands of small trees of no commercial value survive around granitic outcrops (Killeen, 1997). Exploitation is also of a large scale in other parts of the species range. Populations are becoming increasingly isolated, lowering the potential for cross- pollination (Herran, 1996). Population density is very low in Argentina and clearance of the subAndean piedmont forest, where the species occurs, is continuing at an alarming rate (Prado, 1996). Regeneration appears to be poor where adequate management is not in place (Prado, 1996). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation for commercial use, poor regeneration, habitat conversion for agriculture and cattle ranching (Prado, 1996). Utilisation The timber is used in construction work, decorative veneers and for making furniture. The seed and bark are used locally for their medicinal properties in Argentina (Prado, 1996). Trade A. cearensis is reported in exports of sawnwood from Peru in 1995 and from Brazil in 1994 (ITTO, 1997, 1995). In 1994, 6000m? was exported from Brazil, selling at an average price of US$ 430.00/m? (ITTO, 1995). Argentina is reported to have imported wood from Bolivia through Salta. Between April 1995 and April 1996 18,240m3was imported in this way (Herran, 1996). 3.245 Source: IBAMA, 1996 IUCN Conservation category EN Alacd+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures In Brazil the species is listed as threatened by IBAMA. This allows the species protection under both state and federal legislation. In Argentina legislation in Salta prohibits the cutting of trees less than 50cm DBH and in Jujuy completely bans the cutting of the species (Prado, D.E., 1996). References Centro de Datos para la Conservaci6n. 1986. Lista preliminar de plantas especiales. Lim6n, Peru: Centro de Datos para la Conservaci6n. 19pp. 151 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department ofAgriculture. 464pp. Halloy, Stephan. 1994. Annotations to the Argentina WCMC printout dated 17 Jan 1994. (unpublished). 23pp. Harcourt, C.S. and J.A. Sayer (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster: Singapore. Herran 1996. Personal communication to Sara Oldfield IBAMA 1996. Fax to Nigel Varty concerning Brazilian export information for various timber species ITTO, 1995. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. ITTO, 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Lopez, J. & Elbert L. Little. 1987. Arboles communes del Paraguay. Washington, DC: Peace Corps. 425pp. Prado, Darién E. & Peter E. Gibbs. 1993. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. Ann. Missouri. Bot. Gard. 80(4): 902-927. Prado, D.E. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. Varty, N. and D.L. Guadagnin. 1996. Information sources on the biology, conservation and trade of tree species in Brazil. Unpublished document prepared for WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 152 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Anadenanthera macrocarpa Leguminosae angico-bravo, angico preto, angico rajado, angico-vermelho, arapiraca, cambui-ferro, guarapiraca, curupay Distribution Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Santiago del Estero), Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru Habitat A species of tropical, lowland, dry forest, caatinga and cerrados, especially on deep soils. In caatinga it is found on deep tableland soils and alluvials. Population Status and Trends The species is common and widespread but population numbers are said to be in slow decline (FAO, 1986). In Bolivia the species is common and widespread in piedmont forest in Tarija, Chuquisaca and southern Santa Cruz, as well as the Chiquitos forest in eastern Santa Cruz (Killeen, 1997). Trees in Corrientes, Argentina, have been highly sought-after as a source of tannin (Chebez, 1994). Threats Utilisation The wood is used for construction work, fuelwood and charcoal production. The bark provides tannin for the leather industry. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/c according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture The species is not commonly cultivated for commercial purposes. Trees of 6 years yield wood for fence posts, fuel and charcoal. References Brako, L. & J.L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Mongr. Syst. Bot. (Missouri Bot. Gard.) 45: 1-1286. Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. 153 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Aniba rosaeodora Lauraceae pau rosa, bois de rose femelle, rosewood, pau ferro Distribution Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Para), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Habitat A species of tropical, lowland to submontane, non-seasonal, rainforest. It occurs on clay soils, developing well in forest clearings (Varty, 1996). The species is also recorded from areas of mountain savannah forest up to 1280m. Population Status and Trends Populations throughout the species range have seriously declined because of rosewood oil extraction. Substantial wild stands are believed to exist still in areas which are unlikely to be exploited, but where exploitation has occurred the population is devoid of mature trees and significant signs of regeneration are absent (Coppen, 1995). The whole tree and its roots are destroyed in the extraction process, trees of all sizes being harvested indiscriminately (Varty, 1996). The sole producer at present is Brazil, although the species was wiped out through exploitation over large areas in French Guiana between 1910 and 1930. Harvesting incurs high costs and is taking place in more and more remote locations concentrated around Amazon tributaries, principally in Amazonas and Para states (Coppen, 1995). Mobile distillation factories have moved deep into the forest (Varty, 1996). Levels of exploitation have significantly declined with increased use of synthetic oils (Coppen, 1995). The species is included in lists of threatened plants in Colobia, Brazil and Suriname (Calderon, 1997; IBAMA, 1992; Werkhoven, 1997). Ecology Early pioneer, light demanding (Varty, 1996) Role of species in the Ecosystem The few fruit crops produced are sought by parakeets (Varty, 1996). Threats Commercial overexploitation, poor regeneration, clear-felling/logging of the habitat (Varty, 1996). Utilisation The essential oil is extracted from the wood. The leaves and roots are also fragrant. Rosewood oil contains high concentrations of linalool, which can be transformed into a number of derivatives for the flavour and fragrances industry. Rosewood oil has for a long time been used in the preparation of more expensive perfumes and at one time in fragrant soaps. Synthetic linalool and more cheaply harvested natural sources of linalool are now more commonly used than Rosewood oil. (Coppen, 1995). The timber is also of some commercial value in furniture-making, turnery, boat or canoe building, millwork, flooring, plywood, veneer and the making of agricultural implements and tool handles (Flynn, 1994, Varty, 1996). Trade At the height of international interest in rosewood oil in the 1960s, Brazil alone exported 500 tonnes pa. The world market is now stable at about 100 tonnes (Coppen, 1995). Fluctuations in supplies are caused by changes in rainfall levels, which affect access to harvesting sites. Although Peru, Colombia and the Guianas have all produced rosewood oil for the international market, Brazil is now the only producer. The chief importer is U.S.A. followed by Switzerland, France and other EC countries (Coppen, 1995). 154 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Destinations of Brazilian Amount in tonnes Exports 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 ins ee Switzerland MME es anes | OREN KeRMS [inva [ina | eee in brane: 2 AUR, 2 sO LO ina fia 3 ina a | Former WestGermany 1 Tn [na [2 na ESO =i eo [am [ip ye ga [a era RE (SEs ihe oe ie EE a ee ed ee a eee Totals: ie Usa ta cdad coco PAB MMI BOS 8055 878.0 J [COn Twa | Source: Brazilian national statistics in Coppen, J.J.W. 1995 IUCN Conservation category EN A1+2d according to Varty, N. (Varty, 1996). Conservation Measures The species is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by IBAMA. Forest Management and Silviculture The establishment of plantations has not been greatly successful and continues at a small scale (Varty, 1996). Silvicultural studies have been carried out by several Brazilian institutions and are continued by the Faculdade de Ciéncias Agrarias do Para (FCAP) with assistance from the U.K. institutions, NRI, OFI and ITE. References Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products ]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Flynn, J.H. 1994. A guide to useful woods of the world. King Philip Publishing Co., Maine, U.S. 382pp. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameagadas de extingao. (unpublished). App. Kubitzki, K. & S. Renner. 1982. Lauraceae I (Aniba and Aiouea). Flora Neotropica. New York: New York Botanic Gardens. Pires O' Brien. 1997. Additional information on Brazilian tree species. van der Werff, H. 1994. Annotations - List of Threatened plants of South America. 159-165. Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Werkhoven, M.C.M. 1997. Threatened trees of Suriname. A list compiled for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 155 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Araucaria angustifolia Araucariaceae parana pine, pino Brasil. Distribution Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro?, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay Habitat A species of tropical, seasonal, mixed moist forest, occurring between 600 - 2300m. It is a dominant component of large areas of Atlantic forest in humid areas, which experience a mild to hot summer without a dry season. In the northern parts of its range the species occurs over 800m. Further south the species can descend to lower altitudes (FAO, 1986). It grows best along the border between forest and grassland (Varty, 1996). Population Status and Trends Parand pine is the most important timber species in Brazil. Although an abundant species, it has undergone continuous declines in the extent of its occurrence through logging and forest clearance. The original extent of Araucaria forest, estimated at 200,000km?, is believed to have declined by more than 80% in the last century (Varty, 1996). An estimate of 30,000km? of Araucaria forest remained in 1991 according to Harcourt & Sayer (1996). In Rio Grande do Sul the forest area, over half of which was made up of Araucaria, has plummeted from 40% land cover to 3% today (Varty, 1996). Araucaria forest in Sao Paulo was exhausted between 1930 and 1940 and now covers 4.3% of its original area (FAO, 1986). A large number of fruit and seeds are also harvested for consumption in Brazil. The population in Paraguay is small, occurring in the department of Alto Parana, and seeds are notably scarce (Ortega Torres et al, 1989). Small relict populations, covering less than 1000ha, in north-east Misiones in Argentina are all that remains of the forest that in 1960 covered 210,000ha (Chebez, 1994). Role of species in the Ecosystem The dominant species of a habitat type which also contains numerous rare and economically important plant species. Seeds are important during winter months for Amazona pretrei (red spectacled Amazon) and other bird species. Seeds are fed on and dispersed by a variety of birds and mammals (Varty, 1996). Threats Commercial overexploitation, grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat (Varty, 1996). Utilisation The principal uses of the timber are in civil construction work, for framing lumber, interior trim, sash and door stock, furniture and veneer. In Brazil it is traded as plywood, pulp and paper. It 1s also used locally to make musical instruments, boxes and matches. The species is useful as a fuelwood (FAO, 1986). Seeds, used as a food source, and the resin from the bark are traded at a subnational level (Varty, 1996). The species is planted as an ornamental (Varty, 1996). Trade Araucaria production in all states increased from 1.5 million m3 to 3.3 million m3 between 1945 and 1950. Output continued at a level of 2.8 million m? a year until 1966 and then it decreased to 1.8 million m3 in 1972 and continued to decrease to present levels (FAO, 1986). More recently, 35,000m?of Parana pine was exported as sawnwood from Brazil in 1994 and 29,0003 in 1995 (ITTO, 1995, 1997). 40,194m: is reported to have been exported from Porto de Parangua and Foz do Iguacu, Parana, Brazil, at an average price of US$508/m? (Varty & Guadagnin, 1996). There is no exploitation of natural stands in Paraguay because of the scarcity of the species and government legislation (Ortega Torres et al., 1989). 156 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Year 542 832,664 645,662 600,064 Year Export of Araucaria angustifolia from Brazil 1995 20.341 16,126 0.865 Source: IBAMA, 1996 In addition, 3,400 tons per annum of fruit and seeds are collected in Brazil for human consumption (Varty, N. 1996). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to Varty & Guadagnin (Varty, 1996), VU B1+2c according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon er al., 1996). Conservation Measures The species is included on the official list compiled by IBAMA of threatened Brazilian plants and listed on CITES Appendix I. In Brazil licences to harvest parand pine are obtained only with proof that logging will follow an agreed management plan, that the area to be logged is either a plantation or was previously under cultivation (Varty & Guadagnin, 1996). In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the state forest code has set the minimum cutting DBH at 40cm. (Varty & Guadagnin, 1996). The government in Paraguay has declared the species protected because of the scarcity of the seeds (Ortega Torres et al., 1989). Forest Management and Silviculture The Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development (IBDF) maintain a few natural and planted stands for seed production (FAO, 1986). The species is dioecious and slow-growing. Little is known about natural regeneration and the likely limitations resulting from seed consumption by natural predators, livestock and the humans. (Lamprecht, 1989). Seeds have a short period of viability (FAO, 1986). In plantations with nutrient-rich, well-drained soils there is an annual increment of up to 20m per ha. The rotation period for maximum yield in terms of volume is 35-40 years, but in terms of value is at least 90 years. A supply of timber is apparently available from plantations in the department of Itapiia, Paraguay (Ortega Tortes et al., 1989). References Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. FAO 1996. Proceedings of the FAO Working Group on forestry statistics. 20-24 November, 1995. FAO, Rome. 399pp. Farjon, A. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A.Sayer. 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: The Americas. New York Simon & Schuster Macmillan. IBAMA 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira amea¢adas de extin¢ao. (unpublished). 4pp. IBAMA 1996. Fax to Nigel Varty concerning Brazilian export information for various timber species dated 11 July 1996. ITTO 1995. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. 157 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria ITTO, 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silviculture in the tropics: tropical forest ecosystems and their tree species; possibilities and methods for their long-term utilization. Dt. Ges. fiir Techn. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn. Ntima, O.O. 1968. The Araucarias - fast growing timber trees of the tropics. Ortega Torres, E., L. Stutz de Ortega & R. Spichiger. 1989. Noventa especies forestales del Paraguay. Flora del Paraguay. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genéve & Missouri Botanical Garden. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin. 1996. Information sources on the biology, conservation and trade of species in Brazil. Unpublished document prepared for WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 158 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Araucaria araucana Araucariaceae araucaria, guillo, monkey puzzle, pehuén, pino araucana, pino chileno, pifonero Distribution Argentina (Neuquén), Chile. Known widely as the Monkey Puzzle tree, this species ranges from the Coastal Cordillera of Chile to the Andes in Argentina. Habitat A tree of temperate, mixed, moist forest, occurring between 600 and 1700m. Population status and trends The populations on the coast are restricted and highly threatened. Andean populations are severely fragmented. Chile holds the largest populations, some of which are being illegally felled in and outside national park boundaries. A rough estimate in 1981 suggested that 600,000 acres of Araucaria forest remain in Chile, yielding a possible 1215 million ft?. Most of these trees are scattered or in inaccessible places. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Clear felling/ logging of the habitat, commercial use and burning are the main theats to this species. Utilisation The seed is an important source of nutrition in rural communities. The timber has commercial value and is used in construction work, interior finishes and furniture, also for making pulp. Trees are planted worldwide for omamental purposes. Trade According to CITES statistics, Chile is the only country of export for the timber of Araucaria araucana exporting 7043m3 in 1990, mainly to Italy; 1873m3 in 1991 to Argentina, Belgium, Italy, USA and Uruguay; and 2347m:3 in 1992 to Argentina, Spain and the USA. None of these imports are reported by the corresponding importing countries. The exports from Chile were in contravention to the Convention since the species is, for Chile, included in Appendix I. As well as trade in timber of this species, trade in live, artificially propagated plants and seed is reported in CITES annual reports. The live plants are mainly produced in European nurseries and exported from Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group Conservation measures The Chilean populations are listed in CITES Appendix I and the Argentinian in Appendix II. Populations occur within both Chilean and Argentinian National Parks and some private reserves. References . Benoit, C. & L. Ivan (eds.). 1989. Libro rojo de la flora terrestre de Chile. Santiago: Impresora Creces Ltd. 157 pp. Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. Gonzalez Cangas, Mauro. 1996. Completed data collection forms for tree species of Chile. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 159 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Aspidosperma polyneuron Apocynaceae amargoroso, ibir4-r6-mi, palo rosa, peroba rosa Distribution Argentina (Misiones), Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, S40 Paulo) Colombia, Paraguay, Peru Habitat A species of tropical, lowland to submontane moist forest. It occurs in various forest types in moderately humid areas from low to medium altitudes. It can be dominant in the understory of © Araucaria forest. Population Status and Trends Peroba rosa is a popular timber tree which has suffered intense exploitation and habitat loss over the past few decades. The Brazilian populations are largely eroded (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Although the species was until recently one of the dominant components of certain areas in Paraguay, also occurring in pure stands, exploitable populations are now very hard to find and commercial sources are almost exclusively confined to Brazil (Atkin, 1998). Populations in Colombia are seriously threatened (Calderon, 1997), and in Argentina the species is scarce and confined to an area in the north of Misiones (Chebez, 1994) Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, habitat conversion to pastureland and agriculture (FAO, 1986). Utilisation Peroba rosa is used primarily in civil construction for joinery, veneers and in the construction of ship decks, flooring, furniture and sleepers. (Flynn, 1994). Trade Peroba rosa is the most available hardwood in Brazil. (Flynn, 1994). 180m? of Aspidosperma spp. was exported as sawnwood from Brazil in 1994 at an average price of US$420.00/m? (ITTO, 1995). IUCN Conservation category EN Alacd+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Legislation exists in Colombia to prohibit the export of the species, except in the form of industrialised goods (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Forest Management and Silviculture Silvicultural trials have been carried out and in different sites tree heights at 12-13 years have ranged from 4.7 to 7.8m with DBH ranging from 5.6 to 9.7 cm. References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Atkin, J.S. 1998. Comments on the tree species in trade in Paraguay. Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Flynn, J.L. 1994. A guide to the useful woods of the world. King Philip Publishing Co, Maine, US. 382pp.ITTO. 1995. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. 160 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin. 1996. Information sources on the biology, conservation and trade of tree species in Brazil. Unpublished document prepared for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turnalba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 161 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Astronium urundeuva Anacardiaceae aroeira-do-sertao, aroeira-legitima, goncalo alves, urundei-mé, urundel Distribution Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Maranhdo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Piauf, Sao Paulo), Paraguay Habitat A species of temperate and tropical areas, occurring in lowland to submontane, broadleaved forest, woodland and scrub between 900 and 1800m. A dominant component of caatinga, also occurring widely in cerrado and even in rainforest habitat types. In secondary forest it can form almost pure stands. Population Status and Trends Large natural stands have become scarce in places. Populations in Bolivia are facing commercial overexploitation. All size classes are heavily used (Killeen, 1997). It is not clear whether populations elsewhere are under similarly intense cutting regimes. The populations in Argentina are considered to be of concern (Chebez, 1994). Ecology Associated species include Piptadenia spp., Choriza speciosa, Tabebuia impetiginosa and Hymenea stilbocarpa. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation Utilisation All size classes are exploited for a variety of uses; small trees for fencing and larger trees for railroad ties, posts and other construction work. The durability of the wood makes it suitable for external structures. Trade The species is commercially heavily exploitated but there is little indication to what extent it occurs in international trade. IUCN Conservation category DD according to Prado (1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture In different silvicultural trials trees of 3 years have attained a height of 1.7m, trees of 5 years have attained 5.11m a height and trees of 9 years have attained a height of 9.6m and DBH of 9.7cm. References Bertoni, Siemens. et al. 1994. Flora Amenazada del Paraguay. Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. : IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameacadas de extincao. (unpublished). 4pp.Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Lopez, J. & Elbert L. Little. 1987. Arboles communes del Paraguay. Washington, DC: Peace Corps. 425pp. Prado, Darién E. & Peter E. Gibbs. 1993. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. J 80(4): 902-927. Prado, Darién Eros. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. 162 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Teixeira, D.E. 1988. Amazonian timbers for the international market. Brasilia: Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development & ITTO. 94pp. 163 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Balfourodendron riedelianum Rutaceae pau-marfim, guatambu, guatambi blanco, yvyrd fieti Distribution Argentina, Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, S40 Paulo), Paraguay Habitat A common species of lowland rainforest along the banks of the Parana and Uruguay river systems in Brazil and Paraguay (Ortega Torres er al., 1989). It also extends into cerrado and secondary forest with Aspidosperma polyneuron (FAO, 1986). Population Status and Trends The species has become scarce in places because of overexploitation of the timber and deforestation, but it is still reported to occur in abundance in a large part of its range. The genus is under taxonomic review (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of species in the Ecosystem An important component of high forest with deep soil (Ortega Torres et al., 1989). Threats Commercial overexploitation, habitat conversion. Utilisation The timber is used in furniture-making, flooring, cabinetwork and turnery (Flynn, 1994). It is also used in construction work (FAO, 1986). The wood is elegant but not durable (Ortega Torres et al., 1989). Trade The main use of the timber is domestic. It is relatively inexpensive in U.S.A. when compared with other imported species (Flynn, 1994). IUCN Conservation category EN Alacd+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture The species has a great affinity for mixed planting. Various trials have taken place. An average height of 21.2m and DBH of 20.5cm have been attained in trees of 26 years and an average height of 10.96m has been recorded from trees of 14 years. References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Flynn, J.H. 1994. A guide to useful woods of the world. King Publishing Co, Maine, U.S.A. 382pp. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer. (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forest: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. Ortega Torres, E., L. Stutz de Ortega & R. Spichiger. 1989. Noventa especies forestales del Paraguay. Flora del Paraguay. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genéve & Missouri Botanical Garden. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Balmea stormae Rubiaceae Locally known as ayuque Distribution Mexico (Michoacan), Guatemala (Zacapa, Jalapa and Huehuetenango) (Standley and Williams, 1975). It may be commoner than suspected in botanically unstudied parts of Mexico (Fosberg, 1974). Habitat The plant has been recorded from both dry, stony places in Michoacan and moist or wet, mixed or oak mountain forest in Guatemala at 1,400-2,300 ft. Population Status and Trends Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation Due to the brilliant scarlet-red flowers, it has long been a favourite of the people of the region in which it grows. It is commonly cut and sold in markets in the Uruapan area as a Christmas tree. This use of Balmea arose when laws were enforced making it illegal to cut conifer saplings for this purpose. For this reason it is likely Balmea will soon become very rare in any place where it may be discovered Trade TUCN Conservation category Not evaluated Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Fosberg, F.R. 1974. Studies in American Rubiaceae 2. Ayuque, Balmea stormae, an Endangered Mexican Species. Sida 5(4):268-270. Martinez, M. 1942. A new genus of Rubiaceae from Mexico. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 69(6):438-441, figs. 1-11. Standley, P.C. and Williams, L:O. 19745. Flora of Guatemala: Rubiaceae. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(11), Nos. 1-3: 1-274. 165 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Bertholletia excelsa Lecythidaceae Brazil nut tree Distribution Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Rond6nia), Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Habitat Tropical, lowland, moist, non-seasonal, closed forest. Trees grow best on deep well-drained alluvial soils on high ground not subject to flooding (Prance & Mori, 1979). Population Status and Trends A widely occurring emergent of Amazonian forest, the Brazil] nut tree has experienced major declines in its population because of deforestation. One of the greatest concentrations of stands exists in Tocantins valley where various activities, from the construction of the Transamazon railway to the building of a reservoir, have brought about a shrinking in the gene pool (Smith er al., 1992). An area of 200,000ha in south Para has been purchased by the government with the aim of settling landless farmers (SalamAo, 1991). There are also plans to establish a pig-iron smelter along the Carajas-Itaqui railway which is likely to result in the clearance of vast areas of forest to supply carbon (Smith et al., 1992). Trees remaining in the vast cattle ranches of Para and Acre are neglected and dying (Clement, 1991). However, large natural stands still exist in northem Bolivia (Killeen, 1997). The species is locally abundant in Suriname, where Amerindians harvest the seeds (Werkhoven, 1997). Almost all Brazil nuts consumed around the world come from wild trees (Smith ef al., 1992). Little is known about the impact of seed gathering on regeneration, but it clearly can be limited under certain exploitative regimes. Agoutis provide a vital function not only of dispersing the seed but of opening the pod, which if left closed generally imprisons the seeds until they rot. As part of some regimes agoutis may be hunted or driven away because of lack of food sources as a result of overextraction of Brazil nuts (Broekhoven, 1993). The sustainable harvesting of nuts by indigenous people in extractive forest reserves offers the most promising protection for remaining natural stands (Wickens, 1995). Role of species in the Ecosystem The seeds are encased in large pods of 0.5-0.75kg weight. The seeds are eaten by brocket deer (Mazama americana), the nocturnal paca (Agouti paca), other agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.) and squirrels. Agoutis and squirrels aid dispersal by caching the seeds. Macaws commonly damage the seeds and seed capsule before they have matured. The seeds have also played a significant role in the diets of numerous indigenous peoples. Flowers are pollinated by euglossine, anthophorid and apine bees in the genera Xylocopa, Bombus, Centris, Epicharis and Eulaema (Smith et al., 1992). Threats Logging of the habitat, burning, increasing settlement and agriculture, infrastructural and industrial development (Pires O’Brien, 1996). Utilisation The seed provides a highly nutritious food, high in protein and unsaturated fatty acids. Seed oil can be used in cooking and soap-making, and the seed capsule is useful as a fuel or for craft-making (Wickens, 1995). The timber is excellent but living trees are considered more valuable as a source of nuts. It is used in the construction of ships, water tanks and railway ties but is not thought to have commercial value in the international market (Flynn, 1994). The bark is used for caulking ships (FAO, 1986). Trade Production of Brazil nuts for export is concentrated in north-west Amazonia and Acre in Brazil and the Pando/Beni region in Bolivia (Wickens, 1995). Pard is also a major area of production (Smith et al., 1992). At one time Brazil nuts were second only to rubber as an export crop from Amazonian Brazil (Wickens, 1995). Annual nut production decreased from 104,000 tonnes in 1970 to 50,000 tonnes in 1980 because of habitat loss (Mori et al., 1990). It continues to decrease at an average rate of 820 tonnes pa (Wickens, 1995). U.S.A, U.K. and Germany are the major importers (Wickens, 1995). 166 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas World Production of Brazil nuts (1000 tons) Approx. price £/ton or US$/b Ee Ee a a ee Sei aRES EC ee ea ee ee Beet aa ae (nn EP (2 ST BS Wf $0.63 1974 $0.77 1975 Omens pode ye DEE a ee EO PA LOS) 1976 32 - : 1977 1978 $1.33 1979 SOc cesab | oom betee mane ||iSpm motos Au 3 | 00a Pea SAO 1980 60 - - 160 _—_—«f $0.98 1981 40 = - $1.07 1982 PPR er ee PP 1983 35 - : 1984 Era ee ee eee EP Ro ee PMS Sie cut AO evens Gua Mn Mea cats Hela rhe 50 Carentan ISOS? [1986u0e% nll 35 inclade Coote e ieee: Aime See geet fieeedl | cA 8 atonal S000) eerie {MOST Ws ays | 533 rose yniame eds tl Ona Meier h | Tiersen ey ESOR Ti SILOOMEEnCe oT | 1989 boeswal\25ivraninion 2/69%4 ihe Sava NG Sint OCT is OSE A TES OMA oT [OOO ate] 22D RIM LOM ARDR AAD J[o3biw) AON ESS aeraubieG IAs] PNG cnn EGS Oe ee Se a Source: La Fleur 1992 in Wickens, 1995 IUCN Conservation category VU Alacd+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures It is illegal to fell trees in Brazil (Pires O’Brien, 1996). However, felling continues, particularly in southern Para and northern Mato Grosso (Smith er al., 1992). Populations exist in various large protected areas and in places which are safe from logging and habitat clearance, such as corporate property, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce. A research programme on Brazil nut population biology and ecology is set up in north-east Bolivia by the University of Beni in Riberalta (IIFA), Utrecht University and the Netherlands Committee for IUCN. Forest Management and Silviculture Natural regeneration is rare in some areas. Trees can sprout from root systems of fallen trees. It is believed that many Brazil nut groves have been planted by indigenous people since the time when hunter gathers first colonised the rainforest (Smith et al., 1992). The pollinators’ dependence on the availability of a variety of forest plants, including orchid species, as a source of food and chemical signals important in reproduction, has been thought to limit the establishment of plantations outside the rainforest. However, it is possible to obtain sizeable harvests from plantation sources given appropriate soil conditions and a well-defined dry season (Smith er al., 1992). Trees are 12-16 years old before fruiting, with maximum production at 25-30 years. Cultivated compact grafted trees may start production after 8 years. During a good year 100-120kg of unshelled seeds may be harvested from a single tree (Wickens, 1995). The Agricultural Research Centre of the Humid Tropics (CPATU- EMBRAPA) in Brazil are in the process of creating a clonal germplasm collection and providing clones for commercial plantations (Wickens, 1995). The species has been introduced to Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Java, Hawaii and the Caribbean (Wickens, 1995). 167 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References Broekhoven, G. 1996. Non-timber forest products: ecological and economic aspects of exploitation in Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia. UCN, Gland, Switzerland. Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. Clement, C.R. 1991. Amazonian fruits: a neglected and threatened, but potentially rich resource. Diversity Magazine, 7, 56-59. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Flynn, J.H. 1994. A guide to useful woods of the world. King Philip Publishing Co., Maine, U.S.A. 382pp. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameagadas de extincao. (unpublished). App. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Killeen, T.J., E. Garcia & S.G. Beck (eds.). 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri. 958pp. La Fleur, J.R. 1991 Marketing of Brazil nuts. FAO, Rome. Mon, S. A., G.T. Prance, & C. Zeeuw. 1990. Lecythidaceae - Part II: The zygomorphic-flowered New World genera (Couroupita, Corythophora, Bertholletia, Couratari, Eschweilera, & Lecythis). Flora Neotropica, Monograph 21 (II). 376pp. Newton, A.C. 1996. The sustainability of uses of trees. Unpublished report for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Prance, G.T. & S.A. Mori. 1979. Lecythidaceae — Part I: The actinomorphic-flowered New World Lecythidaceae (Asteranthus, Gustavia, Grias, Allantoma and Cariniana). Flora Neotropica Monograph 21 (I). 270pp. Pires O’Brien, J. 1996. Completed data collection forms for Brazilian Lecythidaceae. Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora. Wageningen: Institute of Systematic Botany, Utrecht and Silvicultural Dept of Wageningen Agricultural University. Salamao, R.P. 1991. Estrutura e densidade de Bertholletia excelsa H.&B. (castanheira) nas regides de Carajas e Maraba, Estado do Parad. Belém, Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi, sér. Bot. 7(1): 47-68. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Wickens, G.E. 1995. Edible nuts. Non-wood Forest Products 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 197 pp. Werkhoven, M.C.M. 1997. Threatened trees of Suriname. A list compiled for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 168 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Bombacopsis quinata Bombacaceae cedro espino, ceiba colorado, ceiba roja, ceiba tolua, pochote, saquisaqui Distribution Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela Habitat A species of rainforest and seasonally dry forest occurring on a variety of soil types up to 900m. Population Status and Trends A taxonomically controversial species, which has a strong possibility of being sunk into Pachira. Populations are fragmented within remaining areas of seasonally dry lowland forest and the species is threatened at the provenance level, most notably in the Choluteca Valley in Honduras. eastern Nicaragua and northern Colombia (Calderon, 1997; Sandiford, 1997). The main undisturbed stands are in Darien, Panama, and Llanos Occidentales in Venezuela (FAO, 1986). It is also represented in protected areas in northern Costa Rica (Arce Benavides, 1998). Ecology Associated species include Cedrela odorata, Anacardium excelsum, Hura crepitans, Ceiba pentandra, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Samanea saman. The seeds are dispersed by explosive dehiscence of the capsule. Fruits are often damaged by parrots. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, burning, increasing human settlement, extensive agriculture Utilisation The wood is used for general construction, interior finish, millwork, furniture stock, veneer, plywood, pulp and paper products. Trade Bombacopsis “‘ruinatum” was reported to be in export as a sawnwood from Colombia in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). Between 1963 and 1965 it was the second most important species in Venezuela in terms of volume produced (FAO, 1986). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Sandiford, M. (1997). Conservation Measures Although occurring in national parks, the habitat is relatively poorly represented in protected areas. Much interest has been generated in replanting programmes and various institutes are involved in research into wild populations and the conservation of representative genetic samples of remaining populations in the form of, for example, clonal seed orchards. Forest Management and Silviculture Cultivation is straightforward. Trees coppice readily and vegetative propagation is easy. The species is grown in small scale species trials in Kenya and the Solomon Islands (Sandiford, 1997). A reforestation programme in Costa Rica recorded a relatively slow growth with a rotation of 25-30 years. References Anon. 1981. Descripcion general y anatomica de 105 maderas del grupo Andino. Junac: Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena. 441pp. Arce Benavides, H. 1998. Comments on species profiles for Costa Rica. Asociaci6n Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza. 1990. List of threatened and vulnerable plants of Panama. (unpublished). d'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama: checklist and index. Monographs in Systematic Botany 17: 1- 1000. 169 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. ITTO, 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Sandiford, M. 1997. Completed data collection form on Bombacopsis quinata. 170 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Caesalpinia echinata Leguminosae ibirapitanga, pau brasil Distribution Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe) Habitat The species occurs in littoral forest and woodland, generally on sandy or sand-clay soils that are well drained, preferring open less dense forest, frequently in dry high, light environments. Population Status and Trends Natural stands have been severely depleted as a result of centuries of exploitation and habitat destruction. The exploitation of the species as a source of wine-red dye dates back to 1501 and has resulted in the country being named after the tree. The manufacture of synthetic dyes in 1875 caused a gradual decline in the exploitation of wild sources and the species became important as a commercial source of wood for the manufacture of bows for musical instruments. It remains the most important wood for making professional bows, but the scale of this industry is little known (Anon, 1997). The remaining stands of the species exist in a few areas on coastal plain, where deforestation rates have been rapid (Varty, 1996). Illegal extraction of C. echinata by farmers and foresters is thought to sull occur, although the extent of this activity remains unknown. The species is included on the official list of threatened species in Brazil (IBAMA, 1992). Role of species in the Ecosystem Trees are frequently covered with orchids and other epiphytes. Threats Commercial exploitation, local use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The dye extracted from the heartwood is what the species is famous for. The heavy umber has considerable value for use in construction work and carpentry and handicraft, but its most commercial application is in the manufacture of bows for musical instruments. The bark is of local importance for its medicinal properties and trees are planted as ornamentals. Trade Pau brasil was an important source of fiery red colourant during the middle ages. Enormous quantities of dyewood were exported between 1501 and 1850, causing the loss of large areas of forest and enslavement of Indians. Synthetic dyes began to become important in the mid 1800s and have now almost completely taken over. Exports of brazilwood, including the heartwood of a number of related species from Central and South America to USA. and Western Europe, declined after 1950s. The extent of current trade is not known and it is unlikely that brazilwood will be exploited as a source of dye at anything other than at a small scale (Green, 1995). The wood began to be used for making bows for musical instruments in the last century. The vast majority of professsional bows are now made from the species. There are no reliable figures on the quantity of C. echinata exported for this purpose but one estimate puts the world demand at 200m. The actual figure is likely to be considerably greater to take account of the large amount of wastage in processing. It is thought that 70-80% of the wood is lost in converting logs into bow blanks and a further 70-80% is then lost in processing bow planks into bows. About 1500kg of wood is cut to provide 100-200kg of suitable wood for bows; a single violin bow demanding 1 kg of wood. A professional bow costs between US$ 2000-5000 (Anon, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Alacd according to Varty (1996). 171 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Conservation Measures Two protected areas in Bahia and Pernambuco were set up specifically to protect populations of C. echinata. The species is also recorded in other public and private reserves. The species is in cultivation in Bahia, Alagos, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro and there is also a reintroduction programme at Linares Reserve. IBAMA include the species on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants. Various federal and state laws exist restricting the export and cutting of C. echinata or its habitat type. However there appear to be considerable loopholes and a lack of specific measures to protect the species (Anon, 1997). Forest Management and Silviculture Plants begin to flower around 3-4 years of age. Seeds fail to germinate after storage for 30 days. The development of heartwood in plantation trees is considerably faster than in the wild; the DBH of a 17 year old plantation tree compares with a 70 year old tree in the wild. The quality of wood from plantations is, apparently, not suitable for making bows and consequently there is a lack of interest in growing the species in plantation (Anon, 1997). References Anon. 1997. Conservation and management of pau-brasil, Caesalpinia echinata — An action plan. Fauna and Flora International (UK), Botanical Gardens of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Margaret Mee Foundation (Brazil). (Unpublished report). Green, C.L. 1995. Natural colourants and dyestuffs. A review of production and development potential. Non-Wood Forest Products 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameacadas de extingao. (unpublished). 4pp. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 1992. Centuria plantarum Brasiliensium extintionis minitata. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 175pp. Lewis, G.P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. 172 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Caesalpinia paraguariensis Leguminosae guayacan negro, guayacati negro, ibira-berd, pau brasil Distribution Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mato Grosso, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman), Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Habitat A species of lowland, seasonal, broadleaved, dry forest and woodland. In Bolivia the species occurs in dry chaquefio forest and interAndean zones (Killen et al., 1993). Population Status and Trends The species is largely confined to the Chaco region, where it occurs widely and relatively commonly (Prado, 1996). It is at the margins of its distribution in Brazil, occurring only in Porto Murtinho (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). In Bolivia the species is well represented in herbarium collections. Some areas may suffer overexploitation but habitat loss is a greater threat (Killeen, 1997). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, logging of the habitat, habitat conversion to agriculture and pastoralism/ranching (Prado, 1996). Utilisation The timber is exploited at a domestic level. It provides a durable, weather-resistant wood, which is used in construction work. The species is also useful as a source of fuelwood. The seeds yield a dye and the bark contains medicinal extracts (Killeen et al., 1993). Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alacd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Killeen, T.J. 1993. Guia de Arboles de Bolivia. La Paz, Bolivia: Herbario Nacional de Bolivia. Lopez, J. & Elbert L. Little. 1987. Arboles communes del Paraguay. Washington, DC: Peace Corps. 425pp. Prado, Darién Eros. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 173 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cariniana estrellensis Lecythidaceae jequitiba Distribution Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Venezuela Habitat Tropical, lowland, submontane, moist, closed forest. Population Status and Trends Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is used for construction work, furniture-making and as a replacement for mahogany in ship- building. Trade Cariniana spp. are selectively logged in Bolivia (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996). IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Anon. 1981. Descripcion general y anatomica de 105 maderas del grupo Andino. Junac: Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. Killeen, T.J., E. Garcia & S.G. Beck (eds.). 1993 Guia de arboles de Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Prance, G.T. & S. Mori. 1979. Lecythidaceae - Part I. The actinomorphic-flowered New World Lecythidaceae (Asteranthus, Gustavia, Grias, Allantoma and Cariniana). 174 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Cariniana legalis Lecythidaceae jequitiba branco, jequitiba rosa, jequitiba vermello, pau carga, sapucaia de apito Distribution Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo). The species has been recorded in Colombia, Venezuela in the PROSPECT database but these occurrences are doubtful and need verification (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996; Prospect, 1995). Habitat A large emergent tree, sparsely scattered in areas of lowland non-flooded rainforest, such as Atlantic forest, mesophyllous, riverine or hygrophyllous forest and semideciduous woodland (Weyland Vieira, 1990). Large trees are frequently left standing in agricultural areas and coffee plantations. Population Status and Trends Populations frequently occur on fertile land and considerable habitat loss has caused declines in the extent of occurrence of the species (Prance & Mori, 1979). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats The habitat is threatened by increasing settlement (Pires O’Brien, 1996). Utilisation The timber occurs in local trade. The bark has local use as source of medicine (Pires O’Brien, 1996). Trade Cariniana spp. are selectively logged in Bolivia (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996). IUCN Conservation category VU Alac according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservtion Measures The species is found in the Linhares Forest Reserve and is in cultivation at Rio de Janeiro Botanical Gardens (Pires O’Brien, 1996). Forest Management and Silviculture Many seedlings have been raised from wild seed at Monte Alegre Hortorium (Weyland Vieira, 1990). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer, (eds.). 1996 The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas.Simon & Schuster, Singapore. Pires O'Brien, J. 1996. Data collection forms for Lecythidaceae tree species. Prance, G.T. & S. Mori. 1979. Lecythidaceae - Part I. The actinomorphic-flowered New World Lecythidaceae (Asteranthus, Gustavia, Grias, Allantoma and Cariniana). pp. 270. Prospect. 1995. Species listing from the PROSPECT database. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turmialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Weyland Vieira, M.C. 1990. Phytogeography and conservation of forests in Monte Belo, Minas Gerais -case study: Fazenda Lagoa. Rio de Janeiro 175 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Caryocar costaricense Caryocaraceae aji, cagiif, almendrillo, almendron, ajo, ajillo, manu, plomillo Distribution Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama. The species has been erroneously recorded in Venezuela. Habitat Tropical, lowland, moist, non-seasonal, broadleaved, closed forest. Scattered populations are found in lowland evergreen rainforest (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). It is usually found on slopes (Blaser, 1996). Population Status and Trends In Costa Rica occurrences are scarce and confined to protected areas. Similarly in Panama, the species is restricted to Darién and San Blas, where populations appear to be in a poor state with little evidence of regeneration (Mitre, 1997). The total population number in Central America does not exceed a few thousand individuals (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Levels of exploitation of the timber are reported to be excessive (WCMC, 1996). Deforestation, however, is believed to be a greater threat than trade (Blaser, 1996). Populations extend into the Choco in Colombia (Mitre, 1997). C. amygdaliferum, endemic to Colombia, is a closely related species. It is used as a commercial timber and is now considered threatened (EN Alcd) (Calderon, 1997). Ecology A primary tree associated with Peltogyne purpurea, Brosimum utile, Qualea paraensis Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, seed predation, poor regeneration, increasing settlement, agriculture and pastoralism/ranching (Mitre, 1997). Utilisation The solid timber is used for constructing bridges, railroad ties etc. (SSC er al., 1992). The bark also has a medicinal application (Mitre, 1997). Trade There is no reported international trade. IUCN Conservation category VU Alacd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Occurrences are recorded in a number of protected areas (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993; SSC et al., 1992; Mitre, 1997). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Blaser, J. 1996. Silvicultural considerations of listing timber species in Appendices I, II and III of CITES. Working document for the 2nd meeting of the CITES Timber Working Group. (unpublished). Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. Jiménez Madrigal, Quirico. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extincion en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 121pp. Mitre, M.E. 1997. Completed data collection forms for trees of Panama. SSC, Traffic & WCMC. 1992. Inclusion of Caryocar costaricense in Appendix II. Jn Analyses of proposals to ammend the CITES Appendices. Standley, P.C. 1. Flora of Costa Rica. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(1): 1-1616. 176 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turnalba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 177 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cedrela fissilis Meliaceae cedro batata, cedro blanco, cedro branco, cedro colorado, cedro diamantina, cedro misionero, cedro rosdao, cedro vermelho, South American cedar, ygary Distribution Argentina (Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Tucuman), Bolivia, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela Habitat A species of tropical, lowland to submontane forest of various types. The species grows well on well- drained fertile soil (FAO, 1986). In Bolivia the species occurs in dry semideciduous forest (Killeen, 1997). Population Status and Trends At one time an abundant and wide-ranging species. Populations throughout its range have been decimated by overexploitation and also habitat loss (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). The species is considered threatened in Colombia (Calderon, 1997), and rates of exploitation in Amazonian Peru have resulted in the trees becoming rare (Phillips, 1996). Most natural populations in Ecuador have been destroyed. Some large trees remain in Cuyabeno but they are being felled for export to Colombia (Buitron et al., 1996). The species has become rare in Bolivia and is now only harvested opportunistically whilst mahogany, Amburana and Machaerium are being sought (Killeen, 1997). It is apparently still abundant in the Region Oriental in Paraguay, especially along the Parana valley (Ortega Torres et al., 1989). Populations in Argentina are restricted to the north, where they are partly contained within subandean piedmont forest, a habitat which is under severe threat of disappearing (Prado, 1996). In Central America there are very few individuals in Costa Rica, if any at all, and few in Panama (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996; Arce Benavides, 1998). The species is included in lists of threatened plants in Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina and also by the FAO (Asociacion Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza, 1990; Buitron et al., 1996; Calderon, 1997; Chebez, 1994; FAO, 1986) Role of species in the Ecosystem A dominant component of various lowland forest types. Threats Overexploitation, severe genetic erosion and habitat loss. Utilisation At a local level the timber is used for furniture-making, cabinet-making and general carpentry. Trade The timber is considered inferior to C. odorata but is sold with the latter in mixed batches. In 1995 11,064m? of the timber was exported from the ports of Porto de Paranagua and Foz do Iguacu, Parana, Brazil, at an average price of US$298/m3 (Varty & Guadagnin, 1996). A total of 32,000m3 of Cedrela spp. Sawnwood was reported to be exported from Brazil in 1995. Colombia also reported exports of Cedrela spp. (ITTO, 1997). 21,609 22,165 16,510 Source: IBAMA, 1996 178 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas These export figures are questionable, since the species is not believed to be available in such quantities in Brazil. It is more likely that a large part of the consignments originated from Paraguay (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). A considerable amount of timber is exported from Paraguay (Ortega Torres, 1989). IUCN Conservation category EN Alacd+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture In the wild, the species has a low population density (1 tree per ha — 1 tree per 50ha), high genetic diversity and wide gene flow between populations. The University of Sao Paulo and the National centre of Genetic ResourcessEMBRAPA are implementing a research programme to map and monitor genetic variation in populations. Success rates at establishing plantations of C. fissilis have been very low. Mortality rates caused by disease are high (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Arce Benavides, H. 1998. Comments on species profiles for Costa Rica. Asociacién Nacional para la Conservacién de la Naturaleza. 1990. List of threatened and vulnerable plants of Panama. (unpublished). Buitron, X. 1996. List of endangered and possibly endangered species of Ecuador, produced in the Workshop of Floral Specialists of Ecuador for the National Biodiversity Diagnostic, November 1996. Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. IBAMA. 1996. Fax to Nigel Varty containing Brazilian export information for various timber species, dated 11 July 1996. ITTO, 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Lopez, J. & Elbert L. Little. 1987. Arboles communes del Paraguay. Washington, DC: Peace Corps. 425pp. Ortega Torres, E., L. Stutz de Ortega & R. Spichiger. 1989. Noventa especies forestales del Paraguay. Flora del Paraguay. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genéve & Missouri Botanical Garden. Pennington, T.D. 1981. Meliaceae. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 28. 470 pp. Phillips, O., A. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin, C. Galvez-Durand. 1993. Table of the useful woody plot species at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru, from a paper entitled “Quantitative ethnobotany and conservation” submitted to Conservation Biology. Prado, Darién Eros. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. Reitz, Raulino, Roberto M. Klein, & Ademir Reis. 1978. Projeto Madeira de Santa Catarina. Levantamento das espécies florestais nativas em Santa Catarina com a possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Itajai, Santa Catarina: Herbario "Barbosa Rodrigues" - HBR. 320pp. Reitz, Raulino, Roberto M. Klein, & Ademir Reis. 1983. Projeto Madeira de Rio Grande do Sul.Levantamento das espécies florestais nativas com possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Herbario "Barbosa Rodrigues" - HBR. 528pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Woodson, R.E. et al. 1943. Flora of Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 30 179 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cedrela lilloi Meliaceae atoc cedro, cedro bayo, cedro coya, cedro de altura, cedro de Tucuman, cedro del cerro, cedro peludo, cedro salteno, cedro virgen Distribution Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Peru Habitat A species of montane and submontane moist forest and cloud forest, occurring up to 3400m. Population Status and Trends The species occurs in dense almost monodominant stands in cloud forest in the region of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. These are believed to represent the largest remaining populations (Killeen, 1997; Llamozas, 1996). Elsewhere populations are isolated and reduced because of habitat loss and overexploitation. Role of species in the Ecosystem A colonizing species which responds well to large-scale disturbances. Threats Overexploitation, habitat loss. Utilisation The timber is high-grade. Trade The timber is largely present in local trade (Llamozas, 1996). See C. fissilis and C. odorata (Annex 3) for trade in Cedrela spp. IUCN Conservation category EN Ala+2cd according to Llamozas (1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Arce, S.J.P., C.S. Estenssoro, & S.P. Ergueta. 1987. Diagnéstico del estado de la flora, fauna y communidades importantes para la conservacion. Bolivia, La Paz, Centro de Datos para la Conservacion. 98pp. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Llamozas, S. 1996. Completed data collection forms for tree species of Argentina. Pennington, T.D. 1981. Meliaceae. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 28. 470 pp. Prado, Darién Eros. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 180 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Cedrela odorata Meliaceae cedro amargo, cedro rojo, Central American cedar, Spanish cedar, zigarrenkitschenholz Distribution Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico (Quintana Roo), Montserrat. Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Suriname, Venezuela Habitat The species occurs in humid or dry lowland forest, preferring well-drained soils. It colonises secondary forest, abandoned pastures and agricultural land. Population Status and Trends The species occurs in abundance, most notably in Central America (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996; Arce Benavides, 1998). However exploitation has continued on a large scale throughout the species range over the past 200 years and large or well-formed individuals are scarce, especially in Amazonia. In Bolivia, the species’ rarity has resulted in trees only being cut opportunistically while mahogany, Amburana and Machaerium are being sought (Killeen, 1997). Natural regeneration is reported to be generally good but there are reports of trees being felled before they reach maturity (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). The species is included in lists of threatened plants in Panama and Domincan Republic and by the FAO (Asociacion Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza, 1990; Jiménez, 1978; FAO, 1986) Role of species in the Ecosystem The species responds well to disturbance. Threats Overexploitation, genetic erosion, habitat loss. Utilisation C. odorata produces the most valuable timber within the genus. The wood is aromatic, weather- resistant and durable. It is used for ship or boat-building, joinery, cabinet-making and making cigar boxes. It is also sometimes maintained as a shade tree in coffee plantations (FAO, 1986). Trade Throughout the species range Spanish cedar has played a major role in the timber trade. Between 1986 and 1987 three species, one of which was C. odorata, accounted for 58% of the sawnwood produced in Belize (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996). It is one of the most exploited woods in northern Costa Rica (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996). It remains one of the most valuable trees in the Costa Rican market but is traded only in the domestic market (Arce Benavides, 1998). In 1994 Brazil exported 97,000m? of Cedrela spp.. selling at an average price of US$260.00/m3. Records from 1994 indicate that Honduras was exporting logs, sawnwood, plywood and veneer of C. odorata and Peru and Colombia were exporting sawnwood (ITTO, 1995). In 1995 Ecuador is reported to have exported 6000m3 of C. odorata sawnwood at an average price of US$584/m3, and Peru and Trinidad and Tobago exported sawnwood (ITTO, 1997). U.S.A. imported a total of 23,000m3 Cedrela spp. plywood at US$474/m? in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). Exports of Cedrela spp. from Brazil Veneer US$FOB 21,609 22,165 16,510 Source: IBAMA, 1996 181 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Numerous populations are protected within national parks and agricultural landscapes. Forest Management and Silviculture Plantations are established throughout the tropics. Regeneration is hampered by the frequent attack of Hypsipyla spp. on the apical buds of seedlings. For this reason the species is not grown in pure stands. Some success has been achieved in Manu, Peru, where seedlings are planted at a distance from one another (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Trees bear fruit at the age of 15 years (Lamprecht, 1989). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Arce Benavides, H. 1998. Comments on species profiles for Costa Rica. Asociacion Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza. 1990. List of threatened and vulnerable plants of Panama. (unpublished). d'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama: checklist and index. Monographs in Systematic Botany 17: 1- 1000. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Garcia, R.D. & I. Olmsted. 1987. Listado floristico de la Reserva Sian Ka'an. Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico 71pp. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer. (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. Howard, R.A. (ed.). 1974. Flora of the Lesser Antilles; Leeward and Windward Islands. Jamaica Plain, Mass., Arnold Arboretum. 6 vols, 1974-1989. Howard, Richard A. Ferns and flowering plants of Montserrat. (unpublished). 36pp. IBAMA. 1996. Fax to Nigel Varty containing Brazilian export information for various timber species, dated 11 July 1996. ITTO. 1995. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Jiménez, J. de J. 1978. Lista tentativa de plantas de la Reptiblica Dominicana que deben protegerse para evitar su extincién. Santo Domingo: Coloquio Internacional sobre la practica de la conservacion. CIBIMA/UASD. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silviculture in the tropics: tropical forest ecosystems and their tree species; possibilities and methods for their long-term utilization. Dt. Ges. fiir Techn. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn. Pennington, T.D. 1981. Meliaceae. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 28. 470 pp. Polak, A.M. 1992. Major timber trees of Guyana. A field guide. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 272 pp. Proctor, George R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: London, HMSO. 834pp. Reynel, C. & T. Pennington. 1989. Reporte sobre los cedros y su situacién en el Pert, una contribuccion al conocimiento y la conservacion de las Melidceas peruanas. Lima: Universidad Nacional Agaria La Molina, Centro de Datos Para la Conservaci6n Peri. 100pp. Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin. 1996. Information sources on the biology, conservation and trade of tree species in Brazil. Unpublished document for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 182 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Ceroxylon quindiuense Palmae wax palm Distribution Colombia Habitat The world’s tallest palm tree is found in montane rainforest or cloud forest, occurring in the Colombian Andes between 2000 and 3000m. Population status and trends The species occurs in the remote Central Cordilleras. The habitat has come under severe pressure from increasing agriculture. Little is known on the actual extent of remaining forest, but the severity of their degradation is evident. Although large trees are frequently left standing after the surrounding areas have been made into pastureland, there is little potential for regeneration to occur in the open and with cattle grazing (Boa, 1998). Adult trees, although protected by law, are removed for ornamental use (Johnson er al., 1997). The leaves, too, are collected in large quantities for use in religious festivals, although there is now mounting pressure to halt overcollection. More recently it has become evident that large numbers, up to half of the population in places, are suffering from an unknown disease (Boa, 1998). Role of the species in the ecosystem A significant role is played by wax palm forests in protecting slopes from erosion and watersheds. Threats Extensive agriculture, pests and diseases. Utilization The leaf fibre is of commercial importance and the timber is also used in construction work. In the past the species was important as a source of wax which could be scraped off the trunks. Trade Trade in the leaf fibre does extend beyond the domestic level. Conservation status VU B1+42c according to Bernal (Johnson et al., 1997) Conservation measures The species is designated the national tree of Colombia and laws have been introduced to protect it. Fundacion Herencia Verde, a local NGO, is launching a campaign to improve the knowledge on the tree and its present status. Various Colombian universities and CAB International are also involved in studies on the tree’s ecology, taxonomy and diseases. The species is present in cultivation on a small scale. Forest management and silviculture References Boa, E. 1998. Palms in peril. A fabulous tree in Colombia could be in serious danger. New Scientist 2123: 48. Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. Johnson, D. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for palms. 183 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Synonym: Cupressus lawsoniana Port Orford cedar Distribution U.S.A (California, Oregon) Habitat Port Orford Cedar is restricted to areas that have year-round water seepage and a shallow water table. It can be found along riverbanks, bogs and coastal sand dunes. In northern California the species occurs in coastal redwood forest stands, mixed evergreen forest, montane forest and subalpine forests (Klamath Mountains only). It is a minor component of the Pseudotsuga-Sclerophyll vegetation type of the Siskiyou Mountains, the Tsuga heterophylla zone of coastal Oregon and Picea sitchensis zone of south-west Oregon. (Draft CITES Proposal, 1994) Population Status and Trends The current range of C. lawsoniana is limited to an area no more than 64km wide, totalling 18,000km2, along the Pacific Coast extending from south-west Oregon to northern California. The majority of the commercial stands are found along the Pacific coast but a few smaller isolated stands occur in inland valleys of the Trinity and Sacramento rivers. Natural stands have been heavily logged and infestations of an introduced untreatable root pathogen Phytophthora lateralis has caused significant declines in population numbers. Disease is rapidly spreading between stands via vehicles and logging tracks. The standing volume is estimated to have declined from 3.1 million m3 in 1933 to 1.1 million m3 by 1990 (Draft CITES Proposal, 1994). Role of Species in its Ecosystem C. lawsoniana is a keystone species in the aquatic/riparian ecosystems. It provides an important role in streambank and floodplain stability, also supplying shade, stabilising water temperatures and decay- resistant wood. Several fish species and amphibians are reported to be directly affected by the loss of the species from the ecosystem. Threats Overexploitation, pests and diseases. Utilisation An important timber species, also planted as an ornamental. The wood is used for paneling, decking, support beams etc. Trade This species has a minor domestic market, amounting to less than 1180m3 pa. Most of the timber is exported as unprocessed logs to Japan and other Asian countries. Between 1980 and 1988, 307,000 m’ was exported at a price of US$ 195 million, making Port Orford Cedar one of the more valuable species in international trade. IUCN Conservation category VUA lde according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon, 1996). Conservation Measures The species occurs in several national parks and forests (Shasta Sinslaw, Siskyou, Six Rivers, Klamath, Trinity). It also shares some of its locations with the endangered Spotted Owl and as a consequence receives much of the conservation action directed at the latter species (Farjon et al., 1996). Forest Management and Silviculture The species is widely cultivated and grown in plantations (Farjon er al., 1996) but most commercial stands are threatened by fungal disease (Draft CITES Proposal, 1994). 184 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas References Draft CITES Proposal. 1994. Proposal to include Chamaecyparis lawsoniana in Appendix II of CITES. Farjon, A. 1996. A letter from Aljos Farjon re: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana to Dr. J. Belsky dated 20 August, 1996. Farjon, A. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. 185 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Chlorocardium rodiei Lauraceae greenheart Distribution Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Habitat The species is a dominant component of a restricted belt of lowland rainforest on brown sand. It is occasionally found in other forest types, such as Mora forest and Wallaba forest (Polak, 1992). Population Status and Trends A large part of the total population is confined to Guyana. The species is found in low densities in western Venezuela (Polak, 1992), and only in a small concentration along Maratakka River in Suriname, where it is considered threatened (Werkhoven, 1997) Regeneration in natural stands is very slow (Chanderbali, 1997). Role of species in the Ecosystem The seeds are dispersed by mammals (Chanderbali, 1997). Threats Overexploitation, logging of the habitat (Chanderbali, 1997). Utilisation The timber is used in construction work; the building of ships, docks, piers and house posts (Flynn, 1994). There are bitter alkaloids in the bark which have anti-malaria properties (Polak, 1992). Trade Greenheart production in Guyana has declined over the past 50 years. 90% of the wood was cut for the domestic market before the 1990s. Current trends are more heavily concentrated in the production of plywood (WRI, 1996). Greenheart timber is relatively expensive and available as lumber from only a few suppliers in U.S.A. Europe takes the largest share of exports (Flynn, 1994). Guyana exported 8000m3 in sawnwood at US$395/m? and an unregistered amount in logs at US$459/m3 under the name of Ocotea rodiei according to records from 1995 (ITTO, 1997). In Eastbourne, U.K., the groynes along the sea front were recently rebuilt using 12,000m%of greenheart from Guyana. IUCN Conservation category VU Alad according to the Americas Regional Workshop for WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Poor germination success has limited progress in establishing plantations (Chanderbali, 1997). Mast fruiting occurs every 12-15 years and the seeds are dropped around the parent tree (Polak, 1992). References Chanderbali, A. 1997. Completed data collection form for Chlorocardium rodiei. Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. Cremers, G. 1994. Annotations to: Threatened plants of French Guiana (South America). 56pp. Flynn, J.H. 1994 A guide to useful woods of the world. King Publishing Co, Portland, Maine, U.S.A. Harcourt, C.S. and J.A. Sayer. 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Polak, A.M. & H.R. Rypkema. (ill.). 1992. Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wageningen, The Netherlands: The Tropenbos Foundation. 272pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 186 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Werkhoven, M.C.M. 1997. Threatened trees of Suriname. A list compiled for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. WRI. 1996. Profits without plunder: reaping revenue from Guyana’s tropical forests without destroying them. http://www.wri.org/wri/biodiv/guyana/index.html 187 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cordia dodecandra Boraginaceae ziricote Distribution Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Florida, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Veracruz, Yucatan), Venezuela, West Indies. Habitat A lowland rainforest species. In Quintana Roo, the species occurs in forests on black soils and in secondary formations (Hawthorne & Hughes, 1996). Population Status and Trends Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is used for flooring and furniture. A syrup made from the bark is used as cough medicine. Trade Timber is imported into U.S.A. (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). TUCN Conservation category DD according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (Unpublished). Hawthorne, W.D. & C.E. Hughes. 1996. Bioquality of the forests of Quintana Roo. ODA Mexico: Quintana Roo Forest Management Project. Biological Component Phase 1. Report on Consultancy Visit. Mills, T.H. 1957. Timber trees of Northern Chiapas, Mexico, D.F. Vovides, A.P. 1986. Relacidn de plantas Mexicanas raras o en peligro de extincion. (unpublished). Veracruz: INIREB. 7pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 188 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Dalbergia nigra Leguminosae Brazilian rosewood, jacarandé cavitina, jacaranda preto, jacaranda roxo, palisander, palissandre du Bresil Distribution Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Habitat The species is encountered equally in primary and secondary formations, occurring on soils of low natural fertility, deep clay and clay-sand soils with good drainage. It is able to tolerate dry conditions (Varty, 1996). Population Status and Trends Brazilian Rosewood is one of the most highly prized woods in Brazil. The highest concentrations of the species are located in hygrophilous forest on rich soils in southern Bahia and northern Espirito Santo (de Carvalho, 1994). Deforestation is occurring at a rapid rate in southern Bahia (Varty, 1996). Already noted to exhibit low population densities in the 1920s, the species continued to become increasingly rare up to the 1990s. Excessive and indiscriminate exploitation and devastation of the Atlantic forest habitat are the major contributors to the species’ demise (SSC et al., 1992). Regeneration appears to be poor, possibly because of seed predation by rodents. The species is listed as threatened according to IBAMA and the FAO (IBAMA, 1992; FAO, 1986). Role of species in the Ecosystem Rodents predate seedlings. Rhizobium bacteria form root nodules (Varty, 1996). Threats Overexploitation, seed predation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat (Varty, 1996). Utilisation The timber has been harvested since colonial times for making high quality furniture and musical instruments. Restricted supplies led to the wood being increasingly used for carving and sculpture. Trade One of the most highly-valued timbers, prices reached as high as US$5000/m?(Varty, 1996). In 1924 Brazilian exports of both logs and lumber of D. nigra totalled 2,776 tons (Tropical Woods, 1928). By 1957-61 exports had fallen to 924Mbdft or 2,300 tons (Rizzino & Filho, 1973). In 1984 only 385 tonnes was reported in export figures (Banco do Brasil, 1984), most of it going to the former West Germany, followed by U.S.A. and U.K. Export of roundwood was forbidden in 1965 but is believed to have continued illegally (Read, 1993; SSC et al., 1992). 1995 reports indicate USA and Portugal received imports of palissandre du Brasil (Dalbergia spp.) as plywood and veneer, Greece received plywood, Portugal also received logs (ITTO, 1997). Trade data currently recorded in the WCMC CITES Trade Database refer to the years 1992 and 1993. The products reported in trade are carvings, timber, timber pieces and veneer, with one shipment of live plants’. The various units of measurement given are kg, m?, cm3, m? and ft?. The largest single transaction recorded is 710715m? of timber imported to Japan from Brazil in 1992, as reported by Japan. At the CITES Timber Working Group meeting, the representative of Brazil pointed out that the figure should read 0.7 m? and this was agreed by the representatives of Japan and ITTO. In 1993, no exports of Dalbergia nigra from Brazil, are recorded in the CITES statistics (Oldfield and Collins, 1997). The table below provides a summary of the CITES-reported trade in Dalbergia nigra. 189 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria CITES reported trade in Dalbergia nigra 1992 — 1993 i es aio oUt ena [cae PUNT RC em a ao a A Se cael eet alpwal araee wn | iain eel = tr a Sgt eel a tse [ha het a a STA A 29 (no unit of measurement) 56 (no unit of measurement); 180m? Note: * reporting error by Japan - see above IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Varty, N (1996). Conservation Measures The species is found in a number of protected areas. It is listed on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants by IBAMA. As a threatened species, federal and state legislation prohibits the cutting of trees. Dalbergia nigra was included in Appendix I of CITES following a decision by the Eighth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 1992. Specific problems relating to the reporting of trade in worked products of Dalbergia nigra, and in particular the trade in musical instruments, were referred to the Standing Committee, following the listing of the species. Forest Management and Silviculture Efforts to establish plantations have been slow and small scale (Varty, 1996). The species is slow- growing, although there are reports that it is not as slow-growing as commonly perceived. References Banco do Brasil. 1984. Brasil 1984: Commercio exterior exportacao de Carvalho, A.M. 1994. The genus Dalbergia L.f. in Bahia, Brazil. In Westley, S.B. & J.H. Roshetko (eds.). Dalbergia: Proceedings of an international workshop. Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameacadas de extingao. (unpublished). 4pp. Oldfield, S. and Collins, L. 1997 Review and improvement of national reporting for trade in plants listed in the Appendices of CITES. A report prepared on behalf of the CITES Secretariat. WCMC, Cambridge. Read, M. 1993. Ebonies and rosewoods. Requiem or revival. Fauna and Flora Preservation Society. Rizzini, C.T. & A. de Mattos Filho. 1973. Sebastiao-de-Arruda. Dalbergia decipularis Rizz. & Matt. Brasil Florestal. (IV):13. p.38. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 190 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Tropical Woods. 1928. Timber exports of Brazil. Yale University. pp.34-35. Varty, N. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin. 1996. Information sources on the biology, conservation and trade of tree species in Brazil. Unpublished document prepared for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 191 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia retusa Leguminosae cocobolo, Nicaraguan rosewood Distribution Belize, Costa Rica, El] Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Habitat A species of dry forest, woodland and scrub along the Pacific coastal lowlands and slopes, occurring in wooded areas as well as rocky ground and pastureland (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Population Status and Trends Exploitation of the timber is intense. Some areas where the species was formerly widespread, now hold populations which are almost completely exhausted. This is most notable in Costa Rica (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996; Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). There is a limited occurrence of the species north of the canal in Panama. Elsewhere, such as Mexico, there are reported to be reasonably-sized populations remaining (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). The dry forest habitat has been under exploitation for some 400 years. Continuing habitat destruction, the growth of cattle ranching and increasing fires have contributed to the decline in the species (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Ecology The species is associated with Tabebuia ochracea, Astronium graveolens, Tabebuia impetiginosa, Sideroxylon capiri and Swietenia macrophylla (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, burning, increasing pastoralism/ranching (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996) Utilisation A durable waterproof timber, which is used for inlay work, musical instruments and other crafts (Americas Regional Workshop; Flynn, 1994). A unique property of the species within the genus is the secretion of compounds that act as potent bactericides, fungicides and algicides (Anon, 1979). Trade Limited supplies have led to high prices in the international market (Flynn, 1994). U.S.A. is receiving imports (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). IUCN Conservation category VU Alacd, Cl according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures In Costa Rica populations are contained within several protected areas (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Forest Management and Silviculture The species responds well to fire. In areas experiencing periodic burning new saplings and small trees are observed to be numerous (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). The species is slow-growing (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Anon. 1979. Tropical legumes: Resources for the future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. d'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama: checklist and index. Monographs in Systematic Botany 17: 1- 1000. Flynn, J.H. 1994. A guide to the useful woods of the world. King Philip Publishing Co., Maine, U.S.A. 382pp. 192 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Jiménez Madrigal, Quirico. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extincion en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 121pp. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE., Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 193 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia stevensonii Honduras Rosewood Distribution This species is endemic to Belize. It is restricted to the southern part of the country between latitudes 16-17°N. Habitat This species has been reported to occur in fairly large patches along rivers but also on inter-riverain and drier areas; mostly between Sarstoon and Monkey Rivers (Chudnoff, 1984). Population Status and Trends No specific information is available. Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats No specific information is available. Utilisation This wood is used for speciality items including musical instruments, knife handles and veneers for fine furniture (Burton, in litt., 1991). Trade The quantity available on the commercial market is very limited because of restricted growth areas (Flynn, 1994). Conservation Status No information is available on the conservation status of this species in the WCMC Plants Database. D. stevensonii has not yet been evaluated using the new IUCN categories of threat. However, considering that the recorded total area of forest cover in Belize was 16,864 km? in 1993 (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996), it is probable that this species will fall into at least the Vulnerable category (under criterion B, due to the restricted distribution). Confirmation of this categorisation by local experts is awaited. Conservation Measures No specific information. References Chudnoff, M., 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No. 607. Flynn, J.H., 1994. A guide to useful woods of the world. King Philip Publishing Co: Portland, Maine, US Harcourt C.S. and Sayer, J.A. (Eds), 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster:Singapore. 194 = Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Dipteryx alata Leguminosae Distribution Brazil Habitat A dry woodland tree, occurring in cerrados on lateritic, sandy-clay soils. Population Status and Trends This tree is widespread in Brazil, although the habitat has suffered widely from conversion for agriculture. Exploitation of the excellent quality timber and edible/medicinal seeds has led to declines in population numbers (FAO, 1986). Ecology Associated species Astronium fraxinifolium, Hymenaea stigneoerpa, Bowdidria sp. and Pterodon sp. Threats Local use, extensive agriculture Utilisation The seeds are locally exploited for their medicinal and nutritional properties. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. 195 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Esenbeckia leiocarpa Rutaceae Distribution Brazil (Bahia, Gofas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Habitat A species of humid closed forest mainly on sandy but fertile soils. Population Status and Trends Restricted to the humid forests of Brazil, largely along the Atlantic coast, the species has experienced massive forest conversion over the last century mainly to allow for the growth of agriculture, cattle ranching and commercial plantations. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, clear felling/logging, commercial plantation development, extensive agriculture Utilisation The wood has a high density and resistance to rot and mechanical stress. It is useful in construction work and external structures. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 196 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Fitzroya cupressoides Cupressaceae alerce Distribution Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro), Chile. Habitat The species occurs in temperate forest in scattered stands from sea level to 1200m (Golte, 1996). Population Status and Trends F. cupressoides has been logged since the middle of the seventeenth century (Golte, 1996). The largest concentration of the species, at the southern end of the Chilean depression, was exploited in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, leaving no remains except blackened stumps. By the early 1900s a third of the Firzroya forests had been removed. In the 1930s motorised transport and the building of roads allowed access to the stands in coastal cordillera and high cordillera. Exploitation continued in both of these areas at such intensities that chances of regrowth and regeneration are anihalated (Golte, 1996). Present estimates of the area of remaining stands lie at 20,000ha, 15% of their original size. Restrictions laid down by the Chilean Government and by CITES have not been adhered to and illegal logging in remote areas has been impossible to halt (Golte, 1996). Today the best stands may be found between latitudes of 41° and 42°S in the high cordillera. Elsewhere populations are small. Role of Species in its Ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation, clear-felling/logging; burning, increasing settlement (Farjon er al., 1996). Utilisation The exceptionally durable wood has been used mainly for house construction and roof shingles (Golte, 1996). Trade CITES countries are prohibited from trading in alerce. Chile continues to export the wood and illegal felling is occurring at alarming rates (Farjon et al., 1996). In 1990, Chile exported 41876m3 of Fitzroya cupressoides, principally to East Germany and the United Kingdom. In 1991, 3164m: of the timber was exported together with 2667727 timber pieces. An additional 772422 items of timber were reported to be imported by Japan in the same year. In 1992, Chile reported exporting 3148m3. Except for the trade reported by Japan in 1991, and relatively small imports reported by the United States, 85m? (1991) and 168m? (1992), the majority of imports are not being reported IUCN Conservation category EN Alc according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon et al., 1996). Conservation Measures The species has been included in Appendix I of CITES since 1975. Chile entered a reservation in 1987 against this listing and legally trades the species as if it was included in Appendix II. Chile declared Fitzroya cupressoides a National Monument in 1976 and both Chile and Argentina have prohibited logging of this species (Farjon er al., 1996). A total of 2,309 ha of Fitzroya forest has been put under protection in Chile as the Monumento Natural Alerce Costero. Stands also occur in Chile's Alerce Andino National Park and Argentina’s Los Alerces National Park (Golte, 1996). Forest Management and Silviculture F. cupressoides is is unsuitable for present day forest management.(Golte, 1996). It is an extremely slow growing species, taking up to 200 years to reach maturity and a height of 10-12m, living as long as 3000 years (Golte, 1996). Recruitment may be as low as one new specimen for each tree every 1000 years (Golte, 1996). Regeneration is stimulated by large scale natural disturbance such as landslides or volcanoes, but regeneration after forest clearance is poor (Golte, 1996). 197 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References Farjon, A. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Golte, W., 1996. Exploitation and conservation of Fitzroya cupressoides in southern Chile. Jn Hunt, D. (ed.). Temperate Trees Under Threat. International Dendrology Society, Great Britain. 198 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Guaiacum officinale Zy gophyllaceae lignum vitae, bois saint, guaiaco, guayac, guayacan, guayaco, guiac male, guiac officinal, palo santo, palo sano, pau santo Distribution Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe (Guadeloupe, St Martin-St Barthelemy), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Vincent, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US) Habitat A species of lowland, dry forest, woodland and scrub, occurring most frequently in coastal areas but also in inland areas. Population Status and Trends The timber and medicinal resin have been traded for severa! centuries, resulting in overexploitation throughout the species range. Many of the Caribbean populations were decimated in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Little remains of the species outside of cultivation in the Lesser Antilles (Howard, 1986), Barbados, Virgin Islands. Populations are reduced and large trees are extremely rare on Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and Jamaica (CITES Proposal, 1992). The population in Colombia occurs in Bolivar, Magdalena and Guajira and is critically endangered (Calderon, 1997). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Over exploitation. Utilisation This is the major source of lignum vitae. The extremely strong heavy wood is used for ship propeller shafts, pulleys, bearings, caster wheels and for turnery. The species was, however, originally exploited as a cure of syphilis (CITES Proposal, 1992). Trade G. officinale and G. sanctum are easily distinguishable from one another but are rarely separated by collectors. Both species have been traded for almost 500 years. G. officinale produces the more commercially valuable wood (SSC/TPC, 1981). Illegal trade has been suspected (CITES Proposal, 1992). Limited trade data is available from the WCMC CITES Trade Database. In 1992, the only trade reported to CITES, was the export of 11000kg of timber reported by Japan. In 1993, Japan reported exporting 15 tons of sawn wood and 120 timber pieces; Spain reported exporting 36 timber carvings from the Dominican Republic; the Dominican Republic reported exporting 113 timber pieces to the USA, and the United Kingdom reported importing 615kg from Mexico (Oldfield and Collins, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN C2a according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures ‘This species was included in Appendix II of CITES following a decision by the Eighth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 1992. It is also included in Appendix III of the SPAW Protocol. It is legally protected in Martinique and Guadeloupe. Forest Management and Silviculture Propagation and germination is easy but growth is very slow (CITES Proposal, 1992). Cultivated populations occur throughout the tropics. 199 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References : Brito, A. A. 1995. Letter to Wendy Strahm including annotations to: List of threatened trees of Cuba. 1-5. Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. CITES. 1992. CITES Appendices as of June 1992. (unpublished). CITES Proposal. 1992. Proposal to include Guaiacum officinale in Appendix II of CITES. Correll, D.S. & H.B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Cramer. 1692pp. Howard, R.A. (ed.). 1974. Flora of the Lesser Antilles; Leeward and Windward Islands. Jamaica Plain, Mass., Arnold Arboretum. 6 vols, 1974-1989. Kraus, Fred. 1991. Biodiversity conservation on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands 138pp. Oldfield, S. and Collins, L. 1997 Review and improvement of national reporting for trade in plants listed in the Appendices of CITES. A report prepared on behalf of the CITES Secretariat. WCMC, Cambridge. SSC/TPC. 1981. Report on Guaiacum officinale for the Third Convention of the Parties, New Delhi, India. Vol. 1. United States of America. 1991. Proposal to include Guaiacum officinale on Appendix II of CITES.Submitted for 8th Meeting of Conference of the Parties to CITES, 2-13 March 1992, Kyoto, Japan. (unpublished). 22pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 200 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Guaiacum sanctum Zygophyllaceae gaiac femelle, guayacan, guayacan blanco, lignum vitae Distribution Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico (Quintana Roo), Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA (Florida) Habitat ; A species of lowland dry forest and woodland. Population Status and Trends Although large specimens are almost completely absent from most of the Species range, small bushy trees can be found. Many of the Caribbean populations were decimated in the 17” and 18” centuries. Those populations that escaped exploitation in Florida were threatened with habitat conversion for retirement homes (Ward, 1979). If native to El Salvador it is now extinct (SSC/TPC, 1981). The species is included in a list of threatened timber trees in Costa Rica (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Ecology Associated species are Astronium graveolens, Tabebuia ochracea and Sideroxylon capiri (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation. Utilisation A less valuable source of lignum vitae than G. officinale, but rarely distinguished by collectors. The wood is extremely strong and heavy. As with G. officinae it is used for ship propeller shafts, pulleys, bearings, caster wheels and for turnery. It was also originally exploited as a cure of syphilis (CITES Proposal, 1992). It is also sold and planted as an ornamental tree or tub plant. Trade G. officinale and G. sanctum have both been traded for almost 500 years. International trade has continued into the 1990s. A significant amount of illegal trade has continued since 1975, possibly between Mexico and U.S.A. Trees were illegally cut in Florida (CITES Proposal, 1992). Limited trade data is available from the WCMC CITES Trade Database. Import of 5430 timber items of this species (no units of measurement given) from Mexico were reported by Japan in 1991. In 1992, the USA reported importing 7358kg of timber of the species. Exports are reported by Mexico for the years 1993, 1994 and 1995. The average quantity exported for these years is 222m}, with exports to Canada, Germany, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and USA (Oldfield and Collins, 1997). TUCN Conservation category EN C2a according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Forest Management and Silviculture Regeneration is good but growth is very slow (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). It is planted much less frequently than G. officinale, and mainly for amenity (CITES Proposal, 1982). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). 201 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Brito, A. A. 1995. Letter to Wendy Strahm including annotations to: List of threatened trees of Cuba. 1-5. CITES Proposal. 1992. Proposal to include Guaiacum officinale in Appendix II of CITES. d'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama: checklist and index. Monographs in Systematic Botany 17: 1- 1000. Garcia, R.D. & I. Olmsted. 1987. Listado floristico de la Reserva Sian Ka'an. Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico 71pp. Hartshorn, G. et al. 1981. Natural Vegetation. pp. 13-21. In The Dominican Republic, country environmental profile, a field study. Virgina: McLean. Jiménez Madrigal, Quirico. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extincion en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 121pp. Liogier, A. H. . La Flora de la Espanola. 3 vols. Dominican Republic: Universidad Central Del Este.Centénario de San Pedro de Macoris. Oldfield, S. and Collins, L. 1997 Review and improvement of national reporting for trade in plants listed in the Appendices of CITES. A report prepared on behalf of the CITES Secretariat. WCMC, Cambridge. SSC/TPC. 1981. Report on Guaiacum officinale for the Third Convention of the Parties, New Delhi, India. Vol. 1. Standley, P.C., J.A. Steyermark, & L.O. Williams. 1946. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Bot. 24 Ward, D.B. (ed.). 1979. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: 5. Plants. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida. 175pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 202 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Ilex paraguariensis Aquifoliaceae congonha, erva-maté, ka’a, yerba mate Distribution Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay. Although generally not thought to be native to Bolivia, natural populations apparently exist in Beni (Ibisch, 1997). Habitat An understorey tree of mixed Araucaria forest and temperate hardwood forest, also occurring in more humid subtropical areas, ranging in altitude between 500 and 1500m. In Paraguay the species is abundant, almost forming pure stands, in high humid forest with shallow soils. It also appears to be well adapted to open places with deep soils, which are intensively cultivated. Population Status and Trends The rates of exploitation, in some areas, are believed to have caused significant declines in population numbers. Plantations have been set up, but the demand for leaves is still, apparently, greater than the supply from cultivated stands (FAO, 1986). In Brazil massive declines in the extent of Araucaria forest have resulted in declines in the extent of J. paraguaiensis. The species is included in a databook of endangered species by the FAO (FAO, 1986). Role of species in the Ecosystem In Brazil, the species forms a distinct association with Araucaria angustifolia. The dioecious flowers have non-specialised pollinators. Threats Overexploitation, clear-felling/logging. Utilisation For centuries the leaves have been used to make a tonic and stimulant drink, apparently also relatively high in vitamin content. The drinks mare and tereré are mixed with other wild herbs and bark. Trade The species is present only in domestic trade. IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to WCMC. Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Production stands are created by thinning out other species or by enrichment planting with J. paraguaiensis seedlings. Plantations are also set up. Vegetative propagation is the most effective method of reproduction. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Ibisch, P.L. 1997. Comments on species summaries for Bolivia. Lopez, J. & Elbert L. Little. 1987. Arboles communes del Paraguay. Washington, DC: Peace Corps. 425pp. Ortega Torres, E., L. Stutz de Ortega & R. Spichiger. 1989. Noventa especies forestales del Paraguay. Flora del Paraguay. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genéve & Missoun Botanical Garden. 203 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Reitz, Raulino, Roberto M. Klein, & Ademir Reis. 1978. Projeto Madeira de Santa Catarina. Levantamentodas espécies florestais nativas em Santa Catarina com a possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Itajai, Santa Catarina: Herbario "Barbosa Rodrigues” - HBR. 320pp. Reitz, Raulino, Roberto M. Klein, & Ademir Reis. 1983. Projeto Madeira de Rio Grande do Sul. Levantamento das espécies florestais nativas com possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Herbario "Barbosa Rodrigues” - HBR. 528pp. 204 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Joannesia princeps Euphorbiaceae araranut tree, boleira, coieira Distribution Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais) Habitat The species occurs mainly in humid closed forest. It does not withstand extremely dry conditions. Population Status and Trends Population declines have been caused largely through habitat conversion for agriculture, cattle ranching and commercial plantations. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Extensive agriculture, pastoralism/ranching, commercial plantation development. Utilisation The species is exploited for the valuable boleira wood. It is also a source of anda-assy oil, a purgative and ointment to combat skin diseases. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation Measures A population is found in Rio Doce State Park. Forest Management and Silviculture In the few trials which have been set up, the species has shown fast growth, trees measuring 15m height and 11cm DBH after 5 years growth and 23.3m after 26 years growth. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Mabberley, D.J. 1997. The plant book. A portable dictionary of vascular plants. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 205 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Jubaea chilensis Palmae palma de coguitos, coquito, honey palm Distribution Chile Habitat A palm tee of dry river valleys in the Andean foothills and of open hillsides in seasonally dry regions. Population status and trends Populations were once relatively common between the latitudes of 32° and 35° south, but they are now confined to a few small areas. Exploitation of the tree as a source of palm honey is believed to have caused population declines. Threats Grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals, burning, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The massive bole of the tree is tapped or felled as a source of palm wine, which is reduced to make honey. The fruit and stem are important food sources. The species is also traded for ornamental purposes. Trade Largely traded or used at a local scale, the species most important commercial use is as a source of palm honey which is present at a minor level in international trade. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Gonzalez (Johnson, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and Silviculture Although rare in the wild, the species is widely cultivated. References Johnson, D. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for palms. 206 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Juglans neotropica Juglandaceae cedro granda, cedro nigro, Ecuador walnut, nogal, nogal silvestre Distribution Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Habitat A highland species, occurring up to 2000m in a scattered distribution at the periphery of the Andes and in interAndean valleys, often as isolated individuals on agricultural land. Trees are often found along stream banks and field boundaries where they regenerate freely (National Research Council, 1989). Population Status and Trends Declines in habitat have been considerable and the species continues to be felled for umber and fuelwood. Large specimens are scarce and no commercial plantations are being established in the native range (National Research Council, 1989). Although relatively widespread in Colombia, the populations are considered vulnerable (Calderon, 1997). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Habitat loss, charcoal/fuelwood production, local exploitation. Utilisation The wood is used domestically for decorative carpentry and interiors and for making guitars. Internationally the species is traded for use as decorative veneers and cabinet or furniture-making. The Andean walnuts are larger than commercial walnuts but have an unusually thick shell. They are edible, nutritious and marketed locally (National Research Council, 1989; Wickens, 1995). Dye and medicinal extracts are obtained from the bark and leaves. The dye is one of few that is still obtained from a natural plant source. (Sgrensen & Schjellerup, 1995). Trade The species presence in the international timber trade is thought to be increasing. Most of the timber 1s exported from Peru, 134m? being imported to U.S.A. in 1989. IUCN Conservation category EN Alacd+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures The species exists in Colombian and Ecuadorean legislation, concerning cutting and export. Populations exist in national parks in all three countries. Forest Measures and Silviculture The species is occasionally cultivated (Wickens, 1995). Seed nuts collected from Ecuador have been planted in New Zealand and have shown very rapid growth, reaching up to 1.5m growth per year during the first few years. After 10 years trees were more than 10m high and bearing their third annual crop of nuts (National Research Council, 1989). No cross-pollination is required for nut production and hybridization appears to be possible (National Research Council, 1989). References Anon. 1994. Collections of the U.S. National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Brako, L. & J.L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Mongr. Syst.Bot. (Missouri Bot. Gard.) 45: 1-1286. Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. Ferreyra, R. 1977. Endangered species and plant communities in Andean and coastal Peru. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. 150-157. 207 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria National Research Council. 1989. Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Sgrensen, A. & I. Schjellerup. 1995. Ethnobotany of the Chachapoyas people: use of plants from the Peruvian montane forest and related areas. Jn Churchill, S.P. et al. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of neotropical montane forests. Proceedings of the Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium. The New York Botanical Garden, 21-26 June 1993. The New York Botanical Garden, N.Y. 579-599. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Wickens, G.E. 1995. Edible nuts. Non-wood Forest Products 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 197 pp. 208 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Juniperus bermudiana Cupressaceae Bermuda cedar, Bermuda juniper Distribution Bermuda Habitat Temperate, lowland, open forest. Populations occur on limestone-derived soils on hillsides. Population Status and Trends Overexploitation may have occurred in the past but the most significant population reductions between 1944 and 1950 were caused by an infestation of two accidentally-introduced species of scale insect. One percent of the population is reported to have survived (FAO, 1986). A few stands remain in undisturbed areas. Rapid development of the island and the spread of introduced trees have ensured the species will never take up its former distribution. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Pests and diseases Utilisation The wood is attractive for furniture-making and also valuable as a source of fuelwood. Trade IUCN Conservation category CR Bl+2c according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group. Conservation Measures Stands are being established on government land and on Nonsuch Island, a small island at the eastern end of Bermuda. Forest Management and Silviculture The species is easily, although not rapidly, propagated from seed. Vegetative methods of reproduction have failed. It is apparently naturalised on St. Helena. References Adams, Robert P. 1983. The junipers (Juniperus; Cupressaceae) of Hispaniola;. Moscosoa 2(1): 77-89. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Farjon, A., C. N. Page, & N. Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Farjon, A. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. 209 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Liquidambar styraciflua Hamamelidaceae American red gum, styrax, sweetgum Distribution Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Nicaragua, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma) Habitat The species occurs in montane pine-oak forest, transition forest and lower altitude broadleaved forest (FAO, 1986; Harcourt & Sayer, 1996). It often forms dense pure stands (FAO, 1986). Population Status and Trends The species distribution is fragmented, populations occurring in southern U.S.A., 800km to the north of the populations in Tamaulipas in Mexico (FAO, 1986). In U.S.A. the species is abundant and the abandonment of farmlands may potentially result in rising population numbers (Kimmerer, 1997). The major threat to the populations elsewhere is increasing conversion of the habitat for agriculture (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Grazing can also prevent regrowth. The timber is harvested for international trade mainly from the lower Mississippi valley (FAO, 1986; Flynn, 1994) and a balsam which is tapped from trees, mainly in Honduras, has a commercial application (Coppen, 1995). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Commerical agriculture, pastoralism/ranching. Utilisation The timber is used for interior finishes, furniture and cabinet-making (Flynn, 1994). It also makes up boxes, crates, pallets, plywood, particleboard and pulp (FAO, 1986; Kimmerer, 1997). A balsamic oleoresin, known as styrax, can be obtained from the tree and distilled to make essential oils which are sold to the perfume industry. The oleoresin is also used to manufacture other commercial extracts. (Coppen, 1995) The wood is locally used for fuel (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Trees are also planted as ornamentals (Kimmerer, 1997). Trade Sweetgum is one of the most common and important hardwoods in southern U.S.A. It is becoming increasingly important for pulp production (Kimmerer, 1997). The supplies from the lower Mississippi valley are said to be ample and most of the wood in trade comes from here (Flynn, 1994). The main demand for the timber comes from the furniture-manufacturing industry in England, France and Germany (Flynn, 1994). Trade statistics for styrax are not available. Styrax is rarely separated from other gums and resins in export or import figures. It is thought, however. that only a few tonnes (including styrax sourced from an Asian Liquidambar species) at most are consumed. U.S.A. is the largest importer and Honduras is the main producer, although Guatemala and Nicaragua have produced small amounts of styrax in the past (Coppen, 1995). TUCN Conservation category LR/c according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture A fast-growing tree and prolific seed producer (Kimmerer, 1997). Both managed natural stands and plantations are well established in U.S.A. It has a wide ecological tolerance and grows on a variety of soils, including compacted clay (Kimmerer, 1997). Where free from grazing, cut trees can regenerate from root sprouts and by coppicing (FAO, 1986). The species requires endomycorthizal fungi to achieve optimal growth (FAO, 1986). 210 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Flynn, J.H. 1994. A guide to the useful woods of the world. King Philip Publishing Co, Portland, Maine, U.S.A. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer. 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. Kimmerer, T.W. 1997. Treeweb Species Guide. http://quercus.ca.uky.edu/treeweb/species.htm. Last updated 19/01/98. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turmialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 211 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Machaerium villosum Leguminosae jacaranda-amarelo, jacaranda-do-cerrado, jacaranda-pardo, jacaranda-paulista Distribution Brazil (Goids, Minas Gerais, Parana, S4o Paulo) Habitat A specis of dry highland forest, sometimes also cerrado, occurring on both poor and fertile soils. Population Status and Trends A fairly widespread species, common in the regions between affluents of Paranaiba and Rio Grande, and in south Goias and western Minas Gerais. The natural range of the species coincides with one of the regions which has undergone the most severe forest devastation and population numbers are gradually declining because of exploitation and habitat clearance for developing pastureland and forestry plantations (FAO, 1986). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threat Overexploitation, commercial plantation development, pastoralism/ranching Utilisation The timber is used to make fine furniture and veneer. The wood is similar to and may be used as a substitute for rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Trees in a stand in Sao Paulo reached an average height of 6.10m and 8.40cm DBH at 22 years. References Anon. 1979. Tropical legumes: Resources for the future. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. 212 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Mezilaurus itauba Lauraceae itatiba, itatiba-amarela, itatiba-grande, itatiba-preta, louro-itauba Distribution Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Para), Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname Habitat The species is scattered in primary Amazon rainforest, also in savannah forest in Suriname. Population Status and Trends The species is considered rare in Suriname (Werckhoven, 1997). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation The timber is internationally traded for use in outside construction, flooring, casings, furniture-making, decorative veneers and marine stacks (Teixeira, 1988). The fruit are edible (Killeen er al., 1993). Trade Species under the name of M. longipetiolata and M. subcordata are commercially important as sawnwood in Peru. Their populations have become vulnerable throughout the Peruvian Amazon (Phillips, 1993) IUCN Conservation category VU Ala according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Encarnacion, F. 1983. Nomenclatura de las especies forestales comunes en el Peru. Lima 147pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. Killeen, T.J.,E. Garcia, & S.G. Beck (eds.). 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden. 958pp. Phillips, O., A. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin, C. Galvez-Durand. 1993. Table of the useful woody plot species at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru, from a paper entitled “Quantitative ethnobotany and conservation” submitted to Conservation Biology. Pulle, A.A., J. Lanjouw, & A.L. Stoffers (eds.). 1. Flora of Suriname. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Koloniaal Inst. Amsterdam. Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora. Wageningen: Institute of Systematic Botany, Utrecht and Silvicultural Dept of Wageningen Agricultural University. Teixeira, D.E., M.A.E. Santana & MLR. de Souza. 1988. Amazonian timbers for the international market. Brasilia: Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development & ITTO. 94pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and susiainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Werckhoven, M.C.M. 1997. Threatened trees of Suriname. A list compiled for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 213 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Leguminosae sabia Distribution Brazil (Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao) Habitat A xerophytic species which grows in open dry forest. Population Status and Trends The species is suffering a slow decline in population numbers and is included in FAO’s databook of endangered species (FAO, 1986) In Bahia it is only known in cultivation in the Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau. Ecology Associated species include Anadenanthera sp., Tabebuia sp., Astronium sp. and Torresea sp. When young the species is lianescent, sometimes remaining semi-scadent when mature. Role of species in the Ecosystem The species was said to be in slow decline by the FAO (FAO, 1986). Threats Utilisation The species is used on a domestic scale as a timber, fuelwood and for charcoal production. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to WCMC Conservation Measures Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden hold living specimens. Forest Management and Silviculture The species is not intensively cultivated, although trials have shown its potential for afforestation programmes. Trees may be cut for the productiojn of stakes, fuelwood and charcoal after 3 to 4 years if grown on fertile soils. Natural regeneration from stumps and root sprouts is evident. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Lewis, G.P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 214 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Mimosa verrucosa Leguminosae jurema branca, jurema de oleiras Distribution Brazil (Bahia, Ceard, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte) Habitat A common bushy tree of cerado or caatinga on tableland soils in sub-humid to arid tropical climates. Population Status and Trends The species is common on hills and humid midslopes. However, population numbers were said to be in slow decline. Trees have become scarce because of the levels of exploitation in these arid and semi-arid regions (FAO, 1986). Ecology Associated species always include Bauhinia spp. and sometimes include Anadenanthera sp., Torresia sp. and Astronium sp. Threats Local exploitation Utilisation Little is known about the wood properties. It is used locally for stakes, fuelwood and charcoal. The bark is harvested for its medicinal properties. Trade IUCN Conservation category VUB1+2c according to WCMC. Conservation Measures No measures were set in place in 1986. Forest Management and Silviculture No silvicultural studies had yet taken place in 1986. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Lewis, G.P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 215 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Minquartia guianensis Olacaceae acariquara, huacapu, manu negro Distribution Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Habitat A widespread species of lowland moist forest types. It is one of the dominant tree species of low-mid elevation evergreen rainforest of the Gran Sabana in the Venezuelan Guyana (Steyermark er al., 1995). Population Status and Trends The species is notably common in the Guianas, Bolivia and probably elsewhere (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996; Hiepko, 1993). Populations in Central America are restricted in range. It has become rarer in some areas where the wood is intensively harvested for local use, notably in Brazil and Colombia (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996; Calderon, 1997). Seed producing trees are sometimes low in numbers but regeneration does not appear to be inadequate (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). The species is included in lists of threatened species in Colombia and Costa Rica and also in the databook of endangered species by the FAO (Calderon, 1997; Jiménez Madrigal, 1993; FAO, 1986). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Local overexploitation. Utilisation The wood is durable and used to make utility poles and house posts. In Bolivia, it has a local use to smoke fish (Killeen, 1993) Trade The timber is scarce in international trade (Hiepko, 1993). Peru produces sawnwood for trade (Phillips, 1993). In Costa Rica the species is rare in domestic trade but heavily used on a local level (Arce Benavides, 1998). IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Anon. 1981. Descripcion general y anatomica de 105 maderas del grupo Andino. Junac: Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena. 44 1pp. Arce Benavides, H. 1998. Comments on species profiles for Costa Rica. Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp d'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama: checklist and index. Monographs in Systematic Botany 17: 1- 1000. Encarnacion, F. 1983. Nomenclatura de las especies forestales comunes en el Peru. Lima 147pp. Hiepko, P. 1993. Olacaceae. Flora of the Guianas. Koenigstein: Fed. Rep. of Germany: Koeltz Scientfic Books. Jiménez Madrigal, Quirico. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extincion en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 121 pp. 216 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Killeen, T.J.,E. Garcia, & S.G. Beck (eds.). 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden. 958pp. Phillips, O., A. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin, C. Galvez-Durand. 1993. Table of the useful woody plot species at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru, from a paper entitled “Quantitative ethnobotany and conservation” submitted to Conservation Biology. Stevens, W.D. Flora de Nicaragua (in preparation). (unpublished). Steyermark, J.A., P.E. Berry & B.K. Hoslt (eds.). 1995. Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana. Vol 1. Introduction. Timber Press Inc., Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 320pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turmalba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). Wurdack, J.J., T. Morley, & S. Renner. 1993. Melastomataceae. Flora of the Guianas. Koenigstein, Fed.Rep. of Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. 217 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Myrocarpus frondosus Leguminosae brahuna, bratina-parda, cabre va, ibird-payé, incienso, oleo pardo, yvyra pajé Distribution Argentina (Cortientes, Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay Habitat A species of tropical, seasonal, moist forest, occurring up to 1200m. Population Status and Trends The species is threatened largely by habitat loss. In Argentina severe reduction in the seasonal forest habitat has been caused by increasing agriculture (Prado, 1996). The species is included in a list of Argentinian threatened species (Chebez, 1994). The Brazilian populations are restricted to the Atlantic coast where severe declines in forest have continued over the past two centuries. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Clear felling/logging, extensive agriculture, pastoralism/ranching Utilisation A good quality commercial timber tree, also planted as an ornamental. In Paraguay the timber is used for making fine furniture, veneers, flooring and panelling. The wood is fragrant and is sometimes bumt during ceremonies and as an insect repellent. The resin has a pharmaceutical application. Trade The timber is exported from Paraguay (Ortega Torres et al., 1989). IUCN Conservation category DD according to Prado, D. Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. Lewis, G.P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ortega Torres, E., L. Stutz de Ortega & R. Spichiger. 1989. Noventa especies forestales del Paraguay. Flora del Paraguay. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genéve & Missouri Botanical Garden. Prado, Darién E. & Peter E. Gibbs. 1993. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. J 80(4): 902-927. Prado, Darién Eros. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. Reitz, Raulino, Roberto M. Klein, & Ademir Reis. 1978. Projeto Madeira de Santa Catarina. ? Levantamento as espécies florestais nativas em Santa Catarina com a possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Itajai, Santa Catarina: Herbario "Barbosa Rodrigues" - HBR. 320pp. Reitz, Raulino, Roberto M. Klein, & Ademir Reis. 1983. Projeto Madeira de Rio Grande do Sul. Levantamento das espécies florestais nativas com possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Herbario "Barbosa Rodrigues" - HBR. 528pp. 218 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Nothofagus alessandri Fagaceae ruil Distribution Chile (Maule) Habitat A temperate tree of deciduous forest, preferring areas of higher humidity between 150 - 500m. Population status and trends Endemic to Maule region, the species was once more widespread but is now restricted to eight scattered localities in a small area of deciduous forest in the Coastal Cordillera. These stands all represent secondary growth from stump sprouts and between 1983 and 1991 their extent of occurrence was reduced by almost 60% as a result of the establishment of plantations of Pinus radiata. About 13% of the species range is covered by protected areas. It is recognised as a very primitive member of the genus. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Burning, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, establishment of Pinus radiata plantations, pastoralism/ranching Utilisation The species is used at a local level as a source of timber and fuelwood. Trade IUCN Conservation category EN Alcde, B2cd according to Gonzalez. M. Conservation measures The species has been cultivated on a small scale. Forest management and silviculture References Benoit, C. & L. Ivan (eds.). 1989. Libro rojo de la flora terrestre de Chile. Santiago: Impresora Creces Ltd. 157 pp. Benoit, C.I. (ed.). 1989. Red list of Chilean terrestrial flora. (Part One). Santiago: Chilean Forestry Service (CONAF). 151pp. Donoso, C. 1996. Ecology of Nothofagus forests in Central Chile. pp. 271-292. In Veblen, T.T. et al. The ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forests. Gonzalez Cangas, Mauro. 1996. Completed data collection forms for tree species of Chile. 219 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Nothofagus glauca Fagaceae hualo, roble colorado, roble colorado, roble maulino, roble maulino Distribution Chile (Biobio, Maule, O'Higgins, Santiago, Valparaiso) Habitat A tree of moist lowland to submontane deciduous forest, occurring on thin rocky soils, typically on north-facing aspects of steep slopes between 100 - 1500m. Population status and trends The species is endemic to central Chile, occurring in discrete patches associated with a particular topography, soil types and microclimate in both the Coastal Cordillera and the Andes. Almost all the pure stands in the coastal range, known as Maule forest, have been logged over the past century and are now converted into Pinus radiata plantations. The Andean populations were exploited to a lesser extent because of lack of transportation. However, they are presently under conversion. Since 1985 the woodchip industry has increased the demand for timber. Regeneration in old growth stands is very good. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, extensive agriculture, forestry management Utilisation The species is a source of timber, traded mainly on a domestic level, and fuelwood. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd, B1+2c according to Gonzalez (1996). Conservation measures The species is rarely contained within protected areas. Forest management and silviculture A pioneer species which can occur abundantly. After clear cutting second-growth stands of N. glauca vigorously develop from stump sprouts if given the chance. References Benoit, C. & L. Ivan (eds.). 1989. Libro rojo de la flora terrestre de Chile. Santiago: Impresora Creces Ltd. 157 pp. Benoit, C.I. (ed.). 1989. Red list of Chilean terrestrial flora. (Part One). Santiago: Chilean Forestry Service (CONAF). 151pp. Donoso, C. 1996. Ecology of Nothofagus forests in Central Chile. pp. 271-292. Jn Veblen, T.T. et al. The ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forests. Gonzalez Cangas, Mauro. 1996. Completed data collection forms for tree species of Chile. 220 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Ocotea catharinensis Lauraceae canela pimenta, canela-amarela, canela-bicha, canela-broto, canela-coqueira, canela- pinho, canela-preta Distribution Brazil (Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo). There is also a suggestion that populations exist in Misiones in Argentina and in Paraguay. Habitat Occurs in tropical rain forest. Most frequent on slopes on rich, deep, clay and well-drained soils a an altitude between 30 - 900m Population status and trends Formerly abundant, this slow-growing species has become rare because of the levels of exploitation of its timber. Role of species in the ecosystem A shade tolerant tree occurring at the primary stage of succession. Birds and mammals act as the Dispersal/pollinating agents. Threats Clear felling and logging of the habitat for commercial use. Utilisation The stem of this species is used as timber and is locally used aswell as being traded on the national and subnational markets fuel. Gum, resin and oil is also extracted from the bark and is traded on the national and subnational level. Trade Gum, resin, oil etc is exported as well as being traded at a national or subnational level, other trade is in Timber at a national or subnational level. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin Conservation measures Its habitat also continues to decline, although several localities are protected within state parks and biological reserves. The species is included in the official list compiled by IBAMA of threatened Brazilian plants. Forest management and silviculture Cultivation of this species is small scale. References IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameacadas de extincao. (unpublished). App. Sociedade Bot4nica do Brasil. 1992. Centuria plantarum Brasiliensium extintionis minitata. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 175pp. Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. 221 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Ocotea odorifera (=pretiosa) Lauraceae canela-funcho, canela-prada, canela-sassafras, louro-cheiroso, sassafras-amarelo, sassafras-preto Distribution Argentina? (Misiones?), Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay? Habitat A species of both primary and secondary forest formations. Population Status and Trends The species distribution is discontinuous, occurring in coastal forests, which continue to be cleared despite legal measures, and also in small woodlands and forest formations on the southern Brazilian plateau (Varty, 1996). Cutting of trees as a source of sassafras oil has been uncontrolled but, apparently, restricted to Santa Catarina since no other states harbour trees of sufficiently high safrole content. Remaining trees are comparatively small, no replanting has occurred and the currently available resources are no longer capable of sustaining high levels of utilization (Coppen, 1995). Timber is also harvested from the northern parts of the range. The species is included in the official list of threatened species in Brazil (IBAMA, 1992). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Sassafras oil contains 80% or more of safrole. This was formerly used in household products; polishes, soaps and cleaning agents etc. Its principal use today is as a source of heliotropin, used as a flavouring and fragrance agent, and piperonal butoxide (PBO), an ingredient of pyrethroid insecticides. The future of the natural pyrethrum industry is dependent on the continued supply of this vital ingredient (Coppen, 1995). A useful but comparatively less valuable timber is also harvested. Trade More than half the sassafras oil on the international market is obtained from Cinnamomum camphora in China. This species together with O. odorifera currently supply an international market of 2000 tonnes pa. Up until the 1960s Brazil was the major exporter of the oil, but production declined with diminishing natural supplies. Further declines have occurred because of felling restrictions. Japan, Italy and U.S.A. are the major importers of the oil, from which they manufacture the derivatives, heliotropin and PBO, for further export. Brazil has the capacity also to manufacture both derivatives but suffers from a domestic shortage of sassafras oil (Coppen, 1995). Destinations (RCT a (| pero Ghincat ae RO SAE RT pag SNe a a] ore ea ee ae f=. “SS paths. 8 Pr 2a eee S Fea [aetErance | aa ania es a7 | a a a | Source: Brazilian national statistics in Coppen, 1997. The demand for heliotropin and PBO is increasing and sassafras oil continues to be the preferred raw material for their production. The manufacture of synthetic PBO, in particular, is economically unattractive. However if continued declines in production are caused by dwindling natural resources, alternative plant species, such as Piper spp. are likely to take over as major sources (Coppen, 1995). 222 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Varty, N. (1996). Conservation Measures The species is included in the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by IBAMA. Felling restrictions are also in place. Forest Management and Silviculture The prospects of bringing the species into cultivation are unknown but may prove uneconomic. Piper spp. may prove to be a commercial alternative (Coppen, 1995). References Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products ]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameacadas de extingao. (unpublished). App. Rohwer, J.G. 1996. Letter to Sara Oldfield with information on Neotropical Lauraceae. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 1992. Centuria plantarum Brasiliensium extintionis minitata. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 175pp. Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. 223 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Ocotea porosa Lauraceae imbuia, imbuyana, umbuia Distribution Argentina? (Misiones?), Brazil (Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay? Suggestions that populations exist in Argentina and Paraguay need verification. Habitat One of the dominant species of Araucaria forest. It also acts as a pioneer species in open forest, scrubland and forest/grassland transition between 500 - 1800m (Varty, 1996). Population Status and Trends The largest populations occur in south Parana and north Santa Catarina, where the species occurs almost in pure stands in places. Although present in large numbers, the species 1s slow-growing and declining through timber exploitation and habitat clearance. In rates of extraction, the species is second only to Paranda pine (Varty, 1996). It is included in the official list of Brazilian threatened species (IBAMA, 1992). Role of species in the Ecosystem Birds and mammals feed on fruit. Members of Scolytidae family and Heilypus parvulus beetles attack the seeds (Varty, 1996). Threats Overexploitation, habitat loss. Utilisation The umber is used to make luxury furniture, boxes, panels, window blinds. It also provides fuelwood. Trees may be planted or kept for shade, ornamental purposes and also as a bee plant (Varty, 1996). Trade The genus contains several timber-providing species. It is unlikely that different species are distinguished in export figures (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin (Varty, 1996). Conservation Measures Several localities are protected and the species occurs on the official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by IBAMA (Varty, 1996). Forest Management and Silviculture In trials trees have reached an average height of 7.81m and DBH of 9cm at 23 years. References . Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameacadas de extingao. (unpublished). 4pp. : Schmidt, R. 1989. Current tropical moist forest management activities in Brazil. Rome: FAO. 29pp. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 1992. Centuria plantarum Brasiliensium extintionis minitata. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 175pp. Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 224 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Oreomunnea pterocarpa Juglandaceae Distribution Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama Habitat Tropical, lowland, moist, non-seasonal, closed forest between 500 and 1500m. Population Status and Trends Until recently thought to be endemic to Costa Rica, the species is likely to be found in other parts of Central America. Where it is known, the species occurrence is scarce. It is usually found as isolated trees. Little is known of the regenerative capacity of the species, although it does not appear to be strong (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996; Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Role of species in the Ecosystem Only two species exist in the genus. Threats Utilisation The wood is useful in house construction and interior finishes (SSC/TPC, 1981). In the past it has been used in cabinet-making (SSC er al., 1992) Trade The timber is not heavily exploited, occurring to some extent in domestic trade but not in the international market (Blaser, 1996; Jiménez Madrigal, 1993; SSC er al., 1992). IUCN Conservation category EN C2a according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. It is prohibited under Costa Rican law to export the wood or other products (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Rare occurrences are recorded in Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve and another protected area at Turrubares and a large part of the total population in Costa Rica is contained in Monteverde Biological Reserve (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). It has not been brought into cultivation (Blaser, 1996). Forest Management and Silviculture References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Blaser, J. 1996. Silvicultural considerations of listing timber species in Appendices I, II and III of CITES. Working document for the 2nd meeting of the CITES Timber Working Group. (unpublished). . Jiménez Madrigal, Quirico. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extincion en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 121pp. SSC/TPC. 1981. Report on Engelhardtia pterocarpa for the Third Convention of the Parties, New Delhi. Vol. 1. SSC, Traffic & WCMC. 1992. Deletion of Oremunnea (=Engelhardtia) pterocarpa from Appendix I. In Analyses of proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. Standley, P.C. 1. Flora of Costa Rica. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(1): 1-1616. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 225 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Phytelephas seemannii Palmae Distribution Colombia, Panama Habitat A small tree of lowland rainforest occurring at altitudes no higher than 200m. Population status and trends Large populations remain along some rivers on the Pacific coast of Colombia. The greatest threat to the species 1s loss of habitat. Role of the species in the ecosystem The species has a specialist pollinator, Amazoncharis sp. Threats Utilization Seeds are used for vegetable ivory, which is traded at a minor international level. The species can also be found on a minor scale in the international horticultural trade. Trade Conservation status LR/cd according to Bernal (Johnson er al., 1997). Conservation measures Conservation activities are taking place, and a recent project on the sustainable use of the seeds has resulted in local awareness of the importance of the species and its protection. Forest management and silviculture References Johnson, D. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for palms. 226 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Phytelephas tumacana Palmae Distribution Colombia Habitat The species occurs in lowland rainforest on alluvial soils up to 200m. Population status and trends An endemic palm of Colombia, confined to the Department of Narifio near the Ecuadorean border. Populations have been severely decimated by increasing agriculture, most particularly by the spread of oil palm plantations (Johnson, 1996). Remaining stands are small and restricted to only a few rivers (Johnson et al., 1997). Role of the species in the ecosystem Threats Extensive agriculture, establishment of commercial plantations. Utilisation The species has a variety of uses as a food, thatching and formerly as an important source of vegetable ivory. It also has value as an ornamental. Trade Utilization and trade continue at local and minor international levels. Conservation status EN B1+2c according to Bernal (Johnson er al., 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Johnson, D. (ed.). and the IUCN/SSC Palm Specialist Group. 1996. Palms: their conservation and sustained utilization. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Johnson, D. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for palms. 227 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pilgerodendron uviferum Cupressaceae cedro de la cordillera, ciprés de las Guayatecas, lahuan Distribution Argentina (Chubut, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz), Chile Habitat Temperate, coniferous, open forest up to 900m. Population Status and Trends Populations of Pilgerodendron uviferum have been severely depleted through the effects of logging, fire and clearance for agriculture throughout the range of the species. It is slow to mature and its regeneration is very poor, especially under a canopy. Chebez includes the species in the list of threatened species in Argentina (1994). Role of species in the Ecosystem The genus is monospecific. Threats Grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals, poor regeneration, seed predation, burning, clear- felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement, forestry management. The main threat currently is probably indiscriminate use of fire; almost all populations in central southern Chile have suffered fire damage (Newton, in litt. 1998). Utilisation The first-class timber is exploited throughout the species range, particularly in the south, Isla de Chiloé and Patagonian Islands in Chile, for house construction, flooring. doors and furniture. Smaller trees are used for fencing and poles. Exploitation of the species provides a principal source of income for families in remote areas (SSC/TPC, 1981). Trade In CITES trade statistics, the only recorded export of the Appendix I species, Pilgerodendron uviferum, during the period 1990 - 1994 (and in contravention to the Convention) is a single export of 20000 timber pieces to Argentina from Chile in 1992, as reported by Chile. The export of 80 fruits of the same species by Argentina to the United Kingdom is recorded in 1993 (Oldfield and Collins, 1997). TUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon er al., 1996). Conservation Measures The species is listed in CITES Appendix I. Protected populations occur in Nahuel Huapi and Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina, and in a number of Chilean National Parks including Puyehue and Torres del Paine. References Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. Farjon, A.,C.N. Page, & N. Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Farjon, A. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Martinez, P.O. 1981. Flora and phytosociology of relict stands containing Pilgerodendron uviferum in San Pablode Tregua Farm. Bosque 4(1): 3-11. Newton, A. 1998. In litt to WCMC Oldfield, S. and Collins, L. 1997 Review and improvement of national reporting for trade in plants listed in the Appendices of CITES. A report prepared on behalf of the CITES Secretariat. WCMC, Cambridge. Pisano, E. 1983. The Magellanic Tundra Complex. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 295-328. 228 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas SSC/TPC. 1981. Report on Pilgerodendron uviferum for the Third Convention of the Parties in New Delhi, India. Vol.1 . WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turmialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 229 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pinus tecunumanii Pinaceae pino rojo Distribution Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca), Nicaragua, Panama Habitat Tropical, montane, dry, moist, seasonal, mixed, closed forest, open forest, occurring from 550 to 2700m. Although the exact limits of its range are imperfectly known, the species is found in upland valleys and plateaux, often growing on deep rich fertile soil, sometimes forming pure stands. Population Status and Trends A tree increasingly exploited for its quality timber. Populations are restricted in range within each country and the areas where they occur are frequently cleared and replaced by secondary shrubland with Pinus oocarpa. Ecology Associated species include P. ayachahuite, P. oocarpa, P. maximinoi, P. pseudostrobus and Liquidambar styraciflua. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals, burning, forestry management Utilisation The timber is highly valued for use in construction work. Trade The species is reported in international trade, being exported from Honduras 1994 in the form of veneer, sawnwood and logs (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU A2c according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group Conservation Measures Plantations have been established but no conservation measures are in place. Forest Management and Silviculture Seed production per cone is low and the numbers of cones produced is also low. References Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. ITTO, 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. International Tropical Timber Trade Organization (ITTO). Mitre, Martin E. 1997. Completed data collection forms for trees of Panama. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 230 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Pitavia punctata Rutaceae canelillo, canelillo, pitao Distribution Chile (Biobio, Maule) Habitat The species occurs in moist lowland forest between 300 and 700m. Population status and trends A species which is known from two regions in central Chile in the Coastal Cordillera. Populations are under threat throughout the area, mainly from logging and forest management activities. Almost all of the coastal stands are now replaced by Pinus radiata plantations. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Clear-felling/logging of the habitat, forestry management Utilisation The species is used locally as a bee plant and ornamental. Trade IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to Gonzalez (1996). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Benoit, C. & L. Ivan (eds.). 1989. Libro rojo de la flora terrestre de Chile. Santiago: Impresora Creces Ltd. 157 pp. Gonzélez Cangas, Mauro. 1996. Completed data collection forms for tree species of Chile. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 231 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Platymenia foliolosa Leguminosae vinhatico Distribution Brazil (Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco) Habitat Tropical, lowland, submontane, moist, closed forest, scrub. A widespread species of diverse habitat types from dry sub-humid tropical to humid sub-tropical climatic zones, riparian forest, mountain ridges, cerrados, also roadsides and cocoa plantations. Population Status and Trends Selective exploitation for the timber coupled with poor regeneration is causing a decline in population numbers, especially in the coastal areas of Espirito Santo. The species is included in the databook of endangered species by the FAO (FAO, 1986). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, poor regeneration Utilisation Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Lewis, G.P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 232 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Platymiscium parviflorum (=pleiostachyum) Leguminosae nambar Distribution Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua Habitat The species occurs in remnant dry forests and woodlands on flat ground, including disturbed or secondary forest (Blaser, 1996; Jiménez Madngal, 1993). Population Status and Trends The species is scarce. Individuals often show signs of genetic degradation and regeneration 1s largely absent (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993; SSC et al., 1992). It is included in a list of threatened timber trees in Costa Rica (Jiménez Madngal, 1993). Ecology Associated species include Dalbergia retusa, Tabebuia ochracea, T. impetiginosa and Lonchocarpus minimiflorus (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Poor regeneration, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation An attractive timber which is used to make panels, flooring, furniture and drums (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Trade Heavy exploitation has occurred in southern Costa Rica (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996) but no international trade has been reported to CITES (SSC et al., 1992). It is possible trade is occurring unreported from El Salvador and Nicaragua (SSC er al., 1992). Blaser (1996) claims that the species has never been internationally traded. IUCN Conservation category EN Cl according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Costa Rica has prohibited the export of the species. Populations are recorded in Santa Rosa National Park and Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve (Jiménez Madrigal, 1993) . Forest Management and Silviculture References Aguilar, J.M. 1981. Annotations to: List of threatened plants of Middle America. Blaser, J. 1996. Silvicultural considerations of listing timber species in Appendices I, II and III of CITES. Working document for the 2nd meeting of the CITES Timber Working Group. (unpublished). Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. Jiménez Madrigal, Quirico. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extincion en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 121pp. SSC, Traffic & WCMC. 1992. Deletion of Platymiscium pleiostachyum from Appendix I. In Analyses of proposals to ammend the CITES Appendices. Standley, P.C. 1. Flora of Costa Rica. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(1): 1-1616. 233 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 234 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Podocarpus parlatorei Podocarpaceae pino de cerro Distribution Argentina, Bolivia, Peru Habitat Tropical, montane, moist, closed forest, cloud forest. A characteristic species of bosque nublado Tucumano-Boliviano (Killeen et al., 1993). Population Status and Trends The main threat to the species is habitat loss, although it is also considered to be an important commercial timber (Blaser, 1996). Populations in Argentina are very thin and scattered. Their exact locations are kept undisclosed for better protection (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Habitat loss. Utilisation The wood is a commercial lumber and is used in the manufacture of pencils (Blaser, 1996). Trade An important economic species for Bolivia (Killeen et al., 1993). No international trade has been reported and the species is banned from trade between CITES members (Blaser, 1996). IUCN Conservation category DD according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Gardner, 1997). Conservation Measures The species is listed on Appendix I of CITES. Forest Management and Silviculture Although easily propagated the species is slow growing (0.3-0.5cm increment in diameter pa) and an economically unattractive candidate for management (Blaser, 1996). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Arce, S.J.P., C.S. Estenssoro, & S.P. Ergueta. 1987. Diagnostico del estado de la flora, fauna y communidades importantes para la conservaci6n. Bolivia, La Paz, Centro de Datos para la Conservacion. 98pp. Blaser, J. 1996. Silvicultural considerations of listing timber species in Appendices I, II and III of CITES. Working document for the 2nd meeting of the CITES Timber Working Group. (unpublished). Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Gardner, M. 1997. Completed data collection forms for South American conifers. Killeen, T.J., E. Garcia & S.G. Beck (eds.). 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden. 958pp. Sachsse, H. & E. Schulte. 1987. Some important wood properties of the Bolivian Podocarpus parlatorei. Holz Als Roh-Und Werkstoff 45(12): 475-480. 235 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Prumnopitys andina Podocarpaceae lleuque, uva de la cordillera, Uva de la Cordillera Distribution Chile (La Araucania, Los Lagos, Maule) Habitat The species is distributed in clumps in low- to medium-altitude mixed forest. Population status and trends A timber tree with a fragmented distribution in the central Andean range. Populations are small, containing not more than a few hundred individuals, and exploitation is at a high level throughout the species’ range, largely for the woodchip industry. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, burning, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, forestry management activities, pastoralism/ranching. Utilisation The fruit is edible and fed to animals Trade The timber is present in domestic trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd, C2a according to Gonzalez (1996). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1998. Data collection forms for conifer species completed by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group between 1996 and 1998. Gonzalez Cangas, Mauro. 1996. Completed data collection forms for tree species of Chile. Laubenfels, D. de. 1985. Taxonomic Revision of Podocarpus. Blumea 30(2): 251-278. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 236 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Pterogyne nitens Leguminosae amendoim bravo, cocal, guirar6, madeira nova, palo coca, tipa colorado Distribution Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Tucuman), Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Habitat The species occurs in dry deciduous forest, caatinga, transition between caatinga and mata de cipo, disturbed deciduous woodland, usually on calcareous soils in areas where there is a well defined dry season. Population Status and Trends The species distribution is contained within an area extending from northern Argentina into Brazil, Paraguay and Boliva. The habitat is unprotected and under decline because of logging, encroaching agriculture and pastoralism (Prado, 1996). In Bolivia the species represents one of several species, native to the semi-decidous forests of eastern Santa Cruz, which are experiencing increased logging pressure (Killeen, 1997). The demand for the wood, especially for industrial use, has resulted in the species becoming increasingly rare throughout its natural range. The species is included in the databook of endangered species by the FAO (FAO, 1986). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, extensive agriculture, pastoralism/ranching Utilisation In Argentina the wood is considered to be of excellent quality and in high demand (Prado, 1996). The wood is exported from Paraguay and used to make veneer, high-quality furniture, turnery, flooring and plywood. IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to Prado, D. Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture An average height of 9.02m and DBH of 10.71cm after 14 years growth is recorded from trials in Sao Paulo. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on species summaries for Bolivia. Lewis, G.P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Lopez, J. & Elbert L. Little. 1987. Arboles communes del Paraguay. Washington, DC: Peace Corps. 425pp. Ortega Torres, E., L. Stutz de Ortega & R. Spichiger. 1989. Noventa especies forestales del Paraguay. Flora del Paraguay. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genéve & Missouri Botanical Garden. Prado, Darién Eros. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. 237 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Schinopsis balansae Anacardiaceae quebracho colorado chaquefio, quebracho colorado santafesino Distribution Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Santa Fe), Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay. Habitat A characteristic component of the Gran Chaco, especially in the eastern humid plains. Population Status and Trends Quebracho is the national tree of Argentina. About half of the quebracho forest is contained in Argentina, where it has declined by 65% over the past 80 years through logging and clearance for cattle ranching and agriculture. Quebracho forest, originally extending 106 million ha in 1914, is believed to have been reduced to 60 million ha by 1956 and to 36 million ha in 1984 (CITES, 1992). Exploitation in the present day does not reach pre-1954 levels but a process of overselection of fit individuals has resulted in large areas of forest comprising of only unproductive small bushes. An estimated 80,000km?2 of the dry Chaco subregion are believed to take this form (Morello & Hortt, 1987). More than 40,000km? is thought to have become totally degraded through the destructive action of grazing cattle (Morello & Hortt, 1987). The species is included in the list of endangered species in Argentina (Chebez, 1994). However it remains common over large areas of forest Role of species in the Ecosystem Quebracho forests are the habitat of a considerable fauna and flora, notably commercially important psittacines. Threats Overexploitation, pasturalism/ranching, agriculture, burning, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Tannin is the major product of this species, although the timber is of domestic importance for making telegraph poles, railway sleepers. It is also used as a fuelwood. Trade S. balanasae is one of the more valuable of the Schinopsis timbers. Annual extraction from Argentina is reported to have declined from 450 million tons in the 1960s to 200 million tons in 1986 (CITES proposal, 1992). Tannin exports between 1982 and 1990 were between 40,000 and 80,000 tonnes (SSC et al. 1992). Argentina extracted 521,910 tonnes in Schinopsis spp. in 1982 and 289,178 tonnes in 1986 (SSC et al., 1992). IUCN Conservation category LRlc according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures The genus is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Forest Management and Silviculture It takes 120 years for the species to reach maturity (CITES, 1992) but regeneration is good in the original habitat. References Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. Lopez, J. & Elbert L. Little. 1987. Arboles communes del Paraguay. Washington, DC: Peace Corps. 425pp. Morello, J. & G. Hortt, 1987. La naturaleza y la frontera agropecuaria en el Gran Chaco Sudamericano.Pensamiento Iberoamericano, Revista de Economia Politica 12 (Medio Ambiente: Deterioro y Recuperacion), Espana Prado, Darién Eros. 1996. Completed data collection forms for trees of Argentinia and neighbouring countries. 238 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas SSC, Traffic & WCMC. 1992. Inclusion of Schinopsis spp. in Appendix II. In Analyses of proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 239 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Swietenia humilis Meliaceae caoba, coabilla, cobano, gateado, Pacific coast mahogany, venadillo, zapaton, zopilote Distribution Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Habitat A fairly widespread species of dry deciduous forest, savanna, rough scrub, rocky hillsides and cultivated fields. Population Status and Trends Trees are most often seen as scattered and isolated individuals, preserved in cultivated land and pastures. Large specimens are rare. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Habitat loss Utilisation The timber is used in local carpentry, but is of little commercial importance. Trade Reports of international trade in 1994 record Honduras as exporting 4000m3 plywood at an average price of US$149/m?, 4000m3 veneer at an average price of US$57/m3, 3000m? sawnwood at an average price of US$71/m3, 3000m3 logs at US$57/m3. Importers of Swietenia spp. in the form of plywood include U.S.A., Portugal; in the form of veneer include U.S.A., Portugal and Greece; in the form of sawnwood include U.S.A., Sweden, Portugal, Greece; and Portugal is recorded as importing logs (ITTO, 1997). CITES reported trade for this species in the period 1990 - 1994 consists of two transactions reported by Guatemala; 72m? exported to Guadeloupe and 41m3 exported to the USA. IUCN Conservation category Conservation Measures The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES Forest Management and Silviculture Some experimental plantings have been established, for example in Honduras, but have suffered from the impact of mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella (Newton, in litt. 1998) References Newton, A. 1998. Jn litt to WCMC Pennington, T.D. 1981. Meliaceae. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 28. 470 pp. Standley, P.C., J.A. Steyermark, & L.O. Williams. 1946. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Bot. 24 The Nature Conservancy. 1996. Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on LatinAmerican plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden.). 240 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae acajou, 4guano, araputango, caoba, Honduras mahogany, large-leaved mahogany, mara, mogno Distribution Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Goias, Maranhdo, Mato Grosso, Para, Rond6nia, Tocantins), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela Habitat This species tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions, often in areas of 1000 — 2000 mm annual rainfall but also in some very wet areas, over 4000 mm rainfall, and on a variety of soils. Population Status and Trends A large timber tree with an extensive distribution, originally described from cultivated specimens in India. Currently the most commercially important of the mahoganies, exploitation has been taking place for several centuries. Populations in the northern part of the species’ range from Mexico to Colombia were depleted at a relatively early stage. Exploitation in Brazil began in the 1960s but has continued at a very rapid rate. The most extensive stands are found in Brazil. In Bolivia, the populations in Santa Cruz are essentially extinct and in Beni they are decimated. Mahogany operations continue at Pando but these populations, too, are expected to be exhausted within the decade (Killeen, 1997). Only a few populations remain in north-east Ecuador, where selective logging has caused genetic erosion and population decreases (Buitron, 1996). Mahogany regenerates in extensively cleared areas after large-scale disaster and therefore generally occurs in even-aged stands. Modern logging practises, therefore, commonly lead to the complete (or 95%, leaving non-commercially individuals) removal of stands over a large area, leaving few smaller individuals and an insubstantial seed source for future regeneration (Snook, 1996). Regeneration after selective and clear felling has been noted as poor or non-existant in a number of countries because of these characteristics of the species. Evidence of genetic erosion has been described by various experts, although no quantitative information is available to support these suggestions (Newton et al., 1996). Harvesting and processing are only 50% efficient. There is little economic incentive to sustainably manage natural stands (Gullison, pers. comm. 1996). Various countries record the species as threatened at a national level (Asociacién Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza, 1990; Buitrén, 1996; IBAMA, 1992; Jiménez Madrigal, 1993). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation Utilisation Originally preferred for making canoes and ships at a domestic level, mahogany is now considered one of the highest-quality woods in the world. It is principally used for interior finishing, furniture, ornaments, inlays and carving. Trade In Brazil and Bolivia over 70% of the mahogany harvested is bound for international trade. Most mahogany harvested in Guatemala is also for export, mainly to Mexico (Snook, 1996). International trade data from 1994 reports that Honduras exported Swietenia macrophylla in the form of plywood, veneer, sawnwood and logs. Peru exported veneer in 1994 and sawnwood in 1995, Brazil exported 98,000m3 sawnwood in 1995. The species is also entering international trade from non-native sources such as Fiji, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago. Importers of Swietenia spp. in the form of plywood include U.S.A., Portugal; in the form of veneer include U.S.A., Portugal and Greece; in the form of sawnwood include U.S.A., Sweden, Portugal, Greece; and Portugal is recorded as importing logs (ITTO, 1997). 241 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to WCMC. Conservation Measures Proposals to list the species on CITES have repeatedly failed. Populations are found in a number of national parks and forest reserves, such as the Biosphere Reserve Montes Azules in Chiapas and Calakmul in Campeche and the Mayan Biosphere Reserve in northern Petén. In Brazil 3.5 million ha of parks and reserves have been created within the mahogany. However the enforcement of protective measures in these areas is problematic and illegal logging is known to be widespread (Newton er al. 1996). Techniques for the effective genetic conservation of mahogany are available. Progress has been made in establishing the correct conditions for long term seed storage. However there is no coordinated effort to ensure the ex situ conservation of important genotypes. Forest Management and Silviculture Regeneration is stochastic, depending on large-scale disturbance. The species is cultivated throughout the tropics. It is able to grow on most soil types but responds best when growing in deep fertile well- drained soils. Fruit crops are regularly borne after about 15 years age. Growth is very rapid under favourable conditions; annual volume increments of 15-20m:3 per. ha. have been achieved in the Antilles with rotations of 40-50 years (Lamprecht, 1989). The most serious unsolved problem in mahogany cultivation, particularly in the neotropics, is the damage caused to young trees by the shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella (Lamprecht, 1989). Although some mahogany forests have now been certified as sustainable, the vast majority of mahogany is exploited in unmanaged stands and there are very few examples where attempts are being made to harvest the timber sustainably (Newton, in litt. 1998). References Asociacion Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza. 1990. List of threatened and vulnerable plants of Panama. (unpublished). Buitron, X. (comp.). 1996. List of endangered and possibly endangered species of Ecuador produced by the Workshop of Flora Specialists of Ecuador for the National Biodiversity Diagnostic, Nov. 1996. Caribbean Conservation Association. (comp.). 1991. St Lucia: country environmental profile. St Michael, Barbados: Caribbean Conservation Association. xx-332. Centro de Datos para la Conservacion. 1986. Lista preliminar de plantas especiales. Limon, Peru: Centro de Datos para la Conservacion. 19pp. Centro de Datos para la Conservaci6n-CDC-CVC. 1980. Lista preliminar de plantas especiales del Centro de Datos para la conservacion, CDC-CVC. (unpublished). 10pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. Garcia, R.D. & I. Olmsted. 1987. Listado floristico de la Reserva Sian Ka'an. Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico 71pp. Howard, R.A. (ed.). 1974. Flora of the Lesser Antilles; Leeward and Windward Islands. Jamaica Plain, Mass., Arnold Arboretum. 6 vols, 1974-1989. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameagadas de extingao. (unpublished). App. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Jiménez Madrigal, Quirico. 1993. Arboles maderables en peligro de extincion en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 121pp. Killeen, T. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia. Lamprecht, H. 1990. Silviculture in the tropics: tropical forest ecosystems and their tree species; possibilities and methods for their long-term utilization. Dt. Ges. fiir Techn. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn. Newton, A.C. et al. 1996. Mahogany as a genetic resource. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 122:61-73. Newton, A. 1998. In litt to WCMC Oldfield, S. 1995. Plants and the 1994 CITES conference. Plant Talk 1: 12-13. Pennington, T.D. 1981. Meliaceae. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 28. 470 pp. 242 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Snook, L.K. 1996. Catastrophic disturbance, logging and the ecology of mahogany (Swietenia macrophyllaKing): grounds for listing a major tropical timber species in CITES. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 122:35-46. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil, 1992. Centuria plantarum Brasiliensium extintionis minitata. Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 175pp. Standley, P.C., J.A. Steyermark, & L.O. Williams. 1946. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Bot. 24 243 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae acajou, caoba, coabilla, Cuban mahogany, madeira, mahok, mahoni, small-leaved mahogany, West Indian mahogany Distribution Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe (Guadeloupe, St Martin-St Barthelemy), Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Turks and Caicos Islands, USA (Florida), Habitat A species of tropical, lowland closed and open forest types. In south Florida the species occurs in remaining areas of dry or moist forest, often on limestone. Population Status and Trends The first mahogany to appear in the European market five centuries ago. Natural stands became extensively exhausted before the early years of this century in many areas. Some authors have suggested that the species has experienced severe genetic erosion, but hard evidence of this is lacking (Newton et al 1996). Well formed timber trees are now extremely rare and most individuals are highly branched, relatively short trees. It is reported to be one of the dominant species of semi-deciduous forest in the Sierra de Neiba in Hispaniola (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996). Various countries have recorded the species as threatened at a national level (Calderon, 1997; Jiménez, 1978). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation Utilisation As with S. macrophylla the timber is of the highest-quality, used in cabinet and furniture-making, panelling and pianos. Trade Small quantities of timber from plantations are periodically available on the international market. CITES reported trade in this species, added to Appendix II of the Convention following a decision by the Eighth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 1992, consists of the export of 72 carvings from the Dominican Republic to Spain as reported by Spain; 41 live plants and 32 timber pieces exported from the Dominican Republic to the USA as reported by the Dominican Republic (Oldfield and Collins, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Cl according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures The species is listed in Appendix II of *CITES. In Florida the species is listed as threatened in Florida Statute 581.185. Forest Management and Silviculture Regeneration depends on large-scale disturbance; flooding, hurricane etc. Trees do not set seed until at least 12 years age. The establishment of plantations has had limited success because of attack by the shoot-borer Hypsipyla grandella. References Calderon, E. (comp.). 1997. Lista de plantas Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt. (unpublished). 14 pp Carrington, S. 1993. Wild plants of Barbados. Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd. 1 - 128. Correll, D.S. & H.B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Cramer. 1692pp. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. 244 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Howard, R.A. (ed.). 1974. Flora of the Lesser Antilles; Leeward and Windward Islands. Jamaica Plain, Mass., Arnold Arboretum. 6 vols, 1974-1989. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Jiménez, J. de J. 1978. Lista tentativa de plantas de la Republica Dominicana que deben protegerse para evitar su extincion. Santo Domingo: Coloquio Internacional sobre la practica de la conservacion. CIBIMA/UASD. Newton, A.C. et al. 1996. Mahogany as a genetic resource. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 122:61-73. Oldfield, S. and Collins, L. 1997 Review and improvement of national reporting for trade in plants listed in the Appendices of CITES. A report prepared on behalf of the CITES Secretariat. WCMC, Cambridge. Pennington, T.D. 1981. Meliaceae. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 28. 470 pp. Proctor, George R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: London, HMSO. 834pp. Rodan, B.D., A.C. Newton & A. Verissimo. 1992. Mahogany conservation: status and policy initiatives. Environmental Conservation 19: 331-338. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 245 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Syagrus glaucescens Palmae Distribution Brazil (Minas Gerais) Habitat The species is found in submontane scrub or cerrado and campo rupestre on rocky outcrops between 700 and 1200m. Population status and trends A small palm tree confined to Serra da Diamantina in Minas Gerais. Population numbers are declining at an alarming rate. Only a few small trees remain and mature individuals are almost completely absent from certain areas. Habitat destruction and human pressures have been cause of declines. There is also evidence that adult palms have been collected for the horticultural trade. Role of the species in the ecosystem Threats Burning, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilization A species of ornamental value. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alc according to Noblick (Johnson et al., 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Johnson, D. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for palms. 246 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Tabebuia impetiginosa (=ipe) Bignoniaceae ipé, lapacho negro, pau d’ arco Distribution Argentina (Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero), Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico Habitat The species occurs on deep alluvial soils in gallery forest, on ridges and table lands. It also occurs as solitary trees on pastureland. Population Status and Trends A widespread species with a wide ecological tolerance. Exploitation appears to have reached such levels in some places, notably in Brazil, that significant population declines are occurring. It is only threatened at a local level in Argentina (Chebez, 1994). It is included in FAO’s databook on endangered species (FAO, 1986). Ecology Usual species associations include Astronium sp., Anadenanthera sp. and Torresia sp. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation The heavy, hard wood is used for carving, construction work, sleepers and fence posts. Trade Tabebuia spp. were exported from Brazil in the form of 19,000m? of sawnwood in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category LRlc according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture The species is not cultivated on a commercial scale but it is frequently planted as an ornamental tree. References Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1994. Los que se van. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Albatros. 604pp. d'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama: checklist and index. Monographs in Systematic Botany 17: 1- 1000. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. HMSO. 1. Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Janzen, Daniel H. (ed.). 1983. Costa Rican natural history. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 816pp. 247 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Virola surinamensis Myristicaceae ucutiba branca, ucutiba da varzea Distribution Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Para, Pernambuco, Roraima), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Habitat A primary species of swamp and inundated forest types. Population Status and Trends Although the species is relatively frequent, exploitation in parts of the range, chiefly as a soure of plywood, is resulting in population reductions (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). Exploitation is reported to be heavy in Brazil and the species is included in the official list of threatened species (IBAMA, 1992). Role of species in the Ecosystem The fruits are an important food source to monkeys, cotingas and toucans. Threats Overexploitation. Utilisation The wood is used in house construction but chiefly in making boxes, crates, plywood, boards and veneer. Oil is extracted from the seed in Brazil. Trade In Central America the species provides a cheap source of plywood (Americas Regional Workshop, 1996). The timber is present in international trade. Brazil exported 21,000m: of the wood in 1994 at an average price of US$145/m3 (ITTO, 1995a). Ecuador exported 393,116m? of timber from Virola spp. in 1994 (ITTO, 1995b), 1000m? plywood at an average price of US$385/m? and Or sawnwood at an average price of US$393/m3in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). Brazil exported 8000m: of the species in the form of sawnwood in 1995. Peru exported Virola spp. sawnwood in 1995. Importers of Virola spp. in the form of plywood, veneer, sawnwood and logs are reported to include U.S.A., Western Europe, Japan, Venezuela and Canada (Teixeira, 1988). IUCN Conservation category EN Alad+2cd according to the Americas Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project (WCMC, 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture The species is being replanted on 220km? mixed plots on previously exploited land in Surinam (Harcourt & Sayer, 1996). References Americas Regional Workshop. 1996. Discussions held at CATIE, Costa Rica, November 1996 at the Second Regional Workshop of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. (Unpublished). Cremers, G. 1994. Annotations to: Threatened plants of French Guiana (South America). 56pp. Encarnacion, F. 1983. Nomenclatura de las especies forestales comunes en el Peru. Lima 147pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. Harcourt, C.S. & J.A. Sayer (eds.). 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: the Americas. Simon & Schuster, Singapore. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameagadas de extingao. (unpublished). App. ITTO. 1995a. Elements for the annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. Draft Document. 248 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas ITTO. 1995b. Results of the 1995 forecasting and statistical enquiry for the annual review. Yokohama Japan. 205pp. Teixeira, D.E. 1988. Amazonian timbers for the international market. Brasilia: Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development & ITTO. 94pp. WCMC. 1996. Report of the Second Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (unpublished). 249 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Vouacapoua americana Leguminosae Distribution Brazil (Amapa, Maranhdo, Para), French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Habitat A slow-growing species confined to remaining areas of high dense forest on clay or sandy soils. Population Status and Trends Populations are now reduced to a few privately-owned or inaccessible localities. Declines in numbers continue to occur because of overexploitation (Varty, 1996). The species is included in the official list compiled by IBAMA of threatened Brazilian plants (IBAMA, 1992). Further data on the status of populations in French Guyana and Surinam may alter the current global status of the species. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Commercial overexploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Trade IUCN Conservation category CR Alcd+2cd according to Varty & Guadagnin (Varty, 1996) Conservation Measures References Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. Detienne, P., D. Fouquet, & B. Parant. 1990. Les bois Guyanais: propriétés et utilisation. [Guianese woods: properties and uses]. Bois et Foréts des Tropiques 219: 125-143. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. Rome: FAO. IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameac¢adas de extingao. (unpublished). 4pp. Teixeira, D.E. 1988. Amazonian timbers for the international market. Brasilia: Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development & ITTO. 94pp. Varty, Nigel. 1996. Data collection forms for Brazilian Atlantic forest species. 250 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Washingtonia filifera Palmae desert palm, Californian fan palm Distribution Mexico, USA (Arizona, California, Nevada) Habitat A clumped palm of arid regions along streams in canyons, where groundwater is present, occurring from sea level up to 1200m. Population status and trends An estimated 25,000 wild desert palm trees exist in about 116 seeps, springs and streams in the Sonoran Desert. In California stands are infrequent but the population is thought to be relatively stable. Some trees are lost during flash floods or killed when their fan ‘skirts’ are burned by vandals (Reiser, 1994). There is some controversy over the Nevada subpopulation which is confined to a small area in Moapa, in the south. Various agencies believe the stands, which number no more than 2000 to 3000 trees, were introduced and as a consequence are supporting the cutting of trees. The local inhabitants believe the stands to be natural and are campaigning for their protection. Role of the species in the ecosystem Threats Drainage, expansion of human settlement Utilization A valuable ornamental plant. The species is widely planted as a street tree in south west USA. The fruits and seeds are edible and the leaf fibre is used in basketry. Trade The species is traded internationally as an ornamental. Conservation status LR/nt according to Johnson (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Johnson, D. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for palms. Reiser, C.H. 1994. California fan palm [Washingtonia filifera (Lindl.) Wendl.] In Rare Plants of San Diego County WEB site. http://www.sierraclub.org/chapters/sandiego/rareplants. 251 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Zanthoxylum flavum Rutaceae Jamaican satinwood, West Indian satinwood Distribution Anguilla, Bahamas, Bermuda, Brazil (Amazonas), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, USA (Florida). Habitat The species occurs in thickets and woodland on rocky limestone. Population Status and Trends In Central America the species is represented by a single collection from Swan Island, Honduras. The species has been heavily exploited for its timber over a long period on all the West Indian islands. Stands are now largely depleted of mature trees and the timber is extremely rare in international trade. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation An attractive wood which has been used for cabinet work, inlays, fancy goods, turnery and fine furniture. Trade From a commercial standpoint the timber is extremely rare and expensive, basically out of distribution (Flynn, 1994) IUCN Conservation category VU Alc according to Areces-Mallea, A.E. Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. Jamaica: University of the West Indies. 848pp. Areces-Mallea, A.E. 1997. A listing of threatened Cuban trees prepared for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project. Center for Plant Conservation (CPC). 1992. Printout of CPC's data for North American plants. Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture. 464pp. Flynn, J.H. 1994. A guide to useful woods of the world. Portland, Maine: King Philip Publishing Co. Nelson, C. H. 1997. Threatened Trees of Honduras. 1-8 252 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: The Americas Zeyheria tuberculosa Bignoniaceae bolsa-de-pastor, camarucu, ipé felpudo Distribution Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) Habitat A pioneer species in altered ecosystems, forming large homogenous stands. It is also found in rainforest, dry forest, cerrados and mountain ridges, often at altitudes where there are frequent frosts. Population Status and Trends The species occurs in an area where the forest has been widely devastated by encroaching agriculture, ranching and other developments. However, it is well adapted to altered landscapes where it is allowed to grow back. It is included in the databook on endangered species by FAO (FAO, 1986). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Local overexploitation, extensive agriculture, pastoralism/ranching Utilisation A useful timber for civil construction, sleepers and fence posts, also tool handles and fuelwood. The leaves are eaten by cattle during dry periods. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture The species is infrequently cultivated. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. 253 yh aidan Sat ere we net Lay rh asa ano SEUNIOOD - Anpurls, Vehers Aisi Pig, S é Eh. a : ee anise aiieh « Sah Bl) Stews ote jet, or a Hiner cde fe ce ree C the ; - i ut ASIA Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-troujani Distribution This species is endemic to Kaz-Dagh and Ulu-Dagh in western Turkey. Habitat This temperate species is found in moist coniferous montane forest and is found in both open and closed forest. It is found in seasonal climates between 1000-2000 m (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Population Status and Trends Usually found in pure stands, this species is locally abundant but has a scattered distribution (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Regeneration Seeds of this shade tolerant species are wind dispersed. Role of Species in its Ecosystem Not known. Threats This species is threatened by habitat degradation, changes in land use, and overgrazing (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Utilisation A. nordmanniana subsp. equi-troujani is a timber species. Trade Not known. Conservation Status IUCN Threat Category and Criteria: LR Ic (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996) Conservation Measures No information. References SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996. Discussions held by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group as part of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Project. March, 1996. 255 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Acacia crassicarpa Leguminosae red wattle Distribution Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea Habitat A species of tropical, lowland, dry, broadleaved, forest and woodland types, including savannah woodland, monsoon forest and gallery-type forest. Associated species include Acacia aulaeocarpa, Melaleuca spp., Lophostemon suaveolens and Tristancopsis ferruginea. Population status and trends In Papua New Guinea, this species is confined to dry and seasonal monsoon forests of the Western Province. Populations occur in logging areas and the timber is actively sought after (Eddowes, 1997) Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Overexploitation, habitat destruction, fire. Utilisation The wood is used for joinery, furniture, cabinet-work, veneer and flooring. The timber has an attractive form and red hue. Trade The timber is traded on a minor international scale. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcd according to Eddowes (1997). Conservation measures There are probably one or two specimens planted in LAE National Botanic Gardens, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. CSIRO (Australia) have made extensive seed collections of a range of Acacia spp. from Papua New Guinea. Forest management and silviculture Plantations have been established in Indonesia. References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. 256 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Acer laurinum Aceraceae perdu, walik elar, wuru dapang, wuru putih Distribution Borneo, China (Hainan), Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Myanmar, (Mindanao Island) Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand? Habitat The only truly tropical maple. A giant tree of primary montane forest, rarely secondary or devastated forest, occurring up to 2000m. In Sabah and Sarawak populations are apparently confined to soils of relatively high nutrient status, on igneous rocks between 200 and 1500m in the upper limits of mixed dipterocarp forest and on granodiorite rocks in lower montane oak-laurel forest between 1200 and 1600m. Population status and trends A widespread and relatively common species, although it appears to be rare in truly non-seasonal parts of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. In Sabah only two collections have been made and the species is frequent within a very local distribution in Sarawak (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). The distribution in the Philippines is also local (Asia Regional Workhop, 1997). According to Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo (1998) the species is uncommon but fairly widespread and does not seem to be threatened. Role of species in the ecosystem No information Threats No specific information on threats to this species. Utilisation The white undersides to the leaves provide an attractive omamental attribute to the species. Utilisation of the timber is very limited due to its scarcity and absence of heartwood (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo 1998). Trade IUCN Conservation category DD according to the Asia Regional Workshop (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures It is now in cultivation in the Botanical Garden of the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Forest management and silviculture The species is of low forestry interest (Asia Regional Workhop, 1997). Nothing is known about its propagation (van Gelderen et al., 1994). References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC © Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. Soepadma, E. and Wong, K.M. (Eds.) 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Volume 1. Government of Malaysia, ITTO, ODA. Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo 1998. van Gelderen, D.M., P.C. de Jong and H.J. Oterdoom. 1994. Maples of the world. Timber Press, Portland. WCMC. 1997. Report on the Third Regional Workshop held at Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997 WCMCISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 257 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Afzelia rhomboidea Leguminosae afzelia, balayong, kupang, Malaca teak, tanduk, tarum, tindalo Distribution Eastern Sumatra, northern Bomeo and Philippines. In the Philippines it occurs in Luzon, Masbate, Marindoque, Leyle, Cebu and Mindanao. Habitat The species is scattered on low hills and ridges or in areas which are temporarily inundated with freshwater at low and medium altitudes (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). In the Philippines it is found near the coast and along the edges of dipterocarp forests. Population status and trends Populations in the Philippines have become depleted through logging and kaingin making (de Guzman et al, 1986). There is little specific information on populations elsewhere. It is likely that habitat conversion, especially for oil palm plantation, has affected populations in Sumatra (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Large trees are sometimes left standing as they are too time-consuming and hard to cut (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem No information Threats Commercial overexploitation, habitat destruction and degradation (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Utilisation The wood is widely used in local crafts and in high grade construction, cabinet and furniture work. Trade The species is probably still in trade in the Philippines (Soerianegara, & Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category VU Alc,d according to the Asia Regional Workshop (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures In the Philippines the DENR Administrative Order No. 78 Series of 1987, Interim Guidelines on the Cutting/Gathering of Narra and other Premium Hardwoods, imposes restrictions on the felling of this species. Forest management and silviculture A slow-growing species (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMCISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. de Guzman, E.D., Umali, R.M, Sotalba, E.D. 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna Volume III. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WCMC. 1997. Report on the Third Regional Workshop held at Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997 WCMCYISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 258 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Agathis borneensis Araucariaceae bembueng, bindang, damar minyak, damar pilau, hedje, tambunan Distribution Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak). Agathis dammara and A. philippensis are treated as separate species. Habitat A common species of tropical moist mixed closed forest up to 2200m. Pure stands occur on low-lying sandy peat soil in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Population Status and Trends Large stands of trees have been completely extracted through much of its range, most notably in Kalimantan. The stands of 100-400m?/ha volume in South Kalimantan have been seriously depleted (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Exploitation continues to be heavy and regeneration in residual stands is insufficient to replace lost populations. In the past the tree has also been destructively expoited for copal. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat. Utilisation Agathis species are distinctive, highly-sought and exploited for their valuable timber. It is excellent for joinery, boat building, construction, panelling, tumnery, utensils. It also makes a good veneer, pulp and paper, charcoal and activated carbon. The resin or Manila copal is used in varnishes. Heavy exploitation had reduced the economic importance of the genus. Trade Agathis spp. are reported in exports from Indonesia and Malaysia. Indonesia exported 760,000m:? in the form of round logs in 1973. In 1987 and 1988 67,000m3 and 83,000m3 of sawnwood was exported at a value of US$20.1 million and US$22.2 million respectively. Sarawak exported 22,000m? in log form in 1987 and Sabah exported 130,000m;3. By the 1990s sawnwood had taken over in the market in Peninsular Malaysia. The largest export volume of 8300m 3 in round wood is reported in 1967. Sawnwood exports increased from 3250m? in 1973 to 3300m#in 1986 and 6000m? in 1989 and decreased again to 5500m? and 3500m3in 1990 and 1992 respectively (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). The peak in the world production of copal occurred in the earlier part of the century, the large part coming from Indonesia. 18,000t was produced in 1926 and in 1987 Indonesia was still exporting 2650t at a value of US$650,000 in 1987 but production has declined since then (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category VU Alacd according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon et al., 1996). Conservation Measures Important populations are held in Badas Forest Reserve in Brunei, Gunung Palung Nature Reserve in Kalimantan, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in Sumatra and Taman Negara National Park in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Management and Silviculture It is planted as a plantation tree and in enrichment planting (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Regeneration is only successful under a closed canopy (Lamprecht, 1989). Data from A. dammara plantations indicate that the usual rotation for pulpwood production in plantations is 20 years. More time is needed for timber production. Annual wood production is 23-32m%/ha in 30years and 22-28m? in 50years. A total yield of 570m/ha may be obtained after 40 years. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria References de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana series I - spermatophyta, flowering plants 10(3) Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Kostermans, A. 1990. Comments from Kostermans on a draft list of tropical timbers for Indonesia. Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silviculture in the tropics: tropical forest ecosystems and their tree species; possibilities and methods for their long-term utilization. Dt. Ges. fiir Techn. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). GmbH, Eschbom. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Whitmore, T.C. Utilization, potential and conservation of Agathis, a genus of tropical Asian conifers. 260 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Agathis endertii Araucariaceae bulok Distribution Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Habitat Isolated stands are confined to moist lowland forest or heath forest, often associated with sandstone kerangas up to 1400m. Population Status and Trends Although the species is widespread, it occurs in isolated populations. Role of species in the Ecosystem No information. Threats Over exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat. Utilisation The wood is used as kauri. Agathis species are distinctive, highly-sought and exploited for their valuable timber. It is excellent for joinery, boat building, construction, panelling, turnery, utensils. It also makes a good veneer, pulp and paper, charcoal and activated carbon. The resin or Manila copal is used in varnishes. Trade Although present in much smaller quantities in trade, the species is included in the export figures outlined for A. borneensis. IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon er al., 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculure References de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana series I - spermatophyta, flowering plants 10(3) Farjon, Aljos. er al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 261 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Agathis mooret Araucariaceae Distribution New Caledonia Habitat A species of tropical, lowland, moist, open forest occurring on shales, sandstones, schists up to 1000m. Population Status and Trends Scattered populations are found throughout the northern half of the island, mostly on non-ultramafic substrates. Substantial declines have occurred through overexploitation of the umber in recent years. Copal is also extracted at moderate levels. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Local overexploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Two grades of timber are produced according to their site of origin. The best quality is the heavy red kaori. White kaori is less durable and softer. Dammar or copal is used in the manufacture of paint, varnish, linoleum and turpentine. The species is also a good source of firewood. Trade The timber is sold as red or white kaori in mixed parcels with A. ovata and A. lanceolata, both endemic to New Caledonia. IUCN Conservation category VU B1+42c according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon et al., 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Jaffré, T., P. Bouchet, & J.-M. Veillon. 1996. Threatened Plants of New Caledonia: Is the system of protected areas adequate? Biodiversity & Conservation: 36. Keating, W.G. & E. Bolza. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume I. South-East Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press. Laubenfels, D.J. de. 1972. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Paris: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 167pp. 262 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Agathis spathulata Araucariaceae New Guinea kauri Distribution Papua New Guinea Habitat A species of tropical, submontane, moist, mixed, closed forest, occurring as an emergent or in groves on exposed sites between 900 - 1980m. Population Status and Trends Scattered emergenis survive in small exposed groves of rainforest in the eastern highlands. Over- exploitation of the timber is a threat. Role of species in the Ecosystem No information. Threats Clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The species is a major source of timber and locally used as a fuelwood. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon er al., 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana series I - spermatophyta, flowering plants 10(3) Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 263 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Agathis vitiensis Araucariaceae dakua makadre, Fijian kauri Distribution Fiji Habitat The species occurs at higher elevations in the montane zone, usually mixed formation with other softwoods. Population Status and Trends A massive tree and important timber species, found in low densities. It could become of conservation concer if logging was to become more intensive (Farjon et al., 1996). Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat. Utilisation The species is a major source of timber used in light construction, flooring, ship and boat-building, furniture, veneer and plywood, pulpwood, musical instruments, joinery, turnery and carving, and a local source of fuelwood. Trade The species is recorded in 1995 in exports of veneer, amounting to 1000m? valued at an average price of US$1039/m3, and in exports of sawnwood amounting to 5000m? valued at an average price of US$445/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category LRnt according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon er al., 1996). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Keating, W.G. & E. Bolza. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume 1. South-East Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press. Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova: a new Flora of Fiji. Hawaii, Pacific Tropical Botanic Garden. 264 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Aglaia penningtoniana Meliaceae Distribution Papua New Guinea Habitat Occurring between 30 and 1550m the species is found in tropical, lowland to montane rainforest. Population Status and Trends A variable species endemic to Papua New Guinea. The levels of selective logging and conversion of forest for agriculture may pose potentially serious threats. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, extensive agriculture. Utilisation Little information is available on the species use but it is thought to be of value as a timber. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alc according to Pannell (1997). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Pannell, C. 1997. Comments regarding the threat status of Aglaia trees. Pannell, C.M. 1992. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae). London: HMSO. 1-379. 265 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Aglaia perviridis Meliaceae tengkorak lang, tenkohalang, goi xanh Distribution Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand, Viet Nam Habitat Occurring between 100 and 1330m, the species is found in tropical or subtropical primary evergreen forest, monsoon and secondary forest on limestone or deep ferralitic wet and well-drained soils. Population Status and Trends Although a common species much of the habitat is threatened with destruction. In Viet Nam populations are sporadic in Que Phong and Qui Chau Districts. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation The fruit is eaten locally. The timber is used in construction, ship and boat-building, for household utensils and agricultural tools. It is often planted as an ornamental tree. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alc according to Pannell (1997). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Regeneration is said to be poor in Viet Nam and saplings are rarely found under the canopy of mother trees (Chinh et al., 1996). References Chinh, N.N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Forest Inventory and Planning Institute. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Pannell, C. 1997. Comments regarding the threat status of Aglaia trees. Pannell, C.M. 1992. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae). London: HMSO. 1-379. 266 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Aglaia silvestris Meliaceae ganggo, pacar kidang, kayu wole, bekak, segera, lantupak, salamingai, panuhan, chanchamot. Distribution: Cambodia, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is, Andaman and Nicobar Is - Nicobar Is), Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Solomon Islands (South Solomon), Thailand, Viet Nam Habitat A species of primary forest, swamps, savannah, kerengas, monsoon forest, moss forest, also occurring along roads and rivers up to 2100m. Population Status and Trends A widespread, variable species found in diverse habitat types up to 2100m throughout Malesia and Indochina. Habitat destruction is a continuous and potentially very serious threat. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is light and used in house-building and for making agricultural tools. The fruit are edible. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to Pannell (1997). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Propagation and planting experiments are taking place on a small scale. References Chinh, N.N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Forest Inventory and Planning Institute. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. Kessler, Paul J.A., Kade Sidiyasa, Ambriansyah Zainal, & Arifin Zainal. 1995. Checklist of secondary forest trees in East and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 84pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Pannell, C. 1997. Comments regarding the threat status of Aglaia trees. Pannell, C.M. 1992. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae). London: HMSO. 1-379. 267 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Ailanthus integrifolia Simaroubaceae ai lanit, kayu ruris, pohon langit, malasapsap, balokas, makaisa, white siris Distribution India (Assam), Papua New Guinea (Bismark Archipelago), Solomon Islands, Viet Nam, and all islands in Malesia except Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Habitat Mixed seasonal primary rainforest up to 900 m. Trees are scattered, never gregarious, in valleys along streams and in open locations. It is most often found on well-drained deep soils like fertile sandy loams. Population status and trends Although the species has a large distribution it is rare in most regions. It is locally common in New Guinea (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is used for house building, furniture manufacture, paper pulp, fuel and charcoal amongst other things. The leaves, bark, roots and resin have medicinal properties. The leaves also provide a black dye and the resin is burnt for its fragrance. Trade The timber is sometimes traded together with similar timber as ‘mixed light-coloured hardwood’. Japan imports small amounts of white siris mainly from Papua New Guinea but it is not thought to be present in European trade (WCMC, 1991). In Papua New Guinea logs fetch a minimum price of US$43/m?. IUCN Conservation category LR/Ic according to the Asia Regional Workshop (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures A close relative of the tree of heaven (A. altissima), this species is also widely planted. Forest management and silviculture The species is propagated by seed. Plantations have been developed in certain areas, for example in Java and India, but the timber is sourced from the wild in Papua New Guinea. It is believed that the establishment of plantations may benefit from a taungya system in which a low annual crop such as chilli or eggplant is planted in the first year. The species is fast-growing. Planted trees in Java showed an annual increment of 15m3/ha in the first ten years. In India increments of 20m3/ha have been attained. On suitable sites the timber may be harvested at 35-40 years. Natural regeneration of planted trees has been observed to occur after four years but seed production is variable. In the wild regeneration is poor in the shade but more successful in open weed-free situations. In summary the species has great plantation development, especially if seed production can be better controlled (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMCISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. WCMC. 1997. Report on the Third Regional Workshop held at Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997WCMCYISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 268 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Alloxylon brachycarpum Proteaceae pink oak, satin oak, silky oak Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea. In Irian Jaya the species is confined to the Digul district and the Aru Islands. Habitat A medium to large sized tree scattered in tropical primary lowland open forest. It occurs in seasonal dry climates in monsoon/gallery forest, associated with: Acacia aulacocarpa, Acacia crassicarpa, Flindersia spp., Grevillea spp. (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends The population in Papua New Guinea is restricted in range and confined to a fragile ecosystem in the Oriomo River area in Western Province, where logging and habitat destruction are serious threats (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Seeds are dispersed by birds and probably by small marsupials. Threats Habitat destruction. Utilisation The wood is used as a decorative veneer and for cabinet work, furniture and turnery (Eddowes, 1997). Trade The timber is found in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). In 1996 Papua New Guinea exported 121 cum of ‘pink silky oak’ logs (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). IUCN Conservation category EN A2cd according to Eddowes (1997). This evaluation refers to the situation in Papua New Guinea only, however the species is undoubtedly endangered in Indonesia as well (Eddowes, 1997b). Conservation measures There are no known conservation measures and it is not thought to be in cultivation (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J. 1997b. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing annotations to the Draft Red List Summay Report for Papua New Guinea trees. 269 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Alstonia pneumatophora Apocynaceae basung, pulai basong, pulai puteh Distribution Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Borneo. Habitat The species occurs in mixed peat-swamp forest on shallow peat, often where it overlies sand near the coastal fringe. It becomes abundant near the mouth of large rivers. Population status and trends Most Alstonia species are common and widespread. The do not seem vulnerable to genetic erosion because they often easily invade severely disturbed places. However stands heavily depleted in places as a result of deforestation caused by logging and shifting cultivation (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Logging and shifting cultivation. Utilisation Pulai is a lightweight hardwood used to make boxes and crates, veneers and plywood, interior trim, furniture components and carvings. The wood of the aerial roots is used as a substitute for cork. The latex is used medicinally and when mixed with oil make glue sticks (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Trade The species is present in trade with other members of the genus. Pulai,as applied to the genus as a whole, is one of the six most important export timbers of Indonesia. Export of sawnwood increased from 50,000m? in 1987 to 70,000m? in 1989, raising a price of US$18.5 million. Sarawak and Sabah also export smaller amounts; Sabah exported 20,000m? of round logs and 9500m3 of sawnwood in 1992 (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Peninsular Malaysia reported in 1995 the presence of 2000m3 of sawnwood in exports valued at an average price of US$312/m3 (ITTO, 1997). It is not thought to be present in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category LR lc according to Kade Sidiyasa and the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Alstonia spp. in general are fast-growing but often show scarce natural regeneration. Seedlings are found scattered or in groups particularly at forest edges and in secondary forest. In most countries pulai is harvested selectively from natural forest and there is little experience of silviculture (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMCISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial tmbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 270 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Aquilaria malaccensis Thymelaeaceae agarwood, agar, aloewood, eaglewood, gaharu Distribution India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, West Bengal, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim), Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Philippines. Populations in Indochina appear to belong to a different species (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Habitat This large evergreen tree is found in primary or secondary forest up to 1000m. In Malaysia, the species can be found up to 750m on plains, hillsides and ridges in primary and secondary forest (Whitmore, 1973). Population Status and Trends Populations are widespread but patchy in distribution in Indonesia and Malaysia. According to the Indonesian National Forest Inventory Aquilaria spp population densities are 1.87 individuals per hectare in Sumatra, 3.37 individuals per hectare in Kalimantan and 4.33 individuals per hectare in Irian Jaya. In Malaysia estimates lie at 2.5 individuals per hectare (Soehartono in WCMC, 1997). As the most important source of agarwood populations are heavily exploited throughout the species range. Only 10% of the trees in any population are likely to be infected with the fungus that causes the wood to decay, producing agarwood. Traditionally local people have harvested only infected trees but demand in the last ten years has led to excessive harvesting of both diseased and healthy trees (Soehartono in WCMC, 1997). There is even a belief that the diseased wood develops in felled trees. Major centres of production are located at Riau and Aceh in Sumatra, also Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. The increasing rarity of the species has led to traders searching for populations in more remote areas by helicopter and in some cases outside the species range (Anon, 1997). Production from plantations is still very minor. The Indian populations are critically endangered (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). In addition, according to the pre-1994 IUCN Red List Category system the following populations were considered threatened at the national level Bangladesh (Endangered), Bhutan (Rare), Myanmar (Vulnerable), Malaysia (Indeterminate), Singapore (Rare), Sumatra (Endangered). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Overexploitation. Utilisation The fungal infested wood is used as a medicine, incense, insect repellent and ingredient in perfumes. The timber is used for making furniture. Trade Agarwood often contains a mix of Aquilaria spp. In the form of powder or wood chips different species are indistinguishable (Soehartano in WCMC, 1997). Trade in agarwood between India and Arabian countries has continued for centuries. Indonesia is now a major exporter, supplying up to 300 tons pa. to Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirate, Oman and Yemen. The lowest grade agarwood fetched prices of US$100/kg in 1993 and the highest grade US$10,000/kg in UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain (Kumar & Menon in press in Anon, 1997). Between 1990 and 1991, India exporied a total of 432,370 kg, valued at Rs. 6,223,447 (Anon, 1994). Since 1995 the species has been included in Appendix II of CITES and member states, such as Indonesia, have been reorganising procedures of harvesting and trade to fit CITES regulations. Enforcement has been difficult and illegal felling and trade have been reported in Indonesia and India. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Conservation Measures - The species is included in Appendix II of CITES. In India, the extraction of this species is either banned or regulated depending on the state under the Indian Forest Act and Administrantion Order of State Forest 271 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Department (Anon, 1994). Export is prohibited from India under item 7 of para 158 of prohibited items, however exports are still officially recorded (Anon, 1994). Forest management and silviculture The best agarwood yields are from trees of 50 years age or more but resin is produced as early as 20 years. Plantations of 10 to 15 ha have been established in East Sumatra, West Kalimantan and West Java. The plantations set up in the early 1990s in India have come under heavy pressure and are largely destroyed (Anon, 1997). Experiments are underway to establish a method of injecting the fungus into healthy trees. References Anonymous. 1994. Proposal to include Aquilaria malaccensis in Appendix II of CITES. Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMCISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H., 1997. Non-timber forest products of East Kalimantan. Potentials for sustainable forest use. Tropenbos Series 16. Whitmore, T.C. (Ed). 1973. Tree flora of Malaya: a manual for foresters. Volume 2. Longman: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. WCMC. 1997. Report on the Third Regional Workshop held at Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 22) Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Araucaria cunninghamii Araucariaceae alloa, colonial pine, hoop pine, ningwik, pien, Richmond River pine Distribution Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Indonesia (Inan Jaya), Papua New Guinea Habitat An emergent tree which occurs mainly in Fagaceae forest above 1000m up to 2745m. Relatively dense stands are found in forest on loam, clay, sand or peat soils on ridges, sometimes on swampy terrain. In Australia, it is scattered in rainforest. In New Guinea associated species include Araucaria hunsteint, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Flindersia, Elaeocarpus, Podocarpus and Toona and in Australia Flindersia zanthoxyla, F. australis, F. pubescens, Dysoxylum spp., Ceratopetalum apetalum and the members of Lauraceae and Celastraceae are associated. Population Status and Trends In New Guinea, stands have been heavily exploited, especially for the plywood industry. Areas such as Bulolo in Papua New Guinea are exhausted. Numerous small patches, however, still remain in a range of habitats and large scale logging is no longer viable. Large amounts of timber are being produced from plantation sources in Australia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Role of species in the Ecosystem A dominant species. Regeneration in the wild takes place in disturbed habitats. Threats Commercial overexploitation. Utilisation The timber is useful as a light structural timber, for ship and building, furniture, veneer, plywood, pulpwood, joinery and turnery. The seeds are edible and trees are planted as ornamentals. Trade Araucaria timber is commercially important but mainly locally traded. Araucaria plywood was a major export item from Papua New Guinea until 1980 when the supplies of logs from natural sources became low. The species is reported in plywood exports in 1995 from Papua New Guinea (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category Not evaluated. Conservation Measures Export of Araucaria logs has been banned from Papua New Guinea. Forest Management and Silviculture Extensive plantations have been set up in Australia and South Africa. In Australia 44,500 ha have been planted and provided an annual timber production of 211,000 m3 in 1988-1989 and 248,000 m3 in 1989-1990. Plantations mixed with A. hunsteinii cover 8000ha in Papua New Guinea, where trees have reached heights of 30m after 38 years growth. Trees in Queensland are reported to reach 33m in 34 years and in Peninsular Malaysia the same height is reached in 30 years. Plantation material produces a premium quality pulp. Trees usually start to bear cones at 15 to 25 years age. Propagation can be achieved from seed, which can be stored for up to six years. References Boland, D.J., M.I.H. Brooker, G.M. Chippendale, N. Hall, B.P.M. Hyland, R.D. Johnston, D.A. Kleing, & J.D. Turner. 1962. Forest trees of Australia. Melbourn: Thomas Nelson & CSIRO. Enright, N.J. 1982. The Ecology of Araucaria species in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Ecology 7 FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. 273 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Keating, W.G. & E. Bolza. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume 1. South-East Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 274 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Araucaria hunsteinii Araucariaceae klinki pine Distribution Papua New Guinea Habitat The species is found in Fagaceae forest on well-drained sites, mainly occuring between 700 and 1000m but extending up to 2100m. Associated species include Acmena acuminatissima, Elmerillia tsiampacca, Ficus spp., Flindersia amboinensis, F. pimenteliana, Pometia pinnata and Xanthophyllum papuanum. Population Status and Trends Stands have become scattered because of heavy exploitation in the past. The habitat is also frequently cleared or degraded by shifting agriculture, fire and damage caused by feral pigs. Large scale exploitation of Araucaria in Papua New Guinea is no longer viable because of low supplies. Role of species in the Ecosystem It is said to be the tallest tree in Malesia. Threats Grazing/damage by feral/exotic animals, burning, extensive agriculture Utilisation The timber is useful as a light structural timber, for ship and building, furniture, veneer, plywood, pulpwood, joinery and tumery. It is specifically recommended for aircraft frame manufacture. Trees are planted as ornamentals. Trade Araucaria timber is commercially important but mainly locally traded. Araucaria plywood was a major export item from Papua New Guinea until 1980 when the supplies of logs from natural sources became low. The species is reported in plywood exports in 1995 from Papua New Guinea (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon et al., 1997). Conservation Measures Araucaria logs are banned from export in Papua New Guinea. Forest Management and Silviculture Small plantations covering 8000ha of A. cunninghamii and A. hunseinii exist in Papua New Guinea and the species has been introduced to Australia, Fiji and Peninsular Malaysia on an experimental scale. References ’ Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing annotations to the Draft Red List Summary Report for Papua New Guinea trees. Enright, N.J. 1982. The Ecology of Araucaria species in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Ecology 7 FAO Foresiry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Farjon, Aljos. et al. 1996. Discussions of the SSC Conifer Specialist Group involving the application of revised IUCN red list categories to conifer species. Hill, K. 1994. Extract from Flora of Australia Vol 48 - Gymnosperms. (unpublished). keys. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. Keating, W.G. & E. Bolza. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume 1. South-East Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 275 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Calophyllum canum Guttiferae bintangor merah Distribution Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Habitat The species occurs in well-drained mixed dipterocarp forest and peat swamps up to 1200m. Considerable morphological variation is evident, correlating with a wide ecological range. Population Status and Trends It is expected that Calophyllum species will be more heavily harvested when other timber supplies have become exhausted. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation A source of bintangor, a general purpose timber suitable for light construction, flooring and panelling, boat-building, joinery, furniture, veneer and plywood. The latex is used to stupefy fish. Trade Bintangor is the generic term refering to timber derived from all members of the genus. In Sarawak, this species represents one of the most important sources of bintangor. Bintangor is exported in large quantities to Japan, especially from Borneo. Round logs exported from Sabah in 1987 amounted to 42,000m? with a value of US$2.8 million. In 1992 17,500m of logs and 41,500m3 of sawnwood was exported at a value of US$10.3 million. Peninsular Malaysia reported the presence of 16,000m3 of Calophyllum sawnwood in exports in 1995, valued at an average price of US$167/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slow-growing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm. References ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 276 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Calophyllum carrii var. longigemmatum Guttiferae Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya) and Papua New Guinea Habitat A medium to large tree scattered in primary, lowland, moist, non-seasonal, broadleaved, closed forest between 15 - 300m. Population status and trends This variety is only known from an area near Jayapura, Irian Jaya, and West Sepik Province in Papua New Guinea. It occurs in areas that are subject to intensive logging activities (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Bats, feral pigs, birds and water act as dispersal agents (Eddowes, 1997). Pollinated by insects and wild bees (Eddowes, 1997). Threats Logging is the major threat. Utilisation The wood is used for plywood, furniture and as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997). Trade The timber is found in major international trade (Eddowes, 1997). In 1995 Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m3 of Calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m? (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU B1+2abcde according to Eddowes (1997). Conservation measures No specific conservaiton measures ar eknown. Forest management and silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slow-growing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm. References Conn, B.J. (ed.). 1995. Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea. Malaysia: Melborne University Press. 1-292. Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Calophyllum euryphyllum Guttiferae Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) Habitat This tree is scattered in primary rainforest up to 610m, sometimes on coral. Population Status and Trends Populations are restricted to Central and Milne Bay Districts, Papua New Guinea, the islands of | Geelvink Bay and the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya, also on the Aru Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago (except New Ireland). It is expected that Calophyllum species will be more heavily harvested when other timber supplies have become exhausted. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation A source of bintangor, a general purpose timber suitable for light construction, flooring and panelling, boat-building, joinery, furniture, veneer and plywood. Trade The species is probably traded as calophyllum in Papua New Guinea. In 1995 Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m3 of calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m3 (ITTO, 1997). TUCN Conservation category LRlc according to Stevens (1997). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slow-growing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm. References Conn, B.J. (ed.). 1995. Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea. Malaysia: Melborne University Press. 1-292. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 278 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Calophyllum inophyllum Guttiferae Alexandrian laurel, beach calophyllum, bintangor laut, bitaog, Borneo mahogany, dingkaran, krathing, naowakan, njamplung, palo maria, penaga laut, ponnyet, saraphee naen Distribution Australia, British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago), Brunei, Fiji, India, Japan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mozambique, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tuvalu, Viet Nam Habitat A widespread tree of sandy beaches near the coast and occasionally inland on sandy soils up to 200m. Population Status and Trends At local levels populations are heavily harvested. Ecology Fruits are dispersed by the sea and by fruit bats. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation Compared to other Calophyllum the timber is more durable and stronger, with a finer grain. It is used for construction work, furniture, cartwheel hubs, musical instruments, canoes and boats. The oil from the seed is used for illumination, soap making and medicinal purposes. The latex and pounded bark also have medicinal uses. Fruit are edible. Trees are planted for shade and ornament. Trade The timber is often traded separately as beach calophyllum. Fiji is recorded as exporting Calophyllum spp. as plywood, veneer and sawnwood in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). In the same year Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m? of calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m3 and Peninsular Malaysia reported the presence of 16,000m3 of Calophyllum sawnwood in exports, valued at an average price of US$167/m (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category LRic according to Stevens (1997). Conservation Measures Trees are widely planted both within and outside the natural range, e.g. in West Africa and tropical America, as a source of oil. Forest Management and Silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slow-growing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm. References Blaser, Jiirgen. et al. 1993. Akon'ny ala. Numeros 12 et 13. Départment Des Eaux et Foréts. 166pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Kessler, Paul J.A., Kade Sidiyasa, Ambriansyah Zainal, & Arifin Zainal. 1995. Checklist of secondary forest trees in East and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 84pp. Knox, Eric B. 1995. The List of East African Plants (LEAP): An electronic database (Draft). 72pp. Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Philippines dated 6 April 1992. 49pp. 279 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Phengklai, Chamlong & Sanan Khamsai. 1985. Some non-timber species of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 1(15): 108-148. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute. 1995. Conservation Status Listing of Plants in Taiwan (Draft). (unpublished). 79pp. Topp, J.M.W. 1988. An annotated check list of the flora of Diego Garcia, British Ocean Territory. Atoll Research Bulletin 313 Whitmore, T.C. 1966. Guide to the forests of the British Solomon Islands. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 280 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Calophyllum insularum Guttiferae bintangor Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Habitat A tee scattered in primary colline rainforest up to 200m. Population status and trends The entire population is restricted to islands in Geelvink Bay. The possible exploitation of the timber would place the species in a seriously threatened position. The more imminent threat, however, is habitat clearance for agriculture and settlement (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are pollinated by birds and the seeds are dispersed by birds (Eddowes, 1997). Threats Expansion of human settlements, extensive agriculture Utilisation The wood is used for plywood, furniture and as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997). Trade The timber is possibly traded internationally (Eddowes, 1997). TUCN Conservation categories EN B1+2c according to Eddowes (1997). Conservation measures None exist. Forest management and silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slow-growing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm. References Conn, B.J. (ed.). 1995. Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea. Malaysia: Melborne University Press. 1-292. Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 281 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Calophyllum papuanum Guttiferae Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea Habitat This canopy tree is usually found in colline or montane forest up to 1850m, sometimes in depleted Agathis forest, rarely occurring in swamp forest. Population Status and Trends It is expected that Calophyllum species will be more heavily harvested when other timber supplies have become exhausted. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Utilisation The timber is used in building and is considered a decorative substitute for dark-coloured mahogany, if suitably stained, and for all kinds of mahogany if transparently coated. It is also substituted for red meranti. Trade The timber is traded in Papua New Guinea as calophyllum. In 1995 Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m of calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category LRic according to Stevens (1997) Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slow-growing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm. References Conn, B.J. (ed.). 1995. Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea. Malaysia: Melborne University Press. 1-292. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 282 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asta Calophyllum waliense Guttiferae Distribution Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) Habitat Trees are scattered in tropical moist non-seasonal forest on ridges. It is often found in Calophyllum forest between 100 and 550m. Population Status and Trends Restricted to Manus Island, the species is vulnerable to habitat destruction and logging. The island has been heavily exploited for its timber resources (Eddowes, 1997). Role of Species in the Ecosystem The flowers are pollinated by insects and the seeds are dispersed by bats and birds (Eddowes, 1997). Threats Clear felling/logging Utilisation The wood is used as a veneer and for furniture and plywood (Eddowes, 1997). Trade The timber is possibly present in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). The timber is traded in Papua New Guinea as calophyllum. In 1995 Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m? of calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN B1+2abcde according to Eddowes (1997). Conservation Measures None exist Forest Management and Silviculture This species is not found in cultivation (Eddowes, 1997). References Conn, B.J. (ed.). 1995. Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea. Malaysia: Melborne University Press. 1-292. Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. 283 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Canarium luzonicum Burseraceae belis, malapili, piling-liitan Distribution Philippines Habitat This species occurs in primary forest at low to medium altitudes. Population Status and Trends Habitat loss is likely to be the greatest threat to remaining populations. The timber has not been of great commercial importance to date (Lemmens et al.,1995). The species is, however, the main commercial source of Manila elemi. This resin is obtained by cutting small strips of bark and collecting the exudate (Coppen, 1995). Role of species in the Ecosystem Flowers are probably insect pollinated. Fruit eating pigeons, monkeys and occasionally bats act as seed dispersers. Utilisation The kedondong timber is used for light construction. A valuable volatile oil, Manila elemi, is distilled from the resin and used locally for caulking ships, in torches, varnishes and glues. It is also commercially exported for the manufacture of varnish and medicinal ointments. The seeds are edible and the bark yeilds a tannin of reasonable quality. Trade Canarium timber is usually mixed with the timber of other members of Burseraceae and sold as kedondong. The production of fruits appears to be more commercially important than of timber (Lemmens et al. 1995). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Canarium spp. can be propagated by seed. Natural regeneration is believed to be scarce because of the scattered distribution of trees and possibly also because of levels of fruit harvesting. A single tree yields 4-5kg of resin. References Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Forest Management Bureau. 1988. Natural forest resources of the Philippines. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila. 62pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. 284 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Canarium pseudosumatranum Burseraceae kala, kedondong senggeh, lamshu senggi Distribution Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Habitat This species is scattered as very large trees in lowland forest and hill forest between 300 and 920m. Population Status and Trends Populations are poorly known but recorded from Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang. Role of species in the Ecosystem Flowers are probably insect pollinated. Fruit eating pigeons, monkeys and occasionally bats act as seed dispersers Threats Clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement Utilisation The wood is used as kedondong timber for house buidling, light construction, floorings, interiors, furniture, joinery, canoes, veneer and plywood. Trade Canarium timber is usually mixed with the timber of other members of Burseraceae and sold as kedondong. The production of fruits appears to be more commercially important than of timber (Lemmens et al. 1995). The export of kedondong as sawnwood, valued at US$638/m3, is recorded in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). In 1983 16,350m3 of kedondong sawnwood at a value of US$675,000 was exported to Singapore (69%), South Korea (19%) and Hong Kong (12%). The following year 9500m3 at a value of US$395,000 was exported to Singapore (99%) and Japan (1%) (Lemmens et al., 1995). IUCN Conservation category LRcd according to Chua (1997). Conservation Measures Forest Management and Silviculture Canarium spp. can be propagated by seed. Natural regeneration is believed to be scarce because of the scattered distribution of trees and possibly also because of levels of fruit harvesting. References Chua, L. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. 285 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cantleya corniculatum Icacinaceae dedraru Distribution Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia, Riau, Lingga Archipelago and Bangka. Habitat The species grows in drier parts of primary freshwater swamp forest or in drier hill forest, on marshy or sandy soils, up to 300 m. Population Status and Trends Populations are scattered and confined to lowlands where they are at great risk from logging and habitat clearance. The species experiences the same kind of problems that are faced by Aquilaria species but at a lesser level (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Role of Species in the Ecosystem This is the sole member of the genus Threats Overexploitation Utilisation The timber is highly valued and much sought after. It is heavy and hard with a fragrance similar to sandalwood for which it is used as a substitute. It is also used for house and ship building and heavy construction. Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation Category VU Alc,d according to the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Conservation Measures There are no records of the species in seed or germplasm banks (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Forest Management and Silviculture Natural regeneration is generally sparse and silvicultural research is urgently needed (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMCISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmod)jo, 1998. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 286 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Cephalotaxus oliveri Olive Plum Yew Distribution This species is found in Guixhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yannan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Vietnam and eastern India. Habitat This species is found in low altitude (300-1500m) subtropical closed forests. It is mainly found in evergreen broad-leaved forests or in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests in valleys and by streams. Population Status and Trends Populations of C. oliveri have been rapidly decreasing. This species is scattered in forests throughout its range (China Plant Red Data Book, 1992). Regeneration This is a shade tolerant species which has moderately slow growth. Seeds germinate after nipening for one year in the broad-leaf litter; once the seeds have germinated the seedlings require shade. (China Plant Red Data Book, 1992) Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats This species is threatened by over-exploitation and habitat loss (China Plant Red Data Book, 1992). The dioecious nature of C. oliveri means that this species is further threatened by infrequent regeneration (China Plant Red Data Book, 1992). Utilisation Used for timber. C. oliveri contains the alkaloids cephalotaxine and harringtonine which can be extracted from the leaves, shoots and seeds which have medicinal value for treating leukaemia and lymphoma (China Plant Red Data Book, 1992), however, no widespread exploitation has yet taken place (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Trade It is not known whether international trade in products from this species currently take place. Conservation Status IUCN Category and Criteria: VU (Ald) (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Conservation Measures This species is found in several nature reserves (Emei Mountain in Sichuan, Shuanghuang Mountains and Zhangjiajie in Hunan (China Plant Red Data Book, 1992). Note: C. oliveri is a relict species which is markedly different to other members of the same genus (China Plant Red Data Book, 1992). References Li-Kuo, F. and Jian-Ming, J., 1992. China Plant Red Data Book - Rare and endangered plants. Vol. 1. Science Press:Beijing. pp. 741. ; SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996. Discussions held by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group as part of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Project. March, 1996. 287 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cercidiphyllum japonicum Cercidiphyllaceae katsura tree, lianxiangshu Distribution China (Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan Habitat A species of temperate forest, occurring between 400 and 2700m. In China it is also found in subtropical regions in mixed mesophytic forest and evergreen oak and Schima forest. In Japan it occurs in valleys in beech forest. Population Status and Trends A rare tree in China, found in remnant patches of broadleaved forest. Regeneration is poor and there is evidence of infestations at the seedling stages. Cutting has also contributed to population declines (Fu & Jin, 1992). In Japan populations are concentrated in the north and scattered in the south. Role of species in the Ecosystem Threats Poor regeneration Utilisation One of the most important trees yielding timber in Japan. The wood is light and soft and largely used for interior finish, furniture, carpentry. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to WCMC Conservation Measures Populations are likely to occur in various nature reserves in China. Forest Management and Silviculture References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii-741. National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp. 288 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana Distribution This taxon is endemic to Taiwan. Habitat This temperate species is found in moist coniferous montane forests with a seasonal climate. It is found at altitudes between 1800-2500m. Population Status and Trends C. obtusa vat. formosana has been declining since 1960, although it is still abundant in its range (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Regeneration Seeds of the species are wind dispersed. Role of Species in its Ecosystem This shade tolerant species is associated with Chamaecyparis formosensis and other conifers. Threats C. obtusa var. formosana is threatened by over-exploitation, habitat loss and changes in land use/management (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996). Utilisation It is a timber species. Trade Currently no evidence of international trade in this species is known. Conservation Status IUCN Threat Category and Criteria: VU (Alc,d) (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996) Conservation Measures There is an important population of C. obtusa var. formosana in Yuanyang Lake reserve. References SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1996. Discussions held by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group as part of the WCMC/SSC Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees Project. March, 1996. 289 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae East Indian satinwood Distribution India, Sri Lanka Habitat The species occurs in dry mixed evergreen or deciduous forest. Population Status and Trends A slow growing species which has become very scarce in Sri Lanka because of timber exploitation (de S. Wijesinghe er al., 1990). Role of Species in the Ecosystem Threats Overexploitation, habitat loss. Utilisation The heart wood is rated for its extreme durability, but the sapwood is vulnerable to attack by termites. The wood is used for decorative veneers, furniture and cabinet work, tumery and interior joinery. The gum is also useful. Trade IUCN Conservation Category Vu Alc according to the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Conservation Measures Forest management and Silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMCISSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. de S. Wijesinghe, L.C.A., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1990. Biological conservation in Sri Lanka (A national status report). Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 290 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Lauraceae Distribution China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam Habitat In Viet Nam the species is found in tropical evergreen rainforests up to 700 m altitude, on sheltered slopes, growing on deep well-drained fertile soils (Vu Van Dung, 1996). Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood of this species is used in furniture making, construction, flooring, utensils and wood-carving. Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). It is recorded as Insufficiently Known in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam (Phan Thuc Vat, 1996). Forest management and silviculture The species is light demanding. Natural and coppice regeneration are good in secondary forests (Vu Wan Dung, 1996). Conservation measures References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August 1997. Phan Thuc Vat 1996. Red data book of Viet Nam. Volume 2 Plants. Science and Technics Publishing House. Vu Van Dung (Ed.) 1996. Viet Nam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 291 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Cynometra inaequifolia Leguminosae Distribution Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines, Thailand? Habitat Lowland closed forest Population status and trends The species has been considered to be ** in the Philippines Role of species in the ecosystem Threats clear-felling/logging of the habitat, .extensive agriculture Utilisation Used as a source of kekatong timber. Trade Kekatong is not an important export timber, with only very small amounts reported and not specifially in this species. IUCN Conservation category VU Ald - WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture All timber extraction for kekatong is from natural forest, and there has been no replanting or enrichment planting (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 292 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Dacrydium nausoriense Podocarpaceae tangitangi, yaka Distribution Fiji Habitat A tree of dry, seasonal, submontane woodland and scrub between 600 - 800m. Population status and trends Endemic to the Nausori Highlands in western Viti Levu, the species occurs in small stands within a closely confined area. There is evidence that regeneration is poor. The area is unprotected and the stands are open to cutting, burning, agricultural and pastoral activities. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Poor regeneration, burning, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement, extensive agriculture, forestry management, pastoralism/ranching Utilisation The timber is used on a local scale. Trade IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd, B1+2ce, C1 according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Watt, 1996). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Smith, A.C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis Nova: a new Flora of Fiji. Hawaii, Pacific Tropical Botanic Garden. Watt, Alistair. 1996. Completed data collection forms for conifers of New Caledonia and Fiji. 293 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia annamensis Leguminosae Distribution Endemic to Viet Nam, occuring in Phu Yén and Khanh Hoa provinces Habitat Lowland dry open forest, at altitudes up to 500m. Population status and trends The species is scattered in lowland dry forest. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats This species is endangered by over-exploitation for its valuable wood. Clear-felling is another threat. Utilisation Trade Minor international trade. IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to Nghia (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture The species is not in cultivation. References Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp. Nghia, N.H. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Vietnamese Dalbergia spp. 294 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Dalbergia bariensis Leguminosae Distribution Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Habitat Lowland and submontane broadleaved forest up to 1000m altitude. Population status and trends The species is widely distributed and scattered. A rapid decline in number of large trees has occurred because of overexploitation of the timber. Role of species in the ecosystem Associated with species of Leguminosae and Dipterocarpaceae Threats Timber exploitation and general clear-felling/logging of the habitat. Utilisation Trade Minor international trade IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to Nghia (1997). Conservation measures It is legally protected from cutting in Viet Nam and occurs in protected areas. The species is not in cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of Indo-China. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. i996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp. Nghia, N.H. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Vietnamese Dalbergia spp. 295 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia cambodiana Leguminosae Distribution Cambodia, Viet Nam Habitat This species occurs in moist lowland forest up to an altitude of 500m. Population status and trends Widely distributed but scattered Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Illegal exploitation; clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The wood is valuable Trade Minor international trade IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to Nghia (1997). Conservation measures This species is not in cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Nghia, N.H. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Vietnamese Dalbergia spp. 296 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Dalbergia cochinchinensis Payung; Thailand Rosewood Distribution This species is found in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Viet Nam. Habitat In Viet Nam the tree grows sparsely in open and semi-deciduous forests, occasionally in pure stands. Mainly concentrated at altitudes of 400-500 m preferring deep sandy clay soil and calcareous soil (Vu Van Dung, 1996). Population status and trends In Viet Nam, D. cochinchinensis is found south of Quang Nam-Da Nang, mainly in Gia Lai and Kon Tum; it in other provinces it is sparsely distributed in a few localities (Chinh et al, 1996). Regeneration This species is shade tolerant as a sapling and becomes light demanding. D. cochinchinensis has quite a slow growth rate. It regenerates well by coppicing (Chinh et al, 1996). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Deforestation and exploitation are threats to this species. Utilisation D. cochinchinensis is considered a “first class prime timber’, as it is hard, durable, easy to work and resistant to insects. The distinctive heartwood makes beautiful patterns when cut and the wood is used to make furniture, carvings, musical instruments and sewing machines (Chinh et al, 1996). In Viet Nam the species is classified as a first class prime timber. It is used for furniture, wood turnery, fine-art articles, musical instruments and sewing machines (Vu Van Dung, 1996). Trade No specific information on trade in this species is available. IUCN Conservation category VU Alc.d (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). This species is considered Vulnerable in Viet Nam (Chinh et al, 1996; Phan Thuc Vat, 1996). It is also of conservation concern in Thailand (Phengklai, pers. comm. 1989). Conservation measures A current IPGRI project is looking at the distribution of genetic resources of this species in its range countries. It is found in some nature reserves (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 Chinh, N.N, Chung, C.T., Can, V.V., Dung, N.X., Dung, N.K., Dao, N.K., Hop, T., Oanh, T.T., Quynh, N.B., Thin, N.N., 1996. Vier Nam Forest Trees. Forest Inventory and Planning Institute. Agricultural Publishing House: Hanoi. pp.788. Phan Thuc Vat 1996. Red data book of Viet Nam. Volume 2 Plants. Science and Technics Publishing House. Phengklai, pers. comm. 1989. Vu Van Dung (Ed.) 1996. Viet Nam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 297 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia latifolia Indian rosewood, Bombay blackwood, lalshisham, Palisandre de I'Inde (Fr), Indonesia: sonokeling, sonobrits, sonosunga (Java). Viet Nam: tr[aws]c (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Distribution This species is found in Nepal, Java and western and north-eastern India, in the states of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It also occurs in Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh and sporadically in northern India (Kumar, 1994). Habitat Mainly found in monsoon forests in association with species such as Tectona grandis, Albizzia chinensis, and Cassia fistula. In the southwestern part of its range, it also occurs in evergreen forests. The annual rainfall in its natural habitat is between 750 and 5000 m on deep, well-drained, moist soils. The species thrives in a variety of edaphic conditions including alluvial, lateritic and gneissic soils and broken rock (Lamprecht, 1989). Population status and trends The species is reported to have declined in Mysore and Kerala (Sirvarajan, 1969). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Because of the high value of the timber, it is under considerable pressure of illegal felling and theft, though such data has not been quantified so far (Kumar, 1994). Utilisation This species is of great commercial significance (Collins, Sayer and Whitmore, 1991). The timber is used for fine furniture and cabinet making, musical instruments, turnery and decorative veneers. The species is planted as a shade tree (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Trade In 1990 a total of 16 750 m’ of Dalbergia timber was harvested in Java, the majority of which was D. sissoo which is planted. The price of sonokeling wood from Java is comparable with that of teak wood (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category VU Alc,d (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Plantations have been established in India, Java and Africa. Protection is provided under the Indian Forest Act. Export in the form of logs and sawn timber is banned (Kumar, 1994). Forest management and silviculture A light demanding species, both natural and artificial propagation are possible. Direct seeding, coppicing and vegetative propagation with root cuttings are all practised. Rotations of between 60 and 150 years are required for the production of high-grade timber (Lamprecht, 1989). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, Viet Nam, August 1997 Collins, N.M., Sayer, J.A. and Whitmore, T.C. (Eds.) 1991. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests Asia and the Pacific. Simon & Schuster: Singapore. Kumar, A. 1994. Personal communication to M. Read and S. Oldfield. Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silviculture in the Tropics. GTZ Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. Sirvarajan, M. 1969. On the export trade of Indian rosewood. Indian Forester 95(12). 298 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 299 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia mammosa Leguminosae Distribution Central and southern Viet Nam Habitat Dense semi-deciduous forest or transitional forest between evergreen and dry dipterocarp forest, up to 800 m. altitude, sometimes along streams. Found on deep and well-drained old basalt or old alluvial soils. Population status and trends Scattered in broadleaved forest, the entire population has declined through over-exploitation of the valuable timber. Role of species in the ecosystem Grows in association with Terminalia chebula, Terminalia nigrovenulosa, Stereospermum cylindricum, Hymenodyction exselsum, Allospondias lakoensis and. Hopea odorata. Threats Over-exploitation of the valuable timber through illegal felling; clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Trade Minor international trade IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to Nghia, 1997. Conservation measures The species is legally protected as it is included in the Council of Ministers Decision 18/HDBT (17 January 1992) as a species with high economical value which is subject to over-exploitation. It is not in cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Chinh, N. N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. 1-788. Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of Indo-China. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp. Nghia, N.H. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Vietnamese Dalbergia spp. 300 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Dalbergia oliveri Leguminosae Distribution Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Habitat Dense evergreen or semi-deciduous forest up to 1200m. Population status and trends Scattered in dense evergreen or semi-deciduous forest within a relatively restricted area of distribution, the population has declined through overexploitation. Role of species in the ecosystem Grows in association with Dalbergia cochinchinensis, Albizzia chinensis, Sindora siamensis and Dipterocarpus alatus. Threats Over-exploitation; clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Produces a beautiful red wood Trade Minor international trade. IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to Nghia, 1997. Conservation measures In Viet Nam the species is included in the Council of Ministers Decision 18/HDBT (17 January 1992) as a species with high economical value which is subject to over-exploitation. A protected population occurs in Nam Cat Tién National Park. This species is not in cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of Indo-China. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp. Nghia, N.H. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Vietnamese Dalbergia spp. Sutter, H. 1986. Annotations to: List of plants in the WCMC database for Burma. Suvatti, C. 1978. Flora of Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Institute. 301 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dalbergia tonkinensis Leguminosae Distribution China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam Habitat Primary and secondary lowland forest up to 500m. Population status and trends A tree known from scattered populations in areas of primary and secondary forest in Viet Nam and Hainan Island of China. In Viet Nam heavy exploitation of the beautiful timber has led to considerable population declines. Habitat loss on Hainan Island through logging, has also been significant. Role of species in the ecosystem Associated species are Aglaia gigantea, Canarium album and Ailanthus altissima Threats Logging of the species; clear-felling/logging of the habitat; forest clearance for agriculture. Utilisation The timber is utilised and the species is also grown as an ornamental. Trade Minor international trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd — Ban, 1997 Conservation measures Small scale cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Ban, N.T. 1997. Some remarks on the red list summary report for Viet Nam trees. 1 pp. Chinh, N.N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. 1-788. Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988).(unpublished). Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of Indo-China. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp. Nghia, N.H. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Vietnamese Dalbergia spp. 302 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Dehaasia caesia Medang Distribution Java, Sumatra, Borneo Habitat Lowland forest Population status and trends The risk of genetic erosion for Dehaasia spp. is generally considered to be small because they are not restricted in distribution (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). . Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is a Light Hardwood (Wong, 1982). Trade This is one of the main species traded as medang. The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). Conservation category The species has been recorded as Rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 303 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dehaasia cuneata Distribution Thailand, Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia Habitat Lowland and hill forest. Population status and trends The species is naturally scattered. It has been recorded as Rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). The species is probably extinct in Java. The risk of genetic erosion for Dehaasia spp. is generally considered to be small because they are not restricted in distribution (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information Threats Utilisation This species is not used as timber in Malaysia or Indonesia (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 304 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Dialium cochinchinense Leguminosae Distribution Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Habitat Dense evergreen and semi-deciduous forest and in transistional forest between evergreen and open dipterocarp forest, the species is recorded up to 800 m altitude. Population status and trends Trees of the genus Dialium are naturally scattered and large-scale logging may endanger species (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Occurring in various forest types throughout Indo-China south into Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, this species is becoming rarer in many places because of overexploitation. In Viet Nam, it is considered to be threatened. Role of species in the ecosystem The fruits are eaten by animals and are carried in water currents. Threats Exploitation of the species and clear-felling/logging of the habitat. Utilisation The timber is used as keranji which is highly-valued locally. The sweet pulp of the fruits is edible and the tree is used locally as a shade tree (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993) Trade Minor international trade. Trees are difficult to cut because of the dense wood and as they are also scattered, commercial extraction is not favoured. IUCN Conservation category LR/nt - WCMC Conservation measures A protected population occurs in Kon Cha Rang Nature Reserve, Viet Nam. Planted in villages of northern Peninsular Malaysia for fruit trees. Forest management and silviculture Research is required on silvicultural and management aspects (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References Chinh, N.N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. 1-788. Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988). (unpublished). Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. - Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Diospyros discolor Distribution Native to the Philippines and Taiwan; occasionally planted elsewhere. Habitat Population status and trends The species has been recorded as threatened in both the Philippines and Taiwan. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation This species is occasionally cultivated for its mabolo fruits. Trade Conservation category The species has been recorded as threatened in the Philippines and Taiwan (WCMC. 1991). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 306 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Diospyros ebenum Blackwood, Ceylon ebony, Mauritius ebony (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995), ebony, tendu, Calamander Maram or Kalu-mediriya. Distribution Southern India and Sri Lanka, cultivated in Peninsular Malaysia. Habitat Dry forests. Grows as an understorey tree in mixed evergreen dry zone forests of Sri Lanka. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Produces commercial ebony; the fruits are also used medicinally, as a famine food and fish poison. Sometimes planted as a shade tree for cardamom (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Trade Commercial ebony long known in international trade; mainly exported to China for furniture and to Europe as a decorative wood (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). It was the main commercial ebony in trade for centuries. In Sri Lanka large scale general harvesting of timber in the dry zone forests has taken place since the early 1800s. Initially selective felling of prime species took place with some export to the UK. Timber exports continued until a gradual decline after the 1960s (Abeywickrama et al 1991). Ebony on sale in the UK is imported from Sri Lanka. IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures There is a general ban on the export of timber from India. Sri Lanka also bans the export of this species. Forest management and silviculture References Abeyickrama, B.A. et al 1991. Natural Resources of Sri Lanka. Conditions and Trends. A report prepared for the Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sn Lanka. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 307 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Diospyros ferrea Ebenaceae Distribution Angola, Australia, Benin, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Céte d'Ivoire, Fiji, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Zimbabwe. Habitat In Papua New Guinea the species is found in tropical, lowland, moist, broadleaved, closed forest, open forest; mainly in primary rainforest and on limestone (Eddowes, 1997). It is associated with Syzygium, Palaquium, Aglaia spp and Eucalypopsis papuana (Eddowes, 1997). Altitude: 0 — 50(?)m (Eddowes, 1997) Population status and trends This family is in dire need of an orderly revision, especially the Papua New Guinea species; the major species that produce the famed commercial striped and black ebony from Papua New Guinea are still broadly lumped under the very doubtful Diospyros ferrea group (Eddowes, 1997b). Therefore the major species of Papua New Guinea, which are clearly highly endangered through over-exploitation, cannot be correctly classified due to the insatisfactory taxonomy of the group (Eddowes, 1997b). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats In Papua New Guinea the species is threatened mainly by clear-felling or logging of the habitat (Eddowes, 1997). Secondary threats include the expanding human settlements and increased subsistence farming (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation Trade The timber is found in major international trade (Eddowes, 1997). The export of Diospyros spp. is banned in round log form from Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). Conservation notes: A valuable ebony timber tree. Due to the doubtful status of the Diospyros ferrea species group, as applied, it is difficult to assign a specific IUCN threat category. In Papua New Guinea, it occurs in primary rainforest and is all but restricted to Woodlark Island and possibly some other small islands in the D'Entrecasteaux group. Although the export of Diospyros spp. is banned in round log form from Papua New Guinea, this tree has been vigorously exploited in this and other regions and is highly endangered. This species is in dire need of immediate and strict conservation measures if this species is to survive in perpetuity. The above category applies to Papua New Guinea but could well be applied to other countries in its range. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Status in cultivation: small scale References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Céte d'Ivoire). Balakrishna, P. & T. Ravishankar. 1993. Letter with list of corrections to TPU printout for India. 3pp. Dassanayake, M.D. & F.R. Fosberg (eds.). 1980. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. New Delhi: Amerind Publ. Co. Eddowes, P.J. 1997a. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J. 1997b. Letter from Peter Eddowes to Sara Oldfield dated 13 October, 1997. 308 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Hawthorne, W.D. 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute. 345pp. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 1989. Facts and figures 1989. Boroko NCD: Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 46pp. Phengklai, C. 1978. Ebenaceae of Thailand. Tnai Forest Bulletin 11: 1-103. Said, ILM. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Timberlake, J.R. 1995. Annotations to WCMC printout entitled "Conservation status listing for Zimbabwe". 79pp. White, F. 1978. The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Ebenaceae, I. The Guineo-Congolian species. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 48: 245-358. Wild, H. & T. Miiller. 1979. Rhodesia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 99-100. Jn Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. 309 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Diospyros insularis Ebenaceae Ebony Distribution Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons), Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Habitat A tree of primary, lowland, rainforest found up to 50m (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends It is found in only a few localities in the Solomon Islands and New Ireland of the Bismarck Archipelago (Eddowes, 1997). It is considered to highly endangered, possibly critically endangered, due to exploitation and habitat destruction. Role of species in the ecosystem The seeds are dispersed by bats and large birds (i.e. pigeons) (Eddowes, 1997). Trade It occurs in international trade (Eddowes, 1997). This species is currently banned from log export in the round form in Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). Threats The species is threatened by clear-felling or logging of the habitat (Eddowes, 1997). Uses The wood is used for carving artifacts, musical instruments and as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). Conservation measures This species is currently banned from log export in the round form in Papua New Guinea. There are no other conservation measures known (Eddowes, 1997). Forest management and silviculture The species is not known in cultivation (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. 310 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Diospyros mun Distribution D. mun is endemic to Viet Nam. In the northern provinces it is found at Ha Tuyen, Lang Son, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh; in the south it occurs at the communes of Cam Thinh Dong and Cam Thinh Tay, district Cam Ranh, province Khanh Hoa. Habit The species grows on limestone mountains in the Northern provinces, up to elevations of 800 m. Further south it occurs on yellow ferallitic soils developed from schists. Population status and trends Populations of this slow-growing species have declined in the wild because of the demand for timber for the export market. Trade D. mun yields back heartwood which is valued for craft objects and especially for chopsticks (Vu Van Dung and Vu Van Can, 1991). Timber is reported to be available in UK trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation Category VU Ald — according to Amy MacKinven based on Red Data Book of Viet Nam. Conservation measures D. mun is included in a list of prime tree and animal species to be protected in Viet Nam (Dang Huy Huynh et al. 1989). A Ministerial decision on the list of Endangered Forest Wild Fauna and Flaura (Decree No. 18) 17.1.92. stipulates protection and management regulations for these species. Under this legislation exploitation of D. mun is controlled by an annual quota. The export of round logs and semi-processed wood of the species is forbidden. In 1992, the Government of Viet Nam announced a ban on all wood exports, aimed at ending widespread deforestation in parts of the country. Prior to this Viet Nam had banned log exports and had quotas for the export of sawn timber (Callister, 1992). D. mun occurs within a number of protected areas in Viet Nam. These include the Cuc Phuong National Park where it grows in primary humid evergreen forest (Hoang Hoe and Vo Quy, 1990). Additional protection needs According to Vu Van Dung and Vu Van Can (1991) protection of the species is needed, especially at the Nature Reserve of Cam Thinh Dong, district Cam Ranh and at another reserve in Quang Binh province. Ex situ conservation measures are also urgently needed. Forest management and silviculture References Callister, 1992 Dang Huy Huyh et al. 1989 Hoang Hoe and Vo Quy, 1990 WCMC, 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Diospyros philippinensis synonyms: Diospyros cunalon Diospyros cumingii Diospyros flavicans Philippine Ebony; Kamagong Distribution This species is endemic to the Philippines and Northern Sulawesi. Habitat Philippine ebony grows in primary forest at altitudes up to 200 m (PROSEA, 1995). Population Status and Trends Very little lowland forest remains in the Philippines. Records of D. philippinensis are often from forest fragments or from habitats smaller than 50 km? (Madulid, in litt., 1996) Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats According to Madulid (1996) this species is rarely exploited for timber. Utilisation The timber is used for turnery, piano keys, carving, brush backs, inlaying, parts of stringed instruments and marquetry. Trade D. philippinensis from the Philippines is not legally traded in the international market, therefore no official records exist (Madulid, 1996). Illegal trade in D. philippinensis is widespread, even though there has been a ban on log exports since 1989 (Blockus et al, 1992 in CITES Proposal). In 1991, a shipment of illegally cut Diospyros sp. (Kamagong) worth US$ 90,171 was seized in a Philippines port before it was illegally exported to Malaysia (Callister, 1992 in Madulid, 1996). Conservation Status The global threat status of D. philippinensis is unknown according to the WCMC Plants Database. The Philippines has had one of the highest deforestation rates for tropical rain forests (Collins, Sayer, and Whitmore 1991), making this species probably Endangered due to decline in habitat of more than 50 % in three generations, although more information is needed for Northern Sulawesi. Conservation Measures Philippine ebony is protected in the Philippines (PROSEA, 1995) and felling restrictions are in force. D. philippinensis is found in many of the Philippine protected areas (i.e. Mount Arayat National Park, Mounts Palay Palay Mataas NA Gulod National Park, Initai National Park) (Dep't of Environment and Natural Resources, 1992 in CITES Proposal). There are no known plantations of D. philippinensis in the Philippines (Madulid, in litt., 1996) References CITES Proposal, 1992. Proposal to include Diospyros philippinensis in Appendix II of CITES. Collins, N.M., Sayer, J.A. and Whitmore, T.C. (Eds), 1991. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: Asia and the Pacific. Simon & Schuster: Singapore. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and W.C. Wong (Eds.), 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 5(2) Timber Trees:Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Madulid, D. A., 1996. Letter to Amy MacKinven dated 11th July 1996 re: Diospyros pilosanthera and D. philippinensis. 312 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Diospyros pilosanthera synonym: Diopspyros hiernii Distribution This widespread species is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Moluccas) and the Philippines. Habitat D. pilosanthera occurs in primary lowland and medium altitude forest (upto 900m) and is frequently found in peat swamp forest, swampy areas, and in river valley forests. This species can also be found in forests on rocky slopes, in old-growth secondary forests and in open forests near the coast (Madulid in litt., 1996) Population Status and Trends Records of D. pilosanthera are often from forest fragments or from habitats smaller than 50 km? (Madulid, in litr., 1996) Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats According to Madulid (1996) this species is rarely exploited for timber. The forests containing D. pilosanthera have been degraded by legal and illegal logging and loss of habitat due to land conversion (i.e. agricultural land, grassland). Utilisation The wood is used for fancy woodwork, furniture, cabinet making and tool handles. Trade D. pilosanthera from the Philippines is not legally traded in the international market, therefore no official records exist. In 1991, a shipment of illegally cut Diospyros sp. (Kamagong) worth US$ 90,171 was seized in the port before it was illegally exported to Malaysia (Callister, 1992 in Madulid, 1996). Conservation Status The global threat status of D. pilosanthera is unknown according to the WCMC Plants Database. The new IUCN threat categories have not yet been applied to this species. Conservation Measures D. pilosanthera occurs in the protected forests of Palawan and Mt. Makiling, Philippines (Madulid, in litt., 1996); the rest of the range in the Philippines (i.e. any public land) are under the jurisdiction of the Dep't of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). There are no known plantations of D. pilosanthera in the Philippines (Madulid, 1996). References Madulid, D. A., 1996. Letter to Amy MacKinven dated 11th July 1996 re: Diospyros pilosanthera and D. philippinensis. 313 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Diospyros rumphii Macassar ebony. Indonesia: maitem, moyondi (Sulawesi), mologotu (Moluccas), (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Distribution Sulawesi and the Moluccas (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Habitat Lowland forest up to 400 m altitude (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Trade The species is an important source of black and streaked ebony (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. 314 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Durio dulcis Bombacaceae Distribution Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Habitat Lowland mixed dipterocarp forest up to 800m. Population status and trends A large tree found scattered in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Durio spp. generally are scattered, uncommon and regenerate poorly. Genetic erosion has been reported for this species and protection is required (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Forest clearance and degradation because of agriculture and logging are major threats to the habitat. Utilisation The fruits and timber are utilised. The wood is probably one of the most important sources of durian timber in Sarawak. Trade The fruit are sold in local and urban markets. IUCN Conservation category VU Alc - WCMC Conservation measures No specific conservation measures known. Forest management and silviculture The species is rarely planted because of its short fruiting period. References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. 1997. Conversation regarding the conservation status of fruits of East Kalimantan with Amy MacKinven. Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M. Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 181pp. 315 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Durio kutejensis durian kunin (Brunei); lai, sekawi (Dayak, Kalimantan); durian tinggang (Malay, Kalimantan), durian merah (Sabah) and rain isu (Iban, Sarawak) Distribution Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Kalimantan). Cultivated in other areas of Malesia e.g. Java and E. Kalimantan. Habitat This species is found in primary mixed dipterocarp forest on fertile clay rich soils (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1995). Population Status and Trends Wild trees are confined to the foothills of central Borneo. Durio spp. are usually scattered and uncommon (Lemmens et al, 1995). Natural regeneration of Durio spp. in the wild tends to be poor and seedlings are scattered . In Indonesia this species is suffering from some genetic erosion in the wild (Lemmens et al, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem The fruits of Durio sp. are eaten by animals, especially orang-utans, which act as seed dispersers (Lemmens et al, 1995). Threats The natural habitat of this species is threatened by forest degradation due to logging and shifting agriculture (Pers. Comm. van Valkenburg, 1997). Utilisation The fruit is popular and is the durian relative that comes closest to the 'real’ durian (Durio zibethinus) (Verheij & Coronel, 1992). The wood is thought to be utilised as durian timber (Lemmens et al, 1995). Durian timber is not durable and is only suitable for construction indoors; it is also used for cheaper furniture, cabinets, light-traffic flooring, fittings, panelling, partitioning, plywood, chests, boxes, wooden slippers, low-quality coffins and ship building (Lemmens et al, 1995). The wild populations may be very important for improving cultivated species (Lemmens et al, 1995). Durio kutejensis having an aromatic but less pungent odour than the true dunan could be used in breeding a variety appealing to non-Asian markets (Soegeng-Reksohihardjo, 1961 in Smith et al, 1992). This species starts fruiting when it is only 4-5 m tall (van Valkenburg, 1997). Trade This species is traded on a large scale in E. Kalimantan and has the potential for more widespread trade (van Valkenburg, 1997). Lai is traded in local markets at the height of the durian season, sometime between January and April and there is sometimes a second season in July/August (van Valkenburg, 1997). Prices vary between Rp.500 to RP.1000/fruit depending on size of the fruit and the supply (van Valkenburg, 1997). Timber of Durio is traded together with timber of other Bombacaceae genera (Lemmens et al, 1995). Durian timber is exported primarily from Sabah and Sarawak mainly to Japan (Lemmens et al, 1995). In 1987 Sabah exported a total of 5,300 m’ round logs for US$67/m’ and in 1992 they exported 8,500m* round logs and sawn wood with a total value of US$655,000 (US$170/m’ for sawn wood and US$68/m’ for round logs) (Lemmens et al, 1995). IUCN Conservation category VU Alc - preliminary evaluation by Amy MacKinven, WCMC. Conservation Measures 316 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Forest management and silviculture The seeds of Durio spp. tend to be recalcitrant as they cannot withstand descication or low teraperatures (Lemmens et al, 1995). Often management systems do not take into account the sporadic occurrence and regeneration of Durian species (Lemmens et al, 1995). References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. Smith, N.J.H., Williams J.T., Plucknett, D.L. and J.P. Talbot. 1992. Tropical Forest and their Crops. Kalimantan with Amy MacKinven. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. 1997. Non-timber forest products of East Kalimantan. Potentials for sustainable forest use. Tropenbos Series 16. The Tropenbos Foundation: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp.61-95. Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel (Eds). 1992. Edible fruits and nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 317 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dyera costulata Hill jelutong. Indonesia: jelutung bukit (general), melabuai (Sumatra), pantung gunung (Kalimantan). Malaysia: jelutung bukit (general), jelutong pipit, jelutung daun lebar (Peninsula). Thailand: teen-pet daeng (Peninsula), ye-luu-tong, luu-tong (Malay, Peninsular) (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Distribution Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo and intervening islands (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Habitat The species occurs in primary evergreen lowland or hill forest, in well-drained locations up to 300 m (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Population status and trends Jelutong has a scattered natural distibution and has declined as a result of tapping for latex and felling for umber. The risk of extinction was recognised 60 years ago. In Peninsular Malaysia the species has been reported to be threatened (Ng er al 1984). Jelutong does, however, regenerate readily in logged-over forest. It is also planted commercially for timber. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Exploitation for latex, felling for timber, conversion of lowland forests to agriculture. Utilisation It has a number of speciality uses such as pattern making in foundry work, for drawing boards, pencils, picture frames, dowels, carving, blackboards, wooden toys, clogs, brush handles and battery separators, and it is also used for furniture parts, door knobs, ceilings, partitioning, matchsticks, matchboxes and packing cases. The roots are used as a substitute for cork and their wood for axe handles. The latex is used in the manufacture of chewing gum, in paints, as priming for concrete, or for sizing paper. Follicles are occasionally used as torches by the local population or burnt to repel mosquitos (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Trade In the period from 1980-1990 the export of jelutong sawn timber from Peninsular Malaysia was 32000- 44000m’/year with a value of US$ 5.1-10.8 million a year; in 1992 it was 19000 m’ with a value of US$ 8.3 million (US$440/m’) (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). In 1995, Malaysia (Peninsular) exported 5000 m’ of sawnwood at an average price of 710$/m’ (ITTO, 1996). The export from Sabah was 67000 m’ in 1987 with a value of US$4.5 million and 23000 m’ (55% as sawn timber, 45% as logs) in 1992 with a total value of US$ 3.5 million (US$ 215/m’ for sawn timber, US$ 82/m’ for logs). Japan imports comparatively large amounts of jelutong, mainly from Sarawak and Sabah (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). In 1987, Indonesia exported 2,183,462US$ worth of this species as jelutong (WWF and IUCN, 1994- 1995). In Malaysia, the trade in latex has declined since the peak production period 1930-1940. The export of jelutong latex from Indonesia was still around 3500 t in 1989 (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Indonesia is the main source of jelutong gum. Most is exported to Singapore, mainly for re-export to the US. Some is exported directly to Japan and Europe where Italy is the main importer (Coppen, 1995). IUCN Conservation category LR-Ic (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). 318 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Conservation measures Jelutong is subject to a log export ban in Peninsular Malaysia, and special permission has been required to cut the tree in Thailand (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Decree of 1988). Regulations on the methods of tapping the latex were introduced in the 1930s (Coppen, 1995). Forest management and silviculture In Peninsular Malaysia D. costulata is chosen for enrichment planting because it is easy to handle in the nursery, survives well when planted out, has a good rate of growth and has good market potential. Prolonged contact with acid water in peat forest harms young plants. D. costulata is a very light- demanding species and once a young tree is well established in full light, it tends to spread its crown and develop into a pronounced 'wolf tree’. Sudden opening of the canopy is favourable for its development (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). D. costulata coppices readily and is extremely resistant to girdling (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 Coppen, J.J.W. 1995 ITTO. 1996. Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. WWE and IUCN. 1994-1995. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Vol 2. IUCN publications Unit, Cambridge, UK. 319 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Dyera polyphylla Apocynaceae Distribution Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Habitat Swamp forest, peat-swamp forest and kerangas on ground water podzols. Population status and trends A tree restricted to and scattered in swamp forest, peat-swamp forest and *kerangas on groundwater podzols. the risk of extinction due to over-exploitation was recognised 60 years ago. It is considered endangered in Sarawak. Relatively little is known about this species compared the more common Dyera costulata, but considering its restricted distribution and threatened habitat it is apparently at a greater risk of extinction. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Over exploitation and habitat loss; the current burning of peat swamp forests 1s likely to seriously impact this species. Utilisation The wood is traded as ‘jelutong' timber and trees are tapped for the valuable latex. Trade See information for D. polyphylla. IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd - WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture There is some plantation development. References Anon. Dun - select committee on flora and fauna. (unpublished). Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Middleton, D. 1997. Conversation between David Middleton and Amy MacKinven regarding the threat status of Apocynaceae trees. 320 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Erythrophleum fordii Leguminosae Distribution China (Guangdong, Guangxi), Taiwan, Viet Nam Habitat Monsoon or rainforest up to 800m. Population status and trends The Chinese populations are largely reduced to trees left standing around populated areas. The species range in Viet Nam extends from the border with China to Quang Nam-Da Nang Province. Occurring, in monsoon or rainforest it can form a scattered or dominant component. Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats In China, overcutting is the main threat. Clear-felling and logging of the habitat together with clearance for agriculture are other threats to the species. Utilisation A valuable timber tree. Trade IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd — Nghia Conservation measures No conservation measures are recorded for populations in China. In Viet Nam seeds have been collected from nine areas within the distribution range of the species and ex situ conservation stands will be established at Cau Hai Silviculture Centre (Nghia, 1997). Forest management and silviculture In China, plantations were established in the 1950s to increase supplies of the hard wood but demands are still in excess of what can be sustainably provided. References Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii- 741. Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Vietnam dated 25 March 1992. (unpublished). 49pp. Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988). (unpublished). Nghia, H. 1997. Strategy for conservation of forest genetic resources — an important part of biodiversity conservation in Viet Nam. In: Report of the Third Regional Workshop of the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp. 321 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Eugenia flosculifera Myrtaceae Kelat Distribution: Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Habitat: A lowland, tropical moist species, scattered in the non-seasonal primary forests of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Occurs at an altitude of between 30 - 300m. Population status and trends: Role of species in the ecosystem: This species occurs scattered at the primary stage of succesion. Bees, flies and butterflies are pollinators. Monkeys, squirrels and bats are species dispersal agents. Threats: Clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation: Used as a food for minor international trade, and the stem as timber. Trade: TUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures: This species is conserved within the permanent forest reserves of Peninsular Malaysia. Protection in Virgin jungle reserves and national parks is uncertain. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Forest management and silviculture: Status in cultivation: none References: Chua, L. er al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. 322 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Eugenia koordersiana Myrtaceae Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Habitat A lowland, tropical moist forest tree occurring up to 200m altitude. Population status and trends Widely distributed and abundant in primary forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Role of species in the ecesystem Butterflies, bees and flies are pollinators of the species. Dispersal agents include bats, squirrels and monkeys. Threats clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation Timber Trade Major international trade IUCN Conservation category LR/Ic - Kochummen, K.M. Conservation measures Conservation measures for the species, are in place in productive forest reserves. The species is not in cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Chua, L. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia. 323 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Eugenia ridleyi Myrtaceae Kelat (Peninsular Malaysia), obah (Sabah), Ubah (Sar.). Distribution: Malaysia; widely occurring throughout lowland Malaya, with distribution being more frequent locally., Singapore and Thailand Habitat: Inhabits tropical, lowland, moist and non-seasonal closed forest between 30 and 200m altitude. Population status an trends: Role of species in the ecosystem: This species occurs scattered in primary forest. Flys, bees and butterflys are pollinators. Monkeys, squirrels and bats act as dispersal agents. Threats Clear felling and logging of the habitat. Utilisation The stem is utilised for it’s timber and is sold in minor international trade. Trade Primarily used for timber, it has a minor role in international trade IUCN Conservation category: LR/c according to Kochummen, K.M. Conservation measures A level of protection is provided by the productive forest reserves of Peninsular Malaysia it is conserved. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Forest management and Silviculture This species is not in cultivation. References: Chua, L. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. 324 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Eusideroxylon zwageri Ironwood, Belian, Borneo Ironwood, bois de fer (Fr). Brunei: belian. Malaysia: belian (Sarawak, Sabah), tambulian (Sabah), im muk (Cantonese, Sabah), Ulin. Indonesia: belian (general), onglen, tulian, tebelian (Kalimantan). Philippines: tambulian, sakian, biliran (Sulu). Distribution Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo, Sulu Archipelago, Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak, Philippines (Palawan). Habitat E. zwageri is widespread in Borneo and Sumatra as a scattered component of the Dipterocarp forest and in some localities forms a single dominant variant. It is generally found in lowland areas of primary forest 5-400 m, in flat or sloping terrain, and also occurs in old secondary forest (Suselo, 1987). Population status and trends Belian is one of the most renowned timbers of Borneo. It has been favoured both for local use and the export trade. Over-exploitation together with forest clearance have led to the decline of this slow-growing timber species. The increased availability of forest roads opened by concessionaires is leading to greater problems of uncontrollable exploitation in Kalimantan (Partomihardjo, 1987). On the flat lowlands of southern Sumatra, great stands of ironwood, (E. zwagert) once stood, these have now been almost entirely destroyed (WWF and IUCN, 1994-1995). E. zwageri is considered to be Vulnerable in Indonesia by Tantra (1983) and was in a shortlist of Endangered species of the country (Anon., 1978). It is included in a list of vanishing timber species of the Philippines (de Guzman, 1975). The species is considered to be almost extinct in Sabah (Meijer, pers. comm. 1997). Over 30 years ago, the scarcity of E. zwageri in Sarawak was noted by Browne (1955), who pointed out that, "Our surviving supplies of Belian are by no means very large and are undoubtably dwindling.” The main causes given for this are shifting cultivation and wasteful use. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Over-exploitation and shifting cultivation (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). The introduction of chain saws and extensive road systems by the timber industry (Peluso, 1992). Utilisation Belian is used locally in house construction and for water butts. Its commercial uses are for heavy construction, marine work, boat building, printing blocks, industrial flooring, roofing and furniture. Belian has been esteemed by the Chinese as a coffin wood. Production and trade Primarily used locally with limited exports recorded by Sabah. In southern Kalimantan this timber is felled by the owners of concession rights and also by local people coordinated by Ulin traders (Partomihardjo, 1987). Kartawinata et al. (1981) note that transmigrant settlers in East Kalimantan cut this species for sale to supplement their income from cultivation. In 1987 Sabah exported 3 836 070 m’ of Belian (source: Forestry Department), in 1992 the export was 7350 m’ (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category VU Alc,d &2c,d (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures There are attempts to conserve supplies of this species in Sarawak (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). 325 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Legislation Indonesia - Thought to be totally protected by law (Anon., 1978). Indonesian law forbids its export (out of country) and restricts cutting to trees over 60 cm diameter at breast height (Peluso, 1992). The need for control of exploitation and better cutting criteria are pointed out by Partomihardjo (1987). Sarawak - Under the Forest Rules of Sarawak, export of E. zwageri in log, sawn or hewn form is not allowed without special permission. Export controls have been in force since 1950. Presence in protected areas Indonesia Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan - has pure stands of Eusideroxylon zwagen, Tanjung Putting National Park, Kalimantan, Gunung Penrisen/Gunung Nyiut Game Reserve, Kalimantan, Lempakai Botanical Park, East Kalimantan Sabah Tabin Wildlife Reserve Forest management and silviculture Browne (1955) noted that the patchy distribution, limited extent and inaccessibility of many Belian forests in Sarawak made assessment of remaining stands and sustained yield management very difficult. Poor seedling regeneration in logged forests has been noted (Kartawinata, 1978). Some plantation was carried out in secondary forest in Sumatra (Browne, 1955) and plantation continues on a trial basis both in Sumatra and West Kalimantan. Inadequacies of seed and seedling supply limit more extensive plantation and the need for tissue culture has been suggested by Suselo (1987). In natural forests ulin is usually cut selectively with a diameter limit of 50 cm. Harvesting is usually done manually. Regeneration in logged- over forests is often not sufficient, although ulin may coppice freely and be persistent (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). References Anon. 1978. Endangered species of trees. Conservation Indonesia 2(4). Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 Browne, F.G. 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Government Printing Office, Kuching. de Guzman, E.D. 1975. Conservation of vanishing timber species in the Philippines. In: Williams, J., Lamourak, C.H. and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, N. (Eds), South-East Asian plant genetic resources. Symposium Proceedings Bogor, Indonesia, March 1975. IBPGR, Bogor. Kartawinata, K. 1978. Biological changes after logging in lowland dipterocarp forest. In: Suparto, R.S. et al. (Eds), Proceedings of a Symposium on the long-term effects of logging in Southeast Asia. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 3, pp. 43-56. Kartawinata, K., Adisoemarto, S., Riswan, S. and Vayda, A.P. 1981. The impact of man on a tropical forest in Indonesia. Ambio 10(2-3): 115-119 Meijer, W. 1997. Personal communication to Amy MacKinven Partomihardjo, T. (1987). The ulin wood which is threatened to extinction. Duta Rimba 87-88(13): 10-15. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993 Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Peluso, N.L. 1992. The Ironwood Problem: (Mis)Management and Development of an Extractive Rainforest Product. Conservation Biology Vol. 6, No. 2: 210-219 Suselo, T.B. (1987). Autecology of E. zwageri T. & B. (Lauraceae) as applied to forest regeneration. In: Proc. Symp. Forest Regeneration in South East Asia. Biotrop Special Publication No. 25 BIOTROP, Bogor. Tantra, G.M. (1983). Erosi plasma nutfah nabati. J. Penelitian & Penembangan Pertanian 2(1): 1-5. r WWE and IUCN. 1994-1995. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Vol 2. IUCN publications Unit, Cambridge, UK. 326 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Fagus longipetiolata Fagaceae Distribution China, Viet Nam (Sapa and Moc Chau) Habitat Subtropical dense broadleaved forest. Found on wet mountain yellow soils at altitude 1000 - 2600m. Population status and trends In China this species is quite widespread but nowhere very abundant (FAO, 1996). In Viet Nam this slow-growing tree is only known from Sapa and Moc Chau, where it is sometimes the dominant species in dense subtropical broadleaved forest. Regeneration is thought to be hampered by a thick layer of leaf litter on the forest floor. Role of species in the ecosystem Associated with the following tree genera: Quercus, Schima, Pasania and Castanopsis. Threats Utilisation The wood is used to make furniture, implements and musical instruments. The tree also provides a useful source of gum, resin and oil. Trade No information. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd - Nghia, N.H. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Chinh, N.N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. 1-788. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988). unpublished). Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp. 327 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Flindersia ifflaiana Rutaceae ash, hickory Distribution Australia (Atherton District, northern Queensland), Papua New Guinea. In Papua New Guinea it is confined to the Oriomo river area of the Western province. Habitat In Papua New Guinea, this tree grows scattered in primary monsoon and gallery forest up to 50m altitude (Eddowes, 1997). In Australia it is found in moist rainforest up to 400 m above sea level (Keating and Bolza, 1982). Population status and trends Role of species in ecosystem In Papua New Guinea it is associated with Alloxylon, Grevillea and other Flindersia spp. The seeds are wind dispersed (Eddowes, 1997). Threats The Oriomo river ecosystem of the Western province, where this species occurs, is relatively small, fragile and unique but this region is threatened by logging activities (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used for flooring and exterior joinery (Eddowes, 1997). In Australia it has been one of the most important structural timber species of northern Queensland (Keating and Bolza, 1982). Trade This species is traded internationally on a minor scale (Eddowes, 1997). Small amounts of Flindersia wood are imported into Japan from Papua New Guinea (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). IUCN Conservation category EN A2cd, B1+2c according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). The above threat category applies only to the population in Papua New Guinea. Conservation measures Conservation measures are nil or negligible (Eddowes, 1997). Forest management and silviculture The species is possibly planted on a small scale at the LAE National Botanical Gardens, Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). It can be grown from seed but trials have shown that this species grows too slowly to be of economic importance (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Keating, W.G. and Bolza, E. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume I. South- east Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press, Melbourne Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998 328 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Flindersia laevicarpa Rutaceae maple, silkwood Distribution Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea. It is restricted to north Queensland and in Indonesia the species is known only from Misool Island. Habitat A large tree scattered in tropical dry and moist, broadleaved, open forest between 50 - 1200m. It is specifically found in monsoon, gallery and hill forest on elevated ground (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem The seeds are wind dispersed (Eddowes, 1997). Threats This large tree is threatened in New Guinea due to exploitation and logging activities (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used for high-class joinery, furniture and cabinet work (Eddowes, 1997). Trade This species is found in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). Small amounts of Flindersia wood are imported into Japan from Papua New Guinea (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). TUCN Conservation category VU Cl & C2a according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). The above threat category refers to the species’ situation in New Guinea. Conservation measures Its saving grace may well be its occurrence, albeit sporadic, in the hill forest of the Varirata Naional Park in the Central province (Eddowes, 1997). Forest management and silviculture This species might be cultivated on a small scale (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998 329 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Flindersia schottiana Rutaceae ash, silver Distribution Australia (Eastern seaboard), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Habitat This species is widespread but scattered in monsoon, hill and lower montane forest between 50 and 1500m. It occurs in tropical, lowland, submontane, dry, moist, non-seasonal, seasonal, broadleaved, mixed, closed forest. It is found in association with Acacia, Alloxylon and Grevillea spp. in monsoon forest. Population status and trends Since it occurs in the rugged mountains of the Owen Stanley Range, the species may be spared from further exploitation (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem The seeds are wind dispersed (Eddowes, 1997). Threats In Papua New Guinea, this species was subject to exploitation in 2 major logging areas, the Morobe and Western provinces (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used for furniture, joinery, boat-building and sporting goods; it is also used as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997). Trade Its timber is found in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). Small amounts of Flindersia wood are imported into Japan from Papua New Guinea (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). IUCN Conservation category LR/nt according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). The threat category refers to the species’ situation in New Guinea. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture This species is not known in cultivation, however a specimen may be growing in the LAE National Botanic Garden (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998. 330 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Geijera salicifolia Rutaceae satinheart, green Distribution This species occurs in Australia (northern New South Wales and Queensland), New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea. In Papua New Guinea the species is all but confined to the Bulolo/Wau area of the Morobe province (Eddowes, 1997). Habitat A tree scattered in tropical, submontane, moist, non-seasonal, broadleaved and mixed, closed and open forest between 500 and 1250m. It is primarily found in lower montane forest dominated by Araucaria hunsteinii, often on ridges. It is associated with Pouteria spp and Firmiana papuana (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends The Bulolo/Wau region of the Morobe province, Papua New Guinea was once heavily exploited, logged and converted into Pine (Araucaria) plantations (Eddowes, 1997). It is debatable as to how many mature specimens remain at the edge of its montane habitat (Eddowes, 1997). The species is considered to be vulnerable to genetic erosion (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Logging and general deforestation Utilisation The wood is used as a veneer and is used for furniture, joinery, boat-building and sporting goods (Eddowes, 1997). Trade The timber is found in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). In 1996 Papua New Guinea exported 160 cu m of timber of this species (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). IUCN Conservation category CR C2a according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). The evaluation refers to the species’ situation in Papua New Guinea only. Conservation measures It is not known if there are any conservation measures but if so they are probably negligable (Eddowes, 1997). Forest management and silviculture This species is not in cultivation (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998 331 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Gluta papuana Anacardiaceae hekakoro Distribution The species is restricted to the Gulf and Western provinces of Papua New Guinea and it is also found in coastal areas Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Habitat A tree scattered in seasonally inundated forest along rivers, in fresh-water swamps and on well-drained soils up to 50m. It is sometimes gregarious along river banks (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Seeds are dispersed by wind and water and by fruit bats (Eddowes, 1997). It regenerates in primary forest (Eddowes, 1997). Threats In Papua New Guinea it is restricted to Gulf and Western provinces which are now subject to heavy logging activities (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The decorative wood is used for furniture components, turnery and as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997).It has irritant properties which restict its general availability (Keating and Bolza, 1982). Trade The timber is found in national and minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd & 2cd according to Eddowes, P.J., 1997. The species is sought after for its decorative grain, so it possibly needs upgrading to endangered (Eddowes, 1997). Conservation measures There are no conservation measures known (Eddowes, 1997). Forest management and silviculture It is not thought to be in cultivation, however there is possibly a single specimen in the LAE National Botanic Gardens, Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Keating, W.G. and Bolza, E. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume 1. South- east Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press, Melbourne 332 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae gumhar, yemane, Yunnan shizi Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Yunnan), India, Laos, Malaysia [int] (Sabah), Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines [int], Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam. Habitat: Found in both temperate and tropical, moist and dry forest aswell as scrub. Population status and trends: The species is commonly-planted in South-East Asia and naturally occurring in Indo-China and the Indian subcontinent. There is evidence in many parts of its range that populations are declining through use; during the extensive surveys carried out by the Sri Lankan National Conservation Review, only 3 individuals were found. Role of species in the ecosystem: Utilisation: The entire plant is utilised for medicine. The stem is used for timber in light construction and as pulpwood. Leaves are good cattle fodder. Trade: A popular source of medicine and also timber. In Sri Lanka all parts of the tree are used, especially the roots, to obtain medicinal extracts. The medicinal products play a major role in international trade. Malaysia exported 14,000 m’ of this species at 38 $/m’ in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Plantation grown throughout the tropics. In the wild this species regenerates naturally only in the open or on the edge of forests. In cultivation, Yemane has a high light requirement and a high sensitivity to competition. Good growth and establishment is ensured by good site preparation e.g weeding or clearance by fire. In order to produce long clear boles pruning is eessential. A straight bole is ensured by cutting all the leaves off saplings with exception of the upper 2-3 pairs. Rotations of 6 years are used for those trees destined for pulpwood and of 10 years for those used for sawnwood. The second rotation is produced by coppicing, Stump or seedling planting is employed for a third rotation. During the first two years weeding is carried out 3-4 times. Stands of 10 year rotation are thinned to 50% after 5 and 7 years. It has been shown that in order to maintain sufficient growth of Yemane during the second cycle extensive adittion of fertiliser is required As seedlings demand light there is very little natural regeneration in plantations. IUCN Conservation category Lower Risk: least concern — according to WCMC References: Chinh, N. N. et al. 1996. Vietnam forest trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. 1-788. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Forest Management Bureau. 1988. Natural forest resources of the Philippines. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila. 62pp. Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xvili-741. Green, M.J.B. and E.R. N. Gunawardena (comps.). 1997. Designing an optimum protected areas system for Sri Lanka's natural forests. (unpublished). Prepared by IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre for the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. Hamilton, A. 1990. Provisional list of endangered medicinal plants. (unpublished). 333 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Kessler, Paul J.A., Kade Sidiyasa, Ambriansyah Zainal, & Arifin Zainal. 1995. Checklist of secondary forest trees in East and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 84pp. Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Vietnam dated 25 March 1992. (unpublished). 49pp. Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988). (unpublished). National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 334 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Gonystylus affinis Thymelaeaceae Distribution Indonesia (West Kalimantan?), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, southwest Sarawak). In Peninsular Malaysia this species occurs along the west coast, from Kedah to N. Johore. Habitat This species is found in lowland open rainforest, mixed dipterocarp forest and heath forest, at altitudes up to 330 m. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The 'ramin' timber is used for house construction. Especially used for door and window frames, furniture, plywood, toys and handles of non-impact tools. Trade No information. IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 429pp. 335 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Gonystylus bancanus Thymelaeaceae Trade name Ramin Local names Melawis (Malaya), Garu Buaja (Indonesia), Lanutan-Bagio (Philippines) Distribution Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Habitat G. bancanus differs from other species in the genus in being a peat-swamp species. Habitats are lowland freshwater swamp and coastal peat-swamp forest including peripheral mixed swamp forest and Shorea albida forest. Also found in heath forest. G. bancanus grows at altitudes up to 100m. In Peninsular Malaysia peat swamp forest occurs in low-lying plains just behind the coast, mainly in the central and southern parts of the peninsula. On the west coast the peat forests occur on heavy alluvial clay, whereas on the east coast they occur on coarse sand and white clay. Large areas of peat swamp forest have been cleared for agriculture, with extensive development of oil palm and pineapple plantations (Appanah er al., 1989). Peat swamp forests are widespread in Sarawak, accounting for 14 736 kim’ or 11.9% of the land area. Some conversion to rice and pineapple fields, and coconut and sago plantations has taken place but so far on a relatively small scale. Timber production has been the main use of the forests. The only extensive area of peat swamp with Gonystylus in Sabah is located in the south-west region (Fox, 1978). G. bancanus occurs in Indonesian peat swamp forests of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Inan Jaya. Estimates of the total peat area in Sumatra and Kalimantan vary between 16.5 and 27 million ha. The species is also a component of freshwater swamp forests in the lowlands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Inan Jaya (Silvius er al., 1987). Total areas of swamp forest of Indonesia Fen O00 a) 2069511 Area in reserves Source: Silvius et al., 1987. Population status and trends A gregarious, often dominant tree of lowland freshwater swamp and peat-swamp forest. This species has been heavily depleted as it is the most important source of 'ramin' timber. G. bancanus has been heavily depleted in Indonesia (Haeruman, 1985). It is Vulnerable in Peninsular Malaysia because of heavy exploitation, habitat loss, poor natural regeneration and lack of silvicultural knowledge about the species (Anon., 1985). According to Repetto and Gillis (1988), the swamp forests of Sarawak were largely depleted of Ramin by 1981. The ITTO mission to Sarawak, reported that Ramin was being heavily overcut. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats It is threatened by over-exploitation and habitat loss. Burning is a major current threat. Utilisation Ramin is used for furniture, joinery, mouldings, flooring, plywood. 336 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Trade Ramin is exported by Sarawak as sawn timber. In 1987 Ramin accounted for 87% of total sawn timber exports from the State. Sawn timber is mainly exported to EC countries such as Italy (737%), UK (13%), Netherlands (10%), FRG (9%), Belgium (6%) and Spain (5%). The quantity of Ramin exported in 1987 was 153879 m? and in 1988, 175 000 m*. The volume exported during the period January-March 1989 was 40.000 m’, an increase of around 33% over exports during the same period of the previous year (source: Forestry Department). In 1989, Peninsular Malaysia exported 16 187 m? of Ramin sawn timber, as recorded by MTIB. In the early 1980s Ramin was Indonesia's first species for sawn wood EXPOS, accounting for 37.7% in volume, 45.8% in value. The average annual amount capone was 598 000 m’, with a value of US$119 million (Laurent, 1986). In 1986 Indonesia exported 377 000 m of Ramin (source: Forestry Department). In 1989 the UK imported 19 817 m’ (as recorded in Customs statistics). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd — according to WCMC. Conservation measures Legislation: Indonesia - The export of Ramin in the form of logs or sawn timber is banned. Presence in protected areas: Indonesia Gunung Palung Nature Reserve, Kalimantan, Mandor Nature Reserve, Kalimantan, Gunung Penrisen/Gunung Nyiut Game Reserve, Kalimantan, Berbak Game Reserve, Sumatra Peninsular Malaysia The presence of Ramin in the Kuala Langat Selatan Forest Reserve, Selangor VJR No 10 is noted by Putz (1978). It has been noted (Anon., 1985) that the great majority of the disjunct lowland populations of G. bancanus lack all protection, being outside National Parks, Virgin Jungle Reserves and commercial Forest Reserves Other conservation needs: Appanah et al. (1989) call for the conservation of peat swamp forests in Peninsular Malaysia as a source of timber, for genetic resource conservation and to maintain the hydrological balance. They call for the conversion of forested land for agricultural purposes to be discouraged. According to Wong Khoon Meng (in litt.), conservation of Gonystylus habitats is important in Brunei. Forest management and silviculture Ramin is the most valuable timber of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak. There have been concerns that the timber is not being cut on a sustainable basis, leading to concern about the future of timber production from this forest type as a whole. The: extent of illegal logging is not known but it has been a problem: there was a report, for example, of 1378 m of Ramin logs peed in Sarikei Division, Sarawak (Anon., 1988). The methods of harvesting and transport of Ramin in Kalimantan are described in detail by Laurent (1986). Production is entirely by hand. The only limited mechanised operations are the use of chain-saws for felling and cross-cutting and micro-engines for pulling small trucks from log processing/loading yards to the fleating wood yard. References Anon. 1985. Jn situ conservation of forest genetic resources in Peninsular Malaysia. pp. 32-49. In Forest Genetic Resources Information 14. Rome: FAO. Anon. (1988). Sarawak intensifies campaign against illegal logging. Perkasa 6(4): 3. Appanah, S., Chan, H.T. and Hamzeh, K.A. (1989). Peat swamp forests of Peninsular Malaysia: Current status, ecology, management and conservation. FRIM Reports 51: 1-9. Bennett, E.L. (1988). Proboscis monkeys and their swamp forests in Sarawak. Oryx 22(2): 69-74. Forest Department Sarawak (1989). Annual report of the Forest Department, Sarawak 1987. Fox, J.E.D. (1978). The natural vegetation of Sabah, Malaysia. 1. The physical environment and classification. Tropical Ecology 19(2) 337 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Haeruman, H. (1985). Future of tropical forests in Indonesia, resolving land resources conflicts. In: Davidson, J., Pang, T-Y. and Bijleveld, M. (Eds), The future of tropical rainforests in South East Asia. Commission on Ecology Papers No. 10. IUCN, Switzerland. Laurent, D. (1986). Kalimantan Ramin and Agathis, where do you come from and how are you harvested? Bois et Foréts des Tropiques 211: 75-88. Putz, F.E. (1978). A survey of Virgin Jungle Reserves in Peninsular Malaysia. FRI Research Pamphlet No. 73. Forestry Department, Kuala Lumpur. Repetto, R. and Gillis, M. (1988). Public policies and the misuse of forest resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Said, ILM. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Silvius, M.J., Steeman, A.PJ.M., Berczy, E.T., Djuharsa and Taufik, A.W. (1987). The Indonesian Wetland Inventory. A preliminary compilation of existing information on wetlands of Indonesia. PHPA, AWB/INTERWADER, EDWIN, Bogor, Indonesia. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. Correspondence and personal communications Wong Khoon Meng, Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam. Jn litt., September 1989. 338 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Gonystylus brunnescens Thymelaeaceae Distribution Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak). In Peninsular Malaysia in Trengganu, Pahang, Perak and Pangkor Island. Habitat Usually occurring in non-inundated dipterocarp rainforest on hills and low-lying land, often near the sea, to an altitude of 1500m. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood 1s used as 'ramin' timber. Trade IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 429pp. 339 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Gonystylus confusus Thymelaeaceae Distribution Indonesia? (Sumatra?), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore. The species occurs throughout Peninsular Malaysia except in Perlis and Malacca. Habitat A tree confined to non-inundated lowland rainforest up to 600m altitude. Fairly common in evergreen, non-inundated rainforest on hills and low-lying land. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is used as ‘ramin' timber. Trade IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Said, I.M. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Soeranegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 340 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Gonystylus keithii Thymelaeaceae Distribution Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Habitat Evergreen, non-inundated rainforest mostly on sandy soils, up to altitude of 400m. Population status and trends The species has a scattered occurrence. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is used as ‘ramin' timber. The fruits are used as a source of vertebrate poison. Trade TUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd — according to WCMC. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 429pp. 341 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Gonystylus macrophyllus Thymelaeaceae Distribution Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Papua New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Philippines?, Solomon Islands (South Solomon). The most widespread species of the genus. Habitat Primary forest reaching an altitude of 1500m Population status and trends The species has a scattered occurrence. The species is extremely rare in Papua New Guinea and occurs only on New Georgia and Choiseul of the Solomon Islands where it is locally common. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation It is one of the important 'ramin’ timber species and the heartwood is used as incense. Other products include gum, resin and oil. Trade TUCN Conservation category VU Alcd — according to WCMC. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing annotations to the Draft Red List Summay Report for Papua New Guinea trees. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Said, I.M. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Whitmore, T.C., 1.G.M Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 429pp. 342 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Gonystylus maingayi Thymelaeaceae Distribution Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore exploited for its valuable 'ramin' timber. The roots are used locally as a medicine administered after childbirth. Habitat Restricted to primary rainforest and peat-swamp forest up to 200m altitude. Population status and trends The species was stated to be uncommon in Peninsular Malaysia (Tree Flora of Malaysia, Vol 2, 1973). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats It is likely that this species has been adversely affected by the burning of peatswamp forests especially in Sumatra. Utilisation Exploited for its valuable 'ramin' timber. The roots are used locally as a medicine administered after childbirth. Trade IUCN Conservation category Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Soerianegara, I. & R-H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. 343 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Homalium foetidum Common names Termate ironwood, delisem, malas Local names Indonesia: gia (general), melmas (Kalimantan), momala (Sulawasi). Malaysia: petaling padang (Peninsular), keruing renkas, bansisian (Sabah). Papua New Guinea: malas (general). Philippines: aranga (general), kamagahai (Bikol), yagau (Cebu Bisaya). Solomon Islands: malasatu (Kwara’ ae) Distribution Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. Habitat It occurs in thickets in the Philippines and in rain forest elsewhere, often along riverbanks on clayey or sandy, often stoney soil from 20 to 200m. In Papua New Guinea, the species is sometimes common on alluvial flat lands adjacent to rivers. Population status and trends H. foetidum is common but scattered in eastern Malaysia. In Papua New Guinea, it is mainly confined to the north-western part of the mainland and New Bnitain of the Bismarck Archipelago, where it can be relatively common. The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Exploitation for timber and destruction of habitat through logging are the main threats to the species. It is particularly vulnerable due to its occurrence in accessible, lowland, primary rainforest. Utilisation It is a fairly important source of malas timber (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Produces a hard umber used for house and bridge construction. In Papua New Guinea the timber is exported in log form and as sawn square-edged timber. Its hardness and strength together with its permeability to pressure treatment renders it suitable for bridge and wharf contruction, marine piling, posts, poles, decking and exterior joinery (Eddowes, 1977, 1980 & 1995-1997). Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). This species makes up approximately 9% of the total log exports of Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). In 1995, Papua New Guinea exported 326,000 m of logs at an average FOB price of 115$/m’ (ITTO, 1996). Japan is the major importer of malas logs. Australia and New Zealand import sawn timber for decking. IUCN Conservation category LR-Ic (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). However, further review is desirable (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 Eddowes, P. J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea, their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. Xiv + 195 pp. 344 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Eddowes, P. J., 1980. Lesser known timber species of SEALPA countries. A review and summary. South East Asia Lumber Producers Association. Jakarta, Indonesia. 79 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1995-1997. The forest and timbers of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished. Eddowes, P. J., 1997. Papua New Guinea. Notes on timber exploitation. Unpublished. ITTO. 1996. Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 345 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Hydnocarpus sumatrana Distribution Thailand, Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak, Kalimantan, south/central Java, Philippines. Habitat The species occurs in rainforest on sandy or clay soil in hilly or steep locations between 30 and 200 m. Population status and trends This species was formerly common in Java (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). It has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Species of Hydnocarpus are utilised for the oil extracted from there seeds which is used for curing wounds and eczema. Wood of the genus is used locally for house building and a variety of uses. Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). There are no specific records of trade in timber of this genus although it may possibly occur in mixed consignments of medium-weight hardwood (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998 WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 346 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Intsia bijuga Common/Trade name Indonesia and Malaysia: Merbau. Philippines: ipil. Papua New Guinea: kwila. Local names Cambodia: krakas prek. Indonesia: merbau (general), ipil (Sulawesi), ipi (Nusa Tenggara). Malaysia: merbau ipil (Sarawak, Sabah), kayu besi (Peninsular). Philippines: Ipil, Ipil laut, Moluccan Ironwood, Bomeo Teak (UK), Kwila. Papua New Guinea: bendora, kwila, pas. Thailand: lumpaw, lumpho-thale (Surat Thani), pradu- thale (Central). Guam: Ifil. Samoa: Ifi-lele. Fiji: Vesi. Solomon Islands: U'ula. Viet Nam: Go Nuoc, g[ox] n[uw] [ows]s (general), b[aaf]n [ooj]i (southern). Distribution American Samoa, Australia, Burma, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Madagascar (at low altitudes in the west), Malaysia, Myanmar, Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Seychelles, Tanzania, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Habitat It is a tree of lowland, tropical rain forest which is often found in coastal areas bordering mangrove swamps, rivers, or floodplains. It is also found inland up to 600m, in primary or old secondary forests (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993, Kade Sidiyasa 1994). Population status and trends Intsia bijuga produces one of the most valuable timbers of South East Asia. The species has been exploited so intensively for timber that in most countries few trees are left in natural stands. There have been few attempts to cultivate the species in plantations and the species was said to face imminent disappearance as an economic plant (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). Good stands still exist in parts of Indonesia, mainly Irian Jaya, and Papua New Guinea where it is found mainly in the Sepik and Madang provinces. In Papua New Guinea, Intsia bijuga is the more dominant than J. palembanica, however, this is reversed in Peninsular Malaysia. J. bijuga is never abundant in Peninsular Malaysia and rarely achieves timber size (Ser, 1982). The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia and Vulnerable in the Philippines (WCMC, 1991-check or ITTO report). The species is considered to be almost extinct in Sabah (Meijer, pers. comm. 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Utilisation This very attractive wood is one of the most valued timbers throughout South East Asia. It is stronger than Teak and is one of the most decay-resistant timbers known (when not in contact with the ground); in the Philippines it is used as a standard against which the durability of other timbers is assessed (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). Used for all high-class general construction, flooring (it produces the famous 'merbau floors’), posts, beams, etc. and also for musical instruments, furniture and cabinet making. Bark and leaves are used medicinally and the seeds are edible. In addition, the wood is a dye source. Trade The main importing countries are the Netherlands, where the wood is used for windows and doors, and Germany. Production of merbau has recently become more important in Indonesia, with production of about 137,000 m’ in 1992. The main production area is Irian Jaya and production is also significant in Aceh and the Moluccas. Japan imports kwila from Papua New Guinea, Sabah and Sarawak (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Approximately 4% of logs exported from Papua New Guinea are /. bijua and 1. palembanica (Eddowes, 1997). In 1995, Fiji exported 1000 m’ of sawnwood at an average FOB price of 413$/m’ (ITTO, 1996). Malaysia (Peninsular) exported 42000 m’ of sawnwood a an average FOB price of 466$/m’ in 1995 (ITTO, 1996). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd according to WCMC Conservation measures 347 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Legislation: Philippines - Classified as a premium hardwood under the DENR Administrative Order No. 78 Series of 1987, Interim Guidelines on the cutting/gathering of Narra and other premium hardwood species. Under this Order special permission from the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources is required to fell Intsia bijuga, and various conditions are specified. Presence in protected areas Indonesia Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Manusela Wai Nua/Wai Mual National Park, Moluccas Philippines St Paul Subterranean River National Park, Quezon National Park, Calauit Island National Park Forest management and silviculture Trials in the Solomon Islands have shown that it is easily established either from seed or as forest wildings potted in the nursery. The potential of the species in these trials was shown by the fact that the quickest growing individuals added 2 m height each year, but little general information is available about the full plantation potential of the species. Further research on silviculture is urgently needed (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). Some planting in Madagascar (Departement des Eaux et Forets, 1993). References Amerson, A.B., W.A. Whistler, & T.D. Schwaner. 1982. Wildlife and wildlife habitat of American Samoa. II: Accounts of flora and fauna. Washington, DC, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 151pp. Chayamarit, Kongkanda. 1986. Leguminous plants in the mangrove formations in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 1(16): 119-153. Departement des Eaux et Forets. 1993. Choix des essences pour la sylviculture a Madagascar. Akon'ny Ala 12-13. Eddowes, P. J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea, their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. Xiv + 195 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1995-1997. The forest and timbers of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished. Eddowes, P. J., 1997. Papua New Guinea. Notes on timber exploitation. Unpublished. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. ITTO. 1996. Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation Kostermans, A. 1989. Comments on Indonesian timber species. Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Vietnam dated 25 March 1992. (unpublished). 49pp. Meijer, W., 1997. Personal communication to Amy MacKinven National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 1989. Facts and figures 1989. Boroko NCD: Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 46pp. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Said, ILM. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Ser, C.S. 1982. Malaysian timbers - Merbau. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 65. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. Sidiyasa, K. 1994. Personal communication to Sara Oldfield Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Topp, J.M.W. 1988. An annotated check list of the flora of Diego Garcia, British Ocean Ternitory. Atoll Research Bulletin 313 Verdcourt, B. 1979. A manual of New Guinea legumes. Botany Bulletin 11 Wheatley, J.I. 1992. A guide to the common trees of Vanuatu. Port Villa, Vanuatu: Dept. of Forestry. Whitmore, T.C. & F.S.P. Ng (eds.). 1972. Tree Flora of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Longman. Womersley, J.S. & J.B. McAdam. 1957. The forests and forest conditions in the territories of Papua and New Guinea. Zillmere, Queensland: The Wilke Group. 22-23. 348 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Jackiopsis ornata Distribution Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak. Habitat Locally frequent although never abundant in Lowland swamp forest and riverine habitats. This species occurs in peat-swamp forest in northern Borneo. Population status and trends This species occurs scattered in the forest and is fairly common, it is not thought to be endangered (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats The current burning of peat swamp forests in Borneo is likely to impact severely on this species. Utilisation The timber is hard, heavy, reddish brown and fine textured, it is used locally in house building and for implement such as rice pounders and carrying poles (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). The wood is rarely and only locally used (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). IUCN Conservation category The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). The new IUCN categories have not yet been applied. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Little is known about the silviculture of this tree, although it is thought more promising as an ornamental than timber species. Prospects for timber production are hard to judge (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmod)jo, 1998). References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 349 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Kalappia celebica Distribution Endemic to Sulawesi. Habitat This species usually occurs on poor rocky soils of around pH4 in Lowland rainforest forest in vicinity of Malili. Population status and trends A species endemic to South Sulawesi where it is one of the tallest trees in the forest. The species has previously been recorded as endangered (old IUCN threat category) in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Very locally it can be one of the dominant species (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Threats Populations were already seriously depleted by the 1950’s as a result of large-scale logging for it’s valuable timber (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). This species is highly threatened by a continued timber trade and lack of proper management. Utilisation The most common use is as a light construction timber used in building ships, bridges and for various housing construction purposes. A timber form with beautiful grain pattern was once highly sought after for cabinet and other furniture making. Trade Up until the beginning of the 1950’s considerable amounts of Kallapia timber was transported from the surrounding areas of Malili and Wotu (South Sulawesi), where K. celebica was common, to be processed in Ujung Pandang. Current supplies are probably very limited, and the wood has become rare and expensive on the local markets, no trade statistics are known. The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category VU D2? - preliminary evaluation by Amy MacKinven, WCMC, on the basis of its limited distribution. The evaluation was agreed to by the Asia Regional Workshop (1997), however it was felt that more research is needed. Conservation measures Protection of large areas of forest where it grows is essential for it’s survival. This protection may also protect Diospyros celebica, another superior timber speceis associated with K. celebica (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Forest management and silviculture Regeneration in closed forest is poor and in some examples non-existent. A forest near Wotu containing approximately 65 trees per Ha displayed no signs of natural regeneration, however natural regeneration was observed in logged over areas. This poor germination may require special forest management techniques. Tests with enrichment planting in logged over areas may be worth considering, any current activities of propogation by seed have not been reported, although it is known to be possible (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). There is currently no evidence of attempts at cultivation of this species. Very little research has been carried out on wood properties, propagation, silviculture and forest management of such a valuable timber species. References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998) 350 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 351 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Kingiodendron pinnatum Leguminosae Distribution India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Habitat A large tree sparsely distributed in evergreen hill forest and deciduous forest up to 1000m Population status and trends The range of the species extends from South Kanara in Karnataka to the southern tip of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. The population is believed to have declined by 50% in the last 20 years because of overexploitation, injuries caused by resin collection and habitat degradation. Regeneration appears to be very poor. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, extensive agriculture Utilisation The species yields useful timber, bark for making varnish and resin for wood polish. Trade The timber is traded on a local scale. IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd according to CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in India (Molur er al., 1995) Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture The species is cultivated on a small scale. References Molur, S et al. (eds.). 1995. Conservation assessment and management plan (CAMP) for selected species of medicinal plants of southern India. 108 pp. Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry (eds.). 1990. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Vol. 3. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. 271 pp. Ramesh, B.R. & J.-P. Pascal. 1997. Atlas of endemics of the Western Ghats (India). Distribution of tree species in the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Institut Francais de Pondichéry. 403 pp. 352 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Kjellbergiodendron celebicum Distribution Indonesia (Sulawesi) Habitat This species occurs in mountainous areas. Population status and trends The species has been recorded as rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 353 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Kokoona leucoclada Celastraceae Distribution Malaysia (Sabah) Habitat: tropical lowland, closed forest Population status and trends Endemic to Sabah, the species has only been collected once from Ranau and once from Sandakan in lowland forest. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats The species is threatened by the large-scale clearance of the forest. Utilisation Trees of the genus are cut for mata ulat timber which is used locally. Trade Only very small amounts of mata ulat timber are exported if at all. The trees of the genus are generally too scattered and slow-growing to be of commerical importance. (Lemmens, Soerianegara, and Wong 1995). IUCN Conservation category VU D2 - according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. 354 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Koompassia excelsa Tualang Distribution Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, north-eastern Sumatra, Borneo and Palawan. Habitat Primary tropical rainforest usually along rivers, in valleys and lower slopes of hills, locally abundant (KeBler & Sidiyasa). Population status and trends A common but usually not very abundant species. Solitary trees standing alone in the open are encountered comparatively often because they are difficult to cut and because local people harvest honey from the tree crowns (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in the trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem An important species for bees. Threats Utilisation The timber is used as tualang. The wood is sometimes used as firewood. The bark is used medicinally (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Trade In 1995 Malaysia exported 37000 m’ of sawnwood at an average price of 208$/m’ (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category LR-cd (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997) Conservation measures Koompassia excelsa is a protected species under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill, 1990. It is known to occur in protected areas. Forest management and silviculture No specific information is available. References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 ITTO. 1997. Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation, 1996. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. KeBler, Paul J. A & Kade Sidiyasa, 1994. Trees of the Balikpapan-Samarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species, The Tropenbos Foundation (Tropenbos series ; 7). : 355 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Koompassia grandiflora Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) kempas Distribution The species is known only from the Vogelkop peninsula, Inan Jaya, Indonesia and the Morobe, Gulf and Central provinces, Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). Habitat : A primary rain forest tree scattered on coastal plain foothills and stony low hills between 10 - 840m (Eddowes, 1997). In addition it is found sclerophyllous habitats (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends Koompassia grandiflora is highly vulnerable because it occurs in primary rainforest, mostly at low, readily accessible altitudes (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem The species regenerates in primary forest (Eddowes. 1997). The seeds are dispersed by wind (Eddowes, 1997). Threats Observations of active exploitation for the timber of this species in Papua New Guinea were made in the 1960s (Frodin, 1997); the timber continues to be in high demand and is heavily exploited in areas subject to logging (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used for heavy construction, beams, flooring, decking and plywood. In addition it is used as veneer (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Trade This species is and will continue to be heavily exploited in Papua New Guinea for both log export and for domestic processing due to its very good bole form, wood quality and market acceptance (Eddowes, 1997b). IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd+2cd according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997) Conservation measures Conservation measures are negligable (Eddowes, 1997). Forest management and silviculture This species is probably not found in cultivation (Eddowes, 1997). References: Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J. 1997b. Letter from Peter Eddowes to Sara Oldfield dated October 13”, 1997. Frodin, D. et al. 1997. Discussion of the working groups at the Conservation and sustainable management of trees workshop held in Hanoi, Viet Nam. Hou, D. 1996. Caesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 356 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Koompassia malaccensis kempas Distribution Thailand, Indonesia (Sumatra), the Riau Archipelago, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Habitat Lowland forest, peat and freshwater swamp, occurring from sea-level up to 600 m. Population status and trends In Peninsular Malaysia it is considered to be the third commonest big forest tree (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The timber is used as kempas. The wood is sometimes used as firewood (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Trade Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in the trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). In 1995, Malaysia exported 30,000 m’ of sawnwood at an average price of 328$/m’ (ITTO, 1996). Sabah exported, 29,000 m’ of sawn timber in 1992 (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1993) Average annual export of sawn timber from Peninsular Malaysia for the period 1982-1987 was 126,000 m’. In 1990 the amount exported was 114,000 m’ and in 1992 49,000 m’. Export destinations were as for K. excelsa (Soeriaegara & Lemmens) IUCN Conservation category LR-cd (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Koompassia malaccensis is a protected species under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill, 1990. Forest management and silviculture No specific information is available (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 ITTO. 1996. Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. 357 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Lagarostrobos franklinii Podocarpaceae huon pine Distribution: Australia (Tasmania) Habitat: tropical, moist, mixed, closed forest Population status and trends: Huon pine, one of the longest living trees in the world, is found mostly in small stands in rainforest associated with the river systems of south-west Tasmania. Populations retreated during the Last Glacial and were heavily logged in the more recent past Role of species in the ecosystem: Primary Obligative species dependencies: Dioecious; vegetative reproduction is also apparent; availability of light increases reproductive output but only a small proportion of individuals are reproductive in a season - disproportionate number of them being the oldest winged pollen - wind pollinated; seeds disperse by water or gravity and is often poor. Threats: burning, .clear-felling/logging of the habitat, .industrial development, .mining/exploration Utilisation: timber (minor International trade) Trade: IUCN Conservation category: VU B1+2ce according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group Conservation measures: Whilst most of the range is protected within a World Heritage Site, significant areas are open to the persistent threats of mining, logging, hydroelectric schemes and fire regimes. Forest management and silviculture: References: Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Quinn, C.J. 1982. The Taxonomy of Dacrydium Sol. ex Lamb emend de Laub (Podocarpaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 30: 311-320. Shapcott, A. 1991. Studies in population biology and genetic variation of the Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii). Hobart: The National Rainforest Conservation Program and Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Hobart and Dept. of the Arts, Sports, the Environment and Territories. 358 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Lophopetalum javanicum Celastraceae Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam Habitat Found mainly in lowland rainforest, sometimes in hill and montane forest up to 1400m. Often in periodically inundated areas or peat swamps and on riverbanks. In Sabah and Sarawak, mainly in mixed dipterocarp forest. Population status and trends A widespread species which is abundant in various forest types, Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated and the winged seeds are probably wind dispersed. Threats Increasing demand for perupok may put this species under threat at least in parts of its range. Utilisation The wood is utilised as perupok timber. The bark is used as a poison and the tree also provides fuel wood. Trade Trade in perupok, particularly from Kalimantan, has gained in importance over the past ten years. The timber is very popular in Japan (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category LR/Ic - WCMC Conservation measures In East Kalimantan, a project has selected out the "superior mother trees”. Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Philippines dated 6 April 1992. 49pp. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Said, ILM. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. 359 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Lophopetalum multinervium Celastraceae Distribution Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore Habitat This tree is found in freshwater and peat swamp forest and very occasionally in submontane forest up to 1500m. It is widely distributed in Sabah and Sarawak. Population status and trends Common and locally frequent in various forest types. There is great demand for wood of this genus which is traded as perupok. Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated and the winged seeds are probably wind dispersed. Threats Increasing trade demands for timber and burning of the swamp forest habitats in Sumatra and Borneo. Utilisation The wood is utilised as perupok timber. Trade Trade in perupok, particularly from Kalimantan, has gained in importance over the past ten years. The timber is very popular in Japan (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category LR/Ic - WCMC Conservation measures In East Kalimantan, a project has selected out the "superior mother trees”. Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Said, IM. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. 360 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Lophopetalum pachyphyllum Celastraceae Distribution Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) Habitat Dry forest on slopes, ridges and limestone cliffs up to an elevation of 450m Population status and trends In Sarawak, the species is only known from two collections from Bako National Park. Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated Threats Utilisation The timber is used as perupok, which is in high demand for the international market. Trade Trade in perupok, particularly from Kalimantan, has gained in importance over the past ten years. The timber is very popular in Japan (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). 2000m’ of species of Lophopetalum, otherwise known as Perupok, was exported from Peninsular Malaysia in 1995 at $607 3 per m (ITTO,1997). IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R-H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 361 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Lophopetalum rigidum Celastraceae Distribution Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Kalimantan Habitat The tree occurs in freshwater and peat swamp forest and *kerangas forest up to 2400m. Population status and trends Endemic to northern Borneo, the species is locally frequent in Sarawak and recorded from Lahad Datu, Keningau and Ranau in Sabah. Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated. Threats Increasing demand for perupok may be a threat to this relatively restricted species and current forest burning is expected to impact negatively on the species. Utilisation The wood is in demand as perupok timber. Trade Trade in perupok, particularly from Kalimantan, has gained in importance over the past ten years. The timber is very popular in Japan (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Whitmore, T.C., I.G.M. Tantra, & U. Sutisna (eds.). 1989. Tree flora of Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Research and Development Centre. 181pp. 362 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Madhuca betis Sapotaceae Distribution Indonesia (Sulawesi and Kalimantan), Philippines Habitat A primary lowland forest species at altitudes up to 300m. Population status and trends In the Philippines stands have been depleted by logging and shifting agriculture. It has been recorded as ** in the country. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Logging and shifting agriculture. Utilisation A source of bitis timber and also medicinal extracts from the roots and bark. Trade Bitis is only obtainable in small quantities and is used domestically. IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd — according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Soerianegara, I. & R-H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 363 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Madhuca boerlageana Sapotaceae nyatoh Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea Habitat A tree of primary, lowland, rain forest found between 50 - 600m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). It is associated with Terminalia, Pometia, Planchanella and Homalium spp. (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends In Papua New Guinea this species is extremely rare and known from a single sterile collection made from the Vanimo area, West Sepik province (Eddowes, 1997). This part of Papua New Guinea is heavily logged and there is grave doubt as to its continuing existence in this country (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Primary regeneration guild (Eddowes, 1997). Threats The main threat to this very rare species is logging of the habitat (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used for boat-building, furniture, plywood and as a veneer (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Trade This species is found in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). IUCN Threat category CR Alcd, C2ab, D1 according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). The threat category applies to the situation in Papua New Guinea only. Conservation measures There are no conservation measures (Eddowes, 1997). Silviculture and forest management It is not in cultivation (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Soenianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 364 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Madhuca pasquieri Sapotaceae Distribution China (south-west Guangdong, southern Guangxi, Malipo and Pingbian in Yunnan), Viet Nam (northern provinces) Habitat Lowland primary forest up to 1100m Population status and trends This large light demanding timber tree species has a scattered distribution.. Populations have been heavily exploited throughout the range and few large trees remain. Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats commercial use, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, expansion of human settlement, extensive agriculture Utilisation The seeds are eaten and provide a source of oil. Timber is the main use. Trade Minor international trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd - WCMC Conservation measures The species range coincides with protected areas in both countries. In Viet Nam this species is included in the Council of Ministers Decision 18/HDBT (17 January 1992) as a species with high economical value which is subject to over-exploitation. It is also categorised as a priority for genetic conservation. Forest management and silviculture References Chinh, N. N. et al. 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. 1-788. Dzung. et al. 1997. Conversation with Charlotte Jenkins concerning tree species in Viet Nam also found in Yunnan. Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii-741. Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988). (unpublished). Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 484pp. National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp. Sun, W. 1997. Completed data collection forms for trees of Yunnan. 365 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Magnolia hodgsonii Magnoliaceae Distribution Bhutan, India and Nepal Habitat Warm broadleaved forests. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Wood is good for furniture making Trade IUCN Conservation Category Not evaluated Conservation measures Forest management and ecosystem 366 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Mangifera decandra kemang badak (S. Sumatra, Palembang), binjai hutan & belunu hutan (Sabah), ?asam damaran (Brunei), konyot or konyot besi (Benuaq and Tundjung Dayak: E. Kalimantan), palong besi (Kutai: E. Kalimantan). Distribution Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, E. Kalimantan) and Sumatra. Habitat This large tree grows in primary lowland evergreen rainforest up to 900 m (once found at 1440 m)(Kostemans and Bompard, 1993); it is sometimes found in freshwater swamp forest and secondary forests (Lemmens et al, 1995). Population Status and Trends This species is common but very scattered (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). It is planted in Dayak home gardens in E. Kalimantan (van Valkenburg, 1997). Under the old IUCN threat categories, this species is recorded as Rare in Sabah and Indeterminate in Kalimantan. Role of Species in the ecosystem The fruits are likely to be eaten by animals ie. monkeys, bats and hornbills (Lemmens et al, 1995). Threats Utilisation The fruits are edible and the wood is believed to be used as machang timber; machang is used for light construction or heavy construction under cover and the beautiful streaked heartwood is used for fine furniture (Lemmens et al, 1995). Being a wild relative of the mango, this species could be useful for breeding purposes (Smith et al, 1992). Trade The fruits of this species are found in local markets is E. Kalimantan (van Valkenburg, 1997) Machang timber is exported from Borneo in fairly large quantities. In 1987, Sabah exported 40,000 m3 of round logs worth US$2.5 million and in 1992 38,000 m’ were exported as sawn timber and round logs for US$5.7 million. IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation Measures Forest management and silviculture There are no reports of machang being planted for timber. Natural regeneration of species is usually abundant. Machang stones are recalcitrant (Lemmens et al, 1995). References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. * Smith, N.J.H., Williams J.T., Plucknett, D.L. and J.P. Talbot. 1992. Tropical Forest and their Crops. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, U.S.A. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. 1997. Non-timber forest products of East Kalimantan. Potentials for sustainable forest use. Tropenbos Series 16. The Tropenbos Foundation: Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp.61-95. 367 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Mangifera macrocarpa Indonesia: gompur (Sundanese, Western Java), n'cham busur (East Kalimantan), asem busur (South Kalimantan). Malaysia: machang lawit (Peninsular). Thailand: mamuang- khikwang (Peninsular). Distribution Peninsular Thailand, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Sabah, Kalimantan, Western Java and Borneo. Habitat Restricted to primary wet evergreen lowland forest, at altitudes of 0 - 800 m. It occurs scattered in lowland rainforest (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Population status and trends The species is very scattered. It flowers and fruits rarely but profusely (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). It is possibly extinct in Java (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats General threats to the forests where this species occurs include conversion for agriculture and logging. Utilisation The wood is reputed to be used (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Trade Machang timber is exported from Borneo in fairly large quantities. In 1987, Sabah exported 40,000 m3 of round logs worth US$2.5 million and in 1992 38,000 m’ were exported as sawn timber and round logs for US$5.7 million. IUCN Conservation category — VU Alc - preliminary evaluation by Amy MacKinven. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture There are no reports of machang being planted for timber. Natural regeneration of species is usually abundant. Machang stones are recalcitrant (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). References Kostermans, A.J.H. and Bompard, J.M. 1993. The mangoes. Their botany, nomenclature, horticulture and utilization. IBPGR and Linnean Society. Academic Press. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. 368 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Manglietia aromatica Magnoliaceae xiang mulian Distribution China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Viet Nam Habitat The species is found in monsoon forest on limestone hills between 800 and 1550m. Population status and trends Only a few scattered stands of this important timber tree remain in a range stretching from south-west Guangxi to northern Viet Nam. Several subpopulations are reported to have become extinct in both provinces, largely because of overexploitation of the timber. Saplings and seedlings are seldom seen. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Commercial exploitation, clear-felling/logging of the habitat, extensive agriculture Utilisation The species is regarded as one of the best timber trees in the area. It is also potentially an interesting garden plant. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alcd, B1+2cde according to World Conservation Monitoring Centre Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Frodin, D.G. & R. Govaerts. 1996. World checklist and bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii-741. National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp. Nooteboom, H.P. 1996. The Magnoliaceae of China (Draft). 369 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Manilkara kanosiensis Sapotaceae Distribution Indonesia (Moluccas), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) Habitat A medium to large sized tree scattered in primary lowland rainforest between 0 - 500m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). It is associated with Canarium, Planchonella, Pometia, Syzygium and Terminalia spp. (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends A relatively widespread but uncommon species occurring mainly in areas where intense logging is being carried out, such as New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago and the north- west of Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem It regenerates in primary forest (Eddowes, 1997). Threats Felling is the main threat to Manilkara kanosiensis. As it only occurs in lowland primary forest, exploitation of the species and habitat destruction render it vulnerable (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used to build bridge and wharf superstructures; also it is used for flooring, decking, turnery and carving (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Trade The timber is found in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). It is reported to be exported to Japan. IUCN Threat category EN Alcd+2cd, C2a according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997) Conservation measures There are possibly 1-2 specimens planted in LAE National Botanical Gardens, Papua New Guinea and it might occur in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia, however confirmation would be required (Eddowes, 1997). Forest management and silviculture The species is slow-growing. It is not planted. References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 370 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Mastixiodendron stoddardii Rubiaceae garo-garo Distribution This species is restricted to New Britain of the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands (Eddowes, 1997). Habitat A large timber tree occurring in primary lowland rainforest up to 250m altitude (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends New Britain is one of the most intensively logged islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, thereby threatening this species with habitat destruction (Eddowes, 1997). The Solomon Islands population is also at risk due to logging activities (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats The main threat to this species is logging of its habitat (Eddowes, 1997). Expanding human settlements and extensive agriculture are also threats (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used for general construction, joinery and flooring; also used as a veneer and a plywood (Eddowes, 1997). Trade It is traded international on a minor scale (Eddowes, 1997). Small amounts of Mastixiodendron are exported from Papua new Guinea and the Solomon islands, mainly to Japan. The genus is regarded as a commercial hardwood in Papua New Guinea. In 1992 the Mastixiodendron timber was ranked in MEP (Minimum Export Price) group 4, fetching a minimum price of US$ 43/m3 for sawn logs and in 1996 in MEP group 3, when 38,150m3 of logs were exported at a free on-board (FOB) price of US$ 108/m3 (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). The range of applications of Mastixiodendron timber will remain of interest to commerce IUCN Threat categories VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). Conservation measures Conservation measures are thought to be negligable (Eddowes, 1997). Silviculture and forest management There is nothing known about silvicultural aspects making it hard to assess the potential of Mastixiodendron for plantation purposes (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. 371 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Merrillia caloxylon Distribution South Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sumatra. Habitat Found along river banks in lowland primary or secondary rain forest. It is able to grow on a variety of well drained soils. Population status and trends The species has been recorded as Extinct in Peninsular Malaysia (WCMC 1991) and also appeared on the TUCN list of non-endemic threatened plants of Peninsular Malaysia for 1991. Generally it is more common than originally suspected (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem No information Threats Exploitaiton of the timber and general forest loss. Utilisation In Peninsular Malaysia, the durable handsome wood, which is yellow with dark brown streaks, has been used to make walking sticks, smoking pipes, parang handles and sheaths and other small objects (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Merrilia has also been used for making furniture and boxes. Medicinal applications for Merillia include an infusion of the wood for stomach ache, and as powder which is rubbed into the skin against aches and pains (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Trade The umber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). The wood is rarely and only locally used. Prices are high and it is sold by the piece (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures With the exception of the few individuals in botanic gardens and those occurring in small villages there are no reports of active ex-situ conservation (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). This species appeared on the IUCN list of non-endemic threatened plants of Peninsular Malaysia for 1991. Forest management and silviculture It is possible to propagate M. caloxylon by seed. An experimant in Peninsular Malaysia has shown that approximately 75% of seeds germinate within 23-73 days. The growth rate of this species is probably to low to make it a suitable plantation species (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). References Soepadmo, E. and Wong, K.M. (Eds.) 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Volume 1. Government of Malaysia, ITTO, ODA. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). 372 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Neesia altissima Dunian Distribution Perak, Singapore, Sumatra, Sabah, Java, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. Habitat Neesia is found in primary rainforest, often along streams or in freshwater swamp. This species grows at altitudes of between 100 — 1800m. Population status and trends The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia although the genus does not seem to be in immediate danger of genetic erosion or extinction. Logging is seldom, even in concession areas (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation This genus produces a light timber and is suitable for light construction, cheap furniture and fittings, flooring, planking, wooden shoes, floats, low grade coffins, sliced veneer and plywood. Dried fruits are hung above doors in Sumatra to ward off spirits. The wall of the fruit, of this species, has been used medicinally against gonorrhoea. There is no expected increase in the use of Neesia. Trade This is one of the main Neesia species traded with Durio and Coelostegia spp. as Durian. Neesia wood makes up only a small proportion of this trade group. Neesia may also be traded in mixed consignments as “red meranti” (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). The umber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). Exports of Durio spp. from Peninsular Malaysia totalled 16,000m* in 1995 which was traded at an average 248$/m° (ITTO,1997). IUCN Conservation category The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991), although the genus does not seem to be in immediate danger of genetic erosion or extinction. Logging is seldom, even in concession areas (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Conservation measures Neesia is not recorded to be conserved ex-situ. Forest management and silviculture It is possible to propagate Neesia from seeds. References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation, 1996. 373 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Neesia malayana Distribution Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Sabah, Borneo. Habitat Fresh water swamp forest. Population status and trends The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia although the genus does not seem to be in immediate danger of genetic erosion or extinction. Logging is seldom, even in concession areas (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation This genus produces a light timber and is suitable for light construction, cheap furniture and fittings, flooring, planking, wooden shoes, floats, low grade coffins, sliced veneer and plywood. Dried fruits are hung above doors in Sumatra to ward off spirits. There is no expected increase in the use of Neesia. Trade This is one of the main Neesia species traded with Durio and Coelostegia spp. as Durian. Neesia wood makes up only a small proportion of this ttade group. Neesia may also be traded in mixed consignments as “ted meranti” (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). Exports of Durio spp. from Peninsular Malaysia totalled 16,000m° in 1995 which was traded at an average 248$/m’ (ITTO,1997). Conservation category Conservation measures Neesia is not recorded to be conserved ex-situ. Forest management and silviculture It is possible to propagate Neesia from seeds. References ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation, 1996. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical tmber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 374 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Neobalanocarpus heimii Common/Trade name Chengal. Malaysia: chengai, penak. Thailand: takhian-chan, takhian chantamaeo (peninsular), chi-ngamat (Narathiwat). Distribution Indonesia (it may be extinct), Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand (south of Pattani). Habitat N. heimii grows under a wide range of ecological conditions but appears to grow best on undulating land with a light sandy soil (Thomas, 1953). In Thailand it occurs in Hill Dipterocarp forest along slopes and in valleys, often growing with Shorea curtisii (Smitinand et al., 1980). Population status and trends Chengal has been one of the most popular hardwoods of Peninsular Malaysia and has been heavily logged throughout the state. The species is the best known and most highly valued timber in the country. By the 1950s Chengal had been exterminated from some accessible areas, particularly in the western regions of Malaya (Thomas, 1953). In Malaysia the species is common but never abundant (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The species is listed as Vulnerable in Anon. (1985). FAO (1990) notes that the species has been over-exploited, has poor regeneration and is need of in situ conservation. Inventory data have been used to indicate the depletion of Chengal in Peninsular Malaysia in the period between the First (1971-72) and Second (1981-82) National Forest Inventories. There was a measured decrease in volume/ha and number/ha for trees over 45 cm in diameter in both virgin and logged over forests. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Logging Timber properties The wood of Chengal has pale yellow sapwood and light-brown heartwood which darkens on exposure. It is a heavy, dense resistant wood which is easy to work. Utilisation Chengal is used for heavy construction, in bridge-making and for sleepers and telegraph poles. It is also used for boat building and in sea defences. Trade For the period 1986 - 1990, Peninsular Malaysia exported an average of 28,500 m’ of sawn wood annually, and the domestic market consumed an average of 69,000 m’ annually. Thailand is the main importer. (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). IUCN Conservation category VU Alc,d — according to Lillian Chua Conservation measures Legislation Peninsular Malaysia - The export of Chengal in log form is banned by Peninsular Malaysia. Thailand - Conserved as a valuable source of Dammar. Prior to the general logging ban, exploitation of Chengal timber could only be carried out by special permission granted by the Ministry of Agriculture. Presence in protected areas Peninsular Malaysia Occurs in a number of Virgin Jungle Reserves including those in Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Johore, Panti Forest Reserve, Johore, Balah Forest Reserve, Pahang, Lesong Forest Reserve, 375 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pahang, Gunung Besut Forest Reserve, Perak, Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve, Selangor, Angsi Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan and Pasoh Forest Reserve; it also occurs in Taman Negara National Park. Thailand Neobalanocarpus heimii does not occur in any protected areas within Thailand (Phengklai pers. comm., 1989) Forest management and silviculture Natural regeneration beneath parent trees is rarely abundant in primary rainforest except on ridges in hill forest. Seedlings need shade for development and some success has been achieved with planting in secondary forests (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). In Malaysia there has been some success in enrichment planting trials in advancing secondary forest (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). References Anon. 1985. In situ conservation of forest genetic resources in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Genetic Resources Information No. 14: 32-49. FAO, Rome. FAO. 1990. Report of the Seventh Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. December 1989. FAO, Rome. Smithinand, S., Santiasuk, T. and Phengklai, C. 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of mainland South-East Asia. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Thomas, A.V. 1953. Malayan timbers Chengai and Balau. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 20. Correspondence and personal communications C. Phengklai, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, pers comm., November 1989. 376 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Ochanostachys amentacea Olacaceae Indonesia, Malaysia: Petaling. Indonesia: petikal (Sumatra), ampalang, empilung (Kamlimantan). Malaysia: mentalai (Peninsular), imah, petikal (Sarawak), tanggal (Dusun, Sabah), sagad berauth (Murud) and santikal (Iban). Distribution Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak, Bangka, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and intervening islands. It is probably erroneously reported from the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Habitat Primary and secondary lowland rain forest, often in mixed Dipterocarp forest in undulating country, on hill sides and ridges up to 950 m. It is found on loamy or sandy and rarely periodically inundated ground. It is scattered or locally frequent (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Population status and trends A monotypic genus found scattered in the understorey, occasionally reaching the canopy, of primary and secondary lowland rainforest, often mixed dipterocarp forest. Natural regeneration of this shade tolerant species is sparse and scattered, but it can be good under favourable conditions. The tree is slow growing; taking about 150 years to reach a diameter of 50 cm. Petaling is generally too scarce to be of economic importance as an export timber. Due to it's slow growth, it does not have potential as a timber plantation species (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem Birds and monkeys eat the fruits. Threats Utilisation Petaling timber is used for house posts and other heavy construction purposes, such as bridge bearers for logging roads and railways, for telephone poles foundation piles, fence posts, flooring and tool handles. Utilisation for pallets, boxes and crates has also been reported. The bark and roots are used medicinally (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Trade Petaling is most frequently traded together with other medium-weight and heavy woods as mixed hardwood (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Petaling is useful for underplanting in forest plantations to reduce weed growth (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Kostermans, A. 1990. Comments from Kostermans on a draft list of tropical timbers for Indonesia. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. 377 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Said, ILM. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. Whitmore, T.C. 1990. Comments on Draft Listing of Tropical Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia. 378 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Octomeles sumatrana Datiscaceae Binuang Distribution Brunei, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Solomon Islands (South Solomon). Habitat Evergreen rainforest up to 1000m. Especially common in natural secondary and seral riverine alluvial forest. Colonises bare alluvial soil. Population status and trends This monotypic genus is widespread in Malesia. A pioneer species, it regenerates quickly in disturbed habitats such as logged-over forest and areas that were previously cultivated. Role of species in the ecosystem Bees prefer to nest in the branches of this species. Flowers are wind pollinated and the seeds are probably wind dispersed. Threats No immediate threats to the survival of this species. Utilisation The timber is utilised and this species also has medicinal uses. The roots are used as a local source of food and the bark yields gum, resin, oil. In Malaysia and Indonesia, 'bintuang’ trees are favoured by local people for the wild bees nesting in the branches. Trade This species is one of the major timbers exported from Papua New Guinea, where it is traded under the name ‘crima’. It makes up approximately 4% of the total logs exported from Papua New Guinea. Japan is a major importer from PNG. IUCN Conservation category LR:least concern — according to WCMC Forest management and silviculture Plantations have been established in PNG and the Philippines. References: E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing annotations to the Draft Red List Summay Report for Papua New Guinea trees. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Kessler, Paul J.A., Kade Sidiyasa, Ambriansyah Zainal, & Arifin Zainal. 1995. Checklist of secondary forest trees in East and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 84pp. ° Lemmens, R.H.M.]J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Womersley, J.S. & E.E. Henty (eds.). 1978. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea. Melbourne Uni. Press. Womersley, J.S. & J.B. McAdam. 1957. The forests and forest conditions in the territories of Papua and New Guinea. Zillmere, Queensland: The Wilke Group. 22-23. 379 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Palaquium bataanense Sapotaceae Distribution Philippines Habitat Primary lowland forest. Population status and trends There is no specific information on population trends. Role of species in the ecosystem No information Threats clear-felling/logging of the habitat, extensive agriculture Utilisation A source of red nato timber. Trade No details of the trade are available. IUCN Conservation category VU Ald - WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture There is an urgent need for silvicultural research into the genus (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 380 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Palaquium impressinervium Sapotaceae Distribution Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand Habitaty Lowland, moist, closed forest and hill forest. Population status and trends This species has a scattered distribution in primary forest. It is harvested to supply wood for international trade but the main reason for decline is expansion of human habitations. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats clear-felling/logging of the habitat,.expansion of human settlement Utilisation Timber Trade IUCN Conservation category VU B1+2a — according to Lillian Chua Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture This species is not in cultivation. There is an urgent need for silvicultural research into the genus (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References Chua, L. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia. Ng, F.S.P., C.M. Low, & M.A.N. Sanah. 1990. Endemic trees of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department. 118pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 381 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Palaquium maingayi Sapotaceae Distribution Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand Habitat Located in lowland and hill forests up to an altitude of 1100m. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Pollination/dispersal agents are unknown. Threats Felling and expansion of human settlement are the chief pressures on the species. Utilisation The timber is used as nyatoh. The latex makes gutta-percha of moderate quality (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Trade The timber is traded on an international scale. IUCN Conservation category LR/c — according to Lillian Chua Conservation measures The species is conserved within national parks and protective forest in the permanent foest estate. Forest management and silviculture The species is not in cultivation. References Chua, L. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia. Ng, F.S.P., C.M. Low, & M.A.N. Sanah. 1990. Endemic trees of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department. 118pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. 382 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Parinari costata ssp. costata Distribution Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Kalimantan), Philippines. Habitat Lowland forest, on hillsides and ridges with a maximum altitude of 300 m. Mixed dipterocarp forests on well-drained soils (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Population status and trends The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). It is uncommon in Sabah and Sarawak (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem The trees are shade tolerant and under natural circumstances establish in small numbers and grow up in primary forest (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Threats Utilisation Parinari wood is likely to be used for medium to heavy construction undercover, for example packaging for heavy articles, posts, beams, panelling and parquet flooring. It provides a good fuel and charcoal. Treated timber can be used for outdoor use for example wharf decking, transmission posts, railway sleepers, dunnage, salt-water piling and other marine constructions. The edible fruits of various species are not often used and the seed oil is used to lacquer paper umbrellas (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Parinari is difficult to saw, for this reason it’s use is likely to be restricted to marine constructions and firewood (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Trade Species of the genus Parinari are likely to be traded in mixed consignments of medium-heavy hardwood, or along with species of Aruna and Maranthes as ‘merbatu’. Supplies are generally limited (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures With the exception of those specimens incidently cultivated in botanical gardens there is no ex-situ cultivation (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Forest management and silviculture Propagation from seed is possible. References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 Soepadmo, E. and Wong, K.M. (Eds.) 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Volume 1. Government of Malaysia, ITTO, ODA. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 383 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Parinari oblongifolia Distribution Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Kalimantan). Habitat Lowland rain forest and beside rivers in valleys extending to 450 m (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995) and occasionally in seasonal swamps (KeBler, Sidiyasa, 1994) Population status and trends This species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem The trees are shade tolerant and under natural circumstances establish in small numbers and grow up in primary forest (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Threats Utilisation Parinari wood is likely to be used for medium to heavy construction undercover, for example packaging for heavy articles, posts, beams, panelling and parquet flooring. It provides a good fuel and charcoal. Treated timber can be used for outdoor use for example wharf decking, transmission posts, railway sleepers, dunnage, salt-water piling and other marine constructions. The edible fruits of various species are not often used and the seed oil is used to lacquer paper umbrellas (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998).. Parinari is difficult to saw, for this reason it’s use is likely to be restricted to marine constructions and firewood (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Trade Species of the genus Parinari are likely to be traded in mixed consignments of medium-heavy hardwood, or along with species of Atuna and Maranthes as ‘merbatu’. Supplies are generally limited (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures With the exception of those specimens incidently cultivated in botanical gardens there is no ex-situ cultivation (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). Forest management and silviculture Propagation from seed is possible. The stone of this species has about 70% chance of germination, although this does not occur for 9 months after sowing. The last stones may germinate after more than 3 years (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 KeBler, Paul J. A & Kade Sidiyasa, 1994. Trees of the Balikpapan-Samarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual 0 280 selected species, The Tropenbos Foundation (Tropenbos series ; 7). Soepadmo, E. and Wong, K.M. (Eds.) 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Volume 1. Government of Malaysia, ITTO, ODA. (Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998). WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 384 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Pericopsis mooniana Common/Trade name kuku, nedun Local names kayu laut (Malaysia), nedun (Sri Lanka), kayu kuku, joemoek (indonesia), makapilit (Philippines). Distribution Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, southern Sumatra, Moluccas), Eastern Borneo (Sabah, East Kalimantan), Philippines (Mindanao), the Moluccas, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. Habitat This species grows primarily scattered in coastal forests, but can be found along river banks, and in periodically inundated lowland semi-deciduous or evergreen forest up to 200(-350) m. In Papua New Guinea it is associated with Flindersia, Syzygium and Myristica spp. (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends This highly prized wood is disappearing fast owing to logging and land clearing for rubber and oil palm plantations (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). P. mooniana is considered to be Vulnerable in Indonesia according to Tantra (1983). It is included in a shortlist of Endangered species of the country (Anon., 1978) and this reference noted that it had become exceedingly rare in Kalimantan. Over-exploitation in Sulawesi has resulted in only a few stands of this species remaining there, for example in Lamedae Reserve, south of Kolaka in south-east Sulawesi (Whitten er al., 1987). The species is considered to be almost extinct in Sabah (Meijer, pers. comm. 1997). The Papua New Guinea population is restricted to a small area in the Oromo River region of the Western province (Eddowes, 1997). The Oriomo River region is subject to ongoing logging operations and this species is in danger of becoming extinct in Papua New Guinea if it is not already (Eddowes, 1997b). In Sri Lanka, demand for the timber has led to Pericopsis mooniana becoming very rare (de S. Wijesinghe et al., 1990). Utilisation It is eagerly sought after for furniture, cabinet making, panelling, sliced veneer and turnery. Trade Supplies of the timber are very limited and exports are negligible. Sawn timber from Indonesia is traded mainly to Japan (Anon., 1978). IUCN Conservation category VU Alc.d (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). C An evaluation of CR C2ab has been assigned for Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997) Conservation measures It is cultivated in the LAE National Botanical Gardens, Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). Legislation Sri Lanka - Included in a list of threatened plant species which will replace the schedule of protected plants in the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance 1937. 385 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Forest management and silviculture In Indonesia trees are harvested according to the Indonesian selective felling and planting system, with a diameter limit of 50 cm. Natural regeneration is generally scarce. In cultivation seeds germinate well and the species can also be propagated easily from stem cuttings (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). References Anon. 1978. Endangered species of trees. Conservation Indonesia 2(4) Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Eddowes, P. J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea, their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. Xiv + 195 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1980. Lesser known timber species of SEALPA countries. A review and summary. South East Asia Lumber Producers Association. Jakarta, Indonesia. 79 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1995-1997. The forest and timbers of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished. Eddowes, P. J., 1997. Completed data collection form for Pericopsis mooniana. Eddowes, P. J., 1997b. Annotations to the Draft Species Profile for Pericopsis mooniana. Meijer, W. 1997. Personal communication to Amy MacKinven National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. de S. Wijesinghe, L.C.A., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1990. Biological conservation in Sri Lanka (A national status report). Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Tantra, G.M. 1983. Erosi plasma nutfah nabati. J. Penelitian & Penembangan Pertanian 2(1): 1-5. Whitten, A.J., Mustafa, M. and Henderson, G.S. 1987. The ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press. 386 Phoebe macrophylla Distribution Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak. Habitat Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation A Light Hardwood (Wong, 1982). Trade Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia The timber is commonly grouped with that of other species of the family and traded as medang. The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category This species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical umber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 387 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Phoebe nanmu Lauraceae Distribution Endemic to China (Xizang, Yunnan) It is only recorded from Meitus in south-east Tibet (Xizang). Habitat In Yunnan the species is known mainly from monsoon forest. It grows at altitudes between 500 - 1500m. Population status and trends The species has a scattered distribution. During the last 10 years populations have been declining because of overcutting. Role of species in the ecosystem P. nanmu grows with Semecarpus reticulata and Paramichelia bailonit. Threats Exploitation together with clear-felling/logging of the habitat and agriculture. Overcutting for timber is believed to be the greatest threat (Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin, 1992). Utilisation The timber is excellent for building construction and furniture. Trade minor international trade IUCN Conservation category EN B1+2ce —according to Weibang Sun Conservation measures Some areas of the forest habitat are protected, for example in Menghai Nature Reserve. There is small scale cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xvili-741. National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp. Sun, W. 1997. Completed data collection forms for trees of Yunnan. 388 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Pinus amamiana Pinaceae Distribution Japan Habitat Lowland, moist, coniferous forest Population status and trends This is only known from scattered populations in lowland coniferous woodland on Yakushima and Tanegashima islands. It was formerly exploited and seems slow to regenerate where conditions have become exposed. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Logging has been the main cause of decline. Utilisation This species produces a good quality timber. Trade The species is too scarce to be commercially valuable. IUCN Conservation category VU D2 - according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group Conservation measures The habitat of this species is included in a national park on Yakushima. Forest management and silviculture Not in cultivation References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Mill, Robert R. 1994. Annotations to Conifers - taxa listed on BG-BASE - status report as of 2 February 1994. 43pp. 389 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pinus merkusii Pinaceae Distribution Indonesia (Sumatra woodlands - around Lake Toba following the mountains north-east), Philippines Habitat Open pine woodland with grassland growing up to altitudes of 2000m. Population status and trends This species has been reported to be abundant where it occurs but high levels of exploitation have resulted in populations being reduced to very low levels in the Philippines. In Sumatra the timber continues to be extracted. The effects on the population here are yet to be confirmed but are not thought to be as severe. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats In addition to felling, grazing and burning are threats. Utilisation An important timber tree. It is also a source of fuel for local use and resin. Trade minor international trade IUCN Conservation category VU B1+2ce - SSC Conifer Specialist Group Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture A light-demanding pioneer species, natural regeneration is only possible where a relatively large amount of sunlight reaches the ground. This species is plantation grown (Lamprecht, 1989). References Cooling, E.N.G. 1968. Pinus merkusii - fast growing timber trees of the tropics. Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Lamprecht, H. (1989) Silviculture in the Tropics. GTZ, Germany. 390 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Pinus pentaphylla Pinaceae Distribution Japan, South Korea Habitat Found in mixed stands on hilltops and rocky outcrops in the deciduous broad-leaved zone and in the sub-alpine conifer zone growing at altitudes 60 - 2500m. Population status and trends This pine grows in small groups on hilltops and on rocky outcrops. Logging operations and forest clearance are causing a decline in parts of the species range, especially the northern and south-eastern areas. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Logging operations and cutting of the natural forest. Utilisation It produces a good construction timber. The species is widely used as an ornamental including bonsai cultivation. Trade IUCN Conservation category LR/nt - according to WCMC Conservation measures Cultivated on a small scale. Populations are protected in Japanese national parks. Forest management and silviculture References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Hayashi, Y. 1952. The Natural Distribution of Important Trees Indigenous to Japan. Lee, Y.N. 1984. Annotations to: List of threatened plants of South Korea. Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (in English). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1067pp. 391 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pithecellobium splendens Distribution Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo. Habitat In Malaysia it is found scattered in lowlands to 800 m throughout the country but is never gregarious. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation This is the only species in the genus large enough to be considered as a timber species (Wong, 1982). Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). Conservation category The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical umber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 392 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Planchonia valida Putat Distribution Malaysia, Sumatra, Sabah, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi. Habitat In Malaysia it is usually found at low altitudes in open spaces and forest. In Kalimantan it is also reported from lowland forest, usually along rivers or on hillsides. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood is easy to work, but not very durable. It provides a good source of firewood and the young leaves are eaten as lalab (raw vegetables). Trade The main species traded as putat. The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Kessler, P.J.A and Sidiyasa, K. 1994. Trees of the Balikpapan Samarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A Manual to 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. Tropenbos, Wageningen. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC 393 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Podocarpus annamiensis Podocarpaceae hainan luohansong Distribution China (Guangdong - Hainan), Myanmar, Viet Nam Habitat A tree scattered in rainforest areas on hillsides and ridges at medium altitudes up to 1699m. Population status and trends Populations confined to the mountains of southern Hainan Island in China are constantly subject to exploitation and have declined. Populations elsewhere are also subject to heavy logging. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Clear-felling/logging of the habitat Utilisation The species produces a good wood for carving and making musical instruments. It also has some horticultural value. IUCN Conservation category DD according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group Conservation measures Populations should be protected in the Jianfeng and Diaoluo Mts. A few individuals are present in the arboretum of the Hainan Institute of Forestry. Forest management and silviculture References Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. Loc, Phan Ke. 1992. Annotations to: Conservation status listing for Vietnam dated 25 March 1992. (unpublished). 49pp. Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988). (unpublished). Mill, Robert R. 1994. Annotations to Conifers - taxa listed on BG-BASE - status report as of 2 February 1994. 43pp. National Environment Protection Bureau. 1987. The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96pp. Pham-Hoang, H6. (ed.). 1991. An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Saigon: Mekong Press. 394 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Pterocarpus dalbergioides Andaman padauk, Andaman redwood Distribution Andaman Islands. Planted from India to Indonesia and in Madagascar. Habitat Deciduous and semi-moist deciduous forest, usually near river banks, on well-drained sites, at altitudes of up to 100 m. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats No information is available about the proper management of narra in natural stands. The trees often occur scattered in dipterocarp forest where the cutting is governed by diameter limits (usually 60 cm). Utilisation The timber is used as narra (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). The wood yields a red dye and it is also used medicinally (WWF and IUCN, 1994-1995). Trade IUCN Conservation category DD - according to the Viet Nam Regional Workshop Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture This species regenerates well naturally. It is well-suited for planting in stand gaps, for enrichment line planting, and for agroforestry systems. It is mainly cultivated in India and Myanmar (Lamprecht, 1989). References Anon. 1979. VI Luxury timbers. pp. 211-238. Jn Tropical legumes: Resources for the future. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Lamprecht, H. (1989) Silviculture in the Tropics. GTZ, Germany. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WWE and IUCN. 1994-1995. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Vol 2. IUCN publications Unit, Cambridge, UK. 395 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pterocarpus indicus Trade name narra, amboyna, padauk, rosewood Local name red sandalwood (English), amboine, santal rouge (French). Brunei: angsana. Indonesia: linggoa, sonokembang (general), angsana (Java). Malaysia: angsana (general), sena (Peninsular). Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea rosewood,. Philippines: apalit (general), vitali (Zamboanga). Myanmar: sena, padouk, ansanah. Laos: chan deng. Thailand: pradu (general), pradu-ban (central), sano (Malay, peninsular). Viet Nam: gifas]ng h[uw][ow]ng. Fiji: cibicibi. Vanuatu: nananara. Solomon Islands: liki. Distribution Southern Burma, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, Sabah, Singapore, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, the Malay Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands and the Pacific Islands. Habitat The species is found at low to medium altitudes (up to 750m) in primary and secondary forest, mainly along tidal creeks or at the edge of swamps. In addition, it is found in beach forest, on coral sand and on rocky shores. It may grow at higher altitudes when planted (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993). Population status and trends This species has a widespread distribution and is widely cultivated e.g. it is the most common street tree in Singapore. This species has been recorded as Vulnerable in the Philippines and threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). It is probably now extinct in Peninsular Malaysia because of exploitation of its few known stands (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). It has been known for 300 years that this species is exunct in the wild in VietNam (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The species has been heavily exploited in Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea having the largest remaining supplies (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). In India this species is endangered (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Exploitation for timber, including illegal felling, and shifting cultivation (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). The sustainablily of timber extraction should remain of concer. As narra wood is in great demand for top-class furniture, trees of less than 60 cm diameter are sometimes cut illegally, particularly in the Philippines (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993) Utilisation The narra timber is used for high class furniture and cabinets, decorative sliced veneer, interior wall paneling, feature flooring (including strip and parquet), musical instruments, gun stocks, rifle butts, turned articles, knife handles, boat building and specialised joinery (Eddowes 1977, 1995-1997) Trade In the Philippines export of narra wood was 3 million kg in 1985, declining to 2.3 kg in 1986 (57% processed) and 430,000 kg in 1987 (all processed). From that time export has been negligible and at present there is a total cutting ban on the species (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). In Papua New Guinea, narra is an important timber which fetches high prices. The export of logs is banned and only processed wood is exported (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Thailand exported 5.8 million kg of sawn Pterocarpus (P. indicus and P. macrocarpus) in 1990. Thailand also imports this timber, 11000 m’ in 1990, mainly from Myanmar but also in small amounts from Laos, Cambodia and Viet Nam (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). 396 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia TUCN Conservation category VU Ald — according to WCMC Conservation measures In Viet Nam this species is included in the Council of Ministers Decision 18/HDBT (17 January 1992) as a species with high economical value which is subject to over-exploitation. Forest management and silviculture Narra is easily propagated by seed. Stump cuttings taken from seedlings or wildlings can also be used as planting material and narra can be propagated successfully by tissue culture. It is cultivated in Africa, India, Sn Lanka, Taiwan, Okinawa, Hawaii and Central America (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). It is also cultivated in Singapore and Papua New Guinea (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). No information is available about the proper management of narra in natural stands. In the Philippines, the trees often occur scattered in dipterocarp forest where diameter felling limits apply. The high value of the wood has led to illegal felling of trees in contravention of the felling limits particularly in the Philippines (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Eddowes, P. J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea, their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. Xiv + 195 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1995-1997. The forest and timbers of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 397 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pterocarpus macrocarpus Distribution Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Habitat In Viet Nam the species occurs in open semi-deciduous dipterocarp forest on well-drained soils. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Classified as a first class timber in Viet Nam, used in construction, cabinet-work, furniture and fine art articles. The resin is used as a red dye (Vu Van Dung, 1996). Trade Thailand exported 5.8 million kg of sawn Pterocarpus (P. indicus and P. macrocarpus) in 1990. Thailand also imports this timber, 11000 m? in 1990, mainly from Myanmar but also in small amounts from Laos, Cambodia and Viet Nam (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Myanmar exported 37000 m’ of logs at an average price of 429$/m’ and 1000 m’ of sawnwood at an average price of 237$/m’ in 1995. In 1995 Thailand exported 5000 m’ of sawnwood at an average price of 1761$/m’. IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Vu Van Dung (Ed.) 1996. Viet Nam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 398 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Pterocarpus santalinus Redsanders, Red Sandal Wood Local names lalchandan, raktachand (Beng. & Hindi); ratanjali (Guj.); agaru, honne (Kan.); patrangam, tilaparnni (Mal.); atti, sivappu chandanam (Tam.); agarugandhamu, raktagandhamu (Tel.). Distribution This species occurs mainly in the southern eastern Ghats states of Peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) and sporadically in other states (Anon., 1997). Habitat Found between 150 - 900 m altitude, this species is restricted to dry, hilly, often rocky, ground in dry deciduous forest and is sometimes found on wetter hillsides. Population Status and Trends The total range of this tree is < 5.000 km? and the area of occupancy is < 1,000 km? (Molur et al, 1995). Regeneration of the species is confined to the dry hilly regions of central India (Anon., 1997). No populations have been reported for Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (Molur et al, 1995). Role of Species in the ecosystem Threats A slow growing species over-exploited for its timber and for the extraction of dye, csometics and medicine. Utilisation Nationally Raktachandan is used as a quality timber (Anon., 1997). The wood, particularly the ‘wavey grain’ timber, is valued for making highly prized furniture and musical instruments. A red dye called ‘santalin' is produced from this species which is used to mark castes amongst the Hindu community. It also has traditional medicinal uses in India. Leaves are used as cattle fodder. Trade Export of red sandalwood for textile dyeing started in the 17” century and continued unil 1900; the major importer being UK. Export figures in the 1880s average around 3000 tonnes per annum. In the 1930s Japan imported the wood for making traditional ‘shamishen’ musical instruments. The market continues today with several hundred tonnes of red sanalwood being exported every year. Europe has for a long time imported red sandalwood extract as a red colourant, mainly for use in fish processing but recent interest has been shown in examining other applications (Green, 1995). Large quanities of wood chips (1988/89: 135.4 tonnes; 1989/90: 144.567 tonnes; 1990/91: 23.7 tonnes; 1991/92: 36.191 tonnes; 1992/93: 24.97 tonnes) and powder (1990/91: 56.41 tonnes; 1991/92: 56.8 tonnes) are exported regularly mainly for the extraction of dye, medicine and cosmetics (Anon., 1997). The major importers of red sandalwood powder have Japan, Taiwan and Western Europe. Illegal trade has been reported (Anon., 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN B1+2d,e by Molur er al, 1995 which was confirmed at the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Conservation Measures It is on the prohibited list of exports which bans export in any form. Pterocarpus santalinus is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Currently efforts are being made to regenerate this species and introduce it to different Botanic Gardens and National Parks (Anon., 1997). 399 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Forest management and silviculture Plantations are being established (Molur et al, 1995). The tree regenerates well from coppicing but growth is slow and a 40 year coppice rotation is practised in India (Green, 1995). References Anonymous. 1997. Proposal to include Pterocarpus santalinus in Appendix II of CITES. Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Molur, S., Ved, D.K., Tandon, V., Namboodiri, N. and S. Walker (Eds.). 1995. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) for selected species of medicinal plants of southern India. Produced by participants of the Southern Indian Medicinal Plants Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop help 23-25 February at Bangalore pp. 108. 400 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Pterocymbium beccarii Amberoi Distribution Indonesia (Irian Jaya and Kai Islands), Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and the North Solomons (Bougainville). Habitat A tee generally found at low altitudes, occasionally found up to 750m, in rainforest on well drained flats and foothills, mostly on ridges. It sometimes on alluvial or swampy soils on the inner edge of mangroves (Eddowes, 1995-1997). Population status and trends Somewhat scattered but sometimes locally common, Prerocymbium beccarii is relatively widespread throughout the region. In Papua New Guinea this species has been heavily exploited for many years in commercial style logging operations on the islands of New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago (Eddowes 1995-1997). The species is not, however, considered to be in immediate danger in Papua New Guinea. The species has been recorded as Rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem It plays a relatively important role in the eco-system through its ability to regenerate after logging and its status as a pioneer species. Threats The species is threatened by exploitation for timber, shifting cultivation and agricultural expansion. Utilisation A soft, lightweight, pale (cream to straw) coloured timber. Mainly sought after for veneer and plywood manufacture due to its well-formed cyindrical bole which is often large in diameter (Eddowes, 1995- 1997). Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). It is one of the major commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea and accounts for 2-3% of logs exported annually (Eddowes, 1997). In 1993, it attained an average FOB price of US$ 70/m’. IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures There are no known conservation measures of any significance. Forest management and silviculture There is very little specific information available for this species, but in general Lemmens et al (1995) record that natural regeneration is generally good. It often suckers vigorously from cut stumps. Being a pioneer, the species needs plenty of light, especially in the seedling stage. Plantations need ot be weeded during the first 1-3 years and shold be thinned 5 and 10 years after planting. The rotation of Pterocymbium plantations is 30 years or less. References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Eddowes, P. J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea, their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. Xiv + 195 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1980. Lesser known timber species of SEALPA countries. A review and summary. South East Asia Lumber Producers Association. Jakarta, Indonesia. 79 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1995-1997. The forest and timbers of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished. Eddowes, P. J., 1997. Papua New Guinea. Notes on timber exploitation. Unpublished. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & W.C.Wong (Eds). 1995. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 5(2). Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. 401 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 402 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Pterocymbium tinctorium Distribution Myanmar, Thailand, Indo-china, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Sabah. Habitat This species is most common on alluvial flats, and is also found in evergreen, deciduous or open forest in periodically dry locations up to 1000m. Population status and trends The species has been recorded as Vulnerable in the Philippines and Rare in Indonesia, according to the old IUCN threat categories (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The timber is known as amberoi. The bark is used to improve black dyeing of cotton cloth and locally to make rope. Trade Amberoi timber is traded domestically in Thailand. The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 403 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Pterocymbium tubulatum Various vernacular names are recorded for Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Kalimantan. Distribution Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Habitat This species usually occurs in lowland forests, at the foot of hills, in valleys or along rivers. It grows at altitudes up to 1000 m (Lemmens, Soeriangara and Wong, 1995). Population status and trends This species occurs locally, often in small groups or as scattered individuals. It is much less common and widespread than other species in the genus (Lemmens, Soeriangara and Wong, 1995). The species has been recorded as Rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The timber is used as amberoi, a light hardwood. Amberoi is used for veneer, plywood, mouldings, furniture and other general purposes. Trade Amberoi is exported from Sabah, but details of trade in this species are not known. The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category This species has not been evaluated with the 1994 IUCN Red List categories. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Natural regeneration is naturally good for species of this genus and some species are reported to have potential for planting in logged over forest (Lemmens, Soeriangara and Wong, 1995). References WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 404 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Santalum album Sandalwood Distribution This species is widely scattered in China, India, Indonesia (Timor, Sumba and Flores and planted in Java and Bali), the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Philippines and Australia. Once the tree was thought to have originated from India, but most botanists now believe that sandalwood was taken from Indonesia to India (Monk, de Fretes and Reksodiharjo-Lilley, 1997). Habitat In India, S. album occurs between the elevations of 0-700 m and in rainfall zones of 300-3000 mm. It is found mainly in dry deciduous forests (USDA, 1990). Population status and trends In India, Sandalwood is regenerating when in favourable conditions and it's distribution is extending (USDA, 1990). Northern Australia has only a small patch of S. album in basalt region in the Hughendon- Cloncurry area (Statham, 1990). Almost all sandalwood oil in India is produced from wild sources. The methods of extraction are destructive, entailing the uprooting of trees. Only mature trees of between 30 and 50 years form heartwood and younger trees are not harvested. It is believed that spike disease poses a more serious threat in India than overexploitation (Green, 1995). In Indonesia continuous harvesting combined with very little regeneration because of fires, shifting cultivation and cattle grazing, has led to serious declines in wild populations (Green, 1995). Regeneration S. album regenerates vegetatively with root suckers and by coppicing when the plant is juvenile (USDA, 1990). It begins to flower at 3 years of age and starts producing viable seeds at about 5 years. Role of species in the ecosystem Sandalwood is a hemi root parasitic tree and requires a host plant (can parasitise over 300 species including itself) for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (USDA, 1990). Birds are necessary for efficient seed dispersal (USDA, 1990). Threats Fire and grazing are threats because they have a detrimental affect on regeneration (USDA, 1990). There is much concern regarding over-exploitation due to smuggling for trade. Utilisation The timber is used for fine furniture, carving and turnery. Oil is extracted from the heartwood and is in high demand for incense, perfumery and medicines. It is also valuable as a fixative for other fragrances. Trade The price of Sandalwood in India increased from RS 20,000 per tonne in 1980 to RS 200,000 per tonne in 1990. "Smuggling has assumed alarming proportions.” The total annual production in India is about 1800 tonnes (Chadha, 1989). India uses all S. album domestically and export is prohibited (USDA, 1990). Major exporters of top quality logs are Hawai'i, Fiji, Indonesia and Western Australia. The main world supplier of sandalwood chips and powder for incense is Australia, limited quantities are exported from India (USDA, 1990). Good quality logs in India sold domestically went for an average price of US$4,590/tonne in 1987 and US$9,410/tonne in 1990 (USDA, 1990).Under the Indonesian Government, sandalwood was exported during the first and second Five Year Plans. Since then, sandalwood oil and handicrafts have become more important. In 1994 an export tax was imposed on sandalwood chips, powder and roots to encourage local sandalwood handicrafts (Monk, de Fretes and Reksodiharjo-Lilley, 1997). Smuggling of sandalwood into East Timor has been reported (Monk, de Fretes and Reksodiharjo-Lilley, 1997). Demand for sandalwood oil fell in the 1970s as a result of high prices and competition from synthetic substances. This mostly affected the cheaper-grade formulations and the natural oil has retained its price. Demand is now influenced mostly by supply. 405 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria USA and France are the two largest importers of Indian sandalwood oil. The market in the Soviet Union has collapsed and imports into the Middle East are increasing. IUCN Conservation category VU Ald (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The Indian population is considered LR-nt (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Export of timber from India is totally banned except for handicraft pieces of sandalwood up to 50g weight. FAO, 1984 notes that it is a priority species for in situ conservation. In East Nusa Tenggara felling of trees under 50 cm dbh is not permitted (Monk, de Fretes and Reksodiharjo-Lilley, 1997). Forest management and silviculture Sandalwood is light-demanding and can be easily suppressed by faster-growing species. Cultivation techniques now involve the use of Capsicum and Acacia villosa as host plants. In Indonesia, a 15 year programme of planting 30,000 ha of sandalwood was scheduled to start in 1990 through Perum Perhutani (HTIs), the Forestry Service, and social forestry programmes (Monk, de Fretes and Reksodiharjo-Lilley, 1997). Cultivation of sandal in India has had limited success. Sandal trees freely produce seed and natural regeneration occurs both via seedlings and through root suckers after trees have been uprooted and the stump removed from the ground (Green, 1995). Trees of 100cm girth are reported to yield between 84 and 240kg of heartwood. Yield of oil is highest from the roots and lowest from wood chips. The cultivation or planting of sandal as a short- or medium-term source of income is unattractive because the oil is only obtained from the heartwood of mature trees and the tree is slow growing (Green, 1995). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Chada, 1989 FAO. 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources Information No 14:32-49. Monk, K.A., de Fretes, Y. and Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1997) The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Oxford University Press. USDA. 1990. Proceedings of the symposium on Sandalwood in the Pacific. April 9-11, 1990, Honolulu, Hawaii. WCMC. 1991. Provision of Data on Rare and Threatened Tropical Timber Species. pp. 58. 406 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Santalum macgregori Santalaceae sandalwood Distribution This small tree or shrub occurs only in the eastern part of the Central and Gulf provinces and the Western province of Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). Its distributions might extend into south- east Irian Jaya, although confirmation of this is required (Eddowes, 1997). Habitat A parasitic or semi-parasitic species scattered in open savannah vegetation and in savannah forest in gullies up to 250m (Eddowes, 1997). Also it is found in anthropic landscapes (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends In Papua New Guinea the exploitation began at the turn of the last century; now the resource is greatly depleted as there are no longer any more mature tree or virgin stands (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem This species is parasitic or semi-parasitic. Threats As with all other sources of sandalwood, this species is over-exploited for its scented wood for commercial use (Eddowes, 1997). The future of this species is very much dependent on strict guidelines being adopted and implemented (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation Sandalwood is used for incense, joss sticks, perfume, essential oil and carving (Eddowes, 1997). Trade It is found in major international trade (Eddowes, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd, Cl according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). Conservation measures Some attempts have been made to cultivate this species in the past but no large scale or on-going conservation practices have been undertaken or adhered to (Eddowes, 1997). A small, insignificant number of plantings were made and may still be in around but this is very doubtful (Eddowes, 1997). Silviculture and forest management Very little in the way of silvicultural practices are carried out (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J. 1997b. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing annotations to the Draft Red List Summay Report for Papua New Guinea trees. 407 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Santiria laevigata Burseraceae Distribution Indonesia (Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore Habitat This species is found in mixed dipterocarp, mixed peat swamp and kerangas forests up to 1500 m. Population status and trends A widespread but scattered, early pioneer species which regenerates well in logged-over forest and has been found to become the dominant species five years after logging. Role of species in the ecosystem The fruit is eaten by many vertebrates. Threats There are no specific threats to this species which recovers relatively well from logging activities. Utilisation This species is one of the main sources of kedondong timber; the wood is used for planks, posts, furniture and handles. The fruit is edible. Trade This species is sold in mixed consignments of timbers from trees of the Burseraceae family. Minor international trade. IUCN Conservation category LR/Ic — according to WCMC Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Said, I.M. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socio-economic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. 408 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Scaphium longiflorum Sterculiaceae Distribution Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia occuring in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, and Johore. Habitat Occurs in lowland swampy or semi-swampy rainforest. Population status and trends A scattered primary forest tree which has declined due to expansion of settlement and logging activities. Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats The largest threats to this species are the expansion of human habitations and logging activities. Utilisation This tree is exploited as timber for major international trade and as a medicine for minor international trade. The timber is known as kembang semangkok. Trade The timber is exported mainly to East Asian countnes. IUCN Conservation category VU B1+42c — according to Lillian Chua Conservation measures This species is not in cultivation. Forest management and silviculture References Chua, L. er al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for endemic trees of Peninsular Malaysia. Ng, F.S.P., C.-M. Low, & M.A.N. Sanah. 1990. Endemic trees of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department. 118pp. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. 409 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Shorea curtisii Common/Trade name Seraya, Dark Red Meranti Local names Saya daeng, Saraya daeng (Thailand), Seraya (Malaysia) Distribution Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, the Riau and Lingga Archipelago. Habitat In Peninsular Malaysia S. curtisii is an important species of Hill Dipterocarp forests. It has a Testricted occurrence, growing gregariously almost exclusively on ridge tops. It has been suggested that S. curtisii is ecologically adapted to such sites through its ability to resist moisture stress (Awang et al., 1981). The species also occurs on deep and dry soils on coastal hills up to 850 m altitude throughout its range (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993) Population status and trends Shorea curtisii is abundant and currently considered to be 'nt' in Peninsular Malaysia. The species is, however, included in a list of species requiring conservation action in Peninsular Malaysia (Ng et al., 1984) and the quality of available timber has suffered a decline (Wyatt-Smith, in litt. ). Utilisation S. curtisii produces a light hardwood with fine grain which has medium/deep red heartwood. The general utility timber is suitable for furniture manufacture, interior finishing, flooring, panelling, doors and veneers. It is also used in plywood production. The wood is an important and valued source of dark red meranti. A resin can be obtained from the tree (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Trade S. curtisii is one of the best commercial timber species and is greatly in demand on the world market as sawn timber. It is unfortunately impossible to distinguish this species in reported trade statistics. In 1989 Peninsular Malaysia exported 643 541 m’ of Dark Red Meranti sawn timber and 143 428 m’ of Dark Red Meranti ‘pinhole no defect’ sawn timber. IUCN Conservation category LR Ic - evaluated by Peter Ashton and confirmed at the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Forest management and silviculture Shorea curtisii is one of the major commercial timbers derived from Hill Dipterocarp forests in Peninsular Malaysia. These are the most important source of the State's timber as most of the lowland forests are being converted to other forms of land use. The hill forests of Peninsular Malaysia are managed under the Selective Management System (SMS). Natural regeneration of desired species in the hill forests has generally been poor. It has been noted that economic considerations carry greater weight in logging operations involving S. curtisii than the need for sustained yield management, with excessive logging damage and undue selection of logs extracted (Wyatt-Smith, 1988). In Peninsular Malaysia there has been considerable research on the regeneration of S. curtisti within natural forests. Indications show that the species flowers less frequently than other Red Meranti species and its seedlings show poor viability (Nin, 1978). There is some evidence that S. curtisii seeds germinate more readily under canopy shade, but seedling growth is favoured in gap conditions of 20-40% full sun (Turner, 1990). Conservation measures Legislation The Government of Malaysia has been urged to ban the export of Red Meranti by the wood moulding and furniture industries (Anon., 1989). 410 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Presence in protected areas Peninsular Malaysia: Taman Negara National Park, Kerau Game Reserve, Endau Rompin Proposed Reserve Singapore: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve According to Anon. (1985) the species is conserved in several Virgin Jungle Reserves. References Anon. 1985. Jn situ conservation of forest genetic resources in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Genetic Resources Information No. 14: 32-49. Anon. 1989. A review of the trend and short-term outlook of the forestry and wood-based industries of Malaysia. Country market statement presented to the Annual ITTO market discussion, Abidjan, Céte d'Ivoire, 17-18 May 1989. Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997 Awang, K. et al. 1981. Effects of some environmental factors on the growth of three hill forest dipterocarps. Forest Regeneration in Southeast Asia. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 13, pp. 9-22. Ng, F.S.P., Wong, K.M., Kochummen, K.M., Yaf, S.K., Bin Mohamad, A. and Chan, H.T. 1984. Malaysian case study. In: Roche, L. and Dourojeanni, M.J., A Guide to in situ conservation of genetic resources of tropical woody species. FORGEN/MISC/84/2. FAO, Rome Nin, L.H. 1978. Long-term effects of logging in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Suparto, R.S. et al. (Eds), Proceedings of a Symposium on the long-term effects of logging in Southeast Asia. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 3, pp. 43-56. Soenanegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Turner, I.M. 1990. The seedling survivorship and growth of three Shorea species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6: 469-478. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1988. Letter to the editor. Forest Ecology and Management 24: 219-223. Correspondence and personal communications J. Wyatt-Smith, Shillingford, Oxon., in litt., September 1989. 411 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Sindora beccariana Indonesia: sasundur, merd-jang, anggi (Kalimantan). Malaysia: tampar hantoe (Sabah, Sarawak). Distribution Borneo, Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak Habitat Scattered in lowland dipterocarp forest on sandy loam or clay soils (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Population status and trends Most Sindora spp are uncommon and scattered (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Large-scale of exploitation of forest may seriously threaten these species, except when the felling cycle is sufficiently long to allow new trees to reach maturity in sustainably managed forest (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Utilisation The timber is used as sepetir. Trade Borneo is the main exporter of sepetir. IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. 412 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Sindora inermis Philippines: kaya galu (Magindanao), nito-nitong puti (Bikol), sinsud (Sulu). Distribution Philippines from south Luzon to Mindora and the Sulu Archipelago. Habitat Forested sea shores and in forests of low to medium altitudes. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Oil from the trunk has a long-lasting odour and has been exported in the past to Singapore. The timber is used as sepetir, especially for high-grade furniture and interior work, musical instruments and fancy boxes (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Trade The supply of the timber is very limited (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category VU Ald - preliminary evaluation by WCMC confirmed at the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 413 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Sindora supa Philippines: supa (Bikol, Tagalog), baloyong (Batangas), manapo (Tayabas). Distribution Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro). Habitat Forest of low to medium altitude on limestone ridges. Appears to be confined to a limited portion of these regions which have distinct dry seasons. Population status and trends The species was recorded as Endangered in the Philippines, according to the old IUCN categories (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation The wood of this species is locally fairly important and used for high-grade furniture and interior work, musical instruments and flooring. It is often substituted for the more valuable Jntsia bijuga. The wood-oil also has various local uses. Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Ald - preliminary evaluation by WCMC confirmed at the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Conservation measures In the Philippines the DENR Administrative Order No. 78 Series of 1987, Interim Guidelines on the Cutting/Gathering of Narra and other Premium Hardwoods, imposes restrictions on the felling of this species. Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 414 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Strombosia javanica Belian landak (Sarawak) Distribution Myanmar, Sumatra, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, West Java, Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan). Habitat Lowland rain forest, secondary forest and mixed Dipterocarp forest up to c 600 m on caly-rich fertile soils (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Scattered though locally common. Population status and trends This species has been recorded as Rare in Indonesia, according to the old IUCn categories (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Produces a moderately hard, durable, light yellowish timber, used locally for house construction (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997. Soepadmo, E. and Wong, K.M. (Eds.) 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Volume 1. Government of Malaysia, ITTO, ODA. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 415 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Taiwania cryptomerioides Taxodiaceae Distribution China (Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan), Myanmar, Taiwan Population status and trends A large slow-growing tree from a monotypic genus, although the Chinese/Myanmar populations are frequently refered to as T. flousiana. It is widely scattered as an emergent in mid to high elevation forest, usually with Chamaecyparis species. Population declines have occurred because of forest clearance and logging, exacerbated by poor regeneration. Habitat This species grows in mid to high elevation forest, at altitudes of 500 - 2700m usually with Chamaecyparis species. It prefers red soil, yellow mountain soil or brown forest soil. In China it grows in valley forests in subtropical monsoon and humid regions. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats This species is threatened by overexploitation and clear-felling of the habitat. Utilisation Timber and ornamental Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Ald — according to SSC Conifer Specialist Group Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Plantations are now established. References Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. Page, & Nico Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326. FAO. 1996. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances. FAO Foresty Paper 77. FAO, Rome. Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xvili-741. Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan. 1996. Rare and endangered plants in Taiwan I. 163 pp. Pan, F.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for Taiwanese trees. Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute. 1995. Conservation Status Listing of Plants in Taiwan (Draft). (unpublished). 79pp 416 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Taxus wallichiana Taxaceae Himalayan yew, ximalaya hongdoushan Distribution Afghanistan, Bhutan, China (Xizang), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu- Kashmir, Manipur, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan Habitat The species occurs in temperate moist forest between 1500m and 3500m. Population status and and trends In China the population is at a critical low, confined to Gyirong, Xizang, where it is threatened by logging (Fu, 1992). The Indian populations are scattered and cover a range of less than 2000km?. They have declined by over 90% in recent decades (Molur & Walker, 1998). Exploitation of the various plant parts for medicinal use frequently leads to the destruction or felling of trees. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Clear felling/ logging of the habitat, local use. Utilisation For several centuries the young shoots, leaves and bark have been used for their medicinal properties. More recently huge quantities of leaves have been collected for medicinal extracts which have anti- cancer properties. The timber is also sought-after and traded at domestic level. Trade Numerous companies in India are involved in the processing or export of the species for medicinal use. Since 1992 substantial quantities of leaves and roots have been exported. For instance 495.137mtonnes were exported from Madras/Cochin and 53.75mtonnes through Delhi. 170,710kg of dried leaves were export from Arunachal Pradesh in one month (Molur & Walker, 1998). The export from India is now banned. IUCN Conservation category LR/cd according to the SSC Conifer Specialist Group (Farjon, 1998). Conservation measures Various laws and programmes are in place in an effort to monitor and regulate both the exploitation and the trade. The species is listed in CITES Appendix II. Cultivating the species is moderately difficult in natural conditions. References Anon. 1994. English translation of the Flora Rei Popularis Sinicae (Flora of China). (unpublished). Farjon, Aljos. et al.1998. Data collection forms for conifer species completed by the SSC Conifer Specialist Group between 1996 and 1998. Fu, Li-kuo & Jian-ming Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii-741. Hara, H., W.T. Stearn, & L.H.J Williams. 1. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. London, British Museum (Natural History). Loc, Phan Ke. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing a list of the threatened Gymnosperms of Vietnam and their IUCN red list categories. Mill, Robert R. 1994. Annotations to Conifers - taxa listed on BG-BASE - status report as of 2 February 1994. 43pp. Molur, S. & S. Walker. (eds.). 1998. Conservation Assessment Management Plan (CAMP) workshop report for selected medicinal plants of northern, northeastern and central India. Pradhan, Rebecca. 1993. Annotations to WCMC plant list for Bhutan dated 31 August 1993. 40pp. Rechinger, K.H. (ed.). 1963. Flora Iranica. Austria, Graz. 417 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Tectona grandis L. Verbenaceae Trade name: Teak Local names: Kyun, Lyiu (Myanmar), Teck (French), Teca (Spanish), Sagun, Tegu, Tegina, Thekku (India), Mai Sak (Thailand), Djati (Indonesia), Fati (Malay). Distribution Teak occurs naturally in Cambodia, India, north-west Laos, Myanmar, north Thailand and Vietnam but it has been widely planted outside its natural range since the fourteenth century. Habitat Teak naturally occurs in areas of monsoon climate under a wide range of site conditions. Population status and trends According to Hedegart (1976), in spite of centuries of heavy and usually dysgenic exploitation, natural Teak forests still offer valuable gene resources; but clearing, illegal exploitation, deliberate burning and grazing continue at an increasing rate to put pressure on natural populations. According to FAO (1990), Teak is considered a priority species for in situ conservation. Within its area of natural distribution some varieties are Endangered in India (FAO, 1990). In that country there is a huge shortfall in general in the requirement and availability of timber (Chadha, 1988) but Tectona grandis, which occurs gregariously, is not under any threat (Lal in litt., 1990). In Thailand Teak has been exploited for centuries. By the end of the nineteenth century extraction of Teak at an excessive rate was leading to forest deterioration. Protective legislation for the species and control over its exploitation were introduced. Teak is not considered to be a rare species within the country but it has disappeared from much of the otherwise undisturbed Thai forest. Logging bans in Thailand and Laos have increased the international demand for Teak from Myanmar, leading to concern about the rate of felling within the country. Illegal felling in the Myanmar/Thai border area to supply Thai sawmills has been widely publicised. The protection of areas of undisturbed natural Teak forests to ensure future supplies of selected seed for commercial plantations is considered one of the highest forest conservation priorities in Myanmar (Blower, 1985). It is uncertain whether the ‘natural’ Teak stands in Indonesia are indigenous or were originally planted by Hindu settlers. According to Lande (1987) the Teak forests in Java are rapidly decreasing because of increasing demands for agricultural land. In the other islands such as Celebes and Nusa Tenggara, the ‘natural’ Teak forests are decreasing rapidly, without sufficient management and planting. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Logging and forest clearance. Utilisation The heartwood is dark golden yellow and turns a dark brown with exposure and the wood has an oily feel. It is easily worked with hand and machine tools and glues well despite its oily nature. The wood is durable against decay fungi and termites but is not immune to marine borers. Teak is one of the world's most versatile and outstanding timbers, with many valuable properties. It has a wide range of uses, including both heavy and light construction work, house building, carpentry, furniture and wood carvings. Trade In India, the State Forest Departments and Forest Development Corporations extract timber on the basis of approved Management Plans and supply wood to consumers through open auctions. The rates for sawn Teak are Rs.18 000-20 000 per m? (Chadha, 1988). No Teak is exported from India. 418 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Annual exports of Teak from Thailand prior to the logging ban were as follows: port of sawn timber of Tectona grandis from Thailand (m’) serps | ome | oer |e Pee ar [eos [ovo [2a] Source: Forestry statistics of Thailand 1987-88 In 1995, Thailand exported 6,000 cu m of teak sawnwood (ITTO, 1996). Myanmar is the major source of teak extracted from natural forests for international trade. Teak has been one of the country's main foreign exchange earners with its exploitation a monopoly of the State Timber Corporation (Blower, 1985). In 1995, Myanmar exported 175,000 cu m of teak logs; together with 28,000 cu m of sawnwood and small quantities of veneer (ITTO, 1996). In Java, Teak is the main product of Perum Perhutani, the state-owned umber company. About 500 000 m* of timber are produced annually (Lande, 1987). In 1986 Indonesia exported 40 000 m? of Teak. Various importing countries do have a separate tariff heading for Teak in Customs statistics. Japan, Korea and Thailand, for example, have a tariff heading for Teak logs and Australia, UK and USA for sawn timber. It is therefore possible to determine the volumes of Teak imported by major importing connec: and to infer export volumes from the currently available Customs statistics. UK imports 7000-8000 m° of Teak annually, with Indonesia supplying 65% of the trade (WCMC, 1991). Concern about the source of tropical hardwoods is likely to have an impact on the patterns of international trade in Teak. Martin (1989), for example, points out that suppliers and manufacturers (of garden furniture) are now moving away from Myanmar and Thailand because of serious questions about the forestry practices of these countries, with some companies now buying Teak only from Java. The Rainforest Action Network has urged its members to boycott ‘Burmese and so-called Thai teak’, pointing out that most of the Teak imported to USA is from Myanmar (Rainforest Action Network, 1989). IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures (source of information WCMC, 1991). Legislation India - The export of all timber from India is banned. Myanmar - Teak is protected under the Burma Forest Act 1902, as amended. Thailand - Early legislation introduced to control Teak exploitation in Thailand included: 1) _ the Royal Proclamation of 1884 concerning the sale of Teakwood; 2) the Royal Proclamation of 1887 concerning the transportation of Teakwood; 3) the Royal Proclamation of 1887 concerning possession of Teak logs; 4) the Teak Trees Protection Act of 1897; 5) the 1899 Act prohibiting the extraction of Teak timber without the payment of royalties or duties (Arbhabhirama er al., 1987). The Forest Act of 1941, as revised, gives specific protection to Teak. Since 1989 all logging has been banned in Thailand. Presence in protected areas: India Tamil Nadu: Anaimallai Wildlife Sanctuary; Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary, Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (teak plantations). Karnataka: Bandipur national Park (dominant species); Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (dominant species); Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary (dominant species); Nagarhole National Park (dominant species). Madhya Pradesh: Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctary; Bori Wildlife Sanctuary (dominant species); Indravati National Park; Kheoni Wildlife Sanctuary; Narsingah Wildlife Sanctuary (Teak 419 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria plantations); Noradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (dominant species); Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary. Maharashtra: Borivilli National Park (dominant species); Melghat (Dhaknakolkas) Tiger Reserve (30-40% planted with Teak); Nagzira Wildlife Sanctary; Panch National Park (Teak covers 40% of the area); Tadoba National Park. Uttar Pradesh: Dudhwa National Park. Andhra Pradesh: Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary; Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary; Kinnersani Wildlife Sanctuary; Lanjamadugu (Siwaram) Sanctuary. Gujarat Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park; Velavadar Blackbuck National Park (poorly grown Teak). Kerala: Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary (extensive Teak plantations -8,780 ha of semi mature Teak in 1988, natural Teak now rare); Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Santuary (extensive plantations); Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary; Wynad Wildlife Sanctuary (> half Teak and eucalyptus plantation); Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary (Teak plantations). Rodgers and Panwar (1988), in a report of proposed protected areas name the following as having Teak present. Gujarat: Purna Wildlife Sanctuary. Madyha Pradesh: Saimura Wildlife Sanctuary; Gollapalli Wildlife Sanctuary. Rajasthan: Boroswar Wildlife Sanctuary (Teak biome). Myanmar Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park (classed as reserved forest since 1893; selectively logged for Teak in the past) Thailand Huai Kha Khaeng Sanctuary, Lum Nam Pai Sanctuary, Mae Tun Sanctuary, Doi Chiang Dao Sanctuary, Doi Pha Muang, Omkoi Sanctuary, Doi Suthep-Poi National Park, Khao Sam Lan National Park, Mae Ping National Park, Huai Tak Teak Reserve Forest management and silviculture The exploitation of Teak formed the basis for early forest management in India, Myanmar and Thailand. In India, for example, a commission was appointed in 1800 to investigate the availability of Teak in Kerala and minimum girth limits were introduced (Shyamsunder and Parameshwarappa, 1988). Regeneration of the species in natural forests is poor. Both within and outside its natural range, Teak is primarily cultivated in artificially established pure stands. It has been demonstrated, however, that Teak should be grown mixed with soil-enriching tree species (Lamprecht, 1989). Since the price of Teak is relatively high and its sources of supply limited, it has been introduced to countries throughout the tropics, including Trinidad, Togo, Nigeria, Honduras, Cameroon, Zaire and Benin, where plantations have been established. For the production of good quality timber 7. grandis needs a periodic marked dry period of 3-5 months and grows best where mean monthly maximum temperatures are 40° C and monthly minimum 13° C, with rainfall of 1 270-3 800 mm (Kaosa-ard, 1981). Growth and growth habits show great variation according to site conditions (Bedell, 1989) but only one variety (Teli from India) has been recognised. There is thus a good basis for improvement by provenance/individual tree selection, and breeding work is being carried out in many countries (Keiding, 1985). Seed dormancy is an important characteristic of Teak. This results in uneven germination and, because the plants are sensitive to shade, later germinating plants are suppressed. Several factors are responsible for the big difference between potential and realised germination recorded in plantation trials but it is largely due to the inhibition of germination by dormancy. Its seed stores well and may keep their viability for several years. However, they require pretreatment before sowing but this varies considerably depending on the source of the seeds and no methods are applicable for all types of Teak seed. Research is needed into this problem since it will be increasingly ~ evident as more Teak seed is planted and transferred. Seed is now available from registered sources, selected seed stands and clonal seed orchards (Keiding, 1985). References Arbhabhirama, A., Phantumvanit, D., Elkington, J. and Ingkasuwan, P. (Eds) (1987). Thailand Natural Resources Profile. Thailand Development Research Institute. Bedell, P-E. (1989). Preliminary observations on variability of Teak in India. Indian Forester 115(2): 72- 81. Blower, J. (1985). Conservation priorities in Burma. Oryx 19(2): 79-85. Chadha, K.M. (1988). Timber situation and prospects for India. Paper presented at Eighth Session of ITTO, Abidjan, Céte d'Ivoire. 420 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia FAO (1990). Report of the Seventh Session of the FAO Panel of experts on forest gene resources. December 1989. FAO, Rome. Hedegart, T. (1976). Breeding systems, variation and genetic improvement of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.). In: Burley, J. and Styles, B.T. (Eds), Tropical trees: variation, breeding and conservation. Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser. No. 2. Academic Press, London. ITTO (1996) Kaosa-ard, A. (1981). Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.) its natural distributon and related factors. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc. 29: 55-74. Keiding, H. (1985). Seed leaflet No. 4 - June 1985. Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.). DANIDA Forest Seed Centre. Lamprecht, H. (1989). Silviculture in the tropics. GTZ, Germany. Lande, M.L. (1987). Studies of the management system for long cutting age of man-made forests - comparative considerations of management system for teak plantations and cedar plantations of Yoshino District. Research Bulletins of the College Experimental Forests. Hokkaido University 44(3): 955-1017. Martin, T. (1989). Much ado about Teak. Horticulture. October 1989. Rainforest Action Network (1989). Don't buy Burmese Teak! Rainforest Action Network Action Alert 40. August 1989. Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar H.S. (1988). Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Volume 2 State Summaries. A report prepared for the Department of the Environment, Forests and Wildlife Government of India at Wildlife Institute of India. FAO, Field Document No. 9. FAO, Dehra Dun. Shyamsunder, S. and Parameshwarappa, S. (1988). Forestry in India - The Forester's View. Myforest 24(2): 81-94. Soerianegara, I and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (1993) WCMC (1991) Correspondence and personal communications Dr J.S. Lal, Director, Forest Service of India, Dehra Dun, India. 421 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Tectona hamiltoniana Dahat (Myanmar) Distribution Endemic to Myanmar, occuring in the dry zone (Prome District and Upper Burma). The area of distribution is about 150 by 80 km (FAO, 1986). The distribution range rarely overlaps with that of Tectona grandis. Habitat Dry, open scrub forest, often growing on poor, stony soil (FAO, 1986). Population status and trends This species has a small area of distribution and is in need of conservation attention (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). According to FAO, 1986, the species is in need of further study but is likely to be endangered. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Annual forest fires are a threat to this species and local use has caused declines (FAO, 1986). Utilisation The wood is used locally for fuel and construction. The bark is also used medicinally. Tectona hamiltoniana is not an important timber species but has potential value for plantations on dry sites. Trade Not thought to be in international trade. IUCN Conservation category VU B1 2a+c — according to WCMC on the basis of limited range (less than 20,000 sq km) and reported threats. Conservation measures Rarely planted; the potential for teak breeding should be investigated Forest management and silviculture Trees have been grown from seed on an experimental basis. References FAO, 1986 Soerianegara and Lemmens 422 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Tectona philippinensis Philippines: Philippine teak (general), bunglas (Panay Bisaya), malapangit. Distribution Endemic to Philippines (Mindoro, Luzon and province Batagas). Habitat Thickets and secondary forest at low altitudes (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). It is restricted to a special substrate (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Population status and trends A scattered early pioneer species, the natural distribution is restricted and conservaiton measureas are needed (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Role of species in the ecosystem Insects act as pollinators and the fruit is dispersed by wind. Threats commercial use, clear-felling of the habitat Utilisation The hardwood is used for heavy construction (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993); also used as firewood (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Trade IUCN Conservation category EN B1&2a,b,c (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Might qualify for Critically Endangered category subject to more information regarding the situation in Mindoro (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures There is no state protection of this species (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Forest management and silviculture Unlike T. grandis this species is rarely planted and its potential for teak breeding is in need of investigation. References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Penafiel, S. 1990. Annotation to list of tropical timbers for the Philippines. Tan, B.C., E. Fernando, & J.P. Rojo. 1986. An updated list of endangered Philippine plants. Yushania 3(2): 1-5. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 423 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Terminalia archipelagi Combretaceae terminalia, red-brown Distribution A large, well-formed tree occurring only on the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. Habitat It is found mainly in lowland primary rainforest where it can be locally dominant (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are pollinated by insects and the seeds are wind dispersed. It regenerates in primary forest (Eddowes, 1997). Threats It has been and still is heavily exploited through intensive logging practices; habitat destruction is another threat to this species (Eddowes, 1997). Uses The wood is used for plywood, furniture and as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997). Trade It is very much sought after for log export as it is favoured for plywood manufacture (Eddowes, 1997). It occurs in major international trade. In 1995 102,000m3 of Terminalia logs were exported from Papua New Guinea at, on average, 135 $/m3 (ITTO, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN Alcd+2cd, C2a according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). Conservation measures Conservation measures are not known but there may be 1-2 plantings of this species in LAE National Botanical Gardens, Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). Silviculture and forest management References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield containing annotations to the Draft Red List Summay Report for Papua New Guinea trees. Womersley, J.S. & E.E. Henty (eds.). 1978. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea. Melbourne Uni. Press. 424 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Terminalia rerei Combretaceae terminalia, red-brown Distribution A species restricted to San Cristobal and Guadalcanal of the South Solomon Islands. Habitat Terminalia rerei is scattered in tropical lowland rainforest. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem The floweres are pollinated by insects and the seeds are wind dispersed. It regenerates in primary forest (Eddowes, 1997). Threats This timber species is subject to over-exploitation; it is further threatened by habitat loss due to indiscriminate logging practices (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used as plywood, veneer and to make furniture (Eddowes, 1997). Trade The timber is found in minor international trade (Eddowes, 1997). IUCN Conservation category VU B1+2abcde according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). Conservation measures There are no conservation measures. Silviculture and forest management References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Womersley, J.S. & EE. Henty (eds.). 1978. Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea. Melbourne Uni. Press. 425 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Toona calantas Philippines: kalantas (general), danupra (loko). Distribution Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines. Habitat Population status and trends The species has been recorded as Vulnerable in the Philippines (Tan, Fernando and Rojo 1986). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats The stands have been depleted by logging and shifting cultivation (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Utilisation The timber is used as surian, especially for furniture, musical instruments, cigar boxes and plywood. The wood is suitable for shiitake mushroom culture and may be applied as an aromatic wood for its pleasant smell. The bark and flowers are used medicinally (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Trade IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. Tan, B.C., Fernando, E.S. and Rojo, J.P. (1986) An updated list of endangered Philippine plants. Yushania 3(2):1-5 WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 426 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Triomma malaccensis Burseraceae Distribution Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore Habitat Primary lowland rainforest and rarely in secondary forest in well-drained areas; in Sabah and Sarawak it is found in mixed diptercarp forest on yellow sandy clay soils. In south Sumatra this species grows well on red-yellow podsolic soils in wet areas. Altitude: 0 - 1000m Population status and trends A large, emergent tree, up to 60 m in height, found scattered in the primary lowland rainforests of western Malesia. It is common in Sabah and uncommon (2 collections only) in Sarawak. Signs of regeneration are very scarce, perhaps due to low fruit setting and seedlings seem to be affected by competition. The species regenerates badly in logged over forest. This is a monotypic genus that is considered an ancient relic because of the primative dry dehiscent fruits. Role of species in the ecosystem Found in association with Castanopsis, Diospyros, Litsea, Lophopetalum, Koompassia, Palaquium, Shorea and Syzygium. Threats poor regeneration, burning Utilisation Trees are cut and traded as kedondong timber, especially in Malaysia, but it is not cut selectively on a large scale. The lightweight wood has many uses. Trade Timber is traded domestically. IUCN Conservation category NE Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References E. Soepadmo and K.M. Wong. 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd. 513 pp. Erfurth, T. & H. Rusche. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. (unpublished). FO: MISC/76/8. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Leiden: Flora Malesiana Foundation. 427 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Ulmus wallichiana Ulmaceae Distribution Afghanistan, India (Jammu-Kashmir), Nepal, Pakistan Habitat A tree of temperate oak and mixed coniferous forest and of the Cedrus deodara forest zone of the Western Himalayas. Population status and trends A scattered species which has suffered from large-scale lopping its high quality livestock fodder. Once the tree has been severely hewed it can no longer reproduce because the resulting coppice-sprouts do not produce flowers. Only trees growing in inaccessible areas and protected areas have survived. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Overexploitation and grazing. Utilisation Animal fodder and timber. This species exhibits some degree of resistance to dutch elm disease as a result is being used in elm breeding programmes for city and landscape use in temperate climates (FAO, 1986). Trade IUCN Conservation category VU Alc — according to WCMC. Conservation measures The example of flourishing trees, and completion of regeneration of this species in Dachigam Game reserve near Srinagar, Kashmir, suggests that protection from cattle may suffice to save this species. The inclusion of elms and elm habitats in the setting up of future game and forest reserves in Himalaysa, should be considered. The plantings should consist of specimens from local origin to provide the possibility for cross pollination. The positioning of small elm stands near wardens/ foresters homes where they are protected from lopping will make there protection status clear to all (FAO, 1986). Forest management and silviculture Plants can be easily grown from seeds and various methods of vegetative propogation are effective, for example grafting, layering and rooted cuttings under mist in the summer. Seeds are not available where trees are regularly lopped (FAO, 1986). Cultivation occurs on a small scale. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Melville, R. & H.M. Heybroek. 1971. The elms of the Himalaya. Kew Bull. 26(1): 5-28. 428 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Vavaea bantamensis Distribution Indonesia (Java) Habitat Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). IUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997. Hommel, P.W.F.M. 1987. Landscape ecology of Ujung Kulon (West Java, Indonesia). Wageningen: Privately published doctoral thesis. 206pp. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 429 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Vitex parviflora Indonesia: kayu kula, fuli kaa (Timor). Philippines: molave, amugauan, sagat (general) (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Distribution Philippines, Sulawasi, Timor, the Moluccas; possibly also Sabah and Java; planted in Central America (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Habitat Low altitudes and along sea coasts. In the Philippines this species is the dominant in ‘Molave’ forest. This is amonsoon forest type which occurs on well-drained limestone soils. Population status and trends Logging for this species has caused thedisappearance of Molave forests in most of the Philippines. Role of species in the ecosystem Threats It has been depleted due to logging and shifting cultivation (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Utilisation The timber is used in the Philippines for house building, ship building and carving. The bark and wood are used medicinally and the leaves are used as a fodder (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). TUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The species has been recorded as Vulnerable (old IUCN threat category) in the Philippines (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures Subject to special felling controls in the Philippines. Forest management and silviculture This species is suggested for the Philippines as a tall tree in shelterbelts. Some plantation in reforestation schemes in the country. References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. Tan, B.C., Fernando, E.S. and Rojo, J.P. (1986) An updated list of endangered Philippine plants. Yushania 3(2):1-5 WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 430 Annex 2. Profiles of Tree Species: Asia Wallaceodendron celebicum Distribution Indonesia, Philippines. Habitat Along sea coasts. Population status and trends Role of species in the ecosystem Threats Utilisation Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European trade (WCMC, 1991). TUCN Conservation category DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The species has been recorded as Vulnerable (old IUCN threat category) in the Philippines and Threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. 431 ANNEX 3 List of species recorded as globally threatened as a result of population decline through exploitation in the Tree Conservation Database ACERACEAE Acer longipes ssp. catalpifolium VU Alcd ANACARDIACEAE Antrocaryon micraster VU Alcd Gluta papuana VU Alcd+2cd Mangifera altissima VU Ald Mangifera monandra EN Alcd ANISOPHYLLEACEAE Combretocarpus rotundatus VU Alcd ANNONACEAE Meiogyne hainanensis VU Alcd Saccopetalum prolificum VU Alcd ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis dammara VU Alcd Araucaria angustifolia VU Alcd+2cd Araucaria araucana VU Alcd BOMBACACEAE Rhodognaphalon breviscupe VU Alcd BORAGINACEAE Cordia platythyrsa VU Ald BRETSCHNEIDERACEAE Bretschneidera sinensis EN Alcd BURSERACEAE Aucoumea klaineana VU Alcd CAPPARACEAE Boscia arabica VU Alcd CAPRIFOLIACEAE Heptacodium miconioides VU Alcd CEPHALOTAXACEAE Cephalotaxus mannii VU Ald Cephalotaxus oliveri VU Ald CHR YSOBALANACEAE Parinari papuana ssp. salomonense VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde COMBRETACEAE Anogeissus dhofarica VU Alcd Terminalia archipelagi EN Alcd+2cd, C2a Terminalia ivorensis VU Alcd Terminalia nitens VU Ald Terminalia pellucida VU Ald 433 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria COMPOSITAE Blepharispermum hirtum VU Alcd CORNACEAE Cornus disciflora VU Alcd Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana VU Alcd CORYLACEAE Corylus chinensis EN Alcd CUPRESSACEAE Chamaecyparis lawsoniana VU Alde+2de Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana VU Alacd Cupressus chengiana VU Alcd Fitzroya cupressoides EN Alcd Pilgerodendron uviferum “VU Alcd+2cd Widdringtonia cedarbergensis EN Alcd DILLENIACEAE Dillenia megalantha VU Ald Dillenia philippinensis VU Ald Dillenia reifferscheidtia VU Ald DIPTEROCARPACEAE VU Alcd, B1+2c CR Alcd, B1+2c, C2a CR Alcd, B1+2c, C2a Dipterocarpus conformis ssp. borneensis Parashorea lucida Parashorea macrophylla Parashorea malaanonan CR Alcd Parashorea stellata CR Alcd, B1+2c Shorea acuminata CR Alcd Shorea acuminatissima CR Alcd Shorea agami EN Alcd Shorea argentifolia EN Alcd Shorea assamica ssp. assamica CR Alcd, B1+2c Shorea assamica ssp. globifera CR Alcd Shorea assamica ssp. philippinensis CR Alcd, C2a Shorea bracteolata EN Alcd+2cd Shorea dealbata CR Alcd+2cd, C2a Shorea falciferoides CR Alcd Shorea flemmichii CR Alcd, C2a Shorea inaequilateralis CR Alcd, C2a Shorea inappendiculata CR Alcd, C2a Shorea macrantha CR Alcd, C2a Shorea macroptera ssp. baillonii EN Alcd Shorea ovalis ssp. ovalis EN Alcd Shorea ovalis ssp. sarawakensis CR Alcd Shorea ovalis ssp. sericea CR Alcd Shorea ovata EN Alcd Shorea pachyphylla CR Alcd, C2a Shorea palembanica CR Alcd Shorea palosapis CR Alcd Shorea parvifolia ssp. parvifolia EN Alcd Shorea parvifolia ssp. velutina EN Alcd Shorea pauciflora EN Alcd Shorea platycarpa CR Alcd Shorea platyclados EN Alcd Shorea polysperma CR Alcd Shorea quadrinervis EN Alcd Shorea rugosa CR Alcd, C2a Shorea selanica CR Alcd 434 Shorea singkawang Shorea smithiana Shorea splendida Shorea stenoptera Shorea superba Shorea teysmanniana Upuna borneensis Vateria indica Vatica cuspidata Vatica nitens Vatica pachyphylla EBENACEAE Diospyros crassiflora Diospyros gillisonii Diospyros insularis Diospyros mun ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus mollis FAGACEAE Nothofagus alessandri Nothofagus glauca Nothofagus leonii FLACOURTIACEAE Hydnocarpus hainanensis Taraktogenos annamensis GOMORTEGACEAE Gomortega keule ICACINACEAE Mappia racemosa IXONANTHACEAE Ixonanthes chinensis LAURACEAE Alseodaphne hainanensis Aniba rosaeodora Chlorocardium rodiei Cinnamomum mercadoi Dicypellium caryophyllaceum Litsea leytensis Ocotea catharinensis Ocotea kenyensis Ocotea langsdorffit Ocotea porosa Ocotea pretiosa Persea philippinensis Phoebe zhennan LECYTHIDACEAE Bertholletia excelsa LEGUMINOSAE Acacia campbellii Acacia crassicarpa Annex 3. List of species recorded as globally threatened CR Alcd CR Alcd EN Alcd EN Alcd CR Alcd EN Alcd EN Alcd, C2a CR Alcd CR Alcd EN Alcd CR Alcd EN Ald EN Alcd+2cd, C2a EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2c CR Alcd VU Alcd EN Alcde, B2cd VU Alcd, B1+2c EN Alcd, B2c VU Alcd VU Alcd EN Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd EN Ald+2d VU Alad VU Ald VU Alcd VU Ald VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Ald VU Alacd+2cd VU Alcd VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abed 435 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Adenanthera intermedia Afzelia bipindensis Afzelia pachyloba Afzelia rhomboidea Albizia ferruginea Caesalpinia echinata Caesalpinia paraguariensis Copaifera salikounda Cynometra inaequifolia Dalbergia annamensis Dalbergia bariensis Dalbergia baronii Dalbergia bathiei Dalbergia cambodiana Dalbergia chapelieri Dalbergia chlorocarpa Dalbergia cultrata var. cultrata Dalbergia hildebrandtii Dalbergia lemurica Dalbergia louvelii Dalbergia madagascariensis Dalbergia mammosa Dalbergia maritima Dalbergia monticola Dalbergia neoperrieri Dalbergia nigra Dalbergia normandii Dalbergia odorifera Dalbergia oliveri Dalbergia pseudobaronii Dalbergia purpurascens Dalbergia tonkinensis Dalbergia tricolor Dalbergia viguieri Erythrophleum fordii Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Haplormosia monophylla Intsia acuminata Kingiodendron pinnatum Koompassia grandiflora Maniltoa schefferi var. peekelii Millettia laurentii Pericopsis elata Sindora inermis Sindora supa Swartzia fistuloides Vouacapoua americana MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia nitida var. nitida Manglietia aromatica MELIACEAE Aphanamixis cumingiana Cedrela fissilis Dysoxylum turczaninowii Entandrophragma angolense Entandrophragma candollei Entandrophragma cylindricum Khaya anthotheca VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Ald VU Alcd VU Alcd EN Alacd VU Alacd VU Ald VU Ald EN Alcd EN Alcd VU Alcd+2cd EN Alcd, B1+2abcd, C1+2a EN Alcd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alacd+2cd EN Alcd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alcd+2cd EN Alcd+2cd VU Alcd+2cd EN Alcd EN Alcd+2cd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alcd EN Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde VU Ald EN Alcd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alcd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alcd+2cd EN Alcd EN Alcd VU Ald+2d VU Ald EN Alcd VU Alcd+2cd VU Alcd+2cd, C2a EN Alcd EN Alcd VU Ald VU Ald EN Alcd CR Alcd+2cd VU Alcd VU Alcd, B1+2cde VU Alcd EN Alacd+2cd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd 436 Khaya grandifoliola Khaya ivorensis Khaya senegalensis Lovoa swynnertonii Lovoa trichilioides Sandoricum vidalii Turraeanthus africanus MORACEAE Artocarpus blancoi Artocarpus rubrovenus Artocarpus treculianus Ficus ulmifolia Milicia regia MYRTACEAE Tristania decorticata Tristania littoralis Xanthostemon verdugonianus OCHNACEAE Lophira alata Testulea gabonensis PALMAE Jubaea chilensis PINACEAE Abies guatemalensis var. guatemalensis Larix mastersiana Picea brachytyla Picea brachytyla var. complanata Pseudotsuga sinensis var. sinensis Tsuga forrestit PODOCARPACEAE Dacrydium nausoriense Podocarpus salignus Prumnopitys andina PROTEACEAE Helicia neglecta ROSACEAE Photinia lasiogyna Polylepis incana Prunus africana RUBIACEAE Hallea stipulosa Mastixiodendron stoddardii Nauclea diderrichii RUTACEAE Pitavia punctata SALICACEAE Salix magnifica Annex 3. List of species recorded as globally threatened. VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd EN Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Ald VU Ald VU Ald VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Ald VU Alcd EN Alcd VU Alcd VU Ald VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd EN Alcd, B1+2ce, Cl VU Ald+2b VU Alcd, C2a VU Alcd, C2a VU Alcd VU Alacd VU Alcd VU Alcd VU Alcd+2cd, B1+2abcde VU Alcd EN Alcd VU Alcd 437 Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria SANTALACEAE Santalum album VU Ald Santalum macgregorii EN Alcd, Cl SAPOTACEAE Autranella congolensis CR Alcd Baillonella toxisperma VU Alcd Madhuca betis VU Alcd Madhuca boerlageana CR Alcd, C2ab, D1 Madhuca bourdillonii EN Alcd, B1+2c Madhuca oblongifolia VU Ald Madhuca obovatifolia VU Ald Madhuca pasquieri VU Alcd Manilkara kanosiensis EN Alcd+2cd, C2a Palaquium bataanense VU Ald Palaquium luzoniense VU Ald Palaquium philippense VU Ald Pouteria villamilii VU Ald Tieghemella africana EN Alcd Tieghemella heckelii EN Alcd Vitellaria paradoxa VU Alcd SIMAROUBACEAE Picrasma excelsa VU Alcd STERCULIACEAE Heritiera utilis VU Alcd Nesogordonia papaverifera VU Alcd Pterygota bequaertii VU Alcd Pterygota macrocarpa VU Alcd STYRACACEAE Halesia macgregorti VU Alcd Pterostyrax psilophylla VU Alcd TAXODIACEAE Sequoiadendron giganteum VU Alcd Taiwania cryptomerioides VU Ald THEACEAE Camellia chrysantha VU Alcd THYMELAEACEAE Aquilaria malaccensis VU Alcd Gonystylus bancanus VU Alcd TILIACEAE Burretiodendron hsienmu VU Alcd Diplodiscus paniculatus VU Alcd ULMACEAE Celtis luzonica VU Alcd VERBENACEAE Vitex keniensis VU Alcd+2cd Vitex parviflora VU Alcd 438 INDEX Abies guatemalensis 147 Abies nordmanniana subsp. Equi-troujani 255 Acacia crassicarpa 256 Acer laurnum 257 Afzelia africana 22 Afzelia bipindensis 24 Afzelia pachyloba 25 Afzelia rhomboidea 258 Agathis borneensis 259 Agathis endertii 26] Agathis moorei 262 Agathis spathulata 263 Agathis vitiensis 264 Aglaia penningtoniana 265 Aglaia perviridis 266 Aglaia silvestris 267 Ailanthus integnifolia ssp. Integnfolia 268 Allanblackia stuhlmannii 26 Alloxylon brachycarpum 269 Alnus acuminata 148 Alstonia pneumatophora 270 Amburana acreana 150 Amburana cearensis 151] Anadenanthera macrocarpa 153 Aniba rosaeodora 154 Antrocaryon micraster 27 Aquilana malaccensis 271 Araucana angustifolia 156 Araucaria araucana 159 Araucaria cunninghamit 273 Araucaria hunsteinti 275 Aspidosperma polyneuron 160 Astronium urundeuva 162 Aucoumea klaineana 28 Autranella congolensis 30 Baikiaea pluriyjuga 3] Baillonella toxisperma 33 Balfourodendron nedelianum 164 Balmea stormae 165 Beilschmiedia ugandensis 35 Bertholletia excelsa 166 Bombacopsis quinata 169 Boswellia sacra 36 Brachylaena huillensis (syn. Brachylaena hutchisonii) 38 Caesalpinia echinata 17] Caesalpinia paraguanensis 173 Calophyllum canum 276 Calophyllum carni var. longigemmatum 277 Calophyllum euryphyllum 278 Calophyllum inophyllum 279 Calophyllum insularum 281 Calophyllum papuanum 282 Calophyllum waliense 283 Canarium luzonicum 284 Canarium pseudosumatranum 285 Cantleya corniculatum 286 Cariniana estrellensis 174 Caniniana legalis 175 Caryocar costaricense 176 Cedrela fissilis 178 Cedrela lilloi 180 Cedrela odorata 18] Cephalotaxus oliveri 287 Cercidiphyllum japonicum 288 Ceroxylon quindiuense 183 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 184 Chamaecypanis obtusa var. formosana 289 Chloroxylon swietenia 290 Cinnamomum parthenoxylon 291 Copaifera salikounda 40 Cordeauxia edulis 4] Cordia dodecandra 188 Cordia millenii 42 Cordia platythyrsa 44 Cupressus dupreziana 45 Cynometra inaequifolia 292 Dacrydium nausoriense 293 Dalbergia annamensis 294 Dalbergia bariensis 295 Dalbergia baronii 46 Dalbergia cambodiana 296 Dalbergia chaplieri 47 Dalbergia chlorocarpa 48 Dalbergia cochinchinensis 297 Dalbergia davidii 49 Dalbergia delphinensis 50 Dalbergia greveana 5] Dalbergia latifolia 298 Dalbergia louvelii 52 Dalbergia mammosa 300 Dalbergia maritima 53 Dalbergia nigra 189 Dalbergia oliveri 301] Dalbergia purpurascens 54 Dalbergia retusa 192 Dalbergia stevensoni 194 Dalbergia tonkinensis 302 Dehaasia caesia 303 Dehaasia cuneata 304 Dialium cochinchinense 305 Diospyros celebica 55 Diospyros crassiflora 56 Diospyros discolor 306 Diospyros ebenum 307 Diospyros ferrea 308 Diospyros hemiteles 57 Diospyros insulanis 310 Diospyros mun 311 Diospyros philippinensts 312 Diospyros pilosanthera 313 Diospyros rumphii 314 Dipteryx alata 195 Duno dulcis 315 Durio kutejensis 316 Dyera costulata 318 Dyera polyphylla 320 Entandrophragma angolense 58 Entandrophragma candollei 60 Entandrophragma caudatum 62 Entandrophragma cylindricum 63 Entandrophragma delevoyi 65 Entandrophragma excelsum 66 Entandrophragma utile 67 Eribroma oblonga 69 Erythrophleum fordti 321 Esenbeckia leiocarpa 196 Eugenia flosculifera 322 Eugenia koordersiana 323 Eugenia ridleyi 324 Eusideroxylon zwageri 325 Fagus longipetiolata 327 Fitzroya cupressoides 197 Flindersia ifflaina 328 Flindersia laevicarpa 329 Flindersia schottiana 330 Geijera salicifolia 331 Gluta papuana 332 Gmelina arborea 333 Gonystylus affinis 335 Gonystylus bancanus 336 439 Gonystylus brunnescens 339 Gonystylus confusus 340 Gonystylus keithii 341] Gonystylus macrophyllus 342 Gonystylus maingayi 343 Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum 71 Guaiacum officinale 199 Guaiacum sanctum 20] Guarea cedrata 72 Guarea thompson 74 Guibourtia ehie 76 Hallea ledermannii 77 Hallea stipulosa 79 Haplormosia monophylla 80 Heritiera utilis 8] Homalium foetidum 344 Hydnocarpus sumatrana 346 Ilex paraguaiensis 203 Intsia bijuga 347 Irvingia gabonensis 82 Jackiopsis ornata 349 Joannesia princeps 205 Jubaea chilensis 206 Juglans neotropica 207 Juniperus bermudiana 209 Juniperus procera 84 Kalappia celebica 350 Khaya anthotheca 86 Khaya grandifoliola 88 Khaya ivorensis 90 Khaya madagascariensis 92 Khaya senegalensis 93 Kingiodendron pinnatum 352 Kjellbergiodendron celebicum 353 Kokoona leucoclada 354 Koompassia excelsa 355 Koompassia grandiflora 356 Koompassia malaccensis 357 Lagarostrobos franklinti 358 Liquidambar styraciflua 210 Lophira alata 95 Lophopetalum javanicum 359 Lophopetalum multinervium 360 Lophopetalum pachyphyllum 361 Lophopetalum rigidum 362 Lovoa swynnertonii 97 Lovoa trichilioides 79 Machaenum villosum 212 Madhuca betis 363 Madhuca boerlageana 364 Madhuca pasquieri 365 Magnolia hodgsonti 366 Mangifera decandra 367 Mangifera macrocarpa 368 Manglietia aromatica 369 Manilkara kanosiensis 370 Mansonia alnissima 101 Mastixiodendron stoddardii 371 Merrillia caloxylon 372 Mezilaurus itauba 213 Microberlinia bisulcata 103 Microberlinia brazzavillensis 104 Milicia excelsa 105 Milicia regia 108 Millettia laurenni 110 Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia 214 Mimosa verrucosa 215 Minquartia guianensis 216 Monopetalanthus heitai 111 Myrocarpus frondosus 218 Nauclea diderrichii 112 Neesia altissima 373 Neesia malayana 374 Neobalanocarpus heimii 375 Nesogordonia papaverifera 114 Nothofagus alessandri 219 Nothofagus glauca 220 Ochanostachys amentacea 377 Ocotea catharinensis 221 Ocotea kenyensis 116 Ocotea odorifera 222 Ocotea porosa 224 Octomeles sumatrana 379 Oreomunnea pterocarpa 225 Palaquium bataanense 380 Palaquium impressinervium 381 Palaquium maingayi 382 Parinari costata ssp. costata 383 Parinani oblongifolia 384 Pericopsis elata 117 Pericopsis mooniana 385 Phoebe macrophylla 387 Phoebe nanmu 388 Phytelephas seemannii 226 Phytelephas tumacana 227 Pilgerodendron uviferum 228 Pinus amamiana 389 Pinus merkusti 390 Pinus pentaphylla 391 Pinus tecunumanii 230 Pitavia punctata 23] Pithecellobium splendens 392 Planchonia valida 393 Platanus orientalis 118 Platymenia foliolosa 232 Platymiscium parviflorum 233 Podocarpus annamensis 394 Podocarpus parlatorei 235 Populus ilicifolia 119 Pouteria altissima 120 Prumnopitys andina 236 Prunus africana 122 Pterocarpus angolensis 125 Prerocarpus dalbergioides 395 Pterocarpus indicus 396 Pterocarpus macrocarpus 398 Pterocarpus santalinus 399 Pterocymbium beccani 40] Pterocymbium tinctorium 403 Pterocymbium tubulatum 404 Pterogyne nitens 237 Pterygota bequaertii 127 Pterygota macrocarpa 128 Santalum album 405 Santalum macgregonii 407 Santiria laevigata 408 Scaphium longiflorum 409 Schinopsis balansae 238 Shorea curtisii 410 Sindora beccariana 412 Sindora inermis 413 Sindora supa 414 Strombosia javanica 415 Swartzia fistuloides 129 Swietenia humilis 240 Swietenia macrophylla 24] Swietenia mahagoni 244 Syagrus glaucescens 246 440 Tabebuia impetiginosa 247 Taiwania cryptomenoides 416 Taxus wallichiana 417 Tectona grandis 418 Tectona hamiltoniana 422 Tectona philippinensis 423 Terminalia archipelagi 424 Terminalia ivorensis 130 Terminalia reret 425 Terminalia superba 131 Testulea gabonensis 134 Tieghemella africana 135 Tieghemella heckelii 137 ~ Toona calantas 426 Triomma malaccensis 427 Tnplochiton scleroxylon 139 Turraeanthus africanus 141 Ulmus wallichiana 427 Vavaea bantamensis 429 Vepris glandulosa 142 Virola surinamensis 248 Vitellaria paradoxa 143 Vitex keniensis 144 Vitex parviflora 430 Vouacapoua americana 250 Wallaceodendron celebicum 43] Warburgia salutaris 145 Washingtonia filifera 25] Widdnngtonia whytei 146 Zanthoxylum flavum 252 Zeyheria tuberculosa 253