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[From ‘Tar Transactions of the ZooLoarcat, Socrrry of Lonpon.’—Vol. xvir. Part 1v., October 1905.]

IV. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Varieties of the Wall-Lizard (Lacerta
muralis) in Western Europe and North Africa. By G*Ag Bovnencer, PRS,

Be Zs
Received November 22, 1904; read February 21, 1905.

[Puares XXII.—X XIX. and Text-figures 1-6.]

Turrry years have now elapsed since special attention began to be paid to a
systematic study of the variations of the Wall-Lizard of the Mediterranean basin, our
knowledge of which has been so greatly advanced by the publications of Bedriaga,
Fimer, Braun, Werner, and others. It is Bedriaga who, bya valuable series of papers,
issued between 1874 and 1883, has most contributed to this advance, from the
systematic point of view, Eimer’s researches being more of a theoretical kind, and almost
entirely confined to Italy and Malta. And to Bedriaga also we are indebted for a
complete summary of the state of the question in 1886, at which date appeared his
great monograph of the genus Lacerta, published by the Senckenberg Society. Since
that time, however, a much larger material has been examined, and this has resulted in
new views on the definition of the races and on their mutual relationships. I have
always been keenly interested in the question, and have missed no opportunity of adding
to the collection in the British Museum, which is now a very imposing one, both from
the point of view of the number of specimens and of the variety of localities.

Of late a tendency has sprung up to greatly multiply the species and thus destroy the
old conception of Lacerta muralis. I doubt whether such attempts will conduce to a
better understanding of the subject, and I have often been struck by the want of
discrimination in the selection of characters on which many of these supposed species
are founded. Characters of form and coloration are given as distinctive which or
examination of even moderately large series of specimens prove to be worthless, whilst
others of greater importance have been overlooked or neglected !. The object of this
paper is to supply detailed descriptions of the specimens in the British Museum, and by
drawing special attention to the individual variations, which are so frequently passed
over in systematic definitions, to furnish a sounder basis for future work. I have
endeavoured at the same time to review the work of my predecessors, so far as I

' Kimer, for instance, attempted to classify the variations according to the pattern of coloration and the
shape of the head, practically neglecting everything else. His work, therefore, although extremely
interesting and containing much that is true as regards the derivation of markings, cannot be said to have
advanced our knowledge from the systematic and zoogeographical points of view.

VOL. XVII.—PaktT Iv. No. 1.— October, 1905.

Shs)
os

552 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

have been able to have access to type specimens. For this purpose I have been
fortunate in being allowed to utilise the collection of M. F. Lataste, which has been
entrusted to my care, and to compare many of the type specimens described by
Dr. de Bedriaga, which have been acquired for the British Museum since the publication
of the ‘ Catalogue of Lizards.’ Iam also greatly indebted to Count Peracca for friendly
criticism and much important material in connection with this work, and to Dr.
de Bedriaga, Prof. Camerano, Dr. Gestro, Dr. Werner, Dr. Vinciguerra, Prof. Monticelli,
M. F. Doumergue, the Rev. Fathers G. Fournier and T. Néve, Dr. Gadow, M. Dollo,
Sr. A. Ferrer, Hr. Lorenz Miiller, Dr. J. Roux, Mr. Bryan Hook, and Prof. I. Bolivar
for loan or gift of specimens.

This paper does not profess to.be a monograph: it is simply a contribution to our
knowledge of these Lizards studied in relation to their distribution, a continuation of
the excellent accounts given in similar manner by Bedriaga in the seventies of last
century—with this difference, however, that the lepidosis is described with greater
precision. It deals only with the western parts of Kurope, including Italy, and with
North Africa; the Lizards of Europe east of the Adriatic, and of South-western Asia,
are at present being studied by Dr. Werner, Hr. Lehrs, and Prof. v. Méhely, and it is
better to await the conclusion of their labours before preparing for publication the
results of my examination of these Lizards, which I propose, however, to furnish ere
long. When this is done, I hope to be able to summarise the whole subject in a
strictly systematic order.

In order to ensure absolute accuracy, the figures illustrating this paper are
reproductions of photographs, on which great pains have been bestowed by my
excellent artist, Mr. J. Green. The coloured Plates have, of course, been prepared

from living specimens.
I.—CENTRAL EUROPE.
(Plates XXIV. & XXYV.)

All the specimens from which the following description is drawn up belong to what
may be called the typical form in its narrowest sense, the species Lacerta muralis
having been established by Laurenti! upon specimens from the vicinity of Vienna,
where, as is well ascertained 2, no definable varieties occur. In order to have before
me “ topotypes ” of the species, I applied to my friend Dr. Werner, who, with his usual
kindness, at once sent me two specimens, a male and a female. Very curiously, the
latter turns out to be the most aberrant example, so far as the scaling is concerned,
which I have found among the hundreds of specimens examined by me from France,
Belgium, Western Germany, Switzerland, and various parts of Austro-Hungary, and

1 Syn. Rept. p. 61, pl. i. fig. 4 (1768).—Seps murals.
* Werner, Rept. u. Amph. Oesterr. Ung. p. 40 (1897).

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 353

adds considerably to the ascertained amplitude of variation in the number of dorsal
scales and femoral pores. However much all these specimens vary in scaling and
coloration, I feel satisfied that further subdivision into local varieties is unfeasible,
and that even insular forms such as have been named by R. Blanchard! are not
capable of definition.

Form and Proportions.

Head about once and a half or once and three-fifths as long as broad, more or less
depressed, its depth, in the tympanic region, equal to the distance between the
anterior corner, the centre, or the posterior corner of the eye and the anterior border
of the tympanum ; snout obtusely pointed. Neck as broad as the head, or slightly
constricted. Body rather strongly depressed. Hind limb, in the males, reaching the
axil, the shoulder, or the collar; in the females, reaching the wrist or the elbow of
the fore limb laid against the body; foot once and one-tenth to once and one-third
the length of the head, rarely (in males) not longer than the head.

Tail cylindrical or cyclotetragonal, often slightly flattened at the root, once and two-
thirds to twice and one-sixth the length of head and body.

Scaling.

Nostril (text-fig. 1) pierced between nasal, postnasal, and first upper labial ; exceptions,
in which the rostral enters the nostril, are extremely rare °. Nasals usually forming a

Text-fig. 1.

End of snout in two male specimens of Lacerta muralis from the Bies Glacier, near Randa, Switzerland.

median suture, variable in extent; rostral rarely in contact with frontonasal®; latter some-
times in contact with frontal +; an azygous shield sometimes separates the preefrontals
(Pl. XXV. fig. 2); frontal usually as long as its distance from end of snout, often a

* Mém. Soe. Zool. France, iv. 1891, p. 502.

* One specimen from Fontainebleau (Lataste Coll.), and one from the Bies Glacier, near Randa,
Switzerland (altitude 6500 feet).

* Four specimens from Eaux-Bonnes, Pyrenees ; 3 (out of 4) from near St. Malo (Pl. XXV, fig. 3); 2 from
near Dinant, Belgium; single specimens from Paris, Bordeaux, Fontainebleau, Glenan Isles, and Bazias
(S. Hungary).

“ Single examples from Bordeaux, Eaux-Bonnes, Glenan Isles, Herkulesbad, Bozen.

504 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

little shorter, sometimes a little longer, as long as or a little longer than the fronto-
parietals!; parietals once and one-fourth to once and a half as long as broad, usually
in contact with the upper postocular °, the outer border never distinctly concave for the
reception of the supratemporal. A female specimen from Véslau, near Vienna, is remark-
able for the very regular division of each parietal into two by a transverse suture
(Pl. XXV. fig. 4). Occipital usually shorter than, and as broad as or narrower than,
the interparietal, but sometimes as long as the latter and not rarely broader *; a small
additional shield not unfrequently intercalated between the two. A series of granules
between the major (second and third) supraoculars and the supraciliaries; the first
or the first and second supraciliaries usually in contact with the second supraocular
(Pl. XXV. fig. 1), but the series of granules sometimes complete, extending from the
first supraocular to the upper postocular.

The specimen from near Vienna, noticed above as having the parietal shield
divided, is further anomalous in the total absence of the first supraocular (PI. XXV.
fig. 4). Postnasal single*; nasal usually separated from the anterior loreal by the
postnasal®. Temporal scales small, often granular; masseteric disk and. tympanic
shield nearly always present®; masseteric disk usually large, round or oval, and
separated from the parietal by a supratemporal shield or one or two, rarely three, series
of scales. Four upper labials anterior to the subocular, very rarely three or five,
and on one side only ; subocular very variable in shape’. 20 to 30 scales and granules
in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-
plate; gular fold usually distinct, indicated by one, two, or three series of minute
granules. Collar without, or with merely a trace of, serration, composed of 7 to 12
plates, usually 9 to 11 (not including the outer, smaller plates which are separated
from the edge by granules).

Scales on body granular, juxtaposed, round or oval-subhexagonal, more or less
distinctly keeled, rarely smooth 8, often a little larger on the back than on the

1 Shortest frontal, measuring only three-fifths its distance from end of snout, in a male from St. Malo
(Pl. XXY. fig. 3).

° Exceptions in three specimens from Glenan Isles and in three from Haux-Bonnes. I must here correct a
lapsus in my description of Lacerta depressa (P. Z.S. 1904, ii. p. 333) where “upper supraocular” should
read ‘“ upper postocular.”

’ Occipital very minute, almost reduced to a granule, in one specimen from Dinant.

4 Absent, fused with the anterior loreal, in a specimen from St. Malo; divided into two in a female from
Paris (Lataste Collection).

’ Exceptions, in which the nasal joins the anterior loreal above the postnasal, are not at all unfrequent ;
[ have noticed them in specimens from St. Malo, Glenan Isles, Eaux-Bonnes, Odilienberg, and Randa,

6 Absent in a specimen from St. Malo and in one from Eaux-Bonnes.

7 Its lower border sometimes as long as its upper border, a character which has been given as diagnostic of
L. depressa.

8 Tn two specimens from Dinant, Belgium.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 355

sides; 42 to 62 scales across the middle of the body, usually 47 to 591; 3 or 4, rarely
2 or 32 or 4 or 5% transverse series correspond to one ventral plate, 29 to 45 to the
length of the head.

Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 23 to 52 transverse series; the plates of the
two median series as broad as or narrower than those next to them.

Text-fig. 2.

Preanal region of Lacerta muralis.
a. @, Eaux-Bonnes. 6. 6, Eaux-Bonnes. c. ¢, St. Malo.

Prieanal plate (text-fig. 2) very variable, but usually large, bordered by one semicircle
of small plates, often with an outer semicircle of smaller plates or scales. Scales on the
upper surface of the tibia granular, more or less distinctly keeled, usually smaller than
those on the back, rarely nearly as large. 22 to 28 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Femoral pores from 15 to 25 on each side, usually 16 to 214. Caudal scales
(in the basal fourth) usually narrow, truncate or more or less obtusely pointed, the
upper more or less strongly keeled, the lower smooth or feebly keeled; the whorls
alternately longer and shorter, this feature more distinct in some specimens than in

others; the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules contains 25 to 32

scales, exceptionally 20°.
Coloration.

Upper surface varying from grey to brown, sometimes with a tinge of greenish; two
light, whitish, yellow, or greenish streaks or series of spots on each side, the upper
from the outer edge of the parietal shield to the upper surface of the base of the tail,
the lower from the upper lip, through the ear, to the groin (Pl. XXIV. figs. 38 & 4);
between these two streaks, on each side, a black or dark brown band, which may be
spotted with whitish, yellow, bluish, or greenish ; the back often spotted or marbled
with dark brown or black; frequently a dark brown or black vertebral stripe or series
of more or Jess confluent spots. Some specimens, especially males, entirely marbled

1 The minimum (42) occurs in a female from Vislau, near Vienna, the maximum (62) ina female from
Dinant (Pl. XXV. fig. 5).

2 In a male from St. Malo and in a male from Fontainebleau.

3 In a male from Dinant, in a male from St. Malo, in a female from Eaux-Bonnes.

* The minimum (13) occurs in a female specimen from Véslau, near Vienna. I cannot agree with Werner
(Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xiv. 1903, p. 333) when he says that the number of femoral pores increases with age. Af
least this is conirary to my experience in this lizard, quite young specimens from France and Germany having
16 to 19, as in adults.

> Again in the aberrant specimen from Véslau.

306 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

or reticulate with black, without or with mere traces of the light lateral streaks
(Plate XXIV. fig. 1). Upper surface of head usually more or less dotted or spotted
with black. Sometimes a well-defined black ocellus, with white or green centre, above
the shoulder or axil 4.

Black and white spots on the sides of the tail, usually forming regular bars.

Lower parts white or yellow in females, white, pink, yellow, orange, or brick-red
in males; blue spots on the outer row of ventral plates, especially in males; belly
usually immaculate, or with scattered black dots in females, more or less spotted with
black in males. In some specimens from Dinant, in Belgium (Plate XXIV. fig. 2),
the black spots are confluent into longitudinal bands on the sides of the belly.

Young, just out of the egg, are dark grey above with round or vermicular lighter
spots; a black vertebral line is often present; the two lateral streaks are usually very
distinct and formed of more or less confluent white spots ; the blackish band between
them, continued from the temple, bears small round white spots ; limbs blackish, spotted
with white; lower parts white. (See text-fig. 4a, p. 369, and text-fig. 6 a, p. 399.)

Measurements of adults (in millimetres) :—

1 2. 3. 4, 5 6
From snout to vent 72 67 62 60 57 59
55 ay uel) 6 5 6 o nm cs 22 25 21 24 21
ILe@naHaA ORIN 6 6 o » a 6 6 o Ie 14. 16 14. 15 13
Wingin @ilerl 6 5g » o 6 5 o a Wl 9 ll 9 9 9
IDepthvotsh ead mss ir-ie- men 9 7 8 7 7 7
Horeslimby. Mees ce ess eo eh eo. 20 23 19 20 18
lBhmelitimy 4 c 5 @ 6 6 5 6 5 OF 30 35 30 30 26
HQ) AL Se Oe, Saeicmicr sc ac. ae peed) 17 19 16 Wey 14
MITIEY 2 Wee ems ee foi a) eh NOR ch Tse se Bee NOP S ies

* Tail reproduced.
. Glenan Isles, Brittany (Gard).

« ” 3) 9

- 6
?
. ¢@. Eaux-Bonnes, Pyrenees (Lataste).
?
3
$

I) a oP
,

Herkulesbad, Hungary (Méhely).

9 a7 a)

ensGs pe Co KS

In the following table I give the size and record variations in the lepidosis in a
number of adult specimens in the British Museum or in the Lataste Collection :—

1 ie tae ls 6. in
Nr. St. Malo . J.) g NGG Se ee Tl sore 1s a
. ~ Ath ER 2 9" 36GsoA SOS ameeG 20°" ol
. 9. 620850" 828. 9086 819 fi
r 9 58 50 29 9 2 20-22 2

1 Very well marked in some specimens from Paris, the Pyrenees, and the Alps near Randa.

oo
or
=I

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA.

IL, 2 3 4, 5 6 We

Great Chausey Id. 6 68 55 28 9 26 20-21 1
»” » g 67 51 29 9 20 19 1

Glenan Isles on ak 53 86-25 9 22 18-19 1
rf 5 Saad @ 67 47 29 9 22 18 1
Bouron, Fontainebleau . GueGoneeoor 24 ON e2b 21-23 1
55 es : 9 63 54 26 92% 19 1
Kaux-Bonnes, Pyrenees . GB Go ei Pe al Bah ively
oF sy ae aL By Wy 1

'. . > 64 of Gl 26. 1621% 0

< 4 5. G4 65. 25 9 26 21-20) (1

_ he Oo Gy sy) yl EI}

ss A 5 (is bts} tes 0) 8} 17 1

Be 3 oo Be) lB) 9 28 18-19 O

Res 2: Wee 5S SOL 87 On oer TG ol
Dinantspbelsimys se 60) 54) 25 9 21 £=18-20 1-2
3 ee ee a7 5a 15) 10)” a8 S190" ET

; wi Ase ss 25) =O) “OR SoIeop.* oy

sf ye RO ay eG) 9 25 20 2

a x, °) 59 54 29 7 2 20-21 O

. _ 5 Wo C2 By 9 2 21-18 1

i c; say BS 9 224 190 1

Ee 3 33 ny) A) 9 24 21-20 1
Lower Ahr ee 62 55 27 9 27 21-20 0O
Odilienberg, Vosges. . . . G G4 48 26 8 20 18-20 1-2
» ” 9 bh be By iil gy 19 1
Randa, Switzerland See eo, | ole 26 9 24 20-19 2
{ hal eee Gh 59° 26. “Or “a7ey Moor Fe

Miesenbach, nr. Vienna .. ¢ 60 50 24 10 22 18-16 1

WoslausorsViennian ) 4 ee 56 42 = (28 i) ae 13 J
Herkulesbad, Hungary . Cu ao 25) LOR SO ieee o—20 are
He i a) ee 59 55 25 9° 2% 18-20) 2
BozensSaeiytole secu 6S) 06) | 25 8 28 19-20 1-2
. » 62 56 26 12 26. 21 l

: A on G7 67° 80 10 28) 2 1

1. Length (in millim.) from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of body.
3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates in collar. 5. Number of scales and
granules between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-plate. 6. Number of femoral pores
(on right and left sides, if differing). 7. Number of supraciliary shields in contact with second
supraocular.

For detailed descriptions applying exclusively to the typical form, ¢f. Fatio, Faune
des Vert. de la Suisse, ili. p. 92 (Switzerland); Lataste, Faune Herp. de la Gironde,
p. 71 (Gironde); Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p. 271 (W. Germany, Paris, Riviera,
Tyrol).

358 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Specimens from the Pyrenees at or near Kaux-Bonnes (700-1100 metres), of which I
have examined over 50, are in no way distinguishable from the Wall-Lizard of the
plains of France. But specimens from a greater altitude (1545 m.) in the neighbourhood
of the Pic du Midi have been alluded to by Bedriaga (Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 290) as
remarkable for their strongly depressed body and coarse dorsal scaling, and their general
appearance when in the open had suggested Lacerta vivipara to their collector,
F. Lataste. The dorsal scales are described as very flat, but with a more or less distinct
keel; and, although the caudal scales are only feebly keeled, the whorls project on the
sides to form a very distinct serration. ‘The masseteric disk is usually broken up into
5 or 6 large scales. Dark ocelli are usually present above the axil.

From a brief allusion again made to these lizards by Bedriaga in his monograph
Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 196), Méhely (Ann. Mus. Hung. ii. 1904, p. 371) is
inclined to suspect the existence of a new species in the Pyrenees. As there is fortunately
one of these specimens in the Lataste Collection, I can confidently say that a specific
separation from LZ. muralis is out of question, and I append a few particulars of this
unique example, a female, which is figured on Pl. XXIV. fig. 5 and Pl. XXYV. fig. 6.

Head rather short and but moderately depressed, its greatest depth equalling the
distance between the anterior border of the eye and the tympanum. Hind limb not
quite reaching the wrist of the adpressed fore limb ; foot not longer than the head.

Frontal shield a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout!; first
supraciliary in contact with the second supraocular; occipital shorter, but a little
broader, than the interparietal ; nasal reaching or nearly reaching the anterior loreal ;
four anterior upper labials; masseteric disk very small on one side, indistinct on the
other.

Only 19 gular scales and granules on the median line; collar with entire edge,
formed of 9 plates.

Dorsal scales granular, flat, rounded, faintly keeled, larger on the back than on the
sides, where 3 correspond to a ventral plate ; 50 scales across the middle of the body ;
32 transverse series correspond to the length of the head. 28 transverse series of ventral
plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia feebly keeled, much smaller than on the back (8 rows
of these scales corresponding to 5 dorsals).

Femoral pores 17-16. 24 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales truncate and rather feebly keeled, the whorls very distinctly longer and
shorter alternately and detached at the sides, forming a strongly serrated outline ;
24 scales in the fourth whorl.

Brown above, with two white, black-edged streaks on each side, and a vertebral series

* Quite in the same proportion as in Méhely’s Lacerta horvathi.
* Just below the minimum recorded in the typical form from other localities.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA, 009

of partly confluent black spots; two black ocelli with white centres above the shoulder ;
only very small spots on the sides of the tail; belly greyish white, with small black
spots on the sides.

millim.

ION Savin to) WII - 5 o «a a wl YAO)

5 7 forewiumibe wea | 9) ee
Iban Orley 6 6 5 o « @ 6 JG
Widthvotiheadsspeu umme s) e 10
WemN Oring 6 5 5 6 6 6 ne 8
one bial) oh Go at en eh oe at 20)
Hind limb 27
HOGtme aor ce ee a ate te Uru
iitaile(@eproduced)) se sane los

In the same part of the Pyrenees, but at a much lower altitude, I captured in June
1878, on a wall in the town of Bagnéres de Bigorre, a rather remarkable specimen,
preserved in the Brussels Museum, which my colleague M. Dollo has had the kindness
to send me for re-examination. It is a female of large size (72 millim. from snout to
vent), which attracted my attention by the presence of a large black ocellus with blue
centre, above the axil, well displayed as the lizard sunned itself on the old wall.

Head once and two-fifths as long as broad, much depressed }, its depth equal to the
distance between the posterior border of the eye and the tympanum. Hind limb reaching
the elbow of the adpressed fore limb ; foot once and one-fourth as long as the head.
Frontal shield nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout; series of
supraciliary granules complete ; occipital much smaller than the interparietal ; masseteric
disk rather small. 21 gular scales and granules on the median line; collar with
entire edge, formed of 10 plates. Dorsal scales granular, flat, smooth, faintly keeled
towards the tail, a little larger on the back than on the sides, where 3 correspond toa
ventral plate ; 55 scales across the middle of the body ; 28 transverse series correspond
to the length of the head. 29 transverse series of ventral plates. Scales on upper
surface of tibia distinctly keeled, smaller than dorsals. Femoral pores 17 on each side.
26 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Caudal scales obtusely keeled, very obtusely
pointed behind; the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules contains 36 scales,
Colour grey-brown above, with a dark brown lateral band bordered above and below
by a white streak ; a few blackish dots irregularly scattered on the back ; above the axil,
the lateral band is interrupted by the large ocellar spot mentioned above; belly
without spots.

A side view of the head and anterior part of the body of this specimen (enlarged
2% times) is given on Pl. XXV. fig. 7.

* Quite as much as in a typical Z, depressa,

1)
ies]

VOL. XVII.L—PART IV. No. 2.— October, 1905.

360 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

II.—SPANISH PENINSULA.
(Plates XXIV. & XXV.)

The typical form, in no respect distinguishable from that inhabiting Central Europe,
certainly occurs in the northern parts. The British Museum contains specimens from
Corunna (Seoane) and from Barcelona (Thomas and Pocock). Specimens from Arnao
(Bedriaga) are in the Lataste Collection ?,

The belly of the adult males is spotted with black, and the masseteric plate is well
developed, except in one specimen from Barcelona, in which it is altogether absent.

Larger, more handsomely marked specimens occur on the islet La Deva, opposite
Ayrnao, and have been described by Bedriaga as

Var. rasquineti, Arch. f. Naturg. 1878, p. 260, pl. x. figs. 1 & 2.

Dark olive-green to dark brown above ; sides of body sky-blue with a black network ;
a series of black spots forms an interrupted stripe along the middle of the back ; large
black spots on the upper surface of the tail; lower parts bright red, much spotted with
black ; the whole of the outer row of ventral shields and the outer half of the adjacent
ventral shields sky-blue.

The type specimen, male, of which the life-coloration has been described and figured
by Bedriaga, is now preserved in the British Museum.

Dimensions (in millimetres) and scaling are as follows :—

iBromsnoutwonvemtien memento) ian li tel Gomi Cnme mney anna
A 3 HOV) Jt] eG ECE “Ob ol o) a. rah ete)
dhene thi of heads) ucarcue-n yew: |... 7 ce ee e-ELS
Wiadthvof head ecw eubere ee oe re) o> Ae) oe ee marca an elo
Depno@rlmeGl 5 6 o 59 5 o 8 8 0 6 0 o 6 oH
Hore imb™.; es eeemes *) Cheass. 6) @ - none ee
Hind limb: @osn been ces sl So. = eee MOO
INGO G4 6 nes So Peete 5, oe)
Tail eapreancean oy es ec ket ees, oo II)
Number of scales across body . ... . in aS
a5 » corresponding to a ventral vate . . Bb-4
a », fromchin-shields to collar. . . . . 25
9 Plates anicollarscm- use a oy 9
S transverse rows of ventral anes sis bee Seeeae CO

Fe RSMO TOS g o s 6 6 0 0 0 0 o 0 Wells

Dorsal scales very distinctly, rather strongly keeled, the keels disappearing on the
sides of the body; 38 transverse series correspond to the length of the head. Edge of

' Specimens from Arnao have been described from life by Bedriaga, Arch. f. Naturg. 1878, p. 267.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 361

collar very slightly serrated. ‘Temporal scales rather large, with quite distinct tympanic
and masseteric shields, the latter separated from the parietal by two series of scales.
The rostral shield very nearly enters the nostril. 25 scales under the fourth toe.

In my opinion, Rasquinet’s lizard does not constitute a definable variety, any more
than the lizards on the Glenan Isles in Brittany, and I regard it as almost certain that
were any large number of specimens collected some would prove to be absolutely
unseparable from the typical form as occurring on the mainland of the Asturias.

In North-western and Central Spain and in Portugal there occurs a distinct form
which has been insufficiently defined by Seoane as

Var. BOCAGEI,

in a pamphlet issued in 1885 (antedated 1884) under the title of “ Identidad de Lacerta
Schreibert (Bedriaga) y Lacerta viridis, var. Gadovii (Boulenger) { investigaciones
herpetologicas de Galicia.”

“ Lacerta muralis, Laur., var. Bocagei, nov. var. Comunisimo en toda Galicia. Esta -
forma, intermedia entre muralis fusca y muralis pytiusensis, se diferencia de la primera
per el dorso que es de color verde, y de la segunda por que los flancos son pardos,
ademas de los caracteres que espondré al describirla.”

I here give details of specimens from Galicia, received from the late V. L. Seoane
and preserved in the British Museum and in the Lataste Collection, from Madrid,
received from the Madrid Museum, and from the Serra de Gerez, collected by
Dr. Gadow. Specimens from Pontevedra (Bosca) are in the Lataste Collection.

1. 2. 3. 4, 5. 6.
GGaliciage a = 57 60 29 9 29 16-15
. - AG) 54) 27 i Pag) T8817
aioe AB 55 27) SO oak E215
g m6 60 57 29 8 25 16
ae Se bo. 62°. 80 MOM on a7
CPC OLUMMNAlEI route ewe ta ae, Ach 58 32 1l 25 15
Gupeliscorial MWadridjaecems 9.) 56 65 26 11 30 19
ms 3 55 Seiten ey LOG 62 27 11 27 ~=19-20
Oe ss - as). 59" 6) “294 PIGue eo. 17-16
&. S. de Gerez 55 58 26 9 26 17
i ‘ BG, "954 26° «© 9)" 28 “T9718
5 . 55 57 28 ll 26 17
3 3 55 63 28 9 31 15

1. Length (in millim.) from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of body.

3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates in collar. 5. Number of scales and
granules between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-plate. 6. Number of femoral

pores.
3B2

362 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

The dorsal scales are sometimes distinctly keeled, sometimes quite smooth; 36 to 50
transverse series correspond to the length of the head; the ventrals form 6 longitudinal
series. 28 to 34 caudal scales in the 4th or Sth whorl behind the postanal granules, those
on the upper surface strongly keeled. 21 to 29 scales under the fourth toe. The head
(Pl. XXV. figs. 8 & 9) is often rather more depressed than in the Central-European
specimens, and may remind one of L. bedriage from Corsica; its depth at the occiput
equals in some specimens the distance between the tympanum and the posterior border
of the eye, in others that between the tympanum and the centre of the eye.

Out of 5 specimens from the Serra de Gerez, 2 have the parietal excluded from
contact with the postocular!.

The masseteric disk is often very small or absent. The markings vary much, but
there is never any indication of a dark vertebral stripe; the light dorso-lateral streaks,
if present, are closer together, or at any rate not wider apart, on the body than on the
nape ; the sides, and often the whole of the body, may show a black network
enclosing small roundish pale green spots; the lower parts are uniform, or but scantily
spotted with black.

Young specimens from Oporto (Gadow) and Cintra (Yerbury) may be referred to
the same variety.

Two specimens, male and female, from Galicia, collected by M. Seoane, are figured,
Pl. XXIV. figs. 6 & 7, and the anterior part of the body of a spotted male from the
Serra de Gerez, collected by Dr. Gadow, is represented on Pl. XXIV. fig. 8.

Specimens from Lisbon agree with those from Galicia, except that the caudal scales
are less strongly keeled. The scales are smooth or nearly so, and the masseteric disk
is small or absent.

us 2, 3. 4 5. 6.
we ANG na a 0 6 a fa eS) 60 26 9 29 2]
OF Sp oh Rie aot ER en eee dS 60 30 9 23 16-18
Or, i 2p) a Ee oO 55 30 10 29 19-18

soettger (Sitzb. Akad. Berl. 1887, p. 185) also finds the Lisbon and Gerez
specimens very similar, and describes the ground-colour as of a greenish grey.

Specimens from Coimbra have been described by Bedriaga in 1890 (‘ Amphibiens et
Reptiles recueillis en Portugal par M. A. F. Moller,’ p. 52). The femoral pores are
stated to vary between 15 and 19. Unlike the Portuguese specimens examined by me,
the tail does not equal two-thirds of the total, and the scales on the upper surface
of the leg may be as large as those on the body. ~

» A young lizard from Ciudad Real (Bosca) in the Lataste Collection, which agrees well with the Serra de
Gerez specimens, also shows this character.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA, 363

Measurements of specimens from N.W. Spain and Portugal :—

5
, 2: 3. { 5. 6
rom snouttovent | se ee OF 55 55 55 48 46
7 », fore limb. ee 19 2) 2) 18 17
Thenethyomheade-we cp ies) es se eer Lt 12 14. 13 11 10
Waditihtofeheadiry menue: Fs oe eeeoeenel 8 9 9 8 7
Denthkotmheadtess) s.y9) pgs es aed i 8 if if 6 64 54
Hones lintbmee Sitcells cok ee bowy FeO) 17 20 18 16 14
lolbayal Jbiratoy" 5) Ge ho poem beta ape ame Eakol0) 24. 30 27 26 21
bill le. eee he OS Gres Eamon emmer mmr at © 19) 92 #103 93 102 60
1. g. Galicia (Seoane.—Lataste Coll.).
PONE 5
3. ¢. Serra de Gerez (Gadow).
A, go. Ff ee
5. g. Lisbon (H. O. Forbes).
(Gy Ae Ss se Tail reproduced.

Var. LIOLEPIS.

Bedriaga (Arch. f. Naturg. 1879, p. 292) has briefly alluded to a small form which
he observed alive at Valencia, on the road to the Dehesa de la Albufera, and which
struck him as remarkable for the extremely small dorsal scales and smooth caudal
scales, the middle dorsals of which are more or less enlarged. ‘The colour is described
as a pale yellowish brown above, with a brown, white-edged lateral band, greyish or
yellowish beneath. Length from snout to vent 49 millimetres.

Among numerous specimens from Valencia in the British Museum (Lilford, Bosca,
Bolivar) some agree with Bedriaga’s description in having the upper caudal scales very
faintly keeled, almost smooth, and the granular dorsal scales are very minute, scarcely
larger than those on the upper surface of the tibia. Some specimens, however, have the
dorsal scales larger, and the caudal scales distinctly, though rather feebly, keeled; |
do not think it possible to sharply define this form, which may be said to connect the
typical form with the var. hispanica, and also with the var. pityusenis. I have received
specimens of the same form from Seville (Prof. Calderon).

The scales across the body vary from 52 to 69; 3 or 4 correspond to one ventral
plate, and 42 to 56 to the length of the head; they are smooth or faintly keeled on
the back ; ventral plates in 6 longitudinal rows, except in one 2, which has 8; collar-
plates usually smaller than in the typical form, 9 to 14 in number; 25 to 35 gular
scales and granules on the median line. Upper caudal scales feebly or faintly keeled,
sometimes nearly smooth ; 28 to 34 scales in the 4th or 5th whorl behind the postanal
granules. Femoral pores 15 to 22 on each side. 23 to 27 scales under the fourth toe.
Nearly constantly four anterior upper labials!. Masseteric disk more or less

* One specimen has five on one side.

364 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

developed (separated from the parietal by 1 to 4 series of scales) in 10 specimens out
of 30, this plate in the others being just distinguishable or absent. In one specimen
from Seville the parietal is not in contact with the postocular.

No specimen exceeds a length of 60 millim. from snout to vent, and females of
44 millim. are gravid.

In their markings the very young (see text-fig. 4 ¢, p. 369) are quite similar to those of
the typical form from France, and a black vertebral streak (which I have never observed
in any of the specimens from North-Western and Central Spain and Portugal) is likewise
often present. The adults are pale grey or brown, and the blackish spots, if present,
are small; a median series of black spots or traces of a blackish vertebral line are often
present ; ventral spots are absent or small and confined to the sides. One male specimen
from Valencia is exceptional in having the lower parts dotted all over with black.

I append particulars of 12 specimens from Valencia, and of 2 from Seville.

a 2. 3. 4, 5. 6.
WVallenciganc).tieidsee coe <a ali 60 if 27 10 33 18
- ~ 60" 55. | 26) Seer e716
t . BD ‘62. {280 aed 20
i ioe (53) 58. tose owes 16
= et ok tele 9 pet ) 59: ore omEnnoG & SxShon
* “Nitec. Uhl hy ee as 51 59 28 11 28 18-19
) atts chery Sateen» 49) , Gh sos ema mmnEor 18
See Oe RE eG Oy Dl 17
Be ee 50° iGo” a ae 0 Gata
ee re ee MEE et) 8 Wik meee TTS
ss SL sy ter Wella sp eS 46 53 28 WH 28 16
emi ce 2 OI CREM), eh aoae De T1110)
Seville 5, 5.) 6 a aes 52 62 28 1 26 19-20
5 Ae os Re ah 1S 50 57 29 Vil 28 19
Measurements of largest male and female from Valencia :—
3 Q.
IM SOMA IO Wes 5 5 6 5 6 56 o © a0 54
as srs BLOTe VND eee ee ere ou OA 19
eng throtyheadiir.: ase an een eee) 12
Wadthiokiheadt ome Leterme lO) 8
iDepth\oishead\i-w uma natn ae 8 6
Bore limbie 6) ym, sce ee 17
Hind limb) gee = <1 to) Sa ee 26
Iie Mes (SES oN | 17 13
Tail 0 Bete ce 3 Cae on ee me 60 *

* Reproduced.
Male and female specimens from Valencia are figured on Pl. XXIV. figs. 9 & 10,
and Pl. XXV. fig. 10.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 365

Var. VAUCHERI.

A single male specimen of a lizard agreeing in most respects with the Tangier
variety described further on as var. vaucheri was collected at Salir, Algarve, by
Dr. Gadow, who has presented it to the British Museum. The dorsal scales are feebly
keeled and not larger than those on the upper surface of the tibia; they number 76
across the middle of the body, 3 and 4 transverse series correspond to the length of one
ventral plate, and 57 to the length of the head. The ventral plates form 27 transverse
series, in most of which the outer plate is divided, so that the longitudinal rows may be
described as 8 in number. 10 plates in the collar, and 31 gular scales and granules in
a line in the middle. Femoral pores 18-17; 28 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.
30 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules. The specimen is
anomalous in having only three anterior labials on the right side ; the masseteric shield
is small and divided into two or three pieces.

The back is greyish brown with a black network, the sides are black with round
light spots; small black spots are present on the ventral shields.

millim,

From end of snout tovent. . ..... 47

is 3 iton@lim) 6 6 a 6 6 iy
Lena Gren 5 56 6 o 6 6 6 o@ o om) We
WadthwotaheadiamamrciirskcmiNs: "20 cs) cn) ici cs 8
epi tarlneml. 6 o © © 6 5 60 0 6 « 6
iHoredlimb) eee tae se Gs) ag IG
Hind limb . 26
Oot cae en ree ae oe OLS
Tail (reproduced) . 73

Compared with the Tangier specimens on which this variety is primarily founded ', the
lizard here described differs in its still finer lepidosis and in the division of the outer
ventral plates—characters which probably could not be maintained as distinctive should

a series of specimens be available.

Var. MONTICOLA.

A single female specimen collected by Dr. Gadow in the Serra Estrella, Portugal, at
an altitude of about 6000 feet (Pl. XXIV. fig. 11), first struck me by its general
resemblance, in form and markings, to the Caucasian vars. chalybdea and saxicola. It
has also much in common with the newly described LZ. horvathi from $.W. Hungary.
Among the Lizards of the Madrid Museum, which Prof. Bolivar has kindly sent to me

1 Below, p. 418, Pl. XXIX. fig. 9.

566 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

for study, I was pleased to find two further specimens of this form, both females—one
marked “ Galicia” (Pl. XXIV. fig. 12), the other from an unknown Spanish locality
(Pl. XXIV. fig. 15). A young specimen labelled “ Spain (Bosca) ” is preserved in the
Lataste Collection (see text-fig. 4d, p. 369).

The head (Pl. XXYV. figs. 11 & 12) is strongly depressed, and the supratemporals are
well visible from above; the parietal does not touch, or scarcely touches, the upper
postocular, and its antero-lateral border is slightly concave!; in one specimen the nasal

a. b. G.

Upper and side views of heads of :—a. Lacerta horvathi; b. L. muralis, var. monticola ;

c. L. muralis, var. depressa.

forms a suture with the loreal?; four anterior upper labials; masseteric disk large ;
rostral forming a suture with the frontonasal ; frontal as long as or a little shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout; supraocular granules forming a complete series.

1 Exactly as figured for Z. mosoriensis by Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. ii. p. 366, fig. 2, A.—* Diese
Eigenschaft, die ich fiir einen blutsyerwandtschaftlichen Character einer mit Lacerta savicola Eversm. im
Kaukasus beginnenden und mit Zacerta horvathi abschliessenden, von der Entwickelungsreihe der Lacerta
muralis grundverschiedenen phyletischen Reihe betrachte.”—Mchely, J. ¢.

* As in L. horvathi, Méhely, t. c. p. 367, fig. 3, C.

o3
o>
a |

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA,

22 to 25 transverse series of gular scales; collar entire, with 9 or 10 plates. Dorsal
scales (Pl. XXV. fig. 15) large and flat, smooth or faintly keeled, larger than those
on the sides, which are larger than those on the upper surface of the tibia, 5 or 6 of
the former corresponding to 8 of the latter; 46 to 50 scales across the middle of the
body, 27 to 34 transverse series corresponding to the length of the head}. Ventral
plates in 28 or 29 transverse series, some of which may contain § plates. Femoral
pores 17 to 20. 23 or 24 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 28 to 30 caudal scales
in the front whorl behind the postanal granules, the upper truncate and very feebly
keeled ; the whorls very markedly longer and shorter alternately. The hind limb
reaches the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb.
The following are the particulars of the three female specimens :—

1 2: 3. 4, 5. 6.
Spain . 76 50 28 10 25 18-17
Serra Estrella EecheRy Slow 47 29 9 25 19-20
Galician memes. aio ets ve et 162 46 28 9 22 17

Greyish or pale olive above (in spirit), with large black spots forming two series
along the middle of the back; sides darker, bordered above by a series of black spots
or by a black wavy streak enclosing light round spots; a few dark ocelli with lght
centres may be present above the shoulder and axilla; lower parts whitish or greyish,
with or without scattered black dots on the belly and under the hind limbs.

Measurements (in millimetres) :—

From snout to vent 76 62 62

eF 5 MONS Innit) 6 pe oo Be. ee 22 24
Mmengunmoishead) aetna cern) LO 15 15
iWadthrofheadt "ees 5 as os CLT 10 10
Ie GEN G 2 6 of 6 oO OFC 7 6 7
ore limbs ta eee Pl lal ce RR 20 PA
Eid elimibiat seen, 5), coos us) 1 OD 31 31
ROotiar ees Ae ony oe os Le ae Uy/ W/

Figures are given on page 566 of the upper aspect of the head of the largest
female specimen from Spain, in one of the types of L. horvathi Méhely, and that of a

‘ These scales are strikingly similar to those of LZ. horvathi, which, according to Méhely, number 40 to 46
across the middle of the body. In a specimen which Prof. v. Méhely has kindly sent me, the scales number 43
across the middle of the body, and 31 transverse series of dorsal scales correspond to the length of the head ;
the Professor kindly informs me that the statement made by him that 10 to 12 transverse series of dorsal
scales correspond to the length of one centimetre is the result of a lapsus, 18 to 22 being the right nnmber.
The scales are represented as much too large in the figure of Z. horvathi given in the Hungarian journal
* Allattani Kézlemények,’ iii. 1904, pl. y.

VOL. XvII.—Part IV. No. 5.— October, 1905. 240

368 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE’ VARIETIES OF

male from Trebizond, one of the types of Z. depressa Camerano!, in order to show
the striking resemblance in the form of the head-shields in these geographically
remote varieties.

A very distinct variety, which is, however, connected with the var. liolepis, is that
first described by Dr. Steindachner as a form of Lacerta oxycephala, and for which the
name hispanica, proposed by him, should be retained. Its synonymy is as follows :—

Var. HISPANICA.

Lacerta oxycephala, var. hispanica Steindachner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixii. 1870, 1, p. 336, pl. i.
figs. 8-6; Boettger, Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. 1881, p. 376.

Lacerta oxycephala, part., Schreiber, Herp. Eur. p. 404 (1875).

Lacerta muralis fusca, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 293.

Lacerta muralis, subsp. steindachnert Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 256.

Lacerta muralis, var. hispanica Boulenger, Cat. Liz. ii. p. 33 (1887).

This form, which in its sharply pointed snout and conspicuously striated body reminds
one of a young Acanthodactylus, has been very well figured by Steindachner and fully
described by Bedriaga. Its characters have been summarised by me as follows :—

Head and body much depressed; snout moderately long, acutely pointed. Fre-
quently five upper labials anterior to the subocular ; no masseteric shield. Collar-plates
very small; gular fold scarcely indicated. Scales small, flat, smooth, roundish, 50 to 60
across the middle of the body. Grey above, with five or seven longitudinal blackish
streaks usually bearing small irregular light spots ; the lateral streak, passing through
the eye, broadest, the vertebral narrowest; in the young, the lateral black streaks
separated by pure white ones; lower surfaces uniform whitish.

I have nothing to modify in this definition, as the British Museum has only added
one to the two small specimens mentioned in the Catalogue.

The femoral pores number 15 to 19 (14-18, Bedriaga). The series of supraocular
granules is complete or the first supraciliary is in contact with the second supraocular ;
one specimen has 5 anterior upper labials on both sides, a second has 5 on one side and
4 on the other, whilst a third has 4 on both sides ; the parietal does not touch, or barely
touches, the upper postocular ; gular scales in 26 to 29 transverse series. Upper caudal
scales feebly keeled. 25 or 26 scales under the fourth toe, ‘The hind limb reaches the
axilla or the shoulder.

This lizard does not appear to exceed a length of 50 millim. from snout to vent.

Figured on Pl. XXIV. fig. 14 and Pl. XXYV. figs. 14 & 15.

Habitat, S.K. Spain (Alicante, Murcia, Cartagena, Almeria).

* Cf. Boulenger, P. Z. S. 1904, ii. p. 832, pl. xxii. fig. a.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 569

Text-fig. 4.

Young specimens of :—a, f. typica, Arnao, Asturias ; 6, var. bocage’, Madrid ; ¢, var. liolepis, Valencia ;

d, var. monticola, Spain ; e, var. hispanica, Almeria.

IlI.—BALEARIC ISLANDS.
(Plates XXIII. & XXVI.)

A good example of the neglect of the lepidosis in defining races of the Wall-Lizard,
of which I have complained above, is offered by the lizards inhabiting the Balearic
Islands. Although the form and coloration have been described by Bedriaga and by
Bosca, the difference in scaling by which the Iviza lizard can be sharply separated
from the so-called varieties inhabiting the two more eastward islands has hitherto
entirely escaped attention. Yet, with the help of these characters, the Balearic lizards
stand out as the best-definable of all the subspecies or varieties which have been
included under Lacerta muralis, and certainly have stronger claims to specific separation
than have LZ. bedriage and L. depressa.

But, then, it is necessary to entirely put aside the colour—whether brown, yellow,
green, or black—and to place together, as var. pityusensis Bosca, the Iviza specimens
referred by Bosca to vars. balearica and pityusensis, and to group under the older name
of var. li/fordi Gthr. all the lizards from Majorca, Minorca, and neighbouring islands,
which have been described by Bedriaga as vars. balearica, gigliolii, and lilfordi, the
nunibers of the scales counted across the middle of the body (55 to 68 in the former,
70 to 90 in the latter) being sufficient for their discrimination. ‘The important fact
that in the Iviza lizards the rostral shield constantly enters the nostril, as only
exceptionally happens in other forms of LZ. mwralis, affords a diagnostic character by

which to separate them from those of Spain, which agree in the number of scales
across the body.

370 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Since this paper was written Hr. Lorenz Miiller has reported (Zool. Anz. 1905,
p. 502) the occurrence of the var. ceétii (= tiliguerta) at Binisaida, S.E. coast of
Minorca, and he has kindly sent me one of his specimens, which agrees entirely with
the Sardinian var. tiliguerta. Whether these lizards are really indigenous or were
introduced by human agency is a question which Hr. Miiller himself has suggested for
consideration, but which cannot at present be solved.

Var. PITYUSENSIS.

Lacerta muralis, var. balearica Boscé, An. Soc. Espan. H. N. xi. 1883, p. 245.
Lacerta muralis, var. pityusensis Bosca, 1. ¢. p. 246.
Lacerta muralis balearica, var. pityusensis Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 254.

Head (Pl. XXVI. fig. 1 @) once and a half to once and two-thirds as long as broad,
moderately depressed, its depth in the tympanic region equalling the distance between
the anterior border or the centre of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum ;
snout rather pointed. Neck as broad as or a little broader than the head. Body mode-
rately depressed. Hind limb reaching the shoulder or the collar in the males, the
shoulder, the axil, or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in the females; foot as long
as or a little longer than the head. Tail once and’a half to a little over twice the
length of head and body, rounded in section, cyclotetragonal at the base.

Rostral shield entering the nostril, often largely ; nasals forming a suture behind the
rostral, separated from the anterior loreal by the postnasal, which is usually single '.
Frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout; a series of
eranules between the supraciliaries and the principal supraoculars”, the first or first
and second of which are usually in contact with the first supraciliary. Occipital usually
as long as and broader than the interparietal, sometimes much smaller. Parietals once
and one-third to once and two-thirds as long as broad, in contact with the upper post-
ocular. Upper temporal shield entirely absent or broken up into a series of small
shields. ‘Temple covered with granular scales ; tympanic and masseteric shields distinct,
the latter separated from the parietal by from one to three series of scales. Four upper
labials anterior to the subocular °.

26 to 34 scales and granules on a line between the symphysis of the anterior chin-
shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct; collar even-edged, formed
usually of rather small plates, 9 to 14 in number.

1 Two postnasals on the left side in two of the specimens in the British Museum, two on both sides in a
specimen in the Madrid Museum.

2 ‘These granules are reduced to a few in one of the specimens in the British Museum and in four in the
Madrid Museum.

2 Five on one side in two specimens, on both sides in one.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 371

Dorsal scales (Pl. XXVI. fig. 14) granular, roundish-hexagonal, more or less feebly
but always distinctly keeled, 55 to 68 across the middle of the body; 3 and 4 trans-
verse series (rarely 4 throughout) correspond to one ventral plate, 35 to 47 to the length
of the head.

Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and from 26 to 30 transverse series.

Anal plate bordered by one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia finely granular, much smaller than dorsals, more or
less distinctly keeled. 19 to 24 pores under each thigh. 26 to 31 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled, truncate or very obtusely pointed behind ; the
whorls subequal in length, the fourth behind the postanal granules containing 30 to 38
scales.

Brown, yellow, or green above, with black or reddish-brown spots or vermiculations,
usually arranged in five or seven more or less well-defined longitudinal stripes; the
black markings sometimes forming chains enclosing roundish light spots, or an irregular
reticulate pattern, or reduced to mere dots or vermiculations ; females often with a light
dorso-lateral streak, beginning from the supraciliary edge, sometimes bordered by fine
black lines, sometimes with a black vertebral streak ; upper surface of head spotted or
vermiculated with black; tail with dark and light markings, forming more or less
regular longitudinal series. Young with six light streaks on the body. Belly yellow,
orange, or red, without markings, except on the outer row of ventral plates, which
bears large blue spots.

Measurements (in millimetres) of two of the type specimens in the Lataste
Collection :—

3 Qo.
iHromesnoutstOnventmaeaicieintenn oy eo 72 64
a a fore limb aiak sae 30 23
Wencthtor heads) gmeae ee Geeis) 2s. = 18 15
Width of head MEE EE bite, Oo ick is 13 9
Deda @ineel 5 © 6 o o ot 6G oD oO 11 7
inteyee: Thimlay9 AG. oh no SRM a Seen een oe 28 19
Tela litemls) ges 2) Be ack aa ROA Ce OneS 40 32
IO OCMTNUES Beh CREESEL ou scl csu (os contal skew hs 21 7.
CARL * ru ae ee oS). aS Ck ui 9) 85 *

* Tail reproduced.

I have examined 79 specimens, all collected by Sr. E. Bosc& on Iviza, three of
which belong to the Lataste Collection, the rest being in the British and Madrid
Museums.

Oo

72 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

I append particulars as to size and scaling of some of them :—

We ee 6.
3 80!) B60 ALG AENeI2 MSO 21
a) 75°61 . 87 10 Bi 23-21
U 73 \ 67 27 M14. 934.5 pe
p 72 62 28 9 380 22-24
ap 72 60 27 12 28 22-93
© 70 63 26 12 ° 26 20
is 67 60 (26 12° 98 19-20
‘ 65) SiG More ale sl 21
Y G4 nuGge > Jos Pi 10le s62 23
"s 625 WES eae h Be 23
- 60 64. 27 11 29 23-24
© iis dhe gees ypcenc obs Th has aRCOLREEESO 9 26 19
Te AE FSA OA at IO 9 29 20-21
u 62. 957 28 11 | eate2= 211
i 58 | 57) 29° 10 983) 20-9
a Bo) 66 (28) 10) al ees aee

1. Length (in millim.) from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of body.
3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates in collar. 5. Number of scales
and granules between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-plates. 6. Number of femoral
pores (on right and left sides, if differing).

This form was found by Bosca on Iviza and on the small neighbouring islands
La Grosa, La Redonia, and El Malvi.
Several specimens are figured on Pl. XXVI. figs. 1-5.

Var. LILFORDI.

Zootoca lilfordi Gunther, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv. 1874, p. 158.

Lacerta lilfordi Braun, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wiirzb. iv. 1877, p. 4.

Lacerta muralis Braun, |. ec. p. 26.

Lacerta muralis fusca Bedriaga, Arch. f. Naturg. 1878, p. 275.

Lacerta muralis, var. gigloli Bedriaga, op. cit. 1879, p. 247, pl. xvii. fig. 2.

Lacerta muralis, vars. balearica, gigloliu, llfordi Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 221,
pl. ix. figs. 1-3.

Lacerta muralis balearica, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 248.

Variations in colour in this lizard are solely responsible for the several names in the
above given synonymy. ‘The black colour of the specimens from the Isla del Ayre, near
Minorca, was the sole ground on which Gunther established his Zootoca lilfordi, and
he showed his neglect of structural characters by associating with it the black lizard of
the Filfola rock near Malta. The lizard of Isla del Ayre differs, I repeat, in no other

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 373

respect but the ground-colour from the brown or green lizards of Minorca and
Majorca, the markings of which may be detected in certain lights in some adult black
specimens, and which are distinctly shown by all young specimens. Brown and olive-
green specimens from Minorca were first referred by Bedriaga to his subspecies fusca,
and afterwards to a distinct variety named balearica; whilst specimens with a blue or
blue-green back, from the Dragoneras Island, near Majorca, were described as another
variety named after Prof. Giglioli of Florence.

Having recently received from Sefior J. Ferrer, of Mahon, numerous living
specimens (some brown, some green, some bluish green on the back, and the green ones
having after a time become brown !), I cannot regard the coloration as affording any
justification for the establishment of varieties; and as the structural characters are the
same in these so-called varieties, I have no hesitation in throwing them all together
under the name of var. li/fordi Giinther, which has priority over that of balearica.
The form on which ZL. lilfordi was established I regard as a mere case of melanism,
fixed on certain islands, through influences which are as yet unexplained; but there
would, in my opinion, be no more reason for allowing it the rank of variety, in the
sense in which I take the term, than in the case of the black individuals of Vipera berus
and V. aspis or of Lacerta vivipara. Besides, if all the individuals on Ayre Island and
other islets in the Balearic are affected with melanism, the name of the variety coupled
with an indication of the locality is amply sufficient to avoid confusion with any other
form. On the other hand, the Iviza lizard, which has been treated by previous authors
as a race equivalent to the vars. balearica, gigliolii, and li/fordi, can be well defined and
constitutes a quite distinct form.

Having explained my reasons for throwing together the so-called varieties mentioned
in the synonymy, I will proceed to a description of the material before me, consisting
of 32 specimens from the following localities: —Mahon (Braun in Lataste Coll., Bedriaga,
Ferrer), I. del Rey, near Minorca (Braun in Lataste Coll., Ferrer), I. del Ayre, near
Minorca (Lilford, Braun in Lataste Coll., Ferrer), I. Dragoneras, near Majorca (Bedriaga),
I. la Guardia, near Majorca(Bosca). ‘The specimens from Is. del Ayre and la Guardia
are black or blackish, and represent the L. lilfordi, sensu stricto.

Head (Pl. XXVI. figs. 7a, 7b) once and a half to once and two-thirds as long as
broad, moderately depressed, its depth in the tympanic region equalling the distance
between the anterior border or the centre of the eye and the anterior border of the
tympanum ; snout usually decidedly pointed. Neck as broad as or broader than the
head. Body moderately depressed. Hind limb reaching the shoulder, the collar,
or a little beyond the latter in males, the axil or the shoulder in females; foot once to
once and one-third the length of the head. ‘Tail once and a half to once and four-
fifths the length of head and body, rounded in section, cyclotetragonal at the base.

1 As happens in the males of our Sand-Lizard, Lacerta agilis.

oF

od MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Rostral shield usually narrowly separated from the nostril, but sometimes entering
it; nasals forming a suture behind the rostral, separated from the anterior loreal by the
postnasal, which is single. Frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout ; a series of granules between the supraciliaries and the principal supra-
oculars, the first of which is often in contact with the first supraciliary. Occipital very
variable in size, often longer and broader than the interparietal!. Parietals once and
one-third to once and two-thirds as long as broad, in contact with the upper postocular.
Upper temporal shield entirely absent or broken up into a series of small shields.
‘Temple covered with granular scales ; tympanic and masseteric shields usually distinct ?,
the latter separated from the parietal by two to four series of scales. Four upper labials
anterior to the subocular.

30 to 40 scales and granules on a line between the symphysis of the anterior chin-
shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct; collar even-edged, formed
usually of rather small plates, 9 to 15 in number.

Dorsal scales granular, round or oval, smooth, 70 to 90 across the middle of the body
(Pl. XXVI. fig. 7c); 4 and 5 transverse series (rarely 3 and 4) correspond to one ventra]
plate, 42 to 62 to the length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 26 to
30 transverse series.

Anal plate bordered by one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia finely granular, smaller than dorsals, smooth ; 17 to
25 pores under each thigh. 27 to 32 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales more or less strongly keeled, truncate or very obtusely pointed
behind; the whorls subequal in length, the fourth behind the postanal granules
containing 30 to 46 scales.

The colour of the back varies from brown to olive, bright grass-green, or blue-green ;
the sides are brown or reddish brown with paler brown or pale green spots. ‘Three
stripes of dark brown or blackish spots or vermiculations extend along the back, but it
frequently happens that these stripes lighten in the centre and that their borders become
converted into lines, such specimens having six fine dark lines along the back ; some
specimens have dark marblings or vermiculations all over the back, and such is the case
in the single very young specimen I have examined *, The lower parts vary from orange
to salmon-red, copper-colour, or brick-red, without or with small black spots which
may form regular longitudinal series; a series of turquoise-blue spots on each side of
the belly; throat spotted or marbled with reddish brown or blackish.

In the specimen from Dragoneras Island, Minorca, named by Bedriaga var. gigliolid,
the back, at least posteriorly, and the upper surface of the tail are described as of a dark
blue-green or peacock-blue, and the outer rew of yential shields lapis-blue. Preserved

1 Twice as long and twice as broad as the interparietal in a g from Mahon.

* Hardly distinct in single specimens from Mahon, Dragoneras Island, and Ayre Island.
3 From Mahon, in the Lataste Collection.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 375

in spirit, as they are now, such specimens cannot be distinguished from ordinary
Minorca lizards.

The Ayre Island specimens are described by Giinther (Zootoca lilfordi) as uniform
deep shiny black above and of a beautiful sapphire-blue beneath. But some specimens
from the same island sent to me alive by Sr. Ferrer are only of a very dark brown, with
the dark markings (lines and spots) of the main island form perfectly distinguishable ;
pale bluish-green or turquoise-blue spots on the sides of the lapis-blue belly, which
may bear small black spots. Now that they have been in spirit for many years, Lord
Lilford’s specimens also show very distinctly the dorsal markings. Some of the black
specimens from La Guardia Island, near Majorca, collected by Sefior E. Bosca, have
numerous pale bluish-green spots on the sides of the body and on the limbs. The
young of these melanotic insular forms are described by Braun as brown above,
with dark spots and lines, dark brown or black on the sides, with numerous blue spots,
the tail dark green; the belly is greenish in the middle, black spotted with blue
on the sides !.

Measurements (in millimetres) :—

Mahon. Ayre Id. (types).
mamma aS
dé. we 3. Q.
Bromtesnoutto vente . « « AO 62 64 61
BS s Hoel) & 9 4 6 @ a rds 22 28 23
Ibaneidn Oi lage 5 6 6. © 6. Jo) a) als) 14 N7, 15
Whidthnothcatem=. letimreeye so ww Le 9 12 g
Dejan Neely og) 6 oo Joe Bm Ue 9 7 9 7
none mimo o fe 8 ke ome 0. soe a) a we CAD 22 25 23
Eindilimby cy Scions aes 6s 40 36 37 35
Jae: oS dade oben ieee dE 19 19 18
(tenis. Ql eas Gee oc! Seen 100 110 Cons

* Tail reproduced.

Particulars of some of the specimens examined (as in preceding table) :—

1 Bt 038 ee 6.
PraMhone. ©. ae = 700 °° 7827 NS Bx) 24225
ae ie ere, oo 660 908" 28%. nleesbn 25-22
ae ees ee! Gl, 7029 yO meee 23
ae ie EE | Sy ov GUE ae LSONEN, OF Sy Mesa 92
ReVINOLGas Nelle « = Of 80 26 10 36 21
Peeidchney’. «2». . 64 85° 27 Tl 85 22-24
se ie 64 83 30 9 37 23-24

677 Fee 1 98) 1 oh 20

1 Very detailed descriptions of the colours and markings in living specimens have been given by
Braun, J. ¢.
VOL. XVII.—Part Iv. No. 4.— October, 1905. 3D

576 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

IE 2. 3. + 5. 6
gio Uo Gel Nynes ec 6 5 om Oe 78 28 10 39 23
3 . 64 90 27 11 86 23-22
ne oF G64 83 27 10 31 20
9 eb 64 80 30 10 35 20
: ie 61 80 BG 10 88 20-19
“ ‘ eee en NTS p10 21
eles Draconeras) .smnn-nL-en mn OLE 77 27 13 37 24-23
es +5 56 75 29 10 32 24,
¢. I. la Guardia 62 76 28 14 82 ~=618-19
6 = 62 85 26 12 35 19
s 5 60 86 26 15 36 9-22-21
a: 20 56 70 28 11 30 17
7 ms be 72 27 15 82 19-20

51 79 28 14 34 18-17

Specimens from Mahon are figured on Pls. XXIII. fig. 1 and XXVI. fig. 6.
One of the types of Z. lilfordi from Ayre Island is represented on Pl. XXVL. fig. 7.

The absence of any trace of a keel on the dorsal scales distinguishes this variety from
the preceding as well as from the vars. serpa and tiliquerta.

IV.—ITALY anp SICILY.

A. Typical form, var. BREVICEPS Bler., var. BRUEGGEMANNI Bedr.,
and var. NIGRIVENTRIS Bonap. (Plates XXII., XXIII., XXIV., XXVIII.)

In dealing with the variations of the Wall-Lizards in Central Europe, we have had
no difficulty in satisfying ourselves that, however great the differences between
individuals brought together under the name of L. muralis, we are not mixing up
forms which, if better understood, might be regarded as distinct species or subspecies,
and that even if any of the differences noticed should prove constant in a district, we
are only uniting under one name local or geographical variations for the future
recognition of which the name of the species coupled with the locality is amply
sufficient. But as soon as we extend our investigations south of the Alps, the problem
becomes more difficult, and we find ourselves confronted with several more or less
distinct forms, which, as they sometimes occur side by side in a locality, it is imperative
to distinguish by different names—be they called species, subspecies, races, or varieties.

On the rank to be accorded to such forms, the opinions of the best herpetologists
have differed very considerably in the past.

In the last revision of these lizards! I have, following the lead of the highest
authority on this difficult subject, grouped the Wall-Lizards of Italy under three
headings: the forma typica (subsp. fusca Bedr.), var. brueggemanni Bedr. (on

1 Cat. Liz. iii. p. 28 (1887).

.

2"

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. old

the authority of Bedriaga, not having been able to examine specimens of that form),
and var. tiliguerta (subsp. neapolitana Bedtr.).

The question whether the third assemblage represents a distinct species or should
be regarded as formed of one or more subspecies or varieties of the true L. muralis
has remained an open question. But a better understanding of the second form has
led recent workers! to the conclusion that it is only a slight modification of the
typical form, leading gradually to the more southern var. nigriventris of Bonaparte,
with which it has even been proposed to unite it.

The identity of the brown ZL. muralis of Northern and Middle Italy with the lizard
occurring north of the Alps has never been questioned ; and there is, in fact, no means
of telling one from the other. An excellent description, with figures, of this form
will be found in Camerano’s ‘Monograph of the Lizards of Italy’, based chiefly
on specimens from Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Venetia, Tuscany, and Umbria.
Some of the specimens from Liguria evidently belong to the var. brueggemanni, and
the determination of the specimens from Naples*, Malta, and Linosa need revision.
Bedriaga’s var. brueggemanni and Bonaparte’s var. nigriventris were placed by Camerano
in the synonymy of Z. serpa.

In his diagnosis of LZ. muralis, Camerano gives the depth of the head in the
tympanic region as equal to the distance between the posterior border of the eye
and the tympanum; while in ZL. genei and L. serpa, which he regards as specifically
distinct, this depth is stated to equal the distance between the anterior border or the
centre of the eye and the tympanum. Most of the Italian LZ. muralis f. typica
examined by me agree with the majority of Central-Kuropean specimens in having
the depth of the head equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympanum *, but a few from Turin and Genoa agree with Camerano’s definition. The
hind limb may reach the collar in males °.

I here give particulars of some of the specimens (typical form) examined :—

'

i Z. 3. 4, 5}. 6. fic

Domo d’Ossola Gu G52 I) 25) LO ear 0 198
ee 7 g 5Sp 60 27 8 27 238-21 2
Turin GH 56F 20, SONS 23 1
ee gee 3, 68) 68: 9-255 11 285. Seer 2
Pte eee ho, 57 58 28 | BBN AIS
” MEM) bee ee ss, = Ot) 6 OOS e290 8 22) 23-2 Al

* Lehrs, Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 227; Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. ii. 1904, p. 365.
* Mem. Ace, Torin. (2) xxxvii. 1885, p. 518.
* This, Count Peracca informs me, is probably referable to the var. brueggemannt.
“ The same observation has been made on numerous specimens from Rome (var. nigriventris) by Positano
Spada, Boll. Soc. Rom. i. 1902, p. 90.
* Specimens from Turin and Florence.
3D 2

iS¥)
=~]
co

MR, G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

i 2 3. 4, 5 6 te

Genoa a 63 160) 245 SLO es 22 2
yp Ms tes Ss ©) 60) 58) 927 OMe 19 2
Portofino, ur. Rapallo fe) 60, 56 27 8 26 20 1
Ferriere, Apennines. . . é 60 54 g24 10 24 9 22=215 50
ie F 9 by! Ba (a5 Wi ea oreo
Florence 5 elie tee omc OST 160Ere4 9.26 21-20 1
oF ee) see yen) wah 6 45) 8 22 20-17 2

1. Length (in millimetres) from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of body.
3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates in collar. 5. Number of scales and
granules between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-plates. 6. Number of femoral
pores (on right and left sides, if differing). 7. Number of supraciliary shields in contact with
second supraocular.

In the female from Ferriere (Pl. XXV. fig. 2) and in the young male from Genoa
the snout is as short and as obtuse as in Z. horvathi Méhely; but this is also the case
in a few specimens from France.

The dorsal scales are distinctly keeled, and 37 to 50 transverse series correspond to
the length of the head. The nasals usually form a very short median suture in the
Turin specimens, but 3 out of 13 have the rostral forming a suture with the
frontonasal!. ‘Two specimens from Turin have 5 upper labials anterior to the sub-
ocular, and one from Portofino has only three on one side. 22 to 29 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe.

Measurements :—

Turin. Genoa.
oS —aT
cn el 3. OF,

rom snout tomentass) ese.) 6 | Of DY 63 60

5 oF foregliimbrmes wel. 25 21 25 22
ene throishead Ruaesmer-men- meter wet nO 13 17 14.
Wiaolieor ie 5 5 &@ 6 o a o Ill 9 To 9
Depthiof hezd ewe ei uesweern: 8 6 8 6
Hore limbi:. Seago eee 19 23 mall
Hindim be 4a eee OO 29 36 32
BOGE: «Oey erie aie Ree 18 16 19 17
Tail 5 2B} Tn} 140 115

Var. BREVICEPS.
Boulenger, Annuar. Mus. Zool. Nap. 1. 1905, no. 29.
Professor Monticelli nas been so kind as to send me for examination all the
specimens of Lacerta muralis preserved in the Zoological Institute of the Naples

1 Also in single specimens from Domo d’Cssola, Lanzo Valley, and Florence. Separation of the nasals
appeurs to be found in at least 20 per cent. of the specimens from south of the Alps.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 379
University, and among them I was much surprised to find six examples, in one
bottle labelled “ Podarcis muralis, var. lineata, Betta.—N apolitano, dono del Direttore,
A. Costa, 1889,” which belong to an undescribed variety, just distinguishable from
the typical form and in many respects approaching L. vivipara. Had there been but
one specimen, and had it come from a district where L. muralis and L. vivipara
co-exist, I should have regarded this form as probably a hybrid between the two
species. But there are six specimens, and it is not known where they come from;
for I can hardly believe the indication “ Napolitano ” to be correct, and Prof. Monticelli,
who has searched the registers of his Museum, informs me the locality whence they
were procured has not been noted, and he cannot answer for the correctness of the
habitat. I am therefore inclined to think they come from some part of Northern
Italy, as they show a strong general resemblance to the typical form, and I consider it
necessary to establish for them a distinct variety, under the suggestive name of
breviceps.

In shape, the head (Pl. XXV. figs. 16 & 17) resembles that of L. vivipara ; it is small
and convex, once and one-third to once and two-fifths as long as broad, and its depth
equals the distance between the anterior border of the eye and the anterior border of
the tympanum ; the snout is obtusely pointed. The neck is as broad as the head, or
a little narrower. Body rather strongly depressed. Hind limb, in the males, reaching
the axil or the shoulder; in the females, the elbow of the adpressed fore limb; foot
a little longer than the head.

Head-shields as in the typical form, but frontal rather broader; nasal forming a
short suture with its fellow, and, in two specimens, in contact on one side with the
anterior loreal; granules between the supraciliaries and the supraoculars reduced to
3 to 10; parietals as long as broad or but slightly longer; occipital smaller than the
interparietal, entirely absent in one specimen; temporal scales usually larger than
in the typical form, the masseteric plate distinct and in contact with the upper
temporal or separated from it by one series of scales; four upper labials anterior to
the subocular.

Gular scales rather large (20 to 25 in a longitudinal series) ; gular fold rather
feebly marked. Collar very feebly denticulate, with 8 to 10 plates.

Scales on body (PI. XXV. fig. 18) rhomboidal or distinctly hexagonal, and more
strongly keeled than usual in the typical form, 46 to 55 across the middle of the
body; 3, or 2 and 3, transverse series correspond to one ventral plate, 24 to 36 to the
length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 23 to 28 transverse series.

Preanal plate large, bordered by one semicircle of small plates. Scales on the upper
surface of the tibia keeled and much smaller than the dorsals. 22 to 24 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe. 14 to 16 femoral pores on each side.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled and more or less distinctly pointed behind,
sometimes nearly as much as in LZ. vivipara.

380 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

The coloration is the same as in most examples of the typical form, with a dark
lateral band, light-edged above and beneath, and a dark vertebral streak or series of
spots; these markings are strongly defined in the very young; the belly of the males
is marked with thick black dots, and the throat and breast are spotted with black in
both sexes. ‘This type of markings, which is frequent in the typical form of L. muralis,
is also that which most nearly approaches the pattern of L. vivipara.

Particulars of adult specimens (as in the table, pp. 877-8) :—

ity 2. 3. 4. dD. 6.

=I

é 51 55 25 9 21 15-16 ]
e 41 48 23 9 21 16-15 2
f°) 56 46 27 8 20 14-16 1
Ps 56 48) 28) es es 16 2
a 55 51 27 10 20 16 2
Measurements :—
foi

From snout to vent Syl 56

Fe 53 fore limb. 22 20

Length of head. 13 12

Width of head . 93 9

Depth of head . 7 7

Fore limb 18 18

Hind limb 27 26

Foot 15 14

Tail 97 ~=6104

Enlarged views of parts of a male-specimen are given on Pl. XXY. figs. 16-18.

Prof. v. Méhely has recently (Ann. Mus. Hung. ii. 1904, p. 377) expressed the
opinion that the Caucasian form L. saxicola is to be regarded as representing the
ancestral stock out of which Z. vivipara has been evolved. In my opinion, the variety
here described establishes an even closer connection between the typical L. muralis and
L. vivipara than is to be found in any of the Eastern forms yet described, including
Nikolsky’s L. derjuginii, which is also intermediate between the two species. A much
closer knowledge of the variations of these lizards than we now possess is required
before we can profitably speculate on this question.

Var. BRUEGGEMANNI.
Bedriaga, Arch. f. Naturg. 1879, p. 304, pl. xvii. fig. 1.
L. muralis, var. nigriventris Eimer, Zool. Stud. Capri, ii. p. 80 (1874).
? Podarcis muralis, var. roseiventris, part., Massalongo, Saggio Erp. Ven. p. 35 (1854).
Dr. de Bedriaga tells us that there occur on the high walls of the arsenal of Spezia
and in the moat separating this from the road two forms of L. muralis, the neapolitana
(campestris) and another resembling the typical form in size and form, but remarkable

LACERTA MURALIS [IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 381

for its pale green coloration with peculiar markings. This he proposed to designate
as var. brueggemannt, after his friend the late Dr. F. Briiggemann, and regarded it as
unquestionably forming the passage from the typical form to the var. neapolitana.
He describes the head as rather strongly depressed, the masseteric disk small or absent,
and the caudal scales slightly pointed. The largest specimen measures 180 millim., of
which the tail takes up 120. The females are more “simply coloured” and more of
a greenish brown than the males, of which he gives the following description from
life :—Ground-colour yellowish green or pale green, with fine wavy black cross-streaks
iorming a network on the sides, which encloses many pale blue spots, the meshes on
the shoulder considerably larger and representing the ocellus characteristic of the
var. neapolitana. Upper surface of head brown, spotted with green. Limbs grey or
green above, with pale green ocelli. Upper surface of tail greenish brown, with dark
brown zigzag markings. Belly whitish, spotted with black, one spot to each shield;
the outer series of ventral shields entirely blue; lower surface of head with white,
black-edged ocelli.

‘The British Museum now fortunately possesses one of the type specimens (received
from Dr. de Bedriaga) from which the above description was taken; and, quite recently,
Mr. Bryan Hook presented to the Museum several specimens, captured by him on
walls at Lerici, near Spezia, which agree with the types in most respects. Specimens
from Genoa, Sestri Ponente, Portofino, Rapallo, and Bologna have also been received
from Dr. Gestro, Prof. Camerano, Dr. Wolterstorff, and Dr. Werner. I have besides
examined several specimens from Livorno and Bellagio belonging to the Basle
Museum; and one from Mount Meta, Terra di Lavoro, belonging to the Museum
of Naples University—this being the southernmost point whence this variety has
hitherto been reported.

Particulars of some of the specimens (as in the table, pp. 377-8) :—

Ite 2, 3. 4, 5. 6. fife
Sentra wea cman urGn 68, 95 Tl egreguton (y
a en er. Go On © 2 VT eh OTE Olu a0
my 8 8 ee Bo ec 0 1S ae CIRC TE Sali Dis) REID Rs a)
PEE sn ees (OR. Se. (2S 1 2G 19 2
EUR eee OO GO. 7 Ol 9 27 23 1
Res 8s Peery sr gy) (OL M 63. Ob. sit =96 18 0
PE eee 3) 6, «|G Ih 57/99" Vk 909 21 1
PR 2 ima ce) Gf) GQ!) 57) 223 8 23 20 ]
re eee ees) | OO) 6b. 25) VIt “SG 192° 9
VIE cee i «HBT ABBY (85 9 28 22-21 *
Ce ge eee. a Go (62; = 598 30) 810 828) E20,
eee a ee ss HO 60) 26 9 28 19 :
Sestri Ponente,nr.Genoa . . g¢ 65 60 = 23 9 28 23 ]
as 50 o eens) OOD NG28 825) ALO! 925. 923-99 10
5 os or Wes OO Olle 24a IN 24, (20-29) 97

382 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

tb
es)
=
Or
fon)

t

Cys

Rapallo @ 165) 55 24 9 26 21 2
a 9° .60: 57 . 26... WO), (27 aes
Portofino, nr. Rapallo a 65 58 (24 9 25 21-225 ek
3 Bs 2 Ob AO eeo 8 25 20-19 2
Spezia (type) 6 64 51 24 I1 380 23-24 0
Lerici . G@ 168) 58) 245 MO 26) 25-22 ee
By te fie ey ee ms ike ia ion, MOU EO Opnm oo tml Omura) 23 1
tae che Aloo oe £2 Oe eye) 9 a IO) | By leo)
Ce, Om ss, Sch Oe BD ee A ae POs
Yyolyty 5 65 a oo o a ile Mey Bo I pa Aly) | ll
a ls: Mewes been hoe SCG B20 9 6226 «18-19 1
Mt. Meta, Terradi Lavoro . @ 58 58 26 IL 27 238-22 I

The dorsal scales are granular and distinctly keeled; 55 to 52 transverse series
correspond to the length of the head, and 4, or 3 and 4, to one ventral plate. The
scales on the tibia are appreciably smaller than those on the back. 24 to 28 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe. ‘The scales on the upper surface of the tail are rather
strongly keeled, and are truncate or end in a very obtuse angle; 30 to 36 scales
in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules. Single specimens from
Sestri Ponente, Portofino, Livorno, Bellagio, and Lerici are remarkable in the rostral
shield forming a suture with the frontonasal ; in four specimens! the granules between
the supraciliaries and the supraoculars are reduced to from two to five. ‘The masseteric
shield is well developed, or even large, except in Bedriaga’s type specimen, which is
further aberrant in having the parietal shields transversely divided, as in the female
from Véslau noticed above. Two of the Lerici specimens have five anterior upper
labials on one side, a third has five on each side.

Measurements :—
iS 2 3. 4, 5. 6.
From end of snout tovent . . . . 65 60 64. 62 68 65
iS - forelimb . . 27 21 26 24 27 25
lbewsda GHlngyl go yo ao a) MY 13 17 15 18 16
Wadthvofiheads) <i, scratn-s te een eel 9 ll 9 11 11
IDeyadn Gell 5 6 a 5 6 eG 8 8 6 8 6 9 8
lore A GS og Salto 5 a | 28 19 24. 22 23 25
Einndtlimby Ss. eee nh meen een. 31 37 34. 35 38
A Do\0) i ee eT eee sey US) 16 21 18 19 2]
Mail! > nce ee tee on ee el) (oe Snelson, WLS pelo
+ Tail reproduced.
1. g. Rapallo. 4. 9. Lerici.
rc D 5. g. Bologna.
3. g. Spezia (type). 6. g. Sestri Ponente.

1 Marked * on the table.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 383

As may be seen from the above-given measurements, the proportions do not differ
from those of the typical form ; nor does, as a rule, the shape of the head, although it
may be very strongly depressed—its depth, in certain males from Liguria and Pianosa,
not exceeding the distance between the eye and the tympanum. ‘The hind limb
reaches the shoulder or the collar in males, the axil in females.

As to the coloration, the passage from the typical form} is so complete that certain
specimens may be referred almost equally well to the one form as to the other. For
instance, one of the females from Lerici has the black network on the back much broken
up and a well-marked light dorso-lateral streak, and would be unhesitatingly classified as
f. typica but for the rather large black spots on the belly, arranged in regular longi-
tudinal series. For it is frequently the case in this variety that the black spots run
together to form longitudinal bands. The dorsal markings are very variable, usually
affecting the form of a close network, but sometimes appearing in disconnected blotches
or vermicular lines ; a vertebral chain of black spots may be present. Black and white
spots form very regular and conspicuous bars on the sides of the tail.

Dr. Gestro has very kindly sent me a large number of specimens of the Wall-Lizard
collected indiscriminately in the immediate vicinity of Genoa; this series goes far to
show the instability of the characters on which the distinction between the var. bruegge-
manni and the typical form rests. Some specimens are not at all separable from the
latter, while others, of the most vivid grass-green on the back (Pl. XXII. fig. 2), answer
to the former; and between these two extremes every possible variation in shade may
be followed. A female with the markings as in the typical form, but remarkable for
its green back and yellow lower parts, is figured on Pl. XXII. fig. 3. The back may
be coppery brown, or greyish brown, or greenish grey or olive, or green in front and
brown behind. ‘he colour of the lower parts varies equally, and irrespective of that
of the upper parts. Most specimens are white on the belly, often with a brownish,
pinkish, or greenish tinge, uniform or more or less spotted with black; while in one
male specimen with olive-green back the lower parts are copper-red, with black spots
confined to the collar-plates and to the two outer rows of ventral plates (Pl. XXII.
fig. 1). An interrupted or continuous series of turquoise-blue spots is always present
on the outermost row of ventral plates. The back, in the males, is always much spotted
or reticulated with black or dark brown, and a black vertebral line or regular series of
spots is often present; the sides are brown or purplish, with black network, often
enclosing round blue or green spots ; a blue, black-edged ocellus is often present above
the axil, One of these specimens (Pl. XXIII. fig. 3) is so strikingly similar in its
markings to certain males of the var. guadrilineata that it might easily be mistaken for
that variety were it not for the flatter head; and it is noteworthy that its exceptionally

1 Especially from such individuals as have been named var. nigriventris (non Bonaparte) by De Betta, Erp,
Venet. p. 154 (1857).

9

VOL. XVIIL—Part Iv. No. 5.—October, 1905. SE

584 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

small scales (65 across the middle of the body) is a further approximation to the
Corsican-Sardinian form. Camerano has already pointed out that some of the Ligurian
specimens examined by him, with a much flattened head and reticulate markings, are
suggestive of the var. dedriage from the mountains of Corsica. I am much inclined
to think that the vars. qguadrilineata and bedriage are directly derived from the
var. brueggemanni!. I may add that quite young specimens from Lerici, which I
provisionally refer to this variety, lack the dorsal reticulation and the ventral spots, and
cannot be distinguished from French specimens of similar size.

Var. NIGRIVENTRIS.
Podarcis muralis, var. nigriventris Bonaparte, Icon. Faun, Ital., Anfib. pl. —. fig. b (1836).
Lacerta muralis neopolitana, vax. nigriventris Bedriaga, Arch, f. Nat. 1879, p. 277, and Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 213.
Lacerta muralis fusca, var. nigriventris Bedriaga, Arch. £. Nat. 1879, p. 288, pl. xvii. fig. 3.
Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. ventromaculata Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 205.
Lacerta muralis, var. flaviundata Bedriaga, |. c. p. 218.

Under this name Bonaparte has figured a Wall-Lizard, from Rome, measuring
210 millim., which has been regarded by Bedriaga as a variety of his subspecies
neapolitana, on account of its large size and the green colour of the spots which appear
between the meshes of the black network. Similar lizards occur, according to Bedriaga,
at Arezzo in Tuscany, in the Roman Campagna, on a rocky islet, La Scuola di Pianosa,
close to Pianosa, in the Adriatic, and on Patmajola and Salina, Lipari Islands.

In describing his LZ. muralis fusca, var. nigriventris, from Rome, Bedriaga distinctly
disclaimed any identification with Bonaparte’s var. nigriventris, and he soon after altered
the name to flaviundata. ‘This variety is described, from a single male specimen (now
in the British Museum), as deep black above, with numerous golden-yellow wavy cross-
streaks ; the white ground-colour of the belly to a great extent disappears under the
large black spots; the ventral shields of the outer row are green, On comparing the
figure with that given by him of Z. drueggemanni on the same plate, a striking resem-
blance in form and markings will be observed between the two lizards, the chief
difference being that the black is more developed in var. flaviundata and the green
colour is replaced by yellow.

I owe to the kindness of my friend Dom Grégoire Fournier, O.S.B., an interesting
little series of these black lizards collected by Dom Theodore Néve, O.S.B., on the outer
walls of Rome, near St. Peter’s, and the series is of importance as completely bridging
over the gap between the var. flaviundata and the var. nigriventris, which are seen to
represent merely individual differences. ‘The specimens reached me quite fresh, and

1 Since this paper was set up in type, I have received from Prof. Camerano a male specimen from Pianosa,
which may well be regarded as intermediate between the vars. brueggemanni and bedriage. It has 70 scales

across the body. Specimens from Elba, communicated to me by Count Peracca, are true var. brueggemanni

with 58 to 65 scales across the body.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA.

385

showed the ground-colour between the black network to be lemon-yellow in some,

yellowish green to bright grass-green in others. I have since received a few living

specimens, also from Rome, through Dr. Vinciguerra. In addition to these, the British

Museum possesses one specimen from Castelfranco, Ostia (near woods), presented by
Dr. Sambon, and one from the Roman Campagna, received from Prof. Collett.

1. 2. 3.
3. Rome (flaviundata, type) 64 62 25
&. Outer walls of Rome . io bie BE
Dp 9 of fey Koyp 28)
” ” cB) 70 71 24
» » »” 67 64 25
» be 99 Gor 68) 25
a5 5 * 65 64 24
” ” » 64 64 24
” » ” 60 65 26
? 3 Dp 66 58 27
ab a5 9 Sf eG OO “Ge 925
bs 5 Fe o pd 6 88 9 Gh 26
oy Castelirancon@stiay 4.) 2. 62) 640 28
9. Campagna, mr.Rome ... 67 55 29
Measurements :—
1 Pp 3
From snoutto vent... . . 64 76 67
% fore) limb) aeeperen es eo 30 27
Length of head 17 20 18
Width of head Seema) sll 13 il
Men thio feheadaaw enn 8 10 9
Fore limb Ue ms vanes.) ae 25 25
Tsbhoel Inia 5 og i a a oo BE 39 ?
HOOtMMrMnet cs) ete en ene a 20) 21 ?
Rarii@eprodiced) i cee LOD Leb) 107

a)

3.
3. Walls of Rome.
z

?

Castelfranco.

Rome (type of var. jlaviundata).

4,
10

www wn wn Dw Ww
WCmronnwiwo

ee OL wo

wo TW WD ©
Now

on)

6.
18-19

me eH OF
Co O wo
me 0 OD

Or Ot % -

oS

HSH eH woe KH ww

(a
|

io)

~

Head (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 1) once and a half to once and two-thirds as long as broad,
moderately depressed, its depth, in the tympanic region, equal to the distance between

the anterior border or the centre of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum.

Hind limb reaching the shoulder or the collar in males, the axil in females.

Foot

not more than once and one-third the length of the head, sometimes but slightly

longer than the head.

9
QE

9
~

3586 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Rostral not entering the nostril!; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the
snout or a little shorter ; occipital often as long as, and sometimes much broader than,
the interparietal (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 1); series of granules between the principal
supraoculars and the supraciliaries incomplete, the first (or the first and second) supra-
ciliaries being in contact with the second supraocular?; temporal scales granular, the
tympanic and masseteric shields distinct, the latter more or less enlarged and in
contact with the upper temporal shield or separated from it by one or two series of
granules; supratemporal shield often small, sometimes broken up into small scales? ;
usually four upper labials anterior to the subocular, five on each side only in one
specimen, five on one side in three. 22 to 29 scales and granules between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct.
Collar without serration, composed of 8 to 11 plates. Scales on body granular, oval or
oval-subhexagonal, strongly keeled; 55 to 71 scales across the middle of the body ;
4 (or 3 and 4) transverse series correspond to one ventral plate, 37 to 51 to the length
of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 24 to 29 transverse series. Preeanal
plate large, with one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on the upper surface of the tibia granular, strongly keeled, smaller than the
dorsals. 18 to 23 femoral pores on each side. 27 to 31 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe. Upper caudal scales strongly keeled, narrow, very obtusely pointed behind ;
30 to 38 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.

The coloration, which is the same in both sexes, is an exaggeration of the bruegge-
manni variety, the black predominating. Some specimens approach very nearly the
latter in having the middle of the back green with a black network, whilst in general
the black has so invaded the upper parts of the body that the yellow or green ground-
colour is reduced to isolated spots, which may be as small as in the fi/folensis variety ;
these spots may be round or wavy and transverse, as in Bedriaga’s var. flaviundata,
with every passage between the two forms. The sides are black, with round cream-
coloured, yellow, or blue spots. The head in some specimens may be described as
brown with black spots or vermiculations, in others as black with yellow or green
variegations. The limbs are black, with yellow or green round spots. The lower parts
are black and white, the black usually preponderating and often disposed in longitudinal
bands; some specimens are nearly entirely black beneath, with mere remains of the
white ground-colour. Large blue spots on the outer row of the ventrals, but never
forming a continuous band as in Bedriaga’s figure of the var. flaviundata. Tail with
the black and white markings, usually so conspicuous on the sides in the typical

* Forming asuture with the frontcnasal in one specimen. Another is remarkable in having two superposed
postnasals.

* In the type of Bedriaga’s var. flaviundata the supraciliary granules are reduced to 3 or 4.

* {In one specimen the parietal does not touch the postocular.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 387

form, very strongly defined and forming nearly complete annuli, separated by brown
interspaces ; the regenerated portion, as in all Wall-Lizards, with black and light
longitudinal streaks, strikingly contrasting with the annular markings of the
primary tail.

The markings are the same in the young as in the adult.

Male specimens from Rome are figured on Pl. XXII. figs. 4-6, and a young one on
text-fig. 6d, p. 399.

Replying to my enquiries respecting the distribution of Z. muralis typica and
var. brueggemanni in Italy, my friend Count Peracca kindly informs me that he
received alive, many years ago, a lizard, apparently answering to the var. brueygemanii,
from Naples, which specimen has appeared in Camerano’s list, but has since been
mislaid!. He has since made many excursions about Naples without rediscovering
such a variety, nor has he found any other than the serpa or neapolitana variety south
of Naples, even at altitudes of 1000 metres or above. In Liguria he found the
var. brueggemanni, with lemon-yellow or green back, only near the sea; on the hills,
from 100 metres upwards, only the ordinary grey-brown typical form. In the Arno
Valley the var. brueggemanni follows the plain which extends inland rather far from
the sea, and it even penetrates as far up as Florence, where, however, specimens inter-
mediate between it and the typical form occur.

Much remains to be done in ascertaining the exact range of the typical form, the
var. brueggemanni, and the var. nigriventris in Italy, and how far the three are capable
of satisfactory definition. My own impression is that the first two intermix, in
Liguria at least, where the southern and northern forms meet in the same localities,
and that the same will be found to be the case between the second and third forms
when we come to know more of the lizards occurring between Florence and
Rome.

It has often been stated that the serpa or neapolitana form can be readily distin-
guished from the typical form by the shape of the head and the general proportions.
How vague these differences are in most cases is well shown by these large lizards of
the nigriventris variety, referred by some to the typical form, by others to the
“neapolitana” form. And the resemblance to the latter is emphasised by a com-
parison with the black Filfola lizard, which is regarded as derived from the Maltese
“neapolitana.” And yet there can be no doubt that the var. nigriventris is only an
exaggeration of the var. drueggemanni, which is itself completely connected with the
typical form of Northern Italy and Central Europe. As often happens in these lizards,
the var. nigriventris has acquired with its larger size a finer scaling, which approaches

* As noticed above, a specimen from Mount Meta, not far from the Province of Naples, has been sent to me

on loan by Prof. Monticelli. :

388 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

that of the var. serpa, as may be seen by a tabulation of the number of scales in
specimens of the different varieties and local forms :—

ee
or

i. 2: 3. : :
War. brueggemannt . ... =. . SI-G5 35-52 22-80 17-25 24-28
Var. nigriventris, Rome. . . . . 5d-71 387-51 22-29 18-23 27-81
Var. serpa, Rome, Naples . . . . 58-76 38-55 22-381 18-27 28-33
» Malta . «2. = «| G1=74& “40258 S20=sheeio-e5 “es0=5%
Var. fifolensis, Filfola . . . . . 68-82 48-62 29-38 18-27 31-36

1. Number of dorsal scales in a transverse series. 2. Transverse series of dorsal scales
corresponding to length of head. 3. Number of gular scales in a longitudinal series,
4. Number of femoral pores. 5. Number of lamellar scales under fourth toe.

B. Vars. cAMPEstTRIS Betta and serra Raf.
(Plates X XIE, KOC VIN & XeXeV ie)

The forms to be described here have frequently been confounded, or grouped
together under the same general designation, as by Bedriaga (L. muralis neapolitana),
Camerano (1. serpa), and myself (var. ¢éliguerta). But it is really possible to dis-
tinguish a northern and a southern form—the former, var. campestris, being more
sharply differentiated from the typical form, with its vars. drueggemanni and nigri-
ventris, than the latter. While concentrating their attention on the colour, the
markings, and the shape of the head, characters far less stable than one would gather
from their writings, Bedriaga and Kimer have somewhat neglected the lepidosis,
which, however subject to fluctuations within very wide limits, affords a safer means
of defining forms. If the lepidosis be taken into consideration, together with the
other characters, it will be found that, after elimination of the typical form and
the two varieties into which it gradually transforms from north to south, two further
varieties can be separated with sufficient precision. If we could put aside the
more northern of the two latter, the var. campestris, we should feel perfectly
justified in saying, that the Wall-Lizard passes gradually, at least so far as structural
characters are concerned, from the typical form in the north to the var. serpa in the
south, the drift of variation from north to south being in the direction of a larger size,
a shorter body, smaller scales, longer toes, and smaller scales. But this continuous
series is broken, or obscured, by the presence, from the plains of North Italy to the
Roman province, of the var. campestris, which, further south, gradually passes into the
var. serpa, especially as regards the coloration.

1 fully agree with Eimer in regarding the striated type of the var. campestris as the
most primitive of all the Wall-Lizards, and I am quite prepared to admit, so far as
such speculations based on theoretical conceptions are allowable, that it has given rise,
or at least is most nearly related, to the form that has become modified into both the

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 389

typical form and the spotted or reticulate types of the var. serpa. ‘This is all the more
plausible from the fact that the striated pattern is preserved, in females and young
only, in the less divergent types of both the typical form and of the var. serpa. Some
specimens of the latter are not at all to be distinguished, so far as markings are
concerned, from the var. campestris. Eimer’s theory of the derivation of patterns of
markings being accepted as correct, we are led to regard the var. campestris as the
most ancient form from which the others are descended; and this, I think, is also
supported by the structural characters, which differ less from what we may assume to
be the more normal or generalised form of Lacerta before adaptation to climbing
petrophilous habits had been reached. ‘The var. campestris has often, and rightly, been
compared to such species as L. viridis, L. agilis, and L. taurica.

De Filippi and De Betta long ago pointed out that, although both the typical
form and the var. campestris coexist in the plains of Northern Italy, they keep aloof
from each other, the former being a true petrophilous lizard, while the latter has its
abode in such localities as are frequented in Central and Northern Europe by L. agilis.

According to Lorenz Miiller, who has recently published an interesting popular
article on these lizards !, the Wall-Lizard lives principally on walls and rocks, while
the var. campestris (his L. serpa) prefers meadows, borders of woods, and other grassy
localities; he tells us how sharply the territories of both forms are divided in a locality
in Piedmont where he had an opportunity of observing them. It was on the road
from Baldichiero to Montafia. On one side a steep rock with low prickly vegetation, on
the other a grassy border separating the road from cultivated fields. ‘This road forms
an absolute boundary between the abodes of the two forms. The var. campestris is a
form of the plain, rarely found, in isolated examples, in the mountains, which they
exceptionally ascend along grassy valleys. At Imola, in Romagna, De Betta found
“le due varieta muralis e campestris conviventi, sulle mura la prima, nella adjacenti
campagna la seconda.” But in the south of Italy and in Sicily, where both the typical
form and the var. campestris have practically disappeared, the var. serpa inhabits
indifferently all localities, and runs up the walls and bare cliffs as well as among the
grass.

What the factors are that have preserved the purity of the two races (f. fypica and
var. campestris) over so great a part of Italy, we do not know, but it is within the
limits of direct observation that south of Rome a marked distinction between the two
has ceased to exist, and this has caused much divergence of opinion among herpe-
tologists as to the naming of certain specimens, as I have pointed out below. I am
myself inclined to the conclusion that the vars. brueggemanni and nigriventris gradually
lead to the southern form, as suggested by Bedriaga, when describing the former, and
that, climatic or other conditions having changed, these extremes of the typical form

‘ Blitter f. Aq.- u. Terr.-Kunde, xiii. 1902, pp. 158, 169.

90 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

©

have mixed with the var. campestris and formed together the assemblage which we
now designate as var. serpa. ‘This explanation may account for certain reappearances
of the characters of the typical form in Southern Italy, Sicily, and Malta, which have
so greatly perplexed the best observers. ‘The Sicilian specimens which have been
distinguished as var. stcu/a have retained much of the general habits and coloration of
the var. campestris, but the lepidosis is quite the same as in the var. serpa.

Var. CAMPESTRIS.

Podarcis muralis, var. campestris De Betta, Atti Aec. Verona, xxxv, 1857, p. 152; Faun. d’Ital.,
Rett. Anf. p. 28 (1874); Atti Ist. Venet. (5) iv. 1878, p. 897, and v. 1879, p. 388.

Lacerta tiliguerta De Filippi, N. Ann. Se. Nat. Bologna, (3) v. 1852, p. 69.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, vars. campestris and livornensis Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, pp. 274
& 279, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xix. 1886, pp. 209 & 228. ;

Lacerta muralis, var. campestris Leydig, Deutschl. Saur. p. 228 (1872); Eimer, Zool. Stud. Capri,
Tle JOs 2s), [Olle MG IER, BK,

Lacerta muralis striata, part., Kimer, op. cit. p. 25.

Lacerta muralis striata campestris Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 328, pl. i. figs. 1 & 2.

Lacerta serpa, part., Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 56 (1885).

Lacerta muralis, var. multifasciata Positano Spada, Boll. Soc. Rom. Zool. i. 1892, p. 154, fig.

Head (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 2 & 2a) once and a half to once and two-thirds as long as
broad, moderately depressed, its depth in the tympanic region equal to the distance
between the anterior border or the centre of the eye and the anterior border of the
tympanum ; snout obtuse.

Neck as broad as or a little narrower than the head. Body moderately depressed.
Hind limb reaching the shoulder, the collar, or a little beyond the collar in males, the
axil or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in females; foot once and one-sixth to
once and one-third the length of the head. ‘Tail cyclo-tetragonal at the base, once and
two-thirds to twice as long as head and body.

Rostral shield narrowly separated from the nostril, or entering it!; nasals always
forming a suture behind the rostral ; frontal usually as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, sometimes considerably shorter; a series of granules between the
supraciliaries and the two principal supraoculars, the first of which is usually in contact
with the first supraciliary, rarely with the second also; in a few specimens the series
of granules beginning from the first supraocular; parietals once and one-third to
once and a half as long as broad, usually in contact with the upper postocular, but
sometimes not*; occipital very variable, usually shorter but often broader than the

1 This I observe in several specimens from Turin, in one from Florence, in two from Castelfranco, near
Rome.

* One from Venice, one from Bologna, one from Lake Trasimene, Perugia.

’ In four specimens from Turin, in two (out of four) from Lake Trasimene, in five (out of six) from

Castelfranco, near Rome.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 391

interparietal ; temporal scales usually larger than in the typical L. muralis, with the
tympanic shield always distinct and the masseteric frequently so, the latter separated
from the parietal by a narrow supratemporal or by one to three series of scales ; nearly
constantly four upper labials anterior to the subocular !.

Collar-edge more or less distinctly serrated (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 24), sometimes as
much as in L. viridis; 8 to 11 plates in the collar; gular fold very distinct ; 21 to 52
scales and granules between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate.

Scales on the back roundish-hexagonal or oval-hexagonal, very distinctly, often
sharply, keeled; the vertebral line usually with a more or less regular band of much
smaller granular scales (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 2¢); lower lateral scales as large as or a
little smaller than the dorso-laterals, smooth or faintly keeled; 53 to 65 scales (usually
57 to 61) across the middle of the body; three or four transverse series of scales
correspond to one ventral plate, 33 to 50 to the length of the head. Ventral plates
in 6 longitudinal ? and 23 to 51 transverse series. Anal plate smaller than usual in
LL. muralis typica, usually with two or three semicircles of small plates, but sometimes
with one only.

Text-fig. 5.

a b. Ce

Anal region of Lacerta muralis, var. campestris.
a. 6, Turin. 6. 9, Turin. c. ¢, Ancona.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than the dorsals, more or less strongly
keeled; 24 to 30 (usually 25 to 29) lamellar scales under the fourth toe; 15 to 24
(usually 17 to 22) femoral pores on each side.

Upper caudal scales (Pl. XX VIII. fig. 2 c) strongly keeled and obtusely but distinctly
pointed behind; 30 to 40 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Typical examples of this race, as represented by specimens from Verona, Venice,
Treviso, and Turin (Pl. XXVII. figs. 1 & 2), have the upper surface of the head, a
vertebral band, the sides of the body, the limbs, and the upper surface of the tail pale
brown or olive-brown, the sides of the back bright grass-green; the brown vertebral
band bears two parallel series of small black spots, or a single straight or zigzag series
of large black spots; these spots, as a rule, do not begin until some way behind the
occiput or nape; the sides, in females, bear two more or less distinct, straight or
wavy, whitish streaks (the upper proceeding from the supraciliary border, the lower
passing through the ear), which may be edged with black or bordered by small black

’ Five on one side in one specimen from Lake Trasimene, three on each side in one from Ancona,
* The outer ventral plates are divided into two in a female specimen from Lake Trasimene.

VOL. XVII.—PaRT Iv. No. 6.—October, 1905, 3F

392 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

spots, while in adult males they are spotted with black and white, the spots often
forming ocelli; a large black spot or an ocellus with blue or green centre often present
above the axil; black spots on the upper surface of the head present or absent ; white
black-edged spots on the hinder side of the limbs. Large male specimens have the
upper surface of the head bright green. Lower parts white, greenish, yellowish, or
reddish, without spots or with a series of black spots on the outer row of ventral
plates, which may also bear blue or green spots, usually of small size. The young
are always very distinctly streaked, and the two green dorsal stripes are narrower in
proportion to the brown ones (text-fig. 6¢, p. 399).

Further specimens answering to the above description are in the British Museum
from Bologna, L. Trasimene (Perugia), Florence, Ancona, Castelfranco near Ostia,
Elba, and Corsica. De Betta himself had recorded his var. campestris from Corsica
and Rome. More aberrant specimens are the following :—

Green colour absent!, or reduced to a narrow streak on each side of the vertebral
stripe (males and females from Turin and Trieste).

Olive above with three reddish-brown stripes, but no spots (female from Turin).

Pale brownish grey, with a pale green stripe on each side of the vertebral line; a
trace of a whitish dorso-lateral line; no spots (female from the sandy shore at Ostia,
near Castelfranco, Rome).

Five black stripes along the back, with narrow light streaks between them (var.
multifasciata Positano Spada, from Ponte Salario, near Rome).

Green above, with a dorso-lateral series of large black spots; another lateral series
of large black spots from axil to groin, and a third on the outer row of ventral plates,
which are blue; no vertebral stripe or series of spots (var. livornensis Bedr., from
Colambrone, near Leghorn).

Measurements :—

ile 2. 3. 4.

From end of snout to vent. . . 70 62 60 60
: . 3 forelimb . 26 2 23 21
engthyor header merce nne li, 13 15 13
AWVatldaoe lve G5 oo ao o dll 9 10 9
Weyadnor ing! 5 5 5 6 6 5 o 64 8 if
liosliimo BS 6 6 6 oo 6 2 19 20 19
Hand linnbiw, vue) te ce A 32 34 29
Boothe os sy Rie, le ae OOO 17 18 15
Parl Gel eA tesa esezy) Gale ee | eS 118 100 102

1. g. Verona. 2. 9. Treviso. 3 a Lurin: 4. 9. Turin.

1 One cannot, however, too much insist on the chameleon-like changes that take place in these and other
lizards. We know how the male Z. agilis may entirely lose its green colour towards the end of summer,
and I have observed a brown lizard of the var. campestris, which in life showed no trace of green, turn to
pale green on the anterior part of the back after a few hours’ immersion in spirit.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 598

Particulars of some of the specimens examined :—

: 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. te

WierOna sar decs) bec yl oe cst i 10 (605525 9 24 19-18 25
~ Ge or 26 Ml are 1s” ‘5
Venice Aros. orks es Se 50 57 28 Il 30 19 28
Treviso . é 7 Ole 27 9 25 21 27
+ nye ee) ee 9 25 20-19 26

_ pe Sei 59 27 Il 29 20-21. 29

3 5 eS 21 25

a] O62, 54 30. 1T “oar — "eqn ago
Turin 64 55 28 9 22 17 27
a » o8 58 29 11 30 18-16 28
ei S SOOO tem) lee Tes 17k

, 150, 6 e255 9° Tae one TE

i Oo 62 0 LOM 26) 718828
ss OO n Do nae 97 28 Ny 27

33 mo & 58 31 8 24 15-16 24
56 at ie) rece a ON Oo. ~ 30 9 23 16 24
DORM & bios e 6 o o & @D Gl “Bsr il eer ive 2)
x eae, Gl 24) Ii 38) opto Boy

a Ce oe Ol 29) OR 2on 20-1926
Florence 3 67 57 23 «Il 28 21-20 26
5D gta. ton So) igi cere IRS 64 56 29 10 28 I18-19 26
Calambrone, Leghorn. . . g 74 64 26 9 2 19-20 30
Ancona : 3} Go) 60) > 25) 10) 22 20 20
L. Trasimene, Perugia SB ce CH aM) ay RS
5 7 pe OS G25) 26) 10) 2b 22-19 827,

- 35 Oe Ome O le OO aS 21 30

y * Pee GS0 58) 30 10" 2 eeoeer a0
Castelfranco, Rome 3 di) 16D) 25 8 27 22-20 29
af 0 5» (©) CO By 1 Be 18 27

Pe i OS OS) 26) Ered 23 29

s rf ee Ol 567) (S00) Tee es 18 26
GHC w AN sinc]: yin ey On. 66, GS “28. Al ~26P 21219) 30

1. Total length (in millimetres). 2. Number of scales across middle of body. 3. Transverse
series of ventral plates. 4. Number of collar-plates. 5. Number of scales and granules between
chin-shields and collar. 6. Number of femoral pores (right and left, if differing). 7. Number of

lamellar scales under fourth toe.

O94 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Var. SERPA.

Lacerta serpa Rafinesque, Caratt. ale. n. Gen. Anim. p. 8 (1810).

Lacerta sicula Rafin. 1. ce.

Lacerta olivacea Ratin. |. c.

Lacerta puccina Rafin. 1. ¢.

Podarcis muralis albiventris et siculus Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Anf. (1836) .

Lacerta muralis cerulea Eimer, Verh. phys.-med. Ges. Wiirzb. iil. 1872, Sitzb. p. 1x, and Zool.
Stud. Capri, ii. p. 5, pl. i. (1874).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana Bedriaga, Enst. d. Farb. b. d. Eidechs. p. 15 (1874).

Lacerta faraglionensis Bedriaga, op. cit. p. 16, pl.—., and Die Faraglione-Kidechse (1876).

Lacerta muralis, vars. striata, elegans, modesta, maculata Eimer, Zool. Stud. Capri, i. p. 24, pl. il,

Lacerta muralis, vay. viridiocellata Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1877, p. 113.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p. 285, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1879, p. 202, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 274, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 204.

Lacerta muralis, vars. faraglionensis, latastii, viridiocellata Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879,
pp- 207, 209, 211, pl. ix. fig. 4.

Podarcis muralis, vars. albiventris, sicula, doderleini, maculata, viridiocellata, faraglionensis De Betta,
Atti Ist. Ven. (5) v. 1879, pp. 3889-393.

Lacerta muralis maculato-striata, jpunctato-striata, punctato-fasciata, striato-maculata, maculata,
reticulata (part.), modesta, concolor, elegans, ceruleo-ceerulescens, coerulescens monaconensis,
cerulescens gallensis Kimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, pp. 375-389, pls, xii.—xv.

Lacerta serpa, part., Camerano, Mon. Saur, Ital. p. 56 (1885).

Near Rome the var. serpa occurs in addition to the vars. nigriventris and campestris,
but further south the var. campestris is replaced by this very closely related form,
which reaches a larger size, and which in many respects differs little from the typical
L. muralis, especially if compared with the southern var. nigriventris. As in the
latter, the head is generally more flattened, resembling less that of JL. viridis, the
temporal scales are smaller, more granular, the collar has the edge even, or, if serrated,
less distinctly so than in var. campestris, the difference in size between the vertebral
scales and the dorso-laterals is less marked, the subdigital lamelle are usually fewer,
and the caudal scales are more truncate posteriorly, their posterior border rarely forming
a well-marked angle. But it is distinguished from the typical form and its vars.
brueggemanni and nigriventris by generally smaller scales, more numerous femoral
pores, and longer toes with more numerous lamelle under the fourth.

The complete passage between Z. muralis typica and the var. serpa, so far as scaling
is concerned, is well expressed by the following tabulation ! :—

1, Zs 3. 4, 5.
Forma typica See RRO 29-45 19-30 13-25 22-28
Var. brueggemanni . . . 51-65 385-52 22-30 17-24: 24-27
War.migriventris. ~. (5 1. Oo-71 37-51 22-29 18-23 27-381
Var. serpa . 35-60 25-35 19-29 28-36

58-77

1 1. Number of scales across middle of body. 2. Number of transverse series of scales corresponding to
the length of the head. 3. Number of scales along middle line of gular region, 4. Number of femoral
pores. 5. Number of lamellar scales under fourth toe.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA, 399

As regards the coloration, which is highly variable in individuals associating
together, the resemblance to var. campestris is, as a rule, greater than to any other
form, and some specimens approach the latter so closely that it is not surprising that
most authors should have failed to draw a distinction between the two forms.

The head is often comparatively larger than in the typical form and the var.
campestris ; its width is contained once and a half to once and two-thirds in its length ;
its depth equals the distance between the anterior border or the centre of the eye and
the anterior border of the tympanum ; the snout is obtusely pointed and as long as or
a little longer than the postocular part of the head.

The hind limb reaches the collar, or between the collar and the ear in males, the
axilla, the shoulder, or the collar in females; foot once and one-sixth to once and a
half the length of the head.

The tail is rounded in section and measures once and two-thirds to twice and four-
fifths the length of head and body,

The rostral never enters the nostril and is nearly always separated from the
frontonasal by the nasals!; postnasal single; frontal as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, or shorter; series of granules between the supraciliaries and the
principal supraoculars rarely complete 7, the first supraciliary, and sometimes also the
second, being in contact with the second supraocular ; parietals once and one-third to
once and a half as long as broad, nearly always in contact with the upper postocular ? ;
occipital usually shorter but frequently broader than the interparietal ; temporal scales
granular, usually not much larger than the dorsals; tympanic shield distinct ;
masseteric shield usually present 4, more or less developed, separated from the parietal
or from the upper temporal by one to three series of scales; almost constantly four
upper labials anterior to the subocular °.

Collar with even edge (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5) or very feebly serrated, composed of
7 to 12 (usually 9 to 11) plates ; 25 to 33 scales and granules in a longitudinal series
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold
distinct.

Dorsal scales (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 3a) very small, convex, round or roundish-hexagonal,
more or less distinctly keeled, sometimes smaller still and irregularly disposed on
the vertebral line ; 58 to 77 scales across the middle of the body, usually 62 to 70;
3 and 4, 4, or 4 and 5 transverse series correspond to one ventral plate, 35 to 60
to the length of the head.

Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 23 to 30 transverse series. Praanal plates
usually smaller than in the typical form and with two semicircles of small plates.

’ The rostral forms a suture with the frontonasal in a female from Modica and in a male from Rome.

* Two specimens from Procida Id,, one from Casamicciola Id., one from Ischia, one from Syracuse.

* Exceptions in three specimens from Catania, in two from Lipari Id. (Plate XXYVII. figs. 5, 5«@), in one
from Giglio Id., in one from Ponza Id., in one from Capri, in one from Pompeii, and in one from Messina,

* Absent in two specimens from the Faraglioni, in one from Capri.

® Five on each side in one specimen from Pompeii and in one from Messina.

596 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Scales on upper surface of tibia minute, keeled, smaller than dorsals; 19 to 29
femoral pores on each side (usually 20 to 26); 28 to 36 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 3a) strongly keeled and truncate or very
obtusely pointed ; 30 to 38 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.

The enormous amount of variation in colour and markings which this form
undergoes, often irrespective of localities and among individuals living together, may
be gathered from the above synonymy, and especially from the general accounts given
by Kimer. Suffice it to say, for the purposes of the present work, that some specimens,
females and young, closely agree in colour and markings with de Betta’s var. campestris
(Kimer’s s/riata), which may be regarded as the primitive type from which the spotted,
reticulate, and uniformly coloured forms are derived. ‘The colour of the head and
back varies from greyish brown to olive, grass-green, or bluish green; striated
specimens are the exception, most of the specimens being spotted or reticulated with
black (Pl. XX VII. figs. 4 & 6), the black spots often forming longitudinal series
(Pl. XXVII. fig. 3), sometimes wavy cross-bands ; some specimens show only faint
traces of darker markings and lead to others which are uniformly olive or yellowish
brown (LL. olivacea Raf., modesta Eimer). A blue or green ocellar spot is often
present above the axil,and sometimes acquires a large size. The lower parts are
usually white or greenish white, and without spots, except on the outer row of ventral
plates, which often bear blue or greenish-blue spots. In some specimens from Sicily
(var. sicula Bp.), which in structural characters entirely agree with the var. serpa,
the belly is orange or red in the males, yellow or white in the females, these
specimens being further remarkable for the brilliant green colour of the back, bordered
on each side by a more or less distinct whitish streak, as figured on Pl. XXVII.
He tt:

The most remarkable colour-variation is that exhibited by the lizards found on the
Faraglioni rocks close to Capri (var. cerulea Eimer, faraglionensis Bedr.): black or
bluish black above, with more or less distinct markings of a more intense black,
sapphire-blue or greenish blue beneath; pale blue spots usually present on the sides ;
the supra-axillary blue ocellus always distinct (Pl. XXIII. fig. 2).

Specimens with blue belly and blue or blackish back, with or without lighter blue or
green spots, are reported from the Mezzagiorno rock near Palmarola, and Santo Stefano
Island near Ventotene. The vars. cwruleo-cerulescens, cerulescens monaconensis, and
cerulescens gallensis of Eimer, from other small rocks near Capri, also with blue
belly, are practically intermediate in the dorsal coloration between the var. cwrulea
and the lizards of Capri.

‘ J. Scherer, Blatter f. Aquar.-u. Terrar.-Kunde, xiv. 1903, p. 288, regards Z. sieula as a species distinct
from ZL. serpa, but Iam unable to confirm the distinctive characters (collar, supraciliary shields, &ec.) which

he adduces in favour of such a separation.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA.

Measurements :—

] 2 3 4. 5 6

From end of snout to vent. . . . 90 70 75 66 65 66

5 a S fore limb) ¥ 0 136 25 31 20 26 24
Tens thsofwheaduamy-. | ure a nen eS 16 20 15 16 15
Wridthvoihecadimauc: sme aes cur eumells 9 13 9 10 9
Depihyoiticadeeae-. snes sue) en) eee 7 10 8 7
Rovevinbee- pests ake al) ee 80 21 28 23 24. 22
Eindilimbmeeee es fs eo. FBT 37 45 37 39 7
ROOimIEMT asec 2 eel. 4 go OF 21 25 21 21 21
ct ee mee ee eet). SL 84 ~ 196) “199 sss; 4s

* Tail reproduced.

1. ¢. Rome 4. 9. Faraglioni.
2. 9. Pompeii. 5. ¢. Palermo.
3. g. Faraglioni. 6. 2. Palermo.

Particulars of some of the specimens examined ! :—

Ue 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. iffe

RGIewE Mey. crs, Seu SOP 769 27 NOY Sil (25=245 (30
2 8 6 BO wo oo ory, tel 7 Psy aK) Bi) eae, RS
% ee ee Ose OOm «29 ile l25 23 30
ROuIpeiiper ts asks) see ogi 80) 160",, 24 9 27 25-26 381
ae Pie 7ommGGy 26 10, 2% 9054290
s See Ome OG 24; 9 27 22-238 29

” ? (i (6m) ey I) BY

ox Suet 59 28 a 26 20 29
Pe en,” on eee el 6S: 96's “10 | eee e-aiates
Bonzayldyege. si) i. +) acm oh TA a 245 10) ) SI 7=28) 930
629685725) 10) 33 25 31

7) 39
»” o 0 2
Ventotene Id. Sem ec Tt
Hausterauoides |. 45 2 COR one i ele oo 28 33
IISVOITES Se Ste ee ee 2
Witvarapld: = spo s « 3

* eal Ste a eee Os 6 OGn 126 7

Prociaasidas 4 sss ne) a 70° 6b.) 24) Q 27 22-23 ©6382
Re 2 oe) (a) SHIT IIPR}B)
3 es yeeros ose) G7 (G4 29 8 26 2421 33
Casamiccicladd. =... @ 74 60 25 10 27 926497 31
Capritteeremcee) ic en se sl 60 64 29 9 27 21-20 382

Paras «| ot. 80 Fox 327) 11, (82 93-94 ?
Hiss ei Dee I 3609 22-23" SI

” . . . . . . ”

* Tabulated as in var. campestris, above, p. 393.

398 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

IL 2 3 4, 5) 6. 7
Hardelionie mes (i eter iG | al | 169) 27, a2 oe oes)
» PS 7/ 68 380 9 29 21-22 29

.
.
“
.

~

.
~
.

Giannutri Id..

6 V2 165 925 LOD 28) 2422229

Reggio, Calabria 6 62 689726) Til 26-2329
P “ 9 69 68 29 11 29 23-24 32
Lipari Id. A 6973s 26 9 28 24-23 33
Ap ‘ oS 3 75 30) 9 32 26 36
Stromboli Id . OD omenG aes 9 382 24-25 33
Messina ge 7 Fah “Bay Wy Bil 25 34
; sO 1G) 23) 2 7 e224) ail

a 2 6 70 By 9 25 2423 32

53 oy Se es) Oo tOS) | 27am OME OMEN =o OMSL
(Ohm Go 6 co o oo of an Gah 7G Bel le) | By 25 31
5 oy OU I) BS

p oy 0) A) IN RB)

4 SO OMmGO co 9 22% 22-23 29

i 9 (AG GO 28 927 ~~ 21522) til

* GOREN GO) OO mee Ole 7 24 30

Py O31 69) 27 OM eyed — 2 omer OO
Syracuse go 164 65 26 - 13). 27 ~~ 25-237 382
Modica . 2 Cie peer OO. Cif py Ml BR BG BI
Be Rees cel et ee OCMOG) OD) 29 RW eS cae coo ome
Palermo He eee 62 DS) Geeo 8 6 19-20 28
Bosco di Marineo, Palermo ¢@ 70 65 27 IJ1 25 22-23 £30

(Pl. XXVIII. figs. 4, 4 a).
Bosco di Marineo, Palermo . 6 63°63 2510) 29) 21 2280
‘ 2 2

»”» ”

Bedriaga, in his Monograph of 1886 (p. 190), records the typical form (his fusca)
from Messina, but without particulars. Specimens from Messina, bearing a consider-
able resemblance in form and markings to the typical L. mwralis, have been presented to
the British Museum by Count Peracca, but in their scaling they agree with var. serpa.

An aberrant male specimen from Cosenza, Calabria, has been sent to me by Count
Peracca, with the request that I should decide whether it must be referred to the
vat, serpa or to the var. nigriventris. It is, in fact, exactly intermediate between the
two, both in form and coloration, and it approaches the specimens from Malta which
will be described hereafter. Its lepidosis, as expressed in the above table, is:—

bo

5 3. 4, 5. 6. te
WOSeNZa, a. ac) “cals 76 66 24 9 27 22 30

‘his would apply equally well to var. nigriventris and to var. serpa. The head is once
and two-thirds as long as broad and its depth equals the distance between the centre of

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 399

the eye and the tympanum. The hind limb extends to midway between the collar
and the ear; the foot measures once and one-third the length of the head. The scales
on the back are granular, oval-hexagonal, distinctly keeled; 3 and 4 transverse series
correspond to one ventral plate, and 45 to the length of the head.

The body and the limbs are olive above (in spirit) with black spots forming a wide-
meshed network; no distinct ocellar spot above the axil; the head is much spotted
with black above, and a black streak runs along the sides, passing through the eye and
above the tympanum, and continued on the neck; tail with blackish transverse bands
with sharply defined white spots on the sides. The throat and belly are greyish white,
with small black spots.

Text-fig. 6.

a.

Young specimens of :—a, f. typica, Courmayecur, Piedmont; }, var. nigriventris, Rome; ¢, var. campestris, Turin:

d, var. serpa, Pompeii; e, var. serpa, Messina.

V.—MALTA.
(Plate X XVII.)

The Wall-Lizard of Malta has been identified by Bedriaga and myself with the
Sicilian and South-Italian form (var. serpa), by Camerano with the typical form, while
Eimer regards it as intermediate between the two. I regard Kimer’s view as
perfectly correct if size and coloration alone are taken into consideration, but the
scaling is decidedly that of var. serpa.

Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 870, who has observed the lizard in Malta, remarks as
follows :—

“It is remarkably small for a Southern form, not larger than the Corsican [var.
quadrilineata], which is not much larger than the German. Besides, it is platycephalous
[like the typical form] and belongs to the reticulata type, more or less nigriventris, the
neck, the sides, and the posterior part of the belly being more or less spotted with
black. However little the latter character may be marked, it is, however, highly note-
worthy that it should, as so frequently in North Italy, coincide with the reduction of

VOL. XVII.—ParT ly. No. 7.—October, 1905. 3G

400 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

the large dorsal spots in a locality so far removed from the home of the platycephale
reticulate, and so completely isolated. It is also striking that the shape of the head
should alter simultaneously with the size, the colour, and the markings, for it must be
noted that the Maltese form shows less green but more brown and yellow in its livery.
We have therefore apparently to deal here with correlative conditions between the
form of the head and the other factors. As the race derived from the Maltese lizard,
the large, robust, black lizard of the Filfola rock, is pyramidocephalous!, we feel
inclined to conclude that a correlation exists between the shape of the head and the
robust. build.”

I have not examined a very large number of lizards from Malta, but I find that, if
they agree in the shape of the head with the typical form, as is also the case in
many Sicilian and South-Italian specimens of the var. serpa, they certainly agree with
the latter in the lepidosis, as may be seen from the following tabulation :—

il. 2) 3. 4. 5. 6. dic
gs 71 61 27 Jul 35 25 34
Sc 63 64 25 9 30 23-24. 30
é 59 74 27 9 31 19 30
Ze 57 68 29 9 31 20-22 35
Be 57 G4. 30 1 29 24-22 32

The depth of the head equals the distance between the centre of the eye and the
anterior border of the tympanum. ‘The hind limb reaches the collar, or a little beyond,
in males, the axil in females; the foot measures once and one-third the length of the
head.

The rostral shield does not enter the nostril, and in two specimens it is in contact
with the frontonasal; the series of granules between the supraciliaries and the
supraoculars is incomplete, the first supraciliary being in contact with the second
supraocular; the parietal is in contact with the upper postocular; occipital as large as
or smaller than the interparietal, in one specimen a little larger and twice as broad;
supratemporal narrow or broken up; temporal scales small, but much larger than
dorsals; tympanic and masseteric shields usually well developed; usually four upper
labials anterior to the subocular ?,

Collar even-edged; gular fold well developed.

Dorsal scales granular-subhexagonal, faintly keeled; 4 or 4 and 5 correspond to one
ventral shield, 40 to 58 to the length of the head; scales on upper surface of tibia
smaller still.

Upper caudal scales rather strongly keeled, truncate.

1 This is true only of adult males.—G. A. B.
> A young specimen, received from Prof. Giglioli, has five anterior upper labials on both sides and lacks the

masseterice disk.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 401

The upper parts are greyish olive, in spirit, with a darker lateral band, with or
without a vertebral series of small blackish spots, or reticulate all over with brown or
black, the network enclosing roundish pale spots; on the posterior part of the back
the dark markings may form wavy transverse bands; the head is sometimes uniform
olive-brown above, sometimes much spotted with black; the lower parts are unspotted,
or with rather small black spots, forming regular longitudinal series along the rows
of ventral plates. On the whole, as noticed by Eimer, the coloration bears much
resemblance to that of Z. muralis (typ. and var. brueggemanni) as occurring near Genoa.

The young is covered with dark and light spots, with a dark lateral band edged above
and below with whitish.

According to Eimer, the colour of the back in life is yellowish green or yellow ; the
belly saffron-yellow or red.

Measurements :— ee Q.
From end of snout to vent . 71 57
fe FF ue fore limb 28 21
Length of head 17 12
Depth of head . fal 7
Fore limb 24 20
Hind limb . 2) Rend ee 30
INOYOUS Guivine fof otee ote w ce boy ies SOM mms Ber, ee 18
tania (Ke produced) i -meemeee en cn een LO, 85

The Wall-Lizard of Linosa (Pl. XXVIL. fig. 8.), referred by Camerano and myself to
the typical form, agrees in all essential respects with that from Malta, judging from the
single specimen at my disposal, received from Prof. Giglioli. It has 68 scales across
the body, 28 gulars in a longitudinal series, 23 femoral pores on each side, and 34
lamellar scales under the fourth toe. The belly is spotted with black.

The following form, from the Filfola Rock, south of Malta, is evidently derived from
the Maltese lizard, just as the Faraglioni lizard is derived from that living on Capri.
But while in the latter case the distinction rests entirely upon the darkening of the
vround-colour—size, scaling, and markings having remained exactly the same,—we here
find that the melanism is obtained by an invasion of the black markings, and this
difference is accompanied by an increase in size and, on an average, smaller scales.
The Filfola form is therefore entitled to the same rank as the var. nigriventris, which

stands to the typical form exactly in the same relation as the var. ji/folensis does
to the var. serpa.

Var. FILFOLENSIS.
Zootoca lilfordi, part., Giinth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv. 1874, p. 158.
Lacerta filfolensis Bedriaga, Die Faraglione-Hidechse, p. 19 (1876) ; Braun, Arb. zool. Inst.
Wiirzb. iv. 1877, p. 49, pl. i. fig. 14; Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p. 297.

92

yee
0G a4

402 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Lacerta muralis, var. filfolensis Eimer, Arch, f. Nat. 1881, p. 408, pl. xv. fig. 24; Bedriaga, Abh.
Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 218.
Podarcis muralis, var. filfolensis De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (5) v. 1879, p. 392.

Giinther had only two specimens of the Filfola lizard before him when he published
his remarks on Zootoca lilfordi, and both Bedriaga and Eimer do not appear to have
had access to any very large material when writing their descriptions. The figures
accompanying Braun’s remarks were taken from one of Ginther’s specimens in the
British Museum, but are very inaccurate, as the author himself suspected. A few years
ago, my friend Mr. Norman Douglass visited the Filfola Rock, and collected a good
number of specimens, which he has kindly presented to the British Museum. The
following description is based on 15 specimens, measuring from 56 to 82 millimetres
from snout to vent. Eimer’s largest specimen (male) measured 90 millimetres without
the tail.

The depth of the head (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5) equals the distance between the centre or
the anterior border of the eye and the tympanum ; its width is once and a half to once
and three-fifths inits length. The hind limb reaches the shoulder, the collar, or a little
beyond in males, the elbow of the adpressed fore limb, the axil, or the shoulder in
females ; the foot measures once and one-fourth to once anda half the length of the head.

Except in two specimens, the rostral shield does not enter the nostril; the nasals
form a suture behind the rostral; the frontal is as long as or considerably shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout; a series of granules between the supraciliaries
and the two principal supraoculars, this series complete in five specimens, whilst in nine
the first supraciliary is in contact with the second supraocular, and the second
supraciliary also in one specimen ; parietal once and one-third to once and two-thirds
as long as broad, in contact with the upper postocular, except in one specimen ;
occipital very variable in size, as long as or shorter than the interparietal, sometimes
wider than the latter; supratemporal narrow or broken up; temporal scales small, but
much larger than the dorsals; tympanic shield distinct ; masseteric shield usually well
developed; four upper labials anterior to the subocular.

Collar even-edged ; gular fold distinct.

Dorsal scales granular-subhexagonal, feebly or faintly keeled; 68 to 82 scales across
the middle of the body ; 4and 5 correspond to one ventral plate, 45 to 62 to the length
of the head; ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 26 to 31 transverse series. Anal
plate rather large, bordered by one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals ; 18 to 27 femoral pores on each
side; 31 to 36 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled, truncate ; 34 to 42 scales in the fourth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Eimer describes the colour of the living male lizard as intensely black above, with
small roundish spots or dots which are greenish yellow on the middle of the back, more

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 4035

green or bluish on the sides; lower down on the sides the spots are quite blue; a
cobalt-blue spot in the axil; the ventral shields are reddish brown or rusty red in front,
blackish grey or bluish black behind; a series of blue spots on the outer row of
ventrals. ‘This coloration, which, as pointed out by Eimer, may easily be derived from
that of the Maltese lizard, is strikingly similar to that described by Costa in his
L. acrolampra from Aspromonte, Calabria1, and is also very similar to that of
Bonaparte’s var. nigriventris. The female is described as having the upper parts
often more purplish brown, especially along the vertebral line, and the belly of a
paler rusty red, fading to flesh-colour or pale reddish brown under the limbs and tail ;
the throat pale blue, spotted with black and reddish brown.

Specimens in spirit are black above, with pale greenish-blue dots or small round or
oval spots, which are usually larger on the sides; the upper surface of the head is
brownish black, uniform or with small pale spots. A female specimen is entirely black
above. ‘The belly varies from dark grey to bluish black; in some of the males, black
spots form regular longitudinal bands on the ventral plates. The tail sometimes bears
light spots, above and beneath.

Particulars of specimens examined :—

] 2. oe 4, 5 6 7
3 82 78 26 10 29 18-20 33
iY 82 7 28 12 36 23 ?
a5 80 75 26 10 33 23 i
i. 76 «80 26 9 38 27 32
A 795 82 20 1] 36 24 34
5 75 80 28 10 3 25 33
sa 74 74 27 10 35 26-25 36
i GriumaTbIe £268" (10)" 85 24 31
9 74 69 31 10 3 24 35
a 70 75 29 10 32 22 31
35 69 72 29 10 31 24 32
‘ 6 77 29 10 36 20-21 32
Gomes 26 87 25 36
53 56 79 28 We 33 21-23 32
- par 7760 («8 CD 22 33
Measurements :—

3 Or

From end of snout tovent ..... . 82 70

ay Py 7 forelimbs) 2) oO 25

Wenetheogheadis) sj) a2eica beep ieicncs) an sce 15

10

Witdtnotaineadts cir crews laser) ore oe lS

’ Fauna di Aspromonte, p. 75 (1828).
?

404 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

So Or
Wepre 5 5 4b 6 5 o 4 aio IO 7
lore limib:s eam ep sce be ine ae oe Pl mes ECO 22
Elimdilimib erect) yok Ged te) em anne LO 38
COM, ol cat Rem aso Age oe! 20
Tails” elven oc ce), eu RC) ee Peer eels Ommmmilee oO)

A male specimen is figured on P]. X XVII. fig. 9.

VI—CORSICA anp SARDINIA.
(Plates XXII., XXVIII., XXIX.)

In their Lizards, as in many other animals, Corsica and Sardinia show much in
common. ‘The presence in the former island, as well as in Elba, of the var. campestris,
undistinguishable from that of Northern and Middle Italy, points to its former
connection with these parts of the Peninsula; and I would regard the other varieties
found in Corsica (quadrilineata and bedriage) as directly derived from the typical form
of the wall-lizard through the var. brueggemanni. Sardinia appears to have been
stocked from Corsica, possessing, in addition to the var. guadrilineata, a larger form, the
true var. ¢iliguerta, which is particularly closely related to the var. bedriage, the latter
appearing to be nearly completely connected, so far as its characters are concerned, with
the still more extreme form described by Peraccaas LZ. sardoa. Although owing to its
general appearance the true ¢iliguerta has usually been confounded with the var. serpa
of Southern Italy and Sicily, the frequent greater elongation of the parietal shields,
which, as a rule, do not touch the upper postoculars, is a character which approximates
it to the var. bedriagw and indicates, in my opinion, closer genetic affinity to the latter
than to the former. ‘The relationships and distribution of these various forms may be
expressed by the following diagram :—

N.W. Italy L. muralis typ. and var. brueggemanna. |

|
:
| var. campestris.

- |
|

Zi |
acres a A Fe
Corsica : @ var. bedriage. in

eo Se var. quadrilineata.
Sardiviia [ Gee var. surdod.
Oe ee eee eee var. tiliguerta.

As mentioned above, the var. bedriage, isolated on the mountains of Corsica (700 to
1200 metres), finds its nearest allies in some specimens of the var. drueggemanni from
the Ligurian coast, which, as pointed out by Eimer and by Camerano, are remarkable
for their strongly depressed head and reticulate markings. 1 have also drawn attention

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA, 405

to the close resemblance between other Ligurian specimens of the var. drueggemanni
and the var. guadrilineata, which, as we now know, was confounded with the typical
form (L. muralis fusca) by no less an authority than Bedriaga.

Var. CAMPESTRIS.

Lizards of this variety, undistinguishable from individuals from Northern and Middle
Italy, described above, p. 390, occur in Corsica, in Elba !, and in Montecristo.

Lorenz Miiller 2, who confounds the var. campestris with L. serpa, says they are found
in the grassy ditches along the roads near Bastia, whilst the walls are occupied by
lizards of the var. quadrilineata (genei). At Biguglia near Bastia, among the reed-grass
along the coast, he only found the var. campestris. Higher up, in the valleys, it is rare,
a few specimens having been captured at Corte (396 m.), Tattone ($02 m.), and Vizza-
vona (824 m.).

I append particulars of three specimens, for comparison with the table on p, 393 :—

Len PER epee Sd 5S 6. 7,
COrsicanrar cn won fe 70 52 27 ll 24 18-19 2
1, 5 oo Go Gro St G4. 58 26 10 26 19-17 26
Montecristo . .. 6 53 57 25 Wt 27 21-22 2

In the specimen from Elba, as wellas in that from Montecristo, the parietal does not
touch the upper postocular. The specimen from Corsica has only three upper labials
anterior to the subocular, on both sides.

Measurements :—
6, Hlba. 9, Corsica.

From end of snout tovent. . . . . . G4 70

3 a “ foreulimbr = 9 241 25
henotimorhead. Vwi a «1s 4 + & 16 15
\vigliin@erlengl so @ o 6 6 0 @ oe ice cee alll 10
Mepihiok head! sy mete! es. 9 8
iHorelimb) 2 23 21
TBbtraval Thienoy: pene 6 Sek oe ce eA 35
cote. eae ee ae os et er 20 18
Sly oa CA ies. 6. bts nck cic alle icin aerial 40) 116

Var. QUADRILINEATA.

Zootoca quadrilineata Gray, Ann. N. H. i. 1838, p. 279.

Lacerta podarcis, var. genei Cara, Mon. Lacert. Sard. p. 32 (1872).

Podarcis muralis, var. lineata De Betta, Faun. d’Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 29 (1874), and Atti Ist. Venet.
(5) iv. 1878, p. 901, and v. 1879, p. 389.

Podarcis tiliguerta, part., Camerano, Atti Acc. Torin. xii. 1877, p. 87, pl. 1. fig. 1.

1 Where, according to information received from Count Peracca, since the setting up in type of this paper,
it occurs, along with the var. drweggemanni, at all altitudes as well as at sea-level.
2 Blitter f, Aquar.- u. Terrar.-Kunde, xiii. 1902, p. 169.

406 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 274.

Lacerta muralis fusca Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1883, p. 268, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 175.
Lacerta muralis fusca, vay. corsica Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1883, p. 269, and op. cit. p. 177,
Lacerta taurica genei Camerano, Mon. Saur, Ital. p. 49 (1885).

Lacerta muralis genei Camerano, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torin. i. 1886, no. 7.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. lineata Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 213.

Lacerta muralis, var. genet Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. ii. 1904, pp. 365 & 366.

Head (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 6) about once and a half to once and two-thirds as long
as broad, moderately depressed, its depth in the tympanic region equalling the distance
between the anterior border or the centre of the eye and the anterior border of the
tympanum ; snout pointed. Neck as broad as the head. Body moderately depressed.
Hind limb reaching the collar or between the collar and the ear in males, the
shoulder or the collar in females; foot once and one-fourth to once and a half as
long as the head; toes rather long and slender, more compressed than in the typical
form. ‘ail once and three-fourths to twice and one-fifth as long as head and body.

Rostral shield narrowly separated from the nostril or, frequently, entering it; nasals
forming a suture behind the rostral!; frontal as long as its distance from the end of
the snout; a series of granules between the supraciliaries and the two principal supra-
oculars, this series either complete or beginning behind the first supraciliary 2; parietals
once and one-fourth to once and a half as long as broad, often® not touching the
upper postocular; occipital often as long as and broader than the interparietal; a
single postnasal 4; temporal scales small and granular; tympanic and masseteric plates
always present, the latter separated from the parietal by one to three series of scales ;
upper temporal shield small, often broken up into scales; normally four labials anterior
to the subocular ®.

Collar even-edged, with 9 to 13 plates; gular fold distinct ; 27 to 40 scales on a line
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate.

Dorsal scales small, round or oval, very convex, smooth or feebly keeled, 56 to 78
across the middle of the body, 5 and 4, 4, or 4 and 5 transverse series corresponding to
one ventral plate, 40 to 57 to the length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal
series®, Anal plate rather small, usually bordered by two semicircles of small plates.

‘ T have noted two exceptions, in specimens from Orezza and Ajaccio, in which the rostral forms a narrow
suture with the frontonasal, and Méhely mentions another in a specimen from Bonifatto, Corsica.

2 The series is complete in 20 specimens out of 45 from Corsica, and in 4 out of 13 from Sardinia.

$ In 11 specimens from Ajaccio, and in one from Corte, Corsica.

* F. Miller (Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882, p. 156) has mentioned two postnasals in two specimens from
Ajaccio, but this appearance is simply due to the intercalation of a small shield between the nasal and the
loreal, well above the nostril.

5 Five on hoth sides in two specimens from Ajaccio, five on one side only in three specimens, and three in
two specimens.

® Jn one specimen from Corte, Corsica, a few of the plates of the outer row are divided into two.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 407

Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or a little smaller than dorsals, keeled ;
18 to 28 femoral pores on each side, usually 21 to 25; 27 to 34 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe, usually 30 to 33.

Caudal scales truncate, upper rather strongly keeled, 30 to 37 in the fourth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Brown, olive, or green above, usually spotted or marbled with blackish and with a
yellowish or whitish dorso-lateral streak or series of spots; frequently a blackish
vertebral streak or series of spots; sides, in males, usually blackish, with numerous
round light spots; females frequently uniform yellowish brown or mahogany-brown on
the back, with a yellowish, black-edged dorso-lateral streak from the eye to the tail,
and another, wider, light streak from the ear to the groin (Pl. XXIX. fig. 2); limbs
with round, dark-edged, light spots. Lower parts white or yellow, without or with black
spots, which are usually confined to the throat and the outer row of ventral plates.
According to Lorenz Miiller, the lower parts are sometimes bright orange in males.

The following notes are taken from living specimens from Sardinia, for which I am
indebted to Count Peracca, and three of which are figured (Pl. XXIII. fic, 4, &
ET; XGXTX. fies. 1, 4):

Coppery brown, yellowish brown, greenish yellow, or bright green above ; white, with
mother-of-pearl sheen, or greenish yellow beneath ; turquoise-blue spots always present
above shoulder and on outer ventral plates ; some specimens with numerous blue spots
on the sides, alternating with green or greenish-yellow ones; the dorso-lateral streak
pale brownish or greenish yellow.

Specimens in which the black markings preponderate, the light ground-colour
appearing as four dorsal lines with small spots or cross-lines between them, have been
named by Bedriaga var. corsica (P]. XXIX. fig. 3).

Measurements :—
of 2 3. 4, 5. 6.
From snout tovent . . . 69 59 60 60 59 ae
ine aS fore limby 927 22 22 24. 24, 20
Wengthvot head’ > 2) a IG 13 14 15 15 11
NWidthvotheadi, 3 meen) Jl 8 9 10 9 7
Wepthwor heads = <9 tas 8 fi 7 8 7 6
Moresby Ves) as ee 24: 20 20 21 22 19
Inragl Irmloy BG tg 5 a 1 2) 35 35 36 37 31
NOGtEN Agron.) <3 5. ae! 9D 18 19 20 20 17
Ure te 5°. oat ee e130 90 * 118 8z* 118 100
* ail reproduced.
1. g. Flumini di Quarto, Sardinia. 4. g. Orezza, Corsica (type of var. corsica).
Bae VR 3 3s Pr 5. g. Corte, Corsica.
3. 9. Sardinia (type of var. guadrilineata). (OG 5 of

©
z=)

VOL. XVII.—PART Ivy. No. §.—October, 1905.

408 MR. G. A, BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Particulars of some of the specimens examined :-—

il 2. 3 4, 5. 6 i

Flumini di Quarto, Sardinia . . g 69 63 27 10 28 23-22 34
A a es 4 oy) el aD) 22 31

5 - is » 60 64 26 9 385 24-23 33

- 5 B CON LOO EeG: 9 27 22-23 31

a 55 a i LD Shevice seo 9 29 24-25 31

bs bs 43 oF 59 60) 932 Omer, 22 28

ss 5 3 > oH G/ BS Wh BY TPs By
Jianusei, Sardinia... 2s gf GIP 70% 25) SO” 27-25, a
5 io S eee eo ic Pay I eR ll

SS 5 Ws eee ee 7) G62 ole 2223) wee
Sardimtatsiy) at seamen Hmere tearm Se 60) (67 28° Tas 0m 326-247 30
3 ee gs, | SOL GO), 2G) ele ieee 22 aU)

re Sl Se ee re, Seis IL Be 20 31
Orezzary) Gorsicans eee ee eee ne OO OO Nn cas 9° 29 21 32
@ortes@orsican Waren is) oe eG OI OS) mn Om LOREEEZS 23 34
69 Soe eae 6 6 SA es 2d Il BO Aeeo a

Bs e » 5O 60 26 10 28 28-22 29

a 55 See, 9 ODL) ~OGa26 9 $81 20-21 30

55 5 ee So ic SC A ON. og 29 24-22 29

a _ eet aaceomesy (00) AOS 2G 9 34 28-24 30
‘Ajaccio, Corsica 7.7 fi): | 00) 570) e acommll 82 9-28-25 28
* y 4 i Ee. 00 727 eI oO 22 ?

> 99 > wy Go) BG JS Bs Baw will

= E g ny 7A) BY) 19 33

1. Length from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of body. 3. Number of
transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates in collar. 5. Number of gular scales
and granules between symphysis of chin-shields and median plate of collar. 6. Number of
femoral pores (right and left, if differing). 7. Number of lamellar scales under fourth toe.

This variety inhabits Corsica and Sardinia, and has been recorded from Montecristo
by Camerano. It bears a most striking resemblance to the Archipelagic vars. mi/ensis
Bedr. and naxensis Werner.

Var. TILIGUERTA.
Tiliguerta Cetti, Anf. e Pesci Sard. p. 15 (1777).
Lacerta tiliguerta Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 1070 (1788).
Lacerta podarcis, var. cettii Cara, Mon. Lacert. Sard. p. 80 (1872).

1 Types of Zootoca quadrilineata Gray.
> Received from Dr. de Bedriaga as typical of his var. corsica.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 409

Podarcis muralis, var. tiliguerta De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (5) v. 1879, p. 389.
Lacerta serpa, part., Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 56 (1885).

Head (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 7) once and a half to once and two-thirds as long as
broad, rather strongly depressed, the occiput quite flat or even slightly concave, its
depth in the tympanic region equal to the distance between the centre of the eye
and the anterior border of the tympanum; snout obtusely pointed, as long as the
postorbital part of the head.

Neck as broad as or a little narrower than the head. Body moderately depressed.
Hind limb reaching between the collar and the ear in males, the axil, the shoulder, or
the collar in females; foot once and one-sixth to once and a half the length of the
head. ‘Tail rounded in section, about twice as long as head and body.

Rostral shield never entering the nostril, and usually separated from the frontonasal
by the nasals!; postnasal single; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the
snout or a little shorter; a series of granules between the supraciliaries and the principal
supraoculars, the first of which is usually in contact with the first supraciliary ; parietals
once and one-third to once and four-fifths ? as long as broad, rarely in contact with the
upper postocular?; occipital as long as or shorter, and usually not broader, than the
interparietal ; temporal scales granular, small; tympanic shield distinct ; masseteric
shield usually small or absent; usually four upper labials anterior to the subocular 4.

Collar even-edged or very slightly serrated, with 8 to 12 plates; 27 to 33 scales and
granules in a longitudinal series between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct.

Dorsal scales very small, convex, round or oval-hexagonal, feebly but distinctly
keeled; 65 to 77 scales across the middle of the body; 3 and 4, 4, or 4 and 5 trans-
verse series correspond to one ventral plate, 45 to 58 to the length of the head.

Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal® and 25 to 51 transverse series. Preanal plate
rather small, with two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia feebly keeled, as large as or a little smaller than
dorsals ; 21 to 26 femoral pores on each side; 80 to 34 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe. Upper caudal scales strongly keeled and truncate or very obtusely pointed ;
30 to 40 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Adult males (Pl. XXIX. fig. 5) are bright green or greenish yellow on the back,
grey-brown on sides, limbs, and tail; the ocellus above the axil and spots on the
outer ventral shields turquoise-blue; some adult females are bright green above,

\ In two of the specimens examined, the rostral forms a suture with the frontonasal.

* As in some specimens of the vars. bedriage and sardoa.
* The contact is extensive in but one out of 20 specimens examined ; itis very slight in two other specimens,
absent in the 17 others.

4 Five on one side in two specimens.

° The plates of the outer row are divided into two in one specimen.

bw

5 H

410 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

while others, as well as young males, are reddish brown or greenish brown, without
any green; the ocellus above the axil and the spots on the outer ventral shields pale
blue or green}, ‘The dark brown or black markings of the body are of a more or less
reticulate pattern, with a tendency to forming transverse bands, the meshes of the
network enclosing round spots of the ground-colour (Pl. X XIX, fig. 6); the spots are
usually larger and darker on the vertebral line, often forming an irregular or zigzag
stripe in males. The reticulate dark markings either extend right across the back or
an unspotted dorsal area exists on each side of the spine. The pattern of markings
answers more or less to the maculata-reticulata and maculata-tigris types of Eimer,
and may also approach very closely that of L. bedriage. Upper surface of head often
with large black spots.

‘The lower parts are white, with mother-of-pearl gloss, and always unspotted.

A male specimen from Assemini, near Cagliari, sent to me alive by Count Peracca,
is of a pale yellowish green on the back, with a pale reddish-brown network; a few
black dots disposed irregularly on the vertebral line; limbs and sides greyish buff with
pale greyish-lilac round spots; upper surface of head uniform pale brownish gold; a
small turquoise-blue spot above the axil and a few others on the outer row of ventral
shields; throat and belly white, slightly tinged with lilac-pink.

New-born young are unknown to me, but the smallest specimen I have seen
(measuring 53 millim. from snout to vent) is reticulate, not striated.

Particulars of specimens examined :—

ifs 2. oe 4. 5. 6. 7.

Chale 5 6 5 a o 5 « @ 73 i 26 10) 930 25=26)77 382

+ 5 We thre 2X8) 8 28 238-24 34

it H70° 68" “Be I a7 7 eae

Fr RSet gat Mes fe) 625) 69" 27 10 SI 22-23 §63I

Assemim, ur. Caghari. . . ¢G 70 70 28 <I)! 33 245935 33

Sesardiniay eu een seme aye Lenmuae) Si Os 27, O29 23 31

= 3 84 82 26 Oy sill 23 30

i. 5s OM oS) 26 Cy BAS) 20 33

.; 35 (eis) PA} 10 «33 25 30

Bs g Gay a 28 OMe ieeece— ou Ol

Sardinia 3 iy Ff 5) 8 30 26 Sil

i} ip 5 72) 96 Tom asiael-2 32

: b P7008 G6) 29) > eee e392 81

5; Es 10) 69 ail ] on) 2l-23 ‘30

_ x 3 65 99. 12 27 22-91 33
Measurements :— *
rom end! of snout tonveniti sey aed 70

fore limb) <=). 30 25

PP] 3) 3)

1 These notes are taken from living specimens from 8. Sardinia sent to me by Count Peracca.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 411

3. 2
WWE ERG 5 Ye 5 16
Widthvotheady cr: ects yr tiche Siptee ns , La 10
Depthvotbeadie ws arene ere. LL 8
Intore dh mos Be spel Gtete ibe ie) an eS) oe) 22
Elid alin Dewees een ee | OS 37
HOOtR se ete es) eee Reoetie sn eG 21
arly a a) Week ms Lk a ORO ai So

* Tail reproduced.

This variety is restricted to Sardinia if, as suggested further on, the Balearic and
Tunisian specimens which are on record are the result of importation by human agency
or have received erroneous indications of locality.

Var. BEDRIAGA.
Lacerta oxycephala, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 235 (1839) ; Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1880,
p- 250, pl. x1.
Podarcis oxycephala Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Anf. (1840).
Lacerta oxycephala, var. reticulata Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1881, p. 82.

Lacerta oxycephala Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1883, p. 260.
Lacerta oxycephala, var. bedriage Camerano, Zool. Anz. 1885, p. 418, and Mon. Saur, Ital. p. 48

1885).
ney ub Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv. 1886, p. 284.
Lacerta muralis, var. bedriage Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii. p. 34 (1887).

Head (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 8) about once and a half as long as broad, much depressed,
the occipital region flat or slightly concave, its depth in the tympanic region equal
to the distance between the centre or the posterior border of the eye and the anterior
border of tympanum; snout more or less acutely pointed, not longer than the post-
orbital part of the head.

Neck as broad as or a little broader than the head. Body much depressed. Hind
limb reaching the shoulder, the collar, or a little beyond in males, the axil or the
shoulder in females. Foot as long as the head or a little longer (not more than once
and one-fourth). Tail round in section, rather strongly depressed at the base, once and
a half to twice as long as head and body.

Rostral shield not entering the nostril; nasals forming a short or very short suture
behind the rostral, or separated from each other!; usually a single postnasal*; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, or a little longer, or considerably
shorter ; supraciliaries separated from the principal supraoculars by a complete series
of granules; parietal once and a half to once and three-fourths as long as broad, often

1 Tn three specimens.

2 Two superposed postnasals on both sides in two males (Bedriaga Coll. and L. Miiller Coll.) and in one female
(Lataste Coll.) ; on the left side in one male (Lataste Coll.) and in one female (L. Miiler Coll.).

412 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

in contact with the upper postocular!; occipital usually broader and as long as or
longer than the interparietal, sometimes fused with it; supratemporal sometimes large,
sometimes broken up into scales; temporal scales granular, not much larger than dorsals;
tympanic shield present ; masseteric shield moderately large, or small *, or absent ; four
or five, rarely six, upper labials anterior to the subocular °.

Collar with even edge, with the plates usually small, 7 to 13 in number; 26 to 39
scales and granules in a longitudinal series between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate ; gular fold usually distinct.

Dorsal scales smooth, granular and feebly convex, roundish-hexagonal and flat on the
posterior part of the back, a little larger on the back than on the flanks; 62 to 78 scales
across the middle of the body; 4 and 5 transverse series (rarely 4 or 3 and 4) correspond
to one ventral plate, 30 to 56 to the length of the head. Ventral plates in 6
longitudinal and 24 to 28 transverse series. Preanal plate rather large, with a single
semicircle of small plates, rarely with two.

Scales on upper surface of tibia minute, smaller than dorsals, hkewise smooth ;
19 to 26 femoral pores on each side; 26 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales longer and shorter in alternate whorls, the upper feebly keeled,
sometimes even nearly smooth, truncate behind; 28 to 40 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl behind the postanal granules.

Greyish, yellowish brown, or dull green above (Pl. XXIII. fig. 5), sometimes bright
green according to L. Miiller, with a more or less developed wide-meshed brown or
blackish network, or blackish with round pale olive spots; small blue spots may be
present on the sides: this form has lost all trace of striation, even in the young,
Upper surface of head more or less spotted or vermiculate with black. Lower parts
greyish or greenish white, salmon-pink, or copper-red, with or without small black
spots ; a series of green or blue spots on the outer row of ventral shields. Markings
on the tail absent or ill defined in the adults (Pl. X XIX. fig. 7).

Measurements (in millimetres) :— a. Q.
Hromvend ol snout ito vent) mene ncn) <0.) erm 70

5) SF > foreJimbyy es 2s. ee eo 27
wengthvofthedde™ % (et G Milo ies te ke P20) 17
Wadthvofibéads % % 4: cot 6) SU ete = fc 12

Depth otgheadi(é 3. unico slush COs is) See g 8

Borevlimb), fe. y5) & ab) ber Oe yet dene ee te 25

Hind limb) .) a4 yeebay oo: aves. oP te eee Ee ee 37

Foot . CTY ee ee tre eG. coe 3 19

Tail... fave sey Nae tacos ce Co as .. a18h2

* Out of 21 specimens examined, the postocular is in contact with the parietal in eight specimens, while

it is So on one side only in a ninth.
* In seven specimens.
* Five on each side in five specimens, 4 on each side in three, 6 on each side in one, 4 on one side and 5 on

the other in twelve.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 413

The secondary sexual differences of proportions are less marked ' in this than in other
varieties of L. muralis.

I have examined 21 specimens, four of which form part of the Lataste Collection
(collected by Dr. de Bedriaga), five are from Dr. de Bedriaga’s Collection, and five
have been sent to me by Mr. L. Miller.

is 2. 3 4. 5. 6 7
Bastelica faa a9.) 6 80 78 25 il 35 22 29
‘ ee Tivo 7) me oat 10. 985 25 ?
3 Re co a D: 75 67 27 12 30 22-23 27
ihmozzOmiee se a C) fs) 66 24: 9 31 23 28
Vizzavona. aa Bi etoy 80 69 20 11 33 26-25 30
one eh Se Coe 2pm Tl =. 88 2a eye al
5 gr sy tan” 2. 82 67 26 10 3o2 22 28
Pee ee ee 60) 62,, 26)/ Sie 626 = N2TaIe Ss 58m
FS en a tame 350 On 3 24 29
Gorsicaa eae ss ES 82 76 26 12 33 25 28
3 3 78 66 25 10 32 26-25 30
ie Se ee 1 ee meen 26
$5 : - 65 71 28 12 33 24-23 29
B i 60 yO. 24 7 33 ‘99-94 180
5 é ‘5 58 58 24 9 32 23 PY
Pe g 70 72 25 9 35 24-25 29
55 70 26 9 32 2 27

Var. SARDOA.

‘The lizard recently described by Peracca as Lacerta sardoa, Boll. Mus. Torm. xviii.
1903, no. 458, from the Gennargentu, Sardinia, although very nearly related to the
var. Ledriage, cannot at present be united with it?. About a year ago, Count Peracca
showed me the unique specimen he proposed to describe, and I fully agreed with him
that it could not be referred to any described form. Its most striking peculiarity
lies in the narrow head with the parietal shields nearly twice as long as broad ;
this, together with the coloration of the upper parts of the body—a black ground
crowded with small greenish spots,—gives it a physiognomy very unlike that of
the Corsican specimens. Since then, however, Count Peracca has succeeded in

1 In a popular article on this variety (Blitter f, Aquarien- u. Terrar.-Kunde, xy. 1904, p. 356) Lorenz Muller
adduces in favour of his view that it should be regarded as a valid species, the fact that, unlike Z. muralis,
L. bedriage shows no marked sexual differences of colour and that the young do not bear any trace of a light
lateral streak. But such is also the case in the var. nigriventris, which surely no one would regard as a species
distinct from the typical Z. muralis. (See text-fig. 6b, p. 399.)

2 As has been suggested by L. v. Méhely (Allat. Kézlem. Budapest, iii, 1904, p. 194), after haying preyiousl y
identified Z. sardoa with ZL, genet.

414 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

procuring a second specimen from the same locality, which more nearly approaches the
var. bedriagw, and which shows that the Z. sardoa cannot be maintained as a species,
although it probably deserves to rank as a variety distinct from the var. bedriage.
I have been favoured by Count Peracca with the loan of the type and of the other
specimen, and I have succeeded in procuring for the British Museum three further
specimens from Signor Meloni, who obtained them in the same locality. Particulars
and measurements of them are here given, for comparison with the tables of var.
bedriage (pp. 412-13) :—

Se)
me
O1
lor)
ba |

il, 2 : : ; ; :

3 57 ey 24 12 32 23-24 28
9 78 68 25 12 33 25-26 31
Ne es 74 65 26 13 34 25-26 28
9 (type) 7000 724 926) “ae aeeameenes-24 209
f°) 58 76 25 13 30 24-25 28

Measurements :—
o.

3 aie He =

From end of snout to vent. 57 78 74 7 58
- by bs fore limb . 23 32 29 dl 24
Length of head 4 act he Pam lis) 19 17 19 15
ViWiotdy OP NER f a, 0 o oO 6) oo) A 9 11 10 1 9
DWeodnGelel 5 5 co 5 6 6 9 O oe 6 8 8 8 5
Iowsilim) 3.5 a 5s 6 0 6 0 6 OO ow ee 26 26 26 21
Haundélimbar se ae een a ciiken bOO - 39 37 40 32
[Moyohe air fee Saale GMO cho: Gy oF gp Mon Bt We 20 19 20 17
Uta SARC CM RES cht ca S Go: sce MOmmeCmmmmC 2 110 =: 128 ?

In all the specimens the rostral shield forms a suture with the frontonasai, the
postnasal is single, the series of granules between the supraoculars and the
supraciliaries is complete, the parietal is in contact with the upper postocular,
the masseteric shield is very small or absent, the anterior upper labials are four
in number, and the whorls of caudal scales are very markedly shorter and longer
alternately. The parietals may be only once and two-thirds as long as broad. As
pointed out by Peracca in his excellent description, there are a few extra femoral
pores, forming an incomplete second series, in the type specimen.

The coloration of the type specimen has been described with sufficient detail
by Peracca. His second specimen, smaller but also a female, differs in having
ihe light dorsal spots larger and fewer and surrounded by a blackish network,
much as in many specimens of the var. bedriagw; dark markings are very indistinct
on the olive-brown upper surface of the head, and the belly is uniform greyish,
unspotted. In two of the specimens received from Signor Meloni, the light
spots on the body and limbs are surrounded by black rings forming ocelli, between

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 415

which the ground-colour appears as narrow areas of a dark olive-grey; irregular
black spots and round light dots are present on the upper surface and sides of the
tail.

The type specimen is figured on P]. X XIX. fig. 8, and the upper view of head on
Pl. XXVIII: fig. 9:

The narrower head appears to be the only constant character by which this lizard
can be distinguished from the Corsican var. bedriage, but it is sufficient for preventing
us, at present, from uniting the two forms. It is also remarkable that the five
known specimens agree in having the rostral broadly in contact with the frontonasal,
a character which occurs but exceptionally in the var. bedriage.

VII.—NORTH AFRICA.
(Plate XXIX.)

Algeria is inhabited by a small form of Lacerta muralis very similar to the
Iberian var. bocagei, except that the light dorso-lateral streaks are not so close
together on the body. Specimens of this form from Oran and Tlemsen have been
described as “ variété verte” by F. Doumergue, ‘ Essai sur la Faune herpétologique de
YOranie,’ p. 124 (1901); while others, from Mascara, distinguished by the blackish-
brown colour of the upper parts, have been named by the same anthor var. fusca
(p. 125), a name already occupied. I have been favoured with the loan of two
specimens from Mascara, and I have lately had an opportunity of examining a large
number of lizards collected by Mr. Riggenbach in the Tamaruth Valley, Atlas of
Morocco, which agree on the whole very closely with the Algerian specimens, and I have
given a description of them, with figures, in the ‘ Novitates Zoologice,’ 1905, p. 75, pl. ii.

Specimens which I received long ago from Tangier, through M. H. Vaucher, differ
considerably from the preceding, and probably deserve varietal distinction. I
propose for them the name var. vaucheri, whilst retaining the name var. bocagei Seoane
for the other specimens from Morocco and Algeria, A var. tiliguerta has been
reported from Tunis, but I have reason to doubt the correctness of the locality.

Var. BocAGEI 1.

My material consists of numerous specimens from the Tamaruth Valley, Atlas of
Morocco (Riggenbach), several specimens from Tlemsen near Oran (J. Anderson), two
(types of var. fusca Doumergue) from Mascara, and a few from the following Algerian
localities in the Lataste Collection: Plateau de Sersou, Aumale, Setif, Daya, Tebesa.

The depth of the head, in the tympanic region, equals the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum. ‘The hind limb reaches the shoulder or the

* See above, p. 361,
VOL. XVI.—PART IV. No. 9.— October, 1905. Bil

416 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

collar in males, the wrist or elbow of the adpressed fore limb, or the axilla, in females ;
the length of the foot is once and one-sixth to once and one-third the length of the
head.

The lepidosis is the same as in specimens from Spain and Portugal. Four is the
normal number of upper labial shields in advance of the subocular!; the series of
granules between the supraciliaries and the principal supraoculars is complete or the
first supraciliary is in contact with the second supraocular; the parietal shield is
usually in contact with the upper postocular?; the masseteric shield is usually present,
and often large, in the Moroccan specimens, and usually absent in those from Algeria.
The edge of the collar shows no trace of denticulation, forming a perfectly even border ;
23 to 30 scales and granules along the middle line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar. The scales on the back are smooth or faintly
keeled, 53 to 68 in number across the middle of the body, 3 and 4 transverse series
corresponding to the length of a ventral shield, 40 to 60 to the length of the head.
Ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal, and 25 to 32 transverse series. Anal plate
usually bordered by a single semicircle of small plates, rarely by two. Scales on upper
surface of tibia a little smaller than dorsals; 16 to 22 femoral pores on each side ;
22 to 28 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Upper caudal scales rather strongly
keeled, truncate; 26 to 34 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the granules of
the anal region.

Doumergue describes the Oran specimens as yellowish green above, with a
greenish-yellow dorso-lateral streak, bordering a brown lateral band, the belly
bluish white. In the Moroccan and Algerian specimens examined by me (in spirit),
the colour is brownish, grey, or yellowish green, with two more or less distinct
whitish streaks on each side, the upper extending to the supraciliary edge, the
lower passing through the eye, separated by a dark brown band or by crowded black
spots; the dorsal space between these light streaks is at least as great on the body
as on the nape; brown or black dorsal spots are often present on the back, but they
are irregularly disposed, or affect a paired disposition, never forming a vertebral line;
upper surface of head uniform or spotted with black. Black ventral spots, if present,
small and restricted to the sides. Tail with or without black and white spots,
which may be very conspicuous and regular on the sides.

In the pattern of coloration, the North-African specimens often closely resemble the
var. liolepis from Spain, but a dark vertebral line or series of spots is invariably absent,
as in the Spanish and Portuguese specimens of the var. bocagei.

* One specimen from Tlemsen has 5 anterior upper labials on both sides; there are 5 on one side only in
three specimens from the Tamaruth Valley, while there are only 3 on one side in a fourth.

* Nine exceptions from Tamaruth Valley, one from Sersou.

’ The collar-shields are very small and irregular in two specimens from Aumale.

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 417

Particulars of some of the specimens examined :—

Tamaruth Valley

Mascara
Sersou .

+3 ~
Aumale

)

Setif

”

, Tebesa .

1,
52
51
51
50

42

or
Or

OS o oo a or
OK OdN or a

60

65

56

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres).
3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates. 4. Transverse series of ventral plates. 5. Number of
plates in collar. 6. Gular scales and granules on a line from symphysis of chin-shields to collar.

7. Number of femoral pores (right and left).

Measurements :—

From end of snout to vent

oP) 22 ”

Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb .

Hind limb

Foot

arlene

1. ¢. Tamaruth Valley.

fore limb .

3. 4, 5.
8 28 9
8 20 9
6 20 10
6 27 8
8 20 10
6 26 10
6 31 8
6 30 8
6 29 9
6 28 8
6 30 9
6 32 10
6 25 La
6 27 8
6 20 10
6 25 10
6 30 f)
6 30 11
6 29 )
6 25 10
6 28 9
6 30 12
6 30 11
6 a7 11
6 28 11
6 30 11

6. ie
29 18-19
29 20-21
26 17-18
24 19-18
27 20
30 20-19
30 20-21
26 17
28 18
a7 19-17
25 16
28 17
24. 18-17
20 18
29 21
27 19-18
a0 19
26 18-19
25 17
27 19-21
24 16-17
26 17-16
27 17-18
26 LS=N9
27 20-22
26 17

2. Number of scales across middle of body.

1 2,
51 46
30) wel 7
13087 10

8 Z

6 5
18 «15
97 99
Lbs ev lS
89 = 83

* Tail reproduced.

20 Se) Ditto:

8. ¢. Tlemsen.

4, 9. Ditto.
312

415 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON THE VARIETIES OF

Specimens from the Atlas of Morocco have been figured by me in ‘ Novitates
Zoologice,’ xii. 1905, pl. ii.; one from Tlemsen, near Oran, is represented on Pl. XXIX.
fig. 10.

Var. VAUCHERI.

Like the preceding, this variety differs but little from the typical form, the principal
distinction being in the smaller scales.

The head is rather short, not more than once and a half as long as broad, and
moderately depressed, its depth, in the tympanic region, equalling the distance between
the eye and the tympanum. The hind limb reaches the shoulder in males, the elbow
of the adpressed fore limb in females; foot once and one-sixth to once and one-third
the length of the head.

Head-shields as in the typical form, but parietals rather shorter, usually but little
longer than broad; series of granules between the supraciliaries and the principal
supraoculars complete, or first supraciliary in contact with the second supraocular ;
parietal in contact with the upper postocular, except in one specimen; masseteric
shield present, except in one specimen; four upper labials anterior to the subocular
(one specimen has five on one side, another has three).

Dorsal scales finely granular, distinctly keeled, 61 to 731 across the middle of the
body, 3 and 4 transverse series corresponding to one ventral plate, 36 to 50? to the
length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series. Scales on upper surface
of tibia a little smaller than dorsals. 23 to 26% lamellar scales under the fourth toe.
Upper caudal scales moderately or strongly keeled, truncate or very obtusely pointed
posteriorly.

Olive-grey above, with small black spots or reticulations; a more or less defined
dark lateral band, bordered above by a whitish streak or series of white spots; no
vertebral line or median series of spots ; hinder side of thighs with round white spots ;
two series of white, black-edged spots along each side of the tail; belly uniform white
in both sexes, or with a few scattered black dots; throat with black dots.

Particulars of specimens examined (as in preceding table) :—

i, (Omer ct: Lb ae T. J
$ 52 68 «66 )~ 6.26-— «10s 80-—S—s«d8+19 = AM(wH) 1946,7.1.98
: 49 70 6 24 10 23 17-18=Bm(wH) 1446,9,1,a%
9 Dil wnOlls 626. s0 9 26 18-17~Bm(wk\(946,9.1, AG
Fy 51 «67. -6OB]siadSsiSs«dB+17 - Benet) 1446, 4.1, 30
- 50 78. 6 80 10. 24 18-25 = mere) Med TA

50 68 «6

76 in the specimen from Algarve, described above, p. 365.

57 in the specimen from Algarve.

oo

28 in the specimen from Algarve.

30. 10 28 15-16 = Bmcwtt\ (746.9.1. 2},

sia
sat

LACERTA MURALIS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA. 419

Measurements :—

3 or

From end of snout to vent . 52 50
5s - e foredimby wen, 2S. 3 ESE 19
Length of head : re he Re 10
Waidthtok head :) “80. 5 Ay ae, 3 ss 9 7
Depth of head . SSC Cone ae CaO 6 5
OTe MIMD eee no erste earn ad Pegs ee LO) 15
Lebnavslubhenleye 2-0 ‘ounce meretoe Ror cemece Couns. atl) 24.
OOURESESoRP ERS? i. cb col kan KenPeeco ut os Bho 13
Fite PE eS iste, (ise See, kd. Me ae OS 83

A female specimen is figured on Pl. XXIX. fig. 9.

Var. QUADRILINEATA.

Camerano long ago (Atti Acc. Torin. xiii. 1877, p. 87) recorded the occurrence
of this form, described by him under the name of JL. tiliguerta, in the vicinity of
Tunis, where two specimens are reported to have been collected by the late Marquis
O. Antinori in 1865. These specimens, preserved in the Turin Museum, have been
kindly entrusted to me for study by Prof. Camerano, and I find one of them to agree
in every respect with specimens of the var. guadrilineata from Sardinia and Corsica,
while the other is referable to the Sardinian var. tiliguerta, as pointed out to me by

ount Peracca. ‘The association of these two specimens points to Sardinia as their

country of origin, and as, since 1865, no one has ever found either of the Sardinian
varieties in any part of Tunisia, I cannot help regarding it as highly probable that
some mistake has taken place in the labelling of the specimens in the Antinori
Collection.

It may perhaps be useful to give particulars of the two specimens preserved in the
Turin Museum :—

Me 2. 3 4, 5. 6. Te
3, var. quadrilineata . . 60 63 27 11 31 22-23 31
6, var. tiliguerta . . . 638 72 27 10 28 23 30

The Lataste Collection contains three specimens, belonging to the var. guadrilineata,
received from M. Ed. Taton as from Cyrenaica. ‘These lizards agree entirely with
Corsican specimens, and the fact that a Lacerta vivipara bearing the same indication
of locality was received along with them makes me regard the information as doubtful,
to say the least.

I have thus been unable to convince myself of the occurrence of either the var.
quadrilineata or the var. tiliguerta in North Africa, and I consider the report of their
presence there as based on erroneous indications of localities.

420 VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.

Tabular Synopsis of the Lepidosis in the Forms described.

1G ae 3. 4, 5. 6. te 8.
F.tgpicd . . «2 = 42562 2394455 98:45 (46.0. 93:82 | W712) aolapmemameos
Vauocage) 9.) a OO S—OD 3, 3-4 36-60 6-8 25-32 8-12 23-31 13-19
Vv. olepis’ =.) suet (02-60 3-4 42-56 6-8 25-31 10-14 25-39 15-22
TROUT: & 6 6 5 <o Hlen@ 3-4 36-57 6-8 24-32 9-11 24-31 13=19
vy.monticola .. . . 46-50 3, d—4 27-34 6-8 28-29 9-10 22-25 17-20
V.lispanica . . . . 50-60 3-4 45 6 26-31 9-10 26-29 15-19
V. pityusensis . . . . 55-68 34,4 35-47 6 26-30 9-14 26-84 19-24
Vellore. (. = 0-a0 3—4, 4-5 42-62 6 26-30 9-15 30-40 17=25
v. breviceps. . . . . 46-55 ey) 24-36 6 23-28 S210 20225 anaeiG
v. brueggemanni . . . 51-65 3-4, 4 35-52 6 23-27 9-12 22-30 17-25
v. nigriventris. . . . dd-71 3-4, 4 37-51 6 24-29 8-12 22-99 18-23
v. campestris . . . . 83-65 3, 3-4 33-50 6-8 23-32 8-11 21-32 15-24
Vv. serpa . we Re *58=7ii 3-4, 4, 4-5 35-60 6 24-30 7-12 D335) 18-29
v. filfolensis . . . . 68-82 4-5 43-62 6 26-31 Sl) 29-38 18-27
v. quadrilineata . . . 56-75 3-4, 4-5 40-57 6 24-32 9-14 26-37 18-28
V.tiguerta . . . . 65-82 3-4, 4, 4-5 45-58 6-8 25-31 8-12 27-33 21-26
v.bedriage . . . . 62-78 3-4, 4, 4-5 30-56 6 24-28 7-13 26-39 19-26
W.iS@n@o® 0) 0) GO=T0 4,4-5 33-47 6 24-26 12-13 30-35 23-26

1. Number of scales across middle of body. 2. Number of transyerse series of scales corresponding to one
ventral plate. 3. Number of transverse series of scales corresponding to the length of the head. 4, Number
of longitudinal series of ventral plates. 5. Number of transverse series of ventral plates. 6. Number of
collar-plates. 7. Number of scales and granules in a longitudinal series between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median plate of the collar. 8. Number of femoral pores on each side. 9. Number of lamellar
scales under the fourth toe.

PLATE. XXil.

422

VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.

Fig.

He

AMIN OSL
Lacerta muralis.

Var. brueggemanni Bedr., ¢. Genoa (p. 383). Natural size.

la. Ventral aspect of same.

&)

fae

Var. brueggemanni Bedr., ¢. Genoa (p. 383). Natural size.

~ a. Ventral aspect of same.

ca)

vo.

Var. brueggemanni Bedr., 8. Genoa (p. 383). Natural size.

3a. Ventral aspect of same.
4,5. Var. nigriventris Bp., 6. Old walls of Rome (p. 387). Natural size.

6.

Var. nigriventris Bp., 6. Old walls of Rome (p. 387). Ventral aspect.

MSY AM

Jol.

f)
OC.

CO

Cree
/
eo

TON).

hog

ad ee
EEE bthbh bm
riz

sc

D.MacBeTH

LACERTA MURALIS.

PEATE: XXII1L

VoL, Xvil.—Part tv. No. 10,—October, 1905.

424 VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.

PLATE XXIII.
Lacerta muralis.

Fig. 1. Var. li/fordi Gthr., ¢. Mahon (p. 576). Natural size.
la. Ventral aspect of same.
2. War. serpa Raf., ¢. Faraglioni, near Capri (p. 396). Natural size.
2a. Ventral aspect of same.

9

3. Var. brueggemanni Bedr., ¢. Genoa (p. 383). Natural size.

4. Var. quadrilineata Gray, 3. Flumini di Quarto, Sardinia (p. 407).

Natural size.
Var. bedriage Camer., ¢. Corsica (p. 412). Natural size.

ad.
5a. Ventral aspect of same.

‘SITVYUNW VLYsOV'!

‘os HLasOVW'O
OLOHd N3BND'L

HAN 26 MK 726 °E PLL

7

4

AUS OX TV

426 VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.

PEATE XXIV.
Lacerta muralis.

Fig. 1. F. typica, 3. Fontainebleau (Lataste Coll.) (p. 356). Natural size.

2. Rs » Dinant, Belgium (p. 356). ve
3 3 ee ah a (p. 355). *
4. e -» _Domodossola, Piedmont (p. 355). *
5 a », High Pyrenees (Lataste Coll.) (p. 358). A
6. Var. bocagei Seoane, ¢. Galicia * (p. 362). as
if a ne 2. e (p. 362). *
8. - a é. Serrade Gerez, Portugal (p. 362). ,,
9. Var. liolepis Blgr., ¢. Valencia, Spain (p. 364). ~
10. a cle MON A » (p. 364). Fe
11. Var. monticola Blgr., 2. Serra Estrella, Portugal (p. 365). ,,
12. = - » Galicia (p. 366). a
15}, k Ae »» Spain (p. 366). x

14. Var. hispanica Stdr., @. Spain (p. 368). SS

MT F¢ AX.

ot, SK. Vil

Trans

aaet

yk TPF Stagg at

{As

ancien gl —
oir

; CP a syne a fis 11

Pee,

~,,

J. GREEN, PHOTO.

MACBETH, so.

D

MURALIS

LACERTA

‘p6e

PLATE XXV.

a
Lo
ioe)

VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.

Forma typica, 3.

Var. bocaget Seoane, ¢. Serra de Gerez (p.

Var. liolepis Bl

Var

be)

2.

3

TE AVIER ee NONGVE
Lacerta muralis.

Turin (p. 354). Upper view of head. x 23.
Ferriere, Apennines (pp. 3838, 378). Upper view of
head. xX 23.
St. Malo (p. 854). Upper view of head. x 22.
Voslau, Vienna (p. 354). Upper view of head. x 24.
Dinant, Belgium (p. 355). Posterior part of body and
base of tail. x 23.
High Pyrenees (p. 358). Upper view of head. x 23.
Bagneres de Bigorre (p. 359). Side view of head and
anterior part of body. x 23.
362). Upper view of head.
< es (p. 362). Side view of head.

er, ¢. Valencia (p. 364). Posterior part of body and base

of tail. x 24.

. monticola Blgr., 2. Spain (p. 366). Upper view of head. x 23.

)
- » (p. 366). Side view of head. xX 23.
3 » (p. 967). Posterior part of body and base
Ofwtall ec s

Var. hispanica Stdr., 9. Spain (p. 368). Upper view of head. x 3.

Var

39

. breviceps

Bl

}

a » (p- 3868). Side view of head. x 3.
gr. 6. Italy (p. 879). Upper view of head. x 24.
bs 5; (p: 3/9). Sideiyiew of head. 22.
a » (p. 379). Posterior part of body and base of

tail. x 22.

Trams Tool. Soo. Vil nA IG AKV.

2 3Bee.
4
9

1290:

18 m
SCL Ew

‘A ieee

J.GREEN PHOTO

LACERTA MURALIS

’

PLATE XXVI.

430 VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W.

PLATE XXVI.

Lacerta muralis.

Fig. 1. Var. pityusensis Bosca, 3. Iviza (p. 372
la. 25 92 2) >» (p. 370
10. és * 3 (pest
2 ee a 9. a (Desi
3, 4. én ‘. 3. <p (pelo
5. r 4s Q. (pp. di

6. Var. lilfordi Gthr., ¢. Mahon (p. 376).

a

EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.

Natural size.

Side view of head. x

Posterior part of body a
of tail. x 24.

Natural size.

Head and anterior part of body.
Natural size.

Head and anterior part of body.
Natural size.

Gat
“90 .
nd base

Natural size.

ie # » 55 I. del Ayre (one of the types) (p. 376). Natural size.
7 a. 56 one “ " (p. 373). Upper view of
head. X 24.
7b. , , 29 mA ss (p. 873). Side view of
head. x 24.
Te a A : Pr a (p. 374). Posterior part

of body and base of tail. » 25.

Trans Loot, Soc. Vol, NUP ANV.

a HME one et

zr)

ri

J.GREEN PHOTO. D.MACBETH §

LACERTA MURALIS.

PLATE XXVIL

452 VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.

PLATE XXYVII.
Lacerta muralis.

Fig. Var. campestris Betta, 6. Treviso (p. 391). Natural size.
» » fe » (p. 391). »

if
2.
3. Var. serpa Raf., g¢. Pompeii (p. 396). Natural size.
{
5

3b » oc» Momei(p. 396). .,
OCs » @. Liparild.(p.395). Anterior part of body. Natural size.
6. Pe » 6. Messina (p. 296). is a
te s » ¢. Catania (p. 396). is - Le
8

Od. ue ae ener te Id. (p. 401). 2 ra Ss
9, 9a. Var. fisiensis Bedr., ¢. Filfola Rock (p. 404). Naturai size.

Trans Lol. Soc. Vol. MM FY NAVEL

Se oy

a
a
4
a

J.GREEN PHOTO

LACERTA MURALIS

PiGARE XX VT,

434 VARIETIES OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N, AFRICA.

PLATE xexevibii:
Lacerta muralis.

Fig. 1. Var. nigriventris Bp., ¢. Rome (p. 385). Upper view of head. XX 2.

la. s om tee » (p. 385). Side 53 % 33

2. Var. campestris Betta, ¢. Turin (p. 390). Upper _,, op ioe

2a. 99 ce eee 7. ((p2o90): “Side 5 ks 3

20: ™ ere 3 1¢peoOL): “ower —;, ie 5

Z ss op Ar » (p. 391). Posterior part of body and base

Of tailn = Xe3-
3. War. serpa Raf., ¢. Rome (p. 395). Lower view of head. x 2.

SUB - sot ease » (p. 395). Posterior part of body and base of
tail. 32;
4, - » » Bosco di Marineo, Palermo (p. 398, table). Upper view
of head. > 2.
Aa. - nN Me 45 a za (p. 898, table). Side view of
head. x 2.

5. Var. filfolensis Bedr., ¢. Filfola Rock (p. 402). Side view of head. x 2.
6. War. guadrilineata Gray, 2. Ajaccio (p. 406). Upper ,, F <a:

7. Var. tiliquerta Gm., ¢. Cagliari (p. 409). o ys . Ser
7a. . ees 55 (p. 409). Side ,, - 5
8. Var. bedriage Camer., ¢. Corsica (p. 411). Upper ,, : .
8a. y ee eda sals Sidemuaes ~ Hs
9. Var. sardoa Peracca, 2. Gennargentu (p. 415). Upper ,, i 5

Trams Lol. Kee. Vol. MM F¢ ANVIL

J.GREEN PHOTO.

D.MacBETH sc.

LACERTA MURALIS

GEO EX.

<3
:

e

att ae
: x
VOL. XVIL—PART IV.

: <= i
No. 12.—Oetober. 1905.

436 VARIETIBS OF LACERTA MURALIS IN W. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA.
2

PEATE XXX
Lacerta muralis.

Fig. 1. Var. guadrilineata Gray, 3. Flumini di Quarto, Sardinia (p. 407). Natural

size.

2. 3 -» @. Lanusei, Sardinia (p. 407). Natural size.

3. 5 » o&. Orezza, Corsica (p. 407). Anterior part of
body. Natural size.

4. 50 » o&. Flumini di Quarto, Sardinia (p. 407). Lower

view. Natural size.
5. Var. tiliguerta Gm., 3. S. Sardinia (p. 409). Natural size.
6. i ahs, ce (p. 410). Anterior part of body. Natural
size.

7. Var. bedriage Cam., 6. Corsica (p. 412). Natural size.

8,8a. Var. sardoa Peracca, 9. Gennargentu (p. 415). Natural size.

9. Var. vaucheri Blgr., 2. Tangier (p. 419), Natural size.
10. Var. bocagei Seoane, 2. Tlemsen, Oran (p. 418). Natural size.

0. Vol. MM FU AAA.

‘ 5 Cp
105, Toot. « 0

D.MAcBETH sc

J.GREEN PHOTO.

LACERTA MURALIS

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