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SR & / , —- Karp 4 dc = GAP 2 C a eae VOL.5 No. 9 MARCH 4,1955 24 a) ieee C7] EM + ¢ Cooperative | ~~ ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH 1 hi AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE aN p N-A ey Coe YN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agrli- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 March 4, 1955 IN@.. 2) COOP BRA MOV S15 CONOMIG WINS me al eis OO ie, ae Highlights of Insect Conditions GREENBUG populations widespread but mostly low in the Pan- handle and South Plains areas of Texas. (page 163). CHINCH BUG outlook for 1955. (page 164). BEET LEAFHOPPER outlook fur the Intermountain Regicn. Conditicns also reported from Texas. (page 165). PINE BOLIWORM surface debris inspection report. (page 167). CATTLE GRUBS abundant some areas of Utah. Maryland and Oklahoma also report activity. (page 168). Summary of INSECT CONDITIONS-1954-in West Virginia (page 171) and INinois (page 175). Status of SOUTHWES'LERN CORN BORER - 1954. (page 182). A 2K KK ok KK oR OK KK OK ok ok Kk ok ok 2k ok Ok Reports in this issue are for the week ending February 25, 1990, uniess otherwise designated. WEATHER £CR THE WHEK ENDING FEBRUARY 28, 1955 East of the Mississippi River temperatures for the week were unseasonably mild, and precipitation generally exceeded one-hali inch except in Florida, the Carolinas, and southern portions of Georgia and Alabama. The heaviest rains (2 to over 4 inches) ell in the Ohio Valley, Kentucky, and Tennessee where some streams were overflowing at the close of the period. Temperatures rose rather steadily throughout the period and by the end maxima in the 00's extended northward to the Great Lakes. Above-normal temperatures gradually reduced the snow cover in the North, and Stimulated crop growth in the South. The week's precipitation maintained ample soil moisture, except that more rain would be helpful in southern Georgia and northwestern Florida where 1954 was the driest year on record. West of the Mississippi River temperatures for the week averaged below normal by 9° to 18° in the northern Great Plains, by as much as 15° in the central Rocky Mountain region, and 6° in the Pacific Northwest. In the northern Great Plains minima fell to subzero levels each night, and most sections experienced the coldest week of the winter. One of the lowest temperatures reported was -40° at Warroad, Minn, On the same date minima were -20° or lower in central and northeastern South Dakota, all of North Dakota, and a minimum of -110 occurred in northwestern Iowa, Winds and considerable cloudiness added to the disagreeableness of the severe cold. Freezing weather overspread most of the far Southwest at the beginning of the period damaging some cantalouves in the ' Yuma area of Arizona and making orchard heating necessary in some districts of the Los Angeles area of California. At the end of the period a general treeze covered the Pacific Northwest, minima falling to 32° at Portland, Oreg., and 279 and 28° at Seattle and Tatoosh Islands, Wash,, respectively Precipitation was generally very light west of the Mississippi, except for moderate to heavy rains along the Pacific Coast and heavy snows in the mountains, Precipitation was entirely lacking in the western portions of the lower Great Plains where continued drought and occasional strong winds further dimmed small grain and pasture prospects. Moisture was also negligible in southern Arizona where ranges need rain and water supplies for livestock are shrinking. Heavy snows in the western mountains brightened the water supply outlook for the coming crop season considerably. Many stations in the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains reported depth in- creases of 4 feet or more. Increases in the Rocky Mountains, although somewhat lower, were nevertheless substantial. In (Weather continned on page 170 ), CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS. GREENBUG (Toxoptera qraminum) - TEXAS - Surveys for small grain insects from Feoruary 7 to 17 in 23 panhandle and south plains counties indicate that low populations Of greenbugs exist in all counties, with the exception of a few. Heaviest infestations were found in the following counties: Swisher 30 to 70, Deaf Smith 10 to 40, Randall 75 to 160 and Donley 100 greenbugs per foot of row. Infestations in Haskell County range from 10 to 50 per linear foot of row. (Ashdown, Daniels, Cleveland). CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - OKLAHOMA - Samples from bunch grass averaged 841 per square foot. Numbers following 10° F, weather were not decreased. (Fenton). BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Scarce in 26 panhandle counties in those fields severely damaged by drought. Highest counts were between 5 to 10 mites per foot of row. (Ashdown, Cleveland, Daniels). CUTWORMS - TEXAS - Several counties in the panhandle averaged 1 or less per foot of row, except Lubbock County where the count ran up to 5. (Ashdown, Cleveland, Daniels). ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEVADA - Adult activity in limited numbers in western area, Some control starting. (Gallaway, Feb. 19). YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocailis trifolii) - TEXAS - Again found in alfaita fields in the panhandle and is likely to increase now that the alfalfa is beginning to grow. Cold weather of February i0 greatly decreased the numbers. ‘Ashdown, Cleveland, Daniels). ARIZONA - Scattered infestations in Maricopa, Gila and Yuma Counties, These infestations seem to be relatively stable at present. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). NEVADA - Viviparous reproduction in progress in many alfalfa fields of southern area. Present numbers indicate possible economic populations will develop on second cutting. (Gallaway, Feb. 19). POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - TEXAS - Collected on alfalfa, January a , in Brazos County. Det. D. A. Young. (Cowger). It will be noted that this is an earlier date than the collection in Louisiana (CEIR 4(8):153), Chinch Bug Outlook for 1955 The problem in 1955 is not expected to differ greatly from that in 1904, when carn and sorghum were damaged in*many local areas. Surveys were made late last fall efter the adult chinch bugs were in hibernation in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Scattered, locally severe or very severe ratings (see map) were found in northeastern Arkansas, eas’ central Illinois, east central Kansas, northern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma. Elsewhere in the states surveyed, the ratings ranged from non-economic to threatening. 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SSY2 | Wavilod eR Tae 3imvi ¥BIHS ] u3asve] ¥10d KYIV Hino aM Od 318 BVA 4 oe } non SS fatnvn wus NAOH! oys | vai [AsNBG COMB LE | * 10108 WOH AYSY WOTHD| at ns es aogoe wnyo> yS6!i JO 11V4 Ni log¥Od| ¥>03 SE TER) nT o1W Ova | A¥79 S378VH: SHA n3 BANE oove sat Ea HOLA PANOM) SHNTH NOILV NOS ky niHoinu | "25, 20) aAog EL DI NOs xin w3usnd ¥ wavs peed se es fi LS [eo 3NIvIE x = MOB’ 5\ 4409349 | sae | tomes | ddldh 4 43AIN vs Bf AwYIHO Vavueo Vira ee Tiana To IS3INI 9NG HONIHD 1 bo (oy) i PRUIT INSECTS A MITE (Tetranycnus yumensis) - ARIZONA - Abundant in some establisned grapetruit at Yuma, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus) - GEORGIA - Some live scales being found in Fort Valley area on peach trees treated with 5 applications of insecticides in 1994. (Snapp). TRUCK CROP INSECTS BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - TEXs8 - Over: wintered individuals found on winter and spring host plants from Crystal City to Vernon and west. Heavy damage in the Winter Garden area to spinach by curly top virus. At least one half Be ee crop has been lost. (Douglass, Peay, Cowger, avis). Leafhopper Conditions in Utah, Western Colorado, Southern Nevada Southeastern California and Central Arizona - 1990 The beet leafhopper spring movement from the southern desert breeding grounds to the cultivated districts of north and central Utah and western Colorado is expected to be moderate. ithe local movement is expected to be light in north and central Utah and western Colorado, The movement to southern Utah, southern Nevada, southeastern California and central Arizona is also expected to be moderate. The overwintering population in the southern breeding area ls | considered to be approximately three times larger than that which occurred in 1954. Spring host plant conditions are favorable for leafhopper breeding in most southern and most northern portions of the southern breeding grounds. The acreage of host plants 1s about three times that of 1954. In the local breeding areas of : northern Utah, a light popultion of leafhoppers entered the winter under favorable conditions. A light leafhopper movement is to be expected from some of the local areas. The spring movement to central and northern Utah cultivated districts under favorable conditions, is expected to be moderate, It must be emphasized that this statement is based wpon present conditions. The move- ment of the leafhoppers into the cultivated districts of central Utah and western Colorado is expected to start by mid-April iN and probably will reach its peak by mid-May. The abundance o the population engaged in this movement will dependupon unpredictable weather fluctuations during the next month whicna - 166 - affect the development of the beet leafhopper and its host plants. Experience has shown when an early spring follows a mild Winter it usually advances the date of the beet leafhopper move- ment from the uncultivated breeding areas to the cultivated districts. On the other hand, a late spring with excessive rainfall delays the date of the movement. The early winter temperatures have been below normal in the southern area. For these reasons, 2 iater statement will be issued on beet leafhopper conditions. This will be based on additional information obtained from surveys now in progress. (Dorst, Knowlton). BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens, - TEXAS - Medium local infestations on onions in Nueces County. Damaged about 100 acres of onions in the Robstown arza. (Nolan). CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - WASHINGTON - Small colonies persist in brussels sprouts in gardens at Sumner, (Doucette, Feb, 15). GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA - Very iight infestation on turnips in Columbus County. (Rabb, Guthrie). CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praeticsa) - ARIZONA - On squash on Yuma Mesa. Some ieaves mottied. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - FLORIDA - Averaged 1 larva per 100 square yards and was infesting ends and sides of tobacco plant beds at Quincy. (May), NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation on turnips observed in Columbus County. (Rabb, Guthrie). MISSISSIPPI - Considerable damage to garden crops in Forrest County by larvae. (Sheffield, Feb. 18). TEXAS - Mediuin local infestation on turnips and cabbage in Washington County. Larvae causing damage, but are about ready to pupate. (Weaver). SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR (Estigmene acrea) ~ PLORIDA - A single newly-emerged adult was collected from a field at Gainesville. (Hetrick), TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix lirtipennis) - FLORIDA - Averaged 75 adults per square foot of a tobacco plant bed at Quincy, Gadsden County. Control used. (May, Rhoades). CUTTON INSECTS PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinynhors qussypisiiy) - SLOR[DA - On the Wild Cotton Eradication Project the first pink Loliworms c: the s¢ason were found February 3 and 5 on a few mature wild cotton planis on Key Largo. Four specimens were »ec syiened from 426 bolls. About 17 locations infested last season have been wurked this season and ail fruit inspected showed negative results. (Wild Cotton Erad, Proj,). In the pericd February 1-15, the inspection of surface debris continued. Many reports continue to emphasize the small amount of cotten debris left in fields in the cultural control areas. MEXICO - live pink boliwor ms were found at rate or 3. 18 per hundred bolls inspected in the municipio ot Matamoros, and 2,88 in Camargo, with the other 6 municipios of Tamaulipas giving negative results. TEXAS - im the three lower valley counties of Cameron, Hidalgo and Willacy, average number OL live pink bollworms per 100 bolls was 1. 78, or 9. 24 per acre insurtace debris, Results in the coastal bend counties of San Patricio and Nueces were 1, 40 live pink bollworms per Lis bolls inspected, or 9.05 per acre. Bee and Live Oak Counties grouped together showed 3.09 live pink bollworms per 160 bolls inspected, or 25.8 per acre. In grouping Brazos and Washingtor Counties, results show 29, 14 live pink bollworms per 100 bolis, or 2,376 live worms per acre. Medina County shows an average of 14,7 live pink bollworms per 100 bolls inspected, or lati per acre. Tom Green County shows 26,4 live worms per 1G0 bolls, or 64.2 per acre. The last four counties mentioned appear to be "hot spots" and do not necessarily indicate the degree of infestation in the general area. Comoaring the number of live pink bollworms per 100 bolls inspected as of Pebruanry 15, the totals in Texas show that 5, 5 live specimens have been found this year compared with 8,1 as of February 15 of last year. Kesults were negative in ARIZONA, LOUISIANA and NEW MEXICo. In OKLAHOMA the inspection in Caddo and Washita Counties resulted in the finding of . 81 live pink bollworms per 100 bolls inspected. (PBW Cont. Proj.}. INSECTS AFFECTING OTHER FIBER PLANTS A CERAMBYCID (Hippopsis temniscata) - FLORIDA - The first occurrence of this insect on ramie was reported last September (CEIR 4(35): 816, 1954). One of the infested plots reported was left unharvested to observe development of the insects in ramie and their effect on the crop. Although first observations - 168 - indicated normal oviposition and incuoation, by February 1955 no live larvae could be found. Considering that no larvae in ramie appeared to advance beyond the second instar and that most died in the first instar, it is thought that ramie may be a2 lethal host of H, lemniscata. Inspection of other host species showed that normal progress was made, (Genung). FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS BARK BEETLE (ps pini) - VIRGINIA - Damaging a two-acre plantation of red pine in Carroll County. (Lyon). APHIDS - WASHINGTON - Small colonies of the rose aphid present on Peas buds at Sumner, Reproduction taking place. (Doucette, Igo. 0S). INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS CATTLE GRUBS (Hypoderma spp.) - UTAH - Seriously abundant in many herds in some areas of Washington County, February 19. (Hughes, Knowlton), Appearing in considerable numbers in beef -attle in Ogden Valley. Reports coming in from various parts of the State indicate the development of grubs quite generally in Utah. (Burningham, Knowlton}. OKLAHOMA - Heel fly activity noted for the past 2 weeks in all parts of the State during warm days. (Stiles). MARYLAND - All of 22 one-year old Herefords in one herd, Montgomery County, infested with H, lineatum, From 5 to 25 grubs per animal, (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ), CATTLE LICE - VIRGINIA - Reported to have been so heavy in a Montgomery County herd that they apparently caused the death of one cow and near death of another. (Kalison). UTAH - Moderately numerous and’ troublesome in some areas of Washington County. In Juab County 3.000 cattle,in Millard County 7,000, and in Beaver County about 5, 500 have been treated this winter. (Knowlton, Burtenshaw, Hughes). LONG-NOSED CATTLE LOUSE (Linognathus vituli) - FLORIDA - Abundant on cattle at a ranch in Alachua County. Control requested. (Hetrick), - 169 - UTORED-PRODUCT INSECTS A MITE (aceria tulipae) - ILLINOIS - Coilected on cuion sets in stcrage in northeastern area during December and February. This is the first known report of the mite in Iincis, (Petty). MISCBEELANBOUS INSECTS BOXELDER BUGS (Leptocoris trivittatus) - VIRGINIA - Entering houses and causing annoyance in Richmond, Blacksburg and_ Radford. (Morris). MARYLAND - in homes, Montgomery County. (U, Md., Ent. Dept. ). the State. The first winged forms for the year are reported trom Rienmond,. (Matheny), NORTH CAROLINA - ‘lights of Zootermopsis angusticollis has been taken in a lumber yard in 5 Duncan in fir shipped from the West Coast. (Bieberacr#). Light Trap Collections: FLORIDA - Some of the more imvortant insects taken at black light traps are as follows: At Bradenton, February 15--Feltia subterranea 1, Hyphantria cunea iiswven isabella 2, Laphygma frugiperda 1, Mocis tatu subterranea 1 and Pseudaletia unipuncta 4 (Denmark) AtHomestead, January 25 to 30--Anomala undulata 11, Nezara viridule ¢, Estigmene acrea 1, Feitia subterranea 11, Prodenia dolichos 9, BP, latifascia 4, and Pseudaletia uniouncta 1 (Wolfenbarger/, armigera 1, and Pseudaletia unipuncta 1. -Wilson). RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY Of interest recently was the unusual interception of a living a jult specimen of Moznsteira unicostata Muis. & Rey (Tingidae), the so-called almond bug, or "La Chincheta del Almendro, " on pomegranates in baggage from Italy at New York, N.Y. (Lineham). This insect has been reported injurious to almonds, apricots, cherries, pears and plums in Italy, Spain and parts of North Africa, It has also been reported attacking species of poplar, hawthorn and willow. Feeding by this lacebug causes yeilow spotting of the leaves. When heavily infested, the foliage or the 2 GO. < trecs also Duccme unsightly duc to 2 film of insect excrvuta de- posited on the leaves. ‘This film is said to hinder leaf respiraticn. Further damage is caused by the oviposition punctures of the adults in the leaf tissues. Leaf fall and abnormal second growth later in the season sometimes follows insect attack. Observations on the biology of the almond bug indicate the eygs are deposited in small groups in the leaf tissues along the main veins on the underside of the leaves. A female may lay 6-15 egys onaleaf, The eggs hatch in 18-15 days. There are 5 molts with a nymphal stage of 25-30 days duration. Nymphal cast skins remain attached to the leaves, As many as 3 or 4 generations may be produced inayear with considerable overlapping late in the season so that at times all stages may be found. Injury is said to be more serious in iate summer. Overwintering occurs in the adult stage in cracks in the tree trunks or in the soil. M. unicostaia has been invercepted on two previous occasions, on plums and with chestnut wood in baggage from Italy at New York, N.Y. It is not known to be present in the United States (Compiled by Plant Quarantine Branch). ROK OK A OK OK O&K OK Kk Weather Continued: the northern Great Plains ccld, cloudy weather prevented any melting of the previous week's heavy snowfall which protected small grains from the subzero temperatures, East of the Mississippi River the snow cover retreated to the Canadian Border States, and depths were reduced considerably, by more than a foot in northern New England. (Summary Supplied U.S. eather Bureau). EG SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1994 WEST VIRGINIA Prepared by F. W. Craig, C. F. Bishop, C.K. Dorsey, Edwin Gould, €)F, Taylor, and EJO. Hamstead assisted in compiling the report and making surveys. The discovery of the ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera nostica) in Jefferson County and the EUROPEAN CHAFER (Amphimailon majalis) in Hampshire County were the outstanding insect pest developmenits of the year in West Virginia. The build-up Of an UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) in Berkeley County, the lighi, but scattered infestation of FALL CANKERWORM (Alsophila pometaria’ and the LINDEN LOOPER (Erannis tillaria) and the findiag o: a new infestation of a SCALE (Aspidiotus sp.) on hemlock in Parkersburg, were additional developments. ARMYWORM /Pseudaletia unipuncta) was reported from only one piace, Pendleton County, as compared with a heavy and general infestation in 1953. Another group of insects, GALL APHIDS (Chermes abietis and (Pineus similis) _ which wers quite general on spruce in 1953, were very light in 1904 The JAPANESE BEETLE (Popillia japonica) continued to spread and build-up in intensity in some of the clder infes ted areas. The adults were relatively light in Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, continuing the downward trend of the past taree years. Adults were very abundant in the southern section of Harrison and Barbour Counties and the northern tip of Upshur, and quite numerous through an eight-county area of the north central part of the State, The infestation continued to build-up in the Ohio Valley from Parkersburg to Moundsville and in the Kanawha Valley just east of Charleston, New outbreaks of this pest at Logan, Ldégan County, Welch, McDowell County, and Williamson, Mingo County, were discovered during the year. The colony south of Elkins in the Tygart Valley was found to be much stronger than had previously been expected and threatens to invade this rich agricultural section. ( \ Limited surveys for the WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES (Graphognathus spp.) and CO!'LON STEM MOTH (Platyedra vilella) weve negative. An extensive survey in Morgantown, Wheeling and Weirton sections for GYPSY MO'l'H (Porthetria dispar) was also negative. - 172 - IP ewuhe INASSCes\s The status of common insect pests of tree fruits did not, yenerally, in 1954, deviate much from the usual pattern but two relatively new insect to West Virginia created much interest and concern even though they were only found at widely scattered points. These two insects were APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella) and the UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella). The former was found for the first time in a commercially sprayed orchard and the latter was severe in several orchards in the eastern panhandle, where it was widely distributed. Damage was most severe in the vicinity of Summit Point, Jefferson County, and the insect was found as far west as Augusta, Hampshire County, by late September, CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) was still the most important fruit pest but was considered to be slightly reduced in number from the normal, ROSY APPLE APHID (Anuraphis roseus; and WOOLLY APPLE APHID (Eriosoma lanigerum! were widespread and damaging in the eastern panhandie fruit section. The APPLE APHID (Aphis pomi) also caused severe damage in this section. RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) was not much of a problem until late in the season when it was abundant in the orchards of the eastern panhandie that had failed te control the broods, and in the northern panhandle where it even continued to cause damage to apples in common storage. FORBES SCALE (Aspidiotus forbesi) was widespread but probably less abundant than in 1953 and suffered heavy winter mortality. One orchard in Lewis County was heavily infested with SCURFY SCALE (Chionaspis turfura). LESSER PEACH BORER (Synanthedon victipes} was plentiful in one orchard in Braxton County. ROSE CEAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus) and the BLACK PHACH APHID (Anuraphis persicae-niger) were not reported though they have been troublesome in past years, Small Fruit Insects: Several CATERPILLARS were destructive to strawberry foliage early in the summer in Randolph County. Included in this group were VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa), Morrisonia confusa {also fed heavily on the blossoms), and Eupsilia sp. ihmuckCropunsects: : Several outbreaks of the HARLEQUIN RUG (Murgantia histrionica) were reported from near Charleston during last of July and BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) was reported causing damage in scattered areas early in the summer. MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) was scarce during the early summer but was observed in destructive numbers by mid- - 173 - summer and during the fail. FLEA BEETLES were especially numerous on potatoes, tomatoes and corn but LEAFHOPPERS on beans were slightly less damaging than in 1953. Leathopper damage to potatoes was very serious throughout the State, as usual. CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) and the CORN SAP BEETLE (Carpophilus aimidfatus) were generaliy abundant and the former damaged both corn and tomatces, IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) was more abundant than usual in the Charleston area. The STALK BORER (Papaipema nebris) aye eens June 12 but reports of damage were not as frequent as sla IQ Ssh, completely surveyed. In Monongalia County borers were common in a field of sweet corn July 23. In Berkeley County 8 to 10 borers per stalk were resorted early in the season and in one field in late July as many as 12 to 20 borers per staik were found. CORN FLEA BEETLE (Chaetocnema pulicaria) was abundant and there was considerable Stewart's disease in corn but probably less than in 1953. One outbreak of a SOD WEBWORM (Crambus luteolellus) was reported during the year and SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) caused some severe losses in the higher altitudes of Randolph County. LEAFHOPPER damage to the second cutting Ci alfalfa was lignt compared with the usual severe loss. Forest Insects: The LOCUST LEAF MINER (Chalevus dorsalis) was generally serious in Cabell County and in spots in the north central section of the State. Through the rest of the central section it was only moderate, The EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma_ americanum) was abundant in Greenbrier County and in local areas near Charleston and in Lewis County. Also common in the central area north of Charleston, Tents were scarce in the southwestern corner and in the eastern panhandle area, ‘The FALL CANKERWORM and LINDEN LOOPER caused scattered light to heavy damage to many forest trees anc would appear to be building up to a heavy and general infestation in tne next few years. The BAGWORM (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) © was only moderately abundant and FALL WEBWORM (Hyphantria cunea) was very scarce. POPLAR AND WILLOW BORER (Cryptorhynchus lapathi) killed several trees ‘Populus Spp. } in the Kanawha Valley and a few elm trees in White Sulphur Springs were defoliated by the ELM LEAF BEETLE (Galerucella xanthomelaena) during the summer. In the fall housewives in St. Albans, Romney and Berkeley Springs complained of the BOZELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) entering homes. Ornamental Pests: Pests of evergreen trees, mustly repurted from nurseries, included. an outbreak of HEMLOCK SCALE (Aspidiotus ithacea). WHITE- PINE WEEVIL (Pissodes strobi) caused damage in small nursery plantings in Moronyalia and Pieasant Counties and WHITE-PINE SAWFLY (Neodiprion pinetur}) defoliated the lower limbs on a few white pine near Clarksburg. PINE BARK APHID (Pineus strobi) was generally prevalent but serious outbreaks were unusually scarce, SAWFLIES caused less damage to pine than generally. ARBORVITAE LEAF MINER (Argyresthia thuiella) continued abundant in the known infested spots and, in addition, wes found in a few new spots. The JUNIPER WEBWORM (Dichomeris marginella) and the JUNIPER SCALE (Diaspis carueli) likewise continusd to be destructive in the limited areas where it has become established. A Lecanium sp. was found on junipers in three nurseries in the north central section of the State. The the species. Increasing damage to privet has been noted for several years. LACEBUGS on azaleas and rhododendron were also much more numerous than for a few years. Azaleas in Charleston generally were completely browned in August and September. A local outbreak of the GENISTA CATERPILLAR (Tholeria reversalis) on laburnum occurred in and near ern ene tee ans Huntington, Cabell County. Stored Products Insects: The ANGOUMONS GRAIM MOTH (Sitotroga cerealelia) appeared frequently in stored corn infesiations. Several infestations of the RED-LEGGED HAM BEETL® (Necrobia rufipes) were observed. BEAN WEEVIL (Acanthoscelides obtecius} was numerous in 1954 and caused considerable damage to stored beans. Insect Pests of Structures, ete: f ; : The TERMITE (Reticulitermes flavipes) and the BLACK CARPENTER ANT (Camponotus herculeaneus pennsylvanicus) were about normal in numbers in dwelling infestations. Household Pests: A few reports of the CLOVER MITE Bryobia praetic.sa) being abundant on the trunks-of apple trees and entering hommes were received during the year. - 175 - SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS -1954 ILLINOIS Prepared by Extension Service Hntomologists Cereal and Forage Crop Insects: ‘Small Grains’ ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium), although abundant on wheat heads in one county, was of no consequence generally. ‘The ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) appeared in outbreak proportions. Moth flight was first observed April 6 in southwestern Ulinois and numbers of moths increased during the following three weeks. Heavy flights were observed in Champaign and Morris April 14. In northern area, moth flight peak occurred August 20, 21, and 22 when 67, 51, and 53 moths were collected. Early-instar armyworms were first observed April 1-15. Peak populations occurred from May 15 to June 15 as determined by random surveys: Armyworm Larval Populations Averaged by Date and Section Small Grains per Linear Ft. Grasses per Sq. Ft. 5/16-31 /54 es 4 0/16-31/54 6/1-15/54 . 20 Northwest 0.0 -- oo Northeast 0. 04 ®. 55 0.0 -- West On@ 60 0.0 IL, BO) Central a 2. 09 Oxval -- East OnCZ 0. 49 OF33 3. 00 West Southwest QO. 06 ~- On@ == East Scutheast 0. 28 ONSH, 0.67 -- Southwest OHO -- -- = Southeast i, GS -- ~- =< Minor outbreaks occurred in early September. A total of 170, 000 acres were treated for the control of this pest. The CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) left winter quarters and appeared in thin wheat fields where damage in isolated instances killed individual wheat plants. Early treatment reduced the damage. Heavy rains during eariy oviposition and hatching killed a porticn of the population thus reducing the potential threat, Dry weather followed and migration of nymphs occurred in June and July. Reported wheat yields in isolated instances were reduced 10 to 15 bushels per acre, Control measures applied in time greatly reduced damage to corn, HESSIAN FLY (Phytophaga tiestructor) populations were highest in St. Clair County with only 6,4 percent of the tillers infested. WHEAT JOINTWORM (Harmolita tritici) infested 7.2 percent of the tillers in st. Clair County, the highest in the State, “Y716 = Corn: The CORN PLEA Bee ven. CRAG OCR ETA pulicaria) first red in Southern Tllinois April 7 and by April 14 if was collected appeal in the northern most counties, Populations per 100 sweeps in roadside grasses beside old corn fields were as follows: : | OR | ‘ ae : AV, D/IG= SUG /letan IG fC —3O) Wife 7/16-31 8/1-15 8/16-31 Entire State’ 2, 1 7.9 4.5 TLIO LZ 358 322. 9 WIREWORMS, BILLBUGS, and WEBWORMS were reported damaging corn in late May and early June. Aduits of a LEAF BEETLE (Myochrous denticollis) caused damage to two fields of corn on muck land in southwestern Illinois last of May. A TORTRICID (Sparganothis sufuranpa _.\/ was common feeding on silks in central and northern Ulinois in July and August. The CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica longicornis) varied from O to 41 larvae per hill of com. Damage was no worse than in 1953. Up to 83 percent of the IWinois in May. Damage ranged from 0 to 65 percent and the average of random samples was 9.6 percent. This was small corn and replanting was possible. A later infestation in north~- western and northeastern Mlinois in late June caused serious damage since it wes too late to replant. As many as 10 larvae were reported taken from one hill of sweet corn, The CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera} was more abundant than in most years. arly field corn averaged 8 percent silk infestation in southeast Illinois by July i6. An occasional larvae was found in the plant whorl farther north, J uly 23, 0 to 10 percent of the Silks were infested in central and northern areas. During August as many as 00 percent of the ears were found infested in some fields in the northern one-half of the State. In early September, some field corn in southern Fllinois had nearly 100 percent of ears infested, FALL, ARMYWORM (Laphyqma frugiperda) was abundant in many fields in September, RUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) fall populations in 36 counties was 256 compared to the 1949 population in the same 36 counties of 420. In 1953 the population was 170. In sout&aern Iinois, pupation began prior to May 7 and was completed by May 28 when emergence was noted and one egg mass was found On Sweet corn in the East St. Louis area. In central Illinois, pupation was 9 - 16 percent by May 21 and wes completed by June 13, = 177 - In northern Illinois, pupation was 0 to 4 percent by May 21 and was completed by June 18. Fifty percent emergence had occurred in southern Illinois by June 4 and in northern Dlinois by Jure 18, By June 25, emergence was practically complete in most of the State, averaging 90 percent in the northern one-third of Illinois. Oviposition in the northern one-half of Illinois began from June 11 to June 18 and reached the peak between June 25 and July 2 after which it dropped very abruptly. By June 25, 30 to 35 percent of the eggs had hatched, and by July 2, 70 to 95 percent of the eggs had hatched in central and northern counties. Fifth-instar borers were observed the week of July 2 and reached peak by the week of July 23 when 64 percent of all borers were in the fifth instar. Fourteen percent of the borers had pupated by July 23. The number of borers found in the pupal stage reached peak (50 to 75 per- cent) in the central area the week of July 30. The peak (40 to 60 percent) was reached a week later in northern counties. Moths began to emerge in the northern half of the State the week of July 23 and from 5 to 58 percent had emerged by August 6 and 85 to 100 percent by August 20. The first egg masses for the second yeneration in the northern half were observed week of July 30 when two masses per 100 plants were found in Livingston County. During the two-week period August 14 to August 27, the number of egy masses per 100 plants reached peak. At this time, from 28 to 260 masses per 100 plants were found. Hatching cf second-generation larvae was well under way (28 percent) in western Illinois by August 13 but had not begun in northern Ulinois except in sweet corn. By August 27, hatching was nearly complete in central Illinois and 70 percent completed in northern Tilinois. | A low egg mass count, 10 to 20 per 100 plants developed the last. of August and first of September in southern Illinois indicating the third generation in that area. The following tabie shows a brief general tabulation of the fall corn borer survey in Illinois: Section of State Borers per 100 Plants Northwest 360 Northeast 232 West Zou! Central 353 Fast 427 West Southwest 16 Rast Southeast 12 Southwest 6 Southeast 3 In general the corn borer population in the northern nalf of the State shows a considerable increase over last year's population, GRASSHOPPERS were not a serious pest of corn in 1954. However, they did move in from roadsides and legume fields and caused a small amount of damage on marginal rows, Clover and Alfaifa: The CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) was not quite as serious in 1954 asin 1958, but it still dida great amount of damage anc spraying was necessary +o save the Crop in many cases. Larval populations gradually increased during March, declined slightly in April, and Gropped ofi rather abruptly in May. State average during the last of March and through April was 20 to 3C larvae per square foot with some fields as high as 100 per square foot, Pupation began the last half of April, reached peak in May, then graduatly declined during June, Adults began emerging the latter part of May or first of June and reached peak of asundance the first part of July. PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi! was again a major vest as in 1903 and treat- ments were necessary to save many ciover fields. Average populations per field ranged from O to 196 aphids per square foot in the southern two-thirds of the State the week of April 2 and from O to 9 in the northern third,week ending April 16. By April 30, the average numbers in southern two-thirds ofI[Uinois ranged from 21. to 840 per sweep and by May 28 the top figure reached i, 360 aphids per sweep. They may have reached greater numbers as in some cases they were recorded as one-half cup full per sweep and were not courted. The highest figure reached in northern Iliinois was 391 per sweep, the week of June 11. During the last of May and in June, aplids attacked new seeding of clover and alfalfa in crain fields and did considerable damage completely destroying the stand in a few cases. VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma “margaritosa) was much more abundant and destructive to clover than for many years. It appeared in fields early in May and apnparentiy reached peak abundance first half of June when fields in the eastern section averaged 10 per square foot, the central section averaged 16. 8 per square foot and the western section (not randomly sampled) averaged 30 per square foot. Highest average for one field in these three sections respectively was 26, 54, and 32 per square foot. MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) was less numerous than for the last three or four years. Few fields averaged more than one nymph per stem. Most fields averaged 0.5 orless. LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) and its close relative, H. meles, were vevy numerous through- out the southern two-thirds of State and undoubtedly caused much more damage than generally realized, especially to seed crops. Adults of H. nigrirostris apparently had two peaks in clover fieids, once the first of April when over-wintering adults moved into the fields and again in June when new adults emerged from cocoons. One hundred percent of clover stems in some fields were infested. by larvae of one or the other of these two species. During May the following average percent of stems infested was recorded: Section of the State Percent of Stems Infested Northwest 2. 86 Northeast 60, 00 West 10. OO East Ws O10) Southwest 90, 00 Southeast 83. 00 Adults of H. nigrirostris were found throughout the State, while H. meles was found only in the southern two-thirds. POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) first appeared in fields Avril 26. Relatively speaking it was not as abundant in 1954 and did not damage alfalfa to extent of the previous few years. CLOVER HEAD WEEViL (Tychius stephensi), which was first found in Illinois about three years ago is now known to be present in at least twelve counties in the northeastern one-fourth of the State. GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus spp,) damaged scattered fields throughout the State. LADY BEETLES, combined species, were rather numerous in most clover and alfalfa fields. a ee August. CLOVER ROOT BORER (Hylastinus obscurus) damaged several clover fields in northeastern Minois. An examination of a field early in August showed 10 percent of the plants killed and 40 percent of the remaining plants infested by average of 5.5 larvae, 1.0 pupae, and 1.75 adults per root. GREEN CLOVER- WORM (Plathypena scadra} was more abundant than usual in clover and alfalfa fields but no serious damage was reported. ALFALFA CATERPILLAR (Colias philodice eurytheme) was common in alfaifa fields of central Wlinois in early September. Grass: FALSE CHINCH BUG (Nysius ericae) was reported cGamaging grass in turee different cases first half of July. soybeans: CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) migrated from clover in Fayette County early in July and damaged marginal rows of soybeans. SPIDER MITES were abundant in some fields early in July. MARGINED BLISTER BEETLE (Epicauta pestifera) - 180 - was reported damaging soybeans in early August, GREEN CLOVERWORM was very destructive to soybeans in localized aceas in the southern half of the State in August. Druck Crop Insects: BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tonellus) was present on horse- radish in the Hast St, Louis area and is believed to have caused damage by spreading brittle root disease. CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) moths were numerous and laying eggs and a few small larvae were found on advanced sweet corn by June 4 in East St. Louis area, By July 30, 20 to 50 percent of the ears in untreated sweet corn were reported to be infested in central Illinois. In the southern half of the State as many as 100 percent of the ears were infested with an average of 4.7 larvae per ear in some fields early in September. This pest also caused severe damage to tomato fruits where treatments were omitted. TOMATO RUSSET MITE ‘Vasates lycopersici), which did much damage to tomatoes in 1952 and 1953, was not present in 1954 except on greenhouse tomatoes where it probably had overwintered under tne protection of the greenhouse. COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) adults were numerous on tomato plants in Cook County in May and severely damaged some fields. STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Acalymma vittata) severely camaged Hubbard and other late varieties of squash in Cook County in early June, ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) caused some damage to onion seis in Cook County in June. PALE-SIDED CUTWORM (agrotis malefide) damaged cabbage in Cook County during June. ONION TERIPS (Thrips tabaci) was abundant on "stickout" onions the latter part ci June and caused damage to onions in Cook County in july. SIX-SPOTTED LEAF HOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) was abundant on carrots in Cook County the lacter part of June. POTATO LEAFHOPP&R (Empoasca fabae) was extremely abundant on potatoes in Cook Ccunty the latter part of June. SQUASH BUG (Anasa tristis) was more abundant in northern and central Illinois then for several years. It caused severe damage to many pumpkin fields and treatments were necessary. TOMATO HCORNWORM (Protoparce quinguemacuiata) was numerous enough to necessitate treatment of some tom2to fields in northern Illinois in July. YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) caused damage to onions in Cook Ccunty in July. SOUTHERN CABBAGEWORM (Pieris protodice) was present in outbreak numbers on horseradish in Madison and St. Clair Counties the last of August and early September. Counts of 10 per leaf were not uncommon, - 181 - Forest, Ornamental, and Shade Tree Insects: SPIDER MITES, species undetermined, were abundant on spruce in McHenry County in early June. YELLOW-NECKED CATER- PILLAR (Datana ministra) was abundant and almost completely a defoliated many treés in Mlinois the last of July and first of August. Stored Grain Insects: SAW-TOOTHED GRAIN BEETLE( Oryzaephilus surinamensis) was very abundant in the debris of corn cribs and in bins of oais in early September. INDIAN-MEAL MOTH (Plodia interpunctella) was common in both ear and shelled 1953 corn in September 1954, MEAL MOTH (Pyralis farinalis) was also common in ear and shelled 1953 corn in September 1954. Miscellaneous Insects: CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) was a general nuisance in many homes throughout the State until last of June when it disappeared and did not reappear until around the first of October when large numbers were observed on the sides of houses. BOXELDER BUGS (Leptocoris trivittatus) were abundant in the southern two-thirds of the State and began bunching up on tree trunks and the sides of houses causing many complaints in September. COTTON STEM MOTH (Platyedra vilella) was not found in the State although hollyhocks were examined in Lee,Marshall, MeLeon, and Champaign Counties. - 182 - LO Status vf Southwestern Corn Borer - 1904 Surveys were conducted during 1954 to determina the intensity andYor distribution of the southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) in Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. The overali distribution of the insect in the United States, according to special State reports and Plant Pest Control Branch records, is shown on the accompaning map. Although D. grandiosella was once recorded in Baca County, Colorado (USDA Tech. Bul. 383:5, 1933); repeated efforts in the years since, according to a recent report by L. B. Daniels, have failed to find positive evidence. The Colorado county, therefore, is not shown as infested on the rap. Southwestern corn borer was found for the first time in 1994 in 6 new counties in Arkansas. Early season populations were heavy in areas of established infestations in this State, but light in the newly-infested areas. Indications are that the pest may move into the delta corn-growing area of the State, In Missouri, the borer spread rapidly northward during 1904 with 15 counties being found infested for the first time. Infestation in field corn in this State ranged from .01 to 44 percent. Three new counties were added during 1954 to the distribution in kansas where the occurrence of the insect is now nearly statewide. Fifteen counties in north east Texas were reported infested for the first time. Surveys during summer and fall in Texas showed southwestern corn borer to be the dominant species of stalk borer in the northeast, northwest, panhandle and plains areas, Average infestation ran as high as 50 percent in Hopkins County in the northeast and 100 percent in Hale County in the plains area, hae el at Neat Tekh ran anert Sse VOL.5 No. 10 MARCH 11,1955 Cooperative ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is Issued weekly as a service. to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. 1 7 1 Tolume 5 March il, 1855 NG ae CCOGER EL PVE TSOC ING WO ING is Ow Nscia1s 1e)i57 7 Highlights of Insect Conditions A GRAIN NOTE demarsing smell grains in north central and cther arnas ef Texas and in Knex County, Tennessee. (page 185). GREEN PEACH APHID abundant in Columbus County, North Carolina. Lighter in some other areas of the State. May have infestation later on tobacco. Arizona also reports abundance et this aphid. (page 187). BOLL WEEVIL hibernation courts in Arkansas. (page187 ). Prospective abundance of CIGARETTE BEETLE in stored tobacco iia IB, Gost. 1), PHARAGH ANT recorded in Oregon fer first time. (page189 ). Summary cf INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 - Minnesota. (page 192 ). Summary of the more importent FOREST INSECT conditions in 1954. (page 201 ). ORK RR ROK KOK KOK OK Request for Survey on Yellow Clover Aphid The yellow clover aphid or. alfalfa was reviewed in the CEIR 4(2): 37-40, Jan. 14, 1955. Since the above release Texas and Oklahoma have reported the insect for the first time from alfalfa. In order that the »verall distribution of this insect may be determined it would be appreciated if agricultural workers, in states not known to be eee - who have an opportunity, would collect specimens suspec‘ed of being this species, If identification facilities are not available locally, specimens may be sent to the Econornic Insect Survey Section, Plant Pest Control Branch, ARS, U.S, Cepartment of Agriculture, Washington 25, D.C. Specimens sianild) be preserved in alcohol or other approved preservative and appropriate information as to collector, host, location, and date should be supplied. The following description might be helpful in screening the material collected. The yellow clover aphid is whitish-yellow, about one-half the size of the pea aphid, has short cornicles corapared with those of the latter Species, and has dark spots and elongate hairs on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. In its feeding habits on alfalfa it differs from the pea aphid in that it forms colonies on the leaves, usually on the underside of the lower older leaves, while pea aphid colicin. es are found mostly on the terminal portion of the stems. aKa OK OK i 5 ok RK OK KOK OK OK OK OK KOK KOK OK KOK Reports in this issue are for the week ending March 4, 1955, unless otherwise designated, KK KK Kok KOR KK ok Kk ok OK OK Kk ok ok ok KOK WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK March 1955 The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for March galls for temperatures to average below seasonal normals over the Far West and also in the northern third of the nation, Above normal temperatures are expected over the southern half of the country east of the Continental Divide, with greatest departures in Texas . In other areas near normal is predicted. Precipitation is expected to exceed normal west of the Continental Divide and also in the Central Plains, Subnormal amounts are an ticipated over the upper Lake Region and northern New England as well as in the Southeast, In unspecified areas about normal amounts are in prospect, This report released by the Weather Bureau on March 1, 1955, Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume and Outlook, " published twice a month by the Weather Bureau, You can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price: $4, 80 a year, $2, 40 : for six months Weather summary on page 191, - 185 - CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS GREENBUG (Toxopiera graminum) - KANSAS - Only one colony found in smali grain surveyed in 13 central and south central counties. This was in a wheat field in northern Harper County. (Matthew) TEXAS - Medium spotted, local infestation en small grain in Dallas County. (Milikien).. Local infestations of greenbug "spots" showing uo on barley in Tarrant County. As parasites and predators numerous, it is believed that they will controi the infestation. No greenbugs observed in central and south central Texas, (Chada), A GRAIN MITE (Penthaleus major) - TENNESSEE - Spotted infes- tations damaging Smal! grain fields in Knox County. (Mullett). TEXAS - Heavy widespread on oats and wheat in McLennan County. (Cowger). Heavy locally on oats in Coryell County. (Tomlin). Many fields in north central area showing heavy damage and populations high. Heavy infestations in Boerne area, south Texas, (Chada}. WHITE GRUBS - TENNESSEE - Damaging pastures in Bledsoe County. (Mullett). ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - KANSAS - Average of about 1 larvae per 6-8 feet of row in wheat and barley in ~McPherson, Harvey and Sedgwick Counties. Larvae, about third instar,.on surface of soil, but no damage observed. (Matthew). BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Light infestations ‘observed in north central, central and south Texas areas, (Chada). SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on seed corn in Brazos County. (Randolph). CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on barley in Rockwall County, (Garner, Davis, Randolph). ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - KANSAS - Small areas of infestations in two wheat fields in Harper and Sumner Counties, (Matthew). COWPEA APHID (Aphis medicaginis) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation on vetch, alfalfa and clovers in Kaufman, Navarro and Rockwall Counties. (Davis, Garner, Randolph). - 186 - CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - ARKANSAS - Nearly full-grown larvae in crimson clover in Columbia County. (Warren). TEXAS - Light to medium widespread infestation on alfalfa and clovers in Burleson, Navarro, Kaufman and Rockwall Ceunties. Most fields examined infested. One crown of alfalfa in Navarro County has 23 larvae. (Davis, Garner, Randolph). GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - TEXAS - Light widespread infestation on alfalfa, clover and vetch in Brazos, Burleson, Navarro, Kaufman, Rockwall and Madison Counties. (Randolph, Davis, Garner, Cowger). YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - ARIZONA - Slight increase on alfalfa, Yuma area, February 17 to 26; increased rapidly at Mesa in past 10 days, many nymphs and few winged forms present; moderate infestation at Camp Verde, Coconino County, elevation 3160 feet, (Ariz, Coop. Rept.). EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera brunneipennis) - ARIZONA - Very light population of early instars on alfalfa at Mesa. Most of larvae still in stems, Only 2 adults found. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). APEIDS - TEXAS - Medium to heavy local infestation on alfalfa near Waco. (Cowger). TEXAS LEAF-CUTTING ANT (Atta texana) - TEXAS - Heavy widespread infestation on most green foliage in Montgomery County. Has been exceptionally severe for past several months. (Clyburn). ALFALFA CATERPILLAR (Colias philodice eurytheme) - ARKANSAS - Light numbers in Washington County. (Warren). AN ADDITION EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - ALABAMA - Marshall County should be added to list of known infested counties in this State. (See CEIR, 5(4) Map 1). TRUCK CROP INSECTS THRIPS - ARIZONA - Bight to 12 per plant on 20 acres of onions in Maricopa County, February 25, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS - Medium local infestation of Thrips tabaci on onions in Collin County, Average of 5 thrips per plant on freshly set onions. (Smith), - 187 = GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA - Abundant on turnip in Columbus County, averaging several aphids per leaf. (Rabb, Guthrie). Also found in lesser numbers on turnip in Wilson, Wayne, Pitt and Lenoir Counties, but hard to find north and west of these counties. Infestation of other crops such as tobacco, later in spring, seems likely. (Mitchell). ARIZONA - Moderate on 20 acres of lettuce at Litchfield Park, February 23, This species and Macrosiphum barri extremely numerous in mcs fields of lettuce in Salt River Valley. Apnids believed to be green peach aphid general on lettuce in Yuma Valley, 10 percent infestation. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - NORTH CAROLINA - Observed in abundance on collards in Wake, Pitt and Bladen Counties. Appears to be general throughout the coastal plain. (Mitchell), VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listrodeves costirostris obliquus) - NORTH CAROLINA - Nearly-crown larvae in some abundance on turnips in Columbus County. (Rabb, Guthrie). A few very small larvae on turnips in Lenoir County. (Mitchell). — eo COTTON INSECTS Boll Weevil Hibernation Counts, Arkansas: Ground trash samples from Average number of weevils per acre by county was as follows: Hempstead 82, Lafayette 0, Ashley 97, Drew 64, Lincoln 0, Poinsett 0, Jackson 24, Craighead 226, North Logan 230, South Franklin 97. Considerable variation occurred between number of weevils recovered from various farms within a county. Number of samples were insufficient to indicate a reliable trend in some instances, Ona per farm basis, greatest number of weevils per acre, 968, was recovered in Logan County. In addition to boll weevil, counts were made of nice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus simplex) and bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata} in samples collected in Craighead County, Average of 4840 rice water weevils per acre found on two farms while average of 20, 020 bean leaf beetles per acre found on 5 farms. A coccinellid was recovered at rate of 10,889 adulis per acre in Drew County. Trash samples taken near peach orchards in Crawford County were examined for plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar); however, none was found. (Warren). FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus) KANSAS - Several heavy infestationsin McPherson County. (Brady). A SILVER SPOTTED HALISIDOTA (Halisidota argentata) - ORFGON- First active larvae noted this year were one half inch long on February 18. They attacked fir and blue spruce at Portland. (Roth). LILY BULB THRIPS (Liothrips vaneeckei) - OREGON - Planting of Gibson lilies in a greenhouse at Portland showed serious dis- tortion to the leaves. About 50 of 10,000 plants showed damage. Found in tips of damaged plants despite control measures. Many found between scales of bulbs. (Bock). GENISTA CATERPILLAR (Tholeria reversalis) - This insect was found defoliating Laburnum vossi in nurseries in 1954. Plants were found on which all leaves, buds and green tissues of the cortex were consumed down to the soil level. ‘The species was collected at Geneva, NEW YORK , Westminster, MARYLAND , and Millersville, PENNSYLVANIA, ( Limber). In September severe damage was noted in the above-mentioned area of Pennsylvania. Larvae fed on leaves and bark of imported laburnum plants. (Sleesman). INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS CATTLE GRUBBS (Hypoderma spp.) - KANSAS - Reports from many counties indicate that cattle yrubs have been exceedingly numerous this winter. Some areas had more grubs in cattle than for last five years, Began appearing in backs of cattle about November 15, 1954, with peak numbers in late December through January. (Matthew). ARKANSAS -_H, lineatum infestations declining markedly. Counts on 72 head February 14-21 showed average of 2.6 grubs per animal compared with 6.6 grubs in mid-January. (Warren). - 189 - SCREW-WORM (Callitroga hominivorax) - FLORIDA - Survey between January 17-26 indicated that screw-worm was not active in northernmost counties of Peninsular Florida during December and January. Approximate northern limits of activity in January was established on a line running eastward from northern Dixie County through northern Alachua County to northern St, Johns County. In Levy, Gilchrist, and Alachua Counties infestations had been light since cold weather in mid-December while Dixie, Lafayette and Bradford Counties had had afew cases, Continuous cases were reported from Flagler County and along St. Johns River in St. Johns and Clay Counties. (New). STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS Prospective Abundance of Cigarette Beetle in 1955 On basis of available information obtained during past winter the population in VIRGINIA (Richmond, Danville, Lynchburg, and Petersburg) is appreciably lower than in 1954 or 19538. KENTUCKY and TENNESSEE has the lowest population in several years. In eastern NORTH CAROLINA and SOUTH CAROLINA populations are as heavy or heavier than in 1954 and 1953. In central and western NORTH CAROLINA (Durham, Reidsville, Winston-Salem) conditions vary with locality. Critical temperatures were "border line" and a variation of 2 or 3 degrees could make appreciable difference. On the whole, infestations in this area should be somewhat less than in 1954, but there could be a marked difference in the beetle population of groups of warehouses in the same city. (Tenhet). A DERMESTID (Trogoderma parabile) - UTAH - Infesting corn meal at Logan. Det. W.H. Anderson. (Knowlton, Sandau). ARIZONA - Heavy infestation in barley at Sahuarita. Det. W. H. Anderson. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). POTATO TUBERWORM (Gnorimoschema operculella) - MARYLAND - Infesting Dic in storage in Prince Georges County. (U. Md., Bint, Dept. ). MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS PHARAOH ANT (Monomorium pharaonis) - OREGON - Collected, January 21, in a building at Mt. Angel. This species is recorded from the State for the first time. (Roth). - 190 - BROWN-BANDED ROACH (Supella supellectilium) - ARIZONA - Causing complaints from households at Mesa. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.) CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - OKLAHOMA - Some houses in Logan County Infested. (Howell}. BOXELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) - PENNSYLVANIA -_ Numbers entering a house in Centre County, February 25. (Udine). OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotrupes bajulus) - MARYLAND - In- ae in steps of house in Anne Arundel County. (U. Md., Ent. ept. ). Light Trap Collections: TEXAS - Following moths were taken at Weslaco during February: Heliothis armigera 74, Prodenia ornithogalli 54, Pseudaletia unipuncta 65, Alabama argillacea 0. (Marsh). LOUISIANA - St. Joseph Baton Rouge Franklin Se ee OC avon Wee MY RG SIDS CA utente IDG; an. r.grotis ypsilon 12 0 36 30 24 Pseudaletia unipuncta 100 49 220 26 61 agrotis gladiaria iL Prodenia ornithogalli 4 4 » al Feltia subterranea 2 12 124 118 28 Laphygma frugiperda 1 Agrotis malefida 1 D 3 9 Peridroma margaritosa z i i a Empoasca spp. t 4 (Newsom) - 191 - WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 7, 1955 The first part of the week was unusually warm for the season in the East where maximum temperatures in the high 60's or low 70's extended northward to Iowa, the Ohio Valley, Pennsylvania, aud Maryland. These high temperatures, although reduced by the passage of a cold front during the weekend, resulted in weekly averages of 15° above normal over much of the Southeast, In contrast, temperatures were severely cold west of the Great Lakes most of the week, Minima ranged down to -259 in North Dakota, and in the Pacific Northwest Spokane, Wash., reported -3° on the 4th, Seattle, Wash., 11°, and Portland, Oreg., 28°. Precipitation, most of which occurred over the weekend, was heavy from the southern Great Lakes region to the northern portions of the Southern States, in the Virginias, and the Middle Atlantic and New England States. These heavy rains resulted in flooding along the Ohio River and many of its tributaries. Rainfall was again heavy along the north Pacific Coast. In the remainder of the Country precipitation was very light, particularly in the lower Great Plains and far Southwest where most stations reported no precipitation at all, The drought in the western portions of the lower Great Plairs, centered over the western third of Texas, eastern New Mexico, extreme western Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas, east-central and south- eastern Colorado, continued as occasional strong winds caused additional soil erosion. The week's snowfall was mostly limited to extreme northern areas where depths were increased, In the Cascade Mountains the snow- pack increased 44 inches at Government Camp, Oreg., and 50 inches at White Pass, Wash. The greatest increase in the northern Rockies was 14 inches at Summit, Mont. In the upper Mississippi Valley and upper Great Lakes depths were increased by a few inches and now range up to 28 inches. In northern New York and New England some stations reported substantial increases. Boonville, N.Y., reported a fall of 22,7 inches from Sunday night to Tuesday morning (March 8) increasing the present depth to 60 inches, (Summary Supplied by U.S. Weather Bureau). 2 UA = SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 MINNESOTA Reported by J. W. Butcher General Conditions in 1954 While considerable variation naturally occurred between different portions of the State, the average temperature for the year was Slightly higher than normal and the iotal precipitation slightly | below normal, Colder and wetter than average weather prevailed during April and May. This caused a lag cf about three weeks in plant development during the early part of the season. Warmer and drier than average weather during June and July provided conditions favorable for rapid growth. Sumrer-like temperatures extending well into October allowed many plants to mature, and enabled more of the late-season insects to successfully complete feeding and development. Forest Insects: } POREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) infestation was markedly reduced to lowest level since beginning of the current outbreak in 1949, Aerial and ground surveys showed that the bulk of noticeable defoliation was confined to comparatively small areas along the east central edge of the State. Less than one million acres received moderate to heavy defoliation, a drastic reduction from the estimated 15 million acres in 1953 and over 20 million acres during the peak year of 1952, The largest area of attack occurred in Pine County and extended into eastern Kanabec and southeastern Carlton Counties. Much of the aspen and other susceptible broad-leat trees received variable light to moderate defoliation in adjoining parts of Lake, St. Louis, Carlton, Aitkin, Kanabec, Isanti, and Chisago Counties. Colder than normai temperatures throughout most of May, not only delayed hatching dates and increased the hatching period longer than in any other year during this outbreak, but also slowed early season development of both the caterpillar and its host trees. This factor caused a great reduction of the potential larval population in many areas where high egg mass counts were made during the fall of 1953. High populations of Sarcophaga aldrichi were found throughout all infested areas and, by June 10, became so abundant in many northern localities that a nuisance problem was created. In addition to the effects of parasites, the overpopulation of caterpillars resulting in Starvation of larvae, and unseasonably cold temperatures during and following hatching, have caused considerable mor- tality in many areas. It appears that the current outbreak will = 193)= be contained and should diminish to a sub-economic level duriny the next year. As of now, no mortality of aspen has been attri- buted to defoliation by the caterpillar alone. LARCHSAWFLY (Pristophora erichsonii) aduits emerged during the first week of June, with peak population around June 20. While mature larvae were first found on July 1, general signs of defoliation did not become evident until after July 15. The overall popula- tion and subsequent defoliation levels again followed the typical fluctuating pattern of this current outbreak. Defoliation was extended farther south in Minnesota, resulting in a larger total area. However, the intensity of infestation was somewhat lessened as evidenced by smaller spots of heavy to complete de- foliation, While 1954 was the sixth consecutive year of defoliation in many areas, records show that most of the tamarack in any one area has not been seriously stripped in two successive years. Through 1954, the larch sawfly has not been the sole agent re- sponsible for the small amounts cf tamarack mortality. JACK PINE BUDWORM (Choristoneuza pinus) damage was found in six different areas in Crow Wing, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard and Beltrami Counties. Each infestation ccvered estimated 1 to 9 Square miles of jack pine. While most trees exhibited only light stripping of new foliage, several spots of heavy defoliation of older trees were evident. However, in locations south of Gull Lake and in the northern part of Hubbard County, many young trees showed almost complete defoliation but the older stock was only lightly attacked, No mortality of pine is expected as a result of this one year's defoliation. The surprising amount of budworm activity strongly indicates the beginning of a build- up. Susceptible type jack pine, with increased staminate flower production, predominates in some areas. Extensive surveys for budworm are being planned in 1900. SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana) was reported in low population levels from over 5O locations throughout the spruce-fir areas of Cook. Lake, and St. Louis Counties. A few specimens were also found in northern Itasca County near Dora Lake. Defoliation was not noticeable in the infested areas. However, the general presence of budworm in numerous locations suggests a possible population increase to outbreak proportions. This represents a serious potential threat to all native balsam and spruce in Minnesota. Plans are being made to carry out an intensive survey program, concentrated in susceptible forest type areas, in order to give more information about budworm distribution and abundance. INTRODUCED PINE SAWFLY (Diprion simile) populations increased in many white pine stands causing noticeable defoliation at 11 widely separated locations in the east central and central districts. Adults began 94 -. emerging from overwintering cocoons about June 1. An increased number of second generation larvae continued to feed until late in October. Additional contro! work may become necessary: in order to protect valuable stands of white pine. During August and September, high populations of the VARIABLE OAK LEAF CATERPILLAR (Heterocampa manteo) developed on basswood, birch, elm and oak covering a relatively large section of the State. The area of infestation began south of St. Cloud in the central district and extended north-northwest for over 150 miles. Heavy to complete defoliation was noted in at least 25 different locations ranging in size from several acres up to several square miles. The extent of defoliation in 1955 cannot be predicted, however, variable oak leaf caterpillar is not considered a serious threat to forested areas at this time. 1954 was the off year for throughout southern areas. AN OAK TWIG PRUNER (Hypermallus villosus) was light to moderate in central district. SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) caused scattered light to moderate defoliation, while LACHBUGS caused moderate to heavy damage of leaves, especially birch. High populations in many northern areas. WALNUT CATERPILLAR (Datana integerrima) was locally light to moderate over State, WHITE- MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH (Hemerocampa leucostigma) caused moderate to heavy defoliation in Twin Cities area, BLACK PINE LEAF SCALE (Aspidiotus californicus)caused moderate to heavy damage locally in Crow Wing and Stearns Counties. Scattered locations throughout jack pine areas, PINE WEBWORM (Tetralopha robustella) was mostly light in spotted locations throughout jack pine areas; moderate in Anoka county. PINE TORTOISE SCALE (Toumeyella numismaticum)was scattered throughout jack pine areas. Locally moderate to heavy in Itasca, Ot. Louis, Carlton, Crow Wing, and Sherburne Counties. Some mortality of young pines near Hibbing, A PITCH TWIG MOTH (Petrova albicapitana), mostly light injury in Stearns, Sherburne - 195 - and Crow Wing Counties; moderate near Brainerd. RED VINE SAWFLY (Neodiorion nanulus) caused light defoliation in Washing- ton and Cass Counties, PINE SPITTLEBUG (Aphrophora parallela)- Light feeding, scattered throughout northern areas. WHITE PINE WEEVIL (Pissodes strobi) generally light and scattered throughout nerthern half of State; moderate near Cloquet. COOLEY SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes cooleyi) caused moderate injury, St. Louis County. SPRUCE NEEDLE MINER (species undetermined) caused mostly light to moderate injury in scattered locations throughout State. Moderate to heavy injury to black spruce in several locations in St. Louis County. YELLOW-HEADED SPRUCE SAWFLY (Pikonema alaskensis), mostly light, scattered throughout balsam-spruce area. Some trees showed heavy defoliation, EASTERN LARCH BEETLE (Dendéroctonus simplex) light to moderate generally in fallen tamarack and blow-down areas. Shade Trees and Woody Ornamental Insects: SPIDER MITES common on au types of nursery stock and orna- mentals throughout entire State; heavy concentrations in northern areas, OYSTERSHELL SCALE (Lesicusaphes ulmi) heavy in northeast and west central districcs as well as Twin Cities area. Present throughout entire State. SAN JCS SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus) infestation apparendy limited to one village in Nicciiet County. Eradication measures underway. EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM (Lecanium corni) - Heavy concentration developed in Twin Cities area. Spots of high populations in south central and northeast districts. COTTONY MAPLE SCALE (Pulviparia immumerabilis) concentrations heavy in local spots around ‘Twin Cities, present throughout entire State. EUROPEAN ELM SCALE (Gossyparia spuria) heavy in Hopkins. A POPLAR LEAF BEETLE (Carysomeia sp.) general over State. Defoliation heavy in some poplar and willow plantings. ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus) infestation in New Brighton and other suburban areas on lighter soils, moderate to heavy defoliation, PINE NEEDLE SCALE (Phenacaspis pinifoliae) population building up in concentrations around ‘Twin Cities and in south central district. nuit MMSE etisns im southeast and east central: CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella ) damage was severe in neglected orchards; adults emerged June 6-12. MITES (Metatetranychus ulmi and Tetranychus bimaculatus) damage severe generally, populations high, APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella) - First emeryeuce July 7 (EC); control generally sucessinl. APPLE CURCUI TO (‘Lachypterellus quadrigibbus) and PLUM CURCUTTO - 196 = (Conotrachelus nenuphar) damage light in 1954. RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) caused considerable damage in few orchards.in southeast. OYSTERSHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi}, in southeast, not a serious problem in 1904, STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus) general, but no change from 1953 population. STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae} general, present in neglected field, no change from 1953 population, SPIDER MITES general, apparent increase in population over 1954, A STRAWBERRY SAWFLY (prob. Empria ignota) general, popu- lations high, especially in renovated plantings. CYCLAMEN MITE (Tarsonemus pallidus) general, varieties Red Rich, Wayzata, generally infested, THRIPS general, poor yields most fields attributed to thrips. Cereal and Forage Crop Insects: KRUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - A winter mortality survey conducted in 25 counties in the southern two- thirds of State in April, 1954, showed 25 percent borer mortality , compared with 20 percent mortality in the spring of 1953. th October, 1954, 66 counties were surveyed to evaluate the size of corn borer population, The average number of borers per 100 plants was higher in 1954 than in 1953, with highest infestation in southwest and west central areas. The possibility of an in- creased borer population in 1955 is very good if weather conditions are favorable during the egg-laying period, especially in the south - west and west central counties, The major Minnesota insect outbreak in 1954 was caused by the ARMYWORM (Pseudaietia . unipuncta), Adults of this insect apparently flew or were blown into the State in large numbers from states to the south, possibly as a result of one of the most severe southwest wind- storms on record which occurred on June 7th. During this storm, wind velocities approached 100 miles per hour, Colder and wetter than average weather during April and May caused a lag of about three weeks in seasonal plant development. Lush, moist grasses and grains in most northwest counties subse- quent to armyworm egg laying were optimum for larval survival and development. Where armyworm infestations ordinarily appear confined to local areas in fields, in 1954 most fields tad general infestations although considerable variation in intensity was apparent from field to field. Some damage became apparent on corn in the southern counties but grains and grasses had lost their succulence and larval survival to the late instars was not high. In the Red River Valley areas, however, larval survival was high as grasses and grains remained attractive. - 197 - By July 16, large scale control work was underway as a result of close cooperation with the State Hntomologist's Office, Agricultural Extension, and the Chemical and Soraying Industry. The following summary of the 1954 armyworm control program illustrates the scope of the undertaking: Total Acreage Treated (Ground and Air Spray Equipment) $1,186, 500* Total Cost of Treatment @ $2.00 per acre 2, 373, 000 Loss to Minnesota Agriculture Because of Failure to Treat 11,999, 560 Savings to Minnesota Agriculture as Result of Treatment 39, 416, 930 *This estimate is probably conservative since spraying done on canning corn and flax is not included. Also, no estimates are provided for those counties wnere less than 1000 acres were treated, Where insecticides were applied at recommended dosages, control was excellent, A special survey made in early August showed numerous arinyworm moths but no evidence of egg-laying, probably because of extremely warm dry weather and advanced grain maturity. Parasitism was high ir many areas, but surprisingly low in others, GRASSHOPPERS - There were no early grasshopper problems in small grain crops and only infrequent problems in late grain crops. The State had a very late hatch except for east central Minnesota where lighter soils are found. No hatch occurred in many areas until the second alfalfa cutting, and at the time of small grain harvesting. Nearly all of the heavy infestations occurred in legumes grown for hay. Ten spraying demonstrations were carried out in the State in which over 18, 000 acres were sprayed for grasshopper conirol during the year. State-wide grasshopper adult and egg surveys carried out in 1954 indicated that if warm dry weather is prevalent in the spring of 1955, dangerous infestations are likely in much of the State. By far, the predominant species in Minnesota in 1954 was Melanoplus femur- rubrum. M. bivitattus, M. mexicanus, M. packardii and M,. differentialis were also present in the listed order of importance. SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - Average percent leaf surface of sweetclover destroyed was 34.5 percent in 1953 in untreated fields in northwest Minnesota and 20. 2 per- cent in 1954. In both 1953 and 1954 weevils were observed feeding in new and old seedings of alfalfa. Only in locations where sweetclover was not available did the sweetclover weevil seriously injure alfelia. Averaged 0-4 per sweep in sweetclover in southeast, soutnwest and south central. - 198 - Following figures are minimum and maximum for season: In Alfalfa: PLANT BUGS (Lygus sp.) southeast, 0-6 per sweep average; south central, O-1 per sweep average; southwest, O-1 per sweep; central, O-1 per sweep; northwest, O-1 per Sweep. ALFALFA PLANT BUG (Adelphocoris lineolatus) southeast, 0-2 sweep; south central, 0-5 per sweep; west central, 0-4 per sweep; northwest, 0-4 per sweep; southwest , O-1 per sweep, POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) Southeast, 0-1 per sweep; east central, O-1 per sweep; northwest, Q-1 per sweep. VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) southwest, heavy damage locally, PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) southeast, 0-7 per sweep; south central O-18 per sweep; southwest, 0-18 per sweep; northwest, 0-7 per Sweep; west central, 0-100 per sweep. SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) southeast, 0-1 per sweep, In red clover: PLANT BUGS (Lygus sp.) northwest, O-10 per sweep; east central, 0-9 per sweep; southeast, O-1 per sweep, ALFALFA PLANT BUG northwest, O-1 per sweep; cast central, 0-1 per sweep; southeast, O-1 per sweep. POTATO LEAPHOPPER east central, 0-1 per sweep; southeast, O-1 per Sweep; northwest, 0-1 per sweep. CLOVER SEED MIDGE (Dasyneura leguminicola) east central, 0-1 per sweep; north- west, O-1 per sweep; southeast, 0-1 per sweep. PEA APHID east central, 0-5 per sweep; northwest, 0-3 per sweep; southeast, 0-1 per sweep. RAPID PLANT BUG (Adelphorcoris rapidus) southeast east central, and northwest, O-1 per sweep.A WEEV{L(Miccotrogus picirostris) northwest, southeast, O-I per sweep, LESSER CLOVER LEA® WEEVIL (Hypera uigrirostris) east aentral, northwest, north central, O-1 per Sweep, SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) caused light injury. On soybeans in south central area. CORN LEAF APHID (Rhophalosiphum maidis) infested 25 percent tassels of corn in south central area. WIREWORMS, 0-5 per hill, in corn in southwest. A MOTH (Nomophila noctuella) was abundant on grasses in east central area. On oats: ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) in central, south central, averaged 2-4 per sweep; in west central, southwest, O-1 per Sweep. ‘Truck Crop Insects: GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostege similalis) was heavy on tobacco in southwest and sugar beets in central area. ASPARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi) overwintering adults caused moderate to severe damage to commercial plantings in Steele County during late May. Moderate to severe damage in south central area in June. IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM - 199 - (Pieris rapae) and DIAMONDBACK MOTG (Plutella maculipennis) were present in about the same numbers in 1904 as in 1903, while CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) was more abundant in 1954 than in 1953. The heaviest damage, especially on late cabbage, was caused by P. rapae (3rd generation) during August. Cabbage in the Twin Cities area showed leaf damage from diamondback moth larval feeding early in the season, but this insect is not believed to be as important in Minnesota as are the other two species. COLORADO POTATO BHETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) continued to be a problem in the Red River Valley where some growers could not get good control using DDT dusts. Some small plantings in southern Minnesota were damaced in July where growers had not used adequate controls, but southern Minnesota growers usually have no difficulty controlling this pest using DDT sprays. 00-100 percent defoliation in east central area and abundant in west central June 21-22, CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) moth flights observed in southern Minnesota during the week of July 9. Insect was not as abundant on sweet ccrn at St. Paul as in 1953. FLEA BEETLES caused light damage Treats FWacuey \PReundsp l tI (Ratios |S eae \ + migieoe: = yf ¢ f teal cARBDN + ‘ J on ! Lj — Wed Lodges I955 Bak Amen © 4 RICHLAND A 5 oN DAWSON \ x / > 1 Aviaries rt 1 Phos) Sin \ oP Sd, St , \ i qe 40 Euites Gity CHALLE ONE cu syter 1 } i | cAnren | \ | ‘Groeduses) N bw centnten S \ : | kes Tea dt AN Hicenven cny 2 Msieur lake Figure 3. Chamber for transporting samples and for further fumigation and storage if necessary. Figure 4. Brushing machine with leaf being inserted between brushes. Plate 2 Figure 5. Equipment used for making counts. The tallies are mounted on the table top and manipulated by pressing, with the knees, levers under the table which are connected to the tally levers by strings. Figure 6. Holding board for easy manipulation of glass discs containing specimens. Left, parallel areas for inspection in case of light infestation. Right, white areas for inspection in case of heavy infestation. Plate 3 RCH 25. 19 al SVN SMA of ae A) i a UNITED STATES DEAR e ip All @ese@ | A ee \ ME AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 March 25, 1955 IN@; 12 COO IAINA TL OW 1, COIN OMONS IONS) 1a AP 18,15, ISKONES AG Highlights of Insect Conditions CORN LEAF APHID heavy and widespread on small grain in north central Texas and southern Oklahoma, (page 247 ), YELLOW CLOVER APHID very abundant on alfalfa in south central Oklahoma, Heavy widespread infestations in north central and other areas of Texas. Continues to increase in some sections of Arizena. (page 250 ). ARMYWORM moths active in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, Also other light trap collections, (pages 256, 258). BKUROPEAN CORN BORER damage estimates for 1954. (page 248). Outlook for some APPLE PESTS in Virginia. (page 251 ), Overwintering CODLING MOTH larvae more vlentiful at Vincennes, Indiana, than since 1944, (page 251), SEED-CORN MAGGOT adults active on spinach in Arkansas Valley of Oklahoma. Heavy locally in Mississippi. (page 253 ), BOLL WEEVIL survival counts in Madison Parish, Louisiana, higher than normal, (page 254 ), Unusually large numbers of LONG-NOSED CATTLE LOUSE on untreated cattle in central and western areas of Oklahoma. (page 254), Summary of INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 -in Montana, (page 259 )., OR KOK KO KO ROK KK OK Kk Reports in this issue are for the week ending March 18, 1955, unless chhernise designated. - 246 = WEATHER BUREAU!S 30-DAY OUTLOOK Mid-March to Mid-April 1955 The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for the period from mid- March to mid-April calls for temperatures to average below seasonal normals over the northern third of the nation, with greatest departures over the Northern Plains, Above normal temperatures are expected over the southern third with greatest departures in the Gulf States, Large fluctuations between wintry and spring-like conditions are expected in the central third, where temperatures averaging near normal are anticipated, Precipitation is expected to exceed normal over the southwestern and northeastern quarters of the nation, Sub-normal amounts are predicted in the Gulf States, the Southeast, and the Pacific Northwest. Elsewhere near normal amounts are in prospect. This report released by the Weather Bureau on March 15, 1955. Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume and Outlook," published twice a month by the Weather Bureau, You can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. Price: $4,80 a year, $2. 40 for six months. aii WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 21, 1955 As if taking advantage of its last week of existence on the calendar, winter weather reasserted itself the past week in the form of an outbreak of Polar air during the early part of the period and an outbreak of even colder Arctic air over the weekend. These outbreaks penetrated almost to the Gulf Coast, bringing snow back to the Western Plains States and causing some damage to crops that had been left susceptible by the early season warming of the previous week, The return of cold air during the week brought below normal tem- peratures back to New England and the northern and western parts of the Country. This was the first time in 5 weeks that the tem- . perature had been below normal in the area from Pennsylvania through New England, Temperatures dipped to record lows for this late in the season at Medford, Oreg, (20°), and International Falls, Minn, (-19°) on the 20th, A low of 11° at Burns, Oreg., equaled the record for that station on the 2Cth. Ahead of the outbreak, records were also estahlished for highest temperatures (Weather continued on page 257 ), - 247 - CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation on wheat in Swisher, Hale and Floyd Counties. The heaviest infestation continued in Swisher County where thousands of greenbugs found per foot in spotted areas, and a few fields showed damage spots, (Simonds, Daniels). Light local infestation of oat, wheat and barley fields widely distributed through north central area, north of Dallas and Forth Worth, Infestation not spreading. (Chada), Small areas of greenbugs showing up on small grains in Denton County. (Petty), MISSISSIPPI - Heavy infestation on barley in 100-acre field in Lowndes County. (Hunsucker). ARIZONA - Below economic numbers in barley at Marana, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - OKLAHOMA - Large numbers in oats and barley along southern border of Oklahoma, No heavy infestation farther north. (Bierberdorf, Bryan, Chada), TEXAS - Heavy widespread infestation in barley and oats, Heavy damaging infestation throughout all of north central area, north of Dallas and Fort Worth, ; Control measures necessary in barley. (Chada), Heavy wide- spread infestation in Kaufman County, killing barley. (Porter). Medium local infestation on barley in Madison County. (Garrett). WINTER GRAIN MITE (Penthaleus major) - TEXAS - Heavy widespread infestation on oats throughout north central area, but decreasing following recent hot weather. Extensive coniro] measures, (Chada), Small grains heavily infested in Denton County, some severe damage, Considerable spraying. (Petty). WHEAT CURL MITE (Aceria tulipae) - NEBRASKA - Found in a field containing volunteer wheat in Lancaster County, (Andersen, March 12), BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Medium local infestation on wheat in Denton and Cooke Counties. Average several hundred per linear foot of row. Damage apparent, (Chada), APPLE GRAIN APHID (Rhopalosiphum fitchii*) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on rye in Grayson County, (Chada). *Palmer, M,A. 1952, Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region, 105, ALLO) ESTIMATES OF DAMAGE BY THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER TO GRAIN CORN IN THE UNITED STATES IN 19504 Compiled by Leo G, K, Iverson Economic Insect Survey Section, Plant Pest Control Branch United States Department of Agriculture The loss of grain corn resulting from damage caused by the European corn borer (Pyrausta nubilalis) is estimated to be almost 192 million bushels. ‘This is approximately 7 percent of the national crop of grain corn estimated at 2,652, 426,000 bushels. The value of the crop lost when computed on the basis of prices 1/received by farmers as of December 15, 1954 is $261, 415,000. The estimates were made for 958 counties in 25 States which produce 90 percent of the corn grown for grain and include 60 per- cent of all the counties known to be infested in the United States, The estimated production, value of production and crop losses for counties included in the estimate are summarized and reported by States in Table 1, These estimates were compiled using production data 2/ except as noted, applied to individual counties or districts within each State, Since county and district data were not available for 1954, it was necessary to compute production for each unit. This was accomplished by using the percentage of total State production for each unit as established from production reports of recent years. The estimated crop losses are based on fall surveys of borer populations made by State Agencies in 608 counties in 25 States 3/, They were computed for 350 more counties 1/U.S. Agricultural Marketing Service. Agricultural Prices Report, Crop Reporting Board, December 31, 1954, 2/Crop Production, Crop Reporting Board, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Annual Summary, December 1954, 3/Iverson, Leo G.K, Status of the European Corn Borer in 1954, Cooperative Economic Insect Report, Vor. 5, No. 4, pp, 67-85, January 28,1955, Plant Pest Control Branch, Agri- cultural Research Service, U.S, Department of Agriculture. /@ 9ST ‘T g EST /§ ae Tod 000 T *sjtoded SINV GT Jequieceq moj ANYHTS teFJIp sentea doio pue uoMonpoad ‘sayeig Aq paredoad seyewutjisy s OPNTOUT JOU Se0q S) *azeig Aq pexzedead ssoz pajsn{[py /% *ssoyT butjndu1oo ut pasn ehemep jo ayeuitjse 972819 / Ce 7@ GTP ‘192 P19 ‘T6T Gel ‘p92 Se = PLO ‘868 ‘2 8S6 Shr ‘T Te}OL, /&@ hb OFS “PPT /% 0G ‘T O9€ (96 TL TL uTSwOsTM @ 100 ‘21 6b ‘T GgO ‘8 € TS eqUrbatA ise ZIT 909 ‘th $9 °T P00 ‘9G L 26 erupt S0eLI, LOT, SL °T ia S al qUO WIA /\ 0G9 ‘LT G86 ‘LZT GZ ‘T 88€ ‘ZOT Iv 69 eyoxeq YyNog aoeL], gs GL°T 8 fe g pueTs] epoyy ii mie 6 OR a 88 BZ yO) ae Bact 06 “1 eos it 08 ew dOR MeN 09 yIOK MeN TS Ge ‘OT 8G °T 798 ‘9 ral 1Z Aesiap Men eoed I, OST : Ar 98 Ih, 6 eiTysdmey MeN 000 ‘22 Ver ‘E92 OFT O9T ‘88T ee 8 /% eyseagen /% €§S0°T 84S “18 LY “T 09S 6g LY ZIT JANOSSTI nee g Ou oo v2 ‘T OLY ‘202 69 L8 Bigs euutiN 98 °T OLE ‘69 LT TS uebIyorN eae Bee ee GLT vet T I syesnyoesseyy ; TS ‘T OOF ‘9T & 4 puetsreyy B10 “T bOr ‘68 OFT 098 ‘69 86 86 Ayonqueyy v9T @TS ‘Sh GPT 8ge ‘TE GZ 88 sesuey 0S6 ‘€6 O&? ‘60L 98 "T 0F9 ‘T2g 66 66 emo] /E serie 908 ‘96 9€ ‘T 6S9 ‘Lbe 6 26 eueIpU] BbG ‘8 TPT ‘29g Loar OTT ‘627 ZO Z0T SIOUITII 80 Me OLS ‘h 8 ‘T GTI ‘g g g aremeyteq poole co VR 88t 8 8 ynotyoauUuoD nq 000 ‘T TOC 000 ‘T sieTjod “ng 000 T Jequny Jaquinn Ee a cee er tl Se ee en Se : uoT}ONpoad g yeusnq g g ayemtyse JT PeySezur : doid jo sso7y g jo S dad : uoT}ONpoig 3 a GE 3g Ge $ g onte g onte g 87219 Teio.r, : pepntouy uMOUy : 97219 eyep peyewijsy : G seTjunod SE EEE EE EE ee ee ee ee PSEL UL Seze}g poyTU ey] UT UTeZh 20x UMOIH UIOD 0} 1d10q U100 ueedoany oy} Aq ehewep Jo seyeusy “T STAB L i ho ie cO I than surveyed by applying population averages within a district and averages of adjoining or nearby counties to counties not surveyed, The index of 3 percent loss per borer per plant was used generally in computing estimates of loss, In some instances the estimated losses were adjusted downward where significant numbers of immature larvae were recorded in the surveys. The loss of corn due to damage by the European corn borer for 5 years prior to 1954 is estimated in bushels and crop loss value as follows: in 1953 about 90 million bushels valued at $125, 466, 000; in 1952, 53, 2'70, 000 bushels, $77, 205, 000; in 1951, 35, 812, COO bushels, $57, 438, 000; in 1950, 58, 765,000 bushels, $84, 912, 000; and in 1949, 313, 819,000 bushels, $349, 635, O00, 4 B50 ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - NEBRASKA - Found in wheat stubble fields and alfaifa-bromegress, Counts low, highest being 4 in wheat stubble field in Red Willow County and one in alfalfa-bromegrass field in Lincoln County. (Andersen, March 12), CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) ~ NORTH CAROLINA - An infestation of oats in Union County, Population heavy in spots along margin of afield. (Morgan), SOUTHWESTERN °ORN BORER (Diatraea grandiosella) - OKLAHOMA- Ten percent of ov rwintering larvae observed March 17 were dead. (Arbuthnot, Walte 1), YELLOW CLOV’ R APHID (Myzocallis trifoli) - OKLAHOMA - Very abundant in alfalfa in south central area, Some fidds severely damaged, North of Oklahoma City only isolated alfalfa fields have heavy populations, Large numbers of predators in many fields. (Bieberdorf, Bryon, Bower, Chada), TEXAS - Building up rapidly in many alfalfa and clover growing areas. Heavy on alfalfa in Hamilton County, (Lawrence). Heavy in Denton County, controls underway, (Petty), Medium to heavy infestations in McLennon and Falls Counties, all fields apparently infested. Some fields treated, others warrant treatment, (Cowan, Parencia). Medium to heavy damage in Brazos River Bottom of Brazos and Burleson Counties, Considerable migration during past two weeks. Most fields of alfalfa and clovers have heavy deposits of honeydew. Effectiveness of treatment reduced because of reinfestation during migration, (Randolph, Davis), Heavy widespread infestation on alfalfa throughout all of north central Texas, Numerous alfalfa fields killed out; infestation generally very heavy. Treatment underway, (Chada), ARIZONA - Still increasing on alfalfa at Yuma, Gila Bend, Mesa, Eloy and Marana, At Yuma fields treated more than five weeks ago have heaviest buildup. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ), PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - MARYLAND - Small numbers in alfalfa fields in Worcester County, (U, Md., Ent. Dept.). LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - — ILLINOIS - Average of one per square foot in 2 red clover fields in ee area, .63 per square foot in 4 fields in western area, etty). CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - MARYLAND - Light numbers of larvae in alfalra fields in Worcester County, (U. Md., Ent, Dept, ), ILLINOIS - Average of 12 larvae per square foot found in4 red clover fields in western area and [1 per square foot in 2 incentral area, (Petty), eee ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - MARYLAND - Adults active in alfalfa poe in Worcester County. Mating underway. (U, Md., Ent, Dept. ). EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera brunneipennis) - ARIZONA - Second and third instars numerous on alialfa in Maricopa County, No noticeable damage. (Ariz. Coop, Rept. ). SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Stona cylindricollis} - NEBRASKA - A few overwintering adults active in a second-year clover field in Lancaster County. (Connin, March 12), CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - VIRGINIA - Damage to alfalfa in Augusta County field where heaving has occurred, (Woodside), TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - NEBRASKA - A few overwintering adults found in alfalfa fields in Lincoln and Dawson Counties, (Andersen, March 12), A MAGGOT (presumably wiewve lupini) - GEORGIA - Forty acres of blue lupine in Dodge County 50 percent infested, 2 percent dead, Larvae boring in roots, Marchil, (Bennett), FRUIT INSECTS Outlook for Apple Pests in Virginia: The winter has been favorable for RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) survival and potential for damage is good this spring. A high percentage of UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) survived and potential for outbreaks during coming seasonis high, This leaf miner is not expected to become a permanent pest in apple orchards of the upper Shenandoah Valley. SPIDER MITE eggs are quite common in apple orchards in Frederick County, ROSY APPLE APHID (Anuraphis roseus) egg populations are very low in orchards in this aunty, an e pest is not expected to be serious, Winter was also favorable for sur- vival of CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) in Frederick County and there is a potential for light to moderate damage; however, spring infestations are not expected tobe severe, SCALE INSECTS are low in this county and not much difficulty from these pests is anticipated, (Hough), CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - INDIANA - Overwintering ue Sea plentiful Sian Since 1944 at Vincennes, Hamilton), APHIDS - INDIANA - “Agel aphids hatched March 13 at Orleans, week earlier than in 1904, Population extremely light, (Marshall), An occasional newly hatched aphid, species undetermined, at Vin- cennes March 14, (Hamilton), DELAWARE - oul grain aphid (Rhopalosiphum fitchii*) eggs hatching March 16, (Late News), PEACH TREE BORER (Sanninoidea exitiosa) - NORTH CAROLINA - A two-acre field of 8-year old peach trees in Currituck County 90 percent infested, (Scott), PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nen tenia) = ARKANSAS - Non- existent to few in Clarksville area, Infestations light, averaging 1 per tree in outside rows in Nashville area, (Warren), TEXAS - First of season jarred from wild plum in Smith County March 14, and in Brazos County March 15, (King, Morris). EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malagosoma americanum) - ARKANSAS - Active in southern area, Larvae in first and second instars, (Warren). MISSISSIPPI - Observed on native cherry trees in Oktibbeha and Webster Counties and on one property in Forrest County where 2 cherry trees were defoliated, (Hester, Andress), RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - INDIANA - No adults found to date, Winter carryover extremely light in southern area, (Hamilton). SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) - ILLINOIS - Fairly heavy flight of moths in Urbana area March 11, (Petty). CATFACING INSECTS - ILLINOIS - First tarnished plant bugs jarred at Mounds, March 14--10 from 5 unsprayed fruit trees and 12 from same trees on March 16. (Chandler). INDIANA - One tarnished plant bug and one stink bug found in 5 peach trees jarred March 11 in Vincennes area. None found in 5 trees in another or- chard jarred March 14, (Hamilton). LEAF-FOOTED BUG (Leptoglossus sp, ) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on tangelos in Dimmit County. (Richardson), CONCHUELA (Chlorochroa ligata) - TEXAS - Heavy local infes- tation on young orange trees (blossoms) in Dimmit County, (Richardson), *Palmer, M,A. 1952, Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region, Daailios TRUCK CROP INSECTS VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - GEORGIA - Heavy defoliation of turnips In commercial planting in Seminole County, March 10. (Geiger). CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - NORTH CAROLINA - A 20-percent infestation of a 4-acre field of young cabbage in Currituck County, (Scott), TOMATO RUSSET MITE (Vasates lycopersici) - NORTH CAROLINA - Infesting petunia plants in greenhouse at Morganton, Tomato plants in same house not infested, Det, E,W. Baker (Jones, Farrier). SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - MISSISSIPPI - Destroyed all the seed pieces of Irish potatoes planted February 15 and now working on second planting on one farm in Grenada County, (Douglass), OKLAHOMA - Adults widespread and active in spinach fields in the Arkansas Valley from Boxby to Fort Smith, Maggots found only around roots and in leaf petioles, (Arbuthnot, Walton), TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - NORTH CAROLINA - A rather severe infestation of young tobacco ina plant bed in Wilson County. Some plants severely damaged, Also observed in Columbus County, infestations ranging from 1 to 80 percent of plants damaged, (Rabb, Guthrie). MIDGES - NORTH CAROLINA - Infesting tobacco plant beds in Columtus County, Severe around margins of many beds, with most plants killed, but remaining areas relatively unaffected, (Rabb, Guthrie), ONION THRIPS (Thrips tabaci) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on onions in Brazos County, (King). ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - TEXAS - Medium local infestation on onions in Madison County. (Garrett). A MAGGOT - ARIZONA - Reported from bulbs of garlic on 80 acres at Mesa, (Ariz. Coop, Rept. ). CUTWORMS - ARKANSAS - Damaging gardens in southwest area, (Warren), OKLAHOMA - Garden cutworms very numerous in Oklahoma County, (Bower), STRAWBERRY CROWN BODER (Tyloderma fragariae) - ARKANSAS - Infestations present in southwest area, but not heavy encugh to cause concern, (Warren), STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus s.gnatus) ~ - ARKANSAS ~ Presentin the southwest area, but not heavy enough to cause concern, (Wervren), COMEON INSEE Cals Boll W Weevil Survival Counts in Louisiana: Ground trash examinations in Madison Parish ,completed on March 7, none an average of 2,021 live weevils per acre, This number is about 2,5 times the ave rage found in this parisna during the past 19 years. Based on fall and spring examinations the percentage of survival was 75, which has been exceeded in only three years - 1958, 1949, and 1941, In Ouachita Parish there was 11 percent survival, in St, Landry Parish 29 percent, in Avoyeiles Parish 18 percent, in Red River Parish 100 percent and in Bossier Parish 86 percent, Survival figures for previous years for parishes other than Madison are not available, Two- hundred samples were examined in Madison Parish and 20 in each of the remaining parisnes. (Gaines). FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS JUNIPER WEBWORM (Dichomeris marginella) - NORTH CAROLINA - Attacking juniper in Wake County, (Scott), BARK BEETLES (Ips. SDP. ) - NORTH CAROLINA - Killing many pines in Union County, ’Marsh}, A concentrated fli ght of hordes of adults observed in Wayne County, the source appearing to be windfalls resulting from 1954 hnurricaie, (Lewis, Mitchell), ARBORVITAE APHID - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation on arborviate in Llano, Mason and McLennon Counties. Heavy infestations in city of Waco, (Cowan, King). INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS LONG-NOSED CATTLE LICE (Linognathus vituli) - OKLAHOMA - Unusually large numbers on untreated cattle in ceutral and western areas, (Bower, Howell), Beals DOG SUCKING LLOUSE (Linognathus setosus) - PENNSYLVANIA - Moderate infestation on a dog in Centre County, (Udine). A MANGE MITE - PENNSYLVANIA - Light to moderate in one herd of cattle in Clearfield County. (Adams). FLIES - UTAH - House flies and blow flies have become unusually abundant for the early season at Milford, St, George, santa Clara and Hurricane, (Knowlton), VIRGINIA - House a i becoming active in Richmond and Blacksburg March 8. Morris). SHEEP SCABIES - VIRGINIA - During February 268 cases on two premises in Smyth County, 250 cases on one premise in Rocking= ham County and 47 cases on one premise in Tazewell County. (Livestock Health). ORIENTAL COCKROACH (Blatta orientalis) - UTAH - Infesting kitchen of one large establishment at Logan, Unusual for this species to be so abundant in northern Utah, (Davis, Knowlton). PENNSYLVANIA - Large numbers in honeycompbs in Huntingdon County, March 12, (Udine), STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS POTATO TUBERWORM (Gnorimoschema operculella) - UTAH - Apparently a high mortalify in stored potatoes, but some have survived in culls, An intensive control program 1S planned for infested areas in Washington and Iron Counties this season, (Knowlton), FLAT GRAIN BEETLES (Tac ch joey spp.) - WASHINGTON - Recovered in greater numbers this month in Palouse region, High populations found in bins which had not been previously fumigated, (Walker, Bishop). MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS BOXELDER BUG AND CLOVER MITE - TENNESSEE - Heavy scattered infestations being found all across the State. (Mullett), CASEMAKING CLOTHES MOTH (Tinea pellionella) - NORTH CAROLINA - Infesting hotel rooms in Whiteville, Columbus County and Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, (Scott). TERMITES - UTAH - Caused serious damage to one auto court at St, George, (Knowlton), WASHINGTON - Reticulitermes aesperus infesting one fourth to one third of sub-iloor of a faria house near Almota, Considerable damage and treatment required, (Quist, Davis). on PRIA OLD HOUSE BORER (ailetrupes bajuius) - VIRGINIA - Damaged floors so badly in an Aucusta County home that boards gave way under foot. (Woodside). Light Trap Collections: ARKANSAS - At Fayetteville 78 Pseudaletia unipuncta and 28 Peridroma margaritosa aduits taken during week endimg March 18, At Stuttgart 8 ©, unipuncta and 15 Agrotis ypsilon aduits collected, The heaviest catch per any night was 41_P, unipuncta adults on March 12, (Warren). TENNESSEE - The first armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta) moths of the season taken in small numbers from each of the 8 reporting stations except Knox County during week ending March 20, Caenurgia erechthea, taken at 4 stations, showed a very sharp rise in numbers over iast week, Seed corn beetles taken in Madison County totaled 3,584, in Maury County 16, Cumberland County 2, and Knox County 5, Other moths collected are as follows: Agrotis ypsilon 10, Peridroma margaritosa 14, Prodenia eridania 64, Piathypena scabra 3. (Dozier), MISSISSIPPI - Moths collected March 13-18 in 4 comties (Coahoma, Humphreys, Oktibbeha and Pearl River) are as follows: Aarolis ypsilon 40, Feltia subterranea 7, Heliothis armigera 2, Hyphantria cunea 1, Prodenia ornithogaili 13, Pseudaletia unipuncta 92 end Trichopiusia ni 1, (Hutchins). (See page 258 for additional collections}, RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY Chestnuts from foreign countries have been found infested on a number of occasions recently with living larvae of a chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas Gyll, and the nut fruit tortrix, LesPerrces splendana Hon, ~C, elephas was intercepted in chestnuts in baggage 18 times from Italy, 2 times from Yugoslavia and 2 times from Portugal at New York, N.Y. and Philadelphia, Pa. (various inspectors), L, splendana was intercepted in chestnuts in baggage 45 times from Italy, Portugal, Spain and Yugoslavia at Phila- delphia (various inspectors) and in chestnuts in the mails once from England at St, Paul, Minn, (Hecker) and once from Japan at San Pedro, Cai, (Lindsay), These two insects are considered important pests of chestnuts in parts of Europe and Asia, Serious damage is caused by the larvae of both feeding in the nuts often completely destroying them. Additional injury is caused by the adults of the chestnut weevil puncturing the bases of the young nuts to feed, causing a premature nut fall as high as 20 percent of the crop in some instances, Observations on the biology of this chestnut weevil indicate the adults may be found from July to September. Adult females de- posit eggs in clusters in the young nuts, Each female lays about 20 eggs. They hatchin 3-4 weeks, The larvae feed in the nuts until full grown then pupate in the soil, At times pupation and adult emergence occurs in the nuts, In the nut fruit tortrix, adults appear in June and July, Eggs are deposited on the young nuts, They hatchin about 10 days, The young larvae bore into the nuts and feed until completely developed in the fall, then leave the nuts to hibernate in whitish felty cocoons which they spin on the twigs or branches, Occasionally larvae hibernate in the nuts, Pupation and adult emergence occur the following spring, These two pests of chestnuts are said to be widely distributed throughout Europe and parts of Asia, In addition to chestnuts, C. elephas attacks acorns and L. splendana, acorns and walnuts. Both insects have been intercepted frequently in past years in chesnuts from Europe, They are not known to be present in the United States, (Compiled Plant Quarantine Branch), 2K aK ok ak OK OK OK 2k OK OK OR OK OK OK OK OK OK OK Weather Continued: for this early in the season at Macon, Ga. (88°), Charleston, S.C. (88°), Augusta, Ga, (88°), Jacksonville, Fla, (89°), and Savannah, Ga, (90°)’on the 16th: and at Mobile, Ala, (85°) and New Orleans, La, (87°) on the 17th, The record was equaled at Jackson, Miss, (85°) on the 16th, Temperatures for the week ranged from a high of 95° at Laredo, Texas to a low of -19° at International Falls, Minn, Precipitation was widespread throughout the week with only Florida, California, parts of Washington and Oregon and the lower section of the Western Plains receiving none. Amounts were generally light except in the areafrom northeastern Texas through Kentucky to the North Carolina coast where amounts were in excess of 1 inch, Greatest amounts were accumulated in the area of eastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, and northern Arkansas, Locally heavy amounts up to 8 inches were reported in eastern Oklahoma, Generally light snowfall on the 20th and 21st, associated with the penetration of Arctic air, brought snow cover back to all parts of the Dakotas and Minnesota, most of Nebraska, and the northern section of Iowa, Snowfall was statewide in Kansas on 21st, but only a trace was accumulated on the ground, High winds and duststorms continued to sap the scant soil moisture in the lower western Plains region, Tornadoes were active on the 20th in southeastern Missouri, One cut a path 1 1/2 miles long near East Prairie, Mo., destroying Six farm houses and injuring at least one man, Another struck on the Arkansas State line near Hornersville, Mo., destroying some farm buildings, but causing no injuries. A small tornado was also reported near Tupelo, Miss., on the 21st, no damage reports were received, however. Showers and thunderstorms, with some reports of hail, were associated with the unstable conditions in eastern Texas on the 20th and 2ist, (Summary Supplied by U,S, Weather Bureau). FER OK AR Os ok ak Oe 2 a OK OK Ok ok ok ok ck > Ok Light Trap Collections (Continued): LOUISIANA - The more important insects collected at Tallulah, for week ending March 18 are as follows: Agrotis ypsilon 45, Peltia subterranea 37, Heliothis armigera 2, Laphygqma exiqua 06, Loxostege similalis 57, Deridroma margaritosa 24, Prodenia ornithogallia 29, Pseudaletia uniouncta 130, and Kmpoasca spp. 23. (Gaines et al), ~ 250 - SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 MONTANA Reported by State Entomologist Office General Feeders: GRASSHOPPERS occurred in high populations on cropland in the north-central area, Other scattered spots throughout the State showed light to moderate damage. The most damaging species was Melanoplus bivittatus but Aulocara elliotti, which did severe damage in Some areas, was probably the species which showed the greatest increase in numbers, Rangeland grasshoppers also appeared in large numbers, The general area of infestation was in the western part of the State and extended east to about the Bear Paw Mountains and south to Stillwater County. This area, although not continuously infested, contained most of the heavy populations in the State, Cammnula pellucida caused much damage in localized areas while M, occidentalis and M. mexicanus were present in greater than usual numbers over scattered western areas, MORMON CRICKET (Anabrus simplex) - Gregarious bands re- ported in at least eight different spots; at higher elevations, . heaviest in south-central part, Other infestations occurred in the upper Blackfoot River Valley and in Blaine, Judith Basin, and Golden Valley Counties. Scattered crickets were reported over a good many counties in the western part, Approximately 19,000 acres were baited in 1954 to combat these pests, ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - Scattered light to moderate damage occurred in Wibaux, Fallon, Carter, Big Horn, Carbon, Gallatin, Jefferson, Madison, and Broadwater Counties. Spotted, severe damage occurred in Cascade, Chouteau, Fergus, Mussel- shell, Golden Valley, Stillwater, and Yellowstone Counties, In addition to these early spring infestations, damage was noted in the fall to winter wheat in Chouteau and Yellowstone Counties. WIREWORMS and FALSE WIREWORMS -The damage from false wireworms during 1954 was probably higher than it has been for a number of years. In general the northeastern, north-central and central part suffered damage, Localized infestations and damage occurred in the south-central and southwestern part of the State. For the first time since 1937 an ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) outbreak occurred in Montana, Generally this infestation followed the Yellowstone River Valley from Billings east to the North Dakota border. Infestation occurred mostly in small grains although sugar beets and corn were attacked in afew cases, Damage was slight since the crops attacked were very near maturity, NUTTALL BLISTER BEETLE (Lytta nuttallii) - 289 - Present in large numbers in Dawson, Wibaux, and Richland Counties in small grains, gardens, and in alfalfa, Economic populations of FLEA BEETLES were present in a number of sugar pee fields in Richland County and in surrounding counties during e year, Small Grain Pests: ‘) WHEAT CURL MITE (Aceria tulipae) - An outbreak of wheat streak mosaic, spread by this mite, occurred in north-central and eastern Montana, Although the disease has been present in the State for a number of years, this is the first year when large losses have resulted, ENGLISH GRAIN APHID Macrosiphum granarium) was present in light, non-economic infestations in western mountain valleys and in the northeastern section, SAY STINK BUG 3 (Chlorochora sayi) = One local severe infestation in McCone County. WHEAT JOINTWORM (Harmolita tritici) has never been a serious enemy of wheat in Montana, Light infestations occurred in Stillwater and Fercus Counties, A SPIDER MITE (Paratetranychus pratensis) - Winter wheat fields in Chouteau County showed some local, marginal damage in the spring, WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus cinctus) - Economic damage was more widespread than ever before, ‘The insect has previously been reported from all counties east of the Continental Divide. Whether the upsurge in damage in 1954 is the result of local optimum conditions or is of a more permanent nature has ‘not been determined, A WESTERN WHEAT APHID (Brachycolus tritici) is perennially present in the central area where care is not taken to eliminate volunteer plants from fallow ground, Corn Pests: CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) was not as prevalent during 1954 as in the last two or three years, Infestations were confined to the southeastern and western mountain valleys, EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) was first reported in Montana in 1951, No new economic Infestation has been observed during the last two years, KUROPEAN EARWIG (Forficula auricularia) is common in the western and southwestern areas, [tis being reported from new areas every year, Alfalfa and Clover Pests: ALFAL era postica) is occurring over an ever- widening range, The entire State except those counties north of Deer Lodge and Silver Bow in the western area have infestations. ° The pest has reached the northern border of Montana, LYGUS BUGS (Lygqus spp.) although abundant, apparently are of economic importance only in seed-producing areas, EOE tiie Garden and Truck Crop Pests: COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in the past has not been too important in the State, However, during the year, Gallatin and Madison had higher than usual populations. Control measures effective. POTATO PSYLLID (Paratrioza cockerelli) - Little activity and no heavy infes- tations on potatoes were reported during the year, BEET WEBWORM (Loxostege sticticalis) -In addition to infestations in sugar beets in the northeast, alfalfa was infested along the Yellowstone River, CABBAGE MAGGOT (Hylemya brassicae) is present in most areas, IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - Some light to moderate infestations observed in the western part, ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) continues to occur in gardens generally througnout State, Orchard Insects: BLACK CHERRY FRUIT FLY (Rhagoletis fausta) - Surveys during 1954 indicate this pest to be in most of the cherry-growing region in the northwestern area, MITES (Vasates fockeui and Diptacus gigantorhynchus) - A general outbreak of these two mites occurred simultaneously on the east shore of the Flathead Lake in cherry orchards. PEAR-SLUG (Caliroa cerasi) - Economic infestations of this pest occurred more frequently. Broadwater, Gallatin, Lake, and Ravalli Counties all experienced damage. BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) increased in numbers; however, in most cases control timel and little damage resulted, PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyri) was reported in Lake, Ravalli, Missoula, and Flathead Counties, CURRANT FRUIT FLY (Epochra canadensis) was present over much of State, No heavy economic infestations were reported. RASPBERRY CANE BORER (Oberea bimaculata) - This pest and the raspberry root borer occur generally and cause moderate damage throughout many areas of western Montana each year. STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae) is most important in the south-central area, In some cases severe damage to plants resulted, Insects of Ornamentals: ASH PLANT BUG (Neoborus amoenus) - Entire southwestern part of State had light to moderate damage on green ash, Heavy damage to ash occurred in localized areas and in one county in the central area, POPLAR BORER (Saperda calcarata) - Severe infestations in Big Horn and Deer Lodge Counties and moderate damage in scattered areas over State, WOOLLY ELM APHID (Eriosoma americanum) was quite abundant and some towns initiated control programs. SPIDER MITES were very abundant on many coniferous and deciduous trees during the last part of the summer and early fall. VIRGINIA CREEPER LEAFHOPPER (Erythroneura ziczac) was particularly abundant in the central area, In Some cases, where control measures were not initiated in time, ornamental plants killed, COOLEY SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes cooleyi) was present in most of State, Household Pests: CLOVER MITES (Bryobia praetiosa} presented the major household pest problem during the year, Almost all counties reported at least some occurrence, TERMITES infested houses in Dawson and Phillips Counties. STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus ovatus) - Numerous requests for information received. Man and Animal Pests: SQUITOES were present throughout most of the irrigated areas in economic numbers, CATTLE GRUBS (Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis) are perennial pests, CATTLE niGH appeared comparalive leary ee fali, Haemato ASUS eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, Bovicoia bovis and | ca llatus found to occur in the State during the year. FLY (iphona irritans) was about normal in abundance, VOL.5 No. 13. APRIL 1,1955 Sys) OO) ge Ema. Cooperative ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE | UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 PNovenl Aly Soe Novis COOMA 2A Ii) COMO MAG IONS 1G Bey isis Oleg ae Highlights of Insect Conditions GREENBUG infestations continue in the Texas Panhandle but mostly light, Light infestations reported from Louisiana and Florida but none found in several Kansas counties, (pages 260 ). ARMYWORM larvae appearing in Louisiana and South Carolina, (page 265). Moths active in several states. (page 277 ). YELLOW CLOVER APHID infestations continue in areas of Arizona, Texas and Oklahoma, Economic populations almost to Kansas border in Oklahoma, (pages 267, 279 ye VEGETABLE WEEVIL active in Florida, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina, (page 270 ), PEA MOTH recorded from Oregon, (page 271 ). Status of SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL in the United States. (page 272 ). Summary of FOREST PEST problems in New York-1954-56, (page 274 ), BOLL WEEVIL survival counts in North Carolina low. (page 273). LIGHT TRAP collections, (pages 277, 278). Some of the more IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS of 1954, (after p, 27). Summary ef INSECT CONDITIONS-1954-in Kansas, (page 281 ). First REPORTED RECORDS for the seasor . (page 273), ADDITIONAL NOTES, (page 278). ARR ROK KOR OR KR AOR KR OK KOK RRR Reports in this issue are for the week ending March 25, 1955, unless otherwise designated, - 204 - WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 28, 1955 Icy Arctic air surged southward into the Gulf of Mexico at the beginning and again at the end of the week, bringing record low temperatures for this late in the season to most stations in the South and Mid-West, The cnrush of cold air was accompanied by blizzards, tornadoes, floods, ice jammed rivers, dust storms and gale force winds. The push of cold air at the beginning of the period was continuation of the one reported at the end of the previous week, This was accompanied by high winds throughout the country east of the Rockies. The high winds brought blizzard conditions to the Plains States as far south as Eastern Oklahoma on the 22nd. Although the snowfall was not extremely heavy, many roads were blocked due to drifting. In the dry region of the lower Western Plains, the winds caused further loss of soil, The storm reached the Hast Coast on the 22nd bringing gale force winds to the Northeast from eastern Indiana and Wisconsin, through southern Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania to New York and New Jersey. Further South heavy rains associated with this system brought floods to Western Kentucky, Tennessee and northern Mississippi and northern Alabama where streams were already swollen from the previcus week's heavy rains, Freezing temperature were reported as far south as Austin, Texas on the 22nd and light frost occurred in northern Florida on the 23rd, Moderation following this outbreak was short lived, as another frigid blast was unleashed through the Northern Rocky Mountain States onthe 24th, By the 27th, the cold air mass had reached the Gulf Coast and the Eastern Seaboard leaving a wake of broken temperature records in its path, New Orlean's temperature of 30° on the 27th was the coldest experienced in that city since February 1951, It was also the latest spring freeze there since 1894 and lowest temperature so late in the season for 82 years of record. Helena, Mont, recorded a temperature of -30° on the 25th, which was not only a record for so late in the season, but was also the | coldest of record for the entire month of March, Other broken records included 0 at Omaha, Nebr., and 10° at Indianapolis, Ind. on the 26th; -15° at International Falls, Minn, and 20° at Raleigh, N.C, on the 27th; and 35° at Laredo, ‘Texas on the 28th. Cold air spilling over the mountains into the Great Basin also established a new record of 19° for Salt Lake City, Utah on the 26th, Blizzard conditions returned to the Plains States as far south as central Kansas and northwestern Missouri on the 25th, Snowfall continued eastward on the 26th and 27th through the Lake Regions and as far south as the Ohio River Valley, Again the total snowfall was not heavy, but it served as a protective cover for crops during the low teurperatures that followed, (Weather continued on page 279 ), - 265 - CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) - TEXAS - Twenty-seven counties surveyed from Anson and Vernon northwest through the panhandle March 11 to 19, Greenbugs found in only 17 panhandle counties, but populations were light except in 5 counties, Extremely heavily infested spots in Briscoe, Swisher, Deaf Smith, Castro and Parmer Counties, One irrigated field in Swisher County had as high as 2 to 3 thausand greenbugs per linear foot ef row, Several fields in Deaf Smith and Castro Counties had populations of 100-3CO per foot of row, High populations mostly in irrigated fields since dryland wheat suffering from lack of moisture, Highest populations in non-grazed fields. (Daniels, Davis, Ashdown, Cleveland), KANSAS - None found in any of wheat and barley fields examined in following counties: Riley, Clay, Washington, Republic, Cloud, Mitchell, Lincoln, Ottawa, Dickinson and Geary, March18, (Matthew), LOUISIANA - Light infestation in 7 fields of oats in Tangipahoa, St, Landry, Avoyelles and East Baton Rouge Parishes, (Oliver, March 18), CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation on barley inS mith County. Stunting plants. (Browning), Medium to heavy widespread infes- tation 9n barley in Kaufman County, (Randolph). ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - KANSAS - Few in the wheat, barley and alfalfa fields examined in north central » counties, Highest infestations gave counts of only one larva per 6 feet of drill row, Marchi18. (Matthew). ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - LOUISIANA - Occasional larvae found in oat fields in Tangipahoa, Avoyelles, St. Landry and Rasides Parishes, (Oliver, March18), SOUTH CAROLINA - Light infestation on oats in Beaufort County, First report of damage this season, (Nettles), BR®WN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation on wheat in Swisher, Castro, Hans- ford, and Sherman Counties, (Davis, Daniels), YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) - TEXAS - meee sia infestation on oats and vetch in Kaufman County. andolph). YELLOW SUGARCANE APHID and GREENBUG - FLORIDA - In- creasing on Pangola grass pastures at Belle Glade, but not yet in injurious proportions. (Genung). - 266 - Small Grain Pest 1 / Conditions in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas anuary 7 to March 18, TO5 Summary of Conditions: Light infestations of GREENBUG were found throughout most of the central and southern Great Plains area during January 7 to March 18, 1955, Populations were extremely low in Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central and south 'Texas, A few spotted infestations occurred in north central Texas, especially in counties north of Dallas and Fort Worth, Populations were also extremely low in most counties of the Texas Panhandle, except for areas in Swisher, Deaf Smith, Donley, Moore, Randall, Briscoe, Castro, and Parmer, ‘The highest populations were in Swisher, Deaf Smith, Castro, and Randall Counties where several fields with populations of 100 to 300 greenbugs per linear foot were observed. Infestations were particularly heavy in a few irrigated fields in Swisher County, and some control measures by airplane have been takem. Natural enemies have not been plentiful except in north-central Texas where the parasite Aphidius testaceipes was quite abundant, No widespread outbreak of the greenbug is indicated with control being limited to rather localized areas, BROWN WHEAT MITE populations were quite low in most of the area with heaviest concentrations occurring in continuously planted fields. The highest populations were found in | Beaver County, Oklahoma, where five fields averaged 225 mites per linear foot. Other areas having moderately heavy populations were Texas, Woodward, and Dewey Counties, Oklahoma; Hansford, Sherman, Swisher, and Castro Counties, Texas Panhandle; and several counties in north-central Texas, ‘The heaviest populations of mites were in fields suffering badly by drought where control measures would probably not be justified, Some locally damaging infestations of this mite may develop during the next few weeks in the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles and in north-central Texas. Because of the small size of the wheat, populations in the southwestern corner of Oklahoma ~ might cause some damage, 1 / Except hessian fly and eriophyid mites. “967 - The WINTER GRAIN MITE was the most serious pest of small grains in the Texas areas lying south of the panhandle, The most seriously affected fields were in the Dallas-Fort Worth, Waco, and Kendall-Kerr areas, Damage by this mite was apparently the worst observed since 1951. A large area was sprayed and good results achieved. CUTWORM populations were distributed over the area, but were very low in most instances. Rarely was more than one cutworm per square foot found, except in border areas adjacent to grass pastures, In Lubbock County, Texas, populations up to 5 cutworms per foot were observed. CORN LEAF APHIDS were not found overwintering in Kansas or western Oklahoma, Heavy populations occurred in some barley fields in Bryan County, Oklahoma, and in north-central Texas, Very few ENGLISH GRAIN or APPLE GRAIN APHIDS have been found or reported during the period covered in this report, (Small Gr. Ins, Reg. Cooperators). LESSER MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER (Melanoplus mexicanus) - ARIZONA - Nymphs found at less than 0,1 per square yard at Tempe March 15-17, Beginning of hatching (March 10-15) latest in 20 years-2 weeks later than normal and 3 weeks later than 1954, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). A SPIDER MITE (Tetranychina apicalis) - LOUISIANA - Light on clover in two fields in Tangipahoa Parish, On lawns in several locations. Heavy infestation of white clover in St, Landry Parish, (Oliver, March18), FLORIDA - Averaging 1,000 to 5, 000 eggs and 100 to 500 adults per plant on lupine at one location in Alachua County, (Robinson). CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - MISSISSIPPI - Damage to wild vetch in Adams County, crimson clover in Jackson County and white clover in Jones County, (Hutchins, Pepper), ARIZONA - Severe on 20 acres of wheat on Yuma Mesa March 17. Fields previously in alfalfa. First time this damage seen, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation on alfalfa and clovers in Denton, Grayson, Collin and Fannin Counties, Killing clover and alfalfa ‘in some places, (Garner, Chada, Spence), ARIZONA - Light to very heavy on 1,000 acres of alfalfa in Yuma area March 22, winged forms increasing, Predators not keeping up with increase, * General and increasing in all fields not treated in Graham County, several fields destroyed. (Ariz, Coop, Rept.). - 268 - TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - LOUISIANA - Average about 22 per 200 sweeps of [2-inch net on white clover ane rea burclover in East Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver, arch 18), POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - LOUISIANA - Two E, fabae males taken in 200 sweeps of 12-inch net in white clover and California burclover at Baton Rouge February 23, Two E, fabae (males) also taken in 200 sweeps in sweetclover at Morganza February 24 and one male in 200 sweeps in this area March 2, Sweepings at Baton Rouge March 1, 7 and 16 yielded no E, fabae males, (Oliver), PEA LEAF WEEVIL (Sitona lineata) - OREGON - Adults active week af March 13 in Hillsboro area, Some ragging of leaves noted in red clover fields, (Prescott), CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - DELAWARE - Adults observed at most locations, (Late News), MARYLAND - _ Light numbers adults in alfalfa in Montgomery County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept. ). ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - MARYLAND - Adults showing some activity in alfalfa In Montgomery County. Mating observed, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). DELAWARE - Very active in alfalfa and clovers, (Late News), PENNSYLVANIA = Small larvae, 1/3 inch, in buds of alfalfa in Lancaster County. (Pepper), CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - LOUISIANA - Light infestation on clovers in Tangipahoa Parish, Heavy infestation averaging 70 per square foot in Webster Parish and 72 per square foot in Hast Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver), DELAWARE - All larval stages present generally on red clover.: (Late News), MARYLAND - Light numbers larvae in alfalfa in Montgomery County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept.), PENNSYLVANIA - Larvae abundant, 1/4 to { /2 inch, in clover in Lancaster County, (Pepper). PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Scarce in alfalfa, (Late News), MARYLAND - Light numbers in alfalfa in Montgomery County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.).. LEATHER JACKE'’@S - MISSISSIPPI - Specimens: of Tipula sp. from Pontotoc County where they reportedly destroyed lespedeza last year. (Hutchins), TENNESSEE - Unidentified species damaging two pasture fields in Greene County, (Cunningham), - 269 - GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - LOUISIANA - Light, about 22 per 100 sweeps of 12-inch net in five fields of clover in Tangipahoa Parish, (Oliver, March 18), VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on oats and altaita In Bastrop County. (Cook), Medium local infestation on oats and vetch in Kaufman County, (Randolph). CLAYBACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis ladiaria) - LOUISIANA - Seven per square foot in white clover in Webster Parish. (Oliver, March 18), BRISTLY CUTWORM (Lacinipolia renigera) - DELAWARE - Prevalent in alfalfa from Newark to Smyrna, (Late News), BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - ARKANSAS - Examination of ground trash samples in Srittenden County Showed average of 10, 948 adults per acre of ground trash. (Warren), JUNE BEETLES (Phyllophaga spp.) - LOUISIANA - Heavy flights at Baton Rouge; 13 caught night of March 16 in black light trap, Mainly B, calceata and P, micans. ( Oliver, Mar. 18). GREEN JUNE BEETLE (Cotinis nitida) - VIRGINIA - Larvae very active in re-seeded pasture in Greensville County. (Rogers). Very active in lawns in Princess Anne and Norfolk Counties. (Hofmaster), Also dam aging pastures in Surry County. (Rawl). Indications are that green June beetle larvae will cause severe damage to pastures this year in Virginia, (Morris, March 18). FRUIT INSECTS APPLE APHID (Aphis pomi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Hatching on apple, March 23, Lancaster County. (Pepper). APPLE GRAIN APHID (Rhopalosiphum fitchii) - PENNSYLVANIA - Hatching on apple, March 22, in Lancaster County, (Pepper). BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) - OREGON - Newly- hatched nymphs noted in Willamette Valley since March 7 although cherry buds have not opened yet. (Jones). CATFACING INSEC'LS - INDIANA - One tarnished plant bug found in five trees jarred March 21 at Vincennes. {Lamansky). - 270 - EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) - PENNSYLVANIA - Egg masses quite numerous on peac twigs in Carbon County, (Menusan),. EUROPEAN RED MITE (Metateanyehus ulmi) - MARYLAND - Eggs numerous on apple twigs, Montgomery County. (U. Mda., Ent, Dept. ), PEACH SILVER MITE (Vasates cornutus) - OREGON - Active and present in large numbers on peach at Hood River. (Ritcher). PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyri) - OREGON - iene eggs under bark scales on pear at Hood River. itcher), PEAR THRIPS ( Taentothrips inconsequens) - OREGON - First of the season noted March 21 in Linn County. (Jones). PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - ARKANSAS - Dry weather and control efforts combined have reduced curculio numbers to avery low level. (Warren), GEORGIA - Four fully developed eggs found in a female curculio taken from a peach tree in a commercial orchard at Fort Valley March 15. Adults had reached center of orchards by March 14, (Snapp). ORANGE DOG (Papilio cresphontes) - FLORIDA - Eggs and larvae on new growth of citrus at Gainesville, (Hetrick). MEXICAN FRUIT FLY (Anastrepha ludens) - TEXAS - Total of 13 A. ludens trapped over entire Rio Grande Valley area this season, This is considerably less than for the same - period last year, (Mex, Fruit Fly Cont, Proj., March 1-15). CITRUS WHITEFLY (Dialeurodes citri) - FLORIDA - Adults very heavy on new growth of citrus and ornamentals at Gainesville, (Hetrick), TRUCK CROP INSECTS VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Larvae abundant and causing light fo moderate injury in many plantings of turnips, mustard and Spinach, in the Charleston area, (Cuthbert). GEORGIA - Nearly all tobacco beds in southern area showing damage from larval feeding, March 14, (Morgmn), FIORIDA - Averaging ~ 271 - 3 to 8 adults per Irish potato plant in a one-acre garden in Gadsden County. Controlused. (May), Averaged 40 larvae per square foot of turnips and also found in soil in northwest part of Walton County, (Dickinson). First adult from tobacco in the Hastings area, March 4, (Dobrovsky), MISSISSIPPI - Much damage to truck crops in Jones County, (Pepper). APHIDS - SOUTH CAROLINA = Cabbage infested in Barnwell County. Foliage moderately infested on about 8 acres, March 13, (Watts), CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - VIRGINIA - Heavy on cole crops in southeastern truck area, (Hofmaster, March 18), SOUTH CAROLINA - Heavy to light infestations on cabbage in the Charleston area, control used on most plantings, Natural controls increasing and by March 23-. apparently checking populations, (Cuthbert). CABBAGE CATERPILLARS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Light but increasing infesations of imported cabbageworms and diamondback moth larvae in many untreated cabbage plantings, in Charleston area, Marché?, (Cuthbert). TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyqus lineolaris) - VIRGINIA - One adult on kale in a field of southeastern truck crop area. (Hofmaster), SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - VIRGINIA - Adults on kale and spinach in southeastern truck crop area. (Morris). TURNIP APHID (Raopalosiphum seudobrassicae) - SOUTH | CAROLINA - Fopulations continue high on mustard and turnips and light to moderate on young cabbage in the Charleston area, One 10-acre planting of rape seriously damaged, para- sites very active in this planting, (Cuthbert), PEA MOTH (Laspeyresia nigricana) - OREGON - First record for Oregon, Apparently this species will not become a pest in the State since the record is based on larvae taken in Clatsop County in 1947 but was determined only recently. (Det. H.W. Capps). (Stephenson). MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - FLORIDA - Adults on pole beans in Gadsden Counly, Collected March 17 for the first time this season. (May). - 272 - GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - VIRGINIA - Infestations range from light to heavy on spinach crops in the southeastern truck crop area, March 18, (Hofmaster), SOUTH CAROLINA - Continues problem on spinach in Charleston area, also infesting potatoes as soon as plants come up, Increasing on potatoes but still light by March 23, (Cuthbert), GEORGIA - Light but very general infestations in tobacco plant beds, March 14, (Morgan). COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - SOUTH CAROLINA - First adult observed on potatoes in the Charleston area, March 15, (Cuthbert), FLORIDA - Adult stage on potatoes in Gadsden County. Collected March 17 and was the first for the season, (May). A WIREWORM (Conoderus vagus) - FLORIDA - Larvae, pupae and adults from Irish potatoes in St. Johns County. First adult of season collected March 21, (Dobrovsky). ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antigua) - SOUTH CAROLINA = Sent in sample of multiplying onions with numerous maggots. (Nettles). WINTER GRAIN MITE (Penthaleus major) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy local infestation on onions in Washington County, (Stufflebeme). CUTWORMS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Slight injury to beets in Charleston area; some injury to older beets being harvested, March 30, (Cuthbert), MISSISSIPPI - Probably Agrotis gladiaria, damaged onions in a garden in Oktibbeha County. Other species of ee damaged young corn plants in Jones County. (Hutchins, epper), AN APHID (Capitophorus sp, ) - VIRGINIA - Very light on straw- berry plants in southeastern truck crop area. Species of this genus capable of transmitting strawberry virus, Peak of abundance apparently passed as aphids hard to find, March 18. (Hofmaster), SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) - Although the origin of this pest is unknown, it is assumed fo be the Orient. It is thought that it was brought into the United States from the © West Indies prior to 1875. Aside from sweetpotato, it feeds on such closely related plants as.goat's=foot morning glory, wild moonvine and other plants of the morning-glory family. Adults feed on the leaves, vines and roots while larvae attack stems, roots and potatoes, The map on the opposite page shows the distribution of ae insect and average number of bushels of sweetpotatoes produced y states, AYNLINDIOV JO LNAWLYVvd30 S/n OS —Iv6i uolonposd OJOJOGJOSAS | abosenan 109K OC] MOUS Sajojs UIYysIM saanbiy4 UOISDAU! 04 BIGD4aUINA sE0j,OJOdjaems jolOseWWOD FF | . auljuosonb Japun spasD ysom-UOU — paysajul [—] | Komsapun ys0m o4ju0d — pajsajul & 000'SSs8‘t Py A- ve a = ys SS ———— SSS 6 —200_—SR — : ‘ = 000 ¢8y | 000'2z%S 000‘86S - 273 - COTTON INSECTS Boll Weevil Survival Counts in North Carolina: Surface trash from-5 farms in each of 9 counties was examined March 8-24 for surviving boll weevils, The examinations showed live weevils to be present ai rates ranging from 0-1453 per acre and averaging 236 per acre for all samples. The 1954 fall average for North Carolina was 1334 weevils per acre; therefore, the percent survival for the past winter was 17.6 percent, The samples were taken from the same sites as those used in the hibernation counts of the fall of 1954, Although fall counts for this State prior to 1954 are not available, spring records have been taken, ‘The 236 per acre average for 9 farms compares with an average of 1820 per acre on 5 farms for the spring of 1954 and an average of 3920 surviving weevils per acre on 6 farms in the spring of 1953, (Cotton Ins, Sect, and N.C, Dept, Ent.) INSECTS AFFECTING OTHER FIBER PLANTS CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - TEXAS - Light local infestation on flax in Hidalgo County, Larvae from first instar to full-grown on seed pods, (Wene, Marsh). First Reported Records of Season (by areas): Larvae of ARMYWORM in South Carolina, LESSER MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER hatching March joa yy ia Arizona, ALFALFA WEEVIL larvae March 22 in Pennsylvania. APPLE APHID and APPLE GRAIN APHID hatching March 22-in Pennsylvania, PEAR THRIPS noted March 21 in Oregon, MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE adults March 17 in Florida, COLORADO POTATO BEETLE adults March 17 in Florida and March 15 in South Carolina, HORN FLY in Oklahoma, in South Carolina, March 14. - 2/4 - FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS Se eee Summary of Current Forest Pest Problems for New York -1954-55 Compiled by Comm, on Ins, and Dis., Soc, of American Foresters, N, Y, Section. EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (Rhyacionia buoliana) in on increase, Causing extensive damage in southern area, eSpecialiy in re- forestation areas, Large numbers of GYPSY MOTH (Porthetria dispar) egg masses found in parts of Rensselaer, Washington, Essex, Warren and Columbia Counties. FOREST TENT CATER- PILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) situation easing in older infested areas since natural controls always bring pests to low ebb of cycle, MATSUCOCCUS SCALE is serious pest of red pine and becoming worse in infested areas, At present in New York only in Long Island and Westchester County area, BEECH SCALE (Cryptococcus fagi) abundant in Catskill and southeast region and is spreading slowly. FIR BARK LOUSE or BALSAM WOOLLY APHID - Surveys show little spread into new areas, or increase in infested areas, SADDLED PROMINENT (Heterocampa guttivitta) has caused destruction in Rensselaer County and on Massachusetts border in birch, beech and maple wocdlands, Infested areas have been sprayed. PINE SAWFLIES have increased during the past year a ae et oles County. Three-hundred acres have been sprayed, eodiprion nanulus, N. sertifer, and_N. lecontei principal species involved, SPITTLEBUG is still a problem on Scotch pine, but has not caused extensive damage in the past year, SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana) has decreased considerably during the years and there is now little evidence of it in the State, SATIN MOTH (Stilpnotia salicis) has been building up in the eastern part of the State, especially near Saratoga, Little Falls and St, di ene In most cases infestations have been treated with good results, LINDEN LOOPER (Erannis tiliaria) caused heavy defoliation in hardwood growth in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties, BIRCH LEA MINER (Fenusa pusilla) heavily attacked gray and white birches in central areas, PINE NEEDLE APHIDS caused needle damage in the spring to white pine, especially where trees were Close to the alternate host, red spruce, MOSQUITOES and BLACK FLIES were abundant throughout mat of the rural areas and about 4500 acres of State-owned, special-use forest lands were treated. PARASITIC FLIES (especially sarcophagids) were un- usually abundant in areas where tent caterpillar infestations were on decrease, The unusual abundance of the flies caused complaints froin the public in those areas, - 275 - FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - MISSISSIPPI - Many eppearing in Jones County, {Pepper}. A HOLLY LEAF MINER - MARYLAND - Larvae pupaiing in mines, Infestation quite general in central area, (U. Md., Ent. Dept, ). BOXELDER LEAP MINERS - TENNESSEE - Becoming active in eastern area, (Cunningham), MAGNOLIA SCALE (Neolecanium cornuparvum) - PENNSYLVANIA - Heavy infestation on magnolia in Venango Coun‘y, March 17. (Adams). FLORIDA - Increasing on magnolia at Gainesville, (Hetrick), AZALEA LEAF MINER (Gracilaria azaleella) - PENNSYLVANIA - Pupal stage abundant in azalea in cold frame in Montgomery County, March 18, (Menusan), A SCALE (Lecaniodiaspis sp.) - VIRGINIA ~- Heavy infestation found on Japanese barberry in Puiaski County, Det, H, Morrison, (Amos, Feb. 18), BULB MITE (Razor yp aus echinopus) - VIRGINIA -- Caused death of all jonquil bulbs in 100-square ok setting in Southampton County. (Miller, Davich), A STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus rugosostriatus) - PENNSYLVANIA - Ruined roots of tuberous begonia in storage in Lackawanna County, Det. W.H. Anderson, (Gesell). JAPANESE BEETLE (Popillia japonica) - VIRGINIA - Populations expected to be up in 1955, This is based on grub counts in smail diggings in southeastern area, (Raine), SMALLER ZUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus) - KANSAS - Several large elms in northern Clay County heavily infested, March 18, (Matthew). EUROPEAN ELM SCALE (Gossyparia spuria) - UTAM - Damagingly abundant on some elm trees at Fillmore and Salt Lake City, (Knowlton). INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS HORN FLY (Siphona irritaas) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Twenty to 25 per animal on beet cattle i: Abbeville, March i4, First report for season, (Goodwin). - 276 - CATTLE GRUBS - UTAH - Numerous in some herds of cattle in Tooele, Weber, Utah and Juab Counties. Development of grubs slower in Weber County this year than in general, In Ogden Valley few appeared in backs of cattle until March 1. Often this has occurred 3 to 4 weeks earlier in this area. (Knowlton), SHEEP SCAB MITE (Psoroptes equi v. ovis) - VIRGINIA - Severe on 18 head of sheep on one farm in Grayson County, (Simpson), CATTLE LICE - MARYLAND - Heavily infesting 100 head of beef cattle * in Baltimore County, (U. Md,, Ent, Dept.). POULTRY LICE - UTAH - Numerous in a number of farm flocks recently in northern area, (Knowlton), RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY Living larvae of Sesamia cretica Led., the durra stem borer, were intercepted on several occasions recently in broomcorn in cargo from Greece at Baltimore, Maryland, (Stoops, Vinzant), This insect is considered an important pest of corn, broomcorn and sorghum in the Mediterranean area, It has been reported causing severe injury to these crops in Italy and Yugoslavia. Infestations as high as 90 percent have been reported in southern Italy, Attacked plants are weakened and the yield of seed and the sugar content are said to be reduced, Observations on the biology of the durra stem borer in Italy indicate it hibernates as a mature or nearly mature larva in the stalks of stored sorghum, broomcorn or corn, Adult emergence occurs in April and May. Eggs are deposited singly on the leaves or in small batches under the leaf sheaths. On hatching the larvae feed at first on the leaves then bore into the stalks or attack the ears, Pupation occurs usually in the stalks. Two generations a year have been reported in Italy. S. cretica is said to occur in Algeria, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Italy, Iraq, Morocco, Spain and Yugoslavia, It has been intercepted on numerous occasions in recent years in broomcorn from Europe, It is not known to occur in the United States, (Compiled- Plant Quarantine Branch), nO = LIGHT TRAP COLLECTIONS Pp A. 12%, Ex P.mar- H, armi- A. Empoasca unipuncta. silon ornithog, subterr, garitosa malefida spp, LOUISIANA — ae Silse wlOSs 3/1=10 4 5 15 3 1 1 Bat. Ro. 3/1-15 56 29 11 131 1D) 6 fabae Tallulah 3/21-25 254 42 10 ng? 20 5 4 14 FLORIDA Belle Glade of4=3/1 3 1 Sanford 24423 /4 8 Le 45 il a* MISS. (Counties) Coahoma, 3/18-25 5D 6 5 if Huraphreys i 292 80 1 if it ktibbeha uy 34 10 a rearl R, 2 3 8 i 1 Washington a 126 1 Bh 2 (spp. ) ARKANSAS Fayett. 3/21-25 25 Q 16 TENN. (Counties) Shelby 3/16-23 10 5 8 Madison i 18 4 3 3 Lawrence u 5 4 P] 5 Maury " 9) 1D 6 Robertson ul 1 iL 3 Cumberland u 24 7 2 Knox tt if ) Green i 2 2, i) MD. (County) Montgomery 3/21-25 *Also three H, virescens. - 278 - Other collections ot importance include the following: FLORIDA - Belle Glade, Diacrisia virginica 9; Sanford, Anisota rubicunda 2, Anticarsia gemmatilis 1, Trichoplusia ni 56, D, virginica 6, Herse cingqulata 2, Hyphantria cunea 3, Laphygma frugiperda 1 Prodenia spp. 20. LOUISIANA - Baton Rouge, Mocis sp. 68, Phyllophaga spp. 40, Buetheola rugiceps 12; Tallulah, Estigmene acrea 3, Laphygma exiqua 62, Loxostege similalis 11. MISSISSIPPI - Humphreys and Pearl River Counties, T. ni 2; Washington County, Caenurgina erechtea 18. TENNESSEE - Agonoderus lecontei 33, C, erechtea 77. STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS STORED-GRAIN INSECTS - VIRGINIA - Activity low through February on farms in southeastern counties, Expectations are that damage or activity will not be significant until about middle or last of May, (Davich). BENEFICIAL INSECTS A LADY BEETLE (Coleomeqilla maculata) -ARIZONA - Increasing each time checked and giving good control of aphids on lettuce and alfalfa on 1200 acres at Hassayampa, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS CLUSTER FLY (Pollenia rudis) - PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant in buildings in Elk, Warren and Venango Counties. (Adams). OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotrupes bajulus) - MARYLAND - Heavy | infestation in rafters in home in Baltimore County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ).| A RAT-TAILED MAGGOT - GEORGIA - Infesting red worm beds in Lumpkin, March 18, (Jordan), ADDITIONAL NOTES | Citrus Pest Situation in Florida: CITRUS RED MITE (Metatetranvchus citri activity increased in the second week of March to the highest level in the 5 years of record. | During the third week of March 88 percent of the groves were infested, | 2 Bi) There will probably be a reduction in activity on old leaves during the next 2 or 3 weeks as mites move to new foliage, Unless abundant rains occur, the situation will be severe through the post-bloom period. PURPLE SCALE (Lepidosaphes beckii) increased to a high level during second and third weeks of March, Leveling off of activity is antictpated, but infestations expected to be generally high in post-bloom period. FLORIDA RED SCALE (Chrysomphalus aonidum) increased to high level third week of March as peak of hatch was reached, SIX-SPOTTED MITE (Tetranychus sexmaculatus) infestations increased during secend and third weeks of March and indications are that situation in April and May will be worse than in 1951, (Pratt, Thompson, Johnson), OKLAHOMA - LICE abundant on caitle in western area particularly Kiowa County. YELLOW CLOVER APHID reported from southern area, particularly Pontotoc and Kiowa Counties. (Bower ). Economic populations of latter species found in central area almost to Kansas border, HORN FLY presen: in smali numbers in most parts of the State, (Howel.:', ok 2K 2K OK OK 36 2K 36K 26 OK KOK K Weather Continued: Temperatures for the week were below normal throughout the country. With the exception of the extreme southern tip of Fiorida and most of California where near normal temperatures persisted. Precipitation was again widespread throughout the country, but the regicns that were in greatest need received none or only very light amcunts. The drought conditions in the lower Western Plains became worse, and California and the Gulf Coast regions reported that continued lack of precipitation in their areas was beginning to have an adverse effect on crops. Heaviest precipitation was centered again in Tennessee, but amounts of over 1 inch were reported in the Northeast, along the North Pacific Coast and in the Tampa region of central Florida, Tornadoes were reported during the week in east central Ohio on the 22nd, and in northeastern Tennessee on the 26th, These storms caused only light damage. Estimates of damage from this week's storms have not been completed, but will run in the millions of dollars. Property damage in the Northeast due to the high winds on the 22nd, and freeze damage to fruit crops in the South and Southeast during the weekend accounts for the major portion of this amount, In addition, at least 65 deaths were attributed to the furies of the weather of the week. (Summary Supplied by U.S, Weather Bureau), *s}]STHoTOMojUS SNOTIEA YIM UOT]e}[NSUOD pUe UOTSSNOSTp Jaye seoryyo huyzeeto 97219 ay} Aq peijtmaqns azaM sjSTT esau, Sieddoy sqnabh ete ~—s[IAeem BITES -sseibh efhuey mq juey areadoy aTeeq Jeyotlo ueeq UROTXeyT uOWLLOW pey deeyg (eon nee ieTTid1eyeo fnq saeddoy Ay ptEeydoor sqnibh aim johbhem addy -aniids mopeeyy IT} YOO}S8ATT aes ‘gas spttAydmfg suiomoitp SMIOMIND seT}eeq eeT.7 yinay AdaeyD snuTyaAyoerg Sov MqaT}}1dS TWIOM}OOL STemUe OT} Jepidg sprudy SULIOMULOH MOPS ULOO ULOYINOG -SeuMlOp Jo soI'T T T ATE asno 1910q TI0OM SOI BImy yorsd -189 UIOD yjou Buttpoo sing snbf TMAOMTIOG HUI 1910q usoo uesdoiny WiIOM1IeS UO smiomhmiy sing snbAT yjom futtpo sojIm Jepidg W1oMIea U1OD R sing WweITq sSwiomsuiy sdtiy, sejim aseptds sptyd SwJoMTIOY Osan hath aTe0q TIOM Sieddoy S}yoeSut TmaIOMpNq Sell] esnoy -Awie -sStin ute1i6-pei0js9 oooeqoy, Waiomigs uso smiomsms deutu TIOM saeddoy aT]80q SHOLL shimieq sooymbsoyy -yeoy yoatg -IB@ UND -jeoT seTjeeq BeT A SelT] esnoy eseuede sptudy aT190q tmaomMpnq qnab d7}7e0 pryde eT AS ae: SWIOMaI TM Itpseybn aonid oeed user yinaj AJeyD _yjow HutTpoa saeddousseiy T pue[-peyebta1 Soytu S}OOSUT YjOuL areddoy IaIOq nq iaiog UL0d paeyo1 sing qweTq Hhutoel-7e0 fut ptude eeq -jfeal 07e10gq jOO1 I9AOCT -oTIds mopeeyy ueadoiny SyOOSUT yobbem 4001 aedoq Udo Solr aT}9eq Tes -ssed aunbey 9eq aehn uvedoiny seoimbsoyt oyejod *oTo SMIOMeIT aTeeq WM1OM}OOI UIOD OTnoano yyOW TIAseM TLIOM TAeem TOG TOM ueeg “xa. udeyynog wuniq Hul[pop ATT asno T SOYLUJa J, -udoy Od0eqo T SMIOMOIIM PTOTy mq ou aytm Jeptds oTmMoano wntq ud91Seq obeqqe yjow fhuttpop ptyde veq -aTWIds mopeeyt -Jeay oyejOq + WaoMmave ul0 (@resie @ UoTUO) aneeq ou jue JeyoTO UOWMIOYY sdtayy, yeay WTY Ay usoy 19}S8AIeH sqnib eyed [Asem eyTellTy 3 Saeddoysse1y sqni oytu aseddoy Wiom SWsomAMIVY (UlOy HeTqGeEIS 1e10q Taino yeeay -qgem uapiey ‘asnoy)sel[q udoo ueedoing -mnbsojt snbAT dol aTeO sqnah atye9 smIOMeITM W10Mj}OOI UIOD ~=WdoMIea UL0D TMes was yeaym saeddoysseiy 110d uioo ueedoing elddy Aveuery ptyde eaq Aq esnoy AG ataeig -yeel oyej0g seojytnbsoyl saeddoysseiy maomAmI : TM1e9 oj90q A9utm Wi0oM soyIW19ay, ueadomy esoueder yjom Asdf5 feel yoeutdg -1ea u10d maiomsmay SOI sprydy jobhbem aetddy “SSVI yjom eneeq eelq uteibh “buy sqnab ated smiomyng sen Sngeyjtds _yjow futtpop piude eaq wiomies Ul0D Sieddoy wWIOM S}OOSUT STI -JeoTy saeddoyssery SON -1ea U10D ureabh pez0jg sqnaph 9ytuM soya, e}ytW Jeptds sdtiq} 9d} 119} 1910q, aT1e0q jobbew T1OM Adiaqmedyg JamoTq{ uUevoueiisjqng usoo uevedoing dedooy eafeqqea des uaop ptyde veg ulOo-pesa —s[TABOM eITEITY -1e9 UI0D "THd seyta aTjeeq ATy uloH depidg yeeT uevog seqjeeq yaeg sptudy swaomino miomsAMay sasddoysseiy TAdEM TOG WIOMTIOG “UV aeyidieyeo sieddoy WAIOMA MIC (W0}}09 UO) pryde usiew-jTeg - SStID suloMmyND 199g B rea soqtm rapids sdtiyy, s6hnq yung JBAOTO MOTTE A sfnq snbAT WIOMTTOR WAS Ars vG6T HOA SLSHd LOASNI LNVLYOdWI XYON HHL 40 YNOS ~ 281 - SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 KANSAS Reported by D, L. Matthew, Jr. Forage and Field Crop Insects: EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) infestations were lower in Kansas in 1954 than in either 1952-53, Heaviest infestations continue to be located in the lower Kansas River Valley and in the northeastern counties where Douglas and Jefferson Counties have slightly higher populations of over- wintering larvae (November, 1954) than last year, With the exception of some small acreages of sweet corn, damage was not considered serious in 1954, SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER (Diatraea grandiosella) populations showed a continued increase over previous years, and infestations of second-brood larvae were found in nearly all counties. No infestations were found in Doniphan and Atchison Counties of northeast Kansas; however, Brown County was a new distribution record for the year, Heavy damage occurred to both dryland and irrigated corn in central Kansas where stalk infestations ranged from 20 to 95 percent, Further loss was caused by the high percent of lodged stalks (16 to 60 percent) at time of harvest. GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus spp.) began to appear in south- eastern Kansas during the third week in April and previously predicted outbreak proportions were apparent by May l. (Results of the late summer and fall surveys made in 1953 accurately predicted the areas and intensity of grasshopper attack that were experienced in Kansas during 1954,) Con- tinuous warnings of the need for control measures were released during May, June, and July. In some areas of eastern Kansas where control measures appeared inadequate or were not properly applied, widespread loss of corn, alfalfa, soybean, home garden, and other crops occurred. Many cornfields, already drought-stricken, were reduced to stubble, large areas of alfalfa were stripped, and trees in many orchards were defoliated. Counts of adults ranged as high as 40 to 60 per square yard. Destructive populations continued until late fall during which time margins of fields of fall-seeded wheat and alfalfa fields were stripped, Adult counts and the fall egg surveys indicate potential infestations of outbreak proportions again in 1955 unless spring weather conditions and biological factors prove unfavorable, ~ 282 - WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera) did not appear as abundant during 1954 as the previous year. Injury to corn, however, was severe in some localized areas in north central and northwestern Kansas with highs of 50 to 75 percent of stalks on the ground in a number of fields. In some fields, damage to silks and subsequent losses from poor pollination were the result of beetle feeding activity. Many acres of corn received very satisfactory protection against rootworms by Soil application of insecticides in the spring at planting time; however, little spraying was done to control adult beetle popu- lations, This species continued to be the most destructive of the three corn rootworms in Kansas, There did not appear to be much of an eastward spread of the insect in Kansas during 1954, (Burkhardt), NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (D longicornis) was generally less abundant and less destructive during 1954 than in 1953, Light infestations were observed in northeastern and eastern Kansas with some overlapping with the western species in north central counties where considerable injury was recorded in Washington County, SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (D, undecimpunctata howardi) was present in eastern and southeastern counties but was not considered much of a problem as the extreme drought conditions greatly overshadowed | much insect damage, This species caused considerable lodging of stalks in a few localized areas of central Kansas where corn was grown under irrigation, CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) moths and eggs were observed during second week in June and the resulting infestation was recorded as one of the heaviest on record, Earworm larvae, while abundant on corn in all stages of growth, also damaged and caused partial loss of sorghum and alfalfa crops, Over $2, 000, 000 loss of corn alone was recorded. Damage by this insect continued on late corn and sorghum crops, and moth flights were heavy until late fall when cold weather began, FALL ARMYWORM (Laphyqma frugiperda) appeared earlier than usual, by the last week in June, and was soon established throughout most of the State, Central Kansas cornfields suffered severe losses, Many young corn plants were destroyed by feeding in the whorl and by the later extensive stalk feeding. Control measures were required in several areas as population was higher than for several years, CORN BILLBUGS (Calendra spp. } were most destructive to corn planted in reclaimed river bottom land along the Missouri River in Doniphan and Wyandotte Counties in northeast Kansas, Several hundred acres required replanting, some three times before a satisfactory stand could be maintained. Another infestation, although minor, was observed in Cloud County, - 283 - CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis), while abundant in many corn and sorghum fields was particularly numerous in fields of north central counties, The most severe damage was to sorghums, Heavy populations in whorls prior to heading restricted proper head development and subsequent feeding caused a decreased number of properly filled kernels. Indirectly, a further loss was caused by the aphids as the honeydew apparently attracted many corn earworm moths. In general, greater numbers of corn earworm larvae were found on sorghum heads heavily infested with corn leaf aphids than on heads that were free of aphids, FALSE WIREWORM (Eleodes spp.) populations have gradually increased during the past three years and although numerous beetles were present in several areas of western Kansas during 1954, the only reported infestations of problem proportions occurred in some fields of Saline and Dickinson Counties, Several Le fields in this area peduited aco eas ment, WHITE GRUBS (Cyclocephala immaculata an yllophaga spp. ) were not a state-wide aecblen: however, destructive intes- tations did occur in localized areas in Harvey, Ottawa, Saline, and Norton Counties, GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) infestations were very low in Kansas during the spring of 954 and no infes- tations were observed or reported in the fall. Infestations that required control were found only in a few localized areas of Bourbon, Crawford, and Anderson Counties in southeast Kansas, ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) populations were light with only a slight build-up on wheat in a few fields of east central Kansas. No control measures were required as natural predators developed to control the infestations. CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopoterus) infestations were more prevalent during 1954 than in the Two previous years, This general build-up of populations is probably the combined result of favorable weather conditians plus the increased acreages of sorghum and winter barley in the infested areas of eastern Kansas. A November survey of twenty-five counties in eastern Kansas showed high numbers of this insect in favorable over- wintering habitats, Counts showed east central may expect light to severe populations in 1955, Elsewhere in State, counts were not generally considered of economic importance, ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizaqrotis auxiliaris; feeding activity began in mid-February 1954 and continued to cause considerable damage to seedling alfalfa during March, Damage was extensive in fields of counties in central, northwest, north central, and northeast Kansas when no control measures were undertaken. Infestations in wheat and barley fields caused less over-all damage than those in alfalfa, - 284 - ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) developed into a serious outbreak beginning the third week of May in southeastern and east central Kansas, causing damage estimated in excess of $2, 000, 000 to barley, wheat, corn, and improved pastures. In barley fields, a large percentage of heads were clipped from the plants by the feeding larvae and losses of 40 to 60 percent were common, Natural predators and parasites of the armyworm were slow to develop and destruction of crops continued, where uncontrolied, until the second week of June, Many thousands of acres of small grains in eastern Kansas had to be sprayed for control, GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostede similalis) infestations were unusual by the fact that infestations that generaliy affect only one cutting of alfalfa continued throughout the summer, Repeated control measures were required throughout many areas of central and eastern Kansas, In addition to the thousands of tons of alfalfa hay destroyed, many acres of young corn were destroyed and had to be replanted, PEA APHIDS {‘Macrosiphum pisi) began to appear in great numbers during the first week of April in southeast area, Within two weeks, this insect was abundant in nearly every county in the eastern two-thirds of the State, Many thousands of acres of alfalfa in the eastern Kansas area received aerial applications of insecticides. HESSIAN FLY (Phyto haga destructor) populations continued low throughout Kansas in 1904, Summer surveys showed low tiller infestations averaging 1-4 percent in a few counties of southeast and northwest Kansas, Drought conditions in infested areas favored very littie growth of volunteer wheat to carry over fly pcepulations until drilled wheat came up in late fall, Although hessian fly populations are low at present, the disregard of fly-free planting dates and the pianting of some nonresistant wheat varieties offer the possibility of an increase in fly populations in the future, BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) infestations were found in the spring in several counties of the southwestern area and later developed further east than usual in localized areas of Saline and Dickinson Counties. Although summer eggs of the mites were present in several fields, no mite populations of any significance were observed in the fall of 1954, Stored Grain Insects: several species of DERMESTIDS, primarily Troqoderma versicoior, but not khapra beetle, were more abundant in stored products in 1954 than any previous year during which observations of stored grain pests have been made, Populations of saw-toothed grain beetle, flat grain beetle, and weevils were low and showed no appreciable increase above the 1953 level; however, lesser grain borers have gradually increased the last three years, Flour beetles were more numerous than in 1953 and populations of Indian- meal moth showed an increase over both 1952 and 1953, - 285 - whace Tree Insects: SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus) was found in greater abundance in in eastern Kansas than in previous years. The distribution of this insect in Kansas now extends, in the southern half of the State, as far west as Rush County; while in the northern half of the State, the beetles have been found as far west as Saline County. TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus), GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus spp, ), and BAGWORMS (Paveidopteryx ephemeraeformis) were the three major pests of nurseries, Livestock insects: SCREW-WORMS (Callitroga hominivorax) were reported from nearly every county although infestations were not severe. CATTLE GRUBS (Hypoderma spp.) began to show up in the backs of cattle about the first week of November and infestation levels in some counties were reported to be the heaviest in several years, HORSE FLY populations remained com- paratively low during 1954 and showed no increase over the previous year. CATTLE LICE were abundant in a few counties; however, popuiations in general showed no increase over 1953 reports, HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) and STABLE FLY — er eT (Stomoxys calcitrans) were less abundant than 1953, HOUSE FLY (Musca domestica) populations remained at a high level, Fruit and Orchard Insects: GRASSHOPPER (Me:anopius spp.) infestations defoliated all or parts of apple and peach trees in some home and commercial orchards in easter: Kansas, TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE was the most common of ail mites affecting orchards in Kansas during 1954, Infestations continued in threatening proportions in some central orchards untii fall. CODLING MOTHS (Carpocapsa pomonella) were not as easily controlled in 1954 as in previous years, and a moderate carry-over of larvae will provide a source of probably infestations for 1955 (Eshbaugh). Household Insects: RICKETS an X% ELDER BUGS (Leptocoris trivittatus}) and CLOVER MITES (Bryobia praetiosa) were the most commonly reported household pests, ert eae Cae) Saas Eane Sea tpi, ine 5] i i Coe VOL.5 No. 14 APRIL 8,1955 SARIS lysis oT | Ew : Coopera tive ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ff * AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 April 8, 1955 No, 14 COOL RAL iii Ae OnNOMIC INS HOC (REP ORD Highlights of Insect Conditions GREENBUG infestations heavy in Hale, Swisher and Deaf Smith Counties, Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas also report on this pest, (page 229 ARMYWORM larvae active in Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas, Overwintering larvae found in Missouri. (page 290 ). Moths recorded as far north as Kentucky. (page 299). PEA APHID building up on alfalfa in Virginia and Maryland and increasing on vetch in Kaufman County, Texas, Light infestations in Arkansas, Oklahoma and North Carolina, (page 291 ), ARMY CUTWORM infestation widespread in south central Kansas, (page 3801). Also reported from Box Elder County, Utah. (page 290), CODLING MOTH emergence expected heavier than usual in Virginia. (page 293 ), FRUIT INJURY from cold weather in Indiana, Illinois and Georgia, (page 294 ) VEGETABLE WEEVIL infestation general in southeastern area of Louisiana, Also active in some areas of Florida and North Carolina. (page 295 ). LIGHT TRAP collections, (pages 299 ). Summary of INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 - in Florida (page 303 ) and Pennsylvania, (page 308 ). Also some of the more important insects of 1954 in Pennsylvania, (page 311 ), First REPORTED RECORDS for the season, (page 29x ). eK OK OK OK Rk oR ok Kok oR ok aR ok ok kok ok Reports in this issue are for the week ending April 1, 1955, unless otherwise designated, SOG WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK April 1955 The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for April calls for teraperatures to average below seasonal normals east of the . Apoalachians ard over the southern half of the nation from Texas eastward. Above normal temperatures are predicted in a beit extending from the Great Lakes westward through the Northern Plains to the Northern Plateau. In areas not specified near normal temperatures are anticipated, Precipitation is expected to be above normal over the southern third of the country, below normal in the northern third, and about normal in the centraithird, except for generally above nor- mal amounis along the West Coast. : This report released by the Weather Bureau on April 1, 1955, Weather forecast given nere is based on the official 30-day "Resume and Outlook," published twice a month by the Weather Bureau. You can subscribe through Superintendent of Documenis, Washington, D.C. Price: $4.80 a year, $2, 40 for six months. WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING APRIL 4, 1955 Winter relaxed her icy jrip on most of the Nation during the week, but record snow falls in the northern Rocky Mountain States and in southern New England during the weekend served notice that cold weather was still a threac to spring activities. Extreme temperature contrasts characterized the weather east of the Rockies during the period. Arctic air, that had brought record low temperatures to the country as it pushed its way to the Atlantic and Gulf Coast at the beginning of the period, remained over the eastern portion of the country during the first part of the week, ‘This cold air continued to set record low temperatures for this late in the season, Augusta, Ga., reported a temperature of 24° on the 29th, and 28° on the 30th. As the Arctic air moved eastward, the southerly winds behind it brought temperatures in the 70's back to the country as far north as North Dakota. The mild temperatures were very favorable for seasonal farm operations. Temperatures for the week remained below normal in the Southeast, with southern Florida (Weather continued on page 302), 3 ORE) - CERBAL AND FORAGE INSECTS GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) - TEXAS - Averages 25-50 per linear foot of row in Farmell area of Parmer County. Widespread infestation in Hale County of 180-200 per foot, Heavy widespread infestation in Swisher County, from 500-2000 greenbugs per foot. From 500-2000 per foot of row in Hereford area of Deaf Smith County. (Gaines), LOUISIANA - Severe infestation on approximately 75 acres of barley, heavily parasitized by Aphidius testaceipes in Tensas Parish, (Oliver). GRASSHOPPERS - OKLAHOMA - Survey March 28-31 in western tier of counties indicated considerable mortality of grasshopper eggs from desiccation and parasitism. (Flora). CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - KANSAS - Beginning to roove from winter quarters to nearby fields of wheat and barley in infested portions of Elk and Montgomery Counties, (Frazier). LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus liqnosellus) - FLORIDA - Second and third instar larvae collected from corn in experimental planting at Gainesville. First report of season for this area, (Thames), SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR (Estiqmene acrea) - CALIFORNIA - Heavy infestations earlier than normal in Los Angeles County. May need treatment on young grains. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. Ms CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Wide- spread infestation on barley in Kaufman County. (Simmons). OKLAHOMA - Still restricted to counties along the Red River. (Bower, Henderson). BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - OKLAHOMA - Very numerous in localized areas in Harper and Beaver Counties where wheat is being killed. (Flora), APHIDS ON GRAIN - ARKANSAS - Small grain fields in the southern half of the State generally infested with one or more species, English grain aphid, corn leaf aphid, greenbug and unidentified aphid in numbers up to 150-200 per foot of tiller row, No observable damage. Parasitism and predatism heavy, particularly in southwestern counties. (Warren). 2 200) & ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - TEXAS - Medium local infestation on vetch in Kaufman County. (Randolph), ARKANSAS - Light infestations on small grains in Union, Ashley and Chicot Counties, No damage. (Warren). LOUISIANA - From 1-5 larvae per 100 sweeps of 12 inch net in oats in Tensas, Rapides and Avoyelles Parishes. (Oliver), MISSISSIPPI - Low tempera- tures will probably cause delay in infestations. (Ins. Survey and Forecast). MISSOURI - A very few fourth instar larvae were found in west central area indicating the successful overwintering of this species in Missouri, (Kyd, Thomas), VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) - TEXAS - Medium widespread infestation in vetch in Kaufman County. (Randolph). ARKANSAS - Light in grain fields in Chicot and Ashley Counties. (Warren), ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - From 1 per square foot to 1 per square yard on range at Promontory Point, Tae a County. May have injury to range and possibly to farms, Dorst), SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER(Diatraea grandiosella) - MISSOURI- overwintering survival in west central area ranges from 5 to 15 percent, Successful survival increasesin southern part of infested area and ranges from 25 to 55 percent in extreme southwest corner. (Kyd, Thomas). SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - LOUISIANA - Light ‘yeneral widespread infestation in the Sugarcane belt in St. Mary Parish, (Oliver). SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA - Considerable activity in Sugarcane, (Oliver). CRANE FLY LARVAE - MISSOURI - Counts of 0. 5 to 2 per square foot common in meadows, drought injured pastures and waste land areas in central Missouri. (Kyd, Thomas), ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEVADA - Adults active; breeding and egg laying in western counties, Limited adult control in most valleys. (Gallaway, Mar. 26), MARYLAND - Adults average 4 per 20 sweeps in alfalfa fields in Cueen Annes and Talbot Counties. Egg laying underway, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.), EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera brunneipennis) - ARIZONA - Ten to 12 larvae per 100 sweeps in 2 fields in Yuma area; generally lijht in region. Heavy on 80 acres at Phoenix and light to heavy on 80 acres at Litchfield Park. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). ~ 291 - CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - NEVADA - Active in many alfalfa fields in western area, March 26. (Gallaway),. MISSOURI - Larvae, all stages, becoming prevalent in clover and alfalfa over State, Counts of 0, 5 to 4 per crown of red and ladino clovers and 0,1 to 2 per crown of alfalfa, Five - 10 percent of larvae have fungus disease. (Kyd, Thomas). ILLINOIS - Eight per square foot in one clover field in Champaign County. (Petty). LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - MARYLAND - Adults in small numbers in alfalfa in Talbot County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - MARYLAND - Hatching on weeds on sunny ditch bank near alfalfa fields, Queen Annes County, March 31. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.) YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - CALIFORNIA - Infested area in Los Angeles County increasing. Infestations light over much of Imperial County. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ), NEWADA - Steady increase in population over areas in Clark County infested during 1954, Now appears that control will be required on first cutting, (Goff, Mar. 26), ARIZONA - General throughout Yuma area March 24, Also causing medium to severe damavre to 1000 acres in the Marana area, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). OKLAHOMA - Small numbers along northern border from Harper and Nowata Counties and in damaging numbers through- out rest of central and western areas. Temperatures as low as six degrees did not appreciably reduce populations, (Flora, Stiles, Rogers, Howell), CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - ARIZONA - Causing damage in a few alfalfa fields at Yuma, March 24, More fields of wheat with noticeable damage in this area. (Ariz. Coop, Rept. ). MISSISSIPPI - Feeding on clover in Covington County, (Hutchins). PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi)- TEXAS - Medium widespread infestation on vetch in Kaufman County. Increasing. (Randolph), ARKANSAS - Very light on alfalfa and Austrian peas. (Warren). OKLAHOMA - Small numbers in alfalfa in north Oklahoma: Predators and. parasites very common. (Flora, Bieberdorf, Bryan), VIRGINIA - Populations increasing in alfalfa over State and will be causing damaye in one or two weeks if natural control factors do not develop, Population of 500 per 100 sweeps in alfalfa ina Brunswick County field. (Morris). Heavy on alfalfa ina Roanoke County field. (Keaton). NORTH CAROLINA - Light - 292 infestation on alfalfa in Guilford County. (Jones, MARYLAND - Building up on alfalfa in Queen Annes and Talbot Counties. From 6 to 25 per sweep, (U. Md,, Ent, Dept,), CUTWORMS ~ OKLAHOMA © Active in isolated areas in alfalfa ne a much of State, Extensive damage in limited areas. Stiles), CLAY-BACKED CUTWORM (Sirois ladiaria) - MISSOURI - Generally widespread over southern two-thirds of State with numbers reaching economic importance in red and ladino clovers and some pastures. Counts from 0, 4 per square yard in pastures to 7 per square yard inclovers. Largely third and fourth instars, (Kyd, Thomas). SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ) - LOUISIANA - Eight per 100 sweéps of 12 inch net in California burclover in Avoyelles Parish. Lighter in Tensas Parish. (Oliver), ASPIDER MITE (Tetranychina apicalis) - LOUISIANA - Moderate to heavy on white clover in St. Landry Parish, (Oliver). TOBACCO THRIPS (Frankliniella fusca) - LOUISIANA - Light to oueege in white clover In St. Landry and Livingston Parishes. Oliver). YELLOW STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithoyalli) - TEXAS - Medium local infestation on vetch in Kaufman County. (Randolph). GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - LOUISIANA - Twelve per 100 sweeps of 12-inch net on California burclover in Avoyelles Parish, 47 per 100 sweeps in alfalfa in Tensas Parish, (Oliver). LYGUS BUGS - ARIZONA - Six to 10 lygus bugs per 100 sweeps at Yuma March 24, apparently becoming more abundant, (Ariz. Coop, Rept.). LOUISIANA - Eight nymphs and 4 adults per 100 sweeps in alfalfa in Tensas Parish; 44 adults, 41 nymphs per 200 sweeps in Rapides Parish, (Oliver). POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - LOUISIANA - One in 200 sweeps of alfalfa in Rapides ; specimen also taken in 200 sweeps in alfalfa in Lecompte , March 25, and two in burclover in Natchitoches, March 24, 7 1 (Oliver): - 293 - FRUIT INSECTS CODLING MOTH (Carnocapsa nomonella) - VIRGINIA - Overwintering larvae in central and southern areas numerous under bark of trees, Spring brood moth emergence expected to be heavier than normal, (Morris). TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyaus lineolaris) - VIRGINIA - First of season jarred from peach trees on March 25, (Morris). WALNUT SCALE (Aspidiotus judlans-rediae) - CALIFORNIA - Heavy on peach trees and reported in San Bernardino County. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ). APHIDS - NEW YORK - A fair number of grain aphids hatched by March 31. (Wkly. News Lett,). VIRGINIA - Populations of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and rosy apple aphid (Anuraphis roseus) extremely low in central area fruit orchards. Hatchiny complete, (Morris), PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - OREGON - Adults active and laying eggs on pear in Benton County. (Jones). RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Arqyrotaenia velutinana) - VIR- GINTA - A few adults emerging. Damage by first brood likely in several orchards in Albemarle County, (Morris). EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM (Lecanium corni) - CALIFORNIA - Medium to heavy infestations in many apricot orchards in San Joaquin County. (Calif, Coop. Rept., Feb.). CITRUS RED MITE (Metatetranychus citri) - CALIFORNIA - Light but troublesome infestation in citrus orchards in San Diego County, light to medium in San Bernardino County, light to heavy in coastal citrus orchards in Santa Barbara County. Control used. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb.). SOFT SCALE (Coccus hesperidum) - CALIFORNIA - Some severe ee infestations in Tulare County citrus. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb.). YELLOW SCALE (Aonidiella citrina) - CALIFORNIA - Light to severe infestations in lulare County citrus, control used. Spot infestation of great numbers found in a Glenn County citrus planting. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ). CITRICOLA SCALE (Coccus pseudomagnolarium) - CALIFORNIA- Light to severe infestations in ‘Tulare eames Giltgucs)(Calit.,ccop: Rept., Feb. ). - 204 - OLIVE SCALE (Parlatoria oleae) - CALIFORNIA - Medium to heavy infestations in olive orchards and ornamental plants in Tulare County, Control used. (Calif. Coop. Rept, Feb.). GRAPE MEALYBUG (Pseudococcus maritimus) - CALIFORNIA - Severe infestations in Tulare County vineyards, control used. Light overwintering populations in Fresno County vineyards. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ), Fruit Injury from Cold Weather in Indiana, Illinois and Georgia: In the Goshen area of Indiana total fruit bud kill ranged between 50 and 85 percent for peaches and 15 to 70 percent for cherries. Apple buds appeared to withstand the freeze except for Jonathan _ which had a kiil of 30 to 65 percent, In the Vincennes area the percent of remaining live buds of various apple varieties ranged from 0 to 74. (Hamilton). In the Orleans area of the State 90 to 99 percent of the peach fruit buds and 84 to 100 percent of the apple buds of most varieties were killed. Cherries at present show that every bud has more injured blooms than uninjured, Accurate estimates of fruit damage cannot be determined at present time. (Marshall). In southern Illinois there are practically no live buds of peach south of Centralia and scarcely none of apple south of Carbondale, In the area south of Carbondale there is practically no fruit left to develop. (Chandler), The peach crop of Georgia apparently has been entirely wiped out for the first time since 1899. (Snapp), TRUCK CROP INSECTS VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) - CALIFORNIA- Considerable injury to cabbage in Orange County. Control used. (Calif. Coop. Rept. ). IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - MARYLAND - Few butterflies on the wing at Brinklow, April 3. (U. Md., Ent, Dept. ). COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - SOUTH CAROLINA - First eggs aod on potatoes in the Charleston area on March 25. No larvae found to March 31, (Reid). TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - VIRGINIA - Damage very light to plants in one of two plant beds in Mecklenburg County. Three adults in beds in Brunswick County but some seen in Mecklenburg County beds. (Morris, Osborne), NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate infestations of tobacco plant beds in Sampson and Yadkin Counties. (Scott). 2995 - MIDGES - NORTH CAROLINA - Severe infestation of midge larvae (not Smittia) of a tobacco plant bed in Bertie-County, Twenty larvae found in a 2-inch soil sample, at a 38-inch depth. Most plants killed, (Gurhrie, Rabb, Scott), Moderate to light infestations of midge larvae (probably Smittia sp.) in Forsyth, Johnston, Sampson and Yadkin Counties, (Scott). GRUBS - NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate to light infestations of probably Cotinis nitida in tobacco plant beds in Johnston and Lee Counties. (Scott), CRANE FLIES - NORTH CAROLINA - Light to moderate infestation of larvae in tobacco plant beds in Hertford, Lee and Yadkin Counties, (Scott), CUTWORMS - NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation of tobacco plant beds in Sampson County. (Morgan), MISSISSIPPI - Reports of heavy infestations in onions, corn and gardens from south and central areas. Low temperature may delay infestations, however. (Insect Survey and Forecast). APHIDS - NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation of probably Myzus persicae in tobacco plant beds in Sampson County. (Moryan). VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate infestation of tobacco plant beds in Sampson County. (Morgan), FLORIDA - Averaging 5 larvae, pupae, adults per turnip plant in one area in Jackson County. Infesting tomato plants at Marianna. Control recommended, (Lamb). LOUISIANA - General widespread infestation in southeastern area. Severe damage in 2 fields of peppers, 1-2 adults on 25 percent of plants. Ten per plant on straw- berries in Livingston Parish, (Oliver). SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - TENNESSEE - Infesting potatoes in Middle Tennessee. (Mullett), OKLAHOMA - Adult activity and larval populations on spinach foliage greatly reduced during past 10 days by low temperatures. March 31, flies common in fields and 10 to 20 percent of plants contained eggs. (Walton), GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - ARIZONA. - Light on wrapper leaves of lettuce in several fields at Yuma, March 24, (Ariz, Coop, Rept.). FLORIDA - Averaged 4 to 5 nymphs and adults per Irish potato plant in Alachua County, This aphid is rather widely scattered over the potato-jrowing areas of Alachua and Saint Johns Counties, (Hunter), - 296 - THRIPS - NEVADA - Economic population of onion thrips present in green onion field in Clark Ccunty. (Gallaway, Mar. 26). A SPITTLEBUG (A hrot hora sp.) - LOUISIANA - In one field of Tangipahoa Parish on 75 percent of strawberry plants in shaded areas, s (Oliver). A STRAWBERRY PAMERA (Pachycrachius sp.) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation of this Iygaeid on strawberries in Jefferson County, (Fuller). STRAWBERRY APHID (Capitophorus fragaefoiii) - CALIFORNIA - In damaging numbers in strawberry fields of Orange and Los Angeles Counties, in both oid and new plantings. Control applied. (Calif, Coop. Rept., Feb. ). SPIDER MITES (Tetranychus spp.} - LOUISIANA -_T, bimaculatus and T, desertorum in several fields of strawberries in Tangipanoa Parish, (Oliver), CALIFORNIA - Infestations of T, bimaculatus in small fruit in southern area increasing. (Calif, Coop, Rept., Feb. ). COTTON INSECTS Cotton Insect Situation, Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas: Damaging numbers of THRIPS in cotton fields adjacent to onions. CUTWORMS in all areas, par ticularly where cottcn follows leafy vegetables, SPIDER MITES in destructive numbers ina few fields. before the cold weather. BOLLWORM found feeding on terminal bud of seedlin« plants. (Wene, Dean, Fuller). DARKLING BEETLES (Blapstinus spp. } - TEXAS - Medium a a local infestation on cotton in Nueces County. (Nolan;. INSECTS AFFECTING OTHER FIBER PLANTS BOLLWORM (Heliothis armigera) - TEXAS - Light, medium to heavy widespread infestation on flax in Refugio County. Feeding on green pods, 15,895 per acre in one count near town of Bayside March 24. (Smith, Sherrer, Greer), (ep) FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECT FALL WEBWORM (Hyphantvia cunea) - FiORIDA - First-instar larvae in Small webs on sweet gum in Alachua County. (Hetrick). - 207 - BARK BEETLES - ARKANSAS - Ips_sp. and Dendroctonus terebrans active in isolated areas but not causing any serious damage. (Warren). PINE SAWFLIES (Neodiprion sp,) - ARKANSAS - Infestations ae aed disappeared in south Arkansas pine forests, arren), COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE (Chrysomela scripta) - FLORIDA - All stages present in numbers on foliage of willows in Alachua County. (Hetrick), DUSKY BIRCH SAWFLY (Croesus latitarsus) - FLORIDA - First to third instar larvae on river birch trees in Alachua County. (Hetrick), WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH (Hemerocampa leucostiqma) - PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant on roses in greenhouses in Butler County. Defoliating roses in 3 large ranges, (Adams). A WAX SCALE (Ceroplastes sp.) - FLORIDA - Light to heavy on Chinese holly in a Norfolk nursery. (Harrell, Morris). CAMELLIA SCALE (Lepidosaphes camelliae) - VIRGINIA - Generally heavy on camellia plants in a Norfolk nursery. (Harrell, Morris). EUONYMUS SCALE (Unaspis euonymi) - VIRGINIA - Light to heavy on Euonymus in a Norfolk nursery. (Harrell, Morris). INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS CATTLE GRUBS - UTAH - Moderately numerous in Kane, Weber, Grand and Salt Lake Counties, (Knowlton, et al). HOUSE FLY (Musca domestica) - VIRGINIA - Becoming active over State, (Morris). MOSQUITOES - UTAH - First and second instars in a few breeding ponds in Weber and Salt Lake Counties. (Fronk, Rees). CATTLE LICE - UTAH - Severe in Kane County with only about 1500 hundred head of cattle known to have been treated. (Rose, Knowlton). Many herds in Salt Lake County need control, (Parrish, Knowlton). - 298 - SHEEP SCAB MITE (Psoroptes equi var. ovis) ~ VIRGINIA - Detected on 269 of 982 head inspected by veterinarians in Virginia during March. Total of 474 sheep dipped for infestations. (Livestock Health Bull. ). BROWN DOG TICK (Rhipicechalus sanquineuc! ~- UTAH - Engorged specimen taken from a dog at Ogden DOSSRAbe 10, 1954. Det. H. Sollers. (Knowiton). STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS STORED-GRAIN INSECTS - CALIFORNIA - Granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) and saw-~toothec grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) infestation in sacked barley and cats light to heavy in Colusa County. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ). KHAPRA BEETLE (Trogoderma granarium) - CALIFORNIA - Known infestations have been recorded from 16 counties as follows: Alameda 2, Colusa 22, Fresno 10, Glenn 2, Imperial 41, Kern 19, Kings 3, Lake 4, Los Angeles 3, Madera 1, Riverside 3, San Bernardino 1, San Francisco 1, Tulare 5, Butte 3 and Sutter 1. Of the more than 4, 000 properties inspected, less than 4 percent were found infested. Many infestations of grain found most recently are on farms where the grain is being held for feeding or planting and is not a factor in further outward spread, except as the used bags get back in channels of trade. Control over the disposition of these bags is being carefully handled by county agricultural commissioners. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ). DIPTEROUS LARVAE - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation in silage in Cottle County. (Clayton). 2 ROK Kk KK Ok kok kok ok KOKO x First Reported Records of Season {by areas): MEADOW SPITTLEBUG hatching, March 31, a Maryland; LESSER CORNSTALK BORER larvae Florida; COLORADO POTATO BEETLE eggs, March 31, South Carolina; IMPORTED CABBAGE WORM adults, April 3, Maryland; RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER adults : in Virginia; TARNISHED PLANT BUG adults, March 25, Virginia. “obnoy uoyeg 72 POZT ebeydoT[AU OSTy ‘99 Sdeotbna -y ‘pz eoedjelq ‘9 epljeteu SHouby ‘¢ “ds SMOTISEH (ulTyUues4)! p Stpe[tmts abeySoxo7T ‘z Lg @nbixe eubAydey (YeTOTTeL) *G Sdeotbni ejoetjeng (ydesor 19) ‘gz, Sdeotbna STTBABYOSeS ste Bed0e SUaWONSy elosyjeny ‘Tt eeqey goseodmy ‘9g Sadie] STOO (ebnee uoyed)- YNVISINOT 87879 8} Jo j4ed Use}Sem-YYNOS UT Sdeay Gc Ul ueye] useq aAeY_SYJOW eyouNdIUn “q Mae] e CT YOeIN Sout -SYXUL ‘FI Baljoera SuTbANUAeD ‘ZI tTayUODST Snaspouohby OT 6 T €6 8S 1/7-S2/E [ 61 G GS B= WAS tS Vv 6G TZ OL 60 GELS Vv S 9¢ 8 vil 92-9T/E G iE G L 1/¥-SZ/E m & 9 S8V 66 LGV Ty Te=1/¢ G G 8 G G G € g T v 8 - G ST § G v 61 OSseces 6 ol i il i i T { 8 is i ol Sét 1/0-S3/E eyxes “iebrem Beiebimie “izejqns“q “boujytwaio*q wopisdA-y ‘eioundtun-q ‘d ‘d H - RYONLNAY ‘ZIL SeeULT OTIETSD (ooeTsay) “NNG L, :e0ue]10d WT JO SUOT}JOET[OD JayIO YeIQeL ydesor "4g ULP[UB St ebnoy uojyeg Evel aTTAe}}ehe FT 34%679N}S SVSNVMUV Od®BTS9 /\\ SV X4L Qusedy uosj1SEqoy Arnej QOUdIME'T UuOSIpe iT AqTeys (S8TUNOD) “NNAL emoyeon ByeqqnAo JOATY [189d sfkaeayduiny setqunod) *SST/I SNOILOATIOO dVUL LHOI © - 300 - RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY Living egys, larvae and pupae of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi , were intercepted recently in baggage from Mexico on Calamondin (Citrus mitis) leaves and on sour lime leaves at Nogaies, Arizona, (Ehringer, Westover) and on citrus leaves at San Antonio, Texas. (Johnston), This insect is considered an im- portant pest of citrus and many subtropical plants in Mexico, . parts of Central Nmerica, the West Indies end the Orient. Injury ‘is caused by the larvae feeding on the underside of the leaves, This impairs the vitality of the tree, hinders growth and affects the quality of the fruit. Additional injury results from the develop- ment of sooty mold in the honeydew excretions of the insect that .blackens the foliage and mars the appearance of the trees. Observations on the biology of the citrus blackfly in the Canal ‘Gone indicate that there are 3-6 generations a year with considerable overlapping of various stages, ‘The eggs are deposited in spirals of 80-50 on the underside of the leaves, each female depositing about 100 eggs. Eggs hatch in 11-20 days. There are 3 larval instars; 7-16 days; 5-34 days; 6-20 days; and a pupal.stage of 16-80 days, Adults may live 6-12 days. The eggs are canoe- shaped with rounded ends; larvae and pupae black, oval, shiny, ‘and sparsely adorned with black spines; and aduits dark brown -~ with smoky wings marked with a white cross. i Over 150 hosts have been reported for the citrus biackfly. Pre- ferred and most important are various species of citrus, mango, ‘coffee, myrtle, cherimoya, sapote, persimmon, pear and quince. This insect is said to occur in Africa, Bahamas, Burma,-Ceyion, China; Canal Zone, Costa Rica, Cuca, Haiti, India, Indo- China, Jamaica, Java, Malaya, Mexico, Nicaragua . Panama, Philippines, Siam, Straits Settlements, and Sumatra, Itis not known to occur in the United States, (Compiled-Plant Quarantine Branch), The map, prepared by Plant Pest Control Branch, on next page shows distribution of this insect in Mexico, "eS -/2-/— yy MOeQou0D,, B Saye ATAZsnpuT ey se pezyoTperd sasverouT Apeeys WPA sexoq UOTTT TM € pus g usemqeq sem +G-EG6T 105 uofzZonpoig ‘“TCO6T UF ezeerj snor,sestp 949 WOIZ patanooar ATayzeTdmos you sey sexe, jo Ar,snput sn1i4to oul (T) OS6!1 —!P6] sexog ui UONONpoOsd sMajio jonuuo a@6o0seAD 4094 CO} eyo9Ipu) sejojs uy seanbis :;3LON Svauv ONIMOYUD SNYLID IWINYSNNOD ZZ] SALVLS G3LINA BHL OL GV3NdS LN3AZYd OL Jayu4 1d3¥ 38 OL SvVauV Ua4inNs Ga OOIX3W NI G3LS34NI vauv Ga GS6I TOYLNOD AlSMOVIE SNYLIO ~ 301 - MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS COLLEMBOLA - NORTH CAROLINA - Severe infestation in earthworm culture in Guilford County. (Jones, Farrier). SOUTHERN LYCTUS BEETLE (Lyctus planicollis) - MISSISSIPPI - Adults emerging from oak floors in Humphreys and Prentiss Counties. (Hutchins, Cochran). OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotrupes bajulus) - PENNSYLVANIA - Found in houses in Lycoming and Perry Counties. (Gesell, Pepper). ADDITIONAL NOTES GEORGIA - PLUM CURCULIO appearance to March 25 less than that of an average year, (Snapp). Heavy damage to onions and seed potatoes in Spalding and Butts Counties, March 24 by SEED- CORN MAGGOT. (Beckham), KANSAS - Fifteen counties of central and south central Kansas were survyed to determine the presence of APHID infestations and other insects that might affect wheat, barley, and oats, Minor infestations of no economic significance were found in a few wheat fields of Marion and Chautauqua Counties. Counts of these aphids averaged 2 to 5 per twenty-five sweeps of a 15-inch net. No GREENBUGS were found; the species collected all appeared to be ENGLISH GRAIN APHIDS. ARMY CUTWORM was found in nearly all fields examined in south central counties, Populations ranging from 1 to 8 larvae per square foot were common in most alfalfa fields in this area, Counts in wheat, barley, and oats from I to 5 larvae per yard of drill row. Many fall-seeded alfalfa fields in Cowley, Sumner, Sedgwick, Harvey, Butler, and Reno Counties require immediate control applications to prevent any further loss of stand. Many old stands of alfalfa in these counties will require frequent examination to determine need for insecticides to pro- tect against loss of a part of the first hay crop, (Matthew), i co (eS) N) t Weatner Continued reporting temperatures near January levels. Above normal temperatures returned to the North Central region extending as far south as the Texas Panhandle and the Ohio River Valley. New England and California reported near-seasonal temperatures for the week, but the Pacific Northwest had temperatures a little below normal during the period. Except for a few areas of locally heavy amounts, most of the Nation received little or no precipitation during the period. Rain occurred every day of the week in the Pacific North West with accumulated amounts of up to 4 inches recorded along the coast. Precipitation was light in the inland areas of this region, but was bene- ficial to crops. Rain on the 31st and 1st brought heavy amounts of moisture to the Tennessee, northern Ala- bama, northern Mississippi area for the third straight week, Beneficial rains occurred in the dry region of the Gulf Coast on the Ist, New Orleans reported 0, 46 inches which was the heaviest rain there since February Zand. Galveston, Tex., recorded 2,73 inches of rain in 6 hours during the morning of the Ist. Snowfall, accompanying the passage of a cold front on the 2nd and 3rd, brought 1 to 2 inches of moisture to north central Wyoming and south central Montana, This was one of the most severe spring storms of record in this area. Salt Lake City, Utah reported 12. 8 inches of snow which was a record fall for April, Many main highways were blocked by drifting snow, and some difficulty was reported in keeping communi- cations open. Another severe snow storm occurred on the 38rd in southern New England, ‘This was the heaviest snow of the year for this region, with amounts of up to 20 inches being reported. This storm was centered in western Massachusetts, southern Vermont and north- western Connecticut, Strong winds were reported during the latter part of the week from Arizona and western Texas to North Dakota and Minnesota. These winds brought severe dust storms to the area resulting in heavy soil erosion losses. Winds of 50-70 mph for periods of 8 to 12 hours were reported in South Dakota on the 3rd. These winds also caused some structural dam a4 in western Iowa, (Summary Supplied by U.S, Weather Bureau). = ROR) = “UMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 FLORIDA Reperted by HA. Denmark QGsreal and Forage Insects: GRASSWORMS (Mocis spp.) were reported from the southern part of the State in May and June on pasture grasses and cover crops. Damage was quite heavy ranging from 3 to 20 per square foot on millet, Bahia, Bermuda, St, Augustine and Pangola grasses and sugarcane, The infestations moved to the central, north, and western areas as the seeson progressed. This pest was active as late as December es a report was received from the northern part of the State that grassworms were feeding on Pangola grass at the rate of 23 per square foot, A CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus insujaris) caused light to medium damage to lawns ‘n the southe-n part of State in January; small patches found infesting St, Augustine grass. Up to 300 per — square foot in the southern aréa in July and August, and by this time the insect had spread to all parts of the State, ASOD WEBWORM (Pachyzancla phaeopteralis) was first reported from the Seta SEMErET arcs on or, Augustine and Bermuda grass, averaging 2 larvae per square foot in June. By the last of July it had spread to the north-central part of the State with populations up to 40 per square foot, This is a troublesome pest as controls must be made every 10 days to two weeks in- the active season, RHODES-GRASS SCALS (Antonina graminis) is present the year around in the southern part of State on grasses. Populations up to 300 per square foot reported from Key West in July. The scale was reported from Gainesvilie on St. Augustine grass for the first time in November, YELLOW SUGARCANE APHID (Sipha flava} is a pest of pasture grasses over State, First reports in April were from the south on Pangola grass averaging 25 per square foot, Populations con- tinued to increase up to 500 per square foot at Clewiston in April and May, By June natural enemies had reduced popu- lation to a moderate infestation, VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR (Anticarsia emmatilis) - The first infestation was reported on soybeans at Belle Glade in June, By July losses of 15 to 20 percent of soybean crops were reported from the northwestern area. Infestations ranging from 1 to 5 per plant in all areas through November on soybean, velvetbeans, hairy indigo and beans, FALL ARMYWORM (Laphygma frugiperda ) averaged 60 per square foot on Bermuda grass in northern area in September, Scattered infestations - 304 - of 85 and 125 per square foot also reported, All reports but one came from north and central parts of State. LESSER CORN- STALK BORER (Elasmopalpus lignosellus} is usually considered a minor pest, however, it was severe over the State this past year due to dry weather, Intestetions up te 50 percent reported On corn in western area in August and September. An average of Do per peanut plant was reported from this same area in September. Stands of corn were reduced up to 30 percent in the Boynton and Pahokee areas in November with some fields repianted. A 30 percent infestation of blue lupine in central area in December, CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) infestations in the Pahoxee and Belle Glade areas were as high as 35 percent in untreated fields of sweet corn in March, 80 percent in April, and 100 percent in May, Infestations were considerably lower than this in treated fields, Up to 75 percent infestations in scattered plantings in the northern area in June and July on treated field corn, One to 20 percent infestations on millet in the north and western areas in September and November, A SCALE \Targionia sacchari) , commonly found on lawns and pastures in the southern area the year round, caused considerable reduction in growth in areas of high infestations, SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUG (Nezara viridula) is usually a pest of minor importance over State, and is controlled largely by its natural enemies, Infestations up to 10 per soybean plant in Belle Glade area in June and scattered infestations up to 25 percent of soybean plants in centrai area in October and November. RED-LEGGED GRASSHCPPER (Melanoplus femur-rubrum) caused some damage on pasture grasses and peanuts in north and western areas; up to 10 and 20 per square yard on Bahia grass at Quincy. Only a few infestations required control. | SOUTHERN ARMYWORM {Prodenia Selsey was injuring hegari in June in the Everglades and control was necessary. Some light infestations on pastures in the northern area in September, RICE STINK BUG (Solubea pugnax) was coliected in considerable numbers on seed heads of rice in the Everglades in June, Aiso reported from scattered central and southern areas on pasture grasses, A GRASS SCALE (Odonaspis ruthae) averaged up to 1, 000 per Square foot on grasses in southern area in the summer months, . Most grasses survive the infestations with only a reduction in growth, LUPINE MAGGOT (Hylemya lupini)- Early infestations in January and February caused considerable reduction in growth in some plantings in the north and western parts of the State, AMERICAN GRASSHOPPER (Schistocerca americana) was not the problem it usually is on corn, Soybeans, peanuts, and pasture grasses in the Gainesville area, BLUEGRASS WEBWORM - 300 - (Crambus teterrellus) infested lawns in the spring and early summer over State, Averaged 30 to 40 per square foot on Bermuda grass in the Gainesville area in February, By November, reports were general from south to north, RED- NECKED PEANUTWORM (Steqasta bosquella) was a pest on peanuts during midsummer and early fall In the north and western areas. Average of 15 percent of the peanuts in the Gainesville area infested in September and October, YELLOW- STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) infested soybeans in the northern area at the rate of 2 to 5 percent in November. Poult Insects (other than citrus): 4 D-BANDED IPS (Selenothrips rubrocinctus) average to 15 per square inch of leaf surface on avocado, guava, and man- go inthe Homestead areain July. Also reported from Bartow area in October, A TORTRICID (Platynota stultana) was infesting avocados at rate of 50 to 75 per tree in August at Homestead. Severe damage to lychee on the panicles and young fruit, FALL WEBWORM ( Hyphantria cunea) was first observed on pecan trees at Monticelio last of April. Light infestations from this area in May, BLACK PECAN APHID (Melanocallis caryaefoliae) was light to medium in July and August at Monticello, Truck Crop Insects: SERDENTING LEAFMINERS (Liriomyza sp.) were reported on potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and squash (0 to 6 per plant) in March from Dade County. Much higher populations in Palm Beach County, Also reported infesting crops in south and central areas from March to November, but no heavy damage. CABBAGE LOOPER(Trichoplusia ni) caused severe damage in Sanford area in late-maturing cabbage fields middle of April. From 2 to 6 per cabbage plant in southern part of the State from last of April to June 1. A virus gave complete control in the Belle Glade area by middle of June, CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) caused severe damage to crucifers in the Everglades area in November, GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) was a pest on the spring crop of potatoes in Hastings area, Control measures necessary. Pepper was generally in- fested in the central area in April and May. Up to 90 percent of some fields had an average of 10 per plant. GRANULATE » CUTWORM (Feltia subterranea) was light to heavy on beets, cabbage, and beans in the Everglades area in April and May. VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) caused heavy damage to potatoes last of March at Monticello, BANDED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica balteata) was abundant on bell pepper at Sarasota in November, and on beans in the Everglades. Considerable injury to beans in Belle Glade area in November. MELON APHID (Aphis gossypii) infested - 306 - watermelons generally in the central area in April and May, however, usually controlled. MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) was a pest of pole beans, string beans, and lima beans in the north and western areas in May and June, Most infestations below economic level, TOBACCO HORNWORM (Protoparce sexta) was infesting tomatoes moderately at Quincy in June, — High populations (20 to 30 per tomato plant) were reported from Immokalee in November. SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL (Cylas formicatius elegantulus) in all stages was reported on sweetpotatoes in the northern and western areas from the last of June through December, Infestations were light to heavy. BEAN LEAF ROLLER (Urbanus proteus) was reported on beans from Belle Glade to west Florida in November causing light to medium damage. Up to 75 percent of beans infested in some fields. Tobacco Insects: VEGETABLE WHEVIL damaged up to 10 percent of plants on the margins of tobacco beds in Gadsden County and adjoining areas diring June, GREEN PEACH APHID caused light and scattered infestations from the first of April to the last of June in the tobacco-growing area, The highest infestation was at Quincy in April; average of 100 per plant on experimental planting, but commercial plantings were generally free of aphids at this time, Most infestations averaged 6 to 10 percent of the plants infested with 2 to 25 per plant. TOBACCO BUDWORM (Heliothis virescens) was reported the first of April in the Gainesville area, By the middle of April, budworms were reported from all parts of tobacco- jrowing area, from 2 to 20 per 100 plants, Fifty percent of the Small plants north of Gainesville were infested with 1 to 5 larvae by the first of May. Controls were being applied in all cases. Egg deposition was quite heavy in the Suwannee Valley middle of May. Infestations ranged from 5 to 12 percent until the last of May, at which time it rose from 25 to 90 percent. Infestations decreased in June and remained relatively low. TOBACCO HORNWORM (Protoparce sexta) was reported first of April in Gainesville area which is the southern limit of the tobacco growing area. Light infestations (averaging 2 per plant) were kept under control by most growers with regular applications of insecticides through most of April. There was a buildup about the middle of May with some averages as high as 10 to 15 per 10 plants at Quincy and adjoining areas, Infestations were moderately high through May (5 to 20 percent of the plants were infested) with a decline in June. CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) was reported to be causing light infestations (1 to 1, 000 plants) in Quincy the last of April and the first of May, - 307 - Cotton Insects: BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) was reported causing light infestations on cotton from the western area in August, Light infestations also reported from Sire plantings Sevag lower east coast in August, COTTON APHID (Aphis gossypii) caused light infestations, averaging 6 to 16 per plant, in west Florida in June and on the lower east coast in October. LEAF MINERS caused some damage in June, Up to 20 percent of the cotton in west Florida was infested, RED-LEGGED GRASSHOPPER caused light scattered damage to cotton in west Florida, Forest, Ornamental, and Shade Tree Insects: The plants listed below are usually infested with one or more insect pests throughout the year regardless of the control program. This report gives the seasonal fluctuation with no attempt to give a monetary loss. A BARK BEETLE (Ips calliqraphus) caused light to medium infestations on nesta the central, north, and west in June, July, and August. Increases in abundance in the western part of the State in October and November, PINE WEBWORM (Tetralopha robustella) caused some damage to young pine seedlings in the north and north-central areas from June through October, PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Toxoptrypana curvicauda) was not the eae it usually is the Homestead area, GREEN SHIELD SCALE Pulvinaria psidii), which is confined to the southern part of the State, caused damage to various ornamentals during the warmer months, APHIDS (Toxoptera aurantii and Aphis gossypii) caused varying damage to young growth of many ornamentals. EASTERN LUBBER GRASSHOPPER (Romalea microptera) was a pest of shrubs and tender growing plants from March through June, There were heavy buildups of A TEA SCALE (Fiorinia theae) on camellia during the months of July and August in the Central and northern areas. The SCALE (Saissetia nigra) was quite abundant on hibiscus in June, July, and August in the south and central areas, THRIPS (Frankliniella sp.) infestations were medium to heavy on flowering plants in April and June in the central and northern areas, Insects Affecting Man and Animals: HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) was first reported from Gadsden County the first of March averaging 6 per cow. A week later averaged same on a herd of 25 cows in central area, Infestations from 6 to 60 per cow in north-central area April 1. During the same time averages were 3 to 15 in the north, 6 to 100 in the central, and 75 to 125 in the south. The wide difference in averages in the same area was partially due to the regularity in spraying, Infestations continued high (90 to 200 per cow) in the northern area from April to September. Over 400 per head reported in the south in August, - 308 - 700 to 900/head on cattle in Quincy (north) in November while infestations were considerably lower in the south at this time. SCREW-WORM (Callitroga hominivorax) - Every calf dropped in March in the Belle Glade area was infested. Light infestations were reported in the central, north, and western areas in May and June, Most infestations were kept down by treating young calves and wounded animals as soon as they were found, Heavy infestations were being reported as late as November from Punta Gorda (south), GULF COAST TICK ‘Amblyomma maculatum) was the species most often reported on cattle in the southern part of the State, Populations as high as 815 were reported on some cows in August. Forty-four percent of 277 cows were infested with an average of 14 ticks, while 289 cows in adjacent pas- ture were practically free of the tick, Dipping and rotating the cattle to fresh pastures helped reduce populations, PENNSYLVANIA Reported by J.O. Pepper Cereal and Forage Irsects: The ALFALFA WEEVIL (Iypera postica) has been found in 14 - counties and severe damage occurred in a number of fields, particularly by larvae on the first cutting in Lancaster, York, Delaware, and Chester Counties, Recommended standard sprays to control overwintering adults did not give satisfactory results, Counties in which the alfalfa weevil has been found are as follows: York = 1992 Cumberland ~ 1954 - Lancaster = 1952 Lebanon ~ 1954 Chester = 1953 Berks - 1954 Delaware - 1958 Montgomery - 1954 Adams - 1954 Schuylkill -~ 1954 Franklin = 1954 Dauphin - 1954 Bucks - 1954 Snyder (Originally reported as Juniata County)- 1954 The ALFALFA PLANT BUG (Adelphocoris lineolatus) was found in Fulton, Adams, Montgomery, Berks, Lebanon, and Bucks Counties in late 1958, No damage data are available, A late generation of ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) caused _ some damage the latter part of July in the following counties: Lycoming, Lackawanna, Susquehanna, Tioga, Centre, Clearfield, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Warren, McKean, Potter Sullivan, Somerset, Control measures were necessary in some sections and at least 200C acres were sprayed, ‘The actual loss was not extensive, The spring generation of HESSIAN FLY (Phytophaga destructor) caused as high as 70 percent lodging of wheat in - 309 - Tuniata County and a considerable increase of infested wheat was noted generally, The fall generation was quite severe in early- planted wheat in the central area and considerable losses were noted, Imfestations were also found in barley. EUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus pygmaeus) infested as high as 50 percent of the stand wit considerable lodging and was generally abundant in southwestern Pennsylvania, Twenty acres of wheat was destroyed in Clarion County by WHEAT WIREWORM (Agriotes mancus), ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Magrosiphum qranarium) was present generally but not as severe as in 1953, Coates) measures for MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus = leucophthalmus) are generally accepted and the average Increase in dry hay by controlling this pest was over one-half a ton for the fourth year in succession, Control measures were necessary in southeastern Pennsylvania for the PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) in many alfalfa and clover fields, CLOVER ROOT BORER filestinis obscurus) was very abundant in most : clover fields a aitne e TWO-SPO1TLTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranyohus bimaculatus) was observed doing damage in a number of clover ields. gg punctures by a BILLBUG (Calendra minima) was noted in much of the wheat stems examined. POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) became abundant aiter the first cutting of alfalfa, particularly in the southern part of the State. Average _ increases of dry hay of almost one-nalf ton resulted from contro. measures, The EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) was Slightly less than in 1953 and in many parts of the State evidences of damage were obscured by favorable growing : conditions, LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) was very abundant in south central Pennsylvania and numerous H. meles were collected, Fruit Insects: CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) increased over 1953 and RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutiana) caused considerable damage late in the season In some sections, LESSER APPLEWORM (Grapholitha prunivora) increased in © northwestern Pennsylvania, MITES are becoming a most im- portant pest on apples. ‘The PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus renu anh is much less important on apples than a lew years ago. APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella) was also considerably less than 1953, The PEACH TREE BORER (Sanninoidea exitiosa) increased considerably on plums, prunes, and cherries, An increase in catfacing injury by PLANT BUGS and STINK BUGS on peaches was noted. LESSER PEACH BORER (Synanthedon pictipes) is present in most peach orchards in northwestern Pennsylvania. GRAPE BERRY MOTH (Polychrosis viteana) was heavier than in several past years. CHERRY FRUIT FLIES (Rhagoletis cinqulata and R, fausta) coutime to be a problem in northwestern Pennsylvania. - 310 - Vegetable Iasects: TOMATO RUSSET MITE (Vasates lycopersici) was reported from Mercer, Fulton, Adams, Franklin, Lancaster, York, Luzerne, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Berks, and Cumberland Counties in 1954, ontrol measures were necessary in most places and in Mercer County three acres of tomatoes were destroyed, All-infestations were on plants from southern sources. TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITES severely injured a tomato field in Cumberland County. POTATO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix cucumeris) and TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (E, hirtipennis) were very abundant on tomatoes in the south central area shortly after planting. GARDEN SLUGS and VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) were particularly damaging to garden tomatoes. ED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) in many sections damaged planted seeds and in western Pennsylvania some fields of Sweet corn had to be replanted. CORN FLEA BEETLE - (Chaetocnema pulicaria) was quite active on corn in south- eastern Pennsylvania early in the season, More than the usual number of reports of the RHUBARB CURCULIO (Lixus concavus) were received. The POTATO STALK BORER (Trichobaris trinotata) and POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae; caused some damage; the latter where spraying of potatoes was neglected for pea harvestings, Control of WIREWORMS was necessary in some areas. Forest, Shade Tree and Ornamental Insects: The HBUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (Rhyacionia buoliana) continues to be a major pest of Christmas tree plantations and ornamental plantings. WEEVILS (Hylobius pales and Pissodes approximatus) caused extensive damage in plantations, These pests breed in the cut stumps in Christmas tree plantations, PINE CHAFER (Anomala oblivia) heavily damaged the needles of a Scotch pine plantation in Cambria County. Heavy damage by PINE TORTOISE SCALE (Toumevella numismaticum) was noted in Clearfield County, Other insects causing some injury to evergreen plantations were an APHID (Cinara watsonii) and PINE WEBWORM (Tetralopha robustella), BLACK VINE WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus sulcatus) severely damaged taxus and hemlock in several sections, EASTERN SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes abietis) was severe in some spruce plantings. Extensive defoliation of forest trees occurred in southeastern sections of the State by the FALL CANKERWORM (Alsophila pometaria), ran fiesta Man and ane i IES (Stomoxys calcitrans apparen were more abundant than usual, NOR HERN FOWL MITE (pdetion7eete - 311 - sylviarum) was found in several poultry houses, Household Insects: ‘ : CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa), BOXELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) and ELM LEA} BEETLE (Galeruclella xanthomelaena) Caused considerable concern in homes. CARPET BEETLES appear to be more common than usual. POWDER POST BEETLES caused much damage. 2K aK I of ak aK 2 ok ok ok ak 2K 2 ak 2K ok Kk OK Some of the More Important Economic Insects of Pennsylvania - 1954, as Evaluated by the Exten- sion Entomology Office of The Pennsylvania State University. Meadow s pittlebug (Philaenus leucophthalmus). House fly (Musca domestica) . } ape Biting flies on animals Vi LmOxys calcitrans, Siphona irritans, Tabanus sp. and Chrysops sp./. Leathoppers (mainly on hay and potatoes), (Empoasca fabae). Root maggots - several sp. Mites - several sp. Flea beetles - several sp. Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). Cutworms - several sp., including aruryworms. Wireworms - several sp. VOL.5 No. 15 APRIL 15,1955 aces B23 CTT ave Cooperative ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE \ rN A [Pree Cs Y if — Y \ AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 April 15, 1955 No, 15 COOP BRA WIV ICON OMG WINS © Ae tay sa JO Iss ab Highlights of Insect Conditions Heavy carryover of SUGARCANE BORER in Louisiana, (page 315 ). CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL causing damage in Delaware, Missouri and Illinois, Virginia and Utah also report activity. (page 316). MEADOW SPITTLEBUG hatching in Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, (page 317). PEA APHID increasing on alfalfa in Delaware, Buildup continues in Virginia and Maryland, Appearing in several other states. (pages 317, 328 ), ALFALFA WEEVIL active in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, (page 316 ). BROWN WHEAT MITE causing damage in wide areas of Oklahoma and Kansas, Also in Washington County, Utah. (pages 316, 328 ). Spring POTATO PSYLLID situation, (page 322), BOLL WEEVIL survival counts in Virginia low. (page 324 ). Illustrated key to species of TROGODERMA and to related genera of DERMESTIDAE commoniy encountered in stored grain in California, (after page 330 ), LIGHT TRAP collections, (page 326 ), ADDITION NOTES. (pages 328, 329), First REPORTED RECORDS of season (by areas), (page 329 ). 2K 2K OK AK OK KK OK ok ok Kk OK Ok OK OK OK OK OF AK OK Ok Reports in this issue are for the week ending April 8, 1955, unless otherwise designated. - 314 - WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING APRIL 11, 1955 Showers and a general warming trend over the Country made the appearance of spring weather almost a reality during the week. However, skeptics could point to subfreezing temperatures over much of the Nation during the middle of the period as evidence tliat the exodus of winter was not complete, By the end of the week, temperatures were high again with stations in the northern third of the Country reporting their highest temperatures of the year, The major center of precipitation in the Nation was located in the lower Mississippi River Valley. Southern Tennessee, northern Mississippi and northern Alabama reported over 2 inches of rain for the 4th straight week as thunderstorms moved over the area on the oth and 6th, These heavy showers caused extensive erosion and flooded low lands, Rains along the Gulf Coast from Texas to western Florida over the weekend brought locally excessive amounts of moisture to southern Louisiana, Two inches of rain were also reported on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Showers were general, but light, over the remainder of the country, with the exception of the Southwest, the California Coast and a small area in ea sontey where no precipitation was recorded during the period, Alternating periods of warming and cooling kept temperatures near normal over most of the Nation during the week, Below normal temperatures were centered in the western Rocky Mountains where two cold frontal passages were reported during the period, Cold air outbreaks east of the Rockies brought subfreezing temperatures as far south as Oklahoma on the 7th and Virginia on the 8th, However, above normal temperatures at the beginning of the period and unseasonably warm temperatures on the 9th and 10th resulted in above normal temperatures for most of this area. The greatest positive departures from normal were located along the Canadian Border in North Dakota and Minnesota, Temperatures above 80 were reported at many stations in this area on the 9th and 10th, Duluth, Minn, recorded a temperature of 79° on the 10th, which equaled the station's record for highest temperature this early in the season, The severe snow storm, occurring at the end of the last period in south central Montana and north central Wyoming, continued on the 4th, Sheridan, Wyo. and Billings, Mont, reported 33 inches of snow on the ground on the Oth, Strong winds continued to pummel the drought stricken regions of the lower Western Plains, Soil drifting was reported from northeastern New Mexico to southeastern Nebraska, (Summary Supplied U.S, Weather Bureau). - 315 - CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS EUROPEAN CORN BORER (mausta yubilalis) - DELAWARE - Pupation in Sussex County 50 percent compared with 15 at this time in 1954, (Late News), PENNSYLVANIA - Apparently little mortality in Blair County as larvae readily feund in corn stalks, (Udine). SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA - Survey of cane trash and early-planted cane for overwinterin borers in various areas of the cane belt showed 1299 live borers per acre and 423 dead or percentage of 24,6 dead. This reveals heavy carryover of borers for fourth consecutive year and indicated likelihood of a destructive infestation for the coming season, As there were but few first generation borers in fields prior to recent cold weather, mortality was probably insignificant, The delayed development with continueus cultivation, however, should result in further reducing the winter carryover, (Dugas). CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - LOUISIANA - Twenty- five per 200 sweeps in white clover in St, Landry Parish, 2 per 200 sweeps of white clover in West Feliciana Parish, (Oliver, Apr. 2). CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - DELAWARE - Few adults taken in meadow near Andrewsville, (Milliron), LOUISIANA - One per seedling corn plant in St. Landry Parish, (Oliver). CORN FLEA BEETLE (Chaetocnema pulicaria) - DELAWARE - Adults very prevalent, from 2 to 4 per sweep of 15-inch net, in meadow near Andrewsville and at some places in Kent County, (Milliron), ILLINOIS - From 0-20 per 10 sweeps in roadside grass beside old corn fields, apparently highest in eastern Illinois, (Petty). ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - MISSOURI - Light infestation, 4 to25/linear foot of drill row on barley, rye and wheat in extreme southeast, (Kyd, Thomas), GREENBUG (Toxoptera qeaminum) - LOUISIANA - Light in several fields of oats and wheat in Bossier, Claiborne, Avoyelles and Rapides Parishes, (Oliver), APHIDS - ARKANSAS - Aphids mostly English grain aphid (Macrosiphum granarium) and corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) generally distributed, but light, in central and north. western counties, Predators active, (Warren), - 316 - BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - UTAH - Severely infesting barley in Santa Clara-St, George area of Washington County. (Knowiton, Hughes), OKLAHOMA - Numerous in western and north central areas, Heavy damage in many fields, (Flora, Henderson, Howell), ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - FLORIDA - Larvae collected at Gainesville. (Patton), LOUISIANA - Twenty-three per 200 Sweeps of white clover and 20 per 200 sweeps of oats in St. Landry Parish, 2 per 100 sweeps in oats in West Feliciana Parish, April 2, Two per 100 sweeps in Avoyelles Parish, and 3 per 100 in Claiborne Parish on small grains April 7. (Oliver), MISSOURI - A few moths in small grain fields in southeast as far north as St, Genevieve County. A very few overwintered fourth and fifth instar larvae noted but no spring-generation larvae found. (Kyd, Thomas). ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - DELAWARE - Active through- out State, severe near Bridgeville, elsewhere scarce to moderately abundant, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Adults averaging 6-8 per 50 Sweeps on alfalfa in Queen Annes, Talbot, and Anne Arundel Counties. Larvae beginning to damage tops of plants, A few adults taken by sweeping in Baltimore and Frederick Counties. (U.Md., Ent, Dept. ). VIRGINIA - Adults active: 4 per 100 sweeps in Loudoun, Stafford, and Spotsylvania Counties, 3 per 100 in Fauquier County. (Morris, Muka), CLOVER LEAF WEBVIL (Hypera punctata) - DELAWARE - Heavy damage to red clover at Kenton and many other locations. Common on alfalfa but less destructive, (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Two larvae per 100 sweeps in Rockbridge, Frederick, Orange and Bedford Counties. (Morris), ILLINOIS - State average 11. 4 larvae per square foot and range in all fields 1. 5 to 30.5 per square foot with highest population in southeastern, east-southeastern and central areas, Insect less abundant than at same time for previous two years, although two reports of severe leaf ragging, (Petty). MISSOURI - Evidence of damage in all areas, From 3-18 per square foot of red clover and 1-7 per square foot of alfalfa in east-central area, From 0,5 to 4 per square foot in red clover and alfalfa in southeast. Larvae in ali stages and about 10 percent show fungus disease, (Kyd, Thomas), UTAH - Adults on alfalfa at Leeds. (Knowlton), LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - DELAWARE- Adults active on red clover. Many small to half-grown larvae at most locations, (Milliron). - 317 - SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - DELAWARE - Adult injury noted from Newark to Harrington, (Milliron), MISSOURI - Moderate to heavy damage to sweetclover along Mississippi River bottoms. Four to 5 adults per crown in one St. Genevieve County field. (Kyd, Thomas). CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - VIRGINIA - Adult population per 100 sweeps by county: Frederick 2, Fauquier 4, Stafford 20, Spotsylvania 19, Culpeper 14, Orange 1. (Morris), BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - DELAWARE - Adults collected in red clover near Felton, (Milliron), VIRGINIA - In connection with surface woods trash examination for surviving boll weevil in southeastern counties, bean leaf beetle was found at rate of 1-11 beetles per 10 square yards of trash, (Cotton Ins. Sect., VPI Ext., and Va. State Ent, ). MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - DELAWARE - Hatching well underway on alfalfa, clovers and other plants in Kent and Sussex Counties. Beginning in New Castle. (Milliron). PENNSYLVANIA - A few nymphs hatched in alfalfa and clover in southern Lancaster and York Counties. (Pepper). Eggs about ready to hatch in Washington County. Readily found in Blair County. (Udine). MARYLAND - Scarce but beginning to hatch on alfalfa and red clover over most of State. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - ‘WERGINIA - Increasing rapidly on alfalfa throughout State, Surveys of alfalfa in 9 counties revealed populations from 10 to about 1000 per sweep of 15- inch net, heaviest in Bedford County. Indications heavy populations also in more southern counties. (Morris). MARYLAND- Building up tremendously on alfalfa on Eastern Shore, From 20-450 per sweep in Queen Annes and Talbot Counties, Only 6 per sweep in Montgomery County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). PENNSYLVANIA - Very few in alfalfa in Lancaster County, (Pepper). DELAWARE - Increasing on alfalfa and clovers in some locations. (Milliron), ILLINOIS - Extremely light in northern two-thirds of State. Average of 1.6 per 10 sweeps in clover and alfalfa in southern third. (Petty), MISSOURI - Very light, 0-2 per sweep, on alfalfa in southeast. (Kyd, Thomas), UTAH - Observed on alfalfa at Leeds, (Knowlton), ARIZONA - Appearing in alfalfa in Marana-Sahuarita areas April 4-6. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). - 318 - YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - OKLAHOMA - Widespread in most parts of State. Spraying common in most areas, (Bryan, Flora, Bieberdorf, Howell), ARIZONA - Heavy buildup in Salt River Valley alfalfa April 1. General in Marana-Sahuarita areas April 4-6, Spotted damage in Graham County, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). FLOWER THRIPS (Frankliniella tritici) - LOUISIANA - Heavy on white clover in West Baton Rage Parish, (Oliver), TOBACCO THRIPS (Franklinella fusca) - LOUISIANA - Moderate on white clover in St. Landry Parish, April 2. and on crimson clover in Claiborne Parish, April 7. (Oliver). GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - LOUISIANA - Thirty- six per 200 sweeps of white clover St, Landry, 23 per 200 sweeps Fast Feliciana Parish, April 2, Twenty per 100 sweeps in crimson clover in Claiborne Parish and 15 per 100-sweeps on alfalfa Bossier Parish, April 7. (Oliver). ARKANSAS - Infestations relatively heavy in alfalfa, Up to 2 first to third-instar larvae per sweep of 12-inch net, (Warren), LEAF HOPPERS - ILLINOIS - One female Empoasca sp. collected on red clover at Eldorado April 6. (Petty). VA. -. Population in alfalfa per 100 sweeps (by county) hy cea 3, Augusta 4, Fauquier 4, Stafford 12, Spotsylvania 5, Morris), POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - LOUISIANA - Thirteen per 200 sweeps in California burclover and 6 per 200 in white clover at Baton Rouge March 30, Fifteen per 200 sweeps in sweetclover and 41 per 200 sweeps in California burclover at Baton Rouge April 4, (Oliver), CRANE FLIES - TENNESSEE - Heavy infestation in about 300 acres of ladino clover and pastures in Hawkins County. (Dozier), TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyqus lineolaris)- DELAWARE - Adults numerous in crimson clover at Greenwood, less abundant in other legumes, (Milliron). PENNSYLVANIA - Adults in hay in Lancaster County, April 5, (Pepper). LOUISIANA - Two adults, 7 nymphs per 200 sweeps of white clover in St. Landry Parish; 23 adults, 8 nymphs per 200 sweeps of sweetclover and 20 adults, 13 nymphs per 200 sweeps of burclover East Baton Rouge Parish; 6 adults, 4 nymphs per 200 sweeps of vetch West Feliciana Parish, April 2. Twelve adults, 8 nymphs per 100 sweeps in alfalfa, Bossier Parish, April 7, (Oliver), ILLINOIS -Average of 0,1 and 0. 4 adults per sweep in alfalfa and clover in southwestern and southeastern areas, respectively. (Petty). - 319 - LYGUS BUGS - ARIZONA - Building as in alfalfa in areas of Maricopa County, (Ariz, Coop. Rept.). BRISTLY CUTWORM (Lacinipolia renigera) - DELAWARE - Continues abundant in forage legumes generally. (Milliron). CLAY-BACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis gladiaria) - MISSOURI - Light to moderate populations, 1 to 12 per square yard, continue to damage red clover, alfalfa and pasture over much of southern two-thirds of State, Larvae mainly third and fourth instars. Damage light but increasing. (Kyd, Thomas). CUTWORMS - LOUISIANA - Agrotis ypsilon and Feltia subterranea averaging 1 per 3 linear feet of row in St. Landry Parish, pril 2, These species continue to cause considerable damage to young corn and soybeans in this parish, April 7. (Oliver). ARKANSAS - Agrotis sp. infestations light in alfalfa and crimson clover in northwestern area, (Warren). TENNESSEE - Heavy scattered infestations in pasture fields in north central area, (Mullett), Small numbers of Feltia ducens in most alfalfa fields and in a few pasture and smalt grain fields in northeastern counties, Cutworms ranged from 2-3 per square foot in Sevier County to less than 1 per square foot in more northern counties, (Dozier). FRUIT INSECTS CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - NORTH CAROLINA - Overwintering larvae in Wilkes County survivied the freezing temperatures of late March, (Turnipseed). APPLE APHID (Aphis pomi) - OREGON - Hatching on apple, April 4, at Hood River. (Elertson), Hatching March 28 at Milton-Freewater. (Wallace), NORTH CAROLINA - Young aphids, recently hatched, killed by freeze of late March in Wilkes County. There was only a partial hatch and remaining eggs ‘. show no evidence of being affected by the weather. (Turnipseed). GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - OREGON - Hatching March 9 at Milton-Freewater, Abundance low compared with previous years, (Wallace), UTAH - Some present in peach hlossoms at Leeds, (Knowlton), RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - PENNSYLVANIA - Moths depositing eggs in most apple orchards, Adams County, April 4. (Asquith). - 320 - EUROPEAN-RED METE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - NORTH CAROLINA - Newly-hatched mites on apple in Wilkes County killed by freezing temperatures of late March, but unhatched eggs - appear not to have been affected, (Turnipseed). VIRGINIA - Eggs light to medium in apple orchards in northern area but heavy in scattered orchards, Hatch expected by April 15. (Hill). SCALE INSECTS - VIRGINIA - FORBES SCALE (Aspidiotus forbesi) and SCURFY SCALE (Chionaspis furfura) infestations light and scattered in apple orchards of northern part of State, TERRAPIN SCALE (Lecanium nigrofasciatum) infestations light in Rappahannock County. (Hill), NEW YORK - SAN JOSE SCALE and LECANIUM SCALE reported in more than usual numbers and building up in Monroe County. (Corey). A LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) - VIRGINIA - Adults first observed emerging in northern apple orchards, March 31. (Hill). ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - NORTH CAROLINA - Overwintering pupae in Wilkes County unaffected by freeze of late March, (Turnipseed), PEAR THRIPS (Taeniothrips inconsequens) - OREGON - Peak of emergence reached April 3 in Willamette Valley. (Jones). Abundance low compared with previous years. (Wallace). PEAR PSYLLA {Psylla pyricola) - OREGON - Actively laying - eggs Since March 17, Hood River. {Ellertson), NEW YORK - Egg laying fairly heavy in protected orchards in Ulster County, but cool weather apparently held up usual egg laying for this date. (Palmer). Eggs found in small numbers, April 6, Wayne County, (Small). First adults found February 20, during a warm spell, and first eggs found April 5 in Niagara County, (McNicholas). Eggs found in limited numbers in Monroe County, (Corey), Fair number of eggs April 6 in Orange County. (Zaharchuk), TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - PENNSYLVANIA - Few on peach buds at York, April 7. (Pepper). PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - VIRGINIA - Emergence expected ina week or 10 days. (Hill). A LEAF ROLLER (Platynota stultana) - FLORIDA - Averaging 1 to 4 larvae per panicle of lychee at Merritt Island, Brevard County. (Pinkerton). - 321 - BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) - NEW YORK - Hatching on April 5 in Orange County, (Zaharchuk), EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) - DELAWARE - Hatching as far north as Newark, Small nest conspicuous in wild cherry trees from Hartly southward, (Milliron), MEXICAN FRUIT FLY (Anastrepha ludens) - TEXAS - In the Rio Grande Vailey area more adults trapped this period than any other 15-day period this season, In 11 properties a total of i1 A. ludens, 7 females (2 of which were gravid) and 4 males were taken, All specimens were trapped in Hidalgo County, The fruit fly population, as revealed by traps, has been comparatively low throughout the year as only 29 adult_A, ludens have been trapped. Two larval infestations were found in grove in- spections, the first of the current season found on March 22, in grapefruit, near Mercedes, and the other also in grapefruit, was found near Mission, March 28, Both infestations were very light, each containing only one infested fruit. (Mex, Fruit Fly Cont, Proj., 16-31), CITRUS THRIPS (Scirtothrips citri) - ARIZONA - Increased from 5 per 100 terminals” March 28 to 134 per 100 terminals April 4 on navel oranges at Tempe, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). CITRUS BLACKF LY (Aleurocanthus woglumi) - MEXICO - Infestation found in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, immediately across the Rio Grande from Laredo, Texas was most significant finding in the northeastern area during this period. This new infestation found March 15 consisted of only one leaf, and was located 3 blocks from the nearest infested property of 1954, Seven new infestations were found in the Victoria district, Nuevo Leon, this period. (Citrus Blackfly Cont. Proj. , March 16-31). SIX-SPOTTED MITE (Tetranychus sexmaculatus) - FLORIDA - Infestations continue to increase on citrus and becoming severe on new leaves. (Pratt, Thompson, Johnson), TRUCK CROP INSECTS BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - ARIZONA - Light infestation in all early fields of cantaloup in Salt River Valley, March 31, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). - 3822 - Spring potato psyllid situation A survey in late March of psyllids on wild host plants in the over- wintering and spring breeding areas in the Southwestern States showed above normal populations were available to move into northern potato and tomato growing areas in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana, The highest populations occurred in central Arizona where they averaged 225 per 100 sweeps. This is double the population occurring in 1954 in this area, An average population of 13 in southern California is one-third of that in 1954, In southwestern Texas and scuthern New Mexico psyllids averaged 22 per 100 sweeps which is about half as many as occurred in 1954, It is believed that southern California is the source of psyllids infesting northern Utah during the summer months, central Arizona is the source for psyllids infesting eastern Utah and western Colorado, and the Texas-New Mexico area is the source for eastern Colorado, eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, In the latter area epidemic numbers resulted during the summer in 1949 following a spring population of 18 in the Texas-New Mexico area, in 1950 following a spring population of 19, and in 1953 following a spring population of 29, Few previous records are available for comparison in the areas west of the mountain range. The development of epidemic numbers in the Northern States in 1955 will depend on weather conditions during May and June when the northward movement occurs, Slightly above normal temperature in May and about normal temperature in June in the Northern States is favorable for a psyllid movement, (Wallis). CABBAGE APHID - DELAWARE - Light infestation on seeding cabbage near Georgetown, (Milliron), GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA - Tobacco plant beds in Moore and Scotland Counties with 3-4 aphids per leaf in limited areas along margins of beds. (Guthrie). IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - DELAWARE - Adults in flight generally in Kent and Sussex Counties, (Milliron). AN INTRODUCED FLEA BEETLE (Phyllotreta cruciferae) - er al - Adults active near Townsend on turnips and kale, (Milliron), - fields in which stalks have been destroyed showed survival in - 323 - VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - LOUISIANA = Continued to threaten strawberries in Tangipahoa Parish, Moderate in onions in West Feliciana Parish, Severe on peppers in St, James Parish, April 2, Severe infestation on tomatoes, cabbage and turnips in Ascension Parish, (Oliver). THRIPS - ARIZONA - Light infestation on 80 acres of onions in Maricopa County, March 25, (Ariz. Coop, Rept.). ONION THRIPS (Thrips tabaci) - LOUISIANA - Moderate infestation in onions in West Feliciana Parish, ( Oliver, April 2). CLAYBACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis gladiaria) - LOUISIANA - Very severe infestation in home gardens in Claiborne and Webster Parishes, 75 percent of garden peas destroyed. : Average of 1 cutworm per linear foot of row and up to 5 larvae observed under one plant, Claiborne Parish. (Oliver). SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - DELAWARE is Adults at many locations in Kent and Sussex Counties, (Milliron), FLEA BEETLES - TENNESSEE - Becoming active in tobacco beds in Greene County and causing scattered damage to beds not killed by last freeze. ( Dosieel TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate infestations continue, (Scott), VIRGINIA Evidence of light feeding by adults in several plant beds in Pittsylvania County. (Dominick), NORTHERN MOLE CIRCKET (Gryllotalpa hexadactyla) Tie NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation in tobacco plant beds in Onslow County. (Algood). COTTON INSECTS PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - Total season's inspection to Marc shows average of about 5 hibernating larvae in each 100 bolls examined since January 1. Fifty-one percent of fields examined showed living pink boll- worms in bolls from standing stalks while only 16 percent of “surface debris, All areas report no evidence of mortality of hibernating pink bollworms from the recent freeze, (PBW Cont, Broly - 324 - Boll Weevil Survival Counts, Virginia: Surface trash examinations for surviving boll weevils in southeastern Virginia have been completed, Live boll weevils were found at rates of O to 968 per acre with average of 73 per acre. The 1954 fall examinations showed average of 2, 759 weevils per acre for Southampton County while spring examinations at same sites showed no weevils, In Mecklenburg County, 484 weevils per acre were found in 1954 fall survey compared with 193 per acre in spring of 1955, In Brunswick County, there were 2,130 . weevils per acre compared with 96 in spring examinations. The 1954 fall examinations showed an average for all samples of 2,033 weevils per acre compared to 73 per acre in spring of 1955, Percent survival was 3.5 percent, (Cotton Ins, Sect., VPI Ext., and Va, State Ent. ), Cotton Pest Situation, Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas: SPIDER MITES found widely but numbers do not justify control measures, Very light infestations of BOLLWORMS in a few older cotton fields. Low numbers of COTTON APHIDS and FLEAHOPPER adults, THRIPS damaging seedling cotton in fields adjacent to onions, (Wene, Dean, Fuller), AN ANT (Solenopsis sp.) - ARIZONA - Damage to seeds in 25 acres early cotton in Continental area, About 40 percent of seeds affected, The ants eat into the seed after it has softened, Det, F.Werner, (Ariz, Coop, Rept. ), FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS ORANGE TORTRIX (been citrana) - IDAHO - Found on geranium cuttings by a florist in Twin Falls and submitted for identification in December 1954, Plants were shipped in from an infested State, As far as known this is the first record of a collection of the species in Idaho, (Douglass, Manis). RLM LEAF BEETLE (Galerucella xanthomelaena) - ARIZONA - Beginning to appear on élm in Bhoentx, ontrol started, (Ariz, Coop. Rept, ), TENT CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma pluviale and M, disstria) - OREGON - Surveys in northwestern area indicate lower infestations than last year in most cases. Where most serious infestations occurred in 1954 there are, as a rule, no signs ef eggs, Apparently larvae starved for lack of food. Where lighter infestations occurred a few eggs can be found, especially on preferred hosts such as wild apple, None to two egg masses per three minutes of examination were the usual find with an occasional five or six per three minutes. This indicates infestations will probably be spotty, (Roth), BOXWOOD LEAF MINER (Monarthropalpus buxi) - NORTH CAROLINA - Mcderate infestation in Jackson County, (Scott). OYSTERSHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi) - VIRGINIA - Infestations heavy on lilacs in northern Virginia, (Jackson). INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS BEDBUG (Cimex lectularius) - OKLAHOMA - Reported from — several apartments in Oklahoma City. (Rogers). HEAD LOUSE (Pediculus humanus capitis) - NORTH CAROLINA - Medium infestation on a child in Wake County. (Jones). MOSQUITOES - FLORIDA - Mansonia perturbans, in adult stage, collected in Highlands County. Adults of Wyeomyia vanduzeei and W, mitchelli fairly abundant in shady hammocxs in same county. (Weems). VIRGINIA - Anopheles punctipennis observed biting during week March 15 at Charlottesville, (Bobb). CATTLE GRUBS - OKLAHOMA - Heel fly activity at high level over most of State, (Howell). EAR TICK (Qtobius meqnini) - UTAH - Less numerous in ears of young cattle at Milford than in springs of 1953 and 1954. (Esplin, Knowlton), A BUFFALO GNAT (Prosimulium pecuarum) - ARKANSAS - Being found in most southern counties, Although not as heavy as in some years, bothering cattle to some extent, (Barnes, April 5). CHICKEN MITE (Dermanyssus gallinae) - NORTH CAROLINA - Laying house of over 1000 birds severely infested in Scotland County, (Farrier). STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS KHAPRA BEETLE (Trogoderma granarium) - ARIZONA - Moderate to severe infestation in 3 large grain and seed mills and 1 farm storage barn in Phoenix area, Also in 1 retail feed store at Parker, (March reports), (Ariz, Coop, Rept. }. A BULB MITE (prob, Rhizoglyphus echinopus) - NORTH CAROLINA - Caused about ‘30 percent loss of 3, 000 gladiolus bulbs in storage in Alamance County. Easter lilies in Scotland and Wake Counties infested, some almost commercially unsalable, (Farrier), _ “eg “dds ebeydoy[aug ‘og Sitetrmis sbeysoxoT ULE @nbixe embsAydey ‘yeTntTey, ‘g Sdeotbna “GW ‘urpyues4 ‘gg “ds ebeydoTAyq ‘pT Sdectbna “Wy abnoy uoyeg - VNVISINOT ‘g Sdeotbni ejfoeyjeng “Eg swWi0mjND - VNIIONVOHLNOS *e7e1S jo dij jSemyynos UL 8T3998q U1OD-pees jo sayoyeo AaeoH - KYONLNAY “ °g eIsnfdoystay, ‘*),T eeyyoose eulbanuseg ‘TT epljetem soaby ‘Ajyunog uojybumsem -IddISSISSI ‘:eoue,ZOd WIT JO SUOT]OaT[OD 19430 GT 6-b/P 98000 (Aqun0D)°O°S 6T ST oe 8-2/7 130A 7 T v v L=9/7 ueing ue/ i T T g v9 9=T/P qzehyynis a I 9ST L=1/F adopt 2 ~ SVSNVSIUV 69 t/t-08/§ HS14L et (Aqunod) “AM TZ LT 9ZT —s«- uoyhuTySseM & Z AE "y [1eedg & SG 92 eysqqnyo GE G vE EST sfoaydumny 0G Z all 8-2/P eUloyBoD : (SeT}UNOD) *SSTIN SE T L Z 69 GE? WAG yemnireL i! T OT fe) 8 ra 9/%-82/2 ulpyues S G T LZ L/¥=62/8 sores i: T $9 9 02 v L/9-SG2/E ‘oy “yed - VNVISINOT esojylzebuem eixebimie “Asejqns “boyjUaso wUoTIS eyoundtun ‘d H ‘a ‘d a ‘d SNOLLOATIOO dVUL LHOIT eee TERMITES - VIRGINIA ~ Flights attracting attention. (Morris). MARYLAND - Reports of swarming from several counties, (U. Md., Ent, Dept,), OKLAHOMA - Swarming widespread. (Howell). PENNSYLVANIA - RB. flavipes swarming in Jefferson, Westmoreland and Butler Counties. (Adams, Udine). : MISSISSIPPI += Winced-forms of Reticulitermes flavipes emerging in Coahoma, Lee and Leflore Counties. (Hutchins). OLD HOUSE BORER (Hyiotrupes bajulus) - MARYLAND - Infesting timbers of home in Anne Arundel County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ). ELM LEAF BEETLE (Galeruceila xanthomelaena) - PENNSYL- VANIA - Causing concern eround homes in Adams, Columbia, Delaware and Centre Counties, (Pepper, Gesell, Menusan, Adams). GERMAN COCKROACH (Blattella germanica) - NORTH CAROLINA - Large apartment building in Alamance County generally infested. (Scott). THRIPS - MISSISSIPPI - Thrips, probably Frankliniella fusca, reported many times coming to lights, entering houses and cars and biting people at Starkville. (Hutchins). RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY Living larvae of the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppEesealis (wi =simplex (Btlr. ))*, were intercepted recently in rice straw irom | Japan at Houston, Texas (Slobodnik) and at New Orleans, Louisiana (Hamilton). This insect is considered a serious pest of rice in the Orient, It is said to occur from India east to China, Japan and Korea, south to Malaya and the East Indies and east through the Pacific Islands to Hawaii. It has become established in recent years in the rice growing areas of Spain. In addition to rice, it has been reported attacking sugarcane, corn, sorghum, millet, species of Typha and Phragmites and various grasses, Injury to rice is caused by the larvae feeding in the stems, Young plants when attacked are severely injured, often killed, Older plants are weakened so that they are easily flattened by wind or rain and fail to produce full heads of grain. Many dead shoots and leaves appear in heavy infestations, Observations on the biology of the insect indicate that it hibernates as a mature larva in straw or stubble. The number of generations vary from 2 to 4, Adult emergence in spring is very irregular. *Kapur, A, P, 1950, The identity of some Crambinae associated with sugarcane in India and somé species related to them. Roy. Eni, Soc. London Trans. 101(11): 389-434, - 328 - Mating and egg laying occur soon after emergence. Eggs are deposited in large irregular clusters, often as many as 100, on tips of leaves or under leaf sheaths. Larvae on hatching bore into the stem, Many larvae may occur together, Larval stage lasts about 4 weeks. Pupation occurs in the stems, Pupal stage averages 10 days. Living larvae of C, suppressalis have been intercepted on numerous occasions in rice straw from the Orient used as packing for china and brass ware, carved wood and curios and in rice straw mats or rope used as dunnage aboard ships. It is mot known to occur in the eee United States, (Compiled - by Plant Quarantine Branch), ADDITIONAL NOTES KANSAS - Non-economic infestations of GREENBUG (Toxoptera raminum) were found in several central and south central counties, ounts per foot of drill row of wheat and/or barley ranged from 0,5 to 5 aphids per foot. Sweep counts ranged from 3 to 10 greenbugs per 25 sweeps of a 15-inch net. ENGLISH GRAIN APHIDY Macrosiphum qranarium) were found on wheat in nearly all fields in this area, Counts averaged 5 to 10 aphids per 25 sweeps of a 15-inch net, PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) has begun to appear in nearly all alfalfa fields in central and southern Kansas and as far north as Ottawa County, Counts very light, only 5 to 20 aphids per 425 sweeps of a 15-inch net, (Matthew). Very light, scattered colonies of small aphid, probably YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii), found on alfalfa in southern Sumner County. ‘This aphid also was reported on alfalfa in Meade County. Specimens being confirmed. (Frazier), ARMY CUTWORMS (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) found in wheat, barley, and alfalfa fields of central and south central Kansas. Infestations of economic importance were foun in seedling alfalfa fields of Reno, Sedgwick, Sumner, Harper, and Kingman Counties. Counts in fall-seeded alfalfa averaged 2 per square foot. No counts of over one larva per square foot in wheat or barley fields in this area or in most wheat fields of western Kansas, (Harvey, Depew). Light to severe infestations of BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia tatens) occurs throughout south central Kansas, Counts on well-established wheat range from 25 to 60 per linear foot of drill row, Counts in many drought-affected wheat fields ranged from 40 to over 400 mites per foot of drill row. The counties in which the heavier infestations occur are Reno, Kingman, Pratt, Barber, Harper, Sumner, and Sejgwick, (Matthew). - 329 - Counts in wheat fields of the two tiers of counties south from Ellis and Russell Counties ranged from 25 to 100 mites per foot of drill row. (Harvey). Counts in western Kansas range from 29 to 100 per foot of drill row with heavy infestations in fields of volunteer wheat, (Depew), Examination of girdled corn stalks showed 100 percent winter mortality of Southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) larvae in one field in Geary County (central) and in one in Cloud County (north central), Another field in Cloud County showed 10 percent survival, Bee eta - aera te area, April 13) - ora arpocapsa pomonella) overwintering larvae under bar on trees about usual in numbers. Spring brood emergence expected to be normal. APHIDS hatching complete. Populations below normal, ORCHARD MITES overwintered populations slightly less than usual except CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) which has become more widespread with substantial increase in numbers. RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) egg- laying has been comparatively light. Population appears to be rather low. (Hamstead), First Reported Records of Season (By Areas): APPLE APHID hatching, March 28, Oregon; GREEN PEACH APHID hatching March 9, Oregon; RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER ovipositing, April 4, Pennsylvania; A LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) adults emerging,March 31, Virginia; PEAR PSYLLA ovipositing, March 17, Oregon, and eggs April 5 and 6, adults February 20, New York; TARNISHED PLANT BUG, April 7, Pennsylvania; BLACK CHERRY APHID hatching April 5, New York; EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR hatching in Delaware, and SEED-CORN MAGGOT adults noted in same State; and CORN EARWORM moth at Stuttgart, Arkansas. STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE W. C. JACOBSEN, DIRECTOR SACRAMENTO March 10, 1955 ILLUSTRATED KEY TO SPECIES OF TROGODERMA AND TO RELATED GENERA OF DERMESTIDAE COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN STORED GRAIN IN CALIFORNIA The keys which follow are partly original work and partly from three other sources: 1. Hinton, 1945; 2. Beal, 1954; 3. Howe and Burges, 1955. The adult characters distinguishing the species of Trogoderma are largely the work of Okumura. The larval key is by Blanc and the characters used are from Hinton and Beal except for particularly important characters defining granarium, which are from Howe and Burges. References cited are: 1. Hinton, H.E. Beetles Associated with Stored Products British Museum, 1945. 2. Beal, R. S. Jr., Biology and Taxonomy of the Nearctic Species of Trogoderma University of California Pub, in Ent., 10(2): 35-102, 1954. 3. Howe, R. W., and Burges, H.D., Trogodeyma afrum Pr., a synonym of T. granarium and a comparison with T. versicolor, (In press). To work the keys it is necessary to make microscopic dissections of adults and slide mounts of the larvae. Some of the drawings are diagrammatic and complete in detail only to the extent necessary. Ae ADULTS a Head with a median ocellus (A); species usually less than 5.5 mm. long..cc.ce02 Head without an ocellus; species usually 55=12 mm. long..eeeeDERMESTES Linnaeus 2{1). Prothorax without cavities for the reception of the antennae or, if cavities are present, they are not visible from frontal view. Dorsal. surface always hairy, only rarely with a few patches of scale-like hairs among normal hairs. .cecesrecccccccceced Prothorax with cavities for the reception of antennae (B); dorsal and ventral surface clothed entirely with triangu- lar or broadly oval scales tevcccccceccecocvecs HN THRENUS Fabricius 3(2). Hind tarsi with basal segment as long or longer than second..TROGODERMA Berthold C ee Hind tarsi with basal segment much shorter than second (C)..-e-ATTAGENUS Latreille (3). Greatest width of male genitalia more than 2/3 the length of aedeagus (D)..sceeree-D Greatest width of male genitalia less than 2/3 the length of aedeagus (E)--seee+e0e8 D simplex 5(4). Tergite of first periphallic segment almost straight at middle of distal margin(F)..6 Tergite of first periphallic segment forming an angle at middle of distal margin (G) oc ccccaccccccccccecccesecen Simplex Jayne simplex 6(5).e Width of bridge of male genitalia narrower than aedeagus at point where they cross each other Ci) eiicisisilelslelcicieioletolelels\sieleie(eierele!| Width of bridge of male genitalia as wide or wider than aedeagus at point where they cross each other (I)...eegranarium Everts XX versicolor I Os granarium 7(6) Ninth abdominal segment or ring segment of male flattened ventrally (J); inner margin of eyes emarginated (A) versicolor (Creutzer) Ninth abdominal segment or ring segment of male rounded ventrally (K); inner margin of eyes not emarginated....-parabile Beal J K 8(4). Third segment of male antenna minute, about versicolor parabile 1/2 of either second or fourth segments parabile in length and width; segments of club Voooo dO CCL > only moderately eccentric (L)...cccccecce? L sternale Third segment of male antenna approximating second and fourth segments in length and width; segments of club decidedly Doc IUCS eccentric or pectinate (M)..ornatum (Say) 9(8). Median section of bridge between lateral lebes of male genitalia more or less straight (N) coerccesecceesSbeInale Jayne Median section of bridge between lateral lobes of male genitalia arched (0) @eeeeeeceeeoeenvneneaneeeooeosnee grassmani Beal B. MATURE LARVAE 1. Urogomphi present on dorsum of 9th abdominal segment(A)..DERMESTES Linnaeus Urogomphi EUSISsTelig GOOOCOODDODOUOGOOO000000008 2(1). Hastisetae (spear=headed hairs) present on abdominal tergites (B).ecccccceccccccee3 E585 55> Hastisetae absent..ceceeATTAGENUS Latreille B 3(2). Tufts of hastisetae on abdominal tergites arising entirely from a membranous area on the caudo=-lateral edge of segments; hastisetae from right and left sides usually converging over the cauda (C) ecccccceccccccnccceeeANIHRENUS Fabricius Tufts of hastisetae on abdominal tergites arising from the sclerotized dorsal surface of the segments; hastisetae not obviously convergent over the cauda (D) D ecesccevccceecccceee LROGODERMA Berthold h SN TTT PH a AILIANN\NRE LTT NR HAAN AANYY (3). Second antennal segment 3 times length of 1st (E) occcccccccccccccces Simplex Jayne Second antennal segment less than twice length of ist CP) eevee GaccesesscicesceeD -3- E simplex parabile 5(u)- 6(5). 7(5)« 8(7). Setae of basal antennal segment arranged in a whorl, almost completely encircling the segment, setae not bunched on the mesal side of the segment (G)ieedeeco Setae of basal antennal segment bunched on mesal side of segment, 1/3 or more of the outer portion of the segment bare CH) )ejsle cle'c oleicicielelele siclelslojalola cle cieleisiele'e sieleie olf Abdominal tergites 1 through 8 each bearing a transverse line (antecostal suture) near the anterior margin of the sclerotized area (I); 2nd antennal segment normally without setae (G) ececcacaccceeccoae sVErsicolor (Creutzer) Abdominal tergites with antecostal suture on segments 1 through 6, but with suture faint or interrupted on 7th and usually absent. on 8th (J); 2nd antennal segment with or without a seta (K) ccccceccvococccoocccoccefranarium Everts Setae of anterior portion (acrotergite) of ist abdominal tergite all sufficiently long to extend caudad across the antecostal suture (L); accessory papilla of 2nd antennal segment extended distally into a sharp point (M).ce.sceed Setae of lst abdominal acrotergite short, at least part of the more anterior setae not sufficiently long to cross the antecostal suture (N); accessory papilla of 2nd antennal segment rounded distally, not with a sharp point (0)&(F) occcocccecccoccecsccvcccces sparabile Beal énd antennal segment without setaee ccceoce 9 2nd antennal segment normally with one or two setae (P) .scccceveccssSternale Jayne versicolor grasemani sternale 9(8). CO Qoue.1me’] ce) uoSTpeIl el iy 872 O¢-H1/F sSoToUus (seqtmop) “NNSL ‘qzajqns ezebiuze vuopsdd esoysebseut -“foyyturzo eyoundtun eno SIIJOTIeH ~«©- Stjo HY euloIpljed eluepoiq etyeTepnesd (penutyu0D) SNOLLOAT1IOO dvb LAO - 370 - Sm re ee ee ee ee es ee ee ee ee ee SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) caused heavy damage to seediing cabbage, broccoli and beans on Maui during first quarter of 1 v ° The taro leafhopper (Megamelus proserpina) was reported in an outbreak at Honckohau Valley, Maui, in the third quarter of 1954, The infestation was due to planting material prought from an infested area, About 100 specimens of the egg predator, Cyrtorhinus fulvus were sent from Honolulu and have brought the outbreak under full control. A MITE (Paratetranychus mangiferus), a new record for the Territory, was found in large numbers on Eugenia jambos leaves on Oahu in September, 1954, (Weber) es ee ee re ee we ee es ee es ee ee CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - TENNESSEE - Causing much concern around residences in Clarksville area. (Scott), VIRGINIA - Invading homes in Hampton (Adams) and in Richmond ae MICHIGAN - Abundant at St. Johns, Jackson, and Lansing, ‘ Hutson), TERMITES - RHODE ISLAND - Swarms of Reticulitermes flavipes reported intermittently since March 4, especially large numbers recently. (Mathewson), CONNECTICUT - Winged forms appeared in buildings March 9, now appearing outside. (Johnson): BOXELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) - MICHIGAN - Generally abundant, (Hutson), A POWDER POST BEETLE (Lyctus sp.) - WASHINGTON - Infesting oak flooring in Okanogan and Asotin Counties, Also infesting wicker baskets in Clark County. (Brannon). eral. AD DMM ONATN@T eS op GEORGIA - LESSER PEACH TREE BORER (Synanthedon pictipes) - Infestation is moderate in some peach orchards, iight in others. (Snapp). CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - Moderate leaf feeding by larvae in a crimson clover pasture in Spalding County, April 13. (Beckham), TOBACCO HORNWORM (Protoparce sexia) - pupae numerous in old pimento pepper field in Spalding County. (Beckham). TENNESSEE - Severe infestations of dingy and clay-backed CUTWORMS in pastures, gardens and truck crops in Middle Tennessee. (Mullett). Cutworms (Feltia sp.) were also found to be numerous in alfalfa and pasture fields in central and western counties, averaging 1 to 3 per square foot. Cutworms are also causing local damage to tobacco beds in Robertson County. (Dozier). First instar ARMYWORMS (P. unipuncta) in Middle Tennessee in small grain. Infestations appear spotied and light. (Mullett}, APHIDS are abundant in many grain fields in central and western counties, from 0 to 80 per plant. No damage noticeable. CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL found in most alfalfa fields, ranging up to 4 per square foot. Approximately 25-50 percent of larvae diseased. (Dozier). First Reported Records of Season (by areas) ARMYWORM moths at Champaign, Illinois, April 21, and in Montgomery County, Maryland, April 18; larvae in Tennessee and North Carolina. CORN BILLBUG damage in South Carolina April 11. SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER at Urbana, Illinois. BEAN LEAF BEETLE out in Missouri and Illinois. TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE eggs hatching in Indiana and Ohio. PLUM CURCULIO taken from peach trees in Maryland and Pennsylvania. CODLING MOTHS emerging in Oklahoma and Virginia. RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER hatching in Virginia. CURRANT FRUIT FLY emerging Hubbard, Oregon, April19. PLUM GOUGER collected Payne County, Oklahoma, Aprill6é. BOLL WEEVIL on cotton at Waco, Texas, April 20. TICKS appearing southern Ilinois April 16 and Rhode Island. LADY BEETLE larvae in Kansas April 19. CORN EARWORM larvae southern Missouri and Arkansas. YELLOW- STRIPED ARMYWORM in Pulaski County, Arkansas and at Gainesville, Florida, ‘ Danie a a! arti VOL.5. No. 18 MAY 6,1955 Cooperative ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Dssued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 May 6, 1955 No, 18 COOPERATIVE HC ONOMIC INS ECL REPO R dt Highlights of Insect Conditions ARMYWORM outbreaks in areas of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, South and North Carolina, Economic infestations appear- ing in southern Missouri, Moth flights in Kansas, Illinois, Delaware ~ and other areas, (pages 375, 395), Also see LIGHT TRAP COLLEC- TIONS, (page392 ), EUROPEAN CORN BORER mortality 19 percent in Minnesota, (page 376 ). GRASSHOPPERS hatching in Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas and New Mexico, Threatening populations in southern Clark County, Kansas. Numbers appear above normal for time of year in Arkansas, (page 377), CUTWORMS causing-damage over wide areas of Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri, Several other states also report damage. (pages 377, 384), ALFALFA WEEVIL continues to spread in Virginia; now found in several southernmost counties, (page395), Heavy damage in Maryland and Delaware. (page 380). COLORADO POTATO BEETLE unusually abundant in Alabama and moderate at Charleston, South Carolina, Also active in Delaware and V rginia, (pages 386, 395). VEGETABLE WEEVIL damaging crucifers in Alabama and Mississippi. Infesting tobacco in areas of North and South Carolina, (page 385). THRIPS light to medium on cotton in several Texas counties. Appear- ing on seedling cotton in Mississippi and Louisiana, (page 389), Status of HALL SCALE in the United States. (page 382). Request for COTTON STEM MOTH survey. (page 396). NOTES received too late for inclusion in the body of this issue. (p. 395), First reported records of season, Page 395), Se ROK RAK KCK Reports in this issue are for the week ending April 29, 1955 unless otherwise designated, - 374- WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK May 1955 The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for May calls for temperatures to average below seasonal normals west of the Continental Divide, along the Atlantic Seaboard, and in the Northern Plains. Above normal temperatures are predicted over the remainder of the nation With greatest departures over Texas and adjacent states. Precipitation is expected to exceed normai over most of the northern third of the nation. Subnormal amounts are anticipated over the Southern Plains and in the Southeast. In areas not specified near normal rains are in prospect. This report released by the Weather Bureau on April 29, 1955. Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume and Outlook", published twice a month by the Weather Bureau. You can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price: $4.80 a year, $2. 40 for six months, WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MAY 2, 1955 The week was unusually cool west of the Continental Divide, in the Ohio Valley and along the Atlantic Coast, and abnormally warm in the Mississippi Valley and Great Plains. General precipitation occurred in the Northwest and along the Pacific Coast at the beginning and end of the period, scattered showers fell in the Mississippi Valley about mid-period, and over the Northeast during the first 4 days of the period, while the week was warm and sunny in most of the South. West of the Continental Divide temperatures for the week averaged from 6° to 12° below normal. Subfreezing minima overspread all of this area except extreme southern portions on the 27th when a low of 31° was recorded at Fresno, Calif., and minima of 28°, 32° and 37° were at record low levels for so late in the season at Medford, Oreg., Red Bluff, and Bakersfield, Calif., respectively. Some snow fell over the northern Rockies and northern portions of the Great Basin on the 26th; Salt Lake City, Utah reported 5 inches. The past month has been one of the coldest Aprils on record in the Pacific Northwest. (Weather continued on page 396). —), - 370 - CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS eee becoming very Sévere in oat fields where soil completely shaded, Up to 22 per square foot in several fields in Madison Parish, Twelve to 16 per square foot in two large oat fields in Red River Parish, Three to 5 per square foot in 10 parishes in northern part of State, with occasional armyworm found in oats and barley in several other parishes, (Oliver), ARKANSAS - Remains relatively low in east central area, Light infestation in grain in Prairie, St. Francis, — Cross and Poinsett Counties. Larvae in third instar or above indicat- ing recently-deposited eggs from heavy moth flights not yet hatching. Heavy flights in northeastern counties during last two weeks, (Warren), ALABAMA - Reports of outbreaks continue from parts of western and northern Alabama, Specific information on damaging numbers in Perry, Dallas, Lowndes,Montgomery, Greene, and Limestone Counties, (Arant), GEORGIA - Severe damage to oats in Sumter and Houston Counties, Some fields completely destroyed before dam- age noted, (Jordan), TENNESSEE - Reports indicate armyworm occurring in outbreak numbers in middle Tennessee May 2, Larvae small, (Stanley, Telegraphic Report) NORTH CAROLINA - Infest- ing oats and fescue in Carteret County, 200 larvae per square yard in some areas, with oats destroyed and fescue cut back severely. (Weisman), DELAWARE - Numerous moths, including gravid females, inflight at Newark April 21. (Milliron), ILLINOIS - Flight moderate in eastern area, occasional moth in northern counties. One larval infestation in extreme southern Illinois, Total of 153 moths collected in light trap in eastern area April 23, (Petty et all) is MISSOURI - Economic infestations of first and second instars appear- ing in rank small grains in southeast and southwest corners of State, Moderate moth flight continues over State. (Kyd, Thomas), KANSAS - Moths in fields of barley and wheat in central counties. Also light to moderate flights at lights in this area. No spring-generation larvae observed, (Matthew). ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - LOUISIANA - Infestation The following may be of interest as a comparison with armyworm infestation for the same period during past two years: 1954 - Armyworm was serious and widespread over Tennessee; seriously infesting grains at Stoneville, Mississippi; extremely severe in upper Mississippi delta of Louisiana, and heavy, 6-50 per square foot, in some areas of Arkansas. The infestation was general and widespread in southern Missouri and small larvae were appearing in southern Illinois. 1953 - Large numbers of moths were active in middle and west Tennessee, central Ohio, southern Indiana and in IMinois, Moths were also active in Delaware and a few small larvae were appearing in grain in middle Tennessee. - 376 - BUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - ILLINOIS - Casual observations show 10 percent pupation at Carbondale. (Petty et al), MINNESOTA - Recent mortality survey in 28 counties in southern two-thirds of State showed average of 19 percent of borers examined were dead. This compares with 25 percent mortality in spring of 1954 and 20 percent in 1953, Mortality by State crop reporting districts is as follows: southwest 29 percent, south central 28, southeast 13, west central 8, central 15, east central 28, The sur- viving borers appear in very good condition: and there are sufficient numbers to cause damaging infestations, especially in southwest and west central districts, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv, ). PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Very abundant on alfalfa and clovers, tnewaacing in New Castle County. (Milliron), PENNSYLVANIA - Abundant in some alfalfa fields in southern area, (Pepper), NORTH CAROLINA - Damaging alfalfa in Yadkin County. (Smith), TENNESSEE - Very abundant in alfalfa fields (all badly injured by late frost); however, fungus diseases, lady beedles and syrphids have reduced infestations. (Mullett), LOUISIANA - Over 200 per sweep in hairy vetch and Singletary peas in Tensas Parish, (Oliver), ILLINOIS - Average population for State on alfalfa and clover is 26 per 100 sweeps, highest in northeastern area with average of 52 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Numerous parasites and predators and above normal temperatures have kept infestations on alfalfa along Mississippi River to minimum, from 5-21 aphids per sweep, (Kyd, Thomas), KANSAS - Beginning to increase in northern area; however, infestations still considered light and remain below 200 aphids per 25 sweeps of 15-inch net, (Matthew), Popula- tions have increased in several local areas of southwestern counties and beginning to require control, Counts of 100-200 per sweep ina few fieids, (Gates), UTAH - Appearing in some alfalfa fields in northern area, (Knowlton), MARYLAND = Infestation general on alfalfa, light to heavy from Worcester to Washington County. Fungus disease high in some fields on lower Eastern Shore and appearing in central and western areas, Many winged forms noted, (U. Md., Ent, Dept. ), LEAFHOPPERS - ILLINOIS - Three specimens of Empoasca sp, collected in northeastern area, (Petty et al), DELAWARE - Aceratagallia sanquinolenta very abundant on red clover and alfalfa in some areas, (Milliron), LOUISIANA - Five potato leafhoppers (Empoasca fabae) taken at Natchitoches, 4 at Benton on alfalfa and 1 at Alexandria on burclover April 26, (Oliver), GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - ARKANSAS - Infestations in northwestern area continue relatively heavy on alfalfa and other legumes, One to 5 per sweep of 12-inch net, Total of 70 first-ceneration adults collected at light trap at Fayetteville April 28, (Warren), - 377 - GRASSHOPPERS - ARIZONA - From 60 to 100 per square yard by middle of April in spots on San Carlos Indian Reservation in Graham County. Dominant species Aulocara elliotti, Melanopius mexicanus, and M, cuneatus. ‘Trimerovropis pallidipennis causing concern in Scottsdale area, Maricopa County, moving into borders of irrigated crops, SOUTH DAKOTA - Eggs in southeastern counties in good con- dition, development normal, TEXAS - First and second instar Melanoplus differentialis in southern and south-central areas by April 18. AS high as 50 per square yard in Falls, McLennan and Robertson Counties, (Grasshopper Cont, Proj,). NEW MEXICO - Beginning to hatch April 23 in lower half of State. Only non-economic species involved. (Dobson), KANSAS - Infestations, range species, building up to threatening populations in rangeland in Cimmaron River Valley, southern Clark County, From 2-10 first to third instars per square yard. Spring hatch not noticeable in central Clark County. (Gates). Melanoplus spp, now found in most fields, Spring hatch progressing as predicted from last fal!'s surveys, Newly~hatched nymphs in all fields surveyed in 12 central and north central counties, From 1-8 nymphs per square yard in infested fields. Eggs of M. differentialis and M, bivittatus still found in abundance, indicating hatching of these species not started, (Matthew), MINNESOTA - M, femur-rubrum showing no development but egas of M, bivittatus in coagulated stage. (Minn, Ins, Repti, Serv,), MisSOURI - M, temur-rubrum, M. mexicanus and M, bivittatus hatch continues slowly in southern half of State. From 1-12 per square yard in fence rows and fteld margins and O-6 per square yard in pastures and alfaifa, Hatch of 5-10 percent of M, bivittatus eggs occurred in west central area during week. (Kyd, Thomas : ARKANSAS - Hatching of Melanoplus sp, well underway over State, (Warren), Began first week in April in south Arkansas, First and second instars in alfalfa and other forage crops in northwestern area, Numbers appear above normal for time of year. (Warren). CUTWORMS - FLORIDA - Some heavy infestation of black cutworm (Aqrotis ypsilon) and granulate cutworm (Feltia subterranea) in Everglades area, about 13 cutworms per square yard in one weedy field, (Genung, Questel), ALABAMA - Granulate cutworm reported from many sections. Damage to cotton, corn, peanuts, vegetables and other plants, (Arant), KENTUCKY - Clay-backed cutworm has been especially destructive to small grains, lespedeza, clover and alfalfa in western and south central areas, In some fields as many as 40 per square yard, (Price). GEORGIA - Moderate infestation on young peanuts following small grain stubble in Seminole County, (McGill), TENNESSEE - Feltia spp. still doing damage in scattered pasture fields over most of State, (Mullett), crane - veins common in light traps at Athens. reuel: MiSs Cun - Feltia subgothica and_A, gladiaria larvae largely in last instar an damage increasing on alfalfa, clovers and pasos! Early-planted corn heavily damaged in fields where vegetation plowed under, Counts 2878) from O=2 per square foot in legumes and 0-3 pe ard of corn row, Parasitism, mainly by Apanteles sp., from 5 to 20 percent, Light numbers of small larvae of A, ypsilon in extreme southeast; light moth flight continues over much of State. From 0-2 Peridroma eee larvae per square foot in alfalfa in southern third of State, From 0-1 bronzed cutworm, nearly mature, per square yard in pastures and other grassy areas in southwest. (Kyd, Thomas), MICHIGAN ~ Cutworms abundant at Paw Paw, (Hutson), NEW MEXICO - Large numbers of moths in flight. (Dobson, Apr. 23). UTAH - Severely damaging alfalfa in Millard County, (Rickenbach, Knowlton), CALIFORNIA - Glassy cutworm (Crymodes devastator) found severely injuring Merion blue grass in mountainous area of Kern County and in Yolo County, Dame oy this species vare in California, (Cal. Coop, Ins, Rept. pr. 423). AN ARMYWORM {Leucania latiuscula) - FLORIDA - Considerable numbers on grasses at Belle Glade, Many parasitized and diseased, - (Genung, Questel), ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - Severe injury in Promontory area of Box Elder County. (Allred). CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - FLORIDA - Two larvae per ear on sweet corn at Vero Beach, (Burnett), LOUISIANA - Larvae per 100 sweeps in crimson clover: 27 in Lincoln Parish, 11 in Claiborne Parish and 42 in Natchitoches Parish, Three to 5 in white clover in Acadia Parish, (Oliver), ARKANSAS - Light in alfalfa, Larvae all sizes, (Warren), . SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER (Diatraea grandiosella) - OKLAHOMA = Pupation of overwintered borers as follows: Payné County 7 percent, Pontotoc County 14 percent, Tulsa County 4 percent. Pupation also noted in Choctaw and Creek Counties, (Arbuthnot). FALL ARMYWORM (Laphygma frugipera) - FLORIDA - Spotty infesta- tions on corn in Everglades area, (Genung, Questel), A WEBWORM (probably Nomophila noctuella) - MISSOURI = Half to full-grown larvae pleat into margins Of spring oats and causing moderate to heavy damage in southwest area, (Kyd, Thomas). SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis)- LOUISIANA - Beginning to show increased activity In some varleties of sugarcane. Four egg masses found per man hour and 22 stalks per 200 feet of row showing feeding in Assumption and Iberville Parishes. Two to 4 stalks per 200 feet showing feeding in West Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver). = BS) A SEED-CORN BEETLE (Agonoderus comma) - MINNESOTA - Large numbers of adulis on warm days since April 10 in Twin Cities area, (Minn. Ins. Rept, Serv. ). SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - LOUISIANA - Three to 6 stalks showing feeding per 200 feet of row in St. Mary, Assumption, and Iberville Parishes. (Oliver), MISSISSIPPI - Damaging corn on several farms in Webster County, Specimens from Scott County, (Hutchins), ALABAMA - Adults attacking corn in Baldwin County. (Zimmer), NORTH CAROLINA - Four percent of corn plants wilted from activity in Hyde County, (Weisman), Adults numerous in light trap in Duplin County, (Mitchell), TWO-SPOTTED SPI DER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) - CALIFORNIA - Very numerous on lower leaves of Sweet corn in Orange County fields. (Campbell), SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - MISSOURI - Heavy damage to germinating corn and garden seeds in Scattered localities over southern half of State, (Kyd, Thomas). FALSE WIREWORMS (Eleodes spp.) - KANSAS - From 1-5 larvae per square foot in wheat and 1-9 larvae per square yard incornland, Nearly all larvae full grown, (Matthew), CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - MISSISSIPPI - Infesting corn plants in Webster County. (Hutchins), NORTH CAROLINA - Heavy local infestation in wheat in Pender County. (Honeycutt), Adults in flight in Raleigh, (Jones), ILLINOIS - Flying generally throughout eastern area but have not become established in grain fields. (Petty et al). MISSOURI - Scattered heavy infestations, up to 22 per foot of drill row, in a fields of small grains in west central area, (Kyd, Thomas), CORN ROOT WEBWORM (Crambus caliginosellus) - MISSISSIPPI - Adults swarming at lights in Forrest County. (Broome), CORN FLEA BEETLE (Chagtocnema pulicaria) - NEW JERSEY ~ Noted on sweet corn in Burlington County April 23, (Merrill), ILLINOIS - Fifteen adults per 100 sweeps in bluegrass beside old corn fields in northeastern area, 19 per 100 in eastern area, (Petty et al). GREEN JUNE BEETLE (Cotinis nitida) - FLORIDA - Two to 6 larvae per square foot damaging grass at Gainesville. (Kerr). - 380 - GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum).- TEXAS - Light to medium wide- spread on wheat in Swisher, Deaf Smith and Castro Counties. Popula- tion has declined considerably in last two weeks, Hardly any in Swisher County, 50-300 still in spots in Deaf Smith and Castro Counties, (Daniels), KANSAS - Found in one field in southern Marshall County, Three aphids per 25 sweeps, (Matthew). ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum qranarium) - KANSAS - Non- economic infestation found in 12 counties in north central area, From d-12 aphi&per 25 sweeps of 15-inch net in wheat and barley. (Matthew), APHIDS - ARIZONA - Heavy infestation in wheat and other small grains in Casa Grande area, controls applied. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestations of Aphis sp. on grain sorghum in Nueces County. (Cooper). YELLOW SUGARCANE APHID (Sipha flava) - FLORIDA - Lower popula- tion in cane than a year ago at Belie Glade; only a few fields show infestation. (Genung, Questel). ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - DELAWARE - Widespread moderately severe to very heavy at Middletown. Very heavy some fields between Smyrna and Bridgeville, {Milliron), PENNSYLVANIA - Adults fairly abundant in southern Franklin County. Adults and larvae in Delaware and Chester Counties, (Pepper, Menusan), UTAH - Moderately numer- ous throughout Box Elder County. (Knowlton, Allred), MARYLAND - From 1-15 adults per 10 sweeps in 11 fields in Frederick County, Most larvae smail but damage bejinning in this area, In southern Maryland and Eastern Shore damage to most unsprayed fields is heavy. From 4-20 adults per 10 sweeps and 3-17 larvae per sweep in Talbot and Worcester Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.), CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - ILLINOIS - Population x continues to decrease, primarily due to fungus disease. Highest popula- tion, 17 per square foot, in red clover in northeastern area, Cocoon formation in central, eastern and northwestern areas, In general, forage crops growing away from the damage, (Petty et al). MISSOURI - Economic infestations now only in a few fields of alfalia and red clover in central area, Fifty to 70 percent mortality from fungus and 5-10 percent pupation. (Kyd, Thomas). KANSAS - Light in red clover in Jackson and Nemaha Counties, 1-5 larvae per crown in. infested fields. Few larvae appear infected with fungus, (Matthew), CLOVER WEEVILS -(Sitona sp.) - ILLINCiS - From 0-120 adults per 100 sweeps over State, highest in eastern area where 41 per 100 sweeps were found. (Petty et al). - 33L - LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - DELAWARE - Damaging red clover throughout the State, ilfiron), PENNSYLVANIA - General in southeastern area on legume hay. (Menusan), Adults abundant and mating in Warren County. (Adams), ILLINOIS - Average of 18 percent of stems infested over state, high of 28 percent in west- southwest and 25 percent in eastern area, (Petty et al). SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - DELAWARE - Adults common and injurious to sweetclover at Harrington and Greenwood, (Milliron), BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma tiriturcata) - ILLINOIS - Adults in clover and alfalfa in southern half of State, 8 per 100 sweeps in eastern area, (Petty et al), CLOVER-ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - KANSAS - Light infes- tation, 1-3 per 25 sweeps of 15-inch net, in nearly all alfalfa in central and northern Kansas. (Matthew). MARYLAND = Adults numerous in alfalfa and clover over most of State, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.). LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus liqnosellus) - FLORIDA - Fairly high population at Belle Glade, Some fields of young sugarcane have 50 percent or more shoots showing dead hearts. | Moths numerous. (Genung, Questel), MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus ) - DELAWARE - Conspicuous on alfalfa in Kent County, at weather has retarded development generally. (Milliron). MARYLAND - Remains generally light on alfalfa and clover in central and southern Maryland and lower Eastern Shore, Infestations heavy, from 2-42 nymphs per 10 stems, in Frederick and Washington Counties. * MICHIGAN - Abundant at Paw Paw and Benton Harbor, (Hutson), NEW YORK - First nymphs of season in Cayuga County April 26, Wayne County April ile (Wkly. News Lett, Noe YELLOW CLOVER’ (Myzocallis trifolii) - OKLAHOMA Infestation very heavy in neath central area, April 30, (Bryan). Most alfalfa fields in Grady and Stephens Counties heavily infested April 16, Some fields in Grady County need replanting, (Stiles), Killing some alfalfa stands in Johnston County April 16. Also heavy in northern Marshall County, (Bower), TEXAS - Heavy widespread infestation on alfalfa in El Paso County, Considerable damage. (O'Donnell), ARIZONA - Still increasing on alfalfa in all southern areas, Difficulty in control causing concern in some areas, Reported from Wickieup, Mohave County, for first time, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). SI (UeVidwEntmepts) - O86 - TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyqus lineolaris) - LOUISIANA - Bugs per 100 sweeps in crimson clover: Claiborne Parish 209 nymphs and 47 adults, Natchitoches Parish 118 nymphs and 21 adults, (Oliver) ILLINOIS - From 0 to 100 per 100 sweeps with highest average 49 per 100 in northwestern area, (Petty et ai). A GROUND PEARL (Margarodes meridionalis) - FLORIDA = Average 300-500 per 100 ec, Of Soil on Centipede grass at Orlando. (Kuitert); 75 nymphs per cubic inch on centipede grass at Gainesville, (Kerr). A LEAF ROLLER (Amelia pallorana) - ILLINOIS - Average population in alfaifa for State is from I per 100 sweeps. For the past two years this insect has been found in alfalfa, (Petty et al). FRUIT INSECTS TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) - PENNSYLVANIA - A few adults still in rough bark of apple jn Adams, _ Franklin, and southeastern area, (Pepper, Menusan), NORTH CAROLINA - Light on apple in Alexander and Henderson Counties,Both adults and eggs | present, (Turnipseed), CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - NEW YORK - Pupation uncer tree bands increased slightly in eastern area, (Dean), | DELAWARE - First moths emerged April 20 at Woodside. (Late News). NORTH CAROLINA + First adult teken in bait pail on April 19 in Wilkes County(Turcipseed), IND, - Carryover of larvae in Vincennes area from 1954 is hich and it is anticipated that first brood larval activity Will be high, (Hamilton). STATUS OF HALL SCALE IN THE UNITED STATES Hall scale (Nilotaspis halli) was first found in North America In 1934 at the United States Plant Introduction Gardens, Chico, California, In the oid world it is found commonly all over lower Egypt and through- out the Middle East. Food plants in the United States include stone fruits and one ornamental shrub (Spireae veitchii), Preferred hosts appear to be almonds and peaches, ‘he scale attacks both the twigs and fruit, The map on the opposite page shows the distribution of this scale in the United States. AUVONNOS V3NV IN3ALVSYL <—-— G3ivoidvu3s NOILVLS34NI BS sDasy Bulonpoig jINI4 aUd}{S A NOlvAsadNl 31vOS TWH AN3uuND | FR Y GY, sIAvG 40 MY a71IA0HO 40 Mea NOILVIS34NI OO1HD ao! ALIO i nouvisaan 23. woswnor <5 —[',. GAIN Le oie OYSTERSHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi) - NORTH CAROLINA - Light on apple in Henderson County, First crawling young appeared week of April 8-15, (Turnipseed), RUROPEAN RED MITE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - NEW YORK - Newly-hatched larvae at Poughkeepsie April 27, Probably less than 1 percent of overwintering eggs had hatched, {Dean), Hatching in Orange County April 27 (Zaharchuk); in Niagara County April 30, (McNicholas), NEW JERSEY - On April 25, immature stages on apple foliage in several orchards from Burlington County southward, As many as 40-50 young mites per leaf in southern area even in orchards which had delayed dormant oils. (Merrill) PENNSYLVANIA - Overwintering eggs 50 percent hatched on apple in Adams, Franklin and Berks. (Pepper, Menusan), DELAWARE - Hatching commenced April 14, Generally, populations still light by April 28, Eggs in small numbers on apple foliage at Georgetown, April 26, (Late News). NORTH CAROLINA - A rather heavy infestation on apple in Alexander County, First eggs found April 18, (Turnipseed), INDIANA - In the Vincennes area counts made April 22 showed average of 183 mobile forms per 100 leaves and 28 eggs where dormant sprays not applied; in contrast to 14 mobile forms and 1 egg per 100 leaves where dormant spray applied. (Hamilton), CALIFORNIA - Showing in deciduous fruit orchards in Sacramento County, in some instances several mites per leaf. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest Rpt.) RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - NEW YORK - In eastern area roth flight considerably reduced by weather (Dean); egg masses April 27 in Orange County (Zaharchuk); very few eggs found April 29, Dutchess County (O'Leary); adult and egg mass in Columbia County (Poray); egg messes in Onondaga County (Vuillemot), INDIANA - Eggs began hatching April 19, in Vincennes area, First brood hatch about complete, (Hamilton), PENNSYLVANIA - Eggs hatehing and larvae. starting to feed on apple in Adams, Franklin, Berks and southern area. (Pepper, Menusan), APHIDS - DELAWARE - Ali 3 species of aphids on apple scarce to April 21, (Late News), ILLINOIS - Small numbers of Aphis pomi in Centralia area, (Chandler), PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - WASHINGTON - Eggs starting to hatch in Wenatchee area, April 24. (O'Neill), OREGON - First nymphs found April 27 at Hood River. (Ellertson), NEW YORK - Nymphs found April 29 in unsprayed trees, Niagara County (McNicholas); adults out and first eqgs observed April 23, many eggs found few days later in orchards near the lake, Oswego County. (Lum), - 984 - es ; - Flies swarming PEAR MIDGE (Contarinia pyrivora) - NEW YORK - F bial: in large numbers, evening of April 20, Wayne County Cee , flies abundant on April 23 in one orchard of Oswego County, TNF e DUSKY STINK BUG (Euschistus tristigmus) - DELAWARE - Common at Camden on peach trees. (Late News), ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - ILLINCIS - One . emerged in cage at Villa Ridge, No wilted peach twigs as yet. (Chandler). PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - DELAWARE - Very abundant; 46 collected by jarring 10 peach trees at Camden on April 25 compared with 9 on the 18th and 1 on the 11th, (Late News). - GEORGIA - First matured larvae left wild plum drops for pupation April 25, Fort Valley area, (Snapp), ILLINOIS - Apparently increasing. Egg laying cuts on apples in Villa Ridge area, (Chandler), MISSOURI - Activity noted in most sections of State, (Wkly Rept. Fr. Grow.). MEXICAN FRUIT FLY (Anastrepha ludens) - TEXAS - In the Rio Grande Valley area 21 adults were trapped and 6 larval infestations were found April 1-15. These insects now being taken in practically all properties trapped regardless of the presence or absence of fruit, All larval infestations were considered light; however, on one property 192 infested grapefruit were found under 6 trees, (Mex, Fruit Fly Cont, Proj, a an a re Ramen CUTWORMS ~- MASSACHUSETTS - Activity started. (Crop Pest Cont, Mess.) MARYLAND - Damaged tomatoes planted after sod in Wicomico County, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.), NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestations in tobacco plant beds in Northampton,. Jones, and Onslow Counties. (Scott, Jackson), FLORIDA - Feltia probably subterranea averaging up to 35 larvae per hill of watermelons at Coleman, Sumter County, ~ Migration apparently from lupine windbreaks, (Crall), ALABAMA - In large numbers in Monroe and Wilcox Counties, (Stanford), MISSOURI - Widespread damage to gardens in southeastern area, (Wkly, Rept. Fr, Grow.). OKLAHOMA - Numerous in truck farms, gardens and flower beds. (Bower), TEXAS - Heavy widespread on tomatoes in Shelby County. This is the heaviest attack in several years. (Wharton), TRUCK CROP INSECTS - 385 - VEGETABLE WEEVIL ‘Listroderes costirostris obliguus) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Heavy lccal SSE eo tobacco in Horry County, As high as 20 weevils around one newly-set plant, (Johnston), ALABAMA - Caused rather severe damage to crucifers in many areas. (Arant), In larye numbers in Monroe and Wilcox Counties, (Stanford), NORTH CAROLINA - Light to moderate infestations in tobacco plant beds in Hertford, Jones, Wilson, Wayne and Onslow Counties, (Scott). y MISSISSIPPI - Adults feeding on cabbage, turnips and cotton plants in Leake and Webster Counties. (Hutchins), PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Appearing on peas in scattered areas, (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Increasing on garden peas in eastern area, and severe on alfalfa, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster). MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - SOUTH CAROLINA - First adults April 18 in Charleston area, 1 to 3 weeks later than in recent years, (Cuthbert, Dean}. BEAN LEAF ROLLER (Urbanus proteus) - FLORIDA - Very light Eeeea even on untreated beans in the Everglades area, {Genung, uestel), LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalous lignosellus) - FLORIDA - Infesting lima beans in Hernando County. (Brinkley). FLEA BEETLES - MARYLAND - On potatoes in Wicomico County. . (U, of Md,, Ent, Dept.), VIRGINIA - Attacking potatoes, tomatoes and cucumbers on Eastern Shore, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), DELAWARE -.Phyllotreta cruciferae in large numbers and causing damage throughout State on young cabbage, kale and radish, (Milliron). PENN.-- Phyllotreta striolata general on cabbage in southeastern area, (Menusan), CABBAGE CATERPILLARS - NEW JERSEY -'Flight of Pieris rapae continues to be heavy. Eggs common on cabbage, (Merrill), SOUTH CAROLINA ~ Infestations high enough to justify controls in Charleston area, Diamondback moth most prevalent, (Cuthbert, Deen), A DARKLING BEETLE (Blapstinus sp.) - ARIZONA - Moderage damage to 60 acres of honeydew melons northeast of Mesa, April 18, (Ariz, Coop. Rept, ). - 386 - CUCUMBER BEETLES - VIRGINIA - Severe on cucumbers on Eastern Shore, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster). SEED-CORN MAGGOT (B lemya cilicrura) - CALIFORNIA - Infestation of squash field in Srenge ee ‘planted in trashy ground, was so severe that the field had to be replanted. Light infestations also occurred on early-planted lima beans, (Campbell). - BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - ARIZONA - In all fields in Salt River Valley to a greater or lesser degree and some curly top Symptoms beginning to appear on cantaloup, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.) SUGAR-BEET WIREWORM (Limonius californicus) - CALIFORNIA - Populations range from 1 to per foot of bean row in untreated fields in Orange County, In a field of parsnips in Los Angeles County D percent of roots damaged. (Campbell), SPIDER MITES - ARIZONA - Showing up in some fields of sugar beets grown for seed in Salt River Valley, severe in spots, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). POTATO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix cucumeris) - DELAWARE - On early potatoes at Rising Sun and Bridgeville, (ililliron). COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - DELAWARE - Adults feeding on early potatoes at Ellendale and Georgetown (Milliron), SO,CAROLINA - All stages moderately abundant in most potato plantings in Charleston area, Controls underway. (Cuthbert, Deen), ALABAMA = Unusually abundant, (Arant), GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA - Infesting tobacco plant beds in Jackson. Infestations light to moderate in Northampton and Onslow Counties, (Scott), FLORIDA - Averaging 300 per tobacco plant at Greensboro, Gadsden County, One shade tobacco field heavily infested on April 22 now under control, (May). A MOLE CRICKET - NORTH CAROLINA - Light to moderate infesta-_ eae i tobacco plant beds in Jackson, Northampton and Onslow Counties. Scott), CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - FLORIDA - Averaging 1 to 200 larvae per acre of tobacco In Gadsden County. Control used, (Rhoades, May). Populations appear below normal in the Everglades area, (Genung, Questel), _ A CATERPILLAR (probably Apantesis sp,)- FLORIDA - Averaging 1 to 100 per square foot, attacking tobacco at Jasper, (Andrews). - 387 - HORNWORMS (Protoparce app.) - FLORIDA - Occasional eggs and early-instar larvae collected from flue-cured tobacco at Gainesville. This is first report of season, (Kuitert), GRUBS (Probably Cotinis nitida)- NORTH CAROLINA-Light to moderate a ea plant beds in Hertford, Northampton and Onslow Counties, Scott), CRANE FLIES - NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate to light infestations of tobacco plant beds in Onslow County, (Allgood). TOBACCO FLE/. BEETLE (Epiirix hirtipennis) - NORTH CAROLINA - Light to moderate infestation in tobacco plant beds in Warren, Hertford, Onslow and Northampton Counties, severe infestation in Jones and Wilson Counties, (Scott), FULLER ROSE BEETLE (Pantomorus godmani) - FLORIDA - ieee 2 adults per plant of garden crops in Santa Rosa County. McCall}, ASPARAGUS BEETLES (Crioceris spp.) - VIRGINIA - Both asparagus and spotted asparagus beetles present and ovipositing freely on asparagus spears in the eastern area, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), “ DELAWARE - Few adulis of C, cuodecs npune tate at Smyrna, | (Milliron), ie J Tee - C, asparagi continues to infest plantings heavily. Merrill), CARROT WEEVIL (Listronotus oregonensis) - NEW JERSEY - Active x muck-grown celery. Worse in northern than southern counties, Merrill), APHIDS - INDIANA - Very few found on strawberries in Orleans area in comparison with those of recent years, (Marshali), SOUTH CAROLINA = Generally light on potatoes in Charleston area, Green peach aphid most abundant, (Cuthbert, Deen). MITES - INDIANA = Very few found on strawberries in Vincennes area in comparison with those of recent years, (Marshall), TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation of Erythraeus sp. reported on onions in Brazos Ca.4/15.(Davis, Gregg), According to available records, mites of this genus are known as predators usually. STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus) - DELAWARE - Noticeable injury at Thompsonville and Sesrasiown! (Milliron), - 388 - STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae) - — MICHIGAN - Abundant at Keeler, April 22, (Hutson). KANSAS - Few moths emerged in Wathena-Blair, Doniphan County, area by April 15, This is 10 to 15 days earlier than normal emergence dates for this area of the State. (Eshbaugh), STRAWBERRY ROOT APHID (Aphis forbesi) - MICHIGAN - Abundant at Keeler, April 22. (Hutson). STRAWBERRY APHID ( Capitophorus fragaefolii) - CALIFORNIA - Still (Guceeenin most strawberry fields in Orange and Los Angeles Counties. ampbell). SPITTLEBUGS - NORTH CAROLINA - A 5-10 percent infestation on strawberry in Wake County, (Jones), MARYLAND - Infesting straw- berries in Baltimore County, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.) A NITIDULID (Lobiopa insularis) - LOUISIANA - Increased activity over the entire strawberry belt. Up to 80 adults caught in trap. Up to 5 per ripe strawberry fruit in Tangipahoa Parish, (Oliver). TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) - CALIFORNIA - (Gen on the increase in strawberry fields in Orange County. ampbell), THRIPS (Frankliniella sp.) - LOUISIANA - Infestations continue severe in strawberry blossoms, Tangipahoa Parish, (Oliver) COTTON INSECTS BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) - TEXAS - Populations increasing in entire valley area. As high as 8 percent punctured Squares in a few early fields. (Wene, Dean, Fuller), One weevil found on 3200 linear feet of row or at rate of 5 per acre in fifteen fields in McLennan and Falls Counties. For corresponding week in 1954 weevils found at rate of 15 per acre in 27 fields. (Parencia et al, SOUTH CAROLINA - Total of 112 weevils active in 10 hibernation cages at Florence during March and 471 in April. This compares with 15 active in March and 32 in April 1954, (Walker et al). BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Infestations building up throughout the lower Rio Grande Valley area, One report shows 16 percent of plants infested in Rio Hondo area, Other areas have as much as 10 percent Square damage, (Wene, Dean, Fuller), -389 - COTTON FLEAHOPPER (Psallus seriatus) - TEXAS - Seasonal emergence from hibernation cages in Waco area to April 30 was 22,486. At this time ini954, 1953, 1952, 1951 and 1950, totals of 3,965, 7,623, 10,647, 38 and 341, respectively, had emerged from cages which contained the same host plants collected from same location, (Parencia et al), BROWN COTTON LEAFWORM (Acontia dacia) - TEXAS - Hight per 50 linear feet of row on seedling cotton in Burleson County. One also collected on seedling cotton in Brazos County. (Lloyd). PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - A few collected from oldest cotton in Wiliacy County and ae Brownsville area. (Wene, Dean, Fuller), SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR and CUTWORMS - TEXAS - Widespread on cotton in Matagorda County. (Pfannstiel). THRIPS - TEXAS - Light to medium infestations in Matagorda, Ft. Bend, Nueces, San Patricio, Calhoun, Dimmit, Maverick, Williamson Counties. (Hurta, Richardson, Zieschang, Abercrombie, Massey, Cook, Kelly, Cooper), Damaging numbers in a few fields of late-planted cotton in Willacy County. (Wene, Dean, Fuller). Of 15 fields inspected in McLennan and Falls Counties the following degrees of infestation found: 8 fields, none; 6 fields, light; 1 field, medium. (Parencia et al), LOUISIANA - Three adult Frankliniella fusca per seedling cotton plant in Tensas Parish, (Oliver). Thrips, mainly F. fusca, in many fields in Tallulah area, 6,4 adult thrips per 20 plants in 5 fields sampled, (Gaines et al). MISSISSIPPI - Appearing in seedling cotton in some fields in Washington County. (Merkl). SPIDER MITES - TEXAS - Medium to heavy infestation in Calhoun, Ft, Bend and Nueces Counties, (Cook, Abercrombie, Cooper). Damage in a few fields in lower valley. (Wene, Dean, Fuller). ARIZONA - Moderately severe damage on 40 acres cotton in Eloy area, (Ariz, Coop. Rept. ) APHIDS - TEXAS - Light to heavy infestations in Calhoun, Ft. Bend and Nueces Counties, (Cooper, Zieschang, Kelly, Massey). Increasing in Willacy County, but in remaining valley area about same or decreasing due to natural control, (Wene, Dean, Fuller), — - 390 - LEAF MINERS - TEXAS - Numerous on cotton and may become serious in Winter Haven area. (Richardson), SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - ALABAMA - Infesting germinating cotton seed and destroying stands of cotton in Morgan County, (Arant), A DARKLING BEETLE (Blapstinus sp.) - ARIZONA - Severe damage on 13 acres of cotton at Tucson. (Ariz, Coop. Rept. ) FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS CALIFORNIA OAKWORM (Phryganidia californica) - CALIFORNIA - Spring brood damaging oaks in Marin County, . Coop. Ins, Rept. ). SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus) - KANSAS = Infested elms continue to be found in Riley, Clay, Morris and Wabaunsee Counties, (Matthew). TENT CATERPILLARS - OREGON - Malacosoma disstria and M, pluviale emerging in Willamette Valley April 25, oth), FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - MINNESOTA - About 50 percent hatched in Hinckley area and about I percent at Duluth, Problem expected to be largely confined to portions of Carlton, Pine and Chisago Counties, (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv. ). EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) - DELAWARE - Nests numerous over state on wild cherry, Sweetgum and other trees, (Milliron). MARYLAND = Infestations heaviest in recent years, especially severe in Prince Georges and Montgomery Counties, (U. Md,, Ent. Dept.), MICHIGAN - Abundant at Battle Creek, Lansing, Kalamazoo and South Haven, (Hutson). AN APHID (Cinara tujafilina) - NEW MEXICO - Causing considerable concern on arborvitae in some areas of the southern half of the State, (Dobson, Apr. 23), _SPIDER MITES (Tetranychus sp,) - ARKANSAS - Infestations general on nursery stock, heavy some instances, (Warren), =39 =) INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS, ETC, HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) - OKLAHOMA ~ From 300-400 per animal in southeast to 200 in northwest part of State. (Howell), ARKANSAS - Active and about normal, 15-30 per animal in untreated herds. (Warren). KANSAS = On cattle in Hodgeman County, average of 30 flies per animai, (Gates), A HORSE FLY (Tabanus carolinensis) - MISSOURI - Horse iles. reported in CEIR D(17): 366 have been identified as the above species. (Kyd, Thomas). HOUSE FLIES - SOUTH CAROLINA - Some increase in widely-scattered areas, (Nettles). MOSQUITOES - FLORIDA - Psorophora ciliata averaging 100 adults per animal at Milton, Santa Rosa County, Has been a nuisance to man, horses, and cattle, (McCall), MINNESOTA - Aedes spencerii began emerging about April 20; A, implicatus about April 24, A. excrucians just emerging. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv. ). COMMON CATTLE GRUB (Hypoderma lineatum) - FLORIDA - Active in the Everglades and on lower éast Coast near Lake Worth. (Genung, Questel), AMERICAN DOG TICK (Dermacentor variabilis) - DELAWARE - Adults common along roadside and in wooded areas throughout State, (Milliron), MARYLAND - In Prince Georges and Frederick Counties, (UapIids Ent) Dept)! A BAT BUG (Cimex adjunctus) - RHODE ISLAND - Heavy infestation in a building in South Kingstown, (Mathewson), CORRECTION: The record of A MANGE MITE in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, in CEIR 5(12):255 has been found to be incorrect, (Pepper), STORED PRODUCTS INSECTS MEALWORMS - GEORGIA - Unusually abundant in bins in which seed corn had been stored at Fort Valley. 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Aqteus (set}uN[D) "NNAL 8 GE 02 TL? 82-32/P aTras}ehe gt ZS g ee 82-22/% using Ue/\ 7 I, L2-12/% yrebyms EZ I Ge 82-22/P edoy . SVSNV UW ENT Gui SRN THT RMON OSGIN — Teen Tupi) ol "0}0I1d STUIOIISH «= BTegq Suomhy “plued ‘“pold ‘lepresd (penutju0D) SNOILOWTIOO dVuL LHOTI - 394 - BENEFICIAL INSECTS A PARASITE (Aphytis maculicornis) - CALIFORNIA - This intr Odea parasite is reported reduci ng the infestation of olive scale on prive hedges in Placer County, (Cal. Coop. Ins, Pest Rpt.) LADY BEETLES - ILLINOIS - Adults still plentiful and highest average population is 44 per 100 sweeps in eastern area, (Petty et al). RECENT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY Of Hees recent was the interception of a Hin ae noe se Stephanitis pyri (F), on Fyracantha twigs in airplane bac Greece at Newyork N.Y. (Burnham, Petfield,) This insect has beens reported injurious to apple and pear in Southern Europe, the Near oes and parts of the Soviet Union, Injury is due to the feeding of the nymphs and adults on the lower surfaces of the leaves, resulting in a loss of } Sap and a destruction of leaf tissue, In addition, proper respi tame the leaves is hindered by the coating of insect excreta that accumula a after insect feeding. Leaf drop and a reduction in the quality and yle of the fruit occurs, In addition to apple and pear a wide variety of plants are attacked, usually Rosaceae, but occasionally others, like currant and chestnut, Hawthorn is said to be the native host plant. Observations on the bionomics of the insect in Italy indicate that the adults hibernate under fallen leaves or in cracks in the bark of TaN thorn, start feeding in April, then migrate to apple and pear. Ma oo then occurs, oviposition beginning in 4 or 5 days. Eggs are deposite in tissue of lower surfaces of the leaves where injured patches appear, On hatching nymphs start feeding underneath leaves, Adults appear in May and June, A second generation develops in late July and a third in September, Considerable migration occurs with adults of the third generation returning to hawthorn prior to hibernation, S. pyri has been intercepted on previous occasions on orange, persimmon and quince from Italy and Cotoneaster from Greece, It is not known to occur in the United States, (Compiled by - Plant Quarantine Branch), MISCELLANEOUS CLOVER MITE (Bry obia praetiosa) - KANSAS - Infestation in houses continues to be réportéd from most areas of the State, (Matthew). MINNESOTA - Large numbers in many dwellings. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv. ). - 395 - SOUTH CAROLINA - ARMYWORM infesting small grains over 10 square mile area in Calhoun County, April 28, (Cain, Nettles). MAINE - Rhopalosiphum fitchii eggs hatching on apple in Kennebec County April 25, (Boulanger), Stem mothers of Macrosiphum solanifolii on swamp rose found hatched in Aroostook County April 2l. (Shands, ‘Simpson, Wave), VIRGINIA - PEA APHIDS and ALFALFA WEEVILS are still doing heavy damage to alfalfa in many counties, Pea aphid infestations are general all over the S:ate, some unusually heavy, Natural enemies and disease are beginning to bring some pea aphid infestations under control. ALFALFA WEEVIL infestations have been found in several additional counties, The inseci has been found in most of the counties bordering Nor:.: Carolina from Halifax County east, Also, infestations have been found as far west as Amherst County in the central area. Infestation in southern counties light. (Grayson, Muka, Morris), STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER larvae are just starting to roll leaves in the Churchland area of Norfolk County. Infestations spotted and damage medium, (Hofmaster), EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR infestations medium on wild cherry trees in the Norfolk area. (Hofmaster), SC "THERN PINE BEETLES and IPS BEETLES heavily damaged a stand of red pines in Rappahannock County, (Muka and Morris), COLORADO POTATO BEETLE heavy on newly-set tomato plants in Northumberland County. (Saville ), SEED-CORN MAGGOT destroying corn seedlings in Lunenburg County, (Morris), In the eastern area CABBAGE APHID numerous on remnants of overwintering crucifers, also larvae of DIAMONDBACK MOTH in fair numbers on these crops; a good many IMPORTED CABBAGE WORM larvae and well distributed infestations of TURNIP APHIDS on young cabbage plants; GREEN PEACH APHID light to moderate on spinach; newly-set tomato plants on Eastern Shore had to be treated to protect them from COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster). TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE severely damaging tobacco plants in beds in Louisa County, Infestations scattered but spotty over County. (Lancaster), First Reported Records of Season (By Areas) - ARMYWORM moths, April 21, Newark, Delaware; MEADOW SPITTLEBUG nymphs, April 26 and 27, New York; CODLING MOTH adults April 20, Delaware; OYSTERSHELL SCALE first crawling young, April 8-109, North Carolina; EUROPEAN R=D MITE hatching April 27 and 30, New York; PEAR M'DGE adults April 20 and 22, New York; ORIENTAL RUG MOTH emerged in cage, Illinois; MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE adults - 396 - April 18, South Carolina; COLORADO POTATO BEETLE adults feeding, Delaware; HORNWORMS eggs and larvae, Florida; STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER moths, April 15, Kansas; TENT CATERPILLARS emerging April 25, Oregon; and APPLE GRAIN APHID hatching, April 25, Maine, Weather continued: Warm, south winds kept temperatures above normal most of the week in the central portions of the Country. Maximum temperatures were in the 90's on several] days in Texas, and during the weekend exceeded the 80° level northward to the Dakotas. In the western portions of the Great Plains strong winds during frontal passages at the beginning and end of the period caused additional soil erosion, Rains in the northwest during the first part of the week left many fields too wet to work, despite sunny weather after the 29th, Wet soil result- ing from previous rain was also reported in some sections of the Midwest. Dry, sunny weather in the South favored rapid crop growth and outside activities, but soils were drying rapidly and moisture is becoming deficient in the South and Gulf Coastal Plains, (Summary Supplied by U.S. Weather Bureau), Request for Survey on Cotton Stem Moth Cotton stem moth (Platyedra vilella) was first recorded in the United States in 1951 when specimens were collected at Mineola, Long Island, New York, Principal host plants are reported to be hollyhock, cotton, marsh mallow and other mallows, In the United States, however, it has been recorded only from hollyhock, In 4953, light to very heavy infestations were found at 19 locations in New York, two in Connecticut, and two in Massachusetts. In 1954, infestations were found at 14 locations in New Jersey. Damage to hollyhocks has varied from slight to almost total destruction to fruiting portions, with stems being heavily damaged at times, Tests to determine susceptibility of cotton and okra to the cotton stem moth in this Country will be made this season by ARS personnel at Farmingdale, Long Island, New York, It is hoped that voluntary survey for this insect will continue and it would be appreciated if agricultural workers in states not known to be infested would collect specimens suspected of being this species. If identi- fication facilities are not available locally, specimens may be sent to the Economic Insect Survey Section, Plant Pest Control Branch, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D.C. The plate on the opposite page will help to separate larvae and pupae of P, vilella from those of other similar species associated with malvaceous plants. Structural Characters for Recognition of Cotton Stem Moth (Platyedra vilella (Zell. )) The following combination of characters will separate the larvae and pupae of Platyedra vilella (Zell. ) from those of other species associated with hollyhock and other malvaceous plants. Treatment of the adult has been omitted because characters for ready recognition in the field are not known. LARVA: Head - with anterior puncture A, between anterior setae A; and Ag, near Ao. Prothorax (TI) - with 3 setae on the prespiracular shield. Abdominal proleg-bearing segments (A3-g) - with seta iv approximate to seta v, both on Same pinaculum. Eighth abdominal segment (Ag) - with group vii composed of 2 setae. Ninth abdominal segment (Ag) - with seta iii more slender than setae i or ii; seta vi absent. Crochets (C) - on abdominal prolegs (A3-6) uniordinal in length, arranged in a penellipse. PUPA: clothed with short, fine, pubescent-like hairs; anterior margins of fore wings (M) contiguous at a point near end of labial palpi, from which they are divergent (never parallel) to apices of wings. Length 8 to 10 mm. H. W. Capps See) T-(thorax) A-(abdemen) wy Bons Ni nenaued ee AES HPN ERS FARING bg Sade SARL ON OR URS, : om i Spa ee i: VOL.5 No. 19 | MAY 13,1955 sp 34 2 ae) | E wf: Cooperative ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 May 18, 1955 No, 19 COOPERATIVE (ECONOMIC) INSECT REPORL Highlights of Insect Conditions ARMYWORM infestations continue in Georgia, Louisiana and Tennessee, Infestations developing in Illinois and Missouri, Moths taken as far north as Duluth, Minnesota and Scarboro, Maine. (page 399). Also see Iowa's report (page 421) and LIGHT TRAP COLLECTIONS (page 418). EUROPEAN CORN BORER surveys in Iowa show heavy populations. (page 421). Pupation underway in Illinois and development ahead of last year in Minnesota, (page 400), CUTWORMS - Damage continues on several crops in many states, (pages 400, 412, 415). ARMY CUTWORM causing extensive damage in Utah, Montana, Colo- rado and Nebraska also report infestations. (page 400). YELLOW CLOVER APHID outbreaks continue in New Mexico, Heavy in several counties of Oklahoma, (page 405), PLUM CURCULIO adults active in many fruit areas. (page 408). WEEVIL damage to eggplant in Dade County, Florida, unusual, (page 411). BOLL WEEVIL survival counts low in McNairy County, Tennessee, (page 414), BROWN COTTON LEAFWORM infesting seedling cotton in eastern and south central Texas and in some fields in Natchitoches and Bossier Parishes, Louisiana, (page 415). POTATO LEAFHOPPER survey, spring 1955. (page 406). GYPSY MOTH hatching in New York i { ; chi (page 416). g rk, Connecticut, Maine and Michigan, Notes received too late for inclusion in body of this issue, (page 421). HE AE Ae 2 2 is ae fe 2 2 ok a 2 2 Atk a 2 2 oe a Reports in this issue are for the week ending May) otherwise designated, ing May 6, 1955, unless - 398 - WEATHER FOR-THE WEEK ENDING MAY 9, 1955., Last week's weather was mostly fair with temperatures averaging above normal east of the Rocky Mountains and below normal in the far West. In the central and northern Great Plains unseasonably high temperatures for the sixth straight week and high winds for the third consecutive week intensified the drought situation. A low pressure system centered over the northern Great Plains at the beginning of the period was responsible for light showers near the Canadian Border and maxima of 80° or above to the upper Great Lakes. On the 3d Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan, recorded early-season highs of 92° and 88° respectively. As a weak front associated with this low pressure system moved eastward temperatures rose to 87° in New York City and 90° at some nearby stations on the 5th. On the 6th as another low pressure system moved eastward along the North-Central Border on the 6th, strong southerly winds and clear skies resulted in maximum temperatures of 94° at Omaha, Nebraska, and 92° at Sioux, City, Iowa. In the South temperatures remained at summer levels most of the week. On the Sth Augusta, Georgia, and Memphis, Tennessee, reported seasonal highs of 94°. Cold polar air overspread the eastern third of the Country on the 8th and 9th reducing temperatures to subfreezing levels in the upper Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes region. Severe local storms in Delaware and Dubuque Counties, Iowa, damaged buildings and utilities to the extent of $300, 000 on the 3d. On the same date tornadoes were reported in east-central and northeastern Wisconsin. Total rainfall for the week exceeded one-half inch only in a few widely scattered localities. Rain was entirely absent in much of the Southeast, the Gulf Coastal Plains, the Rio Grande Valley, and several scattered areas in the remainder of the Country. (Summary Supplied by U. S. Weather Bureau). - 899 - CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS _ ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta} - LOUISIANA - Thirty per 100 sweeps of wheat, Acadia Parish; 4-I6 per 100 sweeps of grass and clover, Claiborne Parish, (Oliver), TEXAS - Heavy on small grain and vetch in Kaufman County, (Simmons). Medium tocal infestation on corn in Matagorda County, extensive damage some fields, (Pfannstiel). MISSISSIPPI - Found in 3, 000 acres of oats in Stoneville area, up to 23 per square foot. (Young). Many fields in delta and other locations being treated by plane. (Hutchins, May 2), GEORGIA ~ Moderate to heavy in small grain in Macon, Peach and Houston Counties, (J. Alden}, Light to heavy in practically every county south and west of Macon, May 8. (Maxwell), Reports show infestations in corn, small grains, grasses in Terrell, Grady, Sumter, Lee, Macon, Houston, Peach, Bibb and Spalding Counties. Parasitism by braconidas heavy in Sumter County, Calosoma larvae fairly abundant also, (Jordan). Moderate to ' heavy in oats over Spalding County, May 4, (Beckham). ARKANSAS - Low in all fisids examined along Arkansas River to Little Rock and south to Dallas and Clark Counties, Not more than i-2 per square toot or 5 per 20 sweeps of 12-inch net, (Warren), TENNESSEE - Widespreac in grain fields and pastures throughout middle Tennessee, ranging from 1 to 6 per 10 sweeps of 12-inch net, Most larvae first and second instars. Since considerable hatching still occurring, too early to evaluate infes- tation. (Dozier), Found from Fayette County to Washington County, Damaging numbers some fields, Controls will be required in many areas, (Mullett), MISSOURI - Light to moderate moth flights continue over much of State, Four to 10 first to fourth instars per square foct of small grains in extreme southeast. One to 4 first and second instar larvae per square foot of barley in southwest area, (Kyd, Thomas). INDIANA - Adults have been coming to bait traps at Vincennes since April 17. Capture of adults higher than 1954 - 169 adults in 5 traps May 4, An outbreak similar to last year's seems likely. (Hamilton;, ILLINOIS - Moth flight continues with occasional fields of small grains developing larval infestation, more trouble in winter oats, barley and rye than wheat, (Petty et al), MINNESOTA - One moth collected in light trap at Duluth, May 1, First record of season, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv. /, MAINE - Flying to light at Scarboro May 2-3, (Hawkins), KANSAS - Light to moderate flights of moths at lights in east central and south- east areas, Moths in grains and grasses in this area also, Larvae, very small, resembling armyworm in a few fieids in Crawford County. (Matthew). -400- EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta aubilalis} - ILLINOIS - Pupating throughout State, Eighty percent pupation at Carbondale, about 25 percent in west area, 3-12 in eastern area end 0-3 in northern section, (Petty et al). MINNESOTA - Development approximately two weeks farther along than a year ago at this time. Prepupae in southeastern section, (Minn, Ins, Rept, Serv.). INDIANA - Ten percent pupation Lafayette, May 3. (Gould). CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - ARKANSAS - Increasing in legumes, as high as 20 per 20 sweeps of net. Larvae first to third instars. (Warren), LOUISIANA - Number per 100 sweeps in crimson clover by parishes: Claiborne 100-200, West Feliciana 38, Tangipahoa 15, Washington 8, (Oliver), TEXAS - Medium widespread infestation on corn in Zavale and Dimmit Counties, (Richardson), CUTWORMS - WASHINGTON - Euxoa ochrogaster damaging alfalfa grown for seed near Prosser, (Klostermeyer), NEW MEXICO - Considerable concern in lower Pecos Valley. (Ins. Leti., Apr. 30), TEXAS - Light is ugsiaicns on all crops in San Augustine County, COW URI - Feltia subgothica and Agrotis gladiaria continue to cause heavy damage to ear:y-planted corn in central area. Two per square foot of grassland in southwest quarter. An Apanteles wasp has reduced population from 55-70 percent in many pastures in central and south- west areas, From 1-3 Peridroma margaritosa per square foot of alfalfa in extreme southeast area, {Kyd, Thomas), KANSAS - From 2-10 larvae, mostly full grown, per square foot in some pastures in eastern area where large areas of some pastures have been damaged. Associat- ed-with this cutworm were soil webworms (prob, Nomophila noctuella), 10-15 per square foot. (Matthew), ARKANSAS - Beridroma margaritosa infestations range from light to heavy. One field of clover in Crawford County had average of 10 per square foot, Many larvae being killed in Clark County area by virus disease. (Warren).- ILLINOIS - General population in alfalfa and red clover ranges from O-3 per square foot, (Petty et al), LOUISIANA - From 76-178 Peridroma maraaritosa per 100 sweeps of crimson clover in Claiborne Parish. liver), NORTH CAROLINA - Agrotis ypsilon injuring about 1, 5 to 2,0 percent of corn plants in some fields fn Hyde County, (Weisman), FLORIDA - Infest- ing crops following oats in Washington County, some crops practically wiped out, (Davis), PENNSYLVANIA - A few w-marked cutworm (Spaelotis clandestina) collected in legumes in Bedford County. (Udine). DELAWARE - Agrotis gladiaria causing conspicuous injury to red clover generally, (Milliron). ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - Extensive damage to small grains and alfalfa in Millard, Juab, Salt Lake, and to a lesser extent in some other counties, (Rickenbach, Parrish, Knowlton), Also damaging crops in Washington County, (Hughes), aGiae Several hundred acres of alfalfa and small grains being severely heid back by army cutwerm in an area of Box Elder County, (Knowlicn, Peele Outbreaks in Sanpete County. (Funk, Grimshaw), MONTANA - Heavy infestation in Fergus County; moderate in Cascade, Chouteau, Toole, Custer Counties, (Roemhild, Apr. 26), COLORAD®O - Light infestation, 1 per square foot, in wheat in Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties and in alfalfa in Prowers and Bent Counties, April 25, Adults in humbers at Fort Collins, May 4, (Colo, Ins. Det. Comm.) N#BRASKA - Survey in 24 counties shows 0-16 per square foot, mostly in alfalfa or alfaifa and oats, Most larvae in fourth or fifth instars and feeding should cease by May 15 if warm weather continues, Infestations have been reater and longer this year due to prolonged egg-laying last fall, Andersen, Apr. 29), PALE WESTERN CUTWORM (Agrotis orthogonia) - WYOMING ~ Light infestation in winter wheat in Laramie County, Apr, 29. (Spackman). NEBRASKA - Second and third instars infesting wheat in Kimball County. (Andersen, Apr, 29), COLORADO - Damaging numbers requiring control in wheat in Logan County, April 25. (Colo. Ins, Det, Comm.), ALFALFA CATERPILLAR (Colias philodice eurytheme) - NEBRASKA - Averaging 5 per 25 sweeps in alfalfa, mainly full-grown larvae but a few first and second instars, Adults in all fields, {Connin). BEET ARMYWORM (Laphyqma2 exiqua’ - TEXAS - Medium widespread infestation on corn in Fayette and Bastrop Counties, (Wipprecht). CLOVER STEM BORER (Languria mozardi) - DELAWARE - Adults prevalent in clovers at Rising Sun, {Milliron). GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - ARKANSAS - Continues predominant lepidopterous insect in legumes. Up to 35-50 per 20 sweeps of 12-inch net. (Warren), LOUISIANA - From 84-124 per 100 sweeps of clover in Claiborne Parish, (Oliver), CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - KANSAS - Found in several wheat and barley fields of southeast area, Fifty adults per linear foot of row in one wheat field in Bourbon County, eggs numerous and 2 few nymphs. About 5 adults per foot of row in other fields in this area. (Matthew), NEBRASKA - Reported in barley anc oats in several east-central counties. Two to 3 per 25 sweeps on oats and alfalfa in Nuckolls and Thayer Counties, (Roselle, Andersen). ILLINOIS - Ea oe established in oats and wheat, First eggs May 6. (Petty et al). - 402 - GRASSHOPPERS - KANSAS - Hatch of Melanoplus spp. continued over State. M, differentialis still to hatch, Nymphs, probably M, mexicanus, M, femur-rubrum, and afew M, bivittatus becoming numerous along fence rows, alfalfa fields and pastures in southeast area, Non-economic to light in many fields, heavier counts of 30-40 nymphs per square yard in localized areas at several stops. From second ate ue instars. (Matthew), Daal sianr age - ae ae =e instar Melanoplus sp. averaging 20 per 25 sweeps in alfalfa, ndersen), MINNESOTA - Cool wet Genthee slowing development in northwestern area, but a few eggs of M, bivittatus in eye spot stage and a few exposed eggs of M, femur-rubrum coagulating, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv.) MISSOURI = Melanoplus spp. hatch continues over southern two-thirds of State, M, mexicanus hatch practically complete in southwest while M, bivittatus and M, differentialis hatch about 45 and 5 percent complete in southern half of State, Infestation not general throughout croplands, From 3-24 nymphs per square yard, (Kyd, Thomas). TENNESSEE - Nymphs numerous in alfalfa in Maury County, 5 per sweep of 12-inch net. (Dozier), BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - NEBRASKA - Light infes- tation appearing in volunteer wheat in southeastern area, (Staples, Apr. 29), OKLAHOMA = Much lower in most areas. (Henderson). UTAH - Still damaging some fields of small grains in Washington County. (Hughes), Some damage in Tooele County, (Biggs). COLORADO = Light in Prowers County, medium in Bent County, Apr, 25, (Colo. Ins, Det, Comm.). FALL ARMYWORM - (Laphygma frugiperda) - LOUISIANA - One per plant in experimental aaah corn in Hast Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver), A GRASS JOINTWORM (Harmolita sp.) - DELAWARE - Adults exceed- ingly numerous in grasslands and clover fields in Kent and Sussex Counties, (Milliron), EUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWEFLY (Cephus maeus) - DELAWARE - Adults common in cereal fields at several locations. (Milliron), RICE STINK BUG (Solubea pugnax) - LOUISIANA - Ten to 20 per 100 sweeps of heading oats in Fast Feliciana and Acadia Parishes, (Oliver). SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - FENNESSEE - Causing damage in Morgan, Greene, and Knox Counties, (Dozier). SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) - LOUISIANA - Sixteen adults per [00 sweeps in oats East Feliciana Parish, Seriously damaging seedling corn at Calhoun, (Oliver). - 403 - MAIZE BILLBUG (Calendra maidis) - FLORIDA - Has destroyed approximately 90 percent of 20=acre corn field at Bristol, Liberty County, in past month, (Woodham), AT TN WHEAT CURL MITE (Aceria tulip2e) - NEBRASKA - Population low in southeastern area, ‘Staples, Apr. 29). WIREWORMS = MISSOURI - Widely-scattered fields of early-planted corn heavily damaged in central area, From 0,5 tol, 5 per yard of row in one field in Clay County. (Kyd, Thomas), WASHINGTON - Limonius a ee irrigated spring wheat and barley near Prosser, elford). ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - ARIZONA - Light to heavy on small grains in Maricopa ah Pinal Counties, more abund- ant than last year, Also found in several fields of barley at Yuma, (Ariz, Coop. Rept.}, OKLAHOMA = Infestation from light to very heavy in barley in McIntosh County, April 28, (Stiles) DELAWARE - Numerous isolated colonies on barley. (Milliron). CORN LEAF APHIL) (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS.- Medium to heavy infestation on grain and forage sorghums in Calhoun, Matagorda, Victoria and Jackson Counties. (Bales, May, Pfannstiel), APHIDS - TENNESSEE - Sharp decrease on small grains in central area, Syrphids numerous in most infested fields, Aphids numerous in alfalfa, from 50-100 per sweep of 12-inch net, No damage noticeable. (Dozier), INDIANA - Showing up in unusual numbers on alfalfa in southwestern area, (Davis). KANSAS - No economic Lae na of : Macrosiphum granarium or Toxoptera graminum observed in eas central and southeast counties, Iara): WASHINGTON - Rather abundant on fall-planted vetch near Harrah, Average of 11 coccinellids per 25 sweeps, (Landis, Schopp). LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - DELAWARE - Larvae very destructive to red clover throughout State, (Milliron), PENNSYLVANIA - Adults abundant in clover in Lancaster County; first larvae in York-County May 4, fairly abundant. (Pepper), ILLINOIS - From 0-30 adults per 100 sweeps in alfalfa and red clover fietds, Average by section of larval infestation of stems ranged from 20-60 percent with occasional individual fields showing 100 percent infestation. (Petty et al), - 404 - SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - UTAH - Damaging sweetclover in Utah, Salt Lake, Davis and Weber Counties. (Knowlton, May 2,) NEBRASKA - From 8 to 5 per 25 sweeps in east-central and southern areas, (Connin, Andersen), MINNESOTA - Small numbers of adults in some fields in St, Paul area. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv.) ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEW JERSEY - Very high larval and adult populations in most unsprayed alfalfa fields from Cam- den County south to Cape May, (Filmer), DELAWARE - First-growth alfalfa in some neglected fields almost completely ruined, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Heavy damage to unsprayed alfalfa fields, Wicomico to Montgomery Counties, Some pupae found on Eastern Shore, (U. Mad., Ent, Dept.). PENNSYLVANIA - Small infestation found in Perry County. (Negley), Highest numbers of adults this year in Lancaster and York Counties, large nuinbers newly-hatched to half-grown larvae ie ere fields, (Pepper). COLORADO - Very little activity to pet a (Colo, Ins, Det, Comm,), MONTANA - Active during warm ne Dai ee Eee ae eee continues to spread. (Roemhild, . . - ults active i by larvae in Goshen County, euece eaten 50), ecru Oe A CLOVER HEAD WEEVIL (Hypera meles) - DELAWARE - Adults common in red clover some areas. (Milliron), CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - INDIANA - Were very abundant about April 15, but nearly 100 percent were diseased, Chemical control not necessary, (Davis), ILLINOIS - From 2-12 per square foot. Prepupae and pupae throughout State. Fungus greatly reduced population, (Petty et al), CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - NEBRASKA - Increasing in alfalfa in east-central area, from 2 to 6 per 25 sweeps. (Andersen, Connin), PENNSYLVANIA - Adults collected abundantly in alfalfa and clover in Lancaster and York Counties. (Pepper). CLOVER WEEVILS (Sitona spp.) - ILLINOIS - Average range of popula- tion 10-50 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al). BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) = ILLINOIS - From 1 to 20 per 100 sweeps in red clover and alfalfa, (Peity et al), LYGUS BUGS - WASHINGTON - Five adults per 25 sweeps in alfalfa and 18 per 25 on peppergrass at Wapato. Nymphs, mostly very small, on latter host, (Landis, Schopp). MINNESOTA - Adults active in alfalfa in St, Paul vicinity, 1,3 to 0.5 per sweep of 12-inch net, (Minn. Ins. Rept, Serv. ). 4 MONS) « YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - ARIZONA - Generally low on alfalfa in Yui22 area, but severe in Chandler-Mesa area, Maricopa County, and severe 1 99 acres in Yavapal County, April 29, Light in- festation 50 acres i. Tonto Basin, Gila County, a new area according to reports. (Ariz, Coop, Rept.). NEW MEXICO - Continues the major insect pest of New Mexico, Epidemic proportions continuing in the Pecos and the insect is becoming more numerous in Mesilla Valley. Epidemic has appeared also in the Hatch Valley. (inss wett., Ann. yo0): OKLAHOMA - Large numbers in all fields in Okfuskee, Mcintosh, _ Tulsa, Okmulgee, and Creek Counties, {Stiles}, KANSAS - Infestation in Reno.and McPherson Counties of central area where near-destructive population levels in localized areas in a few alfalfa fields. (Painter, Burkhardt}, PEA APHID pMacrosiphur isi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Decreasing, | parasites and predators effective. (Pepper). DELAWARE - Destructive numbers generally on alfalfa and clovers, As much as 10-15 percent control by fungus in some fields, (Milliron), MARYLAND - Light to heavy on alfalfa in central and western areas, Light on Eastern Shore due to fungus. (U. Md,, Ent, Dept,), VIRGINIA ~ Still seriously injur~ ing alfaifain Norfolk area, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster). ILLINOIS - Showing noticeable increase. Average by sections 44 to 350 per 100 sweeps. Highest population 1, 280 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al), LOUISIANA - Several moderate infestations on legumes in East and West Feliciana, Tangipahoa and St. Landry Parishes. (Oliver). MINNESOTA - From 0,1 to 1,0 per sweep in alfalfa in central and east] central areas, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv.), TEXAS - Widespread damage to vetch in Kaufman County, Controls applied. (Simmons), NEBRASKA - Beginning to increase in central and southern areas, from 30-60 per 25 sweeps. From 5-10 lady beetles on alfalfa; (Andersen). KANSAS - Light populations, 20-140 per 25 sweeps of 12-inch net, in nearly all fields of alfalfa in southeastern counties, No controls warranted. (Matthew), UTAH - Damage abundant in some alfalfa fields in Washing- ton County. (Hughes, Knowlton), WASHINGTON - Five per 25 sweeps on alfalfa near Parker. One winged aphid collected, (Landis, Schopp/. TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris} - LOUISIANA - Average of 96 nymphs and 12 adults per 100 sweeps in clovers in Hast Baton Rouge Parish; 57 nymphs, ll adults per 100 sweeps in clover in Tangipahoa Parish; 62-250 adults, 80-140 nymphs per 100 sweeps of clover Claiborne Parish, (Oliver), ARKANSAS - Above normal in crimson clover in Clark County, up to 30 adults and 50 nymphs per 20 sweeps with 12-inch net, (Warren). MISSOURI - From 0.09 to l, 5 per sweep on alfalfa in southeast area, (Kyd, Thomas}, II,LINOIS - Highest infestation 90 per 100 sweeps, range by sections 10-56 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al}, » 406) = RAPID PLANT BUG (Adelphocoris rapidus) - DELAWARE - Nymphs abundant in clovers at Harrington, (Milliron), MEADOW PLANT BUG (Miris dolabratus) - DELAWARE - Becoming abundant in legumes and meadows from Dover southward. (Milliron), MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - DELAWARE - Prevalent in red clover generally; increasing in alfalfa in some areas, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Heavy on red clover in Queen Annes and Caroline Counties. (U. Md,, Ent, Dept,), ILLINOIS - Average by sections shows range from 9 to 60 per 100 stems, (Petty et al). SPITTLEBUGS - INDIANA - Hatching general in central area April 15, Infestations in southwestern area heavier than usual, (Davis). A SOD WEBWORM (probably Nomophila noctuella) - MISSOURI - Large areas of drought injured pastures in southwest quarter of State killed a sens mature larvae averaging from 6-22 per square foot. (Kyd, omas), THRIPS - TEXAS - Heavy, widespread infestations on corn in Bowie County. (Lucy). LEAF HOPPERS - NEBRASKA - Six-spotted leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons) increasing, mainly on wheat and oats, some on alfalfa, (Andersen), Endria inimica ranging from 20-25 per 25 sweeps on alfalfa, (Connin), ILLINO'S - Highest population of Empoasca species ercountered was 22 per 20 sweeps in a field in southeastern Wicis, (Petty et al), LOUISIANA - Empoasca sp, - 111 nymphs, 58 adults per 100 sweeps os burclover in Bast Beton us Parish, (Oliver), : ES - Tapoasca sp. very light, 2-4 per 10 sweeps, in alfalfa in extreme aoathecee ThOMeey i Be POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - MISSOURI - One specimen taken in alfalfa Pemiscot County, April 29. (Brown). POTATO LEAF HOPPER SURVEY, SPRING 1955 In a survey of the Gulf States from April 6 to May 2, to check results obtained in 1954, the overwintering area for Tue poasca fabae was found to be within an area bounded roughly on the nor y a line drawn between Texarkana, Texas, and Fairfax, S. C. In general, males were taken at more northerly points in river valleys than in areas between rivers. These results confirm conclusions drawn from a similar survey in 1954, The western limit of the overwintering range is bounded approximately by the Brazos River Valley. As found in last year's survey, popula- tions were very spotty and not widespread in the overwintering area, a Oy: fact which raises the problem of why more of the apparently available breeding area is not utilized by the species. Populations including large numbers of nyinphs were found as far north as Shreveport and Monroe, La., as late as April 28. The most northern ee inthe Mississippi Valley near Clarksdale, Miss,, on May 1. x1 OuUng?). FRUIT INSECTS CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonelia) ~- NEW JERSEY - Emergence started in some southern areas, (Merrill). PENNSYL- VANIA - At Snyder 65 percent pupated on apple, (Gesell}, DELAWARE - Emergence continuing. ‘Late News), NORTH CAROLINA - Aduits now in flight in western counties, (Turnipseed), OHIO - First moth emerged May 4, (Cuthright), INDIANA - Adults began emerging at Vincennes April 26, and emergence increased daily, Weather conditions ideal for heavy oviposition, {Hamilton}, ILILINOIS - Moths began emerging in cages from Villa Ridge to Carbondale about May 1. Moths increasing at Carbondale and Anna, First hatch of eggs expected May 9 or 10% (Chandler), MISSOURI - Egg-laying may soon be underway in Independence APHIDS ON APPLE - PENNSYLVANIA - Aphis pomi, Anuraphis roseus and ee oe fitchii showing wing pads in south centrai area, and R. fitchii abundant at Huntingdon, A, zoseus tightly curling leaves. Eriosoma lanigerum fairly abundant and aerial forms on pruning cuts in south central area. (Pepper, Udine). RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana} - RHODE , ISLAND - Found April 28 on appte trees in Washington County. (Kantack), MASSACHUSETTS - Active at Amherst and eggs found on bark. (Crop Pest Cont. Mess.). NEW JERSEY - Eggs present throughout the State. (Merrill), PENNSYLVANIA - Very numerous in some apple orchards in south central area, (Pepper). NORTH CAROLINA - First adults of season taken in bait pails, May 2, Wilkes County, (Turnipseeds. INDIANA - Enough egg masses noted in the Covington-Indianapolis area to warrant control measures for first-brood larvae. Infestations in Vincennes area continue light, (Hamilton), MISSOURI - Larvae in moderate numbers in a few scattered spots in St, Joseph area, (Wkly. Rot. br. Grow. ). | SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) - RHODE ISLAND - Light numbers observed April 30 on apple trees in Washington County. (Vantack), PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant in an nmsprayed apple orchard st Huntingdon, (Udine). - 408 - CLOVER MITES (Bryobia snp,) - ARIZQNA - Bryobia sp, heavy on unsprayed apple trees In Oak Creek Canyon, Cocaine County, Apr, 26, injuring tender sheots, (Ariz, Coop. Rept,), OHIO - B, praetiosa heavy @n unsprayed peach orchard in Ottawa County. (Rings, Brooks), EUROPEAN APPLE SAWFLY (Hoplocampa testudinea) - NEW JERSEY - me oe eee blossoms in Bergen County, May 2, in unsprayed orchards, ‘Merriil). LENT CATERPILLARS - NEW YORK ~ Abundant in orchards Oswego County, seme more numereus than in past 2 years. (Lum), Quite generat over Westchester County on rnadside and non-commercial apples, (Androsko), Common in orchards, Clinton County. (Burrell), PENNSYLVANIA - Moderate to heavy and more abundant than usual on wild cherry in central area, (Udine, Adams, Gesell), WASHINGTON - Malacosoma disstria and M, pluviale began hatching before leaves out on apple in San Juan County; fed on uds, eausing more blossom injury than previously seen, First larvae observed April 10, (Baker), CUTW6®RMS - WASHINGTON = In about normal numbers on young apple, peach and apricot seedlings. (Luce), EUROPEAN RED MITE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - MASSACHUSETTS - Hatched rapidly during the week at eter Crop Pest Cont. Mess. ), NEW JERSEY - Active in many archards, (Merrill). OHIO - Hatching of everwintering eggs completed April 27, Populations greater than for several seasons, (Cutright), INDIANA - Counts made May 3, Vincennes area, showed 56 mobile forms and 641 eggs per 100 leaves where no sprays applied in contrast to 13 mobile forms and 133 eggs where dormant eils applied. (Hamilton). PLUM CUR@ULIO (Conotra helus nenuphar) - NEW YORK = Adults RS taken in the field, May 4, western area, First recevery of adults in 1954 was May 3, ( Cuts fauad en plums, May 6, Westchester County, (Androske), Feeding punctures in Greene County. (Buckley). PENNSYLVANIA = Present in numbers on peach in south central area, (Pepper), OHIO = Infestation in northern area somewhat lighter than in 1954, Oviposition not yet observed, (Rings). INDIANA - Number of adults in unsprayed peach orchards in the Vincennes area increased in past 2 weeks, Five trees jarred in an abandoned orchard May 2 yielded 73 adults in contrast to 30 for April 19. Egg laying punctures On apple light and no severe first brood damage anticipated in commercial orchards, (Hamilton), ILLINOIS - Marked increase of curculios coming out of winter quarters in Carbondale area, This may be important to the few blocks of apples, even though the carry-over from 1954 was | light, (Chandler), MICHIGAN - Abundant at East Lansing, May 2. | (Hutson), MISSOMRI- Considerable activity noted in the Columbla | - 409 - ‘area, also active in Independence and St, Joseph areas, Peak of egg laying probably passed out activity expected to continue for some time. (Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow.). ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Granholitha molesta}) - NEW YORK - In Monroe County first adults taken in bait jars May 2, ‘Corey), NORTH CAROLINA-~ Adults in flight in western counties. (Turnipseed). MISSOURI - Few reports of twig injury. First brood probably over in Independence area, (Wkly. Rept. Fr. Grow.). BERTHA ARMYWORM (Mamestra configurata) - WASHINGTON - Attacking peach buds in orchards near Parker, Control applied. (Landis, Schopp). GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - COLORADO - Eggs hatching April 25 and stem mothers reported Showing up in most peach orchards, (Colo, Ins, Det. Comm,), UTAH - Hatching in peach orchard at Payson. Moderately numerous on peach at Hurricane and Santa Clara, (Knowlton), CAT-FACING INSECTS - UTAH - Lyqus spp.&L, elisus adults fairly numerous in peach, cherry and prune orchards examined in Utah and Salt Lake Counties, (Knowlton, Barlow), OHIO - Euschistus variolarius, E, servus, E. tristigmus, E, servus euschis~ toides depositing eggs inlarge numbers, _Buschistus tristigmus and E. variolarius eggs hatching, (Rings, Brooks), ~ ; PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - WASHINGTON - Eggs starting to hatch in Wenatchee area, April 24. (O'Neill), FRUIT TREE LEAF ROLLER (Archips argyrospila) - INDIANA - Larvae more prevalent in southern area than during past 6 years. (Hamilton). A CATERPILLAR (Basilarchia lorquini) - WASHINGTON - Unusually abundant on fruit seedlings. (Luce). PECAN INSECTS - FLORIDA - At Monticello, Jefferson County, moderate to heavy infestation of larvae of Acrobasis caryae on pecans, also A, caryivorella and Gretchna bolliana moderately infesting pecan seedlings, Phillips). GEORGIA - Overwintering larvae of A, jugiandis feeding on pecan foliage in Mitchell County, April 28. (Osburn), A MITE (Tetranychus yumensis) - ARIZONA - General on citrus on Bete Causing noticeable damage in some groves. (Ariz. Coop. ept. ). - 410 - SIX-SPOTTED MITE (Tetranychus sexmaculatus) - FLORIDA - Infesta- tions increased and peak not expected to be reached before the middle of May, (Pratt, Thompson, Johnson), FLORIDA RED SCALE (Chrysomphalus aonidum) - FLORIDA = Increase in activity this week and expected fo continue at moderately high level for several weeks, (Pratt, Thompson, Johnson), BLACK-HEADED FIREWORM (Rhopobota naevana) ~ WASHINGTON - Emergence of first brood will be at Tedst 3 weeks late. Large carrycver of eggs could develop into severe infestations in Long Beach, Grayland and Westland bog areas. (Tidrick). TRUCK CROP INSECTS PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Infesting peas in many places in Kent and Sussex Counties, (Milliron), NEW JERSEY - Winged forms appearing in large numbers in alfalfa fields in southern area but as early as April 27 some migration had taken place on peas. (Merrill), VIRGINIA - In sufficient numbers on peas on the Eastern Shore to require control, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - MARYLAND - Adults beginning to feed on snap and lima beans on lower Eastern Shore; damage is Tight as yet, (U, Md,, Ent, Dept.), VIRGINIA - Several adults found in a bean field in Princess Anne County May 3, and light injury is show- ing up on early snap bean planting. (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), TENNESSEE - Moderate injury to snap and lima beans in Clarksville area, (Scott), MISSOURI - Active in several sections of State, (Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow.), ARKANSAS - On garden beans in eastern area. (Warren), MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - VIRGINIA - First adults of season noted in a bean field in Princess Anne County May 8. (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), CABBAGE SEEDPOD WEEVIL (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) - WASHINGTON - Adults moderateley abundant on various wild crucifers in bloom near Parker, (Landis, Schopp). IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - TENNESSEE - Damaging — cabbage in Nashville area, (Scott), NEW YORK - Adults quite numerous in western area and laying eggs on cabbage recently set in field, Larvae found in Eden Valley. (Kriner), CABBAGE MAGGOT (Hylemya brassicae) - RHODE ISLAND = Adults active in cultivated hens Enromemout the State, aii Tee SETIS - Flies very active at Amherst. Eggs reported from al : (Crop Pest Cont, insee, ), NEW YORK - Flies active May 1 and - 411 - heavy oviposition underway in Niagara County, (Stevenson), APHIDS - NEW YORK - Many on cabbage in Eden Valley. (Kriner). MARYLAND - Potato aphids light on tomatoes, Wicomico to Caroline Counties. Heavy infestations of CABBAGE APHID on cabbage in Caroline County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept. ). STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Acalymma vittata} - MISSOURI - Moderate to heavy populations and damage to commercial acreage of watermelons, cantaloups and cucumbers in extreme southeast counties, Counts ranged from 1 to 21 beetles per hill of plants, (Kyd, Thomas), MARYLAND - Adults found feeding on newly emerged squash in Wicomico County, (U. Md,, Ent, Dept.). COLORALO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - DELA- WARE - Adulis injuring untreated potatoes at Georgetown. (Milliron), MARYLAND - Adults quite numerous on Eastern Shore in potato and tomato fields, Laying eggs on foliage, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.) TENNESSEE - Larvae and adults on Irish potato in Nashville area. (Scott), MISSOURI - Active in the Independence area, (Wkly. Rpt, Fr. Grow.). ARKANSAS - Infestations general and appear about normal for time of year. (Warren), POTATO PSYLLID (Paratrioza cockerelli) - NEBRASKA ~ Occurring on sprouts in cull potato piles, April 27, which is one to two weeks earlier than normal, Eggs being deposited. (Wallis), UTAH - Scarce on matrimonyvine, One adult taken in 50 net sweeps at Sandy. (Knowlton). POTATO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix cucumeris) - DELAWARE - Injurious in some potato plantings at Brenford and Dover, (Milliron), POTATO APHID (Macrosiphum solanifolii) - DELAWARE - Beginning to appear on potatoes near Smyrna and on tomatoes at Bridgeville. (Milliron), WASHINGTON - Unusually abundant on winter-hardy weeds, on which winter was passed, from Yakima to Toppenish, Winged spring migrants being produced, (Landis, Schopp),. GARDEN SPRINGTAIL (Bourletiella hortensis) - DELAWARE - Abundant on potatoes in Brenford area, (Milliron), A WEEVIL (Anthonomus varipes) - FLORIDA - Adults infesting egg- plants in Dade County, cut off the blossom buds and young fruit, also fed on leaves and prevented production of fruit on experimental plantings, Although collections of the species were made earlier, it is the first note of its seriousness to eggplant production, (Wolfenbarger), - 412 - AN EGGPLANT TORTOISE BEETLE (Gratiana pallidula) - TEXAS - Local medium infestation on native night shades in Crystal City area of Zavala County. (Richardson), FLEA BEBTLES - NEW YORK - Most all greens and plants recently set in field being injured in parts of western area, (Kriner). PENNSYLVANIA - Heavy feeding on radish leaves in Centre County, (Udine), MARYLAND - Abundant on potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage Wicomico to Caroline Counties. Heavy on broccoli in Montgomery County, (U, Md., Ent, Dept,). VIRGINIA - Seem to be causing the most concern to growers on the Eastern Shore on practically all crops, such as es potatoes, cucumbers and corn, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), CUTWORMS - MARYLAND - Serious damage to tomatoes and snap beans planted after sod in Wicomico County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.), NORTH CAROLINA - Tobacco plants in some fields in Columbus County damaged about 8 tol0 percent, (Guthrie, Rabb), Peridroma margari- tosa damaged cabbage in Carteret County, 8 to 10 percent of plants affected, (Weisman - SOUTH CAROLINA - Light local infestation of watermelons in Allendale County. (Rogers), Infesting watermelons in Barnwell County, April 27, (Shelley). TENNESSEE - Continue to severely injure legumes, pastures, corn and garden crops in the Clarksville area, Many larvae pupating. (Scott), MISSOURI - Continue to cause trouble in home gardens. (Wkly. Rpt, Fr. Grow.), VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - ARKANSAS - Damage increased in southeastern area on truck crops, (Warren), MISSISSIPPI - About 15 adults per recently-set tomato plant in a field in Lowndes County, damaging vegetables in Monroe County, about 12 adults per square foot in an oat field in Bolivar County. (Miller, Goodgame), ALABAMA - Abundant in various parts of the State in cruciferous crops, clovers, and vetches, (Arant). SOUTH CAROLINA - Adults injuring tobacco plants in the field near Aynor, (Allen, Hodge, Creighton), TOBACCO WIREWORM (Conoderus vespertinus) - NORTH CAROLINA- Injury to newly-set tobacco in several localities, Damage averaged about 25 percent in Columbus County, 20 to 60 percent in Robeson County, and 20 to 95 percent in Wilson County. (Guthrie, Rabb). TOBACCO BUDWORM (Heliothis virescens) - FLORIDA - Averaging 3 larvae per 100 experimental tobacco plants in Alachua County, Larvae varied in size from newly hatched to nearly full grown. (Tissot, Kuitert), SOUTH CAROLINA - First larva on newly-set tobacco plants noted April 29. ‘This is an unusnally early appearance. (Allen, Hodge, Creighton). - 413 - HORNWORMS (Protoparce spp.) - TENNESSEE - First tobacco horn- worm adult taken in light trap, May 2, (Scott), FLORIDA - Eggs found -on sun tobacco at Quincy, Gadsden County. (May). P. sexta averaged 46 larvae per 100 experimental tobacco plantsin Alachua County. Many eggs and some larvae up to 1-1/2 inches in length, (Tissot, Kuitert), CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - FLORIDA - Increasing on shade tobacco fields, (May). GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Few infestations in tobacco plant beds, inged and wingless individuals appearing on newly-set field plants in the Florence area, (Allen, Hodge, Creighton). TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Bpites hirtipennis) - TENNESSEE - Present in small numbers in the Clarksville area, Injury to tobacco seedlings light, (Scott), SOUTH CAROLINA - Appearing in large numbers on newly-set plants throughout most of tobacco-producing areas of the State, (Allen, Hodge, Creighton), DELAWARE - On potatoes in Dover and Bridgeville areas, and feeding on newly-set tomatoes near Hartly, (Milliron). SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - NORTH CAROLINA - Recently-set tobacco in fields planted in grain previously damaged about 50 percent in Hoke County. Where tobacco did not follow grain, no damage observed. (Williford, Jones), RHODE ISLAND - Adults active in cultivated fields throughout the State. (Kantack), MAGGOTS ON SUGAR BEETS - COLORADO - Adults of Hylemya cilicrura observed April 26 in beet fields in sufficient numbers in Weld County to be of concern, First adults of Tetanops myopaeformis taken April 29 in same County, Numbers increased daily. Both maggots caused serious reduction in sugar beet stands in some areas in 1954, With the slow germination evident this spring, these insects can be serious, (Colo. Ins, Det, Comm). ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) - RHODE ISLAND - Adults active in cultivated fields caraugniout tate, (Kantack), MINNESOTA - Adults began emerging in Twin Cities area May 3, at least 10 days earlier than in 1954, About 5 flies per 20 sweeps at Brooklyn Center, May Oe (Minn. Ins. Rpt. Serv. ). THRIPS - NEW MEXICO - Building up on onions in the Mesilla Valley and injuring tips of alfalfa in the Pecos, (Ins, Lett.). RHUBARB CURCULIO (Lixus concavus) - MICHIGAN - Eggs in rhubarb at Quincy, April 25, (Hutson). - 414 - SIX-SPOTTED LEAF HOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) - MINNESOTA - Adults first noted in St, Paul area May 4, Few noticed on onions. a 2 per 20 sweeps on alfalfa-grass mixture, (Minn, Ins. Rpt, Serv. ). STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus ovatus) - WASHINGTON - Very heavy infestations in many hop yards of Yakima Valley. Rots originating in larval tunnels have killed high percentage of hills in infested yards. (Keene), ASPARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi) - DELAWARE - Present enerally, Injurious to untreated plantings at Canterbury and Georgetown, Milliron), MINNESOTA - Damaging new asparagus shoots in St. Paul area, (Minn, Ins. Rpt. Serv,) WASHINGTON - Depositing eggs on asparagus near Toppenish, (Landis, Schopp), EUROPEAN EARWIG (Forficula auricularia) - WASHINGTON - Adults unusually abundant in gardens al Union Gap, (Landis, Schopp). STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus) - DELAWARE - Moderate numbers occur throughout State on wild and cultivated plants, but not unusually destructive at any point. (Milliron), MARYLAND - Heavy clipping of blossoms in one large planting, Wicomico County, Ten adults taken by sweeping, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). SPIDER MITES - INDIANA - Increased rather rapidly on strawberries in the Orleans area. (Marshall), COTTON INSECTS BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) - TEXAS - Overwintered weevils appearing on cotton in pre=square Stage in some fields of south central, east, central and upper coastal areas, (Davis, Martin, May 3). Boll Weevil Survival Counts, McNairy County, Tennessee: Spring count of surviving boll weevil in McNairy County is considered to be very low with an average of only 62 live weevils per acre, An average of 311 live weevil per acre was found in hibernation last fall, No live weevils were found in spring examinations of 1954. The carry- over in McNairy County is considered representative for the cotton- growing area of west Tennessee, (Locke). - 415 - BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Scattered eggs and small larvae on pre- squaring cotton in coastal bend, south central, and eastern areas. (Davis, Martin, May 3), Fourteen Heliothis armigera moths taken in light trap week ending May 6, (Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan), CUTWORMS - GEORGIA - Heavy infestation in cotton in Worth County. (Westbrook), MISSISSIPPI - Appearing in many coiton fields in Washington County, (Merkl), FLORIDA - Spotted cutworm (Amathes c-nigrum) averaging 6 larvae per foot of row on cotton at Jasper, Hamilton County, one and one-half acre completely destroyed. (Miller). Porosagrotis vetusta and Feltia subterranea averaging 1-5 larvae/plant infested cotton, corn and peas in Holmes County. Serious outbrea in several fields. (Russell), TEXAS - Infesting cotton in most areas. (Davis, Martin, May 3), Climbing cutworms severely damaging some ae fields in Edcouch and Mercedes areas. (Wene, Dean, Fuller). BROWN COTTON LEAFWORM (Acontia dacia) - LOUISIANA - Two adults taken in light trap at Natchitoches April 27, Larvae taken in 6 of 11 fields checked in Natchitoches Parish, Considerable damage in one field, threatening stand, One field infested in Bossier Parish. (Oliver). TEXAS - Reported in most fields of seedling cotton in several eastern and south central areas, (Davis, Martin). YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) - LOUISIANA = Considerable damage to seedling cotton Natchitoches Parish, (Oliver). THRIPS - ARIZONA - From 4-6 thrips, mostly adults, per plant on seedling cotton at Yuma, (Ariz. Coop, Rept.), MISSISSIPPI - Damaging early cotton in Washington County, (Merkl), LOUISIANA - Frankliniella fusca heavy on cotton in Natchitoches and Bossier Parishes, (Oliver), Light to medium in nearly all fields in Tallulah area, (Parencia et al), TEXAS - Light to medium infestations general on young cotton in several areas, Heavy in some fields in- Matagorda, Calhoun, Burleson and Brazos Counties. (Davis, Martin, May 3), Injurious infestations in 7 of 18 fields inspected in McLennan and Falls Counties. (Parencia et al). COTTON FLEAHOPPER (Psallus seriatus) - TEXAS - Increasing in lower valley, moderate in some fields of Cameron and Willacy eae Light scattered infestations in other areas, (Davis, Martin, May 38). APHIDS - TEXAS - Light to medium infestations in cotton in several areas, Heavy in San Patricio and Calhoun Counties. (Davis, Martin, May 3). - 416 - CCITON APHID (Aphis gossypii) - ARIZONA - Abundant on seedling cotton in Yuma sear aee te per plant in 2-4 leaf stage in six fields. ee light infestation in three fields in Eloy area, (Ariz, Coop. Rept, }. SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - NEW MEXICO - Consider- able injury to cottonseed in Lake Arthur area, This insect combined with some damping off is making replanting necessary in some fields, (Ins, Lett., Apr. 30). ANARCTTID (Callarctia phyllira)- ALABAMA - Destroyed stands of young cotton in Barbour County. (Arant), VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - GEORGIA - Moderate infestation damaging seedling cotton plants in Macon County, April 27, (J. Alden), SPIDER MITES - TEXAS ~- Spotted light to medium infestations in several areas, Heavy in a few fields in Matagorda, Calhoun and Fort Bend Counties, Also in Burleson County, (Davis, Martin, May 3). FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS GYPSY MOTH (Porthetria dispar) - First hatching of gypsy moth eggs was noted in Columbia County, NEW YORK, April 20, and in Ulster and Dutchess Counties, New York, April 22, The April 20 date of hatching was the earliest ever noted in this State, Gypsy moth larvae were noted on egg clusters in Fairfield County, CONNECTICUT, April 24, but evidence hatching had taken place a day or two earlier, Aerial spraying which will involve the treatment of approximately 150, 000 acres of gypsy moth infested territory within and to the west of the barrier zone in New York, commenced May 4, Itis anticipated that the spraying program will be com- pleted on or before June ld. (Gypsy & Br. Tail Moths Cont, Proj.). MACHR AN, «20 PRSHNS ae hangs) May 1. (Hutson), MAINE -Byg mass CANKERWORMS - TEXAS - Medium to heavy local infestations on mesquite and ornamentals in Brazos, Goliad, and Bexar Counties. (Gaines), MINNESOTA - Alsophila pometaria and Paleacrita vernata feeding on susceptible trees in southern and central areas. (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv.). MICHIGAN - A, pometaria and P. vernata abundant at Hast Lansing, April 28, (Hutson), NEBRASKA - Paleacrita vernata very light in scattered locations on elm trees, (Roselle, Andersen). ILLINOIS - Occasional reports of severe damage by P, vernata. (Petty et al), - 417 - TENT CATERPILLARS - OREGON - Malacosoma disstria and M, plu- viale about 90 percent of egg masses hatched by May 6, (Torvend). MINNESOTA - Second instar M, disstria general in infested area in Pine County, May 4. Small amount of hatching at Duluth, May 5. (Minn, Ins, Rept, Serv.). TENNESSEE - Infestation of wild cherry much less severe than in 1954 in Clarksville area, (Scott), A LOOPER (Lambdina athasaria pellucidaria) - DELAWARE - Adults very abundant in pine forests in Sussex County, (Milliron). A BARK BEETLE - COLORADO - A severe outbreak of a bark beetle, tentatively identified as aa clouderofti, reported on pinon pine in Fremont County April 30, Several thousand acres affected. Drought conditions have augmented seriousness of the problem, (Colo, Ins. Det. Comme): COOLEY SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes cooleyi) - WASHINGTON - Unusually abundant on Douglas fir in San Juan County, (Baker), SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE Geclus multistriatus) - DELAWARE - Pupation well over 50 percent, (Milliron), WOOLLY APPLE APHID (Eriosoma lanigerum) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy infestations on elm trees in city of Dallas, (Milikien), A WOOLLY LARCH APHID (Chermes strobilobius) - PENNSYLVANIA - Fairly abundant on larch, in Centre County. About 50 percent of eggs hatched, (Adams), A PINE SAWFLY Weodiprion sp.) - ARKANSAS - Additional infestation a aie pine sawfly reported from Calhoun County; damage light. arren), ROSE APHID (Macrosiphum rosae) - PENNSYLVANIA - Appearing in numbers on rose in Centre County. (Pepper). SCALE INSECTS - Eurelm scale (Gossyparia spuria) and oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes sp.) heavy throughout Goshen County. (Spackman), - 418 - peyeisdo sdvij d0dU. 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Becoming household nuisance, (Ariz. Coop, Repi.), NEBRASKA - Emerging for several days, Should build up rapidly with favorable con- ditions, (Roselle), : STABLE FLY (Stomoxys calcitrans) - OKLAHOMA - Average 4-8 per animal in north central area, (Howell), LOUISIANA - Average 8-12 per head on 72 cattle in East Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver), CATTLE LICE - TEXAS - Heavy widespread on cattle in Houston County. {Monrse), NORTHERN CATTLE GRUB (Hypoderma bovis) - PENNSYLVANIA = Up to 20 per animal on cattle, April 30, in Clearfield County. (Adams). SHEEP KED (Melophagus ovinus) - WYOMING - Infestation general in Albany County, (Spackman). | STORED PRODUCTS INSECTS STORED-GRAIN INSECTS - MONTANA - Average infestations of Laemophloeus spp., Lribolium spp., Tenebrio molitor, Enicmus minutus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis during winter months, Onl one infestation of Sitophilus granarius reported, (Roemhild, Apr. 26). MISCELLANEOUS CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - MONTANA - Some inquiries, but much less abundant than last year. (Roemhild, Apr. 26). RHODE ISLAND - Heavy population throughout State invading houses during last of April. (Kantack), TERMITES - INDIANA ~ Based on records of swarmers, termites unusually active throughout State, (Davis), ADDITIONAL NOTES WEST VIRGINIA - (Kearneysville area) - UNSPOTTED LEAF MINER . (Callisto geminatella) - Most larvae in leaf mines young, about and instar development. Infestation rather severe in orchards infested during the 1954 season. EUROPEAN RED MITE - Leaf samples showed up to 10 immature forms per leaf in some orchards. One rather severe infestation of ROSY APPLE APHID and several light infestations found. (Hamstead). OREGON - (MEADOW SPITTLEBUG - Eggs began to hatch April 26 in Marion and Washington Counties. Hatching was very scattered at that time. (Hanna, Every). FILBERT LEAFROLLER (Archips rosana) overwintering eggs began to hatch May 5 in the Willamette Valley. (Every). CURRANT FRUIT FLY - First emergence noted in Washington County April 26. (Torvend). WYOMING - CUTWORMS - Two per square foot in alfalfa causing damage in Fremont County near Riverton. (Spackman). IOWA - EUROPEAN CORN BORER winter survival and spring infestation survey discloses populations as follows, as compared with a similar survey a year ago. Live borers per acre of corn stubble planted to oats in 1955: state average - 14,209. This compares with 4,183 in 1954 and 1,759 in 1953. Lowest populations occurred in northeast Iowa and highest populations in southwest with live borers per acre of 4,253 and 27,451, respectively. Briefly, the infestation appears approximately three times as heavy at this time as a year ago. Pupation is underway and in central Iowa approximately 17 percent of the borers have pupated as of May 9. This is noticeably in advance of a year ago, but the season otherwise, including corn plantings, is comparably advanced. There have been heavy flights of SEED-CORN BEETLES throughout State. ARMYWORM moths appeared abundant in central Iowa during past week. GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus bivittatus and M, mexicanus) hatching in southwest area; noticeably earlier than in more normal years. CHINCH BUGS have been observed in flight and one small grain field was observed where the bugs averaged approximately 2 per square foot. Other fields appeared free of bugs. CANKERWORMS damaging elms in south central and Des Moines areas. CUTWORMS are damaging melons in the Muscatine Island trucking area, bean leaf beetle also present. HORN FLIES are becoming numerous in central counties. (Harris). i Tas Rat eaee hee, VOL.5 No. 20 MAY 20,1955 Swe BA 923 pC 7 | ioe Wh ‘ Cooperative ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH Ir AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE \ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, ara industria! entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a Clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 May 20, 1955 No, 20 COO PI ABI Wey COIN OWS WINS) 1 Cay 18h sh =O) 15 ab Highlights of Insect Conditions EUROPEAN CORN BORER winter survival counts from Nebraska, Moths emerging in southern Illinois, pupation underway in most areas. (pages 425, 443), ARMYWORM situation continues to develop in Tennessee but populations not aS numerous in Missouri as last year, Larvae appearing in Mary- land, Delaware and Pennsylvania, (page 426), Survey of infestations in Georgia, (page 443), Also see LIGHT TRAP COLLECTIONS, (page 444), YELLOW CLOVER APHID reported from Nebraska, Damage continues in Arizona, New Mexico and other areas. (page 429), POTATO LEAFHOPPER appearing in Illinois, (page 480). ARMY CUTWORM infestation widespread in Utah and South Dakota. (page 426), A GRASS APHID recorded in California for first time. (page431). MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE becoming active as far north as Pennsyl- vania, (page 434), CUTWORM damage continues in many States. (pages 427, 4386). COTTON FLEAHOPPER migrating to cotton in several areas of Texas, Also reported from Arkansas. (page 439). Distribution of OLD HOUSE BORER in the United States. (after page 446). SURVEY METHOD for Ladino clover seed midge. (page 447). Notes received too late for inclusion in body of this issue, (page 443), FRR AERO ROR EK IO A IKK A Reports in this issue are for the week ending May 13, 1955, unless otherwise designated. aoe WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY CUTLOOK Mid-May to Mid- June 1955 The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for mid-May to mid-June calls for temperatures to average below seasonal normals over the northeastern and southwestern quarters of the nation. Above normal temperatures are predicted in the Pacific Northwest and in the Gulf States, the Southern Plains, and middle Mississippi Valley. Near normal values are expected in unspecified areas. Precipitation is anticipated to be above normal from the Ohio Valley to New England and also over the Southern Plateau States and Southern Plains. Subnormal amounts are expected in West Coast States and in the Southeast. In unspecified areas near normal am¢unts are in prospect, This report released by the Weather Bureau on May 17, 1955 Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume and Outlook", published twice a month by the Weather Bureau. You can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C. Price: $4. 80 a year, $2.40 for six months. WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MAY 16, 1955 Last week's temperatures averaged below normal by 3° to 6° in the Pacific Northwest, above normal by 3° to 6° in the South and 3° to 9° in the northern Great Plains, and about normal in the remainder of the Country. Moderate to heavy precipitation fell over most of the area extending from Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Iowa to the Atlantic Coast, and in scattered sections of the Rocky Mountain States, but was very light elsewhere. Severe thunderstorms and some tornadoes occurred in Texas and Oklahoma on the 10th. Cold snaps occurred in the Northeast on the 10th when widespread frost was reported in the lowlands of central and southern New England and in scattered localities of New York State and again on the 15th and 16th when Montpelier, Ohio and Emporium, Pa., reported lows of 28° and 29 respectively. Lowest temperatures in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific States occurred after the passage of a low pressure trough on the 15th and 16th, Maverick, Ariz., reporting 17° on the later date. (Weather continued on page 446 )}. -426- CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS GRASSHOPPERS - TENNESSEE - Building up in scattered alfalfa fields, (Dozier). TEXAS - First and second instars heavy on range land and edges of farm land in Ochiltree County. (Timmons). Medium in pas- tures and along fence rows in areas of Tarrant County. (Jones). NEW MEXICO - Approximately 75 sections infested east of Rio Grande River in southern area with counts from 1 to 100 per square yard, This is anew infestation, (Ins, Lett,, May 7). OKLAHOMA - Very large numbers, mainly Melanoplus differentialis, hatching in southwestern area, Reported in fields, roadsides and pastures. (Stiles, Tomlinson), KANSAS - Melanopius spp. continue to increase in alfalfa, pastures, fence rows and roadsides throughout most of State. Heaviest in eastern counties, where as high as 60 nymphs per square yard in some local areas, Harly-hatched grasshoppers approaching last instar development, (Matthew), Counts of 15 per square yard in several central counties. (Gates), As high as 30 per square yard in north central areas, (Burkhardt), NEBRASKA - Melanoplus sp, infesting alfalfa and sweetclover in south- eastern area, First and third instars, (Roselle, Connin), Twenty per 20 sweeps in alfalfa in Hamilton County. (Andersen), WYOMING - Bight to 10 per square yard (overwintering species) on range land in Johnson County. (Quade}. UTAH - Hatching in Grand County, (Tibbetts). MORMON CRICKET (Anabrus simplex) - WYOMING - Five to 100 second and third instars per square yard infesting approximately 5, 000 acres southeast of Sundance (Crook County), (Spackman), NEVADA - Hatch in Diamond Range of Eureka County progressing rapidly. Infes- tations somewhat confined to canyons; however, continued hatching closely following receding snow line, Occasional fourth instar noted, (Del Curto), EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - MASSACHUSETTS - No evidence of winter mortality. One pupa found May 11. (Bourne). RHODE ISLAND - About 25 percent pupation in a field in Washington County. (Kantack), ILLINOIS - Moth emergence from 4 to 12 percent in southern third of State. Pupation in southern séction 75 percent, central 15-25 percent, and northern 4-15 percent. (Petty et al). NEBRASKA - Winter survival survey shows average number of live borers per acre as follows: northeastern area 22,667; central area 16, 482; southeast area 4, 840; and south central area 871. Pupae being found in several corn-growing areas. (Andersen), SOUTH DAKOTA - First pupae of season week of May 7 in Brookings County. (Halvorson). ARMYWORMS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Damaging small grain in Richland County. Also reported from Calhoun and Dillon Counties. (Nettles). - 426- ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - LOUISIANA - Infestations spotty, up to 6 larvae per square foot in Red River and BossicrParishes. (Oliver), ARKANSAS = Infestations remain static and relatively low in most sec- tions. Only a few fields have required insecticides and it is likely that some unnecessary applications were made, Infestations from 0-2 per square foot with one report of 15 per square foot from northeastern area, (Warren), TENNESSEE ~ Armyworms are not blanketing usual areas, but moderately serious infestations requiring controls in scattered communities in southwest and northwest counties. Fairly serious infes- tations in central areas, Some infestations around Knoxville will require controls. Armyworms are present in eastern third of State, but not serious enough to require controls except in occasional field. Heavy damage, where it will occur, expected to begin week of May 16, (Mullett), Hatching continues, from 1-3 larvae per square foot in east Tennessee, o-8 per square foot in areas of Jefferson, Loudon, Monroe and Blount Counties, Larvae from first to fourth instars, Moth flights declining. (Dozier), VIRGINIA - Larvae on oats reported from southeastern area May 10. (Davich, Muka), MARYLAND - Light numbers of small larvae in barley and wheat fields in St, Marys County May 11. No serious infestation reported. (U. Md,, Ent. Dept.), DELAWARE - One small larva near Bridgeville; eggs found elsewhere in Sussex County. (Milliron), PENNSYLVANIA - A few one-half grown larvae in mixed hay in Lycoming County, (Gesell). ILLINOIS - Highest count average 4 larvae per linear foot in one wheat field in southern Illinois, (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Scattered infestations over State but not nearly as numerous as last year. Parasitic wasp population exceptionally high for time of year, (Kyd, Thomas), SOUTH DAKOTA - Adults appearing at lights, This is very early (Severin, Lofgren), ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - Outbreaks exceed 12, 000 acres in Juab County and 15, 000 in Sanpete County. Total known infested acreage for Utah estimated at 185,000 acres, (Knowlton). SOUTH DAKOTA - Infestations in alfalfa in several counties, (Lofgren). CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Appearing on young corn in some fields at Myrtle Beach and Florence County, (Kirk). LOUISIANA - Average per 100 sweeps of 12-inch net in crimson clover: 100-120 in Red River Parish and 29 in Natchitoches Parish, (Oliver). TEXAS - Serious problem in all untreated sweet corn in lower Rio Grande Valley area, (Wene), ARIZONA - Eggs and young larvae abundant on very early field of sweet corn at Mesa, Maricopa County. (Ariz, Coop. Rept, ye ; SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER (Diatraea qeandiosellal - OKLAHOMA - Pupation and emergence percentages May Iz-13 by county: Cleveland 88 and 20, Pontotoc 96 and 20, Seminole 84 and 16, Tulsa 68 and 4, Emergence also noted in Payne and Pottawatomie Counties, (Arbuthnot), -427- CUIWORMS - PENNSYLVANIA - Agrotis gladiaria destroyed 6-8 acres legume hay in Columbia County and attacking newly-planted corn in Lycoming County, (Gesell), One acre oats destroyed in Somerset County, (Udine), Cutworms destroyed one-half of 8-acre field of alfaita in Cumberland County {Pepper) and 3 acres of oats in Dauphin County (Menusan), TENNESSEE = Infestation in north-central area decreasing; however, severe injury stiil occurring in corn and gardens, (Scott), FLORIDA - Feltia subierranea destroyed ten acres of young corn in Columbia County. (Dukes). Also heavy damage to 200 acres peanuts and 80 acres corn in same courty, (Mayeux, Tissot), MISSISSIPPI - A. maletida damaging corn in Forrest County. (Broome), LOUISIANA - A. ypsilon severely damaging seedling corn in Bossier Parish, Up to 25 percent of stand infested in some fields in East Baton Rouge Parish. (Oliver), MISSOURI - Cutworm damage to corn continues, Variegated cutworm still relatively light but may build up somewhat in next few weeks. (Kyd, Thomas). ARKANSAS - Peridroma margaritosa light to heavy with counts of 10 per square foot some alfalfa fields. (Warren), NEBRASKA -~ A, orthogonia damaging wheat in Kimball, Cheyenne and Banner Counties, Populations lower than last year, one to three per linear foot, (Hill). COLORADO - A, orthogonia averaging 5-11 larvae per linear foot of wheat row some areas through Logan County east to Nebraska line, Some injury in spring barley. (Colo. Ins, Det. Comm.). GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostege similalis) - LOUISIANA - This species with corn earworm and beet armyworm severely infesting one field of corn in Rapides Parish, (Oliver). LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) - FLORIDA - Destroyed 80 acres of corn in Gilchrist County. (Cobb), Severe damage to cowpeas at Live Oak; Suwannee County. (Crews), CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - ILLINOIS - Have been ovipositing in thin stands of small grains, Individual oat plants have been killed by adult feeding, (Petty et al), OKLAHOMA - Adults numerous in some corn fields in Garvin County, (Arbuthnot). SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA - Number of sugarcane stalks infested per acre: Cheneyville, Rapides Parish, 306; West Baton Rouge Parish, 145; Plaquemine, Iberville, 242; Napoleonville, Assumption Parish, 570, (Oliver), SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpuntata howardi) - MISSISSIPPI - Damage to corn in Forrest County. (Sheffield), TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) - CALIFORNIA - Very numerous on lower leaves of Sweet corn in Orange County. (Cal. Coop. Rept., Apr. 30), -428- HESSIAN FLY (Bhi (Phytophaga gestructor) - MARYLAND - Pupae very abundant on wheat in Harford and Washingt on Counties, (U: Md,, Ent, Dept.). NEBRASKA - No evidence of spring brood in Dundy, Chase, Perkins, Lincoln, Keith, Devel, Cheyenne and Kimball Counties. (Hamilton), BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - UTAH-Has increased in some small grains in Juab and Salt Lake Counties. (Burtenshaw, Knowlton). THRIPS - Very abundant in wheat, oats and alfalfa. (Andersen), RICE STINK BUG (Solubeae pugnax) - LOUISIANA - General light infes- tation in heading oats in Severai parishes, (Oliver). RUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus pygmaeus) - PENNSYLVANIA- Adults very abundant on wheat and on mustard fiowers in Fulton County, May be peak year for this insect. Udine). CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread on grain SCue ini: and corn in Calhoun and Victoria Counties. (May, McCombs). CORN FLEA BEETLE (Chaetocnema pulicaria) - ILLINOIS - Population per 100 Sweeps: (beside old corn fields) northeastern 13.7, eastern 4. 6; (in grain) eastern 3,3, western 3.5, (Petty et al). BILLBUGS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Not as serious on corn as in past several years, (Kirk), ARIZONA - Caiendra phoeniciensis has caused some damage to seedling hegari on 40 acres in Yuma County. This insect has been regarded in Arizona principally as a pest of Bermuda grass. (Ariz, Coop, Rept. ) SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - LOUISIANA - Average of 164 stalks of sugarcane infested per acre in fields examined in Rapides, West Baton Rouge, Iberville, and Assumption Parishes, (Oliver). MISSISSIPPI - Damage to corn in Forrest County. Total of 800 adults caught in light trap in one night in Oktibbeha County. (Broome, Hunsucker). ARKANSAS - Attacking corn in southeastern area, Severe some fields in Ashley-Chicot Counties area, (Warren), TENNESSEE - About 4, 000 beetles taken in light trap during week in Madison County, large flight in Shelby County, Damage to young corn in some areas of west Tennessee can be expected. {Dozier}, SOUTH CAROLINA - Up to 80 percent loss in stand at Myrtle Beach, (Kirk), WIREWORMS - NORTH DAKOTA - From 0-1. 2 per square foct in some fields, One field of wheat in Cass County required reseeding, (Goodfellow). WASHINGTON - Very little damage by Great Basin wireworm (Ctenicera pruinina noxia) on early-planted winter wheat; 0-9 plants kilied per 1 -429- yards of drill row in 14 fields. Twenty percent of stand destroyed in untreated late-planted winter wheat in Adams County, Damage to spring wheat becoming apparent. (Harwood). YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - CALIFORNIA - Col- lected on alfalfa in Fresno County, First record north of Kern County. (Armitage), Reported heavy enough for first time to require treatment in Los Angeles County. Light to heavy San Bernardino County. (Coop. Ins. Pest Rept. Apr, 30), ARIZONA - Continues abundant on alfalfa in southern area except where controlled regularly. Has been abundant in Greenlee County area since last November. Predators low in all areas, (Ariz. Coop, Rept.). NEW MEXICO - Continues major insect pest of New Mexicc, (Ins, Lett.). KANSAS - Additional reports of infestation from south central counties. Some reports indicate popula- tions of economic importance; however, in some cases first hay crop will be cut before insecticidal controls begin. No M. trifolii observed in eastern and north central areas. (Matthew), OKLAHOMA - Very much lower than last week in Stillwater area due to predators, (Fenton). Very severe in Garvin County, some hay baling being discontinued due to honeydew, (Stiles, Tomlinson), NEBRASKA - Averaging 50 per 25 sweeps in red clover and alsike clover in Johnson County, From 10-19 per 25 sweeps in sweetclover in Gage County and 2-3 per 25 sweeps in mixture of red clover, sweetclover and alfalfa in Lancaster County, (Connin, Roselle), Three to 6 per 25 sweeps in sweetclover in Logan County, (Andersen), TEXAS - Heavy widespread on alfalfa and clovers in Burleson and Brazos Counties. Some fields abandoned for hay produc- tion because of honeydew. (Wipprecht, Coad, Davis, Randolph). PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Remains abundant on forage legumes, conspicuous damage some areas, (Milliron). MARYLAND - From light to heavy on alfalfa in central and western areas. Over 600 per sweep on one field in Baltimore County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept.). ILLINOIS - Maximum population in western section where average was 751 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al) NEBRASKA - From 125-200 per 25 sweeps in east central and Platte Valley areas to 6-10 in Niobrara River area on alfalfa. (Andersen), KANSAS - Found in nearly all alfalfa in Washington and Republic Counties, up to 300-350 per sweep in afew local areas, (Burkhardt). TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread on vetch and clover in Robertson County. Increasing despite large numbers of beneficial insects, (Wipprecht), CALIFORNIA - Heavy in San Bernardino alfalfa fields, (Cal. Ins. Rept,, Apr. 30). UTAH - Damaging alfalfa in Kane County. (Rose, Knowlton), WYOMING- Thirty to 40 aphids per 10 sweeps on alfalfa in Goshen County. (Spackman). COWPEA APHID (Aphis medicaginis) - ARKANSAS - Infestations have been general but light in alfalfa and clover fields, (Warren), -430- LEAF HOPPERS - RHODE ISLAND - Adults appearing on clover and alfalfa, (Kantack), NEBRASKA - From 20-25 Macrosteles fascifrons per 20 sweeps and 15-30 Aceratagallia uhleri per 25 sweeps on wheat and oats in Platte Valley and Niobrara River areas. (Andersen), From 20-25 Endria inimica per 25 sweeps in alfalfa in Lincoln area, (Connin), MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - RHODE ISLAND - Few nymphs in alfalfa in southwest area. (Kantack}). PENNSYLVANIA - Heavy infestation on oats Northumberland County. (Pepper), DELAWARE- Abundant on red clover in many places and increasing on alfaifa, (Milliron), ILLINOIS - Average infestation is 25 per 100 stems for State, Average for central and northeastern areas is 45 to 50 per 100 stems. (Petty et al). ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEW JERSEY - Collected in Sussex and Warren Counties, (DeBlois, Merrill), DELAWARE - Injury increasing on all untreated older aifalfa, {Milliron), MARYLAND- Damage by larvae to unsprayed alfalfa continues heavy in most sections, New adults appearing, {U. Md., Ent. Dept.), PENNSYLVANIA - All stages in alfalfa in Chester and Delaware Counties. Heaviest infesta- tions found in Berks County, a few in Dauphin and Lebanon Counties, (Menusan), COLORADO - Larvae apoearing in alfalfa in Weld County May 5. Substantial population of the parasite, Bathyplectes curculionis along with weevil larvae in western area, (Colo, Ins. Det. Comm.). UTAH - Control operations underway with substantial acreages being treated in most counties, (Knowlton). LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigvirostris) - DELAWARE - Much injury to red clover at all locations, (Milliron). ILLINOIS - Maximum of 53 percent of stems found infested by larvae in north- eastern section, (Petty et ai). SWEETCLOVER WHEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - NORTH DAKOTA - Adults notching leaves of mature plants in many localities, (Goodfellow), NEBRASKA - Average per 25 sweeps in sweetclover: 20 in Gage County, 8 in Logan County. (Connin, Andersen), POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - ILLINOIS - Definitely collected from southwestern, southern and eastern areas. (Petiy et al), TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - NEBRASKA - Per 25 sweeps on alfalfa: 15-30 in east central and Platte Valley areas and 12-25 in Niobrara River area, (Andersen). WYOMING - Ten adults per 100 sweeps on alfalfa in Goshen County, (Spackman). -431- ‘LOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - NEVADA - Economic damage to field of alfalfa in Churchill County. (Lauderdale). UTAH - Infes- tation high on alfalfa in Long Valley, Kane County. (Rose). VAGABOND CRAMBUS (Crambus vulgivagellus) - ARKANSAS - Fields of clover and fescue in north central area damaged heavily. (Warren). A CLOVER HOPPER (Tortistilus inermis) - NEW MEXICO - Large numbers in alfalfa in Dona Ana County. (Ins. Lett., May 7). BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - ILLINOIS - Becoming» more abundant. Average population in clover fields in western area 1S 8.6 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al). ARKANSAS - Infestations general over northern half of State. Severe in some soybean fields of north- eastern area. Up to 5 per foot of row in Mississippi County. (Warren). A BLUEGRASS APHID (Rhopalosiphum poae) - CALIFORNIA - Heavy damaging infestation found on Merion bluegrass in Kern County March 8. First record of aphid in California, (Armitage). SPITTLEBUGS - NEW YORK - Activity increasing considerably in. Ulster County; controls underway on alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil. (Palmer). FRUIT INSECTS CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - NEW YORK - Pupation under tree bands in eastern area increasing, (Dean), MARYLAND - Began to emerge from averwintering cages, May 10, at Hancock. (U. of Md., Ent. Dept.). OHIO - Light emergence with little or no egg laying to May 12. (Cutright). ILLINOIS - Heavy emergence May 5-7 at Anna and Carbondale indicates heavy hatch soen, (Chandler). First larvae May 9 on unsprayed apple in Carbondale area. (Chandler; Arnold). MISSOURI - Larvae in Columbia area, May 7. Additional reports of hew entries from St. Joseph and Independence areas. (Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow. ). KANSAS - Activity started for northeast section. First moths of 1955 season taken from cages May 4 Doniphan County. (Eshbaugh). COLORADO - First emergence May 5; last season April 22. Numbers low and scattered in western area. (Colo. Ins. Det. Comm.). OREGON - First moth of seasou found in bait pan May 9, Medford area. (Gentner). -434- EUROPEAN RED MITE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - WASHINGTON - hatching May 4 to 9 in Wenatchee area. (O'Neill). OREGON - First -arvae noted May 9 on apples at Hood River and on pear at Medford. \ENlertison, Gentner), CALIFORNIA - Some medium infestations on deciduous fruit orchards in Santa Cruz County. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Rpt. Apr. 30). OHIO - Oviposition by first generation nearing completion, May 12. Infestation varies widely in different orchards. (Cutright). PENNSYLVANIA - In Tioga County 300 mites per leaf in an unsprayed apple orchard. (Gesell), NEW YORK - First summer eggs at Pough- keepsie, May 14. Heavy oviposition may be expected for next several days. (Dean). MARYLAND - Heavy populations in some orchards reach- ing 50 mites per leaf, Hancock, May 10. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). MAINE - First generation larvae found May 12 on apple foliage at Monmouth. (Boulanger). ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - NEW JERSEY - Con-~ siderable activity in northern and southern areas. (Merrill). DELAWARE- First injury of the season to peaches. (Late News), CALIFORNIA - Large numbers of overwintering moths emerged during March and April in several small peach orchards south of Kingsburg. These infestations are in Fresno, Kings and Tulare Counties, and where damage for the State was heavy in 1954. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest Rpt. ) RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - NEW YORK - Trap captures continued heavy but number of eggs remains small. Hatch- ing occurred May 10 and 12 in eastern area. (Dean). Hatching in Niagara County May 12, Orleans County May 13 and May ll in Monroe County. (Wk'y. News Lett.). MARYLAND - Practically all first-brood eggs hatched, Hancock, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). MISSOURI - Although practically non- existent for last two years, is evidently appearing again. Damage occurred in an orchard in the northwestern area. Infestations appear to be more noticeable on apples with large leaves. (Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow. ). COLORADO - Emerging in large numbers, May 5, western area. (Colo. Ins. Det. (\Conams), PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - MASSACHUSETTS - On May 1a, 86 curculios collected and 35 on May 16, Amherst area. (Crop Pest Cont. Mess. ). NEW YORK ~ Emerging for last 10 days in western area but cool weather has retarded activity. First oviposition scars May 18, Geneva. (Smith), PENNSYLVANIA - Light infestation gener- ally on apple, cherry, plum in Snyder County. (Gesell), DELAWARE - First injury to peach recorded for season. (Late News). MISSOURI - Activity greater this year than in past 2 years. Adult activity dropped ~433- off sharply in all areas. (Wkly Rpt. Fr. Grow.). OHIO - Ovipositing in plums on May 10, Insects much more numerous than in preceeding weeks, (Rings). KANSAS - Considerable activity on peaches and apples in northeastern area, (Eshbaugh). SPIDER MITES - NORTH CARCLINA - First eggs from overwintering adults of Tetranychus schoenei noted in Alexander County on apple trees. (Turnipseed, Farrier), UTAH - Brown mite hatching in numbers in_ many orchards throughout Utah. Most dominant species on most fruit trees. (Knowlton), TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - MAINE - Attacking apple fruit buds at Monmouth ay 3. (Boulanger). EYE-SPOTTED BUD MOTH (Spilonota ocellana) - PENNSYLVANIA _ ee. infestation of full-grown larvae on apple in Beaver County. ams), FLATHEA DED APPLE TREE BORER (Chrysobothris femorata) - OKLAHOMA - Active. (Bieberdorf). GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - COLORADO - Populations building up in unsprayed orchards in western areas. (Colo. Ins. Dew Comm.), UTAH - Moderately numerous on peaches at Moab. (Tibbetts). A LEAF MINER (Lithocolletis sp.) - OREGON ~ First eggs on apple leaves, May 9, Medford area. Adults very abundant this spring on trunks of apple trees, (Gentner). AN UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) - MARYLAND - Populations heavy in a few isolated orchards at Hancock, Up to 6 larvae per leaf in one orchard. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ). WESTERN GRAPE LEAF SKELETONIZER (Harrisina brillians) ~ ARIZONA - Adults abundant around dooryard plantings of grape at meson. Mayi6., (Ariz. Coop. kpt.)). GRAPE FLEA BEETLE (Altica chalybea) - PENNSYLVANIA = Large numbers of larvae on backyard grapes in Greene County. (Udine). PECAN NUT CASEBEARER (Acrobasis caryae) - TEXAS - Medium widespread on pecans in Matagorda County. Attack on nuts beginning. (Pfannstiel). A FILBERT APHID (Myzocallis coryli) - OREGON - Building up on filberts in Canby area. Untreated trees in 1954 now have average poprlations of 23 per leaf. (Ellertson). -434- CLIMBING CUTWORMS - UTAH - Extremely numerous and causing some damage in stone fruit orchards in North Ogden, May 7. (Gerber, Davis), Damaging orchards in some areas of Box Elder and Utah Counties, (Ailred, Knowlton). CAT-FACING INSECTS - OHIO - Stink bugs relatively inactive during most of week because of cool weather. Very few eggs deposited by Euschistus variolarius and BE. tristigmus, (Rings, Brooks). CITRUS RED MITE (Metatetranychus citri) - CALIFORNIA - Light to heavy infestations in San Bernardino County, light to medium in Orange County citrus orchards, Control applied, In San Diego County infesta~ tions below normal, (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest Rpt., Apr. 30). CALIFORNIA RED SCALE (Aonidiella aurantii) - CALIFORNIA - Light to heavy in San Bernardino County, medium in Orange and Santa Barbara Counties on citrus. Control applied. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest eyjolty uote, (SO), TRUCK CROP INSECTS MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - PENNSYLVANIA - First adult noted May 12, Chester County, on beans. (Menusan), VIRGINIA - Not appearing in numbers yet, but a good rain will prob- ably bring many of them ou: cf hibernation quarters in the eastern area, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster}. SOUTH CAROLINA - Apparently much less abundant than normal in snap bean plantings observed in Charleston County, (Cuthbert), PEA LEAF WEEVIL (Sitona lineata) - OREGON - Spread south in the Willamette Valley to Polk and Marion Counties, Collected by sweeping peas 8 miles north of Rickreall and 6 miles north of Salem. No damage noted, (Prescott), PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Increasing in nearly all commercial peas from Middleton southward. Likely to become serious inSmyrna, Houston and Milton areas. (Milliron). WASH-First apterous female collected May 8 on alfalfa at Pullman; apparently had overwintered in that location. (Johansen), BEAN LEAF BERTLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - DELAWARE - Injuring beans at Bridgeville. (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Light to moderate injury by adults on most plantings of early snap beans in eastern area, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster). A WEEVIL (Aphrastus unicolor) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on black-eyed peas and melons in Wilson and KarnesCounties. (Loessin, Anderson, Griffin), -435- COWPEA CURCULIO (Chalcodermus aeneus) - TEXAS - Causing Se eee damage in limited acreage planted this year in lower Rio Grande Valley area. (Wene). SEED CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - DELAWARE - Adults numerous everywhere, Emerging in bean fields at Milford and Bridge- ville, (Milliron), HARLEQUIN BUG (Murgantia histrionica) - ARKANSAS - On crucifers 9 in northwestern area. Infestations heavy in some instances. (Warren). IMPORTED CABBACEWORM (Pieris rapae) - RHODE ISLAND - Numerous adults in Washington County. (Kantack). DELAWARE - Eggs on cabbage and kale at most locations in Kent and Sussex Counties. Hatching in vicinity of Georgetown, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Larvae becoming numerous and damaging cabbage and broccoli from Kent to St, Marys Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). SOUTH DAKOTA - Eggs being deposited on cabbage and cauliflower, (Lofgren, May Tot) DIAMONDBACK MOTH (Plutella rmaculipennis) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Considerable injury to unprotected plantings of cabbage in Charleston Cae eas ae higher than any occurring during recent years. uthbert), CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - PENNSYLVANIA - Severe infestation in field of cabbage in Adams County. (Pepper). DELAWARE- Severe on cabbage near Slaughter Beach, (Milliron), MARYLAND - eet ve heavy on garden cabbage in St. Marys County. (U. Md., Ent. ept. ), BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - ILLINOIS - Collected one specimen in 750 sweeps on horseradish, May ll. (Petty). NEVADA - Migrations from southern desert areas are passing through southern Nevada. Populations on tomatoes in Clark County have in- creased to 2-1/2 per square foot during the past 2 weeks. (Dorst, Goff). SPIDER MITES - SOUTH CAROLINA - Light but general infestations in cucumber fields observed in Charleston County. Injurious popula- tions in a few localized spots, (Cuthbert), AN ARCTIID (Apantesis sp.) - FLORIDA - Averaging 2 to 3 larvae per watermelon plant, Corn and Gotten also infested Madison County. (Hamrick). TOMATO PINWORM (Keiferia lycopersicella) - FLORIDA - Averag- ing 50 larvae per plant completely destroyed foliage of Irish potatoes in a small patch in Gulf County. (Lamb). -456- TOMATO DSYLLID (Paratrioza cocxerelli) - CALIFORNIA - Some damage to young tomato plants, stil! uncer caps, in San Diego County. Control applied.) (Call) Coop, ims, Pest Rpt.) Apr. 30). (COLORADO — Averaging 50 per 100 sweeps on matrimonyvine at Fort Collins. Con- ditions favorable for breeding. Host plant conditions improved with recent rains. (Colo, Ins. Det. Comm.), WYOMING - Adults on Lycium in Goshen County, 10 per 100 sweeps. (Wallis). CUTWORMS - NEW JERSEY - Reports of serious damage to tomato and other vegetable transplants, (Merril). DELAWARE - Considerable damage to tomato plants at Newark and reported from other parts of State, (Milliron}, MARYLAND - Numerous reports of damage to pera potatces and corn, from Talootto Kent Counties. Oy, Md., Ent. Dept, ). CLAY-BACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis gladiaria) - PENNSYLVANIA - Considerable damage to commercial tomato plantings in Dauphin County (Menusan); in Adams County commercial tomato plantings two-thirds cut off in one night, also attacking cabbage; in York County heavy infestation and serious damage to tomato, cabbage and corn. (Pepper). COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - VIRGINIA- Moderate infestation of adults and larvae on potatoes in Chatham area. (Dominick, Muka), DELAWARE - Adults injurious and depositing numerous eggs on untreated potatoes in several areas. (Milliron). MARYLAND - Eggs numerous on potatoes and tomatoes in all sections. (Ol Midas Ente Depe. )s I'LEA BEETLES - NEW YORK - Very severe on untreated cole crops in Orange County. (Zaharchuk), MARYLAND - Numbers increasing on cabbage, potatoes and tomatoes in all sections. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). DELAWARE - Becoming more numerous on untreated potatces from Middleton seuthward. Feeding heavily in several areas. (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Many growers in eastern area had to treat potatoes, tomatoes and other ¢rops for beetles. (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), WYOMING. - Adults of Epitrix tuberis on Lycium in Goshen County, 2 per 100 sweeps. (Wallis). ARTICHOKE PLUME MOTH (Platyptilia carduidactyla) - CALIFORNIA - Five to 20 percent of artichoke buds reported intested in Monterey County, Light to medium in Santa Barbara County. (Cal, Coop. Ins. IDES IO m Ayo, SO))n SPINACH LEAF MINER (Pegomya hyoscyami) - MASSACHUSETTS - Early eggs found May 11 on overwintered spinach in Essex County. (Crop Pest Cont. Mess. ). -437- ONION THRIPS (Thrips tabaci) - DELAWARE - Appearing on onions at Townsend and Georgetown, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Streaking onions in Kent and St. Marys Counties. (U, Md., Ent, Dept.). ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) - IDAHO - Flies coming out of hibernation about May 1. (Walz). STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae) - ILLINOIsS- Heavy infestation in Union County strawberry beds. in new plantings percentage of leaves rolled was much greater than1l6 percent. This is the first time in many years that the infestation has increased to noticeable proportions in the Carbondale area, (Chandler). MISSOURI- Widespread reports of activity. (Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow.). TORTRICIDS - PENNSYLVANIA - Numbers of Amelia pallorana and possibiy Platynota sp, in leaves of strawberry in Centre County, Apr. 21. Control necessary. Both species det. H. W. Capps. (Gesell). APHIDS ON STRAWBERRIES - DELAWARE - Some plantings in Georgetown-Bridgeville area heavily infested with Capitophorus fragaefolii, Aphis forbesi numerous at Vandyke and present at George- town. (Milliron), MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - DELAWARE - Moderately abundant on strawoerries generally, (Milliron). CYCLAMEN MITE (Tarsonemus pallidus) - CALIFORNIA - Medium | on strawberry plants in San Joaquin, Orange and Santa Barbara Counties, light to heavy in Santa Cruz County but sufficiently serious in Sacramento County to warrant control. (Cal. Coop. Ins, Pest Rpt., Apr. 30). TERMITES - OKLAHOMA - Reported damaging roots of drought- damaged blackberry plants. (Stiles, Tomlinson). VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - MARYLAND- Damage to tobacco plants in beds by small to full-grown larvae is spotty in St. Marys County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept.). TENNESSEE - Light, very scattered infestations in most all tobacco counties. (Mullett). ARKANSAS - Infestations in southeastern area, Numbers heavy, 4-5 per plant, on melons, Ashley County. (Warren). TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation in tobacco plant beds in Ashe County. (Daniel). MARYLAND - Light damage te tobacco in beds in St, Marys County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). DELAWARE - General on potatoes but not in unusual numbers, (Milliron). ~438- WIREWORMS - NORTH CAROLINA - Ninety percent of newly-set tobacco on 1-1/2 acres and 70 percent on two acres damaged in Brunswick County. (Knowles), GRASSHOPPERS - NORTH CAROLINA - Melanoplus femur-rubrum, M mexicanus and Dissosteira carolina damaging newly-set tobacco Bene a Columbus County, abcut 5 percent replanting, (Mitchell, arrier). HORNWORMS -(Protoparce spp, ) - FLORIDA - One larva per 29 plants caused minor damage to tobacco on one farm in Union County. (Cowen). TENNESSEE - First P, sexta of season in light traps in Lawrence, Maury and Cumberland Counties. (Dozier). A WOOLLYBEAR (Estigmene sp.) - FLORIDA - Averaging two larvae per square foot, destroyed acres of tobacco, lupine, velvetbeans, and corn at Pinetta, Madison County. (Hamrick), COTTON INSECTS BOLE Wis PVE CANnica omlomauis ioaand aS) =) S @)U) a en CAROLINA - First weevils this year on cotton April 27 in Allendale County. (Rogers). Percent survival in cages at Florence to May 13 was 1.4 compared with .09 percent to same date in i954. Eight weevils found in 1/5 acre trap plot during week. (Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan). LOUISIANA - Found in one of 33 fields examined in Taliulah area. Rate of 256 per acre in this field. Percent survival in cages at Tallulah from May 1-13 was .4 percent. (Gaines et al), TEXAS - A few heavy infestations in lower valley area, (Wene, Deer), Weevils increasing in young cotton, but numbers still much lower than last year at this time. Percentage survival in hibernation cages at Waco indicates higher carry- over than since 1950, (Martin, Davis, May 10). BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Still causing damage in a few fields in Rio Hondo area, lower Rio Grande Valley. (Wene, Deer), SOUTH CAROLINA- Total of 425 Heliothis armigera moths taken in light trap at Florence compared with 14 for previous week. One H, virescens also taken, (Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan). PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - Found in small numbers on cotton in lower Rio Grande Valley. (Wene, Deer). FLORIDA - Wild cotton eradication operations for the past season in southern Florida and surrounding islands may be summarized as follows: About 4 percent more acres were covered than in the previous season and 2] percent less plants were found. Approximately 2-1/2 times as many bolls were inspected, resulting in locating 8 infested plant colonies. In the previous season 29 colonies were infested. (Wild Cott. Hrad: Proje). -439~- COTTON FLEAHOCPPER (Psallus seriatus) - TEXAS - Hibernation studies at Waco and College station indicate heaviest spring emergence since 1949, Marked increase in migration to cotton in coastal bend, upper ccastal, south central, east and central areas, but infestations decreasing in lower valley, (Davis, Martin). Unusually large numbers in most fields in McLennan and Falls Counties for time of year, 10.3 per 100 linear feet of row in 11 fields. (Parencia et al). ARKANSAS - Adults and nymphs collected from roadside and field.borders. (Warren). GRASSHOPPERS - TEXAS - Have moved into several fields of cotton in river bottoms of Brazos and Burleson Counties, Controls in a few fields. Migration expected to increase in other areas also. (Martin, Davis, May 10). THRIPS - ARIZONA - Large acreages being treated week ending May 6. Average .5 thrips per plant in unthinned cotton in Buckeye area, Maricopa County, and 1 thrips per plant at Continental, Pima County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS - Increasing on cotton in most areas, (Davis, Martin, May 10). Injurious infestation in 10 of 14 fields examined in McLennan and Falls Counties. (Parencia et al), LOUISIANA - Frankliniella fusca infestations light to moderate in cotton in several parishes. (Oliver). Light in many fields in Tallulah area but severe infew. {Gaines et al). MISSISSIPPI - Light to medium in most fields in Stoneville area, with some heavy infestations re- quiring treatment, (Merkl et al). SOUTH CAROLINA - Infestations in cotton mostly light. (Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan). APHIDS - MISSISSIPPI - Infestation general in Stoneville area. (Merkl et al). ARKANSAS - Light numbers of Aphis gossypii on cotton. (Warren). TEXAS - Have increased on cotton in east, central, south central, upper coastal and coastal bend areas, (Martin, Davis, May 10). ARIZONA - A. medicaginis causing concern in all areas, May 6. Treatment in many fields. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). SPIDER MITES - TEXAS - Light general infestation in lower Rio Grande Valley, but could increase to destructive numbers if weather becomes favorable. (Wene, Deer). Continue to increase in many fields in several areas; however, very few fields have infestations that justify treatment. (Davis, Martin, May 10). MISSISSIPPI - Infestations general in Stoneville area, (Merkl et al). GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostege similalis) - TEXAS - Destroying leaves in a few fields in the lower Rio Grande Valley. (Wene, Deer). LOUISIANA - Infestation noted in several cotton fields. (Oliver). YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) - LOUISIANA - Geeral light widespread infestation in Several parishes. (Oliver). -440- BROWN COTTON LEAFWCRM (Acontia dacia} - THXAS - Scattered larvae, occasional egg and adult In Several fields in McLennan and Falls Counties, (Parencia et al), LOUISIANA - Found in 4 of 12 fields ex- emined in Natchitoches, Red River, Bossier and Bienville Parishes and in 3 fields in Avoyelles and Rapides Parishes, (Oliver). WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES (Graphognathus spp. ) - MISSISSIPPI - Damaging cotton and corn in Forrest County. {Sheffield}. VEGETABLE WEEVIL and SUGARCANE BEETLE - ARKANSAS - Damage to seedling cotton in Ashley and Chicot Counties. (Warren). LEAF MINERS - TEXAS - Unusually heavy on seedling cotton in eastern and part of south central area, ‘Martin, Davis, May 10). CUTWORMS - FLORIDA - Feltia subterranea destroyed small area of ae . Jay, Santa Rosa County, 4-8 larvae per infested plant, utton), — ee ee me rm cae ee ee ee ee en es ee ee ee en ee ee ee ee ee ee GYPSY MOTH (Porthetria dispar) - RHODE ISLAND - First hatch of season at Johnson May 10. (Mathewson, Kantack) JACK PINE BUDWORM (Choristoneura pinus) - MINNESOTA - Hatching in infested areas of central and north central districts, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv. } FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - MINNESOTA - ‘Third and fourth instars in Pine County and around Twin Cities, Hatch complete in Duluth area, but infestation still very light and spotty. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv.). EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) - MASSACHUSETTS = Infestation general and very heavy in Amherst area, especially on wild cl@rry and old neglected apple trees. Much less evident in area directly sprayed for gypsy moth control last year. (Bourne), MINNESOTA - Larvae in third and fourth instars in east central area, Tents very abundant. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv. ). SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana) - MINNESOTA - Third instar larvae already feeding in shoots of balsam in northeastern area by May 18, (Minn. Ins, Rept. Serv.). SPRING CANKEPWORM (Paleacrita uy - IJ. LINOIS ~ Severely damaging elms in western area, (Betty et al). ~441- PINE SAWFLIES - TEXAS - Causing defoliation of longleaf pine in Newton County. (Tex, For. Serv.), ARKANSAS - About 50 percent defoliation on 160 acres and scattered infestations on additional acreage in Drew County. (Ark, St. Forest, Comm.,). PINE LEAF APHID (Pineus pinifoliae) - MINNESOTA - Has caused considerable injury and some mortality to white pine in extreme north- eastern area, (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv.). i PALES WEEVIL (Hylobius pales) - TEXAS - Mortality of seedlings for second year after planting on land where pine cut immediately before planting in Nacogdoches County, (Tex. For. Serv.), ARKANSAS - Found in several pine plantations in northwest Ashley County where stands salvaged last fall because of fire kill. (Ark. St, Forest Comm. ). PINE NEEDLE SCALE (Phenacaspis pinifoliae) - RHODE ISLAND - Moderate infestation over State, (entacky: IPS BEETLES - TEXAS - Continue to cause minor mortality in central area of east Texas, (Tex. For. Serv.). ARGENTINE ANT (Iridomyrmex humilis) - ARIZONA - Small colony found in a nursery at Phoenix. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). WHITE PINE APHID (Cinara strobi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Large clusters on new growth of white pine in Greene County. (Udine). WILLOW SAWFLY (Nematus ventralis) - PENNSYLVANIA - Defoliating weeping willows in Greene County. (Udine). A WEEVIL - PENNSYLVANIA - Probably BLACK VINE WEEVIL destroyed 10, 000 three-year seedlings of black spruce in Somerset County; in Indiana County $10,000 damage to three-year old Scotch pine and blue spruce in one nursery. (Udine), SPRUCE SPIDER MITE (Paratetranychus ununquis) - PENNSYLVANIA- Abundant on Norway spruce in Centre County, May 7. (Udine). EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (Rhyacionia buoliana) - PENNSYLVANIA~ ganda infestation on red pine in Greene County. Beginning to pupate, | (Udine). -442- APHIDS - NEW MEXICO - Continue serious problem on roses and chrysanthemums in southern area, (Ins. Lett., May 7). PENNSYLVANIA - Macrosiphum rosae moderate and general on rose in Green County. (Udine). INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS ee me re a ee en ee re ee ee ee ee eee ee eee SCREW-WORM (Callitroga hominivorax) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Reported on cattle in Colleton County April 28. (Alford). FLORIDA - Because of continued cold weather the past winter there is lowest fly population in State since spring of 1951, (Skipper), SHEEP-KED (Melophagus ovinus) - UTAH - Again abundant. Controls in several counties, (Funk, Grimshaw, Burtenshaw, Knowlton). HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) - NEW MEXICO - Have appeared on cattle in southern half of State. Counts of 25-50 per cow in Dona Ana County. (Ins. Lett., May 7). PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant on beef animals in field in Fulton County. (Udine). CATTLE GRUBS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Heel flies causing cattle to stampede in Spartanburg. (Nettles). A BLACK FLY (Simulium venustum) - NORTH DAKOTA - Abundant locally in Fargo, 17 coliected in 20 minutes, Three weeks earlier than last reported invasion in1950, (Post), MOSQUITOES - UTAH - Larvae required control in Weber County. (Fronk), MINNESOTA - Emergence of early spring Aedes about com- plete. Breeding of A, fitchii exceptionally heavy, but species pestiferous only in wooded areas. Breeding of A. vexans has been light. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv. }. A MIDGE (Hydrobaenus sp.) - IDAHO - Collected from storage reser- voir of Twin Falls city water supply. (Reinstein, Douglass). TICKS - UTAH - Have appeared on cattle in Sevier and Millard Counties. (Guymon, Rickenbach). LONE STAR TICK (Amblyomma americanum) - DELAWARE - One specimen taken at Greenville. (MacCreary). TEXAS - Medium infestations on cattle in untreated herds in Sabine County. (Thompson). OKLAHOMA - Averages 25 replete females per animal in Cherokee County. (Howell). AMERICAN DOG TICK (Dermacentor variabilis) - RHODE ISLAND - Continues numerous over State. (Kantack). MARYLAND =] Infestations e ane aa cases reported, Bethesda, Montgomery County. (U. Md., nt epl, -443 - BENEFICIAL INSECTS. LADY BEETLES - ILLINOIS - Heavy population continues in clover and alfalfa fields. Average population by sections 15-150 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al, May 6). MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - IDAHO-Reports of nuisance in homes less than in past two years. (Walz), WASHINGTON - Very annoying around dwellings, however, good control obtained, (O'Neil). ADDITIONAL NOTES GEORGIA - ARMYWORM - Light on 3, 000 acres oats in Washington County, May 9-10. (Turner), Light in 30 acres oats in Fayette County; wasp parasites active, May 9. (Beckham, Dupree). Survey as of May 6 shows heavy infestation in 27 counties, mostly between Jasper County in central and Seminole County in southwestern corner of the State; medium in 15 counties in the west, mainly between Barton and Stewart Counties; light in 11 counties scattered in western area, Eggs noted in Chattooga, Floyd, Barton and Polk Counties. (Maxwell). LESSER CORNSTALK BORER light to moderate in corn in Tift County. (McGill). Damaging corn in Bleckley County, (Jordan). Moderate adult VEGETABLE WEEVIL leaf feeding in pimiento pepper in Spalding County, (Beckham), Heavy infestation of mature HORNWORM larvae on tomatoes in Tift County. (Morgan). MINNESOTA - GRASSHOPPERS - Large numbers of Melanoplus bivittatus hatched in Anoka County, up to 400 nymphs per square font in grassy field margins, in alfalfa and oat stubble, Hatching lighter in Isanti and Pine Counties, some in Morrison County, HUROPEAN CORN BORER pupation well underway in southern area, from 5-7 percent in south central to 10-12 in southwestern district. Pupation not reported in 1954 until May 24-28. LYGUS BUGS average 0-5 adults per 10 sweeps in south central area, PEA APHID continues to increase, 2-15 per 10 sweeps in south central district. From 0-20 SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL per 20 sweeps in south central area. (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv.). yemiTe ye ¢ “ebnoy uoyeg ye sdeay omy, , S h, ET i vI-6/¢ uostey|: TF CZ Ee 6 LY € QT-6/G wojsstreu- EO=9 ie T L-@/G ‘OE (AqUNOD) “We, "dds $§ Z bY Té ZO 26 981 vz voybutyse G 9 T JOATY [1e3g G & v 6S Ov 86 eyeqqnyo G OT Zz OL L 2 shoryd ung 8 G Vv Et-LU/S eULOYeor) (SetqUNOD) “egy < S 6 83 ol vs L/G-8¢/% “AY IETO 5 T Ge GG OTT 81S 6L/G-68/% *j0he 7 x z v 8 T G1/G-62/% “UE A. SWehiave — apne = Cahier oe "0101g StIOVSH Bley smouby “polied -poad Tepnesd SNOLLOUTIOO dVUL LHOTT -559- SURVEY METHODS JAPANESE BEETLE (POPILLIA JAPONICA) Methods Used by the Japanese Beetle Laboratory, Entomology Research Branch The presence of the Japanese beetle in an area can be detected by placing bait traps at suitable sites during the pericd of flight of the adults. The density of the population can be estimated by observing the extent of feeding by the adults on favored food plants and by the ex- amination of soil at selected sites to determine the number of grubs present. Traps are of value in determining the presence of beetles in areas re- mote from the generally infested region, In these areas traps attract and capture beetles even when a diligent search often fails to reveal their presence, Beetles are drawn from the leeward te a trap by means of an attractant, Most of those captured fly into the superstructure of the trap and fall into a receptacle from which they can not escape. The trap consists of a four-winged baffle mounted on top of a funnel, a device for holding the dispenser of the attractant, and a receptacle for holding captured beetles, and is painted a high luster yellow. The attractant is a 10:1 mixture of technical geraniol and U.S. P. eugenol by volume or a 9:1 mixture of technical anethole and U.S, P. eugenol by volume and is dispensed by means of a bottle and wick, The details with reference to the trap are given in U.S.D.A. Circular 594. The best results are ob- tained when a trap is hung on a rod or other suitable support in a sunny location so that it is 4 to 5 feet above the ground and to the windward of plants most subject to attack. It should not be closer than 10 to 25 feet to plants on the leeward. If located so that the odor of the attractant is carried across an open field, a trap may attract beetles from a distance of 500 yards. When trees, buildings and other obstacles deflect and im- pede the movement of air, the zone of attraction is reduced considerably. When a trap is favorably placed, it can be expected to capture about three-fourths of the beetles attracted to it. The density of the adult population in an area can be estimated when the beetles are present in the greatest numbers or when the injury by feeding is the most noticeable. The tree hosts most useful in estimating feeding damage are elm, horsechestnut, linden, Lombardy poplar, Norway maple, planetree, white birch, willow, apple, cherry, peach, and plum. The low-growing plants and vines most useful for this purpose are elder, grape, sassafras, smartweed, and Virginia creeper or woodbine. Althea, dahlia, rose, and zinnia are often good indicators, and asparagus, alfalfa, clover, corn, and soybeans are sometimes useful when examining fields and gardens. In some areas other plants may be used in estimating the -060- reeding; a complete list cf the food plants of the beetle is given in U.S.D.A, Circular 547, The lacy appearance of the damaged leaves on most plants within the infested area may be attributed to feeding by the Japanese beetle, but the foliage on representative plants should be carefully examined to determine that the injury was caused by the beetle. Of course, estimates of teeding should not be made on plants that have been sprayed or dusted with an insecticide, Usually in making a survey of an area, observations are made from a car driven slowly along the roads, and the extent of feeding is recorded at various points on a map according to the following numerical system: (1) Very severe. Over 50 percent of the host trees entirely brown from beetle feeding; vine hosts completely defoliated. (2) Severe. From 25 percent to 5G percent of tree hosts mostly brown; nearly all vines defoliated. (3) Moderately severe. From 10 percent to 25 percent of tree hosts brown; heavy feeding on vines. (4) Moderate. Less than 10 percent of host trees partly brown; moderate feeding on vines. (5) Light. Tree hosts not showing brown though there may be evidence of light feeding on close examination; light feeding on vines apparent from a short distance. (6) Very light. Occasional light feeding that is apparent only on close examination, The beetles or eaten leaves are located only after a search. With the symbols indicating the extent of feeding on the map, it is then possible to make a general estimate of the density of the Japanese beetle population in the area, The examination of soil for the immature stages of the beetle is usually limited to a specific lawn, golf course, park or pasture, and is con- ducted to determine whether the injury to the grass is caused by the grubs feeding on the roots and to determine the density of the population in the soil. Many areas of turf in the eastern part of the United States have been ruined by these grubs. In making the examination, a square foot of sod is removed to a depth of 3 or 4 inches and placed in a large tray or other suitable container. The soil is removed from the roots and ex- amined carefully to determine the number of grubs present. The pro- cedure is repeated at other spots until a sufficient area has been examined to establish approximately the severity of the infestation. Usually 12 or 15 spots are enough to obtain a general estimate of the density of the population ina suburban lawn, (W. E. Fleming). agi : Hie a tae al, Bie i Ba Rea ae | tee ee i Pe. { : M /. leg fe VOL.5 No.25 JUNE 24,1955 34 lo esl C74 ) Oye Cooperative ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH nw oon AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE 04) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Re Se AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. Volume 5 June 24, 1950 No, 25 COOL ERADIVEDECONOMICVINSE Gf REPORT Highlights of Insect Conditions The GRASSHOPPER situation is the outstanding insect problem this week according to reports. Threat to crops in Missouri remains with damage increasing. Destructive populations, where not controlled, continue to develop in Kansas but mostly confined to fence rows and margins now. Nebraska is having damage to alfalfa, sweetclover and margins of corn fields. Rains not affecting populations in latter two States. Infestations serious on pastures and crops in northeast and north central Texas and on rangeland in northern panhandle. Menace to range- land continues in several counties of New Mexico and populations build- ing up in cultivated crops. Serious increase reported from southwestern Colorado with some crop damage. Oklahoma, Kentucky and Delaware have abundant populations in some sections but infestations remain spotted in Illinois. (p. 563). EUROPEAN CORN BORER egg-laying complete in Illinois south of line from Quincy to Chaiipaign, nearing peak in northern counties. Egg masses per 100 plants (tallest corn) in Iowa: southern 200-600, central 20-300, northern 12-100. Up to 2 egg masses per stalk of large corn in northwest corner of Missouri, from 12 to 60 egg masses per 100 plants in eastern Nebraska and feeding evident in Kansas but few egg masses. A few second instars in Pennsylvania, third instars in sweet- corn in Kansas and some half-grown larvae in central Iowa. (pp. 564, 582). CORN EARWORM moths and eggs abundant in Manhattan, Kansas, from 4-60 percent of stalks injured in many fields of southern Missouri, one egg per silk on sweetcorn at East St. Louis, Illinois, and heavy damage some fields in Virginia. (p. 564). CHINCH BUG in outbreak proportions in some central and southeast areas of Kansas, damage to seedling sorghum and milo. (p. 565). ARMYWORM continues damage in Delaware but declining or scattered in other areas, (p, 565). Iowa reported its first larval activity of season, (p. 582). SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM adults very numerous on corn in south- east South Dakota and eastern Nebraska. Virginia expects heavy infes- tations in peanuts. (p. 565). CORN ROOT APHID heavier than normal in Nebraska, damaging corn in some western and southern counties of Iowa and in Delaware. (pp. 566, 582). ENGLISH GRAIN APHID unusually abundant throughout Wisconsin. (p. 537). POTATO LEAFHOPPER active on alfalfa in Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Illinois (p. 567) and common on potatoes in Wisconsin and areas of Pennsylvania and building up on this crop in Nebraska (p. 572). i (Continued next page) ~562~ Heavy populations of PEA APHID persist on alfalfa western Nebraska and central Kansas but Idaho has unusually low population in south- western area, (p. 567). Threatening to peas Cache Valley, Utah; counts in central and southern Minnesota remain high; large number af winged forms at Yakima, Washington; widespread control measures in Wis- consin, (p, 573), YELLOW CLOVER APHID continues mostly light in alfalfa in Arizona, Kansas and Texas but still problem in New Mexico and very heavy in Murray County, Oklahoma. (p. 569). CODLING MOTH between broods in Indiana and activity decreasing other areas but could be heavy in western New York until end of June; emergence later than 1954 in Colo.(p 569),Hrst known infestations of PEAR PSYLLA in commercial pear orchards in California. Insect first recorded in State May, 1953, (p. 570). ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH injury to peach terminals in Pennsylvania, Mississippi and California but first brood low in northern Ohio. (p. 570). Second-brood CUR- CULIOS expected heavy in southern Illinois. Adults abundant untreated orchards in Ohio and Minnesota and activity continues high in western New York, Severe on apples some areas of Indiana. (p. 570). EURO- PE AN RED MITE increasing in Massachusetts, some damage in New Jersey but cool weather checking activity in Ohio. (p, 570). APPLE MAGGOT flies emerging in New York. (p. 571). COLORADO POTATO BEETLE worse than 1954 in New Jersey on tomatoes and potatoes and continues problem on these crops in Delaware, Also active on potatoes in Virginia, North Dakota and Washington, (p. 571). POTATO APHID warrants treatment on potatoes in Delaware, prevalent on tomatoes in Twin Cities area, Minnesota. (p. 572). STRIPED CUCUM- BER BEETLE heavy in areas of North Dakota, Rhode Island and New York; moderate in central Oklahoma, (p. 573). PEA WEEVIL heavier than usual in Utah and abundant in Idaho, though peas may escape heavy attack in latter State due to lack of vine growth. (p. 573). MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE causing serious damage in areas of Maryland. (p. 573). Very heavy populations of SUGAR-BEET ROOT MAGGOT adults in north- eastern North Dakota. (p. 574), BEET LEAFHOPPER-transmitted curly top of tomatoes averaged 24 percent in southeastern Utah. (p. 574). BOLL WEEVIL increasing in several areas of Texas, but only a few found in Oklahoma, With exception of South Carolina, other areas also report light weevil populations and infestations (p. 575), BOLLWORMS increasing in southern Texas and some areas of South Carolina, threaten- ing in many fields in south Georgia, and extent of infestation in Arkansas unusual for time of year. (p. 576). FLEAHOPPERS (p. 576) and THRIPS (p. 577) continue of concern in several areas. APHIDS continue heavy on cotton in New Mexico, non-economic numbers widespread in Arkansas and weather faverable for build-up. (p. 577). FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR has defoliated large areas in northwest Wisconsin, (p, 573). JAPANESE REETI.F adults out as far north as Rhode Island. (p. 580). States nepO nd this week - 40, WEATHER Outlook and Summary. (p. 585). -563~ CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS GRASSHOPPERS - PENNSYLVANIA - Nymphs beginning to appear in moderate numbers in hay and pasture in Clearfield and Centre Counties. (Adams), MARYLAND - Small nymphs average 15 per square foot in timothy and Ladino clover field in eastern Talbot County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). DELAWARE - Melanoplus spp. nymphs numerous in alfalfa at Cedar Creek. (Milliron). KENTUCKY - Nymphs, mostly Melanoplus spp., abundant and still hatching in bluegrass pastures and legume fields. (Thurston), ILLINOIS - Melanoplus spp. extremely spotted; from 0 to as many as 40 per sweep. ‘Two to four per sweep in field margins in most places. (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Crop damage in- creasing throughout State. Nymphs well distributed throughout soybeans, alfalfa, pastures and some corn fields, while marginal injury is becom- ing heavy on cotton, corn and spring oats. M, differentialis peak hatch passed and nymphs range from second to fourth instars. _M, bivittatus largely fifth instar and adults. M. mexicanus mostly adults and some egg laying under way in southwest area. Serious threat to crops through- out State. (Kyd, Thomas), LOUISIANA - Melanoplus spp. increasing rapidly in sodland adjoining rice fields; 1-5 per square foot in 4 parishes. (Oliver). TEXAS - Serious on pastures, small grains, legumes and row crops in northeast and north central areas. Heavy on rangeland in northern part of panhandle. (Randolph, Garner, Davis, Mann and Dorman). OKLAHOMA - Owners of approximately 169, 000 acres of crops have applied for spraying for control of grasshoppers in southern half of State. (Rogers). M. differentialis and M. bivittatus very numerous in local areas in southeastern counties, 3 to third and fourth instars per square yard, average 15. Checking growth in some fields. (Stiles), NEW MEXICO - Continue to menace rangelands in Lea, Chaves, Lincoln, Roosevelt, DeBaca, Quay, Harding, Union and Colfax Counties. Be- coming abundant on cultivated crops in Dona Ana, Sierra, Socorro, Bernalillo and Santa Fe Counties, but most still on ditch banks, road- sides and fence rows. (Durkin, June 11), COLORADO - Populations increasing in serious numbers in southwestern area. Some crop damage. (Colo. Exp. Sta.), KANSAS - Destructive populations of Melanoplus Spp. continue to develop, where not controlled, in many areas. Although heavier populations chiefly in eastern third of State, threatening popula- tions in many local areas in central and western counties. Most infes- tations still in fence rows, margins and ditches. From 30 to 120 per square yard in infested areas in eastern counties and from 15 to 90 per Square yard in central and western areas. Moving into alfalfa fields in some instances in Sedgwick County. Rains not reducing populations. (Matthew). NEBRASKA - M, mexicanus maturing in all sections, M, femur-rubrum from first to fourth instar. Rains have not affected populations. From 18 to over 100 per square yard in weed margins. Damage to alfalfa, sweetclover and some field corn margins. Garden crops heavily infested most areas. (Andersen, Roselle), Range -004- species (Ageneotettix deorum 90 percent, Amphitornus coloradus 5 per- cent, Melanoplus anqustipennis 5 percent) range from 1 to per square yard from North Platte River on south, middle of Garden County on west, hwy. #2 on north and hwy. #83 on east. (Burge). SOUTH DAKOTA - Hatch about complete in central area. (Lofgren, June 11). NORTH DAKOTA - Concentrations in southwestern Sargent County about 50 per- cent non-economic species but M, bivittatus involved. Mostly confined to meadows and roadsides. (Goodfellow). EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - RHODE ISLAND - Adults noted June 13, no eggs on corn. (Kantack). PENNSYLVANIA - A few second instars in early-planted corn in Blair County. (Udine). DELAWARE - Damage to corn heavy some areas, moderate in others. (Milliron), ILLINOIS-In area south of line from Champaign to Quincy, moth emergence and egy laying finished. Only in very rare instance is treatment warranted for field corn in this area, In the area between a line from Champaign to Quincy and hwy. #6 moth emergence and egg- laying about complete. As high as 200 egg masses per 100 stalks on field corn over 30 inches tall. Between 1 and 5 percent of corn may warrant treatment in this area. North of hwy. #6, moth emergence from 85 percent in west to 60 near Lake Michigan, with egg-laying nearing peak, (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Early corn in southeast area from 4-28 percent infested with average of 2 third instars per stalk. Corn in central third shows 4-55 percent stalks with leaf feeding injury. Egg count high in extreme northwest corner where large corn average 0.5 to 2 egg masses per stalk, (Kyd, Thomas). KANSAS - Feeding activity in many fields in Kansas River Valley and northeast counties, although - few egg masses found. From 16-36 percent of plants infested in field. corn and as high as 90 percent in some sweetcorn. Third-instar larvae in sweetcorn, (Burkhardt), NEBRASKA - From 12 to 60 egg masses per 100 plants in eastern area, Larvae in about 20 percent of early corn in southeast counties. Cool, wet weather delaying activity; 80 percent of corn less than 12 inches high. (Andersen, Roselle). SOUTH DAKOTA - Egg-laying well underway, June 11. (Lofgren). CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - NEW MEXICO - Large numbers in alfalfa in one field in Dona Ana County. (Durkin). KANSAS - Not as heavy in eastern area as in Riley County, central area. Moths and eggs abundant at Manhattan. (Burkhardt). MISSOURI - Many fields in south half of State show from 4-60 percent of stalks injured by nearly full- or larvae. Early field corn in extreme southeast has average of -3 eggs per shoot, (Kyd, Thomas), ILLINOIS - One egg per silk on market garden corn at East St. Louis. (Petty, et al), VIRGINIA - Heliothis sp. heavily damaging corn in some fields in Campbell, Pulaski, Montgo nery and Madison Counties. (Morris). -0900- CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - KANSAS - Has built up to out- break proportions in some central and southeast areas. Great reduc- tion in stand of seedling sorghum and milo adjacent to barley and wheat fields. Destructive infestations in Saline, Dickinson, Morris, Chase, Marion, Osage and southern Shawnee Counties. Barrier control prac- tices will be necessary to save some fields although some will need replanting. (Gates). From 50 per linear foot of row to highs of 800- 1000 per square foot. (Matthew). MORMON CRICKET (Anabrus simplex) - WYOMING - Excellent control on 5,000 acres treated in Crook Ceunty and on 1, 000 acres in Johnson County. (Spackman, Chinn). UTAH - Control by aircraft successful over 4,368 acres in San Juan County. (Thorniey, Acord, Knowlton). SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA - Deadhearts in sugarcane ranged from 319 to 1407 per acre on 8 farms examined in 7 parishes. Newly-hatched second-generation larvae noted. (Oliver). ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - NEW JERSEY ~ Reports continue. (Merrill), DELAWARE - First-generation adults appearing. Larvae (one-third to full-grown) continue active in southern New Castle County, eastern Kent and northern half of Sussex, especially in wheat. Injury to barley heavy south of Mt. Pleasant. Large acreages of timothy severe- ly damaged one area, (Milliron). PENNSYLVANIA - A few in barley in Chester County. (Pepper). Twelve half-grown larvae per square foot _ in hay being cut in Westmoreland County. (Udine).. VIRGINIA - Attacking rain in scattered fields in Washington County, infestations light. (Gorsline), Medium infestations on barley and corn in Caroline County. Zager). SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) - SOUTH DAKOTA - Adults extremely numerous in southeast area. Feed- ing injury to corn. Also heavy in alfalfa. (Lofgren, June 11). | NEBRASKA - Very abundant on corn plants, 18 per 25 plants, in eastern area. (Andersen). VIRGINIA - Infestations in peanuts expected heavy this year, (Davich). SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER (Diatraea qrandiosella) - ARIZONA - Numerous in one 160-acre field of corn in Maricopa County, 1 per 4 or 5 stalks. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - MISSISSIPPI - Damage to corn in Yazoo County. (Hutchins). SAP BEETLES (Carpophilus lugqubris and C. antiquus) - DELAWARE - Adults appearing in corn plants injured by other pests. (Milliron). ~OU8- SAND WIREWORM (Horistonotus uhlerii) - MISSOURI - Damage continues to corn and gardens in sandy regions on extreme southeast. Considerable pupation, (Kyd, Thomas). WEBWORMS - VIRGINIA - Corn webworms causing severe damage to five acres of corn in Pittsylvania County, many fields showing damage. (Dominick). YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) - DELAWARE - Common in corn in some areas. (Milliron). STALK BORER (Papaipema nebris) - NEBRASKA - Building up in margins of corn fields in eastern area, (Andersen). CORN ROOT APHID (Anuraphis maidi-radicis) - DELAWARE - Injuring corn at many locations. (Milliron}. NEBRASKA - Moderate damage in several eastern counties, Indications infestations much heavier and gen- eral than normal, (Roselle, Andersen). CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - ARIZONA - Severe on 60 acres of grain sorghum in Pinal County, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). KANSAS - Higher for time of year than last year, 300-900 aphics per corn plant in several fields in Marion County, 5-70 per infested plant in sorghum and milo in Saline and Dickinson Counties. (Matthew). OKLAHOMA - Prevalent on corn in Stillwater vicinity. (Arbuthnot). CUTWORMS - MISSOURI - Some small corn in extreme southeast from 2-4 percent damaged by Agrotis ypsilon and A. gladiaria. Apparently indicates some second generation does occur, (Kya, ‘Thomas). NEBRASKA - Decreasing, 4 to 5 per linear foot of wheat in Cheyenne, Kimball and Banner Counties, (Andersen). LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Damaging soybeans at Florence, ¢ a ore pion first report of season for area, (Nettles). MISSISSIPPI - Four ecres grain sorghum 90 percent destroyed in Pearl River County. (Hunsuckev). LOUISIANA - Damaging corn in Tensas Parish, (Oliver), WHEAT HEAD ARMYWORM (Protoleucania lls nen) - NEBRASKA - Continuing to damage wheat in east central and ¢cactered vo ats of south- east and northeast counties. (Andersen). KANSS D> £2 Sc oiywOigiia, probably P. albilinea, destroying some heads oi weet in epting, Lincoln, and Ottawa Counties. Populations light and larvae pupating. (Gates). BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - WASHINGTON - Moderately heavy damage to dry-land wheat and barley in Yakima County but hot dry weather causing decline. (Harwood). pean cs ye) (| EUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus pygmaeus) - DELAWARE - Moderately heavy injury on wheat, sliaht on barley, throughout New Castle and Fent Counties, (Milliron). FALSE WIREWORMS (Eleodes spp. ) - TEXAS - Medium numbers of adults in north plains area, (Daniels). KANSAS - Heavy infestations o1 adults continue to appear in nearly all fields from central area west; heavier than since 1948. (Matthew). ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - WISCONSIN - Unusually abundant statewide. (Chambers). HESSIAN FLY (Phytophaga destructor) - DELAWARE - Puparia common in wheat in Townsend-Clayton area, (Milliron). SAY STINK BUG (Chlorochroa sayi) - NEW MEXICO - Infesting barley fields in Dona Ana, Socorro and Grant Counties, as many as 1000 per 100 sweeps in one field. (Durkin, June 11). POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - DELAWARE - Sli ht increase on second-growth alfalia generally; numerous at lights June 1o. Milliron). MARYLAND - From 1-11 adults per 10 sweeps in 10 alfalfa fields in Howard, Carroll and Talbct Counties. No noticeable damage. (U. Md., — Ent. Dept.). ILLINOIS ~ Populations vary from 50 to 2000 adults per 100 sweeps, heaviest in area between Bloomington and Danville. (Petty et al). MISSOURI - Common on alfalfa and garden crops. From 2-11 per sweep in extreme southeast, where some yellowing occurring. (Kyd, Thomas). PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - NEW MEXICO - Large numbers still reported in Socorro County. (Durkin, June 11), IDAHO - Lowest population in last five years in southwestern area. Less than one per sweep in many fields. (Walz, June 11), NEBRASKA - Very heavy intes- tation in alfalfa fields in western area, 425 to well over 600 per 20 sweeps. (Andersen). KANSAS - Heavy populations in many alfalfa fields in cen- tral area, 80 to 300 aphids per sweep of 15-inch net, Weather has appar- ently hindered biological control, (Matthew), ILLINOIS - Fifty to 200 per sweep on alfalfa. (Petty et al). ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica} - COLORADO - Damage in south~ western area, (Colo, Exp. Sta.). OHIO - Forty alfalfa fields examined in northeastern area showed no evidence of alfalfa weevil. (Goleman, Weaver). MARYLAND - In general, very little damage to second-growth alfalfa, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). VIRGINIA - Newly infested counties _ include Accomac, Northampton, Warwick and Hampton. (Muka). Medium infestation in northern Fairfax County (Beard), general in hssex County, where first and second cuttings damaged (Morris). =508 - LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - PENNSYL- VANIA - Many clover fields in Warren County Showing moderate to heavy injury. (Adams). MARYLAND - Adults damaged second-growth red clover in Kent County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). NEBRASKA - Continues to damage red clover fields. Moderate to heavy infestations in east, 22 per 25 sweeps. (Andersen). THREE-CORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER (Spissistilus festinus) - LOUISIANA - Per 100 sweeps on alfalfa by parish: Natchitoches 48, Bossier 57, Rapides 26. (Oliver), ARIZONA - Adults building up on alfalfa at Theba, Yuma County, June 10. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). BLISTER BEETLES - MISSOURI - Soybeans, alfalfa and gardens damaged in local areas over southern two-thirds of State. (Kyd, Thomas). CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - MISSOURI - Adults continue to feed rather extensively on new- growth alfalfa in southwest area, from O-4 adults per plant. (Kyd, Thomas). CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - MISSOURI - Considerable adult leaf feeding damage in old fields of red clover, from 2-9 adults per Square foot. (Kyd, Thomas). GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - DELAWARE - Common in alfalfa and clover. (Milliron), PLANT BUGS - DELAWARE - Tarnished plant bug (Lyqus lineolaris) unusually prevalent in lequmes. (Milliron). LOUISIANA - L. lineolaris infestations in alfalfa continue: 41 adults, 9 nymphs per 100 sweeps in Bossier Parish, 32 adults and 14 nymohs per 100 sweeps in Natchitoches Parish, (Oliver), MISSOURI - L. lineolaris range from 2-8 adults and nymphs per sweep in alfalfa and red clover in central and southeast areas, (Kyd, Thomas). ARIZONA - Lygus bugs becoming abundant on alfalfa in Salt River Valley, 500 per 100 Sweeps in one field, mostly hymphs. From 85-100 per 100 sweeps ai Safford, Graham County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - NEBRASKA - Greatly reduced in sweetclover, 5 per 100 sweeps. (Andersen). A LEAF MINER (Liriomyza sp.) - ARIZONA - Particularly abundant on alfalfa some areas; more numerous than last year in Phoenix and Yuma areas. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). RICE STINK BUG (Solubea Bun ax) - LOUISIANA - Increasing in grasses near rice fields; 11 adults and 3 nymphs per 100 sweeps in 3 parishes. (Oliver). - 569. YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii! - ARIZONA - Low on alfalfa in southern area, except for isolated fields, Convergent lady beetle seems mainly responsible for decline. Increasing temperatures may also be involved. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). NEW MEXICO - Still major insect in alfaifa, (Durkin, June 1i). TEXAS - Light to medium rather widespread in Denton County on alfalfa and clover. Extremely light in Brazos River bettoms of Brazos and Burleson Counties. (Randoiph). OKLAHOMA ~ Very heavy in Murray County. Also noted in McClain County. (Stiles), Total 682 per 250 sweeps in one alfalfa field at Stillwater. (Fenton). NEBRASKA - Found as far west as Keith County on sweetclover, 5 per 25 sweeps. (Andersen). KANSAS - Light or insionificant infestations found in nearly all alfalfa fields surveyed in south central and central areas. (Matthew), FALL ARMYWORM (Laghygma fruqiperda) - FLORIDA - One larva per Square foot on grass at Fort Lauderdale. (Kerr). A CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucovterus insularis) - FLORIDA - Up to 80 per square foot on St. Augustine grass at Ft, Lauderdale, marginal damage. (Kerr), THRIPS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Damage to peanuts was severe at Florence but has been controlled. (Holdeman, Hall). CARROT BEETLE (Ligyrus gibbosus) - GEORGIA - Six to 10 per plant on sunflower roots in Spelding County, May 27. (Beckham, Dupree). INDIANA - Adulis apparently causing extensive damage to experimental plantings of sunflowers at Bloomington. Wilting and blowing-over principal effects. Field in sod last year. (Heiser, Young). FRUIT INSECTS CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella} - NEW YORK - Entries could be heavy in western area until end of June, (Glass). DELAWARE - Entries observed in severai orchards. (Late News), NEW JERSEY - Activity decreasing. Peak expected in southern area about June 20, (Merrill). INDIANA - Activity subsiding generally; between broods. (Hamilton). ILLINOIS - Later than last year in southern area. Not over 5 percent of most advanced group have left apple. (Chandler). OHIO ~ Slow entry rate on untreated fruit, Numerous stragglers emerging, (Cutright), MISSOURI - Light as end of first brood approaches. (Wkly, Rept. Fr. Grs.). COLORADO - Emergence slow; two weeks behind 1954 in Delta and Montrose Counties. (Exp. Sta. ) -57U- RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - ILLINOIS - Mostly emerged in southern area, Chandler). INDIANA - Part of first-brood adults have emerged in Greene County and most of others are in pupal stage. (Hamilton). PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - CALIFORNIA - four pear orchards in Potter Valley*heavily infested; 200 of 460 acres with medium to heavy infestations. First known infestations in commercial pear orchards in State. (Lockwood). ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - NEW JERSEY - First major flight of new brood June 8 at Moorestown. (Merrill), PENNSYLVANZ Considerable injury to peach terminals in Centre (Adams) and Juniata Counties (Udine). OHIO _ Populations of first brood low in northern area. (Rings). MISSISSIPPI - Injury to peach twigs reported from Panola . County. (Hutchins). CALIFORNIA - Full-grown larvae in serious numbers — infesting terminals of peaches in Tulare County early in June. {Lockwood). | CURCULIOS - ILLINOIS - Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) decreas-= ing. Heavier second brood expected than in the past three seasons in southern Illinois. (Chandler). OHIO - Plum curculio adults abundant in untreated peach and plum orchards. Spring-brood larvae maturing and most egg deposition completed. (Rings). INDIANA - Attack severe on apoles in many orchards in Lawrence and Orange Counties. (Marshall). MINNESOTA - Populations high in some neglected orchards. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv.). MO. - Expect damage from next brood if not con- trolled, (Wkly. Rept. Fr. Grs.). NEW YORK - Plum curculio activity continues at high rate in western area, (Smith), APHIDS IN ORCHARDS - MASSACHUSETTS - Apple aphid now appearing on terminals. (Crop Pest Cont, Mess.). OHIO - Apple aphid and rosy apple aphid light. (Cutright). MINNESOTA - Several high populations reported. (Minn. Ins. Rept., June 13), COLORADO - Apple aphid (Aphis pomi) and rosy apple aphid (Anuraphis roseus) abundant on apples and pears in Delta County, and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) causing injury in unsprayed peach orchards in Mesa County. (Exp. Sta.). ARIZONA - Woolly apple aphid on almost all apple trees from Elfrida to Wilcox, Cochise County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.) SPIDER MITES - MASSACHUSETTS - European red mite (Metatetranychus | ulmi) increasing in some orchards. (Crop Pest. Cont. Mess. ). NEW | JERSEY - European red mite (M. ulmi) bronzing foliage in some orchards | Burlington County. (Merrill). INDIANA - Two-spotted spider mite | (Tetranychus bimaculatus) averaged 0. 21 per leaf in Lawrence and Orange Counties. (Marshall). OHIO - European red mite held in check by cool weather, (Cutright), MINNESOTA - Populations high in some orchards. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv.). COLORADO - Coaspicuously absent *Vendocino County -o7l- in Delta, Montrose and Mesa Counties. (Exp. Sta.). NEW YORK - Numerous in untreated orchards in Onondaga County; very heavy egg populations. (Vuillemot). APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella) - NEW YORK - Flies emerging in cages at Poughkeepsie. (Dean), Began emerging at Geneva in cages June 17. (Glass). CAT-FACING INSECTS - OHIO - First brood (Euschistus servus and E. variolarius) nearly mature in southern Ohio. Severe injury caused by oak plant bug (Neolyqus quercalbae) and hickory plant bug (N. caryae) to peaches at Wooster, (hon FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - UTAH - Attacking apple trees at Logan. (Lieberman). LESSER PEACH TREE BORER(Synanthedo pictipes) - PENNSYLVANIA - Considerable emergence with light to moderate infestation of peaches in Centre County. (Adams). SHOT-HOLE BORERS - SOUTH CAROLINA ~ Severe infestation in an untreated orchard in Florence County. (Kirk). BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) - UTAH - Most serious aphid pest in Weber County. (Knowlton, Burningham). BLACK-MARGINED APHID (Monellia costalis) - NEW MEXICO - Increas- ing in pecan groves and in ornamental pecans and producing large amounts of honeydew. (Durkin). TRUCK CROP INSECTS COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - DELAWARE- Continues as problem on untreated potatoes in several areas. Destruct- ive to tomatoes in Ellendale-Georgetown area. (Milliron). NEW JERSEY - Worse than in 1954 on potatoes and tomatoes; some damage and great number of beetles in untreated fields. (Merrill), VIRGINIA - Adults numerous on some fields of Irish potatoes in eastern section. (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), NORTH DAKOTA - Populations one adult beetle per 5 plants in commercial fields from Grand Forks through Grafton and also near Carrington. (Goodfellow). WASHINGTON - Larvae damaging potatoes at Yakima. (Landis, Schopp). TUBER FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix tuberis) - COLORADO - Causing damage to early potatoes and cabbage in Weld County. (Chem. Ind.). -o72- POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - MINNESOTA - Adults 0-4 per 20 sweeps on potatoes at Brooklyn Center. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 13). WISCONSIN - Common. (Chambers) - PENNSYLVANIA- Moderate to abundant in Dauphin County (Menusan) and appearing in numbers in Centre County (Adams). NEBRASKA - Building up on potatoes generally; average 15 per 25 plants. (Andersen). POTATO APHID (Macrosiphum solanifolii) - DELAWARE - On potatoes from Clayton southward and on tomatoes generally. Numbers warrant control in several areas, (Milliron). MINNESOTA - Prevalent on tomatoes in Twin Cities area, (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 18). POTATO STALK BORER (Trichobaris trinotata) - DELAWARE - In con- Spicuous numbers on potatoes in Townsend and Little Creek areas. (Milliron). TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - DELAWARE - Numerous in potato fields generally, causing extensive injury. (Milliron). SYMPHYLIDS - PENNSYLVANIA - One 6-acre tomato field badly damaged ee other fields with large spots showing injury in Luzerne County. Gesell). GRASSHOPPERS - DELAWARE - Melanoplus spp. numerous in potatoes in the Townsend-Clayton area and at Little Creek. (Milliron). NORTH CAROLINA - Damage light in tobacco in Person, Robeson and Columbus Counties. (Mitchell), PLEA BEETLES - DELAWARE - Potato flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris) increasing on potatoes at Ellendale. (Milliron). VIRGINIA - Damaging vegetable crops generally in Carroll County, (Price). WISCONSIN - Common. (Chambers). IDAHO - Adults common in sugar beets in outlying edges of Magic Valley. (Douglass). EUROPEAN EARWIG (Forficula auricularia) - WASHINGTON - Spreading to irrigated potato fields in central section; light in Yakima and Kittitas Counties, (Landis, Schopp). CUTWORMS - DELAWARE - Black cutworm (Agrotis ypsilon) causing somes injury to potatoes and tomatoes in some areas. (Milliron). SOUTH CAROLINA - Reported damaging 18 acres of watermelons in Barnwell County, (Nettles), VIRGINIA - Medium damage to cabbage and peppers throughout Carroll County. (Price), IDAHO - Red-backed cutworm requiring treatment in south-central area sugar-beet fields and are a problem in upper Snake River Valley. (Douglass). STALK BORER (Papaipema nebris) - CONNECTICUT - Ruining first planting of 6000 fomato plants at Hamden. (Johnson). -573- TOMATO RUSSET MITE (Vasates i co ersici) - VIRGINIA - Severe on tomatoes in Norfolk greenhouse. (Hofmaster). TOMATO PSYLLID (Paratrioza cockerelli) - COLORADO - Eggs well- distributed on early potatoes in Weld County. (Chem. Ind.). STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Acalymma vittata) - OKLAHOMA - Moderate numbers in melon plantings in central area, (Walton). NORTH DAKOTA - Heavy infestation on cucurbits in Wahpeton area, June 18, Considerable damage in some plantings. (Goodfellow). RHODE ISLAND - Heavy infestations in Portsmouth area. (Kantack). NEW YORK - Quite heavy on vine crops in Westchester County. (Androsko), SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) - DELAWARE - Injuring limas in several areas. (Milliron). OKLAHOMA - Moderate numbers in melon plantings in central area. (Walton). GARDEN FLEAHOPPER (Halticus bracteatus) - DELAWARE - Numerous on squash at Ellendale, (Milliron). PEA WEEVIL (Bruchus pisorum) - UTAH - Populations higher than usual. (Knowlton). IDAHO - Heavy adult populations in grain fields in northern area. Very little vine growth of peas, so a high percent of weevils may die before depositing eggs. (Manis). PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Light to moderate on peas in Centre County. (Adams). WISCONSIN - More than half of acreage treated in southern counties. Indications that balance will need treatment. (Chambers). MINNESOTA - Pan counts in central and south central areas remain high. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 13). WASHINGTON - Large numbers of winged forms on Austrian winter peas at Yakima, (Landis, Schopp). UTAH - Very threatening in some Cache Valley canning peas; less numerous other areas. (Knowlton). MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - MARYLAND - Adults doing serious damage to snap and lima beans in Carroll and Montgomery Counties. Populations heavier this year than last at this time. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). RHODE ISLAND - Light infestation over most of State. (Kantack). VIRGINIA - Infestations on snap beans range from light to moderate, about normal for this time of year, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster). NEW YORK - Eggs in Dutchess County June 15. (O'Leary). BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - DELAWARE - Injury to lima beans throughout Sussex County. (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Injury in most plantings but infestations decreasing. (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), 574. SUGAR-BEET ROOT MAGGOT (Tetanops myopaeformis) - NORTH DAKOTA - Peak emergence reached in severely infested areas oi northeastern section. Exceptionally heavy populations in fields from Neche to Minto. About 50 percent sexually mature. (Goodfellow). BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - UTAH - Idaho line to Mendon; 0.37 per foot of row from Garland to Payson in tomato-growing area and 1.4 from Gunnison to Joseph. Curly top of tomatoes in south- ern section averaged 24 percent first week in June with additional disease expected. (Dorst). Moderately numerous on Russian-thistle and beets in parts of Emery County. (Knowlton). IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - DELAWARE - Increasing in Sussex County. Destructive in Ellendale-Georgetown area. (Milliron). MARYLAND - Adults ext remely numerous from Talbot to Carroll Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ). CABBAGE MAGGOT (Hylemya brassicae) - MINNESOTA - Causing damage to cabbage and cauliflower in Twin Cities area in untreated fields. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 13). WISCONSIN - Common. (Chambers). IDAHO - Severe injury on untreated cabbage at Twin Falls. (Douglass). CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - DELAWARE - Numerous on cabbage near Georgetown). (Milliron). CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - PENNSYLVANIA - Becoming a problem on mid-season cabbage in Schuylkill County. (Menusan). THRIPS - DELAWARE - Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) causing injury to onions in Sussex County, (Milliron). ARIZONA - Abundant in all onion fields in Greenlee County, up to 15 per plant. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.) SIX-SPOTTED LEAF HOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) - MINNESOTA - Adults 4-20 per 20 sweeps in Twin Cities area on lettuce. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 13). ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) - MASSACHUSETTS - Causing heavy losses in onions in some areas. (Crop Pest Cont. Mess. ). STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Engrs comptana fragariae) - WISCONSIN- Very abundant. (Chambers). IDA - Causing injury in a few scattered fields throughout southwest area. (Walz). A LOOPER ON TOBACCO - SOUTH CAROLINA - Some loopers continue on tobacco in Florence County, (Allen). Se ee -575- A NITIDULID (Lobiopa insularis) - LOUISIANA - Exclusive of the strawberry belt the beetle was found in these parishes: Assumption, Lafayette, Iberville and St. Mary. Not found in other areas surveyed in central and northern area. (Oliver). HORNWORMS (Protoparce spp.) - FLORIDA - Average one larva per 50 plants. (Denmark), NORTH CAROLINA - Eggs and small larvae, populations on tobacco very light in eastern portions. (Mitchell). VIRGINIA - Adults in light traps in Pittsylvania County for week ending June 11 were: P. sexta 87, P. quincuemacul ata 57, (Dominick). MARYLAND - Small larvae doing light damage to tobacco in St. Marys County. (U; Md. But. Dept.) APHIDS - NORTH CAROLINA - Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on tobacco light generally. (Jones). MISSOURI - Attacking numerous crops and ornamentals generally. (Wkly. Rept. Fr. Grs. ye TOBACCO BUDWORMS (Heliothis spp.) - NORTH CAROLINA - A 2-3 percent infestation of H. virescens in Forsyth County and a 75 percent infestation in Warren County. (Jones). FLORIDA - Average one larva per 25 plants in Union County in 3-acre block. (Denmark). COTTON INSECTS BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) - TEXAS - Increasing in lower Rio Grande Valley, south central, east, central, north central and northeast areas. First-generation weevils as far north as McLennan County. (Gaines), Percent survival in cages at Waco to June 17 was 10. 2; to same date last year 2.8. Twenty-four percent punctured squares in 17 untreated fields and 6. 5 percent in 16 treated fields in McLennan and Falls Counties. (Parencia et al). OKLAHOMA - Only a few adults being found. (Stiles). ARKANSAS - Total of 1300 fields scouted and 197 found infested with infestations generally very light. Weather favorable to larval development, some noted. (Warren, Turney). LOUISIANA - Becoming heavier in older cotton: from 2 to as high as 35 percent infestations in some fields in Pointe Coupe, Rapides, Caldwell, Bossier and Natchitoches Parishes. (Oliver). In Tallulah area 9.7 per- cent square infestation in 3 early fields; weevils in 23 of 31 fields in- spected at rate of 193 per acre, which compares with 323 for same time in 1954. (Gaines, Pfrimmer et al). ALABAMA - Twenty-one fields examined in 4 northern and 2 eastern counties and 2 fields found in- fested at rate of 6 and 2 weevils per acre. (Moore), GEORGIA - Eighty-one of 90 fields examined in 18 southern counties found infested. Twenty-seven untreated fields examined, all infested at average rate of 6,2 percent punctured squares. fifty-four of 63 treated fields in- spected found infested at rate of 2.1 percent punctured squares. (J. C. andC.R, Jordan). MISSISSIPPI - Reported in most fields of 578 sruiting cotton in delta counties. Average number of weevils per acre was 76 and percent of punctured squares was 3.2. (Merkl et al). SOUTH CAROLINA - Coming out of hibernation in larger numbers than in any of past four years. (Cott. Lett., June 14). Number found to June 17 in trap plot at Florence was 1, 131 compared with 73 to same date in 1954. Five percent infestation in 14 treated fields in Florence Vounty, 14 of 16 fields infested. (Walker et al) NORTH CAROLINA - Only 4 live weevils in 58 fields in Jackson, Cleveland, Bertie, Edge- combe, Union and Gaston Counties. Average of 6.6 percent square infestation 46 fields in Wilson, Montgomery, Anson, Scotland, Robeson and Sampson Counties. (Jones). VIRGINIA - Total of 25 per acre in one Mecklenburg County field and 50 per acre in one Southampton County field. (Morris). BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Increasing in lower Rio Grande Valley and in southwest area, (Gaines), LOUISIANA - Small numbers of eggs on cotton in Caldwell, St. Landry, Bossier, Ouachita and Natchitoches Parishes. (Oliver). ARKANSAS - Infestations in 225 of 1305 fields scouted. While not economic numers, extent of infestations at this time of year somewhat unusual. (Warren, Turney). ALABAMA - Average of 3 eggs per 100 terminals in one field in Chambers County. (Moore). MISSISSIPPI - Eggs in 8 of 20 fields examined in delta counties; 1.2 per 100 terminals. Larvae, 1 per 100 terminals, in 2 of 20 fields. Moth activity increasing. (Merkl). GEORGIA - Threatening infestation in terminal examinations in number of fields. Trace damage to squares. (J. C. and C. R. Jordan). SOUTH CAROLINA - Increasing in cotton fields in tobacco areas. (Cott. Lett., June 14), Total of 178 Heliothis armigera moths taken in light trap at Florence during week, Average of 1.1 eggs per 100 terminals in 6 fields in Florenc 1Fount . (Walker et al). WA. - Noted in one Mecklen- burg County field. ( orrigy. PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - Infestations increasing in certain fields in lower Rio Grande Valley, Grimes, Burleson, Brazos and in some counties of coastal bend areas. (Gaines). FLEAHOPPERS - TEXAS - Infestations generally low in central area southward except in some fields of upper coastal area. Heavy infestations in some fields of central, east, north central and northeast areas, (Davis, Martin, June 14). Average of 4.8 per 100 terminals in 51 treated and untreated fields in McLennan and Falls Counties. (Parencia etal), ARKANSAS - Psallus seriatus infestations continue high in some fields of southeastern counties; up to 211 per 100 terminals. (Warren, Turney). LOUISIANA - Cotton fleahopper found in 31 of 34 fields examined in Tallulah area, 5.8 per 100 terminals. (Gaines, Pfrimmer et al). From 5-30 per 100 linear feet of row in Caldwell, Bossier and Natchitoches Parishes, (Oliver). MISSISSIPPI - Infesta- tion ranges from none to heavy in delta counties. (Merkl et aD. ee Lac TENNESSEE - Still light in fields in west Tennessee, (Locke), SOUTH CAROLINA - Noted in fields throughout Piedmont, (Cott. Lett,, June 14). THRIPS - ARIZONA - General decrease in Maricopa County but heavy in most fields in Greenlee County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS - Dam- aging many fields in northeast, north central and northwest areas, but decreasing in most fields from south central area southward. (Davis, Martin, June 14). OKLAHOMA - Many fields show damage, but infesta- tions declining, (Stiles), ARKANSAS - Much local damage in eastern counties. (Warren, Turney). MISSISSIPPI - Damage still common on small, late-planted cotton in delta counties but overall situation improved. (Merkl et al). TENNESSEE - Light damage to cotton in west Tennessee, (Locke). SOUTH CAROLINA - Damage continues in cotton in Piedmont and some coastal plain counties. (Cott, Lett., June 14). NORTH CARO- LINA - Minor damage to cotton in Hoke County, more serious in Cleveland and Union. (Jones), VIRGINIA - Damage light to heavy in 12 fields ex- amined in 4 counties. (Morris). COTTON LEAFWORM (Alabama argillacea) - TEXAS - Found in Cameron County June 11. (Gaines). APHIDS - NEW MEXICO - Large numbers on cotton continue. Many growers treating in Socorro County. (Durkin, June 11). MISS OURI - Small widely-scatt ered spots in cotton fields becoming moderately infested with from 4-23 aphids per leaf. (Kyd, Thomas). ARKANSAS - Aphis gossypii infestations more widespread than at same time last year but numbers not economic. Weather favorable for build-up. (Warren, Turney). TENNESSEE - Decreasing most fields in west Tennessee, predators numerous. (Locke). GEORGIA - Light to very light in 15 fields in southern area. (J. C. and C. R. Jordan). GRASSHOPPERS - OKLAHOMA - Destroyed 11 of 15 acres of cotton in MeCurtain County. Threat to cotton in many areas. (Stiles). TENNESSEE - Heavier than normal around fields. (Locke). CUTWORMS - NORTH CAROLINA - Attacking cotton in Anson and Hoke Counties. Agrotis malefida involved in Hoke County. (Jones, Williford). GEORGIA - Destroyed about one-third of foliage in 20-acre field in Morgan County in 3-day period, 4 to 5 cutworms in soil under eachmplant. (J. C.,.and/@. Rk. Jordan): CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - ARIZONA - Moderate on 90 acres of cotton at Roll, Yuma County, 1 per 3 plants. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). SPIDER MITES - ARIZONA - Light populations on cotton in many fields in Maricopa County and at Sahuarita Pima County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ; TENNESSEE - Scattered, very light, predators numerous. (Locke). -078- A LEAF ROLLER (Platynota stultana) - TEXAS - Damaging terminals in a few fields in Burleson County. (Davis, Martin, June 14). LYGUS BUGS - ARIZONA - Have increased on cotton, correlated with cutting of alfalfa. Reported from Yuma, Maricopa and Graham Counties. (Ariz, Coop. Rept.). Note on Cotton Stem Moth (Platyedra vilella) in France In 1953 hollyhock and_Malva sylvestris were heavily attacked, 30-50 percent of pods, in a garden at Rueil-Malmaison. Several other plants of Althaea sp. (not rosea) growing nearby had no larvae. Parasites reared from specimens of P. vilella taken from A. rosea and M. sylves- tris were as follows: Ichneumonidae - Horogenes rufipes, H. fenestralis, Itoplectis maculator; Chalcididae - Trichomalus sp., Habrocytus sp. ; Braconidae - Bracon piger, Chelonus sp., Apanteles sp. ; Larvaevoridae- Voria ruralis. (Parker). ee ee ee ee me ee es ee we eS ee Se ee Oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oe ee SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) - PENNSYLVANIA - General in forests in Erie and Warren Counties. (Adams). Defoliated 10 acres of hawthorn in Tioga County. (Gesell). CANKERWORMS - WISCONSIN - Abundant scattered areas. (Chambers), A BEETLE (Colaspis pini) - TEXAS - Infestations reported on pine plan- tations in western Jasper County. (Goen). ROSE LF. BEETLE (Nodonota puncticollis) - PENNSYLVANIA - Very ) abundant in Dauphin County, feeding on a wide range of deciduous shrubs | and trees. (Negley). ELM LEAF BEETLE (Galerucella xanthomelaena) - DELAWARE - Larval injury increasing throughout State. (Milliron)) MARYLAND - Heavy damage to elms in Talbot and Calvert Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). VIRGINIA - Medium infestation on elms in Hampton (Adams) and King and Queen County (Morris and Hall) NORTH CAROLINA - Attacking many Chinese elms in Iredell County, (Franklin). FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - WISCONSIN - Completely defoliating large areas in northwest counties. (Chambers). RED-HEADED PINE SAWFLY (Neodiprion lecontei) - TEXAS - Light pect coc reported in San Augustine and Rusk Counties. (Tex. For. Pest Com.). -579- PINE NEEDLE SCALES - SOUTH DAKOTA - Heavy and widespread in State, (Lofgren). SAWFLIES - MARYLAND - Heavy defoliation of pitch and loblolly pine in Talbot and Dorchester Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). NORTH DAKOTA - Defoliating willow in shelter-belts. (Goodfellow). A TUSSOCK MOTH - NEBRASKA - A larva (probably Hemerocampa leucostigma) feeding heavily on pin oak nursery seeding. (Walstrom). SCALES - PENNSYLVANIA - A lecanium scale, probably Lecanium corni general in drupes and ornamentals in southeast section. (Menusan). VIRGINIA - A scale (Kermes, probably pettiti) severe on white oak in west end of Richmond; damaging shade trees. (Matheny). SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana) - NORTH DAKOTA - Larvae damaging new growth of spruce at several locations. (Goodfellow). TURPENTINE BEETLES - TEXAS - Active in some recently cut: stands in Montgomery and Anderson Counties. (Goen). WALKINGSTICKS - WISCONSIN - Abundant scattered areas. (Chambers). EUONYMOUS SCALE (Unaspis euonymi) - RHODE ISLAND - Crawlers heavy on Euonymus in West Warwick. (Mathewson). LEAF MINERS - PENNSYLVANIA = Birch leaf miners heavier than in 1954 on birch, northwest area. (Adams), HOLLY LEAF MINERS (Phytomyza spp.) - DELAWARE - Injury preva- lent generally. (Milliron). NORWAY-MAPLE APHID (Periphyllus lyropictus) - IDAHO - Extremely nee on maple throughout city of Moscow, requiring control. Manis). COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE (Chrysomela scripta) - NEBRASKA - Heavy feeding of adults on yellow cottonwood in nursery plantings. (Walstrom). BOXELDER APHID (Periohyllus negundinis) - UTAH - Severe infesta- tion in Box Elder and Salt Lake Counties. (Knowlton). BAGWORMS - MARYLAND - Young larvae damaging arborvitae and beech in Talbot County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ). A CARPENTER BEE (Ceratina dupla)- PENNA. ~~ - Infesting stems of pruned roses in Franklin County. (Pepper). -980- JAPANESE BEETLE (Popillia japonica) - VIRGINIA - Light to severe damage in Henry County; damage to flowers, shrubs, trees and small fruit. (Morris). MARYLAND - Damage to roses inSt. Marys County, June 12+ One adult found on weeds in Talbot County. First record of season, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.). RHODE ISLAND - Adult taken on rose on College Campus June 14. (Larmie), ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus) - WISCONSIN - Abundant in scattered areas. (Chambers), PENNSYLVANIA - Common on roses in Clearfield County and numerous in Centre County. (Adams). RHODE ISLAND - Very abundant on roses, averaging two per flower in Kingston area. Lighter populations northern section but increasing. (Mathewson). A ROSE GRASS APHID (Macrosiphum dirhodum) - WASHINGTON - Abundant on cultivated roses at Union Gap. (Landis, Schopp). ROSE LEAF HOPPER (Typhlocyba rosae) - UTAH - Discoloring rose foliage at Logan, Blanding, Price, Provo and Ogden. (Knowlton). WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES - TENNESSEE - Found in iris bed at Millington, new area in Shelby County. (Locke). A GEOMETRID (Melanchroia cephise) _ FLORIDA - Defoliated snow bushes at Fort Pierce in St, Lucie County. (Campbell). SL SS SS Sr ES eS SS ee OS Se eS ee te eS eS Se ee et ee ee ee ee ee HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) - PENNSYLVANIA - One hundred to two hundred per animal on cattle in Clearfield County. (Adams). OKLAHOMA- Numerous on cattle in southeast section. (Rogers). TEXAS - Light to ae infestation on cattle in Floyd and Harrison Counties. (Jeffress, ose). CATTLE GRUBS - IDAHO - Heel flies ovipositing in southwestern area. (Walz), WYOMING - Causing annoyance in Crook County. (Spackman). HOUSE FLIES - NEW JERSEY - Increasing in dairy barns and around homes, (Merrill). NORTH CAROLINA - Musca domestica fewer than for several previous years in the Piedmont area at this date. (Scott), LONE STAR TICK (Amblyomma americanum) - TEXAS - Light infesta- ae a all types of livestock in Harrison County. Infestation decreasing. Rose), : MOSQUITOES - FLORIDA - Averaging one bite per minute under field conditions in Dade County; infestation increasing as usual for this time of year. (Wolfenbarger). UTAH - A serious outbreak of Aedes dorsalis in Weber County with some A, vexans at Taylor and Marriott. (Fronk), BENEFICIAL INSECTS LADY BEETLES - NEW MEXICO - Hippodamia sp. building up large _ populations in untreated alfalfa, but not controlling yellow clover aphid. (Durkin, June 11). MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotruves bajulus) - MARYLAND - Damaging timbers at police barracks, Waterloo, noward County; adults found. {(U, Md., Ent. Dept.), VIRGINIA - Damaging sill of a new home in Staunton. (Rowell}. TERMITES - OKLAHOMA - Reticulitermes sp. have seriously damaged, and in seme cases have girdled, oaks in Payne County. (Howell, June il). PHALAENIDS - IDAHO ~ Adults unusualiy abundant near Moscow. One of most common species is Spaelotis havilae. (Manis). Of interest recently was the interception of living specimens of a red wax scale (Ceroplastes rubens Mask.) on the leaves of birds’ nest fern (Asp.enium sp.) in the prefiignht inspection of airplane cargo leaving Hawaii for the mainland at Honolulu, T. H. Airport. (Davidson). This insect has been reported injurious:to citrus and a wide variety of plants in Hawaii, many Pacific islands and parts of Asia and Australia, Serious injury to citrus has been reported in Queensland. Insect feeding reduces the vitality of the plant and promotes the formation of sooty mold. Observations on the biology of this insect in Queensland indicate the larvae hatch beneath the parent scale, wander over the leaves of the host plant for a day or so, then settle down to feed and secrete wax on a leaf usually near the vein. Development is gradual with adult scales appearing after three molts. A complete generation develops in 4-6 months in the spring and in 6-8 months in the fall. Adults de- posit as many as 900 eggs during an egg-laying period of 2-5 months, One female may deposit 5-50 eggs per day. ‘Two egg-laying periods occur, one from January to July and the other from September to December. Larvae hatch in 2-3 days, and emerge from under parent scales in series of waves, so that great numbers may be found on the host plant at intervals. C. rubens, the red wax scale or pink wax scale, as it is sometimes Called, has been intercepted on frequent occasions at various ports ile) 9 from Hawaii and Japan on Aglaonema, Allaisanda, Alyxia, Anthurium, Aralia, Aucuba, Buxus, Camellia, Citrus, Coffea, Crataegus, Huonymus, Fatsia, Gardenia, [lex, Litchi, Magnolia, Prunus, Rhododendron, Smilax, Wisteria, Zinziber, and other planis. It is not known to occur in the continental United States. (Compiled -- Plant Quarantine Branch) NORTH CAROLINA - CHINCH BUG infesting corn and milo in Lee, Stanly, Union, Duplin, Chatham and Lenoir Counties. (Scott). SOUTH CAROLINA - CHINCH BUG moderate to heavy on corn in Horry County, June 1. (Watts). ALABAMA - EUROPEAN CORN BORER infestations in all fields exam- ined in Blount, Limestone and Madison Counties, mixed 50 percent with SOUTHERN CORNSTALK BORER; 11 fields examined. (Moore). IOWA - First reports of ARMYWORM; in rye in Plymouth County. EUROPEAN CORN BORER with egg mass counts June 17 on tallest corn varying from 200-600 per 100 plants southern area; 20-300 masses per 100 plants central area and 12-100 masses per 100 plants in northern area. CORN ROOT APHIDS abundant and damaging in some western and southern counties, WIREWORMS still active in many areas; requiring some replanting, APHIDS unusually abundant on vegetable and flower garden plants. Large numbers of CABBAGE WORMS on various crucifers. HORN FLIES range from 200-300 per animal in some herds. (Harris). OREGON - Adults of CHERRY FRUIT FLY began emerging June 11 in Willamette Valley. Adults of CODLING MOTH began emerging in Willamette Valley June 7. (Jones). WESTERN HARVESTER ANT damag- ing dry land grain in the Clarno area on range bottom land. (Roth). A MITE, probably Petrobia latens, damaging barley in southeastern section, (Every). WISCONSIN - No serious outbreaks of ARMYWORMS found. LARCH SAWFLY very abundant in several northwestern counties. (Chambers). 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ZI ZS GI-6/9 used Ge I Og Ze ei 2g 16 GI-6/9 XOUS et 8 9 g Z gt OT GI-6/9 pueyieqiung v L 3} Ov GI-TT/9 uos}1eqoy OF QT QT 096 GI-8/9 Aaneyl et 6& QT Ze OF OFZ GI-8/9 QoUsIM BT C a al be CST -S/9 UOSTDEN 9 € v Ze GT-6/9 Aq{eus *NNGI, gt v O1-8/9 ayIeTO (eels eh II O1-/9 purpreds g 2 ‘dds Lp I1-¥/9 WLL eee ee VINUOUO -TUTbES LORD ISIS = TOTISsA bacon “ujmao undtm 9° = "Tepnesd SNOILOSTIOO dVUL LHOIT -535- WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK Mid-June to Mid-July 1955 The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for the period from mid-June to mid-July calls for temperatures to average above seasonal normals over the northern half of the nation from the northern Plains eastward to New England, with greatest departures in the Great Lakes region. Below normal temperatures are expected in the West Coast States and over the Southeastern quarter of the country. In unspecified areas values not far from normal are anticipated. Precipitation is expected to exceed seasonal normals in the western Mountain and Plateau States. Subnormal rainfall is indicated over the northeast quarter of the nation and in West Gulf States. In other areas near normal amounts are predicted. This report released by the Weather Bureau on June 1’, 1955. Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume and Outlook", published twice a month by the Weather Bureau. You can subscribe through Superintendent of Docuinents, Washington 20, D.C. Price: $4, 80 a year, $2, 40 for six months. WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING JUNE 20, 1955 East of the Rocky Mountains temperatures for the week averaged below normal for the second consecutive week, with anomalies of 62ito LOS rim the Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys and Southeast. In the latter area the nights were too cool for the best growth of cotton, The coolest weather occurred during the first part of the week, but slowly rising temperatures thereafter reached norinai or above normal levels over virtually the en- tire nation by the close of the period. About mid-week minima were un- seasonably low in the western interior, when a low of 36° was recorded at Reno, Nev., and 279 at Fraser, Colo.* Precipitation occurring in nearly all sections of the country during the week was sufficient to maintain ample soil moisture in most areas east of the Continental Divide. Drought still persisted in southern Texas, more rain was needed in the southern High Plains of that State, and dry soil was reported in southern North Carolina, The week's most extensive moderate to heavy rainfall occurred over the Great Plains, where showers from the 14th to 17th produced weekly totals of 1 to over 2 inches over large areas. On the 15th and 16th severe thunderstorms and a few tornadoes were reported in the Texas Panhandle - southwestern Oklahoma area. Heavy showers also fell in parts of Arizona, Nevada and Utah from the Lath to 14th. Rainfall totaled 1 to over 4 inches in east-central, northern, and eastern portions of Arizona. On the 13th a heavy shower in the vicinity of Las Vegas, Nev., resulted in a flash flood which caused $2, 000, O00 damage to houses and other buildings. On the 16th a tornado destroyed severel buildings in Sandpete, Utah. (Summary Supplied by U.S. Weather Burean). * Frost reported to have damaged some fruit in Colorado, Be Moy, AMA tees y Be WPS i Wired , we Be A ahora ‘ Ne : ‘Na Fe ee aS ot Rese ey 4 " | Co 0 j2eta tive ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT By p : Issued by PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH mi AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 7 SURVEY METHODS — | 1955 fea = AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agri- culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa- tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Branch serves as a clearing house and does not assume responsibility for accuracy of the material. Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release should be mailed to: Economic Insect Survey Section Plant Pest Control Branch Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Washington 25, D. C. COOPERATIVE ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT SURVEY METHODS Contents Page Page Alfalfa caterpillar 10 Lygus bugs 11 Aphids (potato-infesting) 26, 27, 28 Mexican fruit fly 18 Apple maggot 15 Mosquito larvae 41 Beet leafhopper 24, 25 Onion thrips 22 Boll weevil 32) 39 Pea aphid 28 Bollworm 32 Pea weevil 31 Cherry fruit fly 18 Pink bollworm Se) 35) Chinch bug Zz) Plum curculio 16 Cotton aphid 33 Potato psyllid 26 Cattle lice 40 Rice water weevil 12 Cotton leafhopper 33 Spider mites on cotton 34 Cotton leafworm 33 Spittlebug 4 European corn borer 2 Stored grain insects 13 European red mite 13 Sugarcane borer 7 Golden nematode al Sweetpotato weevil al Grasshoppers 5 Thrips on cotton 35 Greenbug 8 Tomato fruitworm 22 Gypsy moth 37 Western bean cutworm 30 Hessian fly Y Western grape leaf skeletonizer 17 Ladino clover seed midge 10 Wheat stem sawfly 3 Japanese beetle 20 White-fringed beetles 9 Larch sawfly 37 Wireworms 23 Livestock pests 39 FRR AR RAR RK AR AR ARK AR RAK RACK OK KR KKK KK These survey methods have been brought together at the suggestion of the Entomologicai Society of America Survey Advisory Committee and other entomological workers. (Re-issued September 1955). 2 Survey Methods CHINCH BUG Cooperative surveys to determine populations of hibernating chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus) are made annually in several Central States. The work is conducted during November and December in areas suspected of harboring infestations. Overwintering occurs in several species of bunchgrasses, including little bluestem, big bluestem, and broomsedge. Five samples of bunchgrass are collected at widely separated points in each county surveyed. Each sample consists of a bunch of grass including the crown, from 3.5 to 4.5 inches in diameter, which is cut from the sod clump with a tilling spade. After trimming, the sample is placed in a double paper bag on which the location, date, and other pertinent details are recorded. By examining samples of the grass clumps in the laboratory, hibernating bugs are detected and abundance determined. As counts are made the number of bugs in the sample is converted to a number per square foot and rated according to the following table: Number of bugs Classification per square foot Rating Non-economic O - 250 il Light 250 - 500 2 Moderate 500 - 1, 000 3 Severe 1,000 - 2, 000 4 Very Severe 2, 000 or more 5 A rating is assigned to each county based on stop ratings and percentage of land under cultivation in the county. The greater the percentage of cultivated land the less protective cover available for hibernation and, consequently, a reduced population in comparison to crops that may be attacked. Information obtained from these surveys provides a basis for preliminary estimate of control needs as well as 3 record of hibernating populations; however, weather conditions the following spring determine the severity of infestations. (C. W. Shockley) EUROPEAN CORN BORER Abundance Survey-- The recommended procedure for making European corn borer (Pyrausta nubilalis) fall abundance survey is to make 10 observations, or sample counts, per county. If it is found that contiguous counties cannot be sampled utilizing 10 counts per county, a survey on a district basis is preferred which averages about 5 counts per county. Fewer than 5 counts per county is not recommended. An observation or sample count is obtained in a prescribed manner. The locations of the sampling points are distributed uniformly by marking them on a map of the.area to be surveyed. The observer is instructed to proceed to the point marked on the map and sample the first corn field encountered. The sample is obtained after walking 50 paces into the field from the most accessible point. Beginning with the first plant on the observer's right, 25 consecutive plants are examined for infestation and the number of infested plants recorded. The last two infested plants encountered in the count of 25 are dissected and the number and stages of borers found are recorded. The product of percent infestation and average borers per plant becomes the estimate of the field population expressed as borers per 100 plants. The observer than proceeds to the next location and so on throughout the survey. Distribution Survey-- The distribution surveys are less formalized than the abundance survey. In searching for new infestations available,time and number of observers are the limiting factors. Recommendations have been to examine as many fields as possible which are deemed most likely to harbor the borer. For example, mid-season surveys should be made in earliest fields in the area under observation, and September or later surveys should be confined to late fields. Concentrations of borers if present are expected to be more abundant in the respective types of fields. Survey Methods 3 Service Survey-- Service surveys to determine the need for control should be organized so that observations can be made by state zones (corn testing districts, crop reporting districts, etc.) or at strategic points in the state. The number of observations is dependent on funds and assistants available. Observations to be made include periodic counts on development of the borer as it changes from a dormant condition to an active one and larvae change to the pupal state. The emergence of moths is used as a criterion of the probable time of the beginning of egg deposition which is the forecast of the beginning of the critical period in corn borer control. Sufficient plants are examined in a number of localities to determine the egg load. When the egg load approaches 50 masses per 100 plants on corn approximately 35 inches in extended leaf height in any locality, the situation is considered serious enough to advise treatment of similar fields with insecticides. If the egg load builds up rapidly and is general over a large area, dealers are to be alerted to the probable heavy demand for insecticide materials. In any case farmers are urged to make counts in their own fields to determine the need for the use of insecticides. Similar observations are made on the progress of the development of the second generation borer in the more advanced corn, but treatment is not recommended until the egg load approaches 100 masses per 100 plants. However, treatment of mid-season or late corn is not recommended until the egg load approaches 100 masses per 100 plants. (Elmer W. Beck) WHEAT STEM SAWFLY Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus) surveys are conducted at the conclusion of harvest in wheat fields in the northern Greai Plains Area. The survey is made of the overwintering larval population by examining two samples in each of 10 well-distributed fields in each county. One sample is taken near the margin of the field within the first few drill rows, and the other at approximately the center of the field. At each sample location, 50 consecu- tive wheat stems of a drill row are examined for stubs cut off by the sawfly. The total number of these sawfly stubs found in the two samples is recorded as the percentage of infestation for the field. Upon completion of the survey, the fields are placed into one of four classifications based on their percentage of infestation as follows: CLASSIFICATION PERCENT OF STEMS INFESTED Light Trace - 5 Moderate 6 - 24 Heavy 25 - 39 Severe 40 - 100 A map of the infestation is prepared by locating each classified field on a map of the surveyed region and delimiting the areas of different population abundance. The information obtained from the survey provides a basis for determining the extent of the infestation and makes cer- tain date available that assist in making an appraisal of the wheat loss caused by the sawfly. (E. G. Davis) 4 Survey Methods SPITTLEBUG SURVEY IN ILLINOIS With an increase in spittlebug infestations up to economic levels in [llinois, it was consid- ered desirable to attempt the prediction of the potential populations that might occur on legume crops in the spring. Based on biological data from Ohio and field experience in Illinois, a survey technique for this purpose was developed in Illinois for use in 1951 and 1952. On the basis of data obtained in an adult spittlebug survey in the fall, probable dam- age ratings were determined for the following spring. In late August or early September after the adult spittlebug populations became fairly stable, (determined by regularsampling of a few fields) 30 counties were surveyed in Tilinois to determine adult populations. Ten fields were selected at random in each county. Ten individual sweeps (standard 15" net-180° sweep) were made in each field and each recorded separetely on a special form.* The condition of the field and other pertinent data were also recorded. Based on the average number of adult spittlebugs per sweep in each county, predictions were made for the areas most likely to be subjected to economic losses the following spring. By assuming that for each adult spittlebug per sweep there would likely be one-fourth to one-half spittlebug nymph per stem the following spring (Ohio's results), estimates were made of the acreage of new stands worthy of treatment. Treatment was recommended on first-year hay crop fields in those areas where an average of one-half or more nymphs per stem was anticipated. As a followup in late May, nymphal counts were made ona 100-stem sample in many of the fall-survey fields and observers found that for county averages the predicted and actual numbers of nymphs per 100 stems were substantially the same. This survey method gives actual figures upon which to base and check predictions. Since by this method it is possible to obtain a quantitative cross section of populations in old and new fields and in fields of various mixtures of grasses and legumes, mixed legumes, and straight stands of legumes, the survey data is of value to research and extension workers alike. (H. B. Petty) * Spittlebug Survey Fall. Date . County Crop - Old. New. Condition: Good. Fair. Poor. Height inches. Clipped. Unclipped. Location: N. S. E. W. ~~ side of Rt. : miles N. S. E. W. of miles N. S. E. W. of Adults per sweep: 1. nas Earns: wunee ents 568 tks 8. 5) Bee l0)s . Average 5 Spittlebug masses observed - Yes. No. Spring. Date , Infestation per 10 stems: 1. a. b. Se eday Jake b. Sumas b. 4. a. b. a Os ils b. Gavas b. Tismels b. 8. -a. b. 9. a. b. ‘ 10. a. b. a Ocala’. b. a= Infested plants. b= Number of nymphs. Adults observed. Yes. No. Notes: 2 ESS Survey Methods 5 GRASSHOPPERS Grasshopper surveys include observations on nymphs, adults, and eggs. Adult surveys are made at a time when most grasshoppers are in the adult stage andcover all areas that usually harbor grasshoppers, including crop land, pasture land, and range. The egg survey is limited to the crop land areas with some additional samples being taken in other areas where adult surveys revealed high populations. Nymphal surveys or observations are made in the spring to guide large scale control operations or for making local control recommenda- tions. A minimum of five stops per county should be made in the adult survey. Fifteen, twenty, or even more stops may be made in large counties with important and widespread crop and range areas. At-each stop the surveyor walks into the field 100 to 200:yards or a sufficient distance to obtain an impression of the general grasshopper population present. The population is estimated on the basis of average numbers of adult grasshoppers per square yard. Similar counts or estimates are made on at least one fourth mile of the field margin or boundary. If fields are small, 10 to 40 acres, and the crops diversified, two or three fields and their adjoining margins are examined at the stop. In such cases a single rating based on an average of the number of grasshoppers present in all fields examined is assigned the stop. Adult infestations are rated according to the classification of infestations in the following table. Classification of Adult Grasshopper Infestations No. of Adults Classification Per Sq. Yd. Rating Map Color Field _: Margin Non Economic 2 5 i, © White 3 Y a5) w Light 4 10 2.0 Green 6 as) est5) i Threatening 8 20 350 Yellow a2 30 SO Severe 16 40 4.0 Blue 24 60 4.5 tt Very Severe 32 80 2. 0 Red Information recorded for each stop should include the name of the surveyor, date, exact location, the stop number in that county, habitat, number of grasshoppers per square yard in the field and in the margin, the three dominant species with the percentage of each, and the rating. For each county surveyed additional pertinent information should be noted and supplied with the stop data. This includes brief statements on the habitats infested, locali- ties in which concentrations for egg deposition may be occurring, flight activity, damage to crops or range, control activities and their results, notes on parasites and predators and any other information that may have a bearing on the infestations. The rating for any stop is based on either the field or marginal count, not on a combination of both. The count that gives the higher rating is always chosen. The number of stops made in the various habitats should be in approximate proportion to their relative county acreage. If the dominant species are-not known to the surveyor, collections should be made for later determination. The egg survey is made in late September or October or even later in locations where ovi- position may extend into late fall or early winter. Its purpose is to determine whether the infestation expected the following year is the same, greater, or less than was shown by the adult survey and whether a shifting of adults, after the adult survey, has changed the infesta- tion picture. Generally this survey is, made only in areas where the adult survey revealed an expected economic infestation. 6 Survey Methods In the egg survey, a minimum of five stops per county is made. Stops are scattered through-_ out the crop areas, and are not necessarily made in the same field as adult survey stops. Five one-square-foot samples are taken in both the field and margin in areas where important. egg populations may occur in either of these habitats. The soil is shoveled into a sifting screen (1/4" or 1/8" mesh depending on soil texture) using a scoop shovel so modified that one-half ~ square foot of soil about two inches deep can be scooped up ata time. Two scoops, therefore, equal the square foot of soil which is sifted and examined for egg pods. In soil unsuitable for - sifting surveyors use mason's trowels, sharpened on one or both edges, to scrape away the soil and plants and expose the egg pods. The average number of egg pods per square foot, in the field and on the margin, is recorded and a rating is assigned the stop according to the following classification of infestations. Classification of Grasshopper Egg Pod Infestations No. of Egg Pods Per Sq. Ft. Classification Large Fields : Small Fields Rating Map Color Field:Margin : Field:Margin i Non Economic O25. 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 White Ossie ah O O37 Bs © 1.5 Light 0.50 4.0 1.@.,- So 2.0 Green Os 1) GeO bg WY. 5) eB) 2a u Threatening 1.0 8.0 20 Cs. 0 3.0 Yellow Le ® > Was O 3,0) 9,0 3.9 ul Severe QAO GO 4350) 1250) 4.0 Blue 50) (20) 07 16; 0 4.5 Wy Very Severe 408250 8.0 24.0 onO Red In the rating table two sets of figures for the number of egg pods per square foot are given under the heading "Large Fields" and "Small Fields." For farm land which is divided into fields of 80 acres or more, the figures under the "Large Fields" heading should be used. Where divided into fields of 40 acres or less, the figures under the "Small Fields" heading should be used. If fields between 40 and 80 acres in size are surveyed, they should be .classi- fied as either large or small, depending upon the typical size of ther fields in the area. Only one field and margin need be examined at each stop and fields should be chosen which are of a representative size for the area. Ratings for stops may be assigned on the basis of either the field or marginal count, whichever yields the higher rating. In areas where it is known that grasshoppers lay principally in the fields, five one-square- foot samples should be taken in the field and only two or three samples on the margin. [If the important species in the area concentrate their eggs on the margin, then the five samples should be taken in that area and two or three check samples in the field. Melanoplus mexicanus is an example of a species that deposits its eggs throughout fields. Fields of small grain stubble are frequently chosen and the eggs will be found along the drill rows with possible concentrations around straw stacks or in weed patches. Melanoplus bivittatus generally concentrates its egg pods in the margin. The pods may be found around the stems and in the roots of sun flowers and other coarse-stemmed plants. Melanoplus differentialis egg pods are also laid in margins. This species usually selects the crowns of grama grass or other similar grasses and forces the egg pods in among the roots. In sampling a field for eggs the surveyor should distribute the samples so that the fifth is taken well into the center of the field. Weed patches and other such extremely favorable habitats should be avoided unless they are representative of the area as a whole. On the margin the samples should be scattered across and along a quarter mile of its length. Narrow margins, less than 10 feet, should be avoided, if impossible, then the egg count should be reduced propor- tionately. Survey Methods tf Populations of adult grasshoppers remaining, at time of survey, in excess of 4 adults per square yard should also be recorded and considered in rating an egg stop. For populations of from 5 to 10 adults per square yard, an addition of 0. 5 egg pod per square foot should be made to the actual average egg count for the field or margin. For adult populations of 11 to 20 adults per square yard an addition of 1.0 pod should be made. Only good egg pods are recorded. Those containing blister beetle or beefly larvae should be considered as destroyed and excluded from the count. All egg pods should be carefully examined before they are counted as good pods. Data from both the adult and egg surveys is used in preparing infesta- tion maps and estimates. The maps show the best estimate of the potential infestation for the succeeding year. These, together with all data collected in the surveys, are the advance determination of the general infestation picture and provide the basis for planning the control needs for the following year. The actual grasshopper populations that will require control are not known until after predators, parasites, and weather have exerted their influence in the period from egg deposition in the fall through the first and Second nymphal instars in the spring. (C. W. Shockley) HESSIAN FLY Surveys to determine infestations of hessian fly (Phytophaga destructor ) are made annually near harvest time in the winter wheat region and in California. If there are relatively few reports of damage in May or June, the surveys may be limited or less intensively made in some areas or states. For an intensive survey, five or more samples of wheat are collected at separated points in each county surveyed. A sample consists of 50 stems of wheat chosen at random from a larger sample pulled from a field of wheat. The percent of stems infested with puparia of the hessian fly is recorded for each sample along with location and date of collection. Often: it becomes desirable to make examinations later at the field station. If so, the samples are placed in individual paper bags or tied with fine wire, labeled and stored in dry place until examined. A county, an assembly of counties, or an area is rated on the average infesta- tion recorded from the samples examined as follows: Average Infestation Infestation Rating 7.5 percent Low 17.5 percent Moderate 27.5 or more percent Heavy The ratings indicate whether low, moderate, or heavy populations of the fly exist in the wheat stubble and the need for publicizing control measures. (W. B. Cartwright) SUGARCANE BORER Determining Infestation at Time of Harvest Method Used in Louisiana: Surveys to determine sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis) infesta- tions in Louisiana are made at time of harvest each year. Examinations are made on 10 plantations, each being representative of a surrounding area producing one-tenth of the sugar yield for the state. Six fields in representative locations on the plantation and divided among varieties and soil types in proportion to their acreage importance in the district represented by the plantation are surveyed. Each field infestation average is given equal weight in deter- mining the plantation average, and each plantation average is given equal weight in determining the infestation average for the state. Examinations are made between October 20 and December 15. Infestation counts consist of the percentage of joints bored as determined from the total humber of joints and total bored joints on 100 stalks in each field. Ten samples of 10 consecu- tive stalks each are examined in 10 locations of each field. Five of the samples are taken on two adjoining rows running lengthwise and one-third of the distance in from one side of the field. The samples are alternated between the two rows and spaced equidistant apart for the entire length of the field. The other five samples are similarly taken one-third of the distance in from the other side of the field. If up to 10 percent of the joints are bored infestation is con- sidered to be very light; 10 to 20, light; 20 to 30, moderate; and over 30, very severe. The _ percentage of crop loss for each 1 percent joints bored is conservatively estimated to be three- fourths of 1 percent. 8 Survey Methods Method Used in Florida: Surveys to determine sugarcane borer infestations in Florida are made, also, at time of harvest each year. Examinations are made in approximately 40 representative fields of sugarcane well distributed over the sugar producing area. Individual fields are sampled by counting the total number of joints and externally apparent bored joints of 10 consecutive stalks in each of 5 locations. The samples are taken about 100 feet apart in the central one-third section of the field. Up to 5 percent of the joints bored is considered to be a light infestation; 5 to 10 moderate; and over 10 heavy. The percentage of crop loss for each 1 percent joints bored is conservatively estimated to be 1 percent. In Florida the average infestation is less and the loss per unit of infestation is more than it is in Louisiana. Determining Number of Overwintering Sugarcane Borers Surveys to determine the number of overwintering sugarcane borers in Louisiana are made during February to obtain an estimate of the probable infestation and control needs during the coming spring and summer. Examinations are made on 10 plantations evenly distributed over that section of the sugarproducing area in which the borer is most likely to cause serious damage. Three representative fields are examined on each plantation. Although most examinations are made in the cane trash of ratoon fields which make up most of the acreage, some are also made in young shoots from summer-planted and fall-planted cane. Ten random samples of 10 linear feet of row each are examined in each field for overwintering borers. These counts are then converted into number of overwintering borers per acre. In cane trash 0 to 5 are considered to be non-economic, 5 to 25 light, 25 to 100 moderate, 100 to 200 severe, and 200 or more very severe. In young shoots of summer-planted cane 0 to 50 are considered to be non-economic, 50 to 100 light, 100 to 600 moderate, 600 to 2, 000 severe,and 2,000.or more very severe. (R. Mathes) GREEN BUG* (Methods used by State and ARS Entomologists in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas) Two greenbug surveys are usually made each year. One is made in November to determine the fall infestation and another in the latter part of February or early March to determine winter survival and the potential infestation present. Where large small-grain acreages are present, at least 5 fields are examined in each county. Fields selected should be at least 5 miles and preferably not more than 15 miles apart. In the November survey an effort is made to select early emerged fields or fields containing volunteer plants. The exact location of the field is recorded together with any pertinent notes on crop status and development. Five samples are examined about midway along the edge of the field. Each sample area is 25 steps apart as illustrated below: 25 steps 25 steps * Sample 5 * Sample 4 122) s ip) ike) N A small grain field 9 * Sample 3 ro) n a 2 n ite) 25 st Sample 1 25 steps i: Rite e * Sample 2 * Toxoptera graminum Survey Methods 9 Each sample consists of one linear foot of drill row. If the infestation is light (50 or less greenbugs per linear foot), an attempt is made to obtain an exact count. However, if the infestation is heavy, an estimate of the number per linear foot is made. If the heavy infesta- tion appears to be uniform, the estimate is made by counting the number on one plant and multiplying it by the number of plants in the one-foot sample. A numerical rating of 0 to 5 is given each sample as follows: 0) None = no greenbugs iL Non-economical = 1 to 10 greenbugs per linear foot 2 Light = ll to 50 greenbugs per linear foot 3 Threatening = 51 to 100 greenbugs per linear foot 4 Severe = 101 to 300 greenbugs per linear foot 5 Very Severe = above 300 greenbugs per linear foot The average numerical rating for the 5 samples is entered in the survey data report. The prevalence of parasites and predators is recorded in the remarks column of the survey data sheet. (R. G. Dahms). WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES There are two methods by which the presence of white-fringed beetles (Graphognathus spp. ) can be determined: (1) inspections for adult beetles on plants and on the surface of the soil, and (2) inspections of soil samples for larvae. Effective surveys can be made by using one or a combination of these methods depending upon the season of the year. Certain definite procedures must be followed to effectuate a successful white-fringed beetle survey. 1. Likely Areas of Infestation. These are determined by possible exposure from known beetle-infested areas within the infested states as well as from infested South American countries. They include properties that have been landscaped with nursery stock moved from infested areas, railroad properties when the railroad traverses infested localities, farm crop processing plants, community centers, military installations, and other points where equipment and materials from various parts of the country are assembled, as well as ports where the insect may have been introduced. 2. Favorable Sites. After the area has been determined, it is necessary to select sites within the area to survey. On farms, the inspections are concentrated on cultivated fields, pastures, and fence rows. In residential areas, the inspections are limited to flower beds, undeveloped lots and alleyways. In industrial areas, checks are made in vegetative areas on the property and environs. Inspection for Adults Adult inspections may be made from late May to mid-September. The adult beetle shows strong preference for certain broad-leaf food plants such as peanuts, vel- vetbeans, soybeans, beggarweed, cocklebur, ragweed, blackberry, goldenrod, aster, petunias, zinnias, and chrysanthemums. By restricting the examinations to plants preferred by the beetle, better results may be expected. The finding of the characteristic feeding sign of the adult white-fringed beetle is a big asset in locating infestations. These signs are easily distinguished from injuries caused by most other insects. Search is made for semicircular cuts made in the margin of the leaf. One portion of the injury presents a smooth, slightly curved surface, whereas the other portion presents a serrated or saw-tooth edge. Upon finding characteristic feeding signs, close observation is made on the ground or in debris for the beetle. Its protective coloration and habit of the insect to feign death oftentimes make it difficult to find. Inspection for Larvae. Larval inspection may be effectively done from early fall to late spring. This is done by selecting soil samples from around the roots of perennial plants. Although the larvae feed on several hundred species of plant, observations have shown that the preferred food plants include practically all field and garden crops and some native vegetation such as dogfennel, polypremum, evening primrose, goldenrod, ragweed, broomsedge, wild geranium, plantain, dock, and various briers. Selective digging and examination of the soil sample for the larvae should be made under preferred food plants in representative portions of the land. In the early spring when plants, both native and cultivated, begin growth, larval inspections 10 Survey Methods can be done by noting plant injury, as several food plants when attacked by white-fringed beetle larvae show certain abnormal symptoms such as yellowing, reddening, or wilting, and dead plants may be observed. These symptoms assist the inspector in further limit- ing the number of plants to be examined. In this type of inspection the plant is dug up by the roots with a hand trowel or shovel and the soil broken apart and examined. It is not necessary to dig large amounts of earth; the larvae, if present, will usually be found on the roots of the plant or in the soil nearby, and a majority of them will be found in the upper 3 inches of soil. (C. C. Fancher). Prediction of Alfalfa Caterpillar* Populations (as used in California) Sampling methods: Samples of the larval population are taken by Sweeps of a standard insect net. The lower edge of the net is held eight to ten inches into the alfalfa and as the sweeps are made, the rim of the net should be held perpendicular to the ground. The sweeps are made through a half circle from one side of the sweeper to the other. A step is taken between each sweep. Normally a circle of the field will be made taking one or two sweep samples at frequent intervals. All types of growth (height, variety, color, ridges, between ridges, "islands", etc.) should be sampled. Fields or portions of fields which grow more slowly than normal, e. g., remain in the 1/4 stage for a long time should be watched care- fully. When confirmation counts (check counts made to confirm previous predictions) are made, fewer samples, generally at a few specific spots, are taken. As one becomes more experienced, most of the counts are estimated. Only about every fifth sample is counted. Twenty minutes per field, although some will take much more, is a good average. It is important to realize that slack periods occur between broods. Under conditions favorable for the caterpillar a field may go from the oviposition stage to the injurious stage in ten days or less. Routine visits are made to every field each week and such supplementary counts aS seem necessary are made between visits. Economic level of infestation: The standard by which economic infestations are judged is a sliding scale centered around 200 non-parasitized larvae per 20 sweeps of the standard net. This "center point" is to be used for average conditions (which rarely exist). Other factors, such as growth, stand, period remaining until harvest, must be taken into con- sideration. For example, this center point is too low for a dense vigorously growing alfalfa field and for infestations developing during cool weather. Factors favoring damage: The development of an economic population is favored by (a) large flights of adults when-the alfalfa is short, (b) few short fields in the vicinity at time of flight, (c) slow or uneven growth fo alfalfa, (d) insufficient parasites to reduce the population below the economic level, and (e) hot, dry weather. (R. F. Smith and W. W. Allen). * (Colias philodice eurytheme) Detection of Ladino Clover Seed Midge Infestations Serious losses to Ladino clover seed production in Oregon have resulted from attacks by the Ladino clover seed midge (Dasyneura gentneri). This insectis a new species with its distribution largely unkown. The detecting of infestations is, therefore, of concern where- ever Ladino clover is grown for seed. White and alsike clovers may also be infested by the insect. In new Clover fields infestations build up gradually and may not reach peak until the second year of seed production. The presence of midge cocoons on the soil surface under vegeta- tion and debris is a valuable indicator of infestation past or present. Even the empty cocoons or their recognizable fragments may be in evidence for a year or two after the adults have left them. While adult or immature stages infesting clover are present only at certain times of the year, the cocoons accumulate in infested fields. The cocoons will always be sufficiently abundant to be found readily in fields which have at any time within the previous two or three years carried infestations of economic intensity. The use of cocoons to indicate Survey Methods 11 an infestation makes possible the inspection of fields for infestation at any time of year that the ground is not frozen or covered with snow. However, this method will often fail to reveal extremely light infestations such as occur in new clover plantings or those in heavily pastured clover. The cocoons are oblong, light gray to white, slighty under 1/16 inch wide and only slightly longer. Though small, their light color makes them easily visible. They occur in greatest numbers in depressions in the ground where compacted vegetation trash has accumulated. Usually they are most abundant in the shallow irrigation trenches known as "corrugations, " especially in older fields where protective layers of well compacted trash have had time to accumulate. Detection of infestations in clover fields by sweeping with a net for the adults is rapid and convenient but the method has certain limitations. If no adults are taken in the net, it may mean that (1) there is no infestation, (2) the infestation is not in the adult stage, or (3) con- ditions are such that the net is not catching the adults when present. The first emergence of adults from overwintering cocoons coincides fairly closely with the appearance of bloom on the clover. In central Oregon, from early in June until the seed crop is harvested in early September, three broods of adults appear, each about a month apart. Emergence of each brood requires roughly two weeks. The emergence periods are separated by an interval of approximately two weeks during which few or no adults are present in the fields. Sweeps taken during these intervals may give a negative indication, even where heavy infestations exist. Wind causes adults to go deep into the vegetation for shelter. Net sweeps on windy days, especially in deep vegetation, may give negative results. This is likely to be the case when moderate to low adult populations are present. Adults are most abundant on the upper surfaces of the plants around midday when the sun is highest. In sweeps repeated at intervals throughout the day in a single field those taken during the midday (11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.) yielded approximately 4 times as many midges as sweeps made in the early morning (8 to 9 a.m.) or late afternoon (4 to5 p.m.). Therefore, light infestations are most likely to show up if the sweeps are taken during the midday period. The most reliable method of detecting Ladino clover seed midge infestations is to find the larvae in the clover heads. By picking heads in which 1/3 to 3/4 of the florets have turned down and are becoming brown, one can be assured that any mature larvae present will begin dropping out in a day or two. If the heads are placed in transparent cellophane bags they can be kept fresh for several days, and the orange-colored larvae, when they emerge, can be seen through the bags. It is best to leave several inches of stem on the heads. Then if the heads are placed in the bags stems down, the emerging larvae will fall free of the heads to the bottom of the bags. Otherwise, in their attempt to hide, the larvae may crawl back into the heads to spin their cocoons and not be detected. If the clover heads are to be taken to the laboratory, the bags are handy for keeping them fresh in transit. In the laboratory the clover stems are put in bottles of water, with the heads leaning free of the bottle mouths. Bottles containing the clover are then set in pans into which the emerging larvae drop and accumulate. By this method the clover heads can be kept fresh enough at room temperature to obtain daily larval emergence counts for 10 to 12 consecutive days. The pans can be check- ed at any convenient time, even days after they are set up. This method will reveal infestations too light to be evident by any of the other methods discussed. (H. W. Prescott). LYGUS BUGS (Methods used in California) On alfalfa seed: Alfalfa grown for seed should be treated for lygus control only when the lygus bug population justifies it. The treatment level will vary with the growth stage of the alfalfa. The treatment levels are the numbers which indicate the proper time of insecticide applications, and are not, necessarily, the population density at which economic damage occurs. Treatments are made at these levels to avoid later populations which may cause economic damage. Lygus counts are based on two-sweep counts taken with a standard net at 10 to 20 stations over a field. At least three two-sweep counts are made at each station. The margins of the field, spots with heavy growth, and other areas of the field may have a significantly higher count than the remainder of the field. In general, all counts ina field are averaged and treatment is based on this average population. Occasionally it is practical to treat only portions of a field. 12 Survey Methods Alfalfa in the early bloom stage is treated when the lygus-bug count reaches one insect per sweep. During the period of seed set, the fields are treated when the count of lygus bugs reaches six per sweep. Counts are determined by doubling the nymphal count and adding it to the adult count. For example, two adults and two nymphs per sweep equal a count of six; four adults and one nymph also equal a count of six; and similarly, three nymphs or six adults equal a count of six. If lygus bugs have been kept under control during the period of seed set, there is seldom any need for treating the maturing field; however, if the pests appear to be unusually abundant, the count for treatment is ten per sweep determined in the same manner as described above. On cotton: Lygus bugs are particularly attracted to succulent or rank-growing fields. Sweeps in cotton are made through the tops of one row. An average total of ten lygus bugs per 50 such sweeps is the minimum injurious number. Each nymph is counted as two and each adult as one. The presence of nymphs indicates a more advanced and serious infestation. This is for average conditions; it is possible that a lower population that is maintained for a long period of time may cause economic damage. However, in most years the populations do not hold steadily at one level. On blackeye beans or cowpeas: A favored oviposition site of lygus bugs infesting blackeye beans is in the developing pod and such spots are commonly seen as small depressions with the cap of the egg forming the bottom. As the season progresses so does the number of nymphs and it is not unusual to find fields in which there are more nymphs than adults. In lygus - infested blackeye bean fields it is possible to show a correlation between populations and the amount of injury at harvest time. These fields are sampled by means of a standard 15 inch net. A sweep across two rows of beans constitutes one sweep and five such sweeps are made at each of ten stations in the field. The total number of adults and nymphs are recorded separately for each series of five sweeps. A population averaging 90 or more lygus per sweep is sufficient to cause considerable damage, especially if present when beans are in a susceptible stage. A population this heavy can be tolerated until late bloom and early pod stage when the beans should be treated. Studies have made possible the following generalities concerning abundance and resulting seed injury. A population averaging 0-10 lygus per 50 sweeps persisting from early pod time to harvest will result in from 0.4 to 2.0 percent of beans with injury; a population of from 15 to 20 will cause 2.5 to 5.0 percent seed injury; from 40-50 lygus will cause 6. 0- 12. 0 percent injury and 60 lygus or more per 50 sweeps will result in 15 percent or more of the seed injured. (R. F. Smith and J. E. Swift, alfalfa seed; G. L. Smith, cotton; W. W. Middlekauff, cowpeas). Technique For Making Rice Water Weevil Larval Counts Clumps of rice containing at least five plants, together with the soil surrounding the roots, were removed by hand. All but 5 plants and the excess soil were removed and discarded. Two such samples were taken and placed in a ten-inch cylinder (with sides 12-15 inches high), constructed of sheet iron, the bottom of which was covered with 20-mesh copper screening. The cylinder was then placed in six to twelve inches of water and the roots of the rice clump shaken vigorously in the water within the cylinder, after which the clump was discarded. The larvae that are completely loosened from roots or soil by this treatment float to the surface. The floating larvae were counted and removed by means of a sieve. The cylinder was then shaken vigorously which dislodged additional larvae. These also were counted and removed. This process was continued as long as it brought additional larvae to the surface. In most cases five to eight shakings completed the count. Numerous examinations of the materials remaining in the cylinder or in the clump of rice after this procedure showed that very few larvae were missed other than extremely small larvae capable of passing through the 20-mesh screen. In taking of data two such samples were taken from each plot. (F. E. Whitehead). Survey Methods 13 STORED GRAIN INSECTS Farm-type bins. For farm-type bins up to 5,000 bushels, samples should be taken with the standard 5-foot grain probe from 5 locations: the center, and about 1 foot from the wall at the 4 cardinal points of the bin. For shallow bins, one probe from each location is sufficient. If the grain is deeper, from 2 to 3 probes must be taken from each location using extensions on the probe so that samples can be taken from a vertical column from the surface to the bottom of the bin; e. g., if the grain is 10 feet deep a sample from the top and bottom 5 feet is sufficient, but if the grain is 15 feet deep it will be necessary to take samples from the bottom, middle, and top five feet of grain. It should be noted that in the sampling of round metal bins it may be difficult to take the samples from the 4 quadrants when the bin is over- filled. In such cases the probes should be inserted in a slanting position so that the bottom samples will be taken from the outside portion of the bins. Quonset huts. In the sampling of quonset huts or large, rectangular wooden bins additional samples are necessary, the number depending upon the size of the building and the depth of the grain. For the average quonset 100' x 40', samples are taken at 12 locations approximately 15 feet apart in two longitudinal rows evenly spaced between the two side walls. If the grain is approximately 10 feet deep, samples should be taken from the top and bottom 5 feet at each location. In addition a surface sample should be taken from the center of the front and rear half of the quonset. Elevator bins. The sampling of grain in elevator bins is complicated by the depth of the grain and the difficulty of reaching the surface of the grain from the head house floor. Unless special equipment is available to take probe samples from the top of the bin, or the elevator is equipped with an automatic sampler, the simplest method is to run the entire bin and take samples periodically from the grain stream with a "pelican" sampler. This method takes considerable time and is not always feasible. Since infestation in elevator bins is most frequently found in the grain at the surface and the bottom of bins, the following method has been adopted for routine examinations. A surface sample is taken from each bin by lowering an automatic sampling device on a royeto the grain level from the top of each bin. This device consists of a cylindrical container, the two halves of which are held open by springs. On contact with the grain, the two halves snap shut and capture approximately a gallon of grain. A sample from the bottom of the bin is obtained by running the bin for 1 or 2 minutes during which period 5 passes are made through the falling grain stream with a pelican grain sampler. Composite sample. All probe samples for any one bin, quonset or elevator bin, are comisined! into a composite lot which is then cut. down to a 1000-gram sample with a Boerner Grain Divider. The sample can be then sifted and the insects counted. The insects are classified as weevils or bran beetles. Rice weevil, granary weevil, and lesser grain borer are classed as weevils and all other beetles as bran beetles. (Stored Product Insect Section, Manhattan, Kansas). chni r i e j io ropean Red Mite Populations on Foliage The time required for determining European red mite (Metatetranychus ulmi) populations is one of the most important limiting factors in carrying out field tests for the control of this pest. Since populations are subject to rapid fluctuations due to tremendous reproductive capacity, weather conditions, and intermingling of late broods, it is desirable to make popula- tion determinations for any given series of tests during as short a period of time as possible. This report is a discussion of a technique used at the Dow Agricultural Chemical Research Field Station at South Haven, Michigan, since 1942. This discussion deals with studies made on mite populations on apple, cherry, prune, plum, peach and other foliage. 14 Survey Methods Determination of Mite Populations Sampling: A more accurate appraisal of the effectiveness of mite treatments may be made if the mite population of each plot immediately preceding application is known. Such infor- mation is important for the checks as well as for those that are to be treated. This is desirable since large differences often exist between populations in the various plots within a planting. The pre-treatment and post-treatment population determinations are made from samples of 50 leavesfrom 2 to 5 trees in each plot. The number of leaves taken from each tree is determined by the number of count trees in the plot. For example, if 5 trees are used, they are marked and ten leaves are taken from each tree at each collection. If 3 trees are used 16 leaves are taken from one tree and 17 from each of the other two. The leaves are all taken by the collector circling the tree and picking the samples at regular intervals so that a complete cirlce is made while sampling each tree. Leaves are taken from wood with a diameter of 3/4 to 1 inch and usually at arm's length from the perifery of the trees. In the case of heavily infested trees it is necessary to make leaf collections near the tips of branches as the mites move out. These leaves are dropped immediately into small containers ina "lethal chamber" shown in Figure L All leaves from a plot are put into one receptacle. This receptacle may be of any suitable size. One quart cylindrical paper ice cream containers have proved satisfactory, although slightly larger containers may be more suitable when the leaves are very large such as are sometimes encountered on Duchess, Baldwin, Greening, and other varieties. An identi¢ying card is placed on the leaves in the receptacle. Killing the Mites: Difficulty is sometimes encountered while making population counts of live mites. When the leaves are heavily populated and when counts are made at high temperature, the active forms move about rapidly, many running off the leaves or shifting from one side of the leaf to the other. These difficulties have been overcome by placing the leaf samples immediately into the small containers which are carried in the "lethal chamber" mentioned above. The chamber is simply a tight container of a size suitable for carrying about the orchard. (Figure 1). It is constructed of a wooden frame covered with pressed wood. A 2-3/4" opening is cut in the cover over each container. These holes are snugly fitted with plugs which are merely lifted and replaced each time a leaf is dropped into the receptacle. An interior view of the lethal chamber is shown in Figure 2. On the lower surface of the chamber lid, provision is made for use of the lethal chemical. In the case illustrated, this consits of fastening to the lid strips of absorbent cotton wrapped with cloth to prevent fraying. Excellent results for quick kill of the active mites have been obtained by the use of propylene or ethylene dichloride. One application of afew ml. of the liquid toxicant per cubic foot of space is sufficient to give quick Killing during the time required to collect fifty leaves from each of six plots. Ethylene and propylene dichloride serve very well for this purpose since they are relatively safe to the collector when used out of doors, and also indoors by observing reasonable precautions. The liquid should be charged into the cotton often enough ta cause discoloration of the leaves within 20 minutes. To further insure kill of the mites the sample filled receptacles may b e stored in larger lethal chambers. (Figure 3). A larger number of plots may be sampled in this way within a few hours. The samples may be stored in the recéptacles in a cool moderately humid place (60-80% relative humidity) or the mites may be removed from the leaves and stored on the glass plates ina similar place until counts are made. Counts should be made as soon as possible, however. Preparing for and Making Actual Counts: After the leaf samples have been collected, the mites killed and taken to a central station, the next step is to remove the mites from the leaves. This is done with a machine developed by C. F. Henderson of the U. S. Department of Agriculture working with the citrus mite (Metatetranychus citri)in California. The details of this machine and its operation are discussed in U. S. D. A. Circular 671, 1943. The method of operation was very similar to that described by Henderson. For the purpose of this report pertinent items and slight alterations in procedure are briefly discussed. The machine (Figure 4) consists essentially of two three-quarter inch rotary brushes, four inches long, mounted close together in a horizontal position and above a metal turn table. The brushes found most satisfactory for use on mites are of goat's hair. The brushes and turn table are operated by a smallelectric motor. The motor in this case is described as follows: H. P. 1/175, volts 115, cycles 60, amps 38 and rpm 1500. A 6-volt motor may be used if it is desired to use the equipment in the field where the motor can be powered from a storage battery. The turn table on the brushing machine is a metal plate which holds a glass disc of the proper size. During the brushing process the leaf samples are inserted Figure 1. Details of collection chamber lid with one plug removed. Figure 2. View of interior of collection chamber with samples from six plots in the six cardboard receptacles. Strips of absorbent material for fumigation may be enclosed in window screening to avoid fraying. Plate 1 Figure 3. Chamber for transporting samples and for further fumigation and storage if necessary. Figure 4. Brushing machine with leaf being inserted between brushes. Plate 2 Figure 5. Equipment used for making counts. The tallies are mounted on the table top and manipulated by pressing, with the knees, levers under the table which are connected to the tally levers by strings. Figure 6. Holding board for easy manipulation of glass discs containing specimens. Left, parallel areas for inspection in case of light infestation. Right, white areas for inspection in case of heavy infestation. Plate 3 Survey Methods 15 between the rotating brushes and the mites and the eggs are dislodged. Two metal shields extend from slightly above the top of the brushes, downward to the glass disc on the turn table. These shields serve to confine the falling mites to the disc below. For maximum removal of mites, it has been found advisable to insert one end of the leaf between the brushes, withdraw it, and then insert the other end. If removal of all the eggs is desired, further brushing may be necessary after the leaf has been folded to fully expose the midrib. The glass disc placed on the turn table during the brushing process should have a diameter 1/4 - 1/2 im. greater than that of the area within the shields. This will permit handling the glass without crushing the forms collected thereon. Immediately before placing the glass disc on the turn table the upper surface should be lightly coated with thin varnish or some other suitable adhesive. The falling mites and eggs will lodge and remain on this film during subsequent handling. The rotation of the disc during the brushing process insures a fairly uniform distribution of the mites and eggs over the coated surface. The regular laboratory equipment plus a few easily made accessories are all that is needed to make the counts. (Figures 5 and 6). The glass disc containing the mites and/ or eggs is placed on a holding board which facilitates manipulations of the disc when put into position for examination with a binocular microscope. In making the counts, one of two means of guiding the observer during the counting is used, depending upon the abundance of specimens on the disc. If only a few are encountered, the hol ding board with parallel fields as shown on the left in Figure 6 is used and all specimens are counted. If there are many mites, the holding board with the black and white cardboard disc as shown on the right in Figure 6 is used.and only those which lie over the white areas are counted. The narrow white stripes are for guides only and mites lying over them are not counted. The total white area is 25 percent of the toal specimen bearing area. (Henderson 1.) Thus the number of forms counted in this way, multiplied by 4 gives a figure approximately the same as if the entire area is counted. When making the counts one light source, namely a mitroscope lamp with the light beam directed to the field of observation has proved adequate. This is different and somewhat simpler than the illumination described by Henderson. It may be that certain conditions, not yet encountered in this work, will require the setup described by him. Enough time is allowed between the application of control treatment and leaf sampling to cause the treatment-killed mites to dry and shrivel. The first sampling after treatment is usually 3 to.5 days. If heavy rains occur during this interval many of the dead mites will be washed from the leaves. If properly handled, as described earlier, the mites which escaped the treatment, but which were killed in the lethal chamber will remain plump and may be easily identified as "live mites". Only live mites are counted. After the counts are made the glaS8s discs may be cleaned by immersing in a strong solution of trisodium phosphate, after which they may be rinsed in water, dried and used again. (O. A. Hammer) LITERATURE CITED: (1) Henderson, C. F. and McBurnie, H. V. 1943. Sampling Technique for determining populations of the Citrus Red Mite and its Predators. U.S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 671. Determining Apple Maggot* Fly Emergence In late August and early September infested apples are placed in a large box having a 1/4 inch mesh wire bottom and raised 10 or 12 inches on corner legs. Under the box a tray with 1-1/2 to 2 inch sides collects the maggots when they complete larval feeding in the apple and drop. Daily and sometimes twice daily the maggots are collected, counted and distributed among the soil boxes. Soil boxes are 1-1/2 x 3 feet (Size is not important) with sides 8 to 10 inches high. They are filled with 6 to 8 inches of good porous soil. Maggots are distributed among the boxes each day rather than putting each day's collection in one of the boxes. The usual number of maggots in each box is 300 or 400. When gathering the maggots from the tray, all prepupae and pupae are discarded and the soil boxes are checked frequently to remove any specimens which fail to enter the soil normally. In late fall the infested soil boxes are placed in or near the orchard and buried even with soil surface. They may be covered with wire or brush to protect them from interference by dogs or other animals. In early June cages are placed over the soil boxes to collect the flies when they 16 Survey Methods emerge. These cages are about 3 feet in each dimension covered with screen wire on at least two sides and cloth sheeting on the top and other sides. The front is attached on two edges with thumb tacks so that it can be folded back to reach in to collect and count the flies. During the emergence season the flies are collected daily. Winter mortality in these cages has ranged from 40 to 60 percent and progressive emergence estimates are based on a 50 percent natural mortality. (W. D. Whitcomb). Technique in Jarring for Plum Cureulio! Jarring trees to obtain plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) adults is an old and well established practice. It was considered at one time as a valuable supplementary control measure for plum curculio on peaches. Although no longer practiced as a control measure, it is still considered a valuable tool particularly in research. Jarring is useful as a means of timing spray applications and for locating areas of heavy infestation. It may also be used as a criterion for evaluating effectiveness of spray applications. Equipment and technique for jarring are described in this paper. The method described has been used with satisfactory results during 1949 and 1950 in the peach belts in the Arkansas River Valley centered around Clarksville and in the southwestern belt near Nashville. The sheet used in experiments in Arkansas is 4 feet by 7 feet and is attached to a light wooden frame. The frame is hinged for folding to facilitate transporting from one orchard to another. Other equipment includes a light rubber covered mallet and a small bottle fitted with a slit rubber top for collecting the beetles. The procedure involved in using the small jarring sheet is to hold the sheet in one hand and to jar limbs by one or two sharp blows with the mallet. No attempt is made to jar an entire tree. The beetles are usually collected at the end Of the jarring period. If, due to high temperature, the beetles become active, they are captured and counted immediately. The unit of measurement of curculio abundance is based on the amount of time spent jarring. In most cases a period of 5 minutes is used. If a complete record in an area is desired, four units of 5 minutes each are taken. Usually the limbs on one side of a tree are jarred and the operator then moves on to the next tree. The principal disadvantage in using a small sheet to jar for 5 minute periods seems to be that it has been customary to think of curculio populations as the number per tree. Since this number is an arbitrary figure and is at best only an approximation, a different unit of expressing density of population should be equally satisfactory. The number of limbs jarred in 5 minutes by different individuals will undoubtedly vary somewhat, but this varia- tion should not be nearly so great as the differences between individual trees. In the past jarring records have been on the basis of the number of curculios obtained per tree. This system has numerous disadvantages. The size of trees varies greatly from one orchard to another because of differences in age and growing conditions. Curculio popu- lation varies greatly among trees of fairly uniform size. This necessitates a large sample to obtain representative data. It is difficult to jar an entire tree especially if it is a large one. Unless considerable labor is available the sheets must be placed on the ground. Uneven terrain and weed growth make this impractical in many orchards. During the summer the temperature is too high in Arkansas for satisfactory jarring during most of the daylight hours. The beetles are more active and many of them fly upon being disturbed. More records can be taken during that period of the day when conditions are favorable if the small sheet is used to jar individual limbs rather than jarring erire trees. Also the small sheet can be held close to the limbs where the curculios are located. Fewer beetles will fly before hitting a sheet held close to the limbs than one on the ground. Also more beetles can be recovered from the sheet on a rigid frame since they can be removed more quickly from it than from large sheets. Thus jarring can be done with the small sheet when high temperature would make the use of large sheets on the ground impractical. 1 Research paper No. 1021, Journal Series, Univ. of Ark. Published with permission of director of Ark. Agric. Exp. Station. Survey Methods 17 Sheets sufficiently large to cover the area under a large peach tree require several persons to hold them. The only alternative is to place them on the ground. In many Arkansas orchards the terrain is too rough to place the sheets on the ground satisfactorily. With the sheets on the ground it is difficult to jar the tree without walking on the sheets. If they are placed on bare ground they soon become soiled making it difficult to locate the curculios on them. The small sheet ona frame eliminates these difficulties. The advantages of considering the number of curculios jarred in a 5-minute period using a small sheet on a rigid frame as the unit of measurement, may be summarized as follows: Only one person is needed to take the records. More records can be taken in the same time. Difficulties due to variations in tree size, uneveness of terrain, and high temperature are decreased or eliminated. (W. D. Wylie). Reprinted December 7, 1951 from Journal of Economic Entomology 44: (5) : 818 WESTERN GRAPE LEAF SKELETONIZER For the past several years the Bureau of Entomology in the California Department of Agriculture has been engaged in an intensive campaign directed against the western grape leaf skeletonizer (Harrisina brillians) which is restricted in occurrence to the most southern county in the State. This insect, which is a day-flying moth, is found on wild and domestic grape in the southern and eastern portions of San Diego County in a wide range of climatic niches ranging from coastal plains to desert canyons and at elevations: from sea level to 4500 feet. Visual inspection has been found to be the only acceptable method of survey. Extensive bait trap studies have been conducted in search for an attractant which would satisfactorily supplement visual inspection, but nothing of outstanding effectiveness so far tested has been found. The most promising of these tests has involved a preparation made through the addition of the abdominal tips of virgin female moths to benzene. This has shown an attraction to males but has not yet been developed to the point where it can be used on a practical basis. In the matter of visual survey, the presence of adults is most easily observed. They have a wing expanse of approximately. one inch and have an iridescent blue-black metallic color. They usually emerge from over-wintering pupae sometime soon after April 15, and are again abundant in July and to a lesser degree in September based on two, and a light third, generations annually. If present and forced into flight they are inclined to flutter around and return to the vine from which they were originally disturbed. Adults are inclined to favor the lower portion of the vines, both wild and cultivated, and it is on these lower levels that inspection is concentrated. Actually, the adults are very retiring and tend to drop rather than fly when disturbed, making detection somewhat difficult in the absence of heavy populations. The lemon-yellow elliptical eggs are generally deposited on the under surface of the leaf. They are laid on end, slightly separated, in more or less irregular rows making up patches of from twenty to one hundred eggs. They are not greatly dissimilar from those deposited by the smaller more common lady beetles. Their presence can be easily overlooked unless a leaf by leaf inspection is being made. The characteristic feeding damage of the gregarious larvae is very conspicuous and easily noted on badly infested canes at a distance of one to two hundred feet. Larval feeding up to the 4th instar is carried out on the under surface of the leaves producing an extremely thin tissue paper-like area, white and translucent when fresh, later turning brownish. As the larvae mature, the leaf surface is completely eaten. The earlier larval instars are conspicuous due to their feeding as a colony, side by side, ina steadily advancing line. The mature larvae are also conspicuous due to their brilliant blue and yellow lateral rings which relatively alternate over the length of the body. On severely infested vines nothing remains but the canes, fruit, leaf petioles and the major portion of the midrib. 18 Survey Methods The mature larvae pupate under the rough bark of infested vines, usually close to the ground level and even in the grass roots several inches away from the base of the vine. The pupae are relatively flat, yellow to dark brown in color depending on age, and encased in a white opaque cocoon. Inspection for pupae even during the dormant period is generally deemed impractical due to the time element involved. Project experience has been that initial infestation is usually found in the border rows in vineyards. The original hour-glass pattern of inspection was for that reason subsequently changed to a peripheral survey including the first five to ten rows in vineyards in areas suspected of infestation. Although as might be expected there is considerable overlapping during the active season, the various stages closely follow the normal pattern in relation to the generations discussed under adults. (A. G. Forbes, California Dept. of Agri.) CHERRY FRUIT FLY Three methods of detecting cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cingulata) infestations are currently being used in Siskiyou County, California. Detection of Adults: This phase is accomplished by trapping, using a sticky-sided carton baited with ammonium carbonate. Quart-size Sealright Thermorex paper containers are used with the inner surfaces coated with Mapco Stickem Special. The trap is attached to a tree with a wire that extends through the bottom and has a small hook on the inside on which the bait packet is hung. Approximately two ounces of powdered ammonium carbonate is sealed into two inch square plastic packets. The packets remain sealed until time of use (when 10-12 perforations are made in them) and are replaced in the traps at weekly intervals. Traps are placed, when convenient, at a height of about eight feet above the ground on southeast side of the tree. Traps are generally replaced once or twice during the three months' trapping season. Detection of Larvae: Accomplished by processing fruit samples. One pound samples of cherries are crushed by running them through an old-fashioned hand-operated clothes wringer with rollers grooved and set apart so as not to crush pits. The crushed fruit is placed over 1/4 inch mesh screen in hot water, pre-heated to 140° - 160° F., for at least one minute, the fruit is then discarded. The pulpy water remaining, containing the larvae if any, is placed in a pan in a swirling device propelled by a small electric motor. Rotation speed is controlled by a rheostat, In the swirling water larvae and other heavier particles gravitate to the center of the pan where the greatly reduced level of water permits easy detection. Detection of Pupae: This is accomplished through soil sifting. Soil within the drip line of the tree is sifted through mesh screen (6 wires per inch) to eliminate large particles then resifted through a smaller screen (14 wires per inch) to eliminate fine soil. The remainder is inspected visually for puparia. This method of detection has been used primarily to confirm infestation on properties where adults were taken in traps but no larvae found in fruit samples processed. (D. W. Robinson). MEXICAN FRUIT FLY There are two methods used to determine the presence of Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens) in the citrus orchards of the Regulated Area of Texas. One of these is the opera- tion of traps for the purpose of measuring the adult fruit fly population. The other is grove inspection for the purpose of determining whether or not the fruit is infested. Traps are also useful in determining when the first infested fruit will be found, as this can be very closely estimated after the first gravid female is trapped. — = — Survey Methods ig) The traps are of the glass flask type, using liquid bait, with an opening through the bottom to permit entrance of the flies. These traps are hung in the citrus trees, four or five feet above the ground and well into the center of the trees. The bait used is brown sugar and water. One and two-tenths pounds of sugar to a gallon of water is an effective mixture. Two gallons of bait is sufficient to fill twenty traps. They are placed in selected orchards scattered over the various districts, insuring a complete coverage over ine entire Regulated Area. The most healthy groves are selected in which to place the traps. Trees with heavy foliage are most desirable for trapping, since the adult fruit fly prefers the shade to sunlight. The traps are usually set twenty to an orchard and are arranged in a rectangular pattern. They are placed in two rows, usually beginning with the outside row of the grove and are spaced one trap to every third tree in the row. The best arrangement is to place eight traps ina row, with two traps across the ends and another eight traps down an inside row, forming a perfect rectangle. The traps are inspected once each week, at which time they are cleaned and rebaited. One inspector can operate two hundred traps a day. Trap opera- tions normally begin in the early fall and continue until late spring or at such a time as larval infestations are found generally over the entire Regulated Area. Grove inspections are made for the purpose of determining whether or not larval infestations are present in the fruit. The result of these inspections governs the movement of the fruit from the groves to non-infested area. If the fruit is free of infestation of the Mexican fruit fly, it can move through regular channels without further treatment. In case larvae are found, the fruit must be sterilized before shipment to free areas. The most satisfactory method of grove inspection is to take one or two rows ata time and work from one side of the grove to the other until all the trees have been checked. The inspector examines fruit on the ground in looking for larval infestations. It is not possible to examine all the fruit which might be on the ground as there are other factors, suchas, cultivation, winds, mech- anical injury and disease, which cause fruit to drop. Itis necessary, therefore, for the inspector to know what fruit to eliminate in his inspections. The trained or experienced inspector is able to distinguish, in almost every instance, infested fruit from those which have fallen from these other causes. The fruit fly lays its egg in the fruit while it is still on the tree. The eggs hatch into small worms which begin working inside the fruit and cause considerable internal damage. It also takes on a discoloration on the outside which is quite helpful to the trained eye in finding infested fruit. For instance, the light yellow color of a normal grapefruit changes into dark amber color, or somewhat more wf an orange color. Early-season inspections are usually confined to grapefruit since it is the most preferred host and, as a rule, the first infestations are always found in this type of citrus. The simplest and quickest procedure to determine whether or not the fruit is infested is to clip both the stem and blossom ends with a sharp knife, avoiding cutting deep enough to rupture the juice cells. If an infestation is present in its early stage, small shotlike holes having the appearance of having been drilled and brownish threadlike tunnels are quite noticeable in the rag of the fruit. If it is an advanced stage there will be unmistakable internal evidence, such as the breaking down of the juice cells anda complete honeycomb condition showing in one or both ends. Fruit from infested groves is required to receive the vapor-heat ( a heated mixture of saturated vapor, air and fine water mist) treatment before moving to non-infested areas. Grove inspections are continued until such time as a general infestation is found throughout the Regulated Area. Whenever the infestations build up to a point where a majority of the groves are found infested, grove inspections are discontinued, and the entire Area is declared an infested zone. All fruit shipped from the Regulated Area for the remainder of the season is required to be sterilized by the vapor-heat method before moving to non-infested areas and inspectors devote full-time to the supervision of this process. (B. C. Stephenson). 20 Survey Methods JAPANESE BEETLE (Methods used by the Japanese Beetle Laboratory, Entomology Research Branch) The presence of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) in an area can be detected by placing bait traps at suitable sites during the period of flight of the adults. The density of the population can be estimateu by observing the extent of feeding by the adults on favored food plants and by the examination of soil at selected sites to determine the number of grubs present. Traps are of value in determining the presence of beetles in areas remote from the generally infested region. In these areas traps attract and capture beetles even when a diligent search often fails to reveal their presence. Beetles are drawn from the leeward to a trap by means of an attractant. Most of those captured fly into the superstructure of the trap and fall into a receptacle from which they can not escape. The trap consists of a four-winged baffle mounted on top of a funnel, a device for holding the dispenser of the attractant, and a receptacle for holding captured beetles, and is painted a high luster yellow. The attractant is a 10:1 mixture of technical geraniol and U. 5S. P. eugenol by volume or a 9:1 mixture of technical anethole and U. S. P. eugenol by volume and is dispensed by means of a bottle and wick. The details with reference to the trap are given in U. S. D. A. Circular 594. The best results are obtained when a trap is hung on a rod or other suitable support in a sunny location so that it is 4 to 5 feet above the ground and to the windward of plants most subject to attack. It should not be closer than 10 to 25 feet to plants on the leeward. If located so that the odor of the attractant is carried across an open field, a trap may attract beetles from a distance of 500 yards. When trees, buildings and other obstacles deflect and impede the movement of air, the zone of attraction is reduced considerably. When a trap is favorably placed, it can be expected to capture about three-fourths of the beetles attracted to it. The density of the adult population in an area can be estimated when the beetles are present in the greatest numbers or when the injury by feeding is the most noticeable. The tree hosts most useful in estimating feeding damage are elm, horsechestnut, linden, Lombardy poplar, Norway maple, planetree, white birch, willow, apple, cherry, peach, and plum. The low-growing plants and vines most useful for this purpose are elder, grape, sassafras, smartweed, and Virginia creeper or woodbine. Althea, dahlia, rose, and zinnia are often good indicators, and asparagus, alfalfa, clover, corn, and soybeans are sometimes useful when examining fields and gardens. In some areas other plants may be used in estimating the feeding; a complete list of the food plants of the beetle is given inU. S. D. A. Circular 547. The lacy appearance of the damaged leaves on most plants within the infested area may be attributed to feeding by the Japanese beetle, but the foliage on representative plants should be carefully examined to determine that the injury was caused by the beetle. Of course, estimates of feeding should not be made on plants that have been sprayed’or dusted with an insecticide. Usually in making a survey of an area, observations are made from a car driven slowly along the roads, and the extent of feeding is recorded at various points on a map according to the following numerical system: (1) Very severe. Over 50 percent of the host trees entirely brown from beetle feeding; vine hosts completely defoliated. (2) Severe. From 25 percent to 50 percent of tree hosts mostly brown; nearly all vines defoliated. (3) Moderately severe. From 10 percent to 25 percent of tree hosts brown; heavy feeding on vines. (4) Moderate. Less than 10 percent of host trees partly brown; moderate feeding on vines. Survey Methods 21 (5) Light. Tree hosts not showing brown though there may be evidence of light feeding on close examination; light feeding on vines apparent from a short distance. (6) Very light. Occasional light feeding that is apparent only on close examination. The beetles or eaten leaves are located only after a search. With the symbols indicating the extent of feeding on the map, it is then possible to make a general estimate of the density of the Japanese beetle population in the area. The examination of soil for the immature stages of the beetle is usually limited to a specific lawn, golf course, park or pasture, and is conducted to determine whether the injury to the grass is caused by the grubs feeding on the roots and to determine the density of the population in the soil. Many areas of turf in the eastern part of the United States have been ruined by these grubs. In making the examination, a square foot of sod is removed to a depth of 3 or 4 inches and placed in a large tray or other suitablecontainer. The soil is removed from the roots and examined carefully to determine the number of grubs present. The procedure is repeated at other spots until a sufficient area has been examined to establish approximately the severity of the infestation. Usually 12 or 15 spots are enough to obtain a general estimate of the density of the population in a suburban lawn. (W. E. Fleming). GOLDEN NEMATODE Survey inspections to detect the presence of golden nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis) cysts may be accomplished by field soil surveys, grader debris examination, and plant root examination. Field survey consists of systematically collecting about six pounds of soil per acre. Abouta tablespoonful of soil is picked up with a pointing trowel at intervals of eight paces following a grid pattern. The soil is collected ina No. 12 wet-strength double-thickness paper bag, which is numbered to show location of the sample within the field and also labeled to identify the field. A sketch is made of the field showing the areas represented by each sample. The tops of the bags containing tle soil are carefully folded and sealed with paper adhesive tape, to prevent leakage, and stored until processed in the laboratory. When a field or portion of a field is under suspicion or shows symptoms of infestation, it is advisable to inspect it intensively. This is accomplished by dividing the field into smaller blocks and collecting samples at intervals of four or two paces, in which case four or sixteen times as much soil is obtained per acre by the eight pace method. Field survey work can be performed at times when the ground is not frozen, too wet, or when crops do not interfere. Grader sampling consists of the collection of soil that has accumlated under the potato grader, under the loading belt, in the storage bin, or in any location where potatoes are concentrated in quantities. It is found generally that such debris has a high content of potato vines, sticks, stones, potato skins, and other extraneous offal. Care is taken to exclude this type of debris, in other words, as much soil as possible is secured. In cases where large quantities of soil are available, it is desirable to obtain two or more samples. Each bag is filled to a depth of four to five inches and the top folded and sealed with tape. The bags are given a collection and sample number which will clearly indicate the location of the grader or storage house and date collection was made. Following the collection, the soil samples are processed in the laboratory by a soil washing method to determine the presence or absence of golden nematode cysts. The method of examining potato roots may be used to advantage under certain conditions. Fields are looked over carefully and patches showing plants with weak spindly stems and stunted tops are selected. Examirations also are made around buildings or where grader debris has been disposed of on fields. The plants are carefully removed from the soil and the roots examined for cysts. A 10X hand lens is helpful. The work is limited to a period of about two weeks when the swollen female has emerged, but has not become detached from the root. The cysts can be seen about the time blooms appear on the potato plants. 58 Survey Methods In consideration of the characteristics and potentialities of dissemination, every reasonable precaution should be taken to prevent the spread of this organism. Vehicles assigned to survey should not be permitted to enter any property. They should remain on paved highways or recognized thoroughfares. Trowels must be free of soil collecting recesses and grooves, and brushes should be provided for the cleaning of inspectors' shoes after leaving fields or potato storage houses. It is advisable for inspectors to wear trousers free of cuffs. Vehicles used on survey must be cleaned periodically by washing and should be kept free of soil at all times. Vehicles used in connection with infested properties must be steam cleaned prior to use on non-infested lands. Further details on the survey and soil processing methods are contained in "Manual of Survey and Laboratory Methods Used by Golden Nematode Control," a copy of which may be obtained by writing to the Golden Nematode Control Project, P. O. Box 96, Hicksville, L. I., New York. (J. F. Spears). SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL Surveys are made to determine the presence and extent of sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) infestations. The methods consist of visual inspection of sweetpotatoes that are usually found in one or more of the following locations: 1. Post harvest crop remnants, including crowns and vines, left in fields. 2. Storages, packing sheds and processing plants 3. Plant beds and mother rows after abandonment by growers. Primary inspection consists of the examination of the surface of sweetpotatoes for weevil emer- gence holes, egg, and feeding punctures, and if found, potatoes are dissected for possible recovery of specimens,of which immature stages predominate. The effectiveness of inspection in relation to location may be considered as 1, 2, 3, as listed above, but weevil population abundance usually occurs about October in the principal sweetpotato growing states. (M. S. Yeomans). TOMATO FRUITWORM Surveys are conducted weekly from late June to late August in the tomato-growing areas of Utah to determine the expected populations of tomato fruitworm (Heliothis armigera). Eight samples, each sample containing 25 compound leaves, are taken at random in each of two fields in the various tomato-growing locatities. A total of sixteen to twenty fields over the entire tomato-§rowing area are surveyed. Each sample is taken by beginning either at the top or the bottom of a branch and examining both sides of all the leaves for tomato fruitworm eggs. Leaves containing eggs are removed from the plants and the eggs examined under a hand lens to determine definitely if they are tomato fruitworm eggs. The number of fruitworm eggs is then recorded per one hundred leaves. With this information as a basis the average number of eggs perone hundred leaves is estimated for the entire tomato-growing area each week. It has been determined in Utah that the presence of an average of one egg per one hundred leaves anytime during the period of fruit setting will result in 2 to 5 percent wormy tomatoes, which is sufficient to justify control measures. (W. E. Peay). ONION THRIPS* The following method 1/ is used at the Twin Falls, Idaho, laboratory of the Truck Crops and Garden Insects Section for the determination of thrips populations on onions in experimental plots: *(Thrips tabaci) 1/ Shirck, F. H. Collecting and Counting Onion Thrips from Samples of Vegetation. Jour. of Econ. Ent. 41:(1) 121-128. Survey Methods 23 Samples of onion plants are gathered and enclosed in cardboard tubes having an inside diameter of 5-1/8 inches and a height of 7 inches. The tube has a cloth top glued in place and is provided with a slip-on metal cover to close the open end. The individual sample consists of 10 onion plants, which are cut off just above the ground. The plants are placed in the tube with the butt ends against the cloth top, and the portions of the leaves projecting beyond the cylinder are cut off squarely. If thrips populations are being determined from onion seed- heads, a sample of five heads is used and the same procedure followed as for onion plants. Separation of the thrips from the sample is accomplished by drying it at 115° F. for 24 hours. Before drying, the slip-on lid is replaced by a metal funnel having a 1-inch vertical band around its top to provide a close fit with the cardboard tube. The funnel is attached through a cork to a small jar containing a 0. 5-percent solution of formalin. After exposure to the 115- temperature, the thrips leave the sample and fall into the formalin solution, from which they are later strained and counted. The formalin acts as a preservative to prevent the thrips from attack by molds in case the counting is delayed. The strainer, which also serves as a counting device, consists. of a piece of black cloth cemented to a metal ring of convenient size to beused under binoculars. Guidelines 3/8 inch apart are stitched on the black cloth with white thread. Before beginning the counts, the black cloth is pressed firmly on an absorbent cloth to draw out the excess moisture remaining in the cloth. In field experiments one sample of 10 plants, or 5 seedheads, per plot has been used to evaluate the results of control applications. (F. H. Shirck) WIRE WORMS A survey method for determining wireworm (Elateridae) populations as a basis for biological and control studies has been developed for the irrigated lands of the Pacific Coast States. This method in modified form could be used to determine almost any wireworm population wherever the wireworms can be separated from the soil by screening. It can also be used by farmers to determine how many wireworms are present in a field before planting, and thus serve as a guide in avoiding damage to susceptible crops or indicating the necessity of using sbdil insecticides to reduce the infestation. A simple portable soil sifter -1/ can be made from a piece of 1/4 inch spring steel about 36 inches long, with a quarter twist near the base, and fastened into the long arm of a T-shaped base of 2x6 inch wood plank. A suitable cross arm of same steel with a bend in the ends is welded to the top of the upright to hold screen frames. Frames can be about 24 inches square made from 3/4x 3 inch wood, with ordinary hardware screen (4-mesh) or window screen (12-mesh) tacked on tightly. The method in brief comprises the digging of at least 20 random test holes per plot, or per acre, with a 6-inch post hole digger to a depth of one foot. The soil from the 20 test holes, collected in pails, is passed through the coarse 4-mesh screen onto the 12-mesh screen where the shiny yellow wireworms are readily separated, counted, and kept for species identification. The data can be arranged in the following classification for comparative purposes, based on the potential damage that wireworms can do to field and truck crops: Infestation No. of wireworms No. of wireworms Rating or per 20 post-holes per cu. ft. (approx. ) Damage Non-economic 0) 0) 0 Light 1-3 Less than 1 1 Moderate 4-8 it 2 Heavy 9-19 2 3 Severe 20 or more 4 or more 4 oa Survey Methods The above infestations would apply to a number of row crops, such as sugar beets, beans, peas, carrots, onions, lettuce and grains. In case of hill crops, such as corn, melons and potatoes, these infestations would cause more damage because of the wireworms con- centrating in the hills. This is especially true of potatoes where the tubers stay in the ground for a longer time subject to feeding by wireworms. Sometimes even though a zero population is indicated by this method there may be considerable damage to harvested tubers. If any wireworms are suspected to be present in afield, it should be avoided for the growing of potatoes or else treated to kill the wireworms first. Methods of sampling soil for wireworms are also described by Jones 27, (Truck Crop and Garden Insects Section). BEET LEAFHOPPER Spring surveys are made annually, generally during April, to determine the abundance and distribution of overwintered beet leafhoppers (Circulifer tenellus) and their principal wild host plants in representative spring breeding areas in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon. To measure leafhopper abundance, 50 samples are taken at random at 3-mile intervals along the routes traveled where wild host plants occur. The counts are made with the Hills' 3/square-foot sampler, which traps the insects in acage. The kind, stand, and condition of wild host plants are recorded. The population is expressed in the number of leafhoppers per sample or per 100 square feet of weed-host area. Beet leafhopper counts are made in sugar-beet fields with the square-foot sampler. The samples, which include more than one plant in unthinned fields but single plants in thinned fields, are taken at random along the beet rows. Generally, 100 samples are taken in each field - 25 samples in each quarter. The average population of leafhoppers is expressed in the number per sample or per beet plant. Surveys are made in September to determine the magnitude of fall populations of the beet leafhopper in Russian-thistle areas and the extent and location of such thistle areas in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon. The transect method of recording plant cover is used to determine the acreage of Russian-thistle. Records are kept of miles traveled and the miles of Russian- thistle observed on each side of the road. The appruximaie number of square miles of Russian- thistle with each area is determined by means of the following formula: Transect miles of thistle = x(thistle area in square miles) Transect miles Total area in square miles Quantitative samples with a 1/2-square-foot sampling fork 4/ is used in determining the population of leafhoppers. ‘Ten fork samples are taken at each stopping point, the number of stops depending upon the area and condition of the Russian-thistle. At each stopping point, the Russian-thistle stand is determined by means of the pacing method. This consists of taking 250 double paces through the host-plant area. The number of living plants touched by the toe of the right foot in moving through an area is counted, and from this figure the percentage stand is calculated, e. g., if there were 125 living plants touched by the toe of the right foot in moving 250 double paces the stand is 50 percent. The condition and height of the thistle are recorded. From this information, the areas of Russian-thistle are com- puted and corrected to a 100-percent stand. By using the average density of leafhoppers 2/ Jones, E. W. 1937. Practical Field Methods of Sampling Soil for Wireworms. Jour. Agr'l Res., 54, (2), pp. 123-134. ill. 8/ Hills, O. A. 1933. A New Method for Collecting Samples of Insect Populations. Jour. Econ. Ent. 26: 906-910. 4/ Lawson, F. R., D. E. Fox, and W. C. Cook. 1941. Three New Devices for Measuring Insect Populations. Bur. of Ent. and Plant Quar. ET-183. Survey Methods 25 per unit-area and the acreage of thistle, the approximate number of leafhoppers can be deter- mined. As an example, if Russian-thistle occupied an average of 54 percent of each acre examined and if the thistle plants were infested on an average by 57 beet leafhoppers per square foot of land surface occupied, on this basis there would be approximately 1, 340, 000 beet leafhoppers per acre. This survey gives the acreage of Russian-thistle and the size of the fall population of leafhoppers in the summer breeding areas. The principal breeding areas of the beet leafhopper in the western states have been located and delimited, and the surveys are confined to these areas. Information cbtained from these surveys, together with other pertinent factors, provides the basis for the issuance of statements on beet leafhopper conditions for southern Idaho to growers and other interested persons or agencies. (J. R. Douglass) BEET LEAFHOPPER SURVEY USING A STANDARD SWEEP NET While a sweep net is not considered as accurate as some other methods of survey for beet leafhopper, it is considered faster and it is believed its use will permit a practical estimate of leafhopper populations in a given area. In using a sweep net, similar in form and size to a standard butterfly collecting net, three important factors must be considered: (1) weather, (2) condition of the host plant, and (3) type of host plant. With respect to the weather, leafhoppers are not particularly active in temperatures below sixty degrees, lower temperatures forcing them close to the ground where they would be difficult to pick up with the net. Wind also will cause leafhoppers to remain well within the protection of the host plant. In either case it would be difficult to pick up a true representative population with a net and collecting should be avoided under such conditions. With respect to the condition of the host, the latter may on occasion be quite dry in which case concentrations are forced onto the greener plants which should then be made the object of sweeping. The manner of sweeping depends on the type of host plant involved. In the case of mature Russian-thistle and perennials, as normally encountered in the fall, survey is based on the number of hoppers recovered in a single sharp ninety degree sweep of the net. On the smaller winter annuals, three foot sweeps of the net made rapidly back and forth as close to the ground as possible, usually in multiples of ten, twenty-five or fifty sweeps,arefollowed. The number of leafhoppers thus recorded is based on the average number per sweep in relation to the number of sweeps made. In general practice, survey is accomplished by sweeping at one-quarter to one-half mile stops throughout favorable-looking areas. Excepting where a single sweep is used on mature thistle and large perennials the usual practice is to take ten sweeps. However, if the popula- tion of leafhoppers is exceedingly low, as many as fifty sweeps may be used for each check. Where using ten sweeps, it is customary to make at least ten such unit checks at each location. Generally speaking an average of five leafhoppers per ten sweeps is considered the minimum economic population meriting treatment. However, under certain conditions an average of two or three leafhoppers per ten Sweeps over a large area can produce damaging numbers. During the spring, survey is restricted to warm knolls having a southern exposure with sparse growth favorable to development of the spring generation. Sweeping in such areas in addition to determining the need for treatment is later made to check the time and extent of the spring flight back into the agricultural areas based on the number of female leafhoppers in such areas at the time of checking. Such survey is usually made by using the ten-sweep unit, sweeping as Close to the ground as possible. (H. Green, California Dept. of Agri. ). 26 Survey Methods POTATO PSYLLID To determine the abundance of potato psyllid (Paratrioza cockerelli) populations, adult counts are made in approximately 10 potato fields per county, selected at random and examined at one-to-two-week intervals during the growth of the plants. Potato psyllids are most numerous near the edges and progressively diminsh in numbers toward the center of the potato fields. Adult counts are made with a 15-inch insect net, of unbleached muslin. Starting at one edge of the field and working toward the center along the rows, fifty sweeps are taken at intervals of about one pace. The net is swept briskly across the tops of the plants, covering approximately two-thirds of the net opening with the tops of the plants. Sampling is continued toward the center of the field, in units of 50 sweeps, until 2 to 4 units of samples are obtained, depending on the size of the field. Counts are recorded in numbers of psyllids per 100 sweeps. Although survey records are based on adult counts, egg and numph counts may be made, if desired, by taking 50-leaflet samples at the same location that the adult counts are made. One leaflet is taken from near the center of each of 50 plants. The leaflets are examined in the laboratory under a low magnification lens and the eggs and nymphs are recorded in numbers per 50 leaflets. (R. L. Wallis) APHID POPULATIONS ON POTATOES IN THE NORTHEAST Populations of aphids in northeastern Maine are determined at intervals on potatoes receiving no insecticidal treatment and on potatoes treated commercially for the control of insects. In this area the potato plants usually are infested by winged and wingless forms of four species of aphids (buckthorn, green peach, potato, and foxglove aphids} The wingless forms -- ordin- arily by far the more numerous on the plants -- cause direct feeding damage to the potato plants and also serve as vectors for certain virus diseases of potato. The winged forms are often of more importance than the wingless forms in spreading the virus diseases within and between fields of potatoes, and they also colonize plants in widely separated parts of the field. One species of aphid may be of greater importance than another as a vector of certain of the virus diseases and, because of size differences, in causing direct feeding damage to the potato plants. Therefore, in all aphid population counts, a record form is used to show the number of each species found on each sample unit. Number and location of sample units: Experience has shown that it is not practical to determine aphid populations in an entire potato field. Consequently, the sample units are limited to one Square acre in each field of commercially-grown potatoes examined. One hundred sample plants are located mechanically at random over the acre by a screen-grid method. Unit and sub-units of sample: 1/ Early in the season, when plants and aphid populations are small, the entire hill is examined. After the plants are about 8 inches high the examinations are confined to 3 leaves on each sample plant. The leaves are examined in Situ, care being taken not to disturb the aphids. One leaf is located at random within each of the top, middle, and bottom thirds of the plant. Later, if larger numbers of aphids develop, only the terminal and the 2 basal (lateral) leaflets of each leaf in each of the 3 standard positions are examined. Typically, potato leaves have 7 leaflets -- a terminal and 3 pairs of laterals. [If still later even larger numbers of aphids develop, the sub-units consist of only half the area of these 3 leaflets in similar positions. All the leaf area on one side of a midrib of a leaflet constitutes a half leaflet. Detailed studies have shown that this is a valid sampling procedure. These half-leaflets are chosen so that 50 percent of them are on one side of the leaflet midrib and the rest on the other. For any one sample plant, however, the same side of the midrib for all 9 of the half leaflets is used. 1/ Abstracted from pages 9-10 of Bul. 480, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. , Control of Aphids on Potatoes with DDT when Used with Fungicides, by W. A. Shands, G. W. Simpson, P.M. Lombard, R. M. Cobb and P. H. Lung. Survey Methods 27 Expressing aphid populations: Populations are stated in terms of the average number of aphids of each species per plant. Winged and wingless forms are recorded separately. Except when the entire hill is used as the unit of sample early in the season, the number of aphids determined.as the average is the average of those found on 3 whole leaves per plant. When the sub-unit consists of leaflets 1, 4, and 7, the 3-wholedeaf basis is approximated by dividing the average (for the 1-4-7-leaflet basis) by 38.1 and multiplying by 100. This formula was derived from a study of aphid distribution on potato leaves. Likewise, the 3- whole-leat basis is approximated for counts involving sub-units of one-half of leaflets 1, 4, and 7 by using 19.05 as the factor instead of 38. 1. Information from surveys following this procedure permits comparisons between aphid populations at different locations as well as between the populations of the four species of aphids involoved. Because of differences in growth habits of different potato varieties, population comparisons between varieties and between years may be of less value. When made at regular intervals throughout the season in the same locations the tounts indicate locality differences in rates of population increase. Actual aphid populations per plant-- when Sub-units of sample are involved--can be approximated by multiplying the averages for the 3-whole-leaf basis by one-third of the average number of leaves per stalk and that by the average number of stalks per hill. (W. A. Shands and G. W. Simpson). APHID POPULATIONS ON POTATOES IN THE NORTHWEST Only the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) occurs in sufficient numbers to cause direct feeding damage to potatoes in the intermountain area of the Northwest. The extent of overwintering is indicated by the number of eggs found per six inches of twig in 25-twig samples taken from each of four peach orchards in February. At this time the location of 100 eggs is marked on the trees and the start of hatching and 50 and 100 percent of hatch is determined by examining those eggs every two weeks. The start of aphid flight in the spring, and the seasonal intensity of flight from May to October, is determined from twice-weekly examinations of four, or more, Moericke-type traps which are placed at ground level near potato fields. This trap consists of an aluminum stew pan 8 inches wide and 2 1/2 inches high. Chrome-yellow enamel paint is applied to the inside of the pan to within one inch of the top. A quart of water in each pan serves as a trapping medium. The aphids are removed for identification and counting by pouring the water through a fine-mesh wire screen funnel. Starting when the potato plants are four inches high, and continuing at approximately 14-day intervals until the early crop is harvested or the late-crop plants are frosted, 50 compound leaves are picked at random one leaf per plant - from the base of the plant in four fields of approximately the same planting age. Three categories of aphid abundance are obtained from the trap or leaf-sample examinations. Classification Number of winged Number of wingless aphids per trap aphids per 50 com- (3-4 day collection) pound leaves of potato Light Q0- 10 0 - 50 Moderate 11 - 100 51 - 500 Heavy 101 - 1000 plus 501 - 2000 plus (B. J. Landis, E. W. Davis and K. E. Gibson) 28 Survey Methods PEA APHID Three methods are commonly used in measuring pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi) populations, the choice of method depending upon the host plants and size of the aphid population. Sweepnet counts: The sweep net is used in very low aphid populations, such as occur in alfalfa late in the summer, or in peas just after the spring movement from alfalfa. A standard 15-inch collecting net is used, and a brisk sweep of about 3/4 of a circle is taken. (Two sets of samples are taken in representative parts of each field.) In taking a series of sweeps, the operator moves forward one or two steps at each sweep, to encounter previously undisturbed foliage. A few exploratory sweeps are taken to determine the size of sample. In general, a sufficient number of sweeps Should be taken to collect from 50 to 100 aphids, but in very low populations this may not be possible, and under these conditions a sample of 25 or 50 sweeps should be taken. Board Counts: ‘These are used in general survey work, on moderate to high populations of pea aphids. The board is a thin piece of board about 10 x 18 inches in size, containing an area 6 x 12 inches that is marked off into smaller squares. The board is held below and to one side of the tips of a row of pea plants, and the aphids on the plants dislodged by shaking the plants with the free hand. Only the aphids which fall inside the marked portion of the board are counted. In very high populations, the aphids are counted only on alternate squares, in check- erboard fashion. Ten randomly distributed board samples are taken from each field or station. Tip Counts: This type of count is used in general survey work on moderate to high populations. The operator walks across the field holding an open paper sack in one hand and picking tips at random with the other hand. The tips are from 4 to 6 inches long, and are picked with a twisting motion of the hand so that the tip, when severed, is held over the open palm, to catch any aphids that may be dislodged. The tips are dropped into the paper bag, which is then closed and stapled, and taken to the laboratory for counting. At the laboratory the bags are placed in a large container and fumigated with a few cc. of methyl-iso-butyl ketone for about 10 minutes. This makes the aphids loosen their hold on the plants. The contents of the bags are then shaken over a 4-mesh screen so that the aphids drop through and the plants remain. Flat black or white boards may be used to catch the aphids for counting. As with the sweep net, the number of tips per sample is varied with the aphid population. Two 50-tip samples are needed for populations much lower than 1 aphid per tip, while two 5- or 10-tip samples is sufficient for aphid populations higher than 10 per tip. It is generally difficult to count more than 300 to 500 aphids per sample, and the number of tips per sample should be reduced in high populations to give about this total number of aphids. Correlation of Methods: Because of the varying conditions under which the above methods are used ordinarily, a close correlation is not possible. However, in general on alfalfa a popula- tion of 1 aphid per tip is about equal to 30 aphids per sweep. On peas, a population of 1 aphid per tip is about equal to 3 to 4 aphids per board or per Sweep. (W. C. Cook) Populations of Potato-Infesting Aphids and of Aphid Eggs on Primary Hosts in Maine Since 1942 a study of the populations of winged and wingless aphids and of aphid eggs on the more important primary hosts of three species of potato-infesting aphids in northeastern Maine has been in progress. The potato-infesting species included in the study have been the buck- thorn aphid(Aphis nasturtii Kltb. (=abbreviata Patch) ), the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the potato aphid (Macrosiphum solanifolii). The more important primary hosts of these aphids, respectively, are alder-buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) Canada plum (Prunus nigra) and wild roses (Rosa spp., chiefly swamp rose, R. palustris). Survey Methods 29 During the course of this study some methods have been devised and tested which appear to provide estimates of populations of the aphids and of aphid eggs on the more important primary hosts. Some of these methods appear to be suitable while others are not entirely satisfactory. All can doubtless be improved upon. An outstanding result of the study has been the realiza- tion that except in the instance of the buckthorn aphid, fall and spring surveys of aphid egg abundance are of much reduced value without a knowledge of the size and composition of the fall aphid populations on the primary hosts. A knowledge of population trends of the aphids on these hosts in spring is also of value in anticipating the probable time and size of the spring migrations since the operation of many factors may tend to change the outlook for size of the spring migration. Populations of the Aphids The potato aphid: One hundred randomly located units are examined in determining the size of potato aphid population at each observation station of wild roses. Depending upon time of year and stage of plant growth three units of sample are employed. Two of these are used in the spring and the other one in the fall. Both units in the spring are located on the terminals of limbs, branches, or stems of the plant. The early-season unit is all new growth on the terminal 6 inches at these places on the plants. This unit is used from the time the eggs begin to hatch until the young leaves begin to unfold. From then until the spring migration of the aphid is complete the unit is all new growth on enough buds at branch or stem terminals to make 2 total of 6 inches of new growth. Records for each unit include the number of buds examined having new growth, the number of buds infested by the potato aphid, and the total number of potato aphids found. These data are essential in comparing potato aphid population sizes at different places, and in determining population trends at any one place. Aphid populations are expressed as (1) the average numbers of winged and of wingless potato aphids per unit, per infested unit, per bud or new growth from single buds, and per infested bud; and (2) the percent- age of infested units or buds. The whole compound leaf is the unit of sample from the start of the fall migration until fall breeding is complete. Fall populations of the potato aphid are expressed as the average number of potato aphids per leaf and the percentage of leaves infested. After the leaves begin to fall an estimate is made of the percentage of leaves still attached. The green peach aphid: Populations of the green peach aphid on Canada plum are determined (1) at the spring peak of abundance of aphid colonies, and (2) from the beginning time of the fall migration until all of the leaves have fallen. The determination in spring is made at the time when the spring migration of the green peach aphid is at the peak, usually about the middle of June. This determination is based upon (1) the number of aphid colonies observed by two workers concurrently searching, for the same unit of time (usually 10 minutes), in separate parts of the same plum thicket, and (2) collections of a representative number of the colonies found. The workers must know how to recognize at a glance the presence of an aphid colony, as well as the locations and types of growth most likely to be infested. Examination of the collected specimens is made with a binocular microscope to determine the number of colonies containing the green peach aphid only, and the number with species in addition to the green peach aphid. Abundance of the aphid is expressed as the average number of aphid colonies found per minute of observation, the percentage of colonies infested only by the green peach aphid, and the percentage of green peach aphid colonies also containing other species of aphids. Fall populations of the aphid are determined by examining 100 randomly located leaves on plants of Canada plum in each thicket. Once the leaves begin to fall, an estimate is made of the per- centage of leaves still attached to the plum trees. Fall populations of the aphid are expressed as the average numbers of winged and of wingless forms per leaf and per infested leaf. The buckthorn aphid: Populations of the buckthorn aphid are determined on alder buckthorn from the beginning time of the fall migration until fall breeding is complete or until the apterous forms become so numerous that extensive movement of the aphid occurs over the plants. After the foliage begins to. drop records are made to show the percentage of leaves still attached. At each location a count consists of examining 100 randomly-located, attached leaves. The popula- tion is expressed as the average numbers of winged and of wingless buckthorn aphids per leaf and the percentage of leaves infested. 30 Survey Methods Because of the small size and the breeding habits of this aphid, no satisfactory method has been devised to determine spring populations of the buckthorn aphid on its primary host. Some in- dication has been obtained at the spring peak of aphid abundance by examining for aphids all new growth of three or four terminal buds at the tips of branches or stems. Population size is expressed as average number of colonies per branch or stem terminal and the percentage of terminals infested. Populations of Aphid Eggs Populations of aphid eggs on the primary hosts are determined semi-annually, in the fall after egg deposition is complete and again in late spring just before hatching starts. These times us- ually are early in November and late in April. Canada plum and alder-buckthorn: Nine bunches of 10 twigs each are randomly cut from branch or stem terminals in 9 separate sections of each thicket of Canada plum or patch of buckthorn. The terminal 9 buds on each twig are then examined in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular microscope to determine the number of aphid eggs by each bud. Records by bud position or number are made to show for each the number of fully distended and the number of shrivelled eggs found. An egg is considered as being shrivelled if it is not perfectly distended. Populations are expressed as the average number of each kind of eggs per 100 buds. Wild roses: Examinations of wild roses for aphid eggs are made in the field with the aid of a reading glass and a hand lens. Two units of sample are employed in each rose patch, viz., the terminal 9 buds on each of 30 randomly located branch or stem terminals, and 270 individual crotches of branches and limbs. Records are made to show by bud position or crotch number the numbers of fully distended and shrivelled eggs. An egg is considered as being shrivelled if it is not perfectly distended. Populations are expressed as the numbers of fully distended and shrivelled eggs per 100 buds or crotches. Location of Sample Units Random location of sample units in all of these procedures is essential, both vertically on the plants and to include all parts of the area covered by the host at each station. The results of some observations of the potato aphid on swamp rose illustrate the importance of random sampling in any effort to compare between locations, populations of the aphid or of aphid eggs. Equally important considerations are involved for other species of aphids on their primary hosts. In the fall the potato aphid is more abundant on yellowing leaves than on green ones. Yellowing leaves are usually more abundant inside and near the base of the plants than at branch or stem terminals or outer parts of the plants. In the spring the aphids breed most commonly at the tip of new growth, irrespective of location on the plant. Frequently, the populations are larger than elsewhere on young rose shoots near the base of the plant andinside the rose patch. Populations of the eggs and of the aphids are larger, both in fall and in spring, on rose plants growing inside hedgerows or narrow bands of trees than on similar plants growing out- side or in unprotected places. The camposition of the aphid population and of the aphid eggs may vary tremendously on rose plants within a small patch that appears to be very uniform as to sameness of environmental conditions. (W. A. Shands and G. W. Simpson). WESTERN BEAN CUTWORM The examination of beanfields for western bean cutworm (Loxagrotis albicosta) should first be directed toward the detection of holes in the pods by the larvae and, second, if they are found, toward the cutworm itself. Since other insects eat similar holes in the pods, the larvae must be found for positive identification of its presence. Tf the beans have not been cut, an examina- tion should be made of 100 feet of row located in the center of the field and 100 feet of row located near the approximate center of each quarter of the field, involving the examination of a total of 500 feet of row per field. To facilitate turning the vines and exposing the pods, a Survey Methods 31 vine lifter could be used to advantage. (see diagram). The handle is made from 1-5/8 x 3/4" lumber and is 39 inches long. The blade is made from 1-1/4 x 3/8" lumber and is 17 inches long. If holes are noted in the bean pods, the plants should be slapped so as to knock any larvae that may be on the plants into the middle of the row. The soil under the plants e should also be examined for these larvae, since they often burrow into the soil around the plants. If the bean plants have been cut and windrowed or shocked, an examination should be made of 20 feet of windrow in the center of the field and 20 feet located near the approximate center of each quarter of the field, involving the examination of 100 feet of row per field. In examining the vines, they should be raised, shaken, turned, and placed to one side. Larval pellets are dropped on the soil-surface, and when they are observed either under the plants or windrows, the larvae are generally readily found. For the distribution and description of the insect see the article by J. L. Hoerner, "The Cutworm Loxagrotis albicosta on Beans," Jour. Econ. Ent. 41(4): 631-635, 1948. (J. R. Douglass). PEA WEEVIL Since pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) populations in infested pea fields are most often concen- trated in a narrow zone around the edges, especially in larger fields, it is frequently unneces- sary to apply control measures to the entire planting. Parts of the field that require dusting may be determined quickly and accurately by making adult counts through use of a 15-inch net. Sweepings are made soon after the first blossoms appear and before controls are applied. The inspector goes into the field in several places on each of the four sides or at intervals in an irregularly shaped field. Two or more 25-Sweep collections are made at each selected location (beginning at edge of field or 100 feet inside the margin), with strokes across the upper parts of the vines spaced at one or two paces. As each collection is completed, weevils are counted and number and location recorded on a rough diagram of the field. Inspec- tion progresses at100-foot intervals toward the center of the planting until no weevils are found. In peas grown for seed, survey is made toward center of the field to the point where weevil number falls below the economic level. Due to influences such as weather and time of season, it is impossible to accurately establish an expected infestation rating resulting from a given number of weevils, as determined by sweeping, in an average field of peas. Weather has an important effect on both yield and weevil activity. The same number of weevils produce a greater infestation in late varieties than in early varieties. A population of 5 weevils per 50 sweeps may cause infestation at the canning stage of 1 to 2 percent in early varieties, whereas the same population may cause infestation at the same stage of 10 to 25 percent in varieties blooming after June 15. An infestation of 1 weevil in 25 sweeps on the growing plants at time of blooming eauses from 3 to 8 percent infestation in peas harvested for seed. In making this survey particular attention is given to areas in the field most likely to be severely infested including borders adjacent to wooded or brushy areas, buildings, ravines, gullies or any area where the first peas blossomed. After the initial inspection, fields are rechecked 18 to 24 hours after dusting to determine the effectiveness of the control operation. (The Pea Weevil and Methods for Its Control, Farmers! Bul. No. 1971, U.S.D.A.) 32 Survey Methods COTTON INSECTS The following suggested methods for making uniform cotton insect surveys were formulated at the Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference held in Memphis, Tennessee, December 7-9, 1952.* It was agreed at the conference that these methods are not final but would serve as a guide in the development of standardized survey procedures. Boll Weevil Survey records are made in a number of States to determine winter survival of the boll weevil. Counts are made in the fall soon after weevils have entered hibernation and again in the spring before they emerge from winter quarters. A standard sample is 2 square yards of surface woods trash taken from the edge of a field where cotton was grown during the season. Atleast five samples are taken from a location. In the main boll weevil area, population counts are made on seedling cotton to determine the number of weevils entering cotton fields from hibernation quarters. The number per acre is figured by examining the seedling plants on 50 feet of row in each of five representative loca-~ tions in the field. Additional counts are desirable in large fields. Examinations for boll weevils are made weekly after the plants are squaring freely or have produced as many as three squares per plant. While walking diagonally across the field pick 100 squares. They should be one-third grown or larger, and an equal*tumber should be picked from the top, middle, and lower branches of the plants. Squares from the ground or dried-up squares that are hanging on the plant should not be picked. The number of squares found to be punctured is the percentage of infestation. An alternative method is to inspect about 25 squares in each of several locations distributed over the field. Ths number of sample counts will depend upon the size of the field and the surrounding environment. Accurate infestation records in large fields will require additional counts in different parts of the field. The percentage of infestation is determined by counting the punctured squares. In both methods, all squares that have egg or feeding punctures should be counted as punctured squares. Bollworm Examinations for bollworm eggs on cotton should be started when most of the corn silks in the area begin to dry, or at the time bollworms usually appear. Examinations should be repeated every 5 days if possible thereafter until the crop has matured. While walking diagonally across the field, examine 100 main-stem terminals (about 3 or 4 inches of the top of the plant) for eggs and worms. If eggs are found on the terminals and 4 or 5 small larvae in the small squares or on the tender top leaves, the infestation is suffi- ciently heavy to start treatment. Insecticides should be applied at 5-day intervals as long as necessary. To determine injury, inspect 100 bolls and 100 squares while walking diagonally across the field and compute the percentage of injury for each. The boll-injury record is the most indicative of existing or occurring damage. In an alternative method of estimating bollworm damage make observations while walking diagonally across a field. The degree of injury may be recorded as follows: None, if no damage is observed. Light, if only a few squares and bolls show injury. Medium, if injured squares and bolls are readily noticeable over most of the field. Heavy, if numerous injured squares and bolls are noticed over the field. * Rev. by Cott. Ins. Res. and Cont. Conf., December 14-15, 1953. Survey Methods 33 Cotton Aphid To determine early -season aphid infestations, while walking diagonally across the field make observations or inspections of many plants. Degrees of infestation may be recorded as follows: None, if none is observed. Light, if only afew aphids are found on dn occasional plant. Medium, if aphids are present on numerous plants and some of the leaves show a tendency to curl along the edges. Heavy, if aphids are numerous on most of the plants and if the leaves show considerable crinkling and curling. To determine aphid infestations on fruiting cotton, begin at the margin of the field and, while walking diagonally across it, examine 100 leaves successively from near the bottom, the middle, and the top of the plants. The degree of infestation, according tothe average number of aphids estimated per leaf, may be recorded as follows: None 0 Light 1 to 10 Medium 11 t025 Heavy 26 or more Cotton Fleahopper Weekly inspections for the cotton fleahopper should begin as soon as the cotton is old enough to produce squares and be continued until the crop is set and begins to mature. About 3 or 4 inches of the top of the main-stem terminal of 100 cotton plants per field should be examined. Both adults and nymphs should be counted, the number per 100 terminals being recorded as the infestation for the field. The examinations should be made at several representative points diagonally across a field, 33 terminal buds being inspected approximately 50 feet from each of the 2 corners and 34 terminal buds at the center of the field. Cotton Leafworm The following levels of leafworm infestation, on the basis of ragging and the number of larvae per plant, are suggested for determining damage: None, if no leafworms are observed. Light, if 1 or only a few larvae are observed per field. Medium, if 2 to 3 leaves are partially destroyed by ragging, with 2 to 5 larvae per plant. Heavy, if ragging of leaves is extensive with 6 or more larvae per plant, or if defoliation is complete. Pink Bollworm Inspections to determine the degree of infestation in individual fields should be made as follows: For infestation of blooms: Early in the season, make infestation counts when there is an average of at least one bloom for every four or five plants, but not more than one bloom for every two plants. Beginning at the margin, walk diagonally across the field and inspect several hundred blooms per field for those rosetted. The number of rosetted blooms should be recorded on a percentage basis. For infestation of bolls: While walking diagonally across the field, collect at random 100 green bolls that are hard or firm when pressed. Examine each boll as follows: Remove the bracts and calyx by cutting off a thin slice of the base of the boll; cut each section of the boll midway between the sutures so that each lock can be removed intact; examine the inside of the carpel for the characteristic tunnels or mines made by the young larvae. The number of bolls found infested represents the percentage of infestation. 34 Survey Methods Other inspection techniques: There are other inspection methods besides those listed above that are most helpful in directing control activities against the pink bollworm. These make possible the detection of infestations in previously uninfested areas and the evaluation of increases or decreases in infestation as they occur in infested areas. They are also used to determine the population of larvae in hibernation and the survival or carryover of such larvae to infest the new cotton crop. These methods are as follows: 1. Inspection of gin trash: Procure freshly ginned "first cleaner" trash, which has not been passed through a fan, from as many gins as possible in the area to be surveyed. Maintain the identity of each sample of trash and examine it by sep- arating mechanically all portions of the trash larger and all portions lighter in weight than the pink bollworm. A small residue is left which must be examined by hand. This method is extremely efficient for detecting the presence and abundance of the pink bollworm in any given area. However, it does not usually reveal the exact field or the percentage of field infestation. 2. Inspection of lint cleaner: This is another method for detecting the presence of the pink bollworm. The free larvae remaining in the lint during the ginning process are separated in the lint cleaners and a substantial number of them are thrown and stuck on the glass inspection plates of the cleaners. All larvae recovered from this method are dead. For constant examination at a single gin, wipe off the plates and examine after each bale is ginned. By doing this, the individual field that is infested may be determined. For general survey, make periodic examinations to detect the presence of the pink bollworm, ina general area. 3. Examination of debris: Between January and the time squares begin to form in the new crop, examine old bolls or parts of bolls from the soil surface in known infested fields to deter- mine survival of hibernating larvae. Examine the equivalent of 100 bolls and count the living larvae. From these data the number of larvae remaining in hibernation at any given date may be determined. Such records when carried on from year to year provide comparative data which may be used in determining appropriate control measures. 4. Light traps: Especially designed traps using mercury vapor or black light fluorescent bulbs will attract pink bollworm moths. Such traps have been used to discover new infestations and their usefulness and value for survey work should be fully explored. Spider Mites In making inspections for spider mite infestation, begin at the margin of the field and while walking diagonally across it examine 100 leaves or more taken successively from near the bottom, the middle, and the top of the plants. The degree of infestation, according to the average number of adult females estimated per leaf, may be recorded as follows: None 0 Light 1 to 10 Medium 11 to 25 Heavy 2606r more Survey Methods 35 Thrips To make inspections for thrips infestations, begin at the margin of the field and while walk- ing diagonally across it observe or inspect numerous plants. The degree of damage may be recorded as follows: None, if no thrips or damage is found. Light, if newest unfolding leaves show only a slight brownish tinge along the edges with no silvering of the underside of these or older leaves and only an occasional thrips ISPSeen. Medium, if newest leaves show considerable browning along the edges and some silvering is evident on the underside of most leaves and thrips are found readily. Heavy, if silvering of leaves is readily noticeable, terminal buds show injury, general appearance of plant is ragged and deformed, and thrips are numerous. Not included in the conference report are several cotton insect survey methods which have been developed. Two of these methods follow: Ground Trash Examinations for Boll Weevil (as conducted at Tallulah, Louisiana) Since 1936 trash examinations have been made in the Tallulah, Louisiana area in both fall and spring -- during the fall to determine the number of boll weevils entering hibernation; and during spring, the number which have survived. The so-called fall examination is usually made during the latter part of November and early December, or after temperatures which have forced weevils into hibernation. The spring examination is usually made during the latter part of February and early March. In making the examinations, ten 3 x 6 foot samples of surface trash, including about an inch of the topsoil, is carefully scraped up and placed in a bag from each location. The locations are selected near the edges (within 50 feet) of fields planted to cotton during the previous season. Approximately 20 locations, or fields, are sampled during both the fall and spring examinations. The samples are brought to the laboratory where they are run through a machine which is a modification of a soil sifter. This device divides the trash samples into three fractions: (1) very coarse material, consisting of leaves, twigs, etc. ; (2) intermediate-sized particles of trash; (3) very fine material. The weevils are found in the intermediate sample. (Cotton Ins. Sec.). Methods of Surveying for Pink Bollworm (as used by Pink Bollworm Control Project, PPCB) The inspection of cotton for pink bollworm falls under four types or methods: the inspection of Blooms, Bolls, Debris, and Gin Trash. Each method yields information of a definite nature on the spread and intensity or build-up of the infestation at a certain point or period in the season, such information being the basis for quarantine and control measures. Bloom Inspection: The method employed with this type of inspection is to make counts of the noninfested blooms and the infested blooms in a given field or part of a field, thus enabling the working out of the percent of infestation. With some experience, the inspector is readily able to detect the infested blooms by their rosetted appearance. Under usual conditions the rosetted, or infested, bloom remains closed, with the outer edges of the petal flared, after the noninfested bloom is open. By knowing the percent of the blooms infested, information is gained which indicates the previous winter's survival and the prob- able severity of the infestation for the growing season ahead, thus, forecasting the need for control measures. A 5% infestation in the early blooms is considered as forecasting economic damage. 36 Survey Methods Boll Inspection: The inspection of green cotton bolls for pink bollworm is performed for several specific purposes, such as, to keep abreast with the increase or decrease in infesta- tion, to obtain information as to the effectiveness of control measures, and to locate spread to new areas where the inspection of gin trash is not practical; also, boll inspection is used to determine late season build-up or spread after harvest of the crop has been completed. The usual method employed in the inspection of bolls is to examine twenty bolls from five representative points in the field, usually near each corner and the center. The percent is found on the 100 bolls examined. Ten percent to 12 percent infestation early in the season will probably cause economic damage. To detect the early stage of the larva in the boll, the boll is carefully cut and examined, first by removing the bracts by cutting off a small layer from the base of the boll, then cutting lengthwise of the boll midway between the sutures in such manner that when the boll is opened the lock will be whole and unbroken and the partitions or carpel walls between the locks will be undamaged by the cutting operation. Examine the inter-carpel lining for the characteristic tunnels or mines made by the small worm. The number of bolls found infested represents the percentage of infestation. The newly hatched larva is very difficult to see, but the damage caused is more noticeable. It enters the green boll immediately after hatching and moves toward the locks and seed, leaving a small thread- like brown "railroad", or tunnel, as it moves or burrows its way along the inside of the carpel. These railroads are characteristic work of the pink bollworm and are readily detected by the experienced inspector. In the later stage the larva is usually easily detected not only by the damage caused, but the larva itself is normally readily found when the boll is opened. When opening the boll the later stages of damage are detected by noting the small round between the partition walls of the boll and the workings between the seed. If no damage is seen by this time the inspector does not generally cut the seed, but if damage is found, it may be necessary to cut the seed before actually locating the larva. A small round clean-cut hole is made in the outer wall of the boll only after the larva is mature and is preparing to leave the boll, or is preparing for moth emergence, where pupation takes place inside the boll which occasionally happens under certain climatic conditions. In late season the larva habitually seals itself inside a single seed or it pulls two seeds together to form "double seed." In the inspection of dry bolls or bollies, the method is much the same as the inspection of green bolls; however, this is late season inspection and the larva is expected to be mature, which makes necessary that more seed be cut in order to locate the larva sealed inside seed for weather protection during the overwintering stage. This type of inspection is done for the purpose of determining winter survival or mortality. Debris Inspection: For inspection purposes debris is considered to be dry bolls, or parts thereof, consisting of pieces or parts of locks or seed cotton either on the soil surface or partly covered- this method also necessitates cutting considerable seed, and is conducted for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of stalk destruction and the effectiveness of different types of stalk cutters or shredders by determining the pink bollworm mortality. This method or type of inspection is also done for the purpose of determining winter carry-over in debris as compared to carry-over in bolls on the stalks or off the soil surface. Gin Trash Inspection: A machine has been developed by the Pink Bollworm Project which aids in the inspection of gin trash. This machine employs screens and air cleaners to reduce the trash samples to a residue containing pink bollworm, if any, all insects contained in the cotton trash which are of comparable size and weight of the pink bollworm, plus a small amount of leaf stems, grass seed and small clods of dirt. This means that it is possible for the inspector to inspect trash representing cotton from a large number of bales and many different fields in the period of a day. The greatest value developed from this method is the quicker detection, at a lower cost, of an initial infestation of pink bollworm in an area not previously known to be infested. A secondary value of this method is to trace light infestations to individual fields. The inspection of gin trash is also a quick and economically sound means of obtaining compara- tive data from year to year showing the increase or decrease of infestations. Due to varying factors in the cotton cleaning machinery at the gins this method does not yield results which can be translated as percent damage in the field. (Welker and West). Survey Methods 37 GYPSY MOTH In determining the specific location, size and extent of gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar) infesta- tions trapping and scouting surveys are annually conducted. Trapping surveys involve the use of sex attractant which is obtained by clipping the last two segments of the abdomen of adult virgin female gypsy motks into benzol to extract the attractant from the sex glands. At the 15-tip strength, traps attract male moths for distances up to 1/2 mile. The traps are placed in the field late in June or early in July and are visited approximately once each week during the entire flight season to freshen the tanglefoot placed on wax paper within the metal cylinder by combing and to remove moths that may have entered the trap and become lodged on the tanglefoot. Where the gridiron method is employed parallel lines are run through the forested areas by the use of a compass and the traps are normally placed at 7/8 mile intervals. In trapping along roadsides traps are placed one mile apart. This method of surveying extensive areas commenced ina largescale way in the summer of 1942 when a total of 7,282 traps were used in surveying 2,950,000 acres. Approximately twice this acreage was surveyed the following year and in the summer of 1950, 19, 608 traps were used in surveying more than 7, 193, 600 acres. Plans for scouting are principally based on the results of the trapping program and in general, surveys of this nature are confined to an examination of territory within 1/2 mile of the attracting trap. However, some scouting is annually conducted in areas where traps are not used because infestation is known to be present. Such surveys are conducted so as to delimit the areas infested, determine the intensity of infestation, and hazard of spread of the gypsy moth by wind or common carriers. Data obtained from the scouting surveys is used in setting up the spraying program ona priority basis to insure early treatment of those areas where the hazard of spread is greatest. (J. M. Corliss). LARCH SAWFLY (as used in the Lake States) Beginning in 1949, reconnaissance surveys of forested areas subject to larch sawfly (Pristi- phora erichsonii) attack have been conducted annually to assess not only the magnitude of the infestation, but the duration and intensity of attack preceding tree mortality. Depending on seasonal conditions, surveys are conducted during late July or early August. In these surveys combinations of aerial and ground methods have been used in Minnesota, while ground methods alone have been used in Wisconsin and Michigan. Because of the inaccessibility of most tamarack stands to ground travel, aerial methods have a peculiar advantage. With refinements in technique they seem to offer the greatest promise for compiling worthwhile annual records reflecting larch sawfly abundance. Aerial Survey Survey Plan: Aerial reconnaissance surveys in 1949 and 1950 consisted of planned random cruises of tamarack concentrations, especially those in national forest areas and in counties from which the sawfly had been reported. Experience during these earlier surveys indicated the need for a more comprehensive and systematic approach in using aerial methods to delimit zones of defoliation over large areas from year to year, and in 1951 this sort of approach was taken. The system employed was an adaptation of the technique developed for spruce budworm surveys in the Northeast to meet the need for more accurate means of map- ping defoliator damage than the sketch mapping method commonly used. Those familiar with timber cruising methods can best visualize it in comparison to a line strip cruise made on the ground. Evenly spaced flights are made over the forest at a constant altitude above the ground. Along the flight lines each observer examines a strip of timber and records his ocular appraisal of conditions viewed according to predetermined categories. This informa- tion is continuously transmitted via electrical keyboard to pens registering on the moving chart of an operation recorder. The observations registered on the chart of this instrument are then transcribed onto maps using any system which will permit connecting points of simi- lar observations by isomorphic lines. A survey of this type has been designated an operation recorder aerial survey. 38 Survey Methods Equipment: A 5-passenger Cessna 195 high-wing monoplane was made available for the 1951 survey late in the summer by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine's Beltsville Md., forest insect laboratory. This plane was specially equipped for low altitude flying usually necessary in defoliator surveys. It contained, in addition to an Esterline-Angus operation recorder, and full length plexiglass doors for maximum visibility, a radio-altimeter and gyro compass to facilitate maintaining proper altitude and direction. Procedure: In this survey the entire forested area of Minnesota north of Duluth (approximately 15 million acres) was covered by a system of parallel flight strips at 12-mile intervals, extend- ing in an east-west direction. These flight strips were laid out in advance of aerial operations on large scale maps (1 inch - 2 miles), showing prominent topographic and cultural features, as well as the land subdivisions. Such maps, compiled by the various states in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, are available in most states. The individual map sheets were assembled into a single composite map of the entire areas to be covered. The course of each flight was plotted on the composite, and at convenient intervals readily recog- nizable points of reference, such as intersections with lakes, rivers, highways, etc., were designated by number along each course. These points of reference served as check points in maintaining the proper alignment of flights, and were identified by the pilot, who recorded the appropriate number in Morse code on the operation recorder chart as each was crossed. For convenient use in the airplane, the composite map was cut into strips, each containing about 3 flight lines, and folded. The survey flights were made at an altitude of 500 feet above the ground and at an indicated airspeed of 120 miles per hour. Stand conditions were appraised by two obServers, each viewing a separate strip approximately 5 chains wide on opposite sides of the plane. Conditions observed were classified according to five categories, and, through separate switchboards for each observer, were recorded on the operation recorder chart. The categories used were: (1) non-tamarack type; (2) water; (3) non-defolitated tamarack, i. e., no observable defoliation from 500 feet, although very light defoliation may have been present; (4) partially defoliated tamarack, i.e., defoliation easily observable, but varying amounts of green foliage present; (5) completely defoliated tamarack, i.e., all or almost all of the foliage destroyed. In this manner two separate, independent, and continuous strip samples were made the entire length of the respective flight lines, When the daily flying was done, proportional dividers were used to transfer the recorder chart data directly to the strip map. The plane speed between each check point was assumed to be constant, so that once the ratio between each pair of check points on the map and on the recorder chart was determined it was a simple matter to plot the portions of the strip in the different categories. A color code system was used to differentiate tamarack condition classes on each strip. For example, if red was the color which identified complete defoliation, a band of red would be inscribed at the exact places and for as long as was indicated by either or both observers. Thus, when tamarack condition classes on each strip were designated by the appropriate color, the picture for any given locality was readily apparent. When the strip maps were reassembled into the original composite of the area covered, it was evident that the overall picture of damage was obscured by excessive detail at the 1-inch to 2-mile scale. To prepare the final map, it was necessary to group the strip data by townships. This was done by measuring the strip length in each township, and computing the percent of the sample in each tamarack condition class. The township was then given designation correspond- ing to the condition class in which 50 percent or more of the tamarack fell. For example, if the average length of strip for all tamarack condition classes in a given township was 4 miles, and 2 miles (50 percent ) was classed as completely defoliated, the entire township was arbitrarily designated as being completely defoliated. On the basis of the values thus obtained, generalized zones of damage reflecting the different levéls of larch sawfly infestation in tamarack stands were established. Ground Survey Plots are established throughout the infested area and adjacent uninfested tamarack type. Paint- marked stopping points along roads facilitate the operation, and attempts are made to paint- blaze sufficient trees, poles or boulders to make the spot easily identified from a moving vehicle. Paint-blazes also lead into the plot proper. Data are compiled from the percent defoliation (nearest 5 percent) of ten well spaced (2 chains if possible) paint-numbered tamarack trees. eo ane as Survey Methods 39 Ten minute cocoon collections are also made under three trees, totaling 1/2 man hour of work. In order to observe possible evidence of stand decadence, 1/12-acre (1 chain by 1 chain) plots are also maintained at each defoliation plot. The bounds of this plot are amply painted in, and a hundred percent survey of each 4" or larger tamarack is made for eastern larch beetle (Dendroctonus simplex) which often attacks weakened trees. Data are kept on the total number of tamarack trees and those infested. (Division of Forest Insect Research). Classification of Infestations of Livestock Pests The following methods of determining insect infestations are used primarily for research investigations and the techniques may need adjusting to meet field survey conditions. CATTLE GRUBS - Examine infested portion of animal's back. When average number of cysts (grubs) per animal is 1-10, light; 11-20, medium; over 20, heavy. NOTE: Yearlings and bulls usually more heavily infested than older or younger animals. HORN FLIES - Count or estimate number of flies on ten animals in herd. Average number of flies per animal 1-25, light; 26-100, medium; over 100, heavy. NOTE: Flies will be more difficult to count in the cool and extreme hot hours of the day. Bulls and dark-colored animals will usually carry heavier infestations than other animals in the herd. HORSE FLIES and DEER FLIES - Count number of flies visiting animal for a 15 minute period. Average count of 1-5 per animal, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy. STABLE FLIES - Usually the heaviest feeding of flies will be observed from 9 :00 to 10:00 A.M. and 3:00 to 5:00 P.M. Count number of flies feeding on animal. Average count per animal of 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy. CATTLE LICE - A. Sucking species - Observe and examine animals for greasy appearance on dewlap and poll or neck and the presence of lice on muzzle, around eyes and in brush of tail. Occasional louse observed, light; 5-10 lice per examination area, medium; over 11, heavy. B. Chewing species - Observe and examine animals for loss of hair, rubbing, etc. Part hair for examination. Occasional louse observed, light; 5-10 lice per examination, medium; over 11, heavy. NOTE: Abundance of lice in herd largely influenced by seasonal changes and individual susceptibility of host. GOAT LICE - Part hair in 5 places. One on neck, one on each side and two on belly. Estimate number of lice per hair part. Average lice per goat 1-10, light; 11-25, medium; 26 or more, heavy. HOG LICE - Examine behind ears and fore legs, on belly and between hind legs. Count lice observed. Average lice per animal: light - 1-10; 11-20, medium; and over 20, heavy. POULTRY LICE - Examine 5 fowls, part feathers in 5 places under each wing, vent, back and breast or neck. Count lice at each part. Average number of lice per fowl 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy. FOWL TICK - Examine both fowls and premises. A. Larvae on fowls - Make counts under each wing, on inside of each leg and near vent. Average number of larvae per bird 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; over 11, heavy. B. Adults on premises - Examine roosts, nests, etc. Adults hard to find, light; adults readily noticeable, medium; adults plentiful, heavy. ROOST MITES - Examine roosts and nests for presence of mites. Occasional mite observed, light; readily observed, medium; numerous, heavy. FLEAS - A. Sticktight - Examine comb and wattle of 5 birds. Count number of attached fleas. Average count per bird 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy. B. Dog and cat fleas - Walk around infested premises and estimate number of fleas on pants leg in one minute. 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy. 40 Survey Methods LONE STAR TICKS and WINTER TICKS - Examine foot square area in 5 places on animal. One on each side of neck, one on each side and escuthcheon. Estimate number of ticks pre- sent in each area. Average tick count per animal 1-10, light; 11-25, medium; more than 26, heavy. GULF COAST TICKS - Examine outer surface of ears. Count number of ticks on ear. Average number of ticks per ear 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy. EAR TICKS - Examine folds on inner surface of ear. Count number of ticks without removal, if possible. Average number of ticks per ear 1-10, light; 11-20, medium; over 20, heavy. FLEECE WORMS - Examine areas of soiled fleece. More prevalent during warm, humid weather conditions. One case in 100 animals, light; 2-3 cases in 100 animals, medium; 4 or more cases in 100 animals, heavy. SCREW-WORMS - Examine animals or obtain information from ranchers, farmers, veterinar- jans and insecticide dealers. Less than one case per 100 animals, light; 1-2 cases per 100 animals, medium; more than 2 cases per 100 animals, heavy. SHEEP KEDS - Count pupae and adults by parting wool - 25 parts, mostly on body of animal. Average count of 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; more than 11, heavy. FOWL MITES - Examine for presence of mites infeathers. Part feathers in 5 places. Esti- mate number of mites under each wing, on each side and about vent. Average number of mites per fowl 1-10, light; 11-25, medium; 26 or more, heavy. (C. L. Smith and W. 8S. McGregor). Technique for Counting Cattle Lice 1. One square inch samples are taken from the area of infestation either with a straight razor, knife or simply by scraping with the thumb-nail. These are preserved either in AGA*or 70 percent alcohol in 2-ounce screw top specimen jars. Samples are labeled as to date, place taken, and the species. 2. The first step is to remove the entire sample from the preserving fluid and dissolve all the hair by boiling in 10 percent KOH. 3. When the hair is completely dissolved the sample is transferred to a centrifuge tube and centrifuged until all the lice are brought down. Most of the KOH is then removed by a rubber bulb and pipette. The sample is then washed with water, centrifuged and the water removed to take out as much of the KOH as possible. 4, Water is added to the centrifuge tube and the sample agitated by shaking until all the speci- mens are suspended. The sample is then poured over a filter paper in a Buchner funnel set over a filter flask. Attachment of the filter flask to a water aspirator pump speeds filtering. Removal of the KOH is essential if successful filtering is obtained. 5. The filter paper on which the lice are caught is divided into 8 segments for easier counting. 6. Sex determinations may be made with the aid of a binocular microscope and males and females removed with a needle to separate Syracuse watch glasses containing AGA or alcohol. Nymphs and eggs are counted directly on the filter paper. A tally counter aids in taking the count. 7. Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened in AGA were found to be excellent for holding over lice collected by the Buchner funnel from day to day or over a week-end. (eee wancasiter dey) *Alcohol, glycerin, glacial acetic acid. Survey Methods 41 Technique for Calculating the Number of Mosquito Larvae Per Acre Sheet iron cylinders 10 inches long covering 144 square inches (13.5" diameter) were constructed. One half inch mesh hardware cloth was soldered over one end. In making counts the end covered with hardware cloth was at the bottom of the cylinder as it was dropped at random in the water. 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