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VOL.5 No. 9 MARCH 4,1955
24 a)
ieee
C7]
EM +
¢ Cooperative |
~~ ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH 1 hi
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
aN p
N-A ey
Coe
YN
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agrli-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 March 4, 1955 IN@.. 2)
COOP BRA MOV S15 CONOMIG WINS me al eis OO ie, ae
Highlights of Insect Conditions
GREENBUG populations widespread but mostly low in the Pan-
handle and South Plains areas of Texas. (page 163).
CHINCH BUG outlook for 1955. (page 164).
BEET LEAFHOPPER outlook fur the Intermountain Regicn.
Conditicns also reported from Texas. (page 165).
PINE BOLIWORM surface debris inspection report.
(page 167).
CATTLE GRUBS abundant some areas of Utah. Maryland and
Oklahoma also report activity. (page 168).
Summary of INSECT CONDITIONS-1954-in West Virginia
(page 171) and INinois (page 175).
Status of SOUTHWES'LERN CORN BORER - 1954. (page 182).
A 2K KK ok KK oR OK KK OK ok ok Kk ok ok 2k ok Ok
Reports in this issue are for the week ending February 25, 1990,
uniess otherwise designated.
WEATHER £CR THE WHEK ENDING FEBRUARY 28, 1955
East of the Mississippi River temperatures for the week were
unseasonably mild, and precipitation generally exceeded one-hali
inch except in Florida, the Carolinas, and southern portions
of Georgia and Alabama. The heaviest rains (2 to over 4 inches)
ell in the Ohio Valley, Kentucky, and Tennessee where some streams
were overflowing at the close of the period. Temperatures rose
rather steadily throughout the period and by the end maxima in the
00's extended northward to the Great Lakes. Above-normal
temperatures gradually reduced the snow cover in the North, and
Stimulated crop growth in the South. The week's precipitation
maintained ample soil moisture, except that more rain would
be helpful in southern Georgia and northwestern Florida where
1954 was the driest year on record. West of the Mississippi
River temperatures for the week averaged below normal by 9° to
18° in the northern Great Plains, by as much as 15° in the central
Rocky Mountain region, and 6° in the Pacific Northwest. In
the northern Great Plains minima fell to subzero levels each night,
and most sections experienced the coldest week of the winter.
One of the lowest temperatures reported was -40° at Warroad,
Minn, On the same date minima were -20° or lower in central
and northeastern South Dakota, all of North Dakota, and a minimum
of -110 occurred in northwestern Iowa, Winds and considerable
cloudiness added to the disagreeableness of the severe cold.
Freezing weather overspread most of the far Southwest at the
beginning of the period damaging some cantalouves in the '
Yuma area of Arizona and making orchard heating necessary
in some districts of the Los Angeles area of California. At
the end of the period a general treeze covered the Pacific
Northwest, minima falling to 32° at Portland, Oreg., and 279
and 28° at Seattle and Tatoosh Islands, Wash,, respectively
Precipitation was generally very light west of the Mississippi,
except for moderate to heavy rains along the Pacific Coast and
heavy snows in the mountains, Precipitation was entirely lacking
in the western portions of the lower Great Plains where continued
drought and occasional strong winds further dimmed small grain
and pasture prospects. Moisture was also negligible in southern
Arizona where ranges need rain and water supplies for livestock
are shrinking.
Heavy snows in the western mountains brightened the water supply
outlook for the coming crop season considerably. Many stations
in the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains reported depth in-
creases of 4 feet or more. Increases in the Rocky Mountains,
although somewhat lower, were nevertheless substantial. In
(Weather continned on page 170 ),
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS.
GREENBUG (Toxoptera qraminum) - TEXAS - Surveys for
small grain insects from Feoruary 7 to 17 in 23 panhandle
and south plains counties indicate that low populations Of
greenbugs exist in all counties, with the exception of a few.
Heaviest infestations were found in the following counties:
Swisher 30 to 70, Deaf Smith 10 to 40, Randall 75 to 160
and Donley 100 greenbugs per foot of row. Infestations in Haskell
County range from 10 to 50 per linear foot of row. (Ashdown,
Daniels, Cleveland).
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - OKLAHOMA - Samples
from bunch grass averaged 841 per square foot. Numbers
following 10° F, weather were not decreased. (Fenton).
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Scarce
in 26 panhandle counties in those fields severely damaged
by drought. Highest counts were between 5 to 10 mites per
foot of row. (Ashdown, Cleveland, Daniels).
CUTWORMS - TEXAS - Several counties in the panhandle
averaged 1 or less per foot of row, except Lubbock County
where the count ran up to 5. (Ashdown, Cleveland, Daniels).
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEVADA - Adult
activity in limited numbers in western area, Some control
starting. (Gallaway, Feb. 19).
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocailis trifolii) - TEXAS -
Again found in alfaita fields in the panhandle and is likely
to increase now that the alfalfa is beginning to grow. Cold
weather of February i0 greatly decreased the numbers.
‘Ashdown, Cleveland, Daniels). ARIZONA - Scattered
infestations in Maricopa, Gila and Yuma Counties, These
infestations seem to be relatively stable at present.
(Ariz. Coop. Rept. ). NEVADA - Viviparous reproduction
in progress in many alfalfa fields of southern area. Present
numbers indicate possible economic populations will
develop on second cutting. (Gallaway, Feb. 19).
POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - TEXAS -
Collected on alfalfa, January a , in Brazos County. Det.
D. A. Young. (Cowger). It will be noted that this is an
earlier date than the collection in Louisiana (CEIR 4(8):153),
Chinch Bug Outlook for 1955
The problem in 1955 is not expected to differ greatly from
that in 1904, when carn and sorghum were damaged in*many
local areas. Surveys were made late last fall efter the
adult chinch bugs were in hibernation in Arkansas, Illinois,
Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma.
Scattered, locally severe or very severe ratings (see map)
were found in northeastern Arkansas, eas’ central Illinois,
east central Kansas, northern Missouri, and northeastern
Oklahoma. Elsewhere in the states surveyed, the ratings
ranged from non-economic to threatening. (Grasshopper
Cont Prose):
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PRUIT INSECTS
A MITE (Tetranycnus yumensis) - ARIZONA - Abundant in
some establisned grapetruit at Yuma, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus) - GEORGIA - Some
live scales being found in Fort Valley area on peach trees
treated with 5 applications of insecticides in 1994. (Snapp).
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - TEXs8 - Over:
wintered individuals found on winter and spring host plants from
Crystal City to Vernon and west. Heavy damage in the Winter
Garden area to spinach by curly top virus. At least one half
Be ee crop has been lost. (Douglass, Peay, Cowger,
avis).
Leafhopper Conditions in Utah, Western Colorado, Southern Nevada
Southeastern California and Central Arizona - 1990
The beet leafhopper spring movement from the southern desert
breeding grounds to the cultivated districts of north and central
Utah and western Colorado is expected to be moderate. ithe
local movement is expected to be light in north and central Utah
and western Colorado, The movement to southern Utah, southern
Nevada, southeastern California and central Arizona is also
expected to be moderate.
The overwintering population in the southern breeding area ls |
considered to be approximately three times larger than that which
occurred in 1954. Spring host plant conditions are favorable for
leafhopper breeding in most southern and most northern portions
of the southern breeding grounds. The acreage of host plants 1s
about three times that of 1954. In the local breeding areas of :
northern Utah, a light popultion of leafhoppers entered the winter
under favorable conditions. A light leafhopper movement is to
be expected from some of the local areas. The spring movement
to central and northern Utah cultivated districts under favorable
conditions, is expected to be moderate, It must be emphasized
that this statement is based wpon present conditions. The move-
ment of the leafhoppers into the cultivated districts of central
Utah and western Colorado is expected to start by mid-April iN
and probably will reach its peak by mid-May. The abundance o
the population engaged in this movement will dependupon
unpredictable weather fluctuations during the next month whicna
- 166 -
affect the development of the beet leafhopper and its host plants.
Experience has shown when an early spring follows a mild
Winter it usually advances the date of the beet leafhopper move-
ment from the uncultivated breeding areas to the cultivated
districts. On the other hand, a late spring with excessive rainfall
delays the date of the movement. The early winter temperatures
have been below normal in the southern area. For these reasons,
2 iater statement will be issued on beet leafhopper conditions.
This will be based on additional information obtained from surveys
now in progress. (Dorst, Knowlton).
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens, - TEXAS - Medium
local infestations on onions in Nueces County. Damaged about
100 acres of onions in the Robstown arza. (Nolan).
CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - WASHINGTON -
Small colonies persist in brussels sprouts in gardens at Sumner,
(Doucette, Feb, 15).
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Very iight infestation on turnips in Columbus County. (Rabb, Guthrie).
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praeticsa) - ARIZONA - On squash on
Yuma Mesa. Some ieaves mottied. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) -
FLORIDA - Averaged 1 larva per 100 square yards and was infesting
ends and sides of tobacco plant beds at Quincy. (May), NORTH
CAROLINA - Light infestation on turnips observed in Columbus
County. (Rabb, Guthrie). MISSISSIPPI - Considerable damage
to garden crops in Forrest County by larvae. (Sheffield, Feb. 18).
TEXAS - Mediuin local infestation on turnips and cabbage in
Washington County. Larvae causing damage, but are about
ready to pupate. (Weaver).
SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR (Estigmene acrea) ~ PLORIDA -
A single newly-emerged adult was collected from a field at
Gainesville. (Hetrick),
TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix lirtipennis) - FLORIDA -
Averaged 75 adults per square foot of a tobacco plant bed at
Quincy, Gadsden County. Control used. (May, Rhoades).
CUTTON INSECTS
PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinynhors qussypisiiy) - SLOR[DA - On
the Wild Cotton Eradication Project the first pink Loliworms c:
the s¢ason were found February 3 and 5 on a few mature wild
cotton planis on Key Largo. Four specimens were »ec syiened
from 426 bolls. About 17 locations infested last season have
been wurked this season and ail fruit inspected showed negative
results. (Wild Cotton Erad, Proj,).
In the pericd February 1-15, the inspection of surface debris
continued. Many reports continue to emphasize the small amount
of cotten debris left in fields in the cultural control areas.
MEXICO - live pink boliwor ms were found at rate or 3. 18 per
hundred bolls inspected in the municipio ot Matamoros, and
2,88 in Camargo, with the other 6 municipios of Tamaulipas
giving negative results. TEXAS - im the three lower valley
counties of Cameron, Hidalgo and Willacy, average number OL
live pink bollworms per 100 bolls was 1. 78, or 9. 24 per acre
insurtace debris, Results in the coastal bend counties of San
Patricio and Nueces were 1, 40 live pink bollworms per Lis
bolls inspected, or 9.05 per acre. Bee and Live Oak Counties
grouped together showed 3.09 live pink bollworms per 160 bolls
inspected, or 25.8 per acre. In grouping Brazos and Washingtor
Counties, results show 29, 14 live pink bollworms per 100 bolis,
or 2,376 live worms per acre. Medina County shows an average
of 14,7 live pink bollworms per 100 bolls inspected, or lati
per acre. Tom Green County shows 26,4 live worms per 1G0
bolls, or 64.2 per acre. The last four counties mentioned appear
to be "hot spots" and do not necessarily indicate the degree of
infestation in the general area. Comoaring the number of live
pink bollworms per 100 bolls inspected as of Pebruanry 15, the
totals in Texas show that 5, 5 live specimens have been found this
year compared with 8,1 as of February 15 of last year.
Kesults were negative in ARIZONA, LOUISIANA and NEW MEXICo.
In OKLAHOMA the inspection in Caddo and Washita Counties
resulted in the finding of . 81 live pink bollworms per 100 bolls
inspected. (PBW Cont. Proj.}.
INSECTS AFFECTING OTHER FIBER PLANTS
A CERAMBYCID (Hippopsis temniscata) - FLORIDA - The first
occurrence of this insect on ramie was reported last September
(CEIR 4(35): 816, 1954). One of the infested plots reported was
left unharvested to observe development of the insects in ramie
and their effect on the crop. Although first observations
- 168 -
indicated normal oviposition and incuoation, by February 1955 no
live larvae could be found. Considering that no larvae in ramie
appeared to advance beyond the second instar and that most died
in the first instar, it is thought that ramie may be a2 lethal host
of H, lemniscata. Inspection of other host species showed that
normal progress was made, (Genung).
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
BARK BEETLE (ps pini) - VIRGINIA - Damaging a two-acre
plantation of red pine in Carroll County. (Lyon).
APHIDS - WASHINGTON - Small colonies of the rose aphid present
on Peas buds at Sumner, Reproduction taking place. (Doucette,
Igo. 0S).
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
CATTLE GRUBS (Hypoderma spp.) - UTAH - Seriously abundant
in many herds in some areas of Washington County, February 19.
(Hughes, Knowlton), Appearing in considerable numbers in beef
-attle in Ogden Valley. Reports coming in from various parts of
the State indicate the development of grubs quite generally in Utah.
(Burningham, Knowlton}. OKLAHOMA - Heel fly activity noted for
the past 2 weeks in all parts of the State during warm days. (Stiles).
MARYLAND - All of 22 one-year old Herefords in one herd,
Montgomery County, infested with H, lineatum, From 5 to 25
grubs per animal, (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ),
CATTLE LICE - VIRGINIA - Reported to have been so heavy in
a Montgomery County herd that they apparently caused the death
of one cow and near death of another. (Kalison). UTAH -
Moderately numerous and’ troublesome in some areas of Washington
County. In Juab County 3.000 cattle,in Millard County 7,000, and
in Beaver County about 5, 500 have been treated this winter.
(Knowlton, Burtenshaw, Hughes).
LONG-NOSED CATTLE LOUSE (Linognathus vituli) - FLORIDA -
Abundant on cattle at a ranch in Alachua County. Control requested.
(Hetrick),
- 169 -
UTORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
A MITE (aceria tulipae) - ILLINOIS - Coilected on cuion sets
in stcrage in northeastern area during December and February.
This is the first known report of the mite in Iincis, (Petty).
MISCBEELANBOUS INSECTS
BOXELDER BUGS (Leptocoris trivittatus) - VIRGINIA - Entering
houses and causing annoyance in Richmond, Blacksburg and_
Radford. (Morris). MARYLAND - in homes, Montgomery County.
(U, Md., Ent. Dept. ).
the State. The first winged forms for the year are reported
trom Rienmond,. (Matheny), NORTH CAROLINA - ‘lights of
Zootermopsis angusticollis has been taken in a lumber yard in
5
Duncan in fir shipped from the West Coast. (Bieberacr#).
Light Trap Collections: FLORIDA - Some of the more imvortant
insects taken at black light traps are as follows: At Bradenton,
February 15--Feltia subterranea 1, Hyphantria cunea iiswven
isabella 2, Laphygma frugiperda 1, Mocis tatu
subterranea 1 and Pseudaletia unipuncta 4 (Denmark) AtHomestead,
January 25 to 30--Anomala undulata 11, Nezara viridule ¢,
Estigmene acrea 1, Feitia subterranea 11, Prodenia dolichos 9,
BP, latifascia 4, and Pseudaletia uniouncta 1 (Wolfenbarger/,
armigera 1, and Pseudaletia unipuncta 1. -Wilson).
RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY
Of interest recently was the unusual interception of a living a jult
specimen of Moznsteira unicostata Muis. & Rey (Tingidae), the
so-called almond bug, or "La Chincheta del Almendro, " on
pomegranates in baggage from Italy at New York, N.Y. (Lineham).
This insect has been reported injurious to almonds, apricots,
cherries, pears and plums in Italy, Spain and parts of North
Africa, It has also been reported attacking species of poplar,
hawthorn and willow. Feeding by this lacebug causes yeilow
spotting of the leaves. When heavily infested, the foliage or the
2 GO. <
trecs also Duccme unsightly duc to 2 film of insect excrvuta de-
posited on the leaves. ‘This film is said to hinder leaf respiraticn.
Further damage is caused by the oviposition punctures of the
adults in the leaf tissues. Leaf fall and abnormal second growth
later in the season sometimes follows insect attack.
Observations on the biology of the almond bug indicate the eygs
are deposited in small groups in the leaf tissues along the main
veins on the underside of the leaves. A female may lay 6-15 egys
onaleaf, The eggs hatch in 18-15 days. There are 5 molts
with a nymphal stage of 25-30 days duration. Nymphal cast skins
remain attached to the leaves, As many as 3 or 4 generations may
be produced inayear with considerable overlapping late in the
season so that at times all stages may be found. Injury is said to
be more serious in iate summer. Overwintering occurs in the
adult stage in cracks in the tree trunks or in the soil.
M. unicostaia has been invercepted on two previous occasions,
on plums and with chestnut wood in baggage from Italy at New
York, N.Y. It is not known to be present in the United States
(Compiled by Plant Quarantine Branch).
ROK OK A OK OK O&K OK Kk
Weather Continued:
the northern Great Plains ccld, cloudy weather prevented any
melting of the previous week's heavy snowfall which protected
small grains from the subzero temperatures, East of the
Mississippi River the snow cover retreated to the Canadian
Border States, and depths were reduced considerably, by more
than a foot in northern New England. (Summary Supplied U.S.
eather Bureau).
EG
SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1994
WEST VIRGINIA
Prepared by F. W. Craig, C. F.
Bishop, C.K. Dorsey, Edwin Gould,
€)F, Taylor, and EJO. Hamstead
assisted in compiling the report and
making surveys.
The discovery of the ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera nostica) in
Jefferson County and the EUROPEAN CHAFER (Amphimailon
majalis) in Hampshire County were the outstanding insect pest
developmenits of the year in West Virginia. The build-up Of
an UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella)
in Berkeley County, the lighi, but scattered infestation of
FALL CANKERWORM (Alsophila pometaria’ and the LINDEN
LOOPER (Erannis tillaria) and the findiag o: a new infestation
of a SCALE (Aspidiotus sp.) on hemlock in Parkersburg, were
additional developments. ARMYWORM /Pseudaletia unipuncta)
was reported from only one piace, Pendleton County, as compared
with a heavy and general infestation in 1953. Another group
of insects, GALL APHIDS (Chermes abietis and (Pineus similis) _
which wers quite general on spruce in 1953, were very light in 1904
The JAPANESE BEETLE (Popillia japonica) continued to spread
and build-up in intensity in some of the clder infes ted areas.
The adults were relatively light in Berkeley and Jefferson Counties,
continuing the downward trend of the past taree years. Adults
were very abundant in the southern section of Harrison and
Barbour Counties and the northern tip of Upshur, and quite
numerous through an eight-county area of the north central part
of the State, The infestation continued to build-up in the Ohio
Valley from Parkersburg to Moundsville and in the Kanawha
Valley just east of Charleston, New outbreaks of this pest at
Logan, Ldégan County, Welch, McDowell County, and Williamson,
Mingo County, were discovered during the year. The colony south
of Elkins in the Tygart Valley was found to be much stronger than
had previously been expected and threatens to invade this rich
agricultural section. (
\
Limited surveys for the WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES (Graphognathus
spp.) and CO!'LON STEM MOTH (Platyedra vilella) weve negative.
An extensive survey in Morgantown, Wheeling and Weirton sections
for GYPSY MO'l'H (Porthetria dispar) was also negative.
- 172 -
IP ewuhe INASSCes\s
The status of common insect pests of tree fruits did not, yenerally,
in 1954, deviate much from the usual pattern but two relatively
new insect to West Virginia created much interest and concern
even though they were only found at widely scattered points.
These two insects were APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella)
and the UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF MINER (Callisto
geminatella). The former was found for the first time in a
commercially sprayed orchard and the latter was severe in several
orchards in the eastern panhandle, where it was widely distributed.
Damage was most severe in the vicinity of Summit Point,
Jefferson County, and the insect was found as far west as Augusta,
Hampshire County, by late September, CODLING MOTH
(Carpocapsa pomonella) was still the most important fruit pest
but was considered to be slightly reduced in number from the
normal, ROSY APPLE APHID (Anuraphis roseus; and WOOLLY
APPLE APHID (Eriosoma lanigerum! were widespread and
damaging in the eastern panhandie fruit section. The APPLE
APHID (Aphis pomi) also caused severe damage in this section.
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) was not
much of a problem until late in the season when it was abundant
in the orchards of the eastern panhandie that had failed te control
the broods, and in the northern panhandle where it even continued
to cause damage to apples in common storage. FORBES SCALE
(Aspidiotus forbesi) was widespread but probably less abundant than
in 1953 and suffered heavy winter mortality. One orchard in
Lewis County was heavily infested with SCURFY SCALE
(Chionaspis turfura). LESSER PEACH BORER (Synanthedon
victipes} was plentiful in one orchard in Braxton County. ROSE
CEAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus) and the BLACK PHACH
APHID (Anuraphis persicae-niger) were not reported though they
have been troublesome in past years,
Small Fruit Insects:
Several CATERPILLARS were destructive to strawberry foliage
early in the summer in Randolph County. Included in this
group were VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa),
Morrisonia confusa {also fed heavily on the blossoms), and Eupsilia
sp.
ihmuckCropunsects: :
Several outbreaks of the HARLEQUIN RUG (Murgantia histrionica)
were reported from near Charleston during last of July and
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) was reported causing
damage in scattered areas early in the summer. MEXICAN
BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) was scarce during the
early summer but was observed in destructive numbers by mid-
- 173 -
summer and during the fail. FLEA BEETLES were especially
numerous on potatoes, tomatoes and corn but LEAFHOPPERS
on beans were slightly less damaging than in 1953. Leathopper
damage to potatoes was very serious throughout the State, as
usual. CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) and the CORN
SAP BEETLE (Carpophilus aimidfatus) were generaliy abundant and
the former damaged both corn and tomatces, IMPORTED
CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) was more abundant than usual in
the Charleston area. The STALK BORER (Papaipema nebris)
aye eens June 12 but reports of damage were not as frequent
as sla IQ Ssh,
completely surveyed. In Monongalia County borers were common
in a field of sweet corn July 23. In Berkeley County 8 to 10 borers
per stalk were resorted early in the season and in one field in late
July as many as 12 to 20 borers per staik were found. CORN
FLEA BEETLE (Chaetocnema pulicaria) was abundant and there
was considerable Stewart's disease in corn but probably less than
in 1953. One outbreak of a SOD WEBWORM (Crambus luteolellus)
was reported during the year and SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya
cilicrura) caused some severe losses in the higher altitudes of
Randolph County. LEAFHOPPER damage to the second cutting Ci
alfalfa was lignt compared with the usual severe loss.
Forest Insects:
The LOCUST LEAF MINER (Chalevus dorsalis) was generally
serious in Cabell County and in spots in the north central section
of the State. Through the rest of the central section it was only
moderate, The EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma_
americanum) was abundant in Greenbrier County and in local
areas near Charleston and in Lewis County. Also common in
the central area north of Charleston, Tents were scarce in the
southwestern corner and in the eastern panhandle area, ‘The
FALL CANKERWORM and LINDEN LOOPER caused scattered
light to heavy damage to many forest trees anc would appear
to be building up to a heavy and general infestation in tne next
few years. The BAGWORM (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) ©
was only moderately abundant and FALL WEBWORM (Hyphantria
cunea) was very scarce. POPLAR AND WILLOW BORER
(Cryptorhynchus lapathi) killed several trees ‘Populus Spp. }
in the Kanawha Valley and a few elm trees in White Sulphur
Springs were defoliated by the ELM LEAF BEETLE (Galerucella
xanthomelaena) during the summer. In the fall housewives in
St. Albans, Romney and Berkeley Springs complained of the
BOZELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) entering homes.
Ornamental Pests:
Pests of evergreen trees, mustly repurted from nurseries, included.
an outbreak of HEMLOCK SCALE (Aspidiotus ithacea). WHITE-
PINE WEEVIL (Pissodes strobi) caused damage in small nursery
plantings in Moronyalia and Pieasant Counties and WHITE-PINE
SAWFLY (Neodiprion pinetur}) defoliated the lower limbs on a
few white pine near Clarksburg. PINE BARK APHID (Pineus
strobi) was generally prevalent but serious outbreaks were
unusually scarce, SAWFLIES caused less damage to pine than
generally. ARBORVITAE LEAF MINER (Argyresthia thuiella)
continued abundant in the known infested spots and, in addition, wes
found in a few new spots. The JUNIPER WEBWORM (Dichomeris
marginella) and the JUNIPER SCALE (Diaspis carueli) likewise
continusd to be destructive in the limited areas where it has
become established. A Lecanium sp. was found on junipers in
three nurseries in the north central section of the State. The
the species. Increasing damage to privet has been noted for
several years. LACEBUGS on azaleas and rhododendron were
also much more numerous than for a few years. Azaleas in
Charleston generally were completely browned in August and
September. A local outbreak of the GENISTA CATERPILLAR
(Tholeria reversalis) on laburnum occurred in and near
ern ene tee ans
Huntington, Cabell County.
Stored Products Insects:
The ANGOUMONS GRAIM MOTH (Sitotroga cerealelia) appeared
frequently in stored corn infesiations. Several infestations of the
RED-LEGGED HAM BEETL® (Necrobia rufipes) were observed.
BEAN WEEVIL (Acanthoscelides obtecius} was numerous in 1954
and caused considerable damage to stored beans.
Insect Pests of Structures, ete: f ; :
The TERMITE (Reticulitermes flavipes) and the BLACK CARPENTER
ANT (Camponotus herculeaneus pennsylvanicus) were about
normal in numbers in dwelling infestations.
Household Pests:
A few reports of the CLOVER MITE Bryobia praetic.sa) being
abundant on the trunks-of apple trees and entering hommes were
received during the year.
- 175 -
SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS -1954
ILLINOIS
Prepared by Extension Service
Hntomologists
Cereal and Forage Crop Insects:
‘Small Grains’ ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium),
although abundant on wheat heads in one county, was of no
consequence generally. ‘The ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta)
appeared in outbreak proportions. Moth flight was first observed
April 6 in southwestern Ulinois and numbers of moths increased
during the following three weeks. Heavy flights were observed
in Champaign and Morris April 14. In northern area, moth
flight peak occurred August 20, 21, and 22 when 67, 51, and 53
moths were collected. Early-instar armyworms were first
observed April 1-15. Peak populations occurred from May 15 to
June 15 as determined by random surveys:
Armyworm Larval Populations Averaged by Date and Section
Small Grains per Linear Ft. Grasses per Sq. Ft.
5/16-31 /54 es 4 0/16-31/54 6/1-15/54
. 20
Northwest 0.0 -- oo
Northeast 0. 04 ®. 55 0.0 --
West On@ 60 0.0 IL, BO)
Central a 2. 09 Oxval --
East OnCZ 0. 49 OF33 3. 00
West Southwest QO. 06 ~- On@ ==
East Scutheast 0. 28 ONSH, 0.67 --
Southwest OHO -- -- =
Southeast i, GS -- ~- =<
Minor outbreaks occurred in early September. A total of 170, 000
acres were treated for the control of this pest. The CHINCH BUG
(Blissus leucopterus) left winter quarters and appeared in thin
wheat fields where damage in isolated instances killed individual
wheat plants. Early treatment reduced the damage. Heavy rains
during eariy oviposition and hatching killed a porticn of the population
thus reducing the potential threat, Dry weather followed and
migration of nymphs occurred in June and July. Reported wheat
yields in isolated instances were reduced 10 to 15 bushels per acre,
Control measures applied in time greatly reduced damage to corn,
HESSIAN FLY (Phytophaga tiestructor) populations were highest in
St. Clair County with only 6,4 percent of the tillers infested. WHEAT
JOINTWORM (Harmolita tritici) infested 7.2 percent of the tillers in
st. Clair County, the highest in the State,
“Y716 =
Corn: The CORN PLEA Bee ven. CRAG OCR ETA pulicaria) first
red in Southern Tllinois April 7 and by April 14 if was collected
appeal
in the northern most counties, Populations per 100 sweeps in
roadside grasses beside old corn fields were as follows:
: | OR | ‘ ae :
AV, D/IG= SUG /letan IG fC —3O) Wife 7/16-31 8/1-15 8/16-31
Entire
State’ 2, 1 7.9 4.5 TLIO LZ 358 322. 9
WIREWORMS, BILLBUGS, and WEBWORMS were reported damaging
corn in late May and early June. Aduits of a LEAF BEETLE
(Myochrous denticollis) caused damage to two fields of corn on
muck land in southwestern Illinois last of May. A TORTRICID
(Sparganothis sufuranpa _.\/ was common feeding on silks in central
and northern Ulinois in July and August. The CORN ROOTWORM
(Diabrotica longicornis) varied from O to 41 larvae per hill of
com. Damage was no worse than in 1953. Up to 83 percent of the
IWinois in May. Damage ranged from 0 to 65 percent and the
average of random samples was 9.6 percent. This was small
corn and replanting was possible. A later infestation in north~-
western and northeastern Mlinois in late June caused serious
damage since it wes too late to replant. As many as 10 larvae
were reported taken from one hill of sweet corn, The CORN
EARWORM (Heliothis armigera} was more abundant than in most
years. arly field corn averaged 8 percent silk infestation in
southeast Illinois by July i6. An occasional larvae was found in
the plant whorl farther north, J uly 23, 0 to 10 percent of the
Silks were infested in central and northern areas. During August
as many as 00 percent of the ears were found infested in some
fields in the northern one-half of the State. In early September,
some field corn in southern Fllinois had nearly 100 percent of
ears infested, FALL, ARMYWORM (Laphyqma frugiperda) was
abundant in many fields in September,
RUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) fall populations
in 36 counties was 256 compared to the 1949 population in the same
36 counties of 420. In 1953 the population was 170. In sout&aern
Iinois, pupation began prior to May 7 and was completed by
May 28 when emergence was noted and one egg mass was found
On Sweet corn in the East St. Louis area. In central Illinois,
pupation was 9 - 16 percent by May 21 and wes completed by June 13,
= 177 -
In northern Illinois, pupation was 0 to 4 percent by May 21 and was
completed by June 18. Fifty percent emergence had occurred
in southern Illinois by June 4 and in northern Dlinois by Jure 18,
By June 25, emergence was practically complete in most of the
State, averaging 90 percent in the northern one-third of Illinois.
Oviposition in the northern one-half of Illinois began from June 11
to June 18 and reached the peak between June 25 and July 2 after
which it dropped very abruptly. By June 25, 30 to 35 percent of
the eggs had hatched, and by July 2, 70 to 95 percent of the eggs
had hatched in central and northern counties. Fifth-instar borers
were observed the week of July 2 and reached peak by the week
of July 23 when 64 percent of all borers were in the fifth instar.
Fourteen percent of the borers had pupated by July 23. The
number of borers found in the pupal stage reached peak (50 to 75 per-
cent) in the central area the week of July 30. The peak (40 to 60
percent) was reached a week later in northern counties.
Moths began to emerge in the northern half of the State the
week of July 23 and from 5 to 58 percent had emerged by August 6
and 85 to 100 percent by August 20. The first egg masses for
the second yeneration in the northern half were observed week of
July 30 when two masses per 100 plants were found in Livingston
County. During the two-week period August 14 to August 27, the
number of egy masses per 100 plants reached peak. At this time,
from 28 to 260 masses per 100 plants were found. Hatching cf
second-generation larvae was well under way (28 percent) in
western Illinois by August 13 but had not begun in northern
Ulinois except in sweet corn. By August 27, hatching was nearly
complete in central Illinois and 70 percent completed in northern
Tilinois. | A low egg mass count, 10 to 20 per 100 plants
developed the last. of August and first of September in southern
Illinois indicating the third generation in that area.
The following tabie shows a brief general tabulation of the fall
corn borer survey in Illinois:
Section of State Borers per 100 Plants
Northwest 360
Northeast 232
West Zou!
Central 353
Fast 427
West Southwest 16
Rast Southeast 12
Southwest 6
Southeast 3
In general the corn borer population in the northern nalf of the
State shows a considerable increase over last year's population,
GRASSHOPPERS were not a serious pest of corn in 1954. However,
they did move in from roadsides and legume fields and caused a
small amount of damage on marginal rows,
Clover and Alfaifa: The CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata)
was not quite as serious in 1954 asin 1958, but it still dida
great amount of damage anc spraying was necessary +o save the
Crop in many cases. Larval populations gradually increased
during March, declined slightly in April, and Gropped ofi rather
abruptly in May. State average during the last of March and
through April was 20 to 3C larvae per square foot with some fields
as high as 100 per square foot, Pupation began the last half of
April, reached peak in May, then graduatly declined during June,
Adults began emerging the latter part of May or first of June and
reached peak of asundance the first part of July. PEA APHID
(Macrosiphum pisi! was again a major vest as in 1903 and treat-
ments were necessary to save many ciover fields. Average
populations per field ranged from O to 196 aphids per square foot
in the southern two-thirds of the State the week of April 2 and from
O to 9 in the northern third,week ending April 16. By April 30,
the average numbers in southern two-thirds ofI[Uinois ranged from
21. to 840 per sweep and by May 28 the top figure reached i, 360
aphids per sweep. They may have reached greater numbers as
in some cases they were recorded as one-half cup full per sweep
and were not courted. The highest figure reached in northern
Iliinois was 391 per sweep, the week of June 11. During the
last of May and in June, aplids attacked new seeding of clover
and alfalfa in crain fields and did considerable damage completely
destroying the stand in a few cases.
VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma “margaritosa) was much
more abundant and destructive to clover than for many years. It
appeared in fields early in May and apnparentiy reached peak
abundance first half of June when fields in the eastern section
averaged 10 per square foot, the central section averaged 16. 8
per square foot and the western section (not randomly sampled)
averaged 30 per square foot. Highest average for one field in
these three sections respectively was 26, 54, and 32 per square
foot. MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) was
less numerous than for the last three or four years. Few fields
averaged more than one nymph per stem. Most fields averaged
0.5 orless. LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris)
and its close relative, H. meles, were vevy numerous through-
out the southern two-thirds of State and undoubtedly caused much
more damage than generally realized, especially to seed crops.
Adults of H. nigrirostris apparently had two peaks in clover fieids,
once the first of April when over-wintering adults moved into the
fields and again in June when new adults emerged from cocoons.
One hundred percent of clover stems in some fields were infested.
by larvae of one or the other of these two species. During May
the following average percent of stems infested was recorded:
Section of the State Percent of Stems Infested
Northwest 2. 86
Northeast 60, 00
West 10. OO
East Ws O10)
Southwest 90, 00
Southeast 83. 00
Adults of H. nigrirostris were found throughout the State, while
H. meles was found only in the southern two-thirds. POTATO
LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) first appeared in fields Avril 26.
Relatively speaking it was not as abundant in 1954 and did not
damage alfalfa to extent of the previous few years. CLOVER
HEAD WEEViL (Tychius stephensi), which was first found in
Illinois about three years ago is now known to be present in at
least twelve counties in the northeastern one-fourth of the State.
GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus spp,) damaged scattered fields
throughout the State. LADY BEETLES, combined species, were
rather numerous in most clover and alfalfa fields.
a ee
August. CLOVER ROOT BORER (Hylastinus obscurus) damaged
several clover fields in northeastern Minois. An examination
of a field early in August showed 10 percent of the plants killed
and 40 percent of the remaining plants infested by average of 5.5
larvae, 1.0 pupae, and 1.75 adults per root. GREEN CLOVER-
WORM (Plathypena scadra} was more abundant than usual in
clover and alfalfa fields but no serious damage was reported.
ALFALFA CATERPILLAR (Colias philodice eurytheme) was
common in alfaifa fields of central Wlinois in early September.
Grass: FALSE CHINCH BUG (Nysius ericae) was reported
cGamaging grass in turee different cases first half of July.
soybeans: CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) migrated
from clover in Fayette County early in July and damaged marginal
rows of soybeans. SPIDER MITES were abundant in some
fields early in July. MARGINED BLISTER BEETLE (Epicauta pestifera)
- 180 -
was reported damaging soybeans in early August, GREEN
CLOVERWORM was very destructive to soybeans in localized
aceas in the southern half of the State in August.
Druck Crop Insects:
BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tonellus) was present on horse-
radish in the Hast St, Louis area and is believed to have caused
damage by spreading brittle root disease. CORN EARWORM
(Heliothis armigera) moths were numerous and laying eggs
and a few small larvae were found on advanced sweet corn by
June 4 in East St. Louis area, By July 30, 20 to 50 percent of
the ears in untreated sweet corn were reported to be infested in
central Illinois. In the southern half of the State as many as
100 percent of the ears were infested with an average of 4.7 larvae
per ear in some fields early in September. This pest also caused
severe damage to tomato fruits where treatments were omitted.
TOMATO RUSSET MITE ‘Vasates lycopersici), which did much
damage to tomatoes in 1952 and 1953, was not present in 1954
except on greenhouse tomatoes where it probably had overwintered
under tne protection of the greenhouse. COLORADO POTATO
BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) adults were numerous on
tomato plants in Cook County in May and severely damaged some
fields. STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Acalymma vittata)
severely camaged Hubbard and other late varieties of squash in
Cook County in early June, ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua)
caused some damage to onion seis in Cook County in June.
PALE-SIDED CUTWORM (agrotis malefide) damaged cabbage in
Cook County during June. ONION TERIPS (Thrips tabaci) was
abundant on "stickout" onions the latter part ci June and caused
damage to onions in Cook County in july. SIX-SPOTTED
LEAF HOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) was abundant on carrots
in Cook County the lacter part of June.
POTATO LEAFHOPP&R (Empoasca fabae) was extremely
abundant on potatoes in Cook Ccunty the latter part of June.
SQUASH BUG (Anasa tristis) was more abundant in northern and
central Illinois then for several years. It caused severe damage
to many pumpkin fields and treatments were necessary. TOMATO
HCORNWORM (Protoparce quinguemacuiata) was numerous enough
to necessitate treatment of some tom2to fields in northern Illinois
in July. YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli)
caused damage to onions in Cook Ccunty in July. SOUTHERN
CABBAGEWORM (Pieris protodice) was present in outbreak
numbers on horseradish in Madison and St. Clair Counties the
last of August and early September. Counts of 10 per leaf were
not uncommon,
- 181 -
Forest, Ornamental, and Shade Tree Insects:
SPIDER MITES, species undetermined, were abundant on spruce
in McHenry County in early June. YELLOW-NECKED CATER-
PILLAR (Datana ministra) was abundant and almost completely
a
defoliated many treés in Mlinois the last of July and first of August.
Stored Grain Insects:
SAW-TOOTHED GRAIN BEETLE( Oryzaephilus surinamensis) was
very abundant in the debris of corn cribs and in bins of oais in
early September. INDIAN-MEAL MOTH (Plodia interpunctella)
was common in both ear and shelled 1953 corn in September 1954,
MEAL MOTH (Pyralis farinalis) was also common in ear and
shelled 1953 corn in September 1954.
Miscellaneous Insects:
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) was a general nuisance in many
homes throughout the State until last of June when it disappeared
and did not reappear until around the first of October when large
numbers were observed on the sides of houses. BOXELDER
BUGS (Leptocoris trivittatus) were abundant in the southern
two-thirds of the State and began bunching up on tree trunks and
the sides of houses causing many complaints in September.
COTTON STEM MOTH (Platyedra vilella) was not found in the State
although hollyhocks were examined in Lee,Marshall, MeLeon,
and Champaign Counties.
- 182 -
LO
Status vf Southwestern Corn Borer - 1904
Surveys were conducted during 1954 to determina the intensity
andYor distribution of the southwestern corn borer (Diatraea
grandiosella) in Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas.
The overali distribution of the insect in the United States,
according to special State reports and Plant Pest Control Branch
records, is shown on the accompaning map. Although D.
grandiosella was once recorded in Baca County, Colorado (USDA
Tech. Bul. 383:5, 1933); repeated efforts in the years since,
according to a recent report by L. B. Daniels, have failed
to find positive evidence. The Colorado county, therefore,
is not shown as infested on the rap.
Southwestern corn borer was found for the first time in 1994
in 6 new counties in Arkansas. Early season populations were
heavy in areas of established infestations in this State, but light
in the newly-infested areas. Indications are that the pest may move
into the delta corn-growing area of the State, In Missouri, the
borer spread rapidly northward during 1904 with 15 counties
being found infested for the first time. Infestation in field corn
in this State ranged from .01 to 44 percent. Three new counties
were added during 1954 to the distribution in kansas where the
occurrence of the insect is now nearly statewide. Fifteen
counties in north east Texas were reported infested for the first
time.
Surveys during summer and fall in Texas showed southwestern
corn borer to be the dominant species of stalk borer in the
northeast, northwest, panhandle and plains areas, Average
infestation ran as high as 50 percent in Hopkins County in the
northeast and 100 percent in Hale County in the plains area,
hae el
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anert Sse
VOL.5 No. 10 MARCH 11,1955
Cooperative
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
Issued weekly as a service. to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
1 7 1
Tolume 5 March il, 1855 NG ae
CCOGER EL PVE TSOC ING WO ING is Ow Nscia1s 1e)i57 7
Highlights of Insect Conditions
A GRAIN NOTE demarsing smell grains in north central and cther
arnas ef Texas and in Knex County, Tennessee. (page 185).
GREEN PEACH APHID abundant in Columbus County, North
Carolina. Lighter in some other areas of the State. May have
infestation later on tobacco. Arizona also reports abundance et
this aphid. (page 187).
BOLL WEEVIL hibernation courts in Arkansas. (page187 ).
Prospective abundance of CIGARETTE BEETLE in stored tobacco
iia IB, Gost. 1),
PHARAGH ANT recorded in Oregon fer first time. (page189 ).
Summary cf INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 - Minnesota. (page 192 ).
Summary of the more importent FOREST INSECT conditions in
1954. (page 201 ).
ORK RR ROK KOK KOK OK
Request for Survey on Yellow Clover Aphid
The yellow clover aphid or. alfalfa was reviewed in the CEIR 4(2):
37-40, Jan. 14, 1955. Since the above release Texas and Oklahoma
have reported the insect for the first time from alfalfa. In order
that the »verall distribution of this insect may be determined it would
be appreciated if agricultural workers, in states not known to be
eee -
who have an opportunity, would collect specimens suspec‘ed
of being this species, If identification facilities are not available
locally, specimens may be sent to the Econornic Insect Survey Section,
Plant Pest Control Branch, ARS, U.S, Cepartment of Agriculture,
Washington 25, D.C. Specimens sianild) be preserved in alcohol or
other approved preservative and appropriate information as to
collector, host, location, and date should be supplied. The following
description might be helpful in screening the material collected.
The yellow clover aphid is whitish-yellow, about one-half the size
of the pea aphid, has short cornicles corapared with those of the
latter Species, and has dark spots and elongate hairs on the dorsal
surface of the abdomen. In its feeding habits on alfalfa it differs
from the pea aphid in that it forms colonies on the leaves, usually
on the underside of the lower older leaves, while pea aphid colicin. es
are found mostly on the terminal portion of the stems.
aKa OK OK i 5 ok RK OK KOK OK OK OK OK KOK KOK OK KOK
Reports in this issue are for the week ending March 4, 1955,
unless otherwise designated,
KK KK Kok KOR KK ok Kk ok OK OK Kk ok ok ok KOK
WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK
March 1955
The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for March galls for
temperatures to average below seasonal normals over the Far
West and also in the northern third of the nation, Above normal
temperatures are expected over the southern half of the country
east of the Continental Divide, with greatest departures in Texas .
In other areas near normal is predicted. Precipitation is expected
to exceed normal west of the Continental Divide and also in the
Central Plains, Subnormal amounts are an ticipated over the upper
Lake Region and northern New England as well as in the Southeast,
In unspecified areas about normal amounts are in prospect,
This report released by the Weather Bureau on March 1, 1955,
Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume
and Outlook, " published twice a month by the Weather Bureau, You
can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
Price: $4, 80 a year, $2, 40 : for six months
Weather summary on page 191,
- 185 -
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
GREENBUG (Toxopiera graminum) - KANSAS - Only one colony
found in smali grain surveyed in 13 central and south central
counties. This was in a wheat field in northern Harper County. (Matthew)
TEXAS - Medium spotted, local infestation en small grain in
Dallas County. (Milikien).. Local infestations of greenbug
"spots" showing uo on barley in Tarrant County. As parasites
and predators numerous, it is believed that they will controi the
infestation. No greenbugs observed in central and south central
Texas, (Chada),
A GRAIN MITE (Penthaleus major) - TENNESSEE - Spotted infes-
tations damaging Smal! grain fields in Knox County. (Mullett).
TEXAS - Heavy widespread on oats and wheat in McLennan County.
(Cowger). Heavy locally on oats in Coryell County. (Tomlin).
Many fields in north central area showing heavy damage and
populations high. Heavy infestations in Boerne area, south
Texas, (Chada}.
WHITE GRUBS - TENNESSEE - Damaging pastures in Bledsoe
County. (Mullett).
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - KANSAS - Average
of about 1 larvae per 6-8 feet of row in wheat and barley in
~McPherson, Harvey and Sedgwick Counties. Larvae, about third
instar,.on surface of soil, but no damage observed. (Matthew).
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Light infestations
‘observed in north central, central and south Texas areas, (Chada).
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - TEXAS - Heavy
local infestation on seed corn in Brazos County. (Randolph).
CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Heavy
local infestation on barley in Rockwall County, (Garner, Davis,
Randolph).
ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - KANSAS -
Small areas of infestations in two wheat fields in Harper and
Sumner Counties, (Matthew).
COWPEA APHID (Aphis medicaginis) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy
widespread infestation on vetch, alfalfa and clovers in Kaufman,
Navarro and Rockwall Counties. (Davis, Garner, Randolph).
- 186 -
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - ARKANSAS - Nearly
full-grown larvae in crimson clover in Columbia County. (Warren).
TEXAS - Light to medium widespread infestation on alfalfa
and clovers in Burleson, Navarro, Kaufman and Rockwall Ceunties.
Most fields examined infested. One crown of alfalfa in Navarro
County has 23 larvae. (Davis, Garner, Randolph).
GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - TEXAS - Light
widespread infestation on alfalfa, clover and vetch in Brazos,
Burleson, Navarro, Kaufman, Rockwall and Madison Counties.
(Randolph, Davis, Garner, Cowger).
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - ARIZONA - Slight
increase on alfalfa, Yuma area, February 17 to 26; increased
rapidly at Mesa in past 10 days, many nymphs and few winged
forms present; moderate infestation at Camp Verde, Coconino
County, elevation 3160 feet, (Ariz, Coop. Rept.).
EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera brunneipennis) - ARIZONA -
Very light population of early instars on alfalfa at Mesa. Most of
larvae still in stems, Only 2 adults found. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
APEIDS - TEXAS - Medium to heavy local infestation on alfalfa
near Waco. (Cowger).
TEXAS LEAF-CUTTING ANT (Atta texana) - TEXAS - Heavy
widespread infestation on most green foliage in Montgomery County.
Has been exceptionally severe for past several months. (Clyburn).
ALFALFA CATERPILLAR (Colias philodice eurytheme) -
ARKANSAS - Light numbers in Washington County. (Warren).
AN ADDITION
EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - ALABAMA -
Marshall County should be added to list of known infested
counties in this State. (See CEIR, 5(4) Map 1).
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
THRIPS - ARIZONA - Bight to 12 per plant on 20 acres of onions
in Maricopa County, February 25, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS -
Medium local infestation of Thrips tabaci on onions in Collin
County, Average of 5 thrips per plant on freshly set onions. (Smith),
- 187 =
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Abundant on turnip in Columbus County, averaging several aphids
per leaf. (Rabb, Guthrie). Also found in lesser numbers on
turnip in Wilson, Wayne, Pitt and Lenoir Counties, but hard
to find north and west of these counties. Infestation of other
crops such as tobacco, later in spring, seems likely. (Mitchell).
ARIZONA - Moderate on 20 acres of lettuce at Litchfield Park,
February 23, This species and Macrosiphum barri extremely
numerous in mcs fields of lettuce in Salt River Valley. Apnids
believed to be green peach aphid general on lettuce in Yuma
Valley, 10 percent infestation. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Observed in abundance on collards in Wake, Pitt and Bladen
Counties. Appears to be general throughout the coastal plain.
(Mitchell),
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listrodeves costirostris obliquus) -
NORTH CAROLINA - Nearly-crown larvae in some abundance on
turnips in Columbus County. (Rabb, Guthrie). A few very small
larvae on turnips in Lenoir County. (Mitchell).
— eo
COTTON INSECTS
Boll Weevil Hibernation Counts, Arkansas: Ground trash samples from
Average number of weevils per acre by county was as follows:
Hempstead 82, Lafayette 0, Ashley 97, Drew 64, Lincoln 0,
Poinsett 0, Jackson 24, Craighead 226, North Logan 230, South
Franklin 97. Considerable variation occurred between number of
weevils recovered from various farms within a county. Number
of samples were insufficient to indicate a reliable trend in some
instances, Ona per farm basis, greatest number of weevils per
acre, 968, was recovered in Logan County.
In addition to boll weevil, counts were made of nice water
weevil (Lissorhoptrus simplex) and bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma
trifurcata} in samples collected in Craighead County, Average
of 4840 rice water weevils per acre found on two farms while
average of 20, 020 bean leaf beetles per acre found on 5 farms.
A coccinellid was recovered at rate of 10,889 adulis per acre in
Drew County. Trash samples taken near peach orchards in
Crawford County were examined for plum curculio (Conotrachelus
nenuphar); however, none was found. (Warren).
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus)
KANSAS - Several heavy infestationsin McPherson County. (Brady).
A SILVER SPOTTED HALISIDOTA (Halisidota argentata) - ORFGON-
First active larvae noted this year were one half inch long on
February 18. They attacked fir and blue spruce at Portland.
(Roth).
LILY BULB THRIPS (Liothrips vaneeckei) - OREGON - Planting
of Gibson lilies in a greenhouse at Portland showed serious dis-
tortion to the leaves. About 50 of 10,000 plants showed damage.
Found in tips of damaged plants despite control measures.
Many found between scales of bulbs. (Bock).
GENISTA CATERPILLAR (Tholeria reversalis) - This insect was
found defoliating Laburnum vossi in nurseries in 1954. Plants
were found on which all leaves, buds and green tissues of the
cortex were consumed down to the soil level. ‘The species was
collected at Geneva, NEW YORK , Westminster, MARYLAND ,
and Millersville, PENNSYLVANIA, ( Limber). In September severe
damage was noted in the above-mentioned area of Pennsylvania.
Larvae fed on leaves and bark of imported laburnum plants.
(Sleesman).
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
CATTLE GRUBBS (Hypoderma spp.) - KANSAS - Reports from many
counties indicate that cattle yrubs have been exceedingly numerous
this winter. Some areas had more grubs in cattle than for last
five years, Began appearing in backs of cattle about November 15,
1954, with peak numbers in late December through January. (Matthew).
ARKANSAS -_H, lineatum infestations declining markedly. Counts
on 72 head February 14-21 showed average of 2.6 grubs per animal
compared with 6.6 grubs in mid-January. (Warren).
- 189 -
SCREW-WORM (Callitroga hominivorax) - FLORIDA - Survey
between January 17-26 indicated that screw-worm was not active
in northernmost counties of Peninsular Florida during December
and January. Approximate northern limits of activity in January
was established on a line running eastward from northern Dixie
County through northern Alachua County to northern St, Johns
County. In Levy, Gilchrist, and Alachua Counties infestations
had been light since cold weather in mid-December while Dixie,
Lafayette and Bradford Counties had had afew cases, Continuous
cases were reported from Flagler County and along St. Johns
River in St. Johns and Clay Counties. (New).
STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
Prospective Abundance of Cigarette Beetle in 1955
On basis of available information obtained during past winter the
population in VIRGINIA (Richmond, Danville, Lynchburg, and
Petersburg) is appreciably lower than in 1954 or 19538. KENTUCKY
and TENNESSEE has the lowest population in several years.
In eastern NORTH CAROLINA and SOUTH CAROLINA populations
are as heavy or heavier than in 1954 and 1953. In central and
western NORTH CAROLINA (Durham, Reidsville, Winston-Salem)
conditions vary with locality. Critical temperatures were
"border line" and a variation of 2 or 3 degrees could make
appreciable difference. On the whole, infestations in this area
should be somewhat less than in 1954, but there could be a marked
difference in the beetle population of groups of warehouses in the
same city. (Tenhet).
A DERMESTID (Trogoderma parabile) - UTAH - Infesting corn
meal at Logan. Det. W.H. Anderson. (Knowlton, Sandau).
ARIZONA - Heavy infestation in barley at Sahuarita. Det. W. H.
Anderson. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
POTATO TUBERWORM (Gnorimoschema operculella) - MARYLAND -
Infesting Dic in storage in Prince Georges County. (U. Md.,
Bint, Dept. ).
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS
PHARAOH ANT (Monomorium pharaonis) - OREGON - Collected,
January 21, in a building at Mt. Angel. This species is recorded
from the State for the first time. (Roth).
- 190 -
BROWN-BANDED ROACH (Supella supellectilium) - ARIZONA -
Causing complaints from households at Mesa. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.)
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - OKLAHOMA - Some houses
in Logan County Infested. (Howell}.
BOXELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) - PENNSYLVANIA -_
Numbers entering a house in Centre County, February 25. (Udine).
OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotrupes bajulus) - MARYLAND - In-
ae in steps of house in Anne Arundel County. (U. Md., Ent.
ept. ).
Light Trap Collections:
TEXAS - Following moths were taken at Weslaco during February:
Heliothis armigera 74, Prodenia ornithogalli 54, Pseudaletia
unipuncta 65, Alabama argillacea 0. (Marsh).
LOUISIANA -
St. Joseph Baton Rouge Franklin
Se ee OC avon Wee MY RG SIDS CA utente IDG; an.
r.grotis ypsilon 12 0 36 30 24
Pseudaletia unipuncta 100 49 220 26 61
agrotis gladiaria iL
Prodenia ornithogalli 4 4 » al
Feltia subterranea 2 12 124 118 28
Laphygma frugiperda 1
Agrotis malefida 1 D 3 9
Peridroma margaritosa z i i a
Empoasca spp. t 4
(Newsom)
- 191 -
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 7, 1955
The first part of the week was unusually warm for the season in
the East where maximum temperatures in the high 60's or low
70's extended northward to Iowa, the Ohio Valley, Pennsylvania,
aud Maryland. These high temperatures, although reduced by
the passage of a cold front during the weekend, resulted in weekly
averages of 15° above normal over much of the Southeast, In
contrast, temperatures were severely cold west of the Great Lakes
most of the week, Minima ranged down to -259 in North Dakota,
and in the Pacific Northwest Spokane, Wash., reported -3° on the
4th, Seattle, Wash., 11°, and Portland, Oreg., 28°. Precipitation,
most of which occurred over the weekend, was heavy from the
southern Great Lakes region to the northern portions of the Southern
States, in the Virginias, and the Middle Atlantic and New England
States. These heavy rains resulted in flooding along the Ohio River
and many of its tributaries. Rainfall was again heavy along the
north Pacific Coast. In the remainder of the Country precipitation
was very light, particularly in the lower Great Plains and far
Southwest where most stations reported no precipitation at all,
The drought in the western portions of the lower Great Plairs, centered
over the western third of Texas, eastern New Mexico, extreme
western Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas, east-central and south-
eastern Colorado, continued as occasional strong winds caused
additional soil erosion.
The week's snowfall was mostly limited to extreme northern areas
where depths were increased, In the Cascade Mountains the snow-
pack increased 44 inches at Government Camp, Oreg., and 50 inches
at White Pass, Wash. The greatest increase in the northern
Rockies was 14 inches at Summit, Mont. In the upper Mississippi
Valley and upper Great Lakes depths were increased by a few inches
and now range up to 28 inches. In northern New York and New
England some stations reported substantial increases. Boonville,
N.Y., reported a fall of 22,7 inches from Sunday night to Tuesday
morning (March 8) increasing the present depth to 60 inches,
(Summary Supplied by U.S. Weather Bureau).
2 UA =
SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954
MINNESOTA
Reported by J. W. Butcher
General Conditions in 1954
While considerable variation naturally occurred between different
portions of the State, the average temperature for the year was
Slightly higher than normal and the iotal precipitation slightly |
below normal, Colder and wetter than average weather prevailed
during April and May. This caused a lag cf about three weeks in
plant development during the early part of the season. Warmer
and drier than average weather during June and July provided
conditions favorable for rapid growth. Sumrer-like temperatures
extending well into October allowed many plants to mature, and
enabled more of the late-season insects to successfully complete
feeding and development.
Forest Insects: }
POREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) infestation
was markedly reduced to lowest level since beginning of the
current outbreak in 1949, Aerial and ground surveys showed
that the bulk of noticeable defoliation was confined to comparatively
small areas along the east central edge of the State. Less than
one million acres received moderate to heavy defoliation, a
drastic reduction from the estimated 15 million acres in 1953
and over 20 million acres during the peak year of 1952, The
largest area of attack occurred in Pine County and extended
into eastern Kanabec and southeastern Carlton Counties. Much
of the aspen and other susceptible broad-leat trees received
variable light to moderate defoliation in adjoining parts of Lake,
St. Louis, Carlton, Aitkin, Kanabec, Isanti, and Chisago
Counties. Colder than normai temperatures throughout most of
May, not only delayed hatching dates and increased the hatching
period longer than in any other year during this outbreak, but
also slowed early season development of both the caterpillar
and its host trees. This factor caused a great reduction of the
potential larval population in many areas where high egg mass
counts were made during the fall of 1953. High populations of
Sarcophaga aldrichi were found throughout all infested areas and,
by June 10, became so abundant in many northern localities
that a nuisance problem was created. In addition to the effects
of parasites, the overpopulation of caterpillars resulting in
Starvation of larvae, and unseasonably cold temperatures
during and following hatching, have caused considerable mor-
tality in many areas. It appears that the current outbreak will
= 193)=
be contained and should diminish to a sub-economic level duriny
the next year. As of now, no mortality of aspen has been attri-
buted to defoliation by the caterpillar alone. LARCHSAWFLY
(Pristophora erichsonii) aduits emerged during the first week
of June, with peak population around June 20. While mature
larvae were first found on July 1, general signs of defoliation
did not become evident until after July 15. The overall popula-
tion and subsequent defoliation levels again followed the typical
fluctuating pattern of this current outbreak. Defoliation was
extended farther south in Minnesota, resulting in a larger total
area. However, the intensity of infestation was somewhat
lessened as evidenced by smaller spots of heavy to complete de-
foliation, While 1954 was the sixth consecutive year of defoliation
in many areas, records show that most of the tamarack in any
one area has not been seriously stripped in two successive years.
Through 1954, the larch sawfly has not been the sole agent re-
sponsible for the small amounts cf tamarack mortality. JACK
PINE BUDWORM (Choristoneuza pinus) damage was found in
six different areas in Crow Wing, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard and
Beltrami Counties. Each infestation ccvered estimated 1 to 9
Square miles of jack pine. While most trees exhibited only
light stripping of new foliage, several spots of heavy defoliation
of older trees were evident. However, in locations south of Gull
Lake and in the northern part of Hubbard County, many young
trees showed almost complete defoliation but the older stock
was only lightly attacked, No mortality of pine is expected as
a result of this one year's defoliation. The surprising amount
of budworm activity strongly indicates the beginning of a build-
up. Susceptible type jack pine, with increased staminate flower
production, predominates in some areas. Extensive surveys for
budworm are being planned in 1900.
SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana) was reported
in low population levels from over 5O locations throughout the
spruce-fir areas of Cook. Lake, and St. Louis Counties. A
few specimens were also found in northern Itasca County near
Dora Lake. Defoliation was not noticeable in the infested areas.
However, the general presence of budworm in numerous
locations suggests a possible population increase to outbreak
proportions. This represents a serious potential threat to all
native balsam and spruce in Minnesota. Plans are being made
to carry out an intensive survey program, concentrated in
susceptible forest type areas, in order to give more information
about budworm distribution and abundance. INTRODUCED PINE
SAWFLY (Diprion simile) populations increased in many white
pine stands causing noticeable defoliation at 11 widely separated
locations in the east central and central districts. Adults began
94 -.
emerging from overwintering cocoons about June 1. An increased
number of second generation larvae continued to feed until
late in October. Additional contro! work may become necessary:
in order to protect valuable stands of white pine. During August
and September, high populations of the VARIABLE OAK LEAF
CATERPILLAR (Heterocampa manteo) developed on basswood,
birch, elm and oak covering a relatively large section of the
State. The area of infestation began south of St. Cloud in the
central district and extended north-northwest for over 150 miles.
Heavy to complete defoliation was noted in at least 25 different
locations ranging in size from several acres up to several square
miles. The extent of defoliation in 1955 cannot be predicted,
however, variable oak leaf caterpillar is not considered a serious
threat to forested areas at this time. 1954 was the off year for
throughout southern areas. AN OAK TWIG PRUNER (Hypermallus
villosus) was light to moderate in central district.
SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) caused scattered
light to moderate defoliation, while LACHBUGS caused moderate
to heavy damage of leaves, especially birch. High populations
in many northern areas. WALNUT CATERPILLAR (Datana
integerrima) was locally light to moderate over State, WHITE-
MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH (Hemerocampa leucostigma) caused
moderate to heavy defoliation in Twin Cities area, BLACK
PINE LEAF SCALE (Aspidiotus californicus)caused moderate to
heavy damage locally in Crow Wing and Stearns Counties.
Scattered locations throughout jack pine areas, PINE WEBWORM
(Tetralopha robustella) was mostly light in spotted locations
throughout jack pine areas; moderate in Anoka county. PINE
TORTOISE SCALE (Toumeyella numismaticum)was scattered
throughout jack pine areas. Locally moderate to heavy in Itasca,
Ot. Louis, Carlton, Crow Wing, and Sherburne Counties. Some
mortality of young pines near Hibbing, A PITCH TWIG MOTH
(Petrova albicapitana), mostly light injury in Stearns, Sherburne
- 195 -
and Crow Wing Counties; moderate near Brainerd. RED VINE
SAWFLY (Neodiorion nanulus) caused light defoliation in Washing-
ton and Cass Counties, PINE SPITTLEBUG (Aphrophora parallela)-
Light feeding, scattered throughout northern areas. WHITE
PINE WEEVIL (Pissodes strobi) generally light and scattered
throughout nerthern half of State; moderate near Cloquet.
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes cooleyi) caused
moderate injury, St. Louis County. SPRUCE NEEDLE MINER
(species undetermined) caused mostly light to moderate injury
in scattered locations throughout State. Moderate to heavy injury
to black spruce in several locations in St. Louis County.
YELLOW-HEADED SPRUCE SAWFLY (Pikonema alaskensis),
mostly light, scattered throughout balsam-spruce area. Some
trees showed heavy defoliation, EASTERN LARCH BEETLE
(Dendéroctonus simplex) light to moderate generally in fallen
tamarack and blow-down areas.
Shade Trees and Woody Ornamental Insects:
SPIDER MITES common on au types of nursery stock and orna-
mentals throughout entire State; heavy concentrations in northern
areas, OYSTERSHELL SCALE (Lesicusaphes ulmi) heavy
in northeast and west central districcs as well as Twin Cities
area. Present throughout entire State. SAN JCS SCALE
(Aspidiotus perniciosus) infestation apparendy limited to one
village in Nicciiet County. Eradication measures underway.
EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM (Lecanium corni) - Heavy
concentration developed in Twin Cities area. Spots of high
populations in south central and northeast districts. COTTONY
MAPLE SCALE (Pulviparia immumerabilis) concentrations heavy
in local spots around ‘Twin Cities, present throughout entire State.
EUROPEAN ELM SCALE (Gossyparia spuria) heavy in Hopkins.
A POPLAR LEAF BEETLE (Carysomeia sp.) general over State.
Defoliation heavy in some poplar and willow plantings. ROSE
CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus) infestation in New Brighton
and other suburban areas on lighter soils, moderate to heavy
defoliation, PINE NEEDLE SCALE (Phenacaspis pinifoliae)
population building up in concentrations around ‘Twin Cities and
in south central district.
nuit MMSE etisns
im southeast and east central: CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa
pomonella ) damage was severe in neglected orchards; adults
emerged June 6-12. MITES (Metatetranychus ulmi and
Tetranychus bimaculatus) damage severe generally, populations
high, APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella) - First emeryeuce
July 7 (EC); control generally sucessinl. APPLE CURCUI TO
(‘Lachypterellus quadrigibbus) and PLUM CURCUTTO
- 196 =
(Conotrachelus nenuphar) damage light in 1954. RED-BANDED
LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) caused considerable
damage in few orchards.in southeast. OYSTERSHELL SCALE
(Lepidosaphes ulmi}, in southeast, not a serious problem in
1904, STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus) general,
but no change from 1953 population. STRAWBERRY LEAF
ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae} general, present in
neglected field, no change from 1953 population, SPIDER MITES
general, apparent increase in population over 1954, A
STRAWBERRY SAWFLY (prob. Empria ignota) general, popu-
lations high, especially in renovated plantings. CYCLAMEN
MITE (Tarsonemus pallidus) general, varieties Red Rich,
Wayzata, generally infested, THRIPS general, poor yields
most fields attributed to thrips.
Cereal and Forage Crop Insects:
KRUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - A winter
mortality survey conducted in 25 counties in the southern two-
thirds of State in April, 1954, showed 25 percent borer mortality ,
compared with 20 percent mortality in the spring of 1953. th
October, 1954, 66 counties were surveyed to evaluate the size
of corn borer population, The average number of borers per
100 plants was higher in 1954 than in 1953, with highest infestation
in southwest and west central areas. The possibility of an in-
creased borer population in 1955 is very good if weather conditions
are favorable during the egg-laying period, especially in the south -
west and west central counties, The major Minnesota insect
outbreak in 1954 was caused by the ARMYWORM (Pseudaietia .
unipuncta), Adults of this insect apparently flew or were blown
into the State in large numbers from states to the south,
possibly as a result of one of the most severe southwest wind-
storms on record which occurred on June 7th. During this
storm, wind velocities approached 100 miles per hour, Colder
and wetter than average weather during April and May caused
a lag of about three weeks in seasonal plant development. Lush,
moist grasses and grains in most northwest counties subse-
quent to armyworm egg laying were optimum for larval survival
and development. Where armyworm infestations ordinarily
appear confined to local areas in fields, in 1954 most fields
tad general infestations although considerable variation in
intensity was apparent from field to field. Some damage became
apparent on corn in the southern counties but grains and grasses
had lost their succulence and larval survival to the late
instars was not high. In the Red River Valley areas, however,
larval survival was high as grasses and grains remained attractive.
- 197 -
By July 16, large scale control work was underway as a result
of close cooperation with the State Hntomologist's Office,
Agricultural Extension, and the Chemical and Soraying Industry.
The following summary of the 1954 armyworm control program
illustrates the scope of the undertaking:
Total Acreage Treated (Ground and Air Spray Equipment) $1,186, 500*
Total Cost of Treatment @ $2.00 per acre 2, 373, 000
Loss to Minnesota Agriculture Because of Failure to Treat 11,999, 560
Savings to Minnesota Agriculture as Result of Treatment 39, 416, 930
*This estimate is probably conservative since spraying done on
canning corn and flax is not included. Also, no estimates are
provided for those counties wnere less than 1000 acres were treated,
Where insecticides were applied at recommended dosages, control
was excellent, A special survey made in early August showed
numerous arinyworm moths but no evidence of egg-laying,
probably because of extremely warm dry weather and advanced
grain maturity. Parasitism was high ir many areas, but
surprisingly low in others,
GRASSHOPPERS - There were no early grasshopper problems in
small grain crops and only infrequent problems in late grain crops.
The State had a very late hatch except for east central Minnesota
where lighter soils are found. No hatch occurred in many areas
until the second alfalfa cutting, and at the time of small grain
harvesting. Nearly all of the heavy infestations occurred in legumes
grown for hay. Ten spraying demonstrations were carried out
in the State in which over 18, 000 acres were sprayed for
grasshopper conirol during the year. State-wide grasshopper
adult and egg surveys carried out in 1954 indicated that if
warm dry weather is prevalent in the spring of 1955, dangerous
infestations are likely in much of the State. By far, the
predominant species in Minnesota in 1954 was Melanoplus femur-
rubrum. M. bivitattus, M. mexicanus, M. packardii and M,.
differentialis were also present in the listed order of importance.
SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - Average percent
leaf surface of sweetclover destroyed was 34.5 percent in
1953 in untreated fields in northwest Minnesota and 20. 2 per-
cent in 1954. In both 1953 and 1954 weevils were observed
feeding in new and old seedings of alfalfa. Only in locations
where sweetclover was not available did the sweetclover weevil
seriously injure alfelia. Averaged 0-4 per sweep in sweetclover
in southeast, soutnwest and south central.
- 198 -
Following figures are minimum and maximum for season:
In Alfalfa: PLANT BUGS (Lygus sp.) southeast, 0-6 per sweep
average; south central, O-1 per sweep average; southwest,
O-1 per sweep; central, O-1 per sweep; northwest, O-1 per
Sweep. ALFALFA PLANT BUG (Adelphocoris lineolatus)
southeast, 0-2 sweep; south central, 0-5 per sweep; west
central, 0-4 per sweep; northwest, 0-4 per sweep; southwest ,
O-1 per sweep, POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae)
Southeast, 0-1 per sweep; east central, O-1 per sweep;
northwest, Q-1 per sweep. VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma
margaritosa) southwest, heavy damage locally, PEA APHID
(Macrosiphum pisi) southeast, 0-7 per sweep; south central
O-18 per sweep; southwest, 0-18 per sweep; northwest, 0-7
per Sweep; west central, 0-100 per sweep. SIX-SPOTTED
LEAFHOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) southeast, 0-1
per sweep, In red clover: PLANT BUGS (Lygus sp.) northwest,
O-10 per sweep; east central, 0-9 per sweep; southeast, O-1
per sweep, ALFALFA PLANT BUG northwest, O-1 per sweep;
cast central, 0-1 per sweep; southeast, O-1 per sweep. POTATO
LEAPHOPPER east central, 0-1 per sweep; southeast, O-1
per Sweep; northwest, 0-1 per sweep. CLOVER SEED MIDGE
(Dasyneura leguminicola) east central, 0-1 per sweep; north-
west, O-1 per sweep; southeast, 0-1 per sweep. PEA APHID
east central, 0-5 per sweep; northwest, 0-3 per sweep;
southeast, 0-1 per sweep. RAPID PLANT BUG (Adelphorcoris
rapidus) southeast east central, and northwest, O-1 per
sweep.A WEEV{L(Miccotrogus picirostris) northwest, southeast,
O-I per sweep, LESSER CLOVER LEA® WEEVIL (Hypera
uigrirostris) east aentral, northwest, north central, O-1 per
Sweep,
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) caused light injury.
On soybeans in south central area. CORN LEAF APHID
(Rhophalosiphum maidis) infested 25 percent tassels of corn in
south central area. WIREWORMS, 0-5 per hill, in corn in
southwest. A MOTH (Nomophila noctuella) was abundant
on grasses in east central area. On oats: ENGLISH GRAIN
APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) in central, south central,
averaged 2-4 per sweep; in west central, southwest, O-1 per
Sweep.
‘Truck Crop Insects:
GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostege similalis) was heavy on tobacco
in southwest and sugar beets in central area. ASPARAGUS
BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi) overwintering adults caused
moderate to severe damage to commercial plantings in Steele
County during late May. Moderate to severe damage in south
central area in June. IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM
- 199 -
(Pieris rapae) and DIAMONDBACK MOTG (Plutella maculipennis)
were present in about the same numbers in 1904 as in 1903,
while CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) was more abundant
in 1954 than in 1953. The heaviest damage, especially on late
cabbage, was caused by P. rapae (3rd generation) during August.
Cabbage in the Twin Cities area showed leaf damage from
diamondback moth larval feeding early in the season, but this
insect is not believed to be as important in Minnesota as are
the other two species. COLORADO POTATO BHETLE
(Leptinotarsa decemlineata) continued to be a problem in the
Red River Valley where some growers could not get good
control using DDT dusts. Some small plantings in southern
Minnesota were damaced in July where growers had not used
adequate controls, but southern Minnesota growers usually have
no difficulty controlling this pest using DDT sprays. 00-100
percent defoliation in east central area and abundant in west
central June 21-22, CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) moth
flights observed in southern Minnesota during the week of July 9.
Insect was not as abundant on sweet ccrn at St. Paul as in 1953.
FLEA BEETLES caused light damage
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Figure 3. Chamber for transporting samples and for further fumigation
and storage if necessary.
Figure 4. Brushing machine with leaf being inserted between brushes.
Plate 2
Figure 5. Equipment used for making counts. The tallies are mounted
on the table top and manipulated by pressing, with the knees,
levers under the table which are connected to the tally levers
by strings.
Figure 6. Holding board for easy manipulation of glass discs containing
specimens. Left, parallel areas for inspection in case of light
infestation. Right, white areas for inspection in case of heavy
infestation.
Plate 3
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UNITED STATES DEAR
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AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 March 25, 1955 IN@; 12
COO IAINA TL OW 1, COIN OMONS IONS) 1a AP 18,15, ISKONES AG
Highlights of Insect Conditions
CORN LEAF APHID heavy and widespread on small grain in
north central Texas and southern Oklahoma, (page 247 ),
YELLOW CLOVER APHID very abundant on alfalfa in south
central Oklahoma, Heavy widespread infestations in north
central and other areas of Texas. Continues to increase in
some sections of Arizena. (page 250 ).
ARMYWORM moths active in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas,
and Tennessee, Also other light trap collections, (pages 256, 258).
BKUROPEAN CORN BORER damage estimates for 1954. (page 248).
Outlook for some APPLE PESTS in Virginia. (page 251 ),
Overwintering CODLING MOTH larvae more vlentiful at Vincennes,
Indiana, than since 1944, (page 251),
SEED-CORN MAGGOT adults active on spinach in Arkansas
Valley of Oklahoma. Heavy locally in Mississippi. (page 253 ),
BOLL WEEVIL survival counts in Madison Parish, Louisiana,
higher than normal, (page 254 ),
Unusually large numbers of LONG-NOSED CATTLE LOUSE on
untreated cattle in central and western areas of Oklahoma.
(page 254),
Summary of INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 -in Montana, (page 259 ).,
OR KOK KO KO ROK KK OK Kk
Reports in this issue are for the week ending March 18, 1955,
unless chhernise designated.
- 246 =
WEATHER BUREAU!S 30-DAY OUTLOOK
Mid-March to Mid-April 1955
The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for the period from mid-
March to mid-April calls for temperatures to average below
seasonal normals over the northern third of the nation, with
greatest departures over the Northern Plains, Above normal
temperatures are expected over the southern third with
greatest departures in the Gulf States, Large fluctuations
between wintry and spring-like conditions are expected in the
central third, where temperatures averaging near normal are
anticipated,
Precipitation is expected to exceed normal over the southwestern
and northeastern quarters of the nation, Sub-normal amounts
are predicted in the Gulf States, the Southeast, and the Pacific
Northwest. Elsewhere near normal amounts are in prospect.
This report released by the Weather Bureau on March 15, 1955.
Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume
and Outlook," published twice a month by the Weather Bureau, You
can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington,
D.C. Price: $4,80 a year, $2. 40 for six months. aii
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 21, 1955
As if taking advantage of its last week of existence on the calendar,
winter weather reasserted itself the past week in the form of an
outbreak of Polar air during the early part of the period and an
outbreak of even colder Arctic air over the weekend. These
outbreaks penetrated almost to the Gulf Coast, bringing snow
back to the Western Plains States and causing some damage to
crops that had been left susceptible by the early season warming
of the previous week,
The return of cold air during the week brought below normal tem-
peratures back to New England and the northern and western parts
of the Country. This was the first time in 5 weeks that the tem- .
perature had been below normal in the area from Pennsylvania
through New England, Temperatures dipped to record lows for
this late in the season at Medford, Oreg, (20°), and International
Falls, Minn, (-19°) on the 20th, A low of 11° at Burns, Oreg.,
equaled the record for that station on the 2Cth. Ahead of the
outbreak, records were also estahlished for highest temperatures
(Weather continued on page 257 ),
- 247 -
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) - TEXAS - Medium to heavy
widespread infestation on wheat in Swisher, Hale and Floyd
Counties. The heaviest infestation continued in Swisher County
where thousands of greenbugs found per foot in spotted areas,
and a few fields showed damage spots, (Simonds, Daniels).
Light local infestation of oat, wheat and barley fields widely
distributed through north central area, north of Dallas and
Forth Worth, Infestation not spreading. (Chada), Small
areas of greenbugs showing up on small grains in Denton County.
(Petty), MISSISSIPPI - Heavy infestation on barley in 100-acre
field in Lowndes County. (Hunsucker). ARIZONA - Below
economic numbers in barley at Marana, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - OKLAHOMA -
Large numbers in oats and barley along southern border of
Oklahoma, No heavy infestation farther north. (Bierberdorf,
Bryan, Chada), TEXAS - Heavy widespread infestation in
barley and oats, Heavy damaging infestation throughout all
of north central area, north of Dallas and Fort Worth, ;
Control measures necessary in barley. (Chada), Heavy wide-
spread infestation in Kaufman County, killing barley. (Porter).
Medium local infestation on barley in Madison County. (Garrett).
WINTER GRAIN MITE (Penthaleus major) - TEXAS - Heavy
widespread infestation on oats throughout north central area,
but decreasing following recent hot weather. Extensive coniro]
measures, (Chada), Small grains heavily infested in Denton
County, some severe damage, Considerable spraying. (Petty).
WHEAT CURL MITE (Aceria tulipae) - NEBRASKA - Found in
a field containing volunteer wheat in Lancaster County,
(Andersen, March 12),
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Medium
local infestation on wheat in Denton and Cooke Counties. Average
several hundred per linear foot of row. Damage apparent, (Chada),
APPLE GRAIN APHID (Rhopalosiphum fitchii*) - TEXAS -
Heavy local infestation on rye in Grayson County, (Chada).
*Palmer, M,A. 1952, Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region,
105, ALLO)
ESTIMATES OF DAMAGE BY THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER
TO GRAIN CORN IN THE UNITED STATES IN 19504
Compiled by Leo G, K, Iverson
Economic Insect Survey Section, Plant Pest Control Branch
United States Department of Agriculture
The loss of grain corn resulting from damage caused by
the European corn borer (Pyrausta nubilalis) is estimated
to be almost 192 million bushels. ‘This is approximately
7 percent of the national crop of grain corn estimated at
2,652, 426,000 bushels. The value of the crop lost when
computed on the basis of prices 1/received by farmers
as of December 15, 1954 is $261, 415,000. The estimates
were made for 958 counties in 25 States which produce
90 percent of the corn grown for grain and include 60 per-
cent of all the counties known to be infested in the United
States,
The estimated production, value of production and crop
losses for counties included in the estimate are summarized
and reported by States in Table 1, These estimates were
compiled using production data 2/ except as noted, applied
to individual counties or districts within each State, Since
county and district data were not available for 1954, it
was necessary to compute production for each unit. This
was accomplished by using the percentage of total State
production for each unit as established from production
reports of recent years.
The estimated crop losses are based on fall surveys of
borer populations made by State Agencies in 608 counties
in 25 States 3/, They were computed for 350 more counties
1/U.S. Agricultural Marketing Service. Agricultural Prices
Report, Crop Reporting Board, December 31, 1954,
2/Crop Production, Crop Reporting Board, Agricultural
Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Annual
Summary, December 1954,
3/Iverson, Leo G.K, Status of the European Corn Borer in
1954, Cooperative Economic Insect Report, Vor. 5, No. 4,
pp, 67-85, January 28,1955, Plant Pest Control Branch, Agri-
cultural Research Service, U.S, Department of Agriculture.
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than surveyed by applying population averages within
a district and averages of adjoining or nearby counties
to counties not surveyed, The index of 3 percent loss
per borer per plant was used generally in computing
estimates of loss, In some instances the estimated
losses were adjusted downward where significant
numbers of immature larvae were recorded in the
surveys.
The loss of corn due to damage by the European corn
borer for 5 years prior to 1954 is estimated in bushels
and crop loss value as follows: in 1953 about 90 million
bushels valued at $125, 466, 000; in 1952, 53, 2'70, 000
bushels, $77, 205, 000; in 1951, 35, 812, COO bushels,
$57, 438, 000; in 1950, 58, 765,000 bushels, $84, 912, 000;
and in 1949, 313, 819,000 bushels, $349, 635, O00,
4 B50
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - NEBRASKA - Found
in wheat stubble fields and alfaifa-bromegress, Counts low,
highest being 4 in wheat stubble field in Red Willow County and one
in alfalfa-bromegrass field in Lincoln County. (Andersen, March 12),
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) ~ NORTH CAROLINA - An
infestation of oats in Union County, Population heavy in spots along
margin of afield. (Morgan),
SOUTHWESTERN °ORN BORER (Diatraea grandiosella) - OKLAHOMA-
Ten percent of ov rwintering larvae observed March 17 were dead.
(Arbuthnot, Walte 1),
YELLOW CLOV’ R APHID (Myzocallis trifoli) - OKLAHOMA -
Very abundant in alfalfa in south central area, Some fidds severely
damaged, North of Oklahoma City only isolated alfalfa fields
have heavy populations, Large numbers of predators in many
fields. (Bieberdorf, Bryon, Bower, Chada), TEXAS - Building
up rapidly in many alfalfa and clover growing areas. Heavy on
alfalfa in Hamilton County, (Lawrence). Heavy in Denton County,
controls underway, (Petty), Medium to heavy infestations in
McLennon and Falls Counties, all fields apparently infested.
Some fields treated, others warrant treatment, (Cowan, Parencia).
Medium to heavy damage in Brazos River Bottom of Brazos and
Burleson Counties, Considerable migration during past two weeks.
Most fields of alfalfa and clovers have heavy deposits of honeydew.
Effectiveness of treatment reduced because of reinfestation during
migration, (Randolph, Davis), Heavy widespread infestation on
alfalfa throughout all of north central Texas, Numerous alfalfa
fields killed out; infestation generally very heavy. Treatment
underway, (Chada), ARIZONA - Still increasing on alfalfa at
Yuma, Gila Bend, Mesa, Eloy and Marana, At Yuma fields
treated more than five weeks ago have heaviest buildup. (Ariz.
Coop. Rept. ),
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - MARYLAND - Small numbers
in alfalfa fields in Worcester County, (U, Md., Ent. Dept.).
LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - —
ILLINOIS - Average of one per square foot in 2 red clover fields in
ee area, .63 per square foot in 4 fields in western area,
etty).
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - MARYLAND - Light
numbers of larvae in alfalra fields in Worcester County, (U. Md.,
Ent, Dept, ), ILLINOIS - Average of 12 larvae per square foot
found in4 red clover fields in western area and [1 per square foot
in 2 incentral area, (Petty),
eee
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - MARYLAND - Adults active
in alfalfa poe in Worcester County. Mating underway. (U, Md.,
Ent, Dept. ).
EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera brunneipennis) - ARIZONA -
Second and third instars numerous on alialfa in Maricopa County,
No noticeable damage. (Ariz. Coop, Rept. ).
SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Stona cylindricollis} - NEBRASKA - A
few overwintering adults active in a second-year clover field in
Lancaster County. (Connin, March 12),
CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - VIRGINIA - Damage
to alfalfa in Augusta County field where heaving has occurred,
(Woodside),
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - NEBRASKA - A few
overwintering adults found in alfalfa fields in Lincoln and Dawson
Counties, (Andersen, March 12),
A MAGGOT (presumably wiewve lupini) - GEORGIA - Forty acres
of blue lupine in Dodge County 50 percent infested, 2 percent dead,
Larvae boring in roots, Marchil, (Bennett),
FRUIT INSECTS
Outlook for Apple Pests in Virginia:
The winter has been favorable for RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER
(Argyrotaenia velutinana) survival and potential for damage is good
this spring. A high percentage of UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF
MINER (Callisto geminatella) survived and potential for outbreaks
during coming seasonis high, This leaf miner is not expected to
become a permanent pest in apple orchards of the upper Shenandoah
Valley. SPIDER MITE eggs are quite common in apple orchards
in Frederick County, ROSY APPLE APHID (Anuraphis roseus)
egg populations are very low in orchards in this aunty, an e pest
is not expected to be serious, Winter was also favorable for sur-
vival of CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) in Frederick
County and there is a potential for light to moderate damage; however,
spring infestations are not expected tobe severe, SCALE INSECTS
are low in this county and not much difficulty from these pests is
anticipated, (Hough),
CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - INDIANA - Overwintering
ue Sea plentiful Sian Since 1944 at Vincennes,
Hamilton),
APHIDS - INDIANA - “Agel aphids hatched March 13 at Orleans,
week earlier than in 1904, Population extremely light, (Marshall),
An occasional newly hatched aphid, species undetermined, at Vin-
cennes March 14, (Hamilton), DELAWARE - oul grain
aphid (Rhopalosiphum fitchii*) eggs hatching March 16, (Late News),
PEACH TREE BORER (Sanninoidea exitiosa) - NORTH CAROLINA -
A two-acre field of 8-year old peach trees in Currituck County
90 percent infested, (Scott),
PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nen tenia) = ARKANSAS - Non-
existent to few in Clarksville area, Infestations light, averaging
1 per tree in outside rows in Nashville area, (Warren),
TEXAS - First of season jarred from wild plum in Smith County
March 14, and in Brazos County March 15, (King, Morris).
EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malagosoma americanum) -
ARKANSAS - Active in southern area, Larvae in first and second
instars, (Warren). MISSISSIPPI - Observed on native cherry
trees in Oktibbeha and Webster Counties and on one property in
Forrest County where 2 cherry trees were defoliated, (Hester,
Andress),
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - INDIANA -
No adults found to date, Winter carryover extremely light in
southern area, (Hamilton).
SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) - ILLINOIS - Fairly
heavy flight of moths in Urbana area March 11, (Petty).
CATFACING INSECTS - ILLINOIS - First tarnished plant bugs
jarred at Mounds, March 14--10 from 5 unsprayed fruit trees and
12 from same trees on March 16. (Chandler). INDIANA - One
tarnished plant bug and one stink bug found in 5 peach trees jarred
March 11 in Vincennes area. None found in 5 trees in another or-
chard jarred March 14, (Hamilton).
LEAF-FOOTED BUG (Leptoglossus sp, ) - TEXAS - Heavy local
infestation on tangelos in Dimmit County. (Richardson),
CONCHUELA (Chlorochroa ligata) - TEXAS - Heavy local infes-
tation on young orange trees (blossoms) in Dimmit County,
(Richardson),
*Palmer, M,A. 1952, Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region,
Daailios
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) -
GEORGIA - Heavy defoliation of turnips In commercial planting
in Seminole County, March 10. (Geiger).
CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - NORTH CAROLINA -
A 20-percent infestation of a 4-acre field of young cabbage in
Currituck County, (Scott),
TOMATO RUSSET MITE (Vasates lycopersici) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Infesting petunia plants in greenhouse at Morganton, Tomato
plants in same house not infested, Det, E,W. Baker (Jones, Farrier).
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - MISSISSIPPI -
Destroyed all the seed pieces of Irish potatoes planted February
15 and now working on second planting on one farm in Grenada
County, (Douglass), OKLAHOMA - Adults widespread and active
in spinach fields in the Arkansas Valley from Boxby to Fort
Smith, Maggots found only around roots and in leaf petioles,
(Arbuthnot, Walton),
TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - NORTH
CAROLINA - A rather severe infestation of young tobacco ina
plant bed in Wilson County. Some plants severely damaged, Also
observed in Columbus County, infestations ranging from 1 to
80 percent of plants damaged, (Rabb, Guthrie).
MIDGES - NORTH CAROLINA - Infesting tobacco plant beds in
Columtus County, Severe around margins of many beds, with
most plants killed, but remaining areas relatively unaffected,
(Rabb, Guthrie),
ONION THRIPS (Thrips tabaci) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation
on onions in Brazos County, (King).
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - TEXAS - Medium
local infestation on onions in Madison County. (Garrett).
A MAGGOT - ARIZONA - Reported from bulbs of garlic on 80
acres at Mesa, (Ariz. Coop, Rept. ).
CUTWORMS - ARKANSAS - Damaging gardens in southwest area,
(Warren), OKLAHOMA - Garden cutworms very numerous in
Oklahoma County, (Bower),
STRAWBERRY CROWN BODER (Tyloderma fragariae) -
ARKANSAS - Infestations present in southwest area, but not heavy
encugh to cause concern, (Warren),
STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus s.gnatus) ~ - ARKANSAS ~
Presentin the southwest area, but not heavy enough to cause
concern, (Wervren),
COMEON INSEE Cals
Boll W Weevil Survival Counts in Louisiana:
Ground trash examinations in Madison Parish ,completed on
March 7, none an average of 2,021 live weevils per acre,
This number is about 2,5 times the ave rage found in this parisna
during the past 19 years. Based on fall and spring examinations
the percentage of survival was 75, which has been exceeded in
only three years - 1958, 1949, and 1941, In Ouachita Parish
there was 11 percent survival, in St, Landry Parish 29 percent,
in Avoyeiles Parish 18 percent, in Red River Parish 100 percent
and in Bossier Parish 86 percent, Survival figures for previous
years for parishes other than Madison are not available, Two-
hundred samples were examined in Madison Parish and 20 in
each of the remaining parisnes. (Gaines).
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
JUNIPER WEBWORM (Dichomeris marginella) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Attacking juniper in Wake County, (Scott),
BARK BEETLES (Ips. SDP. ) - NORTH CAROLINA - Killing many
pines in Union County, ’Marsh}, A concentrated fli ght of hordes
of adults observed in Wayne County, the source appearing to be
windfalls resulting from 1954 hnurricaie, (Lewis, Mitchell),
ARBORVITAE APHID - TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread
infestation on arborviate in Llano, Mason and McLennon Counties.
Heavy infestations in city of Waco, (Cowan, King).
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
LONG-NOSED CATTLE LICE (Linognathus vituli) - OKLAHOMA -
Unusually large numbers on untreated cattle in ceutral and western
areas, (Bower, Howell),
Beals
DOG SUCKING LLOUSE (Linognathus setosus) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Moderate infestation on a dog in Centre County, (Udine).
A MANGE MITE - PENNSYLVANIA - Light to moderate in one
herd of cattle in Clearfield County. (Adams).
FLIES - UTAH - House flies and blow flies have become unusually
abundant for the early season at Milford, St, George, santa
Clara and Hurricane, (Knowlton), VIRGINIA - House a i
becoming active in Richmond and Blacksburg March 8. Morris).
SHEEP SCABIES - VIRGINIA - During February 268 cases on two
premises in Smyth County, 250 cases on one premise in Rocking=
ham County and 47 cases on one premise in Tazewell County.
(Livestock Health).
ORIENTAL COCKROACH (Blatta orientalis) - UTAH - Infesting
kitchen of one large establishment at Logan, Unusual for this
species to be so abundant in northern Utah, (Davis, Knowlton).
PENNSYLVANIA - Large numbers in honeycompbs in Huntingdon
County, March 12, (Udine),
STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
POTATO TUBERWORM (Gnorimoschema operculella) - UTAH -
Apparently a high mortalify in stored potatoes, but some have
survived in culls, An intensive control program 1S planned for
infested areas in Washington and Iron Counties this season,
(Knowlton),
FLAT GRAIN BEETLES (Tac ch joey spp.) - WASHINGTON -
Recovered in greater numbers this month in Palouse region,
High populations found in bins which had not been previously
fumigated, (Walker, Bishop).
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS
BOXELDER BUG AND CLOVER MITE - TENNESSEE - Heavy
scattered infestations being found all across the State. (Mullett),
CASEMAKING CLOTHES MOTH (Tinea pellionella) - NORTH
CAROLINA - Infesting hotel rooms in Whiteville, Columbus
County and Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, (Scott).
TERMITES - UTAH - Caused serious damage to one auto court
at St, George, (Knowlton), WASHINGTON - Reticulitermes
aesperus infesting one fourth to one third of sub-iloor of a
faria house near Almota, Considerable damage and treatment
required, (Quist, Davis).
on PRIA
OLD HOUSE BORER (ailetrupes bajuius) - VIRGINIA - Damaged
floors so badly in an Aucusta County home that boards gave way
under foot. (Woodside).
Light Trap Collections:
ARKANSAS - At Fayetteville 78 Pseudaletia unipuncta and 28
Peridroma margaritosa aduits taken during week endimg March 18,
At Stuttgart 8 ©, unipuncta and 15 Agrotis ypsilon aduits collected,
The heaviest catch per any night was 41_P, unipuncta adults on
March 12, (Warren).
TENNESSEE - The first armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta) moths
of the season taken in small numbers from each of the 8 reporting
stations except Knox County during week ending March 20,
Caenurgia erechthea, taken at 4 stations, showed a very sharp
rise in numbers over iast week, Seed corn beetles taken in
Madison County totaled 3,584, in Maury County 16, Cumberland
County 2, and Knox County 5, Other moths collected are as
follows: Agrotis ypsilon 10, Peridroma margaritosa 14, Prodenia
eridania 64, Piathypena scabra 3. (Dozier),
MISSISSIPPI - Moths collected March 13-18 in 4 comties (Coahoma,
Humphreys, Oktibbeha and Pearl River) are as follows: Aarolis
ypsilon 40, Feltia subterranea 7, Heliothis armigera 2, Hyphantria
cunea 1, Prodenia ornithogaili 13, Pseudaletia unipuncta 92 end
Trichopiusia ni 1, (Hutchins).
(See page 258 for additional collections},
RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY
Chestnuts from foreign countries have been found infested on a
number of occasions recently with living larvae of a chestnut
weevil, Curculio elephas Gyll, and the nut fruit tortrix, LesPerrces
splendana Hon, ~C, elephas was intercepted in chestnuts in
baggage 18 times from Italy, 2 times from Yugoslavia and 2 times
from Portugal at New York, N.Y. and Philadelphia, Pa. (various
inspectors), L, splendana was intercepted in chestnuts in baggage
45 times from Italy, Portugal, Spain and Yugoslavia at Phila-
delphia (various inspectors) and in chestnuts in the mails once
from England at St, Paul, Minn, (Hecker) and once from Japan
at San Pedro, Cai, (Lindsay), These two insects are considered
important pests of chestnuts in parts of Europe and Asia, Serious
damage is caused by the larvae of both feeding in the nuts often
completely destroying them. Additional injury is caused by the
adults of the chestnut weevil puncturing the bases of the young nuts
to feed, causing a premature nut fall as high as 20 percent of the
crop in some instances,
Observations on the biology of this chestnut weevil indicate the
adults may be found from July to September. Adult females de-
posit eggs in clusters in the young nuts, Each female lays about 20
eggs. They hatchin 3-4 weeks, The larvae feed in the nuts
until full grown then pupate in the soil, At times pupation and
adult emergence occurs in the nuts, In the nut fruit tortrix,
adults appear in June and July, Eggs are deposited on the
young nuts, They hatchin about 10 days, The young larvae bore
into the nuts and feed until completely developed in the fall,
then leave the nuts to hibernate in whitish felty cocoons which
they spin on the twigs or branches, Occasionally larvae
hibernate in the nuts, Pupation and adult emergence occur the
following spring,
These two pests of chestnuts are said to be widely distributed
throughout Europe and parts of Asia, In addition to chestnuts, C.
elephas attacks acorns and L. splendana, acorns and walnuts.
Both insects have been intercepted frequently in past years in
chesnuts from Europe, They are not known to be present in the
United States, (Compiled Plant Quarantine Branch),
2K aK ok ak OK OK OK 2k OK OK OR OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Weather Continued:
for this early in the season at Macon, Ga. (88°), Charleston,
S.C. (88°), Augusta, Ga, (88°), Jacksonville, Fla, (89°), and
Savannah, Ga, (90°)’on the 16th: and at Mobile, Ala, (85°) and New
Orleans, La, (87°) on the 17th, The record was equaled at Jackson,
Miss, (85°) on the 16th, Temperatures for the week ranged from
a high of 95° at Laredo, Texas to a low of -19° at International
Falls, Minn, Precipitation was widespread throughout the week
with only Florida, California, parts of Washington and
Oregon and the lower section of the Western Plains receiving none.
Amounts were generally light except in the areafrom northeastern
Texas through Kentucky to the North Carolina coast where amounts
were in excess of 1 inch, Greatest amounts were accumulated
in the area of eastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, and northern
Arkansas, Locally heavy amounts up to 8 inches were reported
in eastern Oklahoma,
Generally light snowfall on the 20th and 21st, associated with the
penetration of Arctic air, brought snow cover back to all parts
of the Dakotas and Minnesota, most of Nebraska, and the northern
section of Iowa, Snowfall was statewide in Kansas on 21st, but
only a trace was accumulated on the ground,
High winds and duststorms continued to sap the scant soil
moisture in the lower western Plains region,
Tornadoes were active on the 20th in southeastern Missouri,
One cut a path 1 1/2 miles long near East Prairie, Mo., destroying
Six farm houses and injuring at least one man, Another struck on
the Arkansas State line near Hornersville, Mo., destroying
some farm buildings, but causing no injuries. A small tornado
was also reported near Tupelo, Miss., on the 21st, no damage
reports were received, however. Showers and thunderstorms,
with some reports of hail, were associated with the unstable
conditions in eastern Texas on the 20th and 2ist, (Summary
Supplied by U,S, Weather Bureau).
FER OK AR Os ok ak Oe 2 a OK OK Ok ok ok ok ck > Ok
Light Trap Collections (Continued):
LOUISIANA - The more important insects collected at Tallulah,
for week ending March 18 are as follows: Agrotis ypsilon 45,
Peltia subterranea 37, Heliothis armigera 2, Laphygqma exiqua
06, Loxostege similalis 57, Deridroma margaritosa 24,
Prodenia ornithogallia 29, Pseudaletia uniouncta 130, and
Kmpoasca spp. 23. (Gaines et al),
~ 250 -
SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954
MONTANA
Reported by State Entomologist Office
General Feeders:
GRASSHOPPERS occurred in high populations on cropland in the
north-central area, Other scattered spots throughout the State
showed light to moderate damage. The most damaging species
was Melanoplus bivittatus but Aulocara elliotti, which did severe
damage in Some areas, was probably the species which showed
the greatest increase in numbers, Rangeland grasshoppers
also appeared in large numbers, The general area of infestation
was in the western part of the State and extended east to about the
Bear Paw Mountains and south to Stillwater County. This area,
although not continuously infested, contained most of the heavy
populations in the State, Cammnula pellucida caused much damage
in localized areas while M, occidentalis and M. mexicanus were
present in greater than usual numbers over scattered western areas,
MORMON CRICKET (Anabrus simplex) - Gregarious bands re-
ported in at least eight different spots; at higher elevations, .
heaviest in south-central part, Other infestations occurred in
the upper Blackfoot River Valley and in Blaine, Judith Basin,
and Golden Valley Counties. Scattered crickets were reported
over a good many counties in the western part, Approximately
19,000 acres were baited in 1954 to combat these pests, ARMY
CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - Scattered light to moderate
damage occurred in Wibaux, Fallon, Carter, Big Horn, Carbon,
Gallatin, Jefferson, Madison, and Broadwater Counties. Spotted,
severe damage occurred in Cascade, Chouteau, Fergus, Mussel-
shell, Golden Valley, Stillwater, and Yellowstone Counties, In
addition to these early spring infestations, damage was noted in
the fall to winter wheat in Chouteau and Yellowstone Counties.
WIREWORMS and FALSE WIREWORMS -The damage from false
wireworms during 1954 was probably higher than it has been for
a number of years. In general the northeastern, north-central
and central part suffered damage, Localized infestations and
damage occurred in the south-central and southwestern part of
the State. For the first time since 1937 an ARMYWORM
(Pseudaletia unipuncta) outbreak occurred in Montana, Generally
this infestation followed the Yellowstone River Valley from
Billings east to the North Dakota border. Infestation occurred
mostly in small grains although sugar beets and corn were attacked
in afew cases, Damage was slight since the crops attacked were
very near maturity, NUTTALL BLISTER BEETLE (Lytta nuttallii)
- 289 -
Present in large numbers in Dawson, Wibaux, and Richland
Counties in small grains, gardens, and in alfalfa, Economic
populations of FLEA BEETLES were present in a number of sugar
pee fields in Richland County and in surrounding counties during
e year,
Small Grain Pests: ‘)
WHEAT CURL MITE (Aceria tulipae) - An outbreak of wheat streak
mosaic, spread by this mite, occurred in north-central and eastern
Montana, Although the disease has been present in the State for
a number of years, this is the first year when large losses have
resulted, ENGLISH GRAIN APHID Macrosiphum granarium) was
present in light, non-economic infestations in western mountain
valleys and in the northeastern section, SAY STINK BUG 3
(Chlorochora sayi) = One local severe infestation in McCone County.
WHEAT JOINTWORM (Harmolita tritici) has never been a serious
enemy of wheat in Montana, Light infestations occurred in
Stillwater and Fercus Counties, A SPIDER MITE (Paratetranychus
pratensis) - Winter wheat fields in Chouteau County showed some
local, marginal damage in the spring, WHEAT STEM SAWFLY
(Cephus cinctus) - Economic damage was more widespread than
ever before, ‘The insect has previously been reported from
all counties east of the Continental Divide. Whether the upsurge
in damage in 1954 is the result of local optimum conditions or is
of a more permanent nature has ‘not been determined, A WESTERN
WHEAT APHID (Brachycolus tritici) is perennially present in
the central area where care is not taken to eliminate volunteer
plants from fallow ground,
Corn Pests:
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) was not as prevalent during
1954 as in the last two or three years, Infestations were confined
to the southeastern and western mountain valleys, EUROPEAN
CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) was first reported in Montana
in 1951, No new economic Infestation has been observed during
the last two years, KUROPEAN EARWIG (Forficula auricularia)
is common in the western and southwestern areas, [tis being
reported from new areas every year,
Alfalfa and Clover Pests:
ALFAL era postica) is occurring over an ever-
widening range, The entire State except those counties north
of Deer Lodge and Silver Bow in the western area have infestations. °
The pest has reached the northern border of Montana, LYGUS
BUGS (Lygqus spp.) although abundant, apparently are of economic
importance only in seed-producing areas,
EOE tiie
Garden and Truck Crop Pests:
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
in the past has not been too important in the State, However,
during the year, Gallatin and Madison had higher than usual
populations. Control measures effective. POTATO PSYLLID
(Paratrioza cockerelli) - Little activity and no heavy infes-
tations on potatoes were reported during the year, BEET
WEBWORM (Loxostege sticticalis) -In addition to infestations
in sugar beets in the northeast, alfalfa was infested along the
Yellowstone River, CABBAGE MAGGOT (Hylemya brassicae)
is present in most areas, IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM
(Pieris rapae) - Some light to moderate infestations observed
in the western part, ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua)
continues to occur in gardens generally througnout State,
Orchard Insects:
BLACK CHERRY FRUIT FLY (Rhagoletis fausta) - Surveys
during 1954 indicate this pest to be in most of the cherry-growing
region in the northwestern area, MITES (Vasates fockeui and
Diptacus gigantorhynchus) - A general outbreak of these two mites
occurred simultaneously on the east shore of the Flathead Lake
in cherry orchards. PEAR-SLUG (Caliroa cerasi) - Economic
infestations of this pest occurred more frequently. Broadwater,
Gallatin, Lake, and Ravalli Counties all experienced damage.
BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) increased in numbers;
however, in most cases control timel and little damage
resulted, PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyri) was
reported in Lake, Ravalli, Missoula, and Flathead Counties,
CURRANT FRUIT FLY (Epochra canadensis) was present over
much of State, No heavy economic infestations were reported.
RASPBERRY CANE BORER (Oberea bimaculata) - This pest
and the raspberry root borer occur generally and cause moderate
damage throughout many areas of western Montana each year.
STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae) is
most important in the south-central area, In some cases severe
damage to plants resulted,
Insects of Ornamentals:
ASH PLANT BUG (Neoborus amoenus) - Entire southwestern
part of State had light to moderate damage on green ash, Heavy
damage to ash occurred in localized areas and in one county in
the central area, POPLAR BORER (Saperda calcarata) -
Severe infestations in Big Horn and Deer Lodge Counties and
moderate damage in scattered areas over State, WOOLLY ELM
APHID (Eriosoma americanum) was quite abundant and some
towns initiated control programs. SPIDER MITES were very
abundant on many coniferous and deciduous trees during the
last part of the summer and early fall. VIRGINIA CREEPER
LEAFHOPPER (Erythroneura ziczac) was particularly abundant
in the central area, In Some cases, where control measures
were not initiated in time, ornamental plants killed, COOLEY
SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes cooleyi) was present in most
of State,
Household Pests:
CLOVER MITES (Bryobia praetiosa} presented the major
household pest problem during the year, Almost all counties
reported at least some occurrence, TERMITES infested
houses in Dawson and Phillips Counties. STRAWBERRY ROOT
WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus ovatus) - Numerous requests for
information received.
Man and Animal Pests:
SQUITOES were present throughout most of the irrigated
areas in economic numbers, CATTLE GRUBS (Hypoderma
lineatum and H. bovis) are perennial pests, CATTLE niGH
appeared comparalive leary ee fali, Haemato ASUS
eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, Bovicoia bovis and |
ca llatus found to occur in the State during the year.
FLY (iphona irritans) was about normal in abundance,
VOL.5 No. 13. APRIL 1,1955
Sys)
OO)
ge
Ema.
Cooperative
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE |
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 PNovenl Aly Soe Novis
COOMA 2A Ii) COMO MAG IONS 1G Bey isis Oleg ae
Highlights of Insect Conditions
GREENBUG infestations continue in the Texas Panhandle but
mostly light, Light infestations reported from Louisiana and
Florida but none found in several Kansas counties, (pages 260 ).
ARMYWORM larvae appearing in Louisiana and South Carolina,
(page 265). Moths active in several states. (page 277 ).
YELLOW CLOVER APHID infestations continue in areas of
Arizona, Texas and Oklahoma, Economic populations almost
to Kansas border in Oklahoma, (pages 267, 279 ye
VEGETABLE WEEVIL active in Florida, Mississippi, Georgia
and South Carolina, (page 270 ),
PEA MOTH recorded from Oregon, (page 271 ).
Status of SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL in the United States. (page 272 ).
Summary of FOREST PEST problems in New York-1954-56,
(page 274 ),
BOLL WEEVIL survival counts in North Carolina low. (page 273).
LIGHT TRAP collections, (pages 277, 278).
Some of the more IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS of 1954, (after p, 27).
Summary ef INSECT CONDITIONS-1954-in Kansas, (page 281 ).
First REPORTED RECORDS for the seasor . (page 273),
ADDITIONAL NOTES, (page 278).
ARR ROK KOR OR KR AOR KR OK KOK RRR
Reports in this issue are for the week ending March 25, 1955,
unless otherwise designated,
- 204 -
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 28, 1955
Icy Arctic air surged southward into the Gulf of Mexico at the
beginning and again at the end of the week, bringing record low
temperatures for this late in the season to most stations in the
South and Mid-West, The cnrush of cold air was accompanied
by blizzards, tornadoes, floods, ice jammed rivers, dust storms
and gale force winds. The push of cold air at the beginning of
the period was continuation of the one reported at the end of the
previous week, This was accompanied by high winds throughout
the country east of the Rockies. The high winds brought blizzard
conditions to the Plains States as far south as Eastern Oklahoma
on the 22nd. Although the snowfall was not extremely heavy, many
roads were blocked due to drifting. In the dry region of the lower
Western Plains, the winds caused further loss of soil, The storm
reached the Hast Coast on the 22nd bringing gale force winds to
the Northeast from eastern Indiana and Wisconsin, through southern
Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania to New York and New Jersey.
Further South heavy rains associated with this system brought
floods to Western Kentucky, Tennessee and northern Mississippi
and northern Alabama where streams were already swollen from
the previcus week's heavy rains, Freezing temperature were
reported as far south as Austin, Texas on the 22nd and light frost
occurred in northern Florida on the 23rd,
Moderation following this outbreak was short lived, as another
frigid blast was unleashed through the Northern Rocky Mountain
States onthe 24th, By the 27th, the cold air mass had reached
the Gulf Coast and the Eastern Seaboard leaving a wake of broken
temperature records in its path, New Orlean's temperature of 30°
on the 27th was the coldest experienced in that city since February
1951, It was also the latest spring freeze there since 1894 and
lowest temperature so late in the season for 82 years of record.
Helena, Mont, recorded a temperature of -30° on the 25th, which
was not only a record for so late in the season, but was also the |
coldest of record for the entire month of March, Other broken
records included 0 at Omaha, Nebr., and 10° at Indianapolis, Ind.
on the 26th; -15° at International Falls, Minn, and 20° at Raleigh,
N.C, on the 27th; and 35° at Laredo, ‘Texas on the 28th. Cold
air spilling over the mountains into the Great Basin also established
a new record of 19° for Salt Lake City, Utah on the 26th, Blizzard
conditions returned to the Plains States as far south as central
Kansas and northwestern Missouri on the 25th, Snowfall continued
eastward on the 26th and 27th through the Lake Regions and as far
south as the Ohio River Valley, Again the total snowfall was not
heavy, but it served as a protective cover for crops during the
low teurperatures that followed, (Weather continued on page 279 ),
- 265 -
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) - TEXAS - Twenty-seven
counties surveyed from Anson and Vernon northwest through
the panhandle March 11 to 19, Greenbugs found in only 17
panhandle counties, but populations were light except in 5 counties,
Extremely heavily infested spots in Briscoe, Swisher, Deaf
Smith, Castro and Parmer Counties, One irrigated field in
Swisher County had as high as 2 to 3 thausand greenbugs per
linear foot ef row, Several fields in Deaf Smith and Castro
Counties had populations of 100-3CO per foot of row, High
populations mostly in irrigated fields since dryland wheat suffering
from lack of moisture, Highest populations in non-grazed fields.
(Daniels, Davis, Ashdown, Cleveland), KANSAS - None found
in any of wheat and barley fields examined in following counties:
Riley, Clay, Washington, Republic, Cloud, Mitchell, Lincoln,
Ottawa, Dickinson and Geary, March18, (Matthew),
LOUISIANA - Light infestation in 7 fields of oats in Tangipahoa,
St, Landry, Avoyelles and East Baton Rouge Parishes, (Oliver,
March 18),
CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Medium
to heavy widespread infestation on barley inS mith County.
Stunting plants. (Browning), Medium to heavy widespread infes-
tation 9n barley in Kaufman County, (Randolph).
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - KANSAS - Few
in the wheat, barley and alfalfa fields examined in north central
» counties, Highest infestations gave counts of only one larva per
6 feet of drill row, Marchi18. (Matthew).
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - LOUISIANA - Occasional
larvae found in oat fields in Tangipahoa, Avoyelles, St. Landry
and Rasides Parishes, (Oliver, March18), SOUTH CAROLINA -
Light infestation on oats in Beaufort County, First report of
damage this season, (Nettles),
BR®WN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - TEXAS - Medium to
heavy widespread infestation on wheat in Swisher, Castro, Hans-
ford, and Sherman Counties, (Davis, Daniels),
YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) - TEXAS -
meee sia infestation on oats and vetch in Kaufman County.
andolph).
YELLOW SUGARCANE APHID and GREENBUG - FLORIDA - In-
creasing on Pangola grass pastures at Belle Glade, but not yet
in injurious proportions. (Genung).
- 266 -
Small Grain Pest 1 / Conditions in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
anuary 7 to March 18, TO5
Summary of Conditions: Light infestations of GREENBUG
were found throughout most of the central and southern Great
Plains area during January 7 to March 18, 1955, Populations
were extremely low in Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central
and south 'Texas, A few spotted infestations occurred in
north central Texas, especially in counties north of Dallas
and Fort Worth, Populations were also extremely low in most
counties of the Texas Panhandle, except for areas in Swisher,
Deaf Smith, Donley, Moore, Randall, Briscoe, Castro, and
Parmer, ‘The highest populations were in Swisher, Deaf
Smith, Castro, and Randall Counties where several fields
with populations of 100 to 300 greenbugs per linear foot were
observed. Infestations were particularly heavy in a few irrigated
fields in Swisher County, and some control measures by
airplane have been takem. Natural enemies have not been
plentiful except in north-central Texas where the parasite
Aphidius testaceipes was quite abundant, No widespread
outbreak of the greenbug is indicated with control being
limited to rather localized areas,
BROWN WHEAT MITE populations were quite low in most
of the area with heaviest concentrations occurring in
continuously planted fields. The highest populations were
found in | Beaver County, Oklahoma, where five fields
averaged 225 mites per linear foot. Other areas having
moderately heavy populations were Texas, Woodward, and
Dewey Counties, Oklahoma; Hansford, Sherman, Swisher,
and Castro Counties, Texas Panhandle; and several
counties in north-central Texas, ‘The heaviest populations
of mites were in fields suffering badly by drought where
control measures would probably not be justified, Some
locally damaging infestations of this mite may develop during
the next few weeks in the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles and
in north-central Texas. Because of the small size of the
wheat, populations in the southwestern corner of Oklahoma ~
might cause some damage,
1 / Except hessian fly and eriophyid mites.
“967 -
The WINTER GRAIN MITE was the most serious pest of small
grains in the Texas areas lying south of the panhandle, The
most seriously affected fields were in the Dallas-Fort Worth,
Waco, and Kendall-Kerr areas, Damage by this mite was
apparently the worst observed since 1951. A large area was
sprayed and good results achieved.
CUTWORM populations were distributed over the area, but were
very low in most instances. Rarely was more than one cutworm
per square foot found, except in border areas adjacent to grass
pastures, In Lubbock County, Texas, populations up to 5
cutworms per foot were observed. CORN LEAF APHIDS were
not found overwintering in Kansas or western Oklahoma, Heavy
populations occurred in some barley fields in Bryan County,
Oklahoma, and in north-central Texas, Very few ENGLISH
GRAIN or APPLE GRAIN APHIDS have been found or reported
during the period covered in this report, (Small Gr. Ins, Reg.
Cooperators).
LESSER MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER (Melanoplus mexicanus) -
ARIZONA - Nymphs found at less than 0,1 per square yard at
Tempe March 15-17, Beginning of hatching (March 10-15) latest
in 20 years-2 weeks later than normal and 3 weeks later than
1954, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
A SPIDER MITE (Tetranychina apicalis) - LOUISIANA - Light
on clover in two fields in Tangipahoa Parish, On lawns in several
locations. Heavy infestation of white clover in St, Landry
Parish, (Oliver, March18), FLORIDA - Averaging 1,000 to
5, 000 eggs and 100 to 500 adults per plant on lupine at one
location in Alachua County, (Robinson).
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - MISSISSIPPI - Damage to
wild vetch in Adams County, crimson clover in Jackson County
and white clover in Jones County, (Hutchins, Pepper), ARIZONA -
Severe on 20 acres of wheat on Yuma Mesa March 17. Fields
previously in alfalfa. First time this damage seen, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - TEXAS - Medium
to heavy widespread infestation on alfalfa and clovers in Denton,
Grayson, Collin and Fannin Counties, Killing clover and alfalfa
‘in some places, (Garner, Chada, Spence), ARIZONA - Light
to very heavy on 1,000 acres of alfalfa in Yuma area March 22,
winged forms increasing, Predators not keeping up with increase,
* General and increasing in all fields not treated in Graham County,
several fields destroyed. (Ariz, Coop, Rept.).
- 268 -
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - LOUISIANA -
Average about 22 per 200 sweeps of [2-inch net on white clover
ane rea burclover in East Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver,
arch 18),
POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - LOUISIANA - Two
E, fabae males taken in 200 sweeps of 12-inch net in white clover
and California burclover at Baton Rouge February 23, Two
E, fabae (males) also taken in 200 sweeps in sweetclover at
Morganza February 24 and one male in 200 sweeps in this area
March 2, Sweepings at Baton Rouge March 1, 7 and 16 yielded no
E, fabae males, (Oliver),
PEA LEAF WEEVIL (Sitona lineata) - OREGON - Adults active
week af March 13 in Hillsboro area, Some ragging of leaves
noted in red clover fields, (Prescott),
CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - DELAWARE -
Adults observed at most locations, (Late News), MARYLAND -
_ Light numbers adults in alfalfa in Montgomery County. (U. Md.,
Ent, Dept. ).
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - MARYLAND - Adults
showing some activity in alfalfa In Montgomery County. Mating
observed, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). DELAWARE - Very active
in alfalfa and clovers, (Late News), PENNSYLVANIA = Small
larvae, 1/3 inch, in buds of alfalfa in Lancaster County. (Pepper),
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - LOUISIANA - Light
infestation on clovers in Tangipahoa Parish, Heavy infestation
averaging 70 per square foot in Webster Parish and 72 per
square foot in Hast Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver), DELAWARE -
All larval stages present generally on red clover.: (Late News),
MARYLAND - Light numbers larvae in alfalfa in Montgomery
County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept.), PENNSYLVANIA - Larvae
abundant, 1/4 to { /2 inch, in clover in Lancaster County, (Pepper).
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Scarce in
alfalfa, (Late News), MARYLAND - Light numbers in alfalfa
in Montgomery County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.)..
LEATHER JACKE'’@S - MISSISSIPPI - Specimens: of Tipula sp.
from Pontotoc County where they reportedly destroyed lespedeza
last year. (Hutchins), TENNESSEE - Unidentified species
damaging two pasture fields in Greene County, (Cunningham),
- 269 -
GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - LOUISIANA -
Light, about 22 per 100 sweeps of 12-inch net in five fields
of clover in Tangipahoa Parish, (Oliver, March 18),
VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) - TEXAS -
Heavy local infestation on oats and altaita In Bastrop County.
(Cook), Medium local infestation on oats and vetch in Kaufman
County, (Randolph).
CLAYBACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis ladiaria) - LOUISIANA -
Seven per square foot in white clover in Webster Parish.
(Oliver, March 18),
BRISTLY CUTWORM (Lacinipolia renigera) - DELAWARE -
Prevalent in alfalfa from Newark to Smyrna, (Late News),
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - ARKANSAS -
Examination of ground trash samples in Srittenden County
Showed average of 10, 948 adults per acre of ground trash.
(Warren),
JUNE BEETLES (Phyllophaga spp.) - LOUISIANA - Heavy
flights at Baton Rouge; 13 caught night of March 16 in black
light trap, Mainly B, calceata and P, micans. ( Oliver, Mar. 18).
GREEN JUNE BEETLE (Cotinis nitida) - VIRGINIA - Larvae
very active in re-seeded pasture in Greensville County. (Rogers).
Very active in lawns in Princess Anne and Norfolk Counties.
(Hofmaster), Also dam aging pastures in Surry County. (Rawl).
Indications are that green June beetle larvae will cause severe
damage to pastures this year in Virginia, (Morris, March 18).
FRUIT INSECTS
APPLE APHID (Aphis pomi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Hatching on
apple, March 23, Lancaster County. (Pepper).
APPLE GRAIN APHID (Rhopalosiphum fitchii) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Hatching on apple, March 22, in Lancaster County, (Pepper).
BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) - OREGON - Newly-
hatched nymphs noted in Willamette Valley since March 7
although cherry buds have not opened yet. (Jones).
CATFACING INSEC'LS - INDIANA - One tarnished plant bug found
in five trees jarred March 21 at Vincennes. {Lamansky).
- 270 -
EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) -
PENNSYLVANIA - Egg masses quite numerous on peac
twigs in Carbon County, (Menusan),.
EUROPEAN RED MITE (Metateanyehus ulmi) - MARYLAND -
Eggs numerous on apple twigs, Montgomery County. (U. Mda.,
Ent, Dept. ),
PEACH SILVER MITE (Vasates cornutus) - OREGON - Active
and present in large numbers on peach at Hood River. (Ritcher).
PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyri) - OREGON -
iene eggs under bark scales on pear at Hood River.
itcher),
PEAR THRIPS ( Taentothrips inconsequens) - OREGON - First
of the season noted March 21 in Linn County. (Jones).
PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - ARKANSAS -
Dry weather and control efforts combined have reduced curculio
numbers to avery low level. (Warren), GEORGIA - Four
fully developed eggs found in a female curculio taken from
a peach tree in a commercial orchard at Fort Valley March 15.
Adults had reached center of orchards by March 14, (Snapp).
ORANGE DOG (Papilio cresphontes) - FLORIDA - Eggs and
larvae on new growth of citrus at Gainesville, (Hetrick).
MEXICAN FRUIT FLY (Anastrepha ludens) - TEXAS - Total
of 13 A. ludens trapped over entire Rio Grande Valley area
this season, This is considerably less than for the same -
period last year, (Mex, Fruit Fly Cont, Proj., March 1-15).
CITRUS WHITEFLY (Dialeurodes citri) - FLORIDA - Adults
very heavy on new growth of citrus and ornamentals at
Gainesville, (Hetrick),
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) -
SOUTH CAROLINA - Larvae abundant and causing light fo
moderate injury in many plantings of turnips, mustard and
Spinach, in the Charleston area, (Cuthbert). GEORGIA -
Nearly all tobacco beds in southern area showing damage from
larval feeding, March 14, (Morgmn), FIORIDA - Averaging
~ 271 -
3 to 8 adults per Irish potato plant in a one-acre garden in
Gadsden County. Controlused. (May), Averaged 40 larvae
per square foot of turnips and also found in soil in northwest
part of Walton County, (Dickinson). First adult from tobacco
in the Hastings area, March 4, (Dobrovsky), MISSISSIPPI -
Much damage to truck crops in Jones County, (Pepper).
APHIDS - SOUTH CAROLINA = Cabbage infested in Barnwell
County. Foliage moderately infested on about 8 acres,
March 13, (Watts),
CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - VIRGINIA -
Heavy on cole crops in southeastern truck area, (Hofmaster,
March 18), SOUTH CAROLINA - Heavy to light infestations
on cabbage in the Charleston area, control used on most
plantings, Natural controls increasing and by March 23-.
apparently checking populations, (Cuthbert).
CABBAGE CATERPILLARS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Light but
increasing infesations of imported cabbageworms and
diamondback moth larvae in many untreated cabbage plantings,
in Charleston area, Marché?, (Cuthbert).
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyqus lineolaris) - VIRGINIA -
One adult on kale in a field of southeastern truck crop area.
(Hofmaster),
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - VIRGINIA - Adults
on kale and spinach in southeastern truck crop area. (Morris).
TURNIP APHID (Raopalosiphum seudobrassicae) - SOUTH |
CAROLINA - Fopulations continue high on mustard and turnips
and light to moderate on young cabbage in the Charleston
area, One 10-acre planting of rape seriously damaged, para-
sites very active in this planting, (Cuthbert),
PEA MOTH (Laspeyresia nigricana) - OREGON - First record
for Oregon, Apparently this species will not become a pest
in the State since the record is based on larvae taken in
Clatsop County in 1947 but was determined only recently.
(Det. H.W. Capps). (Stephenson).
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - FLORIDA -
Adults on pole beans in Gadsden Counly, Collected March 17
for the first time this season. (May).
- 272 -
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - VIRGINIA - Infestations
range from light to heavy on spinach crops in the southeastern
truck crop area, March 18, (Hofmaster), SOUTH CAROLINA -
Continues problem on spinach in Charleston area, also infesting
potatoes as soon as plants come up, Increasing on potatoes but
still light by March 23, (Cuthbert), GEORGIA - Light but very
general infestations in tobacco plant beds, March 14, (Morgan).
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) -
SOUTH CAROLINA - First adult observed on potatoes in the
Charleston area, March 15, (Cuthbert), FLORIDA - Adult stage
on potatoes in Gadsden County. Collected March 17 and was
the first for the season, (May).
A WIREWORM (Conoderus vagus) - FLORIDA - Larvae, pupae
and adults from Irish potatoes in St. Johns County. First adult
of season collected March 21, (Dobrovsky).
ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antigua) - SOUTH CAROLINA = Sent in
sample of multiplying onions with numerous maggots. (Nettles).
WINTER GRAIN MITE (Penthaleus major) - TEXAS - Medium to
heavy local infestation on onions in Washington County, (Stufflebeme).
CUTWORMS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Slight injury to beets in
Charleston area; some injury to older beets being harvested,
March 30, (Cuthbert), MISSISSIPPI - Probably Agrotis gladiaria,
damaged onions in a garden in Oktibbeha County. Other species of
ee damaged young corn plants in Jones County. (Hutchins,
epper),
AN APHID (Capitophorus sp, ) - VIRGINIA - Very light on straw-
berry plants in southeastern truck crop area. Species of this
genus capable of transmitting strawberry virus, Peak of
abundance apparently passed as aphids hard to find, March 18.
(Hofmaster),
SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) - Although
the origin of this pest is unknown, it is assumed fo be the Orient.
It is thought that it was brought into the United States from the ©
West Indies prior to 1875. Aside from sweetpotato, it feeds on such
closely related plants as.goat's=foot morning glory, wild moonvine
and other plants of the morning-glory family. Adults feed on the
leaves, vines and roots while larvae attack stems, roots and
potatoes, The map on the opposite page shows the distribution of
ae insect and average number of bushels of sweetpotatoes produced
y states,
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Komsapun ys0m o4ju0d — pajsajul &
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- 273 -
COTTON INSECTS
Boll Weevil Survival Counts in North Carolina:
Surface trash from-5 farms in each of 9 counties was
examined March 8-24 for surviving boll weevils, The
examinations showed live weevils to be present ai rates
ranging from 0-1453 per acre and averaging 236 per
acre for all samples. The 1954 fall average for North
Carolina was 1334 weevils per acre; therefore, the
percent survival for the past winter was 17.6 percent,
The samples were taken from the same sites as those
used in the hibernation counts of the fall of 1954,
Although fall counts for this State prior to 1954 are
not available, spring records have been taken, ‘The
236 per acre average for 9 farms compares with an
average of 1820 per acre on 5 farms for the spring
of 1954 and an average of 3920 surviving weevils
per acre on 6 farms in the spring of 1953, (Cotton
Ins, Sect, and N.C, Dept, Ent.)
INSECTS AFFECTING OTHER FIBER PLANTS
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - TEXAS - Light
local infestation on flax in Hidalgo County, Larvae from
first instar to full-grown on seed pods, (Wene, Marsh).
First Reported Records of Season (by areas):
Larvae of ARMYWORM in South Carolina, LESSER
MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER hatching March joa yy ia
Arizona, ALFALFA WEEVIL larvae March 22 in Pennsylvania.
APPLE APHID and APPLE GRAIN APHID hatching March
22-in Pennsylvania, PEAR THRIPS noted March 21 in Oregon,
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE adults March 17 in Florida,
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE adults March 17 in Florida
and March 15 in South Carolina, HORN FLY in Oklahoma,
in South Carolina, March 14.
- 2/4 -
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
Se eee
Summary of Current Forest Pest Problems for New York -1954-55
Compiled by Comm, on Ins, and Dis., Soc,
of American Foresters, N, Y, Section.
EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (Rhyacionia buoliana) in on increase,
Causing extensive damage in southern area, eSpecialiy in re-
forestation areas, Large numbers of GYPSY MOTH (Porthetria
dispar) egg masses found in parts of Rensselaer, Washington,
Essex, Warren and Columbia Counties. FOREST TENT CATER-
PILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) situation easing in older infested
areas since natural controls always bring pests to low ebb of cycle,
MATSUCOCCUS SCALE is serious pest of red pine and becoming
worse in infested areas, At present in New York only in Long
Island and Westchester County area, BEECH SCALE (Cryptococcus
fagi) abundant in Catskill and southeast region and is spreading
slowly. FIR BARK LOUSE or BALSAM WOOLLY APHID - Surveys
show little spread into new areas, or increase in infested areas,
SADDLED PROMINENT (Heterocampa guttivitta) has caused
destruction in Rensselaer County and on Massachusetts border
in birch, beech and maple wocdlands, Infested areas have been
sprayed. PINE SAWFLIES have increased during the past year
a ae et oles County. Three-hundred acres have been sprayed,
eodiprion nanulus, N. sertifer, and_N. lecontei principal species
involved, SPITTLEBUG is still a problem on Scotch pine, but has
not caused extensive damage in the past year, SPRUCE BUDWORM
(Choristoneura fumiferana) has decreased considerably during the
years and there is now little evidence of it in the State, SATIN
MOTH (Stilpnotia salicis) has been building up in the eastern part
of the State, especially near Saratoga, Little Falls and St,
di ene In most cases infestations have been treated with good
results,
LINDEN LOOPER (Erannis tiliaria) caused heavy defoliation in
hardwood growth in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties, BIRCH
LEA MINER (Fenusa pusilla) heavily attacked gray and white
birches in central areas, PINE NEEDLE APHIDS caused needle
damage in the spring to white pine, especially where trees were
Close to the alternate host, red spruce, MOSQUITOES and
BLACK FLIES were abundant throughout mat of the rural areas
and about 4500 acres of State-owned, special-use forest lands were
treated. PARASITIC FLIES (especially sarcophagids) were un-
usually abundant in areas where tent caterpillar infestations were
on decrease, The unusual abundance of the flies caused complaints
froin the public in those areas,
- 275 -
FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - MISSISSIPPI -
Many eppearing in Jones County, {Pepper}.
A HOLLY LEAF MINER - MARYLAND - Larvae pupaiing in mines,
Infestation quite general in central area, (U. Md., Ent. Dept, ).
BOXELDER LEAP MINERS - TENNESSEE - Becoming active in
eastern area, (Cunningham),
MAGNOLIA SCALE (Neolecanium cornuparvum) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Heavy infestation on magnolia in Venango Coun‘y, March 17. (Adams).
FLORIDA - Increasing on magnolia at Gainesville, (Hetrick),
AZALEA LEAF MINER (Gracilaria azaleella) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Pupal stage abundant in azalea in cold frame in Montgomery
County, March 18, (Menusan),
A SCALE (Lecaniodiaspis sp.) - VIRGINIA ~- Heavy infestation
found on Japanese barberry in Puiaski County, Det, H, Morrison,
(Amos, Feb. 18),
BULB MITE (Razor yp aus echinopus) - VIRGINIA -- Caused death
of all jonquil bulbs in 100-square ok setting in Southampton
County. (Miller, Davich),
A STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus rugosostriatus) -
PENNSYLVANIA - Ruined roots of tuberous begonia in storage in
Lackawanna County, Det. W.H. Anderson, (Gesell).
JAPANESE BEETLE (Popillia japonica) - VIRGINIA - Populations
expected to be up in 1955, This is based on grub counts in smail
diggings in southeastern area, (Raine),
SMALLER ZUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus) -
KANSAS - Several large elms in northern Clay County heavily
infested, March 18, (Matthew).
EUROPEAN ELM SCALE (Gossyparia spuria) - UTAM - Damagingly
abundant on some elm trees at Fillmore and Salt Lake City, (Knowlton).
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
HORN FLY (Siphona irritaas) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Twenty to 25
per animal on beet cattle i: Abbeville, March i4, First report for
season, (Goodwin).
- 276 -
CATTLE GRUBS - UTAH - Numerous in some herds of cattle in
Tooele, Weber, Utah and Juab Counties. Development of grubs
slower in Weber County this year than in general, In Ogden Valley
few appeared in backs of cattle until March 1. Often this has
occurred 3 to 4 weeks earlier in this area. (Knowlton),
SHEEP SCAB MITE (Psoroptes equi v. ovis) - VIRGINIA - Severe
on 18 head of sheep on one farm in Grayson County, (Simpson),
CATTLE LICE - MARYLAND - Heavily infesting 100 head of beef cattle *
in Baltimore County, (U. Md,, Ent, Dept.).
POULTRY LICE - UTAH - Numerous in a number of farm flocks
recently in northern area, (Knowlton),
RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY
Living larvae of Sesamia cretica Led., the durra stem borer, were
intercepted on several occasions recently in broomcorn in cargo from
Greece at Baltimore, Maryland, (Stoops, Vinzant), This insect is
considered an important pest of corn, broomcorn and sorghum in
the Mediterranean area, It has been reported causing severe injury
to these crops in Italy and Yugoslavia. Infestations as high as 90
percent have been reported in southern Italy, Attacked plants are
weakened and the yield of seed and the sugar content are said to be
reduced, Observations on the biology of the durra stem borer in
Italy indicate it hibernates as a mature or nearly mature larva in
the stalks of stored sorghum, broomcorn or corn, Adult emergence
occurs in April and May. Eggs are deposited singly on the leaves or
in small batches under the leaf sheaths. On hatching the larvae feed
at first on the leaves then bore into the stalks or attack the ears,
Pupation occurs usually in the stalks. Two generations a year have
been reported in Italy. S. cretica is said to occur in Algeria,
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Italy,
Iraq, Morocco, Spain and Yugoslavia, It has been intercepted
on numerous occasions in recent years in broomcorn from
Europe, It is not known to occur in the United States, (Compiled-
Plant Quarantine Branch),
nO =
LIGHT TRAP COLLECTIONS
Pp A. 12%, Ex P.mar- H, armi- A. Empoasca
unipuncta. silon ornithog, subterr, garitosa malefida spp,
LOUISIANA — ae
Silse wlOSs 3/1=10 4 5 15 3 1 1
Bat. Ro. 3/1-15 56 29 11 131 1D) 6 fabae
Tallulah 3/21-25 254 42 10 ng? 20 5 4 14
FLORIDA
Belle Glade of4=3/1 3 1
Sanford 24423 /4 8 Le 45 il a*
MISS. (Counties)
Coahoma, 3/18-25 5D 6 5 if
Huraphreys i 292 80 1 if it
ktibbeha uy 34 10 a
rearl R, 2 3 8 i 1
Washington a 126 1 Bh 2 (spp. )
ARKANSAS
Fayett. 3/21-25 25 Q 16
TENN. (Counties)
Shelby 3/16-23 10 5 8
Madison i 18 4 3 3
Lawrence u 5 4 P] 5
Maury " 9) 1D 6
Robertson ul 1 iL 3
Cumberland u 24 7 2
Knox tt if )
Green i 2 2, i)
MD. (County)
Montgomery 3/21-25
*Also three H, virescens.
- 278 -
Other collections ot importance include the following: FLORIDA -
Belle Glade, Diacrisia virginica 9; Sanford, Anisota rubicunda 2,
Anticarsia gemmatilis 1, Trichoplusia ni 56, D, virginica 6,
Herse cingqulata 2, Hyphantria cunea 3, Laphygma frugiperda 1
Prodenia spp. 20.
LOUISIANA - Baton Rouge, Mocis sp. 68, Phyllophaga spp. 40,
Buetheola rugiceps 12; Tallulah, Estigmene acrea 3, Laphygma
exiqua 62, Loxostege similalis 11.
MISSISSIPPI - Humphreys and Pearl River Counties, T. ni 2;
Washington County, Caenurgina erechtea 18.
TENNESSEE - Agonoderus lecontei 33, C, erechtea 77.
STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
STORED-GRAIN INSECTS - VIRGINIA - Activity low through
February on farms in southeastern counties, Expectations are
that damage or activity will not be significant until about middle or
last of May, (Davich).
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
A LADY BEETLE (Coleomeqilla maculata) -ARIZONA - Increasing
each time checked and giving good control of aphids on lettuce and
alfalfa on 1200 acres at Hassayampa, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS
CLUSTER FLY (Pollenia rudis) - PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant
in buildings in Elk, Warren and Venango Counties. (Adams).
OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotrupes bajulus) - MARYLAND - Heavy |
infestation in rafters in home in Baltimore County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ).|
A RAT-TAILED MAGGOT - GEORGIA - Infesting red worm beds
in Lumpkin, March 18, (Jordan),
ADDITIONAL NOTES |
Citrus Pest Situation in Florida:
CITRUS RED MITE (Metatetranvchus citri activity increased in the
second week of March to the highest level in the 5 years of record. |
During the third week of March 88 percent of the groves were infested, |
2 Bi)
There will probably be a reduction in activity on old leaves during
the next 2 or 3 weeks as mites move to new foliage, Unless
abundant rains occur, the situation will be severe through the
post-bloom period. PURPLE SCALE (Lepidosaphes beckii) increased
to a high level during second and third weeks of March, Leveling
off of activity is antictpated, but infestations expected to be
generally high in post-bloom period. FLORIDA RED SCALE
(Chrysomphalus aonidum) increased to high level third week of
March as peak of hatch was reached, SIX-SPOTTED MITE
(Tetranychus sexmaculatus) infestations increased during secend
and third weeks of March and indications are that situation in
April and May will be worse than in 1951, (Pratt, Thompson,
Johnson),
OKLAHOMA - LICE abundant on caitle in western area particularly
Kiowa County. YELLOW CLOVER APHID reported from southern
area, particularly Pontotoc and Kiowa Counties. (Bower ).
Economic populations of latter species found in central area almost
to Kansas border, HORN FLY presen: in smali numbers in most
parts of the State, (Howel.:',
ok 2K 2K OK OK 36 2K 36K 26 OK KOK K
Weather Continued:
Temperatures for the week were below normal throughout the
country. With the exception of the extreme southern tip of Fiorida
and most of California where near normal temperatures persisted.
Precipitation was again widespread throughout the country, but
the regicns that were in greatest need received none or only very
light amcunts. The drought conditions in the lower Western Plains
became worse, and California and the Gulf Coast regions reported
that continued lack of precipitation in their areas was beginning to
have an adverse effect on crops. Heaviest precipitation was centered
again in Tennessee, but amounts of over 1 inch were reported in
the Northeast, along the North Pacific Coast and in the Tampa
region of central Florida,
Tornadoes were reported during the week in east central Ohio on
the 22nd, and in northeastern Tennessee on the 26th, These storms
caused only light damage. Estimates of damage from this week's
storms have not been completed, but will run in the millions of
dollars. Property damage in the Northeast due to the high winds
on the 22nd, and freeze damage to fruit crops in the South and
Southeast during the weekend accounts for the major portion of
this amount, In addition, at least 65 deaths were attributed to
the furies of the weather of the week. (Summary Supplied by U.S,
Weather Bureau),
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~ 281 -
SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954
KANSAS
Reported by D, L. Matthew, Jr.
Forage and Field Crop Insects:
EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) infestations
were lower in Kansas in 1954 than in either 1952-53, Heaviest
infestations continue to be located in the lower Kansas River
Valley and in the northeastern counties where Douglas and
Jefferson Counties have slightly higher populations of over-
wintering larvae (November, 1954) than last year, With the
exception of some small acreages of sweet corn, damage was
not considered serious in 1954, SOUTHWESTERN CORN
BORER (Diatraea grandiosella) populations showed a continued
increase over previous years, and infestations of second-brood
larvae were found in nearly all counties. No infestations were
found in Doniphan and Atchison Counties of northeast Kansas;
however, Brown County was a new distribution record for the
year, Heavy damage occurred to both dryland and irrigated
corn in central Kansas where stalk infestations ranged from
20 to 95 percent, Further loss was caused by the high percent
of lodged stalks (16 to 60 percent) at time of harvest.
GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus spp.) began to appear in south-
eastern Kansas during the third week in April and previously
predicted outbreak proportions were apparent by May l.
(Results of the late summer and fall surveys made in 1953
accurately predicted the areas and intensity of grasshopper
attack that were experienced in Kansas during 1954,) Con-
tinuous warnings of the need for control measures were
released during May, June, and July. In some areas of eastern
Kansas where control measures appeared inadequate or were not
properly applied, widespread loss of corn, alfalfa, soybean,
home garden, and other crops occurred. Many cornfields, already
drought-stricken, were reduced to stubble, large areas of
alfalfa were stripped, and trees in many orchards were defoliated.
Counts of adults ranged as high as 40 to 60 per square yard.
Destructive populations continued until late fall during which time
margins of fields of fall-seeded wheat and alfalfa fields were
stripped, Adult counts and the fall egg surveys indicate potential
infestations of outbreak proportions again in 1955 unless spring
weather conditions and biological factors prove unfavorable,
~ 282 -
WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera) did not
appear as abundant during 1954 as the previous year. Injury
to corn, however, was severe in some localized areas in north
central and northwestern Kansas with highs of 50 to 75 percent
of stalks on the ground in a number of fields. In some fields,
damage to silks and subsequent losses from poor pollination
were the result of beetle feeding activity. Many acres of corn
received very satisfactory protection against rootworms by
Soil application of insecticides in the spring at planting time;
however, little spraying was done to control adult beetle popu-
lations, This species continued to be the most destructive of
the three corn rootworms in Kansas, There did not appear to
be much of an eastward spread of the insect in Kansas during
1954, (Burkhardt), NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (D
longicornis) was generally less abundant and less destructive
during 1954 than in 1953, Light infestations were observed in
northeastern and eastern Kansas with some overlapping with
the western species in north central counties where considerable
injury was recorded in Washington County, SOUTHERN CORN
ROOTWORM (D, undecimpunctata howardi) was present in eastern
and southeastern counties but was not considered much of a
problem as the extreme drought conditions greatly overshadowed |
much insect damage, This species caused considerable lodging
of stalks in a few localized areas of central Kansas where corn
was grown under irrigation, CORN EARWORM (Heliothis
armigera) moths and eggs were observed during second week
in June and the resulting infestation was recorded as one of the
heaviest on record, Earworm larvae, while abundant on corn
in all stages of growth, also damaged and caused partial loss of
sorghum and alfalfa crops, Over $2, 000, 000 loss of corn alone
was recorded. Damage by this insect continued on late corn
and sorghum crops, and moth flights were heavy until late fall
when cold weather began,
FALL ARMYWORM (Laphyqma frugiperda) appeared earlier
than usual, by the last week in June, and was soon established
throughout most of the State, Central Kansas cornfields suffered
severe losses, Many young corn plants were destroyed by
feeding in the whorl and by the later extensive stalk feeding.
Control measures were required in several areas as population
was higher than for several years, CORN BILLBUGS (Calendra spp. }
were most destructive to corn planted in reclaimed river bottom
land along the Missouri River in Doniphan and Wyandotte Counties
in northeast Kansas, Several hundred acres required replanting,
some three times before a satisfactory stand could be maintained.
Another infestation, although minor, was observed in Cloud County,
- 283 -
CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis), while abundant in
many corn and sorghum fields was particularly numerous in
fields of north central counties, The most severe damage was
to sorghums, Heavy populations in whorls prior to heading
restricted proper head development and subsequent feeding
caused a decreased number of properly filled kernels. Indirectly,
a further loss was caused by the aphids as the honeydew apparently
attracted many corn earworm moths. In general, greater numbers
of corn earworm larvae were found on sorghum heads heavily
infested with corn leaf aphids than on heads that were free of
aphids, FALSE WIREWORM (Eleodes spp.) populations have
gradually increased during the past three years and although
numerous beetles were present in several areas of western
Kansas during 1954, the only reported infestations of problem
proportions occurred in some fields of Saline and Dickinson
Counties, Several Le fields in this area peduited aco eas
ment, WHITE GRUBS (Cyclocephala immaculata an yllophaga
spp. ) were not a state-wide aecblen: however, destructive intes-
tations did occur in localized areas in Harvey, Ottawa, Saline,
and Norton Counties, GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) infestations
were very low in Kansas during the spring of 954 and no infes-
tations were observed or reported in the fall. Infestations that
required control were found only in a few localized areas of
Bourbon, Crawford, and Anderson Counties in southeast Kansas,
ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) populations
were light with only a slight build-up on wheat in a few fields
of east central Kansas. No control measures were required
as natural predators developed to control the infestations.
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopoterus) infestations were more
prevalent during 1954 than in the Two previous years, This
general build-up of populations is probably the combined result
of favorable weather conditians plus the increased acreages of
sorghum and winter barley in the infested areas of eastern
Kansas. A November survey of twenty-five counties in eastern
Kansas showed high numbers of this insect in favorable over-
wintering habitats, Counts showed east central may expect light
to severe populations in 1955, Elsewhere in State, counts
were not generally considered of economic importance, ARMY
CUTWORM (Chorizaqrotis auxiliaris; feeding activity began
in mid-February 1954 and continued to cause considerable
damage to seedling alfalfa during March, Damage was extensive
in fields of counties in central, northwest, north central, and
northeast Kansas when no control measures were undertaken.
Infestations in wheat and barley fields caused less over-all
damage than those in alfalfa,
- 284 -
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) developed into a serious
outbreak beginning the third week of May in southeastern and
east central Kansas, causing damage estimated in excess of
$2, 000, 000 to barley, wheat, corn, and improved pastures.
In barley fields, a large percentage of heads were clipped
from the plants by the feeding larvae and losses of 40 to 60
percent were common, Natural predators and parasites of
the armyworm were slow to develop and destruction of crops
continued, where uncontrolied, until the second week of June,
Many thousands of acres of small grains in eastern Kansas
had to be sprayed for control, GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostede
similalis) infestations were unusual by the fact that infestations
that generaliy affect only one cutting of alfalfa continued
throughout the summer, Repeated control measures were
required throughout many areas of central and eastern Kansas,
In addition to the thousands of tons of alfalfa hay destroyed,
many acres of young corn were destroyed and had to be replanted,
PEA APHIDS {‘Macrosiphum pisi) began to appear in great
numbers during the first week of April in southeast area,
Within two weeks, this insect was abundant in nearly every
county in the eastern two-thirds of the State, Many thousands
of acres of alfalfa in the eastern Kansas area received aerial
applications of insecticides. HESSIAN FLY (Phyto haga destructor)
populations continued low throughout Kansas in 1904, Summer
surveys showed low tiller infestations averaging 1-4 percent
in a few counties of southeast and northwest Kansas, Drought
conditions in infested areas favored very littie growth of
volunteer wheat to carry over fly pcepulations until drilled
wheat came up in late fall, Although hessian fly populations are
low at present, the disregard of fly-free planting dates and the
pianting of some nonresistant wheat varieties offer the
possibility of an increase in fly populations in the future,
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) infestations were found
in the spring in several counties of the southwestern area and
later developed further east than usual in localized areas of
Saline and Dickinson Counties. Although summer eggs of the
mites were present in several fields, no mite populations
of any significance were observed in the fall of 1954,
Stored Grain Insects:
several species of DERMESTIDS, primarily Troqoderma versicoior,
but not khapra beetle, were more abundant in stored products
in 1954 than any previous year during which observations of
stored grain pests have been made, Populations of saw-toothed
grain beetle, flat grain beetle, and weevils were low and showed
no appreciable increase above the 1953 level; however, lesser
grain borers have gradually increased the last three years, Flour
beetles were more numerous than in 1953 and populations of Indian-
meal moth showed an increase over both 1952 and 1953,
- 285 -
whace Tree Insects:
SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus)
was found in greater abundance in in eastern
Kansas than in previous years. The distribution of this insect
in Kansas now extends, in the southern half of the State, as
far west as Rush County; while in the northern half of the State,
the beetles have been found as far west as Saline County.
TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus),
GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus spp, ), and BAGWORMS
(Paveidopteryx ephemeraeformis) were the three major pests
of nurseries,
Livestock insects:
SCREW-WORMS (Callitroga hominivorax) were reported from
nearly every county although infestations were not severe.
CATTLE GRUBS (Hypoderma spp.) began to show up in the
backs of cattle about the first week of November and infestation
levels in some counties were reported to be the heaviest
in several years, HORSE FLY populations remained com-
paratively low during 1954 and showed no increase over the
previous year. CATTLE LICE were abundant in a few counties;
however, popuiations in general showed no increase over
1953 reports, HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) and STABLE FLY
— er eT
(Stomoxys calcitrans) were less abundant than 1953, HOUSE
FLY (Musca domestica) populations remained at a high level,
Fruit and Orchard Insects:
GRASSHOPPER (Me:anopius spp.) infestations defoliated all
or parts of apple and peach trees in some home and commercial
orchards in easter: Kansas, TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE
was the most common of ail mites affecting orchards in
Kansas during 1954, Infestations continued in threatening
proportions in some central orchards untii fall. CODLING
MOTHS (Carpocapsa pomonella) were not as easily controlled
in 1954 as in previous years, and a moderate carry-over of
larvae will provide a source of probably infestations for 1955
(Eshbaugh).
Household Insects:
RICKETS an X% ELDER BUGS (Leptocoris trivittatus}) and
CLOVER MITES (Bryobia praetiosa) were the most commonly
reported household pests,
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VOL.5 No. 14 APRIL 8,1955
SARIS
lysis
oT |
Ew :
Coopera tive
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH ff *
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 April 8, 1955 No, 14
COOL RAL iii Ae OnNOMIC INS HOC (REP ORD
Highlights of Insect Conditions
GREENBUG infestations heavy in Hale, Swisher and Deaf
Smith Counties, Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas also
report on this pest, (page 229
ARMYWORM larvae active in Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas,
Overwintering larvae found in Missouri. (page 290 ). Moths
recorded as far north as Kentucky. (page 299).
PEA APHID building up on alfalfa in Virginia and Maryland
and increasing on vetch in Kaufman County, Texas, Light
infestations in Arkansas, Oklahoma and North Carolina,
(page 291 ),
ARMY CUTWORM infestation widespread in south central
Kansas, (page 3801). Also reported from Box Elder County,
Utah. (page 290),
CODLING MOTH emergence expected heavier than usual in
Virginia. (page 293 ),
FRUIT INJURY from cold weather in Indiana, Illinois and
Georgia, (page 294 )
VEGETABLE WEEVIL infestation general in southeastern
area of Louisiana, Also active in some areas of Florida
and North Carolina. (page 295 ).
LIGHT TRAP collections, (pages 299 ).
Summary of INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954 - in Florida (page 303 )
and Pennsylvania, (page 308 ). Also some of the more
important insects of 1954 in Pennsylvania, (page 311 ),
First REPORTED RECORDS for the season, (page 29x ).
eK OK OK OK Rk oR ok Kok oR ok aR ok ok kok ok
Reports in this issue are for the week ending April 1, 1955,
unless otherwise designated,
SOG
WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK
April 1955
The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for April calls for
teraperatures to average below seasonal normals east of the .
Apoalachians ard over the southern half of the nation from
Texas eastward. Above normal temperatures are predicted
in a beit extending from the Great Lakes westward through
the Northern Plains to the Northern Plateau. In areas
not specified near normal temperatures are anticipated,
Precipitation is expected to be above normal over the southern
third of the country, below normal in the northern third, and
about normal in the centraithird, except for generally above nor-
mal amounis along the West Coast. :
This report released by the Weather Bureau on April 1, 1955,
Weather forecast given nere is based on the official 30-day
"Resume and Outlook," published twice a month by the Weather
Bureau. You can subscribe through Superintendent of Documenis,
Washington, D.C. Price: $4.80 a year, $2, 40 for six months.
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING APRIL 4, 1955
Winter relaxed her icy jrip on most of the Nation during the
week, but record snow falls in the northern Rocky Mountain
States and in southern New England during the weekend served
notice that cold weather was still a threac to spring activities.
Extreme temperature contrasts characterized the weather east
of the Rockies during the period. Arctic air, that had brought
record low temperatures to the country as it pushed its way to
the Atlantic and Gulf Coast at the beginning of the period,
remained over the eastern portion of the country during the first
part of the week, ‘This cold air continued to set record low
temperatures for this late in the season, Augusta, Ga., reported
a temperature of 24° on the 29th, and 28° on the 30th. As the
Arctic air moved eastward, the southerly winds behind it brought
temperatures in the 70's back to the country as far north as
North Dakota. The mild temperatures were very favorable for
seasonal farm operations. Temperatures for the week
remained below normal in the Southeast, with southern Florida
(Weather continued on page 302),
3 ORE) -
CERBAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum) - TEXAS - Averages 25-50
per linear foot of row in Farmell area of Parmer County.
Widespread infestation in Hale County of 180-200 per foot,
Heavy widespread infestation in Swisher County, from 500-2000
greenbugs per foot. From 500-2000 per foot of row in Hereford
area of Deaf Smith County. (Gaines), LOUISIANA - Severe
infestation on approximately 75 acres of barley, heavily
parasitized by Aphidius testaceipes in Tensas Parish, (Oliver).
GRASSHOPPERS - OKLAHOMA - Survey March 28-31 in western
tier of counties indicated considerable mortality of grasshopper
eggs from desiccation and parasitism. (Flora).
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - KANSAS - Beginning to
roove from winter quarters to nearby fields of wheat and barley
in infested portions of Elk and Montgomery Counties, (Frazier).
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus liqnosellus) -
FLORIDA - Second and third instar larvae collected from corn
in experimental planting at Gainesville. First report of season
for this area, (Thames),
SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR (Estiqmene acrea) - CALIFORNIA -
Heavy infestations earlier than normal in Los Angeles County.
May need treatment on young grains. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. Ms
CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Wide-
spread infestation on barley in Kaufman County. (Simmons).
OKLAHOMA - Still restricted to counties along the Red River.
(Bower, Henderson).
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - OKLAHOMA - Very
numerous in localized areas in Harper and Beaver Counties where
wheat is being killed. (Flora),
APHIDS ON GRAIN - ARKANSAS - Small grain fields in the southern
half of the State generally infested with one or more species,
English grain aphid, corn leaf aphid, greenbug and unidentified
aphid in numbers up to 150-200 per foot of tiller row, No
observable damage. Parasitism and predatism heavy, particularly
in southwestern counties. (Warren).
2 200) &
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - TEXAS - Medium local
infestation on vetch in Kaufman County. (Randolph), ARKANSAS -
Light infestations on small grains in Union, Ashley and Chicot
Counties, No damage. (Warren). LOUISIANA - From 1-5
larvae per 100 sweeps of 12 inch net in oats in Tensas, Rapides
and Avoyelles Parishes. (Oliver), MISSISSIPPI - Low tempera-
tures will probably cause delay in infestations. (Ins. Survey
and Forecast). MISSOURI - A very few fourth instar larvae
were found in west central area indicating the successful
overwintering of this species in Missouri, (Kyd, Thomas),
VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) - TEXAS -
Medium widespread infestation in vetch in Kaufman County.
(Randolph). ARKANSAS - Light in grain fields in Chicot and
Ashley Counties. (Warren),
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - From 1 per
square foot to 1 per square yard on range at Promontory Point,
Tae a County. May have injury to range and possibly to farms,
Dorst),
SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER(Diatraea grandiosella) - MISSOURI-
overwintering survival in west central area ranges from 5 to 15
percent, Successful survival increasesin southern part of infested
area and ranges from 25 to 55 percent in extreme southwest
corner. (Kyd, Thomas).
SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - LOUISIANA - Light
‘yeneral widespread infestation in the Sugarcane belt in St.
Mary Parish, (Oliver).
SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA -
Considerable activity in Sugarcane, (Oliver).
CRANE FLY LARVAE - MISSOURI - Counts of 0. 5 to 2 per square
foot common in meadows, drought injured pastures and waste
land areas in central Missouri. (Kyd, Thomas),
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEVADA - Adults active;
breeding and egg laying in western counties, Limited adult control
in most valleys. (Gallaway, Mar. 26), MARYLAND - Adults
average 4 per 20 sweeps in alfalfa fields in Cueen Annes and Talbot
Counties. Egg laying underway, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.),
EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera brunneipennis) - ARIZONA -
Ten to 12 larvae per 100 sweeps in 2 fields in Yuma area; generally
lijht in region. Heavy on 80 acres at Phoenix and light to heavy
on 80 acres at Litchfield Park. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
~ 291 -
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - NEVADA - Active
in many alfalfa fields in western area, March 26. (Gallaway),.
MISSOURI - Larvae, all stages, becoming prevalent in clover
and alfalfa over State, Counts of 0, 5 to 4 per crown of red
and ladino clovers and 0,1 to 2 per crown of alfalfa, Five -
10 percent of larvae have fungus disease. (Kyd, Thomas).
ILLINOIS - Eight per square foot in one clover field in
Champaign County. (Petty).
LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) -
MARYLAND - Adults in small numbers in alfalfa in Talbot
County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.).
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - MARYLAND -
Hatching on weeds on sunny ditch bank near alfalfa fields,
Queen Annes County, March 31. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.)
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - CALIFORNIA -
Infested area in Los Angeles County increasing. Infestations
light over much of Imperial County. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ),
NEWADA - Steady increase in population over areas in Clark
County infested during 1954, Now appears that control will be
required on first cutting, (Goff, Mar. 26), ARIZONA - General
throughout Yuma area March 24, Also causing medium to severe
damavre to 1000 acres in the Marana area, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
OKLAHOMA - Small numbers along northern border from
Harper and Nowata Counties and in damaging numbers through-
out rest of central and western areas. Temperatures as low as
six degrees did not appreciably reduce populations, (Flora,
Stiles, Rogers, Howell),
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - ARIZONA - Causing
damage in a few alfalfa fields at Yuma, March 24, More fields
of wheat with noticeable damage in this area. (Ariz. Coop, Rept. ).
MISSISSIPPI - Feeding on clover in Covington County, (Hutchins).
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi)- TEXAS - Medium widespread
infestation on vetch in Kaufman County. Increasing. (Randolph),
ARKANSAS - Very light on alfalfa and Austrian peas. (Warren).
OKLAHOMA - Small numbers in alfalfa in north Oklahoma:
Predators and. parasites very common. (Flora, Bieberdorf, Bryan),
VIRGINIA - Populations increasing in alfalfa over State and will
be causing damaye in one or two weeks if natural control factors
do not develop, Population of 500 per 100 sweeps in alfalfa ina
Brunswick County field. (Morris). Heavy on alfalfa ina
Roanoke County field. (Keaton). NORTH CAROLINA - Light
- 292
infestation on alfalfa in Guilford County. (Jones, MARYLAND -
Building up on alfalfa in Queen Annes and Talbot Counties.
From 6 to 25 per sweep, (U. Md,, Ent, Dept,),
CUTWORMS ~ OKLAHOMA © Active in isolated areas in alfalfa
ne a much of State, Extensive damage in limited areas.
Stiles),
CLAY-BACKED CUTWORM (Sirois ladiaria) - MISSOURI -
Generally widespread over southern two-thirds of State with
numbers reaching economic importance in red and ladino clovers
and some pastures. Counts from 0, 4 per square yard in pastures
to 7 per square yard inclovers. Largely third and fourth
instars, (Kyd, Thomas).
SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardi ) - LOUISIANA - Eight per 100 sweéps of 12 inch net
in California burclover in Avoyelles Parish. Lighter in Tensas
Parish. (Oliver),
ASPIDER MITE (Tetranychina apicalis) - LOUISIANA - Moderate
to heavy on white clover in St. Landry Parish, (Oliver).
TOBACCO THRIPS (Frankliniella fusca) - LOUISIANA - Light to
oueege in white clover In St. Landry and Livingston Parishes.
Oliver).
YELLOW STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithoyalli) - TEXAS -
Medium local infestation on vetch in Kaufman County. (Randolph).
GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - LOUISIANA - Twelve
per 100 sweeps of 12-inch net on California burclover in Avoyelles
Parish, 47 per 100 sweeps in alfalfa in Tensas Parish, (Oliver).
LYGUS BUGS - ARIZONA - Six to 10 lygus bugs per 100 sweeps
at Yuma March 24, apparently becoming more abundant, (Ariz.
Coop, Rept.). LOUISIANA - Eight nymphs and 4 adults per
100 sweeps in alfalfa in Tensas Parish; 44 adults, 41 nymphs
per 200 sweeps in Rapides Parish, (Oliver).
POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - LOUISIANA - One in
200 sweeps of alfalfa in Rapides ; specimen also
taken in 200 sweeps in alfalfa in Lecompte , March 25,
and two in burclover in Natchitoches, March 24, 7 1 (Oliver):
- 293 -
FRUIT INSECTS
CODLING MOTH (Carnocapsa nomonella) - VIRGINIA - Overwintering
larvae in central and southern areas numerous under bark of
trees, Spring brood moth emergence expected to be heavier than
normal, (Morris).
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyaus lineolaris) - VIRGINIA - First
of season jarred from peach trees on March 25, (Morris).
WALNUT SCALE (Aspidiotus judlans-rediae) - CALIFORNIA -
Heavy on peach trees and reported in San Bernardino County.
(Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ).
APHIDS - NEW YORK - A fair number of grain aphids hatched
by March 31. (Wkly. News Lett,). VIRGINIA - Populations
of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and rosy apple aphid
(Anuraphis roseus) extremely low in central area fruit orchards.
Hatchiny complete, (Morris),
PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - OREGON - Adults active and
laying eggs on pear in Benton County. (Jones).
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Arqyrotaenia velutinana) - VIR-
GINTA - A few adults emerging. Damage by first brood likely
in several orchards in Albemarle County, (Morris).
EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM (Lecanium corni) - CALIFORNIA -
Medium to heavy infestations in many apricot orchards in
San Joaquin County. (Calif, Coop. Rept., Feb.).
CITRUS RED MITE (Metatetranychus citri) - CALIFORNIA - Light
but troublesome infestation in citrus orchards in San Diego County,
light to medium in San Bernardino County, light to heavy in
coastal citrus orchards in Santa Barbara County. Control used.
(Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb.).
SOFT SCALE (Coccus hesperidum) - CALIFORNIA - Some severe
ee
infestations in Tulare County citrus. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb.).
YELLOW SCALE (Aonidiella citrina) - CALIFORNIA - Light to
severe infestations in lulare County citrus, control used.
Spot infestation of great numbers found in a Glenn County citrus
planting. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ).
CITRICOLA SCALE (Coccus pseudomagnolarium) - CALIFORNIA-
Light to severe infestations in ‘Tulare eames Giltgucs)(Calit.,ccop:
Rept., Feb. ).
- 204 -
OLIVE SCALE (Parlatoria oleae) - CALIFORNIA - Medium to
heavy infestations in olive orchards and ornamental plants in
Tulare County, Control used. (Calif. Coop. Rept, Feb.).
GRAPE MEALYBUG (Pseudococcus maritimus) - CALIFORNIA -
Severe infestations in Tulare County vineyards, control used.
Light overwintering populations in Fresno County vineyards.
(Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ),
Fruit Injury from Cold Weather in Indiana, Illinois and Georgia:
In the Goshen area of Indiana total fruit bud kill ranged between
50 and 85 percent for peaches and 15 to 70 percent for cherries.
Apple buds appeared to withstand the freeze except for Jonathan
_ which had a kiil of 30 to 65 percent, In the Vincennes area the
percent of remaining live buds of various apple varieties ranged
from 0 to 74. (Hamilton). In the Orleans area of the State
90 to 99 percent of the peach fruit buds and 84 to 100 percent
of the apple buds of most varieties were killed. Cherries at
present show that every bud has more injured blooms than
uninjured, Accurate estimates of fruit damage cannot be
determined at present time. (Marshall). In southern Illinois
there are practically no live buds of peach south of Centralia
and scarcely none of apple south of Carbondale, In the area
south of Carbondale there is practically no fruit left to develop.
(Chandler), The peach crop of Georgia apparently has been
entirely wiped out for the first time since 1899. (Snapp),
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) - CALIFORNIA-
Considerable injury to cabbage in Orange County. Control used.
(Calif. Coop. Rept. ).
IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - MARYLAND - Few
butterflies on the wing at Brinklow, April 3. (U. Md., Ent, Dept. ).
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) -
SOUTH CAROLINA - First eggs aod on potatoes in the Charleston
area on March 25. No larvae found to March 31, (Reid).
TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - VIRGINIA -
Damage very light to plants in one of two plant beds in Mecklenburg
County. Three adults in beds in Brunswick County but some seen
in Mecklenburg County beds. (Morris, Osborne), NORTH
CAROLINA - Moderate infestations of tobacco plant beds in
Sampson and Yadkin Counties. (Scott).
2995 -
MIDGES - NORTH CAROLINA - Severe infestation of midge
larvae (not Smittia) of a tobacco plant bed in Bertie-County,
Twenty larvae found in a 2-inch soil sample, at a 38-inch
depth. Most plants killed, (Gurhrie, Rabb, Scott), Moderate
to light infestations of midge larvae (probably Smittia sp.) in
Forsyth, Johnston, Sampson and Yadkin Counties, (Scott).
GRUBS - NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate to light infestations of
probably Cotinis nitida in tobacco plant beds in Johnston and
Lee Counties. (Scott),
CRANE FLIES - NORTH CAROLINA - Light to moderate
infestation of larvae in tobacco plant beds in Hertford, Lee and
Yadkin Counties, (Scott),
CUTWORMS - NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation of tobacco
plant beds in Sampson County. (Morgan), MISSISSIPPI - Reports
of heavy infestations in onions, corn and gardens from
south and central areas. Low temperature may delay infestations,
however. (Insect Survey and Forecast).
APHIDS - NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation of probably Myzus
persicae in tobacco plant beds in Sampson County. (Moryan).
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) -
NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate infestation of tobacco plant beds
in Sampson County. (Morgan), FLORIDA - Averaging 5 larvae,
pupae, adults per turnip plant in one area in Jackson County.
Infesting tomato plants at Marianna. Control recommended,
(Lamb). LOUISIANA - General widespread infestation in
southeastern area. Severe damage in 2 fields of peppers,
1-2 adults on 25 percent of plants. Ten per plant on straw-
berries in Livingston Parish, (Oliver).
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - TENNESSEE -
Infesting potatoes in Middle Tennessee. (Mullett), OKLAHOMA -
Adult activity and larval populations on spinach foliage greatly
reduced during past 10 days by low temperatures.
March 31, flies common in fields and 10 to 20 percent of
plants contained eggs. (Walton),
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - ARIZONA. - Light on
wrapper leaves of lettuce in several fields at Yuma, March 24,
(Ariz, Coop, Rept.). FLORIDA - Averaged 4 to 5 nymphs
and adults per Irish potato plant in Alachua County, This aphid
is rather widely scattered over the potato-jrowing areas of
Alachua and Saint Johns Counties, (Hunter),
- 296 -
THRIPS - NEVADA - Economic population of onion thrips
present in green onion field in Clark Ccunty. (Gallaway, Mar. 26).
A SPITTLEBUG (A hrot hora sp.) - LOUISIANA - In one field
of Tangipahoa Parish on 75 percent of strawberry plants in shaded
areas, s (Oliver).
A STRAWBERRY PAMERA (Pachycrachius sp.) - TEXAS -
Heavy local infestation of this Iygaeid on strawberries in
Jefferson County, (Fuller).
STRAWBERRY APHID (Capitophorus fragaefoiii) - CALIFORNIA -
In damaging numbers in strawberry fields of Orange and Los
Angeles Counties, in both oid and new plantings. Control
applied. (Calif, Coop. Rept., Feb. ).
SPIDER MITES (Tetranychus spp.} - LOUISIANA -_T, bimaculatus
and T, desertorum in several fields of strawberries in
Tangipanoa Parish, (Oliver), CALIFORNIA - Infestations of
T, bimaculatus in small fruit in southern area increasing.
(Calif, Coop, Rept., Feb. ).
COTTON INSECTS
Cotton Insect Situation, Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas:
Damaging numbers of THRIPS in cotton fields adjacent to onions.
CUTWORMS in all areas, par ticularly where cottcn follows
leafy vegetables, SPIDER MITES in destructive numbers ina
few fields. before the cold weather. BOLLWORM found feeding
on terminal bud of seedlin« plants. (Wene, Dean, Fuller).
DARKLING BEETLES (Blapstinus spp. } - TEXAS - Medium
a a
local infestation on cotton in Nueces County. (Nolan;.
INSECTS AFFECTING OTHER FIBER PLANTS
BOLLWORM (Heliothis armigera) - TEXAS - Light, medium to
heavy widespread infestation on flax in Refugio County. Feeding
on green pods, 15,895 per acre in one count near town of
Bayside March 24. (Smith, Sherrer, Greer),
(ep)
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECT
FALL WEBWORM (Hyphantvia cunea) - FiORIDA - First-instar
larvae in Small webs on sweet gum in Alachua County. (Hetrick).
- 207 -
BARK BEETLES - ARKANSAS - Ips_sp. and Dendroctonus
terebrans active in isolated areas but not causing any serious
damage. (Warren).
PINE SAWFLIES (Neodiprion sp,) - ARKANSAS - Infestations
ae aed disappeared in south Arkansas pine forests,
arren),
COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE (Chrysomela scripta) - FLORIDA -
All stages present in numbers on foliage of willows in Alachua
County. (Hetrick),
DUSKY BIRCH SAWFLY (Croesus latitarsus) - FLORIDA -
First to third instar larvae on river birch trees in Alachua
County. (Hetrick),
WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH (Hemerocampa leucostiqma) -
PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant on roses in greenhouses in
Butler County. Defoliating roses in 3 large ranges, (Adams).
A WAX SCALE (Ceroplastes sp.) - FLORIDA - Light to heavy
on Chinese holly in a Norfolk nursery. (Harrell, Morris).
CAMELLIA SCALE (Lepidosaphes camelliae) - VIRGINIA -
Generally heavy on camellia plants in a Norfolk nursery.
(Harrell, Morris).
EUONYMUS SCALE (Unaspis euonymi) - VIRGINIA - Light to
heavy on Euonymus in a Norfolk nursery. (Harrell, Morris).
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
CATTLE GRUBS - UTAH - Moderately numerous in Kane, Weber,
Grand and Salt Lake Counties, (Knowlton, et al).
HOUSE FLY (Musca domestica) - VIRGINIA - Becoming active
over State, (Morris).
MOSQUITOES - UTAH - First and second instars in a few
breeding ponds in Weber and Salt Lake Counties. (Fronk, Rees).
CATTLE LICE - UTAH - Severe in Kane County with only about
1500 hundred head of cattle known to have been treated. (Rose,
Knowlton). Many herds in Salt Lake County need control,
(Parrish, Knowlton).
- 298 -
SHEEP SCAB MITE (Psoroptes equi var. ovis) ~ VIRGINIA -
Detected on 269 of 982 head inspected by veterinarians in
Virginia during March. Total of 474 sheep dipped for infestations.
(Livestock Health Bull. ).
BROWN DOG TICK (Rhipicechalus sanquineuc! ~- UTAH - Engorged
specimen taken from a dog at Ogden DOSSRAbe 10, 1954.
Det. H. Sollers. (Knowiton).
STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
STORED-GRAIN INSECTS - CALIFORNIA - Granary weevil
(Sitophilus granarius) and saw-~toothec grain beetle (Oryzaephilus
surinamensis) infestation in sacked barley and cats light to
heavy in Colusa County. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ).
KHAPRA BEETLE (Trogoderma granarium) - CALIFORNIA -
Known infestations have been recorded from 16 counties as follows:
Alameda 2, Colusa 22, Fresno 10, Glenn 2, Imperial 41, Kern
19, Kings 3, Lake 4, Los Angeles 3, Madera 1, Riverside 3,
San Bernardino 1, San Francisco 1, Tulare 5, Butte 3 and
Sutter 1. Of the more than 4, 000 properties inspected, less
than 4 percent were found infested. Many infestations of grain
found most recently are on farms where the grain is being held
for feeding or planting and is not a factor in further outward spread,
except as the used bags get back in channels of trade. Control over
the disposition of these bags is being carefully handled by county
agricultural commissioners. (Calif. Coop. Rept., Feb. ).
DIPTEROUS LARVAE - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation in
silage in Cottle County. (Clayton).
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First Reported Records of Season {by areas):
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG hatching, March 31, a Maryland;
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER larvae Florida; COLORADO POTATO
BEETLE eggs, March 31, South Carolina; IMPORTED CABBAGE WORM
adults, April 3, Maryland; RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER adults :
in Virginia; TARNISHED PLANT BUG adults, March 25, Virginia.
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- 300 -
RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY
Living egys, larvae and pupae of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus
woglumi , were intercepted recently in baggage from Mexico on
Calamondin (Citrus mitis) leaves and on sour lime leaves at Nogaies,
Arizona, (Ehringer, Westover) and on citrus leaves at San
Antonio, Texas. (Johnston), This insect is considered an im-
portant pest of citrus and many subtropical plants in Mexico,
. parts of Central Nmerica, the West Indies end the Orient. Injury
‘is caused by the larvae feeding on the underside of the leaves,
This impairs the vitality of the tree, hinders growth and affects
the quality of the fruit. Additional injury results from the develop-
ment of sooty mold in the honeydew excretions of the insect that
.blackens the foliage and mars the appearance of the trees.
Observations on the biology of the citrus blackfly in the Canal
‘Gone indicate that there are 3-6 generations a year with considerable
overlapping of various stages, ‘The eggs are deposited in spirals
of 80-50 on the underside of the leaves, each female depositing
about 100 eggs. Eggs hatch in 11-20 days. There are 3 larval
instars; 7-16 days; 5-34 days; 6-20 days; and a pupal.stage of
16-80 days, Adults may live 6-12 days. The eggs are canoe-
shaped with rounded ends; larvae and pupae black, oval, shiny,
‘and sparsely adorned with black spines; and aduits dark brown -~
with smoky wings marked with a white cross. i
Over 150 hosts have been reported for the citrus biackfly. Pre-
ferred and most important are various species of citrus, mango,
‘coffee, myrtle, cherimoya, sapote, persimmon, pear and quince.
This insect is said to occur in Africa, Bahamas, Burma,-Ceyion,
China; Canal Zone, Costa Rica, Cuca, Haiti, India, Indo-
China, Jamaica, Java, Malaya, Mexico, Nicaragua . Panama,
Philippines, Siam, Straits Settlements, and Sumatra, Itis
not known to occur in the United States, (Compiled-Plant
Quarantine Branch),
The map, prepared by Plant Pest Control Branch, on next
page shows distribution of this insect in Mexico,
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~ 301 -
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS
COLLEMBOLA - NORTH CAROLINA - Severe infestation in
earthworm culture in Guilford County. (Jones, Farrier).
SOUTHERN LYCTUS BEETLE (Lyctus planicollis) - MISSISSIPPI -
Adults emerging from oak floors in Humphreys and Prentiss
Counties. (Hutchins, Cochran).
OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotrupes bajulus) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Found in houses in Lycoming and Perry Counties. (Gesell, Pepper).
ADDITIONAL NOTES
GEORGIA - PLUM CURCULIO appearance to March 25 less than
that of an average year, (Snapp). Heavy damage to onions and
seed potatoes in Spalding and Butts Counties, March 24 by SEED-
CORN MAGGOT. (Beckham),
KANSAS - Fifteen counties of central and south central Kansas were
survyed to determine the presence of APHID infestations and
other insects that might affect wheat, barley, and oats, Minor
infestations of no economic significance were found in a few wheat
fields of Marion and Chautauqua Counties. Counts of these aphids
averaged 2 to 5 per twenty-five sweeps of a 15-inch net. No
GREENBUGS were found; the species collected all appeared to be
ENGLISH GRAIN APHIDS. ARMY CUTWORM was found in nearly
all fields examined in south central counties, Populations ranging
from 1 to 8 larvae per square foot were common in most alfalfa
fields in this area, Counts in wheat, barley, and oats from I to
5 larvae per yard of drill row. Many fall-seeded alfalfa fields
in Cowley, Sumner, Sedgwick, Harvey, Butler, and Reno Counties
require immediate control applications to prevent any further loss
of stand. Many old stands of alfalfa in these counties will require
frequent examination to determine need for insecticides to pro-
tect against loss of a part of the first hay crop, (Matthew),
i
co
(eS)
N)
t
Weatner Continued
reporting temperatures near January levels. Above normal
temperatures returned to the North Central region extending
as far south as the Texas Panhandle and the Ohio River
Valley. New England and California reported near-seasonal
temperatures for the week, but the Pacific Northwest
had temperatures a little below normal during the period.
Except for a few areas of locally heavy amounts, most
of the Nation received little or no precipitation during
the period. Rain occurred every day of the week in
the Pacific North West with accumulated amounts of up
to 4 inches recorded along the coast. Precipitation was
light in the inland areas of this region, but was bene-
ficial to crops. Rain on the 31st and 1st brought heavy
amounts of moisture to the Tennessee, northern Ala-
bama, northern Mississippi area for the third straight
week, Beneficial rains occurred in the dry region of
the Gulf Coast on the Ist, New Orleans reported 0, 46
inches which was the heaviest rain there since February
Zand. Galveston, Tex., recorded 2,73 inches of rain
in 6 hours during the morning of the Ist.
Snowfall, accompanying the passage of a cold front on
the 2nd and 3rd, brought 1 to 2 inches of moisture to
north central Wyoming and south central Montana,
This was one of the most severe spring storms of
record in this area. Salt Lake City, Utah reported
12. 8 inches of snow which was a record fall for April,
Many main highways were blocked by drifting snow,
and some difficulty was reported in keeping communi-
cations open. Another severe snow storm occurred on
the 38rd in southern New England, ‘This was the heaviest
snow of the year for this region, with amounts of up
to 20 inches being reported. This storm was centered
in western Massachusetts, southern Vermont and north-
western Connecticut,
Strong winds were reported during the latter part of the
week from Arizona and western Texas to North Dakota and
Minnesota. These winds brought severe dust storms to the
area resulting in heavy soil erosion losses. Winds of 50-70
mph for periods of 8 to 12 hours were reported in South
Dakota on the 3rd. These winds also caused some structural
dam a4 in western Iowa, (Summary Supplied by U.S, Weather
Bureau).
= ROR) =
“UMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS - 1954
FLORIDA
Reperted by HA. Denmark
QGsreal and Forage Insects:
GRASSWORMS (Mocis spp.) were reported from the southern
part of the State in May and June on pasture grasses and cover
crops. Damage was quite heavy ranging from 3 to 20 per square
foot on millet, Bahia, Bermuda, St, Augustine and Pangola grasses
and sugarcane, The infestations moved to the central, north,
and western areas as the seeson progressed. This pest was
active as late as December es a report was received from the
northern part of the State that grassworms were feeding on
Pangola grass at the rate of 23 per square foot, A CHINCH
BUG (Blissus leucopterus insujaris) caused light to medium
damage to lawns ‘n the southe-n part of State in January; small
patches found infesting St, Augustine grass. Up to 300 per —
square foot in the southern aréa in July and August, and by this
time the insect had spread to all parts of the State, ASOD
WEBWORM (Pachyzancla phaeopteralis) was first reported
from the Seta SEMErET arcs on or, Augustine and Bermuda
grass, averaging 2 larvae per square foot in June. By the
last of July it had spread to the north-central part of the State
with populations up to 40 per square foot, This is a troublesome
pest as controls must be made every 10 days to two weeks in-
the active season, RHODES-GRASS SCALS (Antonina graminis)
is present the year around in the southern part of State on grasses.
Populations up to 300 per square foot reported from Key West
in July. The scale was reported from Gainesvilie on St.
Augustine grass for the first time in November, YELLOW
SUGARCANE APHID (Sipha flava} is a pest of pasture grasses
over State, First reports in April were from the south on
Pangola grass averaging 25 per square foot, Populations con-
tinued to increase up to 500 per square foot at Clewiston in
April and May, By June natural enemies had reduced popu-
lation to a moderate infestation,
VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR (Anticarsia emmatilis) - The
first infestation was reported on soybeans at Belle Glade in June,
By July losses of 15 to 20 percent of soybean crops were
reported from the northwestern area. Infestations ranging
from 1 to 5 per plant in all areas through November on soybean,
velvetbeans, hairy indigo and beans, FALL ARMYWORM
(Laphygma frugiperda ) averaged 60 per square foot on Bermuda
grass in northern area in September, Scattered infestations
- 304 -
of 85 and 125 per square foot also reported, All reports but one
came from north and central parts of State. LESSER CORN-
STALK BORER (Elasmopalpus lignosellus} is usually considered
a minor pest, however, it was severe over the State this past
year due to dry weather, Intestetions up te 50 percent reported
On corn in western area in August and September. An average of
Do per peanut plant was reported from this same area in September.
Stands of corn were reduced up to 30 percent in the Boynton and
Pahokee areas in November with some fields repianted. A
30 percent infestation of blue lupine in central area in December,
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) infestations in the
Pahoxee and Belle Glade areas were as high as 35 percent in
untreated fields of sweet corn in March, 80 percent in April, and
100 percent in May, Infestations were considerably lower than
this in treated fields, Up to 75 percent infestations in scattered
plantings in the northern area in June and July on treated field
corn, One to 20 percent infestations on millet in the north
and western areas in September and November, A SCALE
\Targionia sacchari) , commonly found on lawns and pastures in
the southern area the year round, caused considerable reduction
in growth in areas of high infestations, SOUTHERN GREEN
STINK BUG (Nezara viridula) is usually a pest of minor
importance over State, and is controlled largely by its natural
enemies, Infestations up to 10 per soybean plant in Belle Glade
area in June and scattered infestations up to 25 percent of
soybean plants in centrai area in October and November.
RED-LEGGED GRASSHCPPER (Melanoplus femur-rubrum)
caused some damage on pasture grasses and peanuts in north
and western areas; up to 10 and 20 per square yard on Bahia
grass at Quincy. Only a few infestations required control. |
SOUTHERN ARMYWORM {Prodenia Selsey was injuring
hegari in June in the Everglades and control was necessary.
Some light infestations on pastures in the northern area in
September, RICE STINK BUG (Solubea pugnax) was coliected
in considerable numbers on seed heads of rice in the Everglades
in June, Aiso reported from scattered central and southern areas
on pasture grasses,
A GRASS SCALE (Odonaspis ruthae) averaged up to 1, 000 per
Square foot on grasses in southern area in the summer months, .
Most grasses survive the infestations with only a reduction in
growth, LUPINE MAGGOT (Hylemya lupini)- Early infestations
in January and February caused considerable reduction in growth
in some plantings in the north and western parts of the State,
AMERICAN GRASSHOPPER (Schistocerca americana) was not
the problem it usually is on corn, Soybeans, peanuts, and
pasture grasses in the Gainesville area, BLUEGRASS WEBWORM
- 300 -
(Crambus teterrellus) infested lawns in the spring and early
summer over State, Averaged 30 to 40 per square foot on
Bermuda grass in the Gainesville area in February, By
November, reports were general from south to north, RED-
NECKED PEANUTWORM (Steqasta bosquella) was a pest on
peanuts during midsummer and early fall In the north and
western areas. Average of 15 percent of the peanuts in the
Gainesville area infested in September and October, YELLOW-
STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) infested soybeans
in the northern area at the rate of 2 to 5 percent in November.
Poult Insects (other than citrus): 4
D-BANDED IPS (Selenothrips rubrocinctus) average
to 15 per square inch of leaf surface on avocado, guava, and man-
go inthe Homestead areain July. Also reported from Bartow
area in October, A TORTRICID (Platynota stultana) was infesting
avocados at rate of 50 to 75 per tree in August at Homestead.
Severe damage to lychee on the panicles and young fruit,
FALL WEBWORM ( Hyphantria cunea) was first observed on
pecan trees at Monticelio last of April. Light infestations from
this area in May, BLACK PECAN APHID (Melanocallis caryaefoliae)
was light to medium in July and August at Monticello,
Truck Crop Insects:
SERDENTING LEAFMINERS (Liriomyza sp.) were reported
on potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and squash (0 to 6 per plant) in
March from Dade County. Much higher populations in Palm
Beach County, Also reported infesting crops in south and
central areas from March to November, but no heavy damage.
CABBAGE LOOPER(Trichoplusia ni) caused severe damage in
Sanford area in late-maturing cabbage fields middle of April.
From 2 to 6 per cabbage plant in southern part of the State from
last of April to June 1. A virus gave complete control in the
Belle Glade area by middle of June, CABBAGE APHID
(Brevicoryne brassicae) caused severe damage to crucifers in
the Everglades area in November, GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus
persicae) was a pest on the spring crop of potatoes in Hastings
area, Control measures necessary. Pepper was generally in-
fested in the central area in April and May. Up to 90 percent
of some fields had an average of 10 per plant. GRANULATE »
CUTWORM (Feltia subterranea) was light to heavy on beets,
cabbage, and beans in the Everglades area in April and May.
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus)
caused heavy damage to potatoes last of March at Monticello,
BANDED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica balteata) was
abundant on bell pepper at Sarasota in November, and on beans
in the Everglades. Considerable injury to beans in Belle Glade
area in November. MELON APHID (Aphis gossypii) infested
- 306 -
watermelons generally in the central area in April and May,
however, usually controlled. MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna
varivestis) was a pest of pole beans, string beans, and lima
beans in the north and western areas in May and June, Most
infestations below economic level, TOBACCO HORNWORM
(Protoparce sexta) was infesting tomatoes moderately at Quincy
in June, — High populations (20 to 30 per
tomato plant) were reported from Immokalee in November.
SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL (Cylas formicatius elegantulus) in all
stages was reported on sweetpotatoes in the northern and western
areas from the last of June through December, Infestations
were light to heavy. BEAN LEAF ROLLER (Urbanus proteus)
was reported on beans from Belle Glade to west Florida in
November causing light to medium damage. Up to 75 percent
of beans infested in some fields.
Tobacco Insects:
VEGETABLE WHEVIL damaged up to 10 percent of plants on the
margins of tobacco beds in Gadsden County and adjoining areas
diring June, GREEN PEACH APHID caused light and scattered
infestations from the first of April to the last of June in the
tobacco-growing area, The highest infestation was at Quincy
in April; average of 100 per plant on experimental planting, but
commercial plantings were generally free of aphids at this time,
Most infestations averaged 6 to 10 percent of the plants infested
with 2 to 25 per plant. TOBACCO BUDWORM (Heliothis virescens)
was reported the first of April in the Gainesville area, By the
middle of April, budworms were reported from all parts of tobacco-
jrowing area, from 2 to 20 per 100 plants, Fifty percent of the
Small plants north of Gainesville were infested with 1 to 5 larvae by
the first of May. Controls were being applied in all cases. Egg
deposition was quite heavy in the Suwannee Valley middle of May.
Infestations ranged from 5 to 12 percent until the last of May, at
which time it rose from 25 to 90 percent. Infestations decreased
in June and remained relatively low. TOBACCO HORNWORM
(Protoparce sexta) was reported first of April in Gainesville
area which is the southern limit of the tobacco growing area.
Light infestations (averaging 2 per plant) were kept under control
by most growers with regular applications of insecticides through
most of April. There was a buildup about the middle of May with
some averages as high as 10 to 15 per 10 plants at Quincy and
adjoining areas, Infestations were moderately high through May
(5 to 20 percent of the plants were infested) with a decline in June.
CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) was reported to be causing
light infestations (1 to 1, 000 plants) in Quincy the last of April and
the first of May,
- 307 -
Cotton Insects:
BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) was reported causing light
infestations on cotton from the western area in August, Light
infestations also reported from Sire plantings Sevag lower east
coast in August, COTTON APHID (Aphis gossypii) caused
light infestations, averaging 6 to 16 per plant, in west Florida
in June and on the lower east coast in October. LEAF MINERS
caused some damage in June, Up to 20 percent of the cotton in
west Florida was infested, RED-LEGGED GRASSHOPPER caused
light scattered damage to cotton in west Florida,
Forest, Ornamental, and Shade Tree Insects:
The plants listed below are usually infested with one or more
insect pests throughout the year regardless of the control program.
This report gives the seasonal fluctuation with no attempt to
give a monetary loss.
A BARK BEETLE (Ips calliqraphus) caused light to medium
infestations on nesta the central, north, and west in June, July,
and August. Increases in abundance in the western part of the
State in October and November, PINE WEBWORM (Tetralopha
robustella) caused some damage to young pine seedlings in
the north and north-central areas from June through October,
PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Toxoptrypana curvicauda) was not the
eae it usually is the Homestead area, GREEN SHIELD SCALE
Pulvinaria psidii), which is confined to the southern part of the
State, caused damage to various ornamentals during the warmer
months, APHIDS (Toxoptera aurantii and Aphis gossypii) caused
varying damage to young growth of many ornamentals.
EASTERN LUBBER GRASSHOPPER (Romalea microptera) was a
pest of shrubs and tender growing plants from March through
June, There were heavy buildups of A TEA SCALE (Fiorinia
theae) on camellia during the months of July and August in the
Central and northern areas. The SCALE (Saissetia nigra) was
quite abundant on hibiscus in June, July, and August in the
south and central areas, THRIPS (Frankliniella sp.) infestations
were medium to heavy on flowering plants in April and June in
the central and northern areas,
Insects Affecting Man and Animals:
HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) was first reported from Gadsden
County the first of March averaging 6 per cow. A week later
averaged same on a herd of 25 cows in central area, Infestations
from 6 to 60 per cow in north-central area April 1. During the
same time averages were 3 to 15 in the north, 6 to 100 in the
central, and 75 to 125 in the south. The wide difference in
averages in the same area was partially due to the regularity
in spraying, Infestations continued high (90 to 200 per cow)
in the northern area from April to September. Over 400 per
head reported in the south in August,
- 308 -
700 to 900/head on cattle in Quincy (north) in November while
infestations were considerably lower in the south at this time.
SCREW-WORM (Callitroga hominivorax) - Every calf dropped
in March in the Belle Glade area was infested. Light infestations
were reported in the central, north, and western areas in May
and June, Most infestations were kept down by treating young
calves and wounded animals as soon as they were found, Heavy
infestations were being reported as late as November from
Punta Gorda (south), GULF COAST TICK ‘Amblyomma maculatum)
was the species most often reported on cattle in the southern
part of the State, Populations as high as 815 were reported on
some cows in August. Forty-four percent of 277 cows were
infested with an average of 14 ticks, while 289 cows in adjacent pas-
ture were practically free of the tick, Dipping and rotating the
cattle to fresh pastures helped reduce populations,
PENNSYLVANIA
Reported by J.O. Pepper
Cereal and Forage Irsects:
The ALFALFA WEEVIL (Iypera postica) has been found in 14 -
counties and severe damage occurred in a number of fields,
particularly by larvae on the first cutting in Lancaster, York,
Delaware, and Chester Counties, Recommended standard sprays
to control overwintering adults did not give satisfactory results,
Counties in which the alfalfa weevil has been found are as follows:
York = 1992 Cumberland ~ 1954 -
Lancaster = 1952 Lebanon ~ 1954
Chester = 1953 Berks - 1954
Delaware - 1958 Montgomery - 1954
Adams - 1954 Schuylkill -~ 1954
Franklin = 1954 Dauphin - 1954
Bucks - 1954 Snyder (Originally reported
as Juniata County)- 1954
The ALFALFA PLANT BUG (Adelphocoris lineolatus) was
found in Fulton, Adams, Montgomery, Berks, Lebanon, and
Bucks Counties in late 1958, No damage data are available,
A late generation of ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) caused _
some damage the latter part of July in the following counties:
Lycoming, Lackawanna, Susquehanna, Tioga, Centre, Clearfield,
Butler, Crawford, Erie, Warren, McKean, Potter Sullivan,
Somerset, Control measures were necessary in some sections
and at least 200C acres were sprayed, ‘The actual loss was not
extensive, The spring generation of HESSIAN FLY (Phytophaga
destructor) caused as high as 70 percent lodging of wheat in
- 309 -
Tuniata County and a considerable increase of infested wheat was
noted generally, The fall generation was quite severe in early-
planted wheat in the central area and considerable losses were
noted, Imfestations were also found in barley. EUROPEAN
WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus pygmaeus) infested as high as
50 percent of the stand wit considerable lodging and was
generally abundant in southwestern Pennsylvania, Twenty acres
of wheat was destroyed in Clarion County by WHEAT WIREWORM
(Agriotes mancus), ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Magrosiphum
qranarium) was present generally but not as severe as in 1953,
Coates) measures for MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus =
leucophthalmus) are generally accepted and the average Increase
in dry hay by controlling this pest was over one-half a ton
for the fourth year in succession, Control measures were
necessary in southeastern Pennsylvania for the PEA APHID
(Macrosiphum pisi) in many alfalfa and clover fields, CLOVER
ROOT BORER filestinis obscurus) was very abundant in most :
clover fields a aitne e TWO-SPO1TLTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranyohus
bimaculatus) was observed doing damage in a number of clover
ields. gg punctures by a BILLBUG (Calendra minima) was
noted in much of the wheat stems examined. POTATO LEAF HOPPER
(Empoasca fabae) became abundant aiter the first cutting of
alfalfa, particularly in the southern part of the State. Average _
increases of dry hay of almost one-nalf ton resulted from contro.
measures, The EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis)
was Slightly less than in 1953 and in many parts of the State
evidences of damage were obscured by favorable growing :
conditions, LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris)
was very abundant in south central Pennsylvania and numerous
H. meles were collected,
Fruit Insects:
CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) increased over 1953
and RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutiana) caused
considerable damage late in the season In some sections,
LESSER APPLEWORM (Grapholitha prunivora) increased in ©
northwestern Pennsylvania, MITES are becoming a most im-
portant pest on apples. ‘The PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus
renu anh is much less important on apples than a lew years ago.
APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella) was also considerably
less than 1953, The PEACH TREE BORER (Sanninoidea exitiosa)
increased considerably on plums, prunes, and cherries, An
increase in catfacing injury by PLANT BUGS and STINK BUGS
on peaches was noted. LESSER PEACH BORER (Synanthedon pictipes)
is present in most peach orchards in northwestern Pennsylvania.
GRAPE BERRY MOTH (Polychrosis viteana) was heavier than
in several past years. CHERRY FRUIT FLIES (Rhagoletis cinqulata
and R, fausta) coutime to be a problem in northwestern Pennsylvania.
- 310 -
Vegetable Iasects:
TOMATO RUSSET MITE (Vasates lycopersici) was reported
from Mercer, Fulton, Adams, Franklin, Lancaster, York,
Luzerne, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Berks, and Cumberland
Counties in 1954, ontrol measures were necessary in most
places and in Mercer County three acres of tomatoes were
destroyed, All-infestations were on plants from southern
sources. TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITES severely injured a
tomato field in Cumberland County. POTATO FLEA BEETLE
(Epitrix cucumeris) and TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (E,
hirtipennis) were very abundant on tomatoes in the south
central area shortly after planting. GARDEN SLUGS and
VARIEGATED CUTWORM (Peridroma margaritosa) were
particularly damaging to garden tomatoes. ED-CORN
MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) in many sections damaged
planted seeds and in western Pennsylvania some fields of
Sweet corn had to be replanted. CORN FLEA BEETLE -
(Chaetocnema pulicaria) was quite active on corn in south-
eastern Pennsylvania early in the season, More than the
usual number of reports of the RHUBARB CURCULIO (Lixus
concavus) were received. The POTATO STALK BORER
(Trichobaris trinotata) and POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca
fabae; caused some damage; the latter where spraying of
potatoes was neglected for pea harvestings, Control of
WIREWORMS was necessary in some areas.
Forest, Shade Tree and Ornamental Insects:
The HBUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (Rhyacionia buoliana)
continues to be a major pest of Christmas tree plantations
and ornamental plantings. WEEVILS (Hylobius pales and
Pissodes approximatus) caused extensive damage in plantations,
These pests breed in the cut stumps in Christmas tree
plantations, PINE CHAFER (Anomala oblivia) heavily damaged
the needles of a Scotch pine plantation in Cambria County.
Heavy damage by PINE TORTOISE SCALE (Toumevella
numismaticum) was noted in Clearfield County, Other
insects causing some injury to evergreen plantations were
an APHID (Cinara watsonii) and PINE WEBWORM (Tetralopha
robustella), BLACK VINE WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus sulcatus)
severely damaged taxus and hemlock in several sections,
EASTERN SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes abietis) was severe
in some spruce plantings. Extensive defoliation of forest trees
occurred in southeastern sections of the State by the FALL
CANKERWORM (Alsophila pometaria),
ran fiesta Man and ane i
IES (Stomoxys calcitrans apparen were more
abundant than usual, NOR HERN FOWL MITE (pdetion7eete
- 311 -
sylviarum) was found in several poultry houses,
Household Insects: ‘ :
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa), BOXELDER BUG (Leptocoris
trivittatus) and ELM LEA} BEETLE (Galeruclella xanthomelaena)
Caused considerable concern in homes. CARPET BEETLES
appear to be more common than usual. POWDER POST BEETLES
caused much damage.
2K aK I of ak aK 2 ok ok ok ak 2K 2 ak 2K ok Kk OK
Some of the More Important Economic Insects of
Pennsylvania - 1954, as Evaluated by the Exten-
sion Entomology Office of The Pennsylvania
State University.
Meadow s pittlebug (Philaenus leucophthalmus).
House fly (Musca domestica) . } ape
Biting flies on animals Vi LmOxys calcitrans, Siphona irritans,
Tabanus sp. and Chrysops sp./.
Leathoppers (mainly on hay and potatoes), (Empoasca fabae).
Root maggots - several sp.
Mites - several sp.
Flea beetles - several sp.
Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella).
Cutworms - several sp., including aruryworms.
Wireworms - several sp.
VOL.5 No. 15 APRIL 15,1955
aces
B23
CTT
ave
Cooperative
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
\ rN A
[Pree
Cs Y if
— Y \
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 April 15, 1955 No, 15
COOP BRA WIV ICON OMG WINS © Ae tay sa JO Iss ab
Highlights of Insect Conditions
Heavy carryover of SUGARCANE BORER in Louisiana, (page 315 ).
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL causing damage in Delaware, Missouri
and Illinois, Virginia and Utah also report activity. (page 316).
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG hatching in Delaware, Maryland, and
Pennsylvania, (page 317).
PEA APHID increasing on alfalfa in Delaware, Buildup continues
in Virginia and Maryland, Appearing in several other states.
(pages 317, 328 ),
ALFALFA WEEVIL active in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania,
(page 316 ).
BROWN WHEAT MITE causing damage in wide areas of Oklahoma
and Kansas, Also in Washington County, Utah. (pages 316, 328 ).
Spring POTATO PSYLLID situation, (page 322),
BOLL WEEVIL survival counts in Virginia low. (page 324 ).
Illustrated key to species of TROGODERMA and to related genera
of DERMESTIDAE commoniy encountered in stored grain in
California, (after page 330 ),
LIGHT TRAP collections, (page 326 ), ADDITION NOTES.
(pages 328, 329),
First REPORTED RECORDS of season (by areas), (page 329 ).
2K 2K OK AK OK KK OK ok ok Kk OK Ok OK OK OK OK OF AK OK Ok
Reports in this issue are for the week ending April 8, 1955,
unless otherwise designated.
- 314 -
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING APRIL 11, 1955
Showers and a general warming trend over the Country made the
appearance of spring weather almost a reality during the week.
However, skeptics could point to subfreezing temperatures over
much of the Nation during the middle of the period as evidence tliat
the exodus of winter was not complete, By the end of the week,
temperatures were high again with stations in the northern third of
the Country reporting their highest temperatures of the year,
The major center of precipitation in the Nation was located in the
lower Mississippi River Valley. Southern Tennessee, northern
Mississippi and northern Alabama reported over 2 inches of rain
for the 4th straight week as thunderstorms moved over the area
on the oth and 6th, These heavy showers caused extensive erosion
and flooded low lands, Rains along the Gulf Coast from Texas to
western Florida over the weekend brought locally excessive amounts
of moisture to southern Louisiana, Two inches of rain were also
reported on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Showers were
general, but light, over the remainder of the country, with the
exception of the Southwest, the California Coast and a small area
in ea sontey where no precipitation was recorded during the
period,
Alternating periods of warming and cooling kept temperatures near
normal over most of the Nation during the week, Below normal
temperatures were centered in the western Rocky Mountains where
two cold frontal passages were reported during the period, Cold
air outbreaks east of the Rockies brought subfreezing temperatures
as far south as Oklahoma on the 7th and Virginia on the 8th, However,
above normal temperatures at the beginning of the period and
unseasonably warm temperatures on the 9th and 10th resulted in
above normal temperatures for most of this area. The greatest
positive departures from normal were located along the Canadian
Border in North Dakota and Minnesota, Temperatures above 80
were reported at many stations in this area on the 9th and 10th,
Duluth, Minn, recorded a temperature of 79° on the 10th, which
equaled the station's record for highest temperature this early
in the season,
The severe snow storm, occurring at the end of the last period in
south central Montana and north central Wyoming, continued on
the 4th, Sheridan, Wyo. and Billings, Mont, reported 33 inches
of snow on the ground on the Oth,
Strong winds continued to pummel the drought stricken regions of the
lower Western Plains, Soil drifting was reported from northeastern
New Mexico to southeastern Nebraska, (Summary Supplied U.S,
Weather Bureau).
- 315 -
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
EUROPEAN CORN BORER (mausta yubilalis) - DELAWARE -
Pupation in Sussex County 50 percent compared with 15 at
this time in 1954, (Late News), PENNSYLVANIA - Apparently
little mortality in Blair County as larvae readily feund in corn
stalks, (Udine).
SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA -
Survey of cane trash and early-planted cane for overwinterin
borers in various areas of the cane belt showed 1299 live borers
per acre and 423 dead or percentage of 24,6 dead. This reveals
heavy carryover of borers for fourth consecutive year and
indicated likelihood of a destructive infestation for the coming
season, As there were but few first generation borers in fields
prior to recent cold weather, mortality was probably insignificant,
The delayed development with continueus cultivation, however,
should result in further reducing the winter carryover, (Dugas).
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - LOUISIANA - Twenty-
five per 200 sweeps in white clover in St, Landry Parish, 2 per
200 sweeps of white clover in West Feliciana Parish, (Oliver, Apr. 2).
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - DELAWARE - Few adults
taken in meadow near Andrewsville, (Milliron), LOUISIANA -
One per seedling corn plant in St. Landry Parish, (Oliver).
CORN FLEA BEETLE (Chaetocnema pulicaria) - DELAWARE -
Adults very prevalent, from 2 to 4 per sweep of 15-inch net,
in meadow near Andrewsville and at some places in Kent
County, (Milliron), ILLINOIS - From 0-20 per 10 sweeps in
roadside grass beside old corn fields, apparently highest in
eastern Illinois, (Petty).
ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - MISSOURI -
Light infestation, 4 to25/linear foot of drill row on barley, rye and
wheat in extreme southeast, (Kyd, Thomas),
GREENBUG (Toxoptera qeaminum) - LOUISIANA - Light in
several fields of oats and wheat in Bossier, Claiborne, Avoyelles
and Rapides Parishes, (Oliver),
APHIDS - ARKANSAS - Aphids mostly English grain aphid
(Macrosiphum granarium) and corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum
maidis) generally distributed, but light, in central and north.
western counties, Predators active, (Warren),
- 316 -
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - UTAH - Severely
infesting barley in Santa Clara-St, George area of Washington
County. (Knowiton, Hughes), OKLAHOMA - Numerous in western
and north central areas, Heavy damage in many fields, (Flora,
Henderson, Howell),
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - FLORIDA - Larvae collected
at Gainesville. (Patton), LOUISIANA - Twenty-three per 200
Sweeps of white clover and 20 per 200 sweeps of oats in St. Landry
Parish, 2 per 100 sweeps in oats in West Feliciana Parish, April 2,
Two per 100 sweeps in Avoyelles Parish, and 3 per 100 in
Claiborne Parish on small grains April 7. (Oliver), MISSOURI -
A few moths in small grain fields in southeast as far north as
St, Genevieve County. A very few overwintered fourth and fifth
instar larvae noted but no spring-generation larvae found.
(Kyd, Thomas).
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - DELAWARE - Active through-
out State, severe near Bridgeville, elsewhere scarce to moderately
abundant, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Adults averaging 6-8 per 50
Sweeps on alfalfa in Queen Annes, Talbot, and Anne Arundel Counties.
Larvae beginning to damage tops of plants, A few adults taken
by sweeping in Baltimore and Frederick Counties. (U.Md., Ent, Dept. ).
VIRGINIA - Adults active: 4 per 100 sweeps in Loudoun, Stafford, and
Spotsylvania Counties, 3 per 100 in Fauquier County. (Morris, Muka),
CLOVER LEAF WEBVIL (Hypera punctata) - DELAWARE - Heavy
damage to red clover at Kenton and many other locations. Common
on alfalfa but less destructive, (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Two larvae
per 100 sweeps in Rockbridge, Frederick, Orange and Bedford
Counties. (Morris), ILLINOIS - State average 11. 4 larvae per
square foot and range in all fields 1. 5 to 30.5 per square foot with
highest population in southeastern, east-southeastern and central
areas, Insect less abundant than at same time for previous two years,
although two reports of severe leaf ragging, (Petty). MISSOURI -
Evidence of damage in all areas, From 3-18 per square foot of
red clover and 1-7 per square foot of alfalfa in east-central area,
From 0,5 to 4 per square foot in red clover and alfalfa in
southeast. Larvae in ali stages and about 10 percent show fungus
disease, (Kyd, Thomas), UTAH - Adults on alfalfa at Leeds.
(Knowlton),
LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - DELAWARE-
Adults active on red clover. Many small to half-grown larvae at
most locations, (Milliron).
- 317 -
SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - DELAWARE -
Adult injury noted from Newark to Harrington, (Milliron),
MISSOURI - Moderate to heavy damage to sweetclover along
Mississippi River bottoms. Four to 5 adults per crown in one
St. Genevieve County field. (Kyd, Thomas).
CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - VIRGINIA -
Adult population per 100 sweeps by county: Frederick 2,
Fauquier 4, Stafford 20, Spotsylvania 19, Culpeper 14,
Orange 1. (Morris),
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - DELAWARE -
Adults collected in red clover near Felton, (Milliron), VIRGINIA -
In connection with surface woods trash examination for surviving
boll weevil in southeastern counties, bean leaf beetle was found
at rate of 1-11 beetles per 10 square yards of trash, (Cotton
Ins. Sect., VPI Ext., and Va. State Ent, ).
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - DELAWARE -
Hatching well underway on alfalfa, clovers and other plants in
Kent and Sussex Counties. Beginning in New Castle. (Milliron).
PENNSYLVANIA - A few nymphs hatched in alfalfa and clover
in southern Lancaster and York Counties. (Pepper). Eggs about
ready to hatch in Washington County. Readily found in Blair
County. (Udine). MARYLAND - Scarce but beginning to hatch
on alfalfa and red clover over most of State. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.).
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - ‘WERGINIA - Increasing rapidly
on alfalfa throughout State, Surveys of alfalfa in 9 counties
revealed populations from 10 to about 1000 per sweep of 15-
inch net, heaviest in Bedford County. Indications heavy
populations also in more southern counties. (Morris). MARYLAND-
Building up tremendously on alfalfa on Eastern Shore, From
20-450 per sweep in Queen Annes and Talbot Counties, Only 6
per sweep in Montgomery County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.).
PENNSYLVANIA - Very few in alfalfa in Lancaster County, (Pepper).
DELAWARE - Increasing on alfalfa and clovers in some
locations. (Milliron), ILLINOIS - Extremely light in northern
two-thirds of State. Average of 1.6 per 10 sweeps in clover
and alfalfa in southern third. (Petty), MISSOURI - Very light,
0-2 per sweep, on alfalfa in southeast. (Kyd, Thomas), UTAH -
Observed on alfalfa at Leeds, (Knowlton), ARIZONA - Appearing
in alfalfa in Marana-Sahuarita areas April 4-6. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
- 318 -
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - OKLAHOMA -
Widespread in most parts of State. Spraying common in most
areas, (Bryan, Flora, Bieberdorf, Howell), ARIZONA -
Heavy buildup in Salt River Valley alfalfa April 1. General
in Marana-Sahuarita areas April 4-6, Spotted damage in Graham
County, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
FLOWER THRIPS (Frankliniella tritici) - LOUISIANA - Heavy on
white clover in West Baton Rage Parish, (Oliver),
TOBACCO THRIPS (Franklinella fusca) - LOUISIANA - Moderate
on white clover in St. Landry Parish, April 2. and on crimson
clover in Claiborne Parish, April 7. (Oliver).
GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - LOUISIANA - Thirty-
six per 200 sweeps of white clover St, Landry, 23 per 200 sweeps
Fast Feliciana Parish, April 2, Twenty per 100 sweeps in crimson
clover in Claiborne Parish and 15 per 100-sweeps on alfalfa Bossier
Parish, April 7. (Oliver). ARKANSAS - Infestations relatively
heavy in alfalfa, Up to 2 first to third-instar larvae per sweep of
12-inch net, (Warren),
LEAF HOPPERS - ILLINOIS - One female Empoasca sp. collected
on red clover at Eldorado April 6. (Petty).
VA. -. Population in alfalfa per 100 sweeps (by county)
hy cea 3, Augusta 4, Fauquier 4, Stafford 12, Spotsylvania 5,
Morris),
POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - LOUISIANA - Thirteen
per 200 sweeps in California burclover and 6 per 200 in white
clover at Baton Rouge March 30, Fifteen per 200 sweeps in
sweetclover and 41 per 200 sweeps in California burclover at
Baton Rouge April 4, (Oliver),
CRANE FLIES - TENNESSEE - Heavy infestation in about 300
acres of ladino clover and pastures in Hawkins County. (Dozier),
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyqus lineolaris)- DELAWARE -
Adults numerous in crimson clover at Greenwood, less abundant
in other legumes, (Milliron). PENNSYLVANIA - Adults in hay
in Lancaster County, April 5, (Pepper). LOUISIANA - Two adults,
7 nymphs per 200 sweeps of white clover in St. Landry Parish;
23 adults, 8 nymphs per 200 sweeps of sweetclover and 20 adults,
13 nymphs per 200 sweeps of burclover East Baton Rouge Parish;
6 adults, 4 nymphs per 200 sweeps of vetch West Feliciana Parish,
April 2. Twelve adults, 8 nymphs per 100 sweeps in alfalfa,
Bossier Parish, April 7, (Oliver), ILLINOIS -Average of 0,1 and 0. 4
adults per sweep in alfalfa and clover in southwestern and
southeastern areas, respectively. (Petty).
- 319 -
LYGUS BUGS - ARIZONA - Building as in alfalfa in areas of
Maricopa County, (Ariz, Coop. Rept.).
BRISTLY CUTWORM (Lacinipolia renigera) - DELAWARE -
Continues abundant in forage legumes generally. (Milliron).
CLAY-BACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis gladiaria) - MISSOURI -
Light to moderate populations, 1 to 12 per square yard, continue
to damage red clover, alfalfa and pasture over much of southern
two-thirds of State, Larvae mainly third and fourth instars.
Damage light but increasing. (Kyd, Thomas).
CUTWORMS - LOUISIANA - Agrotis ypsilon and Feltia subterranea
averaging 1 per 3 linear feet of row in St. Landry Parish, pril 2,
These species continue to cause considerable damage to young
corn and soybeans in this parish, April 7. (Oliver).
ARKANSAS - Agrotis sp. infestations light in alfalfa and crimson
clover in northwestern area, (Warren). TENNESSEE - Heavy
scattered infestations in pasture fields in north central area,
(Mullett), Small numbers of Feltia ducens in most alfalfa
fields and in a few pasture and smalt grain fields in northeastern
counties, Cutworms ranged from 2-3 per square foot in
Sevier County to less than 1 per square foot in more northern
counties, (Dozier).
FRUIT INSECTS
CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Overwintering larvae in Wilkes County survivied the freezing
temperatures of late March, (Turnipseed).
APPLE APHID (Aphis pomi) - OREGON - Hatching on apple,
April 4, at Hood River. (Elertson), Hatching March 28 at
Milton-Freewater. (Wallace), NORTH CAROLINA - Young
aphids, recently hatched, killed by freeze of late March in
Wilkes County. There was only a partial hatch and remaining
eggs ‘. show no evidence of being affected by the weather.
(Turnipseed).
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - OREGON - Hatching
March 9 at Milton-Freewater, Abundance low compared with
previous years, (Wallace), UTAH - Some present in peach
hlossoms at Leeds, (Knowlton),
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) -
PENNSYLVANIA - Moths depositing eggs in most apple orchards,
Adams County, April 4. (Asquith).
- 320 -
EUROPEAN-RED METE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - NORTH
CAROLINA - Newly-hatched mites on apple in Wilkes County killed
by freezing temperatures of late March, but unhatched eggs -
appear not to have been affected, (Turnipseed). VIRGINIA -
Eggs light to medium in apple orchards in northern area but
heavy in scattered orchards, Hatch expected by April 15. (Hill).
SCALE INSECTS - VIRGINIA - FORBES SCALE (Aspidiotus forbesi)
and SCURFY SCALE (Chionaspis furfura) infestations light
and scattered in apple orchards of northern part of State,
TERRAPIN SCALE (Lecanium nigrofasciatum) infestations light
in Rappahannock County. (Hill), NEW YORK - SAN JOSE
SCALE and LECANIUM SCALE reported in more
than usual numbers and building up in Monroe County. (Corey).
A LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) - VIRGINIA - Adults first
observed emerging in northern apple orchards, March 31. (Hill).
ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - NORTH
CAROLINA - Overwintering pupae in Wilkes County unaffected
by freeze of late March, (Turnipseed),
PEAR THRIPS (Taeniothrips inconsequens) - OREGON - Peak of
emergence reached April 3 in Willamette Valley. (Jones).
Abundance low compared with previous years. (Wallace).
PEAR PSYLLA {Psylla pyricola) - OREGON - Actively laying -
eggs Since March 17, Hood River. {Ellertson), NEW YORK -
Egg laying fairly heavy in protected orchards in Ulster County,
but cool weather apparently held up usual egg laying for this
date. (Palmer). Eggs found in small numbers, April 6, Wayne
County, (Small). First adults found February 20, during a
warm spell, and first eggs found April 5 in Niagara County,
(McNicholas). Eggs found in limited numbers in Monroe County,
(Corey), Fair number of eggs April 6 in Orange County.
(Zaharchuk),
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Few on peach buds at York, April 7. (Pepper).
PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - VIRGINIA - Emergence
expected ina week or 10 days. (Hill).
A LEAF ROLLER (Platynota stultana) - FLORIDA - Averaging
1 to 4 larvae per panicle of lychee at Merritt Island, Brevard
County. (Pinkerton).
- 321 -
BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) - NEW YORK - Hatching
on April 5 in Orange County, (Zaharchuk),
EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) -
DELAWARE - Hatching as far north as Newark, Small nest
conspicuous in wild cherry trees from Hartly southward,
(Milliron),
MEXICAN FRUIT FLY (Anastrepha ludens) - TEXAS - In the
Rio Grande Vailey area more adults trapped this period than any
other 15-day period this season, In 11 properties a total of i1
A. ludens, 7 females (2 of which were gravid) and 4 males were
taken, All specimens were trapped in Hidalgo County, The fruit
fly population, as revealed by traps, has been comparatively
low throughout the year as only 29 adult_A, ludens have been
trapped. Two larval infestations were found in grove in-
spections, the first of the current season found on March 22,
in grapefruit, near Mercedes, and the other also in grapefruit,
was found near Mission, March 28, Both infestations were very
light, each containing only one infested fruit. (Mex, Fruit Fly
Cont, Proj., 16-31),
CITRUS THRIPS (Scirtothrips citri) - ARIZONA - Increased from 5
per 100 terminals” March 28 to 134 per 100 terminals April 4
on navel oranges at Tempe, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
CITRUS BLACKF LY (Aleurocanthus woglumi) - MEXICO -
Infestation found in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, immediately
across the Rio Grande from Laredo, Texas was most significant
finding in the northeastern area during this period. This new
infestation found March 15 consisted of only one leaf, and was
located 3 blocks from the nearest infested property of 1954,
Seven new infestations were found in the Victoria district, Nuevo
Leon, this period. (Citrus Blackfly Cont. Proj. , March 16-31).
SIX-SPOTTED MITE (Tetranychus sexmaculatus) - FLORIDA -
Infestations continue to increase on citrus and becoming severe
on new leaves. (Pratt, Thompson, Johnson),
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - ARIZONA - Light
infestation in all early fields of cantaloup in Salt River Valley,
March 31, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
- 3822 -
Spring potato psyllid situation
A survey in late March of psyllids on wild host plants in the over-
wintering and spring breeding areas in the Southwestern States
showed above normal populations were available to move into
northern potato and tomato growing areas in Colorado, Utah,
Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana, The highest populations
occurred in central Arizona where they averaged 225 per 100
sweeps. This is double the population occurring in 1954 in this
area, An average population of 13 in southern California is
one-third of that in 1954, In southwestern Texas and scuthern
New Mexico psyllids averaged 22 per 100 sweeps which is about
half as many as occurred in 1954,
It is believed that southern California is the source of psyllids
infesting northern Utah during the summer months, central
Arizona is the source for psyllids infesting eastern Utah and
western Colorado, and the Texas-New Mexico area is the source
for eastern Colorado, eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska,
In the latter area epidemic numbers resulted during the summer
in 1949 following a spring population of 18 in the Texas-New
Mexico area, in 1950 following a spring population of 19, and in
1953 following a spring population of 29, Few previous records
are available for comparison in the areas west of the mountain
range.
The development of epidemic numbers in the Northern States in 1955
will depend on weather conditions during May and June when the
northward movement occurs, Slightly above normal temperature
in May and about normal temperature in June in the Northern
States is favorable for a psyllid movement, (Wallis).
CABBAGE APHID - DELAWARE - Light infestation on seeding
cabbage near Georgetown, (Milliron),
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Tobacco plant beds in Moore and Scotland Counties with 3-4
aphids per leaf in limited areas along margins of beds. (Guthrie).
IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - DELAWARE - Adults
in flight generally in Kent and Sussex Counties, (Milliron).
AN INTRODUCED FLEA BEETLE (Phyllotreta cruciferae) -
er al - Adults active near Townsend on turnips and kale,
(Milliron),
- fields in which stalks have been destroyed showed survival in
- 323 -
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) -
LOUISIANA = Continued to threaten strawberries in Tangipahoa
Parish, Moderate in onions in West Feliciana Parish, Severe
on peppers in St, James Parish, April 2, Severe infestation
on tomatoes, cabbage and turnips in Ascension Parish, (Oliver).
THRIPS - ARIZONA - Light infestation on 80 acres of onions
in Maricopa County, March 25, (Ariz. Coop, Rept.).
ONION THRIPS (Thrips tabaci) - LOUISIANA - Moderate
infestation in onions in West Feliciana Parish, ( Oliver, April 2).
CLAYBACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis gladiaria) - LOUISIANA -
Very severe infestation in home gardens in Claiborne and
Webster Parishes, 75 percent of garden peas destroyed.
: Average of 1 cutworm per linear foot of row and up to
5
larvae observed under one plant, Claiborne Parish. (Oliver).
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - DELAWARE is
Adults at many locations in Kent and Sussex Counties, (Milliron),
FLEA BEETLES - TENNESSEE - Becoming active in tobacco
beds in Greene County and causing scattered damage to beds
not killed by last freeze. ( Dosieel
TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - NORTH
CAROLINA - Moderate infestations continue, (Scott), VIRGINIA
Evidence of light feeding by adults in several plant beds in
Pittsylvania County. (Dominick),
NORTHERN MOLE CIRCKET (Gryllotalpa hexadactyla) Tie
NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestation in tobacco plant beds in
Onslow County. (Algood).
COTTON INSECTS
PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - Total
season's inspection to Marc shows average of about
5 hibernating larvae in each 100 bolls examined since January 1.
Fifty-one percent of fields examined showed living pink boll-
worms in bolls from standing stalks while only 16 percent of
“surface debris, All areas report no evidence of mortality of
hibernating pink bollworms from the recent freeze, (PBW
Cont, Broly
- 324 -
Boll Weevil Survival Counts, Virginia:
Surface trash examinations for surviving boll weevils in southeastern
Virginia have been completed, Live boll weevils were found at
rates of O to 968 per acre with average of 73 per acre. The
1954 fall examinations showed average of 2, 759 weevils per acre
for Southampton County while spring examinations at same sites
showed no weevils, In Mecklenburg County, 484 weevils per
acre were found in 1954 fall survey compared with 193 per
acre in spring of 1955, In Brunswick County, there were 2,130 .
weevils per acre compared with 96 in spring examinations. The
1954 fall examinations showed an average for all samples of
2,033 weevils per acre compared to 73 per acre in spring of 1955,
Percent survival was 3.5 percent, (Cotton Ins, Sect., VPI Ext.,
and Va, State Ent. ),
Cotton Pest Situation, Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas:
SPIDER MITES found widely but numbers do not justify control
measures, Very light infestations of BOLLWORMS in a few
older cotton fields. Low numbers of COTTON APHIDS and
FLEAHOPPER adults, THRIPS damaging seedling cotton in
fields adjacent to onions, (Wene, Dean, Fuller),
AN ANT (Solenopsis sp.) - ARIZONA - Damage to seeds in 25
acres early cotton in Continental area, About 40 percent of seeds
affected, The ants eat into the seed after it has softened,
Det, F.Werner, (Ariz, Coop, Rept. ),
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
ORANGE TORTRIX (been citrana) - IDAHO - Found on
geranium cuttings by a florist in Twin Falls and submitted for
identification in December 1954, Plants were shipped in from an
infested State, As far as known this is the first record of a
collection of the species in Idaho, (Douglass, Manis).
RLM LEAF BEETLE (Galerucella xanthomelaena) - ARIZONA -
Beginning to appear on élm in Bhoentx, ontrol started, (Ariz,
Coop. Rept, ),
TENT CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma pluviale and M, disstria) -
OREGON - Surveys in northwestern area indicate lower infestations
than last year in most cases. Where most serious infestations
occurred in 1954 there are, as a rule, no signs ef eggs, Apparently
larvae starved for lack of food. Where lighter infestations occurred
a few eggs can be found, especially on preferred hosts such as wild
apple, None to two egg masses per three minutes of examination
were the usual find with an occasional five or six per three minutes.
This indicates infestations will probably be spotty, (Roth),
BOXWOOD LEAF MINER (Monarthropalpus buxi) - NORTH
CAROLINA - Mcderate infestation in Jackson County, (Scott).
OYSTERSHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi) - VIRGINIA -
Infestations heavy on lilacs in northern Virginia, (Jackson).
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
BEDBUG (Cimex lectularius) - OKLAHOMA - Reported from —
several apartments in Oklahoma City. (Rogers).
HEAD LOUSE (Pediculus humanus capitis) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Medium infestation on a child in Wake County. (Jones).
MOSQUITOES - FLORIDA - Mansonia perturbans, in adult stage,
collected in Highlands County. Adults of Wyeomyia vanduzeei and
W, mitchelli fairly abundant in shady hammocxs in same county.
(Weems). VIRGINIA - Anopheles punctipennis observed biting
during week March 15 at Charlottesville, (Bobb).
CATTLE GRUBS - OKLAHOMA - Heel fly activity at high level
over most of State, (Howell).
EAR TICK (Qtobius meqnini) - UTAH - Less numerous in ears
of young cattle at Milford than in springs of 1953 and 1954.
(Esplin, Knowlton),
A BUFFALO GNAT (Prosimulium pecuarum) - ARKANSAS -
Being found in most southern counties, Although not as heavy
as in some years, bothering cattle to some extent, (Barnes, April 5).
CHICKEN MITE (Dermanyssus gallinae) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Laying house of over 1000 birds severely infested in Scotland
County, (Farrier).
STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
KHAPRA BEETLE (Trogoderma granarium) - ARIZONA - Moderate
to severe infestation in 3 large grain and seed mills and 1 farm
storage barn in Phoenix area, Also in 1 retail feed store at
Parker, (March reports), (Ariz, Coop, Rept. }.
A BULB MITE (prob, Rhizoglyphus echinopus) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Caused about ‘30 percent loss of 3, 000 gladiolus bulbs in storage
in Alamance County. Easter lilies in Scotland and Wake Counties
infested, some almost commercially unsalable, (Farrier),
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TERMITES - VIRGINIA ~ Flights attracting attention. (Morris).
MARYLAND - Reports of swarming from several counties,
(U. Md., Ent, Dept,), OKLAHOMA - Swarming widespread.
(Howell). PENNSYLVANIA - RB. flavipes swarming in Jefferson,
Westmoreland and Butler Counties. (Adams, Udine). :
MISSISSIPPI += Winced-forms of Reticulitermes flavipes emerging
in Coahoma, Lee and Leflore Counties. (Hutchins).
OLD HOUSE BORER (Hyiotrupes bajulus) - MARYLAND - Infesting
timbers of home in Anne Arundel County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ).
ELM LEAF BEETLE (Galeruceila xanthomelaena) - PENNSYL-
VANIA - Causing concern eround homes in Adams, Columbia,
Delaware and Centre Counties, (Pepper, Gesell, Menusan, Adams).
GERMAN COCKROACH (Blattella germanica) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Large apartment building in Alamance County generally infested.
(Scott).
THRIPS - MISSISSIPPI - Thrips, probably Frankliniella fusca,
reported many times coming to lights, entering houses and cars
and biting people at Starkville. (Hutchins).
RECENT IMPORTANT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY
Living larvae of the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppEesealis (wi
=simplex (Btlr. ))*, were intercepted recently in rice straw irom |
Japan at Houston, Texas (Slobodnik) and at New Orleans, Louisiana
(Hamilton). This insect is considered a serious pest of rice
in the Orient, It is said to occur from India east to China, Japan
and Korea, south to Malaya and the East Indies and east through
the Pacific Islands to Hawaii. It has become established in recent
years in the rice growing areas of Spain. In addition to rice, it
has been reported attacking sugarcane, corn, sorghum, millet,
species of Typha and Phragmites and various grasses, Injury to
rice is caused by the larvae feeding in the stems, Young plants
when attacked are severely injured, often killed, Older plants
are weakened so that they are easily flattened by wind or rain
and fail to produce full heads of grain. Many dead shoots and
leaves appear in heavy infestations,
Observations on the biology of the insect indicate that it hibernates
as a mature larva in straw or stubble. The number of generations
vary from 2 to 4, Adult emergence in spring is very irregular.
*Kapur, A, P, 1950, The identity of some Crambinae associated with
sugarcane in India and somé species related to them. Roy. Eni, Soc.
London Trans. 101(11): 389-434,
- 328 -
Mating and egg laying occur soon after emergence. Eggs are
deposited in large irregular clusters, often as many as 100, on
tips of leaves or under leaf sheaths. Larvae on hatching bore into
the stem, Many larvae may occur together, Larval stage lasts
about 4 weeks. Pupation occurs in the stems, Pupal stage
averages 10 days.
Living larvae of C, suppressalis have been intercepted on numerous
occasions in rice straw from the Orient used as packing for china
and brass ware, carved wood and curios and in rice straw mats or
rope used as dunnage aboard ships. It is mot known to occur in
the eee United States, (Compiled - by Plant Quarantine
Branch),
ADDITIONAL NOTES
KANSAS - Non-economic infestations of GREENBUG (Toxoptera
raminum) were found in several central and south central counties,
ounts per foot of drill row of wheat and/or barley ranged from 0,5
to 5 aphids per foot. Sweep counts ranged from 3 to 10 greenbugs
per 25 sweeps of a 15-inch net. ENGLISH GRAIN APHIDY Macrosiphum
qranarium) were found on wheat in nearly all fields in this area,
Counts averaged 5 to 10 aphids per 25 sweeps of a 15-inch net,
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) has begun to appear in nearly all
alfalfa fields in central and southern Kansas and as far north as
Ottawa County, Counts very light, only 5 to 20 aphids per 425 sweeps
of a 15-inch net, (Matthew). Very light, scattered colonies of
small aphid, probably YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis
trifolii), found on alfalfa in southern Sumner County. ‘This aphid
also was reported on alfalfa in Meade County. Specimens being
confirmed. (Frazier), ARMY CUTWORMS (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris)
found in wheat, barley, and alfalfa fields of central and south
central Kansas. Infestations of economic importance were foun in
seedling alfalfa fields of Reno, Sedgwick, Sumner, Harper, and
Kingman Counties. Counts in fall-seeded alfalfa averaged 2 per
square foot. No counts of over one larva per square foot in wheat
or barley fields in this area or in most wheat fields of western
Kansas, (Harvey, Depew). Light to severe infestations of BROWN
WHEAT MITE (Petrobia tatens) occurs throughout south central
Kansas, Counts on well-established wheat range from 25 to 60
per linear foot of drill row, Counts in many drought-affected
wheat fields ranged from 40 to over 400 mites per foot of drill row.
The counties in which the heavier infestations occur are Reno,
Kingman, Pratt, Barber, Harper, Sumner, and Sejgwick, (Matthew).
- 329 -
Counts in wheat fields of the two tiers of counties south from
Ellis and Russell Counties ranged from 25 to 100 mites per foot
of drill row. (Harvey). Counts in western Kansas range from 29
to 100 per foot of drill row with heavy infestations in fields of
volunteer wheat, (Depew), Examination of girdled corn stalks
showed 100 percent winter mortality of Southwestern corn borer
(Diatraea grandiosella) larvae in one field in Geary County (central)
and in one in Cloud County (north central), Another field in Cloud
County showed 10 percent survival,
Bee eta - aera te area, April 13) - ora
arpocapsa pomonella) overwintering larvae under bar
on trees about usual in numbers. Spring brood emergence expected
to be normal. APHIDS hatching complete. Populations below
normal, ORCHARD MITES overwintered populations slightly less
than usual except CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) which has
become more widespread with substantial increase in numbers.
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) egg-
laying has been comparatively light. Population appears to be
rather low. (Hamstead),
First Reported Records of Season (By Areas):
APPLE APHID hatching, March 28, Oregon; GREEN PEACH APHID
hatching March 9, Oregon; RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER ovipositing,
April 4, Pennsylvania; A LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) adults
emerging,March 31, Virginia; PEAR PSYLLA ovipositing,
March 17, Oregon, and eggs April 5 and 6, adults February 20,
New York; TARNISHED PLANT BUG, April 7, Pennsylvania;
BLACK CHERRY APHID hatching April 5, New York; EASTERN
TENT CATERPILLAR hatching in Delaware, and SEED-CORN
MAGGOT adults noted in same State; and CORN EARWORM moth
at Stuttgart, Arkansas.
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
W. C. JACOBSEN, DIRECTOR
SACRAMENTO
March 10, 1955
ILLUSTRATED KEY TO SPECIES OF TROGODERMA AND TO RELATED GENERA OF
DERMESTIDAE COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN STORED GRAIN IN CALIFORNIA
The keys which follow are partly original work and partly from three other sources:
1. Hinton, 1945; 2. Beal, 1954; 3. Howe and Burges, 1955. The adult characters
distinguishing the species of Trogoderma are largely the work of Okumura. The
larval key is by Blanc and the characters used are from Hinton and Beal except
for particularly important characters defining granarium, which are from Howe and
Burges.
References cited are:
1. Hinton, H.E. Beetles Associated with Stored Products British Museum, 1945.
2. Beal, R. S. Jr., Biology and Taxonomy of the Nearctic Species of Trogoderma
University of California Pub, in Ent., 10(2): 35-102, 1954.
3. Howe, R. W., and Burges, H.D., Trogodeyma afrum Pr., a synonym of
T. granarium and a comparison with T. versicolor, (In press).
To work the keys it is necessary to make microscopic dissections of adults and
slide mounts of the larvae. Some of the drawings are diagrammatic and complete
in detail only to the extent necessary.
Ae ADULTS
a Head with a median ocellus (A); species
usually less than 5.5 mm. long..cc.ce02
Head without an ocellus; species usually
55=12 mm. long..eeeeDERMESTES Linnaeus
2{1). Prothorax without cavities for the
reception of the antennae or, if
cavities are present, they are not
visible from frontal view. Dorsal.
surface always hairy, only rarely with
a few patches of scale-like hairs
among normal hairs. .cecesrecccccccceced
Prothorax with cavities for the reception
of antennae (B); dorsal and ventral
surface clothed entirely with triangu-
lar or broadly oval scales
tevcccccceccecocvecs HN THRENUS Fabricius
3(2). Hind tarsi with basal segment as long or
longer than second..TROGODERMA Berthold C ee
Hind tarsi with basal segment much shorter
than second (C)..-e-ATTAGENUS Latreille
(3). Greatest width of male genitalia more than
2/3 the length of aedeagus (D)..sceeree-D
Greatest width of male genitalia less than
2/3 the length of aedeagus (E)--seee+e0e8 D
simplex
5(4). Tergite of first periphallic segment almost
straight at middle of distal margin(F)..6
Tergite of first periphallic segment forming
an angle at middle of distal margin (G)
oc ccccaccccccccccecccesecen Simplex Jayne
simplex
6(5).e Width of bridge of male genitalia narrower
than aedeagus at point where they cross
each other Ci) eiicisisilelslelcicieioletolelels\sieleie(eierele!|
Width of bridge of male genitalia as wide or
wider than aedeagus at point where they
cross each other (I)...eegranarium Everts
XX
versicolor I Os granarium
7(6) Ninth abdominal segment or ring segment of
male flattened ventrally (J); inner
margin of eyes emarginated (A)
versicolor (Creutzer)
Ninth abdominal segment or ring segment of
male rounded ventrally (K); inner margin
of eyes not emarginated....-parabile Beal
J K
8(4). Third segment of male antenna minute, about versicolor parabile
1/2 of either second or fourth segments parabile
in length and width; segments of club Voooo dO CCL >
only moderately eccentric (L)...cccccecce?
L sternale
Third segment of male antenna approximating
second and fourth segments in length and
width; segments of club decidedly Doc IUCS
eccentric or pectinate (M)..ornatum (Say)
9(8). Median section of bridge between lateral
lebes of male genitalia more or less
straight (N) coerccesecceesSbeInale Jayne
Median section of bridge between lateral
lobes of male genitalia arched (0)
@eeeeeeceeeoeenvneneaneeeooeosnee grassmani Beal
B. MATURE LARVAE
1. Urogomphi present on dorsum of 9th
abdominal segment(A)..DERMESTES Linnaeus
Urogomphi EUSISsTelig GOOOCOODDODOUOGOOO000000008
2(1). Hastisetae (spear=headed hairs) present on
abdominal tergites (B).ecccccceccccccee3 E585 55>
Hastisetae absent..ceceeATTAGENUS Latreille B
3(2). Tufts of hastisetae on abdominal tergites
arising entirely from a membranous area
on the caudo=-lateral edge of segments;
hastisetae from right and left sides
usually converging over the cauda (C)
ecccccceccccccnccceeeANIHRENUS Fabricius
Tufts of hastisetae on abdominal tergites
arising from the sclerotized dorsal
surface of the segments; hastisetae not
obviously convergent over the cauda (D) D
ecesccevccceecccceee LROGODERMA Berthold h
SN TTT
PH a
AILIANN\NRE LTT NR
HAAN AANYY
(3). Second antennal segment 3 times length of
1st (E) occcccccccccccccces Simplex Jayne
Second antennal segment less than twice
length of ist CP) eevee GaccesesscicesceeD
-3- E
simplex parabile
5(u)-
6(5).
7(5)«
8(7).
Setae of basal antennal segment arranged in
a whorl, almost completely encircling
the segment, setae not bunched on the
mesal side of the segment (G)ieedeeco
Setae of basal antennal segment bunched on
mesal side of segment, 1/3 or more of
the outer portion of the segment bare
CH) )ejsle cle'c oleicicielelele siclelslojalola cle cieleisiele'e sieleie olf
Abdominal tergites 1 through 8 each bearing
a transverse line (antecostal suture)
near the anterior margin of the
sclerotized area (I); 2nd antennal
segment normally without setae (G)
ececcacaccceeccoae sVErsicolor (Creutzer)
Abdominal tergites with antecostal suture
on segments 1 through 6, but with suture
faint or interrupted on 7th and usually
absent. on 8th (J); 2nd antennal segment
with or without a seta (K)
ccccceccvococccoocccoccefranarium Everts
Setae of anterior portion (acrotergite) of
ist abdominal tergite all sufficiently
long to extend caudad across the
antecostal suture (L); accessory papilla
of 2nd antennal segment extended
distally into a sharp point (M).ce.sceed
Setae of lst abdominal acrotergite short,
at least part of the more anterior setae
not sufficiently long to cross the
antecostal suture (N); accessory papilla
of 2nd antennal segment rounded distally,
not with a sharp point (0)&(F)
occcocccecccoccecsccvcccces sparabile Beal
énd antennal segment without setaee ccceoce 9
2nd antennal segment normally with one or
two setae (P) .scccceveccssSternale Jayne
versicolor grasemani
sternale
9(8). CO Qoue.1me’]
ce) uoSTpeIl
el iy 872 O¢-H1/F sSoToUus
(seqtmop) “NNSL
‘qzajqns ezebiuze vuopsdd esoysebseut -“foyyturzo eyoundtun
eno SIIJOTIeH ~«©- Stjo HY euloIpljed eluepoiq etyeTepnesd
(penutyu0D) SNOLLOAT1IOO dvb LAO
- 370 -
Sm re ee ee ee ee es ee ee ee ee ee
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) caused heavy damage to
seediing cabbage, broccoli and beans on Maui during first quarter of
1
v °
The taro leafhopper (Megamelus proserpina) was reported in an
outbreak at Honckohau Valley, Maui, in the third quarter of 1954,
The infestation was due to planting material prought from an infested
area, About 100 specimens of the egg predator, Cyrtorhinus fulvus
were sent from Honolulu and have brought the outbreak under full
control.
A MITE (Paratetranychus mangiferus), a new record for the Territory,
was found in large numbers on Eugenia jambos leaves on Oahu in
September, 1954,
(Weber)
es ee ee re ee we ee es ee es ee ee
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - TENNESSEE - Causing
much concern around residences in Clarksville area. (Scott),
VIRGINIA - Invading homes in Hampton (Adams) and in Richmond
ae MICHIGAN - Abundant at St. Johns, Jackson, and Lansing,
‘ Hutson),
TERMITES - RHODE ISLAND - Swarms of Reticulitermes flavipes
reported intermittently since March 4, especially large numbers
recently. (Mathewson), CONNECTICUT - Winged forms appeared
in buildings March 9, now appearing outside. (Johnson):
BOXELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) - MICHIGAN - Generally
abundant, (Hutson),
A POWDER POST BEETLE (Lyctus sp.) - WASHINGTON - Infesting
oak flooring in Okanogan and Asotin Counties, Also infesting wicker
baskets in Clark County. (Brannon).
eral.
AD DMM ONATN@T
eS
op
GEORGIA - LESSER PEACH TREE BORER (Synanthedon pictipes) -
Infestation is moderate in some peach orchards, iight in others. (Snapp).
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - Moderate leaf feeding
by larvae in a crimson clover pasture in Spalding County, April 13.
(Beckham), TOBACCO HORNWORM (Protoparce sexia) - pupae
numerous in old pimento pepper field in Spalding County. (Beckham).
TENNESSEE - Severe infestations of dingy and clay-backed CUTWORMS
in pastures, gardens and truck crops in Middle Tennessee. (Mullett).
Cutworms (Feltia sp.) were also found to be numerous in alfalfa and
pasture fields in central and western counties, averaging 1 to 3 per square
foot. Cutworms are also causing local damage to tobacco beds in
Robertson County. (Dozier). First instar ARMYWORMS (P. unipuncta)
in Middle Tennessee in small grain. Infestations appear spotied and
light. (Mullett}, APHIDS are abundant in many grain fields in central
and western counties, from 0 to 80 per plant. No damage noticeable.
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL found in most alfalfa fields, ranging up to 4 per
square foot. Approximately 25-50 percent of larvae diseased. (Dozier).
First Reported Records of Season (by areas)
ARMYWORM moths at Champaign, Illinois, April 21, and in Montgomery
County, Maryland, April 18; larvae in Tennessee and North Carolina.
CORN BILLBUG damage in South Carolina April 11. SIX-SPOTTED
LEAFHOPPER at Urbana, Illinois. BEAN LEAF BEETLE out in
Missouri and Illinois. TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE eggs hatching
in Indiana and Ohio. PLUM CURCULIO taken from peach trees in
Maryland and Pennsylvania. CODLING MOTHS emerging in Oklahoma
and Virginia. RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER hatching in Virginia.
CURRANT FRUIT FLY emerging Hubbard, Oregon, April19. PLUM
GOUGER collected Payne County, Oklahoma, Aprill6é. BOLL WEEVIL
on cotton at Waco, Texas, April 20. TICKS appearing southern Ilinois
April 16 and Rhode Island. LADY BEETLE larvae in Kansas April 19.
CORN EARWORM larvae southern Missouri and Arkansas. YELLOW-
STRIPED ARMYWORM in Pulaski County, Arkansas and at Gainesville,
Florida,
‘
Danie
a a!
arti
VOL.5. No. 18 MAY 6,1955
Cooperative
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Dssued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH a
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 May 6, 1955 No, 18
COOPERATIVE HC ONOMIC INS ECL REPO R dt
Highlights of Insect Conditions
ARMYWORM outbreaks in areas of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia,
Tennessee, South and North Carolina, Economic infestations appear-
ing in southern Missouri, Moth flights in Kansas, Illinois, Delaware ~
and other areas, (pages 375, 395), Also see LIGHT TRAP COLLEC-
TIONS, (page392 ),
EUROPEAN CORN BORER mortality 19 percent in Minnesota, (page 376 ).
GRASSHOPPERS hatching in Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas and New
Mexico, Threatening populations in southern Clark County, Kansas.
Numbers appear above normal for time of year in Arkansas, (page 377),
CUTWORMS causing-damage over wide areas of Alabama, Kentucky,
Tennessee and Missouri, Several other states also report damage.
(pages 377, 384),
ALFALFA WEEVIL continues to spread in Virginia; now found in
several southernmost counties, (page395), Heavy damage in
Maryland and Delaware. (page 380).
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE unusually abundant in Alabama and
moderate at Charleston, South Carolina, Also active in Delaware and
V rginia, (pages 386, 395).
VEGETABLE WEEVIL damaging crucifers in Alabama and Mississippi.
Infesting tobacco in areas of North and South Carolina, (page 385).
THRIPS light to medium on cotton in several Texas counties. Appear-
ing on seedling cotton in Mississippi and Louisiana, (page 389),
Status of HALL SCALE in the United States. (page 382).
Request for COTTON STEM MOTH survey. (page 396).
NOTES received too late for inclusion in the body of this issue. (p. 395),
First reported records of season, Page 395),
Se ROK RAK KCK
Reports in this issue are for the week ending April 29, 1955 unless
otherwise designated,
- 374-
WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK
May 1955
The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for May calls for temperatures
to average below seasonal normals west of the Continental Divide,
along the Atlantic Seaboard, and in the Northern Plains. Above
normal temperatures are predicted over the remainder of the nation
With greatest departures over Texas and adjacent states.
Precipitation is expected to exceed normai over most of the
northern third of the nation. Subnormal amounts are anticipated
over the Southern Plains and in the Southeast. In areas not specified
near normal rains are in prospect.
This report released by the Weather Bureau on April 29, 1955.
Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume
and Outlook", published twice a month by the Weather Bureau. You
can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C. Price: $4.80 a year, $2. 40 for six months,
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MAY 2, 1955
The week was unusually cool west of the Continental Divide, in the
Ohio Valley and along the Atlantic Coast, and abnormally warm in the
Mississippi Valley and Great Plains. General precipitation occurred
in the Northwest and along the Pacific Coast at the beginning and end
of the period, scattered showers fell in the Mississippi Valley about
mid-period, and over the Northeast during the first 4 days of the
period, while the week was warm and sunny in most of the South. West
of the Continental Divide temperatures for the week averaged from
6° to 12° below normal. Subfreezing minima overspread all of this area
except extreme southern portions on the 27th when a low of 31° was
recorded at Fresno, Calif., and minima of 28°, 32° and 37° were at
record low levels for so late in the season at Medford, Oreg., Red Bluff,
and Bakersfield, Calif., respectively. Some snow fell over the northern
Rockies and northern portions of the Great Basin on the 26th; Salt Lake
City, Utah reported 5 inches. The past month has been one of the coldest
Aprils on record in the Pacific Northwest.
(Weather continued on page 396). —),
- 370 -
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
eee
becoming very Sévere in oat fields where soil completely shaded,
Up to 22 per square foot in several fields in Madison Parish, Twelve
to 16 per square foot in two large oat fields in Red River Parish,
Three to 5 per square foot in 10 parishes in northern part of State,
with occasional armyworm found in oats and barley in several other
parishes, (Oliver), ARKANSAS - Remains relatively low in east
central area, Light infestation in grain in Prairie, St. Francis, —
Cross and Poinsett Counties. Larvae in third instar or above indicat-
ing recently-deposited eggs from heavy moth flights not yet hatching.
Heavy flights in northeastern counties during last two weeks, (Warren),
ALABAMA - Reports of outbreaks continue from parts of western
and northern Alabama, Specific information on damaging numbers in
Perry, Dallas, Lowndes,Montgomery, Greene, and Limestone
Counties, (Arant), GEORGIA - Severe damage to oats in Sumter
and Houston Counties, Some fields completely destroyed before dam-
age noted, (Jordan), TENNESSEE - Reports indicate armyworm
occurring in outbreak numbers in middle Tennessee May 2, Larvae
small, (Stanley, Telegraphic Report) NORTH CAROLINA - Infest-
ing oats and fescue in Carteret County, 200 larvae per square yard
in some areas, with oats destroyed and fescue cut back severely.
(Weisman), DELAWARE - Numerous moths, including gravid
females, inflight at Newark April 21. (Milliron), ILLINOIS - Flight
moderate in eastern area, occasional moth in northern counties.
One larval infestation in extreme southern Illinois, Total of 153
moths collected in light trap in eastern area April 23, (Petty et all) is
MISSOURI - Economic infestations of first and second instars appear-
ing in rank small grains in southeast and southwest corners of State,
Moderate moth flight continues over State. (Kyd, Thomas), KANSAS -
Moths in fields of barley and wheat in central counties. Also light
to moderate flights at lights in this area. No spring-generation
larvae observed, (Matthew).
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - LOUISIANA - Infestation
The following may be of interest as a comparison with armyworm
infestation for the same period during past two years: 1954 - Armyworm
was serious and widespread over Tennessee; seriously infesting grains
at Stoneville, Mississippi; extremely severe in upper Mississippi delta
of Louisiana, and heavy, 6-50 per square foot, in some areas of
Arkansas. The infestation was general and widespread in southern
Missouri and small larvae were appearing in southern Illinois.
1953 - Large numbers of moths were active in middle and west
Tennessee, central Ohio, southern Indiana and in IMinois, Moths
were also active in Delaware and a few small larvae were appearing
in grain in middle Tennessee.
- 376 -
BUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - ILLINOIS - Casual
observations show 10 percent pupation at Carbondale. (Petty et al),
MINNESOTA - Recent mortality survey in 28 counties in southern
two-thirds of State showed average of 19 percent of borers examined
were dead. This compares with 25 percent mortality in spring of
1954 and 20 percent in 1953, Mortality by State crop reporting
districts is as follows: southwest 29 percent, south central 28,
southeast 13, west central 8, central 15, east central 28, The sur-
viving borers appear in very good condition: and there are sufficient
numbers to cause damaging infestations, especially in southwest and
west central districts, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv, ).
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Very abundant on
alfalfa and clovers, tnewaacing in New Castle County. (Milliron),
PENNSYLVANIA - Abundant in some alfalfa fields in southern area,
(Pepper), NORTH CAROLINA - Damaging alfalfa in Yadkin County.
(Smith), TENNESSEE - Very abundant in alfalfa fields (all badly
injured by late frost); however, fungus diseases, lady beedles and
syrphids have reduced infestations. (Mullett), LOUISIANA - Over
200 per sweep in hairy vetch and Singletary peas in Tensas Parish,
(Oliver), ILLINOIS - Average population for State on alfalfa and
clover is 26 per 100 sweeps, highest in northeastern area with average
of 52 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Numerous parasites
and predators and above normal temperatures have kept infestations
on alfalfa along Mississippi River to minimum, from 5-21 aphids
per sweep, (Kyd, Thomas), KANSAS - Beginning to increase in
northern area; however, infestations still considered light and remain
below 200 aphids per 25 sweeps of 15-inch net, (Matthew), Popula-
tions have increased in several local areas of southwestern counties
and beginning to require control, Counts of 100-200 per sweep ina
few fieids, (Gates), UTAH - Appearing in some alfalfa fields in
northern area, (Knowlton), MARYLAND = Infestation general on
alfalfa, light to heavy from Worcester to Washington County. Fungus
disease high in some fields on lower Eastern Shore and appearing in
central and western areas, Many winged forms noted, (U. Md.,
Ent, Dept. ),
LEAFHOPPERS - ILLINOIS - Three specimens of Empoasca sp,
collected in northeastern area, (Petty et al), DELAWARE -
Aceratagallia sanquinolenta very abundant on red clover and alfalfa
in some areas, (Milliron), LOUISIANA - Five potato leafhoppers
(Empoasca fabae) taken at Natchitoches, 4 at Benton on alfalfa and
1 at Alexandria on burclover April 26, (Oliver),
GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - ARKANSAS - Infestations
in northwestern area continue relatively heavy on alfalfa and other
legumes, One to 5 per sweep of 12-inch net, Total of 70 first-ceneration
adults collected at light trap at Fayetteville April 28, (Warren),
- 377 -
GRASSHOPPERS - ARIZONA - From 60 to 100 per square yard by
middle of April in spots on San Carlos Indian Reservation in Graham
County. Dominant species Aulocara elliotti, Melanopius mexicanus,
and M, cuneatus. ‘Trimerovropis pallidipennis causing concern in
Scottsdale area, Maricopa County, moving into borders of irrigated
crops, SOUTH DAKOTA - Eggs in southeastern counties in good con-
dition, development normal, TEXAS - First and second instar Melanoplus
differentialis in southern and south-central areas by April 18. AS high
as 50 per square yard in Falls, McLennan and Robertson Counties,
(Grasshopper Cont, Proj,). NEW MEXICO - Beginning to hatch
April 23 in lower half of State. Only non-economic species involved.
(Dobson), KANSAS - Infestations, range species, building up to
threatening populations in rangeland in Cimmaron River Valley,
southern Clark County, From 2-10 first to third instars per square
yard. Spring hatch not noticeable in central Clark County. (Gates).
Melanoplus spp, now found in most fields, Spring hatch progressing
as predicted from last fal!'s surveys, Newly~hatched nymphs in all
fields surveyed in 12 central and north central counties, From 1-8
nymphs per square yard in infested fields. Eggs of M. differentialis
and M, bivittatus still found in abundance, indicating hatching of
these species not started, (Matthew), MINNESOTA - M, femur-rubrum
showing no development but egas of M, bivittatus in coagulated stage.
(Minn, Ins, Repti, Serv,), MisSOURI - M, temur-rubrum, M. mexicanus
and M, bivittatus hatch continues slowly in southern half of State. From
1-12 per square yard in fence rows and fteld margins and O-6 per square
yard in pastures and alfaifa, Hatch of 5-10 percent of M, bivittatus
eggs occurred in west central area during week. (Kyd, Thomas :
ARKANSAS - Hatching of Melanoplus sp, well underway over State,
(Warren), Began first week in April in south Arkansas, First and
second instars in alfalfa and other forage crops in northwestern area,
Numbers appear above normal for time of year. (Warren).
CUTWORMS - FLORIDA - Some heavy infestation of black cutworm
(Aqrotis ypsilon) and granulate cutworm (Feltia subterranea) in Everglades
area, about 13 cutworms per square yard in one weedy field, (Genung,
Questel), ALABAMA - Granulate cutworm reported from many sections.
Damage to cotton, corn, peanuts, vegetables and other plants, (Arant),
KENTUCKY - Clay-backed cutworm has been especially destructive to
small grains, lespedeza, clover and alfalfa in western and south central
areas, In some fields as many as 40 per square yard, (Price).
GEORGIA - Moderate infestation on young peanuts following small
grain stubble in Seminole County, (McGill), TENNESSEE - Feltia spp.
still doing damage in scattered pasture fields over most of State, (Mullett),
crane - veins common in light traps at Athens. reuel: MiSs Cun -
Feltia subgothica and_A, gladiaria larvae largely in last instar an
damage increasing on alfalfa, clovers and pasos! Early-planted
corn heavily damaged in fields where vegetation plowed under, Counts
2878)
from O=2 per square foot in legumes and 0-3 pe ard of corn row,
Parasitism, mainly by Apanteles sp., from 5 to 20 percent, Light
numbers of small larvae of A, ypsilon in extreme southeast; light moth
flight continues over much of State. From 0-2 Peridroma eee
larvae per square foot in alfalfa in southern third of State, From 0-1
bronzed cutworm, nearly mature, per square yard in pastures and other
grassy areas in southwest. (Kyd, Thomas), MICHIGAN ~ Cutworms
abundant at Paw Paw, (Hutson), NEW MEXICO - Large numbers of
moths in flight. (Dobson, Apr. 23). UTAH - Severely damaging
alfalfa in Millard County, (Rickenbach, Knowlton), CALIFORNIA -
Glassy cutworm (Crymodes devastator) found severely injuring Merion
blue grass in mountainous area of Kern County and in Yolo County,
Dame oy this species vare in California, (Cal. Coop, Ins, Rept.
pr. 423).
AN ARMYWORM {Leucania latiuscula) - FLORIDA - Considerable
numbers on grasses at Belle Glade, Many parasitized and diseased,
- (Genung, Questel),
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - Severe injury
in Promontory area of Box Elder County. (Allred).
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - FLORIDA - Two larvae per
ear on sweet corn at Vero Beach, (Burnett), LOUISIANA - Larvae
per 100 sweeps in crimson clover: 27 in Lincoln Parish, 11 in
Claiborne Parish and 42 in Natchitoches Parish, Three to 5 in white
clover in Acadia Parish, (Oliver), ARKANSAS - Light in alfalfa, Larvae
all sizes, (Warren),
. SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER (Diatraea grandiosella) - OKLAHOMA =
Pupation of overwintered borers as follows: Payné County 7 percent,
Pontotoc County 14 percent, Tulsa County 4 percent. Pupation also
noted in Choctaw and Creek Counties, (Arbuthnot).
FALL ARMYWORM (Laphygma frugipera) - FLORIDA - Spotty infesta-
tions on corn in Everglades area, (Genung, Questel),
A WEBWORM (probably Nomophila noctuella) - MISSOURI = Half to
full-grown larvae pleat into margins Of spring oats and causing
moderate to heavy damage in southwest area, (Kyd, Thomas).
SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis)- LOUISIANA - Beginning
to show increased activity In some varleties of sugarcane. Four egg
masses found per man hour and 22 stalks per 200 feet of row showing
feeding in Assumption and Iberville Parishes. Two to 4 stalks per 200
feet showing feeding in West Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver).
= BS)
A SEED-CORN BEETLE (Agonoderus comma) - MINNESOTA - Large
numbers of adulis on warm days since April 10 in Twin Cities area,
(Minn. Ins. Rept, Serv. ).
SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - LOUISIANA - Three to 6
stalks showing feeding per 200 feet of row in St. Mary, Assumption,
and Iberville Parishes. (Oliver), MISSISSIPPI - Damaging corn on
several farms in Webster County, Specimens from Scott County,
(Hutchins), ALABAMA - Adults attacking corn in Baldwin County.
(Zimmer), NORTH CAROLINA - Four percent of corn plants wilted
from activity in Hyde County, (Weisman), Adults numerous in light
trap in Duplin County, (Mitchell),
TWO-SPOTTED SPI DER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) - CALIFORNIA -
Very numerous on lower leaves of Sweet corn in Orange County fields.
(Campbell),
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - MISSOURI - Heavy damage
to germinating corn and garden seeds in Scattered localities over southern
half of State, (Kyd, Thomas).
FALSE WIREWORMS (Eleodes spp.) - KANSAS - From 1-5 larvae per
square foot in wheat and 1-9 larvae per square yard incornland, Nearly
all larvae full grown, (Matthew),
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - MISSISSIPPI - Infesting corn plants
in Webster County. (Hutchins), NORTH CAROLINA - Heavy local
infestation in wheat in Pender County. (Honeycutt), Adults in flight
in Raleigh, (Jones), ILLINOIS - Flying generally throughout eastern
area but have not become established in grain fields. (Petty et al).
MISSOURI - Scattered heavy infestations, up to 22 per foot of drill
row, in a fields of small grains in west central area, (Kyd,
Thomas),
CORN ROOT WEBWORM (Crambus caliginosellus) - MISSISSIPPI -
Adults swarming at lights in Forrest County. (Broome),
CORN FLEA BEETLE (Chagtocnema pulicaria) - NEW JERSEY ~ Noted
on sweet corn in Burlington County April 23, (Merrill), ILLINOIS -
Fifteen adults per 100 sweeps in bluegrass beside old corn fields in
northeastern area, 19 per 100 in eastern area, (Petty et al).
GREEN JUNE BEETLE (Cotinis nitida) - FLORIDA - Two to 6 larvae
per square foot damaging grass at Gainesville. (Kerr).
- 380 -
GREENBUG (Toxoptera graminum).- TEXAS - Light to medium wide-
spread on wheat in Swisher, Deaf Smith and Castro Counties. Popula-
tion has declined considerably in last two weeks, Hardly any in
Swisher County, 50-300 still in spots in Deaf Smith and Castro Counties,
(Daniels), KANSAS - Found in one field in southern Marshall County,
Three aphids per 25 sweeps, (Matthew).
ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum qranarium) - KANSAS - Non-
economic infestation found in 12 counties in north central area, From
d-12 aphi&per 25 sweeps of 15-inch net in wheat and barley. (Matthew),
APHIDS - ARIZONA - Heavy infestation in wheat and other small grains
in Casa Grande area, controls applied. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS -
Medium to heavy widespread infestations of Aphis sp. on grain sorghum
in Nueces County. (Cooper).
YELLOW SUGARCANE APHID (Sipha flava) - FLORIDA - Lower popula-
tion in cane than a year ago at Belie Glade; only a few fields show
infestation. (Genung, Questel).
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - DELAWARE - Widespread moderately
severe to very heavy at Middletown. Very heavy some fields between
Smyrna and Bridgeville, {Milliron), PENNSYLVANIA - Adults fairly
abundant in southern Franklin County. Adults and larvae in Delaware
and Chester Counties, (Pepper, Menusan), UTAH - Moderately numer-
ous throughout Box Elder County. (Knowlton, Allred), MARYLAND -
From 1-15 adults per 10 sweeps in 11 fields in Frederick County, Most
larvae smail but damage bejinning in this area, In southern Maryland
and Eastern Shore damage to most unsprayed fields is heavy. From
4-20 adults per 10 sweeps and 3-17 larvae per sweep in Talbot and
Worcester Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.),
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - ILLINOIS - Population x
continues to decrease, primarily due to fungus disease. Highest popula-
tion, 17 per square foot, in red clover in northeastern area, Cocoon
formation in central, eastern and northwestern areas, In general,
forage crops growing away from the damage, (Petty et al).
MISSOURI - Economic infestations now only in a few fields of alfalia
and red clover in central area, Fifty to 70 percent mortality from
fungus and 5-10 percent pupation. (Kyd, Thomas). KANSAS - Light in
red clover in Jackson and Nemaha Counties, 1-5 larvae per crown in.
infested fields. Few larvae appear infected with fungus, (Matthew),
CLOVER WEEVILS -(Sitona sp.) - ILLINCiS - From 0-120 adults per
100 sweeps over State, highest in eastern area where 41 per 100 sweeps
were found. (Petty et al).
- 33L -
LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - DELAWARE -
Damaging red clover throughout the State, ilfiron), PENNSYLVANIA -
General in southeastern area on legume hay. (Menusan), Adults
abundant and mating in Warren County. (Adams), ILLINOIS - Average
of 18 percent of stems infested over state, high of 28 percent in west-
southwest and 25 percent in eastern area, (Petty et al).
SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - DELAWARE -
Adults common and injurious to sweetclover at Harrington and
Greenwood, (Milliron),
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma tiriturcata) - ILLINOIS - Adults in
clover and alfalfa in southern half of State, 8 per 100 sweeps in
eastern area, (Petty et al),
CLOVER-ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - KANSAS - Light infes-
tation, 1-3 per 25 sweeps of 15-inch net, in nearly all alfalfa in
central and northern Kansas. (Matthew). MARYLAND = Adults
numerous in alfalfa and clover over most of State, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.).
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus liqnosellus) - FLORIDA -
Fairly high population at Belle Glade, Some fields of young sugarcane
have 50 percent or more shoots showing dead hearts. | Moths numerous.
(Genung, Questel),
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus ) - DELAWARE -
Conspicuous on alfalfa in Kent County, at weather has retarded
development generally. (Milliron). MARYLAND - Remains generally
light on alfalfa and clover in central and southern Maryland and lower
Eastern Shore, Infestations heavy, from 2-42 nymphs per 10 stems,
in Frederick and Washington Counties. * MICHIGAN - Abundant at
Paw Paw and Benton Harbor, (Hutson), NEW YORK - First nymphs
of season in Cayuga County April 26, Wayne County April ile
(Wkly. News Lett, Noe
YELLOW CLOVER’ (Myzocallis trifolii) - OKLAHOMA
Infestation very heavy in neath central area, April 30, (Bryan).
Most alfalfa fields in Grady and Stephens Counties heavily infested
April 16, Some fields in Grady County need replanting, (Stiles),
Killing some alfalfa stands in Johnston County April 16. Also heavy
in northern Marshall County, (Bower), TEXAS - Heavy widespread
infestation on alfalfa in El Paso County, Considerable damage.
(O'Donnell), ARIZONA - Still increasing on alfalfa in all southern
areas, Difficulty in control causing concern in some areas, Reported
from Wickieup, Mohave County, for first time, (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
SI (UeVidwEntmepts)
- O86 -
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lyqus lineolaris) - LOUISIANA - Bugs per
100 sweeps in crimson clover: Claiborne Parish 209 nymphs and 47
adults, Natchitoches Parish 118 nymphs and 21 adults, (Oliver)
ILLINOIS - From 0 to 100 per 100 sweeps with highest average 49 per
100 in northwestern area, (Petty et ai).
A GROUND PEARL (Margarodes meridionalis) - FLORIDA = Average
300-500 per 100 ec, Of Soil on Centipede grass at Orlando. (Kuitert);
75 nymphs per cubic inch on centipede grass at Gainesville, (Kerr).
A LEAF ROLLER (Amelia pallorana) - ILLINOIS - Average population
in alfaifa for State is from I per 100 sweeps. For the past two
years this insect has been found in alfalfa, (Petty et al).
FRUIT INSECTS
TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) -
PENNSYLVANIA - A few adults still in rough bark of apple jn Adams, _
Franklin, and southeastern area, (Pepper, Menusan), NORTH CAROLINA -
Light on apple in Alexander and Henderson Counties,Both adults and eggs |
present, (Turnipseed),
CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - NEW YORK - Pupation
uncer tree bands increased slightly in eastern area, (Dean), |
DELAWARE - First moths emerged April 20 at Woodside. (Late News).
NORTH CAROLINA + First adult teken in bait pail on April 19 in Wilkes
County(Turcipseed), IND, - Carryover of larvae in Vincennes area
from 1954 is hich and it is anticipated that first brood larval activity
Will be high, (Hamilton).
STATUS OF HALL SCALE IN THE UNITED STATES
Hall scale (Nilotaspis halli) was first found in North America In 1934
at the United States Plant Introduction Gardens, Chico, California,
In the oid world it is found commonly all over lower Egypt and through-
out the Middle East. Food plants in the United States include stone
fruits and one ornamental shrub (Spireae veitchii), Preferred hosts
appear to be almonds and peaches, ‘he scale attacks both the twigs
and fruit, The map on the opposite page shows the distribution of
this scale in the United States.
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OYSTERSHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Light on apple in Henderson County, First crawling young appeared
week of April 8-15, (Turnipseed),
RUROPEAN RED MITE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - NEW YORK -
Newly-hatched larvae at Poughkeepsie April 27, Probably less than
1 percent of overwintering eggs had hatched, {Dean), Hatching in
Orange County April 27 (Zaharchuk); in Niagara County April 30,
(McNicholas), NEW JERSEY - On April 25, immature stages on apple
foliage in several orchards from Burlington County southward, As
many as 40-50 young mites per leaf in southern area even in orchards
which had delayed dormant oils. (Merrill) PENNSYLVANIA -
Overwintering eggs 50 percent hatched on apple in Adams, Franklin
and Berks. (Pepper, Menusan), DELAWARE - Hatching commenced
April 14, Generally, populations still light by April 28, Eggs in
small numbers on apple foliage at Georgetown, April 26, (Late News).
NORTH CAROLINA - A rather heavy infestation on apple in Alexander
County, First eggs found April 18, (Turnipseed), INDIANA - In the
Vincennes area counts made April 22 showed average of 183 mobile
forms per 100 leaves and 28 eggs where dormant sprays not applied;
in contrast to 14 mobile forms and 1 egg per 100 leaves where dormant
spray applied. (Hamilton), CALIFORNIA - Showing in deciduous
fruit orchards in Sacramento County, in some instances several mites
per leaf. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest Rpt.)
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - NEW YORK -
In eastern area roth flight considerably reduced by weather (Dean);
egg masses April 27 in Orange County (Zaharchuk); very few eggs found
April 29, Dutchess County (O'Leary); adult and egg mass in Columbia
County (Poray); egg messes in Onondaga County (Vuillemot), INDIANA -
Eggs began hatching April 19, in Vincennes area, First brood hatch about
complete, (Hamilton), PENNSYLVANIA - Eggs hatehing and larvae. starting
to feed on apple in Adams, Franklin, Berks and southern area. (Pepper,
Menusan),
APHIDS - DELAWARE - Ali 3 species of aphids on apple scarce to
April 21, (Late News), ILLINOIS - Small numbers of Aphis pomi
in Centralia area, (Chandler),
PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - WASHINGTON - Eggs starting to
hatch in Wenatchee area, April 24. (O'Neill), OREGON - First nymphs
found April 27 at Hood River. (Ellertson), NEW YORK - Nymphs found
April 29 in unsprayed trees, Niagara County (McNicholas); adults out
and first eqgs observed April 23, many eggs found few days later in
orchards near the lake, Oswego County. (Lum),
- 984 -
es ; - Flies swarming
PEAR MIDGE (Contarinia pyrivora) - NEW YORK - F bial:
in large numbers, evening of April 20, Wayne County Cee , flies
abundant on April 23 in one orchard of Oswego County, TNF e
DUSKY STINK BUG (Euschistus tristigmus) - DELAWARE - Common
at Camden on peach trees. (Late News),
ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - ILLINCIS - One .
emerged in cage at Villa Ridge, No wilted peach twigs as yet. (Chandler).
PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - DELAWARE - Very
abundant; 46 collected by jarring 10 peach trees at Camden on April 25
compared with 9 on the 18th and 1 on the 11th, (Late News). - GEORGIA -
First matured larvae left wild plum drops for pupation April 25, Fort
Valley area, (Snapp), ILLINOIS - Apparently increasing. Egg laying
cuts on apples in Villa Ridge area, (Chandler), MISSOURI - Activity
noted in most sections of State, (Wkly Rept. Fr. Grow.).
MEXICAN FRUIT FLY (Anastrepha ludens) - TEXAS - In the Rio Grande
Valley area 21 adults were trapped and 6 larval infestations were found
April 1-15. These insects now being taken in practically all properties
trapped regardless of the presence or absence of fruit, All larval
infestations were considered light; however, on one property 192 infested
grapefruit were found under 6 trees, (Mex, Fruit Fly Cont, Proj,
a an a re Ramen
CUTWORMS ~- MASSACHUSETTS - Activity started. (Crop Pest Cont,
Mess.) MARYLAND - Damaged tomatoes planted after sod in Wicomico
County, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.), NORTH CAROLINA - Light infestations
in tobacco plant beds in Northampton,. Jones, and Onslow Counties.
(Scott, Jackson), FLORIDA - Feltia probably subterranea averaging
up to 35 larvae per hill of watermelons at Coleman, Sumter County, ~
Migration apparently from lupine windbreaks, (Crall), ALABAMA -
In large numbers in Monroe and Wilcox Counties, (Stanford),
MISSOURI - Widespread damage to gardens in southeastern area, (Wkly,
Rept. Fr, Grow.). OKLAHOMA - Numerous in truck farms, gardens
and flower beds. (Bower), TEXAS - Heavy widespread on tomatoes
in Shelby County. This is the heaviest attack in several years. (Wharton),
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
- 385 -
VEGETABLE WEEVIL ‘Listroderes costirostris obliguus) - SOUTH
CAROLINA - Heavy lccal SSE eo tobacco in Horry County, As
high as 20 weevils around one newly-set plant, (Johnston), ALABAMA -
Caused rather severe damage to crucifers in many areas. (Arant),
In larye numbers in Monroe and Wilcox Counties, (Stanford), NORTH
CAROLINA - Light to moderate infestations in tobacco plant beds in
Hertford, Jones, Wilson, Wayne and Onslow Counties, (Scott). y
MISSISSIPPI - Adults feeding on cabbage, turnips and cotton plants in
Leake and Webster Counties. (Hutchins),
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Appearing on
peas in scattered areas, (Milliron), VIRGINIA -
Increasing on garden peas in eastern area, and severe on alfalfa,
(Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster).
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - SOUTH CAROLINA -
First adults April 18 in Charleston area, 1 to 3 weeks later than in
recent years, (Cuthbert, Dean}.
BEAN LEAF ROLLER (Urbanus proteus) - FLORIDA - Very light
Eeeea even on untreated beans in the Everglades area, {Genung,
uestel),
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalous lignosellus) - FLORIDA -
Infesting lima beans in Hernando County. (Brinkley).
FLEA BEETLES - MARYLAND - On potatoes in Wicomico County. .
(U, of Md,, Ent, Dept.), VIRGINIA - Attacking potatoes, tomatoes and
cucumbers on Eastern Shore, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster),
DELAWARE -.Phyllotreta cruciferae in large numbers and causing
damage throughout State on young cabbage, kale and radish, (Milliron). PENN.--
Phyllotreta striolata general on cabbage in southeastern area, (Menusan),
CABBAGE CATERPILLARS - NEW JERSEY -'Flight of Pieris rapae
continues to be heavy. Eggs common on cabbage, (Merrill), SOUTH
CAROLINA ~ Infestations high enough to justify controls in Charleston
area, Diamondback moth most prevalent, (Cuthbert, Deen),
A DARKLING BEETLE (Blapstinus sp.) - ARIZONA - Moderage damage
to 60 acres of honeydew melons northeast of Mesa, April 18, (Ariz, Coop.
Rept, ).
- 386 -
CUCUMBER BEETLES - VIRGINIA - Severe on cucumbers on Eastern
Shore, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster).
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (B lemya cilicrura) - CALIFORNIA - Infestation
of squash field in Srenge ee ‘planted in trashy ground, was so
severe that the field had to be replanted. Light infestations also occurred
on early-planted lima beans, (Campbell).
- BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - ARIZONA - In all fields
in Salt River Valley to a greater or lesser degree and some curly top
Symptoms beginning to appear on cantaloup, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.)
SUGAR-BEET WIREWORM (Limonius californicus) - CALIFORNIA -
Populations range from 1 to per foot of bean row in untreated
fields in Orange County, In a field of parsnips in Los Angeles County
D percent of roots damaged. (Campbell),
SPIDER MITES - ARIZONA - Showing up in some fields of sugar beets
grown for seed in Salt River Valley, severe in spots, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
POTATO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix cucumeris) - DELAWARE - On early
potatoes at Rising Sun and Bridgeville, (ililliron).
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) -
DELAWARE - Adults feeding on early potatoes at Ellendale and Georgetown
(Milliron), SO,CAROLINA - All stages moderately abundant in most
potato plantings in Charleston area, Controls underway. (Cuthbert, Deen),
ALABAMA = Unusually abundant, (Arant),
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Infesting tobacco plant beds in Jackson. Infestations light to moderate
in Northampton and Onslow Counties, (Scott), FLORIDA - Averaging
300 per tobacco plant at Greensboro, Gadsden County, One shade
tobacco field heavily infested on April 22 now under control, (May).
A MOLE CRICKET - NORTH CAROLINA - Light to moderate infesta-_
eae i tobacco plant beds in Jackson, Northampton and Onslow Counties.
Scott),
CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - FLORIDA - Averaging 1 to 200
larvae per acre of tobacco In Gadsden County. Control used, (Rhoades,
May). Populations appear below normal in the Everglades area,
(Genung, Questel),
_ A CATERPILLAR (probably Apantesis sp,)- FLORIDA - Averaging
1 to 100 per square foot, attacking tobacco at Jasper, (Andrews).
- 387 -
HORNWORMS (Protoparce app.) - FLORIDA - Occasional eggs and
early-instar larvae collected from flue-cured tobacco at Gainesville.
This is first report of season, (Kuitert),
GRUBS (Probably Cotinis nitida)- NORTH CAROLINA-Light to moderate
a ea plant beds in Hertford, Northampton and Onslow Counties,
Scott),
CRANE FLIES - NORTH CAROLINA - Moderate to light infestations of
tobacco plant beds in Onslow County, (Allgood).
TOBACCO FLE/. BEETLE (Epiirix hirtipennis) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Light to moderate infestation in tobacco plant beds in Warren, Hertford,
Onslow and Northampton Counties, severe infestation in Jones and
Wilson Counties, (Scott),
FULLER ROSE BEETLE (Pantomorus godmani) - FLORIDA -
ieee 2 adults per plant of garden crops in Santa Rosa County.
McCall},
ASPARAGUS BEETLES (Crioceris spp.) - VIRGINIA - Both asparagus
and spotted asparagus beetles present and ovipositing freely on asparagus
spears in the eastern area, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster), “
DELAWARE - Few adulis of C, cuodecs npune tate at Smyrna, | (Milliron),
ie J Tee - C, asparagi continues to infest plantings heavily.
Merrill),
CARROT WEEVIL (Listronotus oregonensis) - NEW JERSEY - Active
x muck-grown celery. Worse in northern than southern counties,
Merrill),
APHIDS - INDIANA - Very few found on strawberries in Orleans area
in comparison with those of recent years, (Marshali), SOUTH
CAROLINA = Generally light on potatoes in Charleston area, Green
peach aphid most abundant, (Cuthbert, Deen).
MITES - INDIANA = Very few found on strawberries in Vincennes
area in comparison with those of recent years, (Marshall),
TEXAS - Medium to heavy widespread infestation of Erythraeus sp.
reported on onions in Brazos Ca.4/15.(Davis, Gregg), According
to available records, mites of this genus are known as predators usually.
STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus) - DELAWARE -
Noticeable injury at Thompsonville and Sesrasiown! (Milliron),
- 388 -
STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae) - —
MICHIGAN - Abundant at Keeler, April 22, (Hutson). KANSAS -
Few moths emerged in Wathena-Blair, Doniphan County, area by
April 15, This is 10 to 15 days earlier than normal emergence dates
for this area of the State. (Eshbaugh),
STRAWBERRY ROOT APHID (Aphis forbesi) - MICHIGAN - Abundant
at Keeler, April 22. (Hutson).
STRAWBERRY APHID ( Capitophorus fragaefolii) - CALIFORNIA - Still
(Guceeenin most strawberry fields in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.
ampbell).
SPITTLEBUGS - NORTH CAROLINA - A 5-10 percent infestation on
strawberry in Wake County, (Jones), MARYLAND - Infesting straw-
berries in Baltimore County, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.)
A NITIDULID (Lobiopa insularis) - LOUISIANA - Increased activity
over the entire strawberry belt. Up to 80 adults caught in trap. Up
to 5 per ripe strawberry fruit in Tangipahoa Parish, (Oliver).
TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) - CALIFORNIA -
(Gen on the increase in strawberry fields in Orange County.
ampbell),
THRIPS (Frankliniella sp.) - LOUISIANA - Infestations continue severe
in strawberry blossoms, Tangipahoa Parish, (Oliver)
COTTON INSECTS
BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) - TEXAS - Populations
increasing in entire valley area. As high as 8 percent punctured
Squares in a few early fields. (Wene, Dean, Fuller), One weevil
found on 3200 linear feet of row or at rate of 5 per acre in fifteen
fields in McLennan and Falls Counties. For corresponding week
in 1954 weevils found at rate of 15 per acre in 27 fields. (Parencia
et al, SOUTH CAROLINA - Total of 112 weevils active in 10
hibernation cages at Florence during March and 471 in April. This
compares with 15 active in March and 32 in April 1954, (Walker et al).
BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Infestations building up throughout the lower
Rio Grande Valley area, One report shows 16 percent of plants
infested in Rio Hondo area, Other areas have as much as 10 percent
Square damage, (Wene, Dean, Fuller),
-389 -
COTTON FLEAHOPPER (Psallus seriatus) - TEXAS - Seasonal
emergence from hibernation cages in Waco area to April 30 was
22,486. At this time ini954, 1953, 1952, 1951 and 1950, totals of
3,965, 7,623, 10,647, 38 and 341, respectively, had emerged from
cages which contained the same host plants collected from same
location, (Parencia et al),
BROWN COTTON LEAFWORM (Acontia dacia) - TEXAS - Hight per
50 linear feet of row on seedling cotton in Burleson County. One also
collected on seedling cotton in Brazos County. (Lloyd).
PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - A few collected
from oldest cotton in Wiliacy County and ae Brownsville area. (Wene,
Dean, Fuller),
SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR and CUTWORMS - TEXAS - Widespread
on cotton in Matagorda County. (Pfannstiel).
THRIPS - TEXAS - Light to medium infestations in Matagorda, Ft. Bend,
Nueces, San Patricio, Calhoun, Dimmit, Maverick, Williamson Counties.
(Hurta, Richardson, Zieschang, Abercrombie, Massey, Cook, Kelly,
Cooper), Damaging numbers in a few fields of late-planted cotton in
Willacy County. (Wene, Dean, Fuller). Of 15 fields inspected in
McLennan and Falls Counties the following degrees of infestation found:
8 fields, none; 6 fields, light; 1 field, medium. (Parencia et al),
LOUISIANA - Three adult Frankliniella fusca per seedling cotton plant
in Tensas Parish, (Oliver). Thrips, mainly F. fusca, in many fields
in Tallulah area, 6,4 adult thrips per 20 plants in 5 fields sampled,
(Gaines et al). MISSISSIPPI - Appearing in seedling cotton in some
fields in Washington County. (Merkl).
SPIDER MITES - TEXAS - Medium to heavy infestation in Calhoun,
Ft, Bend and Nueces Counties, (Cook, Abercrombie, Cooper).
Damage in a few fields in lower valley. (Wene, Dean, Fuller).
ARIZONA - Moderately severe damage on 40 acres cotton in Eloy area,
(Ariz, Coop. Rept. )
APHIDS - TEXAS - Light to heavy infestations in Calhoun, Ft. Bend
and Nueces Counties, (Cooper, Zieschang, Kelly, Massey). Increasing
in Willacy County, but in remaining valley area about same or decreasing
due to natural control, (Wene, Dean, Fuller), —
- 390 -
LEAF MINERS - TEXAS - Numerous on cotton and may become serious
in Winter Haven area. (Richardson),
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - ALABAMA - Infesting
germinating cotton seed and destroying stands of cotton in Morgan
County, (Arant),
A DARKLING BEETLE (Blapstinus sp.) - ARIZONA - Severe damage
on 13 acres of cotton at Tucson. (Ariz, Coop. Rept. )
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
CALIFORNIA OAKWORM (Phryganidia californica) - CALIFORNIA -
Spring brood damaging oaks in Marin County, . Coop. Ins, Rept. ).
SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE (Scolytus multistriatus) -
KANSAS = Infested elms continue to be found in Riley, Clay, Morris
and Wabaunsee Counties, (Matthew).
TENT CATERPILLARS - OREGON - Malacosoma disstria and M, pluviale
emerging in Willamette Valley April 25, oth),
FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - MINNESOTA -
About 50 percent hatched in Hinckley area and about I percent at Duluth,
Problem expected to be largely confined to portions of Carlton, Pine
and Chisago Counties, (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv. ).
EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) -
DELAWARE - Nests numerous over state on wild cherry, Sweetgum
and other trees, (Milliron). MARYLAND = Infestations heaviest
in recent years, especially severe in Prince Georges and Montgomery
Counties, (U. Md,, Ent. Dept.), MICHIGAN - Abundant at Battle
Creek, Lansing, Kalamazoo and South Haven, (Hutson).
AN APHID (Cinara tujafilina) - NEW MEXICO - Causing considerable
concern on arborvitae in some areas of the southern half of the State,
(Dobson, Apr. 23),
_SPIDER MITES (Tetranychus sp,) - ARKANSAS - Infestations general
on nursery stock, heavy some instances, (Warren),
=39 =)
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS, ETC,
HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) - OKLAHOMA ~ From 300-400 per
animal in southeast to 200 in northwest part of State. (Howell),
ARKANSAS - Active and about normal, 15-30 per animal in untreated
herds. (Warren). KANSAS = On cattle in Hodgeman County, average
of 30 flies per animai, (Gates),
A HORSE FLY (Tabanus carolinensis) - MISSOURI - Horse iles.
reported in CEIR D(17): 366 have been identified as the above species.
(Kyd, Thomas).
HOUSE FLIES - SOUTH CAROLINA - Some increase in widely-scattered
areas, (Nettles).
MOSQUITOES - FLORIDA - Psorophora ciliata averaging 100 adults
per animal at Milton, Santa Rosa County, Has been a nuisance to
man, horses, and cattle, (McCall), MINNESOTA - Aedes spencerii
began emerging about April 20; A, implicatus about April 24,
A. excrucians just emerging. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv. ).
COMMON CATTLE GRUB (Hypoderma lineatum) - FLORIDA - Active
in the Everglades and on lower éast Coast near Lake Worth. (Genung,
Questel),
AMERICAN DOG TICK (Dermacentor variabilis) - DELAWARE -
Adults common along roadside and in wooded areas throughout State,
(Milliron), MARYLAND - In Prince Georges and Frederick Counties,
(UapIids Ent) Dept)!
A BAT BUG (Cimex adjunctus) - RHODE ISLAND - Heavy infestation
in a building in South Kingstown, (Mathewson),
CORRECTION: The record of A MANGE MITE in Clearfield County,
Pennsylvania, in CEIR 5(12):255 has been found to be incorrect,
(Pepper),
STORED PRODUCTS INSECTS
MEALWORMS - GEORGIA - Unusually abundant in bins in which seed
corn had been stored at Fort Valley. (Snapp).
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- 394 -
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
A PARASITE (Aphytis maculicornis) - CALIFORNIA - This intr Odea
parasite is reported reduci ng the infestation of olive scale on prive
hedges in Placer County, (Cal. Coop. Ins, Pest Rpt.)
LADY BEETLES - ILLINOIS - Adults still plentiful and highest average
population is 44 per 100 sweeps in eastern area, (Petty et al).
RECENT INTERCEPTIONS AT PORTS OF ENTRY
Of Hees recent was the interception of a Hin ae noe se
Stephanitis pyri (F), on Fyracantha twigs in airplane bac
Greece at Newyork N.Y. (Burnham, Petfield,) This insect has beens
reported injurious to apple and pear in Southern Europe, the Near oes
and parts of the Soviet Union, Injury is due to the feeding of the nymphs
and adults on the lower surfaces of the leaves, resulting in a loss of }
Sap and a destruction of leaf tissue, In addition, proper respi tame
the leaves is hindered by the coating of insect excreta that accumula a
after insect feeding. Leaf drop and a reduction in the quality and yle
of the fruit occurs, In addition to apple and pear a wide variety of
plants are attacked, usually Rosaceae, but occasionally others, like
currant and chestnut, Hawthorn is said to be the native host plant.
Observations on the bionomics of the insect in Italy indicate that the
adults hibernate under fallen leaves or in cracks in the bark of TaN
thorn, start feeding in April, then migrate to apple and pear. Ma oo
then occurs, oviposition beginning in 4 or 5 days. Eggs are deposite
in tissue of lower surfaces of the leaves where injured patches appear,
On hatching nymphs start feeding underneath leaves, Adults appear
in May and June, A second generation develops in late July and a
third in September, Considerable migration occurs with adults of
the third generation returning to hawthorn prior to hibernation,
S. pyri has been intercepted on previous occasions on orange,
persimmon and quince from Italy and Cotoneaster from Greece,
It is not known to occur in the United States, (Compiled by -
Plant Quarantine Branch),
MISCELLANEOUS
CLOVER MITE (Bry obia praetiosa) - KANSAS - Infestation in houses
continues to be réportéd from most areas of the State, (Matthew).
MINNESOTA - Large numbers in many dwellings. (Minn, Ins. Rept.
Serv. ).
- 395 -
SOUTH CAROLINA - ARMYWORM infesting small grains over 10 square
mile area in Calhoun County, April 28, (Cain, Nettles).
MAINE - Rhopalosiphum fitchii eggs hatching on apple in Kennebec County
April 25, (Boulanger), Stem mothers of Macrosiphum solanifolii on
swamp rose found hatched in Aroostook County April 2l. (Shands,
‘Simpson, Wave),
VIRGINIA - PEA APHIDS and ALFALFA WEEVILS are still doing
heavy damage to alfalfa in many counties, Pea aphid infestations are
general all over the S:ate, some unusually heavy, Natural enemies
and disease are beginning to bring some pea aphid infestations under
control. ALFALFA WEEVIL infestations have been found in several
additional counties, The inseci has been found in most of the counties
bordering Nor:.: Carolina from Halifax County east, Also, infestations
have been found as far west as Amherst County in the central area.
Infestation in southern counties light. (Grayson, Muka, Morris),
STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER larvae are just starting to roll leaves
in the Churchland area of Norfolk County. Infestations spotted and
damage medium, (Hofmaster), EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR
infestations medium on wild cherry trees in the Norfolk area.
(Hofmaster), SC "THERN PINE BEETLES and IPS BEETLES heavily
damaged a stand of red pines in Rappahannock County, (Muka and
Morris), COLORADO POTATO BEETLE heavy on newly-set tomato
plants in Northumberland County. (Saville ), SEED-CORN MAGGOT
destroying corn seedlings in Lunenburg County, (Morris), In the
eastern area CABBAGE APHID numerous on remnants of overwintering
crucifers, also larvae of DIAMONDBACK MOTH in fair numbers on
these crops; a good many IMPORTED CABBAGE WORM larvae and
well distributed infestations of TURNIP APHIDS on young cabbage
plants; GREEN PEACH APHID light to moderate on spinach; newly-set
tomato plants on Eastern Shore had to be treated to protect them from
COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster).
TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE severely damaging tobacco plants in beds
in Louisa County, Infestations scattered but spotty over County.
(Lancaster),
First Reported Records of Season (By Areas) -
ARMYWORM moths, April 21, Newark, Delaware; MEADOW SPITTLEBUG
nymphs, April 26 and 27, New York; CODLING MOTH adults April 20,
Delaware; OYSTERSHELL SCALE first crawling young, April 8-109,
North Carolina; EUROPEAN R=D MITE hatching April 27 and 30, New
York; PEAR M'DGE adults April 20 and 22, New York; ORIENTAL RUG
MOTH emerged in cage, Illinois; MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE adults
- 396 -
April 18, South Carolina; COLORADO POTATO BEETLE adults feeding,
Delaware; HORNWORMS eggs and larvae, Florida; STRAWBERRY LEAF
ROLLER moths, April 15, Kansas; TENT CATERPILLARS emerging
April 25, Oregon; and APPLE GRAIN APHID hatching, April 25, Maine,
Weather continued:
Warm, south winds kept temperatures above normal most of the week
in the central portions of the Country. Maximum temperatures were in
the 90's on several] days in Texas, and during the weekend exceeded
the 80° level northward to the Dakotas. In the western portions of the
Great Plains strong winds during frontal passages at the beginning and
end of the period caused additional soil erosion,
Rains in the northwest during the first part of the week left many fields
too wet to work, despite sunny weather after the 29th, Wet soil result-
ing from previous rain was also reported in some sections of the Midwest.
Dry, sunny weather in the South favored rapid crop growth and outside
activities, but soils were drying rapidly and moisture is becoming
deficient in the South and Gulf Coastal Plains, (Summary Supplied by
U.S. Weather Bureau),
Request for Survey on Cotton Stem Moth
Cotton stem moth (Platyedra vilella) was first recorded in the United
States in 1951 when specimens were collected at Mineola, Long Island,
New York, Principal host plants are reported to be hollyhock, cotton,
marsh mallow and other mallows, In the United States, however, it
has been recorded only from hollyhock, In 4953, light to very heavy
infestations were found at 19 locations in New York, two in Connecticut,
and two in Massachusetts. In 1954, infestations were found at 14
locations in New Jersey. Damage to hollyhocks has varied from slight
to almost total destruction to fruiting portions, with stems being heavily
damaged at times, Tests to determine susceptibility of cotton and okra
to the cotton stem moth in this Country will be made this season by
ARS personnel at Farmingdale, Long Island, New York, It is hoped
that voluntary survey for this insect will continue and it would be
appreciated if agricultural workers in states not known to be infested
would collect specimens suspected of being this species. If identi-
fication facilities are not available locally, specimens may be sent to
the Economic Insect Survey Section, Plant Pest Control Branch, ARS,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D.C. The plate on
the opposite page will help to separate larvae and pupae of P, vilella
from those of other similar species associated with malvaceous plants.
Structural Characters for Recognition of Cotton Stem Moth (Platyedra vilella (Zell. ))
The following combination of characters will separate the larvae and pupae of Platyedra vilella (Zell. )
from those of other species associated with hollyhock and other malvaceous plants. Treatment of the
adult has been omitted because characters for ready recognition in the field are not known.
LARVA:
Head - with anterior puncture A, between anterior setae A; and Ag, near Ao.
Prothorax (TI) - with 3 setae on the prespiracular shield.
Abdominal proleg-bearing segments (A3-g) - with seta iv approximate to seta v, both on
Same pinaculum.
Eighth abdominal segment (Ag) - with group vii composed of 2 setae.
Ninth abdominal segment (Ag) - with seta iii more slender than setae i or ii; seta vi
absent.
Crochets (C) - on abdominal
prolegs (A3-6)
uniordinal in
length, arranged
in a penellipse.
PUPA: clothed with short, fine,
pubescent-like hairs; anterior
margins of fore wings (M)
contiguous at a point near end
of labial palpi, from which
they are divergent (never
parallel) to apices of wings.
Length 8 to 10 mm.
H. W. Capps
See)
T-(thorax) A-(abdemen)
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VOL.5 No. 19 | MAY 13,1955
sp
34 2
ae) |
E wf:
Cooperative
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 May 18, 1955 No, 19
COOPERATIVE (ECONOMIC) INSECT REPORL
Highlights of Insect Conditions
ARMYWORM infestations continue in Georgia, Louisiana and Tennessee,
Infestations developing in Illinois and Missouri, Moths taken as far
north as Duluth, Minnesota and Scarboro, Maine. (page 399). Also
see Iowa's report (page 421) and LIGHT TRAP COLLECTIONS
(page 418).
EUROPEAN CORN BORER surveys in Iowa show heavy populations.
(page 421). Pupation underway in Illinois and development ahead of
last year in Minnesota, (page 400),
CUTWORMS - Damage continues on several crops in many states,
(pages 400, 412, 415).
ARMY CUTWORM causing extensive damage in Utah, Montana, Colo-
rado and Nebraska also report infestations. (page 400).
YELLOW CLOVER APHID outbreaks continue in New Mexico, Heavy
in several counties of Oklahoma, (page 405),
PLUM CURCULIO adults active in many fruit areas. (page 408).
WEEVIL damage to eggplant in Dade County, Florida, unusual,
(page 411).
BOLL WEEVIL survival counts low in McNairy County, Tennessee,
(page 414),
BROWN COTTON LEAFWORM infesting seedling cotton in eastern and
south central Texas and in some fields in Natchitoches and Bossier
Parishes, Louisiana, (page 415).
POTATO LEAFHOPPER survey, spring 1955. (page 406).
GYPSY MOTH hatching in New York i { ; chi
(page 416). g rk, Connecticut, Maine and Michigan,
Notes received too late for inclusion in body of this issue, (page 421).
HE AE Ae 2 2 is ae fe 2 2 ok a 2 2 Atk a 2 2 oe a
Reports in this issue are for the week ending May)
otherwise designated, ing May 6, 1955, unless
- 398 -
WEATHER FOR-THE WEEK ENDING MAY 9, 1955.,
Last week's weather was mostly fair with temperatures averaging
above normal east of the Rocky Mountains and below normal in the far
West. In the central and northern Great Plains unseasonably high
temperatures for the sixth straight week and high winds for the third
consecutive week intensified the drought situation.
A low pressure system centered over the northern Great Plains at
the beginning of the period was responsible for light showers near the
Canadian Border and maxima of 80° or above to the upper Great Lakes.
On the 3d Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan, recorded early-season
highs of 92° and 88° respectively. As a weak front associated with this
low pressure system moved eastward temperatures rose to 87° in
New York City and 90° at some nearby stations on the 5th. On the 6th
as another low pressure system moved eastward along the North-Central
Border on the 6th, strong southerly winds and clear skies resulted in
maximum temperatures of 94° at Omaha, Nebraska, and 92° at Sioux,
City, Iowa.
In the South temperatures remained at summer levels most of the week.
On the Sth Augusta, Georgia, and Memphis, Tennessee, reported seasonal
highs of 94°.
Cold polar air overspread the eastern third of the Country on the 8th
and 9th reducing temperatures to subfreezing levels in the upper
Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes region.
Severe local storms in Delaware and Dubuque Counties, Iowa, damaged
buildings and utilities to the extent of $300, 000 on the 3d. On the same
date tornadoes were reported in east-central and northeastern Wisconsin.
Total rainfall for the week exceeded one-half inch only in a few widely
scattered localities. Rain was entirely absent in much of the Southeast,
the Gulf Coastal Plains, the Rio Grande Valley, and several scattered
areas in the remainder of the Country. (Summary Supplied by U. S.
Weather Bureau).
- 899 -
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS _
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta} - LOUISIANA - Thirty per 100
sweeps of wheat, Acadia Parish; 4-I6 per 100 sweeps of grass and
clover, Claiborne Parish, (Oliver), TEXAS - Heavy on small grain
and vetch in Kaufman County, (Simmons). Medium tocal infestation
on corn in Matagorda County, extensive damage some fields, (Pfannstiel).
MISSISSIPPI - Found in 3, 000 acres of oats in Stoneville area, up to 23
per square foot. (Young). Many fields in delta and other locations
being treated by plane. (Hutchins, May 2), GEORGIA ~ Moderate to
heavy in small grain in Macon, Peach and Houston Counties, (J. Alden},
Light to heavy in practically every county south and west of Macon,
May 8. (Maxwell), Reports show infestations in corn, small grains,
grasses in Terrell, Grady, Sumter, Lee, Macon, Houston, Peach,
Bibb and Spalding Counties. Parasitism by braconidas heavy in Sumter
County, Calosoma larvae fairly abundant also, (Jordan). Moderate to
' heavy in oats over Spalding County, May 4, (Beckham). ARKANSAS -
Low in all fisids examined along Arkansas River to Little Rock and
south to Dallas and Clark Counties, Not more than i-2 per square toot
or 5 per 20 sweeps of 12-inch net, (Warren), TENNESSEE - Widespreac
in grain fields and pastures throughout middle Tennessee, ranging from
1 to 6 per 10 sweeps of 12-inch net, Most larvae first and second instars.
Since considerable hatching still occurring, too early to evaluate infes-
tation. (Dozier), Found from Fayette County to Washington County,
Damaging numbers some fields, Controls will be required in many
areas, (Mullett), MISSOURI - Light to moderate moth flights continue
over much of State, Four to 10 first to fourth instars per square foct of
small grains in extreme southeast. One to 4 first and second instar
larvae per square foot of barley in southwest area, (Kyd, Thomas).
INDIANA - Adults have been coming to bait traps at Vincennes since
April 17. Capture of adults higher than 1954 - 169 adults in 5 traps May 4,
An outbreak similar to last year's seems likely. (Hamilton;, ILLINOIS -
Moth flight continues with occasional fields of small grains developing
larval infestation, more trouble in winter oats, barley and rye than
wheat, (Petty et al), MINNESOTA - One moth collected in light trap
at Duluth, May 1, First record of season, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv. /,
MAINE - Flying to light at Scarboro May 2-3, (Hawkins), KANSAS -
Light to moderate flights of moths at lights in east central and south-
east areas, Moths in grains and grasses in this area also, Larvae,
very small, resembling armyworm in a few fieids in Crawford County.
(Matthew).
-400-
EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta aubilalis} - ILLINOIS - Pupating
throughout State, Eighty percent pupation at Carbondale, about 25
percent in west area, 3-12 in eastern area end 0-3 in northern section,
(Petty et al). MINNESOTA - Development approximately two weeks
farther along than a year ago at this time. Prepupae in southeastern
section, (Minn, Ins, Rept, Serv.). INDIANA - Ten percent pupation
Lafayette, May 3. (Gould).
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - ARKANSAS - Increasing in
legumes, as high as 20 per 20 sweeps of net. Larvae first to third
instars. (Warren), LOUISIANA - Number per 100 sweeps in crimson
clover by parishes: Claiborne 100-200, West Feliciana 38, Tangipahoa
15, Washington 8, (Oliver), TEXAS - Medium widespread infestation
on corn in Zavale and Dimmit Counties, (Richardson),
CUTWORMS - WASHINGTON - Euxoa ochrogaster damaging alfalfa grown
for seed near Prosser, (Klostermeyer), NEW MEXICO - Considerable
concern in lower Pecos Valley. (Ins. Leti., Apr. 30), TEXAS - Light
is ugsiaicns on all crops in San Augustine County, COW
URI - Feltia subgothica and Agrotis gladiaria continue to cause
heavy damage to ear:y-planted corn in central area. Two per square foot
of grassland in southwest quarter. An Apanteles wasp has reduced
population from 55-70 percent in many pastures in central and south-
west areas, From 1-3 Peridroma margaritosa per square foot of alfalfa
in extreme southeast area, {Kyd, Thomas), KANSAS - From 2-10
larvae, mostly full grown, per square foot in some pastures in eastern
area where large areas of some pastures have been damaged. Associat-
ed-with this cutworm were soil webworms (prob, Nomophila noctuella),
10-15 per square foot. (Matthew), ARKANSAS - Beridroma margaritosa
infestations range from light to heavy. One field of clover in Crawford
County had average of 10 per square foot, Many larvae being killed
in Clark County area by virus disease. (Warren).- ILLINOIS - General
population in alfalfa and red clover ranges from O-3 per square foot,
(Petty et al), LOUISIANA - From 76-178 Peridroma maraaritosa per
100 sweeps of crimson clover in Claiborne Parish. liver), NORTH
CAROLINA - Agrotis ypsilon injuring about 1, 5 to 2,0 percent of corn
plants in some fields fn Hyde County, (Weisman), FLORIDA - Infest-
ing crops following oats in Washington County, some crops practically
wiped out, (Davis), PENNSYLVANIA - A few w-marked cutworm
(Spaelotis clandestina) collected in legumes in Bedford County. (Udine).
DELAWARE - Agrotis gladiaria causing conspicuous injury to red
clover generally, (Milliron).
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - Extensive
damage to small grains and alfalfa in Millard, Juab, Salt Lake, and
to a lesser extent in some other counties, (Rickenbach, Parrish,
Knowlton), Also damaging crops in Washington County, (Hughes),
aGiae
Several hundred acres of alfalfa and small grains being severely heid
back by army cutwerm in an area of Box Elder County, (Knowlicn,
Peele Outbreaks in Sanpete County. (Funk, Grimshaw), MONTANA -
Heavy infestation in Fergus County; moderate in Cascade, Chouteau,
Toole, Custer Counties, (Roemhild, Apr. 26), COLORAD®O - Light
infestation, 1 per square foot, in wheat in Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties
and in alfalfa in Prowers and Bent Counties, April 25, Adults in
humbers at Fort Collins, May 4, (Colo, Ins. Det. Comm.) N#BRASKA -
Survey in 24 counties shows 0-16 per square foot, mostly in alfalfa or
alfaifa and oats, Most larvae in fourth or fifth instars and feeding should
cease by May 15 if warm weather continues, Infestations have been
reater and longer this year due to prolonged egg-laying last fall,
Andersen, Apr. 29),
PALE WESTERN CUTWORM (Agrotis orthogonia) - WYOMING ~ Light
infestation in winter wheat in Laramie County, Apr, 29. (Spackman).
NEBRASKA - Second and third instars infesting wheat in Kimball County.
(Andersen, Apr, 29), COLORADO - Damaging numbers requiring
control in wheat in Logan County, April 25. (Colo. Ins, Det, Comm.),
ALFALFA CATERPILLAR (Colias philodice eurytheme) - NEBRASKA -
Averaging 5 per 25 sweeps in alfalfa, mainly full-grown larvae but a
few first and second instars, Adults in all fields, {Connin).
BEET ARMYWORM (Laphyqma2 exiqua’ - TEXAS - Medium widespread
infestation on corn in Fayette and Bastrop Counties, (Wipprecht).
CLOVER STEM BORER (Languria mozardi) - DELAWARE - Adults
prevalent in clovers at Rising Sun, {Milliron).
GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - ARKANSAS - Continues
predominant lepidopterous insect in legumes. Up to 35-50 per 20 sweeps
of 12-inch net. (Warren), LOUISIANA - From 84-124 per 100 sweeps
of clover in Claiborne Parish, (Oliver),
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - KANSAS - Found in several
wheat and barley fields of southeast area, Fifty adults per linear foot
of row in one wheat field in Bourbon County, eggs numerous and 2 few
nymphs. About 5 adults per foot of row in other fields in this area.
(Matthew), NEBRASKA - Reported in barley anc oats in several
east-central counties. Two to 3 per 25 sweeps on oats and alfalfa in
Nuckolls and Thayer Counties, (Roselle, Andersen). ILLINOIS -
Ea oe established in oats and wheat, First eggs May 6. (Petty
et al).
- 402 -
GRASSHOPPERS - KANSAS - Hatch of Melanoplus spp. continued
over State. M, differentialis still to hatch, Nymphs, probably
M, mexicanus, M, femur-rubrum, and afew M, bivittatus becoming
numerous along fence rows, alfalfa fields and pastures in southeast
area, Non-economic to light in many fields, heavier counts of 30-40
nymphs per square yard in localized areas at several stops. From
second ate ue instars. (Matthew), Daal sianr age - ae ae =e
instar Melanoplus sp. averaging 20 per 25 sweeps in alfalfa, ndersen),
MINNESOTA - Cool wet Genthee slowing development in northwestern
area, but a few eggs of M, bivittatus in eye spot stage and a few exposed
eggs of M, femur-rubrum coagulating, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv.)
MISSOURI = Melanoplus spp. hatch continues over southern two-thirds
of State, M, mexicanus hatch practically complete in southwest while
M, bivittatus and M, differentialis hatch about 45 and 5 percent complete
in southern half of State, Infestation not general throughout croplands,
From 3-24 nymphs per square yard, (Kyd, Thomas). TENNESSEE -
Nymphs numerous in alfalfa in Maury County, 5 per sweep of 12-inch
net. (Dozier),
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - NEBRASKA - Light infes-
tation appearing in volunteer wheat in southeastern area, (Staples,
Apr. 29), OKLAHOMA = Much lower in most areas. (Henderson).
UTAH - Still damaging some fields of small grains in Washington
County. (Hughes), Some damage in Tooele County, (Biggs).
COLORADO = Light in Prowers County, medium in Bent County, Apr, 25,
(Colo. Ins, Det, Comm.).
FALL ARMYWORM - (Laphygma frugiperda) - LOUISIANA - One per
plant in experimental aaah corn in Hast Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver),
A GRASS JOINTWORM (Harmolita sp.) - DELAWARE - Adults exceed-
ingly numerous in grasslands and clover fields in Kent and Sussex
Counties, (Milliron),
EUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWEFLY (Cephus maeus) - DELAWARE -
Adults common in cereal fields at several locations. (Milliron),
RICE STINK BUG (Solubea pugnax) - LOUISIANA - Ten to 20 per 100
sweeps of heading oats in Fast Feliciana and Acadia Parishes, (Oliver).
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - FENNESSEE - Causing
damage in Morgan, Greene, and Knox Counties, (Dozier).
SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) -
LOUISIANA - Sixteen adults per [00 sweeps in oats East Feliciana
Parish, Seriously damaging seedling corn at Calhoun, (Oliver).
- 403 -
MAIZE BILLBUG (Calendra maidis) - FLORIDA - Has destroyed
approximately 90 percent of 20=acre corn field at Bristol, Liberty
County, in past month, (Woodham),
AT TN
WHEAT CURL MITE (Aceria tulip2e) - NEBRASKA - Population low
in southeastern area, ‘Staples, Apr. 29).
WIREWORMS = MISSOURI - Widely-scattered fields of early-planted
corn heavily damaged in central area, From 0,5 tol, 5 per yard of row
in one field in Clay County. (Kyd, Thomas), WASHINGTON - Limonius
a ee irrigated spring wheat and barley near Prosser,
elford).
ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - ARIZONA - Light
to heavy on small grains in Maricopa ah Pinal Counties, more abund-
ant than last year, Also found in several fields of barley at Yuma,
(Ariz, Coop. Rept.}, OKLAHOMA = Infestation from light to very
heavy in barley in McIntosh County, April 28, (Stiles) DELAWARE -
Numerous isolated colonies on barley. (Milliron).
CORN LEAF APHIL) (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS.- Medium to
heavy infestation on grain and forage sorghums in Calhoun, Matagorda,
Victoria and Jackson Counties. (Bales, May, Pfannstiel),
APHIDS - TENNESSEE - Sharp decrease on small grains in central
area, Syrphids numerous in most infested fields, Aphids numerous
in alfalfa, from 50-100 per sweep of 12-inch net, No damage noticeable.
(Dozier), INDIANA - Showing up in unusual numbers on alfalfa in
southwestern area, (Davis). KANSAS - No economic Lae na of :
Macrosiphum granarium or Toxoptera graminum observed in eas
central and southeast counties, Iara): WASHINGTON - Rather
abundant on fall-planted vetch near Harrah, Average of 11 coccinellids
per 25 sweeps, (Landis, Schopp).
LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - DELAWARE -
Larvae very destructive to red clover throughout State, (Milliron),
PENNSYLVANIA - Adults abundant in clover in Lancaster County;
first larvae in York-County May 4, fairly abundant. (Pepper),
ILLINOIS - From 0-30 adults per 100 sweeps in alfalfa and red clover
fietds, Average by section of larval infestation of stems ranged from
20-60 percent with occasional individual fields showing 100 percent
infestation. (Petty et al),
- 404 -
SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - UTAH - Damaging
sweetclover in Utah, Salt Lake, Davis and Weber Counties. (Knowlton,
May 2,) NEBRASKA - From 8 to 5 per 25 sweeps in east-central and
southern areas, (Connin, Andersen), MINNESOTA - Small numbers
of adults in some fields in St, Paul area. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv.)
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEW JERSEY - Very high
larval and adult populations in most unsprayed alfalfa fields from Cam-
den County south to Cape May, (Filmer), DELAWARE - First-growth
alfalfa in some neglected fields almost completely ruined, (Milliron).
MARYLAND - Heavy damage to unsprayed alfalfa fields, Wicomico
to Montgomery Counties, Some pupae found on Eastern Shore, (U. Mad.,
Ent, Dept.). PENNSYLVANIA - Small infestation found in Perry
County. (Negley), Highest numbers of adults this year in Lancaster
and York Counties, large nuinbers newly-hatched to half-grown larvae
ie ere fields, (Pepper). COLORADO - Very little activity to
pet a (Colo, Ins, Det, Comm,), MONTANA - Active during warm
ne Dai ee Eee ae eee continues to spread. (Roemhild,
. . - ults active i
by larvae in Goshen County, euece eaten 50), ecru Oe
A CLOVER HEAD WEEVIL (Hypera meles) - DELAWARE - Adults
common in red clover some areas. (Milliron),
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - INDIANA - Were very
abundant about April 15, but nearly 100 percent were diseased, Chemical
control not necessary, (Davis), ILLINOIS - From 2-12 per square
foot. Prepupae and pupae throughout State. Fungus greatly reduced
population, (Petty et al),
CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - NEBRASKA - Increasing
in alfalfa in east-central area, from 2 to 6 per 25 sweeps. (Andersen,
Connin), PENNSYLVANIA - Adults collected abundantly in alfalfa and
clover in Lancaster and York Counties. (Pepper).
CLOVER WEEVILS (Sitona spp.) - ILLINOIS - Average range of popula-
tion 10-50 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al).
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) = ILLINOIS - From 1 to 20
per 100 sweeps in red clover and alfalfa, (Peity et al),
LYGUS BUGS - WASHINGTON - Five adults per 25 sweeps in alfalfa
and 18 per 25 on peppergrass at Wapato. Nymphs, mostly very small,
on latter host, (Landis, Schopp). MINNESOTA - Adults active in
alfalfa in St, Paul vicinity, 1,3 to 0.5 per sweep of 12-inch net,
(Minn. Ins. Rept, Serv. ).
4 MONS) «
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - ARIZONA - Generally
low on alfalfa in Yui22 area, but severe in Chandler-Mesa area, Maricopa
County, and severe 1 99 acres in Yavapal County, April 29, Light in-
festation 50 acres i. Tonto Basin, Gila County, a new area according to
reports. (Ariz, Coop, Rept.). NEW MEXICO - Continues the major
insect pest of New Mexico, Epidemic proportions continuing in the
Pecos and the insect is becoming more numerous in Mesilla Valley.
Epidemic has appeared also in the Hatch Valley. (inss wett., Ann. yo0):
OKLAHOMA - Large numbers in all fields in Okfuskee, Mcintosh, _
Tulsa, Okmulgee, and Creek Counties, {Stiles}, KANSAS - Infestation
in Reno.and McPherson Counties of central area where near-destructive
population levels in localized areas in a few alfalfa fields. (Painter,
Burkhardt},
PEA APHID pMacrosiphur isi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Decreasing, |
parasites and predators effective. (Pepper). DELAWARE - Destructive
numbers generally on alfalfa and clovers, As much as 10-15 percent
control by fungus in some fields, (Milliron), MARYLAND - Light to
heavy on alfalfa in central and western areas, Light on Eastern Shore
due to fungus. (U. Md,, Ent, Dept,), VIRGINIA ~ Still seriously injur~
ing alfaifain Norfolk area, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster).
ILLINOIS - Showing noticeable increase. Average by sections 44 to
350 per 100 sweeps. Highest population 1, 280 per 100 sweeps. (Petty
et al), LOUISIANA - Several moderate infestations on legumes in East
and West Feliciana, Tangipahoa and St. Landry Parishes. (Oliver).
MINNESOTA - From 0,1 to 1,0 per sweep in alfalfa in central and east]
central areas, (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv.), TEXAS - Widespread damage
to vetch in Kaufman County, Controls applied. (Simmons), NEBRASKA -
Beginning to increase in central and southern areas, from 30-60 per
25 sweeps. From 5-10 lady beetles on alfalfa; (Andersen). KANSAS -
Light populations, 20-140 per 25 sweeps of 12-inch net, in nearly all
fields of alfalfa in southeastern counties, No controls warranted.
(Matthew), UTAH - Damage abundant in some alfalfa fields in Washing-
ton County. (Hughes, Knowlton), WASHINGTON - Five per 25 sweeps
on alfalfa near Parker. One winged aphid collected, (Landis, Schopp/.
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris} - LOUISIANA - Average
of 96 nymphs and 12 adults per 100 sweeps in clovers in Hast Baton Rouge
Parish; 57 nymphs, ll adults per 100 sweeps in clover in Tangipahoa
Parish; 62-250 adults, 80-140 nymphs per 100 sweeps of clover
Claiborne Parish, (Oliver), ARKANSAS - Above normal in crimson
clover in Clark County, up to 30 adults and 50 nymphs per 20 sweeps
with 12-inch net, (Warren). MISSOURI - From 0.09 to l, 5 per sweep
on alfalfa in southeast area, (Kyd, Thomas}, II,LINOIS - Highest
infestation 90 per 100 sweeps, range by sections 10-56 per 100 sweeps.
(Petty et al},
» 406) =
RAPID PLANT BUG (Adelphocoris rapidus) - DELAWARE - Nymphs
abundant in clovers at Harrington, (Milliron),
MEADOW PLANT BUG (Miris dolabratus) - DELAWARE - Becoming
abundant in legumes and meadows from Dover southward. (Milliron),
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - DELAWARE -
Prevalent in red clover generally; increasing in alfalfa in some areas,
(Milliron). MARYLAND - Heavy on red clover in Queen Annes and
Caroline Counties. (U. Md,, Ent, Dept,), ILLINOIS - Average by
sections shows range from 9 to 60 per 100 stems, (Petty et al).
SPITTLEBUGS - INDIANA - Hatching general in central area April 15,
Infestations in southwestern area heavier than usual, (Davis).
A SOD WEBWORM (probably Nomophila noctuella) - MISSOURI - Large
areas of drought injured pastures in southwest quarter of State killed
a sens mature larvae averaging from 6-22 per square foot. (Kyd,
omas),
THRIPS - TEXAS - Heavy, widespread infestations on corn in Bowie
County. (Lucy).
LEAF HOPPERS - NEBRASKA - Six-spotted leafhopper (Macrosteles
fascifrons) increasing, mainly on wheat and oats, some on alfalfa,
(Andersen), Endria inimica ranging from 20-25 per 25 sweeps on alfalfa,
(Connin), ILLINO'S - Highest population of Empoasca species ercountered
was 22 per 20 sweeps in a field in southeastern Wicis, (Petty et al),
LOUISIANA - Empoasca sp, - 111 nymphs, 58 adults per 100 sweeps
os burclover in Bast Beton us Parish, (Oliver), : ES -
Tapoasca sp. very light, 2-4 per 10 sweeps, in alfalfa in extreme
aoathecee ThOMeey i Be
POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - MISSOURI - One specimen
taken in alfalfa Pemiscot County, April 29. (Brown).
POTATO LEAF HOPPER SURVEY, SPRING 1955
In a survey of the Gulf States from April 6 to May 2, to check results
obtained in 1954, the overwintering area for Tue poasca fabae was found
to be within an area bounded roughly on the nor y a line drawn between
Texarkana, Texas, and Fairfax, S. C. In general, males were taken
at more northerly points in river valleys than in areas between rivers.
These results confirm conclusions drawn from a similar survey in 1954,
The western limit of the overwintering range is bounded approximately
by the Brazos River Valley. As found in last year's survey, popula-
tions were very spotty and not widespread in the overwintering area, a
Oy:
fact which raises the problem of why more of the apparently available
breeding area is not utilized by the species.
Populations including large numbers of nyinphs were found as far north
as Shreveport and Monroe, La., as late as April 28. The most northern
ee inthe Mississippi Valley near Clarksdale, Miss,, on May 1.
x1 OuUng?).
FRUIT INSECTS
CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonelia) ~- NEW JERSEY -
Emergence started in some southern areas, (Merrill). PENNSYL-
VANIA - At Snyder 65 percent pupated on apple, (Gesell}, DELAWARE -
Emergence continuing. ‘Late News), NORTH CAROLINA - Aduits now
in flight in western counties, (Turnipseed), OHIO - First moth emerged
May 4, (Cuthright), INDIANA - Adults began emerging at Vincennes
April 26, and emergence increased daily, Weather conditions ideal
for heavy oviposition, {Hamilton}, ILILINOIS - Moths began emerging
in cages from Villa Ridge to Carbondale about May 1. Moths increasing
at Carbondale and Anna, First hatch of eggs expected May 9 or 10%
(Chandler), MISSOURI - Egg-laying may soon be underway in Independence
APHIDS ON APPLE - PENNSYLVANIA - Aphis pomi, Anuraphis roseus
and ee oe fitchii showing wing pads in south centrai area, and
R. fitchii abundant at Huntingdon, A, zoseus tightly curling leaves.
Eriosoma lanigerum fairly abundant and aerial forms on pruning cuts
in south central area. (Pepper, Udine).
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana} - RHODE ,
ISLAND - Found April 28 on appte trees in Washington County. (Kantack),
MASSACHUSETTS - Active at Amherst and eggs found on bark. (Crop
Pest Cont. Mess.). NEW JERSEY - Eggs present throughout the State.
(Merrill), PENNSYLVANIA - Very numerous in some apple orchards
in south central area, (Pepper). NORTH CAROLINA - First adults
of season taken in bait pails, May 2, Wilkes County, (Turnipseeds.
INDIANA - Enough egg masses noted in the Covington-Indianapolis
area to warrant control measures for first-brood larvae. Infestations
in Vincennes area continue light, (Hamilton), MISSOURI - Larvae in
moderate numbers in a few scattered spots in St, Joseph area, (Wkly.
Rot. br. Grow. ). |
SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) - RHODE ISLAND -
Light numbers observed April 30 on apple trees in Washington County.
(Vantack), PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant in an nmsprayed apple
orchard st Huntingdon, (Udine).
- 408 -
CLOVER MITES (Bryobia snp,) - ARIZQNA - Bryobia sp, heavy on
unsprayed apple trees In Oak Creek Canyon, Cocaine County, Apr, 26,
injuring tender sheots, (Ariz, Coop. Rept,), OHIO - B, praetiosa
heavy @n unsprayed peach orchard in Ottawa County. (Rings, Brooks),
EUROPEAN APPLE SAWFLY (Hoplocampa testudinea) - NEW JERSEY -
me oe eee blossoms in Bergen County, May 2, in unsprayed orchards,
‘Merriil).
LENT CATERPILLARS - NEW YORK ~ Abundant in orchards Oswego
County, seme more numereus than in past 2 years. (Lum), Quite
generat over Westchester County on rnadside and non-commercial
apples, (Androsko), Common in orchards, Clinton County. (Burrell),
PENNSYLVANIA - Moderate to heavy and more abundant than usual
on wild cherry in central area, (Udine, Adams, Gesell), WASHINGTON -
Malacosoma disstria and M, pluviale began hatching before leaves out
on apple in San Juan County; fed on uds, eausing more blossom injury
than previously seen, First larvae observed April 10, (Baker),
CUTW6®RMS - WASHINGTON = In about normal numbers on young
apple, peach and apricot seedlings. (Luce),
EUROPEAN RED MITE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - MASSACHUSETTS -
Hatched rapidly during the week at eter Crop Pest Cont. Mess. ),
NEW JERSEY - Active in many archards, (Merrill). OHIO - Hatching
of everwintering eggs completed April 27, Populations greater than
for several seasons, (Cutright), INDIANA - Counts made May 3,
Vincennes area, showed 56 mobile forms and 641 eggs per 100 leaves
where no sprays applied in contrast to 13 mobile forms and 133 eggs
where dormant eils applied. (Hamilton).
PLUM CUR@ULIO (Conotra helus nenuphar) - NEW YORK = Adults
RS
taken in the field, May 4, western area, First recevery of adults
in 1954 was May 3, ( Cuts fauad en plums, May 6, Westchester
County, (Androske), Feeding punctures in Greene County. (Buckley).
PENNSYLVANIA = Present in numbers on peach in south central area,
(Pepper), OHIO = Infestation in northern area somewhat lighter than
in 1954, Oviposition not yet observed, (Rings). INDIANA - Number
of adults in unsprayed peach orchards in the Vincennes area increased
in past 2 weeks, Five trees jarred in an abandoned orchard May 2
yielded 73 adults in contrast to 30 for April 19. Egg laying punctures
On apple light and no severe first brood damage anticipated in commercial
orchards, (Hamilton), ILLINOIS - Marked increase of curculios coming
out of winter quarters in Carbondale area, This may be important to
the few blocks of apples, even though the carry-over from 1954 was |
light, (Chandler), MICHIGAN - Abundant at East Lansing, May 2. |
(Hutson), MISSOMRI- Considerable activity noted in the Columbla |
- 409 -
‘area, also active in Independence and St, Joseph areas, Peak of egg
laying probably passed out activity expected to continue for some time.
(Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow.).
ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Granholitha molesta}) - NEW YORK - In
Monroe County first adults taken in bait jars May 2, ‘Corey), NORTH
CAROLINA-~ Adults in flight in western counties. (Turnipseed).
MISSOURI - Few reports of twig injury. First brood probably over
in Independence area, (Wkly. Rept. Fr. Grow.).
BERTHA ARMYWORM (Mamestra configurata) - WASHINGTON -
Attacking peach buds in orchards near Parker, Control applied.
(Landis, Schopp).
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - COLORADO - Eggs hatching
April 25 and stem mothers reported Showing up in most peach orchards,
(Colo, Ins, Det. Comm,), UTAH - Hatching in peach orchard at Payson.
Moderately numerous on peach at Hurricane and Santa Clara, (Knowlton),
CAT-FACING INSECTS - UTAH - Lyqus spp.&L, elisus
adults fairly numerous in peach, cherry and prune orchards
examined in Utah and Salt Lake Counties, (Knowlton, Barlow), OHIO -
Euschistus variolarius, E, servus, E. tristigmus, E, servus euschis~
toides depositing eggs inlarge numbers, _Buschistus tristigmus and
E. variolarius eggs hatching, (Rings, Brooks), ~ ;
PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - WASHINGTON - Eggs starting to
hatch in Wenatchee area, April 24. (O'Neill),
FRUIT TREE LEAF ROLLER (Archips argyrospila) - INDIANA - Larvae
more prevalent in southern area than during past 6 years. (Hamilton).
A CATERPILLAR (Basilarchia lorquini) - WASHINGTON - Unusually
abundant on fruit seedlings. (Luce).
PECAN INSECTS - FLORIDA - At Monticello, Jefferson County,
moderate to heavy infestation of larvae of Acrobasis caryae on pecans,
also A, caryivorella and Gretchna bolliana moderately infesting pecan
seedlings, Phillips). GEORGIA - Overwintering larvae of A, jugiandis
feeding on pecan foliage in Mitchell County, April 28. (Osburn),
A MITE (Tetranychus yumensis) - ARIZONA - General on citrus on
Bete Causing noticeable damage in some groves. (Ariz. Coop.
ept. ).
- 410 -
SIX-SPOTTED MITE (Tetranychus sexmaculatus) - FLORIDA - Infesta-
tions increased and peak not expected to be reached before the middle
of May, (Pratt, Thompson, Johnson),
FLORIDA RED SCALE (Chrysomphalus aonidum) - FLORIDA = Increase
in activity this week and expected fo continue at moderately high level for
several weeks, (Pratt, Thompson, Johnson),
BLACK-HEADED FIREWORM (Rhopobota naevana) ~ WASHINGTON -
Emergence of first brood will be at Tedst 3 weeks late. Large carrycver
of eggs could develop into severe infestations in Long Beach, Grayland
and Westland bog areas. (Tidrick).
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Infesting peas in many
places in Kent and Sussex Counties, (Milliron), NEW JERSEY - Winged
forms appearing in large numbers in alfalfa fields in southern area but
as early as April 27 some migration had taken place on peas. (Merrill),
VIRGINIA - In sufficient numbers on peas on the Eastern Shore to require
control, (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster),
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - MARYLAND - Adults
beginning to feed on snap and lima beans on lower Eastern Shore; damage
is Tight as yet, (U, Md,, Ent, Dept.), VIRGINIA - Several adults found
in a bean field in Princess Anne County May 3, and light injury is show-
ing up on early snap bean planting. (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster),
TENNESSEE - Moderate injury to snap and lima beans in Clarksville
area, (Scott), MISSOURI - Active in several sections of State, (Wkly.
Rpt. Fr. Grow.), ARKANSAS - On garden beans in eastern area.
(Warren),
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - VIRGINIA - First
adults of season noted in a bean field in Princess Anne County May 8.
(Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster),
CABBAGE SEEDPOD WEEVIL (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) - WASHINGTON -
Adults moderateley abundant on various wild crucifers in bloom near
Parker, (Landis, Schopp).
IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - TENNESSEE - Damaging —
cabbage in Nashville area, (Scott), NEW YORK - Adults quite numerous
in western area and laying eggs on cabbage recently set in field, Larvae
found in Eden Valley. (Kriner),
CABBAGE MAGGOT (Hylemya brassicae) - RHODE ISLAND = Adults
active in cultivated hens Enromemout the State, aii Tee
SETIS - Flies very active at Amherst. Eggs reported from al :
(Crop Pest Cont, insee, ), NEW YORK - Flies active May 1 and
- 411 -
heavy oviposition underway in Niagara County, (Stevenson),
APHIDS - NEW YORK - Many on cabbage in Eden Valley. (Kriner).
MARYLAND - Potato aphids light on tomatoes, Wicomico to Caroline
Counties. Heavy infestations of CABBAGE APHID on cabbage in
Caroline County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept. ).
STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Acalymma vittata} - MISSOURI -
Moderate to heavy populations and damage to commercial acreage
of watermelons, cantaloups and cucumbers in extreme southeast
counties, Counts ranged from 1 to 21 beetles per hill of plants, (Kyd,
Thomas), MARYLAND - Adults found feeding on newly emerged
squash in Wicomico County, (U. Md,, Ent, Dept.).
COLORALO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - DELA-
WARE - Adulis injuring untreated potatoes at Georgetown. (Milliron),
MARYLAND - Adults quite numerous on Eastern Shore in potato and
tomato fields, Laying eggs on foliage, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.)
TENNESSEE - Larvae and adults on Irish potato in Nashville area.
(Scott), MISSOURI - Active in the Independence area, (Wkly. Rpt, Fr.
Grow.). ARKANSAS - Infestations general and appear about normal
for time of year. (Warren),
POTATO PSYLLID (Paratrioza cockerelli) - NEBRASKA ~ Occurring
on sprouts in cull potato piles, April 27, which is one to two weeks
earlier than normal, Eggs being deposited. (Wallis), UTAH - Scarce
on matrimonyvine, One adult taken in 50 net sweeps at Sandy.
(Knowlton).
POTATO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix cucumeris) - DELAWARE -
Injurious in some potato plantings at Brenford and Dover, (Milliron),
POTATO APHID (Macrosiphum solanifolii) - DELAWARE - Beginning
to appear on potatoes near Smyrna and on tomatoes at Bridgeville.
(Milliron), WASHINGTON - Unusually abundant on winter-hardy weeds,
on which winter was passed, from Yakima to Toppenish, Winged spring
migrants being produced, (Landis, Schopp),.
GARDEN SPRINGTAIL (Bourletiella hortensis) - DELAWARE -
Abundant on potatoes in Brenford area, (Milliron),
A WEEVIL (Anthonomus varipes) - FLORIDA - Adults infesting egg-
plants in Dade County, cut off the blossom buds and young fruit, also
fed on leaves and prevented production of fruit on experimental
plantings, Although collections of the species were made earlier,
it is the first note of its seriousness to eggplant production,
(Wolfenbarger),
- 412 -
AN EGGPLANT TORTOISE BEETLE (Gratiana pallidula) - TEXAS -
Local medium infestation on native night shades in Crystal City area
of Zavala County. (Richardson),
FLEA BEBTLES - NEW YORK - Most all greens and plants recently
set in field being injured in parts of western area, (Kriner).
PENNSYLVANIA - Heavy feeding on radish leaves in Centre County,
(Udine), MARYLAND - Abundant on potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage
Wicomico to Caroline Counties. Heavy on broccoli in Montgomery
County, (U, Md., Ent, Dept,). VIRGINIA - Seem to be causing the
most concern to growers on the Eastern Shore on practically all crops,
such as es potatoes, cucumbers and corn, (Brubaker, Greenwood,
Hofmaster),
CUTWORMS - MARYLAND - Serious damage to tomatoes and snap
beans planted after sod in Wicomico County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.),
NORTH CAROLINA - Tobacco plants in some fields in Columbus County
damaged about 8 tol0 percent, (Guthrie, Rabb), Peridroma margari-
tosa damaged cabbage in Carteret County, 8 to 10 percent of plants
affected, (Weisman - SOUTH CAROLINA - Light local infestation of
watermelons in Allendale County. (Rogers), Infesting watermelons in
Barnwell County, April 27, (Shelley). TENNESSEE - Continue to
severely injure legumes, pastures, corn and garden crops in the
Clarksville area, Many larvae pupating. (Scott), MISSOURI -
Continue to cause trouble in home gardens. (Wkly. Rpt, Fr. Grow.),
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) -
ARKANSAS - Damage increased in southeastern area on truck crops,
(Warren), MISSISSIPPI - About 15 adults per recently-set tomato
plant in a field in Lowndes County, damaging vegetables in Monroe
County, about 12 adults per square foot in an oat field in Bolivar
County. (Miller, Goodgame), ALABAMA - Abundant in various parts
of the State in cruciferous crops, clovers, and vetches, (Arant).
SOUTH CAROLINA - Adults injuring tobacco plants in the field near
Aynor, (Allen, Hodge, Creighton),
TOBACCO WIREWORM (Conoderus vespertinus) - NORTH CAROLINA-
Injury to newly-set tobacco in several localities, Damage averaged
about 25 percent in Columbus County, 20 to 60 percent in Robeson
County, and 20 to 95 percent in Wilson County. (Guthrie, Rabb).
TOBACCO BUDWORM (Heliothis virescens) - FLORIDA - Averaging
3 larvae per 100 experimental tobacco plants in Alachua County,
Larvae varied in size from newly hatched to nearly full grown. (Tissot,
Kuitert), SOUTH CAROLINA - First larva on newly-set tobacco plants
noted April 29. ‘This is an unusnally early appearance. (Allen, Hodge,
Creighton).
- 413 -
HORNWORMS (Protoparce spp.) - TENNESSEE - First tobacco horn-
worm adult taken in light trap, May 2, (Scott), FLORIDA - Eggs found
-on sun tobacco at Quincy, Gadsden County. (May). P. sexta averaged
46 larvae per 100 experimental tobacco plantsin Alachua County. Many
eggs and some larvae up to 1-1/2 inches in length, (Tissot, Kuitert),
CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - FLORIDA - Increasing on
shade tobacco fields, (May).
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Few
infestations in tobacco plant beds, inged and wingless individuals
appearing on newly-set field plants in the Florence area, (Allen, Hodge,
Creighton).
TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Bpites hirtipennis) - TENNESSEE -
Present in small numbers in the Clarksville area, Injury to tobacco
seedlings light, (Scott), SOUTH CAROLINA - Appearing in large
numbers on newly-set plants throughout most of tobacco-producing
areas of the State, (Allen, Hodge, Creighton), DELAWARE - On
potatoes in Dover and Bridgeville areas, and feeding on newly-set
tomatoes near Hartly, (Milliron).
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Recently-set tobacco in fields planted in grain previously damaged
about 50 percent in Hoke County. Where tobacco did not follow grain,
no damage observed. (Williford, Jones), RHODE ISLAND - Adults
active in cultivated fields throughout the State. (Kantack),
MAGGOTS ON SUGAR BEETS - COLORADO - Adults of Hylemya
cilicrura observed April 26 in beet fields in sufficient numbers in Weld
County to be of concern, First adults of Tetanops myopaeformis
taken April 29 in same County, Numbers increased daily. Both
maggots caused serious reduction in sugar beet stands in some areas
in 1954, With the slow germination evident this spring, these insects
can be serious, (Colo. Ins, Det, Comm).
ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) - RHODE ISLAND - Adults active
in cultivated fields caraugniout tate, (Kantack), MINNESOTA - Adults
began emerging in Twin Cities area May 3, at least 10 days earlier
than in 1954, About 5 flies per 20 sweeps at Brooklyn Center, May Oe
(Minn. Ins. Rpt. Serv. ).
THRIPS - NEW MEXICO - Building up on onions in the Mesilla Valley
and injuring tips of alfalfa in the Pecos, (Ins, Lett.).
RHUBARB CURCULIO (Lixus concavus) - MICHIGAN - Eggs in
rhubarb at Quincy, April 25, (Hutson).
- 414 -
SIX-SPOTTED LEAF HOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) - MINNESOTA -
Adults first noted in St, Paul area May 4, Few noticed on onions.
a 2 per 20 sweeps on alfalfa-grass mixture, (Minn, Ins. Rpt,
Serv. ).
STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL (Brachyrhinus ovatus) - WASHINGTON -
Very heavy infestations in many hop yards of Yakima Valley. Rots
originating in larval tunnels have killed high percentage of hills in
infested yards. (Keene),
ASPARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi) - DELAWARE - Present
enerally, Injurious to untreated plantings at Canterbury and Georgetown,
Milliron), MINNESOTA - Damaging new asparagus shoots in St. Paul
area, (Minn, Ins. Rpt. Serv,) WASHINGTON - Depositing eggs on
asparagus near Toppenish, (Landis, Schopp),
EUROPEAN EARWIG (Forficula auricularia) - WASHINGTON -
Adults unusually abundant in gardens al Union Gap, (Landis, Schopp).
STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus) - DELAWARE -
Moderate numbers occur throughout State on wild and cultivated plants,
but not unusually destructive at any point. (Milliron), MARYLAND -
Heavy clipping of blossoms in one large planting, Wicomico County,
Ten adults taken by sweeping, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.).
SPIDER MITES - INDIANA - Increased rather rapidly on strawberries
in the Orleans area. (Marshall),
COTTON INSECTS
BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) - TEXAS - Overwintered weevils
appearing on cotton in pre=square Stage in some fields of south central,
east, central and upper coastal areas, (Davis, Martin, May 3).
Boll Weevil Survival Counts, McNairy County, Tennessee:
Spring count of surviving boll weevil in McNairy County is considered
to be very low with an average of only 62 live weevils per acre, An
average of 311 live weevil per acre was found in hibernation last fall,
No live weevils were found in spring examinations of 1954. The carry-
over in McNairy County is considered representative for the cotton-
growing area of west Tennessee, (Locke).
- 415 -
BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Scattered eggs and small larvae on pre-
squaring cotton in coastal bend, south central, and eastern areas.
(Davis, Martin, May 3), Fourteen Heliothis armigera moths taken
in light trap week ending May 6, (Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan),
CUTWORMS - GEORGIA - Heavy infestation in cotton in Worth County.
(Westbrook), MISSISSIPPI - Appearing in many coiton fields in
Washington County, (Merkl), FLORIDA - Spotted cutworm (Amathes
c-nigrum) averaging 6 larvae per foot of row on cotton at Jasper,
Hamilton County, one and one-half acre completely destroyed. (Miller).
Porosagrotis vetusta and Feltia subterranea averaging 1-5 larvae/plant
infested cotton, corn and peas in Holmes County. Serious outbrea
in several fields. (Russell), TEXAS - Infesting cotton in most areas.
(Davis, Martin, May 3), Climbing cutworms severely damaging
some ae fields in Edcouch and Mercedes areas. (Wene, Dean,
Fuller).
BROWN COTTON LEAFWORM (Acontia dacia) - LOUISIANA - Two
adults taken in light trap at Natchitoches April 27, Larvae taken in
6 of 11 fields checked in Natchitoches Parish, Considerable damage
in one field, threatening stand, One field infested in Bossier Parish.
(Oliver). TEXAS - Reported in most fields of seedling cotton in
several eastern and south central areas, (Davis, Martin).
YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) -
LOUISIANA = Considerable damage to seedling cotton Natchitoches
Parish, (Oliver).
THRIPS - ARIZONA - From 4-6 thrips, mostly adults, per plant on
seedling cotton at Yuma, (Ariz. Coop, Rept.), MISSISSIPPI -
Damaging early cotton in Washington County, (Merkl), LOUISIANA -
Frankliniella fusca heavy on cotton in Natchitoches and Bossier
Parishes, (Oliver), Light to medium in nearly all fields in Tallulah
area, (Parencia et al), TEXAS - Light to medium infestations
general on young cotton in several areas, Heavy in some fields in-
Matagorda, Calhoun, Burleson and Brazos Counties. (Davis, Martin,
May 3), Injurious infestations in 7 of 18 fields inspected in McLennan
and Falls Counties. (Parencia et al).
COTTON FLEAHOPPER (Psallus seriatus) - TEXAS - Increasing
in lower valley, moderate in some fields of Cameron and Willacy
eae Light scattered infestations in other areas, (Davis, Martin,
May 38).
APHIDS - TEXAS - Light to medium infestations in cotton in several
areas, Heavy in San Patricio and Calhoun Counties. (Davis, Martin,
May 3).
- 416 -
CCITON APHID (Aphis gossypii) - ARIZONA - Abundant on seedling
cotton in Yuma sear aee te per plant in 2-4 leaf stage in six fields.
ee light infestation in three fields in Eloy area, (Ariz, Coop.
Rept, }.
SEED-CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - NEW MEXICO - Consider-
able injury to cottonseed in Lake Arthur area, This insect combined
with some damping off is making replanting necessary in some fields,
(Ins, Lett., Apr. 30).
ANARCTTID (Callarctia phyllira)- ALABAMA - Destroyed stands of
young cotton in Barbour County. (Arant),
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - GEORGIA -
Moderate infestation damaging seedling cotton plants in Macon County,
April 27, (J. Alden),
SPIDER MITES - TEXAS ~- Spotted light to medium infestations in
several areas, Heavy in a few fields in Matagorda, Calhoun and Fort
Bend Counties, Also in Burleson County, (Davis, Martin, May 3).
FOREST, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
GYPSY MOTH (Porthetria dispar) - First hatching of gypsy moth
eggs was noted in Columbia County, NEW YORK, April 20, and in
Ulster and Dutchess Counties, New York, April 22, The April 20
date of hatching was the earliest ever noted in this State, Gypsy
moth larvae were noted on egg clusters in Fairfield County,
CONNECTICUT, April 24, but evidence hatching had taken place a day
or two earlier, Aerial spraying which will involve the treatment
of approximately 150, 000 acres of gypsy moth infested territory
within and to the west of the barrier zone in New York, commenced
May 4, Itis anticipated that the spraying program will be com-
pleted on or before June ld. (Gypsy & Br. Tail Moths Cont, Proj.).
MACHR AN, «20 PRSHNS ae hangs) May 1. (Hutson), MAINE -Byg mass
CANKERWORMS - TEXAS - Medium to heavy local infestations on
mesquite and ornamentals in Brazos, Goliad, and Bexar Counties.
(Gaines), MINNESOTA - Alsophila pometaria and Paleacrita vernata
feeding on susceptible trees in southern and central areas. (Minn,
Ins, Rept. Serv.). MICHIGAN - A, pometaria and P. vernata abundant at
Hast Lansing, April 28, (Hutson), NEBRASKA - Paleacrita vernata
very light in scattered locations on elm trees, (Roselle, Andersen).
ILLINOIS - Occasional reports of severe damage by P, vernata. (Petty
et al),
- 417 -
TENT CATERPILLARS - OREGON - Malacosoma disstria and M, plu-
viale about 90 percent of egg masses hatched by May 6, (Torvend).
MINNESOTA - Second instar M, disstria general in infested area in
Pine County, May 4. Small amount of hatching at Duluth, May 5.
(Minn, Ins, Rept, Serv.). TENNESSEE - Infestation of wild cherry
much less severe than in 1954 in Clarksville area, (Scott),
A LOOPER (Lambdina athasaria pellucidaria) - DELAWARE -
Adults very abundant in pine forests in Sussex County, (Milliron).
A BARK BEETLE - COLORADO - A severe outbreak of a bark beetle,
tentatively identified as aa clouderofti, reported on pinon pine in
Fremont County April 30, Several thousand acres affected. Drought
conditions have augmented seriousness of the problem, (Colo, Ins.
Det. Comme):
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL APHID (Chermes cooleyi) - WASHINGTON -
Unusually abundant on Douglas fir in San Juan County, (Baker),
SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE Geclus multistriatus) -
DELAWARE - Pupation well over 50 percent, (Milliron),
WOOLLY APPLE APHID (Eriosoma lanigerum) - TEXAS - Medium
to heavy infestations on elm trees in city of Dallas, (Milikien),
A WOOLLY LARCH APHID (Chermes strobilobius) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Fairly abundant on larch, in Centre County. About 50 percent of eggs
hatched, (Adams),
A PINE SAWFLY Weodiprion sp.) - ARKANSAS - Additional infestation
a aie pine sawfly reported from Calhoun County; damage light.
arren),
ROSE APHID (Macrosiphum rosae) - PENNSYLVANIA - Appearing in
numbers on rose in Centre County. (Pepper).
SCALE INSECTS - Eurelm scale (Gossyparia spuria) and oystershell
scale (Lepidosaphes sp.) heavy throughout Goshen County. (Spackman),
- 418 -
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- 420 -
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) - TEXAS - Medium local infestation on
cows and horses in Harrison County, (Rose), KANSAS - Populations
in southeast area averaged about 60 per unsprayed dairy animal and
from 40-60 flies per range animal, (Matthew), LOUISIANA - Increas-
ing on cattle East Baton Rouge Parish; 60 per head on 72 dairy cattle
and from 200-2500 per head on 16 steers, (Oliver), NEBRASKA -
Occurring over the State, (Roselle),
HOUSE FLY (Musca domestica) - ARIZONA - Building up in Yuma
area. Becoming household nuisance, (Ariz. Coop, Repi.), NEBRASKA -
Emerging for several days, Should build up rapidly with favorable con-
ditions, (Roselle), :
STABLE FLY (Stomoxys calcitrans) - OKLAHOMA - Average 4-8 per
animal in north central area, (Howell), LOUISIANA - Average 8-12
per head on 72 cattle in East Baton Rouge Parish, (Oliver),
CATTLE LICE - TEXAS - Heavy widespread on cattle in Houston
County. {Monrse),
NORTHERN CATTLE GRUB (Hypoderma bovis) - PENNSYLVANIA =
Up to 20 per animal on cattle, April 30, in Clearfield County. (Adams).
SHEEP KED (Melophagus ovinus) - WYOMING - Infestation general in
Albany County, (Spackman). |
STORED PRODUCTS INSECTS
STORED-GRAIN INSECTS - MONTANA - Average infestations of
Laemophloeus spp., Lribolium spp., Tenebrio molitor, Enicmus
minutus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis during winter months, Onl
one infestation of Sitophilus granarius reported, (Roemhild, Apr. 26).
MISCELLANEOUS
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - MONTANA - Some inquiries, but
much less abundant than last year. (Roemhild, Apr. 26). RHODE
ISLAND - Heavy population throughout State invading houses during last
of April. (Kantack),
TERMITES - INDIANA ~ Based on records of swarmers, termites
unusually active throughout State, (Davis),
ADDITIONAL NOTES
WEST VIRGINIA - (Kearneysville area) - UNSPOTTED LEAF MINER .
(Callisto geminatella) - Most larvae in leaf mines young, about and
instar development. Infestation rather severe in orchards infested
during the 1954 season. EUROPEAN RED MITE - Leaf samples
showed up to 10 immature forms per leaf in some orchards. One
rather severe infestation of ROSY APPLE APHID and several light
infestations found. (Hamstead).
OREGON - (MEADOW SPITTLEBUG - Eggs began to hatch April 26 in
Marion and Washington Counties. Hatching was very scattered at that
time. (Hanna, Every). FILBERT LEAFROLLER (Archips rosana)
overwintering eggs began to hatch May 5 in the Willamette Valley.
(Every). CURRANT FRUIT FLY - First emergence noted in Washington
County April 26. (Torvend).
WYOMING - CUTWORMS - Two per square foot in alfalfa causing damage
in Fremont County near Riverton. (Spackman).
IOWA - EUROPEAN CORN BORER winter survival and spring
infestation survey discloses populations as follows, as compared with
a similar survey a year ago. Live borers per acre of corn stubble
planted to oats in 1955: state average - 14,209. This compares with
4,183 in 1954 and 1,759 in 1953. Lowest populations occurred in
northeast Iowa and highest populations in southwest with live borers per
acre of 4,253 and 27,451, respectively. Briefly, the infestation
appears approximately three times as heavy at this time as a year ago.
Pupation is underway and in central Iowa approximately 17 percent of the
borers have pupated as of May 9. This is noticeably in advance of a year
ago, but the season otherwise, including corn plantings, is comparably
advanced. There have been heavy flights of SEED-CORN BEETLES
throughout State. ARMYWORM moths appeared abundant in central
Iowa during past week. GRASSHOPPERS (Melanoplus bivittatus and
M, mexicanus) hatching in southwest area; noticeably earlier than in
more normal years. CHINCH BUGS have been observed in flight and
one small grain field was observed where the bugs averaged approximately
2 per square foot. Other fields appeared free of bugs. CANKERWORMS
damaging elms in south central and Des Moines areas. CUTWORMS are
damaging melons in the Muscatine Island trucking area, bean leaf beetle
also present. HORN FLIES are becoming numerous in central counties.
(Harris).
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VOL.5 No. 20 MAY 20,1955
Swe
BA 923
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ioe Wh ‘
Cooperative
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
Ir
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE \
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, ara
industria! entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a Clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 May 20, 1955 No, 20
COO PI ABI Wey COIN OWS WINS) 1 Cay 18h sh =O) 15 ab
Highlights of Insect Conditions
EUROPEAN CORN BORER winter survival counts from Nebraska,
Moths emerging in southern Illinois, pupation underway in most areas.
(pages 425, 443),
ARMYWORM situation continues to develop in Tennessee but populations
not aS numerous in Missouri as last year, Larvae appearing in Mary-
land, Delaware and Pennsylvania, (page 426), Survey of infestations
in Georgia, (page 443), Also see LIGHT TRAP COLLECTIONS,
(page 444),
YELLOW CLOVER APHID reported from Nebraska, Damage continues
in Arizona, New Mexico and other areas. (page 429),
POTATO LEAFHOPPER appearing in Illinois, (page 480).
ARMY CUTWORM infestation widespread in Utah and South Dakota.
(page 426),
A GRASS APHID recorded in California for first time. (page431).
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE becoming active as far north as Pennsyl-
vania, (page 434),
CUTWORM damage continues in many States. (pages 427, 4386).
COTTON FLEAHOPPER migrating to cotton in several areas of
Texas, Also reported from Arkansas. (page 439).
Distribution of OLD HOUSE BORER in the United States. (after page 446).
SURVEY METHOD for Ladino clover seed midge. (page 447).
Notes received too late for inclusion in body of this issue, (page 443),
FRR AERO ROR EK IO A IKK A
Reports in this issue are for the week ending May 13, 1955, unless
otherwise designated.
aoe
WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY CUTLOOK
Mid-May to Mid- June 1955
The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for mid-May to mid-June
calls for temperatures to average below seasonal normals over the
northeastern and southwestern quarters of the nation. Above normal
temperatures are predicted in the Pacific Northwest and in the
Gulf States, the Southern Plains, and middle Mississippi Valley.
Near normal values are expected in unspecified areas.
Precipitation is anticipated to be above normal from the Ohio Valley
to New England and also over the Southern Plateau States and Southern
Plains. Subnormal amounts are expected in West Coast States and in
the Southeast. In unspecified areas near normal am¢unts are in
prospect,
This report released by the Weather Bureau on May 17, 1955
Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume
and Outlook", published twice a month by the Weather Bureau. You
can subscribe through Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C.
Price: $4. 80 a year, $2.40 for six months.
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING MAY 16, 1955
Last week's temperatures averaged below normal by 3° to 6° in the
Pacific Northwest, above normal by 3° to 6° in the South and 3° to 9°
in the northern Great Plains, and about normal in the remainder of the
Country. Moderate to heavy precipitation fell over most of the area
extending from Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Iowa to the Atlantic Coast,
and in scattered sections of the Rocky Mountain States, but was very
light elsewhere. Severe thunderstorms and some tornadoes occurred in
Texas and Oklahoma on the 10th. Cold snaps occurred in the Northeast
on the 10th when widespread frost was reported in the lowlands of central
and southern New England and in scattered localities of New York State
and again on the 15th and 16th when Montpelier, Ohio and Emporium, Pa.,
reported lows of 28° and 29 respectively. Lowest temperatures in the
Rocky Mountain and Pacific States occurred after the passage of a low
pressure trough on the 15th and 16th, Maverick, Ariz., reporting 17° on
the later date. (Weather continued on page 446 )}.
-426-
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
GRASSHOPPERS - TENNESSEE - Building up in scattered alfalfa fields,
(Dozier). TEXAS - First and second instars heavy on range land and
edges of farm land in Ochiltree County. (Timmons). Medium in pas-
tures and along fence rows in areas of Tarrant County. (Jones).
NEW MEXICO - Approximately 75 sections infested east of Rio Grande
River in southern area with counts from 1 to 100 per square yard, This
is anew infestation, (Ins, Lett,, May 7). OKLAHOMA - Very large
numbers, mainly Melanoplus differentialis, hatching in southwestern
area, Reported in fields, roadsides and pastures. (Stiles, Tomlinson),
KANSAS - Melanopius spp. continue to increase in alfalfa, pastures,
fence rows and roadsides throughout most of State. Heaviest in eastern
counties, where as high as 60 nymphs per square yard in some local
areas, Harly-hatched grasshoppers approaching last instar development,
(Matthew), Counts of 15 per square yard in several central counties.
(Gates), As high as 30 per square yard in north central areas, (Burkhardt),
NEBRASKA - Melanoplus sp, infesting alfalfa and sweetclover in south-
eastern area, First and third instars, (Roselle, Connin), Twenty per 20
sweeps in alfalfa in Hamilton County. (Andersen), WYOMING - Bight
to 10 per square yard (overwintering species) on range land in Johnson
County. (Quade}. UTAH - Hatching in Grand County, (Tibbetts).
MORMON CRICKET (Anabrus simplex) - WYOMING - Five to 100
second and third instars per square yard infesting approximately 5, 000
acres southeast of Sundance (Crook County), (Spackman), NEVADA -
Hatch in Diamond Range of Eureka County progressing rapidly. Infes-
tations somewhat confined to canyons; however, continued hatching
closely following receding snow line, Occasional fourth instar noted,
(Del Curto),
EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - MASSACHUSETTS -
No evidence of winter mortality. One pupa found May 11. (Bourne).
RHODE ISLAND - About 25 percent pupation in a field in Washington
County. (Kantack), ILLINOIS - Moth emergence from 4 to 12 percent
in southern third of State. Pupation in southern séction 75 percent,
central 15-25 percent, and northern 4-15 percent. (Petty et al).
NEBRASKA - Winter survival survey shows average number of live
borers per acre as follows: northeastern area 22,667; central area
16, 482; southeast area 4, 840; and south central area 871. Pupae being
found in several corn-growing areas. (Andersen), SOUTH DAKOTA -
First pupae of season week of May 7 in Brookings County. (Halvorson).
ARMYWORMS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Damaging small grain in Richland
County. Also reported from Calhoun and Dillon Counties. (Nettles).
- 426-
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - LOUISIANA - Infestations spotty,
up to 6 larvae per square foot in Red River and BossicrParishes. (Oliver),
ARKANSAS = Infestations remain static and relatively low in most sec-
tions. Only a few fields have required insecticides and it is likely that
some unnecessary applications were made, Infestations from 0-2 per
square foot with one report of 15 per square foot from northeastern area,
(Warren), TENNESSEE ~ Armyworms are not blanketing usual areas,
but moderately serious infestations requiring controls in scattered
communities in southwest and northwest counties. Fairly serious infes-
tations in central areas, Some infestations around Knoxville will require
controls. Armyworms are present in eastern third of State, but not
serious enough to require controls except in occasional field. Heavy
damage, where it will occur, expected to begin week of May 16, (Mullett),
Hatching continues, from 1-3 larvae per square foot in east Tennessee,
o-8 per square foot in areas of Jefferson, Loudon, Monroe and Blount
Counties, Larvae from first to fourth instars, Moth flights declining.
(Dozier), VIRGINIA - Larvae on oats reported from southeastern
area May 10. (Davich, Muka), MARYLAND - Light numbers of small
larvae in barley and wheat fields in St, Marys County May 11. No
serious infestation reported. (U. Md,, Ent. Dept.), DELAWARE -
One small larva near Bridgeville; eggs found elsewhere in Sussex
County. (Milliron), PENNSYLVANIA - A few one-half grown larvae
in mixed hay in Lycoming County, (Gesell). ILLINOIS - Highest
count average 4 larvae per linear foot in one wheat field in southern
Illinois, (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Scattered infestations over State
but not nearly as numerous as last year. Parasitic wasp population
exceptionally high for time of year, (Kyd, Thomas), SOUTH DAKOTA -
Adults appearing at lights, This is very early (Severin, Lofgren),
ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) - UTAH - Outbreaks
exceed 12, 000 acres in Juab County and 15, 000 in Sanpete County. Total
known infested acreage for Utah estimated at 185,000 acres, (Knowlton).
SOUTH DAKOTA - Infestations in alfalfa in several counties, (Lofgren).
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - SOUTH CAROLINA - Appearing
on young corn in some fields at Myrtle Beach and Florence County, (Kirk).
LOUISIANA - Average per 100 sweeps of 12-inch net in crimson clover:
100-120 in Red River Parish and 29 in Natchitoches Parish, (Oliver).
TEXAS - Serious problem in all untreated sweet corn in lower Rio Grande
Valley area, (Wene), ARIZONA - Eggs and young larvae abundant on
very early field of sweet corn at Mesa, Maricopa County. (Ariz, Coop.
Rept, ye ;
SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER (Diatraea qeandiosellal - OKLAHOMA -
Pupation and emergence percentages May Iz-13 by county: Cleveland
88 and 20, Pontotoc 96 and 20, Seminole 84 and 16, Tulsa 68 and 4,
Emergence also noted in Payne and Pottawatomie Counties, (Arbuthnot),
-427-
CUIWORMS - PENNSYLVANIA - Agrotis gladiaria destroyed 6-8 acres
legume hay in Columbia County and attacking newly-planted corn in
Lycoming County, (Gesell), One acre oats destroyed in Somerset
County, (Udine), Cutworms destroyed one-half of 8-acre field of alfaita
in Cumberland County {Pepper) and 3 acres of oats in Dauphin County
(Menusan), TENNESSEE = Infestation in north-central area decreasing;
however, severe injury stiil occurring in corn and gardens, (Scott),
FLORIDA - Feltia subierranea destroyed ten acres of young corn in
Columbia County. (Dukes). Also heavy damage to 200 acres peanuts
and 80 acres corn in same courty, (Mayeux, Tissot), MISSISSIPPI -
A. maletida damaging corn in Forrest County. (Broome), LOUISIANA -
A. ypsilon severely damaging seedling corn in Bossier Parish, Up to
25 percent of stand infested in some fields in East Baton Rouge Parish.
(Oliver), MISSOURI - Cutworm damage to corn continues, Variegated
cutworm still relatively light but may build up somewhat in next few weeks.
(Kyd, Thomas). ARKANSAS - Peridroma margaritosa light to heavy with
counts of 10 per square foot some alfalfa fields. (Warren), NEBRASKA -~
A, orthogonia damaging wheat in Kimball, Cheyenne and Banner Counties,
Populations lower than last year, one to three per linear foot, (Hill).
COLORADO - A, orthogonia averaging 5-11 larvae per linear foot of wheat
row some areas through Logan County east to Nebraska line, Some injury
in spring barley. (Colo. Ins, Det. Comm.).
GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostege similalis) - LOUISIANA - This species
with corn earworm and beet armyworm severely infesting one field of
corn in Rapides Parish, (Oliver).
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) - FLORIDA -
Destroyed 80 acres of corn in Gilchrist County. (Cobb), Severe damage
to cowpeas at Live Oak; Suwannee County. (Crews),
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - ILLINOIS - Have been ovipositing
in thin stands of small grains, Individual oat plants have been killed by
adult feeding, (Petty et al), OKLAHOMA - Adults numerous in some
corn fields in Garvin County, (Arbuthnot).
SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA - Number of
sugarcane stalks infested per acre: Cheneyville, Rapides Parish, 306;
West Baton Rouge Parish, 145; Plaquemine, Iberville, 242; Napoleonville,
Assumption Parish, 570, (Oliver),
SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpuntata howardi) -
MISSISSIPPI - Damage to corn in Forrest County. (Sheffield),
TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus bimaculatus) - CALIFORNIA -
Very numerous on lower leaves of Sweet corn in Orange County. (Cal.
Coop. Rept., Apr. 30),
-428-
HESSIAN FLY (Bhi (Phytophaga gestructor) - MARYLAND - Pupae very
abundant on wheat in Harford and Washingt on Counties, (U: Md,, Ent,
Dept.). NEBRASKA - No evidence of spring brood in Dundy, Chase,
Perkins, Lincoln, Keith, Devel, Cheyenne and Kimball Counties. (Hamilton),
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - UTAH-Has increased in some
small grains in Juab and Salt Lake Counties. (Burtenshaw, Knowlton).
THRIPS - Very abundant in wheat, oats and alfalfa. (Andersen),
RICE STINK BUG (Solubeae pugnax) - LOUISIANA - General light infes-
tation in heading oats in Severai parishes, (Oliver).
RUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus pygmaeus) - PENNSYLVANIA-
Adults very abundant on wheat and on mustard fiowers in Fulton County,
May be peak year for this insect. Udine).
CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - TEXAS - Medium to
heavy widespread on grain SCue ini: and corn in Calhoun and Victoria
Counties. (May, McCombs).
CORN FLEA BEETLE (Chaetocnema pulicaria) - ILLINOIS - Population
per 100 Sweeps: (beside old corn fields) northeastern 13.7, eastern 4. 6;
(in grain) eastern 3,3, western 3.5, (Petty et al).
BILLBUGS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Not as serious on corn as in past
several years, (Kirk), ARIZONA - Caiendra phoeniciensis has caused
some damage to seedling hegari on 40 acres in Yuma County. This insect
has been regarded in Arizona principally as a pest of Bermuda grass.
(Ariz, Coop, Rept. )
SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - LOUISIANA - Average
of 164 stalks of sugarcane infested per acre in fields examined in Rapides,
West Baton Rouge, Iberville, and Assumption Parishes, (Oliver).
MISSISSIPPI - Damage to corn in Forrest County. Total of 800 adults
caught in light trap in one night in Oktibbeha County. (Broome, Hunsucker).
ARKANSAS - Attacking corn in southeastern area, Severe some fields in
Ashley-Chicot Counties area, (Warren), TENNESSEE - About 4, 000
beetles taken in light trap during week in Madison County, large flight
in Shelby County, Damage to young corn in some areas of west Tennessee
can be expected. {Dozier}, SOUTH CAROLINA - Up to 80 percent loss in
stand at Myrtle Beach, (Kirk),
WIREWORMS - NORTH DAKOTA - From 0-1. 2 per square foct in some
fields, One field of wheat in Cass County required reseeding, (Goodfellow).
WASHINGTON - Very little damage by Great Basin wireworm (Ctenicera
pruinina noxia) on early-planted winter wheat; 0-9 plants kilied per 1
-429-
yards of drill row in 14 fields. Twenty percent of stand destroyed in
untreated late-planted winter wheat in Adams County, Damage to
spring wheat becoming apparent. (Harwood).
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii) - CALIFORNIA - Col-
lected on alfalfa in Fresno County, First record north of Kern County.
(Armitage), Reported heavy enough for first time to require treatment
in Los Angeles County. Light to heavy San Bernardino County. (Coop.
Ins. Pest Rept. Apr, 30), ARIZONA - Continues abundant on alfalfa
in southern area except where controlled regularly. Has been abundant
in Greenlee County area since last November. Predators low in all
areas, (Ariz. Coop, Rept.). NEW MEXICO - Continues major insect
pest of New Mexicc, (Ins, Lett.). KANSAS - Additional reports of
infestation from south central counties. Some reports indicate popula-
tions of economic importance; however, in some cases first hay crop
will be cut before insecticidal controls begin. No M. trifolii observed
in eastern and north central areas. (Matthew), OKLAHOMA - Very
much lower than last week in Stillwater area due to predators, (Fenton).
Very severe in Garvin County, some hay baling being discontinued due
to honeydew, (Stiles, Tomlinson), NEBRASKA - Averaging 50 per 25
sweeps in red clover and alsike clover in Johnson County, From 10-19
per 25 sweeps in sweetclover in Gage County and 2-3 per 25 sweeps in
mixture of red clover, sweetclover and alfalfa in Lancaster County,
(Connin, Roselle), Three to 6 per 25 sweeps in sweetclover in Logan
County, (Andersen), TEXAS - Heavy widespread on alfalfa and clovers
in Burleson and Brazos Counties. Some fields abandoned for hay produc-
tion because of honeydew. (Wipprecht, Coad, Davis, Randolph).
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Remains abundant on
forage legumes, conspicuous damage some areas, (Milliron).
MARYLAND - From light to heavy on alfalfa in central and western
areas. Over 600 per sweep on one field in Baltimore County. (U. Md.,
Ent, Dept.). ILLINOIS - Maximum population in western section where
average was 751 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al) NEBRASKA - From
125-200 per 25 sweeps in east central and Platte Valley areas to 6-10
in Niobrara River area on alfalfa. (Andersen), KANSAS - Found in
nearly all alfalfa in Washington and Republic Counties, up to 300-350
per sweep in afew local areas, (Burkhardt). TEXAS - Medium to
heavy widespread on vetch and clover in Robertson County. Increasing
despite large numbers of beneficial insects, (Wipprecht), CALIFORNIA -
Heavy in San Bernardino alfalfa fields, (Cal. Ins. Rept,, Apr. 30).
UTAH - Damaging alfalfa in Kane County. (Rose, Knowlton), WYOMING-
Thirty to 40 aphids per 10 sweeps on alfalfa in Goshen County. (Spackman).
COWPEA APHID (Aphis medicaginis) - ARKANSAS - Infestations have
been general but light in alfalfa and clover fields, (Warren),
-430-
LEAF HOPPERS - RHODE ISLAND - Adults appearing on clover and
alfalfa, (Kantack), NEBRASKA - From 20-25 Macrosteles fascifrons
per 20 sweeps and 15-30 Aceratagallia uhleri per 25 sweeps on wheat
and oats in Platte Valley and Niobrara River areas. (Andersen),
From 20-25 Endria inimica per 25 sweeps in alfalfa in Lincoln area,
(Connin),
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - RHODE ISLAND -
Few nymphs in alfalfa in southwest area. (Kantack}). PENNSYLVANIA -
Heavy infestation on oats Northumberland County. (Pepper), DELAWARE-
Abundant on red clover in many places and increasing on alfaifa, (Milliron),
ILLINOIS - Average infestation is 25 per 100 stems for State, Average
for central and northeastern areas is 45 to 50 per 100 stems. (Petty
et al).
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica) - NEW JERSEY - Collected in
Sussex and Warren Counties, (DeBlois, Merrill), DELAWARE -
Injury increasing on all untreated older aifalfa, {Milliron), MARYLAND-
Damage by larvae to unsprayed alfalfa continues heavy in most sections,
New adults appearing, {U. Md., Ent. Dept.), PENNSYLVANIA - All
stages in alfalfa in Chester and Delaware Counties. Heaviest infesta-
tions found in Berks County, a few in Dauphin and Lebanon Counties,
(Menusan), COLORADO - Larvae apoearing in alfalfa in Weld County
May 5. Substantial population of the parasite, Bathyplectes curculionis
along with weevil larvae in western area, (Colo, Ins. Det. Comm.).
UTAH - Control operations underway with substantial acreages being
treated in most counties, (Knowlton).
LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigvirostris) - DELAWARE -
Much injury to red clover at all locations, (Milliron). ILLINOIS -
Maximum of 53 percent of stems found infested by larvae in north-
eastern section, (Petty et ai).
SWEETCLOVER WHEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - NORTH DAKOTA -
Adults notching leaves of mature plants in many localities, (Goodfellow),
NEBRASKA - Average per 25 sweeps in sweetclover: 20 in Gage
County, 8 in Logan County. (Connin, Andersen),
POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - ILLINOIS - Definitely
collected from southwestern, southern and eastern areas. (Petiy
et al),
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - NEBRASKA - Per 25
sweeps on alfalfa: 15-30 in east central and Platte Valley areas and
12-25 in Niobrara River area, (Andersen). WYOMING - Ten adults
per 100 sweeps on alfalfa in Goshen County, (Spackman).
-431-
‘LOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - NEVADA - Economic damage
to field of alfalfa in Churchill County. (Lauderdale). UTAH - Infes-
tation high on alfalfa in Long Valley, Kane County. (Rose).
VAGABOND CRAMBUS (Crambus vulgivagellus) - ARKANSAS - Fields
of clover and fescue in north central area damaged heavily. (Warren).
A CLOVER HOPPER (Tortistilus inermis) - NEW MEXICO - Large
numbers in alfalfa in Dona Ana County. (Ins. Lett., May 7).
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - ILLINOIS - Becoming»
more abundant. Average population in clover fields in western area 1S
8.6 per 100 sweeps. (Petty et al). ARKANSAS - Infestations general
over northern half of State. Severe in some soybean fields of north-
eastern area. Up to 5 per foot of row in Mississippi County. (Warren).
A BLUEGRASS APHID (Rhopalosiphum poae) - CALIFORNIA - Heavy
damaging infestation found on Merion bluegrass in Kern County
March 8. First record of aphid in California, (Armitage).
SPITTLEBUGS - NEW YORK - Activity increasing considerably in.
Ulster County; controls underway on alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil. (Palmer).
FRUIT INSECTS
CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella) - NEW YORK - Pupation
under tree bands in eastern area increasing, (Dean), MARYLAND -
Began to emerge from averwintering cages, May 10, at Hancock.
(U. of Md., Ent. Dept.). OHIO - Light emergence with little or no egg
laying to May 12. (Cutright). ILLINOIS - Heavy emergence May 5-7
at Anna and Carbondale indicates heavy hatch soen, (Chandler). First
larvae May 9 on unsprayed apple in Carbondale area. (Chandler; Arnold).
MISSOURI - Larvae in Columbia area, May 7. Additional reports of
hew entries from St. Joseph and Independence areas. (Wkly. Rpt. Fr.
Grow. ). KANSAS - Activity started for northeast section. First moths
of 1955 season taken from cages May 4 Doniphan County. (Eshbaugh).
COLORADO - First emergence May 5; last season April 22. Numbers
low and scattered in western area. (Colo. Ins. Det. Comm.). OREGON -
First moth of seasou found in bait pan May 9, Medford area. (Gentner).
-434-
EUROPEAN RED MITE (Metatetranychus ulmi) - WASHINGTON -
hatching May 4 to 9 in Wenatchee area. (O'Neill). OREGON - First
-arvae noted May 9 on apples at Hood River and on pear at Medford.
\ENlertison, Gentner), CALIFORNIA - Some medium infestations on
deciduous fruit orchards in Santa Cruz County. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Rpt.
Apr. 30). OHIO - Oviposition by first generation nearing completion,
May 12. Infestation varies widely in different orchards. (Cutright).
PENNSYLVANIA - In Tioga County 300 mites per leaf in an unsprayed
apple orchard. (Gesell), NEW YORK - First summer eggs at Pough-
keepsie, May 14. Heavy oviposition may be expected for next several
days. (Dean). MARYLAND - Heavy populations in some orchards reach-
ing 50 mites per leaf, Hancock, May 10. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). MAINE -
First generation larvae found May 12 on apple foliage at Monmouth.
(Boulanger).
ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - NEW JERSEY - Con-~
siderable activity in northern and southern areas. (Merrill). DELAWARE-
First injury of the season to peaches. (Late News), CALIFORNIA -
Large numbers of overwintering moths emerged during March and April
in several small peach orchards south of Kingsburg. These infestations
are in Fresno, Kings and Tulare Counties, and where damage for the
State was heavy in 1954. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest Rpt. )
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - NEW YORK -
Trap captures continued heavy but number of eggs remains small. Hatch-
ing occurred May 10 and 12 in eastern area. (Dean). Hatching in Niagara
County May 12, Orleans County May 13 and May ll in Monroe County. (Wk'y.
News Lett.). MARYLAND - Practically all first-brood eggs hatched,
Hancock, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). MISSOURI - Although practically non-
existent for last two years, is evidently appearing again. Damage occurred
in an orchard in the northwestern area. Infestations appear to be more
noticeable on apples with large leaves. (Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow. ).
COLORADO - Emerging in large numbers, May 5, western area. (Colo.
Ins. Det. (\Conams),
PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) - MASSACHUSETTS - On
May 1a, 86 curculios collected and 35 on May 16, Amherst area. (Crop
Pest Cont. Mess. ). NEW YORK ~ Emerging for last 10 days in western
area but cool weather has retarded activity. First oviposition scars
May 18, Geneva. (Smith), PENNSYLVANIA - Light infestation gener-
ally on apple, cherry, plum in Snyder County. (Gesell), DELAWARE -
First injury to peach recorded for season. (Late News). MISSOURI -
Activity greater this year than in past 2 years. Adult activity dropped
~433-
off sharply in all areas. (Wkly Rpt. Fr. Grow.). OHIO - Ovipositing
in plums on May 10, Insects much more numerous than in preceeding
weeks, (Rings). KANSAS - Considerable activity on peaches and
apples in northeastern area, (Eshbaugh).
SPIDER MITES - NORTH CARCLINA - First eggs from overwintering
adults of Tetranychus schoenei noted in Alexander County on apple trees.
(Turnipseed, Farrier), UTAH - Brown mite hatching in numbers in_
many orchards throughout Utah. Most dominant species on most fruit
trees. (Knowlton),
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - MAINE - Attacking
apple fruit buds at Monmouth ay 3. (Boulanger).
EYE-SPOTTED BUD MOTH (Spilonota ocellana) - PENNSYLVANIA _
ee. infestation of full-grown larvae on apple in Beaver County.
ams),
FLATHEA DED APPLE TREE BORER (Chrysobothris femorata) -
OKLAHOMA - Active. (Bieberdorf).
GREEN PEACH APHID (Myzus persicae) - COLORADO - Populations
building up in unsprayed orchards in western areas. (Colo. Ins. Dew
Comm.), UTAH - Moderately numerous on peaches at Moab. (Tibbetts).
A LEAF MINER (Lithocolletis sp.) - OREGON ~ First eggs on apple
leaves, May 9, Medford area. Adults very abundant this spring on
trunks of apple trees, (Gentner).
AN UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF MINER (Callisto geminatella) -
MARYLAND - Populations heavy in a few isolated orchards at Hancock,
Up to 6 larvae per leaf in one orchard. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ).
WESTERN GRAPE LEAF SKELETONIZER (Harrisina brillians) ~
ARIZONA - Adults abundant around dooryard plantings of grape at
meson. Mayi6., (Ariz. Coop. kpt.)).
GRAPE FLEA BEETLE (Altica chalybea) - PENNSYLVANIA = Large
numbers of larvae on backyard grapes in Greene County. (Udine).
PECAN NUT CASEBEARER (Acrobasis caryae) - TEXAS - Medium
widespread on pecans in Matagorda County. Attack on nuts beginning.
(Pfannstiel).
A FILBERT APHID (Myzocallis coryli) - OREGON - Building up on
filberts in Canby area. Untreated trees in 1954 now have average
poprlations of 23 per leaf. (Ellertson).
-434-
CLIMBING CUTWORMS - UTAH - Extremely numerous and causing
some damage in stone fruit orchards in North Ogden, May 7. (Gerber,
Davis), Damaging orchards in some areas of Box Elder and Utah
Counties, (Ailred, Knowlton).
CAT-FACING INSECTS - OHIO - Stink bugs relatively inactive during
most of week because of cool weather. Very few eggs deposited by
Euschistus variolarius and BE. tristigmus, (Rings, Brooks).
CITRUS RED MITE (Metatetranychus citri) - CALIFORNIA - Light to
heavy infestations in San Bernardino County, light to medium in Orange
County citrus orchards, Control applied, In San Diego County infesta~
tions below normal, (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest Rpt., Apr. 30).
CALIFORNIA RED SCALE (Aonidiella aurantii) - CALIFORNIA - Light
to heavy in San Bernardino County, medium in Orange and Santa
Barbara Counties on citrus. Control applied. (Cal. Coop. Ins. Pest
eyjolty uote, (SO),
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - PENNSYLVANIA -
First adult noted May 12, Chester County, on beans. (Menusan),
VIRGINIA - Not appearing in numbers yet, but a good rain will prob-
ably bring many of them ou: cf hibernation quarters in the eastern area,
(Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster}. SOUTH CAROLINA - Apparently
much less abundant than normal in snap bean plantings observed in
Charleston County, (Cuthbert),
PEA LEAF WEEVIL (Sitona lineata) - OREGON - Spread south in the
Willamette Valley to Polk and Marion Counties, Collected by sweeping
peas 8 miles north of Rickreall and 6 miles north of Salem. No damage
noted, (Prescott),
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - DELAWARE - Increasing in nearly
all commercial peas from Middleton southward. Likely to become
serious inSmyrna, Houston and Milton areas. (Milliron). WASH-First
apterous female collected May 8 on alfalfa at Pullman; apparently
had overwintered in that location. (Johansen),
BEAN LEAF BERTLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - DELAWARE - Injuring
beans at Bridgeville. (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Light to moderate
injury by adults on most plantings of early snap beans in eastern area,
(Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster).
A WEEVIL (Aphrastus unicolor) - TEXAS - Heavy local infestation on
black-eyed peas and melons in Wilson and KarnesCounties. (Loessin,
Anderson, Griffin),
-435-
COWPEA CURCULIO (Chalcodermus aeneus) - TEXAS - Causing
Se eee
damage in limited acreage planted this year in lower Rio Grande
Valley area. (Wene).
SEED CORN MAGGOT (Hylemya cilicrura) - DELAWARE - Adults
numerous everywhere, Emerging in bean fields at Milford and Bridge-
ville, (Milliron),
HARLEQUIN BUG (Murgantia histrionica) - ARKANSAS - On crucifers
9
in northwestern area. Infestations heavy in some instances. (Warren).
IMPORTED CABBACEWORM (Pieris rapae) - RHODE ISLAND -
Numerous adults in Washington County. (Kantack). DELAWARE -
Eggs on cabbage and kale at most locations in Kent and Sussex Counties.
Hatching in vicinity of Georgetown, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Larvae
becoming numerous and damaging cabbage and broccoli from Kent to
St, Marys Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). SOUTH DAKOTA -
Eggs being deposited on cabbage and cauliflower, (Lofgren, May Tot)
DIAMONDBACK MOTH (Plutella rmaculipennis) - SOUTH CAROLINA -
Considerable injury to unprotected plantings of cabbage in Charleston
Cae eas ae higher than any occurring during recent years.
uthbert),
CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - PENNSYLVANIA - Severe
infestation in field of cabbage in Adams County. (Pepper). DELAWARE-
Severe on cabbage near Slaughter Beach, (Milliron), MARYLAND -
eet ve heavy on garden cabbage in St. Marys County. (U. Md., Ent.
ept. ),
BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - ILLINOIS - Collected
one specimen in 750 sweeps on horseradish, May ll. (Petty).
NEVADA - Migrations from southern desert areas are passing through
southern Nevada. Populations on tomatoes in Clark County have in-
creased to 2-1/2 per square foot during the past 2 weeks. (Dorst, Goff).
SPIDER MITES - SOUTH CAROLINA - Light but general infestations
in cucumber fields observed in Charleston County. Injurious popula-
tions in a few localized spots, (Cuthbert),
AN ARCTIID (Apantesis sp.) - FLORIDA - Averaging 2 to 3 larvae
per watermelon plant, Corn and Gotten also infested Madison
County. (Hamrick).
TOMATO PINWORM (Keiferia lycopersicella) - FLORIDA - Averag-
ing 50 larvae per plant completely destroyed foliage of Irish potatoes
in a small patch in Gulf County. (Lamb).
-456-
TOMATO DSYLLID (Paratrioza cocxerelli) - CALIFORNIA - Some
damage to young tomato plants, stil! uncer caps, in San Diego County.
Control applied.) (Call) Coop, ims, Pest Rpt.) Apr. 30). (COLORADO —
Averaging 50 per 100 sweeps on matrimonyvine at Fort Collins. Con-
ditions favorable for breeding. Host plant conditions improved with
recent rains. (Colo, Ins. Det. Comm.), WYOMING - Adults on Lycium
in Goshen County, 10 per 100 sweeps. (Wallis).
CUTWORMS - NEW JERSEY - Reports of serious damage to tomato
and other vegetable transplants, (Merril). DELAWARE - Considerable
damage to tomato plants at Newark and reported from other parts of
State, (Milliron}, MARYLAND - Numerous reports of damage to
pera potatces and corn, from Talootto Kent Counties. Oy, Md.,
Ent. Dept, ).
CLAY-BACKED CUTWORM (Agrotis gladiaria) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Considerable damage to commercial tomato plantings in Dauphin
County (Menusan); in Adams County commercial tomato plantings
two-thirds cut off in one night, also attacking cabbage; in York County
heavy infestation and serious damage to tomato, cabbage and corn.
(Pepper).
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - VIRGINIA-
Moderate infestation of adults and larvae on potatoes in Chatham area.
(Dominick, Muka), DELAWARE - Adults injurious and depositing
numerous eggs on untreated potatoes in several areas. (Milliron).
MARYLAND - Eggs numerous on potatoes and tomatoes in all sections.
(Ol Midas Ente Depe. )s
I'LEA BEETLES - NEW YORK - Very severe on untreated cole crops
in Orange County. (Zaharchuk), MARYLAND - Numbers increasing on
cabbage, potatoes and tomatoes in all sections. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.).
DELAWARE - Becoming more numerous on untreated potatces from
Middleton seuthward. Feeding heavily in several areas. (Milliron),
VIRGINIA - Many growers in eastern area had to treat potatoes, tomatoes
and other ¢rops for beetles. (Brubaker, Greenwood, Hofmaster),
WYOMING. - Adults of Epitrix tuberis on Lycium in Goshen County,
2 per 100 sweeps. (Wallis).
ARTICHOKE PLUME MOTH (Platyptilia carduidactyla) - CALIFORNIA -
Five to 20 percent of artichoke buds reported intested in Monterey
County, Light to medium in Santa Barbara County. (Cal, Coop. Ins.
IDES IO m Ayo, SO))n
SPINACH LEAF MINER (Pegomya hyoscyami) - MASSACHUSETTS -
Early eggs found May 11 on overwintered spinach in Essex County.
(Crop Pest Cont. Mess. ).
-437-
ONION THRIPS (Thrips tabaci) - DELAWARE - Appearing on onions
at Townsend and Georgetown, (Milliron). MARYLAND - Streaking
onions in Kent and St. Marys Counties. (U, Md., Ent, Dept.).
ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) - IDAHO - Flies coming out of
hibernation about May 1. (Walz).
STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Ancylis comptana fragariae) - ILLINOIsS-
Heavy infestation in Union County strawberry beds. in new plantings
percentage of leaves rolled was much greater than1l6 percent. This
is the first time in many years that the infestation has increased to
noticeable proportions in the Carbondale area, (Chandler). MISSOURI-
Widespread reports of activity. (Wkly. Rpt. Fr. Grow.).
TORTRICIDS - PENNSYLVANIA - Numbers of Amelia pallorana and
possibiy Platynota sp, in leaves of strawberry in Centre County,
Apr. 21. Control necessary. Both species det. H. W. Capps. (Gesell).
APHIDS ON STRAWBERRIES - DELAWARE - Some plantings in
Georgetown-Bridgeville area heavily infested with Capitophorus
fragaefolii, Aphis forbesi numerous at Vandyke and present at George-
town. (Milliron),
MEADOW SPITTLEBUG (Philaenus leucophthalmus) - DELAWARE -
Moderately abundant on strawoerries generally, (Milliron).
CYCLAMEN MITE (Tarsonemus pallidus) - CALIFORNIA - Medium |
on strawberry plants in San Joaquin, Orange and Santa Barbara Counties,
light to heavy in Santa Cruz County but sufficiently serious in Sacramento
County to warrant control. (Cal. Coop. Ins, Pest Rpt., Apr. 30).
TERMITES - OKLAHOMA - Reported damaging roots of drought-
damaged blackberry plants. (Stiles, Tomlinson).
VEGETABLE WEEVIL (Listroderes costirostris obliquus) - MARYLAND-
Damage to tobacco plants in beds by small to full-grown larvae is spotty
in St. Marys County. (U. Md., Ent, Dept.). TENNESSEE - Light,
very scattered infestations in most all tobacco counties. (Mullett).
ARKANSAS - Infestations in southeastern area, Numbers heavy, 4-5
per plant, on melons, Ashley County. (Warren).
TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix hirtipennis) - NORTH CAROLINA -
Light infestation in tobacco plant beds in Ashe County. (Daniel).
MARYLAND - Light damage te tobacco in beds in St, Marys County.
(U. Md., Ent. Dept.). DELAWARE - General on potatoes but not in
unusual numbers, (Milliron).
~438-
WIREWORMS - NORTH CAROLINA - Ninety percent of newly-set
tobacco on 1-1/2 acres and 70 percent on two acres damaged in
Brunswick County. (Knowles),
GRASSHOPPERS - NORTH CAROLINA - Melanoplus femur-rubrum,
M mexicanus and Dissosteira carolina damaging newly-set tobacco
Bene a Columbus County, abcut 5 percent replanting, (Mitchell,
arrier).
HORNWORMS -(Protoparce spp, ) - FLORIDA - One larva per 29 plants
caused minor damage to tobacco on one farm in Union County. (Cowen).
TENNESSEE - First P, sexta of season in light traps in Lawrence,
Maury and Cumberland Counties. (Dozier).
A WOOLLYBEAR (Estigmene sp.) - FLORIDA - Averaging two larvae
per square foot, destroyed acres of tobacco, lupine, velvetbeans, and
corn at Pinetta, Madison County. (Hamrick),
COTTON INSECTS
BOLE Wis PVE CANnica omlomauis ioaand aS) =) S @)U) a en
CAROLINA - First weevils this year on cotton April 27 in Allendale
County. (Rogers). Percent survival in cages at Florence to May 13
was 1.4 compared with .09 percent to same date in i954. Eight weevils
found in 1/5 acre trap plot during week. (Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan).
LOUISIANA - Found in one of 33 fields examined in Taliulah area. Rate
of 256 per acre in this field. Percent survival in cages at Tallulah
from May 1-13 was .4 percent. (Gaines et al), TEXAS - A few heavy
infestations in lower valley area, (Wene, Deer), Weevils increasing
in young cotton, but numbers still much lower than last year at this time.
Percentage survival in hibernation cages at Waco indicates higher carry-
over than since 1950, (Martin, Davis, May 10).
BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Still causing damage in a few fields in Rio
Hondo area, lower Rio Grande Valley. (Wene, Deer), SOUTH CAROLINA-
Total of 425 Heliothis armigera moths taken in light trap at Florence
compared with 14 for previous week. One H, virescens also taken,
(Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan).
PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - Found in
small numbers on cotton in lower Rio Grande Valley. (Wene, Deer).
FLORIDA - Wild cotton eradication operations for the past season
in southern Florida and surrounding islands may be summarized as
follows: About 4 percent more acres were covered than in the previous
season and 2] percent less plants were found. Approximately 2-1/2
times as many bolls were inspected, resulting in locating 8 infested
plant colonies. In the previous season 29 colonies were infested. (Wild
Cott. Hrad: Proje).
-439~-
COTTON FLEAHOCPPER (Psallus seriatus) - TEXAS - Hibernation
studies at Waco and College station indicate heaviest spring emergence
since 1949, Marked increase in migration to cotton in coastal bend,
upper ccastal, south central, east and central areas, but infestations
decreasing in lower valley, (Davis, Martin). Unusually large numbers
in most fields in McLennan and Falls Counties for time of year, 10.3
per 100 linear feet of row in 11 fields. (Parencia et al). ARKANSAS -
Adults and nymphs collected from roadside and field.borders. (Warren).
GRASSHOPPERS - TEXAS - Have moved into several fields of cotton
in river bottoms of Brazos and Burleson Counties, Controls in a few
fields. Migration expected to increase in other areas also. (Martin,
Davis, May 10).
THRIPS - ARIZONA - Large acreages being treated week ending
May 6. Average .5 thrips per plant in unthinned cotton in Buckeye
area, Maricopa County, and 1 thrips per plant at Continental, Pima
County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS - Increasing on cotton in most
areas, (Davis, Martin, May 10). Injurious infestation in 10 of 14 fields
examined in McLennan and Falls Counties. (Parencia et al),
LOUISIANA - Frankliniella fusca infestations light to moderate in
cotton in several parishes. (Oliver). Light in many fields in Tallulah
area but severe infew. {Gaines et al). MISSISSIPPI - Light to medium
in most fields in Stoneville area, with some heavy infestations re-
quiring treatment, (Merkl et al). SOUTH CAROLINA - Infestations
in cotton mostly light. (Walker, Hopkins, Jernigan).
APHIDS - MISSISSIPPI - Infestation general in Stoneville area. (Merkl
et al). ARKANSAS - Light numbers of Aphis gossypii on cotton.
(Warren). TEXAS - Have increased on cotton in east, central, south
central, upper coastal and coastal bend areas, (Martin, Davis, May 10).
ARIZONA - A. medicaginis causing concern in all areas, May 6.
Treatment in many fields. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
SPIDER MITES - TEXAS - Light general infestation in lower Rio
Grande Valley, but could increase to destructive numbers if weather
becomes favorable. (Wene, Deer). Continue to increase in many
fields in several areas; however, very few fields have infestations
that justify treatment. (Davis, Martin, May 10). MISSISSIPPI -
Infestations general in Stoneville area, (Merkl et al).
GARDEN WEBWORM (Loxostege similalis) - TEXAS - Destroying
leaves in a few fields in the lower Rio Grande Valley. (Wene, Deer).
LOUISIANA - Infestation noted in several cotton fields. (Oliver).
YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) - LOUISIANA -
Geeral light widespread infestation in Several parishes. (Oliver).
-440-
BROWN COTTON LEAFWCRM (Acontia dacia} - THXAS - Scattered
larvae, occasional egg and adult In Several fields in McLennan and Falls
Counties, (Parencia et al), LOUISIANA - Found in 4 of 12 fields ex-
emined in Natchitoches, Red River, Bossier and Bienville Parishes
and in 3 fields in Avoyelles and Rapides Parishes, (Oliver).
WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES (Graphognathus spp. ) - MISSISSIPPI -
Damaging cotton and corn in Forrest County. {Sheffield}.
VEGETABLE WEEVIL and SUGARCANE BEETLE - ARKANSAS -
Damage to seedling cotton in Ashley and Chicot Counties. (Warren).
LEAF MINERS - TEXAS - Unusually heavy on seedling cotton in eastern
and part of south central area, ‘Martin, Davis, May 10).
CUTWORMS - FLORIDA - Feltia subterranea destroyed small area of
ae . Jay, Santa Rosa County, 4-8 larvae per infested plant,
utton),
— ee ee me rm cae ee ee ee ee en es ee ee ee en ee ee ee ee ee ee
GYPSY MOTH (Porthetria dispar) - RHODE ISLAND - First hatch of
season at Johnson May 10. (Mathewson, Kantack)
JACK PINE BUDWORM (Choristoneura pinus) - MINNESOTA - Hatching
in infested areas of central and north central districts, (Minn, Ins,
Rept. Serv. }
FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - MINNESOTA -
‘Third and fourth instars in Pine County and around Twin Cities, Hatch
complete in Duluth area, but infestation still very light and spotty.
(Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv.).
EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) -
MASSACHUSETTS = Infestation general and very heavy in Amherst
area, especially on wild cl@rry and old neglected apple trees. Much
less evident in area directly sprayed for gypsy moth control last year.
(Bourne), MINNESOTA - Larvae in third and fourth instars in east
central area, Tents very abundant. (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv. ).
SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana) - MINNESOTA - Third
instar larvae already feeding in shoots of balsam in northeastern area
by May 18, (Minn. Ins, Rept. Serv.).
SPRING CANKEPWORM (Paleacrita uy - IJ. LINOIS ~ Severely
damaging elms in western area, (Betty et al).
~441-
PINE SAWFLIES - TEXAS - Causing defoliation of longleaf pine in
Newton County. (Tex, For. Serv.), ARKANSAS - About 50 percent
defoliation on 160 acres and scattered infestations on additional
acreage in Drew County. (Ark, St. Forest, Comm.,).
PINE LEAF APHID (Pineus pinifoliae) - MINNESOTA - Has caused
considerable injury and some mortality to white pine in extreme north-
eastern area, (Minn, Ins. Rept. Serv.). i
PALES WEEVIL (Hylobius pales) - TEXAS - Mortality of seedlings
for second year after planting on land where pine cut immediately before
planting in Nacogdoches County, (Tex. For. Serv.), ARKANSAS -
Found in several pine plantations in northwest Ashley County where
stands salvaged last fall because of fire kill. (Ark. St, Forest
Comm. ).
PINE NEEDLE SCALE (Phenacaspis pinifoliae) - RHODE ISLAND -
Moderate infestation over State, (entacky:
IPS BEETLES - TEXAS - Continue to cause minor mortality in central
area of east Texas, (Tex. For. Serv.).
ARGENTINE ANT (Iridomyrmex humilis) - ARIZONA - Small colony
found in a nursery at Phoenix. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
WHITE PINE APHID (Cinara strobi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Large clusters
on new growth of white pine in Greene County. (Udine).
WILLOW SAWFLY (Nematus ventralis) - PENNSYLVANIA - Defoliating
weeping willows in Greene County. (Udine).
A WEEVIL - PENNSYLVANIA - Probably BLACK VINE WEEVIL
destroyed 10, 000 three-year seedlings of black spruce in Somerset
County; in Indiana County $10,000 damage to three-year old Scotch
pine and blue spruce in one nursery. (Udine),
SPRUCE SPIDER MITE (Paratetranychus ununquis) - PENNSYLVANIA-
Abundant on Norway spruce in Centre County, May 7. (Udine).
EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (Rhyacionia buoliana) - PENNSYLVANIA~
ganda infestation on red pine in Greene County. Beginning to pupate, |
(Udine).
-442-
APHIDS - NEW MEXICO - Continue serious problem on roses and
chrysanthemums in southern area, (Ins. Lett., May 7).
PENNSYLVANIA - Macrosiphum rosae moderate and general on
rose in Green County. (Udine).
INSECTS AFFECTING MAN AND ANIMALS
ee me re a ee en ee re ee ee ee ee eee ee eee
SCREW-WORM (Callitroga hominivorax) - SOUTH CAROLINA -
Reported on cattle in Colleton County April 28. (Alford). FLORIDA -
Because of continued cold weather the past winter there is lowest
fly population in State since spring of 1951, (Skipper),
SHEEP-KED (Melophagus ovinus) - UTAH - Again abundant. Controls
in several counties, (Funk, Grimshaw, Burtenshaw, Knowlton).
HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) - NEW MEXICO - Have appeared on
cattle in southern half of State. Counts of 25-50 per cow in Dona Ana
County. (Ins. Lett., May 7). PENNSYLVANIA - Very abundant on
beef animals in field in Fulton County. (Udine).
CATTLE GRUBS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Heel flies causing cattle to
stampede in Spartanburg. (Nettles).
A BLACK FLY (Simulium venustum) - NORTH DAKOTA - Abundant
locally in Fargo, 17 coliected in 20 minutes, Three weeks earlier than
last reported invasion in1950, (Post),
MOSQUITOES - UTAH - Larvae required control in Weber County.
(Fronk), MINNESOTA - Emergence of early spring Aedes about com-
plete. Breeding of A, fitchii exceptionally heavy, but species pestiferous
only in wooded areas. Breeding of A. vexans has been light. (Minn.
Ins. Rept. Serv. }.
A MIDGE (Hydrobaenus sp.) - IDAHO - Collected from storage reser-
voir of Twin Falls city water supply. (Reinstein, Douglass).
TICKS - UTAH - Have appeared on cattle in Sevier and Millard
Counties. (Guymon, Rickenbach).
LONE STAR TICK (Amblyomma americanum) - DELAWARE - One
specimen taken at Greenville. (MacCreary). TEXAS - Medium
infestations on cattle in untreated herds in Sabine County. (Thompson).
OKLAHOMA - Averages 25 replete females per animal in Cherokee
County. (Howell).
AMERICAN DOG TICK (Dermacentor variabilis) - RHODE ISLAND -
Continues numerous over State. (Kantack). MARYLAND =] Infestations
e ane aa cases reported, Bethesda, Montgomery County. (U. Md.,
nt epl,
-443 -
BENEFICIAL INSECTS.
LADY BEETLES - ILLINOIS - Heavy population continues in clover
and alfalfa fields. Average population by sections 15-150 per 100
sweeps. (Petty et al, May 6).
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS
CLOVER MITE (Bryobia praetiosa) - IDAHO-Reports of nuisance in
homes less than in past two years. (Walz), WASHINGTON - Very
annoying around dwellings, however, good control obtained, (O'Neil).
ADDITIONAL NOTES
GEORGIA - ARMYWORM - Light on 3, 000 acres oats in Washington
County, May 9-10. (Turner), Light in 30 acres oats in Fayette
County; wasp parasites active, May 9. (Beckham, Dupree). Survey
as of May 6 shows heavy infestation in 27 counties, mostly between
Jasper County in central and Seminole County in southwestern corner
of the State; medium in 15 counties in the west, mainly between Barton
and Stewart Counties; light in 11 counties scattered in western area,
Eggs noted in Chattooga, Floyd, Barton and Polk Counties. (Maxwell).
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER light to moderate in corn in Tift County.
(McGill). Damaging corn in Bleckley County, (Jordan). Moderate
adult VEGETABLE WEEVIL leaf feeding in pimiento pepper in Spalding
County, (Beckham), Heavy infestation of mature HORNWORM larvae
on tomatoes in Tift County. (Morgan).
MINNESOTA - GRASSHOPPERS - Large numbers of Melanoplus
bivittatus hatched in Anoka County, up to 400 nymphs per square font
in grassy field margins, in alfalfa and oat stubble, Hatching lighter
in Isanti and Pine Counties, some in Morrison County, HUROPEAN
CORN BORER pupation well underway in southern area, from 5-7
percent in south central to 10-12 in southwestern district. Pupation
not reported in 1954 until May 24-28. LYGUS BUGS average 0-5 adults
per 10 sweeps in south central area, PEA APHID continues to increase,
2-15 per 10 sweeps in south central district. From 0-20 SWEETCLOVER
WEEVIL per 20 sweeps in south central area. (Minn, Ins, Rept. Serv.).
yemiTe ye ¢ “ebnoy uoyeg ye sdeay omy, ,
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-559-
SURVEY METHODS
JAPANESE BEETLE (POPILLIA JAPONICA)
Methods Used by the Japanese Beetle Laboratory,
Entomology Research Branch
The presence of the Japanese beetle in an area can be detected by
placing bait traps at suitable sites during the pericd of flight of the
adults. The density of the population can be estimated by observing
the extent of feeding by the adults on favored food plants and by the ex-
amination of soil at selected sites to determine the number of grubs
present.
Traps are of value in determining the presence of beetles in areas re-
mote from the generally infested region, In these areas traps attract
and capture beetles even when a diligent search often fails to reveal
their presence, Beetles are drawn from the leeward te a trap by means
of an attractant, Most of those captured fly into the superstructure of
the trap and fall into a receptacle from which they can not escape. The
trap consists of a four-winged baffle mounted on top of a funnel, a device
for holding the dispenser of the attractant, and a receptacle for holding
captured beetles, and is painted a high luster yellow. The attractant is
a 10:1 mixture of technical geraniol and U.S. P. eugenol by volume or
a 9:1 mixture of technical anethole and U.S, P. eugenol by volume and is
dispensed by means of a bottle and wick, The details with reference to
the trap are given in U.S.D.A. Circular 594. The best results are ob-
tained when a trap is hung on a rod or other suitable support in a sunny
location so that it is 4 to 5 feet above the ground and to the windward of
plants most subject to attack. It should not be closer than 10 to 25 feet
to plants on the leeward. If located so that the odor of the attractant is
carried across an open field, a trap may attract beetles from a distance
of 500 yards. When trees, buildings and other obstacles deflect and im-
pede the movement of air, the zone of attraction is reduced considerably.
When a trap is favorably placed, it can be expected to capture about
three-fourths of the beetles attracted to it.
The density of the adult population in an area can be estimated when the
beetles are present in the greatest numbers or when the injury by feeding
is the most noticeable. The tree hosts most useful in estimating feeding
damage are elm, horsechestnut, linden, Lombardy poplar, Norway maple,
planetree, white birch, willow, apple, cherry, peach, and plum. The
low-growing plants and vines most useful for this purpose are elder, grape,
sassafras, smartweed, and Virginia creeper or woodbine. Althea, dahlia,
rose, and zinnia are often good indicators, and asparagus, alfalfa, clover,
corn, and soybeans are sometimes useful when examining fields and
gardens. In some areas other plants may be used in estimating the
-060-
reeding; a complete list cf the food plants of the beetle is given in
U.S.D.A, Circular 547, The lacy appearance of the damaged leaves
on most plants within the infested area may be attributed to feeding by
the Japanese beetle, but the foliage on representative plants should be
carefully examined to determine that the injury was caused by the beetle.
Of course, estimates of teeding should not be made on plants that have
been sprayed or dusted with an insecticide, Usually in making a survey
of an area, observations are made from a car driven slowly along the
roads, and the extent of feeding is recorded at various points on a map
according to the following numerical system:
(1) Very severe. Over 50 percent of the host trees entirely
brown from beetle feeding; vine hosts completely defoliated.
(2) Severe. From 25 percent to 5G percent of tree hosts mostly
brown; nearly all vines defoliated.
(3) Moderately severe. From 10 percent to 25 percent of tree
hosts brown; heavy feeding on vines.
(4) Moderate. Less than 10 percent of host trees partly brown;
moderate feeding on vines.
(5) Light. Tree hosts not showing brown though there may be
evidence of light feeding on close examination; light feeding
on vines apparent from a short distance.
(6) Very light. Occasional light feeding that is apparent only on
close examination, The beetles or eaten leaves are located
only after a search.
With the symbols indicating the extent of feeding on the map, it is then
possible to make a general estimate of the density of the Japanese beetle
population in the area,
The examination of soil for the immature stages of the beetle is usually
limited to a specific lawn, golf course, park or pasture, and is con-
ducted to determine whether the injury to the grass is caused by the grubs
feeding on the roots and to determine the density of the population in the
soil. Many areas of turf in the eastern part of the United States have
been ruined by these grubs. In making the examination, a square foot of
sod is removed to a depth of 3 or 4 inches and placed in a large tray or
other suitable container. The soil is removed from the roots and ex-
amined carefully to determine the number of grubs present. The pro-
cedure is repeated at other spots until a sufficient area has been examined
to establish approximately the severity of the infestation. Usually 12 or
15 spots are enough to obtain a general estimate of the density of the
population ina suburban lawn, (W. E. Fleming).
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VOL.5 No.25 JUNE 24,1955
34 lo
esl
C74
) Oye
Cooperative
ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH nw
oon
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE 04)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Re Se
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
Volume 5 June 24, 1950 No, 25
COOL ERADIVEDECONOMICVINSE Gf REPORT
Highlights of Insect Conditions
The GRASSHOPPER situation is the outstanding insect problem this
week according to reports. Threat to crops in Missouri remains with
damage increasing. Destructive populations, where not controlled,
continue to develop in Kansas but mostly confined to fence rows and
margins now. Nebraska is having damage to alfalfa, sweetclover and
margins of corn fields. Rains not affecting populations in latter two
States. Infestations serious on pastures and crops in northeast and north
central Texas and on rangeland in northern panhandle. Menace to range-
land continues in several counties of New Mexico and populations build-
ing up in cultivated crops. Serious increase reported from southwestern
Colorado with some crop damage. Oklahoma, Kentucky and Delaware
have abundant populations in some sections but infestations remain
spotted in Illinois. (p. 563).
EUROPEAN CORN BORER egg-laying complete in Illinois south of line
from Quincy to Chaiipaign, nearing peak in northern counties. Egg
masses per 100 plants (tallest corn) in Iowa: southern 200-600, central
20-300, northern 12-100. Up to 2 egg masses per stalk of large corn
in northwest corner of Missouri, from 12 to 60 egg masses per 100
plants in eastern Nebraska and feeding evident in Kansas but few egg
masses. A few second instars in Pennsylvania, third instars in sweet-
corn in Kansas and some half-grown larvae in central Iowa. (pp. 564, 582).
CORN EARWORM moths and eggs abundant in Manhattan, Kansas, from
4-60 percent of stalks injured in many fields of southern Missouri, one
egg per silk on sweetcorn at East St. Louis, Illinois, and heavy damage
some fields in Virginia. (p. 564).
CHINCH BUG in outbreak proportions in some central and southeast
areas of Kansas, damage to seedling sorghum and milo. (p. 565).
ARMYWORM continues damage in Delaware but declining or scattered
in other areas, (p, 565). Iowa reported its first larval activity of
season, (p. 582).
SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM adults very numerous on corn in south-
east South Dakota and eastern Nebraska. Virginia expects heavy infes-
tations in peanuts. (p. 565). CORN ROOT APHID heavier than normal
in Nebraska, damaging corn in some western and southern counties of
Iowa and in Delaware. (pp. 566, 582). ENGLISH GRAIN APHID unusually
abundant throughout Wisconsin. (p. 537). POTATO LEAFHOPPER active
on alfalfa in Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Illinois (p. 567) and
common on potatoes in Wisconsin and areas of Pennsylvania and building
up on this crop in Nebraska (p. 572). i
(Continued next page)
~562~
Heavy populations of PEA APHID persist on alfalfa western Nebraska
and central Kansas but Idaho has unusually low population in south-
western area, (p. 567). Threatening to peas Cache Valley, Utah; counts
in central and southern Minnesota remain high; large number af winged
forms at Yakima, Washington; widespread control measures in Wis-
consin, (p, 573), YELLOW CLOVER APHID continues mostly light in
alfalfa in Arizona, Kansas and Texas but still problem in New Mexico
and very heavy in Murray County, Oklahoma. (p. 569).
CODLING MOTH between broods in Indiana and activity decreasing
other areas but could be heavy in western New York until end of June;
emergence later than 1954 in Colo.(p 569),Hrst known infestations of
PEAR PSYLLA in commercial pear orchards in California. Insect
first recorded in State May, 1953, (p. 570). ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH
injury to peach terminals in Pennsylvania, Mississippi and California
but first brood low in northern Ohio. (p. 570). Second-brood CUR-
CULIOS expected heavy in southern Illinois. Adults abundant untreated
orchards in Ohio and Minnesota and activity continues high in western
New York, Severe on apples some areas of Indiana. (p. 570). EURO-
PE AN RED MITE increasing in Massachusetts, some damage in New
Jersey but cool weather checking activity in Ohio. (p, 570). APPLE
MAGGOT flies emerging in New York. (p. 571).
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE worse than 1954 in New Jersey on
tomatoes and potatoes and continues problem on these crops in Delaware,
Also active on potatoes in Virginia, North Dakota and Washington, (p. 571).
POTATO APHID warrants treatment on potatoes in Delaware, prevalent
on tomatoes in Twin Cities area, Minnesota. (p. 572). STRIPED CUCUM-
BER BEETLE heavy in areas of North Dakota, Rhode Island and New
York; moderate in central Oklahoma, (p. 573). PEA WEEVIL heavier
than usual in Utah and abundant in Idaho, though peas may escape heavy
attack in latter State due to lack of vine growth. (p. 573). MEXICAN
BEAN BEETLE causing serious damage in areas of Maryland. (p. 573).
Very heavy populations of SUGAR-BEET ROOT MAGGOT adults in north-
eastern North Dakota. (p. 574), BEET LEAFHOPPER-transmitted
curly top of tomatoes averaged 24 percent in southeastern Utah. (p. 574).
BOLL WEEVIL increasing in several areas of Texas, but only a few
found in Oklahoma, With exception of South Carolina, other areas also
report light weevil populations and infestations (p. 575), BOLLWORMS
increasing in southern Texas and some areas of South Carolina, threaten-
ing in many fields in south Georgia, and extent of infestation in Arkansas
unusual for time of year. (p. 576). FLEAHOPPERS (p. 576) and THRIPS
(p. 577) continue of concern in several areas. APHIDS continue heavy
on cotton in New Mexico, non-economic numbers widespread in Arkansas
and weather faverable for build-up. (p. 577).
FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR has defoliated large areas in northwest
Wisconsin, (p, 573). JAPANESE REETI.F adults out as far north as
Rhode Island. (p. 580).
States nepO nd this week - 40,
WEATHER Outlook and Summary. (p. 585).
-563~
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS
GRASSHOPPERS - PENNSYLVANIA - Nymphs beginning to appear in
moderate numbers in hay and pasture in Clearfield and Centre Counties.
(Adams), MARYLAND - Small nymphs average 15 per square foot in
timothy and Ladino clover field in eastern Talbot County. (U. Md., Ent.
Dept.). DELAWARE - Melanoplus spp. nymphs numerous in alfalfa at
Cedar Creek. (Milliron). KENTUCKY - Nymphs, mostly Melanoplus
spp., abundant and still hatching in bluegrass pastures and legume
fields. (Thurston), ILLINOIS - Melanoplus spp. extremely spotted;
from 0 to as many as 40 per sweep. ‘Two to four per sweep in field
margins in most places. (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Crop damage in-
creasing throughout State. Nymphs well distributed throughout soybeans,
alfalfa, pastures and some corn fields, while marginal injury is becom-
ing heavy on cotton, corn and spring oats. M, differentialis peak hatch
passed and nymphs range from second to fourth instars. _M, bivittatus
largely fifth instar and adults. M. mexicanus mostly adults and some
egg laying under way in southwest area. Serious threat to crops through-
out State. (Kyd, Thomas), LOUISIANA - Melanoplus spp. increasing
rapidly in sodland adjoining rice fields; 1-5 per square foot in 4 parishes.
(Oliver). TEXAS - Serious on pastures, small grains, legumes and row
crops in northeast and north central areas. Heavy on rangeland in
northern part of panhandle. (Randolph, Garner, Davis, Mann and Dorman).
OKLAHOMA - Owners of approximately 169, 000 acres of crops have
applied for spraying for control of grasshoppers in southern half of State.
(Rogers). M. differentialis and M. bivittatus very numerous in local
areas in southeastern counties, 3 to third and fourth instars per square
yard, average 15. Checking growth in some fields. (Stiles), NEW
MEXICO - Continue to menace rangelands in Lea, Chaves, Lincoln,
Roosevelt, DeBaca, Quay, Harding, Union and Colfax Counties. Be-
coming abundant on cultivated crops in Dona Ana, Sierra, Socorro,
Bernalillo and Santa Fe Counties, but most still on ditch banks, road-
sides and fence rows. (Durkin, June 11), COLORADO - Populations
increasing in serious numbers in southwestern area. Some crop damage.
(Colo. Exp. Sta.), KANSAS - Destructive populations of Melanoplus
Spp. continue to develop, where not controlled, in many areas. Although
heavier populations chiefly in eastern third of State, threatening popula-
tions in many local areas in central and western counties. Most infes-
tations still in fence rows, margins and ditches. From 30 to 120 per
square yard in infested areas in eastern counties and from 15 to 90 per
Square yard in central and western areas. Moving into alfalfa fields
in some instances in Sedgwick County. Rains not reducing populations.
(Matthew). NEBRASKA - M, mexicanus maturing in all sections,
M, femur-rubrum from first to fourth instar. Rains have not affected
populations. From 18 to over 100 per square yard in weed margins.
Damage to alfalfa, sweetclover and some field corn margins. Garden
crops heavily infested most areas. (Andersen, Roselle), Range
-004-
species (Ageneotettix deorum 90 percent, Amphitornus coloradus 5 per-
cent, Melanoplus anqustipennis 5 percent) range from 1 to per square
yard from North Platte River on south, middle of Garden County on
west, hwy. #2 on north and hwy. #83 on east. (Burge). SOUTH DAKOTA -
Hatch about complete in central area. (Lofgren, June 11). NORTH
DAKOTA - Concentrations in southwestern Sargent County about 50 per-
cent non-economic species but M, bivittatus involved. Mostly confined
to meadows and roadsides. (Goodfellow).
EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis) - RHODE ISLAND -
Adults noted June 13, no eggs on corn. (Kantack). PENNSYLVANIA -
A few second instars in early-planted corn in Blair County. (Udine).
DELAWARE - Damage to corn heavy some areas, moderate in others.
(Milliron), ILLINOIS-In area south of line from Champaign to Quincy,
moth emergence and egy laying finished. Only in very rare instance is
treatment warranted for field corn in this area, In the area between
a line from Champaign to Quincy and hwy. #6 moth emergence and egg-
laying about complete. As high as 200 egg masses per 100 stalks on
field corn over 30 inches tall. Between 1 and 5 percent of corn may
warrant treatment in this area. North of hwy. #6, moth emergence from
85 percent in west to 60 near Lake Michigan, with egg-laying nearing
peak, (Petty et al), MISSOURI - Early corn in southeast area from
4-28 percent infested with average of 2 third instars per stalk. Corn in
central third shows 4-55 percent stalks with leaf feeding injury. Egg
count high in extreme northwest corner where large corn average 0.5
to 2 egg masses per stalk, (Kyd, Thomas). KANSAS - Feeding activity
in many fields in Kansas River Valley and northeast counties, although -
few egg masses found. From 16-36 percent of plants infested in field.
corn and as high as 90 percent in some sweetcorn. Third-instar larvae
in sweetcorn, (Burkhardt), NEBRASKA - From 12 to 60 egg masses per
100 plants in eastern area, Larvae in about 20 percent of early corn in
southeast counties. Cool, wet weather delaying activity; 80 percent of
corn less than 12 inches high. (Andersen, Roselle). SOUTH DAKOTA -
Egg-laying well underway, June 11. (Lofgren).
CORN EARWORM (Heliothis armigera) - NEW MEXICO - Large numbers
in alfalfa in one field in Dona Ana County. (Durkin). KANSAS - Not as
heavy in eastern area as in Riley County, central area. Moths and eggs
abundant at Manhattan. (Burkhardt). MISSOURI - Many fields in south
half of State show from 4-60 percent of stalks injured by nearly full-
or larvae. Early field corn in extreme southeast has average of
-3 eggs per shoot, (Kyd, Thomas), ILLINOIS - One egg per silk on
market garden corn at East St. Louis. (Petty, et al), VIRGINIA -
Heliothis sp. heavily damaging corn in some fields in Campbell, Pulaski,
Montgo nery and Madison Counties. (Morris).
-0900-
CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) - KANSAS - Has built up to out-
break proportions in some central and southeast areas. Great reduc-
tion in stand of seedling sorghum and milo adjacent to barley and wheat
fields. Destructive infestations in Saline, Dickinson, Morris, Chase,
Marion, Osage and southern Shawnee Counties. Barrier control prac-
tices will be necessary to save some fields although some will need
replanting. (Gates). From 50 per linear foot of row to highs of 800-
1000 per square foot. (Matthew).
MORMON CRICKET (Anabrus simplex) - WYOMING - Excellent control
on 5,000 acres treated in Crook Ceunty and on 1, 000 acres in Johnson
County. (Spackman, Chinn). UTAH - Control by aircraft successful over
4,368 acres in San Juan County. (Thorniey, Acord, Knowlton).
SUGARCANE BORER (Diatraea saccharalis) - LOUISIANA - Deadhearts
in sugarcane ranged from 319 to 1407 per acre on 8 farms examined in
7 parishes. Newly-hatched second-generation larvae noted. (Oliver).
ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - NEW JERSEY ~ Reports continue.
(Merrill), DELAWARE - First-generation adults appearing. Larvae
(one-third to full-grown) continue active in southern New Castle County,
eastern Kent and northern half of Sussex, especially in wheat. Injury
to barley heavy south of Mt. Pleasant. Large acreages of timothy severe-
ly damaged one area, (Milliron). PENNSYLVANIA - A few in barley in
Chester County. (Pepper). Twelve half-grown larvae per square foot _
in hay being cut in Westmoreland County. (Udine).. VIRGINIA - Attacking
rain in scattered fields in Washington County, infestations light.
(Gorsline), Medium infestations on barley and corn in Caroline County.
Zager).
SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) -
SOUTH DAKOTA - Adults extremely numerous in southeast area. Feed-
ing injury to corn. Also heavy in alfalfa. (Lofgren, June 11). |
NEBRASKA - Very abundant on corn plants, 18 per 25 plants, in eastern
area. (Andersen). VIRGINIA - Infestations in peanuts expected heavy
this year, (Davich).
SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER (Diatraea qrandiosella) - ARIZONA -
Numerous in one 160-acre field of corn in Maricopa County, 1 per 4 or
5 stalks. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
SUGARCANE BEETLE (Euetheola rugiceps) - MISSISSIPPI - Damage to
corn in Yazoo County. (Hutchins).
SAP BEETLES (Carpophilus lugqubris and C. antiquus) - DELAWARE -
Adults appearing in corn plants injured by other pests. (Milliron).
~OU8-
SAND WIREWORM (Horistonotus uhlerii) - MISSOURI - Damage continues
to corn and gardens in sandy regions on extreme southeast. Considerable
pupation, (Kyd, Thomas).
WEBWORMS - VIRGINIA - Corn webworms causing severe damage to
five acres of corn in Pittsylvania County, many fields showing damage.
(Dominick).
YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM (Prodenia ornithogalli) - DELAWARE -
Common in corn in some areas. (Milliron).
STALK BORER (Papaipema nebris) - NEBRASKA - Building up in
margins of corn fields in eastern area, (Andersen).
CORN ROOT APHID (Anuraphis maidi-radicis) - DELAWARE - Injuring
corn at many locations. (Milliron}. NEBRASKA - Moderate damage in
several eastern counties, Indications infestations much heavier and gen-
eral than normal, (Roselle, Andersen).
CORN LEAF APHID (Rhopalosiphum maidis) - ARIZONA - Severe on 60
acres of grain sorghum in Pinal County, (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). KANSAS -
Higher for time of year than last year, 300-900 aphics per corn plant in
several fields in Marion County, 5-70 per infested plant in sorghum and
milo in Saline and Dickinson Counties. (Matthew). OKLAHOMA -
Prevalent on corn in Stillwater vicinity. (Arbuthnot).
CUTWORMS - MISSOURI - Some small corn in extreme southeast from
2-4 percent damaged by Agrotis ypsilon and A. gladiaria. Apparently
indicates some second generation does occur, (Kya, ‘Thomas).
NEBRASKA - Decreasing, 4 to 5 per linear foot of wheat in Cheyenne,
Kimball and Banner Counties, (Andersen).
LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) - SOUTH
CAROLINA - Damaging soybeans at Florence, ¢ a ore pion first report of
season for area, (Nettles). MISSISSIPPI - Four ecres grain sorghum
90 percent destroyed in Pearl River County. (Hunsuckev). LOUISIANA -
Damaging corn in Tensas Parish, (Oliver),
WHEAT HEAD ARMYWORM (Protoleucania lls nen) - NEBRASKA -
Continuing to damage wheat in east central and ¢cactered vo ats of south-
east and northeast counties. (Andersen). KANSS D> £2 Sc oiywOigiia,
probably P. albilinea, destroying some heads oi weet in epting, Lincoln,
and Ottawa Counties. Populations light and larvae pupating. (Gates).
BROWN WHEAT MITE (Petrobia latens) - WASHINGTON - Moderately
heavy damage to dry-land wheat and barley in Yakima County but hot
dry weather causing decline. (Harwood).
pean
cs ye) (|
EUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus pygmaeus) - DELAWARE -
Moderately heavy injury on wheat, sliaht on barley, throughout New Castle
and Fent Counties, (Milliron).
FALSE WIREWORMS (Eleodes spp. ) - TEXAS - Medium numbers of
adults in north plains area, (Daniels). KANSAS - Heavy infestations o1
adults continue to appear in nearly all fields from central area west;
heavier than since 1948. (Matthew).
ENGLISH GRAIN APHID (Macrosiphum granarium) - WISCONSIN -
Unusually abundant statewide. (Chambers).
HESSIAN FLY (Phytophaga destructor) - DELAWARE - Puparia common
in wheat in Townsend-Clayton area, (Milliron).
SAY STINK BUG (Chlorochroa sayi) - NEW MEXICO - Infesting barley
fields in Dona Ana, Socorro and Grant Counties, as many as 1000 per
100 sweeps in one field. (Durkin, June 11).
POTATO LEAFHOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - DELAWARE - Sli ht increase
on second-growth alfalia generally; numerous at lights June 1o. Milliron).
MARYLAND - From 1-11 adults per 10 sweeps in 10 alfalfa fields in
Howard, Carroll and Talbct Counties. No noticeable damage. (U. Md., —
Ent. Dept.). ILLINOIS ~ Populations vary from 50 to 2000 adults per 100
sweeps, heaviest in area between Bloomington and Danville. (Petty et al).
MISSOURI - Common on alfalfa and garden crops. From 2-11 per sweep
in extreme southeast, where some yellowing occurring. (Kyd, Thomas).
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - NEW MEXICO - Large numbers
still reported in Socorro County. (Durkin, June 11), IDAHO - Lowest
population in last five years in southwestern area. Less than one per
sweep in many fields. (Walz, June 11), NEBRASKA - Very heavy intes-
tation in alfalfa fields in western area, 425 to well over 600 per 20 sweeps.
(Andersen). KANSAS - Heavy populations in many alfalfa fields in cen-
tral area, 80 to 300 aphids per sweep of 15-inch net, Weather has appar-
ently hindered biological control, (Matthew), ILLINOIS - Fifty to 200
per sweep on alfalfa. (Petty et al).
ALFALFA WEEVIL (Hypera postica} - COLORADO - Damage in south~
western area, (Colo, Exp. Sta.). OHIO - Forty alfalfa fields examined
in northeastern area showed no evidence of alfalfa weevil. (Goleman,
Weaver). MARYLAND - In general, very little damage to second-growth
alfalfa, (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). VIRGINIA - Newly infested counties _
include Accomac, Northampton, Warwick and Hampton. (Muka). Medium
infestation in northern Fairfax County (Beard), general in hssex County,
where first and second cuttings damaged (Morris).
=508 -
LESSER CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera nigrirostris) - PENNSYL-
VANIA - Many clover fields in Warren County Showing moderate to
heavy injury. (Adams). MARYLAND - Adults damaged second-growth
red clover in Kent County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). NEBRASKA -
Continues to damage red clover fields. Moderate to heavy infestations
in east, 22 per 25 sweeps. (Andersen).
THREE-CORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER (Spissistilus festinus) -
LOUISIANA - Per 100 sweeps on alfalfa by parish: Natchitoches 48,
Bossier 57, Rapides 26. (Oliver), ARIZONA - Adults building up on
alfalfa at Theba, Yuma County, June 10. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
BLISTER BEETLES - MISSOURI - Soybeans, alfalfa and gardens damaged
in local areas over southern two-thirds of State. (Kyd, Thomas).
CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punctata) - MISSOURI - Adults continue
to feed rather extensively on new- growth alfalfa in southwest area, from
O-4 adults per plant. (Kyd, Thomas).
CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (Sitona hispidula) - MISSOURI - Considerable
adult leaf feeding damage in old fields of red clover, from 2-9 adults per
Square foot. (Kyd, Thomas).
GREEN CLOVERWORM (Plathypena scabra) - DELAWARE - Common in
alfalfa and clover. (Milliron),
PLANT BUGS - DELAWARE - Tarnished plant bug (Lyqus lineolaris)
unusually prevalent in lequmes. (Milliron). LOUISIANA - L. lineolaris
infestations in alfalfa continue: 41 adults, 9 nymphs per 100 sweeps in
Bossier Parish, 32 adults and 14 nymohs per 100 sweeps in Natchitoches
Parish, (Oliver), MISSOURI - L. lineolaris range from 2-8 adults and
nymphs per sweep in alfalfa and red clover in central and southeast
areas, (Kyd, Thomas). ARIZONA - Lygus bugs becoming abundant on
alfalfa in Salt River Valley, 500 per 100 Sweeps in one field, mostly
hymphs. From 85-100 per 100 sweeps ai Safford, Graham County.
(Ariz. Coop. Rept.).
SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL (Sitona cylindricollis) - NEBRASKA - Greatly
reduced in sweetclover, 5 per 100 sweeps. (Andersen).
A LEAF MINER (Liriomyza sp.) - ARIZONA - Particularly abundant
on alfalfa some areas; more numerous than last year in Phoenix and
Yuma areas. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ).
RICE STINK BUG (Solubea Bun ax) - LOUISIANA - Increasing in grasses
near rice fields; 11 adults and 3 nymphs per 100 sweeps in 3 parishes.
(Oliver).
- 569.
YELLOW CLOVER APHID (Myzocallis trifolii! - ARIZONA - Low on
alfalfa in southern area, except for isolated fields, Convergent lady
beetle seems mainly responsible for decline. Increasing temperatures
may also be involved. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). NEW MEXICO - Still major
insect in alfaifa, (Durkin, June 1i). TEXAS - Light to medium rather
widespread in Denton County on alfalfa and clover. Extremely light in
Brazos River bettoms of Brazos and Burleson Counties. (Randoiph).
OKLAHOMA ~ Very heavy in Murray County. Also noted in McClain
County. (Stiles), Total 682 per 250 sweeps in one alfalfa field at
Stillwater. (Fenton). NEBRASKA - Found as far west as Keith County
on sweetclover, 5 per 25 sweeps. (Andersen). KANSAS - Light or
insionificant infestations found in nearly all alfalfa fields surveyed in
south central and central areas. (Matthew),
FALL ARMYWORM (Laghygma fruqiperda) - FLORIDA - One larva per
Square foot on grass at Fort Lauderdale. (Kerr).
A CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucovterus insularis) - FLORIDA - Up to 80
per square foot on St. Augustine grass at Ft, Lauderdale, marginal
damage. (Kerr),
THRIPS - SOUTH CAROLINA - Damage to peanuts was severe at Florence
but has been controlled. (Holdeman, Hall).
CARROT BEETLE (Ligyrus gibbosus) - GEORGIA - Six to 10 per plant
on sunflower roots in Spelding County, May 27. (Beckham, Dupree).
INDIANA - Adulis apparently causing extensive damage to experimental
plantings of sunflowers at Bloomington. Wilting and blowing-over
principal effects. Field in sod last year. (Heiser, Young).
FRUIT INSECTS
CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella} - NEW YORK - Entries
could be heavy in western area until end of June, (Glass). DELAWARE -
Entries observed in severai orchards. (Late News), NEW JERSEY -
Activity decreasing. Peak expected in southern area about June 20,
(Merrill). INDIANA - Activity subsiding generally; between broods.
(Hamilton). ILLINOIS - Later than last year in southern area. Not
over 5 percent of most advanced group have left apple. (Chandler).
OHIO ~ Slow entry rate on untreated fruit, Numerous stragglers
emerging, (Cutright), MISSOURI - Light as end of first brood approaches.
(Wkly, Rept. Fr. Grs.). COLORADO - Emergence slow; two weeks
behind 1954 in Delta and Montrose Counties. (Exp. Sta. )
-57U-
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Argyrotaenia velutinana) - ILLINOIS -
Mostly emerged in southern area, Chandler). INDIANA - Part of
first-brood adults have emerged in Greene County and most of others
are in pupal stage. (Hamilton).
PEAR PSYLLA (Psylla pyricola) - CALIFORNIA - four pear orchards
in Potter Valley*heavily infested; 200 of 460 acres with medium to heavy
infestations. First known infestations in commercial pear orchards in
State. (Lockwood).
ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (Grapholitha molesta) - NEW JERSEY - First
major flight of new brood June 8 at Moorestown. (Merrill), PENNSYLVANZ
Considerable injury to peach terminals in Centre (Adams) and Juniata
Counties (Udine). OHIO _ Populations of first brood low in northern area.
(Rings). MISSISSIPPI - Injury to peach twigs reported from Panola .
County. (Hutchins). CALIFORNIA - Full-grown larvae in serious numbers —
infesting terminals of peaches in Tulare County early in June. {Lockwood). |
CURCULIOS - ILLINOIS - Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) decreas-=
ing. Heavier second brood expected than in the past three seasons in
southern Illinois. (Chandler). OHIO - Plum curculio adults abundant in
untreated peach and plum orchards. Spring-brood larvae maturing and
most egg deposition completed. (Rings). INDIANA - Attack severe on
apoles in many orchards in Lawrence and Orange Counties. (Marshall).
MINNESOTA - Populations high in some neglected orchards. (Minn. Ins.
Rept. Serv.). MO. - Expect damage from next brood if not con-
trolled, (Wkly. Rept. Fr. Grs.). NEW YORK - Plum curculio activity
continues at high rate in western area, (Smith),
APHIDS IN ORCHARDS - MASSACHUSETTS - Apple aphid now appearing
on terminals. (Crop Pest Cont, Mess.). OHIO - Apple aphid and rosy
apple aphid light. (Cutright). MINNESOTA - Several high populations
reported. (Minn. Ins. Rept., June 13), COLORADO - Apple aphid
(Aphis pomi) and rosy apple aphid (Anuraphis roseus) abundant on apples
and pears in Delta County, and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)
causing injury in unsprayed peach orchards in Mesa County. (Exp. Sta.).
ARIZONA - Woolly apple aphid on almost all apple trees from Elfrida
to Wilcox, Cochise County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.)
SPIDER MITES - MASSACHUSETTS - European red mite (Metatetranychus |
ulmi) increasing in some orchards. (Crop Pest. Cont. Mess. ). NEW |
JERSEY - European red mite (M. ulmi) bronzing foliage in some orchards |
Burlington County. (Merrill). INDIANA - Two-spotted spider mite |
(Tetranychus bimaculatus) averaged 0. 21 per leaf in Lawrence and
Orange Counties. (Marshall). OHIO - European red mite held in check
by cool weather, (Cutright), MINNESOTA - Populations high in some
orchards. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv.). COLORADO - Coaspicuously absent
*Vendocino County
-o7l-
in Delta, Montrose and Mesa Counties. (Exp. Sta.). NEW YORK - Numerous
in untreated orchards in Onondaga County; very heavy egg populations.
(Vuillemot).
APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis pomonella) - NEW YORK - Flies emerging
in cages at Poughkeepsie. (Dean), Began emerging at Geneva in cages
June 17. (Glass).
CAT-FACING INSECTS - OHIO - First brood (Euschistus servus and
E. variolarius) nearly mature in southern Ohio. Severe injury caused
by oak plant bug (Neolyqus quercalbae) and hickory plant bug (N. caryae)
to peaches at Wooster, (hon
FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - UTAH - Attacking
apple trees at Logan. (Lieberman).
LESSER PEACH TREE BORER(Synanthedo pictipes) - PENNSYLVANIA -
Considerable emergence with light to moderate infestation of peaches in
Centre County. (Adams).
SHOT-HOLE BORERS - SOUTH CAROLINA ~ Severe infestation in an
untreated orchard in Florence County. (Kirk).
BLACK CHERRY APHID (Myzus cerasi) - UTAH - Most serious aphid
pest in Weber County. (Knowlton, Burningham).
BLACK-MARGINED APHID (Monellia costalis) - NEW MEXICO - Increas-
ing in pecan groves and in ornamental pecans and producing large amounts
of honeydew. (Durkin).
TRUCK CROP INSECTS
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) - DELAWARE-
Continues as problem on untreated potatoes in several areas. Destruct-
ive to tomatoes in Ellendale-Georgetown area. (Milliron). NEW JERSEY -
Worse than in 1954 on potatoes and tomatoes; some damage and great
number of beetles in untreated fields. (Merrill), VIRGINIA - Adults
numerous on some fields of Irish potatoes in eastern section. (Brubaker,
Greenwood, Hofmaster), NORTH DAKOTA - Populations one adult
beetle per 5 plants in commercial fields from Grand Forks through
Grafton and also near Carrington. (Goodfellow). WASHINGTON - Larvae
damaging potatoes at Yakima. (Landis, Schopp).
TUBER FLEA BEETLE (Epitrix tuberis) - COLORADO - Causing damage
to early potatoes and cabbage in Weld County. (Chem. Ind.).
-o72-
POTATO LEAF HOPPER (Empoasca fabae) - MINNESOTA - Adults
0-4 per 20 sweeps on potatoes at Brooklyn Center. (Minn. Ins. Rept.
Serv., June 13). WISCONSIN - Common. (Chambers) - PENNSYLVANIA-
Moderate to abundant in Dauphin County (Menusan) and appearing in
numbers in Centre County (Adams). NEBRASKA - Building up on
potatoes generally; average 15 per 25 plants. (Andersen).
POTATO APHID (Macrosiphum solanifolii) - DELAWARE - On potatoes
from Clayton southward and on tomatoes generally. Numbers warrant
control in several areas, (Milliron). MINNESOTA - Prevalent on
tomatoes in Twin Cities area, (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 18).
POTATO STALK BORER (Trichobaris trinotata) - DELAWARE - In con-
Spicuous numbers on potatoes in Townsend and Little Creek areas.
(Milliron).
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus lineolaris) - DELAWARE - Numerous
in potato fields generally, causing extensive injury. (Milliron).
SYMPHYLIDS - PENNSYLVANIA - One 6-acre tomato field badly damaged
ee other fields with large spots showing injury in Luzerne County.
Gesell).
GRASSHOPPERS - DELAWARE - Melanoplus spp. numerous in potatoes
in the Townsend-Clayton area and at Little Creek. (Milliron). NORTH
CAROLINA - Damage light in tobacco in Person, Robeson and Columbus
Counties. (Mitchell),
PLEA BEETLES - DELAWARE - Potato flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris)
increasing on potatoes at Ellendale. (Milliron). VIRGINIA - Damaging
vegetable crops generally in Carroll County, (Price). WISCONSIN -
Common. (Chambers). IDAHO - Adults common in sugar beets in
outlying edges of Magic Valley. (Douglass).
EUROPEAN EARWIG (Forficula auricularia) - WASHINGTON - Spreading
to irrigated potato fields in central section; light in Yakima and Kittitas
Counties, (Landis, Schopp).
CUTWORMS - DELAWARE - Black cutworm (Agrotis ypsilon) causing
somes injury to potatoes and tomatoes in some areas. (Milliron). SOUTH
CAROLINA - Reported damaging 18 acres of watermelons in Barnwell
County, (Nettles), VIRGINIA - Medium damage to cabbage and peppers
throughout Carroll County. (Price), IDAHO - Red-backed cutworm
requiring treatment in south-central area sugar-beet fields and are a
problem in upper Snake River Valley. (Douglass).
STALK BORER (Papaipema nebris) - CONNECTICUT - Ruining first
planting of 6000 fomato plants at Hamden. (Johnson).
-573-
TOMATO RUSSET MITE (Vasates i co ersici) - VIRGINIA - Severe on
tomatoes in Norfolk greenhouse. (Hofmaster).
TOMATO PSYLLID (Paratrioza cockerelli) - COLORADO - Eggs well-
distributed on early potatoes in Weld County. (Chem. Ind.).
STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Acalymma vittata) - OKLAHOMA -
Moderate numbers in melon plantings in central area, (Walton).
NORTH DAKOTA - Heavy infestation on cucurbits in Wahpeton area,
June 18, Considerable damage in some plantings. (Goodfellow).
RHODE ISLAND - Heavy infestations in Portsmouth area. (Kantack).
NEW YORK - Quite heavy on vine crops in Westchester County. (Androsko),
SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) -
DELAWARE - Injuring limas in several areas. (Milliron). OKLAHOMA -
Moderate numbers in melon plantings in central area. (Walton).
GARDEN FLEAHOPPER (Halticus bracteatus) - DELAWARE - Numerous
on squash at Ellendale, (Milliron).
PEA WEEVIL (Bruchus pisorum) - UTAH - Populations higher than usual.
(Knowlton). IDAHO - Heavy adult populations in grain fields in northern
area. Very little vine growth of peas, so a high percent of weevils may
die before depositing eggs. (Manis).
PEA APHID (Macrosiphum pisi) - PENNSYLVANIA - Light to moderate
on peas in Centre County. (Adams). WISCONSIN - More than half of
acreage treated in southern counties. Indications that balance will need
treatment. (Chambers). MINNESOTA - Pan counts in central and south
central areas remain high. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 13).
WASHINGTON - Large numbers of winged forms on Austrian winter
peas at Yakima, (Landis, Schopp). UTAH - Very threatening in some
Cache Valley canning peas; less numerous other areas. (Knowlton).
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (Epilachna varivestis) - MARYLAND -
Adults doing serious damage to snap and lima beans in Carroll and
Montgomery Counties. Populations heavier this year than last at this
time. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). RHODE ISLAND - Light infestation over
most of State. (Kantack). VIRGINIA - Infestations on snap beans range
from light to moderate, about normal for this time of year, (Brubaker,
Greenwood, Hofmaster). NEW YORK - Eggs in Dutchess County
June 15. (O'Leary).
BEAN LEAF BEETLE (Cerotoma trifurcata) - DELAWARE - Injury
to lima beans throughout Sussex County. (Milliron), VIRGINIA - Injury
in most plantings but infestations decreasing. (Brubaker, Greenwood,
Hofmaster),
574.
SUGAR-BEET ROOT MAGGOT (Tetanops myopaeformis) - NORTH
DAKOTA - Peak emergence reached in severely infested areas oi
northeastern section. Exceptionally heavy populations in fields from
Neche to Minto. About 50 percent sexually mature. (Goodfellow).
BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - UTAH - Idaho line to
Mendon; 0.37 per foot of row from Garland to Payson in tomato-growing
area and 1.4 from Gunnison to Joseph. Curly top of tomatoes in south-
ern section averaged 24 percent first week in June with additional
disease expected. (Dorst). Moderately numerous on Russian-thistle
and beets in parts of Emery County. (Knowlton).
IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (Pieris rapae) - DELAWARE - Increasing
in Sussex County. Destructive in Ellendale-Georgetown area. (Milliron).
MARYLAND - Adults ext remely numerous from Talbot to Carroll
Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ).
CABBAGE MAGGOT (Hylemya brassicae) - MINNESOTA - Causing
damage to cabbage and cauliflower in Twin Cities area in untreated
fields. (Minn. Ins. Rept. Serv., June 13). WISCONSIN - Common.
(Chambers). IDAHO - Severe injury on untreated cabbage at Twin Falls.
(Douglass).
CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - DELAWARE - Numerous on
cabbage near Georgetown). (Milliron).
CABBAGE APHID (Brevicoryne brassicae) - PENNSYLVANIA - Becoming
a problem on mid-season cabbage in Schuylkill County. (Menusan).
THRIPS - DELAWARE - Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) causing injury to
onions in Sussex County, (Milliron). ARIZONA - Abundant in all onion
fields in Greenlee County, up to 15 per plant. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.)
SIX-SPOTTED LEAF HOPPER (Macrosteles fascifrons) - MINNESOTA -
Adults 4-20 per 20 sweeps in Twin Cities area on lettuce. (Minn. Ins.
Rept. Serv., June 13).
ONION MAGGOT (Hylemya antiqua) - MASSACHUSETTS - Causing heavy
losses in onions in some areas. (Crop Pest Cont. Mess. ).
STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Engrs comptana fragariae) - WISCONSIN-
Very abundant. (Chambers). IDA - Causing injury in a few scattered
fields throughout southwest area. (Walz).
A LOOPER ON TOBACCO - SOUTH CAROLINA - Some loopers continue
on tobacco in Florence County, (Allen).
Se ee
-575-
A NITIDULID (Lobiopa insularis) - LOUISIANA - Exclusive of the
strawberry belt the beetle was found in these parishes: Assumption,
Lafayette, Iberville and St. Mary. Not found in other areas surveyed
in central and northern area. (Oliver).
HORNWORMS (Protoparce spp.) - FLORIDA - Average one larva per
50 plants. (Denmark), NORTH CAROLINA - Eggs and small larvae,
populations on tobacco very light in eastern portions. (Mitchell).
VIRGINIA - Adults in light traps in Pittsylvania County for week ending
June 11 were: P. sexta 87, P. quincuemacul ata 57, (Dominick).
MARYLAND - Small larvae doing light damage to tobacco in St. Marys
County. (U; Md. But. Dept.)
APHIDS - NORTH CAROLINA - Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on
tobacco light generally. (Jones). MISSOURI - Attacking numerous
crops and ornamentals generally. (Wkly. Rept. Fr. Grs. ye
TOBACCO BUDWORMS (Heliothis spp.) - NORTH CAROLINA -
A 2-3 percent infestation of H. virescens in Forsyth County and a 75
percent infestation in Warren County. (Jones). FLORIDA - Average
one larva per 25 plants in Union County in 3-acre block. (Denmark).
COTTON INSECTS
BOLL WEEVIL (Anthonomus grandis) - TEXAS - Increasing in lower
Rio Grande Valley, south central, east, central, north central and
northeast areas. First-generation weevils as far north as McLennan
County. (Gaines), Percent survival in cages at Waco to June 17 was
10. 2; to same date last year 2.8. Twenty-four percent punctured
squares in 17 untreated fields and 6. 5 percent in 16 treated fields in
McLennan and Falls Counties. (Parencia et al). OKLAHOMA - Only
a few adults being found. (Stiles). ARKANSAS - Total of 1300 fields
scouted and 197 found infested with infestations generally very light.
Weather favorable to larval development, some noted. (Warren, Turney).
LOUISIANA - Becoming heavier in older cotton: from 2 to as high as
35 percent infestations in some fields in Pointe Coupe, Rapides, Caldwell,
Bossier and Natchitoches Parishes. (Oliver). In Tallulah area 9.7 per-
cent square infestation in 3 early fields; weevils in 23 of 31 fields in-
spected at rate of 193 per acre, which compares with 323 for same time
in 1954. (Gaines, Pfrimmer et al). ALABAMA - Twenty-one fields
examined in 4 northern and 2 eastern counties and 2 fields found in-
fested at rate of 6 and 2 weevils per acre. (Moore), GEORGIA -
Eighty-one of 90 fields examined in 18 southern counties found infested.
Twenty-seven untreated fields examined, all infested at average rate
of 6,2 percent punctured squares. fifty-four of 63 treated fields in-
spected found infested at rate of 2.1 percent punctured squares.
(J. C. andC.R, Jordan). MISSISSIPPI - Reported in most fields of
578
sruiting cotton in delta counties. Average number of weevils per acre
was 76 and percent of punctured squares was 3.2. (Merkl et al).
SOUTH CAROLINA - Coming out of hibernation in larger numbers than
in any of past four years. (Cott. Lett., June 14). Number found to
June 17 in trap plot at Florence was 1, 131 compared with 73 to same date
in 1954. Five percent infestation in 14 treated fields in Florence
Vounty, 14 of 16 fields infested. (Walker et al) NORTH CAROLINA -
Only 4 live weevils in 58 fields in Jackson, Cleveland, Bertie, Edge-
combe, Union and Gaston Counties. Average of 6.6 percent square
infestation 46 fields in Wilson, Montgomery, Anson, Scotland, Robeson
and Sampson Counties. (Jones). VIRGINIA - Total of 25 per acre in
one Mecklenburg County field and 50 per acre in one Southampton
County field. (Morris).
BOLLWORMS - TEXAS - Increasing in lower Rio Grande Valley and
in southwest area, (Gaines), LOUISIANA - Small numbers of eggs on
cotton in Caldwell, St. Landry, Bossier, Ouachita and Natchitoches
Parishes. (Oliver). ARKANSAS - Infestations in 225 of 1305 fields
scouted. While not economic numers, extent of infestations at this
time of year somewhat unusual. (Warren, Turney). ALABAMA -
Average of 3 eggs per 100 terminals in one field in Chambers County.
(Moore). MISSISSIPPI - Eggs in 8 of 20 fields examined in delta
counties; 1.2 per 100 terminals. Larvae, 1 per 100 terminals, in
2 of 20 fields. Moth activity increasing. (Merkl). GEORGIA -
Threatening infestation in terminal examinations in number of fields.
Trace damage to squares. (J. C. and C. R. Jordan). SOUTH
CAROLINA - Increasing in cotton fields in tobacco areas. (Cott. Lett.,
June 14), Total of 178 Heliothis armigera moths taken in light trap
at Florence during week, Average of 1.1 eggs per 100 terminals in
6 fields in Florenc 1Fount . (Walker et al). WA. - Noted in one Mecklen-
burg County field. ( orrigy.
PINK BOLLWORM (Pectinophora gossypiella) - TEXAS - Infestations
increasing in certain fields in lower Rio Grande Valley, Grimes,
Burleson, Brazos and in some counties of coastal bend areas. (Gaines).
FLEAHOPPERS - TEXAS - Infestations generally low in central area
southward except in some fields of upper coastal area. Heavy infestations
in some fields of central, east, north central and northeast areas,
(Davis, Martin, June 14). Average of 4.8 per 100 terminals in 51
treated and untreated fields in McLennan and Falls Counties. (Parencia
etal), ARKANSAS - Psallus seriatus infestations continue high in
some fields of southeastern counties; up to 211 per 100 terminals.
(Warren, Turney). LOUISIANA - Cotton fleahopper found in 31 of 34
fields examined in Tallulah area, 5.8 per 100 terminals. (Gaines,
Pfrimmer et al). From 5-30 per 100 linear feet of row in Caldwell,
Bossier and Natchitoches Parishes, (Oliver). MISSISSIPPI - Infesta-
tion ranges from none to heavy in delta counties. (Merkl et aD.
ee
Lac
TENNESSEE - Still light in fields in west Tennessee, (Locke), SOUTH
CAROLINA - Noted in fields throughout Piedmont, (Cott. Lett,, June 14).
THRIPS - ARIZONA - General decrease in Maricopa County but heavy
in most fields in Greenlee County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept.). TEXAS - Dam-
aging many fields in northeast, north central and northwest areas, but
decreasing in most fields from south central area southward. (Davis,
Martin, June 14). OKLAHOMA - Many fields show damage, but infesta-
tions declining, (Stiles), ARKANSAS - Much local damage in eastern
counties. (Warren, Turney). MISSISSIPPI - Damage still common on
small, late-planted cotton in delta counties but overall situation improved.
(Merkl et al). TENNESSEE - Light damage to cotton in west Tennessee,
(Locke). SOUTH CAROLINA - Damage continues in cotton in Piedmont
and some coastal plain counties. (Cott, Lett., June 14). NORTH CARO-
LINA - Minor damage to cotton in Hoke County, more serious in Cleveland
and Union. (Jones), VIRGINIA - Damage light to heavy in 12 fields ex-
amined in 4 counties. (Morris).
COTTON LEAFWORM (Alabama argillacea) - TEXAS - Found in Cameron
County June 11. (Gaines).
APHIDS - NEW MEXICO - Large numbers on cotton continue. Many
growers treating in Socorro County. (Durkin, June 11). MISS OURI -
Small widely-scatt ered spots in cotton fields becoming moderately
infested with from 4-23 aphids per leaf. (Kyd, Thomas). ARKANSAS -
Aphis gossypii infestations more widespread than at same time last
year but numbers not economic. Weather favorable for build-up.
(Warren, Turney). TENNESSEE - Decreasing most fields in west
Tennessee, predators numerous. (Locke). GEORGIA - Light to very
light in 15 fields in southern area. (J. C. and C. R. Jordan).
GRASSHOPPERS - OKLAHOMA - Destroyed 11 of 15 acres of cotton in
MeCurtain County. Threat to cotton in many areas. (Stiles).
TENNESSEE - Heavier than normal around fields. (Locke).
CUTWORMS - NORTH CAROLINA - Attacking cotton in Anson and
Hoke Counties. Agrotis malefida involved in Hoke County. (Jones,
Williford). GEORGIA - Destroyed about one-third of foliage in 20-acre
field in Morgan County in 3-day period, 4 to 5 cutworms in soil under
eachmplant. (J. C.,.and/@. Rk. Jordan):
CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) - ARIZONA - Moderate on 90
acres of cotton at Roll, Yuma County, 1 per 3 plants. (Ariz. Coop.
Rept. ).
SPIDER MITES - ARIZONA - Light populations on cotton in many fields
in Maricopa County and at Sahuarita Pima County. (Ariz. Coop. Rept. ;
TENNESSEE - Scattered, very light, predators numerous. (Locke).
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A LEAF ROLLER (Platynota stultana) - TEXAS - Damaging terminals
in a few fields in Burleson County. (Davis, Martin, June 14).
LYGUS BUGS - ARIZONA - Have increased on cotton, correlated with
cutting of alfalfa. Reported from Yuma, Maricopa and Graham Counties.
(Ariz, Coop. Rept.).
Note on Cotton Stem Moth (Platyedra vilella) in France
In 1953 hollyhock and_Malva sylvestris were heavily attacked, 30-50
percent of pods, in a garden at Rueil-Malmaison. Several other plants
of Althaea sp. (not rosea) growing nearby had no larvae. Parasites
reared from specimens of P. vilella taken from A. rosea and M. sylves-
tris were as follows: Ichneumonidae - Horogenes rufipes, H. fenestralis,
Itoplectis maculator; Chalcididae - Trichomalus sp., Habrocytus sp. ;
Braconidae - Bracon piger, Chelonus sp., Apanteles sp. ; Larvaevoridae-
Voria ruralis. (Parker).
ee ee ee ee me ee es ee we eS ee Se ee Oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oe ee
SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) - PENNSYLVANIA -
General in forests in Erie and Warren Counties. (Adams). Defoliated
10 acres of hawthorn in Tioga County. (Gesell).
CANKERWORMS - WISCONSIN - Abundant scattered areas. (Chambers),
A BEETLE (Colaspis pini) - TEXAS - Infestations reported on pine plan-
tations in western Jasper County. (Goen).
ROSE LF. BEETLE (Nodonota puncticollis) - PENNSYLVANIA - Very )
abundant in Dauphin County, feeding on a wide range of deciduous shrubs |
and trees. (Negley).
ELM LEAF BEETLE (Galerucella xanthomelaena) - DELAWARE -
Larval injury increasing throughout State. (Milliron)) MARYLAND -
Heavy damage to elms in Talbot and Calvert Counties. (U. Md., Ent.
Dept.). VIRGINIA - Medium infestation on elms in Hampton (Adams)
and King and Queen County (Morris and Hall) NORTH CAROLINA -
Attacking many Chinese elms in Iredell County, (Franklin).
FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) - WISCONSIN -
Completely defoliating large areas in northwest counties. (Chambers).
RED-HEADED PINE SAWFLY (Neodiprion lecontei) - TEXAS - Light
pect coc reported in San Augustine and Rusk Counties. (Tex. For.
Pest Com.).
-579-
PINE NEEDLE SCALES - SOUTH DAKOTA - Heavy and widespread in
State, (Lofgren).
SAWFLIES - MARYLAND - Heavy defoliation of pitch and loblolly pine
in Talbot and Dorchester Counties. (U. Md., Ent. Dept.). NORTH
DAKOTA - Defoliating willow in shelter-belts. (Goodfellow).
A TUSSOCK MOTH - NEBRASKA - A larva (probably Hemerocampa
leucostigma) feeding heavily on pin oak nursery seeding. (Walstrom).
SCALES - PENNSYLVANIA - A lecanium scale, probably Lecanium
corni general in drupes and ornamentals in southeast section. (Menusan).
VIRGINIA - A scale (Kermes, probably pettiti) severe on white oak in
west end of Richmond; damaging shade trees. (Matheny).
SPRUCE BUDWORM (Choristoneura fumiferana) - NORTH DAKOTA -
Larvae damaging new growth of spruce at several locations. (Goodfellow).
TURPENTINE BEETLES - TEXAS - Active in some recently cut:
stands in Montgomery and Anderson Counties. (Goen).
WALKINGSTICKS - WISCONSIN - Abundant scattered areas. (Chambers).
EUONYMOUS SCALE (Unaspis euonymi) - RHODE ISLAND - Crawlers
heavy on Euonymus in West Warwick. (Mathewson).
LEAF MINERS - PENNSYLVANIA = Birch leaf miners heavier than in
1954 on birch, northwest area. (Adams),
HOLLY LEAF MINERS (Phytomyza spp.) - DELAWARE - Injury preva-
lent generally. (Milliron).
NORWAY-MAPLE APHID (Periphyllus lyropictus) - IDAHO - Extremely
nee on maple throughout city of Moscow, requiring control.
Manis).
COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE (Chrysomela scripta) - NEBRASKA -
Heavy feeding of adults on yellow cottonwood in nursery plantings.
(Walstrom).
BOXELDER APHID (Periohyllus negundinis) - UTAH - Severe infesta-
tion in Box Elder and Salt Lake Counties. (Knowlton).
BAGWORMS - MARYLAND - Young larvae damaging arborvitae and
beech in Talbot County. (U. Md., Ent. Dept. ).
A CARPENTER BEE (Ceratina dupla)- PENNA. ~~ - Infesting stems of
pruned roses in Franklin County. (Pepper).
-980-
JAPANESE BEETLE (Popillia japonica) - VIRGINIA - Light to severe
damage in Henry County; damage to flowers, shrubs, trees and small
fruit. (Morris). MARYLAND - Damage to roses inSt. Marys County,
June 12+ One adult found on weeds in Talbot County. First record of
season, (U. Md., Ent, Dept.). RHODE ISLAND - Adult taken on rose
on College Campus June 14. (Larmie),
ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus) - WISCONSIN - Abundant
in scattered areas. (Chambers), PENNSYLVANIA - Common on roses
in Clearfield County and numerous in Centre County. (Adams). RHODE
ISLAND - Very abundant on roses, averaging two per flower in Kingston
area. Lighter populations northern section but increasing. (Mathewson).
A ROSE GRASS APHID (Macrosiphum dirhodum) - WASHINGTON -
Abundant on cultivated roses at Union Gap. (Landis, Schopp).
ROSE LEAF HOPPER (Typhlocyba rosae) - UTAH - Discoloring rose
foliage at Logan, Blanding, Price, Provo and Ogden. (Knowlton).
WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES - TENNESSEE - Found in iris bed at
Millington, new area in Shelby County. (Locke).
A GEOMETRID (Melanchroia cephise) _ FLORIDA - Defoliated snow
bushes at Fort Pierce in St, Lucie County. (Campbell).
SL SS SS Sr ES eS SS ee OS Se eS ee te eS eS Se ee et ee ee ee ee ee
HORN FLY (Siphona irritans) - PENNSYLVANIA - One hundred to two
hundred per animal on cattle in Clearfield County. (Adams). OKLAHOMA-
Numerous on cattle in southeast section. (Rogers). TEXAS - Light to
ae infestation on cattle in Floyd and Harrison Counties. (Jeffress,
ose).
CATTLE GRUBS - IDAHO - Heel flies ovipositing in southwestern area.
(Walz), WYOMING - Causing annoyance in Crook County. (Spackman).
HOUSE FLIES - NEW JERSEY - Increasing in dairy barns and around
homes, (Merrill). NORTH CAROLINA - Musca domestica fewer than
for several previous years in the Piedmont area at this date. (Scott),
LONE STAR TICK (Amblyomma americanum) - TEXAS - Light infesta-
ae a all types of livestock in Harrison County. Infestation decreasing.
Rose), :
MOSQUITOES - FLORIDA - Averaging one bite per minute under field
conditions in Dade County; infestation increasing as usual for this time of
year. (Wolfenbarger). UTAH - A serious outbreak of Aedes dorsalis in
Weber County with some A, vexans at Taylor and Marriott. (Fronk),
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
LADY BEETLES - NEW MEXICO - Hippodamia sp. building up large _
populations in untreated alfalfa, but not controlling yellow clover aphid.
(Durkin, June 11).
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS
OLD HOUSE BORER (Hylotruves bajulus) - MARYLAND - Damaging
timbers at police barracks, Waterloo, noward County; adults found.
{(U, Md., Ent. Dept.), VIRGINIA - Damaging sill of a new home in
Staunton. (Rowell}.
TERMITES - OKLAHOMA - Reticulitermes sp. have seriously damaged,
and in seme cases have girdled, oaks in Payne County. (Howell, June il).
PHALAENIDS - IDAHO ~ Adults unusualiy abundant near Moscow. One
of most common species is Spaelotis havilae. (Manis).
Of interest recently was the interception of living specimens of a red
wax scale (Ceroplastes rubens Mask.) on the leaves of birds’ nest fern
(Asp.enium sp.) in the prefiignht inspection of airplane cargo leaving
Hawaii for the mainland at Honolulu, T. H. Airport. (Davidson). This
insect has been reported injurious:to citrus and a wide variety of plants
in Hawaii, many Pacific islands and parts of Asia and Australia, Serious
injury to citrus has been reported in Queensland. Insect feeding reduces
the vitality of the plant and promotes the formation of sooty mold.
Observations on the biology of this insect in Queensland indicate the
larvae hatch beneath the parent scale, wander over the leaves of the
host plant for a day or so, then settle down to feed and secrete wax
on a leaf usually near the vein. Development is gradual with adult
scales appearing after three molts. A complete generation develops
in 4-6 months in the spring and in 6-8 months in the fall. Adults de-
posit as many as 900 eggs during an egg-laying period of 2-5 months,
One female may deposit 5-50 eggs per day. ‘Two egg-laying periods
occur, one from January to July and the other from September to
December. Larvae hatch in 2-3 days, and emerge from under parent
scales in series of waves, so that great numbers may be found on the
host plant at intervals.
C. rubens, the red wax scale or pink wax scale, as it is sometimes
Called, has been intercepted on frequent occasions at various ports
ile) 9
from Hawaii and Japan on Aglaonema, Allaisanda, Alyxia, Anthurium,
Aralia, Aucuba, Buxus, Camellia, Citrus, Coffea, Crataegus, Huonymus,
Fatsia, Gardenia, [lex, Litchi, Magnolia, Prunus, Rhododendron,
Smilax, Wisteria, Zinziber, and other planis. It is not known to occur
in the continental United States.
(Compiled -- Plant Quarantine Branch)
NORTH CAROLINA - CHINCH BUG infesting corn and milo in Lee,
Stanly, Union, Duplin, Chatham and Lenoir Counties. (Scott).
SOUTH CAROLINA - CHINCH BUG moderate to heavy on corn in Horry
County, June 1. (Watts).
ALABAMA - EUROPEAN CORN BORER infestations in all fields exam-
ined in Blount, Limestone and Madison Counties, mixed 50 percent with
SOUTHERN CORNSTALK BORER; 11 fields examined. (Moore).
IOWA - First reports of ARMYWORM; in rye in Plymouth County.
EUROPEAN CORN BORER with egg mass counts June 17 on tallest corn
varying from 200-600 per 100 plants southern area; 20-300 masses per
100 plants central area and 12-100 masses per 100 plants in northern
area. CORN ROOT APHIDS abundant and damaging in some western and
southern counties, WIREWORMS still active in many areas; requiring
some replanting, APHIDS unusually abundant on vegetable and flower
garden plants. Large numbers of CABBAGE WORMS on various crucifers.
HORN FLIES range from 200-300 per animal in some herds. (Harris).
OREGON - Adults of CHERRY FRUIT FLY began emerging June 11 in
Willamette Valley. Adults of CODLING MOTH began emerging in
Willamette Valley June 7. (Jones). WESTERN HARVESTER ANT damag-
ing dry land grain in the Clarno area on range bottom land. (Roth).
A MITE, probably Petrobia latens, damaging barley in southeastern
section, (Every).
WISCONSIN - No serious outbreaks of ARMYWORMS found. LARCH
SAWFLY very abundant in several northwestern counties. (Chambers).
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WEATHER BUREAU'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK
Mid-June to Mid-July 1955
The Weather Bureau's 30-day outlook for the period from mid-June
to mid-July calls for temperatures to average above seasonal normals
over the northern half of the nation from the northern Plains eastward
to New England, with greatest departures in the Great Lakes region.
Below normal temperatures are expected in the West Coast States and
over the Southeastern quarter of the country. In unspecified areas
values not far from normal are anticipated.
Precipitation is expected to exceed seasonal normals in the western
Mountain and Plateau States. Subnormal rainfall is indicated over the
northeast quarter of the nation and in West Gulf States. In other areas
near normal amounts are predicted.
This report released by the Weather Bureau on June 1’, 1955.
Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume
and Outlook", published twice a month by the Weather Bureau. You
can subscribe through Superintendent of Docuinents, Washington 20, D.C.
Price: $4, 80 a year, $2, 40 for six months.
WEATHER FOR THE WEEK ENDING JUNE 20, 1955
East of the Rocky Mountains temperatures for the week averaged below
normal for the second consecutive week, with anomalies of 62ito LOS rim
the Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys and Southeast. In the latter area
the nights were too cool for the best growth of cotton, The coolest weather
occurred during the first part of the week, but slowly rising temperatures
thereafter reached norinai or above normal levels over virtually the en-
tire nation by the close of the period. About mid-week minima were un-
seasonably low in the western interior, when a low of 36° was recorded
at Reno, Nev., and 279 at Fraser, Colo.* Precipitation occurring in
nearly all sections of the country during the week was sufficient to
maintain ample soil moisture in most areas east of the Continental
Divide. Drought still persisted in southern Texas, more rain was needed
in the southern High Plains of that State, and dry soil was reported in
southern North Carolina, The week's most extensive moderate to heavy
rainfall occurred over the Great Plains, where showers from the 14th
to 17th produced weekly totals of 1 to over 2 inches over large areas.
On the 15th and 16th severe thunderstorms and a few tornadoes were
reported in the Texas Panhandle - southwestern Oklahoma area. Heavy
showers also fell in parts of Arizona, Nevada and Utah from the Lath
to 14th. Rainfall totaled 1 to over 4 inches in east-central, northern,
and eastern portions of Arizona. On the 13th a heavy shower in the
vicinity of Las Vegas, Nev., resulted in a flash flood which caused
$2, 000, O00 damage to houses and other buildings. On the 16th a tornado
destroyed severel buildings in Sandpete, Utah. (Summary Supplied by
U.S. Weather Burean). * Frost reported to have damaged some fruit
in Colorado,
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ECONOMIC INSECT
REPORT
By
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: Issued by
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
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AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
7 SURVEY METHODS — | 1955
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AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
PLANT PEST CONTROL BRANCH
ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY SECTION
The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is
issued weekly as a service to American Agri-
culture. Its contentsare compiled from informa-
tion supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and
industrial entomologists and other agricultural
workers. In releasing this material the Branch
serves as a clearing house and does not assume
responsibility for accuracy of the material.
Reports and inquiries pertaining to this release
should be mailed to:
Economic Insect Survey Section
Plant Pest Control Branch
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington 25, D. C.
COOPERATIVE ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT
SURVEY METHODS
Contents
Page Page
Alfalfa caterpillar 10 Lygus bugs 11
Aphids (potato-infesting) 26, 27, 28 Mexican fruit fly 18
Apple maggot 15 Mosquito larvae 41
Beet leafhopper 24, 25 Onion thrips 22
Boll weevil 32) 39 Pea aphid 28
Bollworm 32 Pea weevil 31
Cherry fruit fly 18 Pink bollworm Se) 35)
Chinch bug Zz) Plum curculio 16
Cotton aphid 33 Potato psyllid 26
Cattle lice 40 Rice water weevil 12
Cotton leafhopper 33 Spider mites on cotton 34
Cotton leafworm 33 Spittlebug 4
European corn borer 2 Stored grain insects 13
European red mite 13 Sugarcane borer 7
Golden nematode al Sweetpotato weevil al
Grasshoppers 5 Thrips on cotton 35
Greenbug 8 Tomato fruitworm 22
Gypsy moth 37 Western bean cutworm 30
Hessian fly Y Western grape leaf
skeletonizer 17
Ladino clover seed midge 10
Wheat stem sawfly 3
Japanese beetle 20
White-fringed beetles 9
Larch sawfly 37
Wireworms 23
Livestock pests 39
FRR AR RAR RK AR AR ARK AR RAK RACK OK KR KKK KK
These survey methods have been brought together at the suggestion of the Entomologicai
Society of America Survey Advisory Committee and other entomological workers.
(Re-issued September 1955).
2 Survey Methods
CHINCH BUG
Cooperative surveys to determine populations of hibernating chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus)
are made annually in several Central States. The work is conducted during November and
December in areas suspected of harboring infestations. Overwintering occurs in several
species of bunchgrasses, including little bluestem, big bluestem, and broomsedge. Five
samples of bunchgrass are collected at widely separated points in each county surveyed.
Each sample consists of a bunch of grass including the crown, from 3.5 to 4.5 inches in
diameter, which is cut from the sod clump with a tilling spade. After trimming, the sample
is placed in a double paper bag on which the location, date, and other pertinent details are
recorded. By examining samples of the grass clumps in the laboratory, hibernating bugs
are detected and abundance determined. As counts are made the number of bugs in the
sample is converted to a number per square foot and rated according to the following table:
Number of bugs
Classification per square foot Rating
Non-economic O - 250 il
Light 250 - 500 2
Moderate 500 - 1, 000 3
Severe 1,000 - 2, 000 4
Very Severe 2, 000 or more 5
A rating is assigned to each county based on stop ratings and percentage of land under
cultivation in the county. The greater the percentage of cultivated land the less protective
cover available for hibernation and, consequently, a reduced population in comparison to
crops that may be attacked.
Information obtained from these surveys provides a basis for preliminary estimate of
control needs as well as 3 record of hibernating populations; however, weather conditions
the following spring determine the severity of infestations. (C. W. Shockley)
EUROPEAN CORN BORER
Abundance Survey-- The recommended procedure for making European corn borer (Pyrausta
nubilalis) fall abundance survey is to make 10 observations, or sample counts, per county. If
it is found that contiguous counties cannot be sampled utilizing 10 counts per county, a survey
on a district basis is preferred which averages about 5 counts per county. Fewer than 5 counts
per county is not recommended.
An observation or sample count is obtained in a prescribed manner. The locations of the
sampling points are distributed uniformly by marking them on a map of the.area to be
surveyed. The observer is instructed to proceed to the point marked on the map and sample
the first corn field encountered. The sample is obtained after walking 50 paces into the field
from the most accessible point. Beginning with the first plant on the observer's right, 25
consecutive plants are examined for infestation and the number of infested plants recorded.
The last two infested plants encountered in the count of 25 are dissected and the number and
stages of borers found are recorded. The product of percent infestation and average borers
per plant becomes the estimate of the field population expressed as borers per 100 plants.
The observer than proceeds to the next location and so on throughout the survey.
Distribution Survey-- The distribution surveys are less formalized than the abundance survey.
In searching for new infestations available,time and number of observers are the limiting
factors. Recommendations have been to examine as many fields as possible which are deemed
most likely to harbor the borer. For example, mid-season surveys should be made in earliest
fields in the area under observation, and September or later surveys should be confined to
late fields. Concentrations of borers if present are expected to be more abundant in the
respective types of fields.
Survey Methods 3
Service Survey-- Service surveys to determine the need for control should be organized so
that observations can be made by state zones (corn testing districts, crop reporting
districts, etc.) or at strategic points in the state. The number of observations is dependent
on funds and assistants available. Observations to be made include periodic counts on
development of the borer as it changes from a dormant condition to an active one and
larvae change to the pupal state. The emergence of moths is used as a criterion of the
probable time of the beginning of egg deposition which is the forecast of the beginning of
the critical period in corn borer control. Sufficient plants are examined in a number of
localities to determine the egg load. When the egg load approaches 50 masses per 100
plants on corn approximately 35 inches in extended leaf height in any locality, the situation
is considered serious enough to advise treatment of similar fields with insecticides. If
the egg load builds up rapidly and is general over a large area, dealers are to be alerted
to the probable heavy demand for insecticide materials. In any case farmers are urged
to make counts in their own fields to determine the need for the use of insecticides.
Similar observations are made on the progress of the development of the second generation
borer in the more advanced corn, but treatment is not recommended until the egg load
approaches 100 masses per 100 plants. However, treatment of mid-season or late corn is
not recommended until the egg load approaches 100 masses per 100 plants. (Elmer W. Beck)
WHEAT STEM SAWFLY
Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus) surveys are conducted at the conclusion of harvest in
wheat fields in the northern Greai Plains Area. The survey is made of the overwintering
larval population by examining two samples in each of 10 well-distributed fields in each
county. One sample is taken near the margin of the field within the first few drill rows,
and the other at approximately the center of the field. At each sample location, 50 consecu-
tive wheat stems of a drill row are examined for stubs cut off by the sawfly. The total
number of these sawfly stubs found in the two samples is recorded as the percentage of
infestation for the field.
Upon completion of the survey, the fields are placed into one of four classifications based
on their percentage of infestation as follows:
CLASSIFICATION PERCENT OF STEMS INFESTED
Light Trace - 5
Moderate 6 - 24
Heavy 25 - 39
Severe 40 - 100
A map of the infestation is prepared by locating each classified field on a map of the surveyed
region and delimiting the areas of different population abundance. The information obtained
from the survey provides a basis for determining the extent of the infestation and makes cer-
tain date available that assist in making an appraisal of the wheat loss caused by the sawfly.
(E. G. Davis)
4 Survey Methods
SPITTLEBUG SURVEY IN ILLINOIS
With an increase in spittlebug infestations up to economic levels in [llinois, it was consid-
ered desirable to attempt the prediction of the potential populations that might occur on
legume crops in the spring. Based on biological data from Ohio and field experience in
Illinois, a survey technique for this purpose was developed in Illinois for use in 1951 and
1952. On the basis of data obtained in an adult spittlebug survey in the fall, probable dam-
age ratings were determined for the following spring.
In late August or early September after the adult spittlebug populations became fairly
stable, (determined by regularsampling of a few fields) 30 counties were surveyed in
Tilinois to determine adult populations. Ten fields were selected at random in each county.
Ten individual sweeps (standard 15" net-180° sweep) were made in each field and each
recorded separetely on a special form.* The condition of the field and other pertinent data
were also recorded. Based on the average number of adult spittlebugs per sweep in each
county, predictions were made for the areas most likely to be subjected to economic losses
the following spring.
By assuming that for each adult spittlebug per sweep there would likely be one-fourth to
one-half spittlebug nymph per stem the following spring (Ohio's results), estimates were
made of the acreage of new stands worthy of treatment. Treatment was recommended on
first-year hay crop fields in those areas where an average of one-half or more nymphs
per stem was anticipated. As a followup in late May, nymphal counts were made ona
100-stem sample in many of the fall-survey fields and observers found that for county
averages the predicted and actual numbers of nymphs per 100 stems were substantially the
same.
This survey method gives actual figures upon which to base and check predictions. Since by
this method it is possible to obtain a quantitative cross section of populations in old and new
fields and in fields of various mixtures of grasses and legumes, mixed legumes, and straight
stands of legumes, the survey data is of value to research and extension workers alike.
(H. B. Petty)
* Spittlebug Survey
Fall. Date . County
Crop - Old. New.
Condition: Good. Fair. Poor. Height inches. Clipped. Unclipped.
Location: N. S. E. W. ~~ side of Rt. : miles N. S. E. W.
of
miles N. S. E. W. of
Adults per sweep: 1. nas Earns: wunee ents 568
tks 8. 5) Bee l0)s . Average 5
Spittlebug masses observed - Yes. No.
Spring. Date ,
Infestation per 10 stems: 1. a. b. Se eday Jake b. Sumas
b. 4. a. b. a Os ils b. Gavas b.
Tismels b. 8. -a. b. 9. a. b. ‘
10. a. b. a Ocala’. b.
a= Infested plants.
b= Number of nymphs.
Adults observed. Yes. No.
Notes: 2 ESS
Survey Methods 5
GRASSHOPPERS
Grasshopper surveys include observations on nymphs, adults, and eggs. Adult surveys are
made at a time when most grasshoppers are in the adult stage andcover all areas that
usually harbor grasshoppers, including crop land, pasture land, and range. The egg survey
is limited to the crop land areas with some additional samples being taken in other areas
where adult surveys revealed high populations. Nymphal surveys or observations are made
in the spring to guide large scale control operations or for making local control recommenda-
tions.
A minimum of five stops per county should be made in the adult survey. Fifteen, twenty, or
even more stops may be made in large counties with important and widespread crop and
range areas. At-each stop the surveyor walks into the field 100 to 200:yards or a sufficient
distance to obtain an impression of the general grasshopper population present. The
population is estimated on the basis of average numbers of adult grasshoppers per square
yard. Similar counts or estimates are made on at least one fourth mile of the field margin
or boundary. If fields are small, 10 to 40 acres, and the crops diversified, two or three
fields and their adjoining margins are examined at the stop. In such cases a single rating
based on an average of the number of grasshoppers present in all fields examined is assigned
the stop. Adult infestations are rated according to the classification of infestations in the
following table.
Classification of Adult Grasshopper Infestations
No. of Adults
Classification Per Sq. Yd. Rating Map Color
Field _: Margin
Non Economic 2 5 i, © White
3 Y a5) w
Light 4 10 2.0 Green
6 as) est5) i
Threatening 8 20 350 Yellow
a2 30 SO
Severe 16 40 4.0 Blue
24 60 4.5 tt
Very Severe 32 80 2. 0 Red
Information recorded for each stop should include the name of the surveyor, date, exact
location, the stop number in that county, habitat, number of grasshoppers per square yard
in the field and in the margin, the three dominant species with the percentage of each, and
the rating. For each county surveyed additional pertinent information should be noted and
supplied with the stop data. This includes brief statements on the habitats infested, locali-
ties in which concentrations for egg deposition may be occurring, flight activity, damage to
crops or range, control activities and their results, notes on parasites and predators and
any other information that may have a bearing on the infestations.
The rating for any stop is based on either the field or marginal count, not on a combination
of both. The count that gives the higher rating is always chosen. The number of stops made
in the various habitats should be in approximate proportion to their relative county acreage.
If the dominant species are-not known to the surveyor, collections should be made for
later determination.
The egg survey is made in late September or October or even later in locations where ovi-
position may extend into late fall or early winter. Its purpose is to determine whether the
infestation expected the following year is the same, greater, or less than was shown by the
adult survey and whether a shifting of adults, after the adult survey, has changed the infesta-
tion picture. Generally this survey is, made only in areas where the adult survey revealed
an expected economic infestation.
6 Survey Methods
In the egg survey, a minimum of five stops per county is made. Stops are scattered through-_
out the crop areas, and are not necessarily made in the same field as adult survey stops.
Five one-square-foot samples are taken in both the field and margin in areas where important.
egg populations may occur in either of these habitats. The soil is shoveled into a sifting screen
(1/4" or 1/8" mesh depending on soil texture) using a scoop shovel so modified that one-half ~
square foot of soil about two inches deep can be scooped up ata time. Two scoops, therefore,
equal the square foot of soil which is sifted and examined for egg pods. In soil unsuitable for -
sifting surveyors use mason's trowels, sharpened on one or both edges, to scrape away the
soil and plants and expose the egg pods. The average number of egg pods per square foot,
in the field and on the margin, is recorded and a rating is assigned the stop according to the
following classification of infestations.
Classification of Grasshopper Egg Pod Infestations
No. of Egg Pods Per Sq. Ft.
Classification Large Fields : Small Fields Rating Map Color
Field:Margin : Field:Margin i
Non Economic O25. 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 White
Ossie ah O O37 Bs © 1.5
Light 0.50 4.0 1.@.,- So 2.0 Green
Os 1) GeO bg WY. 5) eB) 2a u
Threatening 1.0 8.0 20 Cs. 0 3.0 Yellow
Le ® > Was O 3,0) 9,0 3.9 ul
Severe QAO GO 4350) 1250) 4.0 Blue
50) (20) 07 16; 0 4.5 Wy
Very Severe 408250 8.0 24.0 onO Red
In the rating table two sets of figures for the number of egg pods per square foot are given
under the heading "Large Fields" and "Small Fields." For farm land which is divided into
fields of 80 acres or more, the figures under the "Large Fields" heading should be used.
Where divided into fields of 40 acres or less, the figures under the "Small Fields" heading
should be used. If fields between 40 and 80 acres in size are surveyed, they should be .classi-
fied as either large or small, depending upon the typical size of ther fields in the area. Only
one field and margin need be examined at each stop and fields should be chosen which are of
a representative size for the area. Ratings for stops may be assigned on the basis of either
the field or marginal count, whichever yields the higher rating.
In areas where it is known that grasshoppers lay principally in the fields, five one-square-
foot samples should be taken in the field and only two or three samples on the margin. [If the
important species in the area concentrate their eggs on the margin, then the five samples should
be taken in that area and two or three check samples in the field.
Melanoplus mexicanus is an example of a species that deposits its eggs throughout fields. Fields
of small grain stubble are frequently chosen and the eggs will be found along the drill rows with
possible concentrations around straw stacks or in weed patches. Melanoplus bivittatus generally
concentrates its egg pods in the margin. The pods may be found around the stems and in the
roots of sun flowers and other coarse-stemmed plants. Melanoplus differentialis egg pods are
also laid in margins. This species usually selects the crowns of grama grass or other
similar grasses and forces the egg pods in among the roots.
In sampling a field for eggs the surveyor should distribute the samples so that the fifth is
taken well into the center of the field. Weed patches and other such extremely favorable
habitats should be avoided unless they are representative of the area as a whole. On the margin
the samples should be scattered across and along a quarter mile of its length. Narrow margins,
less than 10 feet, should be avoided, if impossible, then the egg count should be reduced propor-
tionately.
Survey Methods tf
Populations of adult grasshoppers remaining, at time of survey, in excess of 4 adults per
square yard should also be recorded and considered in rating an egg stop. For populations
of from 5 to 10 adults per square yard, an addition of 0. 5 egg pod per square foot should be
made to the actual average egg count for the field or margin. For adult populations of 11 to
20 adults per square yard an addition of 1.0 pod should be made. Only good egg pods are
recorded. Those containing blister beetle or beefly larvae should be considered as destroyed
and excluded from the count. All egg pods should be carefully examined before they are
counted as good pods. Data from both the adult and egg surveys is used in preparing infesta-
tion maps and estimates. The maps show the best estimate of the potential infestation for the
succeeding year. These, together with all data collected in the surveys, are the advance
determination of the general infestation picture and provide the basis for planning the control
needs for the following year. The actual grasshopper populations that will require control
are not known until after predators, parasites, and weather have exerted their influence in
the period from egg deposition in the fall through the first and Second nymphal instars in the
spring. (C. W. Shockley)
HESSIAN FLY
Surveys to determine infestations of hessian fly (Phytophaga destructor ) are made annually
near harvest time in the winter wheat region and in California. If there are relatively few
reports of damage in May or June, the surveys may be limited or less intensively made in
some areas or states. For an intensive survey, five or more samples of wheat are collected
at separated points in each county surveyed. A sample consists of 50 stems of wheat chosen
at random from a larger sample pulled from a field of wheat. The percent of stems infested with
puparia of the hessian fly is recorded for each sample along with location and date of collection.
Often: it becomes desirable to make examinations later at the field station. If so, the samples
are placed in individual paper bags or tied with fine wire, labeled and stored in dry place
until examined. A county, an assembly of counties, or an area is rated on the average infesta-
tion recorded from the samples examined as follows:
Average Infestation
Infestation Rating
7.5 percent Low
17.5 percent Moderate
27.5 or more percent Heavy
The ratings indicate whether low, moderate, or heavy populations of the fly exist in the wheat
stubble and the need for publicizing control measures. (W. B. Cartwright)
SUGARCANE BORER
Determining Infestation at Time of Harvest
Method Used in Louisiana: Surveys to determine sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis) infesta-
tions in Louisiana are made at time of harvest each year. Examinations are made on 10
plantations, each being representative of a surrounding area producing one-tenth of the sugar
yield for the state. Six fields in representative locations on the plantation and divided among
varieties and soil types in proportion to their acreage importance in the district represented
by the plantation are surveyed. Each field infestation average is given equal weight in deter-
mining the plantation average, and each plantation average is given equal weight in determining
the infestation average for the state. Examinations are made between October 20 and December
15. Infestation counts consist of the percentage of joints bored as determined from the total
humber of joints and total bored joints on 100 stalks in each field. Ten samples of 10 consecu-
tive stalks each are examined in 10 locations of each field. Five of the samples are taken on
two adjoining rows running lengthwise and one-third of the distance in from one side of the
field. The samples are alternated between the two rows and spaced equidistant apart for the
entire length of the field. The other five samples are similarly taken one-third of the distance
in from the other side of the field. If up to 10 percent of the joints are bored infestation is con-
sidered to be very light; 10 to 20, light; 20 to 30, moderate; and over 30, very severe. The
_ percentage of crop loss for each 1 percent joints bored is conservatively estimated to be three-
fourths of 1 percent.
8 Survey Methods
Method Used in Florida: Surveys to determine sugarcane borer infestations in Florida are
made, also, at time of harvest each year. Examinations are made in approximately 40
representative fields of sugarcane well distributed over the sugar producing area. Individual
fields are sampled by counting the total number of joints and externally apparent bored joints
of 10 consecutive stalks in each of 5 locations. The samples are taken about 100 feet apart
in the central one-third section of the field. Up to 5 percent of the joints bored is considered
to be a light infestation; 5 to 10 moderate; and over 10 heavy. The percentage of crop loss
for each 1 percent joints bored is conservatively estimated to be 1 percent. In Florida the
average infestation is less and the loss per unit of infestation is more than it is in Louisiana.
Determining Number of Overwintering Sugarcane Borers
Surveys to determine the number of overwintering sugarcane borers in Louisiana are made
during February to obtain an estimate of the probable infestation and control needs during
the coming spring and summer. Examinations are made on 10 plantations evenly distributed
over that section of the sugarproducing area in which the borer is most likely to cause
serious damage. Three representative fields are examined on each plantation. Although
most examinations are made in the cane trash of ratoon fields which make up most of the
acreage, some are also made in young shoots from summer-planted and fall-planted cane.
Ten random samples of 10 linear feet of row each are examined in each field for overwintering
borers. These counts are then converted into number of overwintering borers per acre. In
cane trash 0 to 5 are considered to be non-economic, 5 to 25 light, 25 to 100 moderate, 100
to 200 severe, and 200 or more very severe. In young shoots of summer-planted cane 0 to
50 are considered to be non-economic, 50 to 100 light, 100 to 600 moderate, 600 to 2, 000
severe,and 2,000.or more very severe. (R. Mathes)
GREEN BUG*
(Methods used by State and ARS Entomologists in
Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas)
Two greenbug surveys are usually made each year. One is made in November to determine
the fall infestation and another in the latter part of February or early March to determine
winter survival and the potential infestation present.
Where large small-grain acreages are present, at least 5 fields are examined in each county.
Fields selected should be at least 5 miles and preferably not more than 15 miles apart. In
the November survey an effort is made to select early emerged fields or fields containing
volunteer plants. The exact location of the field is recorded together with any pertinent notes
on crop status and development. Five samples are examined about midway along the edge of
the field. Each sample area is 25 steps apart as illustrated below:
25 steps 25 steps
*
Sample 5 * Sample 4
122)
s
ip)
ike)
N
A small grain field
9 * Sample 3
ro) n
a 2
n
ite)
25 st Sample 1 25 steps i:
Rite e * Sample 2
* Toxoptera graminum
Survey Methods 9
Each sample consists of one linear foot of drill row. If the infestation is light (50 or less
greenbugs per linear foot), an attempt is made to obtain an exact count. However, if the
infestation is heavy, an estimate of the number per linear foot is made. If the heavy infesta-
tion appears to be uniform, the estimate is made by counting the number on one plant and
multiplying it by the number of plants in the one-foot sample. A numerical rating of 0 to 5
is given each sample as follows:
0) None = no greenbugs
iL Non-economical = 1 to 10 greenbugs per linear foot
2 Light = ll to 50 greenbugs per linear foot
3 Threatening = 51 to 100 greenbugs per linear foot
4 Severe = 101 to 300 greenbugs per linear foot
5 Very Severe = above 300 greenbugs per linear foot
The average numerical rating for the 5 samples is entered in the survey data report. The
prevalence of parasites and predators is recorded in the remarks column of the survey
data sheet. (R. G. Dahms).
WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES
There are two methods by which the presence of white-fringed beetles (Graphognathus spp. )
can be determined: (1) inspections for adult beetles on plants and on the surface of the
soil, and (2) inspections of soil samples for larvae. Effective surveys can be made by using
one or a combination of these methods depending upon the season of the year. Certain definite
procedures must be followed to effectuate a successful white-fringed beetle survey.
1. Likely Areas of Infestation. These are determined by possible exposure from known
beetle-infested areas within the infested states as well as from infested South American
countries. They include properties that have been landscaped with nursery stock moved
from infested areas, railroad properties when the railroad traverses infested localities,
farm crop processing plants, community centers, military installations, and other points
where equipment and materials from various parts of the country are assembled, as well
as ports where the insect may have been introduced.
2. Favorable Sites. After the area has been determined, it is necessary to select sites
within the area to survey. On farms, the inspections are concentrated on cultivated fields,
pastures, and fence rows. In residential areas, the inspections are limited to flower beds,
undeveloped lots and alleyways. In industrial areas, checks are made in vegetative areas
on the property and environs.
Inspection for Adults Adult inspections may be made from late May to mid-September. The
adult beetle shows strong preference for certain broad-leaf food plants such as peanuts, vel-
vetbeans, soybeans, beggarweed, cocklebur, ragweed, blackberry, goldenrod, aster, petunias,
zinnias, and chrysanthemums. By restricting the examinations to plants preferred by the
beetle, better results may be expected. The finding of the characteristic feeding sign of the
adult white-fringed beetle is a big asset in locating infestations. These signs are easily
distinguished from injuries caused by most other insects. Search is made for semicircular
cuts made in the margin of the leaf. One portion of the injury presents a smooth, slightly
curved surface, whereas the other portion presents a serrated or saw-tooth edge. Upon
finding characteristic feeding signs, close observation is made on the ground or in debris for
the beetle. Its protective coloration and habit of the insect to feign death oftentimes make
it difficult to find.
Inspection for Larvae. Larval inspection may be effectively done from early fall to late spring.
This is done by selecting soil samples from around the roots of perennial plants. Although
the larvae feed on several hundred species of plant, observations have shown that the preferred
food plants include practically all field and garden crops and some native vegetation such as
dogfennel, polypremum, evening primrose, goldenrod, ragweed, broomsedge, wild geranium,
plantain, dock, and various briers. Selective digging and examination of the soil sample for
the larvae should be made under preferred food plants in representative portions of the land.
In the early spring when plants, both native and cultivated, begin growth, larval inspections
10 Survey Methods
can be done by noting plant injury, as several food plants when attacked by white-fringed
beetle larvae show certain abnormal symptoms such as yellowing, reddening, or wilting,
and dead plants may be observed. These symptoms assist the inspector in further limit-
ing the number of plants to be examined. In this type of inspection the plant is dug up
by the roots with a hand trowel or shovel and the soil broken apart and examined. It is
not necessary to dig large amounts of earth; the larvae, if present, will usually be found
on the roots of the plant or in the soil nearby, and a majority of them will be found in the
upper 3 inches of soil. (C. C. Fancher).
Prediction of Alfalfa Caterpillar* Populations
(as used in California)
Sampling methods: Samples of the larval population are taken by Sweeps of a standard insect
net. The lower edge of the net is held eight to ten inches into the alfalfa and as the sweeps
are made, the rim of the net should be held perpendicular to the ground. The sweeps are
made through a half circle from one side of the sweeper to the other. A step is taken
between each sweep. Normally a circle of the field will be made taking one or two sweep
samples at frequent intervals. All types of growth (height, variety, color, ridges, between
ridges, "islands", etc.) should be sampled. Fields or portions of fields which grow more
slowly than normal, e. g., remain in the 1/4 stage for a long time should be watched care-
fully. When confirmation counts (check counts made to confirm previous predictions) are
made, fewer samples, generally at a few specific spots, are taken. As one becomes
more experienced, most of the counts are estimated. Only about every fifth sample is
counted. Twenty minutes per field, although some will take much more, is a good average.
It is important to realize that slack periods occur between broods. Under conditions
favorable for the caterpillar a field may go from the oviposition stage to the injurious stage
in ten days or less. Routine visits are made to every field each week and such supplementary
counts aS seem necessary are made between visits.
Economic level of infestation: The standard by which economic infestations are judged is
a sliding scale centered around 200 non-parasitized larvae per 20 sweeps of the standard
net. This "center point" is to be used for average conditions (which rarely exist). Other
factors, such as growth, stand, period remaining until harvest, must be taken into con-
sideration. For example, this center point is too low for a dense vigorously growing alfalfa
field and for infestations developing during cool weather.
Factors favoring damage: The development of an economic population is favored by (a)
large flights of adults when-the alfalfa is short, (b) few short fields in the vicinity at time of
flight, (c) slow or uneven growth fo alfalfa, (d) insufficient parasites to reduce the population
below the economic level, and (e) hot, dry weather. (R. F. Smith and W. W. Allen).
* (Colias philodice eurytheme)
Detection of Ladino Clover Seed Midge Infestations
Serious losses to Ladino clover seed production in Oregon have resulted from attacks by
the Ladino clover seed midge (Dasyneura gentneri). This insectis a new species with its
distribution largely unkown. The detecting of infestations is, therefore, of concern where-
ever Ladino clover is grown for seed. White and alsike clovers may also be infested by the
insect.
In new Clover fields infestations build up gradually and may not reach peak until the second
year of seed production. The presence of midge cocoons on the soil surface under vegeta-
tion and debris is a valuable indicator of infestation past or present. Even the empty cocoons
or their recognizable fragments may be in evidence for a year or two after the adults have
left them. While adult or immature stages infesting clover are present only at certain times
of the year, the cocoons accumulate in infested fields. The cocoons will always be sufficiently
abundant to be found readily in fields which have at any time within the previous two or
three years carried infestations of economic intensity. The use of cocoons to indicate
Survey Methods 11
an infestation makes possible the inspection of fields for infestation at any time of year that
the ground is not frozen or covered with snow. However, this method will often fail to
reveal extremely light infestations such as occur in new clover plantings or those in heavily
pastured clover.
The cocoons are oblong, light gray to white, slighty under 1/16 inch wide and only slightly
longer. Though small, their light color makes them easily visible. They occur in greatest
numbers in depressions in the ground where compacted vegetation trash has accumulated.
Usually they are most abundant in the shallow irrigation trenches known as "corrugations, "
especially in older fields where protective layers of well compacted trash have had time to
accumulate.
Detection of infestations in clover fields by sweeping with a net for the adults is rapid and
convenient but the method has certain limitations. If no adults are taken in the net, it may
mean that (1) there is no infestation, (2) the infestation is not in the adult stage, or (3) con-
ditions are such that the net is not catching the adults when present. The first emergence
of adults from overwintering cocoons coincides fairly closely with the appearance of bloom
on the clover. In central Oregon, from early in June until the seed crop is harvested in
early September, three broods of adults appear, each about a month apart. Emergence of
each brood requires roughly two weeks. The emergence periods are separated by an interval
of approximately two weeks during which few or no adults are present in the fields. Sweeps
taken during these intervals may give a negative indication, even where heavy infestations exist.
Wind causes adults to go deep into the vegetation for shelter. Net sweeps on windy days,
especially in deep vegetation, may give negative results. This is likely to be the case when
moderate to low adult populations are present. Adults are most abundant on the upper
surfaces of the plants around midday when the sun is highest.
In sweeps repeated at intervals throughout the day in a single field those taken during the
midday (11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.) yielded approximately 4 times as many midges as sweeps
made in the early morning (8 to 9 a.m.) or late afternoon (4 to5 p.m.). Therefore, light
infestations are most likely to show up if the sweeps are taken during the midday period.
The most reliable method of detecting Ladino clover seed midge infestations is to find the
larvae in the clover heads. By picking heads in which 1/3 to 3/4 of the florets have turned
down and are becoming brown, one can be assured that any mature larvae present will begin
dropping out in a day or two. If the heads are placed in transparent cellophane bags they
can be kept fresh for several days, and the orange-colored larvae, when they emerge, can be
seen through the bags. It is best to leave several inches of stem on the heads. Then if the
heads are placed in the bags stems down, the emerging larvae will fall free of the heads to
the bottom of the bags. Otherwise, in their attempt to hide, the larvae may crawl back into
the heads to spin their cocoons and not be detected. If the clover heads are to be taken to
the laboratory, the bags are handy for keeping them fresh in transit. In the laboratory the
clover stems are put in bottles of water, with the heads leaning free of the bottle mouths.
Bottles containing the clover are then set in pans into which the emerging larvae drop and
accumulate. By this method the clover heads can be kept fresh enough at room temperature
to obtain daily larval emergence counts for 10 to 12 consecutive days. The pans can be check-
ed at any convenient time, even days after they are set up. This method will reveal infestations
too light to be evident by any of the other methods discussed. (H. W. Prescott).
LYGUS BUGS
(Methods used in California)
On alfalfa seed: Alfalfa grown for seed should be treated for lygus control only when the
lygus bug population justifies it. The treatment level will vary with the growth stage of the
alfalfa. The treatment levels are the numbers which indicate the proper time of insecticide
applications, and are not, necessarily, the population density at which economic damage
occurs. Treatments are made at these levels to avoid later populations which may cause
economic damage. Lygus counts are based on two-sweep counts taken with a standard net
at 10 to 20 stations over a field. At least three two-sweep counts are made at each station.
The margins of the field, spots with heavy growth, and other areas of the field may have a
significantly higher count than the remainder of the field. In general, all counts ina field
are averaged and treatment is based on this average population. Occasionally it is practical
to treat only portions of a field.
12 Survey Methods
Alfalfa in the early bloom stage is treated when the lygus-bug count reaches one insect per
sweep. During the period of seed set, the fields are treated when the count of lygus bugs
reaches six per sweep. Counts are determined by doubling the nymphal count and adding it
to the adult count. For example, two adults and two nymphs per sweep equal a count of six;
four adults and one nymph also equal a count of six; and similarly, three nymphs or six adults
equal a count of six. If lygus bugs have been kept under control during the period of seed
set, there is seldom any need for treating the maturing field; however, if the pests appear
to be unusually abundant, the count for treatment is ten per sweep determined in the same
manner as described above.
On cotton: Lygus bugs are particularly attracted to succulent or rank-growing fields. Sweeps
in cotton are made through the tops of one row. An average total of ten lygus bugs per 50
such sweeps is the minimum injurious number. Each nymph is counted as two and each adult
as one. The presence of nymphs indicates a more advanced and serious infestation. This
is for average conditions; it is possible that a lower population that is maintained for a long
period of time may cause economic damage. However, in most years the populations do
not hold steadily at one level.
On blackeye beans or cowpeas: A favored oviposition site of lygus bugs infesting blackeye
beans is in the developing pod and such spots are commonly seen as small depressions with
the cap of the egg forming the bottom. As the season progresses so does the number of
nymphs and it is not unusual to find fields in which there are more nymphs than adults. In
lygus - infested blackeye bean fields it is possible to show a correlation between populations
and the amount of injury at harvest time. These fields are sampled by means of a standard
15 inch net. A sweep across two rows of beans constitutes one sweep and five such sweeps
are made at each of ten stations in the field. The total number of adults and nymphs are
recorded separately for each series of five sweeps. A population averaging 90 or more
lygus per sweep is sufficient to cause considerable damage, especially if present when beans
are in a susceptible stage. A population this heavy can be tolerated until late bloom and
early pod stage when the beans should be treated.
Studies have made possible the following generalities concerning abundance and resulting
seed injury. A population averaging 0-10 lygus per 50 sweeps persisting from early pod
time to harvest will result in from 0.4 to 2.0 percent of beans with injury; a population
of from 15 to 20 will cause 2.5 to 5.0 percent seed injury; from 40-50 lygus will cause 6. 0-
12. 0 percent injury and 60 lygus or more per 50 sweeps will result in 15 percent or more of
the seed injured. (R. F. Smith and J. E. Swift, alfalfa seed; G. L. Smith, cotton; W. W.
Middlekauff, cowpeas).
Technique For Making Rice Water Weevil Larval Counts
Clumps of rice containing at least five plants, together with the soil surrounding the roots,
were removed by hand. All but 5 plants and the excess soil were removed and discarded.
Two such samples were taken and placed in a ten-inch cylinder (with sides 12-15 inches high),
constructed of sheet iron, the bottom of which was covered with 20-mesh copper screening.
The cylinder was then placed in six to twelve inches of water and the roots of the rice clump
shaken vigorously in the water within the cylinder, after which the clump was discarded. The
larvae that are completely loosened from roots or soil by this treatment float to the surface.
The floating larvae were counted and removed by means of a sieve. The cylinder was then
shaken vigorously which dislodged additional larvae. These also were counted and removed.
This process was continued as long as it brought additional larvae to the surface. In most
cases five to eight shakings completed the count. Numerous examinations of the materials
remaining in the cylinder or in the clump of rice after this procedure showed that very few
larvae were missed other than extremely small larvae capable of passing through the 20-mesh
screen. In taking of data two such samples were taken from each plot. (F. E. Whitehead).
Survey Methods 13
STORED GRAIN INSECTS
Farm-type bins. For farm-type bins up to 5,000 bushels, samples should be taken with the
standard 5-foot grain probe from 5 locations: the center, and about 1 foot from the wall at
the 4 cardinal points of the bin. For shallow bins, one probe from each location is sufficient.
If the grain is deeper, from 2 to 3 probes must be taken from each location using extensions
on the probe so that samples can be taken from a vertical column from the surface to the
bottom of the bin; e. g., if the grain is 10 feet deep a sample from the top and bottom 5 feet
is sufficient, but if the grain is 15 feet deep it will be necessary to take samples from the
bottom, middle, and top five feet of grain. It should be noted that in the sampling of round
metal bins it may be difficult to take the samples from the 4 quadrants when the bin is over-
filled. In such cases the probes should be inserted in a slanting position so that the bottom
samples will be taken from the outside portion of the bins.
Quonset huts. In the sampling of quonset huts or large, rectangular wooden bins additional
samples are necessary, the number depending upon the size of the building and the depth of
the grain. For the average quonset 100' x 40', samples are taken at 12 locations approximately
15 feet apart in two longitudinal rows evenly spaced between the two side walls. If the grain
is approximately 10 feet deep, samples should be taken from the top and bottom 5 feet at each
location. In addition a surface sample should be taken from the center of the front and rear
half of the quonset.
Elevator bins. The sampling of grain in elevator bins is complicated by the depth of the grain
and the difficulty of reaching the surface of the grain from the head house floor. Unless
special equipment is available to take probe samples from the top of the bin, or the elevator
is equipped with an automatic sampler, the simplest method is to run the entire bin and
take samples periodically from the grain stream with a "pelican" sampler. This method
takes considerable time and is not always feasible. Since infestation in elevator bins is most
frequently found in the grain at the surface and the bottom of bins, the following method has
been adopted for routine examinations. A surface sample is taken from each bin by lowering
an automatic sampling device on a royeto the grain level from the top of each bin. This device
consists of a cylindrical container, the two halves of which are held open by springs. On
contact with the grain, the two halves snap shut and capture approximately a gallon of grain.
A sample from the bottom of the bin is obtained by running the bin for 1 or 2 minutes during
which period 5 passes are made through the falling grain stream with a pelican grain sampler.
Composite sample. All probe samples for any one bin, quonset or elevator bin, are comisined!
into a composite lot which is then cut. down to a 1000-gram sample with a Boerner Grain Divider.
The sample can be then sifted and the insects counted. The insects are classified as weevils
or bran beetles. Rice weevil, granary weevil, and lesser grain borer are classed as weevils
and all other beetles as bran beetles. (Stored Product Insect Section, Manhattan, Kansas).
chni r i e j io ropean Red Mite Populations on Foliage
The time required for determining European red mite (Metatetranychus ulmi) populations is
one of the most important limiting factors in carrying out field tests for the control of this
pest. Since populations are subject to rapid fluctuations due to tremendous reproductive
capacity, weather conditions, and intermingling of late broods, it is desirable to make popula-
tion determinations for any given series of tests during as short a period of time as possible.
This report is a discussion of a technique used at the Dow Agricultural Chemical Research
Field Station at South Haven, Michigan, since 1942. This discussion deals with studies made
on mite populations on apple, cherry, prune, plum, peach and other foliage.
14 Survey Methods
Determination of Mite Populations
Sampling: A more accurate appraisal of the effectiveness of mite treatments may be made
if the mite population of each plot immediately preceding application is known. Such infor-
mation is important for the checks as well as for those that are to be treated. This is
desirable since large differences often exist between populations in the various plots within
a planting.
The pre-treatment and post-treatment population determinations are made from samples
of 50 leavesfrom 2 to 5 trees in each plot. The number of leaves taken from each tree is
determined by the number of count trees in the plot. For example, if 5 trees are used, they
are marked and ten leaves are taken from each tree at each collection. If 3 trees are used
16 leaves are taken from one tree and 17 from each of the other two. The leaves are all
taken by the collector circling the tree and picking the samples at regular intervals so that
a complete cirlce is made while sampling each tree. Leaves are taken from wood with a
diameter of 3/4 to 1 inch and usually at arm's length from the perifery of the trees. In the
case of heavily infested trees it is necessary to make leaf collections near the tips of branches
as the mites move out. These leaves are dropped immediately into small containers ina
"lethal chamber" shown in Figure L All leaves from a plot are put into one receptacle. This
receptacle may be of any suitable size. One quart cylindrical paper ice cream containers
have proved satisfactory, although slightly larger containers may be more suitable when
the leaves are very large such as are sometimes encountered on Duchess, Baldwin, Greening,
and other varieties. An identi¢ying card is placed on the leaves in the receptacle.
Killing the Mites: Difficulty is sometimes encountered while making population counts of
live mites. When the leaves are heavily populated and when counts are made at high
temperature, the active forms move about rapidly, many running off the leaves or shifting
from one side of the leaf to the other. These difficulties have been overcome by placing
the leaf samples immediately into the small containers which are carried in the "lethal
chamber" mentioned above. The chamber is simply a tight container of a size suitable
for carrying about the orchard. (Figure 1). It is constructed of a wooden frame covered
with pressed wood. A 2-3/4" opening is cut in the cover over each container. These holes
are snugly fitted with plugs which are merely lifted and replaced each time a leaf is dropped
into the receptacle. An interior view of the lethal chamber is shown in Figure 2. On the
lower surface of the chamber lid, provision is made for use of the lethal chemical. In the
case illustrated, this consits of fastening to the lid strips of absorbent cotton wrapped with
cloth to prevent fraying. Excellent results for quick kill of the active mites have been obtained
by the use of propylene or ethylene dichloride. One application of afew ml. of the liquid
toxicant per cubic foot of space is sufficient to give quick Killing during the time required
to collect fifty leaves from each of six plots. Ethylene and propylene dichloride serve very well
for this purpose since they are relatively safe to the collector when used out of doors, and
also indoors by observing reasonable precautions. The liquid should be charged into the
cotton often enough ta cause discoloration of the leaves within 20 minutes. To further insure
kill of the mites the sample filled receptacles may b e stored in larger lethal chambers.
(Figure 3). A larger number of plots may be sampled in this way within a few hours. The
samples may be stored in the recéptacles in a cool moderately humid place (60-80% relative
humidity) or the mites may be removed from the leaves and stored on the glass plates ina
similar place until counts are made. Counts should be made as soon as possible, however.
Preparing for and Making Actual Counts: After the leaf samples have been collected, the mites
killed and taken to a central station, the next step is to remove the mites from the leaves.
This is done with a machine developed by C. F. Henderson of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture working with the citrus mite (Metatetranychus citri)in California. The details
of this machine and its operation are discussed in U. S. D. A. Circular 671, 1943. The
method of operation was very similar to that described by Henderson. For the purpose of
this report pertinent items and slight alterations in procedure are briefly discussed. The
machine (Figure 4) consists essentially of two three-quarter inch rotary brushes, four
inches long, mounted close together in a horizontal position and above a metal turn table.
The brushes found most satisfactory for use on mites are of goat's hair. The brushes and
turn table are operated by a smallelectric motor. The motor in this case is described as
follows: H. P. 1/175, volts 115, cycles 60, amps 38 and rpm 1500. A 6-volt motor may
be used if it is desired to use the equipment in the field where the motor can be powered from
a storage battery. The turn table on the brushing machine is a metal plate which holds a
glass disc of the proper size. During the brushing process the leaf samples are inserted
Figure 1. Details of collection chamber lid with one plug removed.
Figure 2. View of interior of collection chamber with samples from six
plots in the six cardboard receptacles. Strips of absorbent
material for fumigation may be enclosed in window screening
to avoid fraying.
Plate 1
Figure 3. Chamber for transporting samples and for further fumigation
and storage if necessary.
Figure 4. Brushing machine with leaf being inserted between brushes.
Plate 2
Figure 5. Equipment used for making counts. The tallies are mounted
on the table top and manipulated by pressing, with the knees,
levers under the table which are connected to the tally levers
by strings.
Figure 6. Holding board for easy manipulation of glass discs containing
specimens. Left, parallel areas for inspection in case of light
infestation. Right, white areas for inspection in case of heavy
infestation.
Plate 3
Survey Methods 15
between the rotating brushes and the mites and the eggs are dislodged. Two metal shields
extend from slightly above the top of the brushes, downward to the glass disc on the turn
table. These shields serve to confine the falling mites to the disc below. For maximum
removal of mites, it has been found advisable to insert one end of the leaf between the
brushes, withdraw it, and then insert the other end. If removal of all the eggs is desired,
further brushing may be necessary after the leaf has been folded to fully expose the midrib.
The glass disc placed on the turn table during the brushing process should have a diameter
1/4 - 1/2 im. greater than that of the area within the shields. This will permit handling
the glass without crushing the forms collected thereon. Immediately before placing the
glass disc on the turn table the upper surface should be lightly coated with thin varnish or
some other suitable adhesive. The falling mites and eggs will lodge and remain on this
film during subsequent handling. The rotation of the disc during the brushing process insures
a fairly uniform distribution of the mites and eggs over the coated surface.
The regular laboratory equipment plus a few easily made accessories are all that is needed
to make the counts. (Figures 5 and 6). The glass disc containing the mites and/ or eggs
is placed on a holding board which facilitates manipulations of the disc when put into position
for examination with a binocular microscope. In making the counts, one of two means of
guiding the observer during the counting is used, depending upon the abundance of specimens
on the disc. If only a few are encountered, the hol ding board with parallel fields as shown
on the left in Figure 6 is used and all specimens are counted. If there are many mites, the
holding board with the black and white cardboard disc as shown on the right in Figure 6 is
used.and only those which lie over the white areas are counted. The narrow white stripes
are for guides only and mites lying over them are not counted. The total white area is 25
percent of the toal specimen bearing area. (Henderson 1.) Thus the number of forms
counted in this way, multiplied by 4 gives a figure approximately the same as if the entire
area is counted. When making the counts one light source, namely a mitroscope lamp
with the light beam directed to the field of observation has proved adequate. This is different
and somewhat simpler than the illumination described by Henderson. It may be that certain
conditions, not yet encountered in this work, will require the setup described by him.
Enough time is allowed between the application of control treatment and leaf sampling to
cause the treatment-killed mites to dry and shrivel. The first sampling after treatment is
usually 3 to.5 days. If heavy rains occur during this interval many of the dead mites will
be washed from the leaves. If properly handled, as described earlier, the mites which
escaped the treatment, but which were killed in the lethal chamber will remain plump and
may be easily identified as "live mites". Only live mites are counted.
After the counts are made the glaS8s discs may be cleaned by immersing in a strong solution
of trisodium phosphate, after which they may be rinsed in water, dried and used again.
(O. A. Hammer)
LITERATURE CITED:
(1) Henderson, C. F. and McBurnie, H. V. 1943. Sampling Technique for determining
populations of the Citrus Red Mite and its Predators. U.S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 671.
Determining Apple Maggot* Fly Emergence
In late August and early September infested apples are placed in a large box having a 1/4
inch mesh wire bottom and raised 10 or 12 inches on corner legs. Under the box a tray
with 1-1/2 to 2 inch sides collects the maggots when they complete larval feeding in the
apple and drop. Daily and sometimes twice daily the maggots are collected, counted and
distributed among the soil boxes. Soil boxes are 1-1/2 x 3 feet (Size is not important) with
sides 8 to 10 inches high. They are filled with 6 to 8 inches of good porous soil. Maggots
are distributed among the boxes each day rather than putting each day's collection in one
of the boxes. The usual number of maggots in each box is 300 or 400. When gathering the
maggots from the tray, all prepupae and pupae are discarded and the soil boxes are checked
frequently to remove any specimens which fail to enter the soil normally. In late fall the
infested soil boxes are placed in or near the orchard and buried even with soil surface.
They may be covered with wire or brush to protect them from interference by dogs or other
animals. In early June cages are placed over the soil boxes to collect the flies when they
16 Survey Methods
emerge. These cages are about 3 feet in each dimension covered with screen wire on at
least two sides and cloth sheeting on the top and other sides. The front is attached on two
edges with thumb tacks so that it can be folded back to reach in to collect and count the flies.
During the emergence season the flies are collected daily. Winter mortality in these cages
has ranged from 40 to 60 percent and progressive emergence estimates are based on a 50
percent natural mortality. (W. D. Whitcomb).
Technique in Jarring for Plum Cureulio!
Jarring trees to obtain plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) adults is an old and well
established practice. It was considered at one time as a valuable supplementary control
measure for plum curculio on peaches. Although no longer practiced as a control measure,
it is still considered a valuable tool particularly in research. Jarring is useful as a means
of timing spray applications and for locating areas of heavy infestation. It may also be used
as a criterion for evaluating effectiveness of spray applications.
Equipment and technique for jarring are described in this paper. The method described has
been used with satisfactory results during 1949 and 1950 in the peach belts in the Arkansas
River Valley centered around Clarksville and in the southwestern belt near Nashville.
The sheet used in experiments in Arkansas is 4 feet by 7 feet and is attached to a light
wooden frame. The frame is hinged for folding to facilitate transporting from one orchard
to another. Other equipment includes a light rubber covered mallet and a small bottle fitted
with a slit rubber top for collecting the beetles.
The procedure involved in using the small jarring sheet is to hold the sheet in one hand and to
jar limbs by one or two sharp blows with the mallet. No attempt is made to jar an entire
tree. The beetles are usually collected at the end Of the jarring period. If, due to high
temperature, the beetles become active, they are captured and counted immediately. The
unit of measurement of curculio abundance is based on the amount of time spent jarring. In
most cases a period of 5 minutes is used. If a complete record in an area is desired, four
units of 5 minutes each are taken. Usually the limbs on one side of a tree are jarred and
the operator then moves on to the next tree.
The principal disadvantage in using a small sheet to jar for 5 minute periods seems to be
that it has been customary to think of curculio populations as the number per tree. Since
this number is an arbitrary figure and is at best only an approximation, a different unit of
expressing density of population should be equally satisfactory. The number of limbs
jarred in 5 minutes by different individuals will undoubtedly vary somewhat, but this varia-
tion should not be nearly so great as the differences between individual trees.
In the past jarring records have been on the basis of the number of curculios obtained per
tree. This system has numerous disadvantages. The size of trees varies greatly from
one orchard to another because of differences in age and growing conditions. Curculio popu-
lation varies greatly among trees of fairly uniform size. This necessitates a large sample
to obtain representative data. It is difficult to jar an entire tree especially if it is a large
one. Unless considerable labor is available the sheets must be placed on the ground.
Uneven terrain and weed growth make this impractical in many orchards.
During the summer the temperature is too high in Arkansas for satisfactory jarring during
most of the daylight hours. The beetles are more active and many of them fly upon being
disturbed. More records can be taken during that period of the day when conditions are
favorable if the small sheet is used to jar individual limbs rather than jarring erire trees.
Also the small sheet can be held close to the limbs where the curculios are located. Fewer
beetles will fly before hitting a sheet held close to the limbs than one on the ground. Also
more beetles can be recovered from the sheet on a rigid frame since they can be removed
more quickly from it than from large sheets. Thus jarring can be done with the small sheet
when high temperature would make the use of large sheets on the ground impractical.
1 Research paper No. 1021, Journal Series, Univ. of Ark. Published with permission of
director of Ark. Agric. Exp. Station.
Survey Methods 17
Sheets sufficiently large to cover the area under a large peach tree require several persons
to hold them. The only alternative is to place them on the ground. In many Arkansas orchards
the terrain is too rough to place the sheets on the ground satisfactorily. With the sheets on
the ground it is difficult to jar the tree without walking on the sheets. If they are placed on
bare ground they soon become soiled making it difficult to locate the curculios on them. The
small sheet ona frame eliminates these difficulties. The advantages of considering the
number of curculios jarred in a 5-minute period using a small sheet on a rigid frame as
the unit of measurement, may be summarized as follows: Only one person is needed to
take the records. More records can be taken in the same time. Difficulties due to variations
in tree size, uneveness of terrain, and high temperature are decreased or eliminated.
(W. D. Wylie).
Reprinted December 7, 1951 from Journal of Economic Entomology 44: (5) : 818
WESTERN GRAPE LEAF SKELETONIZER
For the past several years the Bureau of Entomology in the California Department of
Agriculture has been engaged in an intensive campaign directed against the western
grape leaf skeletonizer (Harrisina brillians) which is restricted in occurrence to the most
southern county in the State. This insect, which is a day-flying moth, is found on wild
and domestic grape in the southern and eastern portions of San Diego County in a wide
range of climatic niches ranging from coastal plains to desert canyons and at elevations:
from sea level to 4500 feet.
Visual inspection has been found to be the only acceptable method of survey. Extensive
bait trap studies have been conducted in search for an attractant which would satisfactorily
supplement visual inspection, but nothing of outstanding effectiveness so far tested has been
found. The most promising of these tests has involved a preparation made through the
addition of the abdominal tips of virgin female moths to benzene. This has shown an
attraction to males but has not yet been developed to the point where it can be used on a
practical basis.
In the matter of visual survey, the presence of adults is most easily observed. They have
a wing expanse of approximately. one inch and have an iridescent blue-black metallic color.
They usually emerge from over-wintering pupae sometime soon after April 15, and are
again abundant in July and to a lesser degree in September based on two, and a light third,
generations annually. If present and forced into flight they are inclined to flutter around
and return to the vine from which they were originally disturbed. Adults are inclined to
favor the lower portion of the vines, both wild and cultivated, and it is on these lower
levels that inspection is concentrated. Actually, the adults are very retiring and tend to
drop rather than fly when disturbed, making detection somewhat difficult in the absence of
heavy populations.
The lemon-yellow elliptical eggs are generally deposited on the under surface of the leaf.
They are laid on end, slightly separated, in more or less irregular rows making up
patches of from twenty to one hundred eggs. They are not greatly dissimilar from those
deposited by the smaller more common lady beetles. Their presence can be easily
overlooked unless a leaf by leaf inspection is being made.
The characteristic feeding damage of the gregarious larvae is very conspicuous and easily
noted on badly infested canes at a distance of one to two hundred feet.
Larval feeding up to the 4th instar is carried out on the under surface of the leaves producing
an extremely thin tissue paper-like area, white and translucent when fresh, later turning
brownish. As the larvae mature, the leaf surface is completely eaten. The earlier larval
instars are conspicuous due to their feeding as a colony, side by side, ina steadily
advancing line. The mature larvae are also conspicuous due to their brilliant blue and
yellow lateral rings which relatively alternate over the length of the body. On severely
infested vines nothing remains but the canes, fruit, leaf petioles and the major portion
of the midrib.
18 Survey Methods
The mature larvae pupate under the rough bark of infested vines, usually close to the ground
level and even in the grass roots several inches away from the base of the vine. The pupae
are relatively flat, yellow to dark brown in color depending on age, and encased in a white
opaque cocoon. Inspection for pupae even during the dormant period is generally deemed
impractical due to the time element involved.
Project experience has been that initial infestation is usually found in the border rows in
vineyards. The original hour-glass pattern of inspection was for that reason subsequently
changed to a peripheral survey including the first five to ten rows in vineyards in areas
suspected of infestation. Although as might be expected there is considerable overlapping
during the active season, the various stages closely follow the normal pattern in relation
to the generations discussed under adults. (A. G. Forbes, California Dept. of Agri.)
CHERRY FRUIT FLY
Three methods of detecting cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cingulata) infestations are currently
being used in Siskiyou County, California.
Detection of Adults: This phase is accomplished by trapping, using a sticky-sided carton
baited with ammonium carbonate. Quart-size Sealright Thermorex paper containers are
used with the inner surfaces coated with Mapco Stickem Special. The trap is attached to a
tree with a wire that extends through the bottom and has a small hook on the inside on which
the bait packet is hung. Approximately two ounces of powdered ammonium carbonate is
sealed into two inch square plastic packets. The packets remain sealed until time of use
(when 10-12 perforations are made in them) and are replaced in the traps at weekly intervals.
Traps are placed, when convenient, at a height of about eight feet above the ground on
southeast side of the tree. Traps are generally replaced once or twice during the three
months' trapping season.
Detection of Larvae: Accomplished by processing fruit samples. One pound samples of
cherries are crushed by running them through an old-fashioned hand-operated clothes
wringer with rollers grooved and set apart so as not to crush pits. The crushed fruit
is placed over 1/4 inch mesh screen in hot water, pre-heated to 140° - 160° F., for at
least one minute, the fruit is then discarded. The pulpy water remaining, containing the
larvae if any, is placed in a pan in a swirling device propelled by a small electric motor.
Rotation speed is controlled by a rheostat, In the swirling water larvae and other heavier
particles gravitate to the center of the pan where the greatly reduced level of water permits
easy detection.
Detection of Pupae: This is accomplished through soil sifting. Soil within the drip line of
the tree is sifted through mesh screen (6 wires per inch) to eliminate large particles then
resifted through a smaller screen (14 wires per inch) to eliminate fine soil. The remainder
is inspected visually for puparia. This method of detection has been used primarily to
confirm infestation on properties where adults were taken in traps but no larvae found in
fruit samples processed. (D. W. Robinson).
MEXICAN FRUIT FLY
There are two methods used to determine the presence of Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha
ludens) in the citrus orchards of the Regulated Area of Texas. One of these is the opera-
tion of traps for the purpose of measuring the adult fruit fly population. The other is grove
inspection for the purpose of determining whether or not the fruit is infested. Traps are
also useful in determining when the first infested fruit will be found, as this can be very
closely estimated after the first gravid female is trapped.
— = —
Survey Methods ig)
The traps are of the glass flask type, using liquid bait, with an opening through the bottom
to permit entrance of the flies. These traps are hung in the citrus trees, four or five feet
above the ground and well into the center of the trees. The bait used is brown sugar and
water. One and two-tenths pounds of sugar to a gallon of water is an effective mixture.
Two gallons of bait is sufficient to fill twenty traps. They are placed in selected orchards
scattered over the various districts, insuring a complete coverage over ine entire Regulated
Area. The most healthy groves are selected in which to place the traps. Trees with heavy
foliage are most desirable for trapping, since the adult fruit fly prefers the shade to sunlight.
The traps are usually set twenty to an orchard and are arranged in a rectangular pattern.
They are placed in two rows, usually beginning with the outside row of the grove and are
spaced one trap to every third tree in the row. The best arrangement is to place eight
traps ina row, with two traps across the ends and another eight traps down an inside row,
forming a perfect rectangle. The traps are inspected once each week, at which time they
are cleaned and rebaited. One inspector can operate two hundred traps a day. Trap opera-
tions normally begin in the early fall and continue until late spring or at such a time as larval
infestations are found generally over the entire Regulated Area.
Grove inspections are made for the purpose of determining whether or not larval infestations
are present in the fruit. The result of these inspections governs the movement of the fruit
from the groves to non-infested area. If the fruit is free of infestation of the Mexican fruit
fly, it can move through regular channels without further treatment. In case larvae are
found, the fruit must be sterilized before shipment to free areas. The most satisfactory
method of grove inspection is to take one or two rows ata time and work from one side of
the grove to the other until all the trees have been checked. The inspector examines fruit
on the ground in looking for larval infestations. It is not possible to examine all the fruit
which might be on the ground as there are other factors, suchas, cultivation, winds, mech-
anical injury and disease, which cause fruit to drop. Itis necessary, therefore, for the
inspector to know what fruit to eliminate in his inspections. The trained or experienced
inspector is able to distinguish, in almost every instance, infested fruit from those which
have fallen from these other causes. The fruit fly lays its egg in the fruit while it is still
on the tree. The eggs hatch into small worms which begin working inside the fruit and
cause considerable internal damage. It also takes on a discoloration on the outside which
is quite helpful to the trained eye in finding infested fruit. For instance, the light yellow
color of a normal grapefruit changes into dark amber color, or somewhat more wf an orange
color. Early-season inspections are usually confined to grapefruit since it is the most
preferred host and, as a rule, the first infestations are always found in this type of citrus.
The simplest and quickest procedure to determine whether or not the fruit is infested is to
clip both the stem and blossom ends with a sharp knife, avoiding cutting deep enough to
rupture the juice cells. If an infestation is present in its early stage, small shotlike holes
having the appearance of having been drilled and brownish threadlike tunnels are quite
noticeable in the rag of the fruit. If it is an advanced stage there will be unmistakable
internal evidence, such as the breaking down of the juice cells anda complete honeycomb
condition showing in one or both ends. Fruit from infested groves is required to receive
the vapor-heat ( a heated mixture of saturated vapor, air and fine water mist) treatment
before moving to non-infested areas. Grove inspections are continued until such time as
a general infestation is found throughout the Regulated Area. Whenever the infestations build up
to a point where a majority of the groves are found infested, grove inspections are discontinued,
and the entire Area is declared an infested zone. All fruit shipped from the Regulated Area
for the remainder of the season is required to be sterilized by the vapor-heat method before
moving to non-infested areas and inspectors devote full-time to the supervision of this
process. (B. C. Stephenson).
20 Survey Methods
JAPANESE BEETLE
(Methods used by the Japanese Beetle Laboratory, Entomology Research Branch)
The presence of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) in an area can be detected by
placing bait traps at suitable sites during the period of flight of the adults. The density
of the population can be estimateu by observing the extent of feeding by the adults on
favored food plants and by the examination of soil at selected sites to determine the
number of grubs present.
Traps are of value in determining the presence of beetles in areas remote from the
generally infested region. In these areas traps attract and capture beetles even when a
diligent search often fails to reveal their presence. Beetles are drawn from the leeward
to a trap by means of an attractant. Most of those captured fly into the superstructure
of the trap and fall into a receptacle from which they can not escape. The trap consists
of a four-winged baffle mounted on top of a funnel, a device for holding the dispenser of
the attractant, and a receptacle for holding captured beetles, and is painted a high luster
yellow. The attractant is a 10:1 mixture of technical geraniol and U. 5S. P. eugenol by
volume or a 9:1 mixture of technical anethole and U. S. P. eugenol by volume and is
dispensed by means of a bottle and wick. The details with reference to the trap are
given in U. S. D. A. Circular 594. The best results are obtained when a trap is hung
on a rod or other suitable support in a sunny location so that it is 4 to 5 feet above the
ground and to the windward of plants most subject to attack. It should not be closer than
10 to 25 feet to plants on the leeward. If located so that the odor of the attractant is
carried across an open field, a trap may attract beetles from a distance of 500 yards.
When trees, buildings and other obstacles deflect and impede the movement of air, the
zone of attraction is reduced considerably. When a trap is favorably placed, it can be
expected to capture about three-fourths of the beetles attracted to it.
The density of the adult population in an area can be estimated when the beetles are
present in the greatest numbers or when the injury by feeding is the most noticeable.
The tree hosts most useful in estimating feeding damage are elm, horsechestnut, linden,
Lombardy poplar, Norway maple, planetree, white birch, willow, apple, cherry, peach,
and plum. The low-growing plants and vines most useful for this purpose are elder,
grape, sassafras, smartweed, and Virginia creeper or woodbine. Althea, dahlia, rose,
and zinnia are often good indicators, and asparagus, alfalfa, clover, corn, and soybeans
are sometimes useful when examining fields and gardens. In some areas other plants
may be used in estimating the feeding; a complete list of the food plants of the beetle is
given inU. S. D. A. Circular 547. The lacy appearance of the damaged leaves on most
plants within the infested area may be attributed to feeding by the Japanese beetle,
but the foliage on representative plants should be carefully examined to determine
that the injury was caused by the beetle. Of course, estimates of feeding should
not be made on plants that have been sprayed’or dusted with an insecticide. Usually
in making a survey of an area, observations are made from a car driven slowly along
the roads, and the extent of feeding is recorded at various points on a map according
to the following numerical system:
(1) Very severe. Over 50 percent of the host trees entirely brown from
beetle feeding; vine hosts completely defoliated.
(2) Severe. From 25 percent to 50 percent of tree hosts mostly brown; nearly
all vines defoliated.
(3) Moderately severe. From 10 percent to 25 percent of tree hosts brown;
heavy feeding on vines.
(4) Moderate. Less than 10 percent of host trees partly brown; moderate
feeding on vines.
Survey Methods 21
(5) Light. Tree hosts not showing brown though there may be evidence of light
feeding on close examination; light feeding on vines apparent from a short distance.
(6) Very light. Occasional light feeding that is apparent only on close examination.
The beetles or eaten leaves are located only after a search.
With the symbols indicating the extent of feeding on the map, it is then possible to make a
general estimate of the density of the Japanese beetle population in the area.
The examination of soil for the immature stages of the beetle is usually limited to a specific
lawn, golf course, park or pasture, and is conducted to determine whether the injury to the
grass is caused by the grubs feeding on the roots and to determine the density of the population
in the soil. Many areas of turf in the eastern part of the United States have been ruined by
these grubs. In making the examination, a square foot of sod is removed to a depth of 3 or 4
inches and placed in a large tray or other suitablecontainer. The soil is removed from the
roots and examined carefully to determine the number of grubs present. The procedure is
repeated at other spots until a sufficient area has been examined to establish approximately
the severity of the infestation. Usually 12 or 15 spots are enough to obtain a general estimate
of the density of the population in a suburban lawn. (W. E. Fleming).
GOLDEN NEMATODE
Survey inspections to detect the presence of golden nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis) cysts
may be accomplished by field soil surveys, grader debris examination, and plant root
examination.
Field survey consists of systematically collecting about six pounds of soil per acre. Abouta
tablespoonful of soil is picked up with a pointing trowel at intervals of eight paces following
a grid pattern. The soil is collected ina No. 12 wet-strength double-thickness paper bag,
which is numbered to show location of the sample within the field and also labeled to identify
the field. A sketch is made of the field showing the areas represented by each sample. The
tops of the bags containing tle soil are carefully folded and sealed with paper adhesive tape,
to prevent leakage, and stored until processed in the laboratory. When a field or portion of a
field is under suspicion or shows symptoms of infestation, it is advisable to inspect it intensively.
This is accomplished by dividing the field into smaller blocks and collecting samples at intervals
of four or two paces, in which case four or sixteen times as much soil is obtained per acre
by the eight pace method. Field survey work can be performed at times when the ground is not
frozen, too wet, or when crops do not interfere.
Grader sampling consists of the collection of soil that has accumlated under the potato grader,
under the loading belt, in the storage bin, or in any location where potatoes are concentrated
in quantities. It is found generally that such debris has a high content of potato vines, sticks,
stones, potato skins, and other extraneous offal. Care is taken to exclude this type of debris,
in other words, as much soil as possible is secured. In cases where large quantities of soil
are available, it is desirable to obtain two or more samples. Each bag is filled to a depth of
four to five inches and the top folded and sealed with tape. The bags are given a collection
and sample number which will clearly indicate the location of the grader or storage house
and date collection was made.
Following the collection, the soil samples are processed in the laboratory by a soil washing
method to determine the presence or absence of golden nematode cysts.
The method of examining potato roots may be used to advantage under certain conditions.
Fields are looked over carefully and patches showing plants with weak spindly stems and stunted
tops are selected. Examirations also are made around buildings or where grader debris has
been disposed of on fields. The plants are carefully removed from the soil and the roots
examined for cysts. A 10X hand lens is helpful. The work is limited to a period of about two
weeks when the swollen female has emerged, but has not become detached from the root. The
cysts can be seen about the time blooms appear on the potato plants.
58 Survey Methods
In consideration of the characteristics and potentialities of dissemination, every reasonable
precaution should be taken to prevent the spread of this organism. Vehicles assigned to survey
should not be permitted to enter any property. They should remain on paved highways or
recognized thoroughfares. Trowels must be free of soil collecting recesses and grooves, and
brushes should be provided for the cleaning of inspectors' shoes after leaving fields or potato
storage houses. It is advisable for inspectors to wear trousers free of cuffs. Vehicles used
on survey must be cleaned periodically by washing and should be kept free of soil at all times.
Vehicles used in connection with infested properties must be steam cleaned prior to use on
non-infested lands.
Further details on the survey and soil processing methods are contained in "Manual of Survey
and Laboratory Methods Used by Golden Nematode Control," a copy of which may be obtained
by writing to the Golden Nematode Control Project, P. O. Box 96, Hicksville, L. I., New
York. (J. F. Spears).
SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL
Surveys are made to determine the presence and extent of sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius
elegantulus) infestations. The methods consist of visual inspection of sweetpotatoes that are
usually found in one or more of the following locations:
1. Post harvest crop remnants, including crowns and vines, left in fields.
2. Storages, packing sheds and processing plants
3. Plant beds and mother rows after abandonment by growers.
Primary inspection consists of the examination of the surface of sweetpotatoes for weevil emer-
gence holes, egg, and feeding punctures, and if found, potatoes are dissected for possible
recovery of specimens,of which immature stages predominate. The effectiveness of inspection
in relation to location may be considered as 1, 2, 3, as listed above, but weevil population
abundance usually occurs about October in the principal sweetpotato growing states.
(M. S. Yeomans).
TOMATO FRUITWORM
Surveys are conducted weekly from late June to late August in the tomato-growing areas of
Utah to determine the expected populations of tomato fruitworm (Heliothis armigera). Eight
samples, each sample containing 25 compound leaves, are taken at random in each of two
fields in the various tomato-growing locatities. A total of sixteen to twenty fields over the
entire tomato-§rowing area are surveyed. Each sample is taken by beginning either at the
top or the bottom of a branch and examining both sides of all the leaves for tomato fruitworm
eggs. Leaves containing eggs are removed from the plants and the eggs examined under a
hand lens to determine definitely if they are tomato fruitworm eggs. The number of fruitworm
eggs is then recorded per one hundred leaves. With this information as a basis the average
number of eggs perone hundred leaves is estimated for the entire tomato-growing area each
week.
It has been determined in Utah that the presence of an average of one egg per one hundred
leaves anytime during the period of fruit setting will result in 2 to 5 percent wormy tomatoes,
which is sufficient to justify control measures. (W. E. Peay).
ONION THRIPS*
The following method 1/ is used at the Twin Falls, Idaho, laboratory of the Truck Crops and
Garden Insects Section for the determination of thrips populations on onions in experimental
plots:
*(Thrips tabaci)
1/ Shirck, F. H. Collecting and Counting Onion Thrips from Samples of Vegetation.
Jour. of Econ. Ent. 41:(1) 121-128.
Survey Methods 23
Samples of onion plants are gathered and enclosed in cardboard tubes having an inside diameter
of 5-1/8 inches and a height of 7 inches. The tube has a cloth top glued in place and is
provided with a slip-on metal cover to close the open end. The individual sample consists of
10 onion plants, which are cut off just above the ground. The plants are placed in the tube
with the butt ends against the cloth top, and the portions of the leaves projecting beyond the
cylinder are cut off squarely. If thrips populations are being determined from onion seed-
heads, a sample of five heads is used and the same procedure followed as for onion plants.
Separation of the thrips from the sample is accomplished by drying it at 115° F. for 24 hours.
Before drying, the slip-on lid is replaced by a metal funnel having a 1-inch vertical band
around its top to provide a close fit with the cardboard tube. The funnel is attached through
a cork to a small jar containing a 0. 5-percent solution of formalin. After exposure to the
115- temperature, the thrips leave the sample and fall into the formalin solution, from which
they are later strained and counted. The formalin acts as a preservative to prevent the
thrips from attack by molds in case the counting is delayed. The strainer, which also serves
as a counting device, consists. of a piece of black cloth cemented to a metal ring of convenient
size to beused under binoculars. Guidelines 3/8 inch apart are stitched on the black cloth
with white thread. Before beginning the counts, the black cloth is pressed firmly on an
absorbent cloth to draw out the excess moisture remaining in the cloth. In field experiments
one sample of 10 plants, or 5 seedheads, per plot has been used to evaluate the results of
control applications. (F. H. Shirck)
WIRE WORMS
A survey method for determining wireworm (Elateridae) populations as a basis for biological
and control studies has been developed for the irrigated lands of the Pacific Coast States.
This method in modified form could be used to determine almost any wireworm population
wherever the wireworms can be separated from the soil by screening. It can also be used by
farmers to determine how many wireworms are present in a field before planting, and thus
serve as a guide in avoiding damage to susceptible crops or indicating the necessity of using
sbdil insecticides to reduce the infestation.
A simple portable soil sifter -1/ can be made from a piece of 1/4 inch spring steel about 36
inches long, with a quarter twist near the base, and fastened into the long arm of a T-shaped
base of 2x6 inch wood plank. A suitable cross arm of same steel with a bend in the ends is welded
to the top of the upright to hold screen frames. Frames can be about 24 inches square made
from 3/4x 3 inch wood, with ordinary hardware screen (4-mesh) or window screen (12-mesh)
tacked on tightly.
The method in brief comprises the digging of at least 20 random test holes per plot, or per
acre, with a 6-inch post hole digger to a depth of one foot. The soil from the 20 test holes,
collected in pails, is passed through the coarse 4-mesh screen onto the 12-mesh screen where
the shiny yellow wireworms are readily separated, counted, and kept for species identification.
The data can be arranged in the following classification for comparative purposes, based on the
potential damage that wireworms can do to field and truck crops:
Infestation No. of wireworms No. of wireworms Rating
or per 20 post-holes per cu. ft. (approx. )
Damage
Non-economic 0) 0) 0
Light 1-3 Less than 1 1
Moderate 4-8 it 2
Heavy 9-19 2 3
Severe 20 or more 4 or more 4
oa Survey Methods
The above infestations would apply to a number of row crops, such as sugar beets, beans,
peas, carrots, onions, lettuce and grains. In case of hill crops, such as corn, melons
and potatoes, these infestations would cause more damage because of the wireworms con-
centrating in the hills. This is especially true of potatoes where the tubers stay in the
ground for a longer time subject to feeding by wireworms. Sometimes even though a zero
population is indicated by this method there may be considerable damage to harvested tubers.
If any wireworms are suspected to be present in afield, it should be avoided for the growing
of potatoes or else treated to kill the wireworms first.
Methods of sampling soil for wireworms are also described by Jones 27, (Truck Crop and
Garden Insects Section).
BEET LEAFHOPPER
Spring surveys are made annually, generally during April, to determine the abundance and
distribution of overwintered beet leafhoppers (Circulifer tenellus) and their principal wild
host plants in representative spring breeding areas in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon.
To measure leafhopper abundance, 50 samples are taken at random at 3-mile intervals
along the routes traveled where wild host plants occur. The counts are made with the
Hills' 3/square-foot sampler, which traps the insects in acage. The kind, stand, and
condition of wild host plants are recorded. The population is expressed in the number of
leafhoppers per sample or per 100 square feet of weed-host area.
Beet leafhopper counts are made in sugar-beet fields with the square-foot sampler. The
samples, which include more than one plant in unthinned fields but single plants in thinned
fields, are taken at random along the beet rows. Generally, 100 samples are taken in each
field - 25 samples in each quarter. The average population of leafhoppers is expressed in
the number per sample or per beet plant.
Surveys are made in September to determine the magnitude of fall populations of the beet
leafhopper in Russian-thistle areas and the extent and location of such thistle areas in southern
Idaho and eastern Oregon. The transect method of recording plant cover is used to determine
the acreage of Russian-thistle. Records are kept of miles traveled and the miles of Russian-
thistle observed on each side of the road. The appruximaie number of square miles of Russian-
thistle with each area is determined by means of the following formula:
Transect miles of thistle = x(thistle area in square miles)
Transect miles Total area in square miles
Quantitative samples with a 1/2-square-foot sampling fork 4/ is used in determining the
population of leafhoppers. ‘Ten fork samples are taken at each stopping point, the number
of stops depending upon the area and condition of the Russian-thistle. At each stopping
point, the Russian-thistle stand is determined by means of the pacing method. This consists
of taking 250 double paces through the host-plant area. The number of living plants touched
by the toe of the right foot in moving through an area is counted, and from this figure the
percentage stand is calculated, e. g., if there were 125 living plants touched by the toe of
the right foot in moving 250 double paces the stand is 50 percent. The condition and height
of the thistle are recorded. From this information, the areas of Russian-thistle are com-
puted and corrected to a 100-percent stand. By using the average density of leafhoppers
2/ Jones, E. W. 1937. Practical Field Methods of Sampling Soil for Wireworms. Jour.
Agr'l Res., 54, (2), pp. 123-134. ill.
8/ Hills, O. A. 1933. A New Method for Collecting Samples of Insect Populations. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 26: 906-910.
4/ Lawson, F. R., D. E. Fox, and W. C. Cook. 1941. Three New Devices for Measuring
Insect Populations. Bur. of Ent. and Plant Quar. ET-183.
Survey Methods 25
per unit-area and the acreage of thistle, the approximate number of leafhoppers can be deter-
mined. As an example, if Russian-thistle occupied an average of 54 percent of each acre
examined and if the thistle plants were infested on an average by 57 beet leafhoppers per
square foot of land surface occupied, on this basis there would be approximately 1, 340, 000
beet leafhoppers per acre. This survey gives the acreage of Russian-thistle and the size of
the fall population of leafhoppers in the summer breeding areas. The principal breeding areas
of the beet leafhopper in the western states have been located and delimited, and the surveys
are confined to these areas.
Information cbtained from these surveys, together with other pertinent factors, provides the
basis for the issuance of statements on beet leafhopper conditions for southern Idaho to growers
and other interested persons or agencies. (J. R. Douglass)
BEET LEAFHOPPER SURVEY
USING A STANDARD SWEEP NET
While a sweep net is not considered as accurate as some other methods of survey for beet
leafhopper, it is considered faster and it is believed its use will permit a practical estimate
of leafhopper populations in a given area.
In using a sweep net, similar in form and size to a standard butterfly collecting net, three
important factors must be considered: (1) weather, (2) condition of the host plant, and (3)
type of host plant.
With respect to the weather, leafhoppers are not particularly active in temperatures below
sixty degrees, lower temperatures forcing them close to the ground where they would be
difficult to pick up with the net. Wind also will cause leafhoppers to remain well within the
protection of the host plant. In either case it would be difficult to pick up a true representative
population with a net and collecting should be avoided under such conditions.
With respect to the condition of the host, the latter may on occasion be quite dry in which case
concentrations are forced onto the greener plants which should then be made the object of
sweeping.
The manner of sweeping depends on the type of host plant involved. In the case of mature
Russian-thistle and perennials, as normally encountered in the fall, survey is based on the
number of hoppers recovered in a single sharp ninety degree sweep of the net. On the smaller
winter annuals, three foot sweeps of the net made rapidly back and forth as close to the ground
as possible, usually in multiples of ten, twenty-five or fifty sweeps,arefollowed. The number
of leafhoppers thus recorded is based on the average number per sweep in relation to the
number of sweeps made.
In general practice, survey is accomplished by sweeping at one-quarter to one-half mile stops
throughout favorable-looking areas. Excepting where a single sweep is used on mature
thistle and large perennials the usual practice is to take ten sweeps. However, if the popula-
tion of leafhoppers is exceedingly low, as many as fifty sweeps may be used for each check.
Where using ten sweeps, it is customary to make at least ten such unit checks at each location.
Generally speaking an average of five leafhoppers per ten sweeps is considered the minimum
economic population meriting treatment. However, under certain conditions an average of
two or three leafhoppers per ten Sweeps over a large area can produce damaging numbers.
During the spring, survey is restricted to warm knolls having a southern exposure with sparse
growth favorable to development of the spring generation. Sweeping in such areas in addition
to determining the need for treatment is later made to check the time and extent of the spring
flight back into the agricultural areas based on the number of female leafhoppers in such areas
at the time of checking. Such survey is usually made by using the ten-sweep unit, sweeping
as Close to the ground as possible. (H. Green, California Dept. of Agri. ).
26 Survey Methods
POTATO PSYLLID
To determine the abundance of potato psyllid (Paratrioza cockerelli) populations, adult counts
are made in approximately 10 potato fields per county, selected at random and examined at
one-to-two-week intervals during the growth of the plants.
Potato psyllids are most numerous near the edges and progressively diminsh in numbers
toward the center of the potato fields. Adult counts are made with a 15-inch insect net, of
unbleached muslin. Starting at one edge of the field and working toward the center along the
rows, fifty sweeps are taken at intervals of about one pace. The net is swept briskly across
the tops of the plants, covering approximately two-thirds of the net opening with the tops of
the plants. Sampling is continued toward the center of the field, in units of 50 sweeps, until
2 to 4 units of samples are obtained, depending on the size of the field. Counts are recorded
in numbers of psyllids per 100 sweeps.
Although survey records are based on adult counts, egg and numph counts may be made, if
desired, by taking 50-leaflet samples at the same location that the adult counts are made.
One leaflet is taken from near the center of each of 50 plants. The leaflets are examined in the
laboratory under a low magnification lens and the eggs and nymphs are recorded in numbers
per 50 leaflets. (R. L. Wallis)
APHID POPULATIONS ON POTATOES IN THE NORTHEAST
Populations of aphids in northeastern Maine are determined at intervals on potatoes receiving
no insecticidal treatment and on potatoes treated commercially for the control of insects. In
this area the potato plants usually are infested by winged and wingless forms of four species
of aphids (buckthorn, green peach, potato, and foxglove aphids} The wingless forms -- ordin-
arily by far the more numerous on the plants -- cause direct feeding damage to the potato
plants and also serve as vectors for certain virus diseases of potato. The winged forms are
often of more importance than the wingless forms in spreading the virus diseases within
and between fields of potatoes, and they also colonize plants in widely separated parts of the
field. One species of aphid may be of greater importance than another as a vector of certain
of the virus diseases and, because of size differences, in causing direct feeding damage to
the potato plants. Therefore, in all aphid population counts, a record form is used to show
the number of each species found on each sample unit.
Number and location of sample units: Experience has shown that it is not practical to determine
aphid populations in an entire potato field. Consequently, the sample units are limited to one
Square acre in each field of commercially-grown potatoes examined. One hundred sample
plants are located mechanically at random over the acre by a screen-grid method.
Unit and sub-units of sample: 1/ Early in the season, when plants and aphid populations are
small, the entire hill is examined. After the plants are about 8 inches high the examinations
are confined to 3 leaves on each sample plant. The leaves are examined in Situ, care being
taken not to disturb the aphids. One leaf is located at random within each of the top, middle,
and bottom thirds of the plant. Later, if larger numbers of aphids develop, only the terminal
and the 2 basal (lateral) leaflets of each leaf in each of the 3 standard positions are examined.
Typically, potato leaves have 7 leaflets -- a terminal and 3 pairs of laterals. [If still later
even larger numbers of aphids develop, the sub-units consist of only half the area of these 3
leaflets in similar positions. All the leaf area on one side of a midrib of a leaflet constitutes
a half leaflet. Detailed studies have shown that this is a valid sampling procedure. These
half-leaflets are chosen so that 50 percent of them are on one side of the leaflet midrib and
the rest on the other. For any one sample plant, however, the same side of the midrib for
all 9 of the half leaflets is used.
1/ Abstracted from pages 9-10 of Bul. 480, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. , Control of Aphids on
Potatoes with DDT when Used with Fungicides, by W. A. Shands, G. W. Simpson, P.M.
Lombard, R. M. Cobb and P. H. Lung.
Survey Methods 27
Expressing aphid populations: Populations are stated in terms of the average number of
aphids of each species per plant. Winged and wingless forms are recorded separately.
Except when the entire hill is used as the unit of sample early in the season, the number of
aphids determined.as the average is the average of those found on 3 whole leaves per plant.
When the sub-unit consists of leaflets 1, 4, and 7, the 3-wholedeaf basis is approximated
by dividing the average (for the 1-4-7-leaflet basis) by 38.1 and multiplying by 100. This
formula was derived from a study of aphid distribution on potato leaves. Likewise, the 3-
whole-leat basis is approximated for counts involving sub-units of one-half of leaflets 1, 4,
and 7 by using 19.05 as the factor instead of 38. 1.
Information from surveys following this procedure permits comparisons between aphid
populations at different locations as well as between the populations of the four species of
aphids involoved. Because of differences in growth habits of different potato varieties,
population comparisons between varieties and between years may be of less value. When
made at regular intervals throughout the season in the same locations the tounts indicate
locality differences in rates of population increase. Actual aphid populations per plant--
when Sub-units of sample are involved--can be approximated by multiplying the averages
for the 3-whole-leaf basis by one-third of the average number of leaves per stalk and
that by the average number of stalks per hill. (W. A. Shands and G. W. Simpson).
APHID POPULATIONS ON POTATOES IN THE NORTHWEST
Only the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) occurs in sufficient numbers to cause direct
feeding damage to potatoes in the intermountain area of the Northwest. The extent of
overwintering is indicated by the number of eggs found per six inches of twig in 25-twig
samples taken from each of four peach orchards in February. At this time the location
of 100 eggs is marked on the trees and the start of hatching and 50 and 100 percent of
hatch is determined by examining those eggs every two weeks.
The start of aphid flight in the spring, and the seasonal intensity of flight from May to
October, is determined from twice-weekly examinations of four, or more, Moericke-type
traps which are placed at ground level near potato fields. This trap consists of an aluminum
stew pan 8 inches wide and 2 1/2 inches high. Chrome-yellow enamel paint is applied to
the inside of the pan to within one inch of the top. A quart of water in each pan serves
as a trapping medium. The aphids are removed for identification and counting by pouring
the water through a fine-mesh wire screen funnel.
Starting when the potato plants are four inches high, and continuing at approximately 14-day
intervals until the early crop is harvested or the late-crop plants are frosted, 50 compound
leaves are picked at random one leaf per plant - from the base of the plant in four fields of
approximately the same planting age. Three categories of aphid abundance are obtained from
the trap or leaf-sample examinations.
Classification Number of winged Number of wingless
aphids per trap aphids per 50 com-
(3-4 day collection) pound leaves of potato
Light Q0- 10 0 - 50
Moderate 11 - 100 51 - 500
Heavy 101 - 1000 plus 501 - 2000 plus
(B. J. Landis, E. W. Davis and K. E. Gibson)
28 Survey Methods
PEA APHID
Three methods are commonly used in measuring pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi) populations,
the choice of method depending upon the host plants and size of the aphid population.
Sweepnet counts: The sweep net is used in very low aphid populations, such as occur in alfalfa
late in the summer, or in peas just after the spring movement from alfalfa. A standard 15-inch
collecting net is used, and a brisk sweep of about 3/4 of a circle is taken. (Two sets of samples
are taken in representative parts of each field.) In taking a series of sweeps, the operator
moves forward one or two steps at each sweep, to encounter previously undisturbed foliage.
A few exploratory sweeps are taken to determine the size of sample. In general, a sufficient
number of sweeps Should be taken to collect from 50 to 100 aphids, but in very low populations
this may not be possible, and under these conditions a sample of 25 or 50 sweeps should be
taken.
Board Counts: ‘These are used in general survey work, on moderate to high populations of
pea aphids. The board is a thin piece of board about 10 x 18 inches in size, containing an area
6 x 12 inches that is marked off into smaller squares. The board is held below and to one side
of the tips of a row of pea plants, and the aphids on the plants dislodged by shaking the plants
with the free hand. Only the aphids which fall inside the marked portion of the board are
counted. In very high populations, the aphids are counted only on alternate squares, in check-
erboard fashion. Ten randomly distributed board samples are taken from each field or station.
Tip Counts: This type of count is used in general survey work on moderate to high populations.
The operator walks across the field holding an open paper sack in one hand and picking tips at
random with the other hand. The tips are from 4 to 6 inches long, and are picked with a
twisting motion of the hand so that the tip, when severed, is held over the open palm, to catch
any aphids that may be dislodged. The tips are dropped into the paper bag, which is then
closed and stapled, and taken to the laboratory for counting. At the laboratory the bags are
placed in a large container and fumigated with a few cc. of methyl-iso-butyl ketone for about
10 minutes. This makes the aphids loosen their hold on the plants. The contents of the bags
are then shaken over a 4-mesh screen so that the aphids drop through and the plants remain.
Flat black or white boards may be used to catch the aphids for counting. As with the sweep
net, the number of tips per sample is varied with the aphid population. Two 50-tip samples
are needed for populations much lower than 1 aphid per tip, while two 5- or 10-tip samples
is sufficient for aphid populations higher than 10 per tip. It is generally difficult to count
more than 300 to 500 aphids per sample, and the number of tips per sample should be reduced
in high populations to give about this total number of aphids.
Correlation of Methods: Because of the varying conditions under which the above methods are
used ordinarily, a close correlation is not possible. However, in general on alfalfa a popula-
tion of 1 aphid per tip is about equal to 30 aphids per sweep. On peas, a population of 1 aphid
per tip is about equal to 3 to 4 aphids per board or per Sweep. (W. C. Cook)
Populations of Potato-Infesting Aphids and of
Aphid Eggs on Primary Hosts in Maine
Since 1942 a study of the populations of winged and wingless aphids and of aphid eggs on the
more important primary hosts of three species of potato-infesting aphids in northeastern Maine
has been in progress. The potato-infesting species included in the study have been the buck-
thorn aphid(Aphis nasturtii Kltb. (=abbreviata Patch) ), the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)
and the potato aphid (Macrosiphum solanifolii). The more important primary hosts of these
aphids, respectively, are alder-buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) Canada plum (Prunus nigra)
and wild roses (Rosa spp., chiefly swamp rose, R. palustris).
Survey Methods 29
During the course of this study some methods have been devised and tested which appear to
provide estimates of populations of the aphids and of aphid eggs on the more important primary
hosts. Some of these methods appear to be suitable while others are not entirely satisfactory.
All can doubtless be improved upon. An outstanding result of the study has been the realiza-
tion that except in the instance of the buckthorn aphid, fall and spring surveys of aphid egg
abundance are of much reduced value without a knowledge of the size and composition of the
fall aphid populations on the primary hosts. A knowledge of population trends of the aphids
on these hosts in spring is also of value in anticipating the probable time and size of the
spring migrations since the operation of many factors may tend to change the outlook for size
of the spring migration.
Populations of the Aphids
The potato aphid: One hundred randomly located units are examined in determining the size
of potato aphid population at each observation station of wild roses. Depending upon time of
year and stage of plant growth three units of sample are employed. Two of these are used
in the spring and the other one in the fall. Both units in the spring are located on the terminals
of limbs, branches, or stems of the plant. The early-season unit is all new growth on the
terminal 6 inches at these places on the plants. This unit is used from the time the eggs begin
to hatch until the young leaves begin to unfold. From then until the spring migration of the
aphid is complete the unit is all new growth on enough buds at branch or stem terminals to make
2 total of 6 inches of new growth. Records for each unit include the number of buds examined
having new growth, the number of buds infested by the potato aphid, and the total number of
potato aphids found. These data are essential in comparing potato aphid population sizes at
different places, and in determining population trends at any one place. Aphid populations
are expressed as (1) the average numbers of winged and of wingless potato aphids per unit, per
infested unit, per bud or new growth from single buds, and per infested bud; and (2) the percent-
age of infested units or buds.
The whole compound leaf is the unit of sample from the start of the fall migration until fall
breeding is complete. Fall populations of the potato aphid are expressed as the average number
of potato aphids per leaf and the percentage of leaves infested. After the leaves begin to fall
an estimate is made of the percentage of leaves still attached.
The green peach aphid: Populations of the green peach aphid on Canada plum are determined
(1) at the spring peak of abundance of aphid colonies, and (2) from the beginning time of the
fall migration until all of the leaves have fallen. The determination in spring is made at the
time when the spring migration of the green peach aphid is at the peak, usually about the
middle of June. This determination is based upon (1) the number of aphid colonies observed
by two workers concurrently searching, for the same unit of time (usually 10 minutes), in
separate parts of the same plum thicket, and (2) collections of a representative number of the
colonies found. The workers must know how to recognize at a glance the presence of an aphid
colony, as well as the locations and types of growth most likely to be infested. Examination
of the collected specimens is made with a binocular microscope to determine the number of
colonies containing the green peach aphid only, and the number with species in addition to the
green peach aphid. Abundance of the aphid is expressed as the average number of aphid
colonies found per minute of observation, the percentage of colonies infested only by the green
peach aphid, and the percentage of green peach aphid colonies also containing other species of
aphids.
Fall populations of the aphid are determined by examining 100 randomly located leaves on plants
of Canada plum in each thicket. Once the leaves begin to fall, an estimate is made of the per-
centage of leaves still attached to the plum trees. Fall populations of the aphid are expressed
as the average numbers of winged and of wingless forms per leaf and per infested leaf.
The buckthorn aphid: Populations of the buckthorn aphid are determined on alder buckthorn
from the beginning time of the fall migration until fall breeding is complete or until the apterous
forms become so numerous that extensive movement of the aphid occurs over the plants. After
the foliage begins to. drop records are made to show the percentage of leaves still attached. At
each location a count consists of examining 100 randomly-located, attached leaves. The popula-
tion is expressed as the average numbers of winged and of wingless buckthorn aphids per leaf
and the percentage of leaves infested.
30 Survey Methods
Because of the small size and the breeding habits of this aphid, no satisfactory method has been
devised to determine spring populations of the buckthorn aphid on its primary host. Some in-
dication has been obtained at the spring peak of aphid abundance by examining for aphids all new
growth of three or four terminal buds at the tips of branches or stems. Population size is
expressed as average number of colonies per branch or stem terminal and the percentage of
terminals infested.
Populations of Aphid Eggs
Populations of aphid eggs on the primary hosts are determined semi-annually, in the fall after
egg deposition is complete and again in late spring just before hatching starts. These times us-
ually are early in November and late in April.
Canada plum and alder-buckthorn: Nine bunches of 10 twigs each are randomly cut from branch
or stem terminals in 9 separate sections of each thicket of Canada plum or patch of buckthorn.
The terminal 9 buds on each twig are then examined in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular
microscope to determine the number of aphid eggs by each bud. Records by bud position or
number are made to show for each the number of fully distended and the number of shrivelled
eggs found. An egg is considered as being shrivelled if it is not perfectly distended. Populations
are expressed as the average number of each kind of eggs per 100 buds.
Wild roses: Examinations of wild roses for aphid eggs are made in the field with the aid of a
reading glass and a hand lens. Two units of sample are employed in each rose patch, viz., the
terminal 9 buds on each of 30 randomly located branch or stem terminals, and 270 individual
crotches of branches and limbs. Records are made to show by bud position or crotch number
the numbers of fully distended and shrivelled eggs. An egg is considered as being shrivelled
if it is not perfectly distended. Populations are expressed as the numbers of fully distended
and shrivelled eggs per 100 buds or crotches.
Location of Sample Units
Random location of sample units in all of these procedures is essential, both vertically on the
plants and to include all parts of the area covered by the host at each station. The results of
some observations of the potato aphid on swamp rose illustrate the importance of random
sampling in any effort to compare between locations, populations of the aphid or of aphid
eggs. Equally important considerations are involved for other species of aphids on their
primary hosts.
In the fall the potato aphid is more abundant on yellowing leaves than on green ones. Yellowing
leaves are usually more abundant inside and near the base of the plants than at branch or stem
terminals or outer parts of the plants. In the spring the aphids breed most commonly at the
tip of new growth, irrespective of location on the plant. Frequently, the populations are
larger than elsewhere on young rose shoots near the base of the plant andinside the rose
patch. Populations of the eggs and of the aphids are larger, both in fall and in spring, on rose
plants growing inside hedgerows or narrow bands of trees than on similar plants growing out-
side or in unprotected places. The camposition of the aphid population and of the aphid eggs
may vary tremendously on rose plants within a small patch that appears to be very uniform
as to sameness of environmental conditions. (W. A. Shands and G. W. Simpson).
WESTERN BEAN CUTWORM
The examination of beanfields for western bean cutworm (Loxagrotis albicosta) should first be
directed toward the detection of holes in the pods by the larvae and, second, if they are found,
toward the cutworm itself. Since other insects eat similar holes in the pods, the larvae must
be found for positive identification of its presence. Tf the beans have not been cut, an examina-
tion should be made of 100 feet of row located in the center of the field and 100 feet of row
located near the approximate center of each quarter of the field, involving the examination of
a total of 500 feet of row per field. To facilitate turning the vines and exposing the pods, a
Survey Methods 31
vine lifter could be used to advantage. (see diagram). The handle is made from 1-5/8 x
3/4" lumber and is 39 inches long. The blade is made from 1-1/4 x 3/8" lumber and is 17
inches long. If holes are noted in the bean pods, the plants should be slapped so as to knock
any larvae that may be on the plants into the middle of the row. The soil under the plants e
should also be examined for these larvae, since they often burrow into the soil around the
plants. If the bean plants have been cut and windrowed or shocked, an examination should
be made of 20 feet of windrow in the center of the field and 20
feet located near the approximate center of each quarter of the
field, involving the examination of 100 feet of row per field. In
examining the vines, they should be raised, shaken, turned, and
placed to one side. Larval pellets are dropped on the soil-surface,
and when they are observed either under the plants or windrows,
the larvae are generally readily found. For the distribution and
description of the insect see the article by J. L. Hoerner, "The
Cutworm Loxagrotis albicosta on Beans," Jour. Econ. Ent. 41(4):
631-635, 1948. (J. R. Douglass).
PEA WEEVIL
Since pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) populations in infested pea fields are most often concen-
trated in a narrow zone around the edges, especially in larger fields, it is frequently unneces-
sary to apply control measures to the entire planting. Parts of the field that require dusting
may be determined quickly and accurately by making adult counts through use of a 15-inch
net. Sweepings are made soon after the first blossoms appear and before controls are applied.
The inspector goes into the field in several places on each of the four sides or at intervals in
an irregularly shaped field. Two or more 25-Sweep collections are made at each selected
location (beginning at edge of field or 100 feet inside the margin), with strokes across the
upper parts of the vines spaced at one or two paces. As each collection is completed,
weevils are counted and number and location recorded on a rough diagram of the field. Inspec-
tion progresses at100-foot intervals toward the center of the planting until no weevils are
found. In peas grown for seed, survey is made toward center of the field to the point where
weevil number falls below the economic level.
Due to influences such as weather and time of season, it is impossible to accurately establish
an expected infestation rating resulting from a given number of weevils, as determined by
sweeping, in an average field of peas. Weather has an important effect on both yield and
weevil activity. The same number of weevils produce a greater infestation in late varieties
than in early varieties. A population of 5 weevils per 50 sweeps may cause infestation at the
canning stage of 1 to 2 percent in early varieties, whereas the same population may cause
infestation at the same stage of 10 to 25 percent in varieties blooming after June 15. An
infestation of 1 weevil in 25 sweeps on the growing plants at time of blooming eauses from
3 to 8 percent infestation in peas harvested for seed.
In making this survey particular attention is given to areas in the field most likely to be
severely infested including borders adjacent to wooded or brushy areas, buildings, ravines,
gullies or any area where the first peas blossomed. After the initial inspection, fields are
rechecked 18 to 24 hours after dusting to determine the effectiveness of the control operation.
(The Pea Weevil and Methods for Its Control, Farmers! Bul. No. 1971, U.S.D.A.)
32 Survey Methods
COTTON INSECTS
The following suggested methods for making uniform cotton insect surveys were formulated
at the Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference held in Memphis, Tennessee, December
7-9, 1952.* It was agreed at the conference that these methods are not final but would serve
as a guide in the development of standardized survey procedures.
Boll Weevil
Survey records are made in a number of States to determine winter survival of the boll
weevil. Counts are made in the fall soon after weevils have entered hibernation and again
in the spring before they emerge from winter quarters. A standard sample is 2 square yards
of surface woods trash taken from the edge of a field where cotton was grown during the
season. Atleast five samples are taken from a location.
In the main boll weevil area, population counts are made on seedling cotton to determine the
number of weevils entering cotton fields from hibernation quarters. The number per acre is
figured by examining the seedling plants on 50 feet of row in each of five representative loca-~
tions in the field. Additional counts are desirable in large fields.
Examinations for boll weevils are made weekly after the plants are squaring freely or have
produced as many as three squares per plant. While walking diagonally across the field pick
100 squares. They should be one-third grown or larger, and an equal*tumber should be
picked from the top, middle, and lower branches of the plants. Squares from the ground
or dried-up squares that are hanging on the plant should not be picked. The number of squares
found to be punctured is the percentage of infestation.
An alternative method is to inspect about 25 squares in each of several locations distributed
over the field. Ths number of sample counts will depend upon the size of the field and the
surrounding environment. Accurate infestation records in large fields will require additional
counts in different parts of the field. The percentage of infestation is determined by counting
the punctured squares.
In both methods, all squares that have egg or feeding punctures should be counted as punctured
squares.
Bollworm
Examinations for bollworm eggs on cotton should be started when most of the corn silks in the
area begin to dry, or at the time bollworms usually appear. Examinations should be repeated
every 5 days if possible thereafter until the crop has matured.
While walking diagonally across the field, examine 100 main-stem terminals (about 3 or 4
inches of the top of the plant) for eggs and worms. If eggs are found on the terminals and
4 or 5 small larvae in the small squares or on the tender top leaves, the infestation is suffi-
ciently heavy to start treatment. Insecticides should be applied at 5-day intervals as long
as necessary.
To determine injury, inspect 100 bolls and 100 squares while walking diagonally across the
field and compute the percentage of injury for each. The boll-injury record is the most
indicative of existing or occurring damage.
In an alternative method of estimating bollworm damage make observations while walking
diagonally across a field. The degree of injury may be recorded as follows:
None, if no damage is observed.
Light, if only a few squares and bolls show injury.
Medium, if injured squares and bolls are readily noticeable over most of the field.
Heavy, if numerous injured squares and bolls are noticed over the field.
* Rev. by Cott. Ins. Res. and Cont. Conf., December 14-15, 1953.
Survey Methods 33
Cotton Aphid
To determine early -season aphid infestations, while walking diagonally across the field make
observations or inspections of many plants. Degrees of infestation may be recorded as follows:
None, if none is observed.
Light, if only afew aphids are found on dn occasional plant.
Medium, if aphids are present on numerous plants and some of the leaves
show a tendency to curl along the edges.
Heavy, if aphids are numerous on most of the plants and if the leaves show
considerable crinkling and curling.
To determine aphid infestations on fruiting cotton, begin at the margin of the field and, while
walking diagonally across it, examine 100 leaves successively from near the bottom, the
middle, and the top of the plants. The degree of infestation, according tothe average number
of aphids estimated per leaf, may be recorded as follows:
None 0
Light 1 to 10
Medium 11 t025
Heavy 26 or more
Cotton Fleahopper
Weekly inspections for the cotton fleahopper should begin as soon as the cotton is old enough
to produce squares and be continued until the crop is set and begins to mature. About 3 or 4
inches of the top of the main-stem terminal of 100 cotton plants per field should be examined.
Both adults and nymphs should be counted, the number per 100 terminals being recorded as
the infestation for the field. The examinations should be made at several representative
points diagonally across a field, 33 terminal buds being inspected approximately 50 feet
from each of the 2 corners and 34 terminal buds at the center of the field.
Cotton Leafworm
The following levels of leafworm infestation, on the basis of ragging and the number of larvae
per plant, are suggested for determining damage:
None, if no leafworms are observed.
Light, if 1 or only a few larvae are observed per field.
Medium, if 2 to 3 leaves are partially destroyed by ragging, with 2 to 5
larvae per plant.
Heavy, if ragging of leaves is extensive with 6 or more larvae per plant,
or if defoliation is complete.
Pink Bollworm
Inspections to determine the degree of infestation in individual fields should be made as follows:
For infestation of blooms: Early in the season, make infestation counts when there is an average
of at least one bloom for every four or five plants, but not more than one bloom for every two
plants. Beginning at the margin, walk diagonally across the field and inspect several hundred
blooms per field for those rosetted. The number of rosetted blooms should be recorded on a
percentage basis.
For infestation of bolls: While walking diagonally across the field, collect at random 100
green bolls that are hard or firm when pressed. Examine each boll as follows: Remove the
bracts and calyx by cutting off a thin slice of the base of the boll; cut each section of the boll
midway between the sutures so that each lock can be removed intact; examine the inside of
the carpel for the characteristic tunnels or mines made by the young larvae. The number
of bolls found infested represents the percentage of infestation.
34 Survey Methods
Other inspection techniques: There are other inspection methods besides those listed above
that are most helpful in directing control activities against the pink bollworm. These make
possible the detection of infestations in previously uninfested areas and the evaluation of
increases or decreases in infestation as they occur in infested areas. They are also used
to determine the population of larvae in hibernation and the survival or carryover of such
larvae to infest the new cotton crop. These methods are as follows:
1. Inspection of gin trash: Procure freshly ginned "first cleaner"
trash, which has not been passed through a fan, from as
many gins as possible in the area to be surveyed. Maintain
the identity of each sample of trash and examine it by sep-
arating mechanically all portions of the trash larger and all
portions lighter in weight than the pink bollworm. A small
residue is left which must be examined by hand. This
method is extremely efficient for detecting the presence
and abundance of the pink bollworm in any given area.
However, it does not usually reveal the exact field or the
percentage of field infestation.
2. Inspection of lint cleaner: This is another method for detecting
the presence of the pink bollworm. The free larvae remaining
in the lint during the ginning process are separated in the lint
cleaners and a substantial number of them are thrown and
stuck on the glass inspection plates of the cleaners. All
larvae recovered from this method are dead. For constant
examination at a single gin, wipe off the plates and examine
after each bale is ginned. By doing this, the individual field
that is infested may be determined. For general survey,
make periodic examinations to detect the presence of the
pink bollworm, ina general area.
3. Examination of debris: Between January and the time squares
begin to form in the new crop, examine old bolls or parts of
bolls from the soil surface in known infested fields to deter-
mine survival of hibernating larvae. Examine the equivalent
of 100 bolls and count the living larvae. From these data
the number of larvae remaining in hibernation at any given
date may be determined. Such records when carried on
from year to year provide comparative data which may be
used in determining appropriate control measures.
4. Light traps: Especially designed traps using mercury vapor
or black light fluorescent bulbs will attract pink bollworm
moths. Such traps have been used to discover new infestations
and their usefulness and value for survey work should be
fully explored.
Spider Mites
In making inspections for spider mite infestation, begin at the margin of the field and while
walking diagonally across it examine 100 leaves or more taken successively from near the
bottom, the middle, and the top of the plants. The degree of infestation, according to the
average number of adult females estimated per leaf, may be recorded as follows:
None 0
Light 1 to 10
Medium 11 to 25
Heavy 2606r more
Survey Methods 35
Thrips
To make inspections for thrips infestations, begin at the margin of the field and while walk-
ing diagonally across it observe or inspect numerous plants. The degree of damage may be
recorded as follows:
None, if no thrips or damage is found.
Light, if newest unfolding leaves show only a slight brownish
tinge along the edges with no silvering of the underside
of these or older leaves and only an occasional thrips
ISPSeen.
Medium, if newest leaves show considerable browning along
the edges and some silvering is evident on the underside
of most leaves and thrips are found readily.
Heavy, if silvering of leaves is readily noticeable, terminal
buds show injury, general appearance of plant is ragged
and deformed, and thrips are numerous.
Not included in the conference report are several cotton insect survey methods which
have been developed. Two of these methods follow:
Ground Trash Examinations for Boll Weevil
(as conducted at Tallulah, Louisiana)
Since 1936 trash examinations have been made in the Tallulah, Louisiana area in both fall
and spring -- during the fall to determine the number of boll weevils entering hibernation;
and during spring, the number which have survived. The so-called fall examination is
usually made during the latter part of November and early December, or after temperatures
which have forced weevils into hibernation. The spring examination is usually made during
the latter part of February and early March. In making the examinations, ten 3 x 6 foot
samples of surface trash, including about an inch of the topsoil, is carefully scraped up
and placed in a bag from each location. The locations are selected near the edges (within
50 feet) of fields planted to cotton during the previous season. Approximately 20 locations,
or fields, are sampled during both the fall and spring examinations. The samples are
brought to the laboratory where they are run through a machine which is a modification of
a soil sifter. This device divides the trash samples into three fractions: (1) very coarse
material, consisting of leaves, twigs, etc. ; (2) intermediate-sized particles of trash; (3)
very fine material. The weevils are found in the intermediate sample. (Cotton Ins. Sec.).
Methods of Surveying for Pink Bollworm
(as used by Pink Bollworm Control Project, PPCB)
The inspection of cotton for pink bollworm falls under four types or methods: the inspection
of Blooms, Bolls, Debris, and Gin Trash. Each method yields information of a definite nature
on the spread and intensity or build-up of the infestation at a certain point or period in the
season, such information being the basis for quarantine and control measures.
Bloom Inspection: The method employed with this type of inspection is to make counts of
the noninfested blooms and the infested blooms in a given field or part of a field, thus
enabling the working out of the percent of infestation. With some experience, the inspector
is readily able to detect the infested blooms by their rosetted appearance. Under usual
conditions the rosetted, or infested, bloom remains closed, with the outer edges of the
petal flared, after the noninfested bloom is open. By knowing the percent of the blooms
infested, information is gained which indicates the previous winter's survival and the prob-
able severity of the infestation for the growing season ahead, thus, forecasting the need
for control measures. A 5% infestation in the early blooms is considered as forecasting
economic damage.
36 Survey Methods
Boll Inspection: The inspection of green cotton bolls for pink bollworm is performed for
several specific purposes, such as, to keep abreast with the increase or decrease in infesta-
tion, to obtain information as to the effectiveness of control measures, and to locate spread
to new areas where the inspection of gin trash is not practical; also, boll inspection is used
to determine late season build-up or spread after harvest of the crop has been completed.
The usual method employed in the inspection of bolls is to examine twenty bolls from five
representative points in the field, usually near each corner and the center. The percent is
found on the 100 bolls examined. Ten percent to 12 percent infestation early in the season
will probably cause economic damage. To detect the early stage of the larva in the boll, the
boll is carefully cut and examined, first by removing the bracts by cutting off a small layer
from the base of the boll, then cutting lengthwise of the boll midway between the sutures in
such manner that when the boll is opened the lock will be whole and unbroken and the partitions
or carpel walls between the locks will be undamaged by the cutting operation. Examine the
inter-carpel lining for the characteristic tunnels or mines made by the small worm. The
number of bolls found infested represents the percentage of infestation. The newly hatched
larva is very difficult to see, but the damage caused is more noticeable. It enters the green
boll immediately after hatching and moves toward the locks and seed, leaving a small thread-
like brown "railroad", or tunnel, as it moves or burrows its way along the inside of the carpel.
These railroads are characteristic work of the pink bollworm and are readily detected by
the experienced inspector. In the later stage the larva is usually easily detected not only by
the damage caused, but the larva itself is normally readily found when the boll is opened. When
opening the boll the later stages of damage are detected by noting the small round
between the partition walls of the boll and the workings between the seed. If no damage is
seen by this time the inspector does not generally cut the seed, but if damage is found, it may
be necessary to cut the seed before actually locating the larva. A small round clean-cut hole
is made in the outer wall of the boll only after the larva is mature and is preparing to leave
the boll, or is preparing for moth emergence, where pupation takes place inside the boll which
occasionally happens under certain climatic conditions. In late season the larva habitually
seals itself inside a single seed or it pulls two seeds together to form "double seed." In the
inspection of dry bolls or bollies, the method is much the same as the inspection of green bolls;
however, this is late season inspection and the larva is expected to be mature, which makes
necessary that more seed be cut in order to locate the larva sealed inside seed for weather
protection during the overwintering stage. This type of inspection is done for the purpose of
determining winter survival or mortality.
Debris Inspection: For inspection purposes debris is considered to be dry bolls, or parts thereof,
consisting of pieces or parts of locks or seed cotton either on the soil surface or partly covered-
this method also necessitates cutting considerable seed, and is conducted for the purpose of
determining the effectiveness of stalk destruction and the effectiveness of different types of
stalk cutters or shredders by determining the pink bollworm mortality. This method or type of
inspection is also done for the purpose of determining winter carry-over in debris as compared
to carry-over in bolls on the stalks or off the soil surface.
Gin Trash Inspection: A machine has been developed by the Pink Bollworm Project which aids
in the inspection of gin trash. This machine employs screens and air cleaners to reduce the
trash samples to a residue containing pink bollworm, if any, all insects contained in the cotton
trash which are of comparable size and weight of the pink bollworm, plus a small amount of
leaf stems, grass seed and small clods of dirt. This means that it is possible for the inspector
to inspect trash representing cotton from a large number of bales and many different fields in
the period of a day. The greatest value developed from this method is the quicker detection, at
a lower cost, of an initial infestation of pink bollworm in an area not previously known to be
infested. A secondary value of this method is to trace light infestations to individual fields.
The inspection of gin trash is also a quick and economically sound means of obtaining compara-
tive data from year to year showing the increase or decrease of infestations. Due to varying
factors in the cotton cleaning machinery at the gins this method does not yield results which can
be translated as percent damage in the field. (Welker and West).
Survey Methods 37
GYPSY MOTH
In determining the specific location, size and extent of gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar) infesta-
tions trapping and scouting surveys are annually conducted. Trapping surveys involve the use
of sex attractant which is obtained by clipping the last two segments of the abdomen of adult
virgin female gypsy motks into benzol to extract the attractant from the sex glands. At the
15-tip strength, traps attract male moths for distances up to 1/2 mile. The traps are placed
in the field late in June or early in July and are visited approximately once each week during
the entire flight season to freshen the tanglefoot placed on wax paper within the metal cylinder
by combing and to remove moths that may have entered the trap and become lodged on the
tanglefoot. Where the gridiron method is employed parallel lines are run through the forested
areas by the use of a compass and the traps are normally placed at 7/8 mile intervals. In
trapping along roadsides traps are placed one mile apart. This method of surveying extensive
areas commenced ina largescale way in the summer of 1942 when a total of 7,282 traps were
used in surveying 2,950,000 acres. Approximately twice this acreage was surveyed the
following year and in the summer of 1950, 19, 608 traps were used in surveying more than
7, 193, 600 acres.
Plans for scouting are principally based on the results of the trapping program and in general,
surveys of this nature are confined to an examination of territory within 1/2 mile of the
attracting trap. However, some scouting is annually conducted in areas where traps are not
used because infestation is known to be present. Such surveys are conducted so as to delimit
the areas infested, determine the intensity of infestation, and hazard of spread of the gypsy
moth by wind or common carriers.
Data obtained from the scouting surveys is used in setting up the spraying program ona
priority basis to insure early treatment of those areas where the hazard of spread is greatest.
(J. M. Corliss).
LARCH SAWFLY
(as used in the Lake States)
Beginning in 1949, reconnaissance surveys of forested areas subject to larch sawfly (Pristi-
phora erichsonii) attack have been conducted annually to assess not only the magnitude of the
infestation, but the duration and intensity of attack preceding tree mortality. Depending on
seasonal conditions, surveys are conducted during late July or early August. In these
surveys combinations of aerial and ground methods have been used in Minnesota, while
ground methods alone have been used in Wisconsin and Michigan. Because of the inaccessibility
of most tamarack stands to ground travel, aerial methods have a peculiar advantage. With
refinements in technique they seem to offer the greatest promise for compiling worthwhile
annual records reflecting larch sawfly abundance.
Aerial Survey
Survey Plan: Aerial reconnaissance surveys in 1949 and 1950 consisted of planned random
cruises of tamarack concentrations, especially those in national forest areas and in counties
from which the sawfly had been reported. Experience during these earlier surveys indicated
the need for a more comprehensive and systematic approach in using aerial methods to
delimit zones of defoliation over large areas from year to year, and in 1951 this sort of
approach was taken. The system employed was an adaptation of the technique developed for
spruce budworm surveys in the Northeast to meet the need for more accurate means of map-
ping defoliator damage than the sketch mapping method commonly used. Those familiar with
timber cruising methods can best visualize it in comparison to a line strip cruise made on
the ground. Evenly spaced flights are made over the forest at a constant altitude above the
ground. Along the flight lines each observer examines a strip of timber and records his
ocular appraisal of conditions viewed according to predetermined categories. This informa-
tion is continuously transmitted via electrical keyboard to pens registering on the moving
chart of an operation recorder. The observations registered on the chart of this instrument
are then transcribed onto maps using any system which will permit connecting points of simi-
lar observations by isomorphic lines. A survey of this type has been designated an operation
recorder aerial survey.
38 Survey Methods
Equipment: A 5-passenger Cessna 195 high-wing monoplane was made available for the 1951
survey late in the summer by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine's Beltsville
Md., forest insect laboratory. This plane was specially equipped for low altitude flying
usually necessary in defoliator surveys. It contained, in addition to an Esterline-Angus
operation recorder, and full length plexiglass doors for maximum visibility, a radio-altimeter
and gyro compass to facilitate maintaining proper altitude and direction.
Procedure: In this survey the entire forested area of Minnesota north of Duluth (approximately
15 million acres) was covered by a system of parallel flight strips at 12-mile intervals, extend-
ing in an east-west direction. These flight strips were laid out in advance of aerial operations
on large scale maps (1 inch - 2 miles), showing prominent topographic and cultural features,
as well as the land subdivisions. Such maps, compiled by the various states in cooperation
with the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, are available in most states. The individual map
sheets were assembled into a single composite map of the entire areas to be covered. The
course of each flight was plotted on the composite, and at convenient intervals readily recog-
nizable points of reference, such as intersections with lakes, rivers, highways, etc., were
designated by number along each course. These points of reference served as check points
in maintaining the proper alignment of flights, and were identified by the pilot, who recorded
the appropriate number in Morse code on the operation recorder chart as each was crossed.
For convenient use in the airplane, the composite map was cut into strips, each containing
about 3 flight lines, and folded.
The survey flights were made at an altitude of 500 feet above the ground and at an indicated
airspeed of 120 miles per hour. Stand conditions were appraised by two obServers, each
viewing a separate strip approximately 5 chains wide on opposite sides of the plane. Conditions
observed were classified according to five categories, and, through separate switchboards for
each observer, were recorded on the operation recorder chart. The categories used were: (1)
non-tamarack type; (2) water; (3) non-defolitated tamarack, i. e., no observable defoliation
from 500 feet, although very light defoliation may have been present; (4) partially defoliated
tamarack, i.e., defoliation easily observable, but varying amounts of green foliage present;
(5) completely defoliated tamarack, i.e., all or almost all of the foliage destroyed. In this
manner two separate, independent, and continuous strip samples were made the entire length
of the respective flight lines, When the daily flying was done, proportional dividers were
used to transfer the recorder chart data directly to the strip map. The plane speed between
each check point was assumed to be constant, so that once the ratio between each pair of
check points on the map and on the recorder chart was determined it was a simple matter to
plot the portions of the strip in the different categories. A color code system was used to
differentiate tamarack condition classes on each strip. For example, if red was the color which
identified complete defoliation, a band of red would be inscribed at the exact places and for as
long as was indicated by either or both observers. Thus, when tamarack condition classes on
each strip were designated by the appropriate color, the picture for any given locality was
readily apparent.
When the strip maps were reassembled into the original composite of the area covered, it was
evident that the overall picture of damage was obscured by excessive detail at the 1-inch to
2-mile scale. To prepare the final map, it was necessary to group the strip data by townships.
This was done by measuring the strip length in each township, and computing the percent of the
sample in each tamarack condition class. The township was then given designation correspond-
ing to the condition class in which 50 percent or more of the tamarack fell. For example, if
the average length of strip for all tamarack condition classes in a given township was 4 miles,
and 2 miles (50 percent ) was classed as completely defoliated, the entire township was arbitrarily
designated as being completely defoliated. On the basis of the values thus obtained, generalized
zones of damage reflecting the different levéls of larch sawfly infestation in tamarack stands
were established.
Ground Survey
Plots are established throughout the infested area and adjacent uninfested tamarack type. Paint-
marked stopping points along roads facilitate the operation, and attempts are made to paint-
blaze sufficient trees, poles or boulders to make the spot easily identified from a moving vehicle.
Paint-blazes also lead into the plot proper. Data are compiled from the percent defoliation
(nearest 5 percent) of ten well spaced (2 chains if possible) paint-numbered tamarack trees.
eo ane as
Survey Methods 39
Ten minute cocoon collections are also made under three trees, totaling 1/2 man hour of work.
In order to observe possible evidence of stand decadence, 1/12-acre (1 chain by 1 chain)
plots are also maintained at each defoliation plot. The bounds of this plot are amply painted
in, and a hundred percent survey of each 4" or larger tamarack is made for eastern larch
beetle (Dendroctonus simplex) which often attacks weakened trees. Data are kept on the total
number of tamarack trees and those infested. (Division of Forest Insect Research).
Classification of Infestations of Livestock Pests
The following methods of determining insect infestations are used primarily for research
investigations and the techniques may need adjusting to meet field survey conditions.
CATTLE GRUBS - Examine infested portion of animal's back. When average number of cysts
(grubs) per animal is 1-10, light; 11-20, medium; over 20, heavy. NOTE: Yearlings and
bulls usually more heavily infested than older or younger animals.
HORN FLIES - Count or estimate number of flies on ten animals in herd. Average number
of flies per animal 1-25, light; 26-100, medium; over 100, heavy. NOTE: Flies will be more
difficult to count in the cool and extreme hot hours of the day. Bulls and dark-colored
animals will usually carry heavier infestations than other animals in the herd.
HORSE FLIES and DEER FLIES - Count number of flies visiting animal for a 15 minute
period. Average count of 1-5 per animal, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy.
STABLE FLIES - Usually the heaviest feeding of flies will be observed from 9 :00 to 10:00
A.M. and 3:00 to 5:00 P.M. Count number of flies feeding on animal. Average count per
animal of 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy.
CATTLE LICE - A. Sucking species - Observe and examine animals for greasy appearance
on dewlap and poll or neck and the presence of lice on muzzle, around eyes and in brush of
tail. Occasional louse observed, light; 5-10 lice per examination area, medium; over 11,
heavy. B. Chewing species - Observe and examine animals for loss of hair, rubbing, etc.
Part hair for examination. Occasional louse observed, light; 5-10 lice per examination,
medium; over 11, heavy. NOTE: Abundance of lice in herd largely influenced by seasonal
changes and individual susceptibility of host.
GOAT LICE - Part hair in 5 places. One on neck, one on each side and two on belly.
Estimate number of lice per hair part. Average lice per goat 1-10, light; 11-25, medium;
26 or more, heavy.
HOG LICE - Examine behind ears and fore legs, on belly and between hind legs. Count
lice observed. Average lice per animal: light - 1-10; 11-20, medium; and over 20, heavy.
POULTRY LICE - Examine 5 fowls, part feathers in 5 places under each wing, vent, back
and breast or neck. Count lice at each part. Average number of lice per fowl 1-5, light;
6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy.
FOWL TICK - Examine both fowls and premises. A. Larvae on fowls - Make counts under
each wing, on inside of each leg and near vent. Average number of larvae per bird 1-5,
light; 6-10, medium; over 11, heavy. B. Adults on premises - Examine roosts, nests, etc.
Adults hard to find, light; adults readily noticeable, medium; adults plentiful, heavy.
ROOST MITES - Examine roosts and nests for presence of mites. Occasional mite observed,
light; readily observed, medium; numerous, heavy.
FLEAS - A. Sticktight - Examine comb and wattle of 5 birds. Count number of attached
fleas. Average count per bird 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy. B. Dog and
cat fleas - Walk around infested premises and estimate number of fleas on pants leg in one
minute. 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy.
40 Survey Methods
LONE STAR TICKS and WINTER TICKS - Examine foot square area in 5 places on animal.
One on each side of neck, one on each side and escuthcheon. Estimate number of ticks pre-
sent in each area. Average tick count per animal 1-10, light; 11-25, medium; more than
26, heavy.
GULF COAST TICKS - Examine outer surface of ears. Count number of ticks on ear.
Average number of ticks per ear 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; 11 or more, heavy.
EAR TICKS - Examine folds on inner surface of ear. Count number of ticks without removal,
if possible. Average number of ticks per ear 1-10, light; 11-20, medium; over 20, heavy.
FLEECE WORMS - Examine areas of soiled fleece. More prevalent during warm, humid
weather conditions. One case in 100 animals, light; 2-3 cases in 100 animals, medium; 4 or
more cases in 100 animals, heavy.
SCREW-WORMS - Examine animals or obtain information from ranchers, farmers, veterinar-
jans and insecticide dealers. Less than one case per 100 animals, light; 1-2 cases per 100
animals, medium; more than 2 cases per 100 animals, heavy.
SHEEP KEDS - Count pupae and adults by parting wool - 25 parts, mostly on body of animal.
Average count of 1-5, light; 6-10, medium; more than 11, heavy.
FOWL MITES - Examine for presence of mites infeathers. Part feathers in 5 places. Esti-
mate number of mites under each wing, on each side and about vent. Average number of mites
per fowl 1-10, light; 11-25, medium; 26 or more, heavy.
(C. L. Smith and W. 8S. McGregor).
Technique for Counting Cattle Lice
1. One square inch samples are taken from the area of infestation either with a straight
razor, knife or simply by scraping with the thumb-nail. These are preserved either in
AGA*or 70 percent alcohol in 2-ounce screw top specimen jars. Samples are labeled as to
date, place taken, and the species.
2. The first step is to remove the entire sample from the preserving fluid and dissolve all
the hair by boiling in 10 percent KOH.
3. When the hair is completely dissolved the sample is transferred to a centrifuge tube and
centrifuged until all the lice are brought down. Most of the KOH is then removed by a rubber
bulb and pipette. The sample is then washed with water, centrifuged and the water removed
to take out as much of the KOH as possible.
4, Water is added to the centrifuge tube and the sample agitated by shaking until all the speci-
mens are suspended. The sample is then poured over a filter paper in a Buchner funnel
set over a filter flask. Attachment of the filter flask to a water aspirator pump speeds
filtering. Removal of the KOH is essential if successful filtering is obtained.
5. The filter paper on which the lice are caught is divided into 8 segments for easier
counting.
6. Sex determinations may be made with the aid of a binocular microscope and males and
females removed with a needle to separate Syracuse watch glasses containing AGA or alcohol.
Nymphs and eggs are counted directly on the filter paper. A tally counter aids in taking the
count.
7. Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened in AGA were found to be excellent for
holding over lice collected by the Buchner funnel from day to day or over a week-end.
(eee wancasiter dey)
*Alcohol, glycerin, glacial acetic acid.
Survey Methods 41
Technique for Calculating the Number of Mosquito Larvae Per Acre
Sheet iron cylinders 10 inches long covering 144 square inches (13.5" diameter) were constructed.
One half inch mesh hardware cloth was soldered over one end. In making counts the end
covered with hardware cloth was at the bottom of the cylinder as it was dropped at random in the
water. The purpose of the hardware cloth was to prevent an excessive amount of vegetation
extending upward into the cylinder. Then using a six-inch sieve covered with 60 mesh screen,
the enclosed water is agitated and the larvae are dipped from the cylinder and counted. The
count was considered complete when five successive dippings produced no larvae. Ten such
counts were made in the area and the average of these numbers was multiplied by the number
of square feet per acre. (F. E. Whitehead).
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