Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

Senet estes SE ERE

A

e ra = — : 7.
EE EES TN oe Pe EES epee ree TAY
i oog é 7 . Vereen ft i : J mat pes

awl

. |

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 225

Washington, D. C. July 1935

CONVERTING FACTORS
AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS
USED IN FORESTRY

Prepared in the Division of Silvical

Research, Forest Service

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. --------+-- 77777 Price 15 cents

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 225

July 1935

Washington, D. C.

CONVERTING FACTORS AND TABLES OF
EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY

Prepared in the Division of Silvical Research, Forest Service !

CONTENTS
Page | Tables—Continued. Page
Mao GUCHONVal: 2222 satese Ses See 2h ot 1 Ratios for customary map scales__-__-_____ 13
TaO] OSS De ARR cee eta ep mal nen Sa anata alae Oiee 2 Scale of velocity equivalents of the
Weenotits rte aes fe ere _2 2 Beaufort scale of wind_________________ 13
LESTE RCE Co oie ee ee 3 Relative mumudily, =o 5 492 14
Volume and capacity_____._____________- 3 Quartercirthyumitss: ss 2 See 15
\WGIRAn pone So 2 Une ee kn ae ay Gk ae eae oa ee 4 Natural trigonometric functions_________ 15
WELOOT Ny Se 2 kT RED Rone ATS eer ee men 4 International log rule!_— 222-222 16
Tea ee ee eee | 5 Scribner decimal C log rule_________._____ 17
Weight as applied to length______________ 5 Solid cubic contents of logs. _____________ 18
Weight or pressure as applied to area____ 5 Comparison of log rules__________________ 19
Weight as applied to volume___________. GMO ant Ge eee mcmin re bon ign sh ae Cente 21
Volume of various units of weight of Temperature, figure 1___________________ 21
CCl eee en es re ea he PN en ee 6 Wengthemeownresi2-3... = ss 23,25
Weight of various units of volume of Areas neuresia jes’ fo eee et 27-33
(WIIG ee ae ee 7 Volume, figures 8-10____________-________ 35-39
Rainfall per unit area____________________ 7 AWieie lat efi ore ie e ee 41
Reservoir capacity_________ 5 Oa eats | Se 7 BOwer fewune gop 25.032 228.2 S 5 ee 43
Discharge or flow of water______.________ 8 Wood volume, figure 13_________________ 45
Approximate quantities of forest prod- Wood volume and basal area per unit of
ucts represented by board foot measure_ 8 area, figures 14-15______________________ 47,49
Approximate equivalents of forest prod- Weight and volume per unit of area,
TCLS RIN sas | END eB See es on ced by 8 Newre iG {yy LL A) ee oe Se 51
ATER OLSQUATES eee Ma 9 Volume per unit of area and weight per
Area of small circles (basal area) ___--_-_- 10 unit of volume, figure 17_______________ 5
Area of large circles_____________________- 12 Discharge or flow of water, figure 18____- 55
Number of trees per acre_______________- 12 Value per unit of area, figure 19__________ 57
Grades and slopes____.___..._._________- 12 Coefficients of correlation, figure 20______ 50
INTRODUCTION

The increasing use of metric measurements in the natural sciences
is causing considerable confusion and difficulty in interpreting data.
This is particularly marked in forestry where not only are direct
measurements involved, but these measurements are also applied to
different units of area. Thus while the conversion of centimeters to
inches is a relatively simple matter, the conversion of board feet per
acre to cubic meters per hectare is fraught with difficulties which are
further increased when monetary values are involved. The purpose
of this handbook is to provide members of the Forest Service with
conversion factors and forest measurements that are more or less fre-
quently encountered in forestry literature. These are expressed in
tabular form where it appears most advantageous to do so; in the

1 By E. N. Munns, assisted by Theresa (. Hoerner and V. A. Clements.
12°035—35——1 1

SSS

7 >?
7 — “. ——— oe -

Z, MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

other cases a series of alinement charts have been prepared which
permit the direct determination of values in multiple form. There
are included also certain other tables giving data more or less com-
monly used in forest calculations.

In the tables the unit value on which the conversion is based is
indicated as 1. Conversion units are not carried beyond six decimal
places. When the final digit is not exact but represents a rounding
to the nearest value, it is italicized. Figures in parentheses ( ) below
the decimal figure are approximate values for use in rough calculations
where a high degree of accuracy is unnecessary. Figures in brackets [ 1
below the decimal figure are exact values.

The tables are adapted for ready use. An example or two will best
illustrate this. Given the average height of a stand as 42.67 meters,
to convert to feet: In table 1, column 9 is headed ‘‘ Meters’’; on the
same line with the figure 1 in this column will be found all the various
conversion factors that are likely to be needed by the forester; the
factor under ‘‘Feet”’ is 3.280833, by which the given height, 42.67
meters, is converted to 139.993 feet. Similarly, a cubic centimeter
of a certain tree seed weighs 0.35 gram; how much will a bushel,
avoirdupois, of this seed weigh? In table 9 the factor for pounds per
bushel, found by locating first the figure 1 under ‘Grams per cubic
centimeter” is 77.6893. This factor gives 27.19 pounds per bushel.

In all the tables, United States units of weight are understood to
be avoirdupois unless otherwise specified.

TABLES

TABLE 1.—Length; unit conversion factors, with approximate values

Inches Links Feet Yards Rods Chains!]| Miles ? ene _| Meters nae

31 | 0. 126263 | 0: 083333 | 0.027778 OOO SOS | ie ea ee ee 2. 540605 ONO2 5a | are
(4%) [Me] [6] (400) (24) (140)

7. 92 1 0. 66 0. 22 0. 04 QSOS esa eee 20. 11684 OS2OMG Sa za
(74) [5] [Moo] (20) (%)

12 } 1.515152 31 | 0.333333 | 0.060606 | 0.015152 | 0. 000189 30. 48006 0. 30480/ 0. 600305
(14) [44]. (Me) [Yo] (30) (0)

36 | 4. 545455 3 31] 0.181818 | 0.045455 | 0. 000568 91. 44018 0. 914402 0. 000914
(4%) (4%) (42) (Mo)

0. 3937 OOO I OL ORV pO ONO G BY | La i 4] OkOla Ear

%) (40) (40) (40)
39. 37 4.97096 | 3. 280833 1.09367 | 0. 198838 0.04971 | 0.000627 160 1 0. CO1
(40) (5) (%) (40) | (4600)
Furlongs

198 25 16.5 5.5 1 0. 25 | 0.003125 0. 025 5. 02927 0. 005629

[14] [420] [40] (5) (4400)

792 100 66 22 4 1 0. 0125 Q. 1 20. 1168 0. 020117

[Yo] (20) (40)

Siete sax 5, 280 1, 760 320 80 1 8 | 1, 609. 347 1. 609347

(1,600) | - (434)

Dien eee 660 220 40 10 0. 125 i 201. 168 0. 201168

[34] (%)

2c, Vee Ee 3, 280. 83 | 1, 093. 61 198. 838 49. 7096 0. 62137 4. 97086 1, 000 i

(200) (50) (8) (5)

1 Surveyor’s chain; the engineer’s chain=100 links of 1 foot each is not used.

2 1 nautical mile (termed ‘‘knot’’ as unit of velocity) =1.1516 statute miles=1.85325 km=1 inch of are on
the earth’s surface at the Equator.

3 British units: 1 yard=0.914399 m; 1 foot=30.47997 em; 1 inch=2.539998 em; 1 hand=4 inches=10.16
cm; | span=9 inches= 22.86 cm; 1 cubit=18 inches=45.72 em.

41 millimeter=0.1 em=0.03937 inch =0.00328 foot.

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY

TaBLE 2.—Area or surface; unit conversion factors, with approximate values

Square

Square
inches links
1 | 0.015942
(463):
62. 7264 1
(63)
144 | 2. 295684
1, 296 20. 6612
(20)
O), Wy jes oe
1
1,550 | 24.7104
10, 000

11 mm 2=0.01 em 2=0.00155 square inch.

Square
feet

0. 001076
(ooo)
10. 76387
(11)

4, 356
43, 560

27, 878, 400
107, 638. 7
10, 763, 867

Square
yards

1. 19599
(1%)

484

4, 840

3, 097, 600
11, 959. 8

(12,000)
1, 195, 985

21 square chain=16 square rods. .
3 1 acre=area 208.710 (210) feet square=3.16 chains square.

Square
chains

0. 0001
0. 00023
0. 002066

(¥o00)

0. 002471
(400)

21

10

6, 400
24. 7104

(25)
2, 471. O4

0. 00001
0. 000023
0. 000207

0. 006247

0.1

34

640

2. 471044
(214)

247. 104
(250)

Square
centi-
meters

6. 451626
(675)
404. 6873
929. 034
8, 3861. 31
14

10, 060

Square
meters

0. 040469
(%5)

0. 092903
(41)

0. 836131
(4%)

0. OGOL

1

Square

miles

0. 000156

[4640c]
0. 0015625
620)

0. 003861
(450)

0. 386101
(2%)

404. 687
4, 046. 87
(4,000)

2, 589, 998
10, 060

1, 000, 000

Hectares

Square
kilo-
meters

0. 040469
(45)

0. 404687
(%)

258. 9998

(260)
1

100

0. 000465
(4500)
0. 004047
(1450)

2. 590

(234)
mea

a)
on

(

TABLE 3.—Volume and capacity; unit conversion factors, with approximate valucs

United States
measure of

volume !
Cubie Cubie
inches feet

United
States
dry
measure,
quarts

1 | 0.000579 | 0.014881

1, 728
1. 80469

0. 061023
(es)
61. 0250
(61)

67. 260625
(67)
2, 150. 42

5]

0. 035316

0. 038889
(4s)

1. 24440;
(144)
35. 3145
(35)

0. 429684
(25)

0. 859367
(6)

3. 43747
0. 000908

0. 908102

p

32

908. 078
(910)

United States apothecaries’ and liquid
measure 2

Fluid
ounces

128

0. 033814
(%o)

33. 8147
(34)

Bushels

0. 03125
[142]
8

28. 3774

Pints

0. 002113

2. 11342
(2)

Quarts

0. 001057
(000)
1. 05671

(1)

1, 056. 63
(1,000)

Gallons

0. 004329

7. 48052
(744)

0. 264178
(44)

0. 280912

9, 309177
(9)

264. 170
(265)

Metric system

Cubic
centi-
meters 3

29. 5737
(30)
473. 179

1, 000. 027
(1,000)

1, 101. 23
35, 239. 28
1, 000, 000

Cubic
Liters 4 meters
(steres)
OROLG3S 7 |e
(0)
28. 316 0. 028317
(28) (145)
OR O29 a5 al eee
(Ya)
OR47SG7 4 eee ae
(4)
0. aes 0. 000$46
1
3. 785332 0. 003785
(4) (1265)
0. 5010 0. OOOGGL
(4000)
1 0. OC/
(4 000)
1. 101198 . 0. 607
(4000)
35. 23833 0. 03526)
(35) (40)
999. 973 9
(1,000)

1 1 cubic yard=27 cubic feet = 21.696 bushels=0.764559 m 3 (stere).
? 1 gill=7.21875 cubic inches=4 fluid ounces=0.25 [4] liquid pint=0.125 [44] liquid quart=0.03125 [42]
galion =0.118292 liter.

3 1 cubic millimeter=0.001 cm 2=0.00006/ cubic inch.

4 1 liter= volume pure water at 4° C. and 760 mm pressure weighing 1 kg =0.028378 bushel=0.001308 cubic

yard.

5 1 cubic foot =0.80356 bushel=0.037037 cubic yard.
6 The British imperial gallon=10 pounds distilled water at 62° F. (and barometer at 30 inches) = 277.418
cubic inches=1.20094 U.S. gallons=0.16054 cubic foot = 4.545963 liters.
71 cubic centimeter =0.999973 milliliter (ml).
8 The British imperial bushel=8 British gallons=2219.340 cubic inches=1.032050 United States bushels=

36.37 liters.

91m 3=1.308 cubic yards.

3

—————— =_——

3

=—=

—————

=< =

=

ee ee

os

TaBLE 4.—Wezight; unit conversion factors, with approximate values

Avoirdupois weight 2

Grains !
Drams | Ounces | Pounds | Drams | Ounces
1 0. 03657 | 0.002286 | 0.000143 | 0.016667 | 0.002083
$7) [4000 [460] (%oo)
27. 34375 1 0. 0625 | 0.003906 0. 45573 | 0. 056966
[Me] (450) (4%)
437.5 16 31 0. 0625 7. 292 0.9115
(440) [46]
7, 000 256 16 1 116. 667 14. 5833
(1444)
60 | 2.194286 | 0.137143 | 0. 008571 1 0. 125
(2) (Yi [+6]
480 | 17. 55429 1. 09714 0. 06857 1
(1) (4s)
5, 760 210. 651 13. 1657 | 0.822857 96 12
(13) (%
ONO15432> |GO8 000567) ae aa oe | ee Ol0002578 ea
(%s)
15. 43236 | 0. 564383 | 0.035274 | 0.002205 | 0. 257206 | 0.032157
(15) (4s) (4o)
Hundred- Short Long
weight tons tons
Wis. eee 100 0. 05 0. 045
[140] (440)
A al ak pence ee 2, 000 1 0. 89286
(Mo)
Dee | eet Ss 2, 240 et?
(1M%o)
Fives (Dis | ye eee ee ce 2, 204.62 | 1.102317 | 0.984206
(1Mo0)
15, 482. 4 | 0.022046 | 35. 27396 | 2.204622 | 0.001102 | 0. 000984

(35)

(2%)

Troy and apothecaries’ weight

Pounds

0. 002679

2. 679228
(272)

1 The grain is common to avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries’ systems.
2 British units include 1 hundredweight (long, or one-twentieth long ton)=4 quarters=8 stone=112
oounds=50.8 kg; 1 stone=14 pounds=6.35 kg.
3 1 ounce (avoirdupois) =0.001 cubic foot of water at 16.7° C., or 62.05° F.
41 metric carat =200 mg=3.08647/ grains.
§ 1 tonne=10 quintals=100 myriagrams.

MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Metric system
Milli- j Kilo-
grams Grams grams
64. 7989 | 0.064799 |__-_______
(65) (44s)
ihapeeerernces, <3 > TRIAS GS | fpr So oe
Deiimetaer MS BY GS) se ee
(28)
dehy? ln 453.592 | 0.453592
(450) (44)
£$id. oS 8 BEY RR) fico se
(4
Nhe =. = Se STSO3 435 == eee a
(31)
2, oe eae & 373. 2418 ! 0.373242
(375) (26)
4] Ox001F 12a
1, 000 1 0. 001
Milliers,
tonnes, or
metric
tons
OXO253 59g aes 45. 35924
(440) (45)
OL9OTISS a see ee 907. 1849
(%o) (900)
O16 Oana ae 1, 016. 05
(1) (1,080)
a lg [rey ee A 1, 000
0. 001 1, 080 zt

TABLE 5.—Velocity; unit conversion factors, with approximate values

Miles per
hour

Knots per | Meters per | Meters per | Kilometers

second

per hour

SN ee ee

Feet per Feet per
minute second

1 0. 016667

[¥6o]

60 1

88 1. 46667

(144)

101. 337 1. 68894
(100) (124)

3. 28083 0. 054681
(344) 50

196. 850 3. 28083
(200) (314)

54. 6806 0. 911343
(55) (1)

0. 011364

(Yoo)
0. 681818

(7)
1

1.15155

hour minute

0. 009868 0. 304807

(oo) (43)

0. 592086 18. 2880

(3% (18)

0. 868393 26. 8225

(%) (27)

1 30. 8875

(31)

9). 032376 1
(0)

1. 94253 60
(2)

0. 539593 16. 6667

(19) (17)

0. 00508

(4400)
0. 30480/

(483)
0. 447041
0. 514791

(43)
0. 016667
Veo]

0. 27778
(14)

0. 018288

|

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 5)

TaBLeE 6.—Power; unit conversion factors, with approximate values

Foot- Foot- Kilogram- :
pounds pounds Watts | meters per E sete de Horse Kilowatt
per minute | per second second P
1 0. 01667 0. 0226 (Os COLOA5) 5 ee oe AN): EL
[Yo] (M5)
60 1 1. ae) 0. 188255 0. 00184 Ok0018 2 eae :
44, 2537 0. 73756 14 0. 101972 0. 00136 0. 00134 0. 001
(45) (34) (Mo)
433. 9799 7. 23300 9. 80665 1 0. 01333 0. 01315 0. 0098
(434) (10)
32, 548. 6 542. 475 735. 499 WS 24 0. as 0. ee
34
33, 000 550 745. 7 76. 04 1. 01387 1 0. 7457
(750) (1) (4)
44, 253. 7 737. 56 1, 030 101. 972 1. 3596 1. 341
(45, 000) (100) (144) (114)

11 watt=107 ergs per second=1 joule per second.
21 force de cheval=1 metric horsepower.

TABLE 7.—Weight as applied to length; unit conversion factors, with approximate
values

Grains per | Pounds per | Pounds per Pounds per| Grams per | Grams per| Kilograms

inch yard foot inch meter centimeter| per meter
1 OOO STAB Cee hee Beg ape er ee 2. 551133 O02 0)/ teed ee
(400) (24%) C4o)
194. 444 1 0. 333 0. 027778 496. 054 4.96054 | 0.496054
(200) [4] [146] (500 (5) (4)
583. 333 3 1 0. 08333 1488. 16 14. 8816 1. 48816
(600) [42] (1500) (15) dy’
7, 000 35 12 Pep | Newest ee Sac 178. 579 17. 8579
(180) (18)
0. 391983 0. 002016 0. 000672 0. 000056 a | 0. 01 0. 001
(%) [Moo] [“Yoool WE
39. 198 0. 201597 0. 067197 0. 005600 160 1 0.1 By
(40) (4) (4s) (400) ih
391. 9826 2.015911 0. 67197 0. 055998 1, 000 10 1
(400) (2) 24) b y
{ '

11 gram per meter=3.5489 pounds per mile=1 kilogram per kilometer.

TABLE 8.—Wetght or pressure as applied to area;! unit conversion factors, with

approximate values

Feet of F Milli- i)
Pounds per] Pounds per | water col- Kilograms | Grams per meters of Atmos- 1
square foot |squareinch| umn or cal Pasa mercury pheres t

head 2 eUer Tees ecolumunis i
t | 0.006944 | 0.016018 ASPS |e RONABBON sues 0. 000473 i
[Yaa] (460) (5) (14) LR
144 4] 2.306645 703. 067 70. 3067 51. 7134 0. 068044 }
(70) (As) |

62. 4283 0. 433530 51 304. 801 30. 4801 22. 4193 0. 029499
(2214) (%s) |
0. 204817 0. 001422 0. 003281 1 (Ds sD nth em eat 0. 0000968 |

(4) (“o0000)

2. 04817 0.01422 0. 03281 10 iia | areata a 0. 000968 |
(2) (Yo) ry
2. 784578 0. 019337 0. 044604 6 13. 59545 1. 359545 71 0. 001316 1
(234) (40) (1) 4
2, 116. 28 14. 6964 33. 8993 10, 332. 54 1, 033. 254 760 81 ‘A
(14%o0) ‘4

: Pressure unit=1 barye=1dyne per square centimeter=0.0010197 gram per square centimeter =0.010197 |
kilogram per square meter=(approximately) 0.000001 atmosphere. 1 megadyne=106 dynes per square |
centimeter =0.98092 atmosphere. if
2 At 4° C., or 39.2° F. a

3 At 0° C., or 32° F. 1 inch of mercury column=70.728 pounds per square foot =1.132954 feet of water= f
345.325 kilograms per square meter=25.40005 millimeters of mercury =0.033421 atmosphere. 4

41 pound per square inch=0.072 ton per square foot.

5 1 foot of water =0.882648 inch of mercury =0.30480/ meter of water.

6 The specific gravity of mercury at 0° C.

“1 millimeter of mercury =0.03937 inch of mercury =0.013595 meter of water.
8 1 atmosphere= 29.9212 inches of mercury =10.332542 meters of water,

6 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TaBLE 9.—Weight as applied to volume; uniti conversion factors, with approximate
values

KKilograms | Grams per

Grains per |Pounds per|Pounds per|Pounds per|Pounds per per cubic | cubic cent-

cubic inch | cubie yard bushel

cubic foot gallon

jae I geass belesien as 0. 807203

1 ig || aes ase

SOOO! Ble eee ee a 1

(344)

4, 05093 27 1. 24446

(4) (4)

SORS030" Glee ae see 9. 3092

(30) (94)

| 1. 68556 0. 077689
(174)

| 252. 893 1, 685. 56 77. 6893

| (250) (1, 700) (80)

0. 246857

7. 48052
(718)

0. 062428
(46)

62. 4283
(62/2)

meter imeter

0. 0330 3. 95425 0. 003954
(0) (4) (%50)
Ts Sea Ne 0. 593273 0. 000593
36)
0. 10742/ 12. 8718 0. 012872
(Yo) (13
0. 133681 16. 0184 0. 016018
(4) (16) Céo
24 119. 826 0. 119826
(120) (%)
0. 008345 1 0. 001
(20)
8. 34545 1, 000 31
(8)

1] pound per cubic foot =1.60188 kilozrams per hectoliter=0.0135 ton per cubic yard.
21 pound per gallon=0.1198 kilogram per liter.
31 gram per cubic centimeter=1 tonne (metric ton) per cubic meter=(approximately) 1 kilogram per

liter.

TasBLeE 10.—Volume of various units of weight cf water, with approximate values

Unit of weight

Wi

Cubic | Gipie | Pints

olume of various units of weight in—

- Quarts :
bean inches (liquid) | (iquid) Liters Gallons

Noa Ee ees Se ah aoe the eee, Cee x ee eS OOS4799% 40: OO39 57S re ee es SS AR aie he ee er ae epee
(5) (4450)

a 6 Do Y= eta aS NS Pap ee se ap rcs ea 2 ANS 23. 3495 1.72998 | 0.059913 | 0.029956 | 0.028349 | 0.007489

(134) (46) (42) (46)

I pound-e sees See NeNet soe eee 453.592 | 27.6797 | 0.958608 | 0.479303 | 0.453580 | 0. 119826

(450) (1) (4) (4) (4)

Uf. TE Ta ae a Ee ite ae ee IU MACOS F030 2S for eine a Ms Sey alacant tans] Nets o Dee a AS ee s
('e6)

1 kell Og Ta ina epee yee is Pe ee ees 1,000 61. 0234 2. 11336 1. 05668 1: 0. 264170

(60) (2) (1) (4)

A SHOLE COMES SAREE Sa ae EES = RR oS: ES! OIE ee SON Ee ae 907. 160 239. 652

(240)

DE TrM GET isk 2 EAE 8 ag oc Bs rg a gen i 1 1000 264. 170

—

Volume of various units of weight in—

Unit of weight

Cubic feet

10. 001

Bushels_ | Hectoliters Sere ees

ONOWZB 78 a) OES Lega ee Seas as pea a a Oe ee
(460)

0. 028377 10.01 0. 001308 0. 091
(4s)

25. 7436 9. 07160 1. 18655 0. 907185

(26) (9) (1%) (.9)

28. 3774 110 1. 30794 1

(28) (14)

1 Water has its greatest density at 4° C. and 760 millimeter pressure. At this density, 1 liter of water

weighs 0.999973 kilogram. - This value was used in the conversion here presented.

For all practical

forestry purposes, a liter of water can be considered as weighing 1 kilogram. Similarly, 0.001 cubic foot of
water is considered as weighing 1 ounce. This density is attained at 16.7°C.

2 Metric ton=1.1023112 short tons.

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY i.

TABLE 11.—Weight of various units of volume of water, with approximate values

Weight of various units of volume in—

Unit of volume

Grains Ounces Pounds Grams Kilograms
1 cubic centimeter________________________- 15. 4324 0. 0385274 0. 002205 1 0. 001
(1514) (140)

He cbieune hs — a a eee a a 252. 893 0. 578040 0. 036128 16. 3872 0. 016387

(250) (35) (40) (16) (460)

Heroin ON Ua ch) as ae eee TS TOE Se ae 16. 6909 ME O4 STS: | 1, Sea eee ee 0. 473179

Ao © (1) (%

eqtrant: (quid) ese eee eke Bo EE ee 33. 3818 2EOSOS0M| ae eee 0. 946359

(33) (2) (1)

TH VU Se ne aaa at 2 Rohe pia nals Se SA iit ENR |. ce 2 ea 35. 2749 2. 20468 11, 000 1]
(35) (2¥%)

TL Gap Osi Se ae feng a ee, ee 133. 527 Seado4o) | eames 3822 3. 78543

RCUENC ORT (135) OO = (4)

Short tons | © Metric tons

TL CLD) OVC OO) pees ee es Las ee 0. 031214 2 1,000 62. 4283 0. 028317 28. 3170

(42) (6212) (4s) (28)

TL? LOBES) 0) (eer ee ee Sc erent Ee meena 0. 038845 |__-_-___.__- 77. 6893 0. 035239 35. 2393

(41) (80) (42)

Mpneetolitera 45-2 sos hee tee (0), OVARY Jn ee 220. 468 10.1 1100
(16) (220)

HE CHOC SV ALG a es ee ee ee oa eee OF 8427827 | Saas 1, 685. 56 0. 764559 764. 559
(%) (1, 700)

IeCuUlbicmeten=2— 225-28 2a eee ee als TOP RYE a= a eee cae 2, 204. 62 1 1, 000
(2200)

1 A liter is, by definition, a unit of capacity equivalent to the volume occupied by the mass of a kilogram
of pure water atits maximum density (4°C.) and under a pressure of 760 mm. It is actually equivalent in
volume to 1.000027 cubic decimeters. In forestry measurements, however, 1 liter is considered as weighing
1 kilogram and having a volume of 1 cubie decimeter.

2In forestry measurements, the weight of 1 cubic foot is taken as 1,000 ounces. The absolute value is
998.853 ounces.

3 Approximately 1 long ton.

TaBLeE 12.—Raznfall per unit area; equivalent measurements

: eas In cubic In gal- | In cubic} In short c In metric
Unit of rainfall inches lons feet tons In liters tons
imimeh permackOsas2 2255-5222 2225eh ee 6, 272, 640 27, 154 3, 630 113. 3 102, 788. 0 102. &
1 millimeter per hectare-___------------ 610, 234 2, 642 353 11.0 110, 000 10
1 millimeter per acre--------------- oy. 246, 954 1, 069 143 4.6 4, 076. 76 4.0
19,999.73.

TaBLE 13.—Reservoir capacity, in equivalent measurements

Cubic Cubie Cubic
Acre-foot '| Gallons feet yards meters

1 | 325, 851 43, 560 1, 613. 33 1, 233. 49

1 The volume of a prism 1 foot high with a base of 1 acre.

8 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

- , . . £ aS y : > .
Taste 14.—Discharge or flow of water; unit conversion factors, with approximate

values
Cubie feet E
Cubie feet} Gallons | per second; Acre-feet | Miner’s | Liters per Cubic
per minute] per second | (second- per hour inch ! second HSS DS
feet) second
1 0. 124675 0. 01667 0. 001377 0. 667 OLA POS SORES eo ees
(4s) [Yo] [24] (44)
8. 02083 1 0. 133581 OFOUIOS: pba teecer 3. 78533 0. 003785
(8) C79) (140) (334) (4450)
60 7. 48052 1 | 20.082645 40 28. 3163 0. 028317
(715) (M2) (28) (736)
726 G0. 5143 Lt 1 484 342. 627 0. 342636
(90) (12) (500) (350) %)
1e5 0. 187013 0. 025 0. 002066 1 O05 707906in oe
[142] (4) [40]
2. 11882 0. 264178 0. 035315 OSO0G2Z91Ol2 eeoreneee” 1 3 0. 001
(2) (44) (440)
2, 118. 87 264. 170 35. 3145 2EGIS5 oR | Seen 999. 973 1
(2000) (265) (35) (3) (1000)

1 Approximate values only; the miner’s inch, used in many Western States to measure water flow, is the
quantity of water that will pass through an orifice 1 square inch in cross-section under a given head, and
varies from 1.36 to 1.73 cubic feet per minute. In California the legal standard is 1.5 cubic feet per minute,
oF the flow through an aperture 2 inches high in a 1.25-inch plank under a 6-inch head above the center of
the stream.

2 Or 1.98347 (approximately 2) acre-feet per day.

3 See footnote 1, table 11.

TABLE 15.—Approxzimate quantities of forest products represented by 1,000 feet of
timber board measure (1 M feet b. m.)

Product Quantity Product Quantity
Shingles). wk ge ee ee ee 10:.000) |eHenceMostshe 22 =e 2 ae pe 202
Dey Hic a rs oe te rete an ne oer 5, 000 || Round timber (ratio, 6:1) cubic feet _____ 166. 667
ETO. Spero erie nhc a 3, 000 || Sawed material (ratio, 12:1) cubic feet ___ 83. 333
Slack: Sta vesars ss See oe ye eee 3, 000 || Poles (telephone)________________________ 16. 667
Tight staves-etitiat 2. SRaRR ie | SMeeD & TROOOc | ESteres: Gare) 2 fee 5 ee Ee ee rao
Slick heading, sets= = eee eee SOO CordSwils 3. o: SS. Se eee 0
Mechigheagdine. Sets mses sas ee 250

TABLE 16.—Approximate ! equivalents of forest products

Cubie
Cubic feet Board feet Cords meters
(steres)
| PORN rere os Eos Es 42) eee Cee We ee ESS Ee: 26 ee eee 0. 0283
9008. 2 ee ee en 1, 000 2 7. 25
00 452.20 8S ee ie Se SOE a ee eee 500 1 2a)
PF oS nn ple ica ey ees gee I Le ee ee eee ee Ee 138 0. 25 1

1 Most of these volumetric units are not capable of absolute conversion because of the character of the
product and the manner ofits utilization.

2 The board foot per cubic foot ratio varies greatly, depending upon usage. Theoretically, 1 cubic foot
contains 12 board feet. For average values 6 should be used, though 10 is a convenient figure for approxi-
mations. When the conversion applies to tress, ratios of 3 to 8 should be applied.

3 The number of cubic feet of wood per thousand board feet varies as between softwoods and hardwoods.
Tn softwoods, conversion factors vary from 160 to 220 cubic feet (working average about 183), and in hard-
woods, from 220 to 250 (working average 242).

4 Standard cord is 4 by 4 by 8 feet and contains 128 cubic feet gross volume (3.626m*) . Because of methods
of piling, character of material, ete., a cord of wood contains from 75 to 115 cubic feet. 90 cubic feet is taken

as a rough conversion figure generally applicable.

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY

TaBLE 17.—Areas of squares, length ef one side being given !

Length of each side of square

Teet Meters Chains
i 0. 66 0. 201 0. 01
3. 28 1 .050
6. 56 .099
6.6 2.012 |
9. 84 3 149
10 3. 048 152
13.1 4 . 199
13, 2 4. 023 x
15 4.572 O27
16. 4 5 . 249
16.5 5. 029 25
19.7 6 . 298
19.8 6. 035 aa
20 6. 096 . 303
23.0 7 . 348
25 7. 620 379
26. 2 8 398
26. 4 8. 047 4
29.5 9 447
30 9. 144 455
32.8 10 497
33 10. 058 5
35 10. 668 539
39.6 12. 070
40 12. 192 606
45 13. 716 682
46. 2 14. 082 7
49.5 15. 088 15
50 15. 240 758
52.8 16. 093 ;
55 16. 764 . 833
59.4 18. 105 9
65 19. 812 985
65.6 20 994
66 20. 117 1
70 21. 336 1. 061
vB 22. 860 1136
80 24. 384 1. 212
82.5 25. 146 1. 25
85 25. 908 1. 288
90 27. 432 1. 364
95 28, 956 1. 439
98. 4 36 1.491
95 30. 175 1.5
100 30. 480 1.515
104. 4 31. 808 1.581
115.5 35. 204 1.75
131.2 40 1. 988
132 40. 234 2
147.6 44, 983 2. 236
148. 5 45, 263 2.25
164 50 2. 485
165 50, 292 2.5
196. 8 69 2. 983
198 60. 351 3
200 60. 960 3. 030
208. 7 63. 615 3. 162
229.7 20 3. 480
231 70. 409 3.5
262. 5 80 3.977
264 80. 467 4
295.3 90 4, 474
297 90. 526 4.5
328. 1 100 4.971
330 100. 584 5

1 The value in heavier type is that from which the corresponding values were computed. Continuing

decimals or rounded values not shown in this table.
21 milacre.

122035*—35——2

Square feet

0. 4356
10. 76
43. 06
43. 56
96. 87

100

172, 22

174, 24

225

269. 10

272. 25

6, 806. 25

107, 638. 7
108, 900

Area of square

Acres

. 00025

. 00230
. 00395
. 004

. 00517
. 00618
. 00625
. 00890
. 009

. 00918
. 01211
. 01435
- 01581
. 016

. 02002
. 02066
. 02471
. 025

. 02812
. 036

. 03673

. 04649
. 049

. 05625

. 05739

. 064

. 06944

. 081

. 09699

. 09884
1

. 11249
. 12913
. 14692
. 15625
. 16586
. 18595
. 20719

. 22239
. 225
. 22957

25

. 30625
. 89537
A

Se SO) a a a es

a)
. 50625
. 61776

AROS orb bo

Hectares

0

,

SR

10 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TaBLE 18.—Basal area in square feet from given diameters of 0.1 to 60 inches}

Diameter, Area of || Diameter, Area of | Diameter, Area of Diameter, Area of
inches circle | | inches circle | inches circle inches circle
Sq. ft. es ee Sq. ft Sq. ft Sq. ft
DES cee es 0. 0061 i (eS eee ia a 0 1 Usa pei Rewniees. wi 1. 3444 Deh eee ae 3. 0121
oer eee Bee . 0002 Ba ok srrege me 3491 15 .8e goed 1. 3616 ah ees Sees 3. 0377
O32. eee O005 ==) || "Sats see 3578 Ate Seer 1. 3789 RE ak as Mee 3. 0635--+
Q:4 ene Soe See 0009 B20 imaare: 3667 iGem 5 =. Se 1. 3963 TAN BO 3. 0S95—
O'5r eee, 0014 SBE N et 2 3757 1G tee = See 1. 4138 TRIG Sree 3. 1155—
Ol6= ees ea 0020 SA i aie 50 3848 AGF does 1.4314 Zan MC SIS 3. 1416
O75 o ae 0027 Si erewae oe . 3941 iGmece aos Fe 1. 4491 DAR SOE: 3. 1678
OiSets wee ae O035=—||(S Ghee . 4034 Grae boas 1. 4669 DAS BSE ce 3. 1942
O:O5r oe mere 0044 oe ieee . 4128 1 ee Oe 1. 4849 2ATS Ree 3. 2206
[has Snes eae 0055— ||°S.8is2ee5_ __ . 4224 165642 es 1. 5029 DAA ea wee 3. 2472
1 [es Wiese eta Leos 0066 S Oe eirapee . 4320 Gwe f= ees 15201) TAM See 3. 2739
eters Site 0079 eee ee . 4418 Tr) fo 1. 5394 ZAG eae eee 3. 3006
i Lee eget “ae 0092 i ee es ee . 4517 168052 Sooke 1. 5578 DARTS as aes 3. 3275-++
i ie Pe Soy . 0107 Oe casa Oe 52 . 4616 yee eee: 1. 5763 JANGS 2S 3. 3545+
1 ia se ees Ss . 0123 Sie se see .4717 i yc eee, 1. 5948 DAIQ ES ok one 3. 3816
WEG a Gries . 0140 Le ae ey ee . 4819 yaaa See ee Se 1. 6136 Divi cs Res 3. 4088
1 ey Se Ee oc . 0158 Oey es . 4922 11/53 eens, Be 1. 6324 PAF | | Seeageh yeg sh) 3. 4362
i [ese pete Os 0177 0:6. gases 2 = . 5027 ily (<a een 2a 1. 6513 DUONG ee 3. 4636
y OR tenes eee . 0197 QUG ete Tee SOLS? IU Gis aes BB 1. 6703 A ee BU 5 3.4911
D2 5, RAG Te . 0218 ORE tee eee 5238 HAGE. Se ees 16895 —- hehe Sees 3. 5188
Dili D1 Ate oe 0241 O19. Sadie SO . 5346 i Uy erage Ves 1. 7087 Dhtp en ee ee 3. 5466
Did hs ae B 0264 1 Qivake sey 28 Ue . 5454 UijeSwe Reet 1. 7281 251Ge 2 ee 3. 5744
DQ ee. Hees Sk . 0289 LOMie). see . 5564 N7COR: ewe Be 1. 7476 Dale SACRA 3. 6024
DAS GE a: . 0314 IQ Decne < 5675 |||Pl Sree es 1. 7671 DAN 3) Aneel 3. 6305+
2 Gash: Buea . 0341 1G: 3 ees Ses . 5786 1 es) oe ee 1. 7868 QhiGn ee Fae 3. 6587
2 GU Mier Braet pee sO369— Sl) EOi4 Gesu . 5899 USt2ie 2S2 BS 1. 8066 2685 oes 3. 6870
OA (eee ae 0398 tO: 5 Seek See . 6013 QU eve fee 158265 -a1| 26a = oe: eee 3. 7154
DIR are ae 0428 LOG. ee 6128 19:4 80 eS 1. 8466 26 eB 3. 7439
Poste 2 ees ee £2 0459 NOI 7 Resse . 6244 AQUR ee? Lae ee 1. 8667 Pen op a Ad 3. 7726
RES eae a 0491 TOSS peareete ae. . 6362 USGS. 22 sae 1. 8869 25AL 2a ee 3. 8013
B18 elie eS 0524 LO:92 25am . 6480 Ch ees Es 1. 9073 ZI De as Biv 3. 8302
Si as eas 0559 | eee os ee . 6600 1RiR eyelets 1. 9277 26:62 oan hee 3. 8591
Suey tee easton 0594 1G 5) eee eee . 6720 1S: Geo ae tes 1. 9483 Dec ee 3. 8882
SSA by eee ee eee 0631 PED meet 6842 LORE 5 ee 1. 9689 Pe dco). een Sn 3. 917.
Seeley ee 0668 1a Sie on ee 6964 DOMwy 2 ead 1. 9897 26:98 2 Sho 25 | eS OAGY,
SIGUE a eee 0707 11] 7: Reese Se 7088 19:2 See oe 2. 0105 PA fe, Ses SR 3. 9761
By ee ae O747 USL SE eee eee 7213 RORSO AE Bae 2.0316 | ZU MES So Ebel 4. 0056
SIR ex ota 0788 DEG qebeaeng 7339 194ane Teese 2. 0527 Doak, ene Rade 4. 0352
Po Je cs eet 0830 1h eos 7466 1h ee ees 2. 0739 PA enti ae 4. 0649
Aa Taye ate RS 0873 ES er 7594 [Ol Gas s-2ies 2. 0953 yf. | Se See 4. 0948
Aoleates wewe:. 0917 1 At eS eee T7724 POLaseE See 2 2. 1167 (PS) eee apes 4. 1247
Al) sess Se te . 0962 1 0.Gee SS eee 7854 i GS oj ae Ce ee 2. 1382 7 fe (Seen tere 4.1548
ABS eek Keo eis . 1008 Va eo ee FR b=) ti 199s se 2. 1599 le es So 4.1849
YW. Oe Rea = . 1056 LOO aueraiee .8118 Obie BaF 2.1817 D7. Bene Soe 4. 2152
5 pear tle ey . 1104 1 2 ae . 8252 20s. Fe 220305- 1 1527.98 ae 4. 2456
AGS sso R es eto || Ord Seeaiinn i . 8386 ADPZS: F0=S ke. 2 2255-4 2S eee See 4. 2761
yy (nai eed oes P05 — (2th a See 8522 DOSE Se oe sks 2. 2476 7c 9) | LSE Semen? 4. 3067
AER Assi pee E1257 DIG seine. ee 8659 My ARS GBs ani 2. 2698 Das ho Sy Sewanee Sey 4. 337
AOE SS . 1310 1 (ee ee 8797 ZO ihe Sos See 2. 2921 23:308 ees 4, 3682
Li Wiarstae Sore oe Ws . 1364 DER Yas ee Soe 8936 AG 5 ee 2 ST45- 928 dee ae 4. 3991
al eee . 1419 13.8 Es ee . 9076 2. )57 (oa et 2. 3371 28 jeeses ES 4. 4301
Lif AEN eet te ee 1S stAib =. |i lbh wean Se 9218 A) Se ae ae 2. 3597 Doi Re ae 4. 4613
5igeer eel yee . 1532 LON eieoteese 8 Be 9360 20 Ose. Se 2. 3824 pe i (ot eee 4.49254
Ly a a ee . 1599 1183 ONES Ee 9503 Die Bo My sees 2. 4053 28:8 ee 4, 5239
hibt ate ees . 1650 StS eee. 9648 DATE Fa 2. 4282 DS.0US os oe 4, 5554
HiGER TE eee. . 1710 PSA ede wk 9793 74 ae See 2. 4513 DO ENS 25, ree 4. 5869
sae ALW Y(F- BED eee eee . 9940 ALS ee eee 2, 4(45—FI) 20 Fee eee 4, 6186
Lio Vieng ae 1835 —— |b siGeeene eee 1. 0088 DARASE os) oto 2. 4978 20: 2S 22: ALE © 4. 6504
piQ meee See . 1899 USt7 Pore E - 1. 0237 IAC: ae eee 2. 5212 29: 3E0 se: oe 2a 4. 6823
Ge eee en . 1963 SIS e We Fe 1. 0387 PAN Oe Se 2. 5447 20 dees eer 4.7144
O.1b See Ss . 2029 1319 eee Fs 1. 0538 Foi IS (2 Lee eerie Eo 2. 5683 20 Se ee 4. 7465—
6: 2aics eet S . 2097 WAR oo he Sp 1. 0690 AS eee 2. 5920 29 Gee Fs 4. 7787
6.3). 45 Seees 2165— Ian Wet Ses 1. 0843 DASE te 2S, Se 2. 6159 29 ie ee 4.8111
GAazeieis bn ee 2234 TALO be eh ae 1. 0988 Fale iae ae SENGEgS & 2. 6398 20. SEE ee ee 4. 8435+
6:53 see ae . 2304 14S 3 sparse Lee S, 1.1153 22 UE ae Ss 2. 6639 Pails ees BSI 4. 8761
6.65 5225 . 2376 PATA ae ee 1.1310 Ta Aa SE ae 2. 688 30: ee 4. 9087
Goh eee . 2448 athe Sas eee 1. 1467 FI a OE Bae 2. 7123 3Qc SS eae 4.9415+
G:8i2te. Seep” . 2522 Ar GE Seta 1. 1626 SIA nas ae DA 2. 7367 3 2 eee 4.9744
6: Qiks ass gina . 2597 Aare Sere eta 1. 1786 ZI EER 2. 7612 30:3 aes es 5. 0074
$2 See . 2673 HATS oe ee 1. 1947 2eibh ss ee a8 2.7858 30142) Se 5. 0405-+
Cale Seem Se . 2749 1 4t Quam ec SAE 1. 2109 A ie eRe mee 2. 8105— 1-30.52 es 5. 0737
(fy eS ee . 2827 pee ee ae 2272 DOSES ee eae 2. 8353 20:62 5. 1071
Yer ee eS . 2907 [isl age ee 1. 2436 Poe ek nae 2. 8602 SOG eee 5. 1405—
yh Paseo ae . 2987 15ers 1. 2601 Be eae eS RE 2. 8852 BOS 7st ae ae 5. 1740
El es Bnei 2 . 3068 a See ee 1. 2768 1 eal i ease 2.9104 30:92 2. sea 5. 2077
Vii ewe eee . 3150 GAS a See US ATR | PAL CdE oe 2. 9356 Sik = he eeee 5. 2414
Vy Pees gOS . 3234 Get ae 1. 3104 Pause Seasons 2.9610 Sie eee 5. 2753
roe ee Sails) PG a ees 1. 3273 7a eee os 2:9865— Ul Sie 5. 3093

i in .1415926536; basal area in sq. ft. =0.0054541539/ (0.005454154) times the square of the diameter in
inches

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY i 1
i
TaBLe 18.—Basal area in square feet from given diameters of 0.1 to 6O inches— [
Continued
‘ f
Diameter, Area of Diameter, Area of Diameter, Area of Diameter, Area of
inches circle inches circle inches circle inches circle
¥
Sq. ft Sq. ft. Sq. ft Sq. ft P
Sp) eae 5. 3434 30 Dees seat. . 8. 0844 AEs Bat 11. 3909 DONQ ee ca enee 15. 2630 |
ST cs eS eae i 5. 3776 Ou ORE es eeres: SHED =— 1 Ane se ee 11. 4409 Iso} weaken AB ye 15. 3207 /
Sle fat SARE Scope 5. 4119 OO eee: eee 8. 1686 FY a en “11. 4909 ta Xo i) Ufapnlenena Dh 15. 3786 {
ile Gye ee ea 5, 4463 OS Oe eee = 8. 2109 AG ee ee 11. 5410 EBS De lane 2 15. 4866 \
P77 set Sa ep 5. 4808 38:9 eee 2 8. 2533 AG line One 11. 5912 dif en eae omen Bh oe 15. 4947 |
fil ites eas Ss Fy, Gas ssl Weegee ee ee 8. 2958 AG KDR ea -_| 11. 6416 DoeAears eee 15. 5528
CCiU AS) ae RU a 5. 5502 P40 at ae 8. 3384 AGI eae ee 11. 6920 Le ayiare spans Oe et 15. 6112
CB Vike ds EE a 5: 5851 OO Dees Noe 8. 3811 AG Aiea 11, 7426 - DStO Ree ae ee 15. 6696 h
Sesh. Bae Re 5. 6200 SO Oe eee 8. 4239 AGU Seas 11. 7932 Doe a A 2 15. 7281 i
as Sa pele 5. 6551 SOR Asree i See. 8. 4668 ANG) Qiaciieilgarios OF 11. 8440 SPY ae ess Se 15. 7867
Seen eee 5. 6903 SO eee ae eee 8. 5098 AGS Reet = SOMA 11. 8949 5S Ore eae 15. 8455 —
SAH |S ean aie 5. 7256 396s anatep eee 8. 5530 AGRE iene 11. 9459 fife eae ae ee 15. 9043
One Sue oe 2 5. 7610 PAC) (asa 2) Bese 8. 5962 46.9__________]| 11. 9970 F208) inshenal seas fans 15. 9633
De hee te ae 965 — | |eoo oe 8. 6396 A [aber ier bs de |Adl DOAS2 Es Ey Jas concen pees 16. 0223
$3). 7/ eee 5. 8321 SOG es tn pee 8. 6831 A aN ee lea gees 2 IPL OSS SW yeaa ss ee 16. 0815+
DONG errs 5. 8678 AQ 2 genase ie 8. 7266 APN nes Ege __| 12.1510 Es ae So oat ra 16. 1408
BVA) s 5 Sea eet, 5. 9036 AQ AS ROe See 8. 7703 AN bape ae 2 12. 2025-+- |} 54.5___-______ 16. 2002
Sha ut a ae 5. 9395 AQ 2 cite 5 is 8. 8141 27 (lee ea 12. 2542 DA Gate eee 16. 2597
Sota heed ee a 5. 9756 AQiS 5G 8. 8580 AD eee Sek: ise 12. 3059 DET pet ss) 16. 38193
a eh nr 6. 0118 A (RAN Seen ae 8. 9021 CA Sy Sega el, 12. 3578 Oe eee a 1G aio)
Bo Dae Seeae peta 6. 0481 A) ioe Wes ate 8. 9462 AST EN ate, epee 12, 4098 AGO aera teeen renee 16. 4389
Spi eke ee eee 6. 0844 ADiG= ae Sey 8. 9904 ABs = ok 12. 4619 OO a Lee ee 16. 4988
Sah Shae i ieee 6. 1209 ZAG fame se, RS age 9. 0348 PoE fel) 0 ea i Dc 12. 5141 tS LS Base a Se 16. 5589
SE eee Gad5 75355) 40!8 ee 22 9. 0792 AG se str ot 12. 5664 LSS Ae ceseeceneree 16. 6190
SON ee ete 6. 1942 AQ Op ee Mes oe 9, 1238 AS Melis a! 5 __| 12. 6188 a Seen 16. 6793
Sac a eee ae 6. 2319 Ah Se a 9. 1684 A Diapers EIS bs 12. 6713 ity: aap eee nee 16. 7397
SB eee eee 6. 2689 Ce Kak oe a 9, 2132 ARES ete Oe, 12. 7239 Opel eee 16. 8002
ere SUEY 6. 3059 HA Oe a MA Abe 9. 2581 ARE Atma eae Ne __| 12. 7767 DONO eee ae 16. 8608
Sh Tl cite ee es 6. 3421 Arlee yet ree ae Seny 9. 3031 Ar Fy gs lie: ie uke Se l24S295-— Oba meee eee ae 16. 9215—
Ss TERIOR Se 6. 3794 ANP Ann S Di UeArS : 9. 3482 AR Gui A Oe 12. 8825— Lio Spey 16. 9823
SL Ye See soi 6. 4168 AN 5 Seta ne kee 9, 3934 A Pm RSE 12. 9356 520 Sees nie 17. 0432
Oi eae eee came 6. 4542 Au Gore ae Se 9, 4387 ARE Semis se glare 12. 9887 Li speeale SO wee 17. 1042
CE faeces Seer (alta 6. 4918 AU be 7 iectesalene te iia 9, 4842 AS: O core 28 Egon 13. 0420 Op See ae eee 17. 1654
Coy (0) a eer ea O, OH [Wh dbo Lk eee 9. 5297 AOR rss ys eet, A 13. 0954 ee eae 17. 2266
Soeimeee ae 6. 5673 ANTE Olea aes eto 9. 5754 AGQrslvrens bat tena 13. 1489 Rp ses-= ____| 17. 2880
eo fo) ie So 6. 6052 BD) RO RM ee 9, 6211 AGED Marys 5 Sian 13. 2025++ || 56.4________ __| 17. 3494
el 0) ee ae Pa 6. 6432 AD ese aia core 9. 6870 ADI ume ot alee 13. 2563 5010s sete eae 17. 4110
15) Sen a ee ae §. 6813 ADS Seen: 9. 7130 AQ Apeie eS iie: 13. 3101 OOEG)22 Se eee are 17. 4727
Sele ees 6. 7196 DONE N ceed Be nent 9. 7591 ALOIS yn EIS alamo 13. 8640 £5) oY Aas ces -| 17. 53845-+-
DLO) See de 6. 7579 GL) Si oA 6 ee 3 9. 8053 AGH Gey aaa 13. 4181 56188 ne Sane 17. 5964 |
Bao ee ey ae es 6. 7964 A DANG se See er ey aD 9. 8516 AQT Tee Saint ee 13. 4723 HOLO Rane Rae 17. 6584
1/4 Papen ae Ss Ee 6. 8349 AD) Gere oaye 2 9. 8980 AQIS ots Lente 2=)\ 1B; BASD=— |I! Bese S-5-<-- 17. 7205
SV a att AN Nolet 6. 8725 BD Ne AEA te 9. 9445 AQLQ EP ee _| 13. 5809 bo lek ndinda es 17. 7828
14) -ee eae a 6. 9124 CODES} meestslane the del 9. S911 15) aE He lo a 13. 6354 Oi See eee 17. 8451
(15); eee Seo 6. 9513 LON ae Ae ene! 10. 0379 Hi} 0-3 eae ety ad __| 13. 6900 SES Re Sere 17. 9076
ie een eae 6. 9903 ZAG coher Re Oa 10. 0847 bai) Peres pieces abe 13. 7447 Dy PAS ee ean 17. 9701
3500) eae a 7. 0294 Zot bated aie LB So | OS eal EXO) aie same e 1s}, (Oo byeba ee oss 18. 0328
S502, Sees Eeedes 7. 0686 A120) pal | Mes 10. 1788 ESS) 2 eats cee oS 13. 8544 SAGES eae 18. 0956
OR eee 7. 1079 zs ape & peta aay 10. 2259 SOE Rae neato 13. 9095 — SY hentai eee a 18. 1585— |
Soom Bat 7. 1473 AD TAM ye 10. 2732 SOG ER at Gem. __| 13. 9646 LDV (eo i ies so 18. 2215—
SOL ee 7. 1869 A ae ate pg 10. 3206 IQ) 7/cieseleay are cake 14. 0198 Leto aes ore yee 18. 2846
See ee ee We 2250-\-) |) 43: 0aee ee 10. 3681 HOP Seme Lean __| 14. 0752 GRecce saa Bese 18. 3478 {j
SOt DE eee ee 7. 2663 AD [pitas eth Saath 10. 4157 £51 0)AS) Sees meee 14, 1307 Cha ao Wear kt 18. 4111 |
SOrGue paki s els 7. 3062 ASI) steer Iya a LOMAS oe Gol ee eee 14. 1863 ie pO jaeaeegs a Tt 18. 4745-+ i
S6ne See te 7. 3461 7 eh a ae 16. 5113 tal ey fe Nene eae OG 14, 2419 HSE Gr isu ee 18. 53881 {
BOL Se ee eee. 7. 3862 Gh a Bs ed 10. 5592 EBS Ge nf eee 14. 2977 OSTA cee ere 18. 6017
SOL ase 7. 4264 Airs abe om nearest 19. 6073 LS tenes 14. 3536 oO eis een se 18. 6655—
Dice See eee 2 7. 4667 AAD aps eh 10. 6555— Ua ars ae le PR 14, 4097 OS Gees eee 18. 7293
SMe See eet 7. 5072 Glia Nee, Se 10. 7037 day l alo yenes Amoco Spt 14. 4658 DS ite cette 18. 7933
SI enn 7. 5417 VAR Miah So og TA 10. 7521 SU Gee ee __| 14. 5220 DS Oe ee oe 18. 8574
Soe ee ee 7. 5883 AA Uyak betel 10. 8006 Lay Giaee eetene er) __| 14. 5784 58202: 18. 9216
Si(sel ul Seer f 7. 6291 AAG apes pak 10. 8492 OLE ee ee __| 14. 6348 HOS eae tans Dee (a 18. 9859
cto) Sk ae ae 7. 6699 pt fea ee 10. 8979 Bile Oise boss sree 14. 6914 HO Ss ae 19. 0503
BY) lee aa 7. 7109 AARS SG a Ba ho 10. 9467 SY Pee eee See Ee 14. 7480 (501-7) See 2 a pe 19. 1148
SUA. Me 4) 7. 7519 AO Ra ee Sed 10. 9956 HQ elt es Pas 14. 8048 BORG ee une ees 19. 1795—
SES tees Lelaey Bhs 7. 7931 Aye eed be culpa tera Sind 11. 0447 LSA, ee emer ed 2 14. 8617 BORA A oA ee 19, 2442 H
Sous: eee 7. 8344 AK [Sai LeRoi ebuc 11. 09388 Vea) eae ea ret 14. 9187 OOP Ge San ee 19. 3091 |
SOee eed eet. 7. 8758 AD in eo bed 11. 1431 yi ns eee 14. 9758 59.62 2 So. dete 19. 3740 }
Se Alwee Se |. 7.9173 AO EU KES egubie 11. 1924 LV Wah ME RY 15. 0330 HOM ars ee 19. 4391 )
BOO ace RRS 7. 9589 ARR A Di ard Ns Belper 11. 2419 BVA) ee 15. 0903 SOUR 25 we oe 19. 5043
Sse. AP t. 8. 9005 ADL Dre ery Be LS 29T 5 — li) HO pe ee ss 15. 1478 59:02 Se. sa 19. 5696

F2 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TaBLE 19.—Area of large circles }

Diameter Area Diameter Area Diameter Area
Feet-inches eae ° | Acres || Feet-inches| “37° | Acres _ || Feet-inches : theta. | Acres
1 | osetia 78. 5 0.0018 || 87-38. _---~___ 1, 089 0.025 || £60_________ 7, 854 0.180
TL rome ee 100. 0023) || 502 es. ee 1, 963 - 045 || 105-4___-__- 8, 712 2
| oes aed SS 113.1 2 O026 41 (52-85 ae 2,178 -05 Le —O eee as 10, 890 20
1 Liye adele sels a 176. 7 . 0041 |} 55-5_______ 2, 500 OD ||PIZ9E = See 13, 068
1 eerie neat Me 201.1 . 0046 || 60__________ 2, 827 S065) | PSO = eee 14, 520 3314
20 sete ee 314. 2 . 0072 |} 61-10____ 3, 000 . 069 |} 188-2_______ 15, 000 34
Pap al fo i 409, . 0092 |} 64-6_________ 3, 267 ~@75 || 148-11_____ 17, 424 4
PY es 436 010 (eee EX e 3, 421 = OOF OS — (a= eee 29, 060 46
rai enn a ree ad 491 O11 (iit ee SAL 2 4, 000 . 092 || 166-6______- 21, 780 5
aise ean ees Wes 500 O11 74-6_..---- E 4, 356 ae | 203-11_____ 32, 670 75
Ob eee oe 2 707 016 Vien ess 4,418 STO e235 —6 es see 43, 560 1
SOeG eee shoe 1, 000 023 CAD es Sa 5, 060 . 115
1 The value in heavier type is that from which the corresponding values were computed.
2 Area in square feet=diameter in feet squared multiplied by 0.785398163.
TABLE 20.—Number cf trees per acre by various methods of spacing
Spacirg (feet) Trees Spacing (feet; Trees Spacing (feet) Trees
Number Number Number
DISG 2 ire jk Ses Re 10, 899 (i Co A es Ws aes IP) Nee eee 242
Sone Se Le wen 4, 840 (AN) Me ay Ss ee O22, M2 Ss see ees ee 202
WSCA rest) te SE Ee Ppa? RAD 2 oe Me Se SE Ee LOL peel 220s eee ay eee eee 182
A SGD mere. sins BO ee 2,178 COA A Ye SEI Se ABW T2252 See ees 2a Oe 145
AG sg Se ee 1, 815 Cop Coa ce ee GS1F BIB S< 13s See eee ee 258
ANG [Sse Bi eS © 1555 SK OE ere eed SER oe GOODE MUS ees Bee ee 223
ANC Sees to ie ere 1, 361 SSGIQE eS ke ENN ISON ee SS 138
ASCO they 5 ets Wok I 1, 210 8125 Gass af Lah See: AB AS BG 208 ke. ac eres 134
ASO eee 2S Ts 1, 089 CS) Gilt Ae eR a 2 303 UA LAS eel ener 222
Deb atee reed 2! Ree 1, 742 SK252 Sa ee a ese ZS IA Ke eS Hee! eee 207
SDC Osh ee Boo. 1, 452 QC se se ae tagtsy | IGE AN ee 2 EE ee 156
B@ies eed ees 1245 Ne OSCIO: eae gee 18 ess ARAG IASC On) ne ERO ae ae 124
Be Bia erne E og 5 Oe 1, 689 OSGUID hs Saas Oe ZA DSi SAL 0 Line eee as MCN 194
BK Query eee Pt 938 QSC15 «FOR Nig ee YAS lil USO sae eS ee 145
SPO ae weet coe a NE ST ial LO: eee eras Aa AZ One D< 20s fee ee ee ee 116
GDhO set sees tee Oe RS SAO ciel O22 see ee Se SOS ON LOR eee eo eee 170
OD6 ge eee a TS UBIO ij 2 oe se Les 290K HOD 20) ee ee ee 136
(Co ati Ant aes a Se SOS SlODGIS =o eee Sere ZAZA LOG 2) Se ee ee 109
GSK O yiany) Bee ees SORE Was ee See SOU || ASU Se see ee ee 134
GSGIO se ee See a TPAD PA UID PAs t ee ee eee SOOM IMs ZO wee ee ee ee ee 121
OGIO ee ES ER ee G05) I GIO eS Sere ae ae ee 2048 GALS CZs eee ee ee 97
GS< loa ae Be AA Th li OO L = ies ey Ae ee oe LOSR E2020 Sees eee 109
EX Ge pe 2 ees SBOE Ke 2 5: Sen ae TO SM 20625 eee eee ee 87
ER Bq aes ee See eel GEL ar Sa GD es a Sree a a SOZE|BZ5 C25 eee eee eee 7
TaBLE 21.—Crades and slopes per 100 feet horizontal 1
GRADE PERCENT AND EQUIVALENT DEGREE OF SLOPE
|
Grade Slope in Grade Slope in Grade Slope in Grade Slope in |
(Percent) degrees (Percent) degrees (Percent) degrees (Percent) degrees |
|
° J ° / 7 ° /, |
| Mee QO 34.4 1D (See ee 6 16.6 PALS nb ae 1 56 Do maeee see TS 28 438.6 |
7 sie, es ap teeta 1S id, Pts Coe ee ee 6 50.6 Ppa Sass eh 12 24.4 (ai) eae ee 30 «(57.8
Geet SES Le 1 43.1 BiB ye ee 7 24.4 Paves alee 2 e542 Gbnegns tee 33d 4
Aut eke 2 17.4 PA Sete C5852 7), ete TSP PRE 7 (AU a eies Jaleo 34 59.5
Sete eye 2) Oleh ilbycame eee 8 31.8 Zoek. Biss. A 2852 (OLS 36 52.2
Gee ep Pk 3 26:0 HGR Aa ee 9 56.4 Bi) ee oe 16 42.0 SOM Se ee 388 39.6
GES BPS oe 4 0.3 Ae SE os 9 38.9 ee ae a 19 17.4 Bbases ssid 40 21.9
Slee ee Fk 4 34.4 ite ee oe NOs eZ AQrae 22. 21 48.1 OO wees as 41 59.2
tO) iss ae ee Om 1856 AO ere OT 10 45.5 A eee ok = 24 13.7 OF bag) aac 43 31.9
ea I) Yee a 9 5 42.6 7A ey ee 11 18.6 i) eee oe 26 33.9 1LO0zsS2225 45 0

1 Equivalents of customary expressions of grade are as follows:

Grades and slopes: 1 foot per chain=1.515 percent; 1 foot per mile=0.018939 percent; 1 millimeter per
meter=0.1 percent; 1 foot per thousand=0.1 percent; 1-percent grade=633.6 inches per mile=52.8 feet per
mile=10 millimeters per meter=10 feet per thousand feet=1 foot per 1.515 chains=0.66 feet per chain.

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY ils

TasBLeE 21.—Grades and slopes per 100 feet horizontal—Continued

DEGREE OF SLOPE AND EQUIVALENT GRADE PERCENT

|
Degree of . Degree of Degree of Degree of ca
Ge at Grade Sone Grade alone Grade ioe Grade

Oe ig Percent aan) ve Percent oy Percent Qril Percent
0 30 0. 873 5 8. 749 9 30 16. 734 18 32. 492
1 1. 746 5 30 9. 629 10 17. 633 19 34. 433
1 30 2. 619 6 10. 510 11 19. 438 20 36. 397
PD, 3. 492 6 30 11. 394 12 21. 256 22 30 41. 421
2 30 4. 366 7 12. 278 13 23. 087 25 46. 631
3 5. 241 7 30 13. 165 14 24. 933 30 57. 735
3 30 6. 116 8 14. 054 15 26. 795 35 70. 021
4 6. 993 8 30 14. 945 16 28. 675 40 83. 910
4 30 7. 870 ) 15. 838 17 30. 573 45 100. 0

TABLE 22.—Raitos for customary map scales

Inches per} Miles per | Feet per | Meters per| Feet per

Seale 1 to mile inch inch inch 165 inch
600 105. 6 0. 00947 50 15.2 2
1, 200 52.8 . 01894 100 30.5 4
2, 500 25. 344 . 03946 208 63. 5 8.3
4, 800 13. 2 . 07576 400 121.9 16
5, 280 2, . 08333 440 134. 1 17.6
10, 000 6. 336 . 15783 833 254. 0 33.3
12, 000 5. 28 . 18939 1, 000 304. 8 40
21, 120 3 . 83333 1, 760 536. 4 70. 4
31, 680 2 «fi 2, 640 804. 7 105. 6
45, 000 1. 4C8 . 71023 3, 750 1, 143. 0 150
62, 500 1.014 . 98643 5, 208 1, 587. 5 208. 3
63, 360 1 1 5, 280 1, 609. 3 211. 2
90, 000 . 104 1. 4205 7, 500 2, 286. 0 300
96, 000 . 66 1. 5152 8, 000 2, 438. 4 320
125, 000 . 507 1. 9729 10, 417 3, 175.0 416.7
500, 000 . 127 7. 8914 41, 667 12, 700. 0 1, 666. 7
1, 000, 000 . 063 15. 7828 83, 333 25, 400. 1 SAOSONO
2, 500, 000 . 025 39. 4571 208, 333 63, 500. 1 8, 333. 3

TABLE 23.—Scale of velocity equivalents of the Beaufort scale of wind

Beau Velocity
wei Description Indicators of velocity
4G Meters per Miles per
; second hour
Os Calimesa Calm air; smoke rises vertically..___-_-_| Less than 0.3.___| Less than 1.
S| Mvioht ain ea ee Direction of wind shown by smoke drift, | 0.3 to 1.5___-_____| 1 to 3.
but not by wind vanes.
2 | Slight breeze__________ Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; ordinary | 1.6 to 3.3_______- 4 to 7.
vane moved by wind.
3 | Gentle breeze_________ Leaves and small twigs in constant mo- | 3.4 to 5.4________ 8 to 12.
tion; wind extends light flag.
4 | Moderate breeze - __-_-_- Raises dust and loose paper; small | 5.5 to 7.9_______- 13 to 18.
branches are moved.
5 | Fresh breeze _________- Small trees in leaf sway; crested wavelets | 8.0 to 10.7_______] 19 to 24.
form on inland waters.
6 | Strong breeze_________ Large branches in motion; whistling | 10.8 to 13.8______] 25 to 31.

heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas
used with difficulty.

7 | High wind___________- Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt | 13.9 to 17.1______] 32 to 38.
when walking against wind.
SMliGalett bt Ve-5 AE tS Breaks twigs off trees; wind generally | 17.2 to 20.7______| 39 to 46.
impedes progress.
9 | Strong gale____________ Slight structural damage occurs to signs; | 20.8 to 24.4______] 47 to 54.
branches broken.
10 | Whole gale___________- Trees uprooted or broken; considerable | 24.5 to 28.4______} 55 to 63.
structural damage occurs.
Me STORM eke ose ee Very rarely experienced; accompanied | 28.5 to 33.5______| 64 to 75.

by widespread damage; forests wind-
c thrown or broken off.
12a Me Utes Cama Ceres ee oe lle eee el yee ee OR OA Pe ore eee 33.6 or above___-| Above 75.

14 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE 24.—Relative humidity percent, pressure 29.0 inches, Fahrenheit temperatures

Depression of wet bulb (dry-buib temperature minus wet-bulb temperature)

Dry-bulb fale eae

|

8 7a 9 | 10} 11 AS | 14 15h 16: Pa 1S e198) 20-20 4 22 Nee) 24
(Vinee ee oes ere) ape 46 | 38 | 31 | 23] i 9 z
AD ee ps <8 Eee 48 | 41 | 34] 28] 21 | 14 7 0
7 Haas Geo eel Se Seed 51 | 44 | 37 | 31 | 24] 18 | 12 5
AG eee ee 2 Pe ee 53 | 46 | 40 | 34 | 28 | 22 | 16; 10 4
AS ieee 8S ES ee ee 54 | 48 | 42 | 36} 31; 25 | 19 | 14 8 3 ;
LS Seer ter = See 56 | 50 | 44 } 39 | 33 | 28 | 22 | 17 | 12 7 2
5D Same oe ee eee 58 | 52 | 46 | 41 | 36} 30 | 25.) 20] 15 | 10 6 0
5A Se Ae ee 59 | 54 |] 48 | 43 | 38 |] 33 | 28) 23 | 18 | 14) 9 5 0
BOM as = ec ee oe 61 | 55 | 50 | 45 | 40} 35 | 31 | 26 | 21 | 17 125 8 4
Li ete ee Se eae OB eet 62 | 57 | 52 | (47 | 421 38 | 332) 28 | 24 1 20} 15 | 11 7 3
GOs es eee oe TOE ee ee Oe 3 458 | 53 | 149° 44.4 40 1535 Si | 27 22 118 1 14 to 6 2
62-2 ea eae G460F 551 On 46-41 Sieltcs | 20g oon ete els as 9 6 2
(G:F eteemi Se Be 66 | 61 | 56 | 52} 48 | 43] 3 Seo i SAU Ty UG) |e 9 5 2
GS ote ee ee 66 | 62 |] 58 | 53 | 49 | 45 | 41 | 37 | 33 | 29 | 26 | 22) 18 | 15} 11 8 5 1
GS ies te ee ee a 67 | 63 | 59 | 55] 51 | 47 ra, BO Sb al SL e2S a e24l octet 8 4
PAA) sped merece eBatiest setae <n 68 | 64 | 60 , 56 | 52 | 48 | 44! 40] 37 | 33 | 30 | 26 |} 23 | 20) 17] 1 10 7
(onde soe oe eee 69 | 65 | 61 | 57 | 53 | 49 | 46 | 42 | 39 | 35 | 32) 28 | 25 | 22] 19 | 16) 13 10
(4s So ee eee 70 | 66 | 62 | 58 | 54 | 51 | 47 | 44 | 40 | 37 | 34 | 30 | 27 | 24 | 21 | 18 | 15 12
1G ee a = ee 70 | 67 | 63 | 59 | 55 | 52 | 48 | 45 | 42 | 38 | 35 | 82 | 29 | 26 | 23. | 20 | 17 14
18S Ba en ee 71 | 67 | 64 | 60] 57 | 538 | 50 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 37 | 34] 31 | 28 | 25 | 22} 19 16
1 () esha rere ae ea ee 72 | 68 | 64] 61 | 57 | 54] 51 | 47 | 44 | 41.) 38 | 35 | 32 |. 29 | 27 | 24 | 21 18
bo 7a are genie” Sale eee: BAER «TF 72 | 69 | 65 | 621; 58 | 55 | 52 | 49 | 46 43 | 49 | 37 | 34] 31 | 28 | 25 | 23 20
ba ed ba sR ath enna ae WISE ening 73 | 70 |} 66 | 63 | 59:1 56 | 53>) -50)| 47 || 44] 41 | 38 + 35 1 32 | 30 | 27 | 25 22
SGmie aS ee ee ee 74 | 70 | 67 | 63 | 60 | 57 | 54] 51 | 48 | 45-}] 42 | 39 | 37 | 34} 31 | 29 | 26 24
ra Re ae pe gece pee SEE 74 | 71 | 67 | 64] 61 Be 55 aa 49 46 | 43 | 41 | 38 | 35 | 33 | 30 | 28 25
OQ BL iE is Se ES eee 75 | 71 |! 68 | 65 | 62 | 59! 56 | 53! 50 | 47 | 44 | 42! 39 | 37 ! 34 | 32 | 29 27
G2 gat ps 75 | 72 | 69 | 65 | 62 | 59 | 57 54 | 5i | 48 | 45 | 43 1 40 | 38 | 35 | 33 | 30 28
GAS see She 75 | 72 | 69 | 66 | 63 | 60} 57 | 54 |= 49 | 46 | 44] 41 | 39 | 36 | 34 | 32 29
962532 Aes son Sd Bs ees 76 | 73 | 70 | 6&7 | 64] 61 58 | 55 | 53} 50 | 47 | 45 | 42 | 40 | 37 | 35 | 33 | 3
GR ee a a ae ee 76 | 73 | 70 | 67 | 64] 61 | 59! 56 | 53 | 51 | 48 | 46 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 36 | 34 32
100 se ae 77 | 741 71 | 68 | 65 | 62 59 | 57°| 54 | 52 | 49 | 47 }.44 | 42 | 40 | 37 | 35 33
fQ Qe 22S ee 77 | 74 | 71 | 68 | 65 | 63 | 60 | 57 | 55) 52] 50 | 47 | 45 | 43} 41 | 38 | 36 34
104 ee Sa Ss eee | 771 741 72 | 69 | 66 | 63] 61 | 58 | 56 | 53 | 51 | 48 1 46 | 44 | 41 | 39 | 37 35
HOGEs = Sb 2 ae a ee | 78 | 75 | 72 | 69 | 66 -| 61 | 59 | 56} 54) 51 | 49 | 47 | 45 | 42 | 49 | 38 36
WOSt. 322 = Js 2 ee | 78 | 75 ey is 67 al 62 | 59 | 57 | 54] 52 | 50 ae 45 | 43 | 41 | 39 37

i
Depression of wet bulb (dry-bulb temperature minus wet-bu!b temperature)
Dry-bulb tempera- |
ture °F. | | | |
25 | 26 27 | 28 | 29 | 30] 31 | 32 | 33.| 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 fe 40 | 41 | 42 |

ei weg ete" TY, ak &
(| UE Sp wa. ieee Aaleeits|
6 fe a a ap ce TE A 7 4 1
VC Brea eee ee eee g 7 4 1
iu Ce ee oh 12Y] POU MGA A | 28
(oie: GEE Ae alee 14] 111 9 | Gal) Aelia:
| eh enn ee 16) 13} 11 8 6 4 1
6S aa aes See See ee 18 | 15 | 13 | 10 8 6 4 1 j
842) FOSS DES 4 in eM ZO Ait 1521 12 AO 8 6 4 2 :
86... 4 Se ees PHN ed REN eT feu bal Ve nl fled 7A a 0) 8 6 4 2
5 es Oe Beak Oe et Oe ee 23) 2 AS 16 ta te 8 6 4 2
90: => = 5 ee ee 24 | 22) 20 | 18} 16 | 14) 12} 10 8 6 4 2 0
5! a Sa ge pera eats STRESS) SY Pe ee as ST Pa er eye ya Tat 9 8 6 + 2 0
O4. ek ee Gel ee PA fa Var AS: [7A 107 Wo) Vn AED VB ys GS | Pa Fea 9 8 6 4 2 1
OG. Lane. Ls eee ee 29 N20 24 WZ e2O OL hg, felon ketal 9 rf 6 4 3 1 ,
O82 Es 2 aed 30 | 28 | 26 | 24} 22! 20! 18] 16! 14] 13! 11 9 uf 6 4 3 1
TK), teres eres Ure on eee Se. 31 | 29 | 2} 25 23 | 21 | 19 | 18} 16) 14] 12] 11 9 7 6 4 3 1
102. S38 Otek. ts eee B21) 60) | 28 4 20,1 24 | 22a 20 On oti babel | bet ik g 7 6 4 3
104.2522 See See BABE P48) | 7 35 | 2AM 22 ZO US ail? belook 1412 h2 eth 9 7 6 5
106... =232t se. eee ees 34.1932 | 30] 28°] 27-| 25.) 23 1 20.1, 20.1 18.) 16} £5} 13.) 12 |-10 9 7 6
10822308. ae Boal oo fol | 2912811026) 241 22s a2 AQIS NetGs) T50) oe el ate 9 re
TiO: = 222-4 SE ee eee 36 j, 34 | 32.1 30)] 29)| 27 | 25 |. 241221. 20.) 19) 87 1-16.) 14) 1Saheebit0 9
112... eA Se STS [SS SET SOs 4 261 25. beSales teeO dort baal) hot ela oadeye ln astel 10
114 ee eee 38 | 36 | 34] 32 | 31 | 29 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 22} 21] 19 | 18 |] 17] 15 | 14) 13 il
Li6... 42.92 Pe eee Sore? [35 7 oof Sb SO)t 28 lediale2o fecouteca eon) TOnhst Saint Gal meen aee: 12
41923 4 SS ee 39437 | 36] 344 32 1731 | 2951227126 |, 2401) 23 2 | 20s) 19 el Got 13

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FoRESTRY 15

TasLe 25.—Quarter girth;! equivalents in true girth, diameter, area, and volume,
United States measurement and metric system

Quarter girth unit United States measurement Metric system
iach a true girth=4 inches____-________-________- In true girth=10.16 cm.
TAG Ro haat ana er eg In diameter=1.2732 inches__-__.-------------- In diane tet eat cm.

au j =0.118288 m2? per acre.
1 square foot per acre________ = 1.2732 square feet per acre_---_-----------_- ae m? per hectare.

l=noeres m3 per acre.

1 cubic foot per acre____--__- =1.2732 cubic feet per acre__.______-_-_____- = 0.089092 m3 per hectare.

1A British unit used customarily in East Indian forestry, equivalent to about 114 diameters. The
converting factor from diameter to quarter girth would be a or 0.7854.

TaBLE 26.—WNatural trigonometric functions, by half degrees

Degree| Sin Cos Tan Degree Sin Cos Tan Degree Sin Cos Tan
° 4 ie} , ° 7
0 30 } 0.0087 | 1.0000 0. 0087 15 30 | 0. 2672 | 0. 9636 0. 2773 30 30 | 0.5075 | 0.8616 0. 5890
1 . 0175 . 9998 .0175 16 . 2756 - 9613 . 2867 31 . 5150 . 8572 . 6009
1 30 . 0262 . 9997 . 0262 16 30 . 2840 . 9588 . 2962 31, 30 . 5225 . 8526 . 6128
2 . 0349 - 9994 . 0349 17 . 2924 . 9563 . 3057 32 . 5299 . 8480 . 6249
2 30 . 0436 . 9990 . 0437 17 30 - 3007 - 9537 - 3153 32 30 . 5373 . 8434 . 63871
3 . 0523 . 9986 . 0524 18 . 3090 . 9511 . 3249 33 . 5446 . 8387 . 6494
3 30 . 0610 . 9981 . 0612 18 30 . 3173 . 9483 . 3346 33 30 . 6519 . 8339 . 6619
4 . 0698 . 9976 . 0699 19 . 0206 . 9455 . 3443 34 . 5592 . 8290 . 6745
4 30 . 0785 - 9969 . 0787 19 30 . 3338 . 9426 . 3041 34 30 . 5664 . 8241 . 6873
5 . 0872 . 9962 . 0875 20 . 8420 . 9397 . 3640 35 . 5736 . 8192 . 7002
5 30 . 0958 . 9954 . 0963 20 30 . 3502 . 9367 . 3739 35 30 . 5807 8141 . 7133
6 . 1045 . 9945 . 1051 21 . 3584 - 9336 . 3839 36 . 5878 . 8090 . 7265
6 30 . 1132 . 9936 . 1139 21 30 . 3665 . 93804 - 3939 36 30 . 5948 . 8039 . 7400
7 . 1219 . 9925 . 1228 22, . 3746 . 9272 - 4040 37 . 6018 . 7986 . 7536
7 30 . 1305 . 9914 . 1317 22 30 . 3827 . 9239 - 4142 37 «330 . 6088 . 79384 . 7673
8 . 1392 . 9903 - 1405 23 . 3907 - 9205 . 4245 38 . 6157 . 7880 . 7813
8 30 . 1478 . 9890 . 1495 23 30 . 3987 9171 . 4348 38 30 . 6225 . 7826 . 7954
9 . 1564 . 9877 . 1584 24 . 4067 . 9135 . 4452 39 . 6293 T7771 . 8098
9 30 . 1650 . 9863 . 1673 24 30 4147 . 9100 - 4557 39 30 . 6361 . 7716 - 8243
10 . 1736 - 9848 . 1763 25 . 4226 . 9063 . 4663 40 . 6428 . 7660 . 8391
10 30 . 1822 . 9833 . 1853 25 30 . 4305 . 9026 - 4770 40 30 . 6494 . 7604 . 8541
11 . 1908 . 9816 . 1944 26 . 4384 . 8988 . 4877 41 . 6561 . 7547 . 8693
11 30 . 1994 - 9799 . 2035 26 30 . 4462 . 8949 - 4986 41 30 . 6626 . 7490 . 8847
12 . 2079 . 9781 . 2126 Pai . 4540 . 8910 . 5095 42 . 6691 . 7431 . 9004
12 30 . 2164 . 9763 . 2217 27 ~=©30 4617 . 8870 . 5206 42 30 . 6756 . 7373 . 9163
13 . 2250 . 9744 . 2309 28 . 4695 . 8829 . 5317 43 . 6820 . 7314 . 9325
13 30 . 2334 . 9724 . 2401 28 30 4772 . 8788 . 5430 43 30 . 6884 . 7254 . 9490
14 . 2419 . 9703 . 2493 29 - 4848 . 8746 . 5543 44 . 6947 . 7193 - 9657

14 30} .2504] .9681 . 2586 29 30] .4924) .8704 . 5658 44 30] .7009 | .7133 . 9827
15 . 2588 | . 9659 . 2679 30 . 5000 | . 8660 . 5774 45 7071 | .7071 | 1.0000

16 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TaBLE 27.—The International log rule

[Saw kerf 44 inch]!

Vclume in board feet of logs of indicated length in feet

: : Diame-
Diameter (inches) ter,

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 | inches

4 EN Seo ee ee eee Ses coe 5 5 5 5 5 10 4
eee ede ee eae eh 5 5 10 10 10 15 15 5
Ga. eee ig eh See Pe Tee 10 10 15 15 20 25 25 6
YE es a ay ae ee ee GR 10 if | 20 25 30 35 40 rd
SES one ee ee a 15 20 25 35 40 45 50 8
92 2 ce 2A SORES meee 20 30 35 45 50 60 70 9
(Ob eae Sse ee eae ee ee 30 35 45 55 65 75 85 10
|) ee eee Are ee ee Ne a EL 35 45 55 70 80 95 105 di
Pie fe ante ee et oe ee 45 55 70 85 95 110 125 12
PSs S28 Oehe ie eS ee See 55 A 85 100 115 135 150 13
(42205 22 BS Se ee ee 65 80 100 115 135 155 175 14
| See eee SE ee aren ae IRF 75 95 115 135 160 180 205 15
WG 52 Bo 3 Be ee 85 110 130 155 180 205 235 16
PiGpme Sh? 2 Egg 9am 5 ee DS eg a EE 95 125 150 180 205 235 265 17
AOS 24m sa Pays od tS ts es eee 110 140 170 200 230 265 300 18
| 1? suena dete SS Se eee ee See 125 155 190 225 260 300 335 19
D023 2 ee eee: ee 135 175 210 250 290 330 370 20
7) ee ee Se ee a ae ae eee ae ey LS 155 195 235 280 320 365 410 21
1 IIE SP OS ROIS ete meek Ie Pie ae 2 Ev 170 215 260 305 355 405 455 22
Derk. 5 heise | eee oe eee eee EE 185 235 285 335 390 445 495 23
DA ete =f pee Apes oP 7 pee EEE 205 255 310 370 425 485 045 24
Qe = Ave ieee. Nee Ble 220 280 340 400 460 525 590 25
Die 3 55k weet eee eee ee 240 305 370 435 500 570 640 26
2) ee oe ee See ee ee ae Be 260 330 400 470 540 615 690 27
DS yes ai sore ss A pepe on Ce ee ae 280 355 43 510 585 665 745 28
2). ley ae BE Ge) Sener Se eke ae 305 385 465 545 630 715 800 9
BQ... ape. b eee Fe ee eee 325 410 495 585 675 765 850 30
Gilet 5 gee Bt es ee 350 440 530 625 720 $20 915 31
ae ee Speer eee een eee es ey eon ay | De 375 470 570 670 779 875 980 32
BS eee Bene aes Meee aed 2S ve re Ea 400 500 605 715 820 930 1045 33
eee ere ee es ae Pe | et 425 535 645 760 875 990 1110 34
Owen. ae 2 ee. dea oe ee Aa. Bd 450 565 685 805 925 1050 1175 35
DONS 6b see ee By ee 475 600 725 855 980 1115 1245 36
Sips = 2 eee Bene ee BE 505 635 77 905 1040 1175 1315 37
01 ee Seen tiene Ge enna, “Bee eee Bi Boe 525 670 810 955 1695 1245 1390 38
5 1 Se ee eee See ae Ses eee | 565 710 855 1005 1155 1310 1465 39
Ahan oe app eee renee 2 Pe 595 750 900 1060 1220 1380 1540 40
| (Eee Oe eee eee oe Se ete Se eee) Ae 625 785 950 1115 1280 1450 1620 41
ADnce -* bea 3S ec Ra ee Te 655 825 95 1170 1345 1525 1705 42
rE wl ees Cee 2 690 870 1045 1230 1410 1600 1785 43
BAe! 2 oi Ne gna SE apeene T iy = 725 910 1095 1290 1480 1675 1870 44
QB oi ak orn Ee sy a 755 955 1150 1350 1550 1755 1960 45
AQ wer ka ewe 3 nee ee Bee TP a 795 995 1200 1410 1620 1835 2050 46
A(t oN “yee OR ae he Bey TE 830 1040 1255 1475 1695 1915 2140 47
7 A ee eee en ee ae ee ee 865 1090 1310 1540 1770 2000 2235 48
A ee ee ee ee ee re eee | See 905 1135 1370 1605 1845 2085 2330 49
OO) 8 oe A epee SB tne i a 940 1185 1425 1675 192 2175 2425 50
5) ee Rete pete es, ae pe ) Seg 980 1235 1485 1745 2000 2265 2525 51
92+ ee Serre eee ee 1020 1285 1545 1815 2080 2355 2625 62
Seiko sa Sao dee eS ee ee 1060 1335 1605 1885 2165 2445 2730 53
SAE = arlene ceil Se Sn PE ae ee 1100 1385 1670 1960 2245 2540 2835 54
Eek Sk a eNO ats ha lest Saat ee 1145 1440 1735 2035 2330 2640 2945 55
DG hs See a td Se ee eS Ss eS. 1190 1495 1800 2110 2420 2735 3050 56
5 (ea ae a ee ee ae es aa Bee 8 1230 1550 1865 2185 2510 2835 3165 57
BS wk le ee ee ee 1275 1605 1930 2265 2600 2935 3275 58
5G 245s eee See ee Se ee 1320 1660 2000 2345 2680 3040 3390 69
GOY a0 oho oe Bes ae Se ee 1370 1720 2070 2425 2785 3145 3510 60

1 Seale for seasoned lumber with 46-inch shrinkage per 1-inch board, and saws cutting a 44-inch kerf,
or for green lumber, for saws cutting a 3i6-inch kerf. For saws cutting a 1¢-inch kerf add 10.5 percent.

Formula: ((D?X0.22) —0.71D) X0.904762 for 4-foot sections.

Taper allowance: 14 inch per 4 feet lineal.

NotEe.—The International log rule gives consistent results under good milling practice. It is the most
fair rule for all classes of timber and logs and should be used for second-growth material particularly. For
this reason the International volume tables are recommended.

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 17

Diameter (inches)

TaBLE 28.—Scribner decimal C log rule

[In tens—i. e., 0 omitted]

Contents in board feet of logs of length indicated in feet

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
(Oe ees Saas ee ee 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
cee OSE ie eae 24) 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4
(oe Ae 5 SI ae a 1 ] 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4
(2) ee SEY 2 See 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6
iQ)SS 28 Peet ees ee 2 3 3 3 4 6 6 7 8 9
ee Sk ae we 2 3 4 4 5 7 8 8 9 10
1A ee ER 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
SE pie. Se ee SER 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15
1 bi 4 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 16 17
1G ae I ee Ca 5 7 9 11 12 14 16 18 20 21
G2 We 28 2 ee 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
(es pare. 2oee 2 ee, . SS 7 9 12 14 16 18 21 23 25 28
WS phe SRG Lane. Sas 8 11 13 16 19 21 24 27 29 32
LORS Fa RE I a ol 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
OLE As eS 2 et 11 14 17 21 24 28 31 35 38 42
OIE 12 A 2 a 12 15 19 23 27 30 34 38 42 46
As LE eS a 2, SO 13 WT 21 25 29 33 38 A2 46 50
om ape | suet 2 pee bE 14 19 23 28 33 38 42 47 52 57
2a oe: LAB eee)” Se 15 21 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 61
DOs see ae ee Ee 17 23 29 34 40 46 52 57 63 69
AOS = 2 Sree a a 19 25 31 37 44 50 56 62 69 75
(an 8 BSS) See SR 21 27 34 41 48 55 62 68 75 82
Spee EUSA, = ieee ae 22 29 35 44 51 58 65 73 80 87
DOE ES ES | ERS. 23 3l 38 46 53 61 68 76 84 91
BOLE. 2G) Ree 25 33 41 49 57 66 74 82 90 99
ule: MD |. Fees US 27 36 44 53 62 71 80 89 98 106
rie Le Se ae a 23 37 46 55 64 74 83 92 101 110
DOL eed: 2 ahh. ae. ISB 29 39 49 59 69 78 88 98 108 118
She ee Eee Lees 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
DOME eee ee eee 33 44 55 66 77 88 98 109 120 131
(0) Sees oar ES a es oo 35 46 58 69 81 92 104 115 127 138
he eset aa = eee SEE 39 51 64 Ue 90 103 116 129 142 154
SI trot erst Sis eS 40 54 67 80 93 107 120 133 147 160
aD eee elas es Lola 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168
AND) Se a Re 3 peril 5 oes nk 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 166 181
A ee 2, 48 64 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191
AU) Sie Cores were eS 6s 50 67 84 101 117 134 151 168 185 201
CS) Ro ae a, 52 70 87 105 122 140 157 174 192 209
ie eg SA LS a) 74 93 111 129 148 166 185 204 222
Gis) Ge oe Se 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228
7G) SA 2, a a 59 79 99 119 139 159 178 198 218 238
Arik = Ee UES)... ONS Peis 62 83 104 124 145 166 186 207 228 248
Agi sek. S05. 0 eg 5. Pee 65 86 108 130 151 173 194 216 238 260
BOp See. ee UE 67 90 112 135 157 180 202 225 247 270
(50) SR eye Se eS 70 94 117 140 164 187 211 234 257 281
BE EHS 2 ra ee 73 97 122 146 170 195 219 243 268 292
ODE) Seats ee eee ee 76 101 127 152 177 202 228 253 278 304
Gore 4912 WILE Ue ee 79 105 132 158 184 210 237 263 289 316
sis By me A SEE ee §2 109 137 164 191 218 246 273 300 328
Gone shat UT Trae 85 113 142 170 198 227 255 283 312 340
BOM PERT UL tase" tke 88 118 147 176 205 235 264 294 323 353
Dior IEE EE Aik Vee 91 122 152 183 213 244 274 304 335 365
sek sees Wiel bP in 95 126 158 189 221 252 284 315 347 379
DOLE tips GE IES =a} 98 131 163 196 229 261 294 327 359 392
OEE S253 05H igi fab 1C1 135 169 203 237 270 304 338 372 406

Diameter given is for the small end of the log measured inside bark.

122035°—35——3

18 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TasiE 29.—Solid cubic contents of logs

Contents in cubie feet for average middle diameter of log in inches indicated

Length (feet) |

3 4 5 | 6}|-7 | 8 |-9 | 10] 11] 12] 13} 14] 15] 16] 17! 181] 19 | 20
ed = eee 0525) .05251 O25 ee ears eb tle Dime |S |e ee eG eG ar iteen= eg
ete A EE LG. Tee B25) ao 5G) > I 1) 92 2 Si Sie All Ole Olan Ol) ccdlia eS om Olhor Ole ten
Be eee: 495) 5 | ae Zl 722 Bl F3le f4] 1 SI PSL cero Zk Rl) Ol. ale fo) te
en See, FS, 525| 55a Ol 15 9) Gone al Fae Pee Se el ZS Oly tol tel doled ae
ERIE ee SES FA: Sarl. Soult ot pias! She) Bl. adie $5) 1 le) 74 Sp Ole til eas) tee tel ae
(naa BS Sra et, Fae” 511 1 BIR a! She al Ph 6) 4 Fle. 8) | 10 tat 18) a 14) — dele 18 oop
1 (ore Sh he emcee SLE ot ahh 1 2, 3 3 4 5 7 8} 9} 11} 12) 14| 16) 18) 20) 992
Th eens Ee ee a5e) 1 oe Sl 4 Bl Tel tz | Oy TON! 197-113), 15) Paz) felt 99) oe
(OM Shes oe Re 5 dal y he! i) a 8 Oe ht) SiS 5 itd eG Olli os oe
7 ee 2 i es Be) 2 Siecle 5 6) 7] 9| .10} 12) 14]. 16) 18) 20] 23] 26] 98
ie oe TAL 51 2 3] 4; 5) 6 8 9} 11] 13] 15] 17] 20] 221 25] 98] 31
es i ie | Jal 5 | gh* al isle) 7) FSl> 10] Pal? a4) i6|- 48) 21] P94) S71 3a) as
aes E- Sas © 1 1 2 31 4| 6 7| <9) 11) 13] 15] 17] 20| 22] 25] 98] 39] 35
ii a ee ly 1 2 3 5| lel St FON til FB a6) | 18iC Ons 4) 197) *s0le 3al ae
i tee 1 2 2 4} 5! 6] 8 10] 12} 14) 17] 19] 22] 25] 28] 392] 35! 39
ig. Sao. -Pee.. 1 2 3 4; 5] 7| 8 10] 13) 15) 18) 20) 231 27] 30] 34] 37] 41
7) ee 2: ene ee 1 2 3 41 5| 7 9) 111 13] 16! 18] 211 25| 28! 32] 35! 301 44
Me ee a 1 2 3 ale 6] 7 9| itl) 14) i16l. 19] , 29) -26|) 29) 33] Saz| 41) 4G
5 ae ie eee © oe 1 2 3 4} 6} 8| 10) 12] 15] 17] ° 20] 24] 27| 31] 35] 39] 43] 4g
Oe Pee oo on BSS ] 2 3 5} = 6} Ss 8}Ssi10}~ «13) «215; +18) 21) 25) 28) 32) 36) 41) 45! 59
oe ae ie 5| 6] 8] 11} 13] 16] 19] 22) 26) 29) 34] 38] 42] 47| 52
ie PR ee 1 2 3 5| 7| 9| 11] 14] 16] 20] 23] 27| 31] 35! 39] 441 49] 55
be: 2 PB a ee 5} 7| 9| 11] 14]° 17] 20] 24) 28) 32] 361 41) 46] 51] 57
5); Ae BS Mewes ae ae S| 5} 7| 9] 12| 15] 18] 21] 25] 29). 33] 38! 43] 48] 53] 59
ee Aen & Aes ee. ee ts 5| 71 10] 12] 15] 18] 22] 26] 30] 34] 39] 44! 49] 55] 61
Gi ke RES | ea | ee 6| 8] 10| 13] 16] 19} 23] 27| 31|. 36! 40] 46] 51] 57] 63
Te es eee ce ae eee | ae Gi S| 10 18] 16) 20] Bal Sel F39\es37) | aol ai oS |e nel er
i A Re OS | ES eee 6| 8! 11| 14] 17] 20} 24] 29] 33] 38] 43] 49] 55] 61] 68
aod. Se jee sj-==-|-—— Glee 9) inh 14 17, a 25| 29] 34]. 391 45] 50] 57| 63] 70

Contents in cubic feet for average middle diameter of log in inches indicated

Length (feet)

i 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25'| 26 | 27 | 28.) 29 | 30 | 31 | 32} 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38] 39 | 40
| Se a LO} VU et] 13 4 WS AG) S| 20 te Qi 22) 4 Ses 7i| BES aes Olmert inns 3 le ey
tS eet ee T2) IWS Wa 16)" V7) 1S} Zo} 2 23) 25) 2 26) 285230)" 32[2 33) Sole Sees ol 4d | 4
G88 ee 14; 16). 17) 19; 20) 22) 24) 26) 28) 29) 31! 34] 36) 38] 40] 42) 45) 47) 50) 52
(== eee he 17| 18} 20) 22); 24) 26} 28) 30 2; 34| 37) 39) 42| 44) 47) 49) 52) 55] 58] 61
gue Bee 2 19) 21) 23) 25) 227) 2932) S42 e37\ SOs 42) 45\ F48i 750) e153 oz) 260) e615 GG ae
Gi ee 22) 24; 26) 28) 31] 33) 36) 38] 41} 44) 47] 50} 53] 57] 60) 64] 67) 71] 75) 79
SS 24) 26] 29! 31] 34! 37] 40] 43! 46] 49] 52] 56] 59] 63] 67| 71| 75] 79] 83! 87
felis Se 26| 29): 32) 35) 37) 41! 44) 47) 50; 54) 58) 61] 65) 69] 73) 7 82! 87] 91] 96
9) eee el es 29| 32]. 35| 38] 41] 44) 48! 51) 55] 59) 63] 67| 71! 76! 80! 85! 90] 95] 100} 105
1S ee 31| 34] 38! 41] 44] 48) 52) 56) 60| 64] 68) 73] 77) 82] 87| . 92] 97| 102] 108] 113
VAs 34| 37) 40) 44] 48) 52) 56) 60) 64) 69) 73) 78) 83) 88! 94} 99} 105] 110} 116} 122
Thee eo oe 36| 40] 43] 47| 51) 55} 60) 64) 69) 74} 79) 84] 89} 95) 100) 106] 112) 118) 124] 131
(hee See 38! 42) 46] 50} 55; 59) 64] 68] 73) 79) 84] 89] 95] 101] 107} 113} 119} 126} 133] 140
1 (Lens eS 41} 45) 49 3| 58} 63) 68) 73} 78) 83) 89) 95) 101) 107} 114} 120} 127) 134} 141] 148
1S eee 43, 48). 52) 57| 61) 66) 72) 77) 83] 88) 94] 101} 107) 113] 120} 127) 134] 142] 149) 157
19h Se 46| 50} 55) 60! 65 70) 76 ‘i 87} 93] 100] 106} 113} 120) 127] 134} 142] 150} 158] 166
DOs a = 48| 53! 58) 63! 68] 74: 80} 86! 92) 98! 105) 112! 119] 126! 134] 141! 149] 158] 166] 175
Tike See 51|- 55! 61) 66) 72] 77] 83} 90} 96) 103).110} 117] 125] 132) 140] 148] 157] 165} 174| 183
DOR 1 Eee 53] 58] 63) 69) 75] 81] 87! 94) 101) 108} 115] 123) 131) 139} 147| 156] 164] 173} 183] 192
12) See Se 55| 61] 66) 72! 78) 85) 91} 98} 105] 113} 121] 128] 137} 145] 154] 163] 172] 181] 191] 201
7, NS 58} 63; 69} 75) 82) 88) 95} 103} 110} 118] 126] 134] 143} 151) 160} 170} 179] 189} 199} 209
Dy ei is ne 60} 66) 72) 79) 85] 92} 99) 107] 115! 123} 131] 140] 148} 158] 167} 177] 187| 197} 207} 218
DG te ee ae ae 63| 69} 75) 82) 89] 96] 103] 111] 119] 128] 136] 145] 154] 164] 174] 184] 194] 205] 216] 227
2 2 ee a CHE said 85} 92} 100) 107] 115} 124) 133] 142] 151} 160} 170) 180} 191] 202) 213} 224} 236
ORF Tk Ove AS 67| 74! 81} 88} 95} 103} 111] 120] 128} 137] 147] 156] 166] 177) 187) 198} 209] 221] 232} 244
20. ZEA se Ae. 70| 77} 84} 91} 99] 107] 115} 124) 133] 142} 152] 162) 172] 183] 194] 205] 217} 228] 241) 253
30: SR See 72| 79) 87} 94] 102] 111} 119} 128} 138] 147] 157] 168} 178] 189} 200] 212} 224} 236] 249} 262
ia es 75| 82) 89) 97] 106; 114} 123] 133} 142) 152] 162} 173] 184] 195] 207] 219} 231] 244] 257} 271
Fy eet ea Bel “1 77| 84! 92) 101) 109) 118} 127) 137| 147] 157] 168] 179] 190} 202] 214] 226} 239} 252! 265] 279

FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 19

TABLE 30.—Comparison of log rules

Board foot values for 16-foot logs for log rules and in percentage of International 1

Top Sa :
eter inside | Inter- Blodgett
bark na- Scribner is Dou Aleerollanicl N Hum-
(inches) tional Scribner pectnal cee Doyle ere ar Minin Hae seh
eat shire

Bd. | Bd. | Per-\ Bd. | Per-| Bd.\ Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-

ft. | ft. |cent| ft. |cent| ft. |cent| ft. |cent| ft. 1cent| ft. |cent} ft. |cent| ft. | cent
|.) Neer IML) | e200 LO) 200 en | Rs | ee a ee |e 3)| 60) 13} 260) 11) 220
epee Sete 10} (18)} 1380) (10)} 190)--_--]--_-- 1} 10 1} 10) (11)} 110) 19} 190) 16) 160
(he ne eee 2) (ene an Oe 20) | sO eee | 4 20 4, 20) 20) 100) 26] 130) 24) 12
ip So 30] 24) 80} 30) 100)--_--]----- 9} 36 9 30} 31) 103) 35) 117; 32) 107
So seen 40} 32) 80) 30] 75|_-_--|--.-- 16; 40; 16} 40) 44) 110} 43) 108} 48) 108
Oe Eee 50] 42) 84) 40; 80)_-_--]--_-- 25| 50} 25) 50} 52) 104) 54) 108) 53] 106
OW US 2 6f] 54| 83] 60} 92) 50) 77) 36) 55) 36! 55) 68} 105) 66) 102) 67) 103
i ne S| 64{ 80; 70} 88} 63) 79} 49) 61) 49) 61} 83) 104) 78) 98} 80} 100
Ds 3 aes eis GE TON BO 7| 81) 64) 67) 64! 67) 105) 111) 92) 97) 96) 101
18). oe eae 115} 97) 84] 100]! 87) 94) 82) 81] 70); 81) 70) 120) 104) 106; 92) 112] 97
id). ys 135} 114) 84) 110); 81) 114) 84) 100) 74) 100) 74) 142) 105) 123) 91) 131} 97
622.4 160} 142} 89} 140} 88) 187) 86) 121) 76) 121) 76) 161} 101] 139} 87) 149} 93
[Gls uae 180} 159} 88] 160} 893; 161) 89) 144; 80} 144) 80) 179} 99) 157) 87) 171} 95
AY (epee 205} 185} 90} 180} 88} 188} 92) 169) 82) 169) 82) 205) 100} 176) 86) 192) 94
(G2 =a 230} 213) 93) 210) G1) 216) 94) 196; 85) 196) 85) 232} 101) 197} 86! 216) 94
Qe es 260} 240) 92) 240) 92) 245) 94) 225) 87) 225) 87} 271) 104) 217) 83) 240) 92
2) SE 290} 280) 97) 280) 97] 276) 95) 256] 88] 256} 88} 302) 104) 240) 83) 267) 92
Dk ee eee 320} 304] 95} 300) 94) 308} 96) 289) 90) 289) 90} 336} 105) 262] 82) 293] 92
2s an 355] 334] 94] 330] 93! 3841) 96! 324) 91! 324) 91! 363] 102! 287) 81] 323) 91
OS sie 390} 377) 97] 380! 97) 376] 96) 361) 93) 361; 93] 401) 103) 313) 80] 352} 90
Ph 425} 404) 95) 400) 94] 412) 97} 400) 94) 400) 94) 439] 103] 339] 80) 3841 90
ieee Se 460} 459} 160; 460} 100] 449) 98) 441) 96) 441) 96) 477} 104) 367} 80) 416} 90
PAG So 500} 560} 100; 500}; 100} 488} 98) 484) 97) 484) 97] 507} 101) 397] 79) 451) 90
Py [a= 540} 548] 101] 550) 102} 528} 98] 529} 98] 530! 98} 546) 101; 426) 79) 485) 90
Tie) ae 585] 582] 99} 580) 93) 569) 97] 576} 98] 582} 99] 614) 105) 457) 78) 523) 89
7) Jae See 620] 609} 97) 610) 97] 612) 97| 625} 99) 609} 97] 657) 104) 489) 78! 560! 89
Gh) eee 675| 657} 97) 660) 98] 656} 97] 676] 100] 657} 97] 706} 105) 514] 76] 600} 89
Olle eee 7-0} 710) 99) 710} 991 7OL] 97] 728) 101) 710} 99] 755) 105} 557) 77) 640; 89
Ce ean 770} 736} 96) 740) 96) 748] 97] 784] 102} 736} 96] 792! 103) 592) 77) 683} 89
Sis as eg 820} 784} 95) 780} 95) 796] 97] 841) 103} 784) 96! 848) 103) 628} 77] 725] 88
oes 875} 800} 91) 800) 91) 845) 97] 900} 103] 800} 91) 900} 103) 666} 76} 77i] 88
SM. ee eae 925] 876} 95) 880} 95) 897) 97] 961} 104| 876) 95] 949) 163] 704! 76) 816) 88
SOM Ups Uo 980} 923) 94) 920] 94; 950) 97/1,024) 104) 923) 94)/1,026] 105] 744; 76! 864) 88
SG en a 1, 010)1, 029) 99)1,030} 99/1, 006] 97/1, 089] 105/1,029) 99/1,089) 105) 785} 75) 912) 88
Se 1, 095]1, 068} 98)1, 070} 9811,064] 97)1, 156} 106/1,068) 98)/1,135} 104; 827) 76} 963) 88
Sos aaaeaeee 1, 155)1, 120} = 97}1, 120) 9 97)1, 124) 97)1, 225) 106]1, 120) 97/1, 209} 105) 870} 75/1,013} 88

qc aeees 1, 220/1, 204) 99)1, 200} 98/1, 185} 97/1, 296) 10S}1, 204 311, 261) 103) 914) 75)1, 067) 87

ss

1 International log rule for saws cutting a 14-inch kerf taken as a standard=160 percent.

1

—_
N

mT
—— —='0,) 30VHSILNSO S334930
28S,

54.4
50
45
5
30

(3 0-
{20
110
100
90
80
70—-
60
50
40
30
FIGURE 1.—Temperature alinement chart for converting Fahrenheit to centigrade.

( 2¢+81xX'9,=4,) LISHNSYHVS S33y930

“QVWYSOILNISD $33H930

FAHRENHEIT
CENTIGRADE

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-10
-20
-30

110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120

LISHNIYHVWS $S3I3Y99I0

saint a a wie ‘

a Se ——
—_—_= ee — ee ee el S22 DO eee

an)
N

(L334 9092°€ =URLIN!) SUYALIN

Bee
METERS

° fon) © fs rte) wn st ” nN = °

- ° ° ° ° 3 ° > 3 ° °
| | |

Littrell rte shi hgh sorter aa ITT TIT TTT I |

N ° o o wv N ° o ite} tt (at) [e) rv) o vw ~ °

a) ” nl “ “ rT) N ~ - - = - ° ° ° ° °

(Y3LSW @vOE'O = 10041) 1334

(HINI LE6E70 = H3LIWILNGD 1) SYUBLIWILNGD

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

0.4
0.0 0.0
FIGURE 2.—Alinement charts for converting inches to centimeters and feet to meters.

0.3
0.2
0

eet ERS”
0.9
0.8
On7
0.6
0.5

INCHES

(SUBLIWINTIW OOF 'SZ=SYSLINILN3D OOVS*2 =HONI1) S3HONI

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS 25

CHAINS MILES
METERS KILOMETERS
1.0 20 10 16
15
0.9 18 9
14
\
\
13 \
\'
12 |
0.7 14 7
tt
oats |
eS y
10 Ww
=)
v”) =. os
a z a 9 v
id < ci 3 |
= % ie " |
>) Ov WW ;
0.5 10 2 S 8 eo
oO o fe) tJ
bs Tt = i
a ° < s
> ro)
nv a o 7 a
T Oo =
" « © ww,
us = =
z See F " -
< ul bd
Ag = 24 = 6 a
S) te = 4
pe S = a
ath = F
rn) s SS ws
Z wW 1) 5 2
< a 4 4
25 bern) -_—
8) = s D
4
0.2 4 2
3
2
O.1 2 {
|
0.0 (0) re) —O

Figure 3.—Alinement charts for converting chains to meters and miles to kilometers.

122035°—35——_4

oo

4 pt oh a
' “i
y . diye é Od 4 i} > We a
ery Ty * Nye o ‘ * ‘ 6 ‘
. 2 oe
- t %
4 be b
. ~ \
. “ rr mike eo CP wea cy a Ce faith tts Me ae) | Se ie ice >
i ee ‘ ‘ y
ie t
7 ee ie tol:
’ t + : n bie kD

.o}

wen

re
NI

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

SQUARE FEET

INCHES
SQUARE CENTIMETERS

SQUARE

SQUARE METERS

10

10

60

(L334 34uvVNOS 6E9ZL'0!1 =

0.8
0.7
O

(Y3L BW 3UVNDS 6260

(HONI BUVNDS 006510 = MALIWILNAD JUVNASI) SHBLAINILNGD ABVNOS

5
50
45
40

(SUBLAWILN3D BYVNDS C€91S~'9 = HIN! J¥YVNODS I) SAHIN! 2YWNOS

YSLIW BYVNOS 1) SYSLIW BYVADS

"0 = 2004 3YVNOS 1) 1334 3YVNDS

35
20
15

vp) t 103) OW

10

o

0.0

Figure 4,—Alinement charts for converting square inches to square centimeters and square feet to square
meters.

ee ———- a> +

29

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

SQUARE CHAINS

SQUARE YARDS

SQUARE METERS

SQUARE METERS

-10

40

0.09

35

(NIVHS SUVNDS L2hHZ00'O =UYAILIW JYVNOS!) SUYZLIW azguvnos

° aa) co) TCs) °
~™ iat) N — =
i
(0) é © wn + o N
° (2) (e) (eo) o fo) to)
So (o) o (e) te) (eo) (eo)

(SYUZLIUW BYVNOS ELBI VO = NIVHD 3YVNOS 1) SNIVHD 3YVNOS

(SGUVA BYVNDS 66S61'! = ¥3LIW 3Zuvnos!) S¥3LIW B3uVvNOsS

0.01 —

0.00

(Y3L3BW AHVNOS EC19E8'0 = GUuva 3ZuvnOSt) SGuvA JuVNOS

FicureE 5.—Alinement charts for converting square yards to square meters and square chains to square
meters.

78. Se OO eee ee ——— ae ee ee
E = 7 a SS Sa Sa —=

ol

HECTARES
10

ACRES

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

SQUARE METERS

ACRES

en ee om a a a
~ I

(S3YUDV bOILH'2=3YNVLIIH!) SAIYVLIIH

fo) iY) (o) 9) fo) w fo) o °o
v “) iu) N tN] = = ° °
oO fo) ~ © Ts) Tt i) N ae S

(JUVLIIH 69bPO0b'O0=3YNIV!) SIYXIV

(au¥dvV LyzZO00 O0=H¥aLaw auvnos 1) SY3LIW 3uWNOS

° ° ° ° ° ° °

° ° ° ° ° ° ° ro)

° re) ° re) ° n ro) °

vT 7) isp) Ny N 7 — wy fo)
° o o ~ o w t ™ “ = eS
= ° ° 2 ° ° ° ° ° o °

FIGURE 6.—Alinement charts for converting acres to square meters and hectares.

(SHY3LAW 34VNOS ELB ILO = 3u’ Dv!) S3YDV

mint sl i re
htiiiiameedd 35S oe Se SE ee aaa eS ee a A ee

Oo

(2TIW 3YVNOS 198E00°0 = JUVLIZH 1) SS3YVLIIAH

2
18
16
14

2
10

25
24
2

20

7
6
ing sauare miles to square kilometers and hectares.

10
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.0 |
0.00

0.0
0.0

SQUARE MILES
0)

HECTARES

(S3YVLIIH B666'8Se = 3TIW auvNdOSs 1) SAIN a3uvnos

f=)

(ATIW aUYNOS O198E°O= ¥ILIWONY JyYVNOS I) SYILIWOTIW AUuVNdS

10
9
8
i
6
5
4
3
2
I
fo)

SQUARE KILOMETERS
Figure 7.—Alinement charts for convertin

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS
8
6

3.4
2
re)
8
6
4
2
0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

m, N N N N N

SQUARE MILES
3
ai
3.

“
‘

= St r > ma ~ ——S —_ = Ses = = . <= = — ~ al =
Ee ee ee eS ES eS ee ee TS a ereeeeeeemeecesiee me eee ne I 0 OE NE eee 6 Ee

35

(1334 SIGNI SVIE'SE = ¥3L39W DIGND 1) SY3LIW DJIEGND

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
O.!
0.0

CUBIC METERS
| ;

30
20
15
10
5
0

CUBIC (FE Et
3-5

(Y3LIW DIEGND €820'0 =1004 DJIEGNI!1) 1334 DIGND

(3DNNO GINts BEEO'O = Y3LIWILN|ID JISND 1) SYBLIWILNSD SIGNS

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS
20
18
16
14
=@
10

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

ie)

0.0

FIGURE 8.—Alincment charts for converting fluid ounces to cubic centimeters and cubic feet to cubic meters .

(SHBLAWILN3SD DJIGND LELS’°62 = 3DNNO GINS 1) S3DNNO GINT4

Guibive CENTIMETERS

FLUID OUNCES

r=
aA)

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

U.S. GALLONS

EIGERS

U.S: GALLONS

IMPERIAL GALLONS

me)

me)

(NO117V9 @1692°0 = 431171) SYaLit

(SY3BLIT €€S8L°€ =NOTIVD!) SNOIIVO'S'N.

(SNOT7NV9'°S'N 760021 =NOI1VS AVINadWI!) SNOITIVS AWIdadNI

(NO11V9 TvidsdN! S9cE8 O-NOTIV9'S'°N 1) SNO11V9 °S'‘f

FIGURE 9.—Alinement charts for converting United States gallons to imperial gallons and liters.

og

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

BUSHELS

IMPERIAL GALLONS

EbheE Rs

HECTOLITERS

(ST3HSNG SLEB'S=URBLIITOLIIH!) SYILIITOLIIAH

ye WY ‘<) 2 © v W ° Co) © SI N ° co oS S Ss S)
Se) ry ™ ry) ry) a ry] ry = = = - - ° ° ° ° °
Hil fp
° o © ~~ x) n z ra) wu - °
(Y3LIT01L93H eEecSE'O=13HSNBG!) SI3HSNa
(NO17Vv9 T1VIYNYAAGWI Bb66IC'O = y31L17 1) Sy3aiit
°

1

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I

Oo

FicurE 10.—Alinement charts for converting imperial gallons to liters and bushels to hectoliters.

2
!
ie)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
!
0
9
8
7
6
5
-3
|
-0

2
2
2

1

1

!

1
0
re)
fe)
0.
0
0.4
fs)
0.2
re)
)

(SYBLIT 96S6¥S'°b = NOIIVS AviuadWI!) SNOTIVS AviuadN!

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS Al

OUNCES (AVOIRDUPOIS) POUNDS
GRAMS GRAMS

450

400

350 3500

300 3000

t 10
~~
go -—-
= ~~
© 9 pS = Zz
(&) 5 <
” a o o
re) a) o
w i) N
8 fe) ~“ nN
i] S Fa) S
Ww v >
2 W " fe)
e = \
=) 7 200 x = 2000 '
fe) x x :
ww 2 ° =
Vv) Tar ia b)
Ww ck = =
UO ~
7)
Zz ft A ”
=) ~ = s
: © =) <
fe) ox
a e)

4
6
150 1500
: 3
4
100 1000
2
3
2
50 reel 300
|
re) fe) 9 0

Figure 11.—Alinement charts for converting avoirdupois ounces to grams and pounds to grams.

~~

“

PF)
=

CHARTS

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT

FOOT-POUNDS
KILOGRAMME TERS

10

(SGNNOd-1004 OOECE2 2 =HYILIWWVHIOIIYW!) SYILINNVUIOTIY

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

(S3LANWNYYEDOTIW 9Z29E1°0 = ANNOd-10041) SGNNOd-1004

0.0

Figure 12.—Alinement chart for converting foot-pounds to kilogrammeters.

en}

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

CORDS (90 CU. FT)
CUBIC METERS

BOARD FEET

SOLID

MATERIAL

CUBIC METERS

25
24
23
22

10
9

(1004

0
0.9

e"
=

(IVI¥S3LvW diros 1334 J1GND 06 4O AuYOD vZ6E°O = YILIN Dd1a@ND!) S¥BaLaW DIGND

|
20
19
18

7

|
{
|
(
\

5)
4
3
2
I
ah)

5

(GVIYSLVYW GITOS SY3LIN 31GND 6rSG°z2 =L334 D!GND 06 40 quod!) saxuos

519ND Yad 1334 Guvogs 4O OllLVYy HLIM 13323 GHUVOE LS°9L1=YN3LIW DIGND 1) SYaL3aW DIagNns

a fac) ™ © w T is) iat) _ o

im i) |
Ee Eh LL EAL a UH
oy w = .)

0.0

(o)

o ~ oo 9) N —

= ; ° roy ° ° ro) °
(oe) Co (o} [o) (2) (2)
(2) (o) ms wy =

170
{60

(

Hl

10
9

(50
40

13
k2

(YSLIN DIGNI £99600'0 = 1004 Quvcod Wy elele aquvod

jaris for converting board feet to cubic meters ant cords to cubic meters.

1

Fig URE 13.—_Al_nemeni ¢

47

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

BOARD FEET PER ACRE

CORDS PER ACRE

CUBIC METERS PER HECTARE

CUBIC METERS PER HECTARE

2 on a) ~ © wn
'
° ° ro) ° °o ro) ° ro)
{o) wn Co) w (o) tp) (eo) w

iS

©

Dstt Inve) Wo Se She) SG) 9

WYDV Y3d L334 GQUYVOSG LSv'IL = 3YVLIAH Y3d YILIAW DIaNd ft

1334 QuvOs 496°941 =¥3LAW JIGNI |

FYVLISH Y3d SHYAILIW JIBNS

+t fa) i) = 3°
° ° ° ° ° ° °
° o ° a) ° w

Xs) wy w v wv ia?) inp) N (a)
FUVLIBH LyOv'O = 3NDVI
er 31GND 1450070 =1004 Guvoa : SUON He tase

JUVLIIH Y3d YALIW DIGND 66E!10'O=3YDV Y3d 1004 aquvoa t

JYDV Yd AHNYOD SRG O=BYVLIAH YAd YAILIW DJIANII
((vIu¥aLWN GIT0S 1334 9IGND 06 40 GHOD H26E°0 = UALAW 31€ND 1) BYUVLIFH Y3d SUAILIW JIANS

3UVLISH Y3d SUYALIW JIAND

¢462°9=]3uH DV Yad GHYOD!
(TVINBLVYN GINI0S SHZLAW JIAND 67S'2e= 1334 JIEGND 06 40 quod t) 3usvV Yad SdYOs

FiGcurE 14.—Alinement charts for converting cords per acre to cubic meters per hectare and board feet per
acre to cubic meters per hectare

i

anits aot oea-DMrraAM

WAN

+

avant T

3JASA AIF T3394 QRACE

‘m3a5 2

Ral

SAATI3M ABS SRIF

C

eee ey

JRATIIH ASS 2HITIM DISUS:

see =

~

Z

‘

t

jAIRaTAR G4302 F337 2IGUS OF FO QROD ASHE.C SAATAM 2IGUS') SRATIAH M34 PRataw o18GS

i

f . SASA F324 GAGS BREEOESRATIGZN AAS MITIM SIiBuS 1

HAT SUM B24 ABTIM SIBUS e8E10.0-3A9A ASO TOOT GRAD I
, arom 218U2 $400.0 27004 DAADB I) yo50 949 7333 ORAOB
4 GRAT OAH TOG 6.0 3. BRDA YL

e

* a €) « & Say . n \ ,

rd3% GRADE T2.0T! = H3TIM 318U91) oo 55u ase EAST IM DIBUD
2IARDA OT BAS = BAATIIH 1)

SADA AIA T29F CAAGA TEST = FAATIGH ATT AITGw DraUsS

5

¢
2
¥
on
=
5
&
~
2
>
Pi
3

=
4
$
eS
PJ
2
Z
é
a

tow? badd boar aetaael, sag etedaas &

¥

49

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

BASAL AREA (FT*) PER ACRE

CUBIC FEET PER ACRE

BASAL AREA (M*) PER HECTARE

CUBIC METERS PER HECTARE

3YDV Y3d 1334 BYWNOS OO9SE'b = SYVLIIH Y3d YILIW BYVNOS 1
JYVLIBH Y3d(SYUSLIW BYVNOS) V3auV IVvVSVE

oO io) S © ve) v ™ N = jo)

10

|

40
35
30
25
20

BSYUVLOSH Y3d YALIW BYWNDS 9622'°0 = 34DV Yad L004 3YVNODS |}
3yuoV Yad (1334 3YVNDS) V3auV IVSVE

IYDV HY3d 1334 DIGND E162 bv! = JUYVLIIH Y3d YILIW DIGNI I
S3ayudv OlZb'2=3YVLISH |

JYUVLIBH Y3d SUYAILIW JIEGNS
1334 DIGND SvIEe'Se =¥3LIW DIGND ;

10

o

40
30
20

10

140
130
120
100
9

3YUVLD3IH Yad YALAW DIGND 46690'0= 3YDV Y3d LOO4 DIBND!
3ZYVLD3IH LyOv‘'oO = 3NDV I

Dv Yad 1334 JIN
YALIN DIBND €820°0=1004 JIEND : ae e tite:

15
10
5
O

c meters per hectare and basal area

(square feet) per acre to basal area (square meters) per hectare.

FIGURE 15.—Alinement charts for converting cubic feet per acre to cubi

798% a1BuD wore 2b 2natge oigua:t |
| SERRA ORTALS 42 RAT OIA} ) Baatoan oo paats iu grap .

IRDA mae +324 END SIES:6V ie BRATION HAT OR 379M Deus)

fa
i

wane

rat ; aRDA BIS; (7334 ‘BRAUBE) ASS jaeae ; a . Pe
ane 2am 95 A.IT3M hayes @9S6.5 2 aaa #39 ‘Toot sRavea br (Ace SSs : :

-
7
> ‘
MOLY
We
iar

SAAT OOK 39 (en ataw’ aA AIDE) AGMA SAZAE 4 ;
Per AX 7 437 VMAS CARL bia SAAT GIN APS WETIM GRAWOE Ps. Bh E
s ; \ ri.
Gt a

>

=

Ven)

WM
iS
aa
<
aa
oO
cal
A
cal
=
ical
Z
e
4
<
cc
e)
HH
ie)
—
A
Oo
A
—
H
fale
&
re
Z
(2)
ie)

POUNDS PER SQ. IN.

POUNDS PER ACRE

KILOGRAMS PER SQ. CM.

KILOGRAMS PER HECTARE

.O

10

14

( HONIBYVNDS Y3d SGNNOd ES? v1 =YSLAWILNSS SYVNDS 3d WYYSOTMM 1) YBLAWILNZO 3BYVADS Yad SWVHNO1X

0.7
0.6
O.
0
0.3
0.2

CJ

13

12
|

10
9
8
tf
6
5
4
3

( YAL3SWILNSO BYVNDS Y3d WVY9OTI I€020'O0 = HONi BYVNDS Yad GNNOd 1) HON! 3YVvNOS Y3d SONNMOd

JuYDV Y3d GNNOd 2268'°0 = 3YVLIBH Y3d WVYDOTIY I
(SQNNOd 9vO2°2 = NVYOOTIN!) BYVLIZBH Y3d SNVYOOTIA

10

SuvLd2H ¥3d SWWHYOOTIYW 80211 = 3YDV Y3d GNNOG |
(W¥YDOTIW GESP'O=AGNNOd 1) 3YDV Yad SANNOd

FIGURE 16.—Alinement charts for converting pounds per acre to kilograms per hectare and pounds per

square inch to kilograms per square centimeter.

>

-

AIRE 4

at panas

evuWe Les (1 ciPOcuvw hes SONVKE CEMLIBE LEM 5 14 3S96 BONUGe BEY BONYwE HGH

HP GBEYNG BEY 20

¢

BOnKES bEB

‘

ZONVBE 1HOH

f.

Oe
Pe ante a) < Tiny)
Lae : ‘ M

‘ . :

devsinesey j

SH =O OL0F nIrGGNYN see Son
@ panuBe)

Ss s08

cvs

oeass &

(etnue seu eonvwe
/

,
a |
"I

BEG HECLYBE =
B HECAYBE (1 KIFS

CbuvK?

LKIFOG ky

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS

POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT

BUSHELS PER ACRE

10043 DIEGND Y3d ANNOd E€¥290'°O =YILIW DIGND Y3d WVvVYDOTIY I

(1334 DIGND SPIE'SE =YBILIW DIGND 1) YBILIW DIGND U3d SNVYNONIY
° ° ° ° ° ° °
S ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
£2 o SY i) Y mm 2 o oO ~ o o t * ot
° o Fe] x © wn t ” ) =

YAILIW DIGND Y3d SWVHODOTIYWN veiog9l = L004 DIGND Y3d ANNOd |!
(Y3LIW DIGND €820'°0 = L004 DIGND!) LOOJ DIGND ¥3d SANNOd

(2¥2V Y¥3d STI3SHSNS PEeri'l = 3¥YVLDIBH U3d ¥31L170193H 1) JYUVLISH Y3d SYILIITOLIIH
@ Ld © ite} t ™ iY] -
° (2) @ ~ (fo) wo vT fy) fav] =

(SYVLIFIH Y3d YILITOLIIH 8OLB'0=34DV Y3d 173HSNB1l) 3NDV Yad S7T3aHSNa

HECTOLITERS PER HECTARE KILOGRAMS PER CUBIC METER

10

bushels per acre to hectoliters per hectare and pounds per

cubie foot to kilograms per cubic meter.

Figure 17.—Alinement charts for converting

¥ = a re
(
a
ya eer aoe eter oe Meg age ae en
ise Be :
Dae

“ * * . ms 9 LF % 2 » }. i.
Fo mT ig : : ee eA m oy BS ee ae ee
F 2 Rae a =| ea f -
es tee
hs : Ee ar | a ">
% ; ef Ss “> Pigeon * ; :
+ i :
i>
oe z ae * ~
Oo
: d it
5 i :
Se Mee i Or Se OP SSL Me Ae SON Pr AMY CRS ee CRE IG) OS LO he One SE Ee een, Sues
: Mid ie ee) : : fad ; f
: ‘ 5 zi i i :
PEN 1 5 ” a
= + ve 1
3
3 ‘ Se te ae DS: Rs oer
3 Si = 2S sie
2 zs é 1 ‘a a
a Pee Ge Pte 8 RE Bi Fe
‘

Ne)
Ne)

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT -CHARTS

CUBIC FEET PER SECOND
ACRE -FEET PER DAY

to

19

17

{(QNOD3S Y3ad 1004 3IBND LipOS'‘O=AVWG Y3d L1003-3499V t) AWG ¥3d 1L334-3499V

16
15
14
13
12

(Ava Yad 1334-34 9V LVER6

!
10

1=QNOD38S Y¥3d LOO 318ND1) QNOD3S wad 1334 3reans

FIGurE 18.—Alinement chart for converting cubic feet per second to acre-feet per day

ee —— SS

t~
Yon)

RTS

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHA

DOLLARS PER ACRE

MARKS PER HECTARE

"313

TSnmOud SSONITTIHS OL LNIIVAINDI ATHONOY SWUVN YOd SINIWA

audv Yad Z10l'OF = a4VLIAH Yad WYN |
(s2°0% =WUVW!) 3YVLIIH Yad SYYuVA

(ya)
o

JUVLIZH Y3d SWSVN ea'6 = 3HDV Nad YVINIOT |
(SWuVW bp =001$) 3Y¥Dv 43d Ssuv110d0

ign

ry

Ficure 19.—Alinement chart for converting dollars per acre to marks per hectare. Value of fore
currency approximate.

CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS 59 y

RELATION OF COEFFICIENTS OF
CORRELATION (R) AND ALIENATION(K)

KorR Ror kK
1.00 .00

05
10
.98 .20
96
.30
94
92
.40
.90—
45
50
.85
55
80 60
—1—.65
oS)
.70

utOT 707

FIGuRE 20.—Coefficients of correlation.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTIN~ OFFICE: 1935